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LIBEAEY OF
THE SCHOOL OF THE FINE ARTS

FORMED BY
James Abraham Hillhouse, B.A. 1749
James Hillhouse, B.A. 1773
James Abraham Hillhouse, B.A. 1808
James Hillhouse, B.A. 1875
Removed 1942 from, tlie
Manor House in Sachem's Wood
GIFT OF
GEORGE DUDLEY SEYMOUR
AND
THE ASSOCIATES IN FINE ARTS
AT YALE UNIVERSITY

THE

PICTURE COLLECTOR'S MANUAL
ADAPTED TO THE PROFESSIONAL MAN, AND THE AMATEUR ;

DICTIONARY OF PAINTERS,
CONTAINING FIFTEEN HUNDRED MORE NAMES THAN IN ANY OTHER WORK,
TOGETHER WITH AN
ALPHABETICAL AEEANGEMENT OE THE SCHOLAES,
IMITATORS, AND COPYISTS OF THE VARIOUS MASTERS.

A CLASSIFICATION OE SUBJECTS,
SHEWING THE NAMES OP THOSE WHO PAINTED IN THE SEVERAL
DEPARTMENTS OP ART,
THUS AFFORDING, IN ALL UNCERTAIN CASES, A CLUE BY WHICH THE JUDGMENT
MAY BE GUIDED, THE OPINION STRENGTHENED, AND THE DOUBT REMOVED.

BY JAMES R. HOBBES.
IN TWO VOLUMES,
VOL. I.
DICTIONARY OF NAMES.
LONDON :
T. & W. BOONE, 29, NEW BOND STREET.
1849.

PREFACE.

In submitting the " Picture Collector's Manual" to the Public, the
Author has been anxious to supply an omission hitherto felt in all
previous Dictionaries, viz. an Alphabetical List of the Names of the
various Pupils, Imitators, and Copyists, arranged under the heads of
the different Masters, also a Classification of Subjects, whereby the
names of every painter of those subjects may be readily discovered."
I was led to this mode of classification from the following circumstance.
A gentleman some time since purchased a picture at an auction • it
was described in the Catalogue as " a Holy Family, by Perugino."
On getting it home, he exhibited his bargain to some friends who
professed to understand, and could discourse fluently if not
learnedly upon such subjects. One declared it to be an excellent
" copy of Raffaelle,'' another thought it was " by Perugino," and a
third considered it an original, but not by either of those Masters.
A reference to Bryan and Pilkington did not assist his inquiry, as
there was in them no clue to any other Master than the two above
specified. This difficulty suggested to me the utility of a work in
which the names of all the principal painters should be followed by
those of their disciples, imitators, and copyists, and having consulted
some dealers and amateurs upon the subject, by all of whom the plan
was highly approved, I have not only expended much time in maturing
it, but have so far extended it as to embrace a classification of subject,
as well as of names in connection with style or manner. Whether
I have succeeded or not in my attempt, time and the public must
determine. Some errors are perhaps unavoidable, but if the plan is
approved, the remedy may be easily supplied — practice in this, as in
other cases, will doubtless make perfect.
J. R. H.
a 2

INTRODUCTION.

The Fine Arts had long been on the decline in the classic regions
of Greece and Italy, and although the lambent flame of genius,
continued to hover between those countries, and in Egypt, its
influence was scarcely felt in either, if we may judge from the rude
specimens with which we have been furnished, until the commence
ment of the thirteenth century, at about which period, a spark of its
sacred fire appears to have fallen upon Cimabue, who by his example,
gave a new impulse to the art, and thus laid the foundation of that
greatness, to which the Florentine School now lays claim.
Cimabue, the founder of that school, and of the modern art of
painting, was born in Florence, in 1240 ; he had received some instruc
tion in that branch of the Arts, and also in architecture and sculpture,
but his labours had been confined to the mere copying of the works
of others, disdaining those trammels, he determined to take nature
for his guide, and soon acquired that confidence in his own powers,
from which arose the germ of excellence, that about two centuries
afterwards, began to overspread the whole of Italy.
The paintings of Cimabue, who has been called the Michael
Angelo of that period, were all of a scriptural or religious character,
boldly conceived and splendidly coloured, but the attitudes of his
figures were stiff, the outlines harsh, and the extremities bad ; his male
heads, particularly of old men, were dignified and impressive, but
those of females possessed neither beauty nor delicacy, ihe eyes were
generally wide and staring, and the nostrils too much spread, the
fingers lean, and the toes peaked and unnatural. Nevertheless,
Cimabue had his admirers, and one of his pictures of the Virgin was
borne in procession to one of the churches in that city, accompanied
by music : he died in 1300.
Giotto, who studied under Cimabue, was born in Florence, in
1276 ; and like him also painted religious subjects, but in a different
style to that of his instructor, generally introducing into the back
grounds of his pictures, architectural views ; and colouring his build
ings either red, blue, or yellow, and sometimes white in imitation of
marble, his drawing was also more correct, and his attitudes more grace
ful than those of Cimabue, from which circumstance he has acquired
the appellation of the Raffaelle of the age in which he lived, and to

VI INTRODUCTION.
these two matters, and their disciples and followers, we are indebted
for the transition from the ancient Greek, to the more modern style
of painting.
The principal schools of Italy, all of which derive their origin from
these two masters, are denominated as follows — the Florentine, the
Sienese, the Roman, the Venetian, and the Lombard, or Bolognese
School, and from them have originated the Schools of Mantua, Milan,
Modena, and others. The Sienese School, is said to have first set the
example of the more modern style of painting, which the Neapolitan
was not slow to adopt • but it is not my intention to enter into a
lengthened disquisition upon the peculiar merits or demerits of
each particular school, or of the various masters who have rendered
themselves conspicuous by their several works, but rather to select
a few examples from each, as a kind of landmark or guide to the
others. " Mind, mind alone, bear witness earth and Heaven,
The living fountain in itself contains
Of beauteous and sublime."
The Florentine School is distinguished by boldness of conception,
and grandeur of form, by muscular expression, more than by graceful
attitudes, and by a kind of design bordering on the gigantic ; this
school lays claim to Michael Angelo Buonarotti, Pierino del Vaga,
Sebastian del Piombo, Andrea del Sarto, and Pellegrino di Tibaldi, all
of whom, more or less, adopted the principles of its founder.
The Roman School excels in tasteful design, correctness of outline,
softness of touch, beautiful expression, and a judicious mixture of
tints ; the head and ornament of this School was Raffaelle, he painted
frequently in oil, a medium best adapted to give to his colours, great
sweetness, delicacy, and transparency ; his attitudes are natural, easy,
and majestic, and the features of his Madonnas beam with ineffable
sweetness ; amongst his most esteemed disciples and followers, may
be ranked Zampieri Domenico, or Domenichino, Pellegrini Munari,
Francesco Parmegiano, Benvenuto Tisio, called Garofalo, Andrea
Semini, and Giulio Romano, he usually painted scriptural and ancient
history, and occasionally emblematical and dramatic subjects.
The Bolognese or Lombard School, is characterized by harmony
and grace, great purity of colour, and a judicious blending of light
and shade, its principal ornament was Antonio Allegri, called Cor-
reggio, whom no one ever excelled in the delicacy of his flesh, and
the pleasing gradation of his tints, he usually laid his colours on
very thickly, in the most conspicuous and brightest part of his picture.
The works of the Caracci exhibit a style approaching that of Correggio,
particularly those of Lodovico, his subjects were usually of a reli-
. gious character, distinguished by great simplicity and elegance in
design, the heads of his female figures, especially those of his Ma
donnas, were excessively beautiful, the airs and attitudes graceful •
and the composition in -general sublime. Annibale's style is a
mixture of that of Correggio and. Titian, that of Agostino, who

INTRODUCTION. Vll
usually assisted Annibale in his works, so closely approached them,
as to be frequently mistaken for the works of Annibale, whose pencil
was more adapted for poetical or fabulous subjects, than for sacred
history. Annibale also painted landscapes in a grand style, the forms of his
trees are extremely natural, and the colouring excellent, the figures
which were spiritedly touched, being accessory only to the other parts
of the picture, in fact there was little difference in the works of the
Caracci, excepting what was occasioned by their difference of subjects ;
their three best scholars were Domenichino, Guido, and Albano.
Domenichino's greatest talent was exhibited in his landscapes, his
subjects were well composed, his figures admirably designed, and his
colouring extremely natural : but his scenery possessed an indescrib
able charm from its simple elegance and quietude ; he draped his
figures with great taste and judgment, and some of his heads are full
of truth and expression. Guido's pencil was light and delicate,
colouring transparent, and touch free, his draperies are disposed with
great judgment, and are easy and natural in their folds, the eyes of
his figures like those of Cimabue, are usually large, but with a bashful
and modest expression, the nostrils wide, and the toes appear to be
rather too much joined, but the mouth which is small, has a lovely
expression, and the contour is extremely correct. One of his best
pictures representing Christ crowned with thorns, is painted in an
admirable style, with great sublimity of expression, and pious
resignation ; he also painted Auroras, Helens, and similar subjects.
Albano's subjects were culled from poetical history, and heathen
mythology, such as Venus attired by the Graces, Cupids sporting,
the Death of Adonis, the Triumph of Bacchus, &c, his wife and
children, who were extremely beautiful, were the models from whicli.
he formed his Graces, Nymphs, Cupids, and other figures, which
accounts for the great similarity of features, and by which his figures
may always be recognised ; his colouring is extremely fresh and delicate,
draperies elegantly designed, landscapes natural, trees penciled with
great neatness, yet with a spirited touch, but his pictures are not
always equally good in colouring.
The Venetian School boasts of Titian, Tintoretto, and Jacopo
Ponte, called Bassano, as its brightest ornaments. Titian was the
pupil 'of Giovanni Bellini, who was also the master of Giorgione
Barbarelli, called Giorgione, whose rich tone of colouring served as a
model for Titian to study and imitate. His works were principally of
a scriptural kind, and still retain their brilliant hues. Sebastian
del Piombo, who assisted Michael Angelo at Rome, was a pupil
of Giorgione, and a successful imitator of his style, and Jacopo
Palma, distinguished by his fine taste and harmonious colouring,
together with Pordenone, whose works are characterized by masterly
conception, boldness of design, and daring execution, were also
celebrated masters of the Venetian School,
Titian's great charm is said, by some authors, to consist m his

Till INTRODUCTION.
colouring, and he is reported by them to be very deficient in
design, whilst others assign to him the first rank in that department
of the art ; he painted every variety of subjects, scripture history,
mythology, landscapes, and portraits, in the latter of which he is
said to have exceeded all that the art ever produced. His Venuses and
Graces, possess extraordinary beauty, the colouring is truly har
monious, the lights deep and glowing, and he gave to his pictures that
extraordinary fine transparent effect, which his numerous pupils and
followers have vainly attempted to imitate ; of these, the nearest
approach to him in design only, was Girolamo Dante; Lodovico
Fumicelli excelled Dante in his colouring, but Jacopo Robusti called
Tintoretto, approached him so closely, both in design and colouring,
that Titian, jealous of his rising fame, expelled him from his academy,
and he then adopted a new style, and became one of the wonders of
that School and era.
Bassano combined the styles of Titian and Tintoretto, with the
principles of the Flemish School, he painted an innumerable quantity
of pictures, historical and otherwise, in a natural and pleasing style,
his daughters usually serving him as the models for his queens and
princesses, madonnas, and other female figures. Some of his pictures
are finished very highly, whilst others have an appearance of negli
gence, which when viewed at a proper distance, produces a charming
effect ; his conceptions were elevated, design grand, colouring harmo
nious and brilliant, particularly in his greens, in which he was with
out a competitor, but his perspective was faulty, and his draperies
heavy and absurd.
The School of Verona, of which Paolo Cagliari is considered the
head and ornament in historical subjects, is distinguished from that
of Venice by a more spirited execution, and the gorgeous draperies
and ornaments by which the figures are usually loaded, frequently
without regard to the subject itself. The taste of Paolo Veronese was
more suited to large than to small compositions ; his heads possessed
more grace than those of Tintoretto, but his outlines were somewhat
incorrect, and his attitudes not the most elegant. His scriptural
subjects and poetical compositions are full of dignity, glowing in
colour, and splendidly expressed, and his works display a fertile
imagination, a spirited touch, and a pleasing gradation of tint.
Naples boasts of Salvator Rosa and Anniello Falcone ; the former
of whom painted in a style peculiarly his own, and which some pro
fessors of the art are not slow to condemn. His usual subjects were
landscapes, with wild and romantic looking scenery, which he peopled
with bandits, robbers, and other ferocious looking beings. He also
painted gloomy caverns or desert plains, with benighted travellers ;
sea-ports and battles ; and occasionally historical pictures, such as
Samuel and the Witch of Endor, and other supernatural and terrific
appearances, some of which fetch enormous sums. Anniello Falcone
who was the master of Salvator Rosa, excelled in battle-pieces. His
horses were spiritedly designed and the figures naturally expressed.

INTRODUCTION. jX
In colouring he shone conspicuous and had many admirers and
followers. Salvator Rosa, whom we have mentioned above, studied
under him for a short time.
The Sienese School numbers amongst its most distinguished
disciples Guido, of whom we have already spoken ; also Jacopo
Pacchiorotto, some of whose portraits have been compared to the
works of Raffaelle. Razzi, who is said to have studied the works of
Leonardo da Vinci, but only resembled him in his lights and shades ;
and Mecherino, whose first style resembled that of Pietro Perugino,
aspired to imitate that of Michael Angelo, but without success; the
latter excelled in difficult fore-shortenings, and had a peculiar style
of colouring, which was greatly admired and highly extolled, which
Correggio alone it is said could equal.
Andrea Mantegna of Padua shed a lustre on the School of Mantua,
and appears to have been the first who introduced the true principles
of the art into that place ; but his lustre was soon eclipsed by the
superior talents of Giulio Romano, after whose decease its reputation
declined, and its fame eventually became entirely obscured.
The School of Modena owes its origin to Munari Pellegrino, a pupil
of Raffaelle, who had made the works of that master his particular
study, and who nearly approached him in sublimity of design and
grandeur of form. To the style of Raffaelle succeeded that of Cor
reggio, which in turn yielded to the simplicity and elegance of that of
the Caracci. The School of Modena, it will therefore be perceived,
partakes of the style of the Florentine, the Roman, and the Bolognese,
or School of Lombardy combined. Amongst the early masters of
this school were Nicolo del Abate, Prospero Fontana, and Antonio
Begarelli ; the latter of whom was also a celebrated modeller in clay.
The School of Milan adopted Leonardo da Vinci as its model ; and
numbers amongst his principal followers Cesare de Sesto, Marco
Oggione or Uggione, and Bernardo da Luini ; all of whom painted
historical subjects in a pleasing style, the countenances of the female
figures extremely beautiful, and the colouring chaste and natural.
Lodovico Brea, who flourished in the latter part of the fifteenth
century, is considered as the founder of the Genoese School. After
him game Pierino del Vaga, whose style partakes of that of Raffaelle
and Michael Angelo Buonarotti. Ottavio and Andrea Semini followed
in his steps, as also did Giovanni Battista Paggi, who had been a pupil
of Luca Cambiaso. But one of its principal ornaments was Valerio
Castelli, who had studied under Fiaselli, and who excelled in historical
compositions and battle-pieces, particularly the latter. The principal
painters of the Cremonese School were Giulio Campi, who imitated
the colouring of Titian, and in some of his works approaches the
style of Correggio ; and Camillo Boccaci, who also imitated the style
of the latter, and whose historical subjects and portraits are highly
esteemed. The German school of painting, like that of Italy in its early
ages, appears to have been very circumscribed in its powers of

INTRODUCTION.

imagination, and to have produced only miracles and the portraits of
Saints and Madonnas, until the appearance of Albert Durer, to whom
we are indebted for a more enlarged conception, a happier embodiment
of ideas, and a superior execution ; as may be seen in his Adam and
Eve, Christ bearing the Cross, the Assumption -of the Virgin, and
similar subjects. His outlines were also greatly superior to that of any
German painter who had preceded him, his draperies less stiff and
formal, and his colouring more vigorous, harmonious, and chaste.
Lucas Kranach was contemporary with Albert Durer ; his works are
more inclined to the Gothic, his draperies heavier, his attitudes more
formal, and his extremities badly defined. His best works were heads
of old men and women, and he sometimes indulged in poetical
illustrations with great success. Hans Baldung, Hans John Schaeuflin,
and Hans Burgmair, were pupils of Albert Durer, and followers of his
style; but his most successful imitator was Christopher Amberger;
he painted historical subjects and portraits, and in one of the latter,
representing the Emperor Charles V. has been compared to Titian.
Giorgio Clovio, who studied at Rome under Giulio Romano, made
the works of Raffaelle and of Michael Angelo his guide, and partakes
somewhat of their spirit and execution. His most esteemed produc
tion is a Descent from the Cross. Next in succession to Albert
Durer stands Hans Holbein, whose works are almost too well known
in England to require any comment : his Dance of Death and
numerous portraits of crowned heads, princes, and peers, having
immortalized his name. But it was reserved for Christopher Schwartz
to arrive at still greater distinction amongst his countrymen ; in him
the German school proudly boasts a second Raffaelle. His style is a
compound of the Roman, the Venetian, and German Schools ; his
design and colouring resembling the two former, and his outline and
execution the latter. Of this School also were Bauer or Bouwer, a
painter of battle-pieces, Netscher, a portrait painter, Matthew Elias,
who painted scriptural subjects, and Meyer, who excelled in land
scapes, Joachim Francis Beisch, Christian Reder, and Charles Philip
Rugendas, who also painted battle-pieces, and Anthony Faistenberger
and John Rodolph Huber, who devoted their pencil to historical sub
jects and landscapes, Lambert Zustrus, who studied under Titian.
The Spanish School, like that of Italy and Germany, in its earliest
ages teemed with images of the Virgin, the Saviour, and its numerous
saints. Antonio del Rincon first introduced historical compositions,
which Bias de Prado carried still farther towards excellence by his
imitation of Parmegiano. Gallegos, who had been a pupil of Albert
Durer, adhered too closely to his style ; but Campanna, who was the
master of Morales, and had studied Raffaelle, contributed most to the
elevation of its character at that period. Louis Morales, called the
divine Morales, some say on account of the subjects he painted, and
others on account of the sublime manner in which he handled them
and the heavenly expression in the countenances of his figures, had
departed from the fixed and settled rules of the art ; his works, how-

INTRODUCTION. xi
ever, bear some analogy to those of Leonardo da Vinci ; whilst those
of Marmoliga m grandeur of style and dignity of character remind
us of the productions of Raffaelle, under whom he is said to have
studied. Cespedes, one of the finest artists in Spain, painted annunciations,
nativities, and legendary subjects ; whilst Padouanino soared into the
higher regions of the historic department of the art. Bartolomeo
Gonzales followed in his steps, but not with equal success. But to
Francesco de Herrera was reserved the honour of having exalted the
reputation of the Spanish School by his bold and vigorous colouring,
spirited style, dignified taste, and accurate delineation of character.
Guiseppe Ribera, better known as Spagnoletto, was a pupil of
Ribalta, and alternately studied and imitated the style of Correggio
and Caravaggio with wonderful success ; but his subjects were of a
totally different description to those of Correggio, and he delighted
in the terrific, and such as inspired feelings of disgust and horror : his
Ixion on the Wheel is depicted with such distressing and overwhelming
force that it becomes painful to behold, and nature shudders at the
contemplation of such a scene. Occasionally, however, he painted
other and more pleasing subjects, which charm by their graceful
attitudes, dignified expression, and beautiful composition.
Don Diego Velasquez was a pupil of Herrera, and with him and
Aionzo Cano, who was called the Michael Angelo of Spain, com
menced the classic era of Spanish art. Velasquez studied nature,
and from her he drew his brightest inspirations. In portrait painting
he was eminently successful. In historical subjects he had various
styles; his first was like that of Caravaggio, but he afterwards
endeavoured to imitate that of Guido and Luis Tristan ; the latter of
whom he most nearly resembles. Bartolomeo Roman studied under
Velasquez, but was more indebted to nature for his guide than to any
instruction he received. His subjects were historical ; and in these
he was only equalled by Rubens. Aionzo Cano, Francesco Lopez
Caro, and Juan Galvan, also painted historical subjects with con
siderable reputation, but not equal to those of Bartolomeo Roman.
Francesco Collantes, born at Madrid, 1599, a celebrated landscape
painter, usually interspersed his scenes with mouldering ruins, frown
ing battlements, and decayed castles ; he also occasionally painted his
torical subjects, which he handled in a masterly style. Juan de la
Cortes' pictures represented battle-pieces. Francesco and Antonio Fer
nandez, Antonio Contreras, and Geronimo d'Espinosa, painted histori
cal subjects with considerable skill ; but the head and chief of the
Spanish School is universally assigned to
Bartolomeo Estevan Murillo, whose fame was established by his
two pictures of the Death of Santa Clara, and St. James giving alms ;
but whose happiest effort was exhibited in his celebrated picture of the
Marriage of St. Catherine, which in vigour of expression and purity
of colouring stands unrivalled. Murillo, like Velasquez, also made
nature his guide ; studying with great assiduity and success the
plants and flowers of the field, of which his picture of the Flower

xii INTRODUCTION.
Girl in the Dulwich Gallery affords incontestable proof; in colouring
he is said to be equal to Vandyck, and in expression to Velasquez,
but he did not always paint with equal skill, and in his drawing was
occasionally incorrect. Amongst other Spanish painters particularly
worthy of notice are Juan de Valdes, Don Juan de Alfaro, Antonio
Castrejon, Juan de Cabezallero, Juan Guevra, and Don Pedro Atha-
nasco, all of whom devoted themselves principally to historical sub
jects. The French School was many centuries after the revival of the art
before it put forward any claims to distinction. The first painter
worthy of notice as possessing somewhat superior talents to his pre
decessors was Jean Cousin, born in 1528, and who may therefore be
considered as the founder of the French School. Hitherto the painters
in that country were but drudges in the art, copying with the greatest
formality the works of the Italian masters, but destitute of expression,
and without the slightest claim to originality, which first exhibited
itself in the works of James Blanchard, who having studied in Italy,
at Rome, and in Venice, still further improved its character by his
vigorous colouring, and obtained amongst his countrymen the appel
lation of the French Titian. Simon Vouet painted historical subjects
and portraits, at first in the style of Valentino, but afterwards
adopted a more pleasing manner, in which he discovered a fertile
imagination and great beauty of expression ; he excelled in the latter.
Nicholas Poussin, born in 1594, was the first of that School who
combined the splendid style of the Italian with the chasteness of
the Greek masters ; his landscapes were magnificently grand, colour
ing natural, but somewhat cold ; groups truly poetic, classical, and
well designed. In some of his compositions he evinced great genius
and inspiration, particularly in that of Phineus and his followers
turned into stone upon seeing the Gorgon's head, which is represented
with an expression truly terrific; his pictures were then and still
are highly esteemed in England, as are also those landscapes of Gaspar
Dughet, his brother-in-law, called Poussin, whom he closely re
sembles in style, composition, and colouring. Claude Gelee, called
Claude Lorraine, the pupil of nature, far surpassed the Poussins in
his scenery, but his figures, although much laboured, are very indif
ferent, and neither graceful nor easy in their attitudes ; his perspective
is, however, admirable ; his colouring delicate ; his trees are touched
with great spirit, and finished with admirable skill ; his skies are warm
and brilliant, and his landscapes have an appearance of nature that
has not been excelled, and rarely equalled by any other master.
In historical composition the names of Le Brun and Le Seuer shine
most conspicuous. Le Brun painted numerous subjects, historical
and otherwise; his works are composed in a grand style, his attitudes
simple yet elegant, expression natural, and his genius fruitful; his
Magdalens and battle-pieces are highly extolled and universally ad
mired. Jacopo Cortese or Borgognone, who had studied under
Albano, was also esteemed as a battle painter.
Le Seuer, called the French Raffaelle, had studied from the works

INTRODUCTION. X11I
of the Roman School and the antique statues ; he painted some scrip
tural subjects possessed of great merit, poetically conceived, grandly
composed, chastely designed, and harmoniously coloured ; such are
his pictures of St. Paul preaching at Ephesus, and the Descent from
the Cross : both Le Seuer and Le Brun were pupils of Vouet.
Pietro Mola, born in 1621, formed his design from that of Paolo
Veronese, and in colouring endeavoured to imitate Guercino ; he also
painted historical subjects and landscapes, the trees designed in grand
taste, distances well kept, and figures neatly penciled. In one of his
pictures representing St. Paul in the Desert, his trees resemble those
of Salvator Rosa.
Noel Coypel, another painter of historical subjects, made the works
of Poussin and Le Seuer his study, and endeavoured to imitate their
manner. Two of his best pictures represent Solon taking leave of the
Athenians, and Severus distributing corn to the Romans.
Watteau painted domestic scenes and subjects of gallantry, balls,
masquerades, and comic conversations, in which the manners of the
French nation, their ridiculous etiquette, and ceremonious frivolities,
are admirably depicted ; his colouring is clear and transparent, and his
penciling neat ; his pictures are eagerly sought after.
Vernet excelled as a painter of sea views, and had few superiors in
this branch of the art ; his vessels are correctly drawn, the water has
a liquid appearance, the skies are clear and transparent, and the
figures are touched with great spirit.
John Baptist Greuze painted domestic, moral, and affecting sub
jects, with great success ; he designed well, but there is a great same
ness in the airs of his heads, and his draperies are generally in bad
taste ; his compositions} notwithstanding, possess considerable merit.
The art, however, had made but little progress in France since 1660,
the time of Le Brun, until the appearance of James Louis David,
who was born in Paris in 1750; he studied under De Vien, became
enthusiastically devoted to the art, and produced a series of pictures,
in which he has exhibited the majesty of the Roman with the poetic
grandeur of the Grecian School. His best works represent the Death
of Socrates, and the Coronation of Napoleon ; his historical subjects
are the pride and admiration of his countrymen, and his por
traits are not less esteemed ; he left numerous disciples whose pencils
have recorded the various battles of that period, and every other sub
ject of interest that occurred during the French Revolution.
The Flemish School dates its origin from the period of Hubert Van
Eyck, the brother of John Van Eyck, to whom the discovery of the
art of painting in oil is by some authors erroneously, as it appears,
attributed, but few of his pictures now remain. One only is mentioned
in the Cathedral at Bruges, representing the Virgin and Child
attended by several Saints, in which the execution is destitute of that
boldness of conception and vigour of outline that distinguishes the
Flemish School, but the colouring is still fresh and glowing.
Francis Floris, called the Flemish Raffaelle, born in 1520, was the

XIV INTRODUCTION.
first painter of that School who exhibited in his compositions an air of
boldness and a spirited design, combined with an excellent tone of
colouring. He painted scriptural subjects with considerable reputa
tion, but in some of his figures the muscles appear much too promi
nent, and the attitudes are stiff and formal. Two of his best works
are the Fall of Lucifer, and the Assumption of the Virgin.
John Strada or Stradanus, another Fleming worthy of note, studied
the works of Raffaelle and Buonarotti, and painted historical subjects
and portraits of Saints, Madonnas, &c. with some reputation, the
figures well designed, and with an agreeable tone of colouring ; he
afterwards devoted himself to battle-pieces and huntings of the wild
boar, and other animals of the chace, which he executed in a grand
style, and with great freedom of pencil.
In the art of perspective and architectural subjects Henry Steenwyck,
born in 1550, holds the first rank amongst the Flemish painters ; his
subjects are usually the interiors of churches and convents illuminated
by tapers, and embellished by numerous figures delicately penciled,
the lights and shadows so distributed as to produce a grand and
natural effect, the figures usually introduced by other masters.
Denis Calvart studied the works of Correggio and Parmegiano, and
painted landscapes with groups of figures, saints, hermits, &c, the
landscapes extremely natural, and the figures penciled with great
delicacy. Paul Bril, John Breughel, and Roland Savery, were also celebrated
landscape painters ; those of the first are true to nature and sweetly
coloured, and when embellished with figures by the Caracci, their
value is greatly enhanced. The landscapes of Breughel are also well
composed, the leaves and branches of his trees penciled with great
minuteness ; his flowers are faithful transcripts of nature. Roland
Savery painted animals and landscapes with wild scenery, jagged
mountains and rocks, foaming cataracts, and turbulent rivers. Peter
Breughel revelled in fantastic whims, scenes of horror, witches, hob
goblins, and unearthly forms.
Peter Paul Rubens, whose works are distinguished by great
warmth of colouring and vigorous conception, was deficient in ex
pression, and his works are wanting in poetical loveliness and sublime
inspiration ; his figures although coarse and vulgar are not without
beauty, but it is the beauty of his country, not such as we see in the
females of Greece or Italy, yet he fascinated by the powers of his
pencil and the splendour of his tints. His subjects are chiefly scrip
tural, and extremely numerous : he is said to have painted upwards
of 4000, many of them for private collections. Two of his best pic
tures of another kind, the Rape of the Sabines, and the Chateau of
Rubens, are now in the National Gallery. Francis Snyders, who was
a pupil of Van Balen, excelled in painting huntings of the boar, the
wolf, and other wild animals. Jacques Jordaens was the nearest ap
proach to Rubens in colouring, and Abraham Van Diepenbach was
little inferior in that respect to Jordaens. Gaspar de Crayer, who

INTRODUCTION. %V
had studied under Raffaelle, equalled Rubens in colouring in some of
his pictures, and was more correct in design ; he generally painted re
ligious subjects, as also did Abraham Diepenbach. Abraham Janssens
partakes with Jordaens in the fame of approaching Rubens in his
spirited touches, and in his light and shades, and Theodore Rom-
bouts, his pupil, excelled him in elegance of design and fertility of
mvention. J
Anthony Vandyck, a scholar of Rubens, in grace of design and
dignity of expression, surpassed his instructor, and in harmony of
colouring was nearly if not quite equal to him. What Rubens was
in history Vandyck was in portrait. David Teniers in rude scenes of
humble life is without a competitor ; his pictures represent the sports
and drolleries of the vulgar peasant, rustic weddings, and interiors of
public-houses, with boors carousing, truthfully depicted and charm
ingly coloured ; his men are sometimes dumpy and ill formed, but in
this consists the humour and drollery that characterize his produc
tions ; his colours are beautifully clear and transparent, and his
landscapes remarkable for their bright and silvery tone.
The Dutch School owes its origin to Lucas Van Leyden, born in
1494, at which time the principles of perspective were but little known
in that country. His best picture is a representation of the Last
Judgment ; it is composed of numerous figures, neither elegantly nor
gracefully disposed, and his draperies are exceedingly stiff and formal.
His female figures are, however, delicately touched, and the carnations
are extremely natural.
Abraham Bloemart, a celebrated painter of landscapes and cattle,
succeeded to Lucas Van Leyden, after whom came Cornelius Poelem-
berg, whose small pictures, embellished with figures from poetical
history, are highly esteemed ; his colouring is chaste and his penciling
neat and delicate. John Weeninx, who was also a pupil of Abraham
Bloemart, painted landscapes in a natural style, but excelled in dead
game ; his pictures of that description are highly esteemed.
Rembrandt Van Ryn, born 1604, one of the most celebrated
masters of this school, at first bestowed great care and labour on his
pictures, which he finished as high as the productions of Mieris or
Gerard Douw ; but he soon quitted that style for another, in which he
was eminently successful. His figures, although rude, are full of
character and expression, his lights are forcible yet natural. He painted
pictures of almost every size, and of every description of subject ; in
penciling extremely rough, the colours frequently laid on with his
palette-knife or stick, and like Ugo da Carpi, he not unfrequently used
his fingers or thumbs for that purpose, but his handling, although so
rough, possesses a charm that no finish could improve, and his lights
and shades, which have never been surpassed, produce a magical
effect, which lends a lustre to the meanest of his subjects, and pervades
every part of his picture.
Albert Cuyp, who comes next in succession to Rembrandt, painted
landscapes with cattle and figures, also coast scenes and river views ;

XVI INTRODUCTION.
in colouring harmonious and natural, and in perfect keeping with the
subject represented ; he excelled in depicting the various hues of the
atmosphere at the different periods of the day ; his morning views are
full of juicy freshness and dewy verdure, the mid-day subjects
resplendent with warmth and light, and the evening scenes replete
with tranquil nature and quiet repose ; his moonlight-pieces are
extremely natural, but his winter subjects far excel his other produc
tions, and enchant by their extreme fidelity and wonderful effect.
Gerard Terburg's subjects are interiors or domestic scenes, and
usually from ordinary life ; he sometimes painted a single figure, and
occasionally amusing groups, seldom omitting to dress one of them in
white satin, in which he particularly excelled.
Adrian Ostade, Gerard Douw, Francis Mieris, and Gabriel Metzu
also painted interiors. Those of Ostade are usually of the humorous
or convivial order, and his figures are full of comic and mirthful
expression; he may be called the Teniers of the Dutch School.
Gerard Douw's subjects, although of a humorous, are of a more
pleasing character than those of Ostade, and generally represent the
scenes of private life, a woman dozing, and a man tickling her nose
with a feather, or a man lighting or filling his pipe. Those of Gabriel
Metzu are of a more refined character, and usually exhibit the inside
of a well furnished apartment, in which a lady is washing her hands
in a silver basin, or a lady reclining in a chair reading a letter, or
receiving one from the hands of her domestic, and similar subjects,
which for beauty of colouring and exquisite taste are beyond expres
sion. The works of Francis Mieris, although somewhat similar in
character to those of Gerard Douw, whose pupil he was, may be dis
tinguished by their accessories, the carpets, silks, stuffs, &c. being so
closely imitated that the different fabrics may be easily recognised ;
his colouring is also more clear, and his touch more spirited, and he
excels Douw in drawing and composition; he occasionally painted
candlelight-pieces .
Nicholas Berghem, another celebrated painter of this school, excelled
in landscapes, usually of a mountainous character, the scenery
extremely pleasing, and interspersed with figures and cattle, amongst
which he generally introduced goats ; his trees are extremely natural,
skies light and floating, and the attitudes of his figures easy and
graceful. Philip Wouvermans painted all manner of subjects which would
admit of the introduction of horses, such as hawking parties, battles,
and skirmishes, farriers' shops, plundering villages, and banditti scenes •
he generally decorated his landscapes with castles, fountains, temples,
and other edifices.
Paul Potter, whose landscapes are considered to surpass all others
of that school, and who was decidedly one of the best painters in the
Low Countries, was as remarkable for the extreme finish of his cattle
principally cows, oxen, goats, and sheep, as for the masterly ease and
negligence with which he penciled the subordinate parts of his picture;

INTRODUCTION. XVU
his colouring is beautifully transparent, touch spirited yet delicate,
his outline correct, and his imitation of nature admirably expressed.
Jacob Ruysdael, a celebrated landscape painter, studied nature, and
rarely painted any subject without introducing a river or pond of water,
which he represented with great truth and effect ; his distances are
well kept, colouring harmonious, skies light and clear, and water trans
parent and natural ; he usually painted views on the banks of rivers,
woody scenes or groves, with winding paths, and sometimes hilly
grounds with natural cascades, interspersed with cottages or huts.
William Vandervelde ranks highest amongst the painters of this
school in the marine department of the art, and was such an enthu
siastic admirer of that branch, that he frequently exposed himself to
great danger in sailing between the hostile fleets, the better to be
enabled to represent the position and manoeuvres of the different
vessels ; in the latter part of his life, he painted in two colours only,
black and white, and his pictures have the appearance of being painted
on paper ; his works are highly esteemed.
The British School, in its earliest period of the art, exhibits the
same character and design as those of Italy at the time of Cimabue,
and are chiefly of a religious or legendary character. Ancient records
exist to prove that the art was known and cultivated in England as
early as 1233, and that the painters of that time worked by contract,
using such colours only as were stipulated therein. William Windsor,
a monk, is the earliest mentioned ; from this, however, it appears, oil
being also included in the contract, that the art of painting in that
vehicle was known in England even before the time of John Van
Eyck, the pretended discoverer of that mode of painting ; but although
known and cultivated so early, it was not until the reign of Henry VIII.
that any great improvement was made therein. The same kind of
subjects continued to be painted, and in the same stiff and antiquated
form ; a Madonna or a saint was all that was ever attempted, until
about that period, when Holbein visited England and produced groups
of figures, into which he infused new life and character, and proved
that ideality and sentiment were capable of personification and expres
sion both in poetry and painting.
In portraiture the art was confined to miniature size, until the
appearance of Jamesone, in 1628, called the Vandyck of Scotland,
who was the first British artist that attempted those subjects life
size, from which time, until Reynolds arose, scarcely any painter of
more than ordinary merit had appeared ; he it was who astonished the
world by his wonderful skill in the art of colouring, his vigorous touch,
and judicious management of his lights and shadows, and which had
never been witnessed in England since the days of Rubens and
Vandyck. As miniature painters, Oliver, Hilliard, and Cooper, claim
precedence over all competitors. In landscape painting, we boast of
Richard Wilson, Gainsborough, Morland, Constable and others, but
in historical or poetical subjects, the names of Benjamin West, Sir
Thomas Lawrence, Northcote, Stothard, Hilton, Newton, shine most
conspicuously. Hogarth excelled in the representation of domestic

XV1U INTRODUCTION.
subjects, which he painted with a happy vein of irony and satire,
that appeals most forcibly to the feelings of our nature, and whilst
he exhibits vice in all its depravity, he teaches us a great moral
lesson, that neither the poet nor the historian could depict with more
truth, nor with greater effect. Our British artists now embrace
every subject, history, poetry, portraiture, landscape, and marine
views, and in each and all of these vie with those of every other
country. From the foregoing statement, it will be seen that almost
every nation has its peculiar character in painting ; that of Spain is
chiefly of a gloomy cast, and exhibits a mixture of religious enthu
siasm, with gross superstition ; France still manifests its partiality
for show and splendour, although the frivolous gaiety of its people
has given place to military ardour and patriotic enthusiasm, all her
historical subjects are but types of this feeling ; Germany is still
allied to its wild, mysterious, and poetical associations ; Holland to
its every-day occurrences, and plain matter-of-fact subjects. The Low
Countries present features of a mixed character, Saints on velvet
cushions, Devotees before golden altars, Patriarchs in gorgeous robes,
Virgins and Madonnas, Saints and Anchorites, Princes and Kings,
are alike attired in gaudy habiliments, and with all the pomp and
splendour of eastern magnificence.
We shall conclude our description of the various schools, by a
brief outline of the characteristics of a few of the principal masters.
Titian's lights are generally in the centre ; his shadows are broad and
extended ; his middle tints in the extremities of his figures, such as
the hands, feet, &c, are of a reddish brown ; those parts most distant
from the light, are weakened in colour, and have a dusky appearance ;
his receding figures, and those on the outside of his groups, are always
the most obscure ; his dead colours are made with cold middle tints,
and finished by laying on warm colours, extremely thin, light and
transparent ; his middle tints of shadows are thinly covered with
yellow, and in the darker parts with red and black ; he used but little
white in his lights, and none at all in obscured parts of his pictures ;
whilst Raffaelle uses it largely, he is neither so bright in his lights, nor
dark in his shadows as other masters ; and in the old men of Rubens
and Titian the principle appears to be the same, little or no white
in the carnation, and a sort of orange colour, made up with yellows
and reds ; in historical compositions, his great light is in his skies and
behind his figures, he does not affect a whiteness and glitter when the
light is thrown upon the fleshy part in his female figures ; it shines but
is subdued, and not opposed to dark shadow in obscure parts. Con
ceive a scale of colouring between the chalky hard manner, and the
opposite extreme of obscurity, the strongest light being at No. 1 ; we
then arrive at this comparison : Guido's strongest light on the flesh is
at No. 1, his middle at No. 3, and his dark at the extreme ; Titian's
strongest light is at No. 2, his middle at 3, and his dark at the flesh;
Agostino Caracci's are at 3, and his middle at 1 ; and Vandyck's are
almost as strong as those of Guido, but his strongest shadows are off
the flesh, and in the draperies and backgrounds.

AN

EXPLANATION OF THE TECHNICAL TERMS

PAINTERS AND WRITERS ON THE ART.

Accessories, — any thing introduced into a picture which is not necessary to
the subject represented ; as a curtain, a flower, a book, or a landscape on the
background of an historical composition or portrait.
Aerial Perspective, — a gradual weakening of the tones of colours, to represent
the appearances of objects as they recede from the eye, produced by the inter
position of air between that and the object when seen at various distances.
Antique. — This term is applied to the different productions of art, whether
paintings or sculpture, previous to the time at which this work commences, but
is more particularly applicable to statues, intaglios, cameos, and engraved stones.
Attitude, in painting, is the disposition of the limbs and hody of a figure, by
which the action, object, or sentiment is conveyed, and in a judicious arrange
ment of which the principal art of grouping consists.
Background, in historical subjects, is what aerial perspective is in landscape,
and was considered, both by Rubens and Reynolds, as one of the most difficult
parts of painting.
Bentvogel Society. — This Society originated with some Flemish painters who
resided at Rome, who held their meetings at a tavern in that city ; of which
Society all their countrymen who were deserving were allowed to become
members. Some whimsical ceremonies had to be passed through, and the can
didate then received a mock name, which had reference to any remarkable defect
of person or peculiar habit, or manner of style in painting ; as, Bamboccio, Studio,
the Hermit of Italy, and such like.
Breadth is applied to such pictures as are painted with freedom and grandly
composed, in opposition to such as appear tame and studied. Correggio's works
are said to possess more of that character than those of any other master.
Cartoons are the designs prepared by painters, from which their works were
intended to be executed.
Casting of Draperies, means the manner in which the folds are displayed :
thus, when easy and natural, they are said to be well cast ; and when the stuffs
of which. they are composed are well contrasted, they are described as harmo
niously coloured.
Charged, in painting, has the same meaning as overcharged, in the ordinary
acceptation of the term : thus, when the outlines are exaggerated, or there is a
departure from the bounds of nature and simplicity, the picture is said to be
charged ; but, in some cases, this is admissible, and even necessary, where pic
tures are to be viewed at a great distance.

XX TECHNICAL TERMS.
Ckiaro-oscuro is the art of distributing the lights and shadows so as to give
to objects an appearance of roundness and natural effect : chiaro, which means
clear or transparent, is applied to any thing exposed to a direct light, and also to
such colours as are bright and luminous ; and oscuro, or dark, implies all the
shadows caused by the privation of light, and also all such colours as, when
exposed to the light, still retain their apparent obscurity, such as, dark velvets,
brown stuffs, polished armour, and the like. And when, by skilful management,
they are so disposed, that all the lights are together on one side, and their
shadows on the other, it is termed a judicious distribution of the chiaro-oscuro.
Composition, which depends upon the conception or invention of the painter,
is one of the greatest difficulties that he has to contend with, and requires a com
prehensive view of the art, in the arrangement of the objects, and the disposition
of the parts, so as to produce an harmonious union of the whole.
Contour or Outline, is that which terminates and defines the figure, and much
of the skill of the painter is required in a judicious management thereof.
Contrast, is an opposition of two or more figures in a group : thus, when one
figure presents a front view, another a side view, and the third shews his back,
there is said to be a contrast ; and this also applies to the limbs and attitudes of
the figures. A well managed contrast is one of the chief beauties of painting.
Correctness in design implies that it is without a defect in its measures and
proportion. Costume is an Italian word, which signifies custom or usage, and, when applied
to historical subjects, means that the painter must not only be particular in
describing the fact, but must also represent the scene of action correctly, and
the dresses, customs, and manners peculiar to each people, whether Greeks,
Romans, Jews, or Barbarians.
Demi-tints implies the various gradations of which a colour is susceptible.
Design consists of several parts, of which the principal are correctness, style,
character, variety, and perspective, and implies the representation of one or more
human figures or animals, or parts of either ; also a scene taken from nature, a
plant, fruit, flower, insect, or piece of drapery, taken from life in order to its
being inserted in some part of the picture ; and in this sense it is called a study.
It is likewise applied to the outline of objects, and the measures and proportions
of exterior forms.
Distemper is a preparation of colours without oil, only mixed with size, white
of eggs, or some glutinous or unctuous substance ; with which kind of colour all
the ancient pictures before the year 1410 are said to have been painted, as also
all the celebrated Cartoons by Raffaelle.
Dryness is a term by which artists express the common defects of the early
painters in oil, the flesh in their pictures appearing hard and rigid, instead of
soft and pliant, and the draperies, particularly of the Germans, concealing the
limbs of the figures, and, instead of exhibiting the form, frequently encumbering
the figure, without either elegance or grace.
Elegance in a design is a manner which embellishes and heightens objects
as to their form or colour, or both, without perverting the truth. De Piles says,
that elegance is not always founded on correctness, as may be seen in the works
of Raffaelle and Correggio, in the latter of whom, notwithstanding his incorrect
ness of design, his elegance of taste and the turn which he has given to his
actions cannot but be admired.
Expression principally consists in representing the human body and all its
parts in the action suitable to it, exhibiting in the face the several passions
proper to the figures, and marking the motions they impress on the other
parts. The term expression is often confounded with that of passion- but
the former implies a representation of an object agreeable to its nature and

TECHNICAL TERMS. XXI
character, and the use or office it is intended to have in the work, whilst passion
in painting denotes a motion of the body, accompanied with certain airs of the
face which mark an agitation of soul ; so that every passion is an expression, but
not every expression a passion.
Foreshortening. — When a figure, viewed lengthways, appears shorter than it
would be in an erect attitude, or fully extended, it is said to be foreshortened.
This- difficult mode of designing animal forms is chiefly adopted in ceilings.
Fresco is a kind of painting upon fresh plaster, or on a wall covered with
mortar not quite dry, and with water colours. The plaster is only to be laid on
as the painting proceeds, no more being to be done at once than the painter can
dispatch in a day ; the colours being prepared with water, and applied over plaster
quite fresh, become incorporated with it, and retain their beauty for a great
length of time.
Grace principally consists in the turn a painter gives to his objects, to render
them agreeable, even those that are inanimate. It is more seldom found in the
face than in the attitude, and is neither found in constrained nor in affected
manners, but in a certain freedom and ease between the two extremes. In a word,
a woman can be beautiful but one way, but she may be graceful in a thousand :
thus, Milton, in describing Eve, says, " Grace was in all her steps."
Grotesque. — This term was, by the early Italian painters, used to express a
representation of a cave or grot, and thus all paintings in imitation of antique
designs or fragments discovered in ancient ruins were termed grotesques ; but it
is now used as implying a style in which the imagination and the flights of
inventive fancy are principally exerted, without any regard to nature, truth, or
probability. Group, is the combination of objects in a picture for the satisfaction of the
eye, and also for its repose. A picture may consist of different groups, yet those
groups should exhibit a unity of purpose and tend to one object, which ought to
predominate and attract the eye more powerfully than the rest. It is this due
subordination of the inferior groups, that creates that union and harmony in the
whole, which is described as the tout ensemble, and by means of which, and a
due spread of the lights and shades, the effect of the other groups is neither
destroyed nor impaired.
Harmony, as applied to composition, is the opposite of any thing that disturbs
the order or regularity. Thus, in a single figure, the attitude and expression or
passion should correspond with each other. The same definition also applies to
the lights and shadows in a picture.
Invention consists not only in the composition of a picture, but in so represent
ing it, that the story intended to be described maybe conveyed to the beholder.
Thus, what is meant to be touching and awful should produce a corresponding
effect upon our senses, and should appeal to the heart as well as the eye ; and this
cannot be the case unless the action and attitude of the several figures is in unity
with the whole.
Local Colours are such as faithfully imitate those of a particular object, or such .
as are natural and proper to the object represented ; and colour is distinguished
by the term local, because the place it occupies requires that particular colour in
order to give a greater character of truth to the several tints with which it is
contrasted. Linear Perspective is that which describes or represents the position, magnitude
and form of the several lines or contours of objects, and expresses their diminution
according to their distance from the eye.
Manner is that habit which painters have acquired, not only in the manage
ment of the pencil, but also in the principal parts of painting, invention, design,
and colouring. It is by the manner of painting that a picture is judged to be by
the hand of Rubens, Titian, Guido, the Caracci, and others. Some masters varied
greatly in their manner at different periods of their life, whilst others adhered so

XX11 TECHNICAL TERMS.
closely to one only, that those who have seen but a few of their works, will imme
diately recognize them without the chance of a mistake. The variety observable
in some masters arises from the manners of the different schools in which they
have studied, or of the artists by whom they were instructed; and many young
artists, having a partiality for certain masters, have imitated them until they
could not divest themselves of their manner, whilst others have altered it so
effectually, that their works have exhibited a greater degree of excellence and a
more refined taste. Thus, Raffaelle acquired a more elevated manner after he had
quitted the school of Perugino, and seen the works of Leonardo da Vinci.
Ordonnance is the arrangement of the figures in respect to the whole compo
sition, or the particular disposition of figures as to the different groups, masses.
contrasts, decorum, and situation.
Outline is that which traces the circumferences of objects in a picture. This
must be drawn as thin and fine as possible, so as scarcely to be discerned by the
eye ; and it should be observed, that a correct outline may excite pleasure even
without any colouring, but that no colouring can afford equal satisfaction to a
judicious eye if the outline is incorrect.
Passion, in painting, implies an emotion of the body, visible in the face from
certain expressive lines, which denotes an agitation of the mind.
Pasticcio, a term which signifies, amongst the Italians, a pie or pasty, and is
applied by them to such pictures as can neither be termed originals nor copies ;
thus, a painting in which the style or colouring of some other master is adopted,
but the subject or composition was original, would be called a Pasticcio, and vice
versd. Many celebrated masters adopted this mode, but none more so than David
Teniers, who imitated Giacomo Bassano so closely, as to deceive at first sight the
most judicious. Luca Giordano and Bon Boullongne also excelled in this kind of
painting. The most effectual way to detect these kind of paintings is to compare
them with an original by the master who has been imitated.
Relief ot Relievo is applied to objects which are represented on a plain surface,
but which appear to project from it.
Site or Scite, in landscape, signifies the view, prospect, or opening of a country,
and is derived from the Italian word sito, situation.
Style, according to Sir Joshua Reynolds, is the same in painting as in writing,
and implies a power over materials, whether words or colours, by which concep
tions or sentiments are conveyed : thus, some are grand, others plain ; some
'florid, others simple. It is also applied to the subject itself, as well as to the
peculiar manner of treating it.

DICTIONARY OF PAINTERS.

AA
Aa (Thierry Van der), bom at the
Hague in 1731, and pupil of J. H.
Keller, after having quitted his master
painted conjointly with G. Metz ;
although all his works possess much
merit with good finish he has not left
any easel pictures ; his genius con
sisted in painting flowers, fruit and
birds, in the decoration of apartments.
He died in 1809.
Aablst — See Aelst.
Abakca (Maria de) flourished
about 1633, the most classic period
of Spanish art, that of Cano and
Velasquez, and was eminent as a
portrait painter.
Abate (Andrea), a Neapolitan,
born 1692, died 1732. Studiedunder
Luca Giordano, but excelled in paint
ing fruit, flowers, vases and other
inanimate objects, and was employed
by Charles II. King of Spain.
Abatini (Guido Ubaldo), born at
Citta di Castello, flourished about
1590, was a disciple of Cavaliere Gui-
seppe Cesari, a distinguished painter
in fresco ; one of his principal works
is the Ceiling of the Chapel of St.
Theresa, in St. Maria della Vittoria
at Rome. Died 1656, aged about 60.
Abbate, said to have been born at
Geneva.; at Bologna is a picture of a
Carita by him, painted with boldness
and energy.
Abbati (Nicolo del), born at Mo
dena, 1512, died 1572. Studied under
Begarelli, and is supposed to have
been instructed by Correggio ; he
painted the celebrated picture of
the Martyrdom of St. Peter and St.
Paul now in the Gallery of Dresden,

ABB
also some fresco paintings, and at Bo
logna the Nativity of Christ and four
conversation pictures of exquisite taste.
At the Gallery of Fontainebleau are
some historical paintings by him in
the style of Primaticcio, representing
the history of Alexander. He com
bined the symmetry of Raffaelle, the
sublimity of Michael Angelo, the truth
of Titian, and the greatness of Cor
reggio with the grace of Parmegiano.
Abbati (Pietro Paulo), born at Mo
dena, flourished about 1 530, was con
sidered unequalled in battle-pieces for
the spirit and animation with which
he designed horses, and the attacks of
combatants. Abbati (Ercole), born at Modena,
1563, died 1613: painted historical
subjects ; the Marriage of Cana in
the Florentine Gallery, and some pic
tures in the Council Hall at Florence.
Abbiati (Filippo), born at Milan,
1640, was a scholar of Nuvalone, and
painted history in oil and fresco, and
excelled in the latter ; died 1715. —
There was another Milanese of the
same period, named Joseph Abbiati,
who was also apainter, butof little note.
Abbott (Lerihiel),born in Leicester
shire, was a scholar of Francis Hay-
man, and painted portraits with some
celebrity ; the heads of his men some
times approach to excellence : died 1803.
Aberli (John Louis), a German,
born 1786, was a pupil of H Meyer,
and painted with success landscapes
and portraits.
Abbondio (Alexander )a Florentine,
was a scholar of Buonarotti, he infused
colours into wax, with which he de-
b

ABS i
lighted in forming little histories, he
also painted portraits, and was so cele
brated for his likenesses that the Em
peror Rodolphus II. sent for him to
Prague that he might see him work ;
he died in that city, leaving a son of
his own name who, is believed to be of
equal merit with his father, he also
died in Prague. The father flourished
till about 1580. Sandrart, p. 339.
Abshoven, born at Antwerp,
flourished about 1660, he was the fa
vourite disciple of D. Teniers the
younger, and the most successful fol
lower of his style ; his pictures may
easily be mistaken for those of his
master. Died about 1665. His sub
jects were rural sports, ale-houses, and
apothecary shops.
Accama (Bernard), born at Leu-
warde in 1697; was a good portrait
painter ; he painted the portrait of the
poet B. de Bosch, and that of Sicco
Van Goslinga, ambassador from the
States of Holland to the court of
France in 1731. His talent was
much esteemed in Friesland. He
died at Leuwarde in 1756.
Accama (Mathew), born at Leu
warde in 1 702 : painted historical and
emblematical subjects, and copied seve
ral paintings of the ancient masters
with great skill when in Italy ; some
of his works are in the Hotel-de-yille,
and in several other public edifices in
Leuwarde, in which cityhediedin 1783.
Ach, or Achen (John Van), born
at Cologne 1566. Studied first under
Jerrigh, a portrait painter, and after
wards under Bartholomew Spranger,
whose works he copied ; he after
wards visited Rome and Venice, and
at the former place painted a Na
tivity for the church of the Jesuits,
and a portrait of Madona Venusta, a
celebrated performer on the lute ; he
then went to Bavaria, and painted the
portraits of the Electoral family in
one picture as large as life, also a
grand design of the discovery of the
Cross by Helena the mother of Con
stantine ; and at Prague, a picture of
Venus and Adonis, which was greatly

AEL
admired ; his style was a compound
of the German and Venetian schools.
Died 1621.
Aohtschelling (Lucas), born at
Brussels, 1570. A scholar of Lucas
Vadder : painted landscape, broad
and bold, the foliage lightly touched,
and apparently waving, his distances
broad, with a pleasing effect, and his
colouring almost transparent; his
works are chiefly in Brussels and the
Low Countries.
Adolfi (Giacomo), son of a painter
named Benedotti Adolfi, born at Ber-
gama 1682, died 1741, was chiefly
employed in decorating the churches
in Italy. His brother Ciro painted
some fine altar-pieces ; one of his best
represents the death of St. John the
Baptist in prison.
ADOLFi(Ciro), born 1683, died 1758,
brother of Giacomo, in whose style
he painted similar subjects, chiefly in
fresco, in which he distinguished
himself. Died 1758.
Adkiano, a Spanish Monk, born at
Cordova ; painted rehgious subjects
for the Carmelite Convent in the
manner of Raffaele Sadeler ; his chief
work is a Crucifixion, with the Virgin,
St. John, and the Magdalen, with
other figures, half length.
Adbjensen (Alex.), born at Ant
werp, 1 625. Painted vases of marble,
decorated with ornamental basso-re
lievos, and filled with flowers, or em
broidered with festoons, grouped and
disposed with considerable skill, but
particularly excelled in fish, which were
well coloured, and with a remarkable
transparence. Aelst (Evert van), born at Delft,
1602, died 1658. Painted dead game
and still life, helmets with plumes of
feathers,armour,vasesofgoldandsilver, &c. sometimes on a clear white ground,
in a manner that produced a singu
larly pleasing effect, disposed with
elegance and finished with neatness.
Aelst (Wm.), born at Delft, 1620,
died 1679. Nephew of Evert, painted
similar subjects, delicately finished

AEL
with extraordinary lustre ; superior
to Evert, and more highly prized
than those of Weeninx.
Aelst (Paul Van), a natural son
and pupil of Peter Koeck, called also
Peter Van Aelst ; was a good painter
of flowers and fruit, and copied very
faithfully the pictures of John Mabuse.
He died at Antwerp.
Aerts (Richard), born 1482, died
1552. Studied under Mostaert, and
painted history for the Churches at
Haerlem, altar pieces, &c. ; those of
Joseph and his brethren are consi
dered his best performances.
Aertsen (Peter), called by the Ita
lians Pietro Longo, a Dutchman, born
1519, died 1575. Studied under
Alaert Claussen, painted portraits and
interiors of kitchens, with culinary
utensils, in a strong, bold, and per
spective style, and afterwards his
tory, amongst which, his altar-piece at
Amsterdam, representing the death of
the Virgin, also the Nativity aud the
Wise Men's Offering possess extraordi
nary merit. He was well skilled in per
spective and architecture, and enriched
his landscapes with elegant ornaments
and animals, the figures well dis
posed, attitudes good, and draperies
well cast.
Afesa (Pietro), a Neapolitan, flou
rished about 1560. Painted history,
wholly on religious subjects ; his works
are chiefly to be found in the churches
and convents at Naples.
Agar (Jaques d'), born at Paris,
1640, died 1716; was a scholar of
Vonet, but devoted himself to portrait
painting, and was employed by the
King and Court of Denmark, also
visited England ; his portrait by him
self is in the Florentine Gallery.
Agelio (Gioseffo),born at Sorento;
a scholap of Roncalli, painted land
scapes, in which he excelled, and
usually painted the back grounds for
several of his contemporaries ; lived
about the middle of the 1 6th century.
Aghinetti (Mark di Guccio),
worked in Florence with many other

AIN
painters, after the manner of Giotto ;
in the books of the Purveyor of the
works of St. Reparata, the works done
by and payments made to him are
recorded. He lived about 1370.
Baldinucci, sect. 2. p. 80.
Agresti (Livio), born at Forli,
1586; studied under Pierino del Vaga,
and was employed by Pope Gregory
XIII. in the Vatican and in the
churches at Rome ; he painted both in
oil and in fresco ; was rich in inven
tion, correct in design, and excellent
in colouring.
Agricola (Christopher Ludwig)
born at Ratisbon, 1669 ; painted
portraits and landscapes, in which he
excelled, but he is chiefly known as an
engraver. Aikman (Wm.),bornl682,atAber-
deen in Scotland ; painted a large
picture of the Royal Family, in the
middle of which are all the younger
branches ; on one side, a half length
portrait of Queen Caroline, and on
the opposite it was intended to have
placed the portrait of the King, but
it was never finished, owing to the
artist's decease. Aikman paintedmany
portraits of noble personages, particu
larly of the Earl of Buckinghamshire,
.and some of the relatives and friends
of that nobleman ; in the Florentine
Gallery is a portrait of Aikman
painted by himself. Died 1 73 ! .
Ainz, or Enzo (Joseph), with Hoef-
nagel, Breughel, Sadeler, and other
painters, were in the pay of the Em
peror Rodolpho II ; he was sent to
Rome and to Venice to copy the best
pictures and statues, especially the
Leda by Correggio, which was so
much admired, that he received aug
mentation to his pension for it. He
passed several years in painting large
works, which were engraved by Sade
ler and by Mayr. He died in Prague,
where he had a son also named Joseph,
who, in all sorts of whimsical fancies,
monsters and transformations, in small
figures, had no equal, for which he
obtained the favour of several princes,
and especially of Pope Urban the
B 2

AIR
VIHth., who created him a knight of
the Golden Spur. Sandrart, p. 277 ;
Boschini, p. 62, 534. The father
flourished about f 600, the son about
1640. Airola (Donna Angela Veronica),
born at Genoa in the 17 th century;
was a scholar of Fiasella, called Sara-
zana, and painted some pictures for
the churches at Genoa on religious
subjects. Aken (John Van), a Dutchman,
born about 1656; was contemporary
with Petro de Laer, called Bamboccio,
but no mention is made of his works
as a painter. His prints of landscapes
by himself are executed in a masterly
style. Aken (John Van), a Fleming;
passed his artistic life in England,
principally in London, in which city
he died in 1749. He was at first
employed in painting the figures in
the pictures of the best painters there ;
he afterwards painted on satin, velvet,
&c. and produced some good works.
Akerboom (  ), a Dutch
painter; was celebrated for interiors
of towns and villages ; he lived about
the middle of the 17th century ; bis
works are admirably executed, and
very highly finished.
Alabardi (Joseph), painted many
pictures in the new Banqueting Hall
of the magnificent Palace of the Go
vernment of Venice, which works are
registered by Boschini in his Miniera
della Pittura, p. 61.
Albano (Francesco), born at Bo
logna, 1578, died 1660; entered the
school of Denis Calvart, and was
assisted by Guido in learning to de
sign ; studied also in the school of
the Ctuacci, and became one of the
most agreeable painters of the Roman
school His pictures are usually small
size, from poetic or fabulous history ;
his male figures usually lean, and with
out masculine beauty ; he was fond of
introducing Cupids, lovely and grace
ful in form, and in variety of atti
tudes ; but his figures of women and

ALB
children, though beautiful, have an
appearance of sameness, his wife and
family invariably serving for his mo
dels. His landscapes are agreeable,
and usually selected from nature, co
louring fresh and tender, particularly
in his carnations ; his design excellent,
and his draperies elegant; his pic
tures are highly finished, and with
great neatness of pencil. In the pa
lace of the King of Sardinia are the
Four Elements by Albano, each about
four feet square ; they possess extra
ordinary beauty, and are well pre
served. Albano (Giovanni Battista), died
in 1668; was the brother and dis
ciple of Francesco, and a successful
imitator of his style. He excelled in
landscape, which he designed well,
touching his trees with spirit and with
great sweetness of colour. His works
are sometimes mistaken for those of
his brother.
Alberelli (Giacomo), born at Ve
nice, flourished about 1600, was a
disciple of Jacopa Palma the younger,
painted history with considerable suc
cess, and several of his works are in
the public edifices at Venice, and that
which is most esteemed, the Baptism
of Christ, is in the church of Ognis-
santi ; died about 1650.
Alberici (Enrico"), born near Ber
gamo, 1714, died 1775, was a scholar
of Cairo, painted history, and was
chiefly employed in the churches in
Italy. Albert (Simonz), a highly distin
guished historical painter, born at
Haerlaem in 1523. He was a pupil of
Jean Mostaert, and lived to a great
age, although he had experienced great
vicissitudes. Alberti (Durante ), born at Borgo
San Sepolcro in 1538, died 1613,
painted history in oil and in fresco,
and was chiefly employed in the
churches at Rome.
Alberti (Pietro Francesco, son of
Durante), born 1584, painted history
in the style of his father.

ALB
Alberti (Michele), born at Rome,
brother of Durante, was a disciple of
Volterra, painted similar subjects, and
was similarly employed.
Alberti (Cherubino), born at Borgo
San Sepolcro, 1552, died i 615, son of
Michele, painted history both in oil
and in fresco for the churches, &c.
but is better known as an engraver.
Alb erti (Giovani) , born at Florence,
1558, died 1601, went to Rome and
studied the works of Buonarotti and
other great masters, but excelled in
landscape and perspective ; the figures
were usually inserted by his brother
Cherubino. Alberts (Gerard), was born at Ni-
meguen, where he always lived ; his
earlier portraits, painted after Kneller,
are well worthy of notice, but those
painted in the latter part of his life
are very inferior, and have" the appear
ance of not being finished. He died
at a very advanced age between 1750
and 1760.
Albebtinelli (Mariotto), born at
Florence, 1475, died 1520; was a dis
ciple of F. Bartolomeo, whose style he
imitated with considerable success.
Many of his works are to be found in
the churches and convents at Rome,
Florence, and Viterbo.
Albertus (H. C), a native of
Saxony, flourished about 1600; he
painted portraits, of which one of
John Seckendorff, Rector and Pro
fessor at Zurickau, is engraved by him.
Albini (Alessandro), born at Bo
logna about 1575, was a disciple of Lo-
dovico Caracci, whom he imitated with
considerable success ; he painted his -
tory, and his principal works are in the
churches at Bologna, amongst which
are St. Pietro Martire kneeling before
St. Catherine and St. Cecilia, in the
church dedicated to the Saint, and
the Burial of St. Valeriano and St.
Tiburzio in S. Michele, in Bosco ;
died about 1610.
Alboresi (Giacomo), a Bolognese,
horn 1632, died 1677. Worked both

ALE
in oil and fresco, but chiefly in fresco ;
he painted some historical subjects, but
is more celebrated for his architectural
views. Alde (H. Van), a Dutchman,
flourished about 1 650 ; painted a
portrait of Gaspar de Charpentier, of
which there is an etching by himself.
Aldegrever (Henry), born at
Westphalia, 1502 ; was a disciple of
Albert Durer, whose manner he fol
lowed, but less correct in design, and
more muscular in his bodies. One
of his principal works is a Nativity,
which is much commended by De
Piles; died 1562.
Aldrovandini (Tommaso), an Ita
lian, born 1653, died 1706 ; excelled
in perspective views, and architectural
subjects, the figures usually inserted
by Franceschini and Carlo Cignani.
Alefounder (John), an English
portrait painter, lived in Bow Street,
Covent Garden, and died about 1790.
Alemans (N.), a Flemish painter
of portraits in miniature, and of ani
mals. Alen or Olen (John Van), born
at Amsterdam, 1651, died 1698;
painted fowls, landscape, and still
life, and successfully imitated the style
of Melchior Hondekoeter, whose pupil
he was, but could imitate the style
and touch of any master.
Aleni (Tommaso), born at Cre
mona, 1500, was a disciple of Galeazzo
Campi; he painted history in his
style, and approached him so nearly
that it is difficult to distinguish their
works, some of which are in the church
of St. Domenico at Cremona ; he died
about 1560.
Alesio (Mateo Perez de), born at
Rome, flourished about 1 585 ; painted
chiefly in fresco inthe style of Michael
Angelo ; visited Seville, and painted
for the cathedral there a colossal pic
ture of St. Christopher, with the Infant
Christ on his shoulder, a palm tree
in his right hand instead of a staff,
the hermit with a lanthorn and a pic
turesque landscape in the distance.

ALF (
Alfani (Orazio di Paris), born at
Perugia about 1530, died about 1583 ;
was educated under Pietro Vanucci, and
also studied and imitated the works of
Raffaelle with great success, and of
some Madonnas in private cabinets a
doubt exists whether they are the
products of that school or of Alfani.
Alfaro (Y.Gamon don Juan), born
at Cordova in Spain, 1640, died 1680,
was a scholar of Antonio de Castile,
but finished his studies under Velas
quez, whom he particularly resembles,
and his portraits in colouring also re
semble those of Vandyck. Two of
his finest pictures are the Nativity,
aud the Guardian Angel.
Alewyn (W.), a Dutch amateur
painter, made many designs after the
pictures of the great masters of the
old school ; he lived in Amsterdam
and in Utrecht, where he died in
1839. Algarotti (Francesco), born at
Venice, 1712; studied the fine arts,
and produced some excellent speci
mens of painting and engraving, but
is better known as a writer on those
subjects than as a painter ; died 1764.
Aliberti (GiovanniCarlo), born at
Piedmont, 1680, died 1740: painted
chiefly in fresco. In the churches at
Piedmont, his native city, are several
capital pictures painted by him.
Alibrandi (Girolamo), born at
Messina in Sicily, 1470, died 1524.
Studied first under Bellini, and after
wards under L. da Vinci, whose style
he imitated very closely. His works
are chiefly to be found in the churches
and convents at Messina. One of his
best is a picture of the Purification.
Alix (John), a Frenchman, was
a scholar of Philip de Champagne ;
but there is no account of his works.
Allan (David), born at Edinburgh,
Scotland, 1735, died 1796: painted
landscapes in the style of Gaspar
Poussin : also bambocciate and por
traits. Allegrain (Etienne), born at

ALL
Paris, 1655, died 1736 : painted land
scapes, in which he excelled, but we
have no description of his style.
Allegrain (Gabriel), son and dis
ciple of the above, painted similar
subjects with considerable reputation,
died 1748.
Allegri — See Correggio.
Allegri (Pomponio), born at Cor-
reggia, 1522; son of Correggio, by
whom he was instructed, and after his
death, by Rondani; painted history,
and in Parma is a work in fresco by
him, of Moses shewing the Israelites
the Tables of the Law
Alloisi (Baldassare) — See Gala-
nino. Allegrini, called da Gubbio Fran
cesco, born at Italy, 1587, died 1663.
Scholar of Cesare de Arpino, painted
history in oil, and in fresco for the
churches and palaces at Rome.
Allegrini (Flammio and Angelo),
sons of Francesco, painted history in
a similar style to their father.
Alleland — See L'Allemand.
Alloisi (Baldassare), born at Bo
logna, 1758. Studied under the Ca
racci, whose style he retained in all
his compositions ; but in portraits he
surpassed all his contemporaries, and
the Italians have ranked him with
Vandyck. Allori (Alessandro), called Bron-
zino, born at Florence, 1535, died 1 5 90.
Studied under Agnolo Bronzino, whose
manner he imitated : also studied the
works of M . A . Buonarotti, and painted
history in oil and fresco ; his first per
formance was a Crucifixion, intended
for an altar-piece, well grouped, beau
tifully coloured, and with fine expres
sion'; and many of his works adorn
the churches in Naples, one of which,
the Last Judgment, is entirely in the
style of Buonarotti ; he excelled as a
portrait painter, and several of the
nobility sat to him.
Allori (Cristoforo), son of Ales
sandro, also called Bronzino, born at
Florence, 1577, died 1621. Studied

ALM ;
first under his father, afterwards under
Santo da Titi, and finally under L.
Cardi, called Cigoli, and formed a
style totally different from that of
Alessandro ; he painted history for the
churches and convents at Florence,
but excelled in small pictures, with
numerous figures, exquisite for cor
rectness in drawing, and so round and
delicately touched, that it seemed
wonderful how either the eye or hand
could execute them : also painted
portraits as large as life, true to nature,
and with a fine expression, which are
highly valued ; in the Museum at
Amsterdam is a painting by him re
presenting Judith with the head of
Holofernes. Almeloveen (Jan.), a Dutch
artist, born about 1614 : painted por
traits and landscapes, but is chiefly
known as an engraver.
Alsloot (Daniel van), was born in
Brussels in 1570, and died there in
1620 : he was painter to the Arch
duke Albert. In the Museum at
Brussels is a topographical plan of
the former Park and Chateau of Ma-
riemont. Altdorfer (Albert or Albrecht),
born at Ratisbon in Germany 1488,
is said to have been a scholar of Albert
Durer, but is better known as an
engraver, some of his works are at
Ratisbon. Altissimo (Christopher dell'), a
Florentine, was a scholar of Pontor-
mo, and afterwards of Bronzino, he
painted historical pieces, and was also
excellent in portraits, for which reason
he was sent by the Grand Duke Cosmo
to Como to copy from the collection
of Monsig. Giovio many portraits of
illustrious persons to enrich his own
noble Gallery. He flourished about
1600. Baldinucci, par. 3. sec. 4.
p. 170.
Alunno (Nicolo), born at Foligno
about 1450, flourished about 1492:
painted in distemper only for the
churches in Italy (the common mode
of painting previous to Vanucci), a

AME
Pieta on the dome of one of the chapels
is highly extolled by Vasari.
Amalteo (Pomponio), born at St.
Vito in the Friuli, 1505, died 1576 :
was a scholar of Pordenone, painted
history chiefly for the churches and
public halls at Friuli, and at Belluno,
in the Notary's Hall, of which latter
place there are five subjects by him
from the' Roman History ; his brother
Geronimo would probably have ex
celled him, but he quitted painting
for commercial pursuits.
Amato (Giovanni), called Antonio
il Vecchio, born 1475, died 1555.
Studied under Silvester Bruno and
Perugino, and painted history in the
style of the latter.
Amato (Francesco), born at a later
date, as appears from his engravings,
but of his works as a painter little is
known. Amberger (Christopher), born a,
Nuremberg, 1485, died 1550. Studied
under Hans Holbein, in whose style he
painted, and is sometimes mistaken for
him ; he painted the history of Joseph
in twelve pictures ; and the Emperor
Charles V. had his portrait painted
by Amberger, which he considered
equal to any of those which were
painted by Titian.
Ambrogi (Dominicio), called Me
nechino del Brizio, born at Bologna,
flourished about 1 653 : was a scholar
of Francisco Brizio, and painted history
both in oil and in fresco, also excelled
in perspective and ornamental archi
tecture. Amelsfoort (Quirinus van), born
at Bois-le-Duc in 1760, having ac
quired the principles of design and
painting, went to Dusseldorf, where he
studied with great attention, and
upon returning to his own country,
distinguished himself by his historical
paintings, and especially by his por
traits, which were remarkable for their
fidelity. In the council-chamber of
the United Provinces are two paintings
by this artist, one of the goddess Pal
las surrounded by the genii of the

AME
Sciences : and the other, of the Ro
man Consul Curius, despising the gold
of the Samnites. He died at Bois-
le-Duc in 1820.
Amerom (H. J. van), born at the
Hague in 1 777, was a scholar of Be
sters, of J. H. Prins, and of Moritz ;
he lived at Arnheim, where he painted
village scenes, interiors, and por
traits, and formed some pupils who
all visited artistically Paris and Rome,
the classic land of the fine arts.
Ajiioo (Bernardino), born in Na
ples : practised the art, but is better
known as an author than as a painter ;
he lived about 1620; he also made
drawings of the City of Jerusalem.
Amicone or Ajiigone (Ottavio),
born at Brescia, 1605, died 1661 : was
a disciple of Antonio Gandini, and
chiefly excelled in fresco paintings,
his compositions were grand, his de
sign elegant, and his figures usually
large as life ; several are to be found
in the churches in Italy; he had a
free, firm, and masterly touch.
Amicone (Jacopo), born at Venice,
1675, died 1 752 : master not known ;
he painted history and portraits, and
had many of the accomplishments of
a good painter, but his colouring was
much too cold, too pale, and too
chalky ; he left two daughters, one
of whom painted in crayons.
Amidano (Pomponio), born at
Parma, flourished about 1595, and
from his style is supposed to have
been a disciple of Parmegiano ; one
of his pictures at Parma has been
ascribed to Mazzuoli.
Amigazzi (John Baptist), studied
under Claudius Ridolfi, and delighted
in copying the works of his master,
many of his works are considered as
originals by those who have not a
perfect knowledge of the master. He
painted also from his own designs in
public churches, as Pozzi says, p.
168. He flourished about the year
1640. Amigoli (Stephen), a Florentine
painter, shewed early a genius for

3 AND
drawing, when one of the noble family
of the Riccardi, who were always ad
mirers of the fine arts and literature,
distinguished and assisted him with
the means of learning the art of de
signing ; he did not produce much in
oil painting, in fresco he exhibited
great talent ; there are two frescos by
his hand in the church of the Padri
del Belmorire, in the great altar, and
others by him for private persons.
Amman (Justus), born at Zurich,
1539, died 1591 : painted with great
brilliancy on glass, and his pen and
ink drawings and designs in oil, on
wood, paper, and copper, in history,
allegory, science, rural sports, &c.
may still be consulted by the artist to
advantage. Amorosi (Antonio), born near As-
cali, 1685 : painted some pictures
for tbe churches at Rome ; but is
more known as a painter of bamboc-
ciate or fancy subjects. Died about
1740. Amstel (John d' ), was an excel
lent painter of landscapes, with nu
merous figures. In Genoa, Captain
Gardiner, an Englishman, has in his
collection a large painting on panel
by this artist, of the Crucifixion, with
more than two hundred figures, singu
larly well designed and painted. He
imitated the manner of John Brussala,
and was scarcely inferior to him.
Anchilus (N.), born at Antwerp
in 1 688 : was a good painter of
conversations after the manner of
Teniers and Watteau ; he went to
London, and during his stay there,
copied some paintings of Sneyders for
Sir Robert Walpole ; he died near
Lyons in France, on his way to Rome,
in the year 1733.
Ancona (Andrea, Lilio D. Nella
Marca), flourished in the Pontificate
of Sixtus Vth ; painted in fresco, and
his works are chiefly to be found in
the churches at Rome : one of which,
our Saviour washing the Disciples'
Feet, is highly commended.
Axderton (Henry), born 1630,

AND
died about 1665 : painted history and
portraits, and acquired the patronage
of Charles II. by his portrait of Mrs.
Stuart, afterwards Duchess of Rich
mond. Andrea (Maestro), born at Sa
lerno in Naples, 1480 : he is said to
have visited Rome for improvement
in the art, and died in 1502; of his
works we have no account.
Andre (Jean), born at Paris in
1662, studied under Carlo Maratti,
and from the works of M. Angelo
and Raffaelle ; he also painted history
and portraits with considerable suc
cess, died 1 753.
Andreani (Andrea), born at Man
tua, 1540, died about 1610 : little is
known of his works as a painter, but
his prints are numerous.
Andreessens (Hendrick), born at
Antwerp, 1600, painted principally
subjects of still life, which he designed
correctly and finished highly ; he died
1655. Andringa (Tjeerd), was born at
Leuwarde in 1806, and a pupil of W.
B. Van-der-Kooy, and of C. Kruse-
man. He had given proofs of his
talents for painting when he died at
the age of 21, in 1827.
Androli (Girolama), a Veronese
painter, followed the ancient manner
of the 14th century, in which he
lived. In Verona are still preserved
some of his works. Rossi, p. 9.
Anesi (Paolo), born at Florence,
flourished about 1720, painted land
scapes with considerable reputation ;
several are in the palaces and private col
lections at Florence, and at Rome : he
was one of the instructors of F . Z ucarelli.
Angarono (Ottaviano), born at
Venice, flourished about 1650, painted
history, and acquired considerable
celebrity by a picture he painted for
the church of S. Daniele at Venice,
representing the Nativity.
Ange (Francis 1'), born in Annecy,
a city of Savoy, 1675, was taught
the principles of drawing by Andrew

ANG
Chevil, his maternal uncle ; he was
sent into Italy, and remained eight
years in Turin, where he was appointed
painter to the Prince of Carignano,
and taught the princes Amadeus and
Thomas the art of design, also several
other princes, noblemen, and others
in the Royal Academy. In 1 706 he
went to Bologna to improve himself
in painting, and after studying for
some time the best masters, ancient
and modern, he adopted Albano as
his model, and in that style painted
a variety of historical pictures, and
ultimately a picture of the Descent
of the Holy Spirit, to be placed in
the palace of Rivoli ; his manner was
soft, in good keeping, careful and
strong, and where he introduces land
scapes, they are very pleasing.
Angeli (Julius Csesar), a skilful
painter of Perugia, and a scholar of
Caracci ; in his own country are to be
found many beautiful paintings by his
hand ; he lived in the year 1613.
Angeli (Scipio), of Perugia, was
much esteemed as a flower painter,
and his pictures are still much sought
after for the freshness and beauty of
the colouring. Pascoli nella Vite de'
pittori Perugini, p. 255.
Angeli (Filippo) (D' Angeli), called
II Napolitano, born at Rome in 1600,
died 1640: painted landscapes, battles,
and architectural views, with nume
rous figures ingeniously arranged and
well coloured. His favourite subjects
were such as admitted of a great
number of figures, public build
ings, porticoes, and the areas before
them, which he usually crowded with
people at different sports or enter
tainments. Angeli (Giovana Battista) — See
Il Moro.
Angelica, flourished about 1636;
such is the name and date affixed to
the Missals in the ^cathedral at Tar
ragona. Angelico (Fra Giovanni da Fie
sole), born at Fiesolo, 1387, died
1445: was a disciple of Giottino, a

ANG
Dominican friar, and always painted
religious subjects, he was employed
by Nicholas V. to decorate his chapel,
also in embellishing books in minia
ture ; his pictures are well designed
and neatly handled, but not .without
faults. Angelio (Joseph), of Soriento, a
scholar of Cavaliere Roncalli: painted
perspective and figures, and assisted
several painters in various public places
in Rome: he flourished about 1640.
Baglione, p. 316.
Angelis (Peter), born at Dunkirk,
1 685 : visited Flanders and Germany,
and improved himself by studying the
paintings in the Electoral Gallery :
pamted conversations and landscapes
with small figures, into which he often
introduced fruit aud fish. Visited
England, where he resided 16 years.
His style is a mixture of Teniers and
Watteau, with more grace than the
former, and more nature than the
latter, in pencil easy and flowing, but
in colouring occasionally faint and
nerveless : he afterwards adopted the
habits of Rubens and Vandyck, and
occasionally copied the pictures of
Rubens and Snyders : died 1734.
Walpole, v. 4. p. 16.
Angelo (Michael) — See Buona
rotti. Angelo (Michael da Caravaggio)
— See Caravaggio.
Angelo (Michael Cerquozzi), called
dalle Battaglia, born at Rome, 1600,
died 1 660. Studied first under Bonzi,
called Gobbo del Frutti, and painted
fruit and flowers in his style, then
battle pieces, and obtained the name
of dalle Battaglia ; and afterwards un
der Peter de Laer, called Bamboccio,
and painted similar subjects, but his
mobs, instead of being Dutch or Fle
mish, resemble those of Italy, and the
physiognomy of his features is also
different. In one of his works he has
represented an army of fanatics.
Angelo (Michael Colonna), born
at Ravenna, 1600, d. 1687. Studied
first under Ferrantino, and then under

10 ANG
Curti, called II Dentone, in conjunc
tion with whom he executed several
works for the chapels in Bologna.
Angelo (Michael), called II Cam-
pidoglio, born at Rome, 1510, died
1 670, was a scholar of Fioravante, and
painted fruit and flowers, in a bold and
vigorous style, naturally coloured, and
with a fine effect of light and shade.
Angiolillo, called Boccaderome,
born at Naples. Studied under So-
lario, called Lo Zingaro; flourished
about 1450, and painted several pic
tures for the churches of that city ;
amongst others the Virgin and Child,
attended by three saints.
Angiolis (Dominic), a Roman
painter, and disciple of Marco Bene-
fiali; painted several ceilings in the
Villa Pinciana of the Prince of Bor-
ghese, in an excellent manner, and was
besides a good designer ; he occupied
himself in Rome with great credit ;
and was living there in 1776.
Angosciola, or Angussola (So-
phonisba), born at Cremona, 1533.
This lady studied design under Ber
nardino Campi, and colouring and per
spective under Bernardo Gatti, called
Sejaro ; her first performance was a
portrait of her father, which excited
universal admiration; she afterwards
painted a portrait of the Queen of
Spain; also a portrait of herself, play
ing on the harpsichord, with an old
woman attending upon her, which is
now in the possession of Lord Spencer
at Althorp ; she also painted the
Marriage of St. Catherine for the
Pembroke Collection at Wilton ; and
designed many historical subjects, with
figures of a small size, touched with
great spirit and ease, natural and
graceful in their attitudes : died 1626.
Angosciola (Lucia, sister of So-
phonisba), practised as a portrait
painter, and gained a reputation not
inferior to Sophonisba, as well in re
gard to the delicacy of her colouring,
as the fidelity of their resemblance.
Angosciola (Europa, also a sister
of Sophonisba and Lucia), painted

ANG
similar subjects, and was considered
little inferior to eitlier of the above.
Angosciola (Anna Maria, sister of
the famous Sophonisba), was a skilful
paintress, and so distinguished for her
likenesses, that she painted the por
traits of the most noble ladies of her
country, she lived iu 1570, that being
the date with her name to one of her
portraits in the possession of the
Marquis Lewis de Menefes, Viceroy
of India. This admirer of the arts
is mentioned by Anthony Campi, in a
manuscript preserved by Peter Gua-
renti, author of the additions to that
work. Angosciola (Minerva, one of the
four sisters of Sophonisba), was also
celebrated for her paintings, and still
more so for her love of the Belles
Lettres ; she lived to old age, and
flourished about 1570, the same time
as her sisters.
Anraat (Peter van), bom about
1640; painted history, and one of his
pictures, the Last Judgment, is men
tioned by Houbraken as a composition
containing a multitude of figures, well
designed, correct in outline, and pen
cilled in a bold, free manner.
Ansaldo (Giovanni Andrea), born
in the Genoese territory, 1584. Stu
died under Cambiasi : painted history
both in oil and in fresco. Of the former
his picture of St. Thomas baptizing
three Kings in a Temple, is considered
the best. He formed a style some
what in the manner of Paul Veronese,
and others of that school, in which he
displayed great taste : died 1638.
Ansaloni (Vincenzio), born at Bo
logna, was a disciple of Ludovico
Caracci, and chiefly employed in
painting history for the churches at
Bologna. Anselmi (Michel Angiolo), called
the Michel Angelo of Lucca, born at
Lucca about 1491. Studied under
II Sodoma, but some of his works at
Parma, of wliich there are several, are
an imitation of the manner of Cor
reggio : died 1554.

H APP
Ansiaux (J. J. E. A.), a painter
of history, and one of the best scholars
of Vincent, was born at Liege in 1 754.
His portrait of Marshal Kellerman is
considered as one of the best in the
Marshal's collection of portraits ; most
of his works are in France: he died at
Paris in 1840. In the church of St.
Paul in Liege are three paintings by
him. Antiquus (John), born at Gronin-
gen, 1702. Studied under John Was-
senberg, and afterwards in Italy, but
is principally known as a painter on
glass. At Florence there is a large
picture of the Fall of the Giants, the
sketch of which is still preserved in
the Florence Gallery: his compositions
exhibit that elegance of taste which
he had acquired in the Roman school :
died about 1745.
Antonella da Messina — See
Messina. Antonitez (Don Joseph), born
at Seville, Spain, 1636, died 1676.
Studied under Sebastian Ricci, and
painted history, portraits, and land
scapes : his two best pictures repre
sent Christ as the Good Shepherd,
and the Miraculous Conception.
Antonio (Mark) — See Raimondi.
Antonio da Trento — SeeTRENTo.
Antoniano (Anthony), a pupil of
Federico Baroccio, flourished about
1570. Antonisze (Cornelius), bom at
Amsterdam, 1 500 : painted interiors
of towns, views of Amsterdam, &c.
executed with surprising fidelity.
Apollonio (Jacopo), born at Bas-
sano, 1584, died about 1650, was a
scholar of Bassano, and resembled him
in style, but was not so vigorous in
tone, nor so animated in his touch.
Appel (Jacob), born at Amster
dam, 1680, died 1751, was a disciple
of Vander Plaas, and also of T. de
Graaf: he painted landscape in the
manner of Tempesta, and afterwards
adopted the style of Meyering, and
painted landscapes and portraits with

APP 12
some reputation : he frequently intro
duced marble statues into his compo
sitions. Appeldoorn (John), a landscape
painter and skilful designer, was a
pupil of Jordanus Hoorn, a professor
at Amersfort, where he was born
in 1 765 ; he lived near a half a cen
tury at Utrecht, and died at Amers
fort in 1838. He painted but few
pictures in oil.
Appelius (John), born in Middle-
burgh, 1778 : was a painter of por
traits, history, and landscapes. Al
most all his paintings are of large
dimensions, and shew great skill and
eminent talent : they serve to orna
ment an apartment with more than
ordinary grandeur.
Appelman (Barent or Bernard),
born at Hague, 1640, died 1686,
excelled in landscapes, usually views
in the vicinity of Rome, Frescati, and
other parts of Italy ; embellished the
hall of the palace of Loesdyck with
landscapes, designed with great taste,
finely pencilled, and well coloured ;
also painted some portraits, which
were greatly admired : he sometimes
painted landscapes in the back grounds
of John de Baans' pictures.
Appiani (Francesco), born at An-
cona, 1702, died 1792, studied under
Simonetta, and painted history in a
pleasing and harmonious style : most
of his works are at Perugia, in the
churches there.
Appiani (Andrea), an Italian, bom
in the Upper Milanese, 1754, studied
under Guido, and afterwards formed
a graceful style of his own, almost
rivalling that of Correggio ; he painted
equally well in fresco and in oil,
amongst the latter of which his Or
lando in the Garden of Armida and
Venus and Love are distinguished by
grace, purity of design, and perfect
harmony Napoleon sat to him,
and appointed him his painter : died
1818. Aojjano (John), of Cologne, stu
died painting in Italy : his works were

ARC
esteemed in his own time, and his
portrait was engraved, with an eulo-
gium on his talents.
Aquila (Pompeo del), born at
Palermo, is said by Orlandi to have
been an excellent designer in fresco,
and a sweet colourist : his Burial of
Christ at St. Spirito in Sassia at Rome
is described as an admirable per
formance: he flourished in the 16th
century, and painted in a grand style,
in fresco and in oil.
Arbasia (Cesare), an Italian, bom
at Saluzzo, visited Spain, and painted
the ceiling of the cathedral at Cordo
va, in the style of Leonardo da Vinci,
excelled in fresco, in which he chiefly
painted ; also executed some works
for the Town Hall at Saluzzo. Died
about 1620.
Aragonese (Sebastian) of Brescia,
improved himself in painting, and
applying to designs with the pen with
great diligence, he made 1600 por
traits of antique medals with their
reverses, and 200 sheets of designs :
he designed all the Brescian marbles,
the letters of the antique sepulchres,
and the public inscriptions. He
flourished about 1567. Rossi, p.
517 ; Cozzando, p. 131.
Araldi (Alessandro), born at Par
ma, about 1470, studied at Venice,
under Giovanni Bellini, painted his
tory in a style which Lanzi calls Antico
Moderno, painted the Annunciation
for the church of the Carmelites at
Parma, died 1528.
Arcimboldi (Guiseppe), a Mila
nese, born 1533, diedl593, was portrait
painter to the Emperors Maximilian
and Rodolph, and possessed a singular
talent of giving to vegetable or animal
substance, when viewed at a distance,
the form of the human figure, which,
on a nearer approach, dissolved into a
compound of foliage and flowers, or
fruit and leaves ; the pots and kettles
of the kitchen also appeared like
heads and limbs, and agriculture
sprang forth from ploughshares and
other rural implements.

ARC 13
Arco (Aionzo del), bom at Madrid,
1625, died 1700, was a disciple of
Pereda, and painted history and por
traits with considerable reputation.
Arconio (Marius), a Roman painter
and architect, not having much genius
for painting, gave it up, and with it
the service of Cardinal Camillo
Borghese ; but upon the accession of
Cardinal Camillo to the Papacy by the
name of Paul V., he entreated to be
restored to his favour, and obtained
the government of Cori, where he
remained for a long time, and died in
the Papacy of Urban VIII., about
1630. Bagloini, p. 327.
Ardente (Alessandro), a Piedmon-
tese, flourished from 1565 to 1592,
painted history, and his works are
chiefly to be found in the convents and
churches of Spain; at Turin is a capital
painting by him, representing the
Conversion of Saul.
Arduino (of Bologna), a Beadle
of the College of Philosophy and
Medicine, and a painter and engraver
upon wood ; was also well practised
in the knowledge of botany ; he flou
rished about 1515. Masini, p. 15.
Arents (John), born at Dordrecht,
1 738, was a pupil of J. Pouse, and a
painter of landscapes and perspective,
in which latter he excelled : he sub
sequently devoted himself to engrav
ing, and died at Dordrecht in 1805.
Arellano (Pedro), a Spaniard, born
at Santoreas, 1614, studied under
Juan de Solis ; but not succeeding in
historical painting, painted flowers
and fruit in the style of Mario de
Fiori, whom he imitated with consi
derable success, died 1689.
Aretusi (Cesare), born at Bologna,
flourished about 1590, studied the
works of Bagnacavallo, and made
copies of the historical works of
the most celebrated masters ; also
painted portraits in the style of Cor
reggio, and was much employed by
the Dukes of Parma and Ferrara :
many of his portraits are taken for
originals by Correggio, particularly

ARM
that of the Virgin and Child, with
two female figures, in one of the
churches at Bologna.
Aretino— See Spinello.
Arezzo (Spinello di), bora at Flo
rence, 1352, died 1400, painted in
fresco for the churches, but most of
his works are obliterated by time. —
There was another d' Arezzo, Lazaro
Vasari, born at Florence, 1380, died
1452, who somewhat excelled the
former. Arighini (Joseph), a Brescian,
was employed as a painter and archi
tect by the Duke of Brunswick, and
sent by that prince into Italy, France,
and Germany, to examine minutely
the structure and magnificence of the
theatres. Cozzando, p. 130.
Aristotile (Bastiano), born at
St. Gallo, in the States of Florence,
was a scholar of Pietro Perugino, he
studied the cartoons of Buonarotti, and
succeeded as a painter and architect ;
he also painted perspective : he lived
to the age of 70, and died in the
year 1551. Vasari, par. 3. lib. 1. p.
532. Arlaud (James Anthony), born at
Geneva, 1668, died 1743. Painted
miniatures with great success. Came
to England and painted the portrait
of the Princess of Wales (afterwards
Queen Caroline): but his chef-d'oeuvre
was an imitation of an admirable bas-
relief carved in marble by M.A. Buona
rotti, representing the story of Jupiter
and Leda, which he imitated so closely
that when placed together it was diffi
cult to distinguish the marble figure
from the painting; this account, though
found in Pilkington, is yet doubted
by him.
Arlaud (Bernard, or Benjamin),
born at Geneva ; visited London
twice, and was a frequent exhibiter at
the Royal Academy, and met with
great encouragement a's a painter of
portraits in miniature ; he returned to
Geneva in 1801.
Armand (Jacques Francois), born
at Paris, 1730, died 1769, is said to

ARM 14
have been a reputable painter of his
tory, but we have no further account
of his works.
Armanno (Vincent), a celebrated
Flemish painter of landscapes, settled
in Rome, but died in Venice in the
year 1649. Passeri, p. 172.
Armesin — See L'Armesin.
Arnau (Juan, Spaniard), born at
Barcelona, 1595, died 1693, a scholar
of Caxes, painted history, and was
chiefly employed in the churches and
convents in Spain.
Arnoiso (Gerrard d'), was em
ployed by Philip II. King of Spain in
painting panels in rooms. He was
also esteemed for miniatures, and for
painting small portraits : he died at
the age of 53, about 1590. Palomino,
torn. 2, p. 240.
Arredendo (Don Isidoro), born
at Spain, 1654, died 1702, first studied
under Garcia, and then under Ricci,
painted history, and was made painter
to Charles II. of Spain. Palomino
speaks highly of his picture of the
Incarnation. Arpino (II Cavre. de) — See Ce-
sare. Artevelt (Adrian Van), born at
Antwerp, 1570, excelled iu sea pieces
and storms, which he represented with
great force and effect ; his portrait
was painted by Vandyck.
Artois (Jacques de), born at
Brussels, 1613, died 1665, is said to
have studied under Wildens, but made
nature his guide, painted landscapes,
the stems of his trees usually covered
with moss, ivy, or other plants, the ex
tremities of which are loosely hanging
down, his pictures have an agreeable
solemnity, and are coloured with a
force resembling those of Titian, ex
cept that they are a little too dark,
his distances are well kept, and have
a range of bluish hills in the back
grounds. Teniers is said to have
either painted or to have retouched
his figures.
Arzere (Stefano dall), born at Pa
dua, was a reputable painter of history ;

ASP
he painted several altar-pieces for the
churches and convents of that place,
(the time at which he lived is un
known) .
Asam (Cosmus Daman), bom at
Bavaria (supposed at Munich), paint
ed history and portraits, but we have
no account of his works : died 1739.
Asch (Peter John van), born at
Delft, 1603; painted historical land
scapes of small size, which were
much admired and very scarce : his
father John van Asch, was a por
trait painter, and lived in the 16th
century. Aselino, a native of Holland and
scholar of Vander Velde, was very
clear and luminous in his paintings,
which were battles, history and ani
mals, he practised with Bamboccio in
Rome, and went to Venice and Am
sterdam, where he painted histories
in small, which fetched a great price ;
flourished about 1650. Sandrart, p.
220. Ashfield (Edmund), born in Eng
land, flourished in the reign of Charles
II., and was a disciple of Michael
Wright, he painted occasionally in oil,
but is more celebrated for bis por
traits in crayons, which sometimes
were purchased at ^610. each.
AsPER(Hans John), born at Zurich,
1499, died 1571, painted portraits
with so much life and character, that
his reputation was little inferior to that
of Holbein ; also drawings in water
colours, of birds, fishes, dead game
and flowers, with great truth and
simplicity. Aspertino (Guido), born at Bo
logna, 1460, was a scholar of Andrea
Ferrara, and a reputable painter of his
tory : in the cathedral at Bologna, is
an excellent picture by him of the
Crucifixion. Aspertino (Amico), bom at Bo
logna, 1474, was a brother of Guido,
and a scholar of Francia ; he painted
history, with a free touch and in a
grand style, but at times whimsical
and extravagant, and unworthy of

ASS
being compared with other produc
tions of his pencil.
Asselyn (John Called Crabetje),
born at Antwerp, 1610, died 1660,
studied under Esaais Vandervelde, and
was one of the first of the Flemish
painters who adopted the clear and
bright style of landscape painting, in
which he chose particularly to imitate
the manner of Claude Lorraine, al
though in other parts of his picture
he seemed fond of making Bamboccio
his model; his landscapes are enriched
with the ruins of noble buildings,
skies warm, touch free and firm,
figures and animals drawn, judiciously
disposed and greatly admired.
Assen (John Van), studied paint
ing under Anthony Tempesta, and
imitated his manner ; he painted land
scapes and figures. He lived in Am
sterdam, and in which city he died in
the year 1695.
Asseretto (Giovacchino), born in
Genoa 1600, studied under Lucian
Borzone, and afterwards Giov. Andrea
Ansaldi, and painted history for the
churches and convents at Genoa,
amongst others the Temptation of
St. Anthony, for the monks of that
order; died 1649. — He had a son,
Guiseppe Asseretto, who also painted
history in the style of his father.
Assisi (Andrea Luigi da, called In-
gegno), born at Assisi, 1470, painted
in fresco, was a scholar of Perugino,
and a competitor of Raffaelle, as is
evident in his works, died 1520.
Asta (Andrea dell'), born at Na
ples, 1683, died 1721, was a scholar
of Solimene, but his style is an imita
tion of Raffaelle ; his subjects usually
religious, and his two best pictures a
Nativity and the Wise Men's Offer
ing : died 1721.
Astley (John), an Enghsh portrait
painter, born in Shropshire, was a
scholar of Hudson, possessed superior
talents, and painted portraits with
great reputationandsuccess: died 1 787.
Athanasio (Don Pedro), born at
Granada, Spain, 1638, died 1688, was

15 AUT
a scholar of Aionzo Cano, and painted
history ; his works are chiefly in the
churches and convents at Grenada,
Seville, and Madrid. One of his best
is the Conversion of Saul. .
Attavante, a Florentine miniature
painter, is admired for his St. John
and St. Paul in Venice, described by
Vasari, par. 3. p. 270. He flourished
about 1450.
Aubin (Gabriel Jacques de St.),
born at Paris, 1724, excelled in histo
rical subjects, and painted chiefly for
the churches and convents of that
city — he had two brothers, Augustus
and Charles Germain, both of whom
were painters and possessed consider
able merit, particularly the former.
Audenarde or Oudenarde (Ro
bert Van), born at Ghent, 1663, first
studied under Mierhop, afterwards
John Van Cleef, and finally Carlo
Maratti, under whose tuition he be
came a respectable painter of history.
One of his best pictures is an altar-
piece representing St. Peter attended
by a number of monks of the Car
thusian order : died 1743.
Acdebert (John Baptist), born at
Rochefort in 1759, first practised
miniature painting, and afterwards
designed subjects of natural history :
died 1802.
Audran (Claude), born at Lyons,
1641, studied under Perrier and De
Vairix, and was employed by Le Brun
to assist him in painting his celebrated
pictures of the battles of Alexander ;
he also painted historical subjects
much in the style of Le Brun : died
1684. Augustini (John), was born at
Groningen in 1 725 ; he painted flowers
with considerable merit, he also painted
portraits, and produced astonishing
likenesses after the taste of those of
Elsnerius the Utrecht Professor. He
died at Haerlem in 1773.
Autissier (LewisMaria),aFrench-
man, bom at Vannesin Bretagne in
1772, learned design under Vautrin,
an old painter to Stanislaus, king of

AVA
Poland ; and at fourteen years of age
quitted his master, and had from that
time no other guide than nature f at
seventeen he was a master of design
at Morlaix ; he went into Belgium
where he resided twenty-two years,
and where his talent for painting in
miniature, to which he had devoted
himself on quitting Paris, was highly
appreciated, having painted the por
traits of a great number of persons of
distinction, his reputation extended
to Holland, where he painted those of
King Louis, and of several great per
sonages of his court ; some years after
he returned to Brussels, where he
painted the King of the Netherlands,
and by order of that Monarch repro
duced the portrait in several different
sizes. Princes, ambassadors, and
other great personages of all nations
were desirous of having his works.
Avanzi (Jacopo da Bologna), flou
rished about 1370, was a disciple of
Franco, and principally employed in
the churches of his native city ; some
of his works were admired by Michael
Angelo, and the Caracci.
Avanzi (Guiseppe), born at Fer
rara, painted several subjects for the
churches and convents there, of which
the marriage of St. Catherine is highly
commended. Avelar (Joseph d'), a Portuguese,
painted figures in oil, and was well
employed during the reign of John IV.
In the library of the Patriarchal Palace
he made numerous pictures ; which
enabled him to purchase many houses
and buildings, so that he possessed a
whole street, which had the name of
Avelar : he lived in 1640.
Aved (Jacques Antoine Joseph),
born at Douay, 1 702. Studied under
Picard, and subsequently under Le
Bel, and excelled in portraits, which
he finished with great care, and a
minute attention to the drapery, and
other accessories : died 1766.
Avellino (Giulio), called II Mes-
sinese, bom at Messina, 1645, died
1 700, was a scholar of Salvator Rosa,

16 AVI
in whose style he painted landscapes,
enriched with architecture, ruins, and
figures. Avellino (Onufrio), born at Na
ples, 1674. Studied under Francisco
Solimene, afterwards visited Rome,
and painted the vault of the church
of St. Francisco di Paola, which is
considered his best production. In
the church of Maria de Montesanto
is an altar-piece by him, representing
a subject from the life of L. Alberto :
died 1741.
Aveman (Woolf) of Nuremberg,
painted perspective in a good modern
style, and especially parts of churches:
he died in his own country in 1620.
Aver (John Paul) of Nuremberg,
was brought up in Italy, and studied
under Venetian and Roman masters, he
was naturally inclined to designing
and painting portraits, in which he
was highly esteemed. He lived before
1650. Sandrart, p. 334.
Averara (Giovanni Batista), bom
at Bergamo, 1508, died about 1548 :
formed his style of colouring from the
works of Titian, also his design of
infant bodies, and the style of his
landscapes, and was evidently skilled
in fresco, in which he usually painted,
and of which his works at Bergamo
afford ample proof.
Averbach (John Gottfried), bom
1687 at Mulhausen in Germany, was
painter to the Emperor Charles VI..
died 1 743 ; he painted portraits.
Aviani, born at Vicenza, flourished
about 1 630 : excelled in perspective
and architectural views, mostly scenes
in Venice, and occasionally painted
landscapes and sea ports, which are
held in high estimation ; his land
scapes were frequently embellished
with figures by Giulio Carpinone.
Avibus or Padouano (Lauro),
born at Padua. Studied under Squar
cione, but distinguished himself by
his close imitation of the style of
Mantegna ; his best works are a set of
pictures of the life of St. John, in the

AVO

17

BAC

church of La Carita at Venice : lived
about 1465.
Avogardo (Bresciano), born at
Brescia, flourished about 1730, was a
scholar of Ghiti, whose style he fol
lowed with a mixture of Venetian
colouring ; his figures are remarkably
graceful. Avont (Peter Vanden), born at
Antwerp, 1619 : painted landscapes,
enriched with figures, drawn and
touched with great spirit.
Axareti or Assareto (Giovac-
chini), born at Genoa, 1600, died
1649. Studied first under Luciano
Borzone, and afterwards under G. A.
Ansaldo, and executed several works
for the churches and convents at
Genoa. Axareti (Gioseffo), son of the
above, painted history in the style of
his father.
Azzolini (Giovanni Bernardino),
a Neapolitan, flourished about 1510;
his works are chiefly to be found in
the churches and convents at Genoa,
the chief of which are two pictures of
the Annunciation, and the Martyrdom
of St. Apollonia.

Baak (Hattigh John), of Utrecht,
gave in 1642 a landscape by himself,
ornamented with figures, in the manner
of Poelemberg, to the hospital of St.
Hiob, at Utrecht, which sufficiently
attests his talents as a painter.
Baan (John de), bom at Haerlem,
1633, died 1702 ; studied first under
Pieman, who followed the manner of
Velvet Breughel, and afterwards under
Barker ; came to England, painted the
portraits of Charles II. , his Queen,
Prince Maurice of Prussia, and several
of the nobility, in the style of Van
dyck, some of whose works he copied.
His portraits are much admired for
the elegance of the attitudes, and
their clear, natural colour : his own
is in the Florentine Gallery.
Baan (Jacob), born at the Hague,
1 673, died 1 700, son of John, whom he

studied under, and successfully imi
tated ; came to England in the train
of William III., and painted a por
trait of the Duke of Gloucester, and
several others of the nobility : his
portraits are finely handed, and equal
to those of his father.
Babeur or Baburen (Theodore
Dirk), most of his pictures represent
philosophers, playersatcards,oronmu-
sical instruments, usually half-length
figures, life size, the drawing tolerably
correct, but the colour not very pleas
ing. There was a painter of that name,
whose subjects were similar to those
of Neefs ; but it seems hardly pos
sible to have been the same, from the
dissimilarity of style and touch.
Baccarini (Jacopo), born at Reg-
gio, about 1630, was a scholar of
Orazio Talami, and painted history
in his style : two of his most esteemed
pictures, a Repose in Egypt, and the
Death of St. Alessio, are in the
church of St. Filippo at Reggio : died
1682. Baccio (del Bianco), a Florentine,
born 1604, died 1656, studied under
Bilivert, and possessed a facetious
vein or capricious talent, similar to
that of Guiseppe Arcimboldi, Giov.
Batista Brazze, called II Bigio, and
others, of representing what appeared
a human figure at a distance, which,
on a nearer approach, dissolved into
fruit, flowers, pots, kettles, agricul
tural and other implements.
Bacciochi (Francis Ferrante), a
monk of Ferrara, of whom we have
uo other account than that he painted
a picture of the Death of St. Stephen,
and another of the Holy Family, for
two of the churches in that city.
Bachiocci (Carlo), a native of
Milan, whose works abound in the
churches and monasteries of that
city, but neither dates nor subjects
are recorded.
Bachman (George), always lived
in Vienna, where he died in 1651 :
this pleasing painter was celebrated
for painting altar-pieces in the most

BAC 18
renowned churches ; he also painted
portraits, and his likenesses "were ex
cellent. Sandrart, p. 318.
Baccici — See Gauli.
Baccio — See Porta.
Backer ( Jaques de), sometimes cal
led Jacopo Palermo, born at Antwerp,
1530, died 1560. Studied under his
father, an artist of little repute, had
a clean, light manner of pencilling,
and an agreeable tint of colouring.
Backer (Adrian de), nephew of
Jacob, born at Amsterdam, 1 643 :
studied in Italy, and painted historical
subjectswith great ability, of which the
Judgment of Solomon, in the Town
Hall, is highly commended : died
1686. Backer (Nicholas), born at Ant
werp, 1684. Studied portrait paint
ing in his own country, and on visit
ing England was much employed by
Sir Godfrey Kneller : died 1689.
Backer (Jacob), born at Harlin-
gen, 1609, died 1651, was an extra
ordinary painter, particularly of por
traits, which he executed with strength,
spirit, and in a graceful manner ; also
painted history, some of his works
are in Spain, and in the cathedral at
Antwerp, one of which, representing
the Last Judgment, is a grand com
position. Backereel, or Bacquerelli,
(William), born at Antwerp ; studied
under Rubens, and painted history
in competition with Vandyck, and
although so different in style, his
works were considered very little in
ferior to those of Vandyck, and some
of them will bear comparison with
either of those masters.
Backereel (Giles), brother of
William, is mentioned by Descamps
as a good landscape painter, and
Sandrart states that in his time
there were seven or eight painters of
that name in the Low Countries and
in Italy, all of whom were very emi
nent. Backhuysen (Ludolph), born at

BAD

Embden, 1631, died 1709. Studied
first under Everdingen, and then under
Dubbels, an eminent painter of sea
views : he imitated nature in all her
forms, in gales, calms, storms, clouds,
rocks, skies, lights and shadows, and
expressed every object with so sweet
a pencil, and such transparency and
lustre, that he ranks next to the
younger Vandervelde, who is justly
esteemed as the best painter of marine
views. He painted a large picture of
Amsterdam, with a multitude of ves
sels, and a view of the city in the
distance, for the burgomasters of
Amsterdam, now in the Louvre : some
of his storms are considered superior
to those of Vandervelde.
Bacon (Sir Nathaniel), half-bro
ther of the great Sir Francis Bacon ;
painted in manner and colouring
closely approaching the Flemish
school : he painted a large picture in
oil of a Servant Girl with dead fowls,
also a whole-length portrait of him
self, and a half-length of his mother,
a painting of Ceres with fruit and
flowers, and one of Hercules and the
Hydra. He flourished in the reign
of Queen Elizabeth.
Badalocchio Sisto, or Rosa
Sisto, born 1581, at Parma. Studied
under Annibale Caracci, whom he as
sisted in some of his works. Died
1650. Badarocco (Guiseppe, called II
Sordo), born at Genoa, was a scholar
of Andrea Ansaldi, and by studying
the works of Andrea del Sarto, be
came a reputable painter of history.
Died 1657.
Badarocco (Giovanni Raffaelle,
son of Guiseppe), born at Genoa,
1648. Studied under his father,
then under C. Maratti, but preferred
the style of Pietro da Cortona : his
principal works are in the Certosa
at Polcevera, fine in colouring, and
with a profusion of ultramarine. He
painted many historical pictures of an
easel size.
Badens (Francis), born at Ant-

BAD 19
werp, 1571, died 1603. Son of an
artist of little repute, visited Italy,
and painted from nature : his subjects
were history and portraits, conversa
tions and subjects of gallantry, in the
two latter of which he excelled ; his
touch was light and spirited, and his
colouring warm. Amongst his own
countrymen he was called the Italian
Painter. Badens (John), brother of Francis,
born at Antwerp, 1576, died 1613.
He visited Italy, and painted his
torical subjects and portraits, which
were highly esteemed.
Badiali (Alessandro), born at
Bologna, 1626, died 1671. Studied
under Flaminio and Torri, and painted
history, principally for the churches
and public edifices at Bologna.
Badile (Antonio), born at Ve
rona, 1480, was the first of the
Veronese painters who divested him
self of the Gothic style that had
hitherto prevailed : his colouring was
beautiful, his carnations soft and
tender, and his portraits resembled
life itself ; he also attained consi
derable eminence as a painter of
history : died 1560.
Baerstraet, or Beerstrateen,
died 1687, represented seaports, ships
of war, or smaller vessels, and copied
every object that he introduced from
nature : his pencil was light and clean,
colouring transparent, and he dif
fused a general brightness through the
whole, particularly in his skies.
Baesten (Maria), daughter of
Ommeganck, was a paintress of land
scapes and animals, and a member of
the Academy of Antwerp in 1784.
Bagelaer (Ernest William John),
born at Eindhoven, 1775, was a good
designer, an excellent painter, and
engraved remarkably well; in 1820
he was made a member of the Royal
Academy of Fine Arts at Ghent, and
died at Eindhoven in 1837.
Baglione (Cav. Giovanni), bom
about 1572, died 1642. Studied under
Francesco Morelli, painted history,

B AJ

chiefly for the churches, and in fresco :
his design was feeble, but his colour
approached that of Cigoli. He pub
lished the Lives of Painters, Sculp
tors, and Architects.
Baglione, or Baglioni, born at
Bologna, died about 1590 : he
adopted the style of the Caracci, par
ticularly in landscapes : also painted
history, animals, fruit, and domestic
subjects and drolleries — the Larder
filled with viands, the Baker before his
oven, Females at the washing tub,
chatting, or some other comical adven
ture. Bagnacavallo (Bartolomeo), born
at Bologna, died 1542 Studied
under Francia, and assisted Raffaelle
in some of his works. His own com
positions in the churches of Bologna
were subjects of admiration and of
imitation by the Caracci.
BAGNACAVALLo(Giovanni Battista),
son of Bartolomeo, born at Bologna,
assisted Primaticcio in some of his
works, and painted many pictures for
the churches at Bologna : died 1542.
Bahma (Andero), painted a picture
of Joseph interpreting the dream :
style of Guercino.
Bailli (David), born at Leyden,
1584, died 1638 : painted perspective
views and portraits, interiors of
churches and temples in Germany,
with correctness and truth, and copied
some of the works of the great masters,
particularly one of Steenwick's best
pictures, representing the inside of a
church. B a illy (Jacques), a Frenchman,
born 1629, painted portraits in minia
ture, but we have no description of his
works: died 1682.
Bajardo (Giovanni Battista), bom
at Geneva about 1 620, was a reput
able painter of history, and executed
several works for the churches and
public edifices at Geneva, particu
larly in the portico of St. Pietro, and
in the cloister of St. Agostino. which in
composition, judgment, and design,
c 2

BAK 20
are graceful ; his works are much ad
mired : died 1657.
Baker (John), an English painter
of fruit and flowers, born 1736, died
about 1790: his subjects are painted
in a natural style, and with great
brilliancy of colouring ; a creditable
specimen of his talents is in the
Council Chamber, Somerset House.
Baker ( — ), painted insides of
churches, some of them in Rome ; at
Sir M. Sykes' sale was a view of St.
Paul's, since it was rebuilt, but with
a more splendid altar. — Walpole, vol.
3, p. 269.
Balassi (Mario), born at Florence,
1604. Studied successively under
Legozzi, Roselli, and Passignano, and
painted some original compositions in
the style of the latter, but his chief
excellence seemed to consist in his
copying the ancient masters. He
copied a picture of the Transfiguration
by Raffaelle so closely as to excite
universal admiration ; he also painted
the portrait of the Emperor Ferdinand
III. Baldi (Lazzaro), born at Pistoia in
Tuscany, 1623. Studied at Rome
under Pietro da Cortona, and acquired
an elegant style of composition, a
ready management of the pencil, and
a beautiful strong tone of colouring ;
he painted history, and was employed
by Pope Alexander VII. in the Gal
lery at Monte Cavallo, and in the
chapel of St. John of Lateran : died
1703. Baldinelli (Baldwin), a native of
Florence, was a scholar of Dominic
Ghirlandaio, and flourished about the
year 1500. — Vasari, v. i. p. 369.
Baldini (Frs. Tiburzio), born at
Bologna, flourished about 1611,
painted several pictures for the
churches and convents at Brescia ;
two of his best pictures are the Mar
riage of the Virgin, and the Massacre
of the Innocents.
Baldini (Pietro Paolo), born at
Rome, was a disciple of Pietro da

BAL
Cortona, ' and painted history with
considerable reputation. Several of
his works are in the public edifices at
Rome, which are much admired, par
ticularly an altar-piece, representing
the Crucifixion, in the church of St.
Eustachio, which is finely composed,
aud designed with great care and cor
rectness. Baldinucci (Filippo), born at Flo
rence, 1624, died 1696 : was a good
painter, but chiefly known as a writer
on the art.
Baldrighi (Guiseppe), born at
Pavia, 1722. Studied at Florence
under Vincenzio Meucci, afterwards
visited Parma, where he established a
school, and was appointed principal
painter to the Duke ; he painted a
large picture of the portraits of the
family of Filippo Duke of Parma,
and one of his most admired produc
tions is a picture of Prometheus, in
the saloon of the Academy at Parma :
died 1802.
Balducci (Giovanni), called Cosci,
born at Florence, died 1600. Studied
under Naldini, afterwards visited
Bome, Florence, and Naples, and
painted history for the churches and
palaces there.
Baldung (Johansen or Hans), a
German, born about 1480, died 1540:
painted in the style of Albert Durer ;
some of his pictures are in the cathe
dral at Friburg.
Balen (Hendrick Van), bom at
Antwerp, 1560, died 1632. Studied
under Van Oort, and at Rome from
the antique and the works of the most
celebrated masters of that school ;
painted history and landscape, and
particularly excelled in the naked
figure. His pictures of the Deluge,
the drowning of Pharaoh, and of
Moses striking the Rock, are grand
and noble compositions. Many of his
subjects were from Ovid's Metamor
phoses, of which the landscapes,
or backgrounds were usually painted
by Velvet Breughel ; his Judgment of
Paris is a masterly performance : the

BAL

figure of Venus full of life, and so
round, that it seems to start from the
canvas. There are some fine portraits
by him at the Hague, one of which is
adorned with allegorical figures, repre
senting Truth and Justice ; he was
Vandyck' s first master.
Balen (John Van), born at Ant
werp, 1611. Son and disciple of Hend-
rick, pamted history and landscape,
the figures of boys, Cupids and
nymphs bathing, hunting, &c. admir
ably designed and well handled ; his
trees are touched with great spirit, the
herbage and verdure natural and lively,
colouring in general transparent, car
nations clear and fresh, and in the
airs of his heads he resembles the
style of Albano.
Baldovinetti (Alesio, Floren
tine), born 1425, died 1499 : painted
history and portraits in oil and fresco,
in the dry Gothic style that then pre
vailed. Balestra (Antonio), born at Ve
rona, 1666. Studied in the school of
Antonio Belucci, and afterwards at
Rome under Carlo Maratti, whose
style he adopted ; he designed after the
antiques and the works of Raffaelle,
Annibale Caracci, Correggio, and
others. His Nativity of our Saviour,
at Venice, is designed in a grand style,
and the airs of the heads are pecu
liarly fine ; his Dead Christ in the
arms of the Virgin, a composition
consisting of but few figures, possesses
considerable merit; died 1720.
Balli (David), di Lione, a native
of Holland, was a good painter of por
traits in a spirited and natural manner,
he drew many also with a pen. — Sand
rart, p. 311.
Balli (Simon), a Florentine, and a
disciple of Aurelius Lomi, settled in
Genoa, and remained there until his
decease; he painted sacred subjects on
plates of copper, and also painted in
large in the church del Carmine, and
in the oratory of St. Bartholomew.
He flourished about 1640.— Soprani,
p. 329.

21 BAN
Balten (Peter), born at Antwerp,
1540, died 1611 : painted landscape,
views in Flanders, village feasts and
festivals, with numerous figures of a
small size in the style of Velvet
Breughel, and touched with great
spirit ; he was equally good in water
colours. Bambini (Giacomo), bom at Fer
rara about 1560, was a scholar of
Mona, and painted historical subjects,
he was chiefly employed for the
churches and convents at Ferrara :
died 1622.
Bambini (Niccolo), born at Venice,
1651, died 1736. Studied first under
Mazzoni, and then under C. Maratti,
and sometimes imitated the manner
of Libera, particularly in his heads
of females ; he was a chaste colourist
and a correct designer ; some of his
works have been greatly improved by
the vigorous pencilling of Cassana.
Bamboccio— See Laer.
Bamestier (John), born 1500,
died 1598. Studied under Lam
bert Lombard, and painted history
with some reputation.
Bandiera (Benedetto), born at Pe
rugia, flourished about 1 600, in style
resembles Baroccio, whose disciple he
is supposed to have been ; he painted
history in fresco, principally for the
churches and convents.
Bandinelli (Baccio), born at Flo
rence, 1497, died 1559 : he endea
voured to paint history in the style of
Michael Angelo, but although he
designed well, he was wholly incom
petent to execute ; his colouring was
wretched, and his compositions excite
our pity rather than our admiration.
He painted the Murder of the Inno
cents, and the Martyrdom of St. Law
rence. Bandrigeen, a Dutch painter
and designer ; painted the portraits
of several celebrated learned men,
amongst which was one of Lempe-
reur ; they were all engraved by
Suyderhoef.

BAN 22
Banck or Bank (Vander) — See
Vanderbank. Baptist (John Baptist Mon-
noyer, called), bora at Lisle, 1635,
educated at Antwerp, was intended
for a painter of history, but applied
his talents to flower painting, and be
came one of the greatest masters ;
his pictures are not so exquisitely
finished as those of Van Huysum, but
his composition and colouring are in
a bolder style : his flowers have a
remarkable freedom and looseness,
as well in the disposition as in the
pencilling, &c, in the palace at Ken
sington there is a looking-glass de
corated by him ; died 1669, leaving a
son named Anthony, who painted in
his style.
Baptist (John Gaspars) — See
Gaspars .
Baptist (Anthony), son of John
Baptist Monnoyer, painted flowers
in the style and manner of his father,
and possessed considerable merit.
Barabbino (Simone), born at
Genoa, 1585, disciple of Castello,
painted history with great success, and
was chiefly employed in the churches
in Italy, died 1640.
Barbalunga (Antonio Ricci), born
at Messina, 1600, studied under Do-
menichino, whose style he followed
successfully, and painted history for
the churches at Rome.
Barbarelli (Del Castel Franco)
— See Giorgione.
Barbatelli (Bernardino, called
Pocetti), born at Florence, 1 542, died
1612, studied under Ghirlandaio, and
excelled in painting every species
of animals, fruit and flowers; also
painted historical subjects, sacred and
profane, but was more successful in
fresco than in oil, and less admired
in his historical subjects than in his
other works.
Barbault, born at Rome, 1 760 ;
of his works as a painter little is
known. Barbello (James), a skilful painter

BAR
of history in large, both in oil and in
fresco, studied the art in Naples, and
many of his works are in Brescia,
particularly the grand painting upon
the great gates of the church of St.
Faustino aud St. Giovita, described
by Averoldi, p. 32. He died in 1656,
aged 66.
Barbiani (Andrea), born at Ra
venna, about 1680, is supposed to
have studied under Cesare Pronti
in whose style he painted history ;
several of his works are in the
churches and public edifices at Ra
venna, and his most esteemed produc
tion, the Four Evangelists, is in the
vault of the cathedral there : died
1754. Barbiani (GiovanniBattista), born
at Ravenna, flourished about 1635,
was a scholar of Cesi, painted
mostly in fresco, but occasionally in
oil ; his works are chiefly in the
churches of Italy, Bologna, and Ra
venna. Barbiere (Domenico del), born
at Florence, 1506, died 1570, was a
disciple of II Rosso, and after the
death of Primaticcio, executed some
fresco paintings after designs by that
master. Barbiere (Francesco, called Leg-
nano), born at Legnano, died 1698,
studied first under Gandini, and after
wards under Pietro Ricci, painted
history and landscape in a reputable
manner. Barbieri (Giov. Francesco) — See
Guercino. Barbieri (Paolo Antonio, brother
of Guercino), born near Bologna,
1594, died 1640, painted fruit, flowers,
insects and animals, and game, but
particularly excelled in painting fish,
which are represented with astonish
ing fidelity.
Barbieri (Luca), born at Bologna,
died about 1660 ; studied under
Tiarini, painted architectural views
and landscapes, F. Carbone inserting
the figures ; his works are in the
palaces of Bologna and its vicinity.

BAR
Barbiers (Bartholohiew), bom at
Amsterdam in 1740, was a pupil of
of his father, Peter Barbiers ; he
painted landscapes, applied himself
much to perspective, and gave many
lessons in it. As a peculiarity, it has
been said that he worked with his
left hand : he died at Amsterdam in
1808. Barbiers (Peter Bartz), was
bom at Amsterdam in 1 7 72, was a
painter of landscapes, a pupil of his
father, and also an historical painter.
His numerous occupations, however,
did not hinder him from giving lessons
and working at his pictures at the
same time. He died at Haerlem in
1837. Barca (Don Vicente Calderon de
la), born at Guadalaxara in Spain,
was a pupil of Francisco Goya,
painted history and portraits, but par
ticularly excelled in the latter ; one of
his principal works was the Birth
of Saint Norbert, for one of the
ecclesiastical colleges at Avila : born
1762, died 1794.
Barco (Aionzo del), born at
Madrid, 1645, scholar of Antonilez,
painted landscapes in an excellent style
and with great reputation.
Bartin (John), a French painter,
born at Montbar, studied under Lagre-
nee, and in 1 764 gained the prize in
the Academy at Paris for the best
historical painting ; the subject was
Tullia driving her chariot over the dead
body of her Father; also made some
beautiful descriptions of the Rape of
the Sabines, and the Massacre of the
Innocents, &c, he visited Rome, and
on his return painted the Immaculate
Conception, the Apotheosis of St.
Theresa, and St. Catherine dis
puting with the Doctors: died 1809.
Bard well (Thomas), is known as
the painter of a picture of a Quack
Doctor healing his sick and lame
patients, and as having also painted a
portrait of Admiral Vernon, but is
better known as the author of a work
entitled, Painting and Perspective
made easy. Died about 1780.

23 BAR
Barentsein (Dieterick), born at
Amsterdam, 1534. Studied first under
his father, an artist of no note, and
afterwards at Venice, in the school of
Titian, whose style he imitated closely,
and became his favourite disciple ;
he established his reputation by a
picture exhibiting the Fall of Lucifer,
which contained numerous figures,
many of them naked, well designed,
and excellently coloured. Died 1582.
Bargone (Giacomo), born at Ge
noa. Studied under Semini, and
painted history with some reputation ;
his execution was free, drawing
correct, and the contour of his figures
graceful. Barker (Samuel), an English
painter, is said to have been a relation
of John Vanderbank, by whom he
was instructed, but his talent leading
him to the study of fruit and flowers,
he imitated Baptist, and would pro
bably have excelled in that branch,
but died young in 1727.
Barker (Robert), died 1806.
Painted bird's-eye views of cities, and
was the inventor of the exhibition
called a Panorama.
Barker (Thomas, called Barker of
Bath), bom at a village near Ponty-
pool in Monmouthshire, 1769, origin
ally copied the works of the old
Flemish and Dutch masters, Vander-
neer, Rembrandt, Ruysdael, &c. which
he imitated so closely that they could
only be distinguished from the ori
ginals by the best judges, It may
be mentioned that Mr. Barker never
took a lesson in drawing or painting.
His Woodman, Old Tom, &c. were
very popular ; his best work is a
magnificent fresco, 30 feet in length,
and 12 in height, of the Inroad of
the Turks upon Scio, in April 1822 :
painted in his own house, Sion Hill,
Bath. He died Dec. 11, 1847, aged
78. Barnet (John). Painted exteriors
in the manner of Van Falens. (Mo
dem.) Barlow (Francis), bom in Lin-

BAR 24
colnshire, 1626. Studied under
Sheppard, a portrait painter, but
painted domestic fowls, ducks, fish,
&c. in which, had his colouring
proved equal to his design, he might
have excelled any artist of his time
in that branch of the art. Died
1702. Barnuevo (Don Sebastian de Her
rera), born at Madrid, 1619. Studied
under Cano ; painted history with
some success ; his pictures of the
Nativity of Christ, and St. Augustine
rapt in glory, are much admired.
Baroccio (Federigo), born at Ur
bino, 1528. Studied the principles of
painting under Battista Venetiano, and
perspective from Bartolomeo Genga.
Visited Rome, and on his return
painted several pictures for the
churches in Genoa, amongst which
that of St. Margaret established
his reputation. He was ambitious of
emulating Correggio in his colouring,
and Raffaelle in design, and was so
attentive to the chiaroscuro, that he
usually modelled his figures in wax
before he painted them. Died 1612.
Baroni (Domenic), painted the St.
John the Baptist in the church of St.
John, belonging to to the Florentines
in Bologna.
Barrett (George), born at Dublin,
1 728, died 1 784 ; attended the Draw
ing Academy of Mr. West, and ob
tained the premium from the Dublin
Society for the best landscape in oil ;
and in 1762, visited London, and
gained the premium from the Society
of Arts for a similar subject ; he had
two styles, one was rather heavy in
colour and touch, the other much
lighter; he was particular in represent
ing the true colour of English scenery :
its richness, dewy freshness, and that
particular verdure in the vernal
months, so different from that of the
Italian ; but the colours which he used
to effect this object, though rich and
beautiful when first applied, no art
could render permanent ; his best
pictures in his first style are in the
houses of the Dukes of Buccleugh

BAR
and Portland ; and of the latter, at
Mr. Lock's, Norbury Park. Some of
his best easel pictures were painted
in conjunction with Mr. Gilpin, the
celebrated animal painter ; he also
painted in water colours.
Barrett (Ranelagh), was a noted
copyist, and was much employed by
Sir Robert Walpole, the Duke of
Devonshire, aud Dr. Meade, several
of whose pictures he copied, and suc
ceeded greatly in copying Rubens.
He died 1768. Walpole, v. 4. p. 119.
Barri (Giacomo) , a Venetian pain
ter, flourished about 1650.
Barron (Hugh). Studied under
Sir Joshua Reynolds, on quitting
whom he practised as a portrait
painter, but with little merit or suc
cess. Died 1791.
Barron (William Augustus, bro
ther of Hugh), was a pupil of Tom-
kins, and painted landscapes with
some reputation ; but on obtaining
an appointment in the Exchequer, he
quitted the profession.
Barrosa (Miguel), born near Ma
drid, 1538; died 1590. A scholar
of Becerra, and was employed by
Philip II. inthe Escurial. He painted
a picture of St. Paul preaching at
Athens, the Resurrection, and others
of considerable merit.
Barry (James), born at Cork,
1741. A self-taught artist, at nine
teen years of age obtained the pre
mium from the Society of Arts, in
Dublin, for the best historical paint
ing. Visited Italy, and painted a
picture of Philoctetus at Lemnos for
his reception picture at the Institute
there ; came to London, and painted
a picture of Venus Anadyomene,
Adam and Eve, Jupiter and Juno,
and Hermes inventing the Lyre, the
latter perhaps his best production . He
decorated gratuitously the great room
of the Society of Arts, in the Adelphi,
with twelve allegorical subjects. His
last productions of importance were,
Pandora attired in the celestial synod,

BAR
and a picture or two for the Boydell
Gallery. His style, at a first glance,
resembles that of Guiseppe Cesari,
and might almost be taken for an
imitation of his works, although at
an immense distance ; he was defec
tive both in colouring and drawing,
yet he estimated his own powers so
highly, that he discontinued portrait
painting, and when applied to for
that purpose, he usually told the ap
plicant to go to the fellow in Leicester
Square, meaning Sir Joshua Reynolds.
He died iu 1806.
Bartets (Gerard), bom in Hol
land, 1570. Painted history and
portraits with some reputation.
Bartholomew (Don), was a Ca-
malolense monk and an illuminator.
Bartolet — See Flameel.
Bartoli (Pietro Sante, sometimes
called II Perugrino), bora at Perugia,
1635. Practised painting in early
life, but afterwards devoted himself
entirely to engraving.
Bartolini (Gioseffo Maria), born
1657 at Imola, studied at Bologna,
under Lorenzo Passinelli. He painted
history with considerable reputa
tion ; several of his works are in the
public edifices of Imola, which are
highly esteemed, particularly that
of a Miracle wrought by S. Biagio,
in the Church of S. Domenico. Died
about 1730.
Bartolo (Taddeo), born in Flo
rence. Painted history, and was con
sidered equal to most painters of his
time. Died 1436.
Bartolo (Dominic) a Florentine,
nephew and scholar to Thaddeus
Bartolo. He painted ornaments and
perspective with better skill and
greater abundance than his uncle.
He flourished about the year 1456.
Vasari, v. 1. p. 148.
Bartolomeo— See Breemberg.
Bartolomeo (Fra). — See Porta.
Basaiti (Marco), born at Frioul,
flourished about 1510; was a com-

25 BAS
petitor of Bellini, whom he excelled
in composition ; in the church of St.
Giobbo, at Venice, is an altar-piece of
the Agony of Christ, and in one of
the convents another picture repre
senting the Calling of St. Peter.
Basili (Pietro Angiolo), born at
Gubbio, 1550. Studied first under
Damiani, and afterwards Roncalli,
whose manner he followed, and
painted both in oil and on fresco for
the churches and convents in Italy.
One of his finest pictures is a repre
sentation of Christ Preaching.
Bassan, or Bassano— See Ponte.
Bassen (B. Van, of Antwerp).
Painted a portrait of Charles X. and
his Queen at dinner, and one of the
King and Queen of Bohemia; he
also decorated cabinets and other
pieces of furniture with subjects, in
the manner of Poelemberg, and pieces
of architecture in the manner of
Steenwyck. Basseporte (Frances Madeleine),
flourished about 1,729, an ingenious
French lady, who distinguished her
self by painting subjects of natural
history in water colours, plants and
animals, but particularly birds : died
1780, aged 79.
Bassetiti (Marcus Antonio), born
at Verona, 1588 ; died 1630; was a
disciple of Felici Riccio, called Bru-
sasorci, afterwards studied Titian and
Tintoretti, whose works he preferred,
and painted some pictures for the
churches and public edifices at Verona.
Bassi (Bartholomew), a Genoese
painter of perspective ; was a scholar
of John Andrew Ansaldi ; his manner
was soft, harmonious, and strong ; he
introduced into his pictures, columns,
monuments of antiquity and architec
ture. To improve the theatre, he
invented whimsical scenery, and re
presentations of carnivals, in which
he was unique. He flourished about
1630, and died at an early age. So
prani, p. 221.
Bassi (Antonio). Painted history

BAS

for the churches in Ferrara, chiefly I
in fresco, the principal of which are,
the Flight into Egypt, Christ, the
Woman of Samaria, and the Virgin
and Family.
Bassi (Francesco, the elder), born
at Cremona, 1642; died 1700 ; was
an eminent landscape painter, his
figures and animals were correctly
drawn and neatly touched ; the prin
cipal collections at Venice contain
many of his pictures.
Bassi (Francesco, the younger),
bora at Bologna, 1664; died 1693 ;
was a scholar of Passinelli ; painted
history ; in the public edifices at Bo
logna are some works of his which
possess great merit, particularly the
Apotheosis of St. Anthony.
Bassini (Thomas), of Modena ;
was contemporary with Serafino, and
similar to him in his manner ; in the
convent of the Augustines is a beauti
ful painting by him, which, for co
louring and for the air of the head, is
well worthy of praise. He flourished
about 1400. Vidriani, p. 22.
Bassotti (John Francis), of Pe
rugia ; was a good painter of figures,
though but few specimens of his work
are now to be found. He flourished
about 1665. Pascoli, p. 194.
Bast (Dominic de), born in Ghent
in 1782. Painted landscapes, with
figures and animals, and marine views,
for the most part calms ; he obtained
several prizes from the Academy of
Design ; his vessels are executed with
the greatest truth, and with much
freedom ; though an amateur painter,
he did not refuse his works to the ex
hibitions, and many of them are in
the private cabinets of Ghent. He
had correct design, and a natural
colouring ; his trees and foliages are
touched with spirit, and their diffe
rent sorts are discernible. M. Bast
died in Ghent in 1842, aged 60.
Bastaro (Guiseppe del), born at
Rome ; flourished under the Ponti
ficate of Pope Urban VIII. ; painted
history, and several of his works are

26 BAT
inthe churches in that city. Flourished
about 1690.
Baston (Thomas), an English
painter of marine subjects, flourished
about 1721 : several of his pictures
representing ships of war and sea
ports, have been engraved by Kirkall
Harris.

) ; the name of

Bathon ( —
this artist is affixed to a portrait of
Francis Merris the younger.
Batiste lli (Peter Francis), an ex
cellent painter of perspective, from
whose hand many works are to be
seen in Bologna, his country, and in
Parma, he flourished about the year
1614. Massini, p. 637.
Battaglia (Dionisius), a Veronese,
painted in churches of his city, parti
cularly the painting of St. Barbara in
the church of Santa Euphemia. He
flourished about the year 1547. —
Pozzi, p. 57.
Battem (Gerard van), the date of
whose birth is not known, flourished
between 1650 and 1700. He painted
landscapes and panoramic views of
mountains, ornamented with stag
hunts, travellers, and banditti ; his
manner was bolder and more dexte
rous than that of his countryman
Snellineks, but his colouring was drier
and colder in tone than that of the
other. Battoni (Pompei), bom at Lucca,
1708. Studied under Sebastian Con-
ca, and then under Augustine Ma-
succi, but took more delight in copy
ing the antiques and the works of
Raffaelle ; he painted many altar-
pieces for the churches in Italy, and
some much admired pictures for pri
vate collections. Amongst which are
his two pictures of the Choice of Her
cules, one life size, and the other
smaller ; Bacchus and Ariadne : but
his finest production is a group of
Peace and War, in which Mars, with
sword in hand, is seen rushing to the
combat, whilst- a beautiful virgin, with
a look of ineffable sweetness, places
herself in his way, and presents to him

BAU
a branch of palm. He painted also
Cupid returning from the chase, his
game consistingof hearts, shot through
with darts : also Thetis receiving
Achilles from Chiron, the Continence
of Scipio, the Family of Darius
prostrate before Alexander, and nu
merous portraits, those of Pope Be
nedict XIV., Clement XIII., and
Pius VI. ; the Emperor Joseph II. ,
and the Empress Dowager, being the
principal, but he does not appear to
have formed his style from any of the
great Masters he studied, but rather
to have consulted nature, diffusing his
light equally over every object, in
stead of concentrating them on one
as Carlo Maratti does ; and if not
grand in composition, he was at least
accurate in his delineation of characr
ter, and must have been deemed a re
putable painter in any age, particu
larly in that in which he lived. He
painted many altar-pieces for the
churches at Rome, the chief of which
. are the Immaculate Conception, and
John the Baptist preaching in the
Wilderness : died 1787.
Bauduins (Anthony Francis), born
at Brabant in Flanders, 1640. Studied
under F. A. Vandermeulen ; but little
is known of his works as a painter :
died 1700.
Baur (John William), born at
Strasburg, 1610. Studied under Fre
derick Brendel, and afterwards visited
Italy, and painted views of Rome
and its environs ; battles, skirmishes,
marches, processions, &c. embodied
with small figures, neatly touched and
warm and glowing in colouring, yet
not altogether divested of the German
taste ; his naked figures but indiffe
rently pourtrayed. He painted with
considerable success in water colours
on vellum : died 1 640.
Bausa (Gregorius), born near
Valencia in Spain, 1596, died 1656:
was a scholar of Ribalta, and a repu
table painter of history ; several of
his works adorn the monasteries and
churches in Valencia, and there is a
fine altar-piece in the church of the

27 BEA
Carmelites, representing the Martyr
dom of St. Philip the Apostle.
Bayen-y-Subias (Don Francisco),
born at Saragossa, 1734. Studied
under A. G. Velasquez, and was em
ployed by Charles III. in decorating
the palaces of Aranjuez and Madrid ;
also painted several pictures for the
churches : died 1795.
Bayen (Don Raymon-y-Subias),
bora at Saragossa, 1746, died 1793.
Studied under his brother, and is
chiefly noticed as having assisted him
in his fresco works.
Bazzani (Guiseppe), born at Reg-
gio, 1701, was a scholar ofCanti, and
studied the works of Rubens, whose
style he followed ; he painted in
fresco, and his works are to be found
in Mantua, and the neighbouring con
vents : died 1769.
Beal, or Beale (Mary), bom at
Suffolk, 1632, died 1697. Studied
under Sir Peter Lely, and improved
her style by copying some pictures
by the Italian masters, in which man
ner she painted ; also copied many
of Vandyck's portraits with great
purity and sweetness of colouring.
Her own portraits possess much of
the Italian air and style.
Beare (George), painted a portrait
in the style of Highmore, of John IV.
Duke of Bedford : also a portrait
of Thomas Chubb the Deist, which
was engraved by Bockman, in 1747.
Beaubrunn (Henry), born at Am-
boise, France, 1603, died 1677: is
said to have excelled in portraiture,
but we have no further description of
his works.
Beaubrunn (Charles), brother of
Henry, born 1605, died 1692: be
came distinguished in the same branch
of the art.
Beaudouin (Pierre Antoine), born
at Paris, 1719, died 1769: excelled
in painting portraits in miniature, but
we have no description of his style.
Beaumont (Cav. Claudio), bora at

BEA
Turin, 1694, died 1766. Copied the
works of Raffaelle, the Caracci, and
Guido, but imitated the manner of
Trevisani in the vigour of his tints, he
was employed in the royal palaces of
Turin, and in other public edifices.
Beaumont (Sir George Howland),
born 1753, at Coleorton, whose shady
woods and green hills formed his study
and subject : he afterwards visited
Italy, studied the works of Claude,
and compared the varied tints of an
Italian sky with the productions of that
delightful master, making designs
from the most interesting objects,
and, on his return painted landscapes,
introducing a ruined temple or Gothic
church, according as his works par
took of Italian or English scenery.
He assisted in the establishing of
the National Gallery, and bestowed
thereon some of his finest pictures,
of which he possessed many — parti
cularly the Narcissus of Claude,
which he esteemed beyond all others ;
his landscapes partake more of the
dewy verdure and freshness of Eng
land than the warm glow of an Italian
sky: died 1827.
Beccafumi (Domenico, called Me-
cherino), born at Siena, 1484. Studied
first under Capanna, an artist of little
note, then under Perugino, and after
wards at Rome, studying and designing
from the antique statues, and copying
the works of M. A. Buonarotti and
Raffaelle, and on returning to Siena,
painted history in oil, fresco and dis
temper, with considerable reputation ;
his composition was fine, design ele
gant, and tone of colouring beau
tiful, but occasionally too red : died
1549. Beccaruzzi (Francesco), born in the
Frioul, was a disciple of Pordenone,
whose manner he followed, and
painted both in fresco and oil with con
siderable reputation. Many of his works
are in the churches and convents at
Trevigi, the principal of which is St.
Francis receiving the impression of the
five wounds.according to the legendary
tradition of that saint.

28 BEE
Becerra (Gaspar), born at Anda
lusia, 1520, is said to have studied
the works of M. A. Buonarotti, whose
forms he introduced to the Spanish
school, with a suitable tone of colour.
He executed some works in fresco for
the Emperor Charles V., and for the
palace at Madrid : died 1570.
Beckman (Sir Martin), Engineer
to Charles II. , and who planned Til
bury Fort and the works at Sheer
ness, painted several views and ship
ping pieces. — Walpole, v. 3, p. 250.
Bedaff (Anthony Aloisius Ema
nuel van), born in Antwerp in 1787,
was a painter of portraits and history,
and director and professor of the
Academy of Design at Bois-le-Duc ;
at the exhibition at the Hague in
1819, he had a painting representing
a man playing the flute ; he also
exhibited at Amsterdam and Brus
sels, some paintings worthy of note.
He died in 1829.
Beduschi (Antonio), born at Cre
mona, 1576, was a disciple of Anto
nio Campi, in whose style he painted
history. He acquired considerable
reputation by a picture representing
a Pieta, which he painted for the
church of St. Sepolcro at Piacenza,
also by an altar-piece for the same
church, " the Stoning of St. Ste
phen," which is highly extolled.
Beechey (Sir William), born at
Burford in Oxfordshire, 1753, first
attempted small portraits, having suc
ceeded in which, he ventured upon
full length and history, but excelled
in the former, and was appointed
painter to the Queen. In 1798 he
painted the portrait of George III.
on horseback, and the Prince of
Wales reviewing the troops ; soon
after which he was knighted and be
came an R.A. Honours brought em
ployment, all the Royal family sat to
him, and numbers of the nobility and
gentry. Amongst others, the Marquis
Cornwallis and Earl St. Vincent ; he
painted with a vigorous touch, but
without much dignity or grace in his
heads: died 1839.

BEE 29
Beek (David), born at Arnheim in
Guelderland, 1621, died 1656. Studied
under Vandyck, and acquired that fine
manner of pencilling and beautiful tone
of colouring so peculiar to that great
master, with an equal rapidity of
execution, and was considered one of
his ablest disciples ; he painted the
portraits of Queen Christina of
Sweden, and most of the illustrious
persons iu Europe of that time, also
one of Charles I. of England.
Beekkerk (Herman Wouters),
born in Leuwarde in 1756, was a
pupil of John Van Breght in Amster
dam. After leaving his master, he
established himself at Leuwarde, and
painted historical subjects, which he
handled on a very large scale ; he also
painted landscapes with animals, and
emblematical compositions. Three
of his best paintings are in the Hotel-
de-Ville at Leuwarde, one is from the
Old Testament, representing the As
sembly of the Seventy, the figures
are of the natural size. He was very
clever in the execution, had great apt
ness for the art, placed lights and
shadows with much judgment, and
rarely impeded himself with accesso
ries ; but the design and proportions
of his figures are not always correct,
and the naked parts in some paintings
not exactly observed. He died at
Leuwarde in 1796.
Beeldemaker (John), born at
Hague, 1636 : master not known,
painted in a spirited and natural
style, hunting pieces of the stag, fox,
&c. in which he particularly excelled.
Beeldemaker (Francis), son of
above, born 1669, died 1736. Studied
under his father, and afterwards under
William Doudyns, he painted histo
rical subjects and portraits, which
were much admired.
Beerstraaten— See Baerstraet.
Bega (Cornelius), born at Haer
lem, 1620, died 1664, was the dis
ciple of Adrian Ostade, and one of

BE G
his best pupils, and painted similar
subjects, interiors of Dutch cottages,
Peasants regaling themselves ; in the
manner of his instructor, with a fine
pencil and transparent colouring, but
the figures are somewhat larger. His
works are much admired, and to be
found in the choicest collections, some
are signed, Bega, and others Be-
GEYN. Beer (Arnold de), born at Ant
werp, 1490, died 1542, was a good
designer, and though hard and Gothic
in execution, was much employed for
the churches.
Beer (Joseph de), born at Utrecht,
1550, died 1596. Studied under
Francis Floris, and became a reputable
painter of history ; several pictures
which he painted for the Bishop of
Tournay did him great credit.
Beerblock (John), born at Bruges
in 1 736, was a pupil of Matthias de
Visch, and obtained the first prize for
composition at Bruges in 1 772 ; he
painted small pictures, designed cor
rectly, and with a vigorous colouring.
His works are now very rare, and
much in request. He died in 1806.
Beerings (Gregory), born at Ma-
lines in Flanders, in 1500, died 1544.
Studied in Italy, acquired a fine taste,
and might have proved an admirable
artist, but fell into indolence and dissi
pation. Beesten (A. H. Van), a Dutchman,
lived at Amsterdam, he was a friend
of John Punt ; and was noted for bas-
reliefs, and for various other kinds ;
it is said that some artists have turned
to their own profit his talents and his
modesty ; there is a painting by him
dated 1764, and a good portrait of
him. Begeyn or Begyn (Abraham), born
1650, died about 1710: painted land
scapes and cattle in the manner of
Berghem, the figures and animals well
designed and pleasing, coloured also
with views of rivers, ruins, and paint
ings of architecture ; went to Prussia,

BEH 30
and painted the views of the royal
palaces for the King of Prussia, in a
masterly manner.
Beham (Bartel), born at Nurem
berg about 1496 : studied under Rai-
mondi ; painted history, and some of
his works are in the Galleries of the
Elector of Bavaria, and the Prince of
Neubourg : died about 1540.
Beisch (Joachim Francis), born at
Munich, 1665, died 1748: painted
landscapes, views in Italy, and battles,
in the former of which he has imitated
the graceful style of G. Poussin ; his
best pictures are in the palace of the
Elector of Bavaria, they represent
the battles fought by the Emperor
Maximilian Emanuel ; his scenes are
picturesque, and full of spirit, and
some of them in the manner of S.
Rosa. Belcamp (John van), came to
England in the reign of Charles I.
where he spent the principal part of
his time, and died in 1653 : he was
principally employed in copying the
pictures in the royal palaces in Lon
don and elsewhere, chiefly portraits,
and on a small scale. Died 1653.
Bell (Wilham), born at Newcastle-
on-Tyne, about 1768, came to Lon
don, and was amongst the first of
those who entered as students in the
Royal Academy ; in 1 77 1 he obtained
the gold medal for his picture repre
senting Venus soliciting Vulcan to
forge arms for Eneas : he was much
patronised by Lord Delawal, for
whom he painted two views of Seaton
Delawal ; he also painted the por
traits of the family : died 1800.
Bella (Anthony), a priest and a
painter, of the city of Cordova, in
Spain, executed many works in that
city, both public and private.
Bella (Stefano della), born at
Florence; 1.610. Studied under Dan-
dini ; but we have no description of
his works : died 1664.
Bellange (James), born at Cha
lons, about 1610. Studied under

BEL

Henrich and S. Vouet ; but we have
no description of his works.
Bellagamba (John), of the city
of Douay, is named as a painter by
Vasari, v. 3. p. 853.
Bellavia (Mark Antony), a Sici
lian, worked in Rome with the scho
lars of Pietro da Cortona, and it is
believed, was of that school. He
flourished about 1690.
Belle (Nicholas Simon Alexis),
born at Paris, 1674, died 1734. Prac
tised as a portrait painter with consi
derable reputation.
Bellevois (  ); painted ma
rines, sea-ports, and storms : his works
are to be found in many collections
in Flanders ; his calms are particularly
excellent: died 1684.
Bellingen (John van), born at
Antwerp, 1 770, was a pupil of Peter
van Regemorter, and has left some
good paintings of landscapes.
Bellini (Bellino), of the celebrated
family of the Bellini of Venice,
painted sacred histories in emulation of
them, and imitated their manner so
exactly, that without very close study
they could not be distinguished : he
made several paintings of the Virgin
on panel, in very good taste and
clearness of colouring. He flourished
about 1 520. Ridolfi, v. 1 . p. 61 .
Bellini (Giacopo), bora at Venice,
1405, died 1470. Studied under
Gentile da Fabriano, painted history
and portraits, in the latter of which
he excelled : he painted the portrait
of the King of Cyprus, who was be
headed, and of Cornaro ; and is said to
have been one of the first Venetians
who painted in oil : his large pictures
adorn the churches in Venice, and
many of his smaller have found then-
way to this country.
Bellini (Gentile Cavaliere), born
at Venice, 1421, died 1501. Studied
under his father, Giacopo, and painted
several large pictures for the Venetian
Republic ; also portraits of Mahomet
II. and his Sultaness : a sea-fight by

BEL
him is mentioned by Vasari as pos
sessing extraordinary merit.
Bellini (Giovanni), bora at Ve
nice, 1422, son of Giacomo, and bro
ther of Gentile, both of whom he
greatly surpassed ; he is considered
the founder of the Venetian School,
having introduced the practice of
painting in oil, yet his design was fre
quently in bad taste, and his colouring
dry and inharmonious : died 1572.
Bellini (Giaciuto Cavaliere), bom
at Bologna, was a scholar of Albano,
in whose manner he painted, and his
portraits possess much of the graceful
style of that master.
Bellini (Filippo), bom at Urbino,
about 1594, was one of the most suc
cessful imitators of the style of
Frederico Baroccio, as appears by his
works in the churches at Ancona and
Loretto, the Circumcision of Christ,
the Marriage of the Virgin, and
others. Bellini (Victor), painted several
pictures for the confraternity of St.
Mark, at Venice, and in the Villa di
Spinea del Mestre ; other works by
his hand are noticed by Ridolfi, v.
l.p. 61.
Belliniano (Vittore), born at
Venice, flourished about 1526. Stu
died under Giovanni Bellini, and
painted history ; his works are to be
found in the churches and convents of
Venice, and the neighbouring towns.
Bellivert — See Billivert.
Bello (James), an Italian painter :
in the public Courts of Justice in
Venice is a large painting of the
Saviour and St. Peter, St. Paul, St.
John Baptist, St. Mark and angels,
who are blowing trumpets, and in the
distance a beautiful landscape, a work
well worthy of remembrance.
Bellori (Pietro), born at Rome ;
practised as a portrait painter, but
is more known as a biographer and
antiquary. Bellotti (Pietro), born at Ve
nice, 1625. Scholar of Forabosco,

31 BEN
painted history and portraits, chiefly
the latter ; hehad a taste for caricature,
was an excellent colourist, and not
ignorant of composition : died 1 700. \
Bellotti (Bernardo), bom at
Venice, 1 724, was a nephew of Cana-
letti, the celebrated painter, in imitation
of whom he painted architecture and
perspective in a very picturesque man
ner : died 1 780.
Bellucci (Antonio), born 1654)
was a scholar of Domenico Difinito, a
painter of the modern Venetian school,
and painted for the churches and con
vents at Venice and Verona : of his
large works an Ascension at Verona is
deserving of notice; he also frequently
painted the figures in Tempesta's
landscapes: died 1721.
Bellucci (Giovanni Battista),
born at Rome, 1506, died 1541 :
painted history with some reputation,
but we have no description of his
style. Belvedere (Andrea), born at
Naples, 1646, died 1689 ; was an ex
cellent painter of flowers and fruits.
Bembo (Facio, of Valdarno), a
painter, mentioned by Lomazzo, p.
656. Be mm ell (William), born at
Utrecht, 1630, died 1703. Studied
under Herman Sachtleven, and painted
battle pieces, views in Holland and
Italy, with waterfalls, ruins, &c,
chiefly on the banks of rivers, with
boats, barges, and other vessels, with
figures well designed, and the dis
tances well kept, the trees somewhat
stiff and formal, but the skies usually
clear, warm, and natural ; his pic
tures are, however, occasionally some
what too green : his works are seldom
found in this country.
Bemmell (Peter van), born at Nu
remberg, 1669, died 1723, a son of
William, also painted landscapes ; but
his works are little known, except in
his own country.
Benaglia (Francis), an Italian
painter : worked in the church of

BEN
Sta. Maria della Scala, in Verona, and
is said to have lived about 1476.
Mqfei, della Verona illustrata, v.
3. p. 186.
Benaglio (Girolamo), a Veronese
painter, lived in the 14 th century :
his manner was antique, hard, and
stiff, which was that of" his time : in
Verona are some of his paintings.
Rossi, p. 9.
Benaschi (Giovanni Battista),
born at Piedmont, 1634. Studied at
Rome, under Pietro del Po, and is
supposed also to have studied under
Lanfranco, whose manner he imitated
so closely that it is difficult to dis
tinguish their work : died 1688.
Benavides (Vincente de), born at
Oran, in Spain, 1637. Studied under
Francisco Ricci, but was chiefly em
ployed for the theatres.
Bernaert (Nicasius), born 1593,
died 1663. Studied under Francis
Sny.ders, whose style he imitated, and
as a painter of animals, was very little
inferior to him.
Bencovich (Federigo), born at
Dalmatia ; flourished about 1 753 ; in
style somewhat resembles Carlo Cig-
nani, his master; correct in his colour
ing, and vigorous in his light and
shades. His works are much esteemed
at Bologna, Milan, and Venice. He
was principally employed in easel pic
tures, many of which have found their
way to Germany, one of his best per
formances represents the Martyrdom
of St. Anthony.
Benedetti (Don Mattia), born at
Reggio ; flourished about 1 700, was
a scholar of Talami, somewhat es
teemed as a fresco-painter, and occa
sionally painted in oil.
Benedettis (Dominico de), born
at Piedmont, 1610. Studied under
Santafede, and afterwards Guido, whose
graceful and elegant style he imitated
with success. The palace of the King
of Naples and several churches in that
city are decorated with his works.
Benedetto — See Castiglione.

32 BEN
Benefial (Cav. Marco), bom at
Rome, 1684, died 1764. Painted his
tory sometimes in the manner of the
Caracci, and at others of Domenichino,
but his works are very unequal; many
of them are to be found at Rome, in the
Academy of St. Luke's, (the principal
of which represents Christ and the
Woman of Samaria).
Benezeck (Charles), born in Lon
don, studied abroad, and painted his
tory and portraits. One of his best
productions is a picture of the Be
heading of Louis XV. . died 1794.
Benfatto (Luigi), born at Verona,
1551, died 1611. The nephew and
disciple, was at first a servile imitator
of Paolo Veronese, but improved by
practice under him, and after his death
supported the splendour of that school
by his imitation of that master : in some
of his works he resembles Palma.
Benigni (John Baptist), born in
Lucca, 1737; learned the first rudi
ments of the art of George Dominic
Lombardi, and afterwards studied at
Rome in the school of PompeoBattoni,
where he continued seven years ; he
returned home, and employed himself
on various -works which were well re
ceived : he visited Lombardy to study
and imitate the manners of the best
masters of that school ; and then
passed on to Florence, in which city
he remained fourteen years, employing
himself in painting portraits, historical
pieces, and other subjects.
Benini (Sigismondi), born at Cre
mona, 1675. Studied under Massa-
rotti, and painted landscapes, highly
finished, the distances well kept, the
lights and shades managed with great
skill, and very agreeably coloured;
but his figures are rather indifferent :
died about 1725.
Benoli (Ignatius), a priest, called
II Borno, studied in Verona, his native
place, and promised to be a good
painter of small figures ; he went to
Venice, and was taken by the Cheva
lier Francesco, who was ambassador
from the Republic to Lewis XIV.,

BEN 33
into France, where for five years he
studied the best works of Rubens and
Vandyck so diligently, thathetookthem
in miniature. He painted also por
traits in small, counterfeiting the man
ner of Vandyck so well, that even many
good judges have mistaken them for
originals of Rubens and Vandyck. His
works are held in high estimation : he
lived to the year 1724.
Benozzo, born at Florence, 1539,
died 1617, became a good painter of
history and portraits.
Benso (Giulio), born at Genoa,
1601, died 1688, was a scholar of
Paggi, a few of his oil paintings are
in the churches at Genoa, of which
that of St. Domenico is the best, and
reminds us more of the Bolognese than
the Ligurian school.
Bent (John Vander), born at Am
sterdam, 1650,diedl690. Studiedfirst
under Adrian Vandervelde, and after
wards under Philip Wouvermans, whose
style he sometimes imitated, as well in
his scenes and subjects, as in his hand
ling and pencil, but most resembles
Berghem, his landscapes, figures, and
cattle may be easily mistaken for those
of that master.
Benvenuto (Giovanni Battista),
called L'Ortolano, born at Ferrara,
1490, died 1525. Studied under Bag-
nacavallo, and painted history. His
works are in the churches at Ferrara,
where they are much esteemed, his
principal works are a Virgin and
Child, the Nativity and Wise Men's
Offering. Benwell (J. H.), born in Eng
land. Studied portrait painting in
London under Mr. Saunders, and af
terwards removed to Bath, and opened
a drawing academy; he painted pic
tures in a manner peculiar to himself,
being a combination of crayons and
water colours, which produced a pleas
ing effect, and were beautifully exe
cuted: died 1785.
Benwell (Mary), born in London,
painted portraits in oil, crayons, and
in miniature, with considerable suc-

BER
less, and was an exhibitor at the Royal
Academy, from 1762 to 1783.
Benzi (Maximilian), a Florentine
nobleman, having a genius for design
ing, put himself under Balthasar Fran-
ccschini ; after two years he was sent
by the reigning Grand Duke Cosmo
III. to Rome, to study painting under
Ciro Ferri, and sculpture under Her
cules Ferrati, where he continued four
years, improving by the study of the
best ancient and modern masters.
He made five medals for the Queen of
Sweden, with their reverses; one for
Pope Innocent XL, and one of an
extraordinary size for Lewis XIV.,
besides manyothers forvarious princes,
cardinals, and others ; also groups,
statues, and bas-reliefs, by $11 of which
he became very famous : he flourished
about 1700. See VEloge XIII. torn.
xii. p. 95.
Berchet (Peter), aFrenchman, bora
1659, died 1720; scholar of Charles
de la Fosse. Came to England, and
was employed in decorating the houses
of some of the nobility with historical
subjects, but he afterwards confined
himself to easel pictures, mythological
and Bacchanalian.
Berchem, or Berghem (Nicholas),
born at Haerlem, 1624. Studied un
der his father, Peter van Haerlem, a
painter of fish, confectionery, vases,
&c. &c. of little ability ; and after
wards successively under Grebber,
Vangoyen, Mojaart, Jan Wils, and
lastly, John Baptist Weeninx, whom
he resembles in his early pictures ;
painted landscapes, cattle, and figures,
enriched with architectural ruins, ele
gantly composed, and transparently
coloured, characterized with breadth,
and a just distribution of light and
shade, a natural ease and simplicity in
his attitudes, the leafing of his trees
exquisitely touched, skies clear and
clouds floating ; his trees, buildings,
cattle, figures, and in short all parts
of his picture being equally admirable.
One of his finest works was painted
for a burgomaster at Dort, it repre-
D

BER 34
sents a mountainous country, enriched
with numerous cattle of various kinds
and figures exquisitely pencilled and
beautifully coloured : died 1683.
Berg (Matthias Vander), born at
Ypres, Flanders, 1615, was a dis
ciple of Rubens, and is known by
the excellent copies he made of some
of his pictures : died 1687.
Bergen (Dirk, or Theodore Van),
studied under Adrian Vandervelde, and
painted landscapes in his style, but
more glowing in colour, and his cattle
and figures not so correctly drawn ; he
sometimes painted on paper, and his
shadows have generally a blackness
about them : died 1689.
Bergen. (Nicholas Van), born at
Breda in Holland, 1670, died 1689;
painted historical subjects much after
the styleof Rembrandt, but died young
in 1699.
Berettini (Pietro) — See Cor
tona. Bergmuller (John George), born
at Bavaria, 1687, died 1762, was a
scholar of Andrew Wolff, several of
his works are in the churches and
cabinets at Augsburg, but is chiefly
known as an engraver.
Bergonzini, or Burgonzoni (Lo
renzo), born at Bologna, 1656,
studied first under Bolognini, andafter-
wards under Guercino, he attempted
historical subjects, but from the en
couragement he met with, devoted
himself afterwards entirely to portrait
painting: died about 1700.
Berkheyden (Job), born at Haer
lem, 1637, died 1698, studied from
nature, and painted views on the
Rhine, low mirth and the sports and
merry makings, feasts, dancings, and
conversations of the boors and others
of that locality, in the manner of D.
Teniers, well handled, and agreeably
coloured, some of them highly
esteemed ; he also painted in conjunc
tion with his brother Gerard, the
portraits of the elector of Bavaria and
his principal attendants,

BER
Berkheyden (Gerard), born at
Haerlem, 1645, died 1693, brother
of Job ; painted many pictures in
conjunction with his brother, but his
usual subjects were views of churches,
interiors of towns in Holland and
Germany, with noblemen's houses, and
other magnificent structures, deco
rated with small figures, which were
frequently inserted by Job, who ex
celled in that branch of the art.
Berkmans (Henry), born in Hol
land, 1629, studied successively under
Wouvermans, Boschaert, and Jordaens,
and painted historical paintings with
some reputation, but was more success
ful as a portrait painter ; he painted
the portraits of the Count of Nassau,
Admiral du Ruyter, and many other
distinguished persons ; one of his
finest works represents a company of
archers at Middleburg : died about
1679. Berlinghieri (Camillo, called
Ferraresino), bora at Ferrara, 1596,
was a scholar of Bononi, painted his
tory, and his works are chiefly at
Ferrara and Venice ; one of his best
is a representation of the Miraculous
fall of the Manna in the Wilderness :
died about 1625.
Bern a (Sanese), a scholar of An
drew Orcagna, painted in Florence,
in Sienna and in Cortona, and in 1369
went to Arezzo to paint in Saint Au-
gustin the Story of Marino Barattiere,
who for avarice sold his soul to the
devil and was liberated by St. James :
having fallen from a scaffold when
painting in St. Giminiano di Val-
desca, he died in two days, while still
in the prime of life in the year 1 38 1 .
Vasari, par. l.p. 118.
Bernabei (Pier Antonio, called
della (Jasa), bom at Parma, flourished
about 1 550, though educated under
Parmegiano, he was a follower of the
style of Correggio, painted history in
fresco, his works are to be found at
the Carmelites and other public edi
fices in Parma, and one of the finest is
a picture of the Beatification, with
numerous figures.

BER
Bernado (Monsieur), a native of
Denmark, bora in 1624, haying
learned to paint of Rembrandt Van
Rhyn, entered the academy of Cuy-
lemberg, and stayed there three years,
he then went to Italy and staid some
time in several cities, and having
visited Rome, where from the horror
of the pestilence, which was then
making great ravages in that city, or
from some other cause he forsook the
Lutheran religion and embraced the
Romish faith ; he chose for his coun
try the capital of the world, working
for princes and the lovers of the fine
arts, and excelled in painting pleasing,
curious, burlesque and rustic subjects :
he died in the year 1687. Baldinucci,
sec. 5. num. 510.
Bernaert (Nicasius), born 1593,
died 1673 ; he studied under Francis
Snyders, whose style he imitated, and
as a painter of animals was very little
inferior to him.
Bernard, born at Naples, 1680,
studied under Solimene, whose style
he adopted with considerable success,
and was considered one of his best
pupils : died 1734.
Bernard (Samuel), born at Paris,
1615; studied under Simon Vouet,
and at first painted large portraits in
oil and fresco, but not succeeding
well, he afterwards devoted himself to
miniature; he copied a number of
fine pictures in history and landscape,
which he afterwards reduced to a
miniature size, and finished them
highly: died 1687.
Bernard (John), born in Amster
dam in 1 765 : was a good designer,
and copied with success some paintings
of Berghem and of Paul Potter ; he
was member of the Institute and of the
Academy of Fine Arts at Amsterdam,
where he died in 1833.
Bernard of Brussels— See Van
Orlay. BEitNARDi(Francesco),bornatBres-
cia, painted history, his works are prin-

35 BER
cipally in the churches of Santa Croce,
and St. Giovanni in Brescia.
Bernasconi (Lauro),bornatRome,
1622, died 1675 : excelled in flower
pieces, which were well grouped, and
finely coloured.
Bernazzano, born at Milan, flou
rished about 1536 : painted landscapes,
animals, fruit, and flowers, with won
derful skill, the figures usually intro
duced by Csesare da Sesto, he is said
to have painted birds so naturally as
to have attracted other birds.
Bernotz (Christian), an excellent
painter of fruit, wild scenery, vases
of silver, and other things of that
kind. He died in Rome at the age
of 64, in the year 1722. Pascoli,
v. 2. p. 357.
Bernt (Bernard), of Brussels, was
painter to the Emperor Charles V.
his portrait is published. He flou
rished about 1540.
Berr£ (John Baptiste), born in
Antwerp in 1777: inspired by the
works of the celebrated Weeninx,
painted with success in the taste and
manner of that master, dead game,
and other analogous subjects. He
established himself in Paris, where he
was noted in the exhibition of 1814
for several paintings, among others,
Romulus and Remus suckled by the
Wolf, and a Lioness with her whelps,
painted from nature, in the Menagerie
Roy ale; in 182.1 he sent to the ex
hibition at Brussels, a herd of Stags
and Hinds, and to that of Amsterdam
in 1822, a lioness perceiving a serpent,
a landscape with cattle, and some
other paintings. His works are dis
tinguished for their high finish and
good execution, they are of great
value, are much sought after, and
are to be found in most of the rich
collections in Europe. He died in
Paris in 1828.
Berreguette (Aionzo), born in
Castile, Spain. Studied under Mi
chael Angelo, was the contemporary
of A. del Sarto, and much employed
D 2

BER 36
by Charles V. in his palace at Madrid,
and at Grenada : died 1545, at an
advanced age.
Berrettoni (Nicolo), born at
Montefeltro, Italy, 1627. Studied
under Carlo Maratti, and in style and
colouring so nearly approached him
as to excite his jealousy, but after
quitting his school, his early works
more resembled Guido ; died about
1680. Bersotti (Carlo Girolamo), born
in Pavia in the year 1645 : was a
disciple of Carlo Sacchi, he went to
Rome, where he painted historical
subjects, landscapes, with figures, also
birds, quadrupeds, fruit, and vases,
very naturally.
Bertani (Giovanni Battista) — See
Ghisi. Bertin (Nicholas), born at Paris,
1677, died 1736. Studied under
Jouvenet and the elder Boulongne,
painted history, and was employed by
Louis XIV. for whom he painted
Vertumnus ahd Pomona, and other
works. In small proportions of figures
and landscape scenery he possessed
considerable talents, which he lost
when he ventured on compositions of
a larger size.
Bertoja (Giacomo), born atParma,
1515, died about 1550: scholar of
Parmegiano, whose manner he closely
imitated; painted history in fresco,
most of his works are in the churches
and convents at Parma.
Bertolotti (Filippo), a Genoese,
commenced drawing and colouring at
an early age, but not meeting with
much employment, he applied himself
to portrait painting, in which he had
great success. He flourished about
1610. His son followed him with
equal success.
Bertolotti (Giovanni Lorenzo),
born at Genoa, 1640. Studied under
Francisco Castiglione ; painted his
tory, one of his best pictures repre
sented the meeting of St. Elizabeth
and the Holy Virgin ; an excellent

BES

composition, and transparent in co
louring: died 1721.
Bertucci (Lorenzo), a Florentine,
scholar of Furini, painted figures in a
very spirited manner, but not being
equal to what the then state of the art
required, he left painting for music ;
he was patronised by the Queen of
Sweden, and made director of her
theatre, and died in Rome at the age
of 60, in the year 1680.
Bertusio (Giovanni Battista), born
at Bologna. Studied first under
Calvart, and afterwards in the school of
the Caracci, and painted history in
the manner of Guido, correct in draw
ing, but cold and chalky in the co
louring, many of his pictures are in
the churches and convents at Bologna.
Bertuzzi (Ercole Gaetano), bom
at Bologna, 1669, died 1722 : was a
respectable painter of portraits.
Besensi (Paolo, Emilio), born at
Reggio, 1624, died 1666: painted
in the graceful manner of Albano ; his
principal pictures are in the church
of St. Pietro, at Reggio.
Besangers (S.) painted some in
teriors with conversations.
Besozzi (Ambrogio ),bom at Milan,
1648, died 1706 : scholar of Gandini,
and afterwards of Ciro Ferri ; painted
architectural views, friezes, basso-re
lievos, and other decorative works in
in which he excelled.
Bettes (John and Thomas), were
eminent miniature painters in the time
of Queen Elizabeth, whose portrait
was painted by the elder of them, and
ably executed.
Betti (Padre Biagio), born at Pis
toja, 1545, died 1615: was a disciple of
Daniele da Volterra ; his works are
principally in the monastery of the
Theatines at Rome, of which he became
a monk. Besschey (I. F.), born in Antwerp
in 1739: was a pupil of his father
Balthasar Besschey, a painter of land-

B ES 37
scapes with figures: he sometimes
painted interiors, portraits, and his
tory ; and he also made a number of
copies from the works of Moucheron,
Wynants, Pynacker, G. Douw,Teniers,
Rembrandt, Terburg, &c. He died
in Antwerp, in 1799.
Besters (Albert James), born at
the Hague, studied the art in Holland
and Flanders ; he painted summer
and winter landscapes, the colouring
of which is exceedingly natural, and
the figures that ornament them spi
ritedly touched. His designs from
living models are very good, and much
sought for. He died in Leyden in
1819. Betti (Sigismund), a Florentine,
scholar of Matthew Bonechi; from
great attention, and continually design
ing in the academy of naked figures,
attained to great freedom and excel
lence in fresco and in oil. He was
invited to Genoa, Savona, and Turin,
where he left many memorials of his
skill. In his own country he made
many works for the Grand Duke
Gaston, and was employed by several
Englishmen in copying many of the
best works in that noble Gallery, he
executed several public works in fresco
in various churches, and painted in
crayons in a clear, bold, and beautiful
manner, such as has been seldom
equalled. He flourished about 1 720,
and died at the age of 70.
Bettini (Domenico), born at Flo
rence, 1664 : studied first under
Jacopo Vignali, and afterwards under
Nuzzi ; he painted fruit, flowers, birds,
and fish, with considerable merit, died
1705. Beucholt (L.), this painter is
chiefly known for the portrait of the
Protestant minister, the Rev. W.
Eversdyk, which was engraved by A.
de Blois : it is not certain that he
belonged to the Dutch school, but it
is without doubt that he cultivated
his art in that country. Although we
rarely find him mentioned in the bio-

BEZ
graphies, yet he nevertheless left some
paintings of merit.
Beuckelaer or Buceltrar (Joa
chim), born at Antwerp, 1530, died
1610, a pupil of Aertsen, his uncle ;
painted kitchens, game, fruit, flowers,
birds, and fish, very cleverly, which
were much admired.
Beurs (William) born at Dort,
1656, was a scholar of Drillenburg,
and painted landscape with consi
derable success in the style of his
master, also flowers and portraits.
Bevilaco.ua (Ambrose), a native
of Milan ; painted in fresco, in the
Luogo di Carita, a part of Milan so
called, a number of figures dispensing
alms to the poor, they were finished
in 1486. Torre, p. 285. Lomazzo,
p. 681.
Bevilaqua (Cavaliere Ventura) —
See Salimbene.
Beville (Charles), born in Paris,
1651, died 1716: was considered a
reputable landscape painter in his day,
but his pictures now are thought but
little of.
Beyer (John de), born at Aran in
Switzerland, in the Canton of Bern,
studied under Pronk at Amsterdam,
and became a skilful master of design.
Beyeren (Albert van), a painter
of flowers, fruit, and fishes, in which
he excelled, and was quick in the
execution ; had for his successors De
Heem, Mignon, and De Ring, who
all surpassed him in the composition
of their subjects, and in the more
skilful distribution of the clair-oscuro.
In the Museum at Amsterdam is a
painting by him of a table with some
whitings, a piece of salmon, and other
fish. Bezzi (John Francis), a Bolognese
painter, was a scholar of Pellegrino
Tibaldi. In most cities of Italy his
works have justly spread his fame as
a good master, he instructed many of
the nobility in drawing, and formed a
good school up to the year 1571, at
which time he died. Malvasia, part
2. p. 203.

BIA
BiANCHi(Francesco),calledIlFrari,
born at Modena, 1447 ; painted his
tory with considerable reputation, and
is said to have been the instructor of
Correggio: died 1510.
Bianchi (Federigo), born at Milan,
a scholar of Proccacini, painted several
works in fresco for the churches and
monasteries at Milan.
Bianchi (Cav. Isidoro), born at
Milan, flourished about 1626 ; he stu
died under Morazzone, and painted in
fresco, and in oil, but excelled in the
former, his works are in the churches
at Como, and at Milan.
Bianchi (Baldassare), bom at
Bologna, 1614, died 1679: studied
first under G. Paderna, and afterwards
T. A. Metelli, and was employed by
the Dukes of Modena and Mantua, in
decorating their palaces, he painted
historical subjects with considerable
reputation, and is said to have had a
daughter, Lucrezia, who distinguished
herself in the art.
Bianchi (Orazio), bom at Rome,
was a reputable painter of history; his
best work is in the church of St.
Gioseffo at Rome, representing the
Marriage of the Virgin.
Bianchi (Pietro), bom at Rome,
1694, a scholar of Benedetto Luti,
painted history, and one of his most
esteemed performances is a picture of
the Conception in the church of Sta.
Maria degli Angeli at Rome : he died
young. Bianchi (Thomas) of Paris, had
a taste for sculpture, but was dis
suaded from it by Sarazin, a statuaiy,
who advised him to apply to paint
ing, architecture, and perspective,
in which he soon made great pro
gress, he went through Italy to Rome,
where he studied the works of Algardi
Poussin, and Andrea Sacchi, and
having painted many pictures, which
possessed great merit ; he became a
member of the French Academy : he
flourished about 1650. Sandrart, p.
380.

38 BIE
Bianchi (Lucretia), was daughter
of Balthasar, painter to the Dukes of
Mantua and Modena, aud assisted
him in his works, she learned of
Stringa, copied with good taste and
colouring ; and lived about 1680.
Bianchi (T. S.), born in Amster
dam in 1767, was a pupil of Besschey,
there are numerous portraits by him,
which are very good resemblances ; he
painted other subjects likewise, but
succeeded best in portrait painting.
He died in 1826.
Biancucci (Paolo), born at Lucca,
1583, died 1653: was a scholar of
Guido, whose style he followed, some
of his works resemble those of Sasso
Ferrato, and his best productions
are in the churches at Lucca ; one
of which is a representation of Pur
gatory. Bibtena — See Galli.
Bicci (Lorenzo di), born at Flo
rence, 1400, died 1460: was a dis
ciple of Spinello, and painted several
works in fresco for the churches in
Florence, in the formal style of the
age. Bicci (Neri), son of Lorenzo Bicci,
a Florentine, was one of the latest
masters after the manner of old Giotto,
whose style he endeavoured to alter
and modernize, as in the churches of
St. Michael, and Sta. Maria delle
Grazie, and others in Florence. He
flourished about 1450. Vasari, par.
l.p. 152.
Bie (Adrian de), a Fleming, born
at Liere, 1594, died 1623: studied
first under Wouter Abts, afterwards
Rodolph Schoof, painter to Louis
XIII. and was much employed in de
corating the churches in Flanders, also
in portraits, his penciling was so neat,
and his colouring so delicate, that he
was frequently employed to paint on
jasper, porphyry, and other precious
stones. Bie (James) — See Bye.
Bieke (I. alias John Mul), a
Fleming, painted history, portraits,
tippling scenes, and landscapes.

BIE
Bieselinohen (Christian John
van), born 1558 : a celebrated Dutch
portrait painter, is said to have
pamted a portrait of the Prince of
Orange from memory, after his decease,
which was a better resemblance of
him than any that had been taken
during his life : he died 1600, aged42.
Bigari (Vittorio),bom at Bologna,
painted history in fresco, and his
works are to be met with in almost
every public edifice in his native city.
Bigari (Serafino), a Bolognese
painter, is mentioned iii the " Istoria
della Aeademia Clementina," parte 3.
p. 295.
Bigi (Angelo), a Florentine painter,
was a scholar of his brother Francis
Bigi, whom he survived, he flourished
about 1530.
Bigi (Felix), a native of Rome, on
account of a homicide in his country,
took refuge in Verona, where he
remained the rest of his life. He
pamted flowers so naturally, that few
in Italy were equal to him, and was
commonly called Felix of the Flowers :
he worked not only for the noble
houses of Verona, but had orders
from most of the principal cities of
Europe, for which he was handsomely
paid. He flourished in Verona about
1 680, where also he died.
Bigio (Francia), born at Florence,
1445, died 1525, excelled in painting
architectural subjects, landscape, and
animals. Billet (John), of Utrecht, painted
figures in a middle size in a most ex
cellent and delicate manner. He lived
in Antwerp in 1661. His portrait
has been engraved by Peter Balten.
Bilivert (Giovanni), born at Flo
rence, 1576, died about 1644, studied
under Cardi, called Cigoli, to whose
style he added the expression of Santo
da Titi, and the splendour of Paolo
Veronese; he painted history, and one
of his most admired works is the
Chastity of Joseph, in the Gallery at
Florence.

39 BIS
Billoni (Giovanni Battista), bora
at Padua, 1576, studied under Apol-
lodoro di Porcia, and painted history
and portrait, but excelled in the latter :
died 1636.
Biltius ( — ), born in the Nether
lands, and flourished about 1650, ex
celled in painting dead game, and other
inanimate objects, particularly fowling
pieces, pouches, powder horns, nets,
and other instruments used by sports
men, which are generally represented
on a white ground, as if attached to the
wall ; they are designed and executed
with such a perfect fidelity as to be
come a complete illusion.
Bimbi (Bartholomew), a Florentine,
disciple of Lorenzo Lippi, painted
flowers, fruit and animals, in an ex
cellent manner, also figures ; he was
born in the year 1 648, and died at
the age of 80.
Bindes (John*., a Fleming, painted
figures in imitation of Rubens, and
portraits in the style of Vandyck ; he
was a great friend of Peter Snyders, a
celebrated painter of animals, and it
is believed was a native of Antwerp :
he died in 1670.
Bird (Edward), bom at Wolver
hampton, 1 772, was first a painter of
tea trays, and afterwards of domestic
subjects, such as "the Blacksmith's
Shop," " the Country Auction," " the
Gipsey Boy ;" ' ' Meg Merrilies ;"
" the Game of Put," and occasionally
historical compositions, amongstwhich
were the "Surrender of Calais," " the
DeathofEli," and "fheField of Chevy
Chase, afterthebattle;" he commenced
painting the Embarkation of the King
of France, after the overthrow of Na
poleon, but did not live to finish it ;
he made nature his guide and handled
all his subjects in a masterly style,
usually taking a sketch of any object
that struck his fancy, which he after
wards formed into a picture : he died
in 1819.
Bisbink (Bernard), a Dutch pain
ter, was a pupil of John Both.

BIS 40
Biscaino (Giov. Andrea), born
at Genoa, painted landscapes in a
bold and spirited style, with much
care and attention, and with consi
derable reputation.
Biscaino (Bartolomeo), son of G.
A. Biscaino, bom at Genoa, 1632,
died 1657, studied design under his
father, andcolouring under V. Castelli;
he painted many considerable works,
three of which are in the Gallery at
Dresden, but was cut off at an early
age. Bischop (John de), born at the
Hague, 1646, died 1686, his paintings
in oil are not without merit, but he
excelled in imitating the style of
Tintoretti, Bassan, Caracci, Veronese,
Rubens, or Vandyck, in small pencil
drawings, so closely, that the master
he intended to imitate was instantly
known; they are highly prized.
Bischop (Cornelius), born at Ant
werp, 1630, died 1674, was a disciple
of Ferdinand Bol, whose style and
manner he nearly approached, both
in history and in portraits, and by
many judges is considered not inferior
to his instructor; one of his pictures,
a candle-light piece, was purchased
by Louis XIV. for a very large sum.
Bischop (Abraham), son of Cor
nelius, was instructed by his father
to design historical subjects and
portraits, but preferred painting
fowls, particularly those of a domestic
kind, which he usually designed after
nature, and painted in a large size,
and so exactly like nature in its atti
tude, character, and plumage as to
excite universal admiration.
Biset (Charles Emanuel), bom at
Mechlin, 1633, a Flemish painter,
visited France and adapted his works
to the taste of that nation ; he
painted gallant assemblies, balls, con
certs, conversations, &c. with a neat
and flowing pencil, but his colouring
is rather cold and grey ; he was re
markable for introducing a variety of
figures into his pictures, habited in

BLA
the costumes of the different nations.
In the Hall of the Society of Archers
at Antwerp, is a picture of William
Tell shooting the apple from his son's
head, which is considered one of his
best pictures.
Bisi (Fra Bonaventura), born at
Bologna, 1631, was a disciple of Lucio
Massari, but was celebrated for his
copying inasmall size many of Guido' s,
Titian's, and Correggio's works,
several of which are in the cabinet of
the Duke of Modena : died 1662.
Bissolo (Pierre Francois), bom at
Venice, flourished about 1520: he stu
died under Bellini, but some of his
works at Murani and Trevigi, resemble
those of the elder Palma.
Bissoni (Giovanni Battista), born
at Padua, 1576 : studied under Apol-
lodoro, called II Porca, (an eminent
portrait painter,) and painted history
and portraits ; he afterwards visited
Rome, and on his return to Padua,
was much employed in the churches
and monastic institutions : died 1636.
Bistoia (Luke Anthony), bora in
Bologna in 1672 : practised for some
time with Bartolomeo Castellani, a
painter of perspective, he then studied
the rules and works of James Anthony
Manini and of Mark Anthony Chia-
rini. He served as painter in the
churches of Crema and Placentia, the
Virtuoso Mark Anthony Franches-
chini in Bologna, and painted figures
in various other places ; his talent
was for painting large works, as giv
ing him room to display more largely
his ideas.
Bizzelli (Giovanni), born at Flo
rence, 1566. Scholar of Bronzino,
painted history and portraits ; also
some pictures for the churches and
public edifices at Rome, but never
rose above mediocrity, he was much
employedbyprivatepersons on subjects
from sacred or fabulous history, and
in portrait painting: died 1612.
Blaauw (Peter Aartse),wasbom at
Hoorn in 1 744, and whilst he was em-

BLA

ployed upon an Admiralty vessel, de
signed some sea views and ships, and
by dint of labour, succeeded in paint
ing some pictures of merit in oil. He
died at Medenblik in 1808.
Blaceo (Bernardino), born at
Udine in the Frioul, flourished about
1550 : he painted history for the
churches and convents, in fresco and
in oil, one of the principal of which
is a Madonna, for that of St. Luke,
at Udino.
Black ( M. ), lived, 1768, in
Bolton Street, Piccadilly • painted
portraits and draperies, and had a
daughter who occasionally exhibited
at the Royal Academy.
Blanchard (James), born in
France, 1600, died 1638: visited
Italy, and being struck by the
beautiful colouring of the Venetian
masters, he adopted that style. He
has two pictures in the church of
Notre Dame at Paris, one of which
is the Descent of the Holy Ghost ;
also thirteen large subjects from Ovid,
in the Gallery of the Hotel de Boul-
lion ; he was called by the French
artists the Modern Titian.
Blain (Jean Baptiste), born at
Caen, in Normandy, 1654. Studied
the rudiments of painting under his
father, and afterwards visited Paris,
and became a scholar of Monnoyer,
in whose style he painted flowers and
fruit, delicately penciled and highly
finished ; his insects are extremely
natural, and sweetly coloured: died
1715. Blake (William), born in London,
1757. This artist possessed a singular
taste and flight of imagination, and
produced some strange and wonderful
pictures, the first of which he called
the Songs of Innocence, next followed,
" The Gates of Paradise," and after
wards Illustrations for " Young's
Night Thoughts," and Designs for
Blair's Grave, " Jerusalem," and In
ventions for the Book of Job. His
works are small size, on paper, and

BLE
coloured with a skill and brilliancy of
effect almost equal to oil paintings,
the secret of which died with him in
1828. There was also a Blake about
his time who painted dead game and
still life ; small size, and well finished,
but of whom we have no account.
Blanciiet (Thomas), born at Paris,
1617, died 1689: went to Rome,
studied under A. Sacchi, where he
became acquainted with N. Poussin,
and profited greatly by their instruc
tions ; he painted several subjects for
the church of Notre Dame, and the
Town House at Lyons.
Blanckof (John Teunisz), born at
Alkmar, 1628, died 1670. Studied
first under Tierling, and afterwards
under Cesare Everdingen ; he painted
sea views on the coast of Italy,
storms, &c. combining the truth and
nature of the Dutch School with the
grand scenery of the Mediterranean ;
his waves are very natural.
Blanseri (Vittorio), born 1735,
died 1775 : was educated in the
school of Beaumont, and considered
one of his best scholars ; his principal
works are in the Church of St. Pela-
gio, in the city of Turin, and also in
the palaces ; he usually painted large.
Bleeck (Peter Van), came to
England in 1 723, and was considered
a good portrait painter ; he painted
the portraits of two celebrated come
dians of that time : died 1764.
Blekers (N.), a Dutchman, born
at Haerlem, 1635, painted history,
and was patronized by the Prince of
Orange ; amongst his best pictures
are the Triumph of Venus, and
Danae in the golden shower, which are
delicately designed and weh^gxecuted.
Bless or Bles (Henry de), born
near Dinant, 1480, died 1550. An
old Flemish painter of landscapes and
figures, generally Scriptural subjects,
in the style of J. Patenier, with nu
merous figures well drawn and neatly
finished, but in the stiff dry manner
of the time. He fixed an owl in every

BLE 42
picture he painted, by which the
works of this master are always to be
known. Blessendorf (Samuel), born 1670,
a Prussian enamel painter, of whose
works we have no account.
Blessendorf (Frederick), brother
of Samuel, born 1675, at Berlin,
painted miniatures, but we have no
account of his style.
Blick (Daniel de), was a good
painter of views of interiors and of
exteriors of churches and temples.
He lived about 1656.
Blick (H.), painted an interior of
a church in Holland very like Berk
heyden. Blinkvliet (M.),his manner bears
so great conformity to that of N.
Berghem, that their works are often
confounded. It is not known when
he was born, nor the date of his
death. Block (Jacob Roger), bornatGouda,
went to Rome when young, and exe
cuted some designs from the remains of
antiquity in the environs of that city,
he also excelled in military architec
ture. Rubens considered him superior,
as a portrait painter, to any in the
Netherlands. Block (Daniel), bom at Pome-
rania, 1580, was a scholar of Scherer,
a portrait painter, whom he excelled,
and was much employed in the courts
of Denmark and Sweden. Christian
IV. King of Denmark, and Gustavus
Adolphus, King of Sweden sat to
him ; he also painted the Prince of
Mecklenberg, and his whole family,
full length, as large as life, and in the
antique habit ; his attitudes were
easy ancP'hatural, and his colouring
agreeable: died 1661.
Block (Benjamin, son of Daniel),
born at Lubeck, 1631 ; was instructed
by his father ; painted history and
portraits, in which latter branch he
was much employed in Rome, Naples,
and Venice, and at the court of

BLO
Saxony ; he painted the portrait of
the Elector of Saxony and his family,
also numerous altar pieces for the
churches and convents in Hungary ;
his most capital performance is the
portrait of Kircher the Jesuit, at
Rome, which is greatly admired.
Blocklandt (Anthony de Mont-
fort), a Dutchman, born 1532 ; died
1 583 . Studied under Abraham Bloe
mart andFrancis Floris, and was much
employed for the churches in Hol
land ; he always followed the manner
of Francis Floris, and the profiles of
his female figures approached near
to the taste of Parmegiano, several
of his works, particularly a Venus,
and the History of Joseph and his
Brethren, are in so good a taste as to
bear the stamp of the Florentine
school upon them.
Bloemaert (Abraham), bom at
Gorcum, 1567; died 1647. Studied
first under De Beer, and then under
Francis Floris, whose works he copied,
but formed a style of his own, making
nature his model, particularly in
landscape, in which he excelled ; he
gained great reputation by an histo
rical picture, representing the Death
of Niobe and her Children, the figures
as large as life, which was purchased
by the Emperor Rodolph; his co
louring is mellow, but his style and
taste partake too much of the Flemish
school. Bloemaert (Henry, son of Abra
ham), was instructed by his father,
but never rose above mediocrity ; his
compositions are heavy, colouring not
agreeable, and manner of penciling
stiff and contracted.
Bloemaert (Adrian, second son of
Abraham), also studied under his
father, then visited Rome, and on his
return settled at Saltzoourg, and
painted many historical pictures for
the convent of the Benedictines, which
are greatly admired.
Bloemen (John Francis van) called
Orizonti, born at Antwerp, 1656, died

BLO 43
1740 : painted landscapes, and appears
to have imitated the fine style of Gas-
par Poussin ; the name of Orizonti
was given to him on account of the
beauty and delicacy of the distances
in his landscapes ; the palaces of the
Pope and nobility at Rome abound
with his works, both in fresco and in
oil. Bloemen (Peter van), called Stan
dard, born at Antwerp, brother of
Francis, painted battles, encampments,
attacks of cavalry, markets, horse-
fairs, festivals, and marches of cara
vans, richly composed and decorated
with ruins of architecture, statues, and
numerous figures elegantly habited,
and frequently in the oriental cos
tumes. Bloemen (Norbert van), younger
brother of John Francis, born at
Antwerp, 1672: he studied in Italy,
but devoted himself chiefly to conver
sations and portraits, his figures were
well designed, but his colouring was
somewhat rare and glaring.
Blondeel (Lansloot), born at
Bruges, in Flanders, 1500 : painted
architectural subjects, ruins, and towns
on fire with considerable success, died
1559. Bloot (Peter), painted domestic
subjects, boors dancing, drinking, &c.
somewhat in the style of Molenaer,
but in a low, vulgar manner, seldom
omitting to introduce a child, or an
animal in an unseemly posture, which
even their delicate penciling, and mel
low colouring, could not compensate
for, and his characters are generally
outrageously grotesque : died 1667.
Blond or Blon (James Christian
le), born at Frankfort, 1 670 : scholar
of Carlo Maratti, on leaving whom he
went to Paris, and was employed in
painting portraits in miniature in
water colours, and in oil, for bracelets,
rings, snuff boxes, &c. which were
greatly admired, afterwards came to
England, and died in Paris, 1741 ; he
invented a method of colouring prints

BOC
so as to give them the appearance of
oil paintings, and imitated some of
the best pictures of the old masters
so as to deceive the novice, except
upon a very close inspection.
Blyhooft (I.), a skilful painter,
lived at Hogerzaal, near Midclleburg,
it is believed between 1627 and 1700,
as he was the master of H. Cats.
Two of his paintings are in the cata
logues of Hoet and Terwesten, one
of them, in regard to merit, is com
pared to those of Netscher. In 181 1,
a painting by him of a Polish gentle
man, surrounded with numerous war
like instruments, was sold at Amster
dam for 519 florins.
Boccacenagra (Don Pedro Ata-
nasio), a Spaniard, bora at Grenada,
1638 : was a scholar of Cano, but im
proved himself by studying the works
of de Moya and Vandyck ; he painted
history, and his most esteemed works
are in the colleges and cloisters at
Grenada ; he also painted a portrait
of Charles II. of Spain, and a figure
of Christ at Grenada, which might be
taken for the perfection of Vandyck :
died 1688.
Boccaci (Camillo), called il Boc-
calini, born at Cremona, 1511 ; after
studying under his father, visited
Rome, where he greatly improved
himself, and was soon employed in
several works for the churches and
convents ; his best production is St.
John and the other Evangelists, which
is painted much in the style of Cor
reggio : died 1546.
Boccacino (Boccacio), born at
Cremona, 1460, died 1518, is said to
have been a scholar of Perugino, and
the instructor of Garofalo, although
unequal to his master in composition,
less beautiful in the airs of his heads,
and less vigorous in his lights and
shades, he was richer in drapery, more-
varied in colour, more spirited in atti
tude, and no less harmonious and
pleasing in his architecture and land
scape ; many of his works adorn the
churches in Cremona.

BOC 44
Boccacino (Camillo), son of Boc-
cacio, born at Cremona, 1511, died
1540: studied under his father, and
so nearly approached the style of
Correggio, as to astonish every one,
having never been in that painter's
school; his principal works are at
Cremona, amongst wliich the Four
Evangelists are much admired.
Boccacino (Francesco), born at
Cremona, 1 680 : studied first under
Brandi,afterwardsunderCarlo Maratti,
and sometimes imitated the style of
Albano ; he was fond of mythological
subjects, and his easel pictures are
much esteemed : died 1750.
Boccacini (Faustino), bom at
Brescia, 1659, died 1742 : a scholar
of Everardi, called Fiaminghino, chiefly
excelled in battle pieces, skirmishes
of cavalry, &c. his figures are on a
small scale, and his landscapes are
very pleasing.
B o c c ard in o, a Florentine miniature
painter, and scholar of Gerardo, illu
minated the greater part of the books
that are in the abbey of Florence, he
lived till the year 1480. Vasari,
parte 2, p. 360.
Bocciardi (Clemente), called Cle-
mentone, bom at Genoa, 1620, died
1658: scholar of Strozzi, visited Rome
and Florence ; his principal works are
at Pisa, he is more correct in design,
but inferior in colouring to Strozzi,
his portrait is in the Gallery at Flo
rence. Bocciardi (Dominico), born at
Genoa about 1686: a disciple and
follower of the style of Morandi,
painted history ; he was a correct de
signer, and an agreeable colourist : died
1735. Bockhorst (John van), called
Langen Jan, born at Munster, Ger
many, 1640: was a scholar of Jordaens,
but is most like Vandyck, whom he
seems to have taken for his model,
although in colouring he sometimes
resembles Rubens, and his portraits
are little inferior to those of Vandyck,
an altar-piece of his at Ghent repre-

BOE

senting the Martyrdom of St. James,
and a picture by him of the Annuncia
tion are very fine performances.
Bockhorst (John van), born in
Holland in 1661: came to London
and studied under Kneller, and on
his return to his own country, painted
history, battles, and portraits, in the
two latter of which he excelled : he
died in 1724.
Bockman (G.), resided in England
about 1745 : there is a print of St.
Dunstan, dated 1743, which has the
words ' Pinx et Sculp,' so that he
appears to have been a painter as well
as an engraver, but we have no account
of his works.
Bodecker (John Francis), born at
Cleves, 1660, died 1 727 : was a scholar
of John de Baan, and met with great
encouragement at the Hague as a
portrait painter, he painted in the
manner of his instructor.
Bodewyns — See Bout and Bode-
wyns. Bodesson (Monsieur), painted
flowers and fruit with such freedom
and facility of manner, and such good
composition, that his works are to be
found in many palaces in Paris.
Boece — See Boetius.
Boehm — See Beham.
Boekel (Van), a pupil of Francis
Sneyders, painted animals alive and
dead, and some of his works are iu
the royal cabinet in Paris. He died
in 1673.
Boetto (Giovenal), a Piedmontese,
flourished at Duval from 1 642 to 1 682,
he distinguished himself as a fresco
painter, and was principally employed
in embellishing the palaces, and other
public edifices at Turin with allegorical
subjects. Boel (Peter), born at Antwerp,
1626, died 1680 : was a scholar of
Sneyders, and an excellent painter of
animals, birds, flowers, and fruit, he
visited Italy, where his works were
greatly admired, four of his best pic-

BOG 45
tures representing the four Elements,
are at Antwerp, he generally copied
from nature, and finished with great
spirit, and with a fine tone of colouring.
Bogaart (Henry), was born in
Amsterdam, that is all Houbraken
says of this artist ; and we have not
been able to discover any particulars
of his life.
Bogdane (James), born at Hun
gary ; painted from nature, fowls,
fish, fruit, and flowers, was employed
by Queen Anne, and some of his
pictures are to be found in the royal
collection, he designed from nature,
but frequently painted his birds much
too large for life, knowing that they
were intended for elevated situations :
died about 1720.
Bogle (John), a miniature painter,
resided in Glasgow about the middle
of the last century. Some of his
works are beautifully finished, parti
cularly one of Lady Eglintoun.
Bois (Ambrose du), bora in Ant
werp, in 1543. Visited Paris in his
25th year, and was esteemed as an ex
cellent painter. Henry IV. employed
him upon the works at Fontainbleau,
not only with his pencil, but also in
making designs for other painters.
He left Paul his nephew and other
good scholars in design, when he died
at the age of 72. Baldinucci, par. 2.
p. 272.
Boissieux (John James), born at
Lyons, in France, 1 725 : painted some
pictures, similar subjects to Ostade,
also some portraits.
Boit (Charles), a native of Stock
holm, was an eminent pain teronenamel.
In the reign of Queen Anne he resided
in England, having visited this country
to follow his profession of a jeweller,
but changed his pursuit for that of
enamel painting. ¦ He afterwards went
to France, and was much admired
there, they having seen no other ena
mel painter since Petitot : he died in
Paris, in 1726.
Bokberger (John), was taught by

BOL
his father, a painter of Saltzburgh ; he
excelled in hunting pieces, battles, and
other works : he flourished about 1560.
Sandrart, p. 251.
Bokshoorn (Joseph), born at the
Hague, went to London in 1670,
where he died at the age of 35. The
greatest part of his time was employed
in copying the portraits of Peter Lely
and Anthony Vandyke.
Bol (Hans John), a Fleming, born
at Mechlin, 1534. Copied some pic
tures by the most eminent masters,
but is chiefly known as a painter of
landscapes, and views in the vicinity
of Amsterdam: died 1593.
Bol (Cornelius), a native of Hol
land, flourished about 1660. He
visited England before the Fire of
London, and painted views of that
dreadful conflagration : he also painted
views of Sutton Place, Somerset House,
and the Tower.
Bol (Ferdinand), born at Dort,
1611, died 1681. Studied under
Rembrandt, and always adhered to his
manner ; he painted history and por
traits, and some of the latter may be
mistaken for the work of Rembrandt.
In the council chamber at Dort are
two famous pictures by him, one re
presenting the appointment of the
Seventy Elders in the Camp of the
Israelites, and the other Moses break
ing the Tables of Stone ; also an his
torical picture of Fabricius in the
Camp of Pyrrhus, in the chamber of
the Burgomasters, which is greatly
admired. Bolanger, born 1606. Studied
under Guido, whose style and compo
sition he imitated closely; his subjects
were from sacred and profane history,
and he was much employed by the
Duke of Modena : died 1660.
Boleris, was famous for painting
Bacchanalian and night pieces, and for
animals of all sorts, after the manner
of Bassano. Baldinucci, p. 2. s, 4.
p. 274.
Bologhino (Bartholomew), was a
scholar of Peter Laurati, a worthy dis-

BOL

46

ciple of Giotto ; he flourished about
1433. Vasari, par. 1. p. 63.
Bologna (Frank da), a celebrated
illuminator, was invited to Rome by
Pope Benedict IX., to paint in the
Vatican ; he was superior to Giotto
and Olderigo, whose merit has been
celebrated by Dante, and was head of
that school in Bologna, from whence
came Vitali, Simone, the Jacopi, and
other masters. He flourished about
1303. Masini, p. 641.
Bologna (Lattanzio de), born at
Bologna, was a scholar of the Caracci,
he visited Rome, and decorated many
of the saloons and palaces there with
historical subjects ; one of his best
pictures represents the Scourging of
Christ : he died young, about 1597.
Bolognese — See Grimaldi.
BoLOGNiNi(GiovanniBattista),born
1611; was one of the best scholars of
Guido Reni ; he painted history, and
several of his works are in the churches
at Bologna: died 1638.
Bolognini (Giacomo), born at Bo
logna, 1 664, was a nephew of Giovanni,
by whomhe was instructed, and became
a reputable painter of history, some
of his works are in the churches at
Bologna: died about 1710.
Bolognini (Carlo), bomat Bologna,
1678, was a scholar of Aldrovandini,
and afterwards of Giulio Trogli : he
painted architectural views and per
spective, and excelled in fresco, and
was much employed at Vienna : died
about 1738.
Bolosmey (Benjamin), a native of
Switzerland, bora in 1766. After
having studied in Paris underBoucher,
went to live at the Hague ; at first he
painted portraits in crayons, but he
afterwards entirely abandoned that
line, and painted in oil. He was em
ployed in painting portraits and some
other pictures for the court, and was
made dean and co-director of the
Academy of painting at the Hague.
He formed several good painters, J. G.
Tessier was one of his pupils.

BON
Boltraffio (Giovanni Antonio),
born at Milan. Studied under L. da
Vinci, was a reputable artistand painted
several pictures in fresco for the
churches and convents at Bologna, one
of which is dated 1506.
Bom (Peter), born at Antwerp, 1530,
died 1572; usually painted landscapes
in fresco.
Bombelli (Sebastian), bom at
Udina, 1635, died 1685; was a scholar
of Guercino, he painted history, and co
pied the works of Tintoretto and Paolo
Veronese, but subsequently devoted
himself entirely to portraits. Most
of his works have perished from his
injudicious mode of varnishing them.
Bona (Thomas), an honoured
painter of Brescia, lived at the time
the subterranean church of St. Faus-
tino was demolished, and the new one
built, which he painted, and thereby
obtained great fame. Cozzando, p.
127. Bonasone or Bonasoni (Giulio),
bora at Bologna, 1498. Studied under
Sabattini, and painted historical pic
tures for the churches ; one of wliich
representing Purgatory, is said to pos
sess great merit, but he is supposed to
have been assisted in it by Sabattini :
died about 1570.
Bonati (Giovanni), born at Ferrari,
1635. Studied under Guercino, and
at Rome under Francisco Mola, and
was employed in several historical
works for the public edifices : died
1681. Bonconsiglio — See Buoncon-
SIGLIO. Boncuore (GiovanniBattista),born
at Abruzzo in 1645, studied at Rome
under Francisco Albano; he painted
history with considerable reputation,
and his pictures are distinguished
by great force and -vigour of effect,
though sometimes heavy in the execu
tion . One of his most esteemed works
is an altar-piece in the Chirsi degli
Organelli at Rome: died 1699.
Bone (Henry), born at Truro, iu

BON

Cornwall, 1755. This most celebrated
of English enamelists commenced his
career as a painter of china and por
celain table services, which he after
wards rendered permanent by the aid
of fire. He next painted devices for
lockets and other ornaments for the
toilet, and also miniatures in water
colours. His first work in enamel was
a copy of Reynolds' " Sleeping Girl,"
and shortly afterwards he produced his
enamel portrait of the Earl of Eglin-
toun, which was purchased by the
Prince of Wales. He pamted many
subjects from fabulous history, but his
principal works are his series of illus
trious characters in the days of Eliza
beth and James, including Sidney,
Spenser, Shakspeare, Raleigh, Beau
mont, Fletcher, Ben Jonson, and
others; whichafter hisdecease inl834,
were disposed of by auction, for about
one-fifth of their presumed value.
Boncour (Anna Charlotte Didier
de), born at the Hague in 1748; was
a pupil of Thierry Knippers : she
painted some good portraits, and co
pied among others two paintings after
Dietricy, which exhibit great merit.
After marriage she gave up painting,
and died at Leuwarde in 1802.
Bond (Daniel), supposed to have
been bom in London, gained two
prizes in the Royal Academy, for the
firstand second best landscape inl804.
Bondi (Andrew and Francis), bro
thers, were scholars of the celebrated
Carlo Cignani, as stated in the life
of Cignani. They flourished about
1680. Bondt (John de), a painter of
Utrecht, gave in 1641, to the hospital
of St. Hiob, in that city, a painting
representing Job visited by his friends.
Bonelli (Aurelius), was a scholar
of Caracci, and a most perfect painter;
he flourished about 1580. Malvasia,
par. 3, p. 417.
Bonesi (Giovanni Girolamo), bom at
Bologna, about 1656, was a scholar of
Giovanni Viani; he pamted several pic
tures for the churches and public edi-

47 BON
flees atBolognn, in which he appears to
have used the style of Carlo Cignani.
Amongst others, St. Francis of Sales,
kneeling before the Virgin (in the
church of St. Marino), St. Tommaso
di Villanuova giving Alms to the Poor
(in St. Bragio), and the Virgin and In
fant Christ, with Mary Magdalen and
St. Ugo, at the Certosa : died 1725.
Bonfanti (Antonio), called II Tor-
ricella, born at Ferrara, and several of
his works are in the churches and
convents there. He painted chiefly in
fresco, and one of his compositions, a
Holy Family, is much admired.
Bonfiglio (Benedetto), bom at Pe
rugia, flourished about 1 506 : hepainted
history, and some of his works are in
the church of St. Dominica at Perugia.
At the time in which he lived he was
only excelled by Perugino.
Boni (Giacomo), bom at Bologna1
1688, died 1766, was a scholar of
Franceschini, whoassistedhim in many
of his works, he practised at Rome,
and is said also to have studied under
Cignani, whose style is discernible in
many of his pictures. He particularly
excelled in fresco, and a painting of
Jupiter, in the Palazza Pallavicino, is
greatly extolled.
Bonifacio (Veneziano), called Ve-
netiano,bornat Venice, 149 l,diedl 533;
he studied under Palma and Titian,
and partakes of the style of both those
masters, but in colouring most nearly
resembles the latter : many of his
works are in the palaces and churches
at Venice, amongst which his picture of
the Expulsion of the Publicans from
the Temple, in the Ducal Palace, is
perhaps the best, and equal to the
productions of Titian or Palma.
Bonifacio (Francisco), born 1637,
at Viterbo, was a scholar of Pietro da
Cortona, and a reputable painter of
history in the style of that master ; he
painted several pictures for the public
buildings in his native city: died about
1700. Bonington (Richard Parkes), born
in Nottinghamshire, in 1801, was a

BON

48

BOO

self-taught landscape painter, who
made nature his guide, studying in
the fields, at all times and seasons,
sketching the most picturesque scenery,
and the most interesting objects, which
met his view. He afterwards visited
France, and entered the Academy, but
still pursued his studies in the fields,
and on the banks of rivers, canals, &c.
His favourite subject was fishermen,
drawing their nets, and he was particu
larly fond of paintingfish,justlanded, on
the sandy beach or green banks. He
afterwards visited Venice, and painted
a view of that city, now in the British
Gallery, much in the style of Canaletti,
and transparently coloured: died 1828.
Bonini (Girolamo), born at An-
cona, flourished about 1660, was a
scholar of Albano, whom he assisted
in many of his works, particularly in
the palaces at Bologna.
Bonisoli (Agostino), born at Cre
mona, 1633, died 1700; was a scholar
of Tortirelli, and afterwards studied
the works of Paolo Veronese ; he was
more employed in easel pictures of
sacred subjects than in larger compo
sitions, and in style partakes of the
Venetian school.
Bonito (Guiseppe), born at Cas-
tell a Mare, in the kingdom of Naples,
in 1 705 ; was a scholar of Francesco
Solimene, and one of the most success
ful followers of his style, and was also
much employed as a portrait painter :
he was appointed painter to the Court
at Naples, where he died in 1789.
Bono (Ambrose), studied painting
under John Charles Loth, or Loti, in
Venice, and followed the manner of
his master, from which style he never
departed ; he painted in the School of
Mercy in Venice, and other places in
that city, and nourished about the
year 1690.
Bonone (Carlo), born at Ferrara,
1569; was instructed by G. Maz-
zuoli, called II Bastaruolo, and was con
temporary with Scarcellino, but being
unequal to him in the tenderness of
his tints, or the beauty of his expres

sion, he attempted to rival him in the
boldness of his design and vigour of
his colouring. At Bologna, he
copied some of the principal works of
the Caracci : at Venice, the splendid
style of P. Veronese excited his admi
ration; andatParma, Correggio's works
were not less attractive. In his small
pictures he approaches the style of the
Caracci, but in his larger works he
most resembles Paul Veronese. Many
of his productions are in the churches
and other public edifices at Ferrara :
died 1632.
Bonone (Lionello), nephew of
Carlo, born 1659. Studied under
his uncle, but never rose above me
diocrity. Bonzi (Pietro Paolo), called II
Gobbo, born at Cortona, 1580, died
1640. Studied under the Caracci, and is
called by Baglioni, il Gobbo di Cortona,
by others, il Gobbo de Caracci, and
by many il Gobbo di frutti, from his
excellence in painting fruit, both in
oil and fresco, which he generally dis
posed in festoons in the latter, and in
baskets or dishes in the former, and
chiefly of easel size ; but in history
and landscape he did not rise above
mediocrity. Boon (Daniel), bom at Holland ;
came to England in the reign of
Charles II. , painted drunken scenes
and revellings, copied from nature,
the objects selected being the lowest
and meanest, and presenting to view
nothing but ugliness, grimace, and
deformity ; he painted both large and
small pictures, and some of his cha
racters exhibit a great deal of droll
humour and low pleasantry : died
1698. Bonys (Andrew), born at Provence,
1702, died 1740: painted portraits
with some success.
Boonen (Arnold), bom at Dort,
1669, died 1729: was a pupil of
Godfrey Schalcken, in whose style he
painted a few pictures, which were
well handled, sweetly coloured, and
touched with great neatness ; also

BOO 49
some large pictures for the halls at
Amsterdam, and excelled as a portrait
painter ; pamted the portraits of the
Czar of Muscovy, of Frederick I.
King of Prussia, of the victorious
Duke of Marlborough, and many of
the nobility and princes of Germany.
Bo'onen (Gaspard), son of Arnold,
painted portraits with some reputa
tion, but very inferior to his father.
Boonen (Gaspard), brother and
scholar of Arnold Boonen, whose style
he imitated with great success, parti
cularly in his portraits and candle
light subjects : died 1729.
Bonvicono (Alessandro), called II
Moretto, born at Brescia, 1514 ; stu
died in the school of Titian, whose
style he approached in freshness of
colouring, and gave to his figures a
graceful turn of the heads and an ex
pression of devotion and fervent piety :
in the churches at Milan and Brescia
are some of his fresco works ; he ex
celled in portraits, and by many
is placed in competition even with
Titian. Bor (Paul), a painter of Utrecht ;
gave, in 1631, to the hospital of St.
Hiob in that city, a painting repre
senting a woman overwhelmed in a
fit of extatic devotion.
Borboni (Matthew, a Bolognese),
scholar of Gabriel Ferrantini and of
the Fellini, became a very clever
fresco painter and figurist : he went
to Avignon and other cities of France,
in the service of different princes, and
flourished in 1644. Masini, p. 633.
Borcht (Henry Vander), born at
Brussels, 1580, died 1660. Studied
under Giles van Valkenbergh, and
painted fruit and flowers, which were
much esteemed ; came to England, and
was employed by Charles II.
Borcht (Peter Vander, the Elder),
bora at Brussels, painted landscapes,
but with no great merit : lived about
1540. Bordier — See Petitot the Old.
Bordone (Paris), born at Trevigi,

BOR

1513. Studied a short time under
Titian, but imitated the style of
Giorgione : he painted the history of
Noah and his Sons in a manner not
inferior to Titian, and several other
pictures for the churches there ; also
the portraits of Francis I. of France,
and those of many other persons of
distinction, in which branch he was
eminently successful ; his colouring is
extremely natural : died 1588.
Borgani (Francesco), a native
of Mantua, flourished about the
17th century, was a scholar of Do-
minico Feti, but did not follow his
style, but imitated with some success
the graceful manner of Parmegiano.
There are several of his works iu the
churches of St. Pietro, St. Simone, and
St. Croce, at Mantua, which prove
him to have been an artist of no mean
ability. Borekins — See Borrekins.
Borghese (Giovanni Ventosa),
born at Citta da Castello. Studied
under Pietro da Cortona, assisted him
in his works at Rome, and after his
decease finished several that wore left
imperfect of his works ; the two best
are an Annunciation and the Corona
tion of the Virgin.
Borghese (Ippolito), born at Na
ples, flourished about 1620, was a
scholar of Francesco Curia, painted
history with some reputation : his best
work is in the church of San Lorenzo
at Perugia, representing the Assump
tion of the Virgin.
Borgiani (Orazio), born at Rome,
1 580. Studied and copied the works
of the great masters in his native city ;
also painted several portraits for the
churches in Spain, and was greatly
distinguished as a portrait painter :
died 1630.
Borgognone — See Cortese.
Borroni (Cavaliere Giovanni An
gelo), born at Cremona, 1684, was a
scholar of Massarotti, and afterwards
of Roberto le longe : he decorated the
palace of the Crivelli family, and
E

BOR

50

painted several portraits for the
churches at Cremona and Milan, one
of which, St. Benedict interceding
for the City, is considered his best :
died 1772.
Borgognone (Ambrogio), a Milan
ese, flourished about 1500, was a
disciple of Vincenzio Zoppa, and was
one of the earliest of his countrymen
who attempted to correct the dry and
Gothic style which had hitherto pre
vailed : one of his chief works, the
Martyrdom of St. Sicinio and his
companions, is in the church of St.
Simpliciano at Milan.
Borgonzoni (Lawrence), a Bolog
nese, was equally distinguished in
portraits and in history : the painting
placed in public view in the church
of the Servitors in Bologna is by his
hand. Bornwater (James), was a Dutch
painter : it is not known at what
period he lived, but there was at
Dordrecht, in the building Hool-
kaaksdoelen, a few years ago, a
painting by him, full of merit.
Borrekens (John Peter Francis),
born at Antwerp, in 1747, painted
landscapes and historical subjects :
the figures of several of his pictures
were inserted by the celebrated Ome-
ganck and other masters. He died at
Antwerp in 1827.
Borsteegh (Cornelius), born in
Ameide, 1 773, was a good painter of
landscapes, and a good designer ; he
generally painted winter scenes : in
1819 he was named professor of de
sign at Gouda, and died in 1834.
Borum (Adam van), a Dutchman,
painter of landscapes with animals
in the manner of Vander Neer or
Paul Potter, which he painted with
a fine free touch, and a natural tone
of colouring : he flourished about
1666. Borzone (Luciano), born at Genoa,
1590, died 1645, was a scholar of
Bertolotti, and painted history and

BOS
portraits, at first without much merit,
but he afterwards improved, became
graceful in his attitudes, and strong
and natural in his colouring.
Borzone (Carlo), son of Luciano,
painted portraits in the manner of his
lather, with extraordinary reputation :
died 1657.
Borzone (John Baptist), another
son of Luciano, painted history in the
same style of colouring and design,
with figures as large as life ; also per
spective views of palaces, gardens,
and public edifices, with great success :
died 1654.
Borzone (Francisco Maria), young
est son of Luciano, bora at Genoa,
1625. Studied under his father, but
abandoned historical painting for
landscape, in which he united the
styles of Claude Lorraine and Gaspar
Poussin with wonderful success, and
generally introduced views of the sea
and shipwrecks : his composition is
good, colouring tender and natural,
trees delicately touched, and his pic
tures have a grand effect : died 1679-
Bos or Bosche (Jerome), born
at Bois le Due, in 1470, died 1530 ;
painted spectres, devils, incantations,
&c, and some of a more serious cast :
in the church of Bois le Due are two
pictures by him, representing the
Flight into Egypt, and Christ bearing
his Cross. One of his pictures repre
sents the Saviour delivering the Pa
triarchs from Hell, in which Judas,
in attempting to escape with them, is
seized by the devils, who are going to
hang him up in the air : he generally
painted on a white ground, and laid
his colours on so lightly, as to give
them an appearance of transparency.
Bos or Bosche (Louis-Jansen, or
John), born at Bois le Due, 1450,
died 1507 ; painted flowers in crystal
vases, half filled with water, with
dew-drops on the leaves, the insects,
butterflies, bees, wasps, &c. on the
plants drawn with surprising fidelity,
and superior to that of any of his
contemporaries : he also painted small

BOS 51
portraits with very great success and
equal merit.
Bos or Bosche (Gaspar Vanden),
bom at Hoom, 1634, died 1666, a
Dutch painter of sea pieces : his
storms and calms possess considerable
merit ; he had a light, free touch, and
a pleasing tint of colouring.
Bosch (Jacob Vanden), born at
Amsterdam, 1636, excelled in paint
ing fruit of various kinds ; his peaches,
peas, apples, plums, cherries, &c.
have so much truth about them, and
are so delicately coloured, they almost
appear to be real : died 1676/
Bosch (Balthasar Vanden), born at
Antwerp, 1675, died 1715, excelled
in painting interiors of saloons and
galleries, with statues and pictures in
the manner of Teniers, a painter's
room, or a sculptor's laboratory ; also
small portraits : he painted a portrait
of the Duke of Marlborough on horse
back, Peter van Bloemen inserting the
horse. Boschaert (Nicholas), born at
Antwerp, 1696, died about 1746, was
a scholar of Crepe, a flower painter
of some reputation, whom he soon sur
passed : his pictures are delicately
coloured, and disposed with great
taste ; he frequently inserted fruit
and flowers into the pictures of other
artists. Boschi (Francesco), born at Flo
rence, 1619, was a scholar of Matteo
Roselli : he finished some of the
works left imperfect at the decease of
his master, and painted several sub
jects of his own composition for the
churches at Florence ; but his chief
merit lay in portrait painting, in
which he displayed vast ability : died
1675. Boschi (Fabrizzio), born at Flo
rence about 1570, died 1642. Stu
died under Passignani, and executed
several works in fresco for the convent
of St. Lucia, and the churches in
Florence, of which the Death of St.
Peter and St. Paul, and the Assump-

BOS
tion of the Virgin, are considered the
best. Boschini (Marco), born at Venice,
1613, and was educated in the school
of Palma, whom he sometimes imi
tated, but occasionally attempted the
bolder style of Tintoretto : one of his
most esteemed works, representing
the Last Supper, forms the altar-piece
in the sacristy of St. Girolamo at
Venice ; he published a treatise on
the Art of Painting : died about 1600.
Bosco (Girolamo), a good, but a
whimsical painter, seeing he could not
be superior to Raphael and the other
great masters, whose works were in
the Escurial in Spain, invented a new
style which his own fancy made : hence
we see his St. Anthony surrounded by
diabolical temptations in monsters,
animals, chimeras, dragons, frightful
birds, that cause both horror and
surprise : in another painting he re
presents Jesus Christ surrounded by
fourteen circles of light and glory ;
seven of them express the seven
capital sins, the others the sacra
ments : in another grand picture he
painted various figures representing
carnal pleasures, on a hay cart, drawn
by seven different animals, to repre
sent the seven sins, preceded by the
demon disguised as Fame with the
trumpet, and a number of monsters
surrounding the car, with hiero-
glyphiques expressive of other sins,
followed by Death with his scyfhe,
and under his legs the passage in
Isaiah, "Omnis taro fcenum." In
others he painted the infirm, purga
tory, horrid wildernesses, martyrs
mangled by lions, and passengers
assassinated ; with these and similar
extravagancies, he passed in Spain
and Germany for a man of singular
virtue. Mazzolari, p. 242. He is
called by Baglioni Bos di Boiduch,
(perhaps Bois-le-duc.)
Boscoli (Andrea), born at Flo
rence, about 1550. Studied under
Santo da Titi, painted history with
some reputation, and portraits with
considerable success : his best work
e 2

BOS 52
is in the church of the Terressini at
Rimini: died 1606.
Boselli (Antonio), born at Berga
mo, flourished about 1 500, and exe
cuted some pictures for the churches
in his native city.
Boselli (Felice), born at Piacenza in
1650, a disciple of Gioseffo Nuvelone,
attempted historical painting, but not
being very successful, changed his
style, and became a reputable painter
of animals, birds, and fish : his pic
tures of that kind are much esteemed,
and are to be found in the best col
lections in that city.
Bosman (Bernard), born near
Dordrecht in 1742, was a pupil of
Wouter Utterlimmige, his brother-in-
law : he painted portraits in minia
ture ; his talents were very recherche.
He died in Bois-le-duc in 1807.
Bossam (John), who lived in the
reign of Edward VI., painted chiefly
in black and white, and in distemper.
Botta (Marco Antonio), bom at
Genoa, in 1572, died 1648. Studied
under Bernardo Azzolini, and painted
portraits and history with some re
putation. Both (John and Andrew). John
was born at Utrecht, in 1610, and, to
gether with Andrew, studied first
under Abraham Bloemart, and after
wards at Rome. John's genius di
recting him to landscape, he made
Claude Lorraine his model, Andrew
inserting the figures, which he de
signed after the manner of Bamboccio :
their pictures are usually from two to
five feet in length, and the smaller
ones are exquisitely finished ; they
generally exhibit the sun breaking
out through the woods, or behind the
hills or mountains, or the saffron
hues of the evening sky. Andrew
also painted portraits and conversa
tions, with card-playing, &c, and
occasionally landscapes in the style of
his brother. John died in 1650, and
Andrew in 1656.
Botschild (Samuel), born in
Saxony, 1640, was made painter to

BOT
the Court of Saxony, and Keeper of
the Gallery of Dresden, and painted
history with some reputation ; in the
Capitol at Rome is a large picture by
him of the Meeting of Jacob and
Esau: died 1707.
Bottala (Giovanni Maria), a Geno
ese, bom in 1613. Studied under
Pietro da Cortona, whose style he
followed : his works are principally
in the churches at Naples and Geneva ;
his best picture represents the Meet
ing of Esau and Jacob ; he was called
Raffaelino, but bears no resemblance
to him in style.
Bottani (Guiseppe), bom at Cre
mona, in 1717, died 1784. Studied
under Masucci, and painted land
scapes in the style of Gaspar Poussin,
with figures like those of Carlo Ma
ratti : one of his best pictures is an
altar-piece of Sta. Paolo taking leave
of her domestics.
Botticelli (Sandro or Alessan-
dro) , born at Florence, 1 4 3 7, died 1 5 1 5 .
Studied under F. Lippi : his principal
works there are a Venus Anadyonome,
and Venus attired by the Graces ; he
also executed several considerable
works for Sixtus IV. : he generally
introduced a number of figures into
all his compositions, in one of which,
representing the Adoration of the
Magi, the variety and multitude are
astonishing ; for the family of the
Medici he painted some portraits.
Botti (Gaudentio), born in 1698,
in Brescia, shewed a particular genius
for painting and designing landscapes
in the manner of Berghem, whose
works he studied : he formed a lucid
and warm style of colouring ; he also
painted kitchens with figures by
night, only lighted by the fire or a
candle ; he was so remarkable iu that,
that those who did not know of this
master have judged them to be
Flemish paintings ; almost all the
nobility of his country were desirous
of having some of his works : he did
rot demand high prices, and died, as
it were, with his pencil in his hand,
at the age of 77, in the year 1775.

BOT 53
Both (Rinaldo), a Florentine, was
one of the best scholars of James
Chiavistelli, and had a thorough
knowledge of painting architecture,
which he executed in various houses,
palaces, churches, and other places,
with his kinsman, Lorenzo del Moro,
who was a painter of fruit, flowers,
animals, and figures, in which art
both were continually employed.
Bottoni (Alessandro), born at
Rome iu 1662, died 1 706 : his master
is not mentioned, but he is said to
have pamted history with some re
putation. Boucher (John), born at Bourges,
about 1 700, was the elder brother of
Francis, and also a painter, but of no
great celebrity.
Boucher (Francis), born in France,
1704, was a scholar of Le Moine,
occasionally painted history and hunt
ing pieces ; was most successful in
pastoral subjects, but far inferior to
his countryman, Watteau : he also
painted a portrait of George I., king
of England.
Boucsuet (Victor), a Fleming, born
in 1629, painted history, and his works
adorn the different churches in Flan
ders, the principal of which repre
sents the Death of St. Francis ; also
painted portraits : died about 1660.
Boujas (Don Juan Antonio), born
in Gallicia, (Spain), in 1672. Studied
under Giordano, and painted history :
his principal works are in the churches
of Santiaga, one of which, an altar-
piece of St. Paul and St. Andrea, is
worthy of notice : died about 1726.
Boul (Philip). Vertue says, "I
have seen a pocket book almost full of
sketches and views of Derbyshire, the
Peak, Chatsworth, &c. very freely
touched, and in imitation of Salvator
Rosa, whose works Boul studied."
Walpole, v. 3. p. 220.
Boulanger (John), a French
man, born at Troyes in 1606, died
1660; entered the school of Guido
when young, in whose style he
painted several historical pictures,
graceful in design, and tender and

BOU
harmonious in colouring, amongst
which the Sacrifice of Iphigenia is
particularly worthy of notice.
Boule, a Flemish painter, and
pupil of Peter Sneyders, imitated the
manner of his master in painting
animals. He worked in the Gobelins
in painting for the King, at the time
Charles le Brun had the direction of
it : he flourished about 1 690. Feli-
bien, par. 4. p. 283.
Boulle (Andrew Charles), born at
Paris in 1642, inherited from nature
all the qualities necessary for the fine
arts : he would have preferred paint
ing, but his father, who was an emi
nent carver in ebony, employed him
in his own business, whom he soon
aided in his designs with a taste and
perfection unknown before him.
With the choice woods of India and
Brazil, of various colours, he imitated
all kinds of flowers, fruit, and ani
mals, composed hunting pieces and
battles, and models for ornaments
enriched with bronzes to form tables,
writing desks, cabinets, arms and
cyphers, clocks, friezes, and whatever
could be fancied ; there remain suffi
cient proofs of this in the cabinets of
the Dauphin and of the King at Ver
sailles, and in those of the nobility
and others, besides separate articles
of his workmanship. The King gave
him an appointment in the Louvre as
architect, painter, and worker in
mosaics. Bemino, coming into France,
contracted a friendship with him, and
assisted him in the designs which
form the ornaments of the Louvre,
the grand treasury of ancient and
modern paintings, and of everything
useful for forming the taste. He
gave up his appointments to his four
sons, who continued the same labours,
and were considered not inferior to
the father, from which the appellation
Buhl, I suppose, is taken.
Boullongne (Magdeleine de),
born in Paris, 1614 ; painted history,
but excelled in flowers and fruit ; her
sister, Genevieve, painted similar sub
jects, and with equal skill. Magde-

BOU 54
leine died in 1710, and her sister in
1708. Boullongne (Louis, the elder),
born at Paris, 1609, died, 1674 ;
painted history ; his principal works,
St. Paul at Ephesus, the Martyr
dom of St. Paul, and the Presentation
of Christ in the Temple, are in the
Church of Our Lady at Paris ; also
copied the works of ancient masters,
so as to surprise and puzzle some of
the best judges.
Boullongne (Bon), born at Paris,
1648, elder son of Louis. Studied
the works of Correggio and the Ca
racci, and painted in the style called
Pastici, that is, in imitation of other
masters, without being copies ; he
painted the staircase at Versailles for
Louis XIV., also Venus and Cupid,
and Bacchus and Silenus ; and in the
palace of Trianon, he painted Jupiter
and Flora, and the Toilet of Venus :
died 1717. He also copied a picture
of Guido' s, and another after Pierino
del Vaga, with such precision as to
make it almost impossible to distin
guish them from the originals.
Boullongne (Louis, the younger),
born at Paris, 1654, died 1734.
Studied under his father, afterwards
visited Rome, where he copied the
works of the great masters, particu
larly Raffaelle, and on his return to
Paris was employed by Louis XIV.
in the Chateau of Meudon ; his co
louring is more vigorous than is
usually found in the French school,
and he excelled in historical and alle
gorical subjects.
Bouman (P.), bom in Dordrecht
in 1764 or 1765; was a painter of
landscapes, for which he was in great
estimation. He exhibited two at
Amsterdam in 1814, and two others
in 1816, one of them a view of the
town of Haerlem, and the other a
waterfall near Leyden, which obtained
a merited success ; he lived at that
time in the village of Heemsteede,
near Haerlem, having the advantage
of living in the country to study from
nature more assiduously. At the

BOU
exhibition in 1819, at Dordrecht, he
had two pictures, one of Winter, and
a landscape. BouNiEu(Nicholas), born 1744. A
modern French painter, of whom little
is known in this country.
Bourdon (Sebastian), born at
Montpelier, 1616; was instructed by
his father, a painter on glass, aud
excelled in several branches of the
art, but particularly in landscape ;
he copied a picture of Claude Lorraine
from recollection only, to the surprise
of even Claude himself ; also imitated
the style and composition of Andrea
Sacchi, and of Correggio, and adapted
his pencil to the delicate manner of
Baroccio with great success ; his land
scapes are in the taste of Titian, de
signed from imagination rather than
nature, and usually enriched with a
great number of figures and animals ;
his touch is extremely light, and his
colouring good ; and such of his
pictures as appear most highly
finished are not always the best ; one
of his most esteemed historical works
is the Martyrdom of St. Peter, in the
church of Notre Dame, at Paris, also
a Dead Christ, and the Woman taken
in Adultery : died 1671.
Bourgeois (Sir Francis), born iu
London, of Swiss parents, 1756.
Studied under Loutherbourg, whose
style he adopted in his landscapes
and sea-pieces, and was a close imi
tator of ; he was the founder of the
Gallery at Dulwich College, and was
so much a mannerist in his colouring
that his pictures may be known at
first sight, also painted battle pieces
occasionally: died 1811.
Bourgignon — See Cortesi.
Bouteux (Pierre le), born at
Paris, 1692, died 1750; is said
to have painted history, but no ac
count is given of his works or style.
Bourje (John Peter), born in
Middleburg in .1774; was" an ama
teur painter of portraits and familiar
scenes. He died in that city in 1 834 .
Boulier (Francis), a French

BOU
painter, of whose works we have no
account. Bout and Bodewyns. Flourish
ed about 1700; painted in conjunc
tion landscapes in composition like
Velvet Breughel and Teniers ; Bout
always inserting the figures ; they
usually represent the country houses
of the nobility in Flanders, with the
adjacent scenery. Bout sometimes
painted winter pieces, and views of the
sea shore, with numerous figures
neatly drawn, little inferior to the
compositions of Velvet Breughel ; he
also painted Flemish fairs and conver
sations in the manner of Teniers.
Bouys (Andrew), born at Pro
vence, in France, in 1681; studied
under Francis de Troy, and practised
in Paris as a portrait painter with
some success : died about 1 730.
Bouzonnet (Anthony), born at
Lyons, 1634 ; studied under Stella,
whose style he endeavoured to imitate,
but with little success : died 1682.
Bovadilla (Geronimo),aSpaniard,
born 1620, died 1680; was a scholar
of Zurbaran, whose style he followed,
and excelled in historical subjects and
perspective views of a medium size.
"Bovini (Francesco), born at Fer
rara. In the church of the Oratorio
della Penitenza are two altar-pieces by
this master, representing the Imma
culate Conception and the Adoration
of the Magi.
Bower (Edward), is said to have
flourished in the reign of Charles I.
and to have painted the portrait of
John Pym ; he also executed an eques
trian figure of General Fairfax, and
Lord John Finch of Fordwich, which
two last are engraved by Hollar.
Boydell (Josiah, nephew of Alder
man Boydell), born in Shropshire about
1 750 ; painted some portraits, and a
few subjects for his edition of Shak-
speare, feebly designed and indiffe
rently coloured : died 1817.
Boyer (Michael), born at Puy ;
was a very skilful painter in archi-

55 BRA
tecture and perspective ; he was pen
sioned by the King, and made pro
fessor in the Royal Academy in Paris,
to which he was associated in 1721.
Boyer (John Baptist, Marquis de
Aiguilles), a French nobleman, and
an amateur painter, of whom no other
account is given than that he had an
excellent taste.
Boyermans (Theodore), was born
at Antwerp, and studied under Ru
bens, whose style he followed with
great success, distinguished by a
correctness of design and delicacy of
colouring, which have occasioned his
works to be frequently mistaken for
those of Vandyck : he painted nu
merous works for the public edifices
in Flanders and Brabant ; amongst
others, the Assumption of the Virgin
in the church of St. James at Ant
werp ; the Decollation of St. John in
the convent of the Jacobins ; and at
Mechlin, in the church of St. Peter,
an altar-piece of the Virgin inter
ceding for the persons afflicted with
the plague ; but his chef-d'oeuvre is
considered to be that of St. Francis
Xavier, converting an Indian Prince,
in the Jesuit's church at Ipres.
Bozza (Vincent), designed and
executed in Mosaic the Judgment of
Solomon, in the church of St. Mark,
in Venice.
Bracelli (Giovanni Battista), born
at Genoa ; was a scholar of Paggi,
and painted history in his style : died
1609. Braccioli (Giovanni Francesco),
born at Ferrara, 1698, died 1762.
Studied first under Parolini, and
afterwards at Bologna, under Crespi ;
and on his return to Ferrara, was
employed in the churches and con
vents there; the Annunciation, the
Flagellation, and Christ crowned with
Thorns, are amongst his best works.
Bradshaw. In Walpole's Lives
of the Painters, is a note as follows : —
Pierce, in Bishopgate Street, told me
(R. Symonds), that Bradshaw was

BRA

the only man of all the painters in
London who understood perspective.
Brakenberg (Renier), a Dutch
man, born at Haerlem, 1649. Studied
under Mommers, and also under
Schendel, and painted similar subjects
— boors feasting, dancing, &c. — but
more in the manner of Adrian Ostade,
although greatly inferior to him ; he
designed after nature, the forms of
his men and women are always the
same, and represented in the habit
and mode of the times ; in his latter
pictures, the extremities are very
often bad.
Bramante — See Lazari.
Bramantini— See Suardi.
Bramantino (Augustin), is said by
Lomazzo, in his Idea del Tempio, to
have painted in the most exquisite
manner, and with a thorough know
ledge of perspective ; in the church of
Santa Maria del Carmine, in Milan,
are some beautiful specimens of his
skill, also some large cornices in the
chapel of Santa Magdelina.
Brambilli (Giovanni Battista), a
Piedmontese. Flourished about 1770;
was a scholar of Cavaliere Carlo Del-
fini, and became a reputable painter
of history ; some of his works are in
the churches at Turin, amongst which
the Martyrdom of Saint Dalmazio, in
the church dedicated to that saint, is
most esteemed.
Bramer (Leonard), a Dutchman,
born 1596. Painted historical sub
jects, small size, enriched with vases of
gold, also night pieces, towns on fire,
executions, and caverns, with the light
coming in from above, in the manner
of Rembrandt ; the Raising of Laza
rus, Peter denying Christ, and a small
one on copper of Pyramus and Thisbe,
are amongst his best performances.
Brand (John Christian), born at
Vienna, 1 723 ; acquired some cele
brity in Germany as a landscape
painter: died about 1793.
Brand (Frederick Augustus), born
at Vienna, 1730, brother of John ;
painted several historical subjects and

56 BRA
landscapes, which are favourably
spoken of in Germany.
Brandel (Peter), born at Prague,
1660, died 1739 ; was a scholar of
Schroeter, whom he soon surpassed ;
painted several pictures for the
churches at Prague and at Breslau :
his colouring is natural, and his pencil
free, but his shadows are sometimes
too black ; he designed with ease,
and never overloaded his compositions
with figures.
Brandenberg (John), a Swiss,
born at Zug, 1660, died 1729 ;
painted in oil and in fresco, and
copied G. Romano in historical sub
jects and battle pieces ; many of his
works are in the churches and con
vents in Switzerland.
Brandhof (John Bernard), bom
at Ham, in Marksland, in 1 738 ; was
a pupil of Tako Hajo Jelgersma ; he
established himself at Haerlem, and
painted large pieces for apartments,
but did not produce any easel pieces.
His style was that of landscape : he
died at Haerlem in 1803.
Brandi (Dominic), a Neapolitan ;
was a good designer, and a perfectly
good colourist; in painting small birds
and animals from nature he had the
first place among those that made
such things their profession.
Brandi (Giacomo), bom 1623, at
Poli, near Rome ; studied first under
Semento, and afterwards Lanfranco,
and painted some admirable pictures
in the style of the latter. His prin
cipal works are in the churches, and
other public edifices at Rome ;
amongs others, the St. Rona in the
Ripetta, and the Forty Martyrs in the
Stigmata, are favourable specimens :
died 1691.
Brandmuller (Gregory), born
1661, died 1691 ; studied under G.
Meyer, also at Paris under Le Brun ;
he painted grand historical subjects
with great spirit and fire, and ex
celled in portrait painting, was fond
of painting in an historical style, and

BRA

his colours retain their original beauty
and strength : died 1691.
Brandon (John Henry), born in
Florence ; entered into the Society of
Painters, at the Hague, in 1696, and
went to live at Utrecht in 1708. He
was a good portrait painter, and died
in 1716.
Brandt (Albert Jonas), born in
Amsterdam in 1 788, was a pupil of
J. E. Morel ; and after the death of
that painter, which happened in 1808,
he worked for two years in the atelier
of G. J. J. Van Os. In 1814 and
1816 he gained two gold medals, one
for a painting of dead game, the other
for a painting of fruit : he afterwards
produced some beautiful works, which
figure in the finest collections : he
died in Amsterdam in 1821. The
Museum at Amsterdam possesses a
painting of a vase with flowers, by
this artist.
Brant (N.), born at the Hague ;
was a pupil of Gaspard Netscher.
He had early promised great supe
riority, when he was cut off by death
in the flower of his age.
Brassemary (William), is only
known by a picture painted in 1657,
which was in the Hotel de Ville at
Amsterdam. John Van Dyck, in his
catalogue of paintings still there, calls
him the Stryker or Frotteur, one does
not know precisely from what motive.
Brasser(P. M.), born at Middle-
burg, was a good painter of birds,
and in his portraits he was happy in
his likenesses.
Bray (Solomon), born at Haerlem,
1597, died 1664 ; painted a number
of portraits, both large and small, for
persons of distinction in the Nether
lands, and is reckoned amongst the
good artists of his time.
Bray (Jacob), son of Solomon, an
obscure painter, by whom he was in
structed ; was uncommon skilful in
describing naked figures, also in
drawing on paper with black and red

57 BRE
chalk. A picture by him at Amster
dam, representing David playing be
fore the Ark, is highly commended ;
it is neatly finished, and still fresh in
colouring: died about 1664.
Brea (Lodovico), a Genoese ; flou
rished about 1 500 ; painted history :
his works are chiefly in the churches
at Genoa, pamted on a small scale,
and signed with his name, and though
meagre in design, have a charac
teristic beauty in their heads, which
stamps them as original, and a rich
ness of colour which has not been im
paired by time. The Murder of the
Innocents at Saint Agostino is one of
his finest productions.
Brebirth (Peter), born 1596; a
French painter, whose works are not
known in this country, and of whom
we have no other account than that
he painted and engraved his own
portrait. Bredael (Peter Van), born at
Antwerp, 1630, died 1681 ; studied
nature, and painted landscapes in the
style of John Breughel, they gene
rally represent elegant buildings, &c,
the ruins of architecture in the vici
nity of Rome, and although greatly
admired are not equal to those of
Breughel. Breda (Alexander Van), lived about
1 700, at Antwerp ; painted Italian
views, and markets, with a variety of
cattle and figures, which are held in
considerable estimation.
Breda (John Van), son of Alex
ander, born at Antwerp about 1 685 ;
studied and copied the works of
Wouvermans. He painted four pic
tures for Louis XIV., which, although
an undisguised imitation of Wouver
mans, are deficient in his purity of
colour and exquisite touch ; his skies
and distances are very blue, his
landscapes are usually in the style of
Breughel, and his conversations, his
torical figures, fairs, skirmishes, and
battles, in the manner of Wouver
mans : died 1750.

BRE
Bree (Matthew Ignatius van),
born at Antwerp in 1 773 ; a pupil of
W. Schacken, having obtained the
first prize at the Academy of Antwerp
for an historical painting, went to
Paris to improve himself, and in
1812 he sent to Amsterdam a pic
ture of the young Athenians drawing
lots to be dehvered up to the Mino
taur, which obtained the approbation
of all the connoisseurs ; in 1813
and 1814 he exposed some very in
teresting pictures, the subjects taken
from the history of the Low Coun
tries. In the Hotel de Ville, at Ley
den is a picture of the rebellion on
account of the famine, at the moment
the Burgomaster, Vander Werf, says
to the inhabitants, " Take my body
then, and divide it amongst you for
food," for which he received a gold
medal. In the exhibition of 1814,
he had a cabinet picture from an
episode in the life of the unhappy
Duchess of Bavaria, and another of
the Spanish Ambassador paying a
visit to Admiral de Ruyter. He
painted in Paris, the Death of Cato ;
returning to his native place, the De
parture of Regulus for Carthage ; the
Baptism of St. Augustin, for a church
in Antwerp ; the Duke of Brunswick
on his death-bed; and several others.
He sent to the exhibition at Ant
werp the first sketch of a large pic
ture representing William I., Prince
of Orange, in the presence of Hem-
¦ byze and the mutineers, interceding
for the Catholics arrested and de
tained in spite of the pacification in
the year 1578, which he afterwards
painted for the King, who presented
it to the Hotel de Ville at Ghent,
and made the artist a knight of the
order of the Lion of the Netherlands.
Several of his disciples also distin
guished themselves, as Wappers, De
Keyzer, &c. He died in 1839.
Bree (Philip James van), bom at
Antwerp in 1 786, a pupil of his bro
ther Matthew, attended the Academy
of Antwerp, and continued his studies
at Paris ; he visited Rome with his

I BRE
fellow-countryman Riquier ; and after
staying some time there, he returned
to Paris in 1817. In the following
year he produced the paintmg of
Catherine de Medicis, and the young
King Louis XIII. admiring Rubens
painting in the Gallery of the Lux
embourg, which was purchased by
Louis XVIII. for his Gallery. He
exhibited in 1812, at Ghent, Atala
found by Father Aubry during
a storm ; Vert- Vert ; the Atelier of
Van Dael, a painter of flowers at
Paris, his countryman and friend ;
Maria Lickzinska, daughter of King
Stanislaus, at the age of one year,
saved by the Poles, and found again
at the bottom of a trough ; and the
interior of a Chapel of Saint Francis
a Ripa Grande, at Rome ; these three
last were exhibited in 1820 in Am
sterdam. He also exhibited iu
Brussels, in 1836, the interior of the
Church of St. Peter at Rome, which
was purchased by the Belgic govern
ment. He died at Antwerp in 1840.
Breekvelt (William), is said to
have been a painter, but nothing is
discovered of him interesting to art.
Brekelencamp, a Dutchman, born
1650 ; was a scholar of G. Douw,
but formed his style by a mixture of
that of Douw with Rembrandt. His
pictures represent the interiorof Dutch
cottages, with figures, in which the
airs of his heads have a natural ex
pression ; his touch is light and
spirited, and his works, which are to
be found in the choicest collections in
Holland and England, are held in
considerable estimation.
Breemberg (Bartholomew), bora
at Utrecht in 1620, died 1660.
Studied from nature ; painted small-
sized landscape views of the environs
of Rome, embellished with historical
subjects, and enriched with archi
tecture and ruins, which he touched
with extraordinary freedom and spirit ;
also some larger ones, in which he
was not so successful : his pictures
are rare, and highly esteemed.

BRE

Brentana (Simone), bora at Ve
nice, 1656. Studied under Tintoretto,
to whose fire he added something of
the dignity of the Roman school ;
but few of his pictures are in private
collections. The Martyrdom of St.
Sebastian, at Verona, is one of his
most esteemed compositions : died
about 1726.
Brescia (Francesco Giovanni Ma
ria da), bom at Brescia, about 1460,
became a monk of the Carmelites,
and painted several pictures for the
church, and some fresco works in the
cloisters of his order : died about
1510. Brentel (Frederick), bom at
Strasburgh, 1570, died 1622. Painted
historical subjects and landscapes ;
but we have no further particulars of
his style.
Brescia (Leonardo), bom at Fer
rara, flourished about 1530. Painted
history, and many of his works are in
the convents of that city, of which
the Assumption of the Virgin, an
Annunciation, and the Resurrection,
may be considered his best works.
Bresciano (Gioviti), born at Bres
cia, flourished about 1500 ; was a'
scholar of Gambari, and a reputable
painter of history, in oil and in
fresco. A picture of the Nativity,
in the Church of St. Giovanni, at
Savona, inscribed "Opus F.Hieronymi
de Brixia Carmelitse, 1519," is attri
buted to him.
Breughel (Peter, the elder), called
the Droll, from the whimsical sub
jects he painted ; was bom in the vil
lage of Breughel, near Breda, 1 5 1 0 ; he
was a disciple of Koeck, but paid more
attention to the works of Jerom Bos.
His subjects were wild and romantic
scenery, views in the Alps, &c. ; but
his best pieces are village feasts and
merry-makings, which he painted in
a similar style to Velvet Breughel,
but not so highly finished ; he also
painted attacks of banditti, and
gipsies telling fortunes, and in these
subjects he is only surpassed by

59 BRE
Teniers. The Building of the Tower
of Babel, in the Emperor's collection
at Vienna, is considered his chef-
d'oeuvre : he painted both in oil and
in fresco.
Breughel (Peter, the younger),
son of the above, called Hellish, from
the frightful pictures he painted ;
viz. Temptations of St. Anthony, Saul
and the Witch of Endor, Orpheus
charming Pluto and Proserpine, and
such subjects as would admit of intro
ducing imaginary infernal forms, as
devils, spectres, witches, and all kinds
of horrible shapes and appearances,
and which, although freely pencilled,
and not badly coloured, excite our
disgust rather than our admiration :
died 1642-
Breughel (John), called Velvet
Breughel, because he usually dressed
in that material, younger brother of
Peter, born at Brussels, 1565, died
1642; was a disciple of Goekint,
painted wakes, fairs, &c. like old
Breughel, but very superior in every
respect. He painted many of the
landscapes for Rubens' pictures, one
of which, Adam and Eve in Paradise,
the figures by Rubens, is considered
his finest production. He also painted
landscapes for Van Balen ; and he
was so neat and accurate in his small
figures, that many of Steenwick's
interiors and Momper's landscapes
are decorated with them : his views in
Flanders, and the trees, plants, and
insects, are drawn and painted with
the utmost precision. His first sub
jects were fruit and flowers, which he
painted in garlands or festoons, and
in which Rubens, and other eminent
masters, inserted the figures.
Breughel (Abraham), called the
Neapolitan, born at Antwerp, 1692.
He excelled in painting flowers and
fruit, in which he made nature his
guide ; his colouring is warm and
natural, and his touch broad and free :
his pictures are highly esteemed.
Beukelaar. (Henry, the younger),
born at Amsterdam in 1809, was at

BRE
first a pupil of the learned historical
painter, C. Kruseman, and afterwards
of I. A. Kruseman, a skilful painter
of portraits and of history. In 1830
he gained a silver medal, his work
representing that of Van Spyck at
the tomb of De Ruyter ; that of
the conversation of Countrymen on
the Ice, and that of the Woman and
Child of the Tyrol, give evidence of
his fine talents. He was, unhappily
for the arts, cut off in the flower of
his age, in 1839.
Brevil (Toussaint), with Bunel,
two French painters, was employed
by the King of France to finish
the works which Primaticcio had left
unfinished at the time of his death,
about 1570. Brevil, who was a
scholar of Martin Freminet, was ap
pointed painter to the King, and
painted, from his own designs, four
teen pictures of the labours of Her
cules, besides many others in the
palace of Fontainebleau. He accus
tomed himself to make his drawings
first on paper, and then with the hand
of a master to work them up to per
fection : he died at an early age, in
the reign of Henry IV. Baldinucci,
par. 2. sec. 4. p. 174.
Breydel (Charles), born at Ant
werp, 1677, died 1744, was a scholar
of Rysbraeck, the landscape painter :
his subjects were views on the Rhine,
in the manner of Griffier ; but he is
more reputed as a painter of battle
pieces and attacks of cavalry, &c ,
which he painted in the style of
Velvet Breughel, and sometimes
copied from the prints of Vander
Meulen. Breydel (Peter), called Francis
by some, born at Antwerp, 1679,
died 1750. Studied under Rys
braeck, and painted feasts, assem
blies, and conversations with nume
rous figures finely executed, agreeably
coloured, and in the habit of the times,
and generally some of the military
order ; also portraits of a small size,
agreeably coloured, and neatly finished,

60 BRI
which were so greatly admired, that
he was made painter to the court of
Hesse Cassel.
Bril (Matthew), bom at Antwerp,
1550, died 1584 : painted landscape
and history, was employed by Pope
Gregory XIII. in the Vatican, where
he painted several pictures in fresco.
Bril (Paul), born at Antwerp,
1554, died 1626. Studied under
Daniel Voltelmans, and was first
employed in painting the tops of
harpsichords ; afterwards visited Italy
with his brother, studied Titian, and
having copied some of his landscapes,
adopted his style, but sufficiently
varied to be considered as his own.
He painted several excellent easel
pictures, which Annibal Caracci em
bellished with figures : he also assisted
his brother Matthew in decorating
the churches at Rome, and the palaces
of Sixtus V. and Clement VIII. In
the latter part of his life his land
scapes were of a small size, frequently
on copper, and exquisitely finished :
his touch was free, yet firm, and his
colouring sweet and tender, but occa
sionally a little too green.
Brizzio, or Briccio (Francesco),
born at Bologna, 1574, died 1623.
Studied first under Passeroti, and
afterwards in the school of Lodo-
vico Caracci, and painted history,
architecture, views, and perspective,
which were admired, not less for the
majestic style of architecture than
for the beauty of their colouring.
Brizzio (Filippo \ son of the above.
Studied under Guido, and painted
history : his works are to be found in
the churches at Bologna.
Brinckman (Philip Jerome), born
at Spires, 1709; studiedunderDelham,
a landscape painter : landscapes were
his favourite subjects ; but he also
painted history and portraits, in the
latter of which he imitated Rem
brandt, both in force and colouring :
died about 1751.
Brize (Cornelius), a Dutch painter

BRO

of still life. His usual subjects were
musical instruments, books, papers,
ingeniously grouped, and painted
with great fidelity : he also painted
armour and basso-relievos, but ex
celled in the former subjects. One
of his pictures in the Old Man's
Hospital at Amsterdam, representing
Old Age persecuted by Poverty, the
figures by Grebber, and the still life
by Brize, is a capital performance.
Brompton (Richard), an English
portrait painter, and a scholar of
Benjamin Wilson, visited Italy, and
received some instruction from Ra
phael Mengs ; at Venice he painted
a picture representing a conversation
piece, in which he introduced por
traits of the Duke of York and several
English gentlemen, then on their
travels, which picture was afterwards
exhibited at the rooms in Spring
Gardens. Receiving but little en
couragement in England as a portrait
painter, he went to Petersburg in
1 782, where he was well received :
he died in that city in 1790.
Broeck (Crispin Vanden), born at
Antwerp about 1550 ; was a disciple
of Francis Floris, and painted history
with some reputation.
Broeck (Elias Vander), born at
Antwerp, about 1650; studied first
under Ernest Stuven, and afterwards
under Mignon, and painted fruit,
flowers, frogs, and reptiles with
tolerable success, and more in the
loose and natural manner of De Heem
than of his instructors ; he usually
designed and coloured every object
from nature : died 1711.
Broers, a Dutch painter of boorish
frolics and merry makings, in which
there is much character and low hu
mour ; the figures well grouped, and
the back-grounds and distances well
kept. Brooking, born about 1720, died
1759; an eminent English marine
painter, as a painter of sea-pieces,
not only excelled all his countrymen,
but has not been equalled by any artist

61 BRO
that ever preceded him since William
Vandevelde. He generally painted
his name upon his pictures, which
was carefully obliterated by the person
to whom he usually sold them (a
print-seller in Castle Street, Leicester
Square) ; one of them, however,
having been put into the window
during the absence of the proprietor,
it attracted the notice of a gentleman
who was passing by, who advertised
for him, and thus the artist became
known ; but he did not live long
enough to profit by the 6ircumstance.
Bronckhorst (John Van), born
at Utrecht, 1603; studied under
Verburg, and afterwards under Peter
Mattys, and painted the glass win
dows for the new church at Amster
dam ; he afterwards became acquainted
with Poelemberg, in whose style he
painted several pictures, which were
greatly admired.
Bronckhorst (John), born at
Leyden, 1648 ; had no master, but
pamted birds and animals of all kinds,
wild and tame, in water colours,
which he copied from nature with
astonishing fidelity, and attained great
celebrity thereby: died 1723.
Bronckhorst (Peter Van), born
at Delft, 1 588 ; painted the interiors
of churches and temples, which he
ornamented with small figures of his
torical subjects ; he also painted two
large pictures for the Town House at
Delft, one of which represented the
Judgment of Solomon, and the other
Christ driving the money-changers
out of the Temple : died 1661.
Bronzino (Agnolo), born in Flo
rence, 1511; studied under Caracci,
called Pontormo, and assisted him in
his works in the chapel of San
Lorenzo at Florence ; he also studied
the works of Michael Angelo, the
grandeur of whose style is discernible
in all his productions. He excelled
in portraits, and painted, amongst
other great personages, those of
Dante, Boccace, and Petrarch : died
1580.

BRO
Brouwer, or Brauwer (Adrian),
born at Haerlem, 1608, died- 1638 ;
studied under F. Hals and Adrian
Ostade, but adopted a style differing
from both. His study was the ale
house, and his drunken associates the
subjects of his pencil : they are admi
rably depicted, and his pictures are
brilliant in colour, beautifully trans
parent, highly finished, and command
very high prices.
Brown (Robert), bom in London,
died about 1 770 ; was a disciple of
Sir James 'Thomhill, and worked
under him on the cupola of St. Paul's,
and was afterwards much employed
in decorating several of the churches
in London. He painted the altar-
piece of St. Andrew Undershaft, and
the spaces between the Gothic arches ;
also the Transfiguration in the church
of St. Botolph, Aldgate, the figures
of St. Andrew and St. John, and
twenty-one figures on the sides of the
organ for that of St. Andrew's, Hol-
born ; also St. John the Baptist and
St. John the Evangelist for the chapel
of St. John's, Bedford Row.
Brown (John), born in Edinburgh,
about 1752 ; studied the works of
Michael Angelo, Murillo, Titian, and
Correggio, then came to London, and
established himself as a portrait
painter in blacklead pencil, small
size, and died in 1787.
Bru (Mosen Vicente), a Spaniard,
born at Valencia, 1682; studied under
Conchillos, and painted several pic
tures for the churches in his native
city, the most interesting of which
are a Baptism of Christ, St. Francesco
de Paula, and a Glory encircled by
Saints . died 1703.
Bruggen (J. ver), a painter of
flowers, composed his subjects with
much taste : it is remarked, however,
that his colours are rather too thickly
laid on ; but he imitated nature very
closely. Bruggieri (John Dominic), born
in Lucca in 1678 ; was taken to Rome
while a boy, and placed in the school

62 BRU
of Carlo Maratti, and having profited
greatly by his instructions, after a
long residence in that capital, he re
turned to his own country. Amongst
his best productions may be reckoned
those which he painted for the Fra
ternity of the most holy Trinity of
that city: he died in the year 1754.
Bruin (Anne Francis), was a rela
tion and pupil of James Franquaert.
Bruin (Cornelius de), surnamed
Adonis, born at the Hague in 1 652 ;
was a pupil of Theodore Vander
Schuur ; he painted portraits, land
scapes, plants, animals, insects, and
water views with boats and figures.
He went first to Germany and Italy,
then through Asia Minor, Egypt, and
the isles of the Archipelago ; on re
turning to his country, he perfected
himself under Carlo Loti, when he
resolved on travelling again. In fact,
he went to Muscovy, Persia, the
Indies, the isles of Ceylon, Java, Ban
tam, &c. ; he designed all that he
saw remarkable in those voyages, and
had them engraved at Amsterdam :
he died in 1 728, at Utrecht.
Bruin (Cornelius de), born at
Middleburg in 1768, was a pupil of
M. Pierpes ; he painted figures and
flowers well : he died in that city in
1801. Bruininx (Daniel), bom at Rot
terdam in 1724. Studied first to be
come a Protestant pastor, but his taste
changing, he became a painter of
miniatures, and in that way painted
many fans, some of which sold for
300 florins ; the great number of por
traits that he made in his life, hardly
sufficed to procure him a comfortable
existence : he died in his native city
in 1787.
Brun (Charles le), born at Paris,
1620, died 1690. Studied under
Simon Vouet, but in style and manner
somewhat resembled AnnibaleCaracci.
He painted Magdalens, large size, and
so beautifully depicted, that you
might almost fancy that you could
hear them weep ; also painted the

BRU 63
Battles of Alexander, so universally
known and admired ; also Hercules
destroying the horses of Diomede;
and others in the Orleans Collection.
The airs of his heads are always the
same, and his colouring though vigo
rous wants warmth, and partakes too
much of the Roman school.
Brun (Gabriel), brother of Charles,
born in Paris, about 1 625 ; studied
painting under him, but never arrived
at any eminence in the art.
Brunetti (Sebastian), bora at
Bologna; was a scholar of Massari,
and afterwards entered the school of
Guido, in whose manner he painted,
but his colouring is rather cold and
heavy ; some of his works are in the
churches at Bologna.
Bruni (Domenico), born at Bres
cia, 1596, died 1666. Studied under
Sandrino, and became a reputable
painter of architectural views and
perspective. Some of his works are
in the churches and other public
buildings at Brescia.
Bruni (Giulio), born at Piedmont,
flourished about 1625. Studied first
under Tavarone, but preferring the
style of Paggi, became his scholar, and
proved a reputable painter of history.
Brunias (Augustine), bora in
Italy ; came to England, and in the
years 1777 and 1779 exhibited at
the Royal Academy some views in
the island of Dominica, painted by
him from designs made whilst there ;
also painted ornaments and landscapes
for ceilings and panels.
Bruno (John di), a Florentine, an
inseparable friend of Nello di Dino and
Bonanicco Buffalmacco (the trium
virate of facetious friends that assisted
Boccaccio so much in his writings),
was a scholar of Andrew Tassi ; he
had the fancy to make his figures
speak, so he wrote the words that he
intended them to say, as if they were
coming out of their mouth ; he is
mentioned amongst the Florentine
painters in the year 1350. Baldi
nucci, sec. 2. p. 25.

BUD
Brusaferro (Girolamo), a Vene
tian, painted with amazing facility, and
ornamented in public the temples and
palaces, and many of his works are
dispersed all over Europe. He work
ed also in fresco, and the entablature
of the chapel of the great altar of
Sta. Catharine in Venice is by him ; he
worked with exactness and good
colouring : he was living in 1766,
not in an advanced age.
Brusasorci — See Riccio.
Brussels (Roger of) — See Van
der Weyde.
Bruyn (Cornelius de), born at the
Hague, 1652 ; travelled to Rome and
Venice, studied under Carlo Loti,
and painted portraits with some suc
cess : died 1611.
Bruyn (T. de) came to England
in 1760, and pamted landscapes
with figures and cattle, but was
principally celebrated for his imi
tations of basso-relievos, of which a
splendid specimen may be seen in the
chapel of Greenwich Hospital : died
1804. Buckshorn (Joseph), born in
Holland. Visited England in the
reign of Charles IL, and became a
pupil of Sir Peter Lely, whose works
he copied in great perfection : also
some of Vandyck's portraits, particu
larly that of the Earl of Strafford,
which was in the possession of Wat
son Earl of Rockingham ; he also
painted the portrait of Mr. Davenant,
son of Sir William and his wife.
Died, aged 35.
Budd (George), lived in London,
painted landscapes, portraits, and still
life ; there is a picture by him of
Timothy Bennett the patriotic shoe
maker of Hampton Wick.
Bud A (Bernard del), a scholar of
Andrea del Sarto, was employed on
various occasions by his master, espe
cially in painting the rebels that
fled at the siege of the city of Flo
rence ; he lived in the year 1535.
Vasari in the Vita di Andrea del
Sarto, torn 1. p. 172.

BUF 64
Buffalmacco (Buonamico), born
at Florence, 1262, was the disciple of
Andrea Tassi, and is said to have been
the first who introduced a label from
the mouth of a person, to represent it
as if speaking : his works are chiefly
in the cathedral at Arizzo. Died
1340. Bugoni (Pompeo), born at Rome,
1634, died 1679 ; painted history,
highly finished, the heads well drawn
and very natural.
Bugiardini (Giuliano), bom at
Florence, 1481. Studied under Mi
chael Angelo, and painted history, but
in endeavouring to imitate his bold
style, he became hard in his outline,
and disagreeable in his colouring. In
the church of St. Francesco at Bo
logna, is a picture by him of the
Marriage of St. Catharine: died 1556.
Bugoni (Thomas), a Venetian
painter, the cupola of the altar of the
sacraments in the church of Maria
Mater Domini in Venice is by him.
Bullinger (John Balthasar), bom
in the canton of Zurich, 1713. Stu
died first under John Simler, and
afterwards under Giovanno Battista
Tiepelo, an historical painter, but
quitted that branch for landscape
painting, in which he imitated the
styles of Both, and of Berchem.
Bulthuis (John), was born at
Groningen, where he learned the first
elements of design of H. Wiringa ; he
then went to Amsterdam, and became
a pupil of Juriaan Andriessen ; and
in 1785, 'obtained the gold medal, as
the best designer of the Academy of
Amsterdam ; he also painted several
fine landscapes of large dimensions :
he died at Amsterdam at the com
mencement of the 1 9th century.
Bunbury (Henry William), son of
Sir William Bunbury of Mildenhall,
Suffolk ; is said to have excelled in
caricature painting, and his pictures
are usually well drawn: died 1811.
Bunel (Jacques), born at Blois,
1558. Studied at Rome under Zuc-

BUO

chero ; painted history at Rome and
at Paris with great reputation, iu
the church of St. Augustine there is
a Descent of the Holy Ghost by him,
which N. Poussin preferred to all the
pictures in Paris.
Bunk (James), painted candle
light pictures, landscapes and still
life, but was chiefly employed in
ornamenting clocks and other ma
chinery : died about 1780.
Bunnick (John van), born at
Utrecht, 1654. A Dutch landscape
painter, and scholar of Sachtleven ;
he visited Genoa, and was assisted in
his studies by Tempesta, he after
wards studied under Carlo Maratti,
Abraham Genoels and Ferdinand
Vouet, and further improved himself
by designing the scenery round Rome.
He was made painter to William III.,
then Prince of Orange, whose palace
at Loo was ornamented by him.
Bunnick (Jacob van), died 1725,
brother of John. Painted battle
pieces with some reputation, but was
greatly inferior to his brother, whom
he resembled in style and colouring,
although not in subject.
Buns (John), was a portrait
painter ; that is all Houbraken says
of him, and other researches can
find nothing more.
Buonacorsi, called Pierino del
Vaga, born in a village of Tuscany iu
1 500 ; was a disciple and assistant of
Raffaelle, and next to Michael An
gelo is said to have been the first
designer of the Florentine School, and
was certainly in every respect equal to
Giulio Romano, of which his frescoes
of the Immolation of Isaac ; the taking
of Jericho ; Joseph sold by his
Brethren; Jacob with the Vision; the
Drowning of Pharaoh, and others in
the Loggia of the Vatican afford
abundant proof; the Birth of Eve
in St. Marcello at Rome is also an
admired performance, and has much
the air of the Florentine School; also
the St. John at Tivoli, whilst every
work of his in the palace of Prince

BUO 65
Doria, breathes the spirit of the
school of Raffaelle : died 1540.
Buonacorsi (Bernard Timante), a
Florentine, scholar of Vasari, a painter,
founder, ebony carver, and fanciful
engineer, was of so universal a genius
as to satisfy the vast ideas of Francis
Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany : he
flourished about 1586. Vasari, par.
3. lib. 2. p. 281.
Buonamico (Cristofano), born at
Florence, 1272. Studied under An
drea Taffi, and painted history in con
junction with Boccacio and Calen-
drino: died 1340.
Buonconti (John Paul), son of
Girolamo, a rich silk merchant of
Bologna. Having early shewed his
inclination to painting, and dislike to
his father's business, he left his home
in 1680, and went to Florence, where
he learnt drawing under Bartolomeo
Passarotti, and painting under Caracci,
and for his merit was styled the
Prince of the Academy ; his manner
was round, sensible and. correct. He
subsequently went to Parma and stu
died the works of Correggio, and then
passed to Rome under Annibale Ca
racci, but as he began to flourish, and
his works became known he died, at
the early age of forty-two, in the year
1605. Malvasia, par. 3. p. 573.
Buonarotti (Michael Angelo),
born in Tuscany, 1474, died 1564;
studied under Ghirlandaio. This sub
lime painter, whoseworks infrescohave
been so frequently copied in oil by his
disciples and others, and who may be
regarded, not only as the founder of,
but as the greatest master of the Flo
rentine school that ever lived, was
bom in Tuscany, in 1474. His first
great work, which he began in com
petition with Leonardo da Vinci, is
known as the Cartoon of Pisa : it
represents a number of soldiers bath
ing, who, on a sudden attack, are
rushing out to defend themselves ; it
was intended to have been executed
in fresco, which was prevented by the
turbulence of the times. His first

BUO
essay in fresco was a series represent
ing Theocracy, or the Empire of Re
ligion, the Origin of the Human Race,
and its progress to Society, which he
executed for the chapel of Sixtus IV. ;
his next was the Last Judgment, for
the same chapel; and his last were the
Conversion of Saul, and the Cruci
fixion of St. Peter, which he painted
for the chapel opposite to that of the
Sistine, called the Paulina, from its
founder, Paul III. It is now pretty
certain that he never painted in oil,
since two of those that were considered
to have been oil paintings by him, are
proved to be in distemper, whilst the
David and Goliah in the Louvre is
with more propriety attributed to
Del Piomba, who frequently painted
on stone or slate, whilst those of
Venus receiving the Caresses of Amor,
and the Samaritan Woman, it is now
known were painted from his car
toons by Jacopo da Pontormo. Bat-
tisto Franco executed the Ganymede
in oil, and Julio Clovio in miniature.
The two Nunciate, altar-pieces in St.
John Lateran, and the Church della
Pace, are by Marcello Venusti, who
also painted the copy of the Last
Judgment for Cardinal Farnese, and
all the cabinet pictures in private col
lections, and which have been so fre
quently repeated, such as the two
Nunciate, Christ in the lap of his
Mother, Christ in the Garden, Christ
on the Cross, &c. are copied from his
cartoons or designs. Sublimity of
conception and grandeur of form were
the elements of his style ; character
and beauty were admitted only as far
as they could be made subservient to
grandeur. In painting he contented
himself with a negative colour, and
rejected all meretricious ornament ;
his anatomy was sometimes osten
tatious, and he met with herds of
copyists, for whose folly it is still his
fate to be censured.
Buonamici— See Tassi.
Buonconsigli (Giovanni), born at
Vicenza, flourished about 1497, and
painted historical subjects for the

BUO
churches therein, of which the Ma
donna and Child attended by two
Saints, is mentioned particularly.
Buontalenti (Bernardo), called
dalle Girandole, born at Florence
about 1536, died 1608. Studied oil
painting under Salviati and Bronzino,
and miniature painting under Clovio ;
his colouring is good, and there is a
dignity of expression in his Madonnas,
as well as in his portraits, but he is
more celebrated as an architect than
as a painter.
Burgos (Don Isidoro y Mantilla),
flourished from 1614 to 1676, and
painted a series of whole length por
traits from Henry II. to Charles II.
in a natural spirited manner, and well
coloured. Buoni (Buono de), born at Naples,
1430, a disciple of Fiore, whom he
assisted in his works, and after his
death became one of the most reputa
ble artists of his time. Many of his
works are in the churches at Naples :
died 1465.
Buoni (Silvestro de), born at Na
ples ; was the son and scholar of
Buono, and was also instructed by
Zingaro ; pamted some considerable
historical works for the churches in
Naples: died 1480.
Burch (Albert Vander) , a portrait
painter, born in Delft, in 1672, was,
according to Houbraken, a pupil at
first of John Verkolie, and afterwards
of Adrian Vander Werf.
Burgmair (Hans, or John), bom
1474. Studied under Albert Durer,
and some of his works are much in
the style of that master, and possess
great merit.
Burgt (N. Vander), born at Brus
sels ; was a painter of flowers and
fruit, and excelled in that line, as
much in the composition as in the
painting. He also copied perfectly
well the historical pictures of L.
Jordaans : he lived about the middle
of the eighteenth century.
Burini (Antonio), born at Bologna,

66 BUS
1 660, was a scholar of Canuti, and a
reputable painter of history ; his works
are to be found in the churches and
palaces at Bologna.
Burnet (James), born at Mussel
burgh in 1788, came to London in
1810, and on seeing the works of
Paul Potter and Cuyp, he became
ambitious of rivaling them ; he there
fore sallied out into the fields with his
sketch-book in hand, and designed
the picturesque objects that presented
themselves to his notice. His subjects
were Cattle going out in the Morning,
Cattle returning Home in a Shower ;
Crossing the Brook; Breaking the
Ice ; Milking Time, &c, which he
coloured true to nature, and according
to the time of day and season of the
year ; his views are principally about
Lee, in Kent, his figures and cattle
well drawn, and his colouring bright
and transparent : died 1816.
Busca (Antonio), born at Milan,
1625, was a scholar of Proccacini, in
whose style he painted a Crucifixion,
with the Virgin, Mary Magdalen, and
St. John, equal to Proccacini ; but he
afterwards became a mannerist, and
frequently painted the same subjects.
Buso (Aurelio), born at Crema,
flourished about 1 520. Studied under
Polidoro da Caravaggio, and II Matu-
rino, and assisted them in their works.
He also ornamented the palace of
Benzoni at Venice with some friezes
and other works, in the style of Poli
doro. Burrini (Giovanni Antonio), born
1656. Studied first under Canuti,
but being enamoured of the style of
Paul Veronese, he studied his works
until he became a mannerist. Such
is his picture of the Martyrdom of
St. Vittoria, in the dome of the Miran-
dola. Bussini (John Baptist), a cele
brated painter of landscapes, was born
in 1698. Many of his works were
painted for foreigners, besides those
for private persons in Rome ; as he
had a very fine taste, his paintings

BUS

were much sought after. He died in
Rome in the year 1757.
Bustler, a Dutch painter of his
tory and portraits, painted a picture
of three Boors, the landscape behind
by Lancrink, and a little dog on one
side hy Hondius. — Walpole, v. 3. p.
45. (Reign of Charles II).
Buti (Lodovico), born at Florence,
about 1600, was a scholar of Santo
da Titi, on leaving whom he studied
and imitated the works of Andrea del
Sarto with great success. Several of
his works are in the churches and pa
laces at Bologna, but his best produc
tion, the Miracle of the Loaves and
Fishes, is in the gallery at Florence.
In composition he was unequal to his
master, but is by some considered su
perior to him in his colouring.
Butinone, born in the Milanese
territory, flourished from 1484 to
1520, is said to have been an excellent
painter of perspective ; but his works
are all perished, and no account of
them remains.
Butler (Samuel), the Author of
Hudibras, is said by Lord Orford to
have painted some pictures, but po -
sessed of little merit.
Butteri (Giovanni Maria), born
at Florence, was a scholar of Agnolo
Bronzini ; he painted history with
some reputation, but not equal to his
master. His works are in the churches
and convents at Florence : died 1606.
Buys (James), born at Amsterdam
in 1724, was a pupil of Cornelius
Troost ; he painted portraits, and
pictures of other kinds, which he
composed tolerably well : he died in
his native city in 1801.
Buys (Van), a Dutch painter of
the seventeenth century, worked in
the manner of Mieris, and of Gerard
Douw; his compositions are highly
spirited, and his draperies depicted
with wonderful truth ; his designs are
pure, and his touch is finished, with
out being cold ; but his paintings are
but little known out of Holland.

67 CAB
Buytenweg (William de), born
near Rotterdam, about 1600, a Dutch
painter of conversation pieces, and
landscapes, which he painted with con
siderable reputation; but his principal
work represented the Triumph of
William, second Prince of Orange.
Bye or Bie (Mark de), born at the
Hague, 1612, was a disciple of Vander
Does, a painter of landscape and cattle,
whose manner he imitated, and his
pictures are not without merit.
Byer (Nicholas) , born in Norway,
painted history and portraits, and was
employed by Sir William Temple, at
his house at Sheen, near Richmond.
Walpole, v. 3. p. 81.
Bylert or Bylart (John), bom
at Utrecht in 1 603. Studied under
his father, who was a painter on glass,
and became a reputable painter of his
tory and battle pieces ; his pictures
are usually smaller than life, inge
niously composed, and coloured with
great vigour and effect : he was living
in 1661.
Byss (John Rodolph), a Swiss, born
1660, died 1738, painted history in
oil and in fresco, usually allegorical or
mythological subjects, which he en
riched with animals, flowers, &c. ;
also easelpictures of historical subjects,
in which he tried to imitate the style
of Lairesse, and the finish of Adrian
Vander Werf; flower-pieces in the
manner of Van Huysum, and land
scapes in the cold tone of Breughel.

Cabel, or Kabel (Adrian Vander),
born in Ryswick, 1631 ; he studied
under Van Goyen; painted, landscapes,
with animals and figures, also seaports,
generally designed from nature : his
animals and figures in the manner of
Castiglione, and his landscapes simi
lar to Salvator Rosa ; in colouring
he sought to imitate Caracci or Mola,
but sometimes painted with too brown
a tone : his compositions are chiefly
in the style of the Italian school : died
1695. F 2

CAB

Cabezallero (Juan Martin de),
born near Cordova, 1633, died 1673.
Studied under Jean Carrenho, and
painted history for the churches with
considerable reputation : his princi
pal works are, the Assumption of the
Virgin, a Crucifixion, and an Ecce
Homo. Caccia (Guglielmo), born at No-
vara in Piedmont, 1568 ; painted
history in oil and in fresco, and with
equal success : his style partakes
more of the Roman than the Bolog
nese school. He painted some large
pictures for the churches, the prin
cipal of which, are the Taking down
from the Cross, the Raising of Lazarus,
and the Miracle of the Loaves and
Fishes ; and his landscape^ are in the
manner of Paul Bril : died*1625.
Caccianemici (Francesco), born
at Bologna. Studied under Parme
giano, lived about 1530, was an ama
teur painter of history.
Caccianemici (Vincenzio), born at
Bologna about 1700. Studied under
Primatticio, whom he assisted in his
works at Fontainebleau, and was also
employed in conjunction with II
Rosso. Caccianiga (Francesco), born at
Milan in 1700. Studied in the school
of Marc Antonio Franceschini, after
wards visited Rome, and obtained the
patronage of Prince Borghese, for
whose palace he executed some con
siderable works ; but was principally
employed in the churches and public
edifices at Ancona : bis most esteemed
works are the Marriage of the Virgin,
and the Last Supper.
Cacciuoli (Giovanni Battista),
bora near Bologna, 1 635 ; scholar of
Domenico Mario Canuti. Painted
history, and several of his works are
in the churches at Bologna : died
1675. Caccioli (Joseph Anthony), son
of Giovanni Battista Caccioli. Studied
three years under his father, and
afterwards under Joseph Rolli, hav
ing learned design, he painted some
times in oil, but his principal talent

68 CAG
was in fresco, for figures ; he painted
a great many in Florence, in Bologna,
and many places, and particularly
with his master in the church of
St. Paul.
Caelio (Bennet), a Portuguese
painter, was so quick and industrious
that he alone painted more works
than had been made by all the paint
ers before him that had flourished
in Portugal, there not being a church,
monastery or house in which some
thing by his hand might not be
found : he not only worked for the
city of Lisbon, but for all the cities in
the kingdom, as well as for those in
the Brazils ; and in spite of his quick
ness, there is not one of his known
works in which freshness of colouring
and beauty are not discernible, and
every painting in his best manner is,
by judges and professors, reputed
good, among which we ought certainly
to rank and esteem that painted by
him in Lisbon, for the Fathers of the
Monastery del Carmine, of "Captives
redeemed from Slavery :" he flourished
about the year 1680.
Cagliari Paolo, or Paolo Vero
nese, born at Verona, 1532. Studied
under A. Badile, and also contem
plated the works of Michael Angelo
and Raffaelle ; his" taste was more
suited to large than small composi
tions, and whenever his subject would
admit of it, he introduced architec
ture, which was usually painted by
his brother Benedetto, in grand style.
His colouring is pure and chaste,
lights and shadows well managed, but
his figures are habited in the gorgeous
draperies of the Venetian nobles, in
stead of an appropriate costume, and
in his Feast of Simon and Levi, in
stead of patriarchal simplicity, they
are represented with all the magni
ficence of Eastern kings. In his prin
cipal work, the Marriage of Cana, there
are at least 150 heads : died 1588.
Cagliari (Benedetto), brother of
Paul Veronese, born at Verona, 1 538 ;
painted much in the style of Vero
nese, whose works he enriched with

CAG 69
architectural subjects ; also painted
some compositions of his own, many
of which are to be found in Venice :
died 1598.
Cagliari (Carletto), son of Paolo,
horn at Venice, 1570 ; finished several
works of his father's after his decease,
and executed some excellent composi
tions of his own ; the best of which
are little, if at all, inferior to those of
Paolo: died 1596.
Cagliari (Gabriele), also a son of
Paolo, born at Venice, 1 568 ; applied
himself to painting historical subjects,
and portraits, but not succeeding well,
he abandoned the art : died 1 63 1 .
Cagnacci (Guido), a Bolognese,
born 1 600 ; was a scholar of Guido,
whose style he followed at an humble
distance ; at Bologna there is a Lu-
cretia, and a David, which has often
been copied by other artists: diedl680.
Cairo (Cav. Francesco), bom at
Milan, 1598; studied under Morazzone,
and painted history in the style of
Paolo Veronese, and sometimes Rubens,
but in bis portraits he most resembles
Titian, and occasionally adopted a
mixed style, partaking of Rubens and
Paolo Veronese. His works are prin-
cipallv in the churches at Venice ;
and in a chapel at Pavia, there is one
representing the Virgin, St. Catha
rine, and another Saint, which is
beautifully designed and coloured in
the style of Rubens : died 1674.
Cairo (Ferdinando), born at Casal
Montferrato, 1666. Studied under
Franceschini, aud assisted in painting
the ceiling of the church of St. Anto
nio at Brescia : died 1 682.
Cajo (William), a native of Breda.
Studied with Francis Floris under
Lambert Lombardo, and in 1540, his
name appears in the catalogue of
Flemish paiuters ; he excelled in his
tory and portraits, and obtained very
high prices for his works. Sandrart,
p. 256.
Calabrese— See Pieti
Calabres (Marco)-See Cardisco.
Calamech (Lazarus), of Carrara,
a painter and sculptor, was a scholar

CAL
of Andrew Calamech, his uncle; when
very young he worked two statues for
the obsequies of Buonarotti, which
were much praised for their taste and
spirit. Vasari, par. 1. lib. 2. p. 204.
Calandra (Giovanni Battista),
was one of the earliest of the Mosaic
painters ; he executed several for St.
Peter's at Rome, which being much
damaged, have been taken down, and
replaced by copies, also in Mosaic.
Calandrucci (Nozzo), of Perina,
a Florentine ; came from the school
of Andrew Tassi, where there was
much sport and raillery. Buffal
macco and Nello di Dino gave Nozzo
their company in painting, which gave
room for Boccaccio to introduce them
in his Decamerone : he flourished in
1340. Baldinucci, sec. 2. p. 64.
Calandrucci (Giacomo), born at
Palermo, 1646; was the scholar of
Carlo Maratti, whose mode of colour
ing he imitated. He executed several
considerable works for the churches
and convents of that city, with a free
and firm touch, and judiciously com
posed : died 1707.
Calavrese (Maria), born at Rome,
1486, died 1542; painted history in
oil and fresco with some reputation,
but we have no further account of his
works. Calcar or Kalckar (John van),
born at Kalckar, in the duchy of
Cleves, 1499 ; was the principal
scholar of Titian, whose style he imi
tated with the utmost precision, parti
cularly in his portraits, which are
often mistaken for the works of that
master ; he also imitated the works
of Raffaelle with great success ; he
painted a capital picture of the Nati
vity, in which the light proceeded
from the infant : died 1546.
Calcia (Guiseppe), a Piedmontese,
flourished about 1675; painted his
tory for the churches, but excelled in
easel size pictures, of which one re
presenting Christ praying in the
Garden, is particularly noticed.
Caldara— See Polidoro da Ca
ravaggio.

CAL

Calderari (Giovanni Maria),
born at Peidenone, 1 500 ; studied
under Licinio, called II Pordenone,
and painted so closely in his style as
to deceive the best judges. He also
executed some considerable works in
fresco for the churches in Venice :
died 1564.
Calegarino — See Cappellini.
Calense (Cesare), a Neapolitan,
flourished about 1590 ; was eminent
as a painter of history, and one of his
principal works representing the De
scent from the Cross, is in one of the
churches at Naples.
Caletti (Guiseppe), called Cre-
monense, born at Ferrara about 1 600 ;
imitated Titian, and closely resem
bles him in his mythological subjects,
and is often mistaken for him. His
works may, however, sometimes be
distinguished by his inattention to
costume ; in his Bacchanals, in which
he sometimes introduced a modern
gambol: died 1600.
Caliavara, or Carlevariis
(Luca), born at Udina, 1665 ; he stu
died and copied the works of eminent
masters, and excelled in sea-ports and
landscapes, usually views about Rome
and Venice, which he designed with
truth and nature, and mostly enriched
with elegant figures : died 1715.
Calici (Achilles), born at Bologna
about 1665 ; studied first under
Prospero Fontana, and afterwards
under Lodovico Caracci, whose style
he adopted. Painted two side pic
tures of the grand altar in the church
of St. Michael at Bologna, which are
well spoken of.
Calimberg (Guiseppe), a Ger
man, about 1505 ; went to Venice,
painted history in rather a som
bre style, but not altogether with
out merit. One of his best pictures,
the Battle of Constantine, is at Ve
nice : died 1570.
Call (John van), born at Nime-
guen, 1655; his first attempts were

70 CAL
in copying the landscapes of John
Breughel, Paul Bril and Willian van
Nieulandt ; he afterwards travelled
through Switzerland to Italy, where
he formed an ample collection of de
signs from the most picturesque views
in the environs of Rome. He return
ed to the Hague, where he died in
1705; he studied attentively the
principles of perspective and architec
ture, but his drawings are more esteem
ed than his pictures.
Callega (Andre de), a Spaniard,
born at Rioja, 1 705 ; studied under
Jerome d'Esquera, and painted his
tory with great success, and was
appointed painter to Ferdinand VI. :
died 1785.
Calvart (Denis), born at Ant
werp, 1555 ; painted landscapes first,
from nature ; afterwards visited Bo
logna, and studied under Prospero
Fontana, carefully copying the works
of Correggio and Parmegiano, and
afterwards went to Rome and studied
under Sabbattini, and from the works
of Raffaelle. His style is more of the
Italian than the Flemish cast, his
figures well grouped, touch delicate,
and colouring pleasing ; of his pictures
in the churches the principal are
Christ appearing to Mary Magdalen ;
a Holy Family, and St. Gregory con
verting the Heretics ; there is also a
fine picture in the Palazzo Nuzzi, of
two Hermits, and one of the Nativity
in the Pembroke Collection : died
1619. Calvi (Lazzaro and Pantaleo),
brothers, and sons of Agostino, one of
the best painters of the old style ; was
born at Genoa about 1506, and were
educated under Pierino del Vaga, on
leaving of whom, they were employed
in conjunction in the churches and
other public edifices at Naples. One
of their best works is in the Palavi-
cmi Palace at Naples, it represents
the Continence of Scipio, and is paint
ed m a style worthy of Pierino him
self: Lazzaro died in 1606.
Calvi (Giulio), called II Coronato,

CAL

born at Cremona, about 1570; stu
died under G. B. Trotti, whom he
closely resembles, but is not quite
equal to that master: died 1596.
Calvi (Felix), of Genoa, Marc
Anthony, Aurelius and Benedict, his
brothers, were sons and disciples of
Pantaleo Calvi, and nephews of
Lazzaro, (in whose family painting
and designing flourished for many
years) ; they are all mentioned by
Soprani, p. 75 : flourished about 1 560.
Calvan (Don Juan), born at Sara
gossa, 1600. Painted history for the
churches and monasteries there with
considerable reputation : died 1658.
Calvetti (Albert), a Venetian
painter, was a scholar of Celesti : he
worked in the church of St. Zacariah,
belonging to the monks in Venice,
and in the church of the Ascension :
he died about the year 1708.
Calza (Antonio), born at Verona,
1653. Studied under Carlo Cignani,
but after copying several of the works
of Borgognone, he adopted his style,
and painted battle-pieces and land
scapes ; the latter in imitation of
Gaspar Poussin : died 1714.
Calzalajo (Sandrino del), a Flo
rentine, and scholar of John Anthony
Sogliano : gave strong indications from
the freedom of his pencil of becoming
a great painter, but was unhappily cut
off in his youth. — Vasari, par 3. lib.
l.p. 198.
Calze (Edward Francis), bom at
Lucca ; visited England under the
patronage of Lord Littleton, and
painted in crayons ; but we have no
further account of his works.
Cama (John Bernard), a Neapoli
tan. Painted in the church della
Sapienza (of the College), the great
altar-piece representing Christ disput
ing with the Doctors; in St. John
Maggiore, in the chapel belonging to
the family of Asmodei, the Descent
from the Cross, with the Madonna
supported by two Angels ; in the con
ventual church of St. Lawrence, in
the chapel of the Rocchi, the St.

A CAM
Stephen stoned by the Jews ; in the
chapel of the family of the Rosa the
Madonna with Christ in her arms,
and at her sides St. John Baptist and
St. Dominic ; in the church of St.
Dominic in the chapel of the Lenari,
the Archangel Michael ; in the church
of the monks of St. Ligorno, the pic
ture at the high altar of Christ's As
cension into Heaven, with others at
the sides ; and in the church of the
Annunciation, a large painting repre
senting the Annunciation of the Virgin
Mary, all of them highly estimated,
besides a great number for persons
then living : he also excelled as a por
trait painter : he flourished in the
year 1550.
Camassei (Andrea), bom at Be-
vagna, 1602. Studied first under
Domenichino, and afterwards under
Andrea Sacchi, and his works are
greatly admired for their elegance of
design and sweetness of colouring.
Two of his pictures, representing
the Battle of Constantine and Max-
entius, and the Triumph of Constan
tine, are splendid productions, and
there is a fine picture of Venus and
the Graces in the Pembroke collec
tion, which is said to be by Camassei :
died in 1648.
Cambera (Lactanzio), born at Cre
mona, 1584. Studied under Antonio
Campi, and painted history with some
reputation : his composition was spi
rited, and his colouring excellent :
died 1616.
Cambiaso, or Cangiago (Gio
vanni), born at Genoa about 1495,
was a disciple of Gemini, and con
temporary of Pierino del Vaga and
Pordenone, and like them, a reformer
of the Gothic style that had hitherto
prevailed. Cambiaso (Luca, son of Giovanni),
born near Genoa, 1527. Studied
under his father, whom he soon sur
passed; afterwards visited Florence and
Rome, studied the works of Michael
Angelo and Raffaelle, and was much
employed in the churches and other
public edifices : his Martyrdom of

CAM

72

St. George, St. Benedetto, and the
Rape of the Sabines, are highly ex
tolled, particularly the latter, from the
sumptuous architecture, beauty and
spirit of the horses, and modest reluc
tance of the women, forming an assem
blage of perfection that has rarely been
surpassed. In the royal collection at
Paris, is a Sleeping Cupid, as large as
life ; also Judith, with her attendant :
the Pembroke collection also possesses
a picture by him of Christ bearing
his Cross, and there are many of his
works at Genoa and in Spain : he
died in 1585.
Cambiaso (Orazio), son of Luca,
studied under and assisted his father,
whom he accompanied to Spain, and
after his decease, was employed by
Philip II. who bestowed marks of
distinction upon him, and awarded him
a pension : but we have no account of
his works.
Camerata (Guiseppe), born at
Venice, 1724. Studied under his
father, a miniature painter of some
reputation, whom he excelled greatly :
died 1751.
Camillo (Francesco), born at
Madrid, about 1635, son of Dome
nico, and a scholar of Pedro de la
Cuevas, under whom he became a re
putable painter of history. Amongst
his best productions are mentioned,
St. Mary ; the Egyptian presented to
the Virgin ; a Descent from the Cross ;
and the Virgin ; the latter in the
church of St. John, at Madrid : his
design was good, attitudes graceful,
and colouring sweetly harmonious :
died 1671.
Campagna (Hyacinth), a Bolog
nese : began from a child to copy from
prints, and having exhibited a genius
for painting, was introduced to the
school of Brizio, sen. He learned
with such facility the management of
his pencil, that in many cases he
taught the gentry and their sons, and
on the death of Brizzio, engaged with
Albani, and was, at the instance of
Cardinal Santacroce, sent to Poland
in the pay of the king Ladislaus, as

CAM
his painter, but not being able to bear
the rigour of the climate, he shortly
died. He flourished about 1625.
Malvasia, p. 3. p. 547.
Campagnola (Domenico), born
about 1543, bred in the school of
Titian : is said to have exhibited
talents that excited the jealousy of
his master ; in fresco, he is said to
have approached him nearly ; in oil,
still more so ; and in landscape, to
be little, if at all inferior : he excelled
in painting the nude figure.
Campagnola (Giulio), born at
Padua, about 1530 : excelled in minia
ture, and painted a few portraits in
oil that were not without merit.
Campalastro (Lodovico), born at
Ferrara : painted history for the
churches there : the four best pic
tures represent the Repose in Egypt,
the Adoration of the Magi, the Na
tivity, and St. Francis.
Camp ann a (Tommaso), born at
Bologna, was a pupil of Guido, and
left proof of his talent in two pictures
of the Life of St. Cecilia, which
would not disgrace his preceptor.
Campanna (Pedro), born at Brus
sels, 1503. Studied at Rome in the
school of Raffaelle, whose style he
imitated with considerable success.
Of his historical works, which he
painted for the churches, his Nativity,
Purification, and the Descent from the
Cross, are considered the best : died
1570. Campello, a native of the kingdom
of Portugal, was sent to Rome to
study painting under Michael Angelo
Buonarotti, where he made such pro
gress in the art, that upon his return
to his native country, he was made
painter to king John III. and after
wards to Emanuel. In the grand
cloisters of the church of Belem, a
short distance from Lisbon, he painted
the mysteries of Christ's Passion, well
designed, and in a noble style, in
which it is easy to perceive the hand
of a master. He flourished about
the year 1540.

CAM
Camphuysen (Dirk Theodore Ra
phael), born at Gorcum, 1 586 ; was
a pupil of Govertz, and painted small
landscape views on the Rhine, with
huts and ruinous buildings on the
banks, boats and figures, neatly drawn
and harmoniously coloured ; his
scenes are mostly moonlight, and very
scarce. Campi (Galeazzo), bom at Cre
mona, 1475 : is said to have been a
disciple of Boccacini, but his style is
an imitation of Perugino, but very
inferior in design and expression, al
though good in colouring : his best
production is his own portrait, which
is in the gallery at Florence : died
1536. Campi (Giulio, son of Galeazzo),
bom at Cremona, 1500, was educated
under Giulio Romano, and afterwards
improved himself by studying the
works of Raffaelle, to which he united
the colouring of Pordenone and
Titian : several of his paintings are
in the churches at Cremona : died
1572. Campi (AntonioCavaliere), younger
brother and scholar of Giulio : painted
history in oil, and fresco, in the latter
of which he vainly attempted the
style of Correggio : his principal
pictures are St. Paul raising Euty-
chus, and an altar-piece of the Na
tivity. Campi (Vincenzio), younger son of
Galeazzo, attempted history, but
succeeded better in portraits and still
life: died 1591.
Campi (Bernardino), bom at Cre
mona, 1522. Studied first under
Giulio Campi, and afterwards under
Hippolita Costa ; alsostudiedtheworks
of Raffaelle, Giulio Romano, and Cor
reggio, and was chiefly employed in
the churches in Italy, in which he
executed some stupendous largeworks.
In composition and design he resem
bles Giulio Romano, particularly in
the naked figure and magnificent archi
tecture with which his pictures are
usually decorated. One of his best

73

CAN

works is a representation of St. John
in the Wilderness : died 1584.
Campiglia (Giovanni Domenico),
born at Lucca, 1692. Studied at
Florence, under Tommaso Redi and
Lorenzo del Moro, and afterwards at
Bologna under Guiseppe del Sole ;
painted historical subjects and por
traits, and particularly excelled in
drawing from the antique marbles :
his own portrait by himself is in the
gallery at Florence.
Campino (Giovanni), born at Ca-
merino about 1590, studied at Ant
werp under Abraham Janssens, and
on returning to Rome attached him
self to the works of Caravaggio,
whose manner he imitated.
Campolo (Placido), born at Mes
sina, 1693. Studied at Rome under
Sebastiano Conca, but was more in
debted to his study of the works of
Raffaelle, and of the antique marbles,
than to the instruction of his master ;
became distinguished as a painter of
history, particularly in fresco ; one
of his principal works, the ceiling of
the Galleria del Senato, is admired for
the ingenuity of the composition, and
the correctness of the design : died
1743 (of the plague).
Campora (Francesco), born at Ge
noa, 1 71 2. Studied under Domenico
Parodi, and painted history with con
siderable reputation, his colouring and
composition were alike creditable to
him : died 1763.
Camullo (Francesco), a Bolognese,
was a faithful follower of Lodovico
Caracci, upon whose designs he pamted
tolerably well some pictures in public,
in 1620. Malvasia, par. 4. p. 577.
Canal or Canaletti (Antonio),
born at Venice, 1697. Studied under
his father, a scene painter, then
visited Rome, and designed from na
ture and the remains of antiquity, and
on his return to Venice, drew several
fine views of that city and its envi
rons ; came to England, and painted
a perspective view of the inside of
King's College Chapel, Cambridge,

CAN 74
which was lately in the collection at
Strawberry Hill : died 1768. His
nephew, Canal (Bernardo), born 1 724, stu
died under and painted some pictures
in the style of his uncle, and after
wards went to Rome, where he as
sumed the title of Count Bellotti, and
painted architectural views, and per
spective, which were greatly admired :
died 1780.
Candari (Guiseppe), born at Rome,
1630, died 1682. Studied under
Carlo Maratti, whose style he imitated
with great success. Many of his works
are in the churches and public edifices
at Rome.
Candido — See Wit.
Cane (Carlo), born near Milan,
1618. Studied under Melchior Gil-
lardini, and Morazzone, and adopted
the style of the latter in his historical
subjects ; also painted landscapes and
animals in a manner peculiar to him
self, and with great spirit : died 1688.
CANGIAGIO-SeeCAMBIASO (Giov.)
Canini (Giovanni Agnolo), born at
Rome, 1617. Studied first under
Domenichino, and afterwards under
Barbalunga; painted several fine altar-
pieces for the churches at Rome, and
had several commissions from Queen
Christina, at Sweden : died 1666.
Canneri (Anselm), of Verona, a
disciple of John Carotto, painted many
things, both in oil and in fresco, at
Castel Franco, in the palace of Soranzi,
and also in the city of Venice, and
was held in great esteem as a painter :
he flourished about the year 1500.
Cano (Alonso), called the Michael
Angelo of Spain, was born at Grenada
in 1600 ; he studied at Seville under
Pacheco, and afterward under Juan del
Castillo, and executed many admirable
works for the churches and convents
at Madrid; his design was correct
and his colouring fine, but he some
times overloaded his pictures with ar
chitecture. Canova (Antonio), the celebrated
sculptor, bom at Passagno, in the

CAN

Venetian territory, in 1757. Not
satisfied with shining as the first
sculptor of his age, prided himself
upon his perfections in painting, of
which the following are on record —
a naked Venus, as large as life, in a
reclining posture, holding a mirror ;
a naked Venus, sleeping, and a Satyr
crowned with vine-leaves peeping at
her ; the Three Graces embracing,
half life size ; a Mother with three
Children, one lying in her lap, and the
others playing around her ; a Female
half undressed; Cephalus weeping over
Procris ; a Player on the Lute ; two
Heads after the manner of Giorgione ;
an Old Man's head, and his own
portrait, the principal merit of which
is said to lie in the colouring, the exe
cution being very indifferent.
Canozio (Lorenzo), of Padua,
pamted but little, his genius being
more attracted to sculpture and carv
ing; but his works in the seats of the
choir in the church del Santo surprise
one that so much could be performed
alone by this ingenious painter and
carver. He died in the year 1470.
Ridolfi, par. 1. p. 73.
Cantarini (Simone), called Si
mone deCesare, born at Pesara, 1612,
was first a disciple of Pandolfi, and
afterwards of Guido ; then visited
Rome, and for some time studied from
the works of Raffaelle, and the an
tiques, and by some is called another
Guido, whom he approached very
nearly. One of his pictures repre
senting our Saviour standing on a
globe, and attended by a cherubim,
in the possession of Sir Robert Strange,
is considered by him quite equal to
any performance of Guido: died
Canti (Giovanni), born at Parma,
flourished about 1700, painted land
scapes and battle-pieces, which were
greatly admired, but in historical com
position did not rise above mediocrity.
Canto-lei or Cantofoli (Ginevra).
Ihis lady born at Bologna, was the
pupil ofLlizabetta Sirani, and painted
history with some reputation; one of

CAN 75
her pictures, representing the Last
Supper, is very favourably spoken of.
Canuti (Domenico Mario), born
at Bologna, 1 620, was the scholar of
Guido, and one of his favourite dis
ciples ; he painted many magnificent
works for the churches, one of which,
a Descent from the Cross, painted as
a moonlight piece, and called the
Notte del Canuti, has a most extra
ordinary effect ; his picture of the
Virgin and Saints is also a splendid
production: died 1678.
Canziani (John Baptist), a Vero
nese painter, distinguished himself for
his perfect likenesses in portraits. He
left his country on account of a homi
cide in a duel in defence of his own
honour, and after travelling through
Italy, settled in Bologna, employing
himself with reputation in his art.
He lived about the year 1712.
Capel (William van), a painter ot
Utrecht, gave, in 1639, a picture to
the hospital of St. Hiob, at Utrecht,
the subject, Zachariah with the infant
Jesus. Capello (Felix), born in Madrid,
but the son of a Genoese, with the
instructions of Vincent Carducchio,
became a valuable painter, and in the
royal palace executed many works
which are esteemed for their beauty ;
he worked in the church of the Ca
puchin Monks, and in several houses
and palaces, with great credit. He
died in Madrid in 1658, aged 54.
Palomino, p. 313.
Capitelli (Bernardino), bom at
Servia about 1617, was the scholar of
Casolani, and afterwards of Manetti,
but is little known as a painter.
Capodoro — See Paganini.
Capolongo (Antonio), born at Na
ples, flourished about 1490 ; pamted
several altar-pieces for the churches
in Naples. One of his pictures, re
presenting the Virgin and Child, with
a glory, is favourably spoken of.
Caporali (Julius), of Perugia,
mentioned by Baldinucci, son and dis-

CAP
ciple of Benedict, who was the pupil
of Perugino, imitated his father in
painting, who, having abandoned
painting for architecture, the son fol
lowed his example in that also. He
flourished about the year 1540.
Cappana, a Senese painter, worked
with Dominic Peccori Aretino, and
likewise painted by himself many
fronts of palaces and houses in chiaro
scuro ; it is believed that he was
taught by Balthasar Peruzzi, with
whom he lived in great familiarity :
he flourished about 1536. Vasari,
par. 2. p. 356. par. 3. lib. 1. p. 150.
Cappella (Simon), born at Naples,
1591. Studied at Rome under An
nibale Caracci, and on his return,
painted sacred history with great suc
cess : died 1 64 1 .
Cappelli (Giovanni Antonio),
born at Brescia, 1664, was first the
scholar of Ghiti, and afterwards of
Passinelli ; then visited Rome, and
studied under Baccici, and painted his
tory for the churches, chiefly in fresco,
his works are highly esteemed.
Cappelli (Francesco), born in Mo
dena, was educated in the school of
Correggio ; afterwards went to Bo
logna and was chiefly employed in
painting for private collections. One
of his pictures, representing a Ma
donna, is perfectly in the style of Cor
reggio in every respect.
Cappellini (Gabriale), called II
Caligarino, born at Ferrara. Studied
under Dosso Dossi, and painted his
tory for the churches ; his best works
are a picture of St. Peter and St.
James, and a Madonna with Saints.
Cappellini (Giovanni Domenico),
born at Genoa, 1580. Studied under
G. B. Paggi, and was a successful
imitator of his style, though less dig
nified in his composition : died 1651.
Capurro (Francesco), born at
Genoa. Studied under Domenico
Fiaselli, and afterwards at Naples,
under Spagnoletto, whose style he
adopted, and was employed some time
at the Court of Modena: died young.

CAR ;
Caracci (Lodovico), born at Bo
logna, 1555 ; studied under Fontana,
and also studied the works of Titian,
Tintoretto, and Paolo Veronese, at
Venice ; Passignano and Andrea del
Sarto, at Florence ; Giulio Romano,
at Mantua ; and Parmegiano and Cor
reggio, at Rome, but always prefer
red those of Correggio, whom he en
deavoured to imitate. He painted
history, and particularly excelled in
religious subjects ; his drawing is
correct, the airs of his heads grace
ful, and colouring excellent, a breadth
of light and shadow, simplicity
of colouring and solemn effect of
twilight pervades his pictures, and is
better suited to the subjects he han
dled than the brilliancy of sunshine
which enlivens the pictures of Titian.
He painted both in oil and in fresco,
and a fine Ecco Homo in the latter,
in which Pilate is represented washing
his hands, is at Bologna, where there
are many other excellent pictures by
him, particularly one of John the
Baptist, the Transfiguration, and the
Conversion of Saul : died 1619.
Caracci (Agostino), elder brother
of Annibale, bom at Bologna, 1558 ;
studied first under Fontana, then
under Passeroti, and afterwards be
came the disciple of Lodovico, and
assisted his brother in his memorable
works in the Farnesian Gallery, and
in painting fabulous subjects, few
of which latter are now to be met
with, and it is believed that many of
his pictures of that kind pass for the
works of Annibale. One of his most
celebrated paintings is the Com
munion of St. Jerome, at Bologna ;
and many others are now in the
gallery of the Louvre : died 1602.
Caracci (Paolo), a Bolognese, was
more memorable as being the brother
of Lodovico Caracci than for his own
works, being too much addicted to
wine. In the Madonna of S. Co
lombo, in Bologna, his hand is seen
in Jesus and John when children
playing. Caracci (Annibale), born at Bo-

i CAR
logna, 1560 ; was the disciple of his
cousin Lodovico, and studied the
works of Titian, Tintoretto, and Paolo
Veronese at Venice, those of Correggio
at Parma, and the antiquities and
compositions of Raffaelle at Rome.
He was more adapted for poetical or
profane subjects than for sacred ; and
his manner partakes more of the style
of M. A. Buonarotti, and of the
antique or Roman, than of the Bolog->
nese school. He excelled also in
landscape, and painted several in
which the figures are only accessory ;
and we have nothing superior in
grandeur to his scenery, choice of
forms, aerial tints, and spirited exe
cution. The most celebrated easel
picture by him, representing the
Descent from the Cross, is in the
collection of the Earl of Carlisle.
There is a grand composition by him
at Loretto, representing the Birth of
the Virgin, and one in the Dresden
Gallery, of St. Roche distributing his
wealth to the poor : died 1609.
Caracci (Antonio), calledll Gobbo,
born at Venice, 1583, natural son of
Agostino ; studied under Annibale,
whose spirited touch and beautiful
expression he imitated closely ; he
painted several works in fresco of the
life of the Virgin and the Passion of
our Saviour, and bid fair to excel the
whole of the Caracci family: died
1618. Caracci (Francesco), called Fran-
ceschino, born at Bologna, 1595,
brother of Annibale and Agostino, and
the disciple of Lodovico, whom he
attempted to rival ; he was a good
designer of naked figures, but some
what deficient in his colouring : died
1 622. Some of his works are in the
churches at Bologna.
Caraglio (Giovanni Giacomo),
born at Verona, 1512, studied under
Antonio Raimondi, but no descrip
tion is given of his works : died
1560. Caravaggio (Polidoro Caldara da),
born at Caravaggia, in the Milanese

CAR

States, in 1495 ; was a disciple of the
school of Raffaelle, by whom he was
employed to paint the friezes in the
Vatican, in which he rigidly observed
the forms and costumes of the an
cients, and gave to the heads, drape
ries, and attitudes of the figures the
semblance of Athenian art, but un
fortunately, from exposure to the air,
his frescoes are for the most part de
stroyed ; of his other works, the his
tory of Niobe, and two subjects of
the Life of the Magdalen, with a
beautiful landscape, were considered
the ornaments of the Vatican ; an
oil picture of Christ bearing his
Cross is in the great church at
Messina. Caravaggio (Michael Angelo),
born in the village of Caravaggia in
the Milanese States, 1569; was first
employed in making paste for the
fresco painters ; then painted like
nesses, with a servile obedience to
nature, copying even her defects ;
his saints and heroes, resembling the
porters who served him for models ;
afterwards visited Venice, and adopted
the style of Giorgione ; from thence
went to Rome, and was employed in
painting fruit and flowers ; having
painted a picture of the Gamester,
which was seen by Cardinal del
Monte, he took him into his service ;
at the Spada Palazzo is a picture of
Saint Anne with the Virgin by her
side employed in female work, but
the figures are as mean as their dress ;
another picture of the Virgin, with
two Pilgrims at Loretto, has the same
characteristics ; there is also a pic
ture by him in the palace of the Bor-
ghesi, of the Supper at Emmaus ; a
St. Sebastian in the Campidoglio,
and Hagar and Ishmael in the Pam-
philo Collection ; but his masterpiece,
of the Entombing of Christ, is now
inthe Louvre: died 1609.
Caracciuoli (Giambattista), born
at Naples, 1580 ; studied first under
Imparato, and next under Michael
Angelo Caravaggio, whose vigorous
style he followed; but afterwards

77 CAR
visited Rome, and adopted that of
Annibale Caracci, and imitated him
so closely, that his pictures are some
times mistaken for the works of An
nibale ; his best pictures are a Saint
Cecilia, the Assumption of the Virgin,
and a Saint Carlo : died 1641.
Caravoglio (Bartolomeo), born at
Piedmont; flourished about 1670;
is said to have been a scholar of
Guercino, which is doubted, his lights
being less lucid, and his shadows less
deep ; his best production is the Last
Supper, in the church of Corpus
Christi, at Turin.
Caubajal (Luis de), born at To
ledo, 1534 ; studied under Don Juan
de Villoldo, and was employed by
Philip II. in the Escurial ; also
painted a grand altar-piece of the Na
tivity, and several others for the
churches of Madrid and Toledo : died
1591. Carbone (Giovanni Bernardo),
born at Genoa, 1614; studied under
Giovanni Andrea de Ferrari ; painted
history in good style, but excelled in
portraits, which he painted much in
the style of Vandyck : died 1667.
Carboncino (John), a Venetian
Cavaliere, and a painter ; after having
studied in Venice, went to Rome to
improve himself, where he worked
with applause. Upon his return to
his country, he had many commis
sions, both public and private ; and
in the church of the Hospital of Pity
he painted on a large canvas Saint
Anthony the Preacher, a work worthy
of esteem.
Carboni (Francesco), born at Bo
logna ; was the scholar of Tiarini,
but imitated the style of Guido ; his
best works are at Bologna, of which
a Crucifixion, the Entombing of
Christ, and the Death of St. John
the Baptist, are quite in the manner
of that celebrated master.
Cardenas (Bartolomeo de), born
in Portugal, 1547; went to Madrid
when young, and painted history for
the churches and convents there, and

CAR 78

at Valladolid, with considerable repu
tation : died 1606.
Cardi (Lodovico, called Cigoliand
Civoli), born in the Castle of Cigoli,
at Florence, 1559 ; was a scholar
of Allori, and afterwards under
Santo di Titi, and studied at Flo
rence the works of M. A. Buonarotti
and Andrea del Sarto and Pontormo,
but particularly those of Correggio,
whose style he approached so closely,
that by some he is considered nearer
than Caracci, Schidone, or the Ba-
roccio ; he painted two fine pictures
of Venus and the Satyr, and the Sa
crifice of Isaac, for the Grand Duke
of Lombardy: died 1613.
Cardisco (Marco), called II Cala-
brese, born in Calabria, flourished
about 1 508 ; is supposed to have
been a scholar of Polidoro di Cara
vaggio, in whose style he painted
with considerable reputation ; one of
his best works is a Descent from the
Cross in one of the churches at Na
ples: died 1542.
Carducci (Bartolomeo), born at
Florence, 1560 ; studied under Fede-
rico Zucchero, and painted history
chiefly in fresco ; he painted many
altar-pieces for the churches, and was
employed in the Escurial, and for the
palace at Madrid, and of the Prado,
the principal of which are the Last
Supper, the Circumcision, and the
Descent from the Cross, which last is
considered equal to any of the pro
ductions of Raffaelle: died 1610.
Carducci (Vincenzio), born at
Florence, 1568; was the brother of
Bartolomeo, by whom he was in
structed, and whom he accompanied
to Spain, and after his decease finished
several of his works ; he also exe
cuted a number of pictures for the
churches and palaces, amongst which
the Warning to St. Joseph, the
preaching of St. John, and a St. An
tonio, are considered the best : died
1638. Cari (Francis), a native of Se
ville, under the instruction of his

CAR
father became an expert and skilful
painter ; he worked not only in Se
ville, but in Madrid : where, in the
church of St. Isidore, the protector of
Madrid, he painted various acts of the
life of that saint, a work well exe
cuted : he died in 1667 at the age
of 36.
Cariani (Giovanni,) born at Ber
gamo, 1510; painted history with
considerable reputation ; in the church
of St. Gotardo, at Bergamo, is a
grand picture by him representing
the Virgin and Child in the clouds sur
rounded by Angels, composed in a
charming style, and well coloured ;
he was also highly celebrated as a
portrait painter.
Carlevariis — See Caliavara
(Luca) .
Carlier (J. William), born in
Liege in 1640 ; was a pupil of Douf-
flestand of B.Flemael; inthe Carme
lites' Church, at Liege, is a painting
by him of the Adulteress taken be
fore Jesus Christ ; some of his works
are in the galleries of St. Petersburg
and of Dusseldorp : he died at Liege
in 1675.
Carlieri (Alberto), born at Rome,
1672; was a pupil of Guiseppe de
Marchi, and afterwards of Padre An
drea Pozzo ; he excelled in painting
architectural views, which he en
riched with beautiful historical figures.
Carlisle (Anne), an English por
trait paintress, lived in the reign of
Charles II. , and was celebrated for
her copies of the Italian Masters :
died about 1680.
Carloni (Andrea), son of Gio
vanni Battista, born 1639; as
sisted his father in his works, and
also executed some magnificent com
positions of his own in fresco : died
1680. Carloni (Giovanni Battista), bom
at Genoa, 1590 ; studied under Pas-
signano, and became eminent as a
painter in fresco : his works are at
Rome, Florence, and Milan : amongst

CAR

which are the Adoration of the Wise
Men, the Entrance into Jerusalem,
the Resurrection and Ascension, and
the Feast of Pentecost : died 1630.
Carloni (Giovanni), younger bro
ther of Giovanni Battista, bom at
Genoa, 1594 ; studied under Pas-
signano, and assisted his brother in the
cathedral at Genoa ; his principal
works were the Presentation in the
Temple, and Christ disputing with
the Doctors: died 1680.
Carloni (Thaddeus), a painter,
sculptor, and architect, born in Rono,
a territory of the lake of Lugano ;
having studied under John his father,
perfected himself in Rome, and esta
blished himself in Genoa, where he
did not want for employment. He
established a school for painting in
his house. He died 1613. Soprani,
p. 293.
Carloni (Carlo), born at Como,
1686 ; studied under Giulio Q.ualio,
and afterwards visited Rome and Ger
many, but we have no account of his
works as a painter : died 1775.
Carmenton (George), born in
Lyons, was a scholar of Francis
Stella ; he painted history very well,
but his principal talent was in paint
ing ceilings, rooms, and halls, par
ticularly when joined with architec
ture and perspective. Felibien, par.
5.p 119.
Cahnio (Antonio), bora in the
Friuli ; studied first under his father,
an artist of no note, and afterwards at
Venice, from the works of Tintoretto
and Paolo Veronese; he adopted a
bold and effective style of composi
tion, and a tender and harmonious
colouring, and executed many fine
works for the churches and public
edifices, and several easel pictures
for private collections : died about
1690. Carnovale (Domenico), born at
Modena; flourished about 1564;
excelled in painting architectural
views enriched with figures, cor-

79 CAR
rectly drawn, and touched with neat
ness. C a r n u l i (Fra. Simone da),
lived at Genoa about 1519, and
painted several pictures for the con
vent of his order, the two principal
of which are the Last Supper and the
preaching of St. Anthony, also archi
tectural views, with small figures,
which are much esteemed for their
aerial perspective and degradation of
tint. Caro (Francesco Lopez), born at
Seville, 1592; studied under Pablo
de la Roelas ; he painted several pic
tures of the victories of Charles V.
in the palace of the Prado, and ex
celled in portrait painting : died 1662.
Caro (Francesco, son of the
above), was a scholar of Alonso
Cano ; painted history, and one of
his principal works, the History of
the Virgin Mary, is at Madrid : died
1667. Caroli (Pietro Francesco), born at
Turin, 1 638 ; studied at Venice, at
Florence, and at Rome ; his subjects
were the interiors of churches, which
he embellished with figures, correctly
designed and admirably coloured :
died 1716.
Caroselli (Angiolo), born at
Rome, 1573 ; studied under M.A. Ca
ravaggio, whose bold and vigorous co
louring he imitated closely, but with
a graceful elegance of design not
possessed by that master ; he was
chiefly employed in easel pictures and
portraits, he also possessed an extra
ordinary talent of copying the works
of celebrated masters, and in painting
pasticci. Carot, according to Strutt, re
sided at Rome about 1585, and etched
a small upright plate representing St.
Francis holding a cross, which from
its bold and spirited style appears to
have been the work of a painter.
Caroto, or Carotto (Giovanni
Francesco), born at Verona, 1470;
studied first under Liberale Vero
nese, and afterwards under Mantegna.

CAR 80
He first painted easel pictures, in
which he approached Mantegna so
closely, that his master used to sell
them as productions of his own ; in
his larger works he is grander in style,
and more harmonious than Mantegna,
and equally celebrated for his por
traits : died 1546.
Caroto (Giovanni), brother of
the above, by whom he was instructed,
aud whose manner he imitated, both
in his historical pictures and portraits,
but not equal to his brother ; he also
painted the remains of antiquity, par
ticularly the famous amphitheatre
uear Verona, and was much employed
by the nobility : died about 1550.
Carpaccio (Vittorio), flourished
at Venice about 1 500 ; worked for the
churches and other public edifices in
Venice, in competition with Bellini,
and in the dry gothic style of the
time. Carpaccio (Benedetto), supposed
to have been a son or nephew of
Vittorio ; painted history for the
churches, one of which, the enthroning
of the Virgin, in the church of the
Rotonda, for beauty of colouring and
expression is equal to most pictures
of that period : it is dated 1537.
Carpi (Ugo da), born in Rome,
I486, died about 1530 ; of his works
as a painter but little is known.
Carpentero (John Charles), bora
at Antwerp in 1 784, a pupil of Van
den Bosch, and of M. Van Bree ;
was a painter of history and land
scapes ; exhibited in Antwerp in
1819 a beautiful landscape, in the
foreground of which were two cows
feeding, watched by a young shep
herd ; in the second some sheep with
their shepherd, in the back-ground a
range of lofty woody mountains in
the distance. He died at Antwerp in
1823. Carpentier (Adrian), a Swiss ;
settled in England about 1760 as a
portrait painter ; one of his best
performances is a portrait of Rou-
billiac, from which there is a good

CAR
mezzotinto print by Martin: died
about 1778.
Carpi (Girolamo da), born at
Ferrara, 1501 ; studied under Garo-
fola, and afterwards copied the works
of Parmegiano and Correggio so
closely, particularly the latter, that
many of his works were, and pro
bably still are, taken for that master's;
he also painted many compositions of
his own for the churches, in which
he displays a mixture of the Roman
and Lombard style : died 1556.
Carpi (Guiseppe), born at Bologna,
1664, died 1713 ; painted architec
tural subjects and views in perspective
with considerable taste, and well co
loured. Carpinoni (Domenico), born at
Bergamo, 1566; studied at Venice
under Palma, and copied his works
and those of Bassano ; he afterwards
painted some compositions of his own,
which are correctly designed and
vigorously coloured, the principal of
which are the Birth of the Baptist,
the Descent from the Cross, the
Transfiguration, and the Adoration of
the Magi: died 1658.
Carpinoni (Martiale) bom at Clu-
sone, 1 644, grandson of Domenico, by
whom he was instructed, and after
wards under Ciro Ferri, painted
several altar-pieces and other works
for the churches with some reputa
tion, amongst which are a Nativity,
and the Baptism of Christ : died
1722. Carpioni (Giulio), born in Venice,
1611; studied under Varotari, called
Paduauino, and, like him, followed
the splendid style of Paolo Veronese.
He usually painted easel pictures of
Bacchanals, Sacrifices, and such sub
jects as admitted of numerous figures,
and in which he was without a com
petitor ; his historical subjects are
mostly in the churches of the Venetian
States : died 1674.
Carpioni (Carlo), son of Giulio,
was instructed by his father, and
painted in his style, but was more

CAR 81
distinguished as a portrait painter.
In the Council Chamber at Vicenza
are some excellent groups of the
portraits of the magistrates by him.
Carrari (Baldassare), born at
Ravenna, flourished about 1512 ;
studied under Rondinello, and exe
cuted some works for the churches,
the principal of which is a picture of
St. Bartholomew.
Carrandini (Paolo), a Modenese,
an excellent designer of portraits
in miniature, adorned with laurel,
which the native nobility of Rome
wore when abroad. He died early.
Vidriani, p. 146.
Carr£ (Francis), born in Friesland,
1630, excelled in landscapes and vil
lage festivals, his works are little
known except in his own country :
died 1669.
Carre (Henry), bora, at Amster
dam about 1657 ; studied first under
Jurian Jacobsq, and afterwards under
Jaques Jordaens. He decorated the
palace at Friesland with several fine
landscapes, huntings of the wild
boar, and other animals, in the man
ner of Snyders ; he also painted
peasants attending sheep or herds of
cattle, and sometimes conversations,
in an agreeable style, the figures and
animals well designed, touched with
great spirit, and agreeably coloured :
died L721.
Carr& (Michael), younger brother
of Henry, born at Amsterdam, 1666 ;
studied first under his brother, and
afterwards under Nicholas Berghem,
but preferred and adopted the style of
Vander Leaw. He sometimes deco
rated' large saloons with landscapes,
storms, lightning destroying castles
and towers, tearing up trees, and
similar subjects of terror : died 1728.
Carrenno(Doh Juan de Miranda),
born at Abiles in Spain, 1614; stu
died under Pietro de las Cuevas, and
painted fresco in a tone of colouring
between Titian and Vandyck, excelling
all his countrymen, except Murillo,
in the tenderness of his carnations ;

CAR
he excelled also in portrait painting :
died 1685.
Carretti (Domenico), born at
Bologna ; master unknown. He
painted several easel pictures on his
torical subjects ; also some large ones
for the churches, the principal of
which is a Virgin and Child, and St.
Theresa Carriera (Rosalba), born at Chi-
ozza, 1675 ; first learnt to paint in oil,
but quitted that branch for crayon
painting, which she carried to great
perfection. Her portraits are ele
gantly designed, and extremely natural
in colouring, and her Madonnas and
other sacred subjects are dignified
and expressive : died 1757.
Carrucci — See Pontone.
Carstens (Asmus Jacob), a Swede,
born near Sleswick ; practised as a por
trait painter, and occasionally painted
history. One of his pictures, an Adam
and Eve, from Milton, was purchased
by the Crown Prince ; afterwards
visited Rome, and studied with atten
tion the works of Raffaele and Michael
Angelo, and in imitation of the former
painted the subjects of GSdipus Ty-
rannus from Sophocles, and several
other large works : died 1798.
Cartisani (Nicholas), of Messina,
born in 1670 ; painted figures and
landscapes in good taste : iu a chapel
of the church of Sta. Agatha is a
painting of Sta. Lucy by his hand.
He also painted several beautiful
'landscapes with fords, and with figures
in oil, which were highly esteemed :
he died in Rome in 1742.
Carter (George), born at Col
chester, in Essex, though a very
indifferent artist, had no mean opinion
of his own abilities ; he called himself
an historical painter, and presented an
altar-piece to the church of St. James,
at Colchester, representing the Ado
ration of the Shepherds, which pos
sesses little merit, if any : died 1795.
Carver (Robert), born in Ireland ;
was a scene painter at Drury Lane
and Covent Garden Theatres ; also

CAS 82

an excellent painter of landscapes and
marine views: died 1791 •
Casali (Andrea), born at Civita
Vecchia, about 1720, is supposed to
have studied under Sebastian Conca ;
visited England about 1748, and was
much employed in decorating the seats
of the nobility ; also painted several
historical subjects : died about 1770.
C asalini (Lucia) . This lady, born
at Bologna in 1677, was instructed
by Guiseppe dal Sole; she first
practised historical painting, but was
more successful in portraiture. Her
own picture is in the Florentine Gal
lery : died 1721.
Casanova (Francesco), born in
London, 1732 ; went to Venice, and
studied under Francesco Simonini, a
painter of battle pieces in the man
ner of Borgognone, whose style he
adopted : besides battle pieces, he
also painted landscapes with figures,
and cattle, marine, and pastoral sub
jects. Casaei (Francis), of Verona, ac
quired in the schools of that country
the first rudiments of his art, but
being desirous of further improve
ment, he went to Venice, where he
set himself to follow the style of
Tintoretto in small pictures, with a
quantity of figures, which he did with
the judgment and spirit of that
renowned master ; he was prevented
from fulfilling the reasonable hopes
entertained of his abilities by an early
death. Casaubon (Frederick), born in Ger
many, 1623 ; studied at Amsterdam,
and afterwards at Paris, under Charles
le Brun : next visited Italy, and at
tempted the style of N. Poussin ; but
not succeeding in history, he came to
England, and applied himself to
portrait painting: died 1690.
Caseli (Padre), and Padre Philip
Maria Caletti, both of them regular
priests, painted from the story of the
Serpents in St. Silvester, in Monte
Cavallo in Rome. Titi, p. 258.

CAS
Casembrot (Abraham), a Nether
lander, flourished about the middle
of the 17th century; went to Sicily,
and distinguished himself at Messina
as one of the ablest artists of his
time in painting landscapes, marines,
sea-ports, and storms : he occasionally
painted history, and gave proof of no
mean talent in three pictures repre
senting subjects from the Passion of
our Saviour, in the church of S.
Giovacchino at Messina.
Cases (Peter James), bora in Paris,
1676, died 1754 ; studied first under
Houasse, and afterwards Bon Boul
longne, and may be considered one of
the first painters of the French school.
One of his principal productions is a
Holy Family, at St. Louis de Ver
sailles ; and the King of Prussia has
two pictures by him in the style of
Correggio. He excelled in painting
horses, and was fond of introducing
them into his pictures : his drawing
is correct, and his compositions occa
sionally grand : but his works,
although generally well coloured, are
very unequal.
Casolani (Alessandro), born at
Sienna, 1552; studied under Ron-
calli, and became a reputable painter
of history. His works are chiefly in
the churches of Sienna, one of which,
the Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew,
was much, admired by Guido : died
1606. Casolani (Ilario), by some called
Mancini, the son and disciple of
Alessandro, whom he assisted in his
fresco works, and also painted several
pictures in oil for the churches, but
not equal to his fresco paintings.
Cassana (Giovanni Francesco),
born at Genoa, 1611; studied under
Strozzi, and painted historical subjects
and portraits, but excelled in the
latter: died 1691.
Cassana (Nicolo), called Nico-
letto, eldest son of Giovanni, born at
Genoa, 1659 ; studied under his
father, and assisted him in his works ;
painted historical subjects, one of

CAS 83
which, the Conspiracy of Cataline,
consisting of nine figures as large as
life down to the knees, the two prin
cipal figures holding a cup of blood in
their hands, is in the Gallery at
Florence. He also painted the por
traits of the Grand Duke of Tuscany,
and the Princess Violante, his con
sort, and on coming to England, that
of Queen Anne, and many of the
nobility: died 1713.
Cassana (Abatte Giovanni Agos
tino), called L' Abate Cassana, brother
of Nicolo, born at Venice, 1664;
studied under his father, and painted
history and portraits with considerable
skill, but preferred animals and fruit,
which he painted in the style of
Castiglione, imitating with the utmost
precision the varied plumage of the
birds, and the hair of the different
animals: died 1720.
Cassana (Giovanni Battista),
younger son of Giovanni Francesco ;
painted history, but excelled in repre
senting fruit, flowers, and still life.
Cassana (Maria Vittoria), sister
of Giovanni Battista; painted small
pictures of devotional subjects for
private collections : died 1711.
Cassel (Luke), a Fleming, lived
and died at Brussels after painting
many most beautiful landscapes after
his own singular manner. Sandrart,
p. 237.
Cassentino (Jacopo di), born at
Cassentino about 1275 ; studied under
Taddeo Gaddi, and painted history in
fresco and in distemper in his style :
his principal work, placed in the
chapel of the Academy at Florence,
represented St. Luke painting the
portrait of the Virgin, on one side
the Academicians, ten in number,
and on the other their wives.
Cassiani (Padre Stefano), called
II Certosino, born at Lucca, flourished
about 1670 ; painted in fresco, in the
style of Pietro da Cortona for the
churches in Lucca.
Cassieri (Sebastian), a German ;

CAS

was a disciple of Domenico Tintoretto,
who, in reward for the many services
he had rendered his master, left him
heir of all his designs and paintings,
and whose sister Octavia he married :
he flourished in 1648. Ridolfi, par.
2. p. 269.
Cassone (Anthony), born in An-
cona, and educated in painting in the
school of Bologna ; had a fine geuius,
and possessed much taste in perspec
tive, architecture, sculpture, and in
making little stories with small figures
of coloured wax. In Rome he gave
many designs for monasteries, palaces,
and churches ; he carved very cleverly
in wood, and made a book of designs
for fanciful fountains. He served the
Duke of Bracciano. Without suffer
ing any natural infirmity, without
having need even of spectacles, he
died in 1634, aged 75. Baglioni, p.
339. Casta gn a (Andrea del), born at
Castagno in Tuscany, 1409 ; studied
first under Masaccio, and painted in
fresco and distemper in the dry and
Gothic style ; but after learning the
art of painting in oil from Domenico
Veneziano, improved his manner,
and executed several considerable
works at Florence, the principal of
which represents the Execution of the
Conspirators against the House of
Medici : died 1480.
Casteels (Peter), born at Ant
werp, 1684 ; painted birds and
flowers, and sometimes fruit, but his
paintings have not much merit in
them: died 1749.
Castelli (Bernardo), born at Ge
noa, 1 557 ; was a scholar of Andrea
Semini, and of Lodovico Canciagio,
in whose style he painted history and
portraits. Some of his compositions
display elegance, and are coloured
agreeably, particularly a picture of
Christ walking on the Water, but
which has somewhat of the mannerist
about it ; in portraits he was more
successful: died 1629.
Castelli (Francesco da), bom in
g 2

CAS
Flanders, 1586; visited Rome, and
painted historical subjects, generally
of a small size, which were greatly
admired. Of his larger works, the
Assumption of the Virgin is considered
the best ; he painted many for the
churches at Rome : died 1636.
Castelli (Avanzino da Citta dil,
born in the Papal States, 1552 ;
studied under Pomerancia,and painted
many pictures for the churches at
Rome, of which the Shipwreck of St.
Paul, the Vision of St. Paul, and the
Martyrdom of St. Paul, are considered
the best: died 1629.
Castelli (Castellino), born at
Turin, 1579 ; studied under G. B.
Paggi, painted history and portraits
with considerable reputation ; his pic
ture of the Descent of the Holy Ghost,
at Genoa, is greatly admired. When
Vandyck visited that city, they painted
each other's portrait: died 164 9.
Castelli or Castello (Giovanni
Battista), called II Bergarnasco, born
at Bergamo, 1500, died 1570; in
style he resembles Raffaelle, with a
colour more approaching the Venetian
school, but less elegant in design than
Luca Cambiaso, with whom he
painted in conjunction ; but he some
times painted alone, of which his
picture of St. Jerome surrounded by
monks frightened at a lion ; and the
Crowning of St. Sebastian after Mar
tyrdom, afford ample specimens of
his talent, and are above all praise.
He worked chiefly in fresco, and some
of his works resemble those of Giulio
Romano. He bad two sons, Fabrizzio
and Granello, who assisted him in
his works.
Castelli (Annibale), born at Bo
logna, flourished about 1605; studied
under Faccini, whose manner he imi
tated : his best work is the Resur
rection of Lazarus, at Bologna.
Castelli (Joseph Anthony), born
in Monza, a place about ten miles
from Milan; was taught by the
famous Mariano, sen., architecture
.and perspective, in which he suc-

84 CAS
ceeded very well, and in the colouring,-
and in arabesques, flowers, fruit, and
other things was unequalled. He
was assisted in his works by Joseph,
his nephew, and by James Lecchini,
his relation, who, under his instruc
tion, attained to great perfection in
the art : he flourished about 1650.
Castelli (Valerio), son of Ber^
nardo, born at Genoa, 1625 ; studied
under Fiasella, and at Milan and
Parma, from the works of the most
celebrated masters. His favourite
subjects were battles, which he com
posed with great spirit, and which
display all the fire of Tintoretto, with
the taste of Paolo Veronese. At Flo
rence there is a fine picture by him of
the Rape of the Sabines, and in the
collection of the Earl of Pembroke
another of Christ taken down from
the Cross : he also painted numerous
easel pictures for private collections.
In his fresco paintings he nearly ap
proaches to Carloni: died 1659.
Castelli (Felix), born in Madrid,
1 602 ; was the scholar of Vincentio
Carducci, and painted history with
some reputation : died 1656.
Castellucci (Salvi), born at Arez
zo, 1608; studied under Pietro da
Cortona, and closely imitated his
style. His large pictures in the
churches are much admired, and also
his easel pictures, which are nume
rous : died 1672.
Castellucci (Pietro), son of the
above ; imitated the style of his father,
but his works have little to recom
mend them.
Castiglione (Giovanni Benedet
to), called Grechetto, bom at Genoa,
1616; studied successively under
Battista Paggi, Andrea da Ferrara,
and Vandyck, and formed a style of
his own. He painted history, land
scapes, cattle, and portraits with
great ability, and is celebrated for his
easel pictures of landscapes with ani
mals, pastoral subjects, marches of
caravans, and droves of cattle. His
historical works, although well com-

CAS 85
posed, and tolerably correct in design,
are somewhat inferior in colouring,
occasionally too red, and sometimes a
little too dark; of those his picture of
Rachel concealing the Teraphim from
Laban is considered one of the best :
died 1670.
Castiglione (Francesco), son and
scholar of Benedetto, whose style he
imitated closely, and painted history,
landscape, and animals, with exquisite
taste, many of his works are consi
dered to be by Benedetto.
Castiglione (Bartholomew da),
a disciple of Giulio Romano ; painted
many works from the designs of his
master, and although nothing may
have been found of his own designing,
it is but reasonable to believe that he
possessed great abilities, when it is
known that Giulio had a high opinion
of his works : he flourished about
1550. Vasari, in the Vita de Giulio,
mentions him in t. 2. par. 3. p. 352.
Castillo (Augustin del), bora at
Seville, 1565; master unknown;
painted several pictures for the
churches at Cordova, of which, that
of the Conception is considered the
best : died 1 626.
Castillo (Juan del), brother of
Augustin, born at Seville, 1584 ;
studied under Luis de Vargas, and
became a reputable painter of history.
His works are principally at Seville
and Granada; died 1640.
Castillo (Saavedro Antonio del),
son of Augustin, born at Cordova,
1 603 ; studied under his father, and
afterwards in the school of Francesco
Zurbaran : he painted history, land
scape, and portraits with some repu
tation; in drawing he is excellent,
but deficient in grace and purity of
colouring. He always marked his pic
tures with the words " Alfaro Pinxit:"
died 1667.
Castrejon (Antonio), born at
Madrid, 1625, is celebrated for his
historical pictures of a cabinet size ;
of his larger works, a picture of
St. Michael overcoming the Dragon,

CAT
in the church of San Miguel, at
Madrid, is considered the best : died
1690. Castro (Giacomo di), born at
Sorrento about 1597; studied under
Giovanni Battista Caraccioli, and
afterwards under Domenichino, paint
ed history for the churches in Sor
rento, of which his picture of the
Marriage of the Virgin is considered
the best; died 1687.
Castro (Pietro de), painted vases,
shells, musical instruments, gems,
vessels of gold, silver, and crystal,
books, bracelets, and other objects of
still life, well disposed, transparent
and natural in colouring, and in style
equal, if not superior, to any of his
contemporaries: died 1663.
Catalani (Antonio), called II Ro
mano, born at Bologna, 1596 ; "studied
under Francesco Albano, whose style
he imitated closely. He painted
several easel pictures for private col
lections, and some larger works for
the churches at Bologna, of which
the chief one, represents St. Peter
healing the lame man in the Temple.
Catalani (Antonio), called the
Sicilian, bora at Messina, 1560 ;
formed his style from studying the
works of Baroccio at Rome ; his pic
ture of the Nativity, in the church
of the Capuchins, is distinguished for
harmony of colour and softness of
effect : died 1630.
Catena (Vincenzio), born in Venice,
flourished about 1500 ; was a close
imitator of the style of Giorgione, and
painted many fine altar-pieces for the
churches in Venice. He painted por
traits with considerable reputation,
but was more esteemed for his easel
pictures of historical subjects.
Catenaro (Giovanni Battista), is
said to have been a painter, and to
have resided in London and at Madrid,
but we have no account of his works.
Cati (Pasquale da Jesi), born in
Rome about 1590 ; painted history
and friezes, and was employed in
some of the public edifices there,

CAT

Cats (James), born in Altona, near
Hamburg, in 1741, of Dutch parents;
at the age of two years came to
Amsterdam with his father, his
mother being dead. His first mas
ters were James Xavery and James
Schultz, who gave him some instruc
tions from friendship, taught him also
to design landscapes and other sub
jects from nature. Messrs. Goll and
John de Bosch, seeing his good dis
position, encouraged him to paint
some landscapes in two apartments in
the house of C. A. Verbruggen. Hav
ing made himself known advantage
ously by that work, he was never
afterwards in want of occupation : he
painted the figures in a landscape by
E. Van Brielst. His talent was for
landscapes ornamented with figures
and animals, but he sometimes painted
other subjects. He made also designs
in water colours, four of which he
sold for 600 florins, which were
afterwards, at the death of the pro
prietor, sold for 1200 florins. He
died at Amsterdam in 1799.
Cattanio (Costanzo), born at Fer
rara, 1 602 ; studied at Bologna under
Scarsellino and Guido Reni. His
usual subjects were soldiers and ban
ditti; but he sometimes painted his
tory, of which, the Flagellation of
Christ, an Ecce Homo, Christ praying
on the Mount, and the Annunciation,
are much in the style of Guido : died
1665. Cattapant (Luca), born at Cre
mona, 1570 ; studied under, and
copied the works of Campi so closely,
as to deceive even good judges : of
his own works, the Beheading of
John the Baptist is considered the
best. He was not so successful in
fresco as in oil.
Catton (Charles), born at Nor
wich ; was a student at the Academy
in St. Martin's Lane, and acquired a
good taste in drawing the human
figure, but is chiefly known as an
herald painter : died 1798.
Catton (Charles, jun.) son of the

86 CAV
above, was a good landscape painter,
but quitted the profession, and went
to New York, where he died in 1819.
Cauderas (Bartholomew de), a
Portuguese by birth ; acquired a good
name as a painter by his works in the
convent of the Dominicans, in the
city of Madrid, and in the church of
our Saviour in Atocha. For the city
of Valladolid he made many paint
ings much esteemed by professors :
he died at the age of 59, inthe year
1606. Caula (Sigismondo), born at Mo
dena, 1637 ; studied under John Bo-
langer, and from the works of Titian
and Tintoretto painted altar-pieces
and cabinet pictures for private col
lections ; of his large works, his re
presentation of the Plague of the Is
raelites is considered the best ; with
the manner of Tintoretto, he displayed
all the fire of Paolo Veronese.
Cavagna (Giovanni Paolo), born
in the territory of Bergamo, 1560;
is supposed to have studied in the
school of Titian, and afterwards under
Moroni, but adopted the style of Paolo
Veronese, and particularly excelled in
representing old men and children ; his
best fresco work is an Assumption ;
and of his oil paintings, the Nativity
and Esther are greatly admired, but
his most capital performance is a Cru
cifixion : died 1627.
Cavagna (Francesco), called Ca-
vagnuolo, son of Giovanni Paolo,
painted history in the style of his
father ; his best production is a Ma
donna, in one of the churches at
Venice: died 1630.
Cavaletto (John), a Bolognese
painter, sculptor, musician, and poet,
is celebrated in Latin verse by Ca-
jada Spagnuola in a book of eclogues,
published in 1501, and referred to by
Masini, p. 627.
Cavalli (Albert), an excellent
painter of Savoy, and believed to have
been a pupil of Giulio Romano, is
said to have felt himself disgraced by

CAV
not being employed in other works
besides those gigantic figures in fresco
m the herb market in Verona, al
though it is supposed that, when a
young man, he had been much em
ployed, and that it must have been
through neglect that the knowledge
of his works has been lost, except
that above named, which in spite of
the injuries of time, is still in good
preservation, with his name under
written. He flourished about 1540.
Cavallini (Pietro), born at Rome,
1279; studied under Giotto; his
principal works are at Rome ; and he
is said to have painted upwards of
1300 pictures, most of which have
perished ; his best performance in
fresco was a picture of the Virgin and
Child ; he frequently executed works
in mosaic.
Cavallino (Bernardo), born at
Naples, 1622; studied under Stan-
zioni, and painted many easel pictures
of historical subjects, sacred and pro
fane, in the style of Poussin, with a
brilliancy of colour resembling Ru
bens ; he was one of the most es
teemed of the Neapolitan school :
died 1656.
Cavallucci
monetta, 1752
of the Roman
works are, St.
wealth amongst
da Paolo, and
and Ascanius :

(Antonio), born atSer-
; an admired painter
school ; his principal
Bona distributing his
the poor, St. Francesco
above all, his Venus
died 1795.
Cavazza (Giovanni Battista), born
at Bologna about 1620; studied un
der Cavedone and Guido, and painted
several pictures for the churches at
Bologna. Cavazza (Pierre Francesco), born
at Bologna, 1675; painted history,
and executed several altar-pieces for
the churches of his native city : died
1733. Cavarazzi (Bartolomeo, called
Crescenzi), born at Viterbo, about
1590: studied under Roncalli, called
Pomerancia ; painted many pictures
for the family of the Crescenzi, and

87 CAX
for the churches at Rome, the prin
cipal of which are St. Borromeo
kneeling, with a choir of angels ; St.
Ursula, and the Holy Family : died
1625. Cavazzola (Paolo), of Verona, a
scholar of Francis Moroni ; was so
desirous of rendering his name fa
mous, that he spared no labour in
acquiring his art ; he had already ex
ceeded his master in the number of
his works in his country, in oil and
in fresco, when overcome by his ex
cessive and indiscreet labour, he died
at the early age of 31, about the year
1520. Vasari, par. 3. lib. 1. p.
271. Cavazzoni (Francesco), bora at
Bologna, 1559; studied first under
Bartolomeo Passerotti, and afterwards
of Lodovico Caracci; his works are
chiefly in the churches at Bologna,
of which the Magdalen, a Cruci
fixion, and St. John preaching in the
Wilderness, are considered the best ;
they are painted in a good style, but
not equal to Guido or Domenichino.
Cavedone (Giacomo), born near
Modena, 1557; studied in the school
of the Caracci, and afterwards under
Baldi and Passerotti, to study the
naked figures ; and for colouring, at
Venice, from the works of Titian ; his
style is a mixture of that of the Ca
racci and Titian ; many of his figures
were considered equal to those of
Annibale Caracci, and one of them,
the Visitation of the Virgin, was by
Rubens, Velasquez, and Michael An
gelo Colonna, attributed to that mas
ter : died 1660.
Caxes (Patriccio), born at Avazza;
master unknown ; was employed by
Philip II. in the palace of Madrid,
and painted Scripture history, which
was all destroyed when that edifice
was burnt.
Caxes (Eugenio), son of Patriccio,
born at Madrid, 1577 ; studied under
his father, painted several altar-pieces,
and other pictures for the churches at
Madrid, and also painted the history

CAY
of Agamemnon, and the portrait of
Philip IV. of Spain, by whom he was
employed: died 1642.
Caylus (Anne Claude Philip,
Count de), born at Paris, 1692; is
chiefly known as an artist by his
drawings and encaustic paintings, a
method of incorporating wax of diffe
rent tints and colours, and working
them into the different objects he
wished to present — an ancient mode,
the secret of which lay hid until re
vived by Caylus, who is also known
as the author of " Lives of celebrated
Painters and Engravers :" died 1765.
Ceccarini (Sebastiano), bora
about 1700: was the scholar of A.
Castellucci, and painted several sub
jects of sacred history for the churches
and palaces at Faro : died 1780.
Cechini (Anthony), a Venetian
painter, made many paintings for
private persons, and for the church of
the Hospital of Pity ; he painted the
Resurrection of Christ, and was one
of those painters, who, according to
the taste of his time, that is about
1660, worked for practice without
considering natural effects.
Celesti (Andrea Cavaliere), born
at Venice, 1637 ; studied under Mat
teo Ponzoni, and painted somewhat
in his manner, but without being an
imitator ; in outline he resembles
Paolo Veronese ; he painted history,
both large and easel size, the former
of which are chiefly at Venice, two of
them, St. Luke painting the portrait
of the Virgin, and the Adoration of
the Magi, are splendid compositions ;
also that of St. Jerome, with the
Virgin, and some other saints, which
is delicately coloured, but somewhat
too luminous and clear, and the build
ings and other objects well relieved ;
he was fond of using a purplish tint,
not unlike the manner of Rubens,
with which he sometimes overloaded
his carnations: died 1706.
Celio (Gaspar Cavaliere), was the
scholar of Circignani, called Pome
rancia; painted history, and several

88 CEL
of his works are in the churches at
Rome, amongst which are St. Michael
defeating the Rebel Angels ; St.
Charles Borromeo ; St. Francis re
ceiving the Stigmata ; and in the
Gallery of the Palazza Mattea, the
Israelites passing through the Red
Sea: died 1640.
Cels (Cornelius), born at Lierre in
1778. After having some lessons in
sculpture from M. Pompe, at Ant
werp, returned to Lierre, where he
visited the refectory of the Domini
cans, painted by Andrew Lens, whose
fine paintings struck his imagination
so much, that he entreated his father
to give him that painter for a master.
He was permitted to go to Brussels,
where he remained five years : the
rapid progress he made, having ob
tained from his father the means to
continue his studies at Paris, he
entered the school of M. Suvee, where
he remained eight months ; in 1801,
he went to Italy, and at the recom
mendation of his master, visited Flo
rence and Naples, aud fixed at Rome,
where he executed the picture that in
1802 gained him the great prize for
painting at the meeting of the Aca
demy of Ghent : it represented Cin-
cinnatus taking leave of his wife and
children upon going to take posses
sion of his post as Dictator ; he
painted also the Visitation of the Virgin,
a graceful painting, which his parents
presented to the church of the Augus
tines, in Antwerp, and another equally
fine of the Descent from the Cross ;
also the head of an Apostle, which he
presented to the Academy of St. Luke,
which had admitted him a member.
Whilst at Brussels, he painted several
portraits, among others, those of Ge
neral Cooke, Colonel Elley, and the
Baron Van de Cappelle and his wife,
the latter engaged him to go with
him to Holland: whilst there, he
painted the portrait of Count Hogen-
dorp, those of the Russian Ambassa
dor, the Ministers of Marine and of
Justice, and their Royal Highnesses
the Princess-Mother, and the Prin
cess Dowager of Brunswick, &c. For

CEN 89
love of his art solely, he accepted the
place of Professor of the Academy
of Tournay, and executed many his
torical paintings, which put a seal to
his reputation. The Descent from
the Cross is over the principal altar
in the church of the Dominicans, in
Antwerp, become so rich in paint
ings since the restitution in 1815.
Cennini (Cennenio di Drea), from
the hill of Valdelfa ; was a scholar of
Angelo Gaddi for twelve years, and
after that a companion with him in
the pictures painted in Florence : he
loved his art so much, that he wrote
a book upon the manner of painting
in fresco, in water colours, in gum
and in gold, with the variety of earths
and tints : he flourished about 1380.
Vasari, par. 1. p. 115.
Centogatti (Bartholomew), of
Urbino, a painter, sculptor and archi
tect ; he is referred to bv Lomazzo,
p. 683.
Cerajuolo (Anthony del'), a Flo
rentine, was first a pupil of Ridolpho
Ghirlandajo, and afterwards Lorenzo
del Credi, who taught him to paint
portraits very beautifully : he flou
rished about 1560. Vasari, par. 3.
lib. 1. p. 110.
Ceresa (Carlo), born at Bergamo,
1609; studied under Danielo Crespi ;
pamted history, and his works are
chiefly confined to the churches ; his
chief productions of that kind, are a
picture of St. Vincenzio carried up to
Heaven, the Four Evangelists, and
the Resurrection ; he also excelled in
portraits; his figures are well designed,
with an agreeable expression in the
heads, and well coloured: died 1679.
Cerezo (Matteo), born in Anda
lusia, 1635 ; studied under Don Juan
Carrenno, and in conjunction with
Herrera el Mozo, painted some fine
pictures for the churches in Madrid,
the most esteemed of which is Christ
with his Disciples at Emmaus ; he
was also employed in the royal pa
laces : died 1685.
Ceri (Andrew de'), a Florentine,

CER
was so called because he painted the
wax candles usually offered to St.
John ; he assisted also in illumina
tions, and painted other works. Bor-
ghini, p. 461.
Cerrelli (Frederick), a Milanese
painter of good note, learned in the
school of painting in Venice, under
Sebastian Ricci ; he respected his
master so much, that he supported
his widow who was left in want : he
flourished in esteem in Venice, 1690.
Cerrini (Giovanni Domenico),
called II Caveliere Perugiuo, bom at
Perugia, 1606 ; studied first under
Guido, and then under Domenichino,
whose style he combined ; his tint of
colouring is beautiful, design graceful,
and he particularly excelled in the
airs of his heads ; his best work is
in fresco, representing St. Paul's
vision : died 1681.
Cerva (Giovanni Battista), bom
in Milan, flourished about 1550, and
practised as an historical painter ; he
studied under Gaudenzio Ferrari,
but mention is made of only one of his
works, the Incredulity of Thomas,
which is said to be excellent both in
design and in colouring.
Cerva (Anthony), a Bolognese
painter, learned of his father Paul
Cerva ; he painted illuminations, and
was famous in fruit, birds and
quadrupeds : he flourished about the
year 1620. Massini, p. 1614.
Cerva (John Paul), a Bolognese ;
was admirable in painting birds, with
such minute delicacy, flying about or
pluming their feathers, that they
seemed to be alive, as may be seen in
many galleries and cabinets : he died
in the 1 7th century. Malvasia, par.
3. p. 560.
Cervetto (Sebastian), of Genoa,
a scholar of John Andrew Ferrari,
having terminated his course of studies
in design and painting, satisfied him
self by copying the best works of
others, contented in his youth with the
tribute of praise bestowed upon him

CER 90
in common with the dead. He lived
about 1640. Soprani, p. 259.
Cervelli (Federigo), born at Mi
lan, flourished about 1690. Studied
under Pietro Ricci, called II Lucchese,
whom he equalled in freedom of pencil,
and surpassed in correctness of de
sign, and impasto of colour. One
of his best works is a picture of St.
Theodore. Cervetto (Giovanni Paolo), born
at Genoa. Studied under Valerio
Castelli, whose style he imitated so
closely, that it was impossible to dis
tinguish their works : died 1657.
Cervi (Bernardo), born at Modena.
Studied under Guido, and painted
some works in fresco for the churches
there, but died young in 1 630.
Cesari (Cavaliere Guiseppe, called
D'Arpino), born at Naples, L560,
went to Rome, and studied under
Nicolo Pomerancia, but did not adopt
his style. He painted both in oil and
in fresco ; his historical works possess
but little merit, but his battle pictures
aud processions possess great fire and
spirit, and his horses were extremely
well drawn ; in some of his smaller
works the lights are in gold, and ex
quisitely finished : died 1640.
Cesari (Bernardino), brother of
Guiseppe ; assisted Guiseppe in his
works, and painted some pictures of
his own in his brother's style ; he was
also an excellent copyist of the works
of Michael Angelo : died young.
Ceschini (John), a Veronese
painter, and scholar of Alexander
Turco ; had good talents for his pro
fession, and copied the works of his
master so closely that they could not
be distinguished from the originals ;
he worked also from his own designs,
and had in his own country the credit
of being a good artist. He flourished
about 1590. Pazzo, p. 172.
Cesi (Bartolomep), bom at Bo
logna, 1556. Studied under Bezzi,
called Nosadella, and afterwards from
the works of Pelegrino Tibaldi, and

CHA
painted in competition with the Ca
racci. Guido is supposed to have
formed his style from the study of
Cesi's works ; he excelled in fresco,
and left numerous works in oil in the
public edifices at Bologna. His prin
cipal works are, the Virgin and Child ;
a Crucifixion ; the Adoration of the
Magi ; the Descent of the Holy
Ghost ; Christ Praying in the Garden ;
and a Taking Down from the Cross.
Cesi, or Cesia (Carlo), bom at An-
trodocco, in the Papal States, 1626 ;
studied under Pietro da Cortona, and
painted history ; his principal work
was, the Judgment of Solomon : died
1686. Cespedes (Pablo), called Cedaspe,
born at Cordova, 1538; studied the
works of Michael Angelo Buonarotti,
at Rome, and painted history chiefly
in fresco for the churches ; in colour
ing, he is said to approach the beauties
of Correggio : died 1608. His prin
cipal works are, the Annunciation ;
the Nativity ; and the Last Supper.
Chalmers (Sir George), born at
Edinburgh ; studied under Allan
Ramsay, and "afterwards went to Mi
norca, and whilst there painted a por
trait of General Blakeney, which has
been engraved; he afterwards returned
to England, and continued to paint,
but we have no further account of his
works : died 1791.
Chamberlain (Mason), an English
portrait painter, said to have been
very successful in his likenesses : died
1787. Chamberlain (William), born in
London, studiedin the Royal Academy,
and afterwards under Mr. Opie, and
followed portrait painting with con
siderable success: died 1807.
Champagne (Philip de), born at
Brussels, 1602, visited Paris in 1621,
and met with great encouragement as
a landscape painter. In colouring he
was excellent, but his pictures, al
though natural, were without life or
animation: he was intimate with
Fouquiere and N. Poussin, but did not

CHA
adopt the style of either of them .
died 1674.
Champagne (John Baptist), ne
phew and scholar of the above, painted
in his style, but never reached
above mediocrity ; some of his pic
tures are, however, in the Tuilleries,
and in the churches at Paris : died
1688. Change — See Du Change.
Chaperon (Nicholas), born 1 596 ;
studied under S. Vouet, but never
made any great proficiency in the art.
Chardin — See Jardyn.
Chardin (Simon), born at Paris,
1 70 1 ; painted conversations and do
mestic subjects with such truth of
effect and beauty of colouring, that
his countrymen did not hesitate to
place him on a footing with Gabriel
Metzu. He was a member of the
Royal Academy, and one of the paint
ers to the king : died 1779.
Chastillon (Louis de), bom in
Champagne, 1639; painted in enamel
and miniatures, but we have no ac
count of his works.
Chatel (Francis du), born at
Brussels about 1625 ; was the fa
vourite scholar of D. Teniers the
younger, painted village festivals, &c.
in his style, but is more known as a
painter of small portraits and conver
sations in the manner of Gonzales
Coques, for whom he is sometimes
mistaken. Chatelain (J. B.), bora in Eng
land about 1710; was an eminent
painter of landscapes, which he de
signed from nature, or from his own
ideas: died 1744.
Chavannes (Pierre Domachin de),
born at Paris, 1672 ; excelled in land
scape painting, and was employed at
the Gobelins : died 1744.
Chaveau (Francis), born in Paris,
1613 ; studied under Laurence de la
Hire, and painted small pictures in
the style of that master : died 1676.
Chenda — See Riverola.

91 CHI
Cheron (Eliz. Sophia), born in
Paris, 1648, daughter of Henry
Cheron, a painter in enamel, under
whom she studied ; she painted his
tory and portraits, the latter in an
historical style, tastefully designed,
and with a fine tone of colour ; her
draperies are well cast, and her touch
is delicate : died 1711.
Cheron (Louis), brother of Eliza
beth, born in Paris, 1 660, visited Italy
when young, and studied the works
of Raffaelle and Giulio Romano, re
turned to Paris, and painted two pic
tures for the church of Notre Dame,
one of Herodias with the Head of
John, the other, Agabus foretelling
the persecution of St. Paul ; came to
England, and was employed by the
Duke of Monmouth, for whom he
painted the Council of the Gods ; the
Judgment of Paris ; and other sub
jects, from fabulous history. He was
correct in design, but in colouring cold
and feeble, and in composition tame
and inanimate : died 1713.
Chiappe (Battista), born at Novi,
1 723 ; studied at Rome and at Milan,
and painted some historical pictures
which gave promise of superior talent :
died in 1765, and was the last Genoese
painter of any note.
Chiari (Fabrizio) born at Rome,
1621 ; executed some fresco works in
the palaces of his native city.
Chiari (Guiseppe), born at Rome,
1 654 ; studied first under Galliani,
and afterwards under Carlo Maratti,
whose works he finished after his de
cease ; he painted frescos and easel
portraits with equal success, and exe
cuted a vast number of the latter
from sacred and profane history, and
many grand works for the churches,
public edifices, and palaces of the
nobility. His design was elegant,
touch delicate, and colouring agree
able : died 1727.
Chiarini (Marco Antonio), born
at Bologna, 1652. Studied first un
der Francesco Quaino, and afterwards
under Domenico Santi ; he excelled
in painting architectural views in

CHI

92

which the figures were sometimes in
troduced by Sigismondo Caula, and
was much employed by the Italian
nobility. His works are highly es
teemed. Chiavegeno — See Mainardi.
Chiavistelli (Jacopo), born at
Florence, 1621. Studied first under
Fabrizio Boschi, afterwards under
Baccio di Bianchi, and devoted him
self entirely to fresco painting : died
1698. Chiesa (Sylvester), a Genoese,
pupil of Luciano Forzoni,was so useful
to his master, that he took a pleasure
in teaching him all the difficulties of
the art ; his works met with so much
public esteem, that he commenced
portrait painting, many of which he
made from memory ; also some of
persons he never saw, of whom, from
the description of others, he would
make a surprising likeness. He died
of the contagion in 1650, still a young
man. Chimenti — See Empoli.
Chiocca (Girolamo), a Milanese
painter, and scholar of Lomazzo, was
a clever artist, and beloved by his
master. He is recorded by Lomazzo,
p. 688.
Chiodarola (John Maria), a Bo
lognese, and scholar of Francis Fran
cia, was also a sculptor, and worked
upon the marble coffer in St. Dominic
in Bologna. By Malvasia, par. 2. p.
58. he is mentioned as assisting his
master, with Aspertino and Lorenzo
Costa, in the painting of St. Cecilia.
He lived about 1500.
Chirinos (Juan de), bora at Ma
drid, 1564. Studied under Tristan,
and in conjunction with Cardenas
painted history for the convent of
Nuestra SeSora de Atocha, at Madrid:
died 1620.
Christophe (Joseph), born at
Verdun, 1663, painted history at
Paris: died 1748.
Christophson (Peter). From a
picture by this artist, bearing his name,

CIE
and dated 1417, he appears to have
been one of the best scholars of the
brothers Van Eyck ; this picture, re
markable for its colouring and good
finishing, is in the cabinet of Mr.
Adair, in London ; it represents the
Virgin with the infant Jesus, St. Je
rome, and St. Francis.
Ciafferi (Pietro), bora at Pisa,
about 1 654, resided atLeghorn, where
he painted marine views, sea-ports, &c.
enriched with figures correctly drawn
and neatly finished, also architecture
and perspective ; his works are much
esteemed. Cialderi (Girolamo), born at Ur
bino, 1599. Studied under Claudio
Ridolfi, and painted history in an ex
cellent style, also landscape, in which
he usually introduced architectural
designs in his backgrounds, with great
taste and judgment.
Ciamberlano (Luca), born at Ur
bino, 1589, is said to have practised
painting, but we have no account of
his works.
Ciampolli (Agostino), born at Flo
rence, 1578. Studied under Santi da
Titi, painted history, well designed
and brilliantly coloured, but tamely
composed ; his finest works are in
fresco, and of his oil paintings, the
Crucifixion and the Visitation of the
Virgin are considered the best ; his
reds are too predominant : died 1 640.
Ciarpi (Baccio), bora at Rome,
1578. Studied under Santi da Titi,
and became a reputable painter of
history ; he was the master of Pietro
da Cortona : died 1642.
Ciceri (Bernardino), bom at Pavia,
1650. Studied under Sacchi, and
afterwards at Rome, and was much
employed in painting for the churches
and private collections in Pavia.
Ciezar (Miguel Geronimo), bom
at Granada, Spain. Studied under
Aionzo Cano, and painted history with
great reputation : died 1677.
Ciezar (Joseph de), flourished
1656, was the scholar of Miguel, and

CIG 93
excelled in history, landscape and
flowers : died 1696.
Cignani (Carlo), born at Bologna,
1628. Studied first under Battista
Cairo, next under Albano, and after
wards from the works of Raffaelle,
Annibale Caracci, Correggio, and
Guido, and formed a style of his own,
combining the colouring of Guido with
the grace of Albano, to which he
added something of a move elevated
character ; he finished his pictures
very highly, and particularly excelled
in designing women and children ;
his principal works are in fresco.
Amongst the most celebrated of his
oil paintings are an Adam and Eve,
the Temptation of Joseph, and a
Samson, in which the naked figure is
treated with much truth and delicacy :
died 1619.
Cignani (Felice), son and scholar
of Carlo, born at Bologna, 1660;
painted history with considerable re
putation, but by way of amusement
only, and for the churches ; the most
admired pictures by him are, a Holy
Family, and St. Francis receiving the
Stigmata: died 1724.
Cignani (Paolo), born at Bologna,
1709. Studied under his cousin Fe
lice, and executed the subject of St.
Francis appearing to Joseph, a candle
light piece, in a very effective style :
died 1764.
Cignarolli (Martino), bom at
Milan. Studied at Verona, in the
school of Carpioni, and became an ex
cellent painter of landscapes, easel
size : flourished about 1720.
Cignarolli (Scipione), born at
Milan. Studied first under his father,
Martino, and was afterwards the pupil
of Tempesta, whose style he success
fully imitated ; he then visited Rome,
and studied from the works of Salva
tor Rosa and Gaspar Poussin, each of
whose works he also imitated with
great success.
Cignarolli (Giovanni Bettino),
born at Verona, 1709. Studied first
under Santo Primati, at Venice, and

CIO
afterwards under Balestra, and was
one of the best painters of the modern
Venetian school ; his subjects are
usually devout, and enlivened with
groups of angels and cherubs, the
backgrounds enriched with landscape
and pieces of architecture, and his
figures partake of the charming ex
pression of Carlo Maratti. Two of
his best pictures represent St. Francis
receiving the Stigmata, and the Flight
into Egypt : died 1770.
Cigoli— See Cardi.
Cima — See Corregliano.
Cimabue (Giovanni), bom at Flo
rence in 1240, was the reviver of the
modern art of painting, and amused
himself when a boy in drawing horses,
figures, buildings, or any objects that
met his view, or presented themselves
to his imagination. He was placed
under some Greek painters, whom he
soon surpassed, both in design and
in colouring, and excelled in naked
figures and in portrait painting ; he
worked in fresco and in distemperwith
equal skill: died 1300.
Cincinnato (Romulo), born at
Florence, about 1525; studied under
Francesco Salviati, afterwards visited
Spain, and was employed by Philip
II. in the Escurial. He painted in
oil and in fresco, and his principal
works are St. Jerome in his Study ;
St. Jerome preaching to his disciples ;
and two frescoes of San Lorenzo ; he
also painted a picture of the Circum
cision, and some mythological sub
jects for the Duke del Infantado at
Guadalaxara : died 1600.
Cincinnato (Diego andFrancesco),
sons of Romulo ; excelled in portrait
painting. Diego painted that of
Pope Urban VIII.
Ciocca (Ambrose), was a scholar
of Giulio Antonio Procaccini ; as he
loved to ramble about the world, but
few of his works are to be seen in
Milan, his native place, they are
generally in the style of his master :
he flourished about 1620.
Cione — See Andrea Orcagna.

CIP
Cipriani (Giovanni Battista), born
at Pistoia, about 1727; studied first
under an English artist named Heck-
ford, and afterwards under Gabbieani ;
came to England in 1755, and exe
cuted a few large works for the Duke of
Richmond, and other noblemen, and
repaired the pictures by Rubens on
the ceiling of Whitehall Chapel, but
is chiefly celebrated for his admirable
drawings: died 1785.
Circignani (Niccolo), called Dalle
Pomerance, born at Pomerancia, in
Tuscany, 1516; studied at Rome,
and painted history for the churches
with considerable reputation ; his best
works are the Martyrdom of St. Ste
phen; and an altar-piece of the Cruci
fixion : died 1588.
Circignani (Antonio), son of Ni-
colo, born at Pomerancia, 1560 ;
studied under and assisted his father
in his works, and after his decease,
painted history in his style : died
1620. Cittadella (Bartholomew), a Ve
netian; painted not only in his own
country, but likewise in Verona and
Padua, large historical subjects, with
a fine freshness of colouring, and
well designed, which acquired him a
great name : he flourished about
1696, and left a son, a portrait
painter, who in 1776 still occupied
himself in that branch of the art.
Cittadini (Pier Francesco), called
II Milanese, bora at Milan, 1616;
studied in the school of Guido, and
painted history for the churches with
considerable reputation : amongst
others, the Stoning of St. Stephen ;
Christ praying in the Garden ; the
Flagellation ; an Ecce Homo ; and an
Agatha, are highly spoken of. He
afterwards descended to imitate still
life, and many of his pictures of
dead game, fruit, and flowers, are in
the Collection at Bologna : died 1681.
Cittadini (Giovanni Battista and
Carlo), sons of Francesco ; resided
chiefly at Bologna, and painted ani-

94 CLE
mais, birds, fruit and flowers in the
style of their father.
Cittadini (Gaetano), son of Carlo;
excelled in landscape of a cabinet size,
with small figures correctly drawn,
and touched with great spirit : died
1703. Civalli (Francesco), born at Pe
rugia, 1 660 ; studied under G. A.
Carloni, and afterwards under Gauli,
called Baccici, and became a respect
able painter of history, but excelled
in portrait painting, in which he was
much employed : died 1703.
Civerchio (Vincenzio), born inthe
Venetian States ; painted history with
some reputation, but was more esteem
ed as a portrait painter, and most of
the illustrious persons of the city of
Crema sat to him ; his principal his
torical work is a picture of the Annun
ciation ; but his most celebrated pro
duction is an allegory representing
Justice aud Temperance : died about
1540. Civoli — See Cardi.
Claesson (Arnold), born at Ley
den, 1498 ; studied first under C.
Engelbrechtsen, and pamted history
in his style, then quitted his manner
for that of John Schoreel ; two of
his best pictures are a Crucifixion,
and Christ bearing the Cross : died .
1564. Claret (William), an English por
trait painter, flourished about 1680 ;
was a scholar of Sir Peter Lely, and
copied many of the pictures of that
master ; also painted a portrait of
John Egerton Earl of Bridgewater,
(engraved by Thompson) : died 1706.
Claude — See Lorraine.
Cleef or Cleeve (Joas van),
called Sotto Cleef, born at Antwerp
about 1500 ; studied under his father
William Van Cleef, and painted Mi
sers and others counting out their
money ; also portraits in the style of
Quintin Matsys, but with more force in
design, and more vigour in his colour
ing ; he also painted historical sub-

CLE 95
jects with great success, but more in
the Italian than Flemish style. In
the catalogue of James II. there are
two by him — the Judgment of Paris ;
and the Nativity : died 1536.
Cleef or Cleeve (Henry van),
born at Antwerp, 1510 ; went to
Italy when young, and became an
excellent landscape painter ; his sub
jects are generally views in the vicinity
of Rome, and are distinguished by an
uncommon lightness of touch and
harmony of colouring ; he frequently
painted the backgrounds for the pic
tures of Francis Floris: died 1589.
Cleef or Cleeve (Martin), brother
of Henry, was a disciple of Francis
Floris, and also of Gaspar de Crayer,
whose works he finished after Crayer's
decease ; he painted some altar-
pieces for the churches, but his easel
pictures of historical subjects, in
which the backgrounds were painted
by his brother Henry, are most
esteemed ; he frequently inserted the
figures into the works of Coninxsloo,
. and other artists.
Cleef or Cleeve (John van), born
at Venloo, 1646; studied first under
P. Gentile, and afterwards under Gas-
par de Crayer, whom he assisted in
many of his works ; and in correctness
of design, and purity of colouring,
resembles, without being an imitator.
The heads of his female figures are
particularly graceful, his draperies
easy and flowing, and his figures of
boys well designed ; in some of his
works he almost approaches the ex
cellence of Vandyck : died 1716.
Clementone — See Bocciardi.
Clennell (Luke), born in North
umberland, 1781 ; a self-taught
artist. Painted history, the principal
of which was the Last Charge made
by the British at the Battle of Water
loo ; and the Allied Sovereigns,
Nobles, and Generals entertained by
the City of London ; he also painted
the Arrival of the Mackarel Boat;
and the Day after the Fair ; his com
positions were judicious, touch spirit-

CLO
ed, and colouring agreeable : died
1817. Clerc (John Le), born at Nancy,
1587. Studied under Saracino, cal
led Veneziano, and imitated his style
so closely, that his pictures are fre
quently mistaken for that master :
died 1633.
Clerc (Sebastian le), born at
Paris, 1677; studied under Bon
Boullongne, and painted history for
the churches; in the Abbey Church
at Paris there is an altar-piece by
him of the death of Ananias : died
1763. Clerck or Klerck (Henry), born
at Brussels, 1570; is supposed to
have been a scholar of H. Van Balen,
but resembles Van Balen and Rotten-
haemer in his easel size pictures,
which are most esteemed; also painted
history for the churches in the man
ner of Van Balen.
Clerisseau (Charles), born at
Paris ; came to England and distin
guished himself as a designer of archi
tecture and ruins, in water colours :
died 1807.
Clevely (John), born in London,
1746; painted shipping and marine
views, sometimes in oil, but chiefly in
water colours, true to nature, and
very effective : died 1786.
Cleyn or Kleyn (Francis de),
born at Rostock ; studied at Rome,
and excelled in painting grotesques :
he came to England in the reign of
James I., who employed him in
making designs for tapestry ; he also
decorated the houses of some of the
nobility with pictures in the style of
Parmegiano: died 1658.
Closterman (John), born at Os-
naburg, 1656; was employed in Paris
and in London in painting the dra
peries for other artists, particularly
Riley ; after whose decease he painted
the portraits of several of the nobility.
His works possess but little merit :
died 1713.
Clovio (Giulio Giorgio), born at
Croatia, 1498 . studied first under

CN U 96
Giulio Romano, and painted history
equal to Buonarotti, and portraits
equal to Titian ; but abandoned that
manner for miniature painting, in
which every insect or object, although
on so diminutive a scale as to require
the use of optics, is delineated with
the utmost precision. One of his
principal works, representing the
Building of the Tower of Babel, is so
exquisitely finished, that it is wonder
ful how the eye or pencil could exe
cute it ; his works are confined to the
cabinets of the sovereigns and princes
of his time : died 1578.
Cnuddo (Louis), born in Ghent in
1 682 ; was a pupil of John Van
Cleef, a painter of history ; and his
manner bore a great resemblance to
that of his master : he died in 1 74 1 ,
leaving a son named Augustin, a good
fresco painter.
Coccapani (Sigismund), a Floren
tine painter and architect, born in
1583 ; studied drawing, painting, and
architecture under Cigoli: his first
work was an altar-piece for the church
of St. Ponziana in Lucca. In the
year 1610, he accompanied his master
to Rome to assist him in the painting
he was making in the Pauline Chapel.
In concurrence with other professors,
he made a design for the fagade of
the Cathedral of Florence ; he was
also the architect and painter of two
chapels in the Cathedral of Sienna :
¦died 1642.
Cock or Kock (Jerome), a Flemish
painter, born about 1498 : of whose
works we have no account.
Cock (Matthew), brother of Je
rome, born at Antwerp, 1500 ; painted
landscapes, avoiding the stiff and
Gothic style then in vogue : died
1554. Coolers (Louis Bernard), born at
Maestricht in 1740; a pupil of his
father, John Baptist Coders. In
1759, went to Italy to study, and
after an absence of three years, re
turned to Liege, and began to work
in that city; at Maestricht, Nime-

COD
guen, Dordrecht, and elsewhere he
executed a number of portraits ; also
at Leyden, where he settled in 1769.
Amongst others, that of the poet John
de Kruyff : he painted several cabinet
pictures in the manner of Mieris,
Douw, Metzu, &c. In 1787 he
quitted Holland, and went to Paris,
and after some time, returned to Ams
terdam, and painted portraits and
cabinet pictures. At the Exhibition
in 1808, his talents were highly ap
preciated, and again in 1813 : he died
at Liege in 1817-
Coca (John Claude de), born at
Antwerp, was a painter and sculptor :
died in 1735.
Coda (Benedetto), born at Ferrari,
1460; a disciple of Bellini, painted
some pictures for the churches,
amongst which, the Marriage of the
Virgin, and the Rosary, in the church
of the Dominicans, are highly credit
able performances : died about 1520.
Coda (Bartolomeo), son of Bene
detto. Painted history in the style of
his father, but far surpassed him ; his
chief performance represents St. Se
bastian at the Throne of the Madonna,
surrounded by a group of angels :
flourished about 1528.
Codagora (Viviano), sometimes
called Codazzo, born at Brescia, 1599,
died 1674; studied first under Agos
tino Tassi, and afterwards under Paul
Bril : he excelled in painting architec
tural ruins near Rome, and perspective
views of his own composition, the
figures usually by Domenico Guar-
giuoli, and others. He is frequently
confounded with Ottavio Viviani of
Brescia, who painted similar subjects,
but in a much superior style.
Codde (Charles), a landscape
painter, born at the Hague in 1 640 ;
imitated the manner of John and
Andrew Both, and of Nicholas Berg
hem ; he was a member of the Society
of Painters in the Hague in 1662,
and died in 1698.
Codde (Peter), painted some as
semblages of soldiers, and some rustic

COE 97
conversations, one of his best produc
tions was formerly in the possession
of the Sieur Lormier.
Coeck — See Koeck.
Coello (Aionzo Sanchez), born in
Portugal, 1539 ; chiefly resided in
Spain, where he received some instruc
tions from Moro, whom he succeeded
in the favour of Philip II. King of
Spain, who used to call him " Titiano
Portugues." He usually represented
Saints at the altar ; many of his
works are in the Escurial : died 1590.
Coene (Constantine Faithful), born
at Vilvorde in 1 780, received the first
principles of design of M. Fabert,
senior ; he went to Amsterdam in
1 800, where M. Barbieres admitted
him among the number of his pupils ;
on returning to Brussels, he continu
ed his studies at the Academy au
Musee, and in private cabinets from
the paintings of the ancient masters,
and succeeded so well as to obtain the
principal prize at the meeting in
Ghent, the subject of his picture was
the Honours rendered to Rubens.
In 1815, he painted the Battle of
Waterloo, which was sent to London,
and purchased by the Prince Regent.
He was Professor to the Royal Aca
demy of Design, and member of the
Commission of the Museum at Brus
sels, and had received many medals ;
his works adorn the cabinets of the
King, of the hereditary Prince, and
of Prince Frederick ; at the Exhibi
tion at Bruges, in 1840, there was a
fine painting by him, called The Poli
ticians : he died in Brussels in 1841.
Coello (Claudio), bom at Madrid,
was instructed by F. Ricci, but formed
his style from studying the works of
Titian, Rubens, and other celebrated
masters in the royal collection, and
left many excellent specimens of his
ability in the churches and chapels at
Madrid: died 1693.
Cogels (Joseph Charles), bom in
1 786 at Brussels, where he learned the
first elements of design; his taste
being strongly turned to painting, he

COL
went, in 1805, to the Academy 'at
Dusseldorp, where he gave himself
up entirely to the study of his art : a
short time after he was selected to
teach the art of design to the Princess
Elizabeth of Bavaria, and in 1806, he
returned to Belgium, and became a
member of the Society of Fine Arts
in Ghent. He made two journeys to
Paris, and executed several works,
among others, for the Prince of Neuf-
chatel. In 1810 he accompanied
Count Max. de Lansberg to Munich,
and made, by order of the King and
Queen, various paintings for their pri
vate cabinet, and for the gallery at
Schleisheim, he executed many works
for the Duke of Leuchtenberg ; and
died in 1831 at the Chateau de
Leitheim, near Donauworth, in Ba
varia. He is often named Cogels
Mabilde. Coignet (Giles), called Giles of
Antwerp, born at Antwerp, 1530 ;
studied under Antonio Palermo, and
afterwards in Italy, and painted many
historical subjects in fresco and in oil,
but succeeded best in those of an easel
size, which he sometimes represented
by moonlight, or by candlelight, &c. ;
his works were often copied by his
pupils, and afterwards retouched by
him and sold for originals, so that it
is difficult to distinguish them. His
pictures are highly finished, but oc
casionally dry and hard : died 1600.
Coipy (Joseph), a painter in water
colours and in oil ; was esteemed in
small pieces and in groups; he visited
London, where he was admired by the
nobility. Coker (K.), painted a head of
Colonel Massey, preserved at Cod-
dington, in Cheshire. Walpole, v. 2.
p. 216.
Cola or Niccola (della Matrice),
a painter and architect, built some
palaces and temples, and painted beau
tiful works : he flourished about 1542.
Vasari, p. 3. lib. 1. p. 234.
Cola (Genaro di), bom at Naples,
1320 ; was a pupil of Maestro Simone,

COL

whose style he followed closely ; his
principal works are, the " Mater Do
lorosa," with the Dead Christ and at
tending Angels ; a picture of Mary
Magdalen ; and two others of the
Annunciation and the Nativity : died
1370. Cole (Sir Ralph), studied painting
under Vandyck, and painted a portrait
of Thomas Wyndham.
Coleyer, or Colier (Evert), born
at Leyden ; painted inanimate nature
with success, we meet also with con
versations by him, one of which is
particularly mentioned in the cata
logues of Hoet and of Terwesten ;
he painted his own portrait, the re
semblance very perfect ; one of his
paintings of inanimate subjects has
the date 1691, and his signature.
Colantonino (Marzio di), bom at
Rome, 1662, died 1701; painted
grotesque and ornamental satyrs ;
no other description is given of his
works. Coli (John), a Lucehese painter ;
in conjunction with Philip Girardi
painted the entablatures of the famous
Library of St. George the Great in
Venice ; they were both of them dis
ciples of Pietro da Cortona ; they
worked together at Rome in public
and in private. John died in 1681 at
Lucca, aged 47.
Colignicola (Geronimo di), born
at Rome, 1500 ; died 1559; painted
history and portraits with considerable
reputation. Collantes (Francesco), born at
Madrid, 1599 ; painted history, also
landscapes, in a fine style, with ro
mantic scenery, richly coloured, re
sembling the works of Rubens. Of
his historical works, the principal are
a Resurrection, and a San Geronimo :
died 1656.
Colleoni (Girolamo), born at Ber
gamo about 1500 ; painted history for
the churches and other public edifices,
one of which, the Marriage of St.
Catharine, in the Carrara Gallery, has
been attributed to Titian ; there is

98 COL
also a fine picture of the Virgin and
Infant, with Mary Magdalen, St. John,
and St. Erasmus, in the Escurial,
where he was employed about 1556.
Colombel (Nicholas), born near
Rouen, Normandy, 1646; studied
under Le Seuer, and afterwards in
Italy, but could not divest himself of
the French style ; one of his best
pictures represents Orpheus playing
on the lyre : died 1717.
Colombian — See Valentine.
Collett (John), born in London,
1725; scholar of Geo. Lambert,
painted in a variety of" ways, hut his
favourite subjects were pieces of hu
mour in the style of Hogarth, less
satirical than narrative, more ludicrous
than witty, and often displeasing with
out conveying any moral instruction :
died 1780.
Collins (Charles), painted all sorts
of fowl and game ; he drew a picture
with a hare and birds and his own por
trait in a hat : died 1 744. Walpole,
v. 4. p. 108.
Coloni (Adam), called the Old,
born at Rotterdam, 1 634 ; painted
landscapes, with cattle, in the style of
Berghem, but excelled in village feasts,
fairs, markets, and rural subjects, and
sometimespaintedfire-pieceswith good
success; he usually painted small size,
and copied several of Bassan's pictures
from the originals in the royal collec
tion, and in the cabinets of the no
bility : died 1675.
Coloni (Henry Adrian), called the
Young, son of the above, born 1668 ;
studied under his father and his bro
ther-in-law, Van Diest, in whose
landscapes he frequently inserted the
figures, sometimes in the manner of
Salvator Rosa, whose style of land
scape he imitated : died 1701.
Colonna (Michael Angelo), born
at Como, in 1600 ; studied under Ga
briel Ferrantino, and afterwards under
Girolamo Curti, called II Dentone, an
eminent painter of perspective and
architecture, whom he assisted in
several important works, and was con-

COL
sidered the best fresco painter of his
time ; his principal works are in the
churches, palaces, and convents of
Italy. Coltellini (Michele), bom at
Ferrara, flourished about 1520; is
supposed to have been instructed by
Lorenzo Costa, whom he resembles in
style of composition, but is superior
to him in the airs of his heads ; one
of his best pictures is a Madonna in
the church of St. Andrea.
Colyns (David), bom at Amster
dam, painted history, small size, with
numerous figures well grouped, neatly
pencilled, and with a spirited touch.
His two best pictures are, Moses
striking the Rock, and the Israelites
fed with Manna, both of which are
highly extolled.
Comendich (Lorenzo), bora in
Venice, received the first rudiments of
the art from Biagio Falcieri; he visited
Bologna, and there pursued his studies
with incessant application, but feeling
inclined to paint battles, he went to
Parma, to the school of Francis Monti,
celebrated for that kind of painting.
He was received very kindly by Baron
Martini, in Milan, where he painted
many works, and had a commission
to paint the sanguinary battle of Luz-
zara, which the Baron presented to
Louis XIV. who was so much pleased
with it that he well rewarded the
painter. He established himself in
Milan, where he died, 1700.
Comi (Francis), was born dumb, in
Verona ; his natural genius leading
him to painting, he entered the school
of Alexander Marchesine, and made
such progress that his parents were
induced to send him to Bologna to
the school of John Gioseffo dal Sole,
under whose instructions he returned
home an excellent painter.
Comi (Girolamo), of Modena, an
inseparable companion of Begatelli,
excelled most of his contemporaries
in the art of painting and of perspec
tive, of which he was acquainted with
the true scientific rules. He served

99 CO N
the pontiffs and the nobility : flou
rished in 1545. Vidriani, p. 85.
Como (Fra Emanuel da), a priest
of the Minores Riformato of St.
Francis. From seeing the paintings
in the cathedral of his city, became
delighted with the art, and succeeded
as a painter of sacred history upon
large canvasses and walls inthe monas
tery of St. Francis a Ripa, in Rome :
he lived to the age of 7 6, and died in
1701. Comodi (Andrea), born in Florence,
1560. Studied under L. Cardi, called
Cigoli, and afterwards went to Rome
for improvement. One of his princi
pal works representing the Fall of
Lucifer, in which he has introduced
numerous figures designed with great
taste ; he possessed the talent of being
able to imitate the style of every
master, whether in landscape or his
tory, and was principally employed in
copying those in the churches and
convents for the Grand Duke of Fer
rara, and many of the nobility : he
painted a number of Madonnas, dis
tinguished by the smallness of their
neck, and a peculiar air of virgin
modesty ; in copying Raffaelle he was
particularly successful : died 1638.
Compe (John Ten), born in Am
sterdam, in 1713; was a pupil of Dirk
Dalens, jun. : a painter of landscapes,
views of water, towns, villages, coun
try houses, &c. ; he made different
views of the Hague and of other
cities, which are all well ornamented
with figures and animals. His best
pictures very much resemble those of
Vander Heyden : he painted a view
of the new market at Amsterdam : he
died in that city in 1761.
Conca (Sebastian Cavaliere), born
at Gaeta, 1676 ; studied fresco paint
ing under Francesco Solimene, and
afterwards painted portraits, small
size, touched with great freedom and
well coloured. He next visited Rome,
and studied the works of Buonarotti,
Raffaelle, and the Caracci, and was
much employed in decorating the
churches and chapels in every part of
h 2

CON

100

CON

Italy : he painted a picture of Herod
and the Wise Men for Cardinal Otto-
boni, and two for the King of Poland
representing Alexander presenting
Bucephalus to his father, and the
Marriage of Alexander and Roxana,
the figures in each as large as life ;
also the History of Diana and Acteon,
now in Lord Pembroke's collection :
died 1764.
Conchillios (Juan), a painter and
citizen of Valentia ; was held in great
esteem in Spain for his paintings : he
established in his house an academy
for naked figures, which he designed
with great care, and thus enabled him
to become so free in painting them :
he died in 1611. Palomino, par. 2.
p. 267.
Condivi (Ascanio), wrote the life
of Michael Angelo, and is supposed
to have been a painter, but we have
no account of his works : lived about
1553. Conegliano (Giovanni Battista),
lived about 1475 ; his name was
Cuna, but he was called Conegliano
from having been bom there : he
painted in the style of Giovanni Bellini,
equal to him in expression, but inferior
in harmony of colour. Amongst his
best works are, a Madonna receiving
the homage of the Baptist, in the dome
of the great church at Parma ; and
the Baptism of Christ, at Venice :
his son Carlo painted in the same
style. Coninck (David), bom at Antwerp,
1636 ; studied under Jan Fyt, and
painted flowers, fruit, and animals,
much in the style of his master : died
1689; is sometimes called Romme-
laer. Coninck or Koninck (Solomon),
bom at Amsterdam, 1609 ; studied
under Colyns, and afterwards under
Mostaert, but subsequently adopted
the style of Rembrandt : he painted
historical subjects of a small size,
well composed aud admirably coloured,
whichfound their way into the choicest
collections in Holland, and also in this
country.

Coningsloo orCooNixsLOo(Giles),
born at Antwerp, 1 544 . Studied first
under Peter Van Aelst, afterwards
under Leonard Kroes, and received
some instruction from Giles Mostaert:
he painted landscapes with a light
pencil, his trees touched in a free and
masterly style, and well coloured,
though occasionally too green. His
scenes are generally much crowded,
and the figures usually painted by Van
Cleef. Coningsloo' s peculiar style,
being greatly esteemed, has been much
imitated by other artists : died 1609.
Conrado (Michael), chief painter
to the Court of Brandenburgh, was
by every one admired for the fulness
of his colouring. Sandrart, p. 384.
Constable (John), born in Essex,
1 776, painted landscape somewhat in
the manner of Wilson or Gainsbo
rough, but sufficiently distinct to be
considered a style of his own ; his
pictures usually exhibit a mill-stream
or dam. He painted, amongst others,
a landscape by Moonlight, Scenes from
the romantic Lakes of Cumberland ;
a Boat threading a Loch, and a Mill
at Gillingham, in Dorsetshire ; but
his best production is Hampstead
Heath during a thunder shower, with
a group of Gipsies hurrying to a
gravel pit for shelter : he died in
1837. Constanzio (Placido), bom at
Rome, 1660, died 1713, painted his
tory with some reputation, but his
pictures have the appearance of being
much laboured.
Contarini (Cavaliere Giovanni),
bom at Venice, 1549. Studied and
copied the works of Titian, and be
came an excellent colourist; he painted
both history and portraits, the latter
correctly designed and with a strong
resemblance : also a number of easel
portraits from fabulous history. Of
his scriptural subjects, the Crucifixion
and the Madonna and Child are highly
esteemed, the latter most ; all his
compositions are in imitation of Titian :
died 1605.

CON 101
Contarini (Simon), born atPesaro,
1614. Studied first under Giacomo
Pandolfi, next under Claude Ridolfi,
and afterwards under Guido Reni, then
went to Rome, and studied the works
of Raffaelle ; painted history, chiefly
sacred, composed with much taste and
judgment: died 1648.
Conte (Jacopo del), bora in Flo
rence, 1510. Studied in the school
of Andrea del Sarto, under whom he
painted history, but is most distin
guished for his portraits of noted per
sonages of his time, particularly for
that of Pope Paul III.; his principal
historical works are St. John preach
ing ; a Descent from the Cross ; a
Dead Christ, and St. Francis receiving
the Stigmata. He generally intro
duced a great number of figures into
his compositions, elegant in their atti
tudes, correct in design, and beauti
fully coloured : died 1598.
Conti (Cesare and Vincenzio),
painted in conjunction for Pope Gre
gory XIII. Sextus V. Clement VIII.
and Paul V., and were employed iu
decorating the churches at Rome.
Contreras (Antonio), bornatCor-
dova (Spain), in 1600, died 1654.
Studied under Cespedes, and became
one of the most celebrated painters of
history and portraits of his day.
Cooghen — See Kooghen.
Cooke (Henry), born in England,
1 642 ; went to Italy. Studied under
Salvator Rosa, and on his return, was
employed by William III. in copying
the Cartoons of Raffaelle ; he finished
the equestrian portrait of Charles II.
at Chelsea College. He is said to have
tried portrait painting, which he soon
relinquished, being disgusted with the
caprice of his sitters.
Cool (Laurence Van), born at
Delft, in Holland, 1520, died 1615,
painted history and portrait with some
reputation, but we have no further
account of his works.
Cooper (Samuel), born in London,
1609. This celebrated miniature
painter studied under John Hoskins,

COP
his uncle, whom he soon surpassed,
and was called the Miniature Vandyck.
His portraits possess a freedom ap
proaching to oil painting, but his la
bour was bestowed upon the head
only ; he gave to his countenances an
appearance of flesh and blood, beau
tifully blending his carnations with his
other tints; his hair is loose and flow
ing, but below the face, his drawing is
defective, notwithstanding which, he
is considered superior to any of his
countrymen, and his works are highly
esteemed : died 1 672.
Cooper (Alexander), brother of
Samuel, also studied the art of minia
ture painting under John Hoskins,
and afterwards went to Amsterdam,
and was appointed miniature painter
to Queen Christina ; his miniatures
are also much esteemed, but are very
inferior to those of his brother Samuel.
He excelled in landscapes in water
colours. Cooper (  ), imitated Michael
Angelo di Caravaggio in painting fruit
and flowers : died about 1743. Wal
pole, v. 4. p. 110.
Cooenhaert— See Cuenhaert.
Coosemans (Alexis), a painter of
fruits and other inanimate subjects,
lived in the Netherlands about 1630.
Copley (John Singleton), born at
Boston, in America, in 1737, painted
history and portraits with considerable
reputation ; his first production, a
picture of a Boy with a Squirrel, was
exhibited at the Royal Academy in
London. He afterwards visitedRome,
and studied the great masters, and on
his return to London, painted the
Death of Chatham ; the Assassination
of Buckingham; King Charles signing
the Death Warrant of Earl Strafford ;
the Five impeached Members brought
back in triumph to Westminster; the
Speaker thanking the Sheriff for pro
tecting the impeached Members ; the
House of Commons visiting the Army
on Hounslow Heath ; the Six Alder
men of London visiting General Monk ;
Monk conducting the excluded Mem-

COP

102

COR

bers back to Westminster Hall ; the
King's escape from Hampton Court ;
and the Siege of Gibraltar. Although
a self-taught artist, he designed and
coloured well, generally speaking, but
his latter works are sometimes cold
and spiritless, and not equal to his
earlier productions : died 1815.
Coppa (Cavaliere), born 1596.
Studied under Guido, whom he re
sembles in his style of design, colour
ing and composition ; his works are
principally in the churches and chapels
at Verona : died 1665.
CoaUES (Gonzales), born at Ant
werp in 1618. Studied under David
Rychaert, and painted fancy subjects,
conversations and gallant assemblies
in his style, also in that of Ostade
and Teniers, and afterwards portraits
in the manner of Vandyck, miniature
size, and with all the freedom of that
celebrated master, although his heads
rarely exceeded 1 \ inches in size ;
he painted many fine pictures for
Charles I., the Archduke Leopold,
and the Prince of Orange.
Corado (Carlo), born at Naples,
1 693, was a disciple of Solimena, in
whose manner he painted ; his com
positions are ingenious, design correct,
pencil free, and colouring brilliant :
died 1768.
Corbeen (H.), bom in 1640, was
a painter of history and landscapes,
in the manner of John de Reyn.
Corberger (Vincent), an illus
trious Flemish painter and mathemati
cian, painted the grand altar-piece in
the churchof Sta. Mariaof the Grottos,
in Naples, and four other pictures in
the Bishop of Ariano's chapel. Sar-
nelli, p. 338.
Cordegliaghi (Gianetto), was one
of the best scholars of John Bellini ;
his works are very rare, as it is believed
that he died young. In the house of
- the Society of the Jesuits in Venice,
is a very finely preserved painting with
his name, of the Virgin and other
^ saints, with a view of the country,

which certainly might be taken for his
master's; in the School of Charity"
there is another by him, of the por
trait of Cardinal Bessarion and others.
Vasari, par. 2. p. 425.
Coregliano (Biagio da), a scholar
of Daniel da Volterra, flourished about
1530. Vasari, par. 3. p. 85.
Corenzio (Belisario), a Greek.
Studied under Tintoretto, and made
rapid progress ; he painted many
pictures in fresco for the churches in
Venice, mostly in the style of Cesare
d'Arpino, and when he adopted the
Venetian style, he still preserved a
manner of his own, in the airs of his
heads, that even the Venetians them
selves could not equal, especially in his
glories, which he generally shrouded
in clouds and darkness ; he painted
but little in oil, but was equally suc
cessful : born 1558, died 1643.
Coegna (Don Fabius della), bro
ther of the Duke della Corgna, of Pe
rugia, possessed, amongst othertalents,
those of designing and painting, and
there are by his hand several paintings
in fresco in the palace of the Duke di
Castiglione del Lago, and in other
places ; he also painted in oil, in good
taste. He lived in the seventeenth
century. Corialano (Giovanni Battista),
born in Bologna, about 1590. Stu
died under Valesio, and painted for
the churches at Bologna, but without
soaring beyond mediocrity.
Coriolano (Theresa Maria),
daughter of the Cav. Bartolomeo Co
riolano, of Bologna, engraved many
fine works of Guido Reni ; she was
also taught design by her father, and
perfected in painting under Elizabeth
Sirani. Malvasia, par. 4. p. 487.
Coriolano (Bartolomeo), senior,
son of Christopher Coriolano, a German
engraver, born at Bologna, 1585. Stu
died under Caracci, and became an
able designer, and an excellent por
trait painter ; but we have no account
of his style.

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103

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Corna (Antonio della), flourished
about 1478, was a native of Cremona,
and a scholar of Mantegna, as appears
from a picture by him, representing
St. Giulian, who, thinking to surprise
his wife in an act of infidelity in his
own bedchamber, kills his father and
mother. It is dated 1478, and is in
Mantegna's first style.
Cornaro (Carlo), born at Milan,
1 605, scholar of Proccacini ; painted
history for the churches at Bologna.
One of his best pictures is St. Bene
detto, in the Certosa at Pavia. His
easel pictures are much admired : died
1673. Corneille (Michael), the elder,
born at Orleans, 1 603. Studied under
Simon Vouet, in whose style he painted
several works for the churches.
Corneille (Michael), the younger,
son of preceding artist, born at Paris,
1642. Studied under his father, and
afterwards at Rome, from the works
of Annibale Caracci ; and on his re
turn to Paris, painted, for his recep
tion picture to the Academy, the
calling of St. Peter and St. Paul to
the Apostleship ; he also painted the
Life of St. Gregory, in six pictures,
and was employed by Louis XIV. in
his palaces of Versailles, Trianon, and
Fontainebleau : died 1708.
Corneille (John Baptist), younger
brother of the above, was also in
structed by his father ; he afterwards
visited Rome, and on his return was
employed in several public works at
Paris ; he painted, in the church of
Notre Dame, St. Peter delivered from
Prison ; and at the Carmelites, the
Vision of St. Theresa : died 1695.
Corneilz or Corneliis (Lucas),
called the Cook, bornatLeyden, 1493.
Studied under Cornelius Engelbrecht-
sen, and painted equally well in fresco
as in oil ; he came to England in the
reign of Henry VIII., and was ap
pointed his principal painter. At
Leyden there is a picture by him, of
The Woman taken in Adultery, which
is greatly admired ; and at Penshurst,

in Kent, the portraits of the sixteen
Constables of Queenborough Castle
from Edward III. to Henry VIII.
which, although not originals, possess
considerable merit : died 1552.
Cornelio (Dieterico), was son and
scholar of James Cornelio, a skilful
painter of Amsterdam; his works were
sold at agreat price in the year 1567,
in which year he died, at the age of
70. Sandrart, p. 205.
Cornelio or Cornelisz (James),
born in Holland, 1471, master not
known ; painted history for the
churches in Holland, of which an
altar-piece, representing the Descent
from the Cross, with Mary Magdalen
sitting at the foot of it; also another,
of the Circumcision, and one of the
Passion of our Saviour, is highly com
mended : died 1567.
Cornelisz (Cornelius), commonly
called Cornelius Van Haerlem, bom
at Haerlem, 1562. Studied under
Peter le Long the younger, and after
wards under Francis Pourbus, and
Giles Coignet, at Antwerp; he painted
flower-pieces copied from nature, deli
cately finished and well grouped; also
historical compositions, the chief of
which represented the Battle of the
Giants ; and the Universal Deluge,
the naked figures admirably expressed
according to their different ages ; he
excelled in such subjects : died 1638.
Cornia (Anthony della), a Roman
painter, is mentioned in the catalogue
of the Academicians of St. Luke, iu
Rome, as having joined excellence
with originality.
Corona (Leonardo), born at Mu
rano, 1561. Studied under Rocca da
St. Silvestro, a painter of no note,
who employed him in copying the
works of Titian and Tintoretto ; he
also painted some compositions of his
own, amongst which, the Assumption
of St. Stephen, and a Crucifixion, are
highly esteemed ; the former is said
to approach Titian, and the latter to
be so much in the manner of Titian,
as to be easily mistaken for a produc
tion of his : died 1605.

COR
Corradi (Octavio), bora at Bo
logna. Studied under Giacomo Ca
vedone, but was chiefly celebrated for
his copies of other eminent masters,
whose works he imitated so closely,
that they frequently passed for origi
nals : died 1643.
Corraadi- — See Ghtrlandaio.
Correa (Diego), a Spaniard, lived
about 1560 ; he painted history for
the convents and churches, but his
works possess no great merit.
Correggio (Antonio), born at Cor
reggio, about 1494, died 1534. The
family name was Allegri, or Leti ; he
is said by some to have studied under
Bianchi, and by others, Mariani, but
he is generally thought to have had
instructions from Andrea Mantegna,
and to have worked under Raffaelle.
His style is, however, peculiarly his
own, and excites the admiration of
every great master of the art ; nature
appears to have been his guide, and
as he himself used to say, he appears
to have had his thoughts at the end
of his pencil. Annibale Caracci, who
studied and imitated his manner, in
writing of, his works, says, " Every
thing that I see astonishes me, par
ticularly the colouring and beauty of
the children, who live, breathe, and
smile, with so much sweetness and
vivacity." And Giulio Romano, upon
seeing some of Correggio's pictures, de
clared them to be superior to any thing
in the art that he had ever seen. His
great charm consists in his distribu
tion of the lights and shades, which
imperceptibly glide into each other,
and his colouring approaches nearer
to perfection than that of any other
master. The famous Notte, or rather
Dawn, of Correggio, together with the
Magdalen reading, is in the Dresden
Gallery ; a picture of Io, and another
of Ganymede, are at Vienna; Spain
possesses a Christ praying in the Gar
den ; and our National Gallery, Mer
cury teaching Cupid to read : but his
greatest fresco work is in the Cupola
at Parma ; it represents the Virgin,
surrounded by a Choir of the Blessed,
and an immense number of Angels,

104 COR
some in the act of scattering incense,
aud others singing and adoring. In
his grand compositions, or in his easel
pictures, he is equally powerful and
seductive. He left a son, Pomponio
Allegri, who studied under Francesco
Maria Rondani, and in the cathedral at
Parma there is a fresco painting by
him, of Moses delivering the Law to
the People. Pomponio was bom in
1522. Correggio (Francis), a Bolognese,
scholar of Gessi, painted two pictures
in the church of Santa Maria dei
Servi, of the Madonna, and St. Luke
and other saints : he flourished about
1652. Masini, p. 623.
Corso (Nicolo), born at Genoa ;
flourished about 1505; his pictures
are chiefly in the monastery of the
Olivetens, at Quarto, near Genoa, and
possess considerable merit, but he is
somewhat hard in his outline.
Corso (Giovanni Vincenzio), born
at Naples about 1490; studied there
under Giovanni Antonio Amato, and
at Rome under Pierino del Vaga ; his
works are mostly in the churches of
Naples, of which the two pictures
representing Christ bearing his Cross,
and the Adoration of the Magi, are
considered the best.
Cort (Henry de), died 1775 ;
a river scene, finished equal to Vander
Heyden. Corte (Gabriel della), son of John
della Corte, being very young when
his father died was not able to apply
himself to figures, but to obtain some
thing to support himself, he painted
flowers, for which he had a good
name : he was born in Madrid, where
he died in 1694, at the age of 46.
Palomino, p. 448.
Corte (Cesare), son of Valerio,
born in Genoa, 1554 ; studied under
his father, and painted history and
portraits with considerable reputation,
is said to have visited England, and to
have painted the portrait of Queen Eli
zabeth and several of the nobility ; his
best historical works are, St. Peter
at the feet of the Virgin; Mary

COR

105

Magdalen ; St. Simeon ; and St.
Frances, in the churches at Geneva.
Corte (Valerio), bom at Venice,
1 530 ; studied under Titian, in whose
style he painted portraits with con
siderable success : died 1580.
Corte (Juan de la), born at Ma
drid, 1587; painted landscapes, bat
tles, and perspective views, in which
he excelled ; also subjects from sacred
history, and was made painter to
Philip III. and IV., who employed
him in the palaces of Buenretiro,
and el Saloncete : from his manner he
appears to have studied the works of
Tintoretto : he died in 1660.
Cortese (Jacopo), called II Bor
gognone, born in Franche-Comte in
1621 ; studied under his father, an
artist of no note ; then went to Bo
logna, and received instructions from
Albano and Guido ; afterwards visited
Rome, and painted some historical
works, the chief of which are, a Mag
dalen, the Murder of the Innocents,
and the Wise Men's Offering ; but
upon seeing Giulio Romano's Battle
of Constantine, he devoted himself to
those subjects, and arrived at the
highest degree of perfection ; his
figures and horses are said to be
touched with great spirit, and so
animated in appearance, that you
might almost fancy you heard the
neighing of the steeds, the shouts of
the combatants, and the cries of the
wounded: died 1676.
Cortese or Courtois (Gulielmo),
also called II Borgognone, brother of
the preceding, died 1 628 ; studied at
Rome under Pietro da Cortona, and
by some it is said under Claude Lor
raine, but adopted the style of Carlo
Maratti in his compositions and the
airs of his heads, and Guercino in
boldness of reliefs and in his azure
backgrounds ; his works most deserv
ing of notice, are the Battle of Joshua,
in the Quirnal, in which he was
assisted by his brother Jacopo, a Ma
donna and Saints, the Crucifixion,
and some other paintings in the church
of St. Mark, at Venice : died 1697.

COS

Cortesi (Giovanna Marmocchini),
born at Florence, 1670 ; studied first
under Livio Mehus, then Pietro Dan-
dini, and was afterwards instructed in
miniature by Hippolito Galantini, in
which branch she became very emi
nent ; her resemblance was striking,
colouring natural, and pencil neat ;
she usually worked in oil, but painted
equally well in crayons : died 1736.
Cortona (Pietro Berettini da),
born at Cortona, 1596 ; considered
of the Roman school ; studied under
Carpi, and afterwards from the works
of Raffaelle, Buonarotti, and Polidoro
di Caravaggio ; he painted historical
subjects, the figures not scrupulously
correct, nor the heads of his females
strictly beautiful, but possessing grace
and loveliness, and agreeably coloured;
his fresco paintings are superior to his
oil ; in the Palazzo Barberini is one,
which, for richness of composition,
harmony of colour, and splendour of
style, has never been excelled ; of his
oil pictures, that of Ananias re
storing Sight to St. Paul is considered
the best; but his easel pictures do
not appear so well finished as they
might have been for such a master :
died 1669.
Cosci— See Balducci.
Cosiers (John), born at Antwerp,
1 603 ; was a pupil of Cornelius de
Vos, under whom he acquired an ex
cellent taste for design and vigorous
colouring ; he painted historical sub
jects, the back grounds usually en
riched with architecture ; at Mechlin
are two capital pictures by him, re
presenting the Crucifixion and the
Presentation in the Temple ; his co
louring is sometimes a little too
brown : died 1639.
Cos sale or Cozzale (Grazio),
bom at Brescia ; flourished about
1 605 ; master unknown ; in style re
sembles Parma, but without a servile
adherence ; his principal works are,
the Adoration of the Magi, and the
Presentation in the Temple, atBrescia:
died about 1610.

COS

106

COT

Cosimo (Pietro da), born at Flo
rence, 1441 ; was a disciple of Co
simo Roselli, whom he accompanied
to Rome, and assisted in his works in
the Vatican ; he also painted a num
ber of historical designs and portraits
for the nobility, but afterwards altered
his style, and painted fantastical sub
jects, such as harpies, satyrs, mon
sters, and Bacchanals : died 1521.
Costa (Thomas), of Sassuola, a
scholar of John Boulanger ; painted
much both in fresco and in oil, intro
ducing perspectives in his pictures : he
died in Reggio, at the age of 56,
in the year 1692.
Costa (Lorenzo), the elder, born
at Ferrara, flourished from 1488 to
1530; was a disciple of Francesco
Francia, and similar to him in style,
but somewhat inferior ; his works are
chiefly at Bologna, of which the Re
surrection, the Madonna, a St. Giro
lamo, and the Madonna and Child
with Saints, are considered the best.
Costa (Ippolito), son of the above,
born at Mantua ; was a scholar of
Girolamo, and is supposed to have
also studied under Giulio Romano,
from the similarity of their style :
flourished about 1538.
Costa (Lorenzo, son of Ippolito),
by whom he was instructed ; there
are many pictures at Mantua under
the name of Costa, without the bap
tismal addition, so that it is impossi
ble to distinguish their works.
Costantini (Ermengild), a Roman
painter of the school of Benifiale ;
painted in the apartments of the
Prince of Borghese a picture of Santa
Anna, and Jesus and Mary, also the
ceiling of the church of the Pollacchi,
and the ceiling of Santa Catherine's, be
longing to Sienna : he lived in Rome
in 1760.
Cosway (Richard), one of the
oldest members of the Royal Aca
demy, and chiefly distinguished as a
painter in miniature ; at one period of
his life, was considered superior to all
of his contemporaries ; he was equally

successful in his oil paintings, and his
drawings may rank in excellence and
variety with those of the most cele
brated of the old masters : died in
1821, leaving a widow whose talents
as an author are well known te the
public. Costanza (Placido), born at Rome,
1688 ; painted historical subjects, and
in his larger works aspired to an imi
tation of Domenichino, was also much
employed in introducing the figures
into the works of other artists parti
cularly those of Van Bloemen, called
Orizonti: died 1759.
Cotes (Francis), born in London,
1726; was an eminent portrait painter
in oil and in crayons, hut excelled in
the latter, of which his pictures of the
Queen holding the Princess Royal in
her lap ; of Polly Jones, a frail Cy
prian ; of M. Bryan the Comedian ; of
Mrs. Child; of Miss Wilton, after
wards Lady Chambers ; and of his
own wife, ,are said to excel those of
Rosalba in vivacity and invention,
although perhaps unequal to them in
softness ; in his oil paintings, the
draperies are usually inserted by Mr.
Toms ; there is a fine portrait of old
Mr. Robert Cotes in the Royal Exhi
bition : died 1770.
Cotes (Samuel), was a younger
brother of Francis, under whom he
studied ; and although not equal to
him, his pictures in crayons were
highly and deservedly esteemed ; he
married a Miss Shepherd, whose
talents in painting were of a very su
perior order: he died in 1818, four
years after the death of his wife.
Cotignola (Giovanni Marchesi da),
born near Bologna in 1475 ; studied
under Francia, and became one of the
most eminent portrait painters of his
day ; he also painted history in the
stiff Gothic style of that period, but
with an animated expression, and well
coloured ; his best work is the Mar
riage of the Virgin, in the church of
St. Guiseppe, at Bologna.
Cotignola (Francesco da), called

COT 107
Zaganelli ; lived at Rome about 1520,
and studied under Nicolo Rondinelli,
whom he equalled in his colouring,
but was inferior in design and com
position; his best pictures are, the
Resurrection, at Cassano ; the Bap
tism of Christ, at Tarenza; and a
Madonna, at Parma.
Cottan (Fra John Sanchez), a Car
thusian monk ; painted in the church
of his convent the history of the life
of Christ, which Vincent Carduchio
went from Madrid on purpose to see ;
and upon his return to Madrid, con
vinced of his great merit, he per
suaded Francis Pacheco to make
honourable mention of him in his
book on painting : he flourished about
1620, and died at the age of 67.
Palomino has written his life in vol.
2. p. 289.
Coudenberghe (John Van), a
Fleming; painted in 1430 for the
church at Roselede, a picture of which
a detailed description is found at the
Hotel de Ville of Ghent.
Courtois — See Cortese.
Cousin (Jean), born at Soucy, in
France, about 1 538 ; was originally a
glass painter, oil painting previous to
his time being confined to portraits
amongst his countrymen ; he may
therefore be considered as the founder
of the French school in the historical
department ; his best picture of that
description, representing the Last
Judgment, is now in the Louvre, it is
executed in a grand style, and much
in the manner of Parmegiano ; of his
stained glass, the windows of the
church in the convent of the Minemes
and of St. Gervais, at Paris, repre
senting the death of St. Lawrence ;
Christ and the woman of Samaria; and
Christ healing the Paralytic, are con
sidered his chef-d'ceuvres : died 1601.
Cousinet (Elizabeth) — See Em-
PEREUR. Couvryn or Covryn (R.), a
Fleming, brother of Israel; painted
fairs, but more often interiors of
kitchens; a servant returned from

COY
market, placing on the table fruit,
vegetables, and fowls ; or a young
damsel serving, or making lace ; he
painted extremely well.
Couvryn or Covryn (I.), a
Flemish painter of history and por
traits ; was, when young, a very in
different painter, but as he advanced
in years, he improved greatly ; he
often painted from the prints in the
book of the poet Cats.
Covyn (Renier), born at Brabant ;
painted market-women with dead
game, baskets of eggs, fruit, vegeta
bles, &c. but without possessing much
merit. Covyn (Israel, called Isaac in Cun
ningham), brother of Renier ; at
tempted history, but was more suc
cessful in portrait painting.
Cowenbergh — See Thielen.
Coxcis or Coxis (Michael), born
at Mechlin, 1497 : studied under
Bernard Van Orlay, and afterwards
at Rome, under Raffaelle, on leaving
of whom he took with him a number
of Raffaelle' s designs, which he after
wards used as his own, but the
plagiarism was discovered, and his
reputation decreased in consequence
thereof; he had, however, derived
sufficient knowledge from that master
to be able to imitate his colouring
and to design his own female figures
with grace and elegance ; his principal
works are a Last Supper ; St. Sebas
tian ; a Crucifixion ; the Death of the
Virgin, and some fine portraits : the
Crucifixion much in the manner of
Raffaelle ; he had a son, Michael, also
a painter, but of whose works we have
no account.
Coypel (Noel), born in Paris,
1628; studied first under Poncet,
and afterwards under Guerrier, and
painted history in the style of Poussin
and Le Seuer ; his principal works
were his reception picture for the
French Academy, painted in 1659, of
Cain slaying Abel ; the Martyrdom of
St. James, in the church of Notre Dame,
which is considered his masterpiece ;

COY

108

CRA

four easel pictures of Solon taking
leave of the Athenians ; Trajan giving
audience ; Ptolemy ransoming the
Jews ; and Alexander Severus distri
buting Corn to the Romans ; which
pictures were painted for the King of
France ; he was afterwards employed
in fresco paintings, his last and best
work being the Vault of the Sanctuary
of the Invalids : died 1707.
Coypel (Noel Nicholas), younger
son of Noel, born at Paris, 1692;
studied under his father, and after
wards in the French Academy, and
painted for his reception picture, the
Story of Neptune and Amymone ; his
principal performance is the ceiling of
one of the churches in Paris : died
1735. Coypel (Antoine), son and pupil
of Noel, bom in Paris, 1661 ; visited
Rome, and studied the works of Raf
faelle, Buonarotti, and the Caracci,
but did not profit much by so doing ;
he returned to Paris, and was admitted
a member of the Academy there ;
soon after which he became painter to
the Court, and possessed more popu
larity than he merited ; his principal
works are, Christ disputing with the
Doctors; the Assumption; Christ re
storing Sight to Bartimeus, Jephtha
and his Daughter ; and a Crucifixion ;
he was graceful in the airs of his
heads, and painted children well ; but
his attitudes were all mannered and
taken from the stage : died 1722.
Coypel (Charles Antoine), son of
Antoine, born at Paris, 1694 ; studied
under his father and painted history
in humble imitation of his style, which
he afterwards quitted for conversa
tions, rustic amusements (Bamboc-
ciate), and portraits, in the latter of
which he was most successful : died
1752. Cozens (Alexander), bom in Rus
sia ; came to London, and established
a drawing academy ; he painted land
scapes, which possessed but little
merit, either for composition or co
louring : died 1786.

Cozens (John), son of Alexander;
greatly excelled his father as a land
scape painter, and his drawings also
possess considerable merit : died
1799. Cozza (Giovanni Battista), born at
Milan, 1676; master not mentioned ;
painted history for the churches at
Ferrara, and his principal works are
the Immaculate Conception; the Holy
Family ; the Annunciation ; the As
sumption of the Virgin : died 1 74 .
Cozza (Francesco), born in Sicily,
1605; studied at Rome under Do-
menichino, whose style and manner
he imitated with considerable success ;
and after the decease of Domenichino
completed the works left unfinished
by him ; he painted equally well in
fresco and in oil : died 1682.
Cozza (Carlo), son of Giovanni
Battista, born at Ferrara about 1700 ;
studied under his father, whose style
he imitated ; his best works are in the
churches at Ferrara.
Crabeth (Francis), bom in Mech
lin, 1500 ; master unknown ; pamted
historical subjects in the style of
Lucas Van Leyden ; his principal
works are an altar-piece of the Cruci
fixion, on the folding doors of which
is the History of the Passion : died
1548. Crabeth (Walter), bom at Gouda,
1570; studied under Cornelius Ketel,
and became the most celebrated
painter on glass of his time : died
1624. Crabeth (Adrian), born at Gouda,
1550 ; studied under John Schwartz,
a painter of history and landscape,
whom he soon surpassed : died 1581.
Crabeth (Dirk and Wouter), born
at Gouda ; excelled in painting on
glass ; Wouter being superior to his
brother in drawing, and also in trans
parency and brilliancy of colouring ;
both were, however, great masters,
and their performances in 1567, in
the Great Church at Gouda, were
perhaps the finest of the kind iu

CR A

109

CRE

Europe ; the subjects are Christ
driving the Traders out of the Tem
ple, the Nativity, the Death of Holo-
fernes, and the Destruction of the
Temple by Heliodorus ; these brothers
were so extremely jealous of each
other, that the one would not suffer
the other to see him at work.
Crabetje — See Asselyn.
Cradock (Luke), a self-taught
artist, born at Ilchester, in Somerset
shire, about 1660; painted birds,
animals, and dead game, in which he
particularly excelled : died 1717.
Craesbecke (Josse Van), born at
Brussels, 1608 ; studied under Brou-
wer, in whose style he painted taverns,
inns, corps-de-garde, and drunken
quarrels, full of humour, into which
he frequently introduced his own
portrait, with a patch on one eye,
and a countenance full of grimace :
died 1668.
Crakoo (John), bom at Utrecht ;
was put, in 1761, into the Orphan
Asylum, where he received lessons in
design from the master, Van Veld-
hoven, in 1770 ; the regents sent him
to Paris to study painting at the ex
pense of that establishment. His
talent lay in portrait painting, and in
1777 he painted a picture which orna
ments the chimney in one of the
apartments of that edifice : he lived
latterly at Amsterdam, where he died
about 1807.
Cramer (Nicholas), born at Ley
den, 1670 ; studied first under
Mieris, and afterwards under Karl de
Moor, whose style of design and
manner of colouring he strictly imi
tated. His usual subjects were small
portraits and conversations, which
were beautifully coloured and deli
cately finished, and his portraits had
the "farther merit of being faithful
likenesses : died 1710.
Cranach or Kranach (Lucas),
born at Kranach, in the Bishopric
of Bamberg, 1472, was the con
temporary of Albert Durer ; he
generally painted portraits and figures

at half-length, and was fond of paint
ing the heads of old men and women,
his draperies and design being
suited to the stiff and Gothic modes
of the time. His most capital pic
ture is a naked Lucretia, life size, in
an erect posture, in the palace of the
Elector of Saxony. He had a son of
the same name, who was also a
painter, but we have no account of
his works : he died in 1586-
Cranch (John), born in Devon
shire, 1751 ; was a self-taught por
trait painter, which branch of the art
he practised with great success ; he
also painted an historical picture of
the Death of Chatterton : died 1821.
Cransse (John), bom at Antwerp,
1480 ; painted history with consi
derable reputation, and was admitted
a member of the Academy of Antwerp.
His best performance is a picture of
Christ washing the Feet of his Dis
ciples. Crayer (Gaspar de), born at Ant
werp, 1582; studied under Raffaelle
Coxcis; son of Michael Coxcis, whom
he far surpassed, and afterwards
painted a full-length portrait of Car
dinal Ferdinand, brother to the King
of Spain, which established his repu
tation ; but his most celebrated pic
ture is that of the Centurion alighting
from his horse to worship Christ,
which Rubens said no one would
ever surpass. His compositions usu
ally consist of but few figures, which
are grouped with great skill, and are
generally religious subjects. Amongst
his numerous works, Christ appearing
to Mary Magdalene, the Assumption,
the Descent of the Holy Ghost, and
the Resurrection, are particularly
worthy of notice; his colouring is
chaste" and tender, resembling the
clear tinting of Vandyck: died 1669.
Creara (Santo), a Veronese painter,
and scholar of Felix Brusasorci ;
painted many works in his own
country, both in public and in private,
in the style of his master : he flou
rished about 1550. Pozzo, p. 168.

CRE

110

CRE

Credi (J. Lorenzo), born in Flo
rence, 1452 ; was a pupil of Andrea
Verrocchio at the time that Leonardo
da Vinci was also his disciple, and
finding him so much superior to his
master, he abandoned Verrocchio's
manner for that of Leonardo da Vinci,
whose works he copied so closely,
both in similarity of touch and
colour, that it was scarcely possible
to distinguish the copies from the
originals ; Credi is, however, cele
brated for his Madonnas and Holy
Families, which have the merit of
originality about them : his principal
work is the Wise Men's Offering.
His pictures are admired for the
beautiful expression of the heads
and pleasing backgrounds : died
1530. Creeten (Charles), born at Prague,
1 625 ; studied at Rome, where he
obtained the name of L'Espadron,
and painted history and portraits
with accuracy and elegance : died
1681. Cremer (Julius), commonly called
II Croma, of Ferrara ; learned paint
ing in the school of Domenico Mora,
his fellow citizen, and painted much
in public and in private after the
manner of his master. His pictures
were always in great esteem : one of
them is dated in the year 1600.
Cremona (Nicolo da), born at
Cremona, flourished about 1518, and
was a reputable painter of history.
In one of the churches at Bologna is
an altar-piece by him, representing
the Descent from the Cross.
Cremonese — See Caletti.
Cremonini (Giovanni Battista),
bom at Cento about 1560 ; excelled
in painting perspective and wild ani
mals, and also painted some altar-
pieces at Bologna in good style,
amongst which are the Annunciation,
the Death of St. Francis, and the
Assumption of the Virgin : died
1610. Crepu (Nicholas) , a Fleming, born

1 680 ; painted flower pieces in a
pleasing, natural style, and well co
loured. His works were greatly
esteemed, and brought considerable
prices : died 1 742.
Crescenzt — See Cavarazzi.
Crescenzio (Don Juan Baptist),
born in Madrid, 1611; excelled in
painting fruit, flowers, and architec
ture : died 1660.
Crespi (Giovanni Battista), born
in the Milanese States, 1557; studied
at Rome and at Venice, and painted
historical subjects, spirited in style,
and harmonious in colour, but badly
designed, particularly in his naked
figures, which sometimes appear dis
torted in their attitudes. His best
performance is that of St. Augustine,
iu the Church of St. Marco. He
excelled in painting animals and birds
of a cabinet size : died 1633.
Crespi (Daniello), born at Milan,
1 590 ; studied first under G. B. Crespi,
called Cerano, and afterwards under
Giulo Cesare Proccacini, but appears
to have adopted the style of the
Caracci, with the softness and colour
ing of Titian. He painted both in
oil and in fresco with equal success :
the Baptism of Christ, the Adoration
of the Magi, the Preaching of St.
John, the Presentation in the Temple,
and Christ amongst the Doctors, are
all admirable performances ; he also
painted portraits in a style superior
to most of his contemporaries : died
1630. Crespi (Giovanni Maria), called II
Spagnuolo, born at Bologna, 1 665 ;
studied successively under Angelo
Toni, Domenico Canuti, and Carlo
Cignani, and afterwards from the
works of Titian, Tintoretto, and Paolo
Veronese ; he also copied the works
of Baroccio, whose style he preferred,
and some of his compositions of that
kind are full of humour and eccen
tricity : he had a particular talent
for caricature, and excelled in por
trait painting. Several of his his
torical works are in the churches and

CRE 111
palaces at Bologna; his method of
colouring consisting chiefly of glazing,
most of his works have perished : died
1747. Cresti— See Passignano.
Creti (Donate), born at Cremona,
1671 ; studied at Bologna, under
Lorenzo di PassineLli, whose style he
blended with that of Simone Canta-
rini, forming a manner which has
little claim to originality : his colour
ing is harsh, and his design is often
unnatural. His best performances
are the Adoration of the Wise Men,
and the Crowning of the Virgin, in
the churches at Bologna ; and four
pictures from the Life of Achilles, in
the palace there : died 1747.
Crevalcore (Anthony), said to be
a Bolognese, was a very celebrated
painter of flowers, fruit, animals, and
portraits, many of which are to be
seen underwritten with his name : he
flourished in 1490. Masini, p. 614.
Criscuolo (Giovanni Filippo),
born at Gaeta about 1495 ; studied
first under Andrea da Salerno, and
afterwards at Rome, under Pietro
Perugino, but attached himself to the
works of Raffaelle. He was much
employed for the churches and other
public edifices at Naples : died 1584.
Criscuolo (Giovanni Angelo), bro
ther of the above ; studied under
Marco da Siena, and became a repu
table painter of history. Many of
his works are in the churches at
Naples: died 1580.
Crisevolo (Maria Angela). This
lady was born in Naples in 1548, and
died in 1 606 ; she excelled in his
torical subjects and portraits.
Crispi (Scipione), born in Pied
mont about 1550; possessed consi
derable abilities in historical compo
sition, as appears from his works in
the church of San Lorenzo, the chief
of which are the Visitation of the
Virgin and Elizabeth, and an altar-
piece of St. Francis and St. Domenico ;
died about 1600.

CRO

Cristofane, bora at Bologna,
1349, is said to have been a reputable
painter ; but his works have yielded
to the ravages of time, and but few,
if any vestiges, now remain : died
1387. Crlstofane (Fabio), and Pietro
Paolo, flourished about 1710, and
executed some works in Mosaic, after
Domenichino, Guercino, Carlo Ma
ratti, and others.
Cristofani (Fabius), della Marca,
made in Rome several Mosaics from
the designs of Pietro da Cortona and
of Andrew Sacchi, about the year
1630. Cristona (Gioseffo), born at
Pavia, 1664 ; was the scholar of
Bernardo Ciceri, and excelled in land
scape, and views in the environs of
Rome, which he designed well, and
with great accuracy.
Crivelli (Carlo), born at Venice ;
was a disciple of Jacobello Florio ;
painted history ; there remain two
pictures by him, one of St. Fa
bian, and the other of the Marriage
of St. Catherine : flourished about
1500. Crivelli (Angelo Maria), born at
Milan ; excelled in painting animals
and huntings, and was considered one
of the ablest painters of his country
of those subjects.
Croce (Baldassare), born at Bo
logna, 1553; was employed by Pope
Gregory XIII. in the Vatican, and
executed several works both in oil and
in fresco, also for many of the
churches in Rome : died 1628.
Crome (John), born at Norwich in
1 769 ; was apprenticed to a coach
painter, but employed his leisure
hours in designing landscapes from
nature, in which he particularly ex
celled. His pictures usually represent
views in his native country — a quiet
forest scene ; a green valley ; a purl
ing stream ; a woody lane ; or a
winding hedge-row, with a dilapidated
cottage in the distance ; and each

CRO
kind of tree might be known by the
correctness with which the leaves
were designed. His scenes were pic
turesque, and his colouring true to
nature: died 1821.
Crone (Robert), born at Dublin,
was instructed by an artist named
Hunter, then visited Rome, where he
studied some time under Richard
Wilson ; his landscapes are excellent,
but very scarce, and some of his draw
ings are in the royal collection :
died 1779.
Croos (A. van), the elder, painted
woody landscapes upon small panels,
rather stiff in the execution, the
colouring grayish green, the figures
negligently designed, and painted with
little care : one of his paintings is
dated 1634.
Croos (A. van), the younger ;
painted views of towns and landscapes,
which very much resemble those of
Peter Molyn, and are infinitely different
from those of Croos the elder, as much
in respect of manner as of colouring ;
there are some found marked 1643,
and some 1667 * he also pamted ships
aud sea views in the manner of J.
Van Goyen. It is supposed he was
at the Hague, as all his designs are
from views in its environs.
Cross (Michael), an English artist,
lived in the reigns of Charles I. and
II. , but is only remarkable for his
skill in copying the works of the great
masters ; at Venice he is said to have
copied the Madonna of Raffaelle, and
left it in the place of the original,
and the fraud was not discovered until
it was too late to recover it.
Crosse (Lewis), a painter in water
colours, executed several portraits in
miniature in Queen Anne's time, and
being required to repair a little pic
ture of Mary Queen of Scots, in the
possession of the Duke of Hamilton,
and to make it as handsome as he
could, he painted a round face, such
being his idea of beauty, not at all
like Mary's, but which being taken
for a genuine picture several copies

112 CUN
were made from it; the head is oh
black velvet, trimmed with ermine.
Cruz (Juan Pontoja de la), born
at Madrid, 1560 ; studied under
Aionzo Sanchez Coello, and painted
historical subjects with some reputa
tion, but excelled in portrait : died
1610. Crug (Louis)— See Krug.
Cruger (Theodore and Matthias)
— See Kruger.
Cuevas (Pedro de las), born at
Madrid, 1558, was more employed in
painting historical subjects for private
persons than in public works : died
1635. Cuevas (Eugenio de las), son of
Pedro, born in Madrid, 1623, was a
reputable painter of portrait, small
size : died 1667.
Cugni (Baptist), of the State of
Florence, was a friend and companion
of Christopher Gherardi, with whom,
and with Giorgio Vasari, he painted
those pictures and ornaments in the
Refectory of St. Michael-in-the-Wood,
in Bologna. Vasari speaks of him inthe
Vita del detto Gherardi, torn. 3. p. 461.
Cuipers (Herman Diederick), born
at the Hague in 1707, was a pupil of
Peter Van Kuick, and of Matthew
Terwesten ; he painted history, por
traits, cabinet pictures, and bas-reliefs ;
his paintings were very recherches.
Cuit (George), born in Yorkshire,
1743 ; went to Rome, and took
sketches of the beautiful scenery in
its environs ; also studied the works
of the great masters, and on his re
turn was much employed in landscape
painting ; he formed a style peculiar
to himself, giving to his pictures that
semi-dusky hue which objects present
when viewed through the camera
obscura: died 1818.
Cunio (Daniel), a Milanese, and
a scholar of Bernardino Campi. Paint
ed several works from the cartoons
of his master, particularly in St.
Barnabas in Milan, in the palace of
the Prince Triulzio, in Maleo ; he

CUN 113
also painted for the Emperor Charles
V. in company with Girolamo del
Leone ; and was famous for his land
scapes : he flourished about 1540.
Latno, c. 80. p. 57.
Cunio (Rodolpho), a Milanese,
and scholar of Cerani ; painted the
picture of St. Anthony in the church
of St. Marcellino in Milan, and vari
ous saints in that of St. Thomas ; he
is much praised for his manner of
introducing conflagrations and night
pieces, and his works of that descrip
tion adorn many cabinets. Torre,
p. 239. He lived about 1600.
Cunningham (Edmund Francis),
bom in Scotland, about 1 742 ; visited
Italy, where he studied and copied
the works of Correggio, Parmegiano,
and other great masters, and attained
considerable excellence : died 1793.
CuauET (Pedro), born at Barcelona,
1596; excelled in rehgious subjects,
which are chiefly to be found in the
churches and convents of his native
city : died 1666.
Curia (Francesco), born in Naples,
1538 ; studied under G. F. Cris
cuolo, and afterwards at Rome, from
the works of Raffaelle, and was much
employed for the churches and con
vents. One of his best works is a
picture of the Circumcision ; his com
positions are grand, the airs of his
heads finely expressed, and colouring
natural: died 1610.
Curradi or Currado (Francesco),
born in Florence, 1570 ; studied
under Battista Naldini, whom he as
sisted in his works, and some of his
own compositions are in the Gallery
at Florence ; his subjects were gene
rally from sacred history, designed
with correctness, the figures full of
life and expression, and delightfully
coloured ; he sometimes painted por
traits, which were admired for their
resemblance to nature : died 1660.
Curti (Girolamo)— See Dentone.
Custodio, Hieronymus Antwerp-
iensis, fecit 1589 ; this inscription

CUY

appears on a portrait of Elizabeth
Bruges, daughter of Lord Chandos,
in the collection of the Duke of Bed
ford, at Woburn : in colouring it is
flat and chalky.
Cuylenburg (  ), a Dutch
painter of little reputation ; his sub
jects were caverns and subterraneous
places, with figures something in the
manner of Poelemburg, but larger in
size and less transparent in the colour
ing ; his nymphs bathing are also
less delicate in their forms and less
correct in the drawing, and his Bac
chanals, and other subjects from fabu
lous history, are less neatly finished
than those of Poelemburg, and scarce
ly equal to those of Vertangen.
Cuyp or Kuyp — Jacob Gerritz,
called Old Cuyp, bom at Dort,
1768 ; studied under Abraham Bloe
mart ; painted landscapes and cattle
on the banks of rivers, generally
in the neighbourhood of Dort ; also
frequently pamted battles ; and the
marching, or encampments of armies :
he had an agreeable tone of colouring,
a broad free touch, and a correct out
line, his distances were well kept,
and his water very transparent : died
1649. Cuyp or Kuyp (Albert), eldest son
of the above, by whom he was in
structed, born at Dort, 1606; after
wards made nature his guide, and far
excelled his father in every respect;
his pictures frequently represent the
borders of the Maes River, with shep
herds and herdsmen tending their
cattle, which, unlike those of his
father, who usually confined himself
to cows and sheep, represent a variety
of species ; his colouring is also
varied according to the particular time
of the day : his morning scenes being
misty and vapoury, his noontide clear
and bright, and his evening tinted
with a saffron-coloured hue ; he paint
ed moonlight pieces, in which the
glittering rays were so admirably de
picted on the surface of the water, as
to make it appear a perfect illusion ;

CUY

114

DAH

but his winter scenes or frost pieces
far excel all his other subjects,
and whether they represent land or
water, may be truly said to enchant
the spectator ; he also painted in
teriors of churches, horse fairs, and
skirmishes of cavalry, fruit, flowers,
and portraits, and was in fact the most
fertile artist of the Dutch school ; his
manner seems to be peculiarly his
own, if we except Rembrandt, to
whom, in colouring, he bears some
analogy ; his principal work repre
sents the Cattle Market at Dort, and
the square, with horse and foot
soldiers exercising therein . R . S . Hol-
ford, Esq. has a beautiful specimen,
called the Golden Cuyp ; it represents
a river scene, and a view of the town
of Dort. He died in the year
1667. Cuyp or Kuyp (Benjamin),
younger brother of the above, born
1615 ; adopted the style of Rem
brandt, and painted small historical
pictures, which in force of colour and
intelligence of light and shadow, re
semble the works of that great
master ; his design is however in
correct.

Dach (John), born at Cologne,
1556 ; studied under Bartholomew
Spranger, then visited Rome, and was
afterwards employed by Rodolph II.
of Germany ; he painted Italian
scenery and ruins remarkably well,
and died at the Court of Austria in
1646. Daccara, painted some architec
tural subjects in the Gerini Gallery
that are very much admired.
Daddi (Bernardo), born at Arezzo,
was the disciple of Aretino ; some of
his pictures are still in the churches
at Florence : died about 1380.
Daddi (Cosimo), flourished about
1614; studied under Battista Nal-
dini, and painted history in the church
of St. Michael. At Florence is an

altar-piece of St. Michael defeating
the rebel angels : died 1630.
Dael (J. F. Van), born in Ant
werp in 1764, was at the age of
twelve years sent to the Academy of
his native city, where he obtained in
1 784 and in 1 785, the two first prizes
for architecture, the art for which his
parents destined him ; he afterwards
went to Paris, where he soon distin
guished himself in the career he had
embraced ; he painted with care some
decorations at Chantilly, St. Cloud,
and Bellevue, but subsequently gave
himself up to painting flowers and
fruit, and equalled in that line Van
Spaendonck ; the Government gave
him an apartment in the Louvre, at
that epoque a great favour ; he there
worked with the utmost zeal, and pro
duced some admirable compositions.
Josephine, Marie-Louise, and Louis
XVIII. commanded, in their turn, im
portant works, for which he was paid
their weight in gold. It may be
said that he was in his time, the
first painter in that kind ; he received
from Napoleon, and from Louis
XVIII. the great medal of gold, and
the cross of honour was not late in
shining on his breast; a medal of
honour was likewise sent him by King
Leopold. Van Dael died in Paris in
1840 : he left several paintings of
flowers, and of fruit, which were
sold in Paris.
Daele (John van), bom in Hol
land, 1530, died 1601; excelled in
landscapes and sea views, with rocky
shores aud romantic scenerv.
Dagiu or II Cappella (Fran
cesco), born at Venice, 1714, a dis
ciple of G. B. Piazetta; painted his
tory, and was chiefly employed for
the churches of Bergamo and its
vicinity : died- 1784.
Dahl (Michael), born at Stock
holm, 1656, was instructed in por
trait painting by E. Klocke; he
pamted that of Christina Queen of
Sweden, and in 1688, visited Eng
land, and painted those of Queen

DAL 115
Anne and Prince George of Denmark,
her husband : died in 1743.
Dalens (Dirk or Theodore), born
in Amsterdam, 1659, was instructed
by his father, William Dalens, a land
scape painter, whom he soon surpass
ed ; he afterwards studied with John
Voorhoot, and painted large land
scapes, with which he decorated the
saloons at Amsterdam ; also some
cabinet pictures of landscapes with
figures ; he usually painted marshy
grounds with ducks and wild fowl,
similar to Hondecooter : died 1688.
Dall (Nicholas Thomas), born at
Denmark, came to London about
1 760, and painted landscapes, in which
he excelled, and in 1768, gained the
first prize from the Royal Academy ;
he was also much employed in scene-
painting for Covent Garden Theatre :
died 1777.
Dallamano (Guiseppe), born at
Modena, 1679; excelled in painting
architectural views, many of which
are in the Collections at Turin : died
1758. Dalmasio (Lippo Scarab'ecchi),
called Lippo dalle Madonne, from the
beautiful character he gave to the
heads of the Virgin, was born at Bo
logna, and educated under Vitale ; his
tints were soft, and drapery flowing ;
some pictures in oil by this master
are said to be in the churches at Bo
logna : he flourished from about 1376
to 1410.
Dalton (Richard), born in Cum
berland, 1720, was apprenticed to a
coach painter in London, after which,
he visited Rome, and on his return,
was sent by George IV., then Prince
of Wales, to collect paintings in
Italy, and was subsequently appoint
ed keeper of the royal cabinet of
drawings: died 1791.
Dam (Anthony van), born at Mid-
delburg, painted ships of large dimen
sions ; he was also very skilful in
painting ornaments : he is cited in
the Discourse of M. Bomme, printed
at Middleburg in 1778.

DAN

Dam (Walter), born at Dordrecht
in 1726, was pupil of Aart Schou-
man, and painted in the style of his
master, but was not able to attain to
his superiority ; he finished by mak
ing designs after A. Cuyp and L.
Bakhuysen : died at Dordrecht in
1785 or 86.
Damery (Simon), a Flemish paint
er, born at Liege, 1597; went to
Italy, where he studied and practised
historical painting : died 1640.
D ami ani (Felice), bom at Gubbio,
flourished from about 1580 to 1605 ;
his style is a compound of the Roman
and Venetian schools ; and one of his
principal works is the Martyrdom of
St. Paul, at Castel Nuova.
Damini (Pietro), born at Castel
Franco, 1592; a disciple of G. B.
Morelli : painted history, and some
of his works are said to equal Titian,
but he frequently changed his style ;
his best productions are Christ giving
the Keys to Peter, and the Crucifixion,
at Padua: died 1630.
Damini (Giorgio), brother of Pie
tro, was an excellent painter of history
and portraits, small size : he also
died 1630.
Damini (Damina), sister to Peter
Damini, an excellent painter ; painted
portraits in small and large, her man
ner was good and careful : she died
at Castel Franco, about 1632.
Damini (Walter), born at Liege ;
a pupil of Bertin, went to Italy, and
on his return, painted history: died
about 1670.
Dance — See Holland.
Dance (George), brother of Sir
Nathaniel Holland, is known as the
delineator of portraits sketched from
the life, since 1 793, which were en
graved, in 2 vols, folio, by Daniells ;
he was the last of the original forty-
four Royal Academicians : died 1825.
Danckert or Dankers (Henry),
bora at the Hague, about 1630 ; stu
died painting in Italy, afterwards
came to England, and was employed
I 2

DAN

116

DAN

by Charles II. in taking views of the
royal palaces, and of the sea ports,
particularly on the Welsh coast. In
James II. "s collection there were
twenty-eight landscapes by this
master. Danckert or Danckers (John),
resided at Amsterdam, about 1660,
and painted historical subjects with
some reputation.
Dandini (Cesare), born at Flo
rence, 1595 ; studied first under Cor-
radi, afterwards under Passignano,
and finally under Cristofero Allori.
Painted history, large and small size,
correctly designed and pleasingly
coloured, but extremely laboured,
particularly his small cabinet pictures;
his larger works are principally in the
churches at Florence : died 1658.
Dandini (Vincenzio), brother of Ce
sare, born at Florence, 1607 ; studied
first under his brother, and afterwards
at Rome, under Pietro da Cortona,
whose style he followed very closely ;
he executed several large works for
the churches, one of the best is an
altar-piece at Florence, representing
the Miraculous Conception.
Dandini (Pietro), born at Flo
rence, 1646 ; studied first under
Valerio Spada, and afterwards under
his uncle Vincenzio ; he visited Italy,
resided for a long time with Paolo
Veronese ; and also at Parma and
Modena, studying the works of Cor
reggio, and on his return to Florence,
was much employed, both in oil and
in fresco, in subjects from sacred and
fabulous history, and also in some
from his own invention ; he possessed
an extraordinary talent for imitating
the works of the old masters, parti
cularly Titian, Tintoretto and P. Ve
ronese ; also painted portraits, land
scapes, architecture, flowers, fruit,
battles, animals of all kinds, and sea-
pieces, with equal success. At Pisa
he executed a fresco representing the
taking of Jerusalem ; and some altar-
pieces, amongst which those of St.
Francis and St. Piccolomini possess
great merit : died 1712.

Dandini (Ottaviano), was the son
of Pietro Dandini, and painted in the
same style : many of his fresco works
are to "be found in the churches at
Florence. D and ridge, son of a house painter,
had great business from his facility in
taking a likeness, and sometimes
painted small conversations, but died
in the vigour of his age. Walpole,
v. 4. p. 110.
Danedi (Giovanni Stefano), called
Montalto, born in the Milanese States,
1 608 ; studied under Morazzone, and
painted history for the churches in
Milan with considerable reputation.
One of his best works is the Martyr
dom of St. Justina : died 1689.
Danedi (Gioseffo), also called
Montalto, brother of Giovanni, born
at Treviglio, 1618; studied under
Guido Reni. He settled at Turin
and painted history for the churches
there ; amongst others, a fine altar-
piece representing the Murder of the
Innocents: died 1688.
Danet (Leon) — See Duven.
Danet (John) — See Duvet.
Danhauer, bom at Suabia, in
Germany, in 1675 ; studied under
Bombelti, and painted history and
portraits: died 1733.
Daniell (Thos. R.A.), painted a
view of the poet Cowley's house at
Chertsey, and a picture of Una, or
the Red Cross Knight, by which he
established his reputation as a painter ;
also some views in Yorkshire ; a
Waterfall near Craven ; and a Moon
light and Sunset. He afterwards
visited Hindostan, and painted the
magnificent temples and scenery of
that country, amongst which is an
Hindoo Temple at Tritchenore ; the
Hindoo Temple at Trincomalee ; a
Tiger Hunt ; and the British Resi
dent at Poonah concluding a Treaty
in Durbar with the Prince of the
Mahrattas. His touch was spirited,
design correct, and colouring excel
lent : died in 1840.

DAN

117

DAW

Daniell (William, R. A.), nephew
of the above, accompanied his uncle
to India, and assisted him in some
of his works ; also painted some excel
lent pictures of his own composition,
amongst which are, a View of Fyza
bad, in Oude ; the Mosque at Jaun-
pore ; Hunting the Wild Elephant ;
the Dead Elephant^; Views of Hindoo
Temples ; and several others, many of
which are in the collection of James
Walkinshaw, Esq. : died 1837.
Danes (Francis), bom at Amster
dam, 1650; went to Rome, acquired
the name of Tortue, and on his return
to Amsterdam painted history and
portraits with success.
Danloux (Peter), bora at Rome,
1745 ; died in 1809 ; came to Eng
land, where he painted many pictures
and portraits : the Punishment of a
Vestal is one of his best productions.
Danti (Girolamo), a scholar of
Titian ; painted in the church of St.
John Nuovo, in Venice, the picture of
the Saints Cosmo and Damiano. He
was a brother of Vincent and Fra Ig
natius Danti, to whom he was of great
assistance in painting the frescos in
Rome, and by the excellence of his
designs and colouring, promised to
have been a great painter, but died
at the early age of 33, about the year
1580. Danti (Theodora), born at Perugia,
1498 died 1573. This lady painted
small pictures in the style of Pietro
Perugino, alike excellent in desigu and
colouring. Danti (Antonio), born at Rome,
1634, died 1675; painted history
and portraits, but his talent never rose
above mediocrity.
Daedano (Anthony), a Bolognese
painter : learned design and colourmg
in the school of John Viviani, and
subsequently, without a master, learnt
to paint large pictures, and became
sufficiently practised in all kinds of
painting ; he worked in public and in
private, abroad as well as at home,
and died in the year 1 735, at the age

of 58. His life is written in the
Istoria delFAccademia Clementina,
p. 417.
Davenport, was a scholar of Lely,
and a good imitator of his manner :
he died in the reign of King William,
aged about 50. Walpole, v. 3. p. 39.
David (Lodovico Antonio), born
at Lugano, 1648; studied at Milan
successively under Cavaliere Cairo and
Ercole Proccacini, and at Bologna
under Carlo Cignani. Painted history
with considerable reputation for the
churches and monasteries at Milan
and Venice, some of which are more
in the style of Camillo Proccacini
than of Ercole : he also painted por
traits in a very superior style.
David (James Louis), called the
head and restorer of the French
school, was bom in Paris, in 1750,
and studied under Vien, or Vienne.
Amongst his most celebrated pictures
may be reckoned, the Oath taken iu
the Tennis Court ; Belisarius ; Brutus ;
the Horatii; the Funeral of Patroclus;
the Death of Socrates ; Leonidas at
Thermopylse ; the Rape of the Sa
bines ; and the Coronation of Napo
leon. In endeavouring to give an air
of antique character to his works, he
was too often cold and inexpressive,
resembling coloured statuary more
than nature, though at times he gave
a striking reality to the productions
of his pencil; he is, however, entitled
to a high rank amongst modern ar
tists : died 1825.
Davison (Jeremiah), studied
chiefly under Sir Peter Lely, and ex
celled in painting satins ; he painted
the portraits of the Duke and Duchess
of Athol : died about 1 745, aged
about 50. Walpole, vol. 4. p. 111.
Davy (Robert), born in Devon
shire ; went to Rome, and returned
to London about 1760; he painted
portraits, but with little merit or suc
cess ; he also taught drawing in ladies'
schools : died 1 793.
Dawe (George), was admitted an
Associate of the Royal Adacemy in

DAW 118

DEL

1810, and exhibited an historical pic
ture of Andromache imploring Ulysses
to spare the life of her son ; also a
portrait of Coleridge the Poet, and
two others ; and in 1814 produced
his picture of a Child rescued by its
Motherfrom an Eagle's Nest: he after
wards left England for Russia, and was
patronized by the Emperor, for whose
palace at St. Petersburgh he painted
400 portraits of the chiefs and leaders
of the Russian army who harassed
Napoleon in his memorable retreat
from Moscow ; he returned to Eng
land and died in 1829. His portraits
have the reputation of being correct
likenesses, but are less intellectual
than natural.
Dawes (Philip), born in London ;
studied under Hogarth, and painted
an historical picture of Mortimer con
fined in Nottingham Castle by order
of Edward III., and another of
Bobadil Cudgelled, from "Every Man
in his Humour," which latter has been
engraved. He never rose to any de
gree of eminence : died about 1780.
Dayes (Edward), in early life prac
tised as a miniature painter, and after
wards in landscape drawing ; his
principal work was a picture of the
Royal Procession to St. Paul's in 1 789.
At the time of his death in 1804, he
had in the Royal Exhibition a pleasing
view of Shrewsbury.
Dean (Hugh), born in Ireland ;
visited Italy, and became a good
painter of landscape. In 1780 he
made an exhibition of his paintings,
amongst which was a transparency of
Mount Vesuvius : died about 1784.
Deacon (James), painted portraits
in miniature in a masterlv style : died
1750. DEBLiEK(Daniel),born in Holland;
flourished about 1650, and painted
architectural subjects, particularly the
exteriors and interiors of churches,
with considerable reputation.
Decker or Dekker (Francis),
born in Holland ; painted landscapes
in the manner of Ruysdael, in a pleas

ing and natural style ; his pictures
are to be met with in almost every
collection in Holland.
Defrance (Leonard), bornat Liege,
in 1735, pupil of I. B. Coders : went
to Rome, in 1 753, where he studied
till 1759 ; he afterwards visited Flo
rence, Bologna, Venice, and Padua,
and made some stay at Montpelier
and Toulouse, from whence he re
turned to his native place; he had
hitherto painted historical subjects in
large and small dimensions, laud-
scapes, game, flowers, fruit, and ar
chitecture, and even some theatrical
decorations, but under the advice of
one of his friends, a landscape painter,
he afterwards confined himself to
easel paintings, and some interiors.
He died in 1805 ; his painting of the
Abolition of the Convents by Jo
seph II. was engraved in 1782 by
Guttenburgh. Deleloche (N.), of Liege, who
lived about the middle of the 18th
century ; painted easel pictures repre
senting combats and battles, in good
and spirited composition ; there is
also a painting by him of John
Theodore of Bavaria, Prince Bishop
of Liege, surrounded by the people of
his court ; and two other large paint
ings in the church of St. James, in
Liege. Delen (Dirk, or Theodora Van),
bom at Hausden : studied under
Frank Hals, and painted similar sub
jects, such as portraits and conversa
tions, but his favourite subjects were
the insides of churches and temples
filled with figures, also galleries and
grand saloons, with assemblies of per
sons feasting and dancing, musical
parties, &c. in which the figures were
usually introduced by Van Harp,
Wouvermans, and others of his time :
died about 1680.
Delfino (Carlo), bom in France ;
visited Italy and resided at Turin,
where he was made painter to the
Court, and also employed in the
churches, but his works were destitute

DEL

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DEN

of taste and judgment : lived about
1670. Delft or Delphius (William
James), son of Jacob Delft, a portrait
painter of little note, in which he also
practised, but is better known as an
engraver: died about 1640.
Delft (James William), born in
Delft in 1570, was a good painter of
portraits; in 1592 he produced a
painting representing the Chiefs of the
Archers ; and a family picture, where
he is represented with his wife and
children, of the size of life. He died
in Delft, and left three sons, Cornelius,
James William, and Rochus.
Delft (Cornelius), pupil of his
father, James William Delft, and of
Cornelius Cornelisz of Haerlem ; was
a good painter of inanimate objects.
Delft (James William), grandson
of the above, born 1619 ; studied un
der his grandfather Mirevelt, whose
style he followed with success : died
about 1661.
Deliberatore (Niccolo), called
Niccolo Folignato, born at Flori ;
flourished from about 1460 to 1480,
was a reputable painter of history for
the churches, one of which, a Cruci
fixion, is painted on a golden ground,
and contains several figures.
Delin (John Joseph Nicholas),
born at Antwerp, in 1776, was an
historical painter of great merit, and
excelled in portraits. One of his most
esteemed pictures is in the church of
St. Charles Boromeo, at Antwerp ; it
represents Simeon in the Temple,
singing the praises of the Lord : in
the church of St. James is an his
torical picture. He made also a great
number of portraits, which are well
painted and good likenesses : he died
at Antwerp, in 1811.
Dello, born at Florence, 1603,
went to Spain in 1658, and assisted in
the works of the Escurial ; he also
painted historical subjects of small
size. Delmont (Diodato), born in Flan
ders, 1581, was a pupil of Rubens,

whom he accompanied to Italy, where
he painted several pictures for the
churches ; at Antwerp are three capi
tal pictures by him, representing the
Transfiguration, Christ carrying his
Cross, and the Adoration of the Magi ;
his works were highly praised by
Rubens : died 1630.
Delpo (Giacomo), bom at Naples,
1709 ; was instructed by an artist
named Dominique, and excelled in
historical and architectural subjects :
died 1754.
Delvaux (Ferdinand Maria), born
in Brussels, in 1 782 ; painted history.
In the Academy at Ghent, is a David
before Saul, by him ; and in the
church of the Minims, at Brussels,
the Martyrdom of St. Stephen ; the
Society of Fine Arts si Ghent also
possesses one of his productions : he
died in 1815.
Delvenaar (Ugaart), a Dutch
painter, lived at the same epoch as
Verkolie, and painted some very fine
landscapes. Delvito (Niccolo), born at Naples,
1435, died 1498. Studied under An
tonio Solario, and painted history in
his style.
Demarne or Demarnette — See
Marne. Denner (Balthazar), born at Ham
burgh, 1685, died 1747. This cele
brated portrait painter, whose master
is not known, is said to have improved
himself by copying other works, and
by the study of living models : his
principal merit consists in the minute
finishing of his works, the hairs of the
head, and even pores of the skin
being visible. He was principally em
ployed by the princes of Germany,
the King of Denmark, and George I.
and painted, amongst others, the por
traits of himself, his wife, and chil
dren ; two of his portraits, the Head
of an old Man, and an old Woman,
recently fetched upwards of ^61000.
Denon (Baron, Dominique Vin
cent), born in Burgundy, 1747 ;
wielded the sword and the pencil with

DEN 120
equal dexterity ; he accompanied Buo
naparte to Egypt, and made nume
rous fine drawings, which alone would
be sufficient to immortalise his name :
died 1825.
Dentone (Girolamo), called Curti,
born at Bologna, 1576, was first a
disciple of Lionello Spada, but finding
that his genius directed him rather to
perspective than to a design of the
figure, he applied himself to study the
noble edifices erected from the plans
of Giacomo Baronio, called il Vignola.
Many of his works are in the palaces
at Bologna, in which the figures are
painted by the most distinguished of
his contemporaries ; he was a perfect
master of the chiaro-scuro, and gave
to his works so surprising a relief that
they have the appearance of a perfect
illusion: died 1632.
Denys (Jacques), bom at Antwerp,
1 647. Studied under Erasmus Quel-
linus, and afterwards at Rome and
Venice, copying the works of Raffaelle,
Giulio Romano, Guido and Titian ;
he painted several historical pictures
and portraits, amongst others, the
Grand Duke of Tuscany and his family,
also an Ecce Homo, in the manner
of Vandyck, but without that purity
of colouring. His style is a com
pound of the Roman and Venetian
schools. Denys, a modern French painter,
celebrated for his landscapes, many of
which he executed for the Court of
Naples, at which place he went to re
side, as well as for other persons : he
never omitted to introduce cows into
his pictures, and embellished them
with plants, so natural and so highly
finished, that the species might be
distinguished ; the tone of his colour
ing is occasionally somewhat too
yellow. Dervet (Claude), born at Nancy,
1600. Studied under Henriet, and
became a good painter of history aud
portraits. Deryck (Peter Cornelius), bom at
Delft, 1568. Studied under Hubert

DES

Jacobs, called Grimani, but adopted
the style of Bassan, whom he imitated
so successfully that good judges are
frequently deceived ; he painted both
in large and small, and executed se
veral portraits, which were greatly
admired : died 1630.
Deryck (William), born at Ant
werp, 1635 ; painted history, the
figures usually as large as life, but
never reached any eminence : died
1697. Desani (Pietro), horn at Bologna,
1 595. Studied under Lionella Spada,
painted history, well composed and
correctly designed, but hard in colour
ing; the churches and public buildings
in Reggio abound with them : died
1647. Desbarres (Bonaventura), born at
Paris, 1 700 ; painted history in the
taste of the time and place, but never
rose above mediocrity : died 1729.
Descamps (John Baptist), born in
Dunkirk, 1714 ; painted history, vil
lage scenes, and family subjects with
some reputation, but is better known
as an author than as a painter : died
1791. Descoenere (Saladin). The church
of the Minorites at Ghent possessed
a very remarkable production of his,
the contract for which is dated Octo
ber 14th, 1434. It not only fixes the
subject of the painting, but even dis
tinguishes the colours the artist was
to employ in its execution. This in
teresting piece is reported in the Me-
moires de Gand, par le Chevalier
Dieriex. Deshayes (Jean Baptist), bom at
Rouen, 1729. Studied successively
under Colin de Vermont, Restout and
Boucher, then visited Rome for im
provement, and on his return, painted
historical subjects with some reputa
tion : died 1765.
Deslyens (James Francis), born
in Ghent in 1684, was a painter of
portraits ; he died in Paris, in 1761.
Desportes (Francis), born at
Champignon, 1661. Studied under

DES

121

DIA

Bernaert, the pupil of Snyders ; his
subjects were usually the huntings of
different animals, in which the dogs
are spiritedly depicted, and very
natural ; he also excelled in flowers
and insects, and painted several pic -
tures for Louis XIV. : died 1743.
Desportes (Claude Francis), son
of Francis, painted animals in the
style of his father with some success :
died 1774.
Desprez (Louis John), born at
Lyons about 1750; painted history
and battle-pieces in a bold and vigo
rous style. One of his best pictures
is a representation of the Battle of
Svenksund: died 1804.
Desubleo or Sobleo (Michele),
bom in Flanders. Studied under
Guido, painted history for the churches
at Bologna and at Venice, in which
the grace and purity of Guido is com
bined with the vigour of Guercino.
One of his best pictures is a Cruci
fixion, at Venice,
Devis (Arthur William), bom in
England, 1762, went to India, and
painted several pictures descriptive of
the manufactures of India ; also an
historical composition, of Lord Corn
wallis receiving as Hostages the two
sons of Tippoo Saib ; and on his re
turn to England painted two large
pictures, one representing Cardinal
Langton instigating the Barons to
force King John to sign Magna
Charta ; the other the Conspiracy of
Babington in the reign of Queen Eliza
beth ; in the former of which the por
traits of the descendants of those Ba
rons are introduced. On the death
of Nelson, he went on board the Vic
tory to take the likeness of Lord
Nelson, and of those officers and at
tendants who were present in his last
moments, and took a drawing of the
cockpit ; he also painted the portrait
of the Princess Charlotte of Saxe-
Coburg ; his figures were grouped
with considerable taste, highly finished,
and harmoniously coloured : died 1822.
Devis (Arthur), born at Preston,
Lancashire, 1711. Studied under

Tillemans, and painted portraits and
conversation pieces, particularly one
of the Pretender's friends, in which
he introduced a portrait of himself as
the Pretender, whom he greatly re
sembled in feature; his portraits were
usually small half lengths: died 1787.
Devis (Anthony), son of Arthur,
excelled in landscapes : died 1817.
De Wit — See Wit.
Deynum (John Baptist Van), bom
at Antwerp, 1620; painted history
and landscapes in water colours, also
portraits in miniature, neatly pencilled,
coloured with great sweetness, and
elegantly composed. The King of
Spain purchased most of his works :
died 1669.
Deyster (Louis), born at Bruges,
1656. Studied under John Maes,
and afterwards visited Rome and Ve
nice, studying from the antique, and
the works of the best modern masters ;
he painted history, composed in a
grand style, with flowing draperies, so
arranged as not to hide the delicate
formation of the limbs, the colouring
warm, and with a freshness in the
carnations resembling Vandyck ; his
best compositions are the Crucifixion ;
the Resurrection, and the Death of
the Virgin: died 1711.
Deyster (Anna), daughterof Louis,
born 1696. Studied under her father,
and imitated his works with the
greatest precision ; also excelled as a
landscape painter : died 1746.
Diamantini (Guiseppe), bom at
Romagna about 1660; resided at
Venice, and painted history for the
churches, and for private collections ;
one of his chief productions is a
paintmg of the Wise Men's Offering.
Diana (Benedict), a Venetian
painter, lived in the time of the Bel
lini, and in emulation of them painted
in the college of St. John the Evan
gelist a number of the Brethren dis
tributing alms to the poor; in the
Church del Carmine he painted a Sta.
Lucia between two other Saints ; and
in the sacristy of the Father Servitors

DIA

122

DIN

the fine painting over the altar ; his
works shew what a great advance
painting had made in those times : he
flourished in 1500. Ridolfi, par. 1.
p. 24.
Dianti (John Francis), a Ferrarese
painter, followed the manner of Dossi,
and flourished about the year 1560.
Dichici (Florence), of Haerlem,
was a painter of flowers, fruit, and
preserves, and so much esteemed in
his time that his portrait was engraved
with verses in his praise.
Diciani (Jasper), a Venetian, was
an excellent designer, and painted his
tory with great freedom in colouring ;
he painted in Venice and in Dresden,
where he worked in the theatres, and
for the gentry of the country, and also
in Rome, where he painted for the
nobility both in oil and in fresco.
Dielai — See Surchi.
Diepenbech (Abraham Van), born
at Bois le Due, 1607; first practised
painting on glass, in which he was
considered superior to any of his com
petitors, and some of his works of
that description are in the Cathedral
of Antwerp ; afterwards became a
scholar of Rubens, whose style he
imitated with great success both in
Scripture and profane history, and in
some of his productions is said to
equal Vandyck ; he came to England
in the reign of Charles I. and made
designs for the Duke of Newcastle's
Book of Horsemanship ; there is a
fine picture by him in the church of
the Carmelites, at Antwerp, repre
senting the Virgin in the Clouds with
St. E*lias : died 1675.
Diepraam (Abraham), born at the
Hague, 1655 ; studied first under
Dirk Stoop, the father of Abraham
Stoop, the battle painter, and next
under Hendrick Zorg, but afterwards
adopted the style of Adrian Brouwer,
and painted drolleries and drunken
frolics, but not equal to Brouwer.
Dierckx (Matthew Ignatius), born
at Antwerp, in 1807, was a pupil of

M. Van Bree ; he went to Italy to
improve himself in painting historical
subjects, and in 1825 was crowned at
Rome. He was an artist of eminent
talent, and died in his native city in
1832, in the flower of his age.
Diest (Adrian Van), born at the
Hague, 1655; studied under his
father, a painter of sea pieces, and on
coming to England was employed by
the Earl of Bath in painting views on
the coast of Devon and Cornwall,
which possess considerable merit, are
transparent in colouring, and the dis
tances well kept ; the figures were
frequently inserted by Adam Coloni,
his brother-in-law ; he also painted
portraits which possess great merit :
died 1704.
Diestch (John Christopher), born
at Nuremberg, 1710, painted land
scapes with considerable reputation.
Dieterlin (Vendelin), the glory
of his country, Argentina, both in
painting as well as in architecture,
left many treatises which were the
foundation of those magnificent fa
brics raised in Germany. Sandrart,
p. 304.
Dietrich or Dietricy (Christian
William Ernest), born in Saxony,
1712. Studied landscape painting
under Alexander Thiele, but his prin
cipal talent lay in imitating the works
of Rembrandt, Ostade, Poelemburg,
and Salvator Rosa ; he was an excel
lent colourist, and painted some his
torical landscapes in capital style :
died 1744.
Dieven (N.), a Flemish painter of
flowers, fruit, and inanimate objects.
Dinarelli (Julian), a painter of
Bologna, was a scholar of Guido Reni,
and painted in the church of St. Do
minic, in Bologna, the picture of the
Guardian Angel : he flourished about
1635. Dinchi (James), a German, was
in his time a painter and engraver of
some credit ; his portrait is engraved,
and it is believed by himself : he flou
rished about 1550.

DIN

123

DOE

Dingmans (Adam), born at Haer
lem in 1637, died in 1 704 : he was a
pupil of S. de Bray.
Dino, or Bandino (Nello di), a
Florentine, learned to paint of Tassi,
and was one of the three that, with
Bruno and Buffalmacco, formed the
triumvirate of facetious and jocular
men that gave so much material to
John Boccacio in writing his Deca
meron of their burlesque inventions
about the year 1350 : he painted a
considerable time with his companions,
and enjoyed a long life. Baldinucci,
sec. 2. p. 25.
Dinter (Gerard van), born at Bois-
le-Duc, in 1745, was a pupil of H. I.
Antonissen ; he lived at first at Ley
den, and afterwards established him
self at Brussels ; having been some
time at Boom, near Antwerp, he re
turned in 1810 to his native city.
He was one of the founders and direc
tors of the Academy of Design and of
Painting at Bois-le-Duc, where he
died in 1 820. He painted with much
talent landscapes ornamented with
animals. Dios (Jasper), a celebrated Portu
guese painter ; was sent to Rome by
King Emanuel, to perfect himself in
the school of Michael Angelo, and
made great progress ; recalled to his
own country, he painted in oil many
pictures for the church of the monas
tery of Belem, and in other places
erected by that monarch ; and in the
church of the Misericordia, he painted
the famous picture of the Descent of
the Holy Ghost, which is signed with
his name and date, 1534, and was
restored in 1 734 .
Dirsepoli (Giovanni Battista),
born at Lugano, in 1590 ; painted his
tory for the churches at Milan with
considerable reputation ; his best pro
duction is a picture of St. Teresa, at
Como : he died in 1660.
Dixon (John), disciple of Sir Peter
Lely ; painted both in miniature and
crayons, but mostly the former ; in

water-colours there are numbers of his*
works, upwards of sixty of which were
in Lord Orford's collection, both his
tory and portraits, particularly Diana
and her Nymphs Bathing, after Poe
lemburg ; a Sleeping Venus ; Cupids
and a Satyr ; these were his best
works : he died about 1715.
Dobson (William), liorn in Lon
don, 1610; had some instructions
from Francis Cleyn, and copied some
works of Titian and Vandyck, one of
which being seen by Vandyck, he
recommended him to Charles I. whose
portrait he painted, also that of the
Prince of Wales, Prince Rupert, and
several of the nobility, which, though
inferior to Vandyck in gracefulness,
possess a charming tone of colour ;
he painted a picture of the Decollation
of St. John, in good style, but rather
cold in the colouring ; and was called
by King Charles, the English Tinto
retto : died 1646.
Does (Jacob Vander), born at Am
sterdam, 1623 ; studied under Nicholas
Moyaert, and afterwards at Rome ;
he painted landscapes embellished
with small figures, and animals,
chiefly sheep and goats, touched with
great spirit, and with a beauty of pen
ciling hardly to be surpassed, but
gloomy and cold in the colouring ; he
subsequently adopted the style of
Bamboccio, and painted similar sub
jects with great success : . died 1 673.
Does (Simon Vander), son of Jacob,
born at Amsterdam, 1653; studied
under his father, and painted land
scapes and cattle in a similar style,
but with a clearer and more agreeable
tone of colouring ; also portraits and
domestic subjects in the style of
Gasper Netscher.
Does (Jacob Vander), the younger,
born at Amsterdam, 1653 ; studied.
landscape painting under his father,,
and Karel du Jardin, but quitted that
style, and applied himself to historical
painting under Gerard Lairesse, in
which he succeeded admirably : died
1693.

DOL

124

DON

Dolabella (Tommaso), bora at
Belluno, 1580 ; studied under Va-
sillacchi, called Aliense, sometimes
painted historical subjects, but ex
celled in portrait painting ; he painted
those of Sigismund III. King of Po
land, the Royal Family, and several
of the nobility.
Dolci (Carlo), born at Florence,
1616 ; studied under Jacopo Vignali ;
painted history, very highly finished,
the flesh resembling ivory ; he was
particularly fond of sacred subjects,
Heads of our Saviour and the Virgin,
Magdalens, &c. which are much ad
mired for their tranquil expression of
devotion, plaintive sorrow, and patient
suffering ; his Madonnas exhibit un
common delicacy and pathetic feeling ;
some of his pictures, as large as life,
are in the gallery at Florence, but
they are not finished so highly as his
other works.
Dolci (Agnes), daughter of Carlo ;
copied some of her father's works,
and painted some pictures of her own
composition, but very inferior to those
of Carlo.
Domenichino or Domenicho
(Zampieri), born at Bologna, 1581;
studied first under Denis Calvart, and
afterwards in the school of the Caracci;
having contracted an intimacy with
Albano, he accompanied him to Italy
to study the works of Correggio and
Parmegiano ; he painted several sub
jects for the churches at Rome, the
Farnesian Gallery, and various other
public edifices ; also painted land
scapes in an admirable style, generally
enriched with architecture and beau
tiful figures, and was considered the
most distinguished disciple of the
Raffaelle school ; his design is pure
and grand, and his heads full of
grace and beauty ; by N. Poussin
he is ranked as next to Raffaelle.
Amongst his best picturesmay be men
tioned, the Communion of St. Jerome,
Adam and Eve, also a Dead Christ on
the knees of the Virgin* with Mary
Magdalen, and others, and the Mar
tyrdom of St. Agnes ; there is, how

ever, in some of his oil paintings an
appearance of dryness, and a want of
effect: died 1641.
Domenique (John), born in France,
resided chiefly at Rome ; he was a
scholar of Claude Lorraine, and one
of the most successful copyists and
imitators of his style : died 1684.
Domer (J.), supposed to have been
born at Alkmaar ; designed many
views in the Low Countries and else
where; those in water colours are much
esteemed ; it appears that he painted
but little in oil. In the catalogue of
Hoet and Terwesten only one is men
tioned, an interior. Nothing is known
of his time of life, but by the design
that he made of the Comet, which
appeared at Alkmaar in 1680, and by
the engravings made after his designs.
Domini (Girolamo), born at Cor
reggio, 1681 ; studied under Fran
cesco Stringa, Guiseppe del Sole, and
Carlo Cignani ; painted history, largs
and small, and several altar-pieces
and easel pictures in a masterly style,
and with considerable reputation :
died 1739-
Dominic (Cavaliere), born at Rome,
1595; studied under and imitated the
style of Pomerancio, and painted
several considerable works for the Va
tican : died 1640.
Dominici (Francesco), born at Tre
vigi, flourished about 1 530 ; painted
history for the churches, but excelled
as a portrait painter.
Dominici (Bernardo), bom at Na
ples, 1 740 ; studied landscape paint
ing under G. F. Beisch, a German
artist, and adopted his clear and
finished stjle, also painted what are
called Bombocciate.
Dominicis (Anthony), of the city
of Palermo, in Sicily ; exercised his
profession in Naples with some repu
tation as a painter.
Donaldson (John), born in Edin
burgh, 1737; evinced, whilst a child,
a taste for drawing, and at an early
age produced some miniature portraits

DON

125

DON

iu Indian ink, which gave proof of ex
traordinary ability ; he also imitated
the old engravers with a pen, so cor
rectly as sometimes to deceive the eye
of a connoisseur ; he afterwards came
to London, painted portraits in minia
ture with success, and obtained a
prize from the Society of Arts for an
historical drawing of the Tent of Da
rius ; he also painted two pictures on
enamel, Hero and Leander, and the
Death of Dido, and published some
works on the art, and on other sub
jects : died in 1801.
Donati (Bertolo), born in Venice,
1540, died 1601 ; painted historical
subjects in a correct style.
Donato, born in Venice, 1429 ;
studied under Jacobello, and acquired
some reputation as an historical
painter: died 1478.
Donato (Zeno), painted in Rimini,
the picture of St. Marino, and two
others, which are done with great
care : he was born in Venice in the
year 1678.
Doncker (Peter), born at Gouda ;
studied under Jacob Jordaens, and
afterwards visited Rome for improve
ment ; he painted similar subjects to
Jordaens, and in a similar style : died
1688. Doncker (John), born at Gouda,
1610; painted portraits with consi
derable reputation ; his principal pro
duction is a large picture, containing
the portraits of several persons of dis
tinction in his native city, which gives
proofs of vast ability : he died young.
Donducci (Giovanni Andrea),
called II Mastellatta, born in Bologna,
1 5 75 ; studied under the Caracci, but
attempted a style founded on a spi
rited and graceful design in imitation
of the works of Parmegiano, in which
the body of light is in the centre of
the picture, and the extremities in
deep shade, many of which are in the
churches at Bologna ; he also pathted
landscapes entirely in the style of the
Ca> acci.

Dongen (Dionisius van), bora at
Dordrecht in 1748, was a pupil of
J. Xavery at the Hague ; at first he
painted landscapes with cattle, after
the manner of his master ; but he
afterwards studied at Rotterdam the
works of Potter, Cuyp, and Wynants,
and imitated nature successfully ; his
paintings are found in Germany,
France, Russia, and England, and in
various collections in his own country :
he died at Rotterdam in 1819.
Doni (Adone or Done), born at
Assisi, 1472 ; studied under Pietro
Perugino ; painted history, but his
style contains little of the Gothic man
ner of his instructor ; one of his
pictures at Perugia, representing the
Last Judgment, is coloured with great
force and vigour : died 1560.
Donini (Girolamo), born at Cor
reggio, 1681 ; studied successively
under T. Stringa, Gioseffo dal Sole,.
and Carlo Cignani, and painted some
few historical pictures for the churches,
but was chiefly employed in easel
pictures. Donino (Angelo di), was an ex
cellent Florentine designer, and inti
mate friend of Cosimo Rosselli ; and
if the time he spent in designing had
been employed in painting, he would
have succeeded better : he died in
1500. Vasari, par. 2. p. 346.
Donosa (Josepho), born 1628 ;
studied under his father, a painter of
moderate talent, and afterwards under
Francesco Fernandez, then visited
England for improvement in design
and colouring; he excelled in per
spective and architecture : died 1686.
Donselaar (Henry), born at Mid-
delburg, in Zealand, in 1761 ; a
painter of historical landscapes ; often
copied ancient pictures, and sometimes
succeeded in equalling them. From
the exhibition of paintings of the So
ciety of the Fine Arts at Ghent, there
must be accorded to his productions
the just tribute of praise. He died at
his residence in Ghent in 1829.
Donth (Arnold), of Ghent, in
Flanders, a scholar of Anthony Van-

DON 126
dyck, practised painting in Rome,
paying great attention to figures and
portraits, in which he succeeded equal
to his master : he died much respected
in 1665.
Dontons (Paul), of Valentia ; was
a painter of soft and delicate colour
ing, and it is believed had studied in
Italy, his manner being very different
from the usual character of the Spa
niards ; he painted in various places
in Spain, but especially in Valentia,
in the churches and choirs of the
convents of Mercede, his works are
well conducted, and in perfect good
taste: he died in 1666. Palomino,
v. 2. p. 359.
Doornik (John Van), of Leyden ;
painted history and portraits, also
some pictures after the manner of
Wouvermans, which attest his great
superiority. His portrait, painted by
himself, has been found in the collec
tion of M. Vander Marck, at Leyden.
Dorigny (Michael), born in France,
1617 ; studied under Simon Vouet,
in whose style he painted historical
subjects, some of which are in the
castle of Vincennes : died 1746.
Dorigny (Louis), son of Michael,
born in Paris, 1654 ; studied first
under his father, and afterwards under
C. Le Brun ; painted history, both
in oil and in fresco, but without pos
sessing any very great merit : died
1742. Dosselaar (J. Van), was a Flemish
historical painter ; in the church of
St. Peter, in Ghent, are eleven paint
ings representing the acts of the
Apostle St Peter, the Last Supper,
and the Resurrection of the Saviour ;
these are the only specimens that can
be furnished of this artist.
Dossi (Dosso), born near Ferrara
about 1490 ; studied under Lorenzo
Costa ; then visited Rome and Venice
in company with his brother Gio
vanni ; and after studying the works
of the best masters, painted land
scapes in a style of their own ; Gio
vanni painted the landscapes, and

DOU

Dosco the figures ; he also excelled in
portraits, and painted that of Ariosto
the poet ; some of his works are in the
churches at Ferrara, and in the Dres
den Gallery : Dosso died 1560.
Doudyns or Dodoens (William),
born at the Hague, 1630 ; studied un
der Alexander Petit, and afterwards in
Italy, copying and designing from
the modern and ancient masters, and
particularly from the statues and
basso-relievos. He gave to his figures
an elegant form, and was particularly
correct in designing the nude : his
draperies are well cast, his pencil free
and firm, and his pictures partake
more of the Italian than the Flemish
style. One of his best works is the
Judgment of Solomon. There are
also two admirable easel pictures of
Time discovering Truth, and Wisdom
triumphing over Vice and Intem
perance ; his works are chiefly in
fresco : died 1697.
Doufflest (Gerard), born at
Liege, 1594 ; studied under Tanlier,
and afterwards at Antwerp, under
Rubens ; he visited Italy, and on his
return to Liege, painted some good
historical subjects for the churches
there : died 1660.
Doughty (William), born in York ;
practised portrait painting with con
siderable success : he flourished about
1780. Douven (John Francis), bom in
Cleves, 1656 ; studied under Gabriel
Lambertin, and afterwards under
Christopher Puitlink, who excelled in
landscape and animals ; he was sub
sequently employed by Don John de
Velasco in copying the principal pic
tures in his collection, but quitted
historical subjects for portrait paint
ing, in which he greatly excelled.
He painted the portraits of the Em
peror and Empress of Germany, the
Grand Duke of Tuscany, and many
other distinguished personages ; also
his own portrait for the Floren
tine* Gallery. His small historical
pictures, of which there are two in
the collection of the King of France,

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127

DRI

Susannah and the Elders, and a Holy
Family, are much in the Italian style :
died 1727.
Douw (Gerhard), bom at Leyden,
1613 ; studied painting first under
Kowenhoorn, a painter on glass, and
afterwards under Rembrandt, and
painted interiors, conversations, and
sometimes landscapes, small size,
and wrought up beyond those of
every other artist ; uniting the
rich and glowing colouring of Rem
brandt with the polish and suavity of
extreme finishing, yet with a spirited
touch, and a breadth of light and
shadow, and minuteness of precision,
so nearly approaching to nature, as
to become a perfect illusion. He first
painted small portraits, which were
admired for their resemblance and
their extreme high finish ; and is said
to have employed five whole days in
painting the hand of a lady who sat
to him for her likeness. He after
wards devoted himself to fancy sub
jects, generally confined to a few
figures, and sometimes to one only.
His works are highly prized ; and
there are no less than seventeen of
his pictures in the French Museum,
amongst which is the celebrated
" Dropsical Woman ;" but the most
capital picture in Holland is of a
much larger size than usual, and
represents two rooms, in one of which
is a Woman Suckling a Child, with a
Cradle by her side, a Table covered
with tapestry, and other embellish
ments : the other is a Surgeon's
Shop, with a Countryman undergoing
an operation, and a Woman standing
by with several utensils ; in another
part a Man making a Pen by candle
light ; and on the opposite side a
School, with Boys sitting and writing
at different desks. There is also at
Florence a candlelight piece, which
is exquisitely finished: died 1674.
Doyen (Gabriel Francis), bom in
Paris, 1726 ; studied under Vanloo,
then visited Italy, and studied the
works of all the great masters at
Venice,. Bologna, and other places,

and on his return to Paris acquired
considerable reputation as an his
torical painter; his picture of the
Death of Virginia gained him admis
sion into the French Academy : died
1806. Dozello (Pietro Ippolito del), born
at Naples, 1405 ; studied under Cola
Antonio, and became a reputable
painter: died 1470.
Draghi (Giovanni Battista), bora
at Genoa, 1657; studied under Do
menico Piola, and painted history, in
which he combines the design of the
Bolognese school with the taste of
Parmegiano. His oil paintings are
superior to his fresco : many of the
latter are in the churches, and his
easel pictures in private collections.
Drassaert, a Dutch artist of the
17th century; painted landscapes,
ruins, and stag-hunts.
" Dregt (John van), born at Am
sterdam ; was a landscape painter,
and gained the gold medal for design
at the Academy of Amsterdam : he
painted some scenes for the new
theatre in 1 7 74 . His painting, known
under the name of the Modern Saloon,
was designed by Bulthius, and en
graved by C. Brouwer : he died at
Amsterdam in 1807, at the age of 70.
Drever (Adrian van), a Dutch
painter of landscapes and shipping,
flourished about 1673 : his life as an
artist was spent in England.
Drielst (Egbert van), was born in
Groningen, 1746. His first essays
were under Frantz, a painter upon
tin in that city, who persuaded him
to cultivate the talents which he dis
covered, and to improve his taste.
He then entered the atelier of Augus-
tini at Haerlem, when he began to
work upon large subjects. He received
at a later period some lessons from H.
Meyer, at Haerlem, who made him
draw from nature ; from thencehe went
to Amsterdam, where he worked under
the eye of J. Cats. At that early
period a number of amateurs sought

DRI

128

DUB

his designs and his paintings. It was
then that he studied the works of
Ruysdael, Hobbema, and Wynants.
The designs and sketches of landscape
he now made approached more to the
manner and the taste of the best mas
ters of the preceding century than to
those of the present time ; his assi
duous study was crowned with full
success, and made him equal to the
best landscape painters of his time :
several young painters that he had
encouraged to follow his manner
arrived at a high degree of perfection.
The subjects of his works were usually
wooded landscapes, of farms and cot
tages ; he disposed his figures and
animals in his pictures with judgment,
and designed correctly ; he some
times represented nature in a melan
choly and miserable state, cottages
falling to ruin, old trees uprooted and
decaying, and lands uncultivated ; he
well understood the chiaro-scuro ; his
skies are of a beautiful hue, according
to the hour of the day ; his colouring
neither too cheerful nor too dark,
harmonizing well with nature ; his
touch light and liquid. However, we
must say, that often in some of his
pictures are trees without bark, and
small branches painted somewhat too
large ; these negligences sometimes
make his works known : he died in
1818, aged 72.
Drielst (John Vuring van), son
of the celebrated Egber van Drielst,
died at Amsterdam, at the age of 23,
leaving undoubted proofs of great
talent : a short time before his death
he gained the prize for design at the
Society "Felix Meritis" at Amster
dam. Drillenburg (William van), born
at Utrecht, 1625; studied under
Abraham Bloemart, but quitted his
style to imitate the charming land
scapes of John Both : although his
works possess great merit, they do
not approach the excellence of that
master, either in composition or in
colouring. Drolling (Martin), born at Berg

hem, near Cohnar, 1752 ; first painted
portraits, but afterwards adopted fa
miliar subjects, which he represented
in the style of the Dutch masters :
his Charitable Lady ; the Confessional;
the Milk Maid ; the Orange vender ;
the Foreign Merchant, and School
Mistress, are highly finished pro
ductions, and not unworthy of one of
the first masters : died 1807.
Droogsloot, bora at Dort, 1650 ;
supposed to have been a scholar of
Henry Mompers ; painted views of
towns, villages, and cities so correct
as to be known at first sight ; also
fairs, markets, and village sports, with
a multitude of figures ; military caval
cades, &c : his landscapes are plea
santly coloured, skies clear, and
distances well kept ; but his figures
are mostly dumpy, badly designed,
and vulgar in character, though
natural in their attitudes and occu
pations. Drost (N), born at Amsterdam,
1638, died 1690; studied under
Rembrandt, whose manner he followed
for some time ; then visited Italy,
and improved his style of design by
studying the finest productions of the
art. One of his best pictures is a
representation of St. John Preaching
in the Wilderness, which consists of
numerous figures, well grouped, and
excellently coloured.
Druyvesteyn (Arnold Jansse),
born at Haerlem, 1564 ; was an
amateur painter of landscapes, with
cattle and small figures : died 1636.
Dubbels (John), was a scholar of
Backhuysen, and painted similar sub
jects in imitation of his style, with
great success: flourished in 1720.
Dubleworst (Nicholas), is only
known by a painting which he gave
to the hospital of St. Job, at Utrecht,
in 1636, and which represented the
heads of the Magi.
Dubois or Bochio (Jeronimo), of
Bois-le-Duc, lived in the year 1500 :
he painted humorous subjects, which
were copied by other painters, by
which they made great profits.

DUB

129

DUC

Dubois (Girolamo), a native of
Bois-le-Duc; painted masks and
figures to excite laughter ; also com
posed a Vision of the Infernal regions,
with demons tormented in fires, the
whole expressed with so much force,
as to excite terror in all that saw it.
The expression and variety of his
characters, and the strength of his
colouring, have made his works sought
after at great prices: the King of
Spain possesses the greater part of
them. In the wardrobe of the King
of France is a tapestry designed and
coloured by him : he flourished about
the year 1600.
Dubois (Cornelius), a landscape
painter, lived about 1647: he fol
lowed the manner of James Ruysdael.
Dubois (Edward), born at Ant
werp, 1622 ; studied under Groen-
wegen, and afterwards in Italy. He
came to England in the reign of
William III., and practised landscape
and portrait painting, with consi
derable success ; died 1699.
Dubois (Simon), brother of Ed
ward, born at Antwerp ; studied
under Philip Wouvermans, and
painted small battle pieces in the
taste of the Roman school ; also
horses and cattle, and portraits of a
small size, the figures and faces very
neatly penciled, and distinguished by
the laced cravats, the fashion of that
time. He frequently sold his own
copies for originals by the celebrated
Italian masters : died 1708.,
Dubois (Christian), born in 1766 ;
was a pupil of Joseph Marinkele, and
of Jurian Andriessen, for landscapes
and other kinds ; he frequented the
Academy of Design, and carried away
the gold medal ; and in 1820 he was
admitted a member of the Royal
Academy of Fine Arts at Amster
dam : he died in that city in 1837.
Dubois (Dominic Francis), a me
morable historical painter, was born
at Bruges in 1800; J. F. Due and
Van Bree were his masters. He
painted two pictures in the Hall of

Audience at the Hague, representing
the heroic actions of Van Spyck ana
of Holbein, and was director of the
Royal Academy of Painting and of
the Fine Arts, at Bois-le-Duc, where
he died in 1840.
Dubordieu (Peter), lived about
1650, and painted portraits in the
manner of Mireveldt, but with less of
nobleness and of transparency. Sui-
derhoof, Natalis, and Mathan have
engraved his portraits.
Due (John le), born at the Hague,
1636; studied under Paul Potter,
and imitated his style so closely, that
his pictures were frequently mistaken
for that master ; he afterwards left
off cattle painting for conversations,
assemblies, card-players, musical par
ties, and military parades : died 1695.
Due (James le), was received Master
of the Society of Painters of St. Luke,
at Utrecht, in 1626 ; he gave a picture
to the hospital of St. Job, the sub
ject was a musical party : he also
painted conversations in the style of
John le Due, but with a less delicate
touch, and less finish, although not
without great beauty nevertheless.
Ducart (Isaac), born at Amster
dam, 1 630 ; painted flower pieces
generally on satin, true to nature,
and with a degree of perfection in
the colouring hitherto unknown, and
greatly attributed to the material on
which he painted : died 1697.
Due ci (Virgil), a native of the city
of Castello, and a scholar of Francesco
Albani, painted in the cathedral
church of his country, the two side
paintings of the altar; the subjects
taken from the story of Tobit, are
full of small figures, and painted in a
careful and delicate manner : he
flourished about 1650. Abate Titi,
p. 444.
Duccio (Di Boninsegna), flourished
in Florence about 1311, at which
time he was painting the grand altar-
piece of Sienna, the centre of which
represents the Madonna and Saints,

DUC
and the sides, various designs from
sacred history : died 1360.
Duchemin (Catharine), born at
Paris, 1630, died 1698 ; this lady ex
celled in flowers and fruit, which she
designed in a natural and elegant
style, and with a good tone of colour
ing. Ducq (Joseph Francis), born at
Ledeghem in East Flanders, began
his studies at the Academy of Bruges,
and after obtaining all the first prizes,
set out in 1787, for Paris, where he
received lessons from M. Suvee ; he
visited Rome, and on his return to
his own country, having sent his
productions to the different exhibi
tions in Belgium, he was appointed
painter to the King of the Nether
lands, and corresponding member of
the Royal Institute, and other socie
ties. Several of his historical paint
ings are in the collection of Prince
Eugene, at Munich. The two paint
ings of Night and Morning, are in St.
Cloud ; Venus rising out of the Sea,
is in the Museum at Brussels ; the
Narcissus ; the portrait of M. Ducq ;
that of M. Meulemeester ; and the
Marriage of Angelica and Medoro,
are in private collections : he also
made severalpaintingsforthe churches;
among his finest full-length portraits,
are those of the Baron de Keverberg,
Governor of East Flanders in 1818,
and his wife. His John Van Eyck,
and the Prince and Princess of
Orange ; also a Visitation, are in the
possession of the present King of Hol
land : M. Ducq died in Bruges in
1829. Dufau (Fortune), born at St. Do
mingo, was a pupil of David, and
painted historical subjects with con
siderable success : Ugolino in Prison ;
St. Vincent de Paul ; and a Philo
sopher meditating, are amongst his
best productions : died 1821.
Dufresne (Charles Louis), a
Frenchman, born at Nantes, 1635,
died 1711 ; painted historical subjects
and portraits with equal success.

130 DUP
Dughet — See Poussin.
Duinen (John Baptist Van), born
at Antwerp in 1620, was a painter in
water colours, of history, and of por
traits; he also made miniatures of the
same kind, which were of great value.
Duiveland (D. Van), a Dutch
painter, is slightly mentioned by
Houbraken, who says he painted
some modem compositions.
Duiven (John), a Dutchman, born
at Gouda, 1600; studied under Walter
Crabeth, under whose tuition he be
came a reputable painter of portraits:
died 1640.
Duister, a Fleming, painted con
versations, a kind of subject for which
he had no great talent.
Dulin (Peter), born at Paris,
1670, died 1748 ; painted history,
but no account is given of his style.
Dullaert (Hayman), born at Rot
terdam, 1636, a pupil of Rembrandt ;
usually painted cabinet size pictures
and small portraits, and approached so
near to the style of his master, as to
be mistaken for him. One of his
pictures, a Hermit on his knees,
would have been sold for a Rem
brandt, if Dullaert' s name had not
been discovered ; and another, repre
senting Mars in armour, was actually
sold at Amsterdam for one of his :
died 1684.
Dumee (William), painted in the
royal palaces of the Louvre, the Tuil-
leries, St. Germains, and Fontaine-
bleau, in the reigns of Henry III. and
IV. Felibien, par. 3. p. 85.
Duncan (Andrew John), born at
Amsterdam ; was a painter of land
scapes, and views of towns : he lived
at Ghent, where he died in 1834.
Dunz (John), born at Berne in
1645; was a good painter of portraits,
of flowers, and of fruit : he died in
1736. Duplessis, a Fleming ; there is by
him in the Hotel de Ville of Louvain,
the portrait of Duke John of Brabant ;
it bears the date of 1708.

DUP 131
D u p o n t (Gainsborough), born
about 1767, nephew of the celebrated
Thomas Gainsborough ; painted por
traits and landscapes in imitation of
the style of his uncle ; his principal
work is a large picture representing
the portraits of the Trinity Masters
in their great room on Tower Hill :
died 1797.
Dupre (Nicholas), born at Utrecht
in 1 734 ; was a painter of birds,
landscapes, bas-reliefs, subjects of
history, and portraits, but his reputa
tion as a painter was not very great :
he died at Utrecht in 1786.
Dupr£ (Daniel), bom in Amster
dam in 1 752 ; had for his master
John Van Dregt, and studied after
wards at the Academy of Design,
under Jurian Andriessen ; as he
preferred landscape painting, he
travelled through Switzerland, and
a few years afterwards, to the banks
of the Rhine. In these excursions
he visited at Manheim and Dussel-
dorf, the noble galleries of the Elector.
In 1786, he sent to the Society of
Sciences at Haerlem, a paintmg of
the highest merit : he went into
Saxony, and different parts of Ger
many, and to Rome, from whence he
sent, annually, a painting, as evidence
of his progress; that of 1789 repre
sented the tomb of Cecilia Metella,
near to that city. After five years
absence, usefully employed, he re
turned to his native city, where he
settled. In 1803, he gained the
second prize at the Society of Felix
Meritis, for a landscape of Arcadia.
He exhibited pictures in 1810, 1813,
and 1814, which were honourably men
tioned : in his paintmg of the gallery
of the church of St. Peter, at Rome,
which is after the manner of Van der
Ulst, the disposition of the figures is
well arranged : he died at Amsterdam
in 1817.
Dupuis (Peter), a Frenchman,
born 1608, died 1682; excelled in
painting flowers and fruit.
Duramano (Francis), a Venetian
painter, was taught by his mother, a

DUR

paintress of flowers ; which he learn
ed to paint with such freshness and
beauty, as soon to surpass his instruc
tress. His numerous paintings in oil,
in fresco, and in water colours, which
he executed, are dispersed all over
Europe, bear witness to his skill and
assiduity. Durante (George), a Count and
Abate of Brescia, a man of rare
talents in many branches of science ;
commenced by painting flowers, and
afterwards applied himself to paint
ing birds, with the utmost delicacy of
colouring, and most admirable finish
ing, they are much sought after and
esteemed, and many of them form the
ornament of the galleries of sovereigns
and noblemen : he was bom in 1683,
and died in 1755.
Durante (Faustino), a noble
Brescian, brother of Count Abate
George Durante, was born in 1695,
and after his brother's death, took the
ecclesiastical habit, and succeeded to
the abbacy ; he delighted in painting-
all sorts of birds from nature, and in
miniature ; also the nests with young
birds in them, which he finished with
great care and skill, and in every re
spect equal to his brother : he died at
the age of 71, in the year 1766.
Durer (Albert), born at Nurem-
burg, in Germany, 1471 ; studied
under Michael Wolgemuth. Painted
history and portrait, excellently co
loured, and highly finished, but formal
in outline, the tints not well blended ;
his draperies stiff and heavy ; and
his aerial perspective very faulty ;
notwithstanding which, his pictures
are to be found in the most distin
guished situations, the principal of
which are, the Adoration of the
Magi ; the Crowning of the Virgin ;
Adam and Eve, life size ; the Cruci
fixion, in the imperial collection at
Munich ; his portraits of Charle
magne, and some of the Emperors of
Austria ; with the twelve Apostles in
the public hall at Nuremburg ; an-
Ecce Homo, at Venice ; the Battle
between Alexander and Darius, at
K 2

DUR

132

DUV

Munich ; St. Philip and St. James; an
Adam and Eve, and his own portrait
in the Gallery at Florence : died
1528. Durno (James), born in England,
1 750 ; studied first under Andrea
Casali, and afterwards under Mr.
West, and painted two pictures for
Boydell's Shakspeare : died 1795.
Durren (Oliver van), a painter at
Rotterdam, of history and portraits ;
was one of that class whose origin is
unknown, and whose works are of
small importance.
Duval (Philip), bom in France ;
studied under Charles Le Brun, and
afterwards visited Italy for improve
ment ; he came to England in the
reign of Charles II. and painted some
historical pictures ; he was patronised
by the Duchess of Richmond, for
whom he painted the subject of Venus
receiving from Vulcan the arms of
Eneas : died 1709.
Duval (Nicholas), born at the
Hague, 1644; studied under Wieling,
then visited Italy, studying the works
of the modern masters, and the an
tiques, and became a disciple of Pietro
da Cortona, whose style he adopted
and followed very closely, and with
considerable reputation : died 1 732.
Duvenede (Marc van), born at
Bruges, 1674; visited Italy, and
became a disciple of Carlo Maratti,
and on his return, was employed in
several grand works for the churches
and convents, of which his pictures of
the Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, and
the Idolatry of Solomon, in the
chapel of St. Christopher, are con
sidered the best. In colouring and
composition, he resembles Maratti ;
his pencil was easy and broad, and
design tasteful ; his latter pictures are
not equal to those he painted soon
after his return from Italy : died
1729. Dusart (Cornelius), bora at Haer
lem, 1665 ; studied under Adrian Van
Ostade, and painted similar subjects,

drolls, conversations, Dutch peasants
regaling, quarreling, &c, with great
spirit, and in the style of Ostade, but
inferior to him in colouring: died
1704. Dusman (Cornelius), was born in
Amsterdam, but lived the greater
part of his life in Vicenza, where he
painted a vast number of pictures, of
animals, landscape, and battles, for
private persons, good both in painting
and composition : he died about 1 680.
Duvivier (John Bernard), born at
Bruges, about 1 762 ; took _his first
lesson in design of Hubert de Kock,
and continued his studies at the Aca
demy of Bruges, under Paul de Kock ;
after brilliant success, he went to
Paris to the atelier of M. Suvee and
gained, in 1788, the second grand
prize for painting. In 1789, he set
out for Italy, where he resided seven
years, three of which he passed at
Bologna, Venice, Florence, and Milan,
with several of his friends, M. Cor-
nelissen, and M. Brandillon, an emi
nent painter, whose daughter he
married : in that country he devoted
himself to the study of the Fine Arts ;
he returned to France in 1796, and
settled in Paris. His picture of
Hector weeping for Troy and his
family, gained him the public favour,
and a recompense from the Govern
ment. This little chef-d'oeuvre, which
unites all the merits of design, of
composition, and of colouring, was
exhibited in 1825, at Ghent; it has
been described by M. Comelissen, and
engraved in "Les Annales du Salon
de Gand." Among his other compo
sitions is cited a view of Blacas, near
Moustier, in the lower Alps, now in
the gallery of the King of France : in
the museum at Marseilles, there is
also a fine composition, the subject
from one of the romances of Chateau
briand, Comodocee stealing from his
father while asleep, to join Eudore to
partake of his martyrdom ; and in
the gallery of M. Keratry, at Finis-
terre, there is an agreeable painting,
inspired by one of Gesner's Idyles,

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EDR

the Hamadryad ; he devoted himself
to engraving late in life : he died at
Paris in 1837.
Duynen (Isaac Van), born at Dor
drecht, was received into the Society
of Painters at the Hague, in 1665.
There was a J. Van Duynen enrolled
among the burgesses of Dordrecht,
who took up arms in 1673, to defend
their country against the French : he
painted both sea and fresh water fish
with great success.
Dyer (John), born in Carmarthen
shire in 1 700 ; being fond of drawing,
became au itinerant painter about
South Wales, taking nature for his
guide ; he visited Italy for improve
ment, studying the remains of anti
quity ; and on his return, painted
several landscapes in South Wales,
and other parts of the kingdom ; died
1758. Dyck (Sir Anthony) — See Van
dyck. Dyck (Daniel Vanden), born in
Flanders ; went to Italy, was appoint
ed painter to the Duke of Mantua,
and was much esteemed as a portrait
painter ; he also painted history with
considerable success : was living in
1658. Dyts (John de), a painter of Ant
werp, is mentioned in the Aureo Ga-
binetto, p. 370 : he lived in the year
1666. Dyxhoorn (Peter Arnout), bom
in Rotterdam in 1810; was a pupil
of M. Schouman, and of J. C. Scho-
tel ; the ships and marine views left
by this artist, give evidence of the
great talents he possessed. In 1838,
he exhibited at Amsterdam, a Ship in
the act of saving passengers from a
wreck ; the figures are painted by W.
H. Schmidt, of Rotterdam : he died
in 1 839, in the flower of his age.

Eckhardt or Eckardt (John
Giles), born in Germany, came to
England about 1740; studied under

John Baptist and Vaii Loo, and ob
tained considerable reputation as a
portrait painter. About the time that
Sir Joshua Reynolds returned from
Italy, he was patronized by Horace
Walpole, and painted, amongst others,
the portraits of Mrs. Woffington and
Dr. Middleton : is supposed to have
died about 1769.
Edema (Gerard), born in Friesland,
1652; studied under Everdingen, and
painted landscapes, principally views
in Norway, with rocks, hills, cliffs,
torrents, and other wild scenes of na
ture, well coloured, touched with
spirit, the skies of a fiery description,
and the figures usually inserted by
John Wycke. He visited Surinam,
and made drawings of the plants and
insects of that fertile region, and on
his return to London, brought with
him several pictures of that descrip
tion : died 1700.
Edesia (Adrian), a painter of Pa
via ; is mentioned by Lomazzo in his
Trattato del Pittura, p. 35. He lived
in the time of Giotto.
Edridge (Henry), born at Padding-
ton, 1 768 ; studied under Pether the
landscape painter, and afterwards at
the Royal Academy, where he obtained
a medal for the best drawing of an
academy figure ; he painted a minia
ture, with which Sir Joshua Reynolds
was so pleased, that he expressed a
wish to have it, and became the pur
chaser. His earliest works were on
ivory, but he afterwards made his por
traits on paper, with black lead and
Indian ink, the backgrounds beauti
fully diversified and drawn with great
taste ; he next discontinued Indian
ink and used water colours, which he
finished slightly, except the heads,
which were always remarkable for
their force, brilliancy, and truth, and
finally he made those elaborate, highly
finished pictures, on paper, combining
the depth and richness of oil painting
with the freshness of water colours,
for which style he is indebted to his
study of Sir Joshua's works, which he
omitted no opportunity of copying.

EDW

134

He visited France in 1817 and 1819,
and made drawings of the picturesque
views about Paris and the interesting
scenes in Normandy, having acquired
his skill in that branch from the late
Mr. Hearne ; he painted three por
traits in oil colours, two of which
were small landscapes, and the third,
a copy of Teniers : died 1821.
Edwards (Edward), born in
Castle Street, Leicester Fields, 1 738 ;
was a student in the Duke of Rich
mond's gallery in 1759, and a member
of the Academy in St. Martin's Lane
in 1761, when he obtained a premium
for a drawing of the human figure,
and in 1 764 another premium from
the Society of Arts for the best his
torical picture in chiaro-scuro ; in 1 770
he made a large drawing from the
picture at Windsor of the Interview
between Henry VIII. and Francis I.
at Calais, for the Society of Antiquari
ans ; in 1 7 75 he visited Italy, carefully
inspecting every object that was most
remarkable in nature and art, and on
his return, in 1781, obtained another
premium from the Society of Arts for
a landscape painting, and the same
year he presented to the Royal Society
some drawings of the singular effects
of the storm at Roehampton ; in 1 782
he was employed at Bath to paint
three arabesque ceilings in the house
of the Hon. Charles Hamilton; in
1 726, he painted a hunting party for
Mr. Eastcourt, his Commemoration of
Handel in Westminster Abbey, and
his picture of the Two Gentlemen of
Verona for Boydell' s Shakspeare, and
many others on commission ; and in
the latter part of his life he was em
ployed in preparing for the press his
Anecdotes of Painters, intended as a
supplement to Lord Orford's work :
died 1806.
Edwards (Sydenham), born about
1 768 ; was the first botanical painter
of his time, he drew from nature, and
was equally successful in his represen
tations of animals ; his subjects are
accurately drawn, and highly finished :
died 1819.

EEL
Eeckhout (Gerbrandt Vander),
born at Amsterdam, 1621 ; studied
under Rembrandt, and painted por
traits and history, some of which are
a close imitation of the manner of that
master, and although his penciling is
tame and spiritless in comparison, he
approaches him more nearly in har
mony of colouring ; he was chiefly
employed in portraits, one of which,
a likeness of his own father, is said to
have astonished Rembrandt himself ;
his backgrounds are generally clearer
than those of Rembrandt. His prin
cipal historical compositions are Christ
Disputing with the Doctors ; and
Simeon with Christ in his arms ; Sir
Robert Strange had a picture by him
of a Guard Room, which he prized
much : died 1674.
Eeckhout (Anthony Vander), born
at Brussels, 1656; visited Italy and
painted in conjunction with his bro
ther-in-law, Lewis Deyster; Eeckhout
painted the fruit and flowers, and
Deyster the figures ; his compositions
were in the Italian style : died 1695.
Eelkama (Eelke Jelles), born at
Leuwarde, in 1 788 ; having lost his
hearing by a disease, was admitted
into the institution for the deaf and
dumb at Groningen, where, together
with E. Holmigh, who was deaf and
dumb also, he learned design and
painting. In 1804 he obtained the
first prize at that school, and returned
home after an absence of eight years ;
from that time he studied not only
landscapes ornamented with animals,
but particularly flowers and fruit,
which he painted from nature, and
also gave lessons in design. When
the sovereign prince visited the insti
tution on the occasion of the second
jubilee, he promised to furnish this
young painter with the means of going
to Paris to perfect his talents, which
he effectually did, and in that city he
worked assiduously for two years. In
1818 he undertook a journey at his
own expense to the part of France
the richest for landscape designs, also
to Switzerland and Turin; the ardour

EGI 135
he felt for his art was so great that he
always travelled on foot, trusting en
tirely to the hospitality of the people
of the country, which never deceived
him. At the exhibition of 1818, two
pictures of flowers by him were gene
rally admired : he returned from his
journey with a collection of inter
esting designs, and very picturesque
views. In 1819 he stayed some time
at Haerlem, where he had a room in
the flower garden, and studied with
the greatest zeal; in 1837, he became
blind, and at the instance of his
friends, returned to Leuwarde, where
he died in 1839. In the museum of
the Hague there are three paintings
by him, one of flowers, one of fruit,
and one representing a view from the
bridge over the Gard.
Eginton (Francis), born about
1 737; may be considered as the reviver
of painting on glass, of which there
now exist nearly fifty of his produc
tions, amongst which are two Resur
rections in Salisbury and Lichfield
Cathedrals, from Sir Joshua Reynolds;
the Banquet given by Solomon to the
Queen of Sheba, from Hamilton, in
Arundel Castle ; and Christ bearing
the Cross : died 1805. His colouring
is brilliant, lights and shades skilfully
managed, and execution delicate.
Egmont (Justus Van), born at
Leyden, 1602 ; studied at Antwerp in
the school of Rubens, whom he as
sisted in several of his works, then
visited Paris, and was appointed
painter to Louis XIII. and XIV. and
painted historical subjects, large and
small: died 1674.
Ehret (Geo. Dionysius), bom in
1710 ; without instruction, and whilst
very young, he painted 500 plants
from the botanical garden of the
Prince of Baden Dierlach, which
were purchased by Dr. Trew for
4000 florins ; next visited Paris, and
was employed in drawing the plants
of the Royal Gardens there. His
fine taste and accuracy appear to
have been first publicly displayed in
the " Hortus Cliffortianus," which

ELB
appeared in 1737: about 1740, he
came to England, and was patronized
by Mr. Taylor White, Dr. Mead, and
others : died 1 770. He received
some instruction from Linnaeus.
Eichler (Joseph), a native of
Brunswick, studied painting under his
father, and then in Rome from the
finest works which abound in that
city of the great masters. With close
study and attentive observation he
acquired the highest excellence in the
art ; he painted in crayons and in oil
with the highest success and constant
employment. Ekels (John), born at Amsterdam
in 1 724 ; studied design under Thierry
Dalen, jun., but for some years fol
lowed the business of his father,
and on resuming his studies, made
some views of the city in the manner
of John Ten Compe, but somewhat
inferior to him. He left many small
paintings in his manner, distinguished
by good finish and a happy effect of
light and shade : he died at Amster
dam in 1781.
Ekels (John, jun.), son and pupil
of John Ekels, was horn at Amster
dam, in 1759. His progress was so
rapid at the Academy, that in a short
time he passed several classes, and
received and gained rewards, among
which was a gold medal ; he painted
conversations, interiors, familiar scenes,
and portraits : at seventeen, his father
sent him to Paris to perfect himself,
and after two years laborious study he
returned home, where he painted ex
cellent cabinet pictures ; his works
are distinguished by a light and deli
cate penciling, and a vigorous colour
ing, and are copied from nature with
great truth. In 1783 he took a journey
along the Rhine, in company with his
friends, Daniel Dupre and James
Kuyper, both painters, and visited the
galleries of Manheim and Dusseldorp.
Enjoying a competent fortune, he
only painted as an amateur : he died
at the age of 65, in 1793.
ELBUCHTorELBRUCHT(JohnVan),
bora in Holland, 1 500, and was edu-

ELI
cated in the Academy at Antwerp ;
he painted history, but excelled in
landscapes and sea-pieces. In the
Cathedral at Antwerp is a picture by
him, of the Miraculous Draught of
Fishes. Elias (Matthias), bom near Cassel
in Flanders, 1658, was sent to Paris
for instruction ; painted several pic
tures for the churches there and in
Flanders, and executed some portraits
in a masterly style, particularly those
of the men, but his women are dressed
in too formal a style, and far from
elegant. Amongst the numerous his
torical pieces may be mentioned, St.
Felix resuscitating a Dead Child; the
Fall of Manna ; Moses striking the
Rock ; the Resurrection of Lazarus ;
Christ on the Cross, with the Magda
len at his feet ; and the Sacrifice of
Abraham ; and of his portraits, a
whole length figure of the Abbot of
St, Winox, and another of Ryckewaert :
died 1741.
Elliger or Elger (Ottomar), born
at Gottenburg, 1633. Studied at
Antwerp, in the school of Segers, and
painted fruit and flowers in the highly
finished style of his master ; they are
principally to be found in Germany,
where they are highly valued : died
1688. Elliger or Elger (Ottomar), son
of the above, born at Hamburgh,
1666. Studied under his father, and
at Amsterdam, under Michael Van
Musscher, and painted small portraits
and conversations in his style ; was
afterwards a pupil of Gerard Lairesse,
and painted landscapes embellished
with bas-rehefs, suited to the sub
ject, the backgrounds enriched with
ornamental architecture ; his large
picture of the Banquet of the Gods,
is a splendid production ; and his
smaller pictures, one of which repre
sents the Death of Alexander, are
worthy of a place in the choicest col
lection ; he was also much employed
in designs for booksellers and printers:
died 1732.
Elmer (Stephen), born at Farnham,

136 EMP
Surrey ; painted dead game and still
life, which he represented with great
fidelity. After his decease, a sale of
his works took place ; the catalogue
consisted of 140 lots, and was headed
Elmer's Sportsman's Exhibition: died
1801. '
Elsheimer (Adam), born at Frank
fort, 1574, died 1620. Studied under
Philip Uffenbach, and in Italy from the
splendid scenery and works of art in
the vicinity of Rome, and the works
of the best ancient andmodernmasters,
and painted landscapes superior to
those of his master, and in a style that
was peculiarly his own, into which he
introduced small figures, distinguished
by their exquisite finishing and faith
ful representation of nature, and in
which he has not been excelled by
any artist whatever, the minutest
parts will bear the closest inspection ;
he generally represented his subjects
by candlelight, torchlight, or moon
light, the sun rising or setting.
Amongst his best works may be reck
oned Tobit and the Angel ; Latona
and her Sons, with the Peasants
turned into Frogs ; the Death of
Procris ; Pomona ; and the Flight
into Egypt; the last is the most capi
tal of all, and is now in the Gallery of
the Louvre.
Elst (Peter Vander), a Dutch
painter, and a pupil of Gerard Douw,
painted night pieces, with indistinct
figures by the light of flambeaux.
ELZEviER(Amold), a Dutch painter
of landscapes and conflagrations, was
admitted into the Society of St. Luke
at Dordrecht, in 1646.
Emelraet, born at Antwerp, 1612,
went to Italy when young, and painted
landscapes in a superior style; he was
frequently engaged by the ablest his
torical painters to introduce his land
scapes into the backgrounds of their
pictures.
Emery — See Hemery.
Empereur — See Lempereub.
Empoli (Jacopo Chimenteda) ,born
in the Florentine States, 1554. Stu-

ENF

137

ERV

died under S. Friano, whose style is
discernible in all his works, and was
superior to most of his contemporaries ;
he painted both in oil and in fresco,
and one of his best productions, a St.
Ivo, is in the Florentine Gallery ; he
sometimes painted sweetmeats, and
other luxuries of the table, in a very
natural style and well coloured : died
1640. Enfant— See L'Enfant.
Engelbrechtsen (Cornelius), born
at Leyden, 1468, formed his style by
imitating the works of John Van Eyck,
and is said to have been the first of
his countrymen who painted in oil,
and to rank amongst the first of the
Flemish artists ; he painted equally
well in distemper ; his penciling was
delicate, and his draperies flowing and
rich. Amongst his best pictures may
be reckoned, a Crucifixion ; Abra
ham's Sacrifice ; a Descent from the
Cross ; a cartoon in water colours, re
presenting the Adoration of the Magi ;
and a grand composition of the Vision
of the Lamb, with a multitude of
figures, well disposed and charmingly
coloured: died 1533.
Engelraems (Cornelius), born at
Mechlin, 1527 ; painted history,
chiefly in distemper ; his principal
productions are, the Seven Works of
Mercy, a large composition with nu-
merousfigures ; another, equally grand,
representing the Conversion of Saul,
the figures well designed, and the co
louring equally good : died 1583.
Epicie — See Lepicie.
Epifanio (Raimondo), born at
Naples, 1440. Studied under Sil
vester Buono, and excelled in history :
died 1482.
Episcopus — See Bischop.
Erasme (Dedier), born at Rotter
dam, in 1465 or 7, son of Gerard ;
was a good painter of history, and a
man of erudition : he died at Basle in
1536. Ercolanetti (Hercules), a Peru-
gian painter of landscapes, lived about
the year 1653. Morelli, p. 164.

Eremita (di Monte Senario) — See
Steffaneschi. Ermels (John Francis), born near
Cologne, 1641 ; painted history for
the churches at Nuremberg, the prin
cipal of which represents the Resur
rection ; but excelled in landscapes,
which he painted in the manner of
Both, and imitated his style pretty
closely : died 1693.
Ernesto (James), bora in Lindau
in 1588, having studied the principles
of design, went into Italy under Adam
Elsheimer, from whom he learned to
paint those agreeable rural scenes
which gained him so much reputation
in Rome, and in his own country,
where he still painted a great number
of historical subjects in fresco. The
war in Germany coming on, he was
placed under the protection of the
Emperor, .who made him a magistrate
of Ancona ; he gave up painting,
and died at the age of 65, in Lindau.
Sandrart, p. 288.
Erpard (Charles), a Dutchman,
lived about the same time as Erasmus
Quellinus. The historian De Bie
speaks of this painter as having a spi
rited penciling and agreeable painting.
Errante (Guiseppe), born in Si
cily, 1760, after studying there visit
ed Rome, and distinguished himself
by imitating the works of Raffaelle,
Titian, the Caracci, Domenichino,
but above all, Correggio. Amongst
his best works are Artemisia weeping
over the ashes of Mausolus ; the Death
of Count Ugolino ; the Judgment of
Paris ; and Endymion and Psyche.
E rrard (Charles), born at Nantes,
1606, died 1689 ; excelled in his
torical subjects and architectural
views, which he executed with great
spirit. Erteboud, a Flemish painter, was
a pupil of David Teniers, jun.
Ervest (James), a pupil of Adam
Elsheimer, painted ships and naval
fights very well.

ESC

138

Escalante (Juan Antonio), born
at Cordova, 1630 ; studied under
Francesco Ricci, and painted historical
subjects with considerable reputation,
particularly one of St. Catalina, and
an altar-piece of the Dead Christ in
the style of Titian : died 1670.
Espagnoletto — See Ribera.
Espinosa (Giacinto Geronimo de),
bom at Valencia, 1600; studied under
Ribolta, and painted history in bold
ness of design and vigour of colouring
resembling Guercino. One of his
principal works is an altar-piece, re
presenting theTransubstantiation, also
painted many easel pictures for pri
vate collections : died 1680.
Ess (James Van), born at Antwerp,
1570 ; painted flowers, birds, fish,
and shell-fish, in an admirable style,
and finished with the utmost care and
transparency, particularly the latter,
in which he greatly excelled : died
1621. Esselens (James), it is believed
that this painter, who was born at
Amsterdam, was a pupil of Rem
brandt, though there is no proof of
the assertion. His light manner of
painting but little resembled Rem
brandt. The subjects of his paint
ings, which are distinguished by clear
colouring and figures, touched with
spirit, are often of cities and sea-sides,
wooded landscapes, still waters, and
edifices, magnificent fountains, hunting
pieces, and ships and boats rigged
according to circumstances.
Eusterio (Mariano d'), a painter
of Perugia ; but few of his pictures
are now to be seen, but by that in the
church of St. Dominic, in his own
country, of the Virgin and St. Law
rence, it is clearly shewn that he
thoroughly understood the art, and
was a most excellent colourist : he
lived in 1570, according to Pascoli.
Everardi (Angelo), born in Bres
cia, in 1 647 ; studied under John de
Hert, a native of Antwerp ; he left
that master to go to Vienna, where
his brother was jeweller to the Em-

EVE
peror Ferdinand III., and there put
himself under Francesco Monti, where
he acquired his manner, and his co
louring ; he then went to Rome,
where he studied the best works for
two years, particularly the battle pieces
of Bourgognone, and returning home,
both his works and the affability of
his manners were much admired :
this glory he enjoyed but a short time,
dying at the age of 3 1 .
Everdingen (Caesar Van), bom at
Alkmaer, 1606; studied under Bronk-
horst, and painted history, portraits,
and landscapes ; he designed well,
and coloured forcibly, and with a firm
pencil ; he painted a noble picture,
representing David's Victory, also a
large picture representing the princi
pal Officers of the Artillery at Alk
maer, the figures life size.
Everdingen (Albert or Aldret),
bom at Alkmaer, 1621 ; studied first
under Roland Savery, and afterwards
under Peter Molyn, both of whom
he greatly surpassed ; he excelled in
painting rocky landscapes, torrents,
waterfalls, and storms at sea, in which
the agitation of the waters, and the
thin light vapours and mists con
tending with the skies, are depicted
with surprising fidelity and effect ; his
wild romantic scenery, selected from
the coast of Norway, and the Baltic
shores, remind you of Salvator Rosa ;
he sometimes painted gloomy groves
and forests, with extensive vistas, and
usually introduced small figures, wliich
are correctly drawn and pleasantly co
loured ; his small pictures are much
preferable to his large ones : died
1675. Everdingen (John Van), youngest
brother of Csesar Van Everdingen,
born at Alkmaer ; painted subjects
of still life, which he carefully copied
after nature : died 1656.
Everdyck (Cornelius), aDutchman,
born 1610, died 1652; painted some
good historical subjects, but no
account given of his works or style.
Everdyck (William), son of Cor-

EXI

139

E YD

nelius Everdyck, was a good painter
of portraits.
Eximeno (Joachim), born at Va
lencia, 1674 ; excelled in pain ting-
birds, fish, fruit, and flowers, and
other subjects of still life, which he
touched with great spirit and fidelity
to nature: died 1754.
Eyck (Hubert Van), bom at Maa-
seyk, on the borders of the Meuse,
1366 ; was the founder of the Flemish
school, and celebrated for his works
in distemper, before the introduction
of oil ; one of which representing the
Lamb, taken from the Apocalypse,
was in the Louvre at Paris ; and a
copy of it, painted by Michael Coxcis,
for Philip I. of Spain, is in the Escu
rial ; it contains numerous figures,
painted in a hard stiff manner, but
with great truth and nature in the
heads, and the landscape well
coloured. Eyck (John Van), younger bro
ther and scholar of Hubert, born
at Maaseyk, on the borders of the
Meuse, in 1370 ; painted history and
landscape, the trees, plants, and even
the heads of the figures, copied from
nature, exquisitely penciled and
richly coloured, but from using too
much red lake, in mixing his co
lours, the blues in his draperies have
turned green, and the flesh colour
looks thick. In the Louvre is a pic
ture of the Eternal Father, repre
sented by an old man sitting in a
chair, with golden circles of Latin
inscriptions round his head ; in the
Pembroke collection, a small picture
in oil of the Nativity, with the Ado
ration of the Shepherds, the glory
surrounding the heads of the Ma
donna and Child is of gold ; the Duke
of Orleans collection contained a
capital picture by him, representing
the Wise Men's Offering; and the
Earl of Burlington is said to possess a
fine painting by him of the Lord
Clifford and his family ; there is also
a painting of the Virgin and Child,
with St. George, St. Donatus, and

other saints in the Cathedral at Bru
ges : died 1441.
Eyck (Gaspar Van), born at Ant
werp, 1625 ; excelled in marine views
and sea fights, between Christians and
Turks, in which the fire and smoke of
the cannon are admirably represented,
and the figures well drawn.
Eyck (Nicholas Van), said to have
been the brother of Gaspar ; painted
battles by land, and attacks of cavalry
with considerable reputation ; his pic
tures are highly esteemed at Antwerp.
Eyck (Abraham Vander), a painter
of portraits ; and Vander Eyck, a
modern painter, a pupil of W. Minje,
are cited by G. Hoet ; the works of
A. Vander Eyck are the only ones
mentioned in the catalogues of Hoet
and Terwesten. One must conclude,
that A. Vander Eyck lived in the 1 7th
century, and was contemporary with
William Mieris, as he finished his.
paintings in the manner of that
master. Eyckens (Peter), called the Old,
born at Antwerp, 1599 ; was an emi
nent painter of historical subjects,
the backgrounds usually enriched
with architecture and landscape ; his
figures were usually copied from na
ture, his colouring agreeable, and his
carnations delicate, particularly in his
nymphs and boys ; he painted basso
relievos and marble vases with great
spirit, and was frequently employed to
insert the figures in the landscapes of
other masters ; his principal works
are, a Last Supper ; St. John preach
ing in the Desert ; St. Catherine
disputing with the Pagans : died
1649. Eyckens (John and Francis Van),
sons of Peter, born at Antwerp, John
in 1625, and Francis in 1632 ; stu
died under their father, and excelled
in painting fruit and flowers : John
died in 1669, and Francis in 1673.
Eyden (John Vander), painted
the draperies in, and copied some of
Lely's portraits.

EYN

140

FAB

ErNDEN (Francis Van), bom at
Nimeguenin 1694; had for his master
in design Romberg. About 1716, he
studied painting under Elias Van Ni-
meguen, at Rotterdam, and was em
ployed by that master with some of
his disciples in painting chimney-
pieces, and in general decorations of
apartments. Those works fortified
the talents of the young pupils, to
whom the Chevalier Vander Werf
gave counsel and encouragement.
Francis Van Eynden painted by pre
ference Arcadian landscapes, which he
executed in the manner of John Van
Huysum, but he did not finish with
the same perfection. The skies and
distances of his productions are serene
and soft : the light clouds illuminated
by the sun, and tinged warmly, are
reflected in the rivulets ; the land is
varied ; the different kinds of trees
are characterized with the greatest
neatness and touch of nature ; we may
say further, that his figures are well
painted, and disposed with judgment.
He did not sign his works unless the
purchaser required it : he died at Ni-
meguen in 1742.
Eynhourdts (Rombout), born at
Antwerp about 1605 ; painted por
traits with considerable talent, but is
principally known as an engraver.

Fabbrini (Joseph Zanobi), bom
in the year 1740 in Florence, made
the designing of figures his principal
study, under the instruction of Igna
tius Hugford, inwhich he succeeded to
a very high degree of perfection ; he
was presented by his master to some
noble Englishman, by whom he was
taken to London, where he painted
portraits, which were greatly esteemed :
he was living in 1776.
Fabbrini (Joseph), a Florentine
painter, was a scholar of the celebrated
Raphael Mengs ; his works in the
city of Florence shew the excellence
he attained under so great a master,
as some architraves and wainscots in
fresco in the palace of the Grand

Duke of Tuscany, various frescoes in
the palace of the Sig. Cav. Mozzi,
and a painting in oil in the chapel of
the same ; he also painted the fresco
in the church of the Carmelites, in
the city of Prats ; and a beautiful
painting in oil in the new Oratory of
St. Florence ; also the famous Cupola
made in the year 1/79, in the Abbey
of Valombrosa.
Faber (John), was a Dutch por
trait painter on vellum, of whom
nothing more is known.
Faber (Frederick Theodore), born
at Brussels in 1 782 ; received his
first lessons in painting from his
father, and afterwards under M. Om-
meganck, and was one of his most
distinguished scholars ; he painted
upon porcelain, which promised him
more advantages than painting in oil ;
and in 1819, he established a manu
facture of that ware, and at the exhi
bition in the Saloon of National Indus
try gained the gold medal ; among the
articles exposed was a service on
which he had painted the most re
markable views in the kingdom. But
he did not entirely give up painting
in oil, for at all the exhibitions some
of his works were seen. Landscapes
and similar subjects were what he
cultivated in preference. He en
graved in mezzotinto a suite of thirty-
six subjects after M. M. Ommeganck,
De Roy, Van Assche, and his own
works. Fabriano (Gentile da), supposed
to have been born at Verona about
1360 ; painted historical subjects for
the churches and palaces at Florence,
Rome, and various other places in
Italy, one of which, a Virgin and
Child, was highly spoken of by Mi
chael Angelo : died about 1440.
Giacomo Bellini studied under him.
Fabricius (Charles), born at Delft,
1624, excelled in perspective, and was
highly esteemed as a portrait painter :
died 1654.
Fabrizzi (Antonio Maria), bom at
Perugia, 1594. Studied under Anni
bale Caracci, painted history, touched

FAC

with freedom, and ingeniously com
posed ; but after losing his master, he
fell into great irregularities of design
and execution.
Facceus (George), bom at Cha-
teaudun in France, 1647, died 1708 ;
painted landscapes with considerable
reputation. Facheris (Agostino). There is a
picture by him in the church of the
Holy Trinity at Borgo, representing
St. Augustine and the two Angels,
dated 1528: nothing more is known
of his works.
Fachetti (Pietro), bom at Mantua,
1535, visited Rome, and studied the
works of the celebrated masters ; but
devoted himself principally to portrait
painting, in which he was so much
admired, that there was scarcely a
person of distinction at Rome, male
or female, that he did not paint ; his
design was correct, resemblance strik
ing, and colouring beautiful, par
ticularly in his female heads ; he also
painted history in a grand style, and
admirably coloured: died 1613.
Facini (Pietro), bom at Bologna,
1562, studied under Annibale Caracci.
In his early pictures his touch was
free, his composition grand, and his
colouring equal to Tintoretto ; but
his latter productions are neither so
correct, nor tasteful in design. His
principal works are the Martyrdom
of St. Lawrence ; the Crucifixion ;
and the Marriage of St Catherine ;
the Earl of Pembroke has a picture
by him of Christ and the three Dis
ciples, with Mary weeping for the loss
of her brother Lazarus : died 1 602.
Facini (Bartolomeo), a Ferrarese,
studied in the school of Bastinello
Filippi, and painted in his own coun
try several altar-pieces and some por
traits. He flourished about the year
1577. Factor — See Fator.
Faenza— See Marchetti.
Faenza (Pace da), was formed in
the school of Giotto, and assisted him
in several works, as may be recognised

141 FAL
in the colouring and designing of those
in Bologna, Forti, and Assisi, which
are still to be seen, they were painted
about the year 1310. Baldinucci,
sec. 2. p. 5.
Faes (Vander)— See Lely.
Fage (Raimond de la), born in
Languedoc, 1 648, drew with the pen,
or with Indian ink, and obtained con
siderable eminence in that branch :
died 1690.
Faistenberger (Joseph), born at
Innspruck, 1678, a celebrated land
scape painter, took the works of Gas
par Poussin and John Glauber for his
models, and usually decorated his
scenes with elegant buildings, archi
tectural ruins, waterfalls, &c. ; his
trees are grand and picturesque, leaves
light and spirited, and colouring true
to nature. Bredael and Hans Graaf
usually inserted the figures.
Faistenberger (Anthony), was
the brother of Joseph, by whom he
was instructed, and whose style and
manner he so nearly approached that it
is difficult to distinguish their works.
Falcieri (Biagio), born near Ve
rona, 1628. Studied under Liberi,
and painted history in the manner of
the Venetian school: died 1703.
Falco (Juan Conchillos), born at
Valencia, 1651. Studied under Este-
van Marc, and in colouring and design
became distinguished as a painter of
history : died 1711.
Falco (Agnolo). An etching, rude
and coarse, representing a landscape
with Daphne and Apollo, bears his
name, and though indifferently exe
cuted, appears to have been the work
of a painter.
Falcone (Aniello),bom at Naples^
1 600 ; studied under Ribera, called
Spagnoletto, and afterwards visited
Rome, where he painted battles,
marchings, and encampments ; his
figures well drawn, colouring clear
and vigorous, and composition ex
cellent. Some of his pictures are

FAL

in the style of Salvator Rosa, whose
master he was : died 1680.
Falconet (Peter or Pierre), born
in Paris ; visited London, and painted
historical subjects and portraits, in
the latter of which he obtained con
siderable employment, from the year
1767 to 1773. He was one of the
exhibitors at the Royal Academy,
Somerset House, and was celebrated
for drawing likenesses in black-lead,
with a mixture of colouring, of which
there is one of Grainger, who wrote
the Biographical Dictionary of Eng
land, and several of English artists.
Falconetto (Giovanni Maria),
born at Verona, 1461 ; studied first
under his father, and afterwards under
his brother, Giovanni Antonio, and
became eminent in history and por
trait painting : died 1534.
Faldoni (Giovanni Antonio), born
at Ascoli about 1690; studied land
scape painting under Antonio Luciano,
but afterwards became an engraver.
Falens (Charles Van), born at
Antwerp, 1684, died 1733 ; imitated
Wouvermans in subject and manner
with considerable success.
Fallaro (James), a Venetian ;
painted in the old church of the
Jesuits in Venice, on the doors of the
organ, the blessed John Colombin, for
which, in full consistory, and in
presence of several cardinals, he re
ceived the order of priesthood. Va
sari, torn. 3. par. 2. p. 250.
Fancati, an Italian, copied the
portraits of James and his Queen,
with a pen, from the originals by
Kneller. Fanelli (James), for his great
merit in the art, was made a knight
of Malta ; he painted in the churches
of St. Louis, of St. Francis, and of
St. Paul, in Naples. Bellori, in the
Vita del Giordano, p. 340.
Fano (Bartolomeo da), painted
history for the churches in the dry
Gothic style, the principal of which
is an altar-piece, representing the

142 FAR
Raising of Lazarus, but without much
taste or skill : he lived about 1534.
Fano (Pompeo),son of Bartolomeo;
painted history in a much superior
style to his father, and some of his
works possess considerable merit.
Fan one (Stefano), born at Naples,
1318 ; was patronised by the King
of Naples, and is said to have pamted
some pictures of an inferior order ;
but we have no further account of his
works : died 1387.
Fanzone (Ferrando), born at
Faenza, 1562 ; studied at Rome,
under Vanni, and executed several
works in fresco for the churches
there : also painted some fine pictures
at Ravenna, in the style of Lodovico
Caracci, one of which, representing
the Descent from the Cross, is well
designed, and possesses great sweet
ness of colouring : died 1645.
Fargue (Paul Constantine la),
born at the Hague : painted several
views of the environs of that city.
Some of his paintings are in the
catalogue of the late John Gilde-
meester Jansz. He was but an in
different painter in oil, but excelled in
landscapes in water colours, in which
he had a great reputation ; he copied
very skilfully the paintings from the
old masters : died at Leyden in 1 782.
Fargue (Maria de la), sister of
Paul Constantine ; painted similar
subjects ; her compositions are good,
of a fine finish, and excellently
coloured. Farinato (Orazio), born at Verona;
was the soil and disciple of Paolo,
whose style he imitated closely. One
of his pictures, representing the
Descent of the Holy Ghost, is equal
to either of the Veronese painters,
Paolo Veronese only excepted.
Farinato (Paolo degli Uberti),
born at Verona, 1522; studied first
under Antonio Badile, and afterwards
N. Golfino ; painted history for the
churches, &c. and in style resembling
Giulio Romano, and sometimes like

FAR

143

FAV

Paolo Veronese ; in colouring solemn
and quiet, and occasionally a little too
brown in the opinion of some persons.
His principal work, the Miraculous
Feeding of the FiveThousand, possesses
numerous figures, well grouped, and
correctly designed ; he also painted a
Ecce Homo; the Baptism of Christ;
St. Michael defeating the rebel An
gels ; the Murder of the Innocents ;
and the taking down from the Cross ;
all of which are executed in a mas
terly style : died 1606.
Farington (George), born in
Lancashire, 1754; studied under Mr.
West, and gained the prize for the
best historical picture, " the Witches
in Macbeth;" he afterwards visited
Italy, and died there in 1788.
Farrelli (Giacomo), born at Na
ples, 1624; studied under Vaccaro,
painted history, and endeavoured to
imitate the style of Domenichino, but
without success : died 1706.
Fasolo (Giovanni Antonio), born
at Vicenza, 1528 ; studied first under
Belotti, and afterwards in the school
of Paolo Veronese, and painted history
in a style that would not have dis
graced Cagliari. His principal works
are the Pool of Bethesda ; the Ado
ration of the Wise Men ; and some
subjects from the Roman History :
died 1572.
Fas sin (Nicholas Henry Joseph
de), bom at Liege in 1 728 ; a pupil
of Coders ; having entered young
into the service of the King of France,
at the age of thirty-four resumed
painting, and studied at Antwerp six
years, from the chefs-d'oeuvre of the
great masters ; he then went to Rome
and Naples, and from thence to Swit
zerland, to study from nature ; at
Geneva, where he stayed some time,
he pamted for the Empress of Russia
a landscape, which is regarded as one
of his best works ; her Majesty sent
him a gold snuff-box, ornamented
with her portrait, and her autograph
testifying her satisfaction. On his
return to his country, he conceived
with De France, the project of erect

ing at Liege an acaderiiy of design,
painting, and sculpture ; the Prince-
Bishop Vilbrucq charged himself with
the expenses. At that time Fassin
received very flattering offers from
Catharine, and from the Prince of
Anhalt ; he preferred remaining at
Liege, where he died in 1811. Mr.
Van Hult wrote his biography in
1817, with a description of his works
that are in Liege.
Fassolo (Bernardino), born at
Pavia, flourished about 1520. There
is a picture by him in the Louvre,
representing the Virgin and Child,
which is an exquisite performance,
and entirely in the mannerof Leonardo
da Vinci.
Fatigati (Andrew), of Chiari (a
castle in the territory of Brescia) ;
painted the high altar-piece in the
monastery of St. Girolamo in Brescia.
Averoldi, p. 266.
Fator (Fray Nicholas), bom at
Valencia, 1522, became a monk in
early life, and painted entirely for his
monastery : the principal works are,
St. Michael defeating Lucifer ; the
Flagellation of Christ; and a Madonna
and Child : died 1583.
Fattore— See Penni.
Faucus (George), born in France
in 1647, died 1708; is said to have
excelled in painting landscapes ; but
we have no further account of his
works. Fava (II Conte Pietro), born at
Bologna, 1669 ; was a scholar of
Passinelli, but preferred the style of
the Caracci. His principal works
are the Wise Men's Offering ; the
Resurrection ; and an altar-piece re
presenting the Virgin and Child
attended by several saints, which are
entirely in that style : died 1744.
Fa v anne (Henry), is said to have
been born in London, of French
¦parents, to have been a good painter
of historical subjects, and to have
died in Paris in 1752 : his master
was Houasse.

FEB 144

FER

Febre or Febure — See Fevke.
Feddes (Peter), bom in Holland,
1588, died 1634 ; painted history
and portraits with considerable repu
tation. Fehling (Henry Christopher),
born in Germany, 1653 ; studied
under Botschild, whom he accom
panied to Italy, and on his return to
Germany, was employed in adorning
the palaces of the Elector of Saxony :
died 1725.
Felto— See Morto da Feltro.
Feltrino (Andrew), called di Co
simo Rosselli, excelled in figures and
grotesque subjects, which he illus
trated by new and pleasing inventions:
he was a scholar of Morto di Feltri ;
many chiaro-scuros are in Florence,
done by him ; he worked in the Pon
tifical accessions, and for the Ducal
funerals : he died at the age of 64.
Vasari, par. 3. vol. 1. p. 230.
Fera (Bernardine), a scholar of
Solimena ; distinguished himself in
fresco on large walls, and in large
works in water colours ; he had a
brother, a painter as well as himself,
and a scholar of the same master,
who designed and painted figures in a
good manner : they lived about 1680.
Dominici, par. 3. p. 672.
Ferabosco— See Forabosco.
Ferdinand (Louis), the son of
Ferdinand Elle, bom in France ; was
a member of the Academy of Paris,
apd painted portraits with consider
able reputation : he flourished about
1645. Feret (Jean Battiste), born at
Evreux, France, 1674, died 1697;
painted history and landscape, in the
latter of which he excelled.
Ferg (Paul Francis), born at
Vienna, 1689; studied painting of
small figures from the prints of Col
let and Le Clerc, and afterwards under
Hans Graaf ; and landscape under
Orient : his subjects were usually the
sports and employments of peasants,
and markets on the sea shore, or in

public streets, which he painted much
in the style of Berchem or Wouver
mans, the landscapes embellished
with elegant ruins, and the figures
correctly designed, but not equal to
Wouverman in his horses ; his early
pictures partake of the Itahan style of
colouring : died 1740.
Fergione (Bernardino), lived at
Rome, about 1 720 ; he excelled as a
painter of marine views and sea ports,
in the Italian style.
Ferguson (William), born in Scot
land, about 1690 ; excelled as a
painter of dead game and still life,
particularly in hares, rabbits, pigeons,
and partridges, which he copied from
nature with a neat pencil and trans
parent colouring : died about 1690.
Ferguson (James), born 1710;
was an ingenious astronomer, mecha
nic, and self-taught portrait painter ;
several of his portraits are at Bristol :
died 1776.
Fermo (Lorenzino), a celebrated
painter, and musical performer ; left
a good name as a painter, from the
many works he executed for the city
" della Marca."
Fernandez (John), of Navarre, a
dumb painter ; with his pencil in his
hand could, on canvas, and on walls,
relate histories in the style of Titian,
his master, of which the Baptism of
Jesus Christ is a proof ; he was em
ployed in the Escurial to paint the
Meeting of Abraham and the three
Angels ; the Martyrdom of St. Law
rence ; the twelve Apostles, and eight
other large paintings, which he exe
cuted in a beautiful manner, as de
scribed by Mazzolari, p. 32.
Fernandez (Luis), born at Ma
drid, 1594 ; was a scholar of Eugenio
Caxes, and a reputable painter of his
tory in oil and in fresco : died 1654.
Fernandez (Francesco), bora at
Madrid, 1 604 ; studied under Bar
tholomew Carducci, became an emi
nent painter of history, and was much
employed by Philip IV. in his palaces,

FER

145

FER

and also in the churches and convents
in Spain : died 1646.
Fernandez (Antonio de Arias),
born at Madrid ; was the scholar of Pe
dro de las Cuevas, and became one of
the best artists in Spain ; he designed
well, and was an excellent colourist ;
he painted eleven pictures represent
ing different scenes in the Passion :
died 1684.
Ferracuti (Giovanni Domenico),
an Italian, flourished about 1650;
excelled in painting landscapes, prin
cipally winter pieces, which were
highly esteemed.
Ferrada (Christobal), a Spaniard,
born in the Asturias, 1 620 ; became a
monk, and painted some pictures for
the monastery of his order, at Seville :
died 1678.
Ferrajuoli (Nunzio), also called
Degh Afflitti, born in the kingdom of
Naples, 1661 ; studied first under
Luca Giordano, and afterwards under
Guiseppe del Sole, under whom he
learnt to design figures well ; but his
genius leading him to landscape paint
ing, he studied the works of Paul Bril,
Albano, Poussin, Salvator Rosa, and
Claude Lorraine, and formed an agree
able style of his own, not unlike that
of Albano.
Ferramola (Fioravante), born at
Brescia; painted history for the
churches there ; his best production
is a picture of St. Jerome in his
study: died 1528.
Ferrantini (Horatio), is register
ed among the painters of the Bolog
nese Academy in 1 600, where he is
said to have been a Florentine, but it
is not so clear that he was father of
Gabriel and Hippolitus Ferrantini, as
stated by Malvasia, par. 2. p. 268.
Ferrantini (Gabriello), called
Degli Occhiale, born at Bologna;
studied under D. Calvart, and became
a reputable painter of history both
in oil and in fresco; his principal
works are a St. Francis; St. Giro
lamo ; the Descent from the Cross ;
the Birth of the Virgin; and St.

Francis receiving the Stigmata : flou
rished about 1588.
Ferrara (Antonio da), born at
Ferrara ; was the disciple of Gaddi,
and an eminent painter of history :
flourished about 1500.
Ferrara (Ercoleda)— SecGitANDi.
Ferraresimo — See Berling-
hieri. Ferrari (Gaudenzio) or Gaudenzio
Milanese, born in the Milanese ter
ritory, 1484 ; is said to have been
the pupil of Perugino, and by some,
of Scotto and Luini ; but profited
most by studying the works of Leo
nardo da Vinci ; also assisted Raffaelle
and Pierino del Vaga : his principal
works are in fresco, and exhibit much
of the character of Raffaelle and
Giulio Romano : died 1550.
Ferrari (Giovanni Andrea), born
at Genoa, 1598 ; studied first under
Bernardo Castelli, and afterwards
under Strozzi, and painted history,
landscape, animals, fruit, and flowers,
easel size, and finished with great
beauty and precision; his principal
historical works of a large size, are the
Nativitv and the Birth of the Virgin :
died 1669.
Ferrari (Luca de), born at Reg
gio, 1605 ; studied under Guido
Reni, whom he resembles in the airs
of his heads and graceful style ; but
where many figures are required,
he is not so successful ; one of his
best pictures is a Pieta, which is
beautifully coloured : died 1654.
Ferrari (Gregorio de), born in the
Genoese States, 1644 ; was the scho
lar of Fiaselli called Sarazana, but
after studying the works of Correggio,
he adopted his style, and resembles
him in the airs of his heads, and in
some of his figures, but is inferior in
composition, and in colouring : died
1726. Ferrari (Abate Lorenzo), born at
Genoa, 1680 ; son of Gregorio, by
whom he was instructed ; surpassed
his father in correctness of design, and

FER

146

FEV

like him imitated the grace of Cor
reggio ; but in aiming at delicacy,
fell into languor : died 1744.
Ferrari (Orazio), born at Voltri,
1606 ; was the scholar of Ansaldi,
under whom he became a reputable
painter of history ; his principal work
is a picture of the Last Supper : died
1-657. Ferrari (Lionardi), called Lio-
nardino, born at Bologna ; studied
under Lucio Massari ; he is chiefly
mentioned as a painter of drolleries
and carnival amusements, but possess
ed some talent for historical works ;
the principal of which are in the
churches at Bologna, and at Padua.
Ferrari (Eusebius), a citizen of
Vercelli ; applied himself to painting,
and after long study, came out with
such success that he was constantly
employed in the exercise of his pencil ;
he painted many altar-pieces, now
existing in the churches of Vercelli, in
particular one in the church of St.
Paul, of the Dominican Fathers, where
his name is fully written : he flourished
about the year 1660.
Ferrato (Sasso) — See Salvi.
Ferretti (Horatio), of Perugino,
born in 1639 ; learned design and
painting of Cavaliere Bernardine Gag-
liarde, under whom he made great
progress ; he painted in oil and in
crayons, and also designed with the
pen, particularly portraits in small,
and in large, very well treated, and
well relieved.
Ferretti (Giovanni Domenico
d' Imola), bom at Florence, 1692;
was a scholar of Guiseppe del Sole,
and painted history with considerable
reputation ; his works are mostly in
the churches at Florence, Pisa, and
Bologna. Ferri (Ciro), born at Borne, 1634,
was the scholar of Pietro da Cortona,
whose style he imitated so closely that
it is difficult to distinguish their works.
Those of Ferri are to be found not only
in the churches but in the apartments
and cabinets of many of the nobility,

the principal of which are the Mira
culous Conception ; St. Ambrose
healing the Sick ; and the Cupola of
St. Agnes at Rome : died 1689.
Ferrier (Francis), a Burgundian,
painted in Rome and in Paris : it was
he that engraved the St. Girolamo
painted by Augustin Caracci, in the
church of the Carthusians in Bologna,
and sent it to all parts of Europe to
free Domenichino from the calumny
of having stolen it from his St. Giro
lamo, painted in the church of St. Gi
rolamo del Carita, in Rome : he flou
rished about 1635. Malvasia, par. 2.
p. 103.
Ferroni (Girolamo), born at Mi
lan, about 1681 ; after painting a pic
ture of the Death of St. Joseph, he
visited Rome, and became a scholar of
Carlo Maratti ; but we have no fur
ther account of him as a painter.
Ferrucci (Nicodemo), born at
Florence, was the favourite disciple of
Passignano, whose spirited style he
adopted with great success ; he accom
panied him to Rome, and assisted him
in most of his works in fresco, in
which he excelled : died 1650.
Feti (Domenico), born at Rome,
1589. Studied under Cigoli, but
afterwards adopted the bold and vigo
rous style of Giulio Romano ; his
works are chiefly easel size, and in the
Palazzo Corsini at Florence are four
of his best productions : an Ecce
Homo; Christ crowned with Thorns ;
Christ praying in the Garden ; and
the Entombing of Christ. There is
also a fine painting of the Miracle of
theLoaves and Fishes, in the Academy
of Painting at Mantua : died 1624.
Fevre (Roland Le), born at Anjou,
1608, painted portraits and gallant
assemblies, but was not much esteemed
in either ; he came to England in the
reign of Charles II. and was patron
ized by Prince Rupert, but is chiefly
celebrated for a curious method he
had of staining marble : died 1677.
Fevre (Claude Le), born at Fon-
tainebleau, 1633. Studied first under

FIA
Eustache le Surur, and afterwards
under Charles le Brun ; painted flow
ers extremely well, and occasionally
some historical subjects ; but by the
advice of Le Brun, devoted himself
to portrait painting, in which he was
much esteemed. He came to England,
and died there in 1675.
Fiacco (Orlando), a Veronese; there
is a discrepancy among authors as to
who was his master, whether it was
Baptist del Moro, Anthony Badile, or
Francis Torbido, called il Moro, as is
concluded by Baldinucci, in par. 3.
sec. 4. p. 138. However that may
be, they all agree that he was a good
painter of designs, and in portraits
had a very particular manner ; his
life was fortunate but short : he flou-
rishedin 1560. Ridolfi, par. 2. p. 127.
II Pozzo describes his life, p. 71, and
speaks favourably of his memory.
Fialetti (Odoardo), bom at Bo
logna, 1573 ; studied there under G.
B. Cremonini, and afterwards at
Venice under Tintoretto, and painted
a number of pictures for the churches,
the principal of which, in that of Santa
Croce, represents the Crucifixon :
died 1638.
Fiammingo (Arrigo), born in Flan
ders, visited Rome in the pontificate
of Gregory X1IL, and was employed
by him in the Vatican ; his principal
works are, the Resurrection ; Our Sa
viour and Mary Magdalen ; and St.
Michael vanquishing Lucifer : died
1601. Fiammingo (Enrico), born in Flan
ders. Studied first under Ribera, and
afterwards under Guido, in whose style
he painted some pictures for the
churches at Rome, but somewhat
darker in the tinting.
Fiammingo (John), a scholar of
Tiziano, excelled in landscapes and
views from nature ; he also designed
and painted figures very well ; he made
the designs for Vesalio's Anatomy :
lived in the year 1590, and is recorded
by Lomazzo.

147 FIA
Fiammingo (Anselm), a scholar of
Luca Giordano, copied the pictures of
his master so exactly that it was diffi
cult to discern which was the original.
He died young, or there is no doubt
but he would have painted in the
highest style, and have left memorials
worthy of his talents. See Bellori,
in the Vita del Giordano, p. 389.
Fiammingo (Leonard), a most ex
cellent painter, was a scholar of Rosso
Fiorentino, whom he accompanied to
France and assisted in the Gallery at
Fontainebleau ; he worked from the
designs of his master, and lived about
1540. Vasari,Tpar. 3. lib. 1. p. 216.
Fiammingo (Dionisius), went to
Bologna with some knowledge of draw
ing, particularly in landscapes, and
being much pleased with the city and
the artists living there, he stopped
with Prospero Fontana, and afterwards
with Sabbatini, and acquired great
freedom in figures ; he then went to
Rome, where he copied from the
statues and best paintings, and on re
turning to Bologna, he opened a noble-
school, and had among other disciples,
Guido Reni. In the famous collec
tion of Count di Villanuova, in Lisbon,,
is the Christ on Mount Tabor, by this
great master, in imitation of Raffaelle' s
famous picture of St. Peter Montorio,
in Rome. He died in 1619.
Fiani (James), a Bolognese, was
so inclined to the art that for his own
amusement he learned to paint, and
arrived to that skill that he painted
all the chiaro-scuri in the church of
St. Charles in Bologna.
Fiaselli (Domenico), also called
Sarzana, born at Genoa, 1589- Studied
first under Aurelio Lomi, and after
wards under BattistaPaggi, then visited
Rome for improvement, and particu
larly attached himself to the works of
Raffaelle ; he painted in conjunction
with Arpino and Passignano, and in
colouring was superior to most of the
Genoese school ; his compositions
partake of the grandeur of the Roman
school. He painted a noble picture
L2

FIC

148

FIL

of St. Bernard ; and also one of St.
Thomas ; but his chief excellence was
in portrait painting : died 1669.
Ficherelli (Felice), called Felice
Reposo, born at Florence, 1605. Stu
died under Jacopo Empoli, and be
came an excellent painter of history ;
he copied Andrea del Sarto closely,
and is sometimes mistaken for that
master; his own compositions are dis
tinguished for elegance of design and
harmony of colour ; the principal are
Adam and Eve driven from Paradise;
and a St. Antonio : died 1660.
Fidani (Horatio), a Florentine,
disciple of John Bilivert, was at that
time of great assistance to his master
with the rough drafts of his designs,
and in mending the originals ; he be
gan to work by himself in a great
number of paintings made in Florence
about 1642, and instructed many
youths who afterwards became good
painters ; among others, were Francis
Morosoni, whose works were highly
esteemed, Francis Maria Morandi,
who in Rome was much applauded
for his skill, and Augustus Melissi,
who well deserved whatever praises
he received, as a painter of universal
knowledge in the art. Baldinucci,
sec. 5. Vita di Giovanni Bilivert,
p. 76.
Fiesolo — See Angelico.
Figino (Ambrose), a skilful Mi
lanese painter, scholar of Lomazza,
in historical works approached
nearer to Gaudenzio Ferrari than any
of the other Milanese painters ; he
also painted portraits, which he exe
cuted in such perfection that ladies,
princes and nobles were desirous of
sitting to him ; he painted the portrait
of Field Marshal Casa Foppa so ex
cellently that in a meeting of the most
celebrated painters, it was valued at
1000 scudi ; he also painted the por
trait of the Prince of Savoy, which is
praised in the verses of Marino ; his
two principal works are, an Assump
tion ; and the Immaculate Conception;
there is also a Descent from the Cross,

in the Pembroke collection. His col
lection of designs were bought by Mr.
Joseph Smith, Consul for England;
among them are many copied by
Figino from Michael Angelo : he
flourished in 1590.
Figolino (John Baptist), a Vene
tian painter, lived in the time of Bar
tholomew and Benedict Montagna, and
vied with them in painting the Adora
tion of the Magi, in the church of St.
Bartholomew ; the great altar-piece in
St. Thomas's ; the Holy Virgin, with
several saints, in the church of the
monks of St. Francis ; and in that of
St. Faustino, the Birth of our Saviour.
He flourished in the year 1505. Ri-
dolfi, par. 1. p. 93.
Filgher (Conrad), a German
painter, pamted in large in Venice, and
acquired great reputation for the
beauty and boldness of his landscapes,
and is spoken of with extraordinary
praise in the rhymes of Borghini,
p. 344.
Filicus (John), born atBois le Due,
Holland, 1660; was a scholar of Peter
Slingelandt, in whose style he painted
conversations or subjects from private
life, and small portraits, highly
finished, but without that extreme
polish by which Slingelandt's pictures
are distinguished ; his works are to
be found in the best collections hi
Holland: died 1719.
Filippi (Camillo), bom at Ferrara,
about 1550. Studied under Dosso
Dossi, and painted history with some
reputation ; two of his best pictures
represent the Annunciation and the
Trinity ^ died 1574.
Filippi (Sebastiano), son of Camillo,
born at Ferrara, 1532. Studied under
Michael Angelo Buonarotti, and ap
proached nearer to his style than any
artist of his time. His principal
works are, the Last Judgment ; the
Adoration of the Magi ; the Martyr
dom of St. Catherine ; a Dead Christ
supported by Angels ; the Virgin and
Child with St. John ; St. Cristofano;
and the Circumcision; he painted the

FIL

same subject many times over with
slight variation ? died 1662.
Filippi (Cesare), younger brother
of Sebastiano, by whom he was in
structed ; excelled in painting orna
mental grotesques ; his historical sub
jects are feeble imitations of his bro
ther : the best is a Crucifixion in the
church Delia Monte at Rome.
Filippis (Nicholas de), a native of
Triggiano, a province of Bari. Stu
died under his uncle Don Vito Anto
nio, then went to Naples, and in the
school of Paul de Matteis prosecuted
his studies with great care; he pamted
some very fine works in various
churches in his native province, which
are universally applauded, among
which are the great altar-piece in the
church of the monastery of Santa
Chiara di Barri, representing that
saint ; also two others, in the semi
nary and in the chapel of the Prior,
at Sorrento ; a picture of the Return
from Egypt; four in the church of
Sta. Margaritella in that capital ; and
two in the Congregation of the Secular
Priests, besides various others in the
Casa di Calabrito, and elsewhere.
Filocamo (Antonio and Paolo).
These two brothers were bom at
Messina, and educated under Carlo
Maratti at Rome ; they executed a
number of works in oil and in fresco,
for the churches in Messina, but the
oil paintings of Antonio surpass those
of Paolo : they both died in 1748.
Finney (Samuel), born in Che
shire, a celebrated miniature painter
in enamel and in water colours ; in
1765 exhibited two pictures, one of
which was a portrait of Queen Char
lotte, to whom he was appointed
enamel painter : died about 1807.
Finoglia (Paolo Domenico), a
Neapolitan, flourished about 1640.
Studied under Stanzione, and his
principal works are in the churches
and convents at Naples : died 1656.
Finsonius (Alonsius), is only
known by a single painting in the Mu
seum at Naples, representing the An-

149 FIS
nunciation ; the composition well stu
died and the colouring natural. This
picture, upon which is written, Alon
sius Finsonius Belga Brugensis: fecit
1612, reveals the skilfulness of the
master. Fioravani (Cosmo), was an excel
lent designer, and several paintings
by him are preserved in the celebrated
Gerini collection.
Fioravanti (Italian), painted
still life, carpets, musical instruments,
&c, but excelled in vases, fruit and
flowers, which he imitated with great
precision, aud coloured well.
Fiore (Cola Antonio del), born in
Naples, 1375. Studied under Fran
cesco Simone, and painted several
altar-pieces for the churches, one of
which represents the Enthroning of
the Virgin ; but his most celebrated
work is a picture of St. Jerome ex
tracting a Thorn from the Lion's foot :
died 1444.
Fiorentino (Gerard), a very skil
ful painter, miniature painter, en
graver, and mosaic worker, in all of
which he gave proofs of his skill;
flourished about the year 1400, and
died at the age of 63. He left all his
designs to his disciple, Stephen Fio
rentino. Fiorentino — See Stefano.
Fiori (Maria da) — See Nuzzi.
Fiori (Caesar) , born at Milan, 1 636,
died 1702; painted portraits and ar
chitectural subjects, but we have no
further account of his works.
Fiorini (Giovanni Battista), bom
in Bologna, flourished about 1590,
and in conjunction with Cesare Are-
tusi painted several pictures for the
churches of Bologna and Brescia, the
principal of which are, the Mass cele
brated by Pope Gregory, and the
Birth of the Virgin.
Fischer (Ann Catharine), a Ger
man paintress, excelled in painting
flowers in water colours and in oil ;
she married Benjamin Blok in 1664.

FIS

150

FLO

Fischietti (Fidele), a Neapolitan
painter, was born inthe year 1734,
and occupied himself in a praiseworthy
manner in his profession.
Fisen (Engelbert), born at Liege
in 1655, was a pupil of Bartholet
Flemael ; he went to Italy and studied
there with zeal and effect. There is
by him in a church at Liege a Cruci
fixion, with the Virgin, St. John, and
theMagdalen : he diedatLiegein 1733.
Flameel or Flemael (Bertho-
let), bom at Liege, 1614; studied
under Gerard Douffliest, afterwards
visited Genoa, Milan, Florence, and
Rome, designing from and copying
the works of the best masters, and on
returning to France was employed in
decorating the palace of Versailles, and
some of the churches in Paris : he
executed at Liege several grand altar-
pieces, amongst which are the Conver
sion of Saul ; the Resurrection of
Lazarus ; and the Crucifixion ; he
excelled in architecture, with which
he usually enriched the backgrounds
of his pictures : died 1675.
Flamen (Albert), bom in Flanders,
excelled in painting landscapes, fish,
birds, and insects, of which he also
engraved several plates : died 1665.
Flatman (Thomas), born in Al-
dersgate Street ; was educated at
Winchester, from thence went to Ox
ford, aud after leaving the University
entered the Inner Temple, and became
a barrister : having a taste for the Fine
Arts he commenced mi niature painting,
and painted the portrait of Mr. Tooke,
the Master of the Charter House ;
also another portrait, which he marked
with his initial F, which Vertue pro
nounced to be equal to Hoskins, and
next to Cooper : died 1688.
Flaxman (John), the celebrated
sculptor, published a series of designs
from iEchylus, Hesiod, the Iliad and
Odyssey of Homer, and the daring
flights of imagination of Dante : died
1826. Flepp (Joseph), a native of Berne,
painted portraits, perspective, figures,

fruit, and flowers : he died in the year
1641. Sandrart, p. 245.
Fleshier (B.), painted a large
fruit piece, which was thought worthy
of a place in Sir Peter Lely's collec
tion ; also another in that of King
Charles 1. ; there is likewise at Lord
Dysart's, at Ham House, a landscape
and two pretty, small sea pieces, by
Fleshier. Walpole, v. 3. p. 91.
Flinck or Flink (Govert), born
at Cleves, 1614; studied first under
Jacobsq, and afterwards under Rem
brandt, whose style he imitated closely,
and is frequently mistaken for that
master, and, although inferior to him
in richness and harmony of tint, and
in the magical effect of light and
shade, he is yet admired for sobriety
of colour. His two principal works
were, Solomon praying for Wisdom ;
and the portraits of the principal offi
cers of the Artillery Company at
Amsterdam ; he also painted many
portraits of Princes, and other illus
trious personages : died 1660.
Floriano (Flaminio), born at
Venice ; imitated the works of Tinto
retto with considerable success. His
best performance is a painting of St.
Lorenzo in the church dedicated to
that saint.
Florigorio (Bastiano), born at
Udina, flourished about 1540 ; studied
under Pellegrino da St. Daniello, and
painted history in oil and in fresco,
but his fresco works have all perished.
Of his oil paintings, there remains a
picture of the Last Supper, and a
St. George and the Dragon, both of
which are creditable performances.
Floris (Cornelius), born at Ant
werp in 1550 ; was a painter and also
a sculptor, but we have no account of
his works ; he died in 1602.
Floris (Francis), born at Antwerp,
1 520 ; studied under Lambert, whose
style he imitated so closely that it is
difficult to distinguish their works ;
he afterwards visited Rome, and at
tached himself to the manner of
Michael Angelo Buonarotti, and, like

FLO

151

FON

him, was apt to exhibit the muscular
parts too full ; he executed many
capital works for the churches at
Antwerp and at Brussels, and copied
Buonarotti's Last Judgment in ahold
and free manner ; he generally gave
great roundness to his figures, and
his contours were finely expressed, yet
his colouring was somewhat hard, and
his design occasionally stiff ; he was
very improperly styled by his country
men the Raffaelle of Flanders : died
1570. There was a Venetian of the
same name who was also a painter of
history, who died in 1416, but of
whose works we have no account.
Floris (Jacobello), a Venetian, son
and scholar of Francis Floris ; painted
in many places in Venice, and although
his works are in the Greek manner, yet
are they praiseworthy, because he was
one of the first that reformed the dra
peries, the hair, and the attitudes, ' as
may be seen in the Offices of Law,
where he has painted Justice, and the
Archangels Gabriel and Michael, and
underwritten, "Jacobellus de Flore,
pinxit, anno 1421." He has intro
duced into his paintings animals, and
figures, all well executed. In the
Hospital of Charity, in the place
where the relics are kept, are three
paintings by his hand still in good
preservation. Ridolfi, par. 1. p. 18.
Flos— See Duflos.
Folcini (John Baptist), a Floren
tine, scholar of Lorenzo Garbieri;
would undoubtedly have shone as a
painter if he had not been carried off
early in life by the contagion of 1 640.
Malvasia, par. 4. p. 304.
Foldsone (John), painted small
portraits in oil, which were tolerable
likenesses, but inferior in execution :
died 1784. His eldest daughter
practised miniature painting.
Foler (Antonio), born at Venice,
1526, died 1616: imitated the style
of Paolo Veronese in colouring very
closely, but was unequal to him in de
sign ; his easel pictures are by far the
best, the abbey Gregorio at Venice
possesses three pictures by him, the

Assumption of the Virgin ; the Scourg
ing of Christ ; and the Crucifixion ; in
the church of St. Barnabas is the
Birth of the Virgin ; and in that of
St. Catherine, Christ praying in the
Garden, and the Resurrection.
Folli (Sebastiano), born at Sienna,
flourished about 1 609 ; studied under
A. Casolani, and painted some fresco
works in no respect inferior to those of
Manetti, whose competitor he was.
Fontana (Prospero), born at Bo
logna, 1512; studied under Francucci,
called da Imola, but adopted the style
of G. Vasari. His best works are at
Bologna, and exhibit a grandeur of
design and splendour of colouring not
unworthy of Paolo Veronese. His
principal performances were, the Wise
Men's Offering ; the Annunciation ;
a Descent from the Cross ; and a Ma
donna and Child ; he was equally emi
nent as a portrait painter : died 1597.
Fontana (Lavinia),born at Bologna,
1552, daughter of Prospero ; studied
under her father, and painted some his
torical pictures in his style, the chief of
which are, a Crucifixion ; the Miracle
of the Loaves and Fishes ; St. Francis
Restoring to Life a Dead Man ; and
the Annunciation ; she, however, ex
celled in portraits, and painted that of
Pope Gregory XIII. : died 1614.
Some of her portraits resemble the
style of Guido.
Fontana (Alberto), born at Mo
dena, studied under Antonio Bega-
relli, and in conjunction with Nicolo
del Abate, painted the panels of the
Butcher's Hall, at Modena. He resem
bles Abate in the airs of his heads, but
is unequal to him in design, and his
colouring is red and heavy : died 1558.
Fontebasso (Francesco), born at
Venice, 1 709 , studied under Sebastian
Ricci, but is more known as an en
graver than as a painter.
Fontebuoni (Anastasio), born at
Florence ; studied under Domenico
Passignano, and afterwards at Rome,
and painted some pictures for the
churches, the principal of which re
presents the Birth and Death of the
Virgin : died early.

FON

152

FOU

Fontenay (Jean Baptist Blain de),
born at Caen, in Normandy, 1 654 ;
studied under John Baptist Mormoyer,
and painted vases, fruit, flowers, and
insects in a similar style ; the vases
usually decorated with bas-reliefs and
festoons of flowers, designed in an ele
gant style, and grouped with great
taste : died 1715.
Foppa (Vincenzio), born at Brescia
about 1407 ; considered the father of
the Milanese school, painted history
for the churches there : his principal
works are, a Crucifixion ; the Death
of St. Sebastian; and a representa
tion of the Trinity : his design was
correct, colouring harmonious, and
there is a fine expression in the heads.
Forabosco or Ferabosco (Giro
lamo), born at Venice about 1 600 ;
was particularly excellent in portrait
painting, and ranked amongst the first
Venetian painters of his time ; he
painted the portraits of the Doges
Contarini and Pesaro, which are ad
mirably coloured, and so full of nature
that they almost appear as if speaking:
died about 1660.
Forbicini (Heliodoro), born at
Verona, 1686, died 1739 ; he ex
celled in painting grotesques, which
he executed in a spirited manner.
Forest (Jean Baptiste), born in
Paris, 1636 ; studied under his father,
and afterwards at Rome under Fran
cesco Mola, and imitated the works of
Titian and Giorgione, and on his return
to France was considered one of the
best landscape painters of his time.
His design is grand and effective, his
trees touched in a masterly style, and
his scenes usually taken from nature,
but his colouring is somewhat disagree
able, and often too black : died 1 712.
Forli — See Meloso.
Formello (Donato da), born at
Formello ; studied under Vasari,
whom he greatly surpassed, as appears
from his fresco works in the Vatican :
died in the prime of life.
Forte (James), a disciple of Francis
Francia ; painted on the wall of the
St. Thomas in the markets in Bologna

a picture of the blessed Virgin, com
monly called, the Madonna of Para
dise : he lived about 1490.
Fortini (Benedict), followed the
school of Chiavistelli, and besides
painting architectural frescoes in good
taste was esteemed in flowers and fruit,
the painting of which he learned of
Bartholomew Bimbi, with whom he
remained some time : he flourished in
the 17th century.
Fossato (David Antonio), born at
Venice, flourished about 1620, but is
little known as a painter.
Fosse (Charles de la), born in
Paris, 1640, a disciple of Le Brun ;
visited Italy and studied the works of
Rubens and Paolo Veronese, whose
colouring he aimed to imitate, and
was considered one of the best of the
French school : his compositions were
gaudy, but his figures rather too short
and clumsy, and his draperies some
what stiff: died 1716.
Fouchiere (Bertram de), born at
Bergen op Zoom, 1609 ; studied first
under Vandyck, and afterwards under
Bylart, then visited Rome and attached
himself to the style of Tintoretto,
which he soon abandoned for that of
Ostade and Brouwer, whom he imitated
with extraordinary success. His pic
tures of rustic festivals, drunken
frolics, and assemblies of peasants, are
much admired : died 1674.
Fouquieres (Jacques Chevalier),
born at Antwerp, 1580 ; studied first
under Mompert, and afterwards under
John Breughel, but adopted a different
style and more true to nature, and
though somewhat different to Titian
in the scenery, yet resembling him in
the colouring and handling, but occa
sionally too green; his figures were
correctly designed and touched with
great spirit ; he pamted equally well
on a large or small scale, and in oil or
in fresco. Rubens occasionally em
ployed him in painting the background
of his pictures: died 1659.
Four (Peter de), a painter of Liege ;
was a pupil of Lambert Lombard, in
whose manner he painted; he worked

FOU

153

FRA

a good deal for the churches, but his
colours have changed very much :
there is a painting by him dated 1578,
and another 1610.
Fournier (J ), a Frenchman, pupil
of F. de Troy, at Paris ; a good
painter of portraits, flourished towards
the end of the 18th century. Having
lived some years at Amsterdam, he
quitted it for the Hague, where his
talents were more appreciated ; he
there pamted the portraits of several
noted personages, among others, the
Duke of Cumberland and Admiral
Anson. His works are chiefly in
Holland. Fourniere (Isaye), also called
Fomaceris, lived about 1590, and was
painter to Henry IV. of France, but
no description is given of his works.
Fox (Charles), bom at Falmouth,
1749; died 1809: he painted por
traits and landscapes, but his works
are little known.
Fragonard (Honore), born at
Nice, 1 733 ; studied at Rome, and
excelled in landscape, in which he
imitated Ruysdael ; his landscapes
are usually decorated with Bacchanals
or nymphs, touched with great spirit,
and the females particularly well co
loured ; he also represented the diffe
rent seasons with great accuracy : he
died in 1807, leaving a son, who
painted similar subjects to his father
in a good style.
Framo (Luke), of Malines ; was a
skilful painter of history as well as of
portraits : he lived about 1650.
Francavilla (Peter), born at
Cambray in 1548, learned design from
John Bologna, and became a painter,
sculptor, mathematician, engineer, and
anatomist; invited into France by
Henry IV., he took his pupil Francis
Bordoni with him, and finished many
works to perfection. Baldinucci,
par 3. sec. 4. p. 203.
Francesca (Pietro della), some
times called Pietro Borghese, was
bom at Borgo San Sepolcro, 1398 ;
his master is unknown ; he painted

battles in a very spirited manner, the
horses and figures well designed, and
with great animation ; also historical
subjects, the principal of which is, a
night piece, representing the Em
peror Constantine asleep in his Pa
vilion, with his attendants, and an
Angel appearing to him in a vision,
shewing him the Sign under which he
should fight and conquer ; he painted
a picture of St. Louis, and another of
the Assumption of the Virgin, the
last much in the style of Raffaelle :
died 1484.
Francese (Valentine), a native of
Brie, a short distance from Paris ; was
an imitator of Michael Angelo da
Caravaggio ; his manner was good in
colouring, with a dexterous and free
touch. Baglioni, p. 307.
Frances chi (Paolo), bom in
Flanders, 1540, sometimes called
Paolo Fiammingo ; studied at Ve
nice under Tintoretto, and excelled
in landscape, but occasionally pamted
historical subjects, the chief of which
are, a Descent from the Cross, and
St. John preaching in the Wilderness :
died 1596.
Franceschiello— See De Mura.
Franceschini (Baldassare), called
II Volterrano, born at Volterra, 1621 ;
studied first under M. Sorella, and
afterwards under Roselli and Giovanni
di San Giovanni, and completed his
studies by copying the works of Cor
reggio at Parma ; he was one of the
best fresco painters of his time, and
executed many grand designs for the
churches, which are gracefully de
signed and charmingly coloured ; he
also painted portraits in a noble style,
and landscapes, which are greatly ad
mired for their delightful scenery and
the elegance of the figures : died
1689. Franceschini (Cavaliere Marc
Antonio), born at Bologna, 1648;
studied first under Giovanni Battista
Galli, and afterwards under Carlo
Cignani, whom he assisted in his
works, and became an excellent artist,
both in fresco and in oil, uniting to
the taste and grandeur of his instruc-

FRA
tor a novelty of style which was pecu
liarly his own ; his compositions were
excellent, colouring chaste and clear,
and his figures full of truth and nature ;
he painted many works for the
churches of Bologna and other places,
the principal of which are, the Death
of St. Joseph ; St. John in the Isle of
Patmos ; St. Francis de Sales at his
Devotions ; St. Tommaso da Villa
Nuova distributing Alms ; and a
Pieta: died 1729.
Franceschini (Giacomo), son
and pupil of Marc. Antonio, born at
Bologna, 1672; painted inthe style
of his father, and some good pictures
by him are in the churches of his
native city.
Franceschino (Francesco) — See
Caracci Francesco.
Franceschitto, a Spanish painter;
studied painting in Naples in the cele
brated school of Giordano, and was
soon superior to all his other disci
ples ; he was so clever in designing,
and had such a delicate touch in co
louring, that his master said in time
he would be superior to himself in
those important parts of painting. In
the chapel of St. Joseph, in the
church of Santa Bridget, he painted
the altar-piece ; also other works of
St. Lucia del Monti ; and on return
ing to his own country died at an early
age. Domenici in the Vita del Giordano,
p. 100, and Bellori in the Vita del
Giordano, p. 287.
Franceschitto, born hi Spain;
studied under Luca Giordano, whom
he accompanied to Italy, and painted
a noble altar-piece for one of the
churches at Naples : he died young.
Francesco (called Franceschiello
della Mura) ; studied under Soli-
mene, and painted history ; his chief
performance is an altar-piece at Ca
pua, representing the Annunciation :
it is well composed, but too gaudy in
colouring, a common defect in the mo
dern Italian pictures ; he acquired
but little of his instructor's style or
manner.

154 FRA
Francesco (Francia) — See Rai-
bolini. Franchi (Lorenzo), born at Bo
logna, 1582 ; studied under Procca
cini, whose style he quitted for that of
the Caracci: died 1630.
Franchi (Joseph), of Monti;
was one of those capital painters
who worked in the Vatican with
Scalvati, Salimbeni, Fiammingo, and
several others : he flourished about
1590. Abate Titi, p. 415.
Franchi (Antonio), born in Lucca,
1634 ; studied first under Pietro Pao-
lini, and afterwards at Florence under
Baldassare Franceschini, and became
a reputable painter of history : many of
his works are in the churches at Flo
rence, and his easel pictures in pri
vate collections: died 1709.
Francia (James), son and disciple
of Francis Francia, though not equal
to his father, yet painted a great
number of Madonnas, any of which
are sufficiently pleasing and well
finished : he died in 1 5 75 . Malvasia,
par. 2. p. 55.
Franciabigio (Marco Antonio, or
Francia Bigi), sometimes called Fran
cia, born 1483, died 1524; studied
under Albertinetti, aud was the coad
jutor, and also the competitor of
Andrea del Sarto ; painted some fresco
works at Florence in the style of An
drea del Sarto, but very inferior.
Franciso.ue — See Francesco
Mile. France or Franc ken (Jerome),
bom at Antwerp about 1540, a disci
ple of Francis Floris, visited Paris,
and was employed by Henry III.
whose portrait he painted ; he after
wards went to Rome, where he studied
for some time, but on the death of
Floris returned to Flanders; the scho
lars of Floris then placed themselves
under him ; his principal historical
pictures are in the cathedral at Ant
werp, and the Cordeliers at Paris:
died 1611.
Franck or Francken (Ambrose),
brother of Jerome, born at Antwerp
about 1459, also studied under Fran-

FRA

155

FRA

cis Floris ; his principal works in
the cathedral at Antwerp represent
the Death of St. Crispin, and St. Luke
painting a portrait of the Virgin.
Franck (Constantine), born at
Antwerp about 1660; excelled in
painting battles and sieges, which,
though inferior to Vander Meulen, pos
sess great merit, but are sometimes dry
and hard ; his best performance is a
picture of the Siege of Namur, with
King William III. on horseback, at
tended by his principal Officers, with
the Town in the distance.
Franck (Maximilian and Gabriel),
imitated the style of John Baptist
Francks, but very unequally : Gabriel
died 1648, and Maximilian, 1651.
Francks or Francken (Francis),
called Old Francks, born at Antwerp,
1544 ; a pupil of Francis Floris,
painted history with considerable re
putation, subjects from the Old and
New Testament ; his principal work
is an altar-piece in the Cathedral at
Antwerp, and his easel pictures, which
are preferable to his larger works,
are well coloured, and touched with
great freedom and spirit : died 1616.
Francks or Francken (Francis-
cus), called Young Franks, younger
son of Old Francks, born in Antwerp,
1580; studied under his father, hi
whose style he painted history, both
large and small : the principal of
which are, a large Scriptural subject
at Antwerp, and a smaller one repre
senting Solomon's Idolatry ; he also
painted carnivals, and subjects of that
description ; his works are superior
to his father's in design, colouring,
and delicacy of penciling ; and there
is a peculiarity about the eyes in the
figures of Young Francks, apparently
produced by a speck or lump of white,
by which they may be easily distin
guished, and yet they are frequently
mistaken for each other : died 1642.
Francks (Sebastian), eldest son of
Old Francks, born in Antwerp, 1573 ;
studied under A. Van Oort, and
painted battles, and skirmishes of ca
valry, and afterwards landscapes and

cattle, or subjects of sacred history,
chiefly on copper, one of which, re
presenting the Prophet Elijah mocked
by the Children, is highly commended.
There are also two fine pictures by
him in the palace of the Elector Pa
latine, one of which is a conversa
tion piece.
Frances (John Baptist), son of
Sebastian, born at Antwerp, 1600;
was instructed by, and painted in the
style of his father, which he after
wards greatly improved by attentively
studying the works of Rubens and
Vandyck ; his first efforts were his
torical subjects, but he is chiefly cele
brated for his easel pictures, repre
senting the interiors of saloons or
galleries, decorated with statues and
busts, with gallant assemblies of con
versational, musical or card parties,
the walls decorated with pictures, in
which the style of the different mas
ters is imitated so closely, that it is
impossible not to recognise them ; in
one of them he has introduced Rubens
and Vandyck sitting at a table, the
likeness of each being touched off
with uncommon fidelity.
Franco (Battista), called II Samo-
lei, born in Venice, 1498; studied
design in his native city ; then visited
Rome, studied the works of the best
masters, and devoted himself to the
style of M. A. Buonarotti ; he painted
both in fresco and in oil, in the latter
of which there is a picture of the
Virgin and Child attended by St.
Peter and St. Paul, and several easel
size representing the Life of Christ,
which are considered as rarities, as he
seldom painted small ; in outline and
the strong expression of the muscular
parts he resembles Buonarotti, but in
colouring is very inferior, and usually
dry, hard, and inharmonious : died
1561. Francois (Lucas), called the Old,
born in Mechlin, 1574 ; master un
known ; painted history with con
siderable reputation, but was equally
eminent as a portrait painter, and was
employed as such in the Courts of

FRA 156
France and Spain; he also painted
several altar-pieces for the churches
in Flanders: died 1643.
Francois (Peter), son of Lucas,
born in Mechlin, 1606; studied first
under his father, and afterwards under
Gerard Segers ; he painted both his
tory and portraits, generally less than
life size, which were admired for
beauty of colouring, and neatness of
penciling: died 1654.
Francois (Simon), born at Tours,
1606 ; master unknown ; visited
Italy, and became acquainted with
Guido Reni, whose portrait he painted ;
and on returning to Paris, painted
the portrait of the young Dauphin,
but afterwards abandoned the profes
sion : died 1671.
Francois (Peter Joseph Celestin),
a painter of history, born at Namur
in 1759; having at Charleroi learnt
the principles of design from M.
Blocq of Antwerp, studied at the
Academy under M. Andrew Lens,
where he designed from statues and
the living model, and gained the first
prizes. In 1 778 he went to Rome ;
then visited several cities in Italy and
Germany, and stayed six months at
Vienna, where he painted a fine pic
ture of Bacchus and Ariadne, and
also a gallery painting of the history
of Venus for M. Vinck. In 1789 he
made a second visit to Rome, and
returned in 1792. He pamted an
altar-piece in that city for Prince
Lambertin, and a Purgatory for his
bedchamber. He then settled at
Brussels, and formed several pupils
of distinguished merit. Among his
best works are those he painted in
concert with M. Lens, in the saloon
of M. Steevens. He painted the
Rape of Europa ; the History of Her
cules ; the Four Evangelists ; seve
ral small pictures in the palace of
Lacken ; an Assumption of the Virgin,
for St. Michael's church at Ghent;
another Assumption; and a great
number of portraits.
Francucci — See Imola.

FRA

Frangipane (Niccolo), supposed
to have been born at Padua or Udina ;
flourished from 1565 to 1593, and
painted history for the churches, two
of which, a St. Francis and a St.
Stephen, are favourably spoken of;
but his best production is the Assump
tion of the Virgin, in the conventual
church at Rimini.
Franquaert (Jacques), born at
Brussels, 1596 ; when young, visited
Italy to study painting and architec
ture, and on his return home, was
patronized by Albert and Isabella, of
the Low Countries, who employed him
to decorate the church of the Jesuits,
at Brussels, and in several other works
of importance : died about 1666.
Frans (Nicholas), born in Mech
lin, 1539, painted history for the
churches there ; he was correct in de
sign, and an excellent colourist ; his
principal works are, the Flight into
Egypt ; the Annunciation ; and the
Visitation. Fransz (Peter), born at Elvizor,
in the Sund, in 1569, of Dutch pa
rents ; fixed his residence at Amster
dam, where John Nigulant became
his pupil.
Frari (Francesco) — See Bianchi.
Frassi (Peter), born in Cremona
1 706 ; studied design in his early
youth under Angiolo Massorotti ; and
after the death of his master, in 1723,
went to Florence, where he designed
and pamted for some years, and from
thence to Rome, where he fixed his
residence ; he was a diligent painter,
and exact in all his designs, to which
he added a natural and delicate co
louring ; among other works he
painted for the Dominican Fathers of
Cremona, the Lady restored to Life,
a miracle performed by St. Vincent
Fererio. In the church of the same
Fathers, in Viterbo, are two paintings,
one of Santa Catherine of Sienna,
who received the sacred marks ; the
other of St. Peter Martyr, assaulted
by his assassin ; the same Fathers in
Imola have one of his paintings of St.

FRA

157

FRE

Dominic in glory; and the Carme
lites of ForU, have in their sacristy
the picture that he made for that
order, in which he has painted to
the life Pope Benedict XIV., the
Father General Laghi, and many
other personages : he died in Rome
in 1 778.
Fratazzi (Anthony), a painter and
disciple of Carlo Cignani; distin
guished himself in Parma, his country,
by bis skill in the art ; he copied with
a delicacy of colourmg the works of
his master, and also painted many
works from his own designs. In the
Vita del Cignani he is mentioned, p. 60.
Frate (II) — See Porta.
Fratellini (Giovanna) : this lady
was born at Florence in 1666, and
was taught miniature painting by Ip
polito Galantini, oil painting under
A. D. Gabbiani, and crayon under
Domenico Tempesta, in the latter of
which she is in no respect inferior to
Rosalba ; she also painted delicately
in enamel ; she painted the portraits
of the Grand Duke Cosmo, his
Duchess, the principal nobility of the
Court, and the most illustrious per
sonages ; also several Scriptural sub
jects in water colours, amongst which
are, the Baptism of Christ ; the Last
Supper ; and the Crucifixion ; and
copied in oil a fine painting by Ba-
roccio, the Ecce Homo ; she also
painted a portrait of herself and son,
which is in the Florentine Gallery :
died 1731.
Fratellini (Lorenzo Maria), son
of Giovanna, born at Florence, 1690 ;
after receiving some instructions from
his mother, he was placed under
Gabbiani, who taught him to paint in
oil, in miniature, and in crayons : he
was also employed in copying the
works of the best masters, and in
designing from the nude figure ; he
painted portraits in a delicate style ;
also animals, fruit, and flowers with
equal skill, and occasionally historical
subjects, in which he displayed supe
rior talent : died in 1729.

Fratta (Dominic Maria), of Bo
logna ; studied under the best masters
of his country, and in the school of
Cav. Donato Creti he perfected him
self, . and became one of the best
designers of his time. He did not
value himself for painting, but only
for designing with the pen, and to
such purpose, that not only in the
principal cities of Italy are his designs
to be met with, but they are dispersed
over England, France, and Poland :
he lived respected in the 18th cen
tury, and the Accademia Clementina
has honoured him by writing his life.
Fredriks (J. H.), a painter of
flowers and fruit, was born at Breda,
where he died in 1822 : he lived some
time at Haerlem, and sent to the
exhibition at Amsterdam a painting
of flowers and fruit.
Freebairn (Robert), born in Eng
land, 1765; studied landscape paint
ing under the celebrated Wilson, he
afterwards visited Italy, and by con
templating the delightful scenery of
that country, and studying the works
of the best masters, he formed a style
of his own, to which he ever after
wards adhered ; rendering his pictures
more pleasing and natural, than
sublime or grand: died 1808.
Freezen (John George), born in
Palts, near Heidelberg, in 1701 ;
studied under John van Nikkelen,
and at a later period was one of the
best scholars of Philip Vandyck ; he
was protected by the Duke of Hesse,
and was named painter of history and
of portraits to the Court of Cassel.
Freganzano (Cesar), a Neapolitan,
painted in the church of the Padri
dell' Oratorio, in Naples, the Mystery
of the Conception of the blessed
Virgin. Notizie di Napoli, par. 2.
p. 96.
Freminet (Martin, le Chevaliere),
born in Paris, 1567 ; was the son of
an indifferent artist, under whom he
produced a picture of St. Sebastian
for the church of St. Josse, at Paris,
which possessed considerable merit ;

FRE

158 FRU

he afterwards visited Italy, and
studied the works of M. A. Buona
rotti; but in attempting to imitate
his grand style, he became outre and
extravagant, giving an appearance of
contortion to the muscles, when he
attempted to exhibit them more than
usually prominent. His principal
works are " Noah and his Sons enter
ing the Ark," and the Annunciation,
in the style of Parmegiano, in which he
has been more successful : died 1619.
Freres (Dirk or Theodore), a
Dutchman, born 1643 ; visited Italy,
and on his return distinguished him
self in several considerable works in
the palaces of the Prince of Orange,
and in the Stadt-house at Amsterdam,
and excelled in designing the nude ;
his figures, which are usually painted
life size, are elegantly designed, but
indifferently coloured : died 1693.
Fresnoy (Charles Alphonse du),
born in Paris, 1616; studied first
under Francis Perrier, afterwards
under Simon Vouet, and on visiting
Italy painted views of the buildings
and architectural ruins in the vicinity
of Rome ; he was subsequently em
ployed in copying the select works of
Ambrose Caracci, in the Famesian
Gallery, and in studying the works of
Raffaelle and the antique. His prin
cipal works were Mars finding Lavinia
Sleeping ; the Ruins of the Campo
Vaccino ; the Birth of Venus and
Cupid ; iEneas and Anchises ; and a
young Athenian at the Tomb of her
Lover. On leaving Rome he visited
Venice, where he studied the works
of Titian, and produced some pictures
in his style; and on his return to
Paris painted a picture of St. Marga
ret for the ehurch of that saint ; and
four landscapes, in which the figures
were introduced by Mignard : died
1665. Freundweiler (Henry), born at
Zurich, 1755, died 1795; painted sub
jects commemorative of the history
of his own country, which were highly
esteemed ; also portraits.
Friano — See Manzuoli.

Frier (  ), painted views in Italy,
in the manner of Claude.
FRiauET (de Vaubose) ; is said to
have been a scholar of Sebastian de
Bourdon ; but no account is given of
his works.
Frits or Fritz (Peter), born at
Delft, 1635; studied at Rome, and
painted apparitions ; incantations ;
ships, &c. filled with spectres ; temp
tations of St. Anthony, and other
absurdities, in the style of Jerome
Bos ; and occasionally emblematical
designs: died 1682.
Fromentiou (Henry de), a cele
brated painter of flowers, birds, and
inanimate objects, was bom at Nime-
guen about 1620. It is said that
Wouvermans gave him his daughter
in marriage, with 20,000 florins. He
was ordered to Berlin, to the court of
the Elector, whose palace he orna
mented with paintings, and also many
of the country seats. There is in the
gallery of the Duke at Saltzhal, a
fine painting of flowers : he was living
in 1680.
Frost (George), born at Ousden,
in Suffolk ; produced at an early age
some excellent landscapes in oil and
in water colours, in the manner of
Gainsborough, of whose style he was
an ardent admirer and a close imitator .
His last performance was a copy of
Gainsborough's large view of the
Mall in St. James's Park : died 1821 .
Frutet (Francesco), a Fleming by
birth; went to Spain, where he
painted some fine pictures, the princi
pal of which are, Christ bearing his
Cross ; the Crucifixion ; and the En
tombing of Christ ; also a Madonna,
and a St. Bernard ; all of which par
take more of the Roman than of the
Flemish school : he flourished about
1550. Fruytiers (Philip), born at Ant
werp, 1620 ; at first painted in oil, in
which manner he executed a fine
altar-piece of the Virgin and Child,
seated on a globe, and surrounded by
angels ; but he afterwards abandoned

FRY 159
oil painting for distemper and water
colours, in which he greatly excelled,
and was so highly esteemed by Ru
bens, that he employed him to paint
the portraits of himself and family in
one picture : died 1677.
Frye (Thomas), born in Ireland,
1710, practised portrait painting in
oil, crayons, and miniature ; he painted
a full-length portrait of Frederick,
Prince of Wales, which is now in
Sadler's Hall, Cheapside.
Fuessli (John Rodolph), born at
Zurich, 1709, died 1786 ; was a pupil
of Melchior Fuessli, and of the elder
Loutherbourg : he painted in minia
ture, and pubhshed a Dictionary of
Painters. Fuessli (Matthias), bomat Zurich,
1598 ; studied under Gotthard Ring-
gli, and painted historical subjects,
landscapes, and portraits ; but his
usual subjects were battles, confla
grations, storms, and plundering of
towns ; he completed his studies in
Italy, principally at Venice: died
1665. Fuessli (John Caspar), bom at
Zurich, 1706, died 1781 ; studied at
Vienna, under John Kupetsky, and
became eminent as a portrait painter,
of which he painted a series of magis
terial ones on his return to Zurich :
died 1781.
Fulco (Giovanni), born in Mes
sina, 1615 ; studied under Stanzione
at Naples, and painted history with
considerable reputation ; his figures
were correctly designed, particularly
those of children. Most of his fresco
workshave been destroyed by an earth
quake ; one in oil, representing the
Birth of the Virgin, is in a chapel at
Messina: died about 1680.
Fuller (Isaac), born in England
in 1 606 ; studied in France, under
Perrier, and attempted historical
painting, but did not succeed, as may
be perceived by his picture of the
Resurrection in All Souls' College,
Oxford ; in portrait painting he was
bold and masterly, and his own por-

F YT
trait in the gallery there, although
eccentric, is touched with great spirit :
died 1672.
Fumacchini — See Samacchini.
Fumiani (Giovanni Antonio), born
at Venice, 1643; studied composition
and design at Bologna, and colouring
from the works of Paolo Veronese,
but without much success ; his co
louring is cold and languid, and his
shadowing feeble. One of his best
works is Christ disputing with the
Doctors : died 1710.
Fumicelli (Lodovico), born at
Trevigi, flourished about 1536 :
whether he studied under Titian is
not known ; but he was one of the
best imitators of that matchless co
lourist ; he painted an altar-piece,
and some other pictures, for the
churches in Padua.
Fungai (Bernardino), born at
Siena ; painted history in the dry
and stiff manner of his time : one of
his pictures, a Virgin and Child, with
several saints, is dated 1512.
Furini (Francesco), born at Flo
rence, 1604; studied first under his
father Filippo, called Sciameroni, and
further improved himself under Pas-
signano and Roselli, and was called
the Guido and Albano of the Floren
tine school ; he particularly excelled
in designing the naked figure, and
usually selected those subjects that
admitted of them, such as Adam and
Eve ; Lot and his Daughters ; the
Death of Adonis ; Diana and her
Nymphs bathing ; the Judgment of
Paris ; Nymphs carried off by
Satyrs, &c. He sometimes painted
Magdalens, which were equally as
much exposed as his nymphs : died
1646. Fyt (John), born in Antwerp,
1625 ; his usual subjects were live
and dead game ; wild boars, hares,
dogs, fruit, flowers, and birds, par
ticularly partridges; in which the hair
of the animals, and the plumage of
the birds, were represented with the
utmost precision ; but in dogs he

GAA

160

GAB

was unequalled, and it is impossible
for art to resemble nature more nearly.
He also excelled in representing
basso-relievos on vases of porphry or
marble, and in painting fruit and
flowers ; and many of the pictures of
Rubens, Janssen, Crayer, and Jor
daens were embellished with those
various subjects by him : died 1671.

Gaal (Barent), born at Haerlem,
1650 ; studied under Philip Wouver
mans, and painted similar subjects ;
hunting parties, battles, horse fairs,
road-side inns, &c. but inferior to
Wouvermans, both in drawing and in
colouring ; his touch is free, skies
clear and pleasant, and perspective
well kept : died 1671.
Gaal (Thomas), born at Termonde
in 1739 ; settled at Middelburgh, and
was one of the founders and directors
of the academy of that city ; he
painted his own portrait, also birds
and flowers with talent. J. Perkois
received from him the first principles
of the art. He died at- Middelburgh
in 1817.
Gaal (Peter), born at Middelburgh
in 1770 ; received the first lessons of
painting from his father, under whom
he made some progress, he was after
wards the pupil of J. Perkois, and of
the celebrated Schweickardt at the
Hague : he visited London, Paris,
and Germany, and then settled in his
native city, where he painted por
traits, landscapes, and animals, game
alive and dead, and scenes of private
life ; all his compositions, the best
connoisseurs say, are distinguished
for nobleness of style and lightness
in penciling. In 1808, in the exhibi
tion at Amsterdam, he had the por
trait of General Francis Monnet, sur
rounded by his staff, in full uniform ;
and a picture composed of cattle
and sheep, of the natural size : he
died at Middelburgh in 1819.
Gaast (Michael de), born at Ant
werp in 1510 j was admitted into the

Society of Painters in that city in
1558. All his pictures represent
ruins of ancient Rome, ornamented
with figures and animals.
Gabbiani (Antonio Domenico),
born in Florence, 1652 ; studied under
Subtermans and Dandini, and copied
many pictures by Pietro da Cortona ;
also studied portrait painting under
Titian and Tintoretto, and painted the
portraits of the Grand Duke Ferdi
nand and the Princesses Violante and
Anna Louisa ; he painted many easel
pictures, the principal of which are
the Rape of Ganymede ; Erminia
alighting from her steed ; a Repose
in Egypt, and several altar-pieces ;
his greatest work being the Assump
tion of the Virgin, with the Apostles,
larger than life ; and San Filippo in
the Church of the Oratorians : his
design was correct, and his colour
good, but his draperies formal and
heavy ; he generally selected for
his easel pictures subjects in which
he could introduce children, in which
he excelled : died 1726.
Gabrielli (Camillo), bom at
Pisa ; studied under Ciro Ferri, and
is said to have introduced the style of
Pietro da Cortona to the artists of his
own country ; he painted both in oil
and in fresco, and some of the latter
are in the convent of the Carmelites
at Pisa.
Gabriello (Onufrio), bom at
Messina, 1616 ; studied under Anto
nio Ricci, called Barbalunga, and
afterwards under Pietro da Cortona ;
he next travelled to Venice for im
provement, and on his return to
Sicily, was much employed in the
churches and convents, as well as for
the nobility ; he also painted portraits
with great success : died 1706.
Gab eon (William), born in Ant
werp, 1624 ; went to Italy for im
provement, and was much admired
for his delicate imitation of gold and
silver vases, cups and dishes, china
and porcelain ware ; also fruit, flowers,
and insects, which he painted in a
pleasing and natural style : died 1 679.

GAD 161
Gaddi (Gaddo), born in Florence,
1239; bis style is a mixture of the
Greek with that of Cimabue, and one
of his best pictures representing the
Crucifixion, is in the Florentine Gal
lery : died 1312.
Gaddi (Taddeo), son of the above,
born in Florence, 1300, received some
instruction from his father, and after
wards from Giotto, whom he is said
to have surpassed in colouring, and in
the airs of his heads ; his best picture,
representingthePassionof our Saviour,
is in the church of the Holy Ghost,
at Arezzo : died 1352.
Gaddi (Agnolo), son of Taddeo,
born 1324 ; studied under him, was
assisted by Giotto, and painted in a
similar style to his father, but some
what superior. At Florence there is
a Madonna by him, designed well,
and ably coloured for the period :
died 1387.
Gaelen (Alexander Van), born at
Haerlem, 1670; studied under John
Van Huchtenburg, and by copying
the works of Wouvermans, Berghem,
and other celebrated masters, greatly
improved his touch ; his usual sub
jects were huntings of the wild boar,
stag or fox ; he came to England and
painted three battle-pieces, represent
ing the engagements between Charles
I. and Oliver Cromwell, and the
battle of the Boyne; also the portrait
of Queen Anne, drawn in a coach by
eight horses, and attended by several
of her nobles: died 1728.
Gaetano (Scipio) — See Pulzone.
Gagliardi (Bartolomeo), born at
Genoa, 1555 ; is said to have been a
painter of history of some reputation,
but we have no account of his works.
Gagliardi (Cavaliere Bernardino),
born at Citta di Castello, 1 609 ; studied
under Avanzino Niicci, and afterwards
at Rome, from the works of the Caracci
and Guido, and painted some altar-
pieces and other works for the
churches, of which the principal is
that of St. Pellegrino in the church
of St. Marcello at Rome : died 1660.

GAL

Gainsborough (Thomas), bom at
Sudbury, Suffolk, 1 727 ; a celebrated
landscape and portrait painter ; stu
died nature and painted English
scenery in a manner peculiar to him
self, and occasionally resembling Wat-
teau, which he embellished with
groups of children, or husbandmen
with their horses and cattle, whose
charming rusticity delights the eye ;
he painted portraits with consider
able success, but failed in attempting
those of Foote and Garrick, which he
said was excusable, as they had every
body's face but their own, his works
generally appear to have been pro
duced without any effort ; his subjects
usually represent a rising ground,
with a few figures sitting down, and
some cattle grazing; but sometimes
a single figure only, a cottage girl,
shepherd boy, woodman, &c. ; his
scenes are usually in the woods of
Suffolk. He frequently made copies of
Rubens, Teniers, and Vandyck's pic
tures, which at first sight might be
mistaken for originals : died 1788.
Galanino (Baldassare Alloisi),
(called), born at Bologna, 1578;
studied under the Caracci, and paint
ed historical subjects for the churches
at Rome, and at Bologna, but after
wards devoted himself to portrait
painting; and in style, purity, of
colouring, and boldness of relief, re
sembles Vandyck ; he painted the
portraits of many illustrious person
ages : died 1638.
Galantini (Ippolito), called II
Cappucino, and sometimes II Prete
Genoese, born at Geneva, 1627 ; stu
died under G. B. Stefaneschi, and
painted several pictures for the
churches ; one of which, the Tribute
Money, in the Florentine Gallery, is
considered his best performance : died
1706. Galassi (Galasso), born at Fer
rara, 1 380 : master unknown ; paint
ed a few pictures in fresco for the
churches at Ferrara, most of which
have been destroyed by the ravages of
time ; those still remaining, an An-
M

GAL
nunciation ; a Crucifixion ; and a
Madonna, are the best : they are
somewhat stiff in design, but well
coloured. Galeas (Francis), born in Seville ;
studied painting under Luis de Var
gas, and worked in public and in
private with esteem. Palomino, p.
280 : he died at the age of 54, in the
year 1614.
Galen (Thyman Van), a painter at
Utrecht ; made himself advantageous
ly known by a painting representing a
grand Temple, that he placed in the
hospital of St. Job at Utrecht.
Galeotti (Sebastiano), born at
Florence, 1656 ; studied first under
A. Gherardini, and afterwards at Bo
logna, under G. G. dal Sole, and
executed some considerable works in
fresco for the churches in Italy : died
1746. Galestruzzi (Giovanni Battista"),
born at Florence, 1618 ; studied
painting under Furini, and afterwards
at Rome, in the Academy of St.
Luke, but little is known of his works :
died about 1678.
Galetti (Filippo Maria), born
1664 ; a pupil of Ciro Ferri, painted
numerous historical subjects and por
traits, which were much admired for
their neatness of penciling, and beauty
of colouring ; his works are mostly
in Florence: died 1742.
Galiegos (Ferdinand), an esteem
ed painter of Salamanca ; imitated
Albert Durer so well that he is be
lieved to have been his disciple ; in
that city there is a great number of
his works, as also in Portugal, the
Marquis Don Louis de Meneses,
Viceroy of the Indies, has a valuable
painting by his hand, the subject is
the Crucifixion of our Saviour, coun
tersigned with his name : he flourish
ed about the year 1580. Palomino,
p. 239.
Galizia (Annunzio), of Trent, was
a celebrated miniature painter, as was
also his daughter, named Faith, who
in miniatures and pictures kept to the

162 GAL
manner of the best painters of Milan :
they flourished in 1600. Lomazzo,
idea del Tempio, p. 163.
Galizia (Fede), born at Milan,
1616, the daughter of A. Galizia, a mi
niature painter; painted history and
landscape in a pleasing and finished
style, resembling that of the Bolognese
school, prior to the Caracci ; one of
her best productions is Christ appear
ing to Mary Magdalen in the form of
a Gardener. Gallegos (Ferdinando), bora at
Salamanca in 1500 ; studied under
Albert Durer, and imitated his style
so closely that it was difficult to dis
tinguish their works ; some of his
productions are still at Salamanca :
died 1550.
Galli (Giovanni Maria), also call
ed Bibiena, born in the Bolognese
State, 1625 ; studied under Albano,
whose graceful style he followed with
some success ; also executed some
large works for the churches in Bo
logna: died 1665.
Galli (Ferdinando), also called
Bibiena, born in Bologna, 1657 ; stu
died under F. Cignani : his skill in
architectural and decorative painting
was so great that there was scarcely a
Sovereign in Europe who did not in
vite him to his court to paint the
triumphal arches that were erected
for the celebration of their victories;
he also painted many admirable pic
tures of architecture and perspective,
views on a small scale, in which the
figures were usually inserted by his
brother Francesco, many of which are
in the principal galleries in Italy :
died 1743.
Galli (Francesco), brother of Fer
dinando, bora at Bologna, 1659;
studied first under Lorenzo Passinelli,
and afterwards under Carlo Cignani ;
he painted similar subjects to those of
his brother, and was much employed
at Rome, Genoa, Naples, and other
cities in Italy, and also at Madrid .
died 1739.
Gaili (Alessandro), Antonio aud

GAL 163
Guiseppe, sons .of Ferdinando Galli,
painted history in the style of their
father, and distinguished themselves
in several of the Courts of Europe.
Galliazzi (Augustin), a Brescian
painter, exhibited good judgment, with
lightness and delicacy of colouring ; he
painted two pictures in the monastery
of St. Peter, in the Olive Grove at
Brescia. Averoldi, pi. 213.
Gallinari (Pietro), called Pietro
del Signore Guido, born at Bologna ;
was the favourite disciple of Guido
Reni, in whose manner he painted a
few historical pictures, which are said
to have been retouched by Guido :
died 1669.
Gallis (Peter), a Dutch painter,
born in 1 633, lived at Enkhuysen till
1 682, when he moved to Hoom; he
was au amateur painter of landscapes,
fruit, and flowers, and other inanimate
objects : he died in 1697.
Galloche (Louis), born in Paris,
1670; was a scholar of Louis Bou-
longne ; afterwards visited Italy, and
on his return pamted historical sub
jects : he painted the subject of Her
cules restoring Alcestis to her Hus
band ; also the departure of Saul for
Jerusalem: died 1761.
Galvan (Don Juan), bom in the
kingdom of Arragon, 1598; went to
Rome for improvement, and on his
return to Spain painted history for
the churches and other public edifices;
a picture by him of the Trinity is in
the convent of the Carmelites : died
1658. Gambaccian (Francis), a Floren
tine painter. This excellent artist
painted many portraits, and was dis
tinguished for his likenesses ; he also
pamted several pictures for the new
church del Carmine, the drawing
worked to perfection, the colouring
soft and lively, and the arrangement
of the design most perfect.
Gambara (Lattanzia), born at
Brescia, 1541 ; studied first under
Antonio Campi, and afterwards under

GAN

Girolamo Romanino, and to the style
of Campi added a rich tone of Vene
tian colouring, almost approaching
Pordenone : he painted both in oil
and fresco for the churches in Brescia
and at Parma ; and of the former his
two best pictures are the Birth of the
Virgin, and a Pieta : died 1574.
Gambarini (Guiseppe), born at
Bologna, 1680, was a scholar of
Lorenzo Passinelli, and afterwards of
Gennari ; he followed the style of the
latter, both in his handling and
colouring, but particularly excelled in
the latter. His works may be found
in several parts of Italy : died 1764.
Gamberucci (Cosimo), born at
Florence, flourished about 1610 ; was
a scholar of Battista Naldini, and
painted history for the churches in
Florence, somewhat in the style of
Annibale Caracci, one of which, St.
Peter healing the Lame Man, is con
sidered his best performance. There
are many easel pictures by him in
private collections.
Gandini (Giorgio), called del
Grano, born at Parma ; is said to
have been a disdple of Correggio, who
occasionally retouched some of his
pictures. Some of his works are in
the churches at Parma, composed in
a grand style, and beautifully co
loured : died young in 1538.
Gandini (Antonio), born in Bres
cia ; studied under Paolo Veronese,
whose style he followed with some
thing of the manner of Palma. His
works are chiefly in the churches at
Brescia : died 1613.
Gandolfi (Gaetano), born near
Bologna, 1 734 ; his principal works
are the Marriage at Cana, and the
Assumption of the Virgin, at Naples :
died 1802.
Gandy (James), born at Exeter,
1619, died 1689; is said to have
been a pupil of Vandyck, in whose
style he painted portraits, most of
which are in Ireland, and very little
inferior to those of Vandyck, many of
whose works he copied for the Duke
m 2

GAN 164
of Ormond so closely, that they were
sold after the decease of that noble
man for originals. He left a son,
William, who was also a portrait
painter : his works were considered
equal to those of his father.
Ganglioni (Bartholomew), of Fano,
of the academy of Pietro Facini, is
referred to by Malvasia.
Garbieri (Lorenzo), called II
Nipote, born at Bologna, 1580; was
educated in the school of Lodovico
Caracci, with whose style he com
bined the vigorous light and shade
of Caravaggio. His subjects were
usually of a sombre cast ; massacres ;
martyrdoms ; pestilence, and death ;
amongst others, the Plague of Milan,
with St. Charles of Borromeo ad
ministering the Communion to the
infected ; the Martyrdom of St. Fe-
lieita and the Seven Virgins ; the
Death of St. Joseph ; and a Cruci
fixion : he died 1654.
Garbieri (Carlo), son of Lorenzo ;
painted histor}' in the style of his
father. His principal works were the
Death of St. Mary the Egyptian ;
and the Assumption of St. Paolo.
Garbo (Raffaelino del), born in
Florence, 1476 ; studied design under
Filippino Lippi ; went to Rome, and
painted history both in oil and in
fresco. His chief performance was a
picture of the Resurrection, which is
highly finished, and sweetly coloured :
died 1534.
Gardner (Daniel), born in West
moreland ; became a student in the
Royal Academy, and through his
acquaintance with Sir Joshua Rey
nolds acquired sufficient knowledge to
enable him to become a fashionable
portrait painter in a small size. He
painted a picture of Philip Egerton,
Esq., which he afterwards etched':
died 1805.
Garemyn (John), born at Bruges
in 1712; learned design at tbe
academy at Bruges, and had for his
master iu painting Louis Roons : he
followed for some time the manner of

GAR

James Bernaer of Ypres, a painter of
interiors, but changed to that of
Matthias de Visch, when that painter
returned from Italy in 1732. His
easel paintings, and those for churches,
that he left, are described by Octa-
vius Delepierre of Bruges, in the
" Galerie des Artistes Brugeois." He
died in that city in 1799, aged 87
years. Gargiolli (Francis), a Floren
tine painter ; has distinguished him
self in various works, in which the
correctness of the drawing, the soft
ness and delicacy of colouring, and
agreeableness of manner, are admi
rable. Gargiuoli (Domenico), calledMico
Spadro; born in Naples, 1612, a
fellow student of Salvator Rosa, in
the school of Aniello Falcone, and
next to Salvator, his ablest disciple ;
painted landscapes and historical sub
jects, and also embellished the archi
tectural views of Viviani Codagora
with numerous small figures, in
the style of Callot and Delia Bella,
correctly drawn, and touched with
great spirit ; he excelled in landscape,
and his historical works are in the
churches at Naples : died 1679.
Garofalo (Benvenuto Tisio),
called Garofalo, because he usually
painted a gilly-flower in the corner of
his pictures, born in Ferrara, 1481 ;
studied successively under Panetti at
Ferrara, Boccacini at Cremona, Bal
dini at Rome, and Costa at Mantua,
and afterwards under Raffaelle, whom
he resembles in the expression of his
heads, and the correctness of his
design : painted both in oil and in
fresco, in the latter of which his
principal works are, the Resurrection
of Lazarus ; and the Murder of the
Innocents ; and in the former, the
Adoration of the Magi : he also
painted two landscapes for the Palazzo
Zampieri at Bologna. His colouring
is warmer than that of Raffaelle ; his
Madonnas gracefully attired, and the
heads of his old men dignified ; his
small pictures are very valuable, and

GAR

165

GAT

only to be found in the best collec
tions : died 1559.
Garofalino (Giacente), horn at
Bologna, 1666 ; studied under Marc
Antonio Franceschini, in whose style
he painted history with tolerable suc
cess : died 1724.
Garzi (Lodovico), born at Rome,
1640, (sometimes called Lodovico
Garzi Romano) ; studied under S.
Bocalli, and afterwards in the school
of A. Sacchi ; in correctness of de
sign and elegance of form, not infe
rior to Carlo Maratti, and in colouring
he appears to have united the sobriety
of Sacchi with the splendour of Pietro
da Cortona. He painted some fine
pictures for the churches in Italy,
the best of which represents the
Assumption ; his figures are well de
signed, draperies natural, and groups
of boys and angels particularly excel
lent : died 1721. His son Mario was
instructed by him, and painted his
tory in his style, but died young.
Garzoni (Giovanna). This lady
was born at Ascali, and flourished
about 1 630. She distinguished her
self at Rome in painting flowers and
portraits in miniature ; and at Flo
rence she painted the portraits of
some of the illustrious House of
Medici, and several of the nobility :
died 1673.
Gas car (Henry), born in France;
came to England in the reign of
Charles II. , and was greatly pa
tronized by the Duchess of Ports
mouth. His best portrait was that
of Philip, Earl of Pembroke, half-
length, in Lord Pomfret's collection.
Gasparino (Gaspare), born at
Macerata, flourished about 1 585, and
was a disciple of Girolamo di Sermo-
netta, whose style he followed, but in
a less finished manner. His best pic
ture, representing St. Peter and St.
John healing the lame Man in the
Temple, is in the style of Raffaelle :
he also painted a fine picture of St.
Francis receiving the Stigmata.
Gasparino (Sebastiano), is said to

have executed several fine works for
the chapel of Biagio in that city.
Gaspars (John Baptist), born at
Antwerp ; scholar of Thomas Wille-
borts Boschaert ; visited England
during the Civil War, and was much
employed by General Lambert, and
at the Restoration became an assistant
to Sir Peter Lely, and afterwards to
Sir Godfrey Kneller. The portrait
of Charles II. , in the hall of St.
Bartholomew's Hospital, and another
at Painters' Hall, were painted by
him: died 1691.
Gassel (Luc Van), born at Hal-
mond ; was a good landscape painter
in oil and in water colours ; it is
believed that he lived at Brussels, and
died at a very advanced age. His
portrait, engraved by James Biuck, is
in the collection of portraits of men
who died before 1572, engraved by
John Wirix.
Gassen (Francis), a native of
Castile ; painted much for the
churches and for private individuals
in Barcelona : he died in that city in
the year 1656, at the age of 60.
Palomino, torn. 2. p. 316.
Gast (Michael de), born at Ant
werp, 1510; his pictures represent
the Ruins and Vestiges of ancient
Rome, embellished with figures and
cattle, from which he is supposed to
have visited Italy : died 1558.
Gatti (Abate Don Bartholomew
della), was an illuminator of the
highest reputation ; besides his works
in the churches of St. Flora and
St. Lucilla, in Arrezzo, his native
place, he painted a Missal, which was
presented to Pope Sixtus IV., in
which was depicted Christ's Pas
sion ; also other illuminations in the
books of the choir of the church of
St. Martin, in Lucca ; he painted
also in large in several churches in his
own country ; and also in Rome, in
the chapel of Pope Sixtus, in emula
tion of Peter Perugino and Luca da
Cortona : he flourished about 1455,
and died in the year 1461. Vasari,
torn. 1. p. 353.

GAT

166

GAZ

Gatti (Bernardo), called Sojaro,
born at Cremona ; studied under
Correggio, and is the nearest approach
to his style of any of his pupils ;
amongst his best pictures are a Re-
poso ; the Nativity ; and a Pieta ;
in which the beauties of Correggio are
displayed without the servility of a
copyist ; some of his large works at
Parma and Cremona are admirable :
died 1575.
Gatti (Gervasio), also called So
jaro, nephew of Bernardo, bom at
Cremona, flourished about 1 578 ; stu
died the works of Correggio, and imi
tated his style very closely, of which
his pictures of St. Sebastian, and the
Death of St. Cecilia, afford a striking
proof; he also adopted the style of
the Caracci in some of his works with
great success, and excelled as a por
trait painter, in which he was much
employed. Gatti (Uriele), flourished about
1601 ; is supposed to have been bro
ther of Gervasio, in whose style he
painted, but somewhat inferior to him ;
he painted a picture of the Cruci
fixion for the church of St. Sepolcro
at Piacenza.
Gatti (Tommaso), born at Pavia,
1642; studied under Carlo Sacchi,
and afterwards visited Venice, and
studied the works of the great masters
of that school ; and on his return,
painted several pictures for the
churches in Pavia with considerable
reputation. Gatti (Girolamo), born at Bo
logna, 1662; was a pupil of M. A.
Franceschini, painted several works
for the churches and palaces at Bo
logna ; one of his best representing
the Coronation of Charles V. by Pope
Clement VII. : died 1726.
Gatti (Oliviero), born at Parma,
1598 ; was instructed in the art of
painting by G L. Valesio, but is only
known as an engraver.
Gaud — See Goudt.
Gaudenzio — See Ferrari.

Gauli (Giovanni Battista), called
Bacicio, bom at Genoa, 1639 :
visited Rome, and under the instruc
tions of Bernini and Mario Nuzzi da
Fiori, rose into repute, and was much
employed in painting history for the
churches, the principal of which are,
the Assumption of St. Francis Xavier ;
St. Anne kneeling before the Virgin
and Child ; and the Death of St. Sa-
vero ; he was distinguished also as a
portrait painter, and is said to have
painted the likenesses of seven Popes,
all the Cardinals of his time, and many
other persons of distinction : died
1709. Gavasetti (Camillo), born at Mo
dena, flourished about 1625 ; painted
historical works in fresco for the
churches, one of which, at Piacenza,
was considered by Guercino as the
finest work in that city.
Gavasio (Giovanni Giacomo), bom
in the Bergamese State, flourished
about 1512, and painted history in
the style of Giovanni de Bellini ; one
of which, in the church of St. Ales
sandro, at Bergamo, represents a Ma
donna and Child, with a group of
angels ; the other, St. Joseph and St.
Elizabeth, is in a private collection.
Gavasio (Agostino), supposed to
have been the son of Giovanni Gia
como, also painted history for the
churches, one of which, a Madonna
and Child, is dated 1527.
Gawdie (Sir John), bom in 1639 ;
studied under Lely, and painted por
traits with some success.
Gazzoli or Gozzoli (Benozzo),
born at Florence, 1400 ; studied under
Giovanni Angelico da Fiesole, but is
more like Massaccio in grandeur of
architecture, beauty of landscape, and
tasteful arrangement of composition,
his historical designs being principally
subjects from the Bible, in which he
introduced a multitude of figures with
excellent taste ; in the great church
at Pisa is one by him, representing
Christ disputing with the Doctors ;

GEB 167
he also painted portraits with con
siderable success: died 14 78.
Gebbo (Andrea del), born at Mi
lan, 1492; master unknown ; painted
historical subjects, designed with good
taste, and well coloured: died 1551.
Geefs (Aloysius), a sculptor and
painter of history : was bora at Ant
werp in 1817, and died in Paris
in the flower of his age in 1841;
in 1837, his statue of Epammondas
dying, gained the prize at Brussels ;
and in 1838, at Ghent, he received a
crown for his bas-relief of Belgium
receiving from the hand of Industry
the General Plan of the Railways :
this chef-d'oeuvre is in the Museum of
that city. He went to Paris, where
he obtained the same success, and
received three medals from the Royal
Academy. He handled the pencil with
as much talent as he did the chisel.
Among the great number of sketches
he left, is one of the Crucifixion.
Geel (John Van), a Dutchman,
flourished about 1660 ; was the scholar
of Metzu, whose style he imitated so
closely that it is difficult to distinguish
their works ; also painted sea-ports
and marine views, highly finished and
transparently coloured, with figures
neatly penciled and well designed.
Geelen (Christian Van), born at
Utrecht in 1755 ; pupil of James
Maurer ; painted portraits and made
good likenesses, family pictures, and
landscapes ; he devoted all his latter
days in giving lessons, and died at
Utrecht in 1826.
Geeraerts (Martin J.), born in
Antwerp in 1706; was a painter of
history, a director of the Academy,
and died in the same city in 1791.
Geiger (John Conrad), born in
1609; was a famous painter upon
glass ; many of his works were ordered
by the Princes of Germany for pre
sents to the King of France, to the
Republic of Venice, and to the Grand
Duke of Tuscany, besides making
draughts of them for Conrad Mayer
to engrave from, and which were

GEL
published': he died at a very ad
vanced age. Sandrart, p. 244.
Geining (Gerard), was a painter
of history and portraits, and though
an artist of merit his name is omitted
in the work of Van Goul.
Gelardini (Thomas), distin
guished himself as a painter in a stair
case that he painted for the Gerini
Palace, and in several other paintings
for the same noble family of Gerini,
done from excellent designs.
Gelder (Arnold de), born at Dort,
1645 ; studied first under John Van
Hoogestraeten, and afterwards under
Rembrandt, whom he closely imitated
in colouring, handling, and freedom
of pencil, frequently laying on his
colours in masses, and bringing it into
form with the stick of his pencil ;
whilst to harmony of colour he sacri
ficed correctness of design and pro
priety of costume ; and was most suc
cessful in portraits, some of which are
attributed to Rembrandt ; his princi
pal works were, Bathsheba importun
ing David to appoint Solomon his
Successor ; Jacob blessing his Chil
dren ; the Interior of a Jewish Syna
gogue ; Solomon on his Throne ; and
the Sufferings of Christ in a series of
twenty-two pictures : died 1727.
Gelder (Peter de), born in Hol
land ; studied under Rembrandt, and
imitated his style, but died young,
about 1655.
Gelderbloem (Lawrence), was
one of the best pupils of H. Van
Eyck ; it is said that he worked with
his master on the picture representing
the Lamb of the Apocalypse, so much
admired to this day in the church of
St. Bavon at Ghent ; his other works
are to be found in Italy.
Geldersman (Vincent), bora
at Mechlin, 1539 ; painted history,
and his best productions in the Ca
thedral of that city are Susannah and
the Elders, and the Descent from the
Cross, which are well designed and
harmoniously coloured.
Geldorp — See Gualdorp.

GEL

It

Gelee (Claude) — See Lorraine.
Gellig (Jacob), bora at Utrecht,
1636 : painted fish and still life, true
to nature, but not very transparent in
colouring ; he also painted portraits,
but without much claim to merit.
Gemignano (Vincentio di San),
born in Tuscany, 1490 ; visited Rome
when young, and became the disciple
of Raffaelle, whose style he success
fully imitated, and whom he assisted
in some of his works ; also painted
some pictures of his own composition
for the public edifices : died 1 530.
Gemignano (Giacinto), bora at
Pistoia, 1611; studied at Rome under
N. Poussin, and afterwards under
Pietro da Cortona, and in composition
and design resembles Poussin, but in
colouring and architectural taste is
more like Cortona ; he painted in
conjunction with Camassei and
Maratti ; in the Ducal Gallery at
Florence, there is a picture of St. Le-
andro by him which has been attri
buted to Guercino ; his works are
chiefly in the churches and convents
at Rome : died 1681.
Gemignano, or Gimignano (Lodo
vico), born 1 644, son of Giacinto, under
whomhestudied,andpaintedhistoryforthe churches, chiefly in fresco, jn which
he excelled ; he was less correct in
design than his father, but superior to
him in colouring, and more spirited in
his attitudes: died 1697.
Generoli (Andrew), of Sabina,
painted the great altar-piece and the
two side pictures in the church of St.
JohnColavitain Rome. Ab. Titi,j>. 49.
Genoa (Girolamo), born at Urbi
no, 1476, died 1551 ; was a disciple
of Luca Signorelli, whom he assisted
in his works, and afterwards studied
with Raffaelle in the school of Pietro
Perugino, and was chiefly employed
as a coadjutor with Timoteo della Vite
and Raffaelle del Colle, in the public
edifices at Rome and Florence ; he
excelled in architecture and perspec
tive, and the principal work of his
own composition is a picture of the

3 GEN
Resurrection, in the church of St.
Catherine at Florence.
Genga (Bartolomeo), born at Ur
bino, 1518; son and disciple of Giro
lamo, in whose style he painted some
historical pictures : died 1558.
Gennari (Giovanni Battista), born
near Ferrara ; was the brother-in-law
and instructor of Guercino ; there is a
fine picture by him of the Virgin at
tended by several Saints and Angels,
at Bologna, in the style of Procca
cini, dated 1606.
Gennari (Bartolomeo), born at
Cento about 1589, also a relation of
Guercino, whose style he rather emu
lated than copied in the expression
of his heads, and the vigorous style
of his colouring ; there is a fine pic
ture by him of the Assumption of the
Virgin at Bologna : died 1658.
Gennari (Benedetto), born in
Cento, 1 633, the nephew of Guercino,
whom he assisted in his works, and
copied so closely that it is difficult to
distinguish his copies from the origi
nals ; he and his brother Cesare also
copied Barbieris' works with such
fidelity as to deceive the most intelli
gent. He visited France in the reign
of Louis XIV., and painted several
pictures for one of his palaces, also a
portrait of the Duke of Orleans, which
was greatly admired ; came to Eng
land, and was made painter to Charles
II. , whom he presented with a fine
picture of Endymion Sleeping; also
to James II. , whose portrait he
painted, and in whose collection there
were twelve of his pictures. His his
torical works are chiefly in the
churches at Bologna, one of which re
presenting a King receiving Baptism
from St. Annian, is in the manner of
Guercino : died 1715.
Gennari (Cesare), born in Cento ;
1641, younger brother of Benedetto ;
was also instructed by his uncle Guer
cino, whose style he followed with
success, but not equal to his brother.
He painted landscapes in fine taste,
and his trees touched with great spirit;
also some original compositions for

GEN

169

GEO

the churches and convents at Bologna,
the chief of which are, Mary Magda
len ; Christ praying in the Garden ;
St. Apollonia ; and a St. Niccolo :
died 1688.
Gennari (Lorenzo), also a scholar
of Guercino, flourished, about 1550;
he painted history, and one of his
best pictures is in the Cappucini, at
Milan. Genoels (Abraham), born at Ant
werp, 1640 ; was a scholar of James
Backereel ; at first he painted por
traits, which do not possess any very
great merit ; but after studying per
spective, under Firelans, he became
one of the best landscape painters of
his country ; he resided at Rome seve
ral years, and made sketches of the
surrounding ruins, the rocks, trees,
skies, &c. as materials for future com
positions, and on visiting Paris was
employed by Le Brun to paint the
backgrounds for his Battles of Alex
ander. Genovese (II Prati)— See Strozzi.
Genovesino— See Calcia Gui
seppe. Gentile (called Luis Primo), bora
in Brussels, 1606 ; visited Italy
when young, applied himself to por
trait painting, and was employed by
Pope Alexander VIL, whose portrait
he painted, also those of many other
persons of distinction, which are ex
cellently coloured and highly finished,
without the appearance of much la
bour ; also painted some historical
works, in so different a style, with so
free a pencil, and so boldly coloured,
as to raise a doubt in many as to
their being the production of the same
master, one of which, representing
the Crucifixion, is a striking proof of
his talents in that branch : died 1670.
Gentile (Thomas), an excellent
designer and painter, has distin
guished himself in publicand in private
works ; amongst others, he has ex
ceedingly well designed some pieces
that are in the Royal Villa del Poggio
at Cajano.

Gentileschi (Orazio), called Lomi,
born at Pisa, 1563; studied under
Aurelio Lomi, his half-brother ; after
wards visited Rome, received some
instruction from Agostino Tassi,
whose landscapes he frequently deco
rated with figures, and painted several
historical subjects for the churches
and other public edifices ; was invited
to London by Charles I., for whom
he painted the ceilings at Greenwich
and some capital pictures : one of
Mary Magdalen prostrate on the
earth ; another of an Holy Family,
with the Infant at her breast, and
Joseph resting his head on a Sack ;
also Lot and his Daughters. He
painted likewise for Villiers Duke of
Buckingham another Magdalen, and
the Nativity. Most of the pictures
painted by him for Charles I. are
now in the Hall at Marlborough
House : died 1647.
Gentileschi (Artemisia), born at
Rome, 1590, was the daughter of
Orazio, whom she accompanied to
England, and painted some portraits
of the nobility ; also a fine picture of
David with the Head of Goliah, for
Charles I. After leaving England,
she received some instruction from
Guido, and studied attentively the
works of Donieniehino ; her best pro
ductions in Italy are Judith with the
head of Holofemes; and Susannah
and the Elders, the latter of which
is admired for its chaste colouring, and
the beautiful design of the principal
figure ; in portraits she excelled her
father: died 1642.
Gentileschi (Francesco), son of
Orazio, by whom he was instructed.
Studied afterwards under Domenico
Sarzana or Fiaselli, and excelled in
historical subjects : died about 1 660.
Georget (John), an eminent
painter on porcelain ; his copy from
Gros, of Charles V. and Francis I.
visiting the Tomb of St. Denis, and
the Dropsical Woman, from Gerard
Douw, are admirable performances :
died at Paris, 1823.
Georgetti (Anthony), a Roman

GER

170

GHE

painter, is written in the catalogue of
the Academicians of Rome in the year
1600. Gerambert (Henry), with Pasquer
Terselin, John de Brie, Gabriel Onnet,
and William Dumee, after the death
of Francis I. were the first to bring to
perfection the beautiful art of paint
ing among French artists in France ;
they worked in union, under the di
rection of Ambrose du Bois. Their
works are to be seen in the Louvre,
the Tuilleries, at St. Germain, and at
Fontainebleau : these skilful painters
flourished about 1580. Baldinucci,
sec. 4. p. 272.
Gerard — See Garrard s (Mark).
Gerardi (Cristoforo), called dal
Borgo St. Sepolcro, born 1500, was
a self-taught artist, whose works
having met the eye of Raphael del
Colle, he took him under his care ;
he painted history, landscape, birds,
beasts, and fishes equally well, and
particularly excelled in grotesque ; in
conjunction with Giorgio Vasari, he
executed several considerable works in
fresco and in oil : died 1556.
Gerarts (Mark), born at Bruges
in 1530, where he died in 1592 ; was
a good painter of history, landscape,
and architecture, he also engraved in
mezzotinto. Gerber or Guerbier (Sir Bal
thasar), bom at Antwerp in 1591 ;
arrived at great eminence in miniature
painting ; he came to England in the
reign of James I. with the celebrated
Villiers Duke of Buckingham, and
painted a number of portraits of the
Royal Family, and of the principal
nobility ; and at the restoration of
Charles II. prepared the triumphal
arches for the celebration of that
event : he died in 1 667.
Gericault (John Louis Theodore
Andrea), born 1792. This French
artist was the pupil of Guerin, and
painted historical subjects, the prin
cipal of which are the Wreck of the
Medusa ; the Village Forge ; and the
Wounded Cuirassier ; died 1824.

Germyn (Simon), born at Dort,
1650. Studied first under Godfrey
Schalcken, and afterwards under Lo-
dovick Smits, called Hartcamp, and
painted fruit in a peculiar manner;
but his pictures of that kind soon
fading, he applied himself to land
scape painting, which he practised
till his death in 1719.
Gerola (John), a painter of Reg
gio, was a scholar of the famous
Correggio. He is noticed in the Rac-
colta degli Uomini Illustri in ogni
scienza, p. 13, but no more is known
of him.
Gerhard of Haerlem, bora at
Haerlem about 1460, was the disciple
of A. Van Ouwater, and one of the
first after Van Eyck who painted in
oil, under whom he studied for a short
time ; his subjects were from sacred
history, and his principal work was a
Descent from the Cross, which is ad
mired for correctness of design and
beauty of colouring, in which he was
superior to most artists of that period :
died 1488.
Gerrards (Gerard Pietersz Van),
called Zyl— See Zyl.
Gessi (Francesco), born at Bo
logna, 1 588, was one of Guido's ablest
disciples, and most successful imita
tors of his style ; his early pictures
for suavity of colour and delicacy of
pencil nearly approach the excellence
of that great master, and abound in
the churches of Bologna, and other
cities in Italy : died 1649.
Gessner( Solomon), bomatZurich,
1730, was the son of a bookseller,
and practised occasionally as a painter,
but is better known as an author :
died 1788.
Gestele (Mark Van), painted in
concert with John Van Coudenberghe,
a picture for the church of Roselede
in 1430, and in 1445, another grand
picture for the church of St. Martin
at Courtra}'. Ghedini (Guiseppe), bora at
Ferrara, about 1710, was a disciple of

GHE 171
Giaccm 3 Parolini, painted several good
pictures for the churches there, the
principal of which is the Miracle of
the Loaves and Fishes : died about
1770. Gheest (Wybrand de), born at
Friesland about 1591, visited Italy,
and made sketches from the principal
statues and works of the most cele
brated masters, returned to Holland
and painted history with considerable
reputation: died 1643. There was
also another artist of that name, who
lived at Antwerp, and died there about
1670 ; he is said to have painted his
tory, but we have no description of
his works.
Gheest (James de) , born at Ant
werp, 1570, died 1612, is said to
have been a reputable painter of his
tory, but we have no further account
of his works.
Ghein — See Gheyn.
Gherardi (Cristoforo), called Do-
ceno, born 1500, at Borgo St. Sepol
cro. Studied under Raffaellino dal
Colle ; painted both in oil and fresco,
but principally the latter, and assisted
Vasari in some of his works ; one of
his best pictures is the Visitation of
the Virgin to St. Elizabeth : died
1552. Gherardi (Filippo), born atLucca,
1643. Studied first under his father,
Bastiano Gherardi, and afterwards at
Rome, under Pietro da Cortona, then
visited Venice to improve himself in
colouring. Several of his works are
in the churches at Lucca ; he also
painted two pictures of the Battle of
Lepanto and the triumph of Marc
Antonio Colonna : died 1704.
Gherardini (Alessandro), born in
Florence, 1655, was the disciple of
Alexandre Rosi, and a reputable
painter in oil and in fresco ; his prin
cipal works are a Crucifixion; and the
life of Alexander : died 1723.
Gherardo (dalle Notte) — See
Honthorst. Gheyn (James), bom at Antwerp,
was instructed in design by his father,

GUI
an engraver; he afterwards visited
Italy, and studied under Tempesta,
and painted landscapes and flowers
with some reputation: died 1630.
Ghezzi (Sebastiano), born near
Ascoli, was a scholar of Guercino, and
painted history with some reputation ;
one of his best pictures is St. Francis
receiving the Stigmata.
Ghezzi (Guiseppe), son of Sebas
tian, born 1634. Studied first under
his father, and afterwards under Pietro
da Cortona, whose style he adopted,
and painted history for Pope Clement
XL: died 1721.
Ghezzi (Cavaliere Pier Leone),
bom at Rome, 1674, son of Guiseppe,
by whom he was instructed, and
whom he soon excelled; painted some
historical works in conjunction with
Gazzi, Trevisani, and Suti, for Bene
dict XIV. but was chiefly celebrated
for caricature ; he occasionally painted
portraits, which will bear comparison
with the best of those davs : died
1755. Ghiberti (Lorenzo de), born in
Florence, 1454 ; painted history, and
is said to have obtained considerable
reputation for the grandeur of his de
sign : died 1528.
Ghigi (Teodoro), or Teodoro Man-
tuano, flourished about 1450, was a
scholar of Giulio Romano, and one of
his ablest disciples ; he was employed
after the death of Romano in finishing
those works which he had left im
perfect. Ghilart (Adam), of Antwerp, was
a celebrated marine painter.
Ghirlandaio (Domenico), called
Corradi, born in Florence, 1449, was a
disciple of Alessio Baldovinetti , painted
historical subjects, in which he usually
introduced portraits after the life, and
was fond of designing the antiquities
of Rome, the baths, columns, amphi
theatres, &c , which he designed with
the greatest precision ; his principal
works are the Resurrection ; and the
Wise Men's Offering : died 1493.
Ghirlandaio (Rodolfo), nephew

GHI

172

GIA

of Domenico Ghirlandaio, bora in Flo
rence, 1485; studied under him, and
afterwards at Rome, under Raffaelle
and Buonarotti, and also under Bar
tolomeo di San Marco, and assisted
Raffaelle in one of his pictures of the
Virgin and Child. Some of his early
productions are in the dry style of
Perugino : died 1560.
Ghirlandaio (David), a Floren
tine painter, the brother and scholar
of Domenico Ghirlandaio, both paint
ed and worked in Mosaic for his own
city and for France : he died in
the year 1525, at the age of 74.
Vasari, par. 2. lib. 2. p. 23.
Ghirlinzoni (Horatio), of Mo
dena, in painting and in sculpture
appeared so excellent that Alphonsell.
favoured him much, and employed
him in Ferrara all his life : he died in
the year 1617. Vidriani, p. 98.
Ghisi (Giovanni Battista Britani),
called Mantuano, born at Mantua
about 1500, was the disciple of Giulio
Romano, but is less known as a
painter than as an engraver.
Ghislandi (Domenico), bom at
Bergamo, flourished about 1665 ;
painted architectural views, and occa
sionally historical subjects in fresco.
Ghislandi (Fra Vittore), called
Fra Paoletto, son of Domenico Ghis
landi. Studied under Sebastian Bom-
belli, and by an attentive study of Ti
tian's works, became celebrated as a
portrait painter; he also attempted
history, but without much success :
died 1743.
Ghisolfi or Gisolfi (Giovanni),
born at Milan, 1623. Studied first
under Girolamo Chignolo, then under
Antonio Volpini, and was greatly in
debted to Salvator Rosa for his taste
and method of penciling, visited Rome,
and designed from the remains of an
tiquity, ruins of ancient structures,
columns, &c. which he introduced into
his own compositions, and embellished
with figures suitable to his subjects ;
his buildings were magnificent, andper-
spective well kept, figures judiciously

disposed, and colouring harmonious.
He painted some historical pictures
and altar-pieces, but excelled in per
spective views and sea-ports : died
1683. Ghissoni (Ottavio), bom at
Sienna, visited Rome, and studied
under Cherubino Alberti, and at Genoa
in 1 610, under Salimbene, and painted
some fresco works for the public edi
fices there, well coloured, but deficient
in composition and design.
Ghiti (Pompeo), bom near Bres
cia, 1631. Studied under Ottavio
Amigoni, and at Milan, under G. B.
Discepoli, and on his return to Brescia
executed several works, both in fresco
and in oil, correct in design, but tame
and spiritless in colouring.
Ghizzi (Andrea), born at Bologna,
1570. Studied under Massari and
Dentone, and excelled in painting
architectural and perspective views :
died 1618.
Giacinto (II Cavaliere), born at
Populi in Naples, was a disciple of
Massino, under whom he acquired the
reputation of being one of the best
painters of history of that period :
died 1684.
Gialdisi (N.), born at Parma;
painted vases, flowers, fruit, carpets,
books, musical instruments, and other
objects of still life, with admirable
fidelity of form and colour : died about
1730. Giampelli (Agostino), bom at
Florence about 1578, visited Rome,
and was much employed by Pope
Clement VIII. : died 1640.
Gianetti (Filippo), born at Mes
sina, in Sicily. Studied under Casem-
brot, and painted landscape in so bold
a style as to acquire the appellation of
the Luca Giordano of landscape : flou
rished about 1685.
Giaquinto (Corrado), bom at
Molfetta. Studied first under Fran
cesco Solimene, and afterwards under
Sebastian Conca, whose style he fol
lowed. His best works are in fresco,

GIA

and chiefly at Rome: flourished about
1750. GiarOla or Gerola — See Coppa.
Gibertoni (Paolo), born at Mo
dena, flourished about 1 760 ; painted
grotesque subjects in fresco, into which
he introduced little animals of every
description, touched with great spirit ;
he also painted landscapes of consider
able merit.
Gibertoni (Joseph), born in Lucca,
studied painting with good success
under Anthony Franchi ; he coloured
in good taste, but he had a higher
genius for landscape painting, and
similar works beautifully enriched.
He died in the year 1769, at the age
of 75, in the hospital of Pisa.
Gibson (Richard), called the
Dwarf, born in Cumberland, 1620.
Studied under De Cleyn, and im
proved his talent by copying many of
Lely's portraits ; he was page to King
Charles I. whose portrait he painted;
also that of Oliver Cromwell, several
times : died 1709.
Gibson (William), nephew of Ri
chard, born 1644, was eminent as a
miniature painter, but his chief excel
lence lay in his copies of Lely's por
traits ; he drew the portraits of seve
ral persons of rank : died 1702.
Gibson (Edward), relation of Wil
liam, painted portraits in oil and in
crayons, but died young.
Gil (Philip), bora in Valladolid ;
studied painting in the school of John
Vander-Hamen, in Flanders, and re
turned to his own country rich in
knowledge of his art ; he painted well
in fresco and in oil, and his portraits
were not only good likenesses, but
well painted and perfectly good in de
sign. He died in the year 1674,
aged 60 : his designs, which he left
his heirs, sold for a good sum.
Gilardi (Pietro), born at Milan,
1679, was instructed in the art by
Federigo Bianchi, then studied under
M. A. Franceschini, and afterwards
Giovanni Gioseffo del Sole; painted

173 GIL
history with great reputation, and
excelled in large fresco works, such as
cupolas, vaults, and other extensive
operations, which are not less esteemed
for the ingenuity of the composition
than for the tenderness and harmony
of colours.
Gilarte (Matteo), born at Valen
cia, 1647, was a scholar of F. Ribalta,
and an eminent painter of history,
both in oil and in fresco ; his princi
pal works are Esther and Ahasuerus ;
Jacob wrestling with the Angel ; St.
Dominic; and the Miracle of theLoaves
and Fishes : died 1700. His works
are chiefly in the churches at Valencia.
Giles of Antwerp — See Coignet.
Giles or Gyles (Henry), an Eng
lish painter on glass, of whom little is
known except that he practised at
York from 1 640 to 1 700, and painted
the east window of University Col
lege, Oxford.
Gilioli (Giacinto), born at Bo
logna, 1584, entered the school of the
Caracci, and painted history with
some reputation. His principal works
are David, with the Head of Goliah,
and the Death of St. Joseph : died
1655. Gillardini (Melchiore), born at
Milan, was a pupil of G. P. Crespi,
called II Corado, whose imperfect
works he finished after the decease of
Crespi ; also painted several grand
pictures for the churches, the princi
pal one of which is a St. Catherine :
died 1675.
Gillemans (N.), born in Antwerp,
1672 ; painted flowers and fruit, and
excelled in grapes; he usually painted
his objects under the natural size, and
highly finished, but without much
effect. Gillingero, a painter of Berlin,
in the service of the Elector of Bran-
denburgh ; painted on canvas and in
fresco after the manner of Sir Anthony
Vandyck, but his pen was superior to
his pencil, having, by a great diversity
of character, obtained great fame by

GIL

174

GIO

it in the opinion of the best judges.
Sandrart, p. 384.
Gillis (James), born at Utrecht in
1636; painted landscapes very well,
and excelled in river fish. He died
in Holland in 1688.
Gillot (Claude), born at Langres,
France ; studied under J. B. Corneille.
His usual subjects were fauns, satyrs,
and grotesque pieces, neatly handled
and well coloured, but he is better
known as an engraver : died 1722.
Gilpin (Sawrey), bora at Carlisle,
1733. Amongst his historical com
positions, his Triumph of Camillus ;
Election of Darius ; and the Story
of Phaeton, are no mean specimens
of talent ; but his genius led him to
designing of animals, in which he ex
celled, and his horses are the most
correct and spirited in drawing that
ever the art produced ; his principal
picture, a Group of Tigers, is in the
possession of Samuel Whitbread, Esq. :
died 1807.
Ginassi (Caterina), born at Rome,
1590. This lady studied painting
under Giovanni Lanfranco, after whose
designs she painted the whole of the
pictures in the church of the convent
of St. Lucia at Rome : died in 1660.
Gioggi (Bartholomew), a Floren
tine painter in the time of Buffalmacco.
He was not only excellent in painting,
but was also very facetious, and
abounded in repartee, as referred to by
Franco Sacchetti in his 1 70th novel.
Giolfini (Paul), a Veronese
painter, flourished in the 14th cen
tury ; someof hisfrescoes arepreserved
which shew a good manner and agree
able colouring, they were done at a
time when painting only commenced
its advances in beauty and good taste,
and therefore deserve to be highly
prized. Gioli (Hyacinth), painted in the
church of St. Mathias, in Bologna,
the Death of St. Joseph.
Gionima (Simon), born in Padua,
in 1656, son of Francis, a Dalmatian

painter, was taken to Bologna and
taught painting by Cesare Gennari,
and afterwards lived in Vienna, where
he was never in want of employment.
Gionima (Antonio), bom 1697 at
Padua; studied first under his father
Simone Gionima, and afterwards un
der Aureliano Milani ; painted several
altar pictures for the churches in and
about Bologna with considerable repu
tation : died 1732.
Giordani (Luca), called Luca fa
Presto, bom at Naples, 1 632 ; died
1704 ; studied first under Ribera,
called Spagnoletto, afterwards visited
Rome and assisted Pietro da Cortona
in some of his works ; next visited
Venice and studied the works of Titian
and Paolo Veronese ; he made designs
from the works of Raffaelle, Giulio
Romano, Michael Angelo, and others,
and copied Bassan and Titian so
closely, that many of his works are
taken for originals ; many of his pic
tures are also imitations of Tintoretto
and Guido, and he appears by his fre
quently copying those masters to have
formed a style that partook of the
manner of each and all of them. At
Milan are several heads by him in the
various styles of the different Italian
masters, particularly one of St. Gre
gory in the style of Guido ; but his
principal work is an altar-piece at
Naples representingthe Fall of Lucifer,
which is grandly composed and bril
liantly coloured ; his Martyrdom of a
Saint ; Perseus and Demetrius ; and
Seneca in the Bath, are also fine
specimens of his extraordinary talent ;
he is said to have painted almost as
many pictures as Tintoretto.
Giorgetti (Giacomo), born in
1610 at Assisi; was the disciple of
Lanfranco, under whom he became a
reputable painter of history, chiefly in
fresco, the principal of which are in
the churches of his native place : died
1670. Giorgione (Giorgio), called Bar-
barelli, born at Castel Franco, in the
Frioul, 1478 ; studied under Giovanni
Bellini, and carefully studied and de-

GIO

175

GIR

signed from the works of Leonardo da
Vinci ; in his carnations he sometimes
approached the purity of Correggio,
and by uniting the style of Titian and
Paolo Veronese he produced that ad
mirable blending of tints that forms
the charm of Venetian colouring ; he
also painted in the style of Guido and
Bassan ; he painted many grand com
positions in fresco, most of wliich have
perished ; but many of his oil pictures
are to be found in the churches at
Venice, Trevigi, and Milan, the chief
of which are Christ bearing his Cross ;
St. Mark allaying the Tempest ; and
Moses taken from the Nile. He fre
quently painted portraits at half-
length, amongst which, those of the
Doges Loredano and Barbarigo are
excellent, and in the Palazzo Sagredo
at Venice, there is one pamted in a
grand style ; he sometimes indulged
in sanguine tints, but in general sim
plicity characterises his colouring :
died 1511.
Giotti, sometimes called Ambro-
giotti, and sometimes Giotto di Bon-
dini, was bom near Florence in 1276,
and was instructed by Cimabue, whom
he soon surpassed, and quickly divested
himself of the stiffness and formality
of the Greek painters ; he was correct
ia design, and blended his tints with a
peculiar softness, and the airs of his
heads are finely expressed ; he was
the first artist who gave to his portraits
an air of truth and resemblance ; he
painted the portraits of Clement IV.
and of Dante ; at Padua are several
pictures in fresco, of which the Cruci
fixion, and Casting of Lots for Christ's
Vesture are the best, but the naked
figures are very inferior to the others.
Giottini (Tomaso) — See Ste
fano. Giovanni (George de St.), bom in
Haerlem ; studied painting under
Albert Vaunater, and was much su
perior to his master. Albert Durer
went purposely to visit him, declar
ing he was born a painter : few of
his works are now to be met with,

having died at the age of 28 ; he lived
about 1510. Baldinucci,]). 154.
Giovanni (John de St.), (a place
in the States of Florence), went to
Rome and painted after the manner
of Cherubini Alberti and of Sandrini,
and found full employment, more
particularly in fresco : he died at an
early age in his own country. Bag-
lioni, p. 314, and VEloge 12. torn. 9.
p. 49.
Giovanni (da San Giovanni) — See
Mannozzi. Giovannini (Giacomo Maria), born
at Bologna, 1651 ; studied under An
tonio Roli, and painted some pictures
for the churches there, the most es
teemed of which is the Magdalen
worshipping the Cross.
Giovannini (Carlo), born, at Bo
logna : flourished about 1710, and
painted history for the churches there,
amongst which those most esteemed
are, St. Anne teaching the Young
Virgin to Read ; Christ giving the
Keys to Peter ; Adam and Eve driven
out of Paradise.
Giovannino (del Pio)— See Bo-
nati. Giovinone (Girolamo), born at
Vercelli about 1520 ; painted an altar-
piece for the convent of St. Augustine
in Milan, representing the Resurrec
tion, composed in a grand style.
Girandole — See Buontalenti.
Girodet-Troison (Aime Louis),
born atMontargis, France, 1767, was
a pupil of David. At thirteen years
of age he painted the portrait of his
father, and at twenty-two gained the
highest historical prize ; visited Rome,
andwhilst there produced two excellent
pictures of Endymion Sleeping, and
Hippocrates refusing the Presents of
Artaxerxes ; on his return to France
he rose to the greatest eminence in his
profession, his scene of the Deluge
obtained the premium for the best
picture on historical painting : died
1824. Gtron (Monsieur), a French painter
of landscapes, replete with forests,

GIR

176

GLA

hills, lakes, seas, waterfalls, plains,
and trees, well distinguished in their
sorts; he was much admired in Venice,
where he lived and painted. Bos
chini' s Poems, p. 545.
Girtin (Thomas), born in London,
1 773, was first a pupil of Mr. Fisher,
and afterwards of Mr. Dayes, but
made nature his model, and was one
of the most admired painters in water
colours of his time ; his pictures usually
represent the rich scenery of the
Midland Counties ; he also painted two
pictures in oil, one was a view in
Wales, and the other a Panoramic
View of London ; his last and best
drawings were Views of Paris : died
1802. Gisbrant (John), a native of Eng
land, lived a long time in Lisbon,
where in the church of St. Magdalen,
he painted the picture for the high
altar, well designed and painted. He
lived in Lisbon in 1680.
Gismondi (Paolo), called Paolo
Perugino, was bom at Perugia, and
studied under Pietro da Cortona ;
painted history with some reputation
in oil and in fresco ; some of his best
works are in the churches at Rome :
flourished about 1668.
Gisolfi (Giovanni) — See Ghi-
SOLFI. Giugni — See Zugni.
Giuntalocchio (Dominic), of
Prato, was a scholar of Nicholas
Soggi, with whom he was a favourite,
and was taught by him architecture,
painting, and portraiture. When at
Rome the Portuguese Ambassador
recommended him to Don Ferrante
Gonzaga, Viceroy of Sicily, for whom
he worked in fortifications, machinery,
and paintings ; after the death of
Gonzaga he returned to Italy, and
settled ten thousand scudi of the
riches he had gained to found a school
for young students in painting : he
shortly after died at an advanced age.
He flourished about 1560. Vasari,
par. 3. lib. 1. p. 202.
Giusti (Antonio), bom at Florence,

1624, studied first under Cesare Dan
dini, and afterwards under Mario Ba-
lassi, painted landscapes, animals, and
history with equal success, the figures
correctly designed and admirably co
loured : died 1705.
Glauber (John), born at Utrecht,
1646, became the disciple of Nicholas
Berghem, and spent some years in
studying and copying the works of
the best painters in Italy, particularly
Gaspar Poussin ; also one year at Paris
with Picart, a flower painter, and two
years at Lyons with Andrew Vander
Cabel. His taste and manner is en
tirely Italian, his scenes usually from
the charming views in the environs of
Rome or near the Alps, the colour
warm, invention fertile, and pictures,
though exquisitely finished, not la
boured, yet every species of trees and
plants may be distinguished by the
accuracy of their leafing ; many of
his pictures are in the style of Gaspar
Poussin ; Glauber usually painted the
landscapes and Lairesse the figures :
died 1726.
Glauber (John Gottlieb,) brother
of John, born at Utrecht, 1656 ;
studied under his brother, and also
at Paris under Jacob Knuyf, an
architectural and landscape painter
of considerable reputation ; afterwards
visited Rome and Venice, designing
from nature and copying the best
pictures of the most eminent mas
ters ; his landscapes are generally
taken from nature, and the scenery is
pleasing and well chosen ; his cabinet
pictures, though possessing great free
dom, are delicately penciled, and are
frequently mistaken for the works of
his brother ; he frequently painted
sea-ports in the manner of Knuyf, like
wise pictures of architecture adorned
with figures, well disposed, correctly
designed, and in colouring brilliant
and natural, and the Italians gave him
the name of Myrtillo, on account of
the pastoral subjects in which he de
lighted : died 1703 : he also painted
large pictures, one of which, in the
palace of the Prince of Orange at

GLA

177

GOE

Loesdyyk, is embellished with figures
by Lairesse.
Glauber (Diana), sister of John
and Gottlieb, born at Utrecht, 1650;
studied under her brother John, and
became eminent as a portrait painter ;
she also designed historical subjects :
died 1720.
Glume (J. G.), said to have been
a native of Germany, and a painter,
who flourished about 1760, but no
account is given of his style.
Gnocchi (Pietro), flourished at
Milan about 1 600 ; was a scholar of
Aurelio Luini, whom he greatly ex
celled in correctness of design and
elegance of expression. One of his
best pictures is an altar-piece at Milan
representing Christ giving the Keys
to St. Peter.
Gobbio (Roderic), an illuminator
of the school of John Cimabue ; was
a friend of Giotto and of Dante, who
has repeatedly celebrated him in his
poems ; he painted the books in the
Pontifical Choir, and died in 1330.
Baldinucci, sec. 1. p. 55.
Gobbo (Pietro Paolo) — SeeBoNzi.
Gobbo (Andrea), or Andrea Solari,
commonly called Del Gobbo, born at
Milan, about 1470 ; was the contem
porary of Correggio, and celebrated
for the neatness of his pencil, and his
agreeable colouring ; he also finished
very highly. One of his best pictures,
the Assumption, is at Pavia: died
1527. Gobbo (Del) — SeeSoLORi.
Goddyn (Peter), bom at Bruges in
1752 ; gained, at the age of twenty,
the first prize in the first class for
design ; he then went to Italy, and in
1782, obtained at a meeting of paint
ers, which took place at Parma, a
medal of the value of fifty ducats ; he
chose for his subject an episode in the
Trojan war, the moment where Sinon
counsels the Trojans to bring the
wooden horse within the walls of their
city. In 1784, he returned to his
native city, where he had a brilliant
reception ; out of gratitude for which,

he painted two allegorical pictures of
Geometry, and of the Mathematics,
and offered them to the city.
Godewyck (Margareta), born at
Dort, 1627; was the pupil of Maas,
and painted landscapes in a pleasing
style, diversified with rivers, groves,
cascades, &c. ; also flower pictures,
and possessed the talent of executing
similar subjects in needlework with
considerable reputation : died 1677.
Godyn (Dionysius), born at the
Hague, was a pupil of John de Baan ;
he painted historical subjects at Rome.
Goebouw (Anthony), born at
Antwerp, 1625; visited Rome, and
on his return to Antwerp, painted
some historical pictures with consider
able reputation, but excelled in rustic
sports and festivals, which he painted
in the style of Teniers and Ostade :
his works are scarce and highly
prized. Goedaert (John), a Dutchman,
born at Middelburgh, 1618; excelled
in flowers, fruit, birds, and insects,
which he designed from nature, and
with astonishing fidelity : died 1668.
Goeimare (John), was a Flemish
historical and landscape painter ; his
landscapes, ornamented with animals,
are highly finished, but touched per
haps a little too elaborately : he lived
about the commencement of the 1 7 th
century. Goes (Hugo Vander), born at
Bruges, about 1405 ; studied under Van
Eyck, painted history with considerable
reputation: the heads of his females are
particularly graceful, and his penciling
inexpressibly neat, particularly in his
picture of David and Abigail ; there
is also a Holy Family by him, in
which the head of the Virgin is pecu
liarly fine ; also a Descent from the
Cross ; a Resurrection, and a Trans
figuration, which are highly com
mended ; the foregrounds of his
pictures are usually embellished with
plants and pebbles in a curious man
ner : died about 1480.

GOE

178

Goesteline (William), a native of J
Brussels, lived at Grammont in 1463 ; '
where he exhibited in the church of
St. Nicholas at Ghent, an altar-piece,
which was purchased by a person
named Ganshoore, for 14 hvres de
gros. Goetz (Gottfried Bernard), born iu
Moravia, 1708; studied first under
Eckstein, and afterwards under J. G.
Bergmuller, but we have no account
of his works as a painter.
Goltz or Goltzius (Henry), born
at Juliers in 1558 ; was instructed in
design by his father, a painter on
glass, and afterwards by Jacques
Leonhard ; visited Rome, studying
and designing from the finest antiques,
and also from living subjects ; be
came a perfect master of the anatomy
of the human figure, and excelled in
the nude ; he painted numerous pic
tures, one of which, representing
Danae, Mercury, and an old Woman,
are highly spoken of : his colouring
is clear, but cold ; and he possessed
the art of giving a peculiar glazing
and transparence to his pictures,
which heightens the effect ; but he is
more known as an engraver : died 1617.
Goltz or Goltzius (Hubert),
bom at Vanloo, 1520 ; was the son
of an obscure painter, who placed him
under Lambert Lombard, who put
him to copy some designs which he
had made from celebrated remains of
antiquity ; but it does not appear that
he made much progress, and his
works are little known: died 1583.
Gomez (Vincente Salvador), born at
Valencia, about 1645; was a scholar
of Espinosa ; painted history in fresco,
and was equally successful in land
scape, animals, and architectural
views. Gomez (Ferdinand), a Portuguese
painter ; worked in good taste for the
churches in Lisbon, and different
parts of the kingdom. He lived
about 1580.
Gomez (John), a Spaniard; paint
ed from the designs of Peregrine Ti-

GON
baldi in the church of St. Lawrence
in the Escurial ; and likewise painted
the Triumph of St. Orfola in com
pany with the Virgin. Mazzolari,
p. 156.
Gomez (Sebastiano), was a servant
of Murillo, whose works he studied
attentively, and after the death of his
master, painted some pictures for the
churches at Seville, two of which, the
Virgin and Child ; and the Flagella
tion of Christ, are highly commended.
Gondolach (Matthew), of Cassell,
entered the famous Academy of Paint
ing at Prague, and by his lively and
inventive genius gained the highest
praises from the Virtuosi of that
School ; he entered into the service of
the Emperor, and enjoyed many ad
vantages and favours in the Imperial
Court, where he died in 1 65 1. Sand
rart, p. 31 7-
Gonzalez (Andrew), a painter of
Lisbon; studied under D. Giullio,
(a Genoese painter, long settled in
Lisbon, where he died), and upon
being left free, practised not only for
the Court, but for the churches
also, where he worked in so free
and correct a style, that if he had
studied in Italy, he would have been
superior to all the painters of his na
tion ; he possessed wonderful skill in
painting figures and animals from
nature. The Duke of Cadaval has
a large picture by him containing
figures and animals, drawn from na
ture in the most masterly and spirited
manner. Gonzalez — See Couues.
Gonzalez (Bartolomeo) born at
Valladolid, 1654 ; was a scholar of
Philip Caxes, and painted history
and portraits, in the latter of which
he excelled, and was employed by
Philip III. to paint the portraits of
the different branches of the House
of Austria: died 1627.
Gonzalez De Vega (Diego), born
at Madrid, 1622; studied under F.
Ricci, whose manner he followed ; and
painted several pictures for private

GON

179

GOY

collections ; he designed well, and
coloured admirably : died 1697.
Gonzalez (Pedro Ruiz), born at
Madrid, 1633; studied under An
tonio Escalante, whose manner he
quitted for the bolder style of D. Juan
Carrenho, and in colouring approach
ed near unto Titian and P. Veronese ;
his principal works are a Nativity ;
the Death of St. Joseph ; Christ
before Pilate ; and the Entombing of
Christ: died 1709.
Gonzalez (Juan Giacchinetti),
called II Borgognone dalle Teste,
born at Madrid, 1630; studied to
imitate Titian, and excelled in portrait
painting, in which he was much em
ployed ; his works are chiefly at
Brescia, and at Bergamo : died 1696.
Gool (John Van), born about
1750; resided at Amsterdam, and
painted landscapes with cattle, in
which he attempted the style of Paul
Potter, but is a very humble imitator ;
in drawing not very correct, although
his penciling is neat and clean, but
greatly deficient in the admirable ex
pression of truth and nature, which
distinguish that great master.
Gortzius (Gualdorp), born at
Louvaine, 1553: studied first under
Francis Franck, and afterwards under
Pourbus, and painted history and
portraits with some reputation : died
1611. Gosswin (Gerard), born at Liege
in the 1 7th century ; was a famous
painter of flowers and fruit ; his paint
ings were very recherches at Rome
and at Paris. Louis XIII. named
him Professor of Design to the Dau
phin, afterwards Louis XIV., but he
preferred returning to his native city,
where he formed a friendship with
Bertholet, Flemalle, and Gerard Douf-
flest, with whom he painted in con
junction. He died at a very advanced
age. Gotti (Baccio), a Florentine,
scholar of Rodolpho Ghirlandaio ;
went into France, and served Francis

I. He flourished about 1530. Va
sari, p. 3. lib. 1. p. 10.
Gotti (Vincenzio), born at Bologna ;
studied under Denys Calvart, together
with Guido, whom he accompanied to
Rome, aud afterwards visited Naples,
and painted upwards of 200 pictures
for the churches in that city : died
1636. Goubeau (Francis), a painter of
Antwerp, and a disciple of William
Baur ; distinguished himself by re
presenting his subjects a little more
elevated, and with a better relief than
his master, and it is said with better
taste than Bamboccio, or than Miel.
He was master of Nicholas Delaguil-
liere. Gouda (Cornelius Van), born at
Gouda, in Holland, 1510; studied
under Martin Hemskerck, whose man
ner and stvle he imitated very closely :
died 1550.
Goudt or Gaud (Henry Count
Van), born at Utrecht, 1585; visited
Rome, and studied in the Academy of
St. Luke, designing after the living
model, as well as the antique.
Goupy (Joseph), born at Nevers,
in France ; came to England, was
patronized by Frederick Prince of
Wales, and pamted landscapes much
in the style of Salvator Rosa : died
1763. Goyen (John Van), born at Ley
den, 1596 ; studied successively
under Schilperoot, John Nicolai, and
Esaias Vandervelde, and painted land
scape, cattle, &c. ; views in Holland,
on the banks of rivers, with boats
full of figures, neatly drawn, and
generally with a town or village in the
distance ; also peasants ferrying over
cattle, or going to market ; and
fishermen drawing their nets. His
pictures frequently have a grayish cast,
the colours having flown, and some
are occasionally a little too yellow ;
but his best works are remarkably
transparent, and the different objects
on the banks are beautifully reflected
in the water; thev are verv scarce
N 2

GOZ 180
and highly valued. He occasionally
painted marine views, and the sea
ports of the Low Countries: died 1656.
Gozzoli — See Gazzoli.
Graaf (John), born at Vienna,
1 680 ; studied under Van Alen, and
painted markets and fairs, &c. in the
style of Bamboccio, in which he
introduced numerous figures, with
horses and other animals ; had also
a good taste for landscape : died
1734. Graat (Barent or Bernard), born
at Amsterdam, 1628; studied under
his uncle, an animal painter, known
as Master John ; and afterwards de
signed from nature, spending his time
in the fields to watch the varied
changes of the atmosphere at different
hours of the day, and imitating the
manner of Peter de Laer, in his ani
mals, trees, and rural scenery ; after
wards studied history, designing from
the works of the ancient masters, and
also from living models, and painted
portraits with considerable success.
One of his best pictures of historical
composition is David and Bathsheba :
died 1709.
Graaw — See Grauco.
Grace (Mrs.). This lady was
eminent as a portrait painter, by
which she realized a large fortune ;
she was also an occasional exhibitor of
historical pictures at the Royal Aca
demy ; and in 1767, produced her
best work of that description, the
subject being Antigonus, Seleucus and
Stratonice : died about 1786.
Gracht (James Vander), was a
painter, and author of a work of
anatomy for the use of painters,
sculptors, and engravers, which was
published at the Hague in 1634.
Gracht (Gommarus Vander), born
at Malines in 1690, was a pupil
of Raphael Van Coxis ; he painted
easel pictures, and usuallv chose scenes
of private life for his subjects.
Graham (John), born in England,
but who passed the. greatest part of

GRA

his life in Holland ; had for his masters
Matthew Terwesten and Arnold Hou
braken ; he went to Paris, London,
and Italy, to complete his studies, and
returned to the Hague, where he
painted historical subjects.
Grammatica (Antiveduto), born
near Rome, 1571 ; was a disciple of
Domenico Perugino, under whose
tuition he became a reputable painter
of history : several fine pictures by
him are in the churches at Rome.
He was expelled from the Academy of
St. Luke, for endeavouring to sell an
original picture by Raffaelle, belong
ing to that institution, and substitut
ing a copy of his own in place thereof :
died 1606.
Granacci (Francesco), born in
Florence, 1477 ; studied under Do
menico Ghirlandaio, at the time M.
A. Buonarotti was also a pupil, and
greatly improved his style by copying
Buonarotti's cartoons. His principal
works are a Virgin and Child in the
clouds ; and an Assumption, both of
which are in the style of Michael
Angelo : died 1544.
Grandi (Ercole), called Ercole di
Ferrara ; was a pupil of Lorenzo
Costa, whom he soon surpassed. His
principal works are a St. Sebastian ;
St. Peter ; and St. John the Evan
gelist, in the manner of Perugino, but
his fresco works are all destroyed :
died 1531.
Grandjean (John), a painter of
history, landscapes, and family pieces,
was born at Amsterdam in 1 752 ; re
ceived the first lessons in painting from
James Verstegen, and was admitted a
pupil of Juriaan Andries sen in 1772:
on leaving the school of his master,
he painted two pictures which ob
tained great success. In 1779, he
went to Italy, and made a vast number
of designs, and two paintings repre
senting the cascades of Tivoli, which
he sent to Holland, where his pro
ductions were n great request. Death
surprised this indefatigable artist in
the middle of his work ; he died at

GRA 181
Rome in 1781, hot having attained
his thirtieth year. He was buried by
torchlight : twelve of his most inti
mate friends — Dutch, English, and
German, accompanied the body,
which was deposited near the pyramid
of Caius Sextus, in the cemetery of the
Protestants : his companions erected
a monument to him. Although whilst
staying at Rome he had sent sixty of
his designs to Holland, there were
still left sufficient to form a collec
tion, which his friends sent to Hol
land, and there sold for a very con
siderable sum. His most remarkable
picture, before he went to Italy, was
the History of Telemachus ; he was
then only 25.
Grano (George del), of Mantua,
was a scholar of Correggio ; and
painted in the church of St. Michael,
in Parma, the great altar-piece ; and
likewise the altar-piece in the church
of St. Peter, where also are the Holy
Virgin, and St. John Baptist, and
St. Christopher ; and in the Ducal
Gallery there is a painting by him
which is said to have been designed
and retouched by Correggio. He was
a painter of a good class, though
none have spoken of him.
Grasdorp (William), born at
Haerlem in 1579, was a pupil of Sa
very : Van Mander tells us that this
painter excelled both in large and in
small, and made some fine copies after
his master, and also after Breughel :
he died in 1636.
Grassi (Giovanni Battista), born at
Udina ; supposed to have studiedin the
schools of Pordenone and Titian, but
more resembles the latter in his style ;
his principal works are, the Assumption
of Elijah ; the Vision of Ezekiel ; and
the Annunciation, in the cathedral at
Cremona: he flourished about 1570.
Grati (Giovanni Battista), born at
Bologna, 1681 ; studied under Gui
seppe dal Sole, and painted history
for the churches in Bologna, the prin
cipal of which are, the Virgin and
Child, with St. Francis, and others,
surrounded by a Choir of Angels ; and

GRE
St. Anne teaching the Virgin to read;
correctly designed, chastely composed,
and well coloured : died 1758.
Grauw (Henry), born at Hoom,
in Holland, 1627 ; the scholar of
Peter Grebber, and afterwards of Ja
cob Van Kampen the younger ; sub
sequently visited Rome, and improved
his taste by designing from the an
tiques, and copied the works of the
great masters ; and on his return to
Holland, painted some* fine pictures
for the Bronkhorst family, amongst
which were the Triumph of Julius
Csesar, and the Education of Bacchus ;
he particularly excelled in naked
figures : died 1682,
Grazia (Leonardo) — See Pis
toja. Graziani (Ercole), born at Bo
logna, 1688; studied under Donato
Creti, but more resembles Frances
chini in his design and colouring ; he
painted a prodigious number of pic
tures for the churches and public
edifices in Bologna and at Piacenza,
the principal of which are, St. Peter
consecrating St. Apollinarius ; the
Baptism of Christ ; the Marriage of
St. Catherine ; an Annunciation ; and
an Ascension: died 1765.
Grazzini (Giovanni Paolo), bom
at Ferrara about 1570 ; studied paint
ing late in life, and executed some
historical works for the churches,
which possess considerable merit ;
also painted several easel pictures
which were much esteemed : died
1632. Grebber (Peter), born at Haer
lem, 1590; studied the first princi
ple sof the art under his father, Peter
Grebber, and was afterwards a pupil
of Henry Goltzius, and painted histo
rical subjects and portraits in a grand
style. Grebber (Maria), sister of Peter,
excelled in perspective and architec
tural painting.
Grecchi (Marc Antonio), born at
Sienna; flourished about 1634; painted
a picture of the Holy Family for one-

GRE

182

GRI

of the churches at Foligno, more re
sembling the Bolognese school than
that of the Sennese painters.
Grecco ( Gennaro), a scholar of the
Fra Pozzi ; gave proofs of his great
skill in painting in Naples ; he orna
mented his designs in oil and in fresco
with perspective and whimsical sub
jects, and was considered one of the
best in the profession. When work
ing in the church of Casal di Nola,
he fell from the scaffold, and was
killed. He had great skill in painting
fishes, plants, animals, and birds.
The Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
employed him in his service. Vasari,
torn. 2. p. 113. He lived about
1690. Greche or Greco (Domenico delle,
or Domenico Teoscopoli), called II
Greco, born in Spain, visited Italy, and
studied under Titian, whose style he
imitated, and nearly approached ; but
in attempting originality, he became
impoverished both in colouring and
in drawing ; his picture of the Parting
of the Raiment of Christ is perfectly
Titianesque; but the Twelve Apostles
are in an inferior style : died 1627.
Grechetto — See Castiglione.
Gree (Peter), born at Antwerp in
1 743 ; was a pupil of M. J. Gee-
raerts, who cultivated his taste for
bas-reliefs; he obtained such success in
that line that he was required in Eng
land, where his talents were rendered
useful ; he afterwards visited Dublin,
and was appointed painter to the Lord-
Lieutenant of Ireland. He died in
Dublin in 1789. In the Museum at
Brussels is a head of a Madonna by
him, painted with much talent, and
in a grayish tone of colouring.
Greenbury, is mentioned in the
catalogue of King Charles' collection
as having copied two pictures of Al
bert Durer by direction of the Lord
Marshal. Walpole, vol. 2. p. 216.
Greenhill (John), born in Salis
bury, 1649; was one of the ablest
scholars of Sir Peter Lely, whose

style he imitated successfully in oil
and in crayons ; he also copied Van
dyck' s picture of Killigrew and his
Dog so closely that it was taken for
the original ; his portraits in crayon
were greatly admired: died 1676.
Greenwood (John), born at Bos
ton, New England ; came to England
in 1763, practised as a painter, and in
1764 exhibited a View of Boston,
and continued to exhibit for some
years, but we have no further account
of his works ; he was the father of
Mr. Greenwood the scene painter :
died 1792.
Gresse (John Alexander), bora in
London, 1741 ; went to Italy, and
studied some years under Cipriani,
and also received some instruction
under Zucarelli ; he was one of the
first students that entered the Duke
of Richmond's Gallery ; he after
wards entered the Academy in St.
Martin's Lane: died 1794.
Greuze (John Baptist), born at
Tournus, in France, 1 726 ; was one
of the most distinguished artists of
the modern French school ; he evinced
extraordinary talent in domestic,
moral, and affecting subjects, but his
heads possess great sameness, and his
draperies in general are in a bad taste ;
most of his pictures have been en
graved ; he has been called the La-
chaussee of painters: died 1805;
leaving two daughters who inherited
a considerable portion of their father's
talents. Griffier (John), called the Old,
bom at Amsterdam, 1645; studied
first under a flower painter, and after
wards under Roland Roghman,
through whom he became acquainted
with Rembrandt, Ruysdael, Adrian
Vandervelde, and Lingelback, all of
whom he imitated, also Poelemburg
and Teniers, and so closely that many
of his copies of those masters pass as
originals, particularly such as are in
imitation of Teniers ; his usual sub
jects were landscapes and views of the
Rhine, with boats, cattle, and numerous

GRI

183

GRI

figures ; and on visiting England soon
after the Fire of London, he pur
chased a small vessel, and sailed
about on the Thames between Wind
sor and Gravesend, painting his fa
vourite subjects — views on that river :
died 1718.
Griffier (Robert), called the
Young, son of John, was bom in
London, 1688 ; was instructed by his
father, and painted similar subjects,
Views on the Rhine, in which he in
troduced numerous figures delicately
handled, in the style of Herman
Sachtleven, and in no respect inferior
to those of his father : died 1713.
Griffier (John), son of Old Grif
fier, was a good copyist of Claude
Lorraine: died about 1770.
Grignon (Charles), born in Rus
sell Street, Covent Garden, 1754 ;
at fifteen years of age was a pupil of
Cipriani, and gained the silver palette
from the Society of Arts for the best
drawing of the human figure ; in 1 780
he gained the gold medal for the best
historical composition — the Choice of
Hercules : visited Rome, where he
executed a large composition of the
Death of Captain Cook ; he com
menced a picture of Prometheus
chained to the Rock, which bid
fair to become his best performance,
but it was never finished ; also a pic
ture of Homer reciting his Poems at
the Tomb of Achilles ; he also exe
cuted a number of drawings of pastoral
subjects, and afterwards devoted much
of his time to landscapes. At Pa
lermo, in 1798, Lord Nelson sat to
him for his portrait; in 1799 he
commenced an altar-piece of the As
sumption of Elijah, which he did not
live to finish : died 1804.
Grimaldi (Giovanni Francesco),
called II Bolognese, born at Bologna,
1606; studied under Annibale Ca
racci, and became a skilful and correct
designer of the figure, but excelled
in landscape, which he painted in the
grand style of his instructor ; he was
employed at Rome in the Vatican,

and also in the churches, and was pa-*
tronized by Pope Alexander VII. and
Clement IX., also in Paris by Louis
XIII. ; his landscapes are grand,
scenery select, and pencil light and
flowing ; but his foliage, though fresh
and agreeable, is occasionally rather
too green, and he is unequal to Ca
racci in design and in his aerial tints :
died 1680.
Grimaldi (Alessandro), was a son
and scholar of Giovanni Francesco, in
whose style he painted landscape, but
very inferior to his father.
Grimaldi (Francesco), born in
Naples ; studied under Domenichino,
and painted architectural subjects,
ingeniously composed, well coloured,
and in good taste : died 1 609.
Grim ani (Hubert, or Hubert Ja-
cobsq) — See Jacobsci.
Grimm (Samud Henry), born in
Switzerland ; came to England about
1768, and painted landscapes, de
signed after nature, with great spirit
and effect, the figures judiciously dis
posed, and finished in the Flemish
style ; his pictures are mostly in
water colours, and one of his principal
perspectives is after an old picture in
Windsor Castle, of the Departure of
Henry VIII. for Boulogne : died
1794. Grimmer (Jacob), born 'at Ant
werp, 1510; studied first under
Matthew Kock, and afterwards under
Christian Queburg, and became an
excellent painter of landscapes, taking
nature for his guide ; his distances
were well kept, skies admirably co
loured, trees touched with great spirit,
and pencil neat and flowing : died
1546. Grimoux, bom in Paris, 1688;
copied the works of Vandyck and
Rembrandt, and painted history and
portraits, but in a very inferior man
ner, having had no instructor : died
1740. Grisoni (Guiseppe), born in Flo
rence, 1700 : was a seholar of Tom-

GRO

184

GUA

niaso Redi ; painted history and por
traits, but particularly excelled in the
latter ; his own portrait by himself is
in the Florentine Gallery : died 1769.
Grobber (Francesco), born at
Haerlem, 1579 ; studied under Ro
land Savery, and acquired some repu
tation as a painter of history and
portraits : died 1636.
Groenedael (Cornelius), born at
Lierre, in 1 785 ; went at the age of
seventeen to Antwerp to study at the
academy there. After gaining several
prizes, he went to Paris, where he
made rapid progress ; several persons
of distinction, among others the
Count Fresnell, and the Countess de
Thalouet, employed him to paint
their portraits ; that of the King of
Rome also was confided to him. When
the political events of 1814 obhged
Groenedael to return to Belgium, he
fixed himself at Antwerp, where he
died in 1834. He painted the Edu
cation of the Virgin for the church at
Lierre, and had the unhappiness of
seeing it mutilated by an ignorant
bigot, who thought he saw some
indecency in the adjustment of the
figures. Groenewegen (Gerard), bom at
Rotterdam in 1754 ; designed and
painted ships and views on the water •
he died in the above-named city in
1826. Grone (John Baptist), a Venetian ;
after painting both public and private
works in his own country with repu
tation, went into Saxony in the service
of King Augustus III., and worked
in oil and in fresco, in spirited de
signs ; he worked also for the theatre,
especially a remarkable prison scene
for the opera of Antigone.
Groot (John de), born at Flessin-
gen in 1650 ; had for his first master
Adrian Verdeel, in 1666; he was
afterwards a pupil of Adrian Van Os
tade ; and next, of Francis Jong, of
Haerlem, but of no great repute.
Gropallo (Pietro Maria), bom in
Genoa, 1610; studied under Gio

vanni Battista Paggi, and painted
historical subjects with considerable
reputation: died 1672.
Gros (Vander), of Rotterdam, is
mentioned by Van Spaan as a painter
of landscapes.
Gbos (Jean le), born in Paris,
1671, died 1745 ; practised as a
portrait painter with considerable re
putation. Groth (  ), a German painter in
water colours and enamel, but of no
great reputation : he lived in the reign
of George II.
Grypmoed (Geerlig), born at
Zwolle in 1760 ; learned design when
only ten years of age of A. D . Prud'-
homme. He afterwards went to Am
sterdam, where he worked under the
care of H. Meyer and of De Troot
Van Groenendael, who employed him
in painting on canvass, of large di
mensions, to ornament apartments ;
those works enabled him to make
great progress in painting ; he fre
quented at the same time the academy
of that city, and gained the second
prize in 1786 ; he painted also some
landscapes, and died in 1 788, having
created great expectations from him.
Gualdorp or Geldorp (Gortzius),
born in Flanders, 1553; studied un
der Francis Franck, and at his decease
under Pourbus, and became one of
the most reputable artists of his time,
particularly in portraits. He also
painted several historical subjects, the
principal of which is the Four Evan
gelists ; and at Cologne a Danae", and
two heads, one of Christ, and the
other of the Virgin, which are little
inferior to the works of Guido : died
1618. Gualtiere (John Baptist), son
and nephew of two Flemings, brothers,
of that name ; was, like his father, a
painter of glass, such as is used in
church windows ; he had a secret
for painting small pieces with a num
ber of figures. In Lisbon, in the
curious collection of Josse de Fesia, a
jeweller, is a Paradise by this artist

GUA
with more than two hundred small
figures, painted with the neatness of
miniatures. Guarana (Giacomo), born at Ve
nice, 1716; studied first under Se-
bastiano Ricci, and afterwards under
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo ; pamted
history, and many of his works are in
the churches and palaces at Venice.
Guardi (Francesco), born at Ve
nice, 1712; studied under Canaletti,
and painted similar subjects, which,
though inferior in perspective and
the chiaro-oscuro, yet bear so near a
resemblance as sometimes to be mis
taken for the works of that master.
Guarinetto, of Padua (By Vasari
called Guariero, and by others Gua-
rente, as in Baldinucci, sec. 2. p. 77) ;
was one of those early painters that
led the way to the Grecian manner,
and introduced those attitudes, dra
peries, and regular compositions since
used. In the year 1365 he painted,
by the order of the Senate, in the
Grand Council Chamber of Venice,
the Paradise that in 1508 was repaired
by Tintoretto ; but few of this
painter's works are now to be seen,
because they were either covered by
more modern works, or consumed by
time. Ridolfi, par. 1. p. 17 ; Vasari,
t. 1. p. 424.
Guchte (James Vander), an illu
minator ; was received into the Cor
poration of Painters in Ghent in
1463. Guerards or Gerards (Mark),
bora at Bruges, in Flanders, 1560 ; a
painter of history, landscape, and
portraits; came to England in 1580,
and was appointed painter to Queen
Elizabeth. His works are numerous,
particularly his portraits, which are
neatly finished, and enriched with
pearls and jewels ; his carnations
delicately coloured, and with a pre
valent blueish tint ; he painted the
Queen's Procession to Hunsdon
House in a good style ; also the
portrait of the Duke of Buckingham
on Horseback, dressed in scarlet and

185 GUE
gold, the head well painted, and the
horse very spirited : died 1635.
Guerbier (Sir Balthasar) — See
Gerber. Guercino or Giovanni (Francesco
Barbieri), born at Cento, 1590 ; stu
died first under G. B. Cremonini,
and afterwards under Benedetto Gen
nari ; had three styles : his first was
like M. A. Caravaggio, full of deep
shades and stony lights, and the flesh
of a yellow tinge; the second, and
best, a composition of the Roman,
Flemish, and Venetian schools, grander
in design, sweeter in colouring, and
finer in the expression of the heads —
those of the females insidiously
charming, but the men very inferior ;
in the last he attempted Guido' s
graceful and elegant forms, and his
silvery tone of colouring, but in vain,
his men exhibiting little more than
youthful vulgarity or emaciated age.
He is said to have painted 106 altar-
pieces, and! 144 large historical pu>
tures for the churches, besides his
great fresco works, and numerous
Madonnas, portraits, and landscapes
in private collections, amongst the
most celebrated of which are his St.
Philip Neri, at Rome ; the Resurrec
tion, at Cento ; and St. Helena, at
Venice : died 1666.
Guerri (Dionysius), a Veronese
painter, scholar and imitator of Do
menico Feti, designed and coloured
with so much freedom, that many
mistook his works for those of his
master. In the sacristy of Sta.
Euphemia of the Augustines are four
paintings by him in the most exqui
site taste : many of his works were
formerly in the possession of indi
viduals, but are now in the cabinets
of the curious and wealthy, and are
removed from Italy. He flourished
about 1630.
Guerriere (Giovanni Francesco),
born in the Roman States ; painted
in the manner of Caravaggio and
Guercino. His principal works are a
St. Carlo Borromeo, and a Sebastian

GUE

186

GUI

by Torchlight, which last has a grand
effect: flourished about 1670; his
instructor is unknown.
Guevara (Don Juan Ninno de),
born at Malaga, 1631 ; studied under
Manrique, who had been a scholar of
Rubens, and afterwards under Alonso
Cano, and adopted a style that was
a compound of both, uniting the
grandeur and correctness of design of
Cano with the splendid colouring of
the Flemish school. At Malaga are
three fine pictures by him, represent
ing the Elevation of the Cross ; the
Ascension ; and the Assumption ; and
at Cordova there are several portraits
in the manner of Vandyck : died
1698. Guido (the Elder), a very early
painter; flourished about 1178 — that
early dawn of the arts ; and there is
still a painting remaining by his hand
of the Virgin Mary and Saints ;
registered by Malvasia in par. 1. p. 8.
Guido Reni, born at Bologna,
1574 ; was the scholar of Denis
Calvart, but he afterwards entered
the school of the Caracci, and next
to Domenichino was considered their
principal scholar : he did not, how
ever, adopt their style, but by study
ing the peculiar excellencies of various
masters, formed one of his own ; at
one time imitating Passeroti, and at
another Caravaggio, but avoiding their
defects. As Caravaggio' s style was
then the universal theme of admi
ration, the Caracci, disgusted with
the praises lavished on productions
divested of dignity and grandeur, pro
posed, as a means of putting an end
to his popularity, a new style, and
one entirely in opposition to it. Guido
was present at the discourse, and it
was not long before he attempted to
put into practice the suggestions
that had been thrown out by them ;
but no sooner did he exhibit some
pictures, painted upon those princi
ples, than he encountered the most
violent animosity from his fellow pu
pils, and even from the Caracci them
selves ; they upbraided him with his

insolence in making the attempt, and
at length dismissed him from their
academy. Finding himself thus freed
from his obligations to that master,
he immediately offered himself as a
competitor. He afterwards visited
Rome, and found employment in
one of the churches there ; but such
was the infatuation then prevalent in
favour of the works of Caravaggio,
that he was obliged to stipulate that
he would paint in the style of that
master. He did so, and evinced his
superiority over bis model by a gran
deur and dignity to which Caravaggio
was totally a stranger. The flat
tering encouragement he met with
from this production, the Crucifixion
of St. Peter, occasioned him many
enemies ; the most furious of which
was Caravaggio, but the most dan
gerous was Annibale, and even Al
bano himself became an enemy of
Guido his friend, when he found
that in public opinion that friend was
his superior. On returning to Bo
logna, he painted his famous pictures
of the Murder of the Innocents, and
the Repentance of Peter, two of his
most esteemed works in that city. He
returned to Rome, and painted his
fresco of the Aurora; the Rape of
Helen ; the Magdalen ; and his ad
mired picture of the Assumption,
which is regarded as one of his hap
piest productions ; he afterwards
painted the Purification, and his fa
mous St. Michael, for the Cappucini
at Rome. Having an infatuation for
gambling, in order to raise funds, he
in the latter part of his life sent into
the world pictures, executed with such
neglect and haste, as to be totally un
worthy of the character he had
established. Guido Reni is regarded
as the most distinguished disciple of
the Caracci, except Domenichino.
An exquisite touch, singular facility
of execution, great suavity of colour,
a general accordance of the sweetest
harmony, are the distinguishing charac
teristics of Guido. If hisfigures of men
occasionlly want a strength, his women
enchant by the softness and delicacy of

GUI
their forms ; the airs of his heads are
peculiarly expressive, particularly
those that are looking upwards, which
he appears to have taken from the
Niobe of the antique. His Madonnas
and Magdalens are distinguished by
a noble simplicity, and the correct
folding of the drapery does not inter
fere with their graceful forms. He
possessed an extraordinary faculty of
being enabled to express great sadness
or terror without detriment to the
beauty of the countenance ; his heads
are accorded little inferior to Raffaelle,
either in correctness of design, or
propriety of expression. Amongst
his principal works may be mentioned
an altar-piece, representing Christ
delivering the Keys to St. Peter ;
the Virgin, the Infant Jesus, and St.
John ; another of the Penitence of
Peter ; and Christ crowned with
thorns, which last was in the pos
session of the late Mr. West. He
usually designed the eyes of his
figures large, the mouth small, the
nostrils close, and the toes rather too
much joined : he died in 1642.
Guidobono (Bartolomeo), born at
Savona, 1 654 ; studied under his
father, and having seen some pictures
by Castiglione, he copied them so ex
actly that it was difficult to distinguish
them ; he studied also at Venice and
Parma, and particularly excelled in
animals, fruit, and flowers, and was
¦no despicable designer of the human
figure ; one of his best pictures, repre
senting Lot and his Daughters, is in
the Palazzo Brignolo Sale : died 1 709.
Guidotti (Cavaliere Paolo), born
at Lucca, 1569 ; visited Rome and
studied from the antiques and the
works of the greatest masters ; he
painted in fresco, and his principal
works are a picture of St. Matthew,
and an Assumption of the Virgin:
died 1629.
Guinaccia (Deodato), born in
Sicily about 1515 ; studied under Po-
lidoro di Caravaggio, after whose death
he finished his picture of the Nativity ;
he also painted a picture of the Tri-

187

GYZ

nity, and another of the Transfigura
tion, both in the manner of Polidoro.
Guirro (Francesco), born at Barce
lona, 1630 ; painted history, and seve
ral of his works are in the churches
and convents of that city : died 1 700.
Guisoni (Fermo), born at Mantua;
studied under Giulio Romano, and was
one of his favourite disciples ; he
painted the Calling of St. Peter and
St. Andrew, from his master's design ;
also a fine picture of the Crucifixion :
died about 1590.
Gutieres (Fra Eugenius), a priest
of the order of Mercy in Madrid, was
an excellent painter and modeler ; his
works in wax, and his paintings in
oil, with small figures executed with
great judgment, made Vitelli and Co-
lonna, who were then in Spain, exalt
him as a miracle in the arts. In the
Escurial is a St. Girolamo painted by
him, worthy to be compared with the
works of the best artists that have
been employed there : he died in the
year 1700, aged 80. Palomino, p.
445. Guttenbrunn (L.), born at Dres
den; came to England about 1789,
and painted portraits and small his
torical subjects. He was an exhibitor
at the Royal Academy till 1792, and
is presumed to have studied in Italy.
Guyard (Adelaide Labille), bom
in Paris, 1749; painted portraits in
oil, crayons, and miniature with con
siderable success: died 1803.
Gyzen (Peter), born at Antwerp,
1636 ; studied under John Breughel,
called Velvet Breughel. Painted views
on the Rhine and other places, vil
lages on the banks of rivers, &c. in
the style of Sachtleven, adorned with
figures well designed and highly
finished, but not equal to those of
Breughel, to whom he was also in
ferior in his colouring, his reds, greens
and yellows predominating too much.
His small pictures are better than his
larger ones.

HAA

188

HAC

Haag (J. F. C), a German
painter; excelled in portraits. He
was painter to his Highness William
Charles Henry de Friso, Prince of
Orange, Hereditary Stadtholder of
Frisia, &c, whom he accompanied to
the Hague when he became Stadt
holder of all the provinces.
Haag (Jethart Philip Christian),
born at Cassel in 1737 ; was pupil of
his father, J. F. C. Haag ; he
painted portraits and some other pic
tures, and especially excelled in de
signing horses, and had great reputa
tion in that line. He died at the
Hague in 1812.
Haan (Abraham de), born at
Amsterdam ; was a pupil of Cornelius
Pronk. He has left some portraits.
Haan (David de), born at Rotter
dam in 1 602 ; was good in historical
subjects, and famous as a painter of
battles : he died at Rome in 1659.
He painted his own portrait at the
age of 57.
Haan (Joseph Charles de), born
at Amsterdam ; was miniature painter
to the King of the Low Countries,
and Member of the Academy of the
Fine Arts at Amsterdam ; he had
at the exhibition in 1818 a small
picture, composed of two figures in
a landscape, which was greatly ad
mired. His portraits were good like
nesses. He died at Amsterdam in
1836. Haanebrink (William Albert),
member of the Academy of Fine Arts
at Amsterdam ; sent to the exhibition
in that city, in 1820, two pictures :
one representing a Peasant scaling
fish ; and the other a Woman read
ing ; the excellent execution of tbe
first attracted particular attention.
He cultivated his art as an amateur :
he died at Utrecht in 1840, at the
age of 78.
Haansbergen (John Van), bom
at Utrecht, 1642; was a scholar of
Cornelius Poelemburg, whose style
and subjects he imitated very closely,
in delicacy of pencil, and transparency

of colouring : some of his pictures
are occasionally taken for those of his
master. He afterwards devoted him
self to portrait painting, in which he
seemed to have a happy knack of hit
ting the likeness, especially of females,
and from his agreeable tone of colour
ing, was greatly admired. His pic
tures are seldom met with out of
Holland : died 1705.
Haastert (Isaac Van), born at
Delft, 1753, died 1834, is more
known as a great poet than as a great
painter ; a Venetian painter, named
Jerome Lapis, living at Delft, taught
him the first lessons in design, and to
paint landscapes and city views ; he
painted some pretty pictures of that
kind ; he also published a collection
of prints of wild beasts.
Haccou (John Cornelius), born at
Middelburgh in 1798 ; studied in the
Academy of Design in that city, and
obtained several prizes. He learned
at the same time to paint of J. H.
Hoekkoek, under whose direction he
made rapid improvement : he painted
with much talent winter pieces ; calm
waters garnished with vessels ; moon-
fight pieces, and especially some
charming landscapes. After visiting
France, Germany, and Switzerland,
he established himself at London,
where his productions were much
sought after : he died in that city in
1839, in the prime of life.
Hach (David de), of Rotterdam ;
painted fruit and flowers very natu
rally : he lived in Utrecht, and died
in the year 1674. Aureo Gabinetto,
p. 142.
Hachert (Charles Lewis), born
in 1 75 1 ; being strongly inclined to
painting, went with his' brother Fre
derick to Rome, in 1774, to study
landscape painting, and the works
of the most celebrated masters in
that city ; having made great pro
gress in the art, he determined, in
1776, to visit other cities of Italy,
and finally settled at Geneva, in
Switzerland, where he employed him
self in painting, introducing fords

HAC 189
into his landscape with very good
effect, and with great ability.
Hachert (Frederick), a painter
of portraits, bora in 1748 ; went to
Rome in 1 774, with his brother
Charles, where he remained two
years, studying the works of the most
renowned professors in that capital ;
he then visited other cities of Italy to
perfect himself, and ultimately settled
at Petersburgh.
Hackaert or Hackert (John),
bom in Amsterdam, 1636; master
unknown ; travelled through Ger
many and Switzerland, designing from
the most romantic views he met with,
and selecting such objects as had an
agreeable wildness ; such as broken
grounds, caverns, grottos, and moun
tainous views, to which he gave an
extraordinary effect of sunshine
breaking through the chasms and
openings in the woods. Many of his
pictures are embellished with figures
oy Adrian Vandervelde, which greatly
enhances their value : died 1699.
Hackaert (James Philip), born in
Prussia, 1 734 ; was instructed by his
father, a portrait painter ; but evincing
a partiality for landscape painting,
he was placed under Le Soeur : he
afterwards visited Norway, Sweden,
and Naples, studying from nature,
and some of his landscapes of that
description are exceedingly fine.
Having bargained with the King of
Naples to paint some landscapes at
per square foot, his extreme cupidity
induced him to make his skies two or
three times larger than they ought to
have been ; those pictures remain as
a monument of his avarice to this day :
died 1794.
Hackaert (John), bom in Ger
many; studied at Rome, and came
to England, where he exhibited some
pictures, in 1773, at the Royal
Academy. He excelled in painting
animals : died about 1774.
Haeften (Nicholas Van), a painter
of portraits and mirthful reunions,
was born at Gorcum in 1690 ; he
•painted and engraved his own por-

II A F
trait, to which he put his name and
place of birth : he also engraved from
his own paintings.
Haen (Joseph Charles de), was a
miniature painter of distinguished
talent ; his manner was more spirited
and skilful than that of other painters
in that line, and his works were
much in request. He was appointed
painter to King William L, and
nominated a member of the Royal
Academy at Amsterdam, where he
died in 1836.
Haerlem (Theodore or Dirk Van),
born at Haerlem about 1410 ; painted
history. At Utrecht is an altar-piece
by him ; the centre represents Christ,
and on the folding doors are figures
of St. Peter and St. Paul, as large as
life ; it is highly finished, and less
hard and dry than most of the works
of that period, and is inscribed in
golden letters, "Theodoras Haerle-
mens, fecit me, Lovanii, anno 1462 :"
died 1470.
Haerlem (Cornelius Cornelisz),
called Cornelius Van, born at Haer
lem, 1652 ; studied under Peter
Aertsen, and at Antwerp under Fran
cis Pourbus and Giles Coiguet, and
on his return to Haerlem painted a
large picture for the Hall of the
Company of Archers, representing the
portraits of the different members.
He is said to have painted a picture
of the Deluge for the Earl of Leices
ter ; one of his best works is the
Bath of Diana and her Nymphs:
died 1638.
Haffner (Padre Anthony Maria),
son of a German, but born in Bo
logna in 1654 ; learned drawing of
Canuti, with whom he went to Rome,
with his brother, Henry Haffner, a
painter of great ability ; and in 1676
he went to Genoa, and thence to
other cities, in all of which he left
some proofs of his talent in figures
and in portraits. Having returned
to Genoa, he gave up painting figures ;
he painted a great many large pic
tures in the principal palaces and in
other public places. In Genoa, in
the church of St. Philip Neri, many

HAG

190

HAL

of his architectural and perspective
views may be seen, painted with much
sweetness and vigour.
Hagen (John Van), born at the
Hague, 1635 ; painted landscapes
and views admirably, chiefly taken
from the environs of Cleves and
Nimeguen ; but having used a per
nicious colour, called Haerlem blue,
the freshness of his verdure and skies
have flown. One of his best pic
tures, representing a Village in the
midst of a Plain, with a Sportsman
in the foreground, followed by his
Servant leading his Dogs, is in the
Gallery of the Louvre.
Haid (James Jacob), born near
Wirtemburg, 1703; was a pupil of
Ridinger, and painted portraits with
some success : died 1741.
Hainzelmann (John), born at
Augsburg, 1641 ; painted portraits in
a good style.
Hakewell (John) ; studied under
Samuel Wale, and received several
premiums from the Society of Arts,
particularly one for a landscape, and
another for a figure. He also exe
cuted many decorative works in the
arabesque or grotesque style, particu
larly at Blenheim : died 1791.
Hal (Nicholas Van), born at Ant
werp, 1668 ; painted historical sub
jects with some reputation, correct in
drawing, and well coloured ; he was
also employed by Hardime in paint
ing the figures of Nymphs and Genii
in his landscapes • died 1738.
Halen (Arnold Van) ; made him
self known by bis works in relief, and
by his engravings in mezzotinto, exe
cuted with much talent. He painted
and engraved the portrait of the
poet Lambert Bidlo : he died at
Amsterdam, 1732.
Hall£ (Claude Gui), born in Paris,
1651. Studied under his father Da
niel Halle, and painted history with
considerable reputation ; his principal
works are Christ driving the Money
Changers out of the Temple ; and an
Annunciation ; both in Notre Dame :
died 1736.

HallI (Noel), son of Claude Gui,
born 1741 ; also painted some histori
cal pictures for the churches.
Halleman (Thomas), was a painter
of history and portraits, whose talents
were in reputation about 1691. In
the sale of a collection in 1719, at
Rotterdam, there were three historical
pictures by him.
Halett (Giles), born at St. Foi,
near to Liege; after the bombard
ment of that city by the French, in
1691, in which all the paintings he
had made were destroyed, left it for
Rome, where, at the commencement
of the eighteenth century, he made
the sketch of his painting representing
the Transport of the House of the
Virgin to Loretto ; this picture pro
duced him 100 Roman ducats. He
died at Rome, and left all his property
to the hospital at Saint Faith.
Hallez (G. J.), born in 1770,
near Mons ; attended the Academy
of Design there, and gained two
prizes; he made several portraits from
nature in crayons, and afterwards
in oil. In 1790 he was sent for
to Brussels, to paint portraits of M.
de Bartenstem, also of the Marshals
De Bender and Beaulieu ; in 1791
he was employed to make a whole-
length portrait of the Emperor of
Austria. On returning to Mons, he
composed several historical subjects,
and was in 1796 named Professor to
the Central School of the department
of Jemmappes.Hals (Franck), bom at Mechlin,
1584, was a disciple of Karl van
Mander, and an admirable portrait
painter, in which he was only excelled
by Vandyck, who went to visit him
at a tavern, where they painted a por
trait of each other ; his colouring is
chaste and vigorous, and his heads
full of life and character ; his best
work is a large picture in the hall of
the Company of Archers at Delft,
representing the portraits of the
members: died 1666.
Hals (Dirk or Theodore), brother
of Franck, born at Mechlin, 1589,
was a scholar of A. Bloemart, and in

HAM 191
the early part of his life painted ani
mals and huntings ; but afterwards
changed his subjects for village festi
vals and merry-makings, drolls, con
versations, &c, which he treated with
considerable humour, but not equal to
his brother: died 1656.
Ham (John Baptist), born in Mid
delburgh, Zealand, 1771; learnt de
sign at the Academy of that city,
where he gained several prizes ; he
then went to Liege, where he studied
painting under Le Franc ; he sometime
after returned to his native city, where
he died in 1802.
Hamilton (Gavin), bornatLanark,
Scotland, a descendant of an ancient
family of that name, having a great
inclination for historical painting, went
to Rome when young, and became a
scholar of Agostino Masucci ; his
principal subjects were from fabulous
history, such as Achilles embracing
the Corpse of Patroclus ; the Dead
Body of Hector dragged round the
walls of Troy; and Achilles dismissing
Briseis ; which, though classically com
posed, are neither correct in design
nor harmonious in colouring : died
1797. Hamilton (William), son of a
Scotch gentleman who resided at
Chelsea, born 1750 ; went to Italy.
Studied under Zucchi, and on his re
turn to England entered the Royal
Academy, and practised chiefly in
paintmg history, of which his Woman
of Samaria ; and the Queen of Sheba's
visit to Solomon, are favourable speci
mens. He painted some pictures for
Boydell' s Shakspeare, and other works ;
also for Macklin's Bible and Poets ;
and a series for Thomson's Seasons ;
he occasionally painted portraits, and
his picture of Mrs. Siddons in the
character of Lady Randolph possesses
some merit. His coloured drawings
possess the fulness of oil paintings,
but with more freshness, and may be
placed amongst the most tasteful ef
forts of the art : died 1801.
Hamilton (Charles William Van) .
This artist painted birds and insects

HAN
with talent ; he was born at Brussels
in 1668, and died at Augsburg in
1754. Hamilton (John George Van), a
painter of horses and hunting scenes,
was born at Brussels iu 1666, and
died at Vienna in 1740.
Hangest (Egbert Marinus Fre
deric d'), called Ivoy, an amateur
painter, born at Utrecht, 1746; learnt
design under Verstege, aud began his
career after the manner of Sachtleven,
painting views on the Rhine, and
landscapes amidst rocks ; but after
wards quittedthat manner, and painted
some quiet landscapes and water
views with much success, and excelled
especially in giving effect to sunsets,
and also in moonlights he had a vigo
rous and natural manner. He left
about thirty paintings, six of which
are in the style of Sachtleven : at his
death in 1810, his heirs divided his
works among them.
Hannan (  ) , born in Scotland;
was employed by Lord le Despenser,
at his seat at West Wycombe, Bucks,
where he painted several ceilings, one
from the design of Cipriani ; several
of his landscapes are engraved by
Woollett: died 1775.
Hanneman (Adrian), born at the
Hague, 1611, having distinguished
himself as a portrait painter at that
place, visited England soon after
Vandyck' s return, and was one of the
most successful imitators of his style;
he painted a portrait of Charles II.
before the Restoration; also several
of the nobility, and occasionally his
torical subjects ; he copied some of
Vandyck's portraits so closely as to
deceive many, but whether he was
educated under Vandyck or John Ra-
vesteyn is a matter of dispute and
doubt: died 1680.
Hansbergen (J. Van), painted the
Assumption of the Virgin, in the style
of Poelemburg.
Hanselane (P. Van), painted a
copy from Rubens' s celebrated picture
of St. Roche interceding for the
Plague to be stayed.

HAR 192
Hardime (Simon), born at Ant
werp, 1672, excelled in flowers and
fruit, which he designed correctly and
coloured well : died 1737.
Hardime (Peter), born at Ant
werp, 1678, the brother and scholar
of Simon Hardime, painted similar
subjects, and greatly surpassed him in
the beauty of his colouring and the
arrangement of his groups : died 1 748.
Haring (Daniel), born at the
Hague, 1636; painted portraits inthe
manner of Netscher, which, although
inferior to that master, are much es
teemed in Holland, where he was em
ployed by the most considerable fami
lies : died 1706.
Harlow (George Henry), bom in
Westminster, 1787. Studied first
under a landscape painter, named De
Cort, afterwards with Mr. Drummond,
and lastly with Sir Thomas Lawrence ;
his first historical picture was Boling-
broke's Entry into London; the next,
the Quarrel between Queen Elizabeth
and the Earl of Essex ; he painted
many other subjects, of which the
principal represented Christ healing
the Woman who had an issue of
Blood ; he also made an entire copy
of Raffaelle's Transfiguration, and
was highly esteemed as a portrait
painter on a small scale, two of the
best of which are those of Fuseli and
Northcote ; he also painted a portrait
of his mother, the first of his pro
ductions which was exhibited at the
Royal Academy : died 1819.
Harp (Van  ). His Christian
name and the place or date of his birth
are alike unknown, but it is certain that
he was a pupil of Rubens, whose vigo
rous touch and brilliancy of colour he
nearly approached : he copied some
of Rubens' works on a smaller scale
so closely that those pictures are fre
quently taken for the work s of Rubens ;
his own subjects are mostly interiors
of farm houses, with peasants regaling;
they are admirably composed, and
richly coloured, and deservedly find a
place in the choicest collections.
Hartcamp — See Smits.

HAY

Hartzoeker (Dirk or Theodore),
born at Utrecht, 1696. Studied under
Balestra, at Rome, and painted history
and portraits with some success : died
1740. Hassel (William), a painter of
portraits in oil and in miniature, in
which latter style he executed an oval
head of Mr. Hughes, author of the
Siege of Damascus : he lived in the
reign of Charles II. Walpole, v. 3.
p. 121.
Havens (Theodore). In Caius
College, Cambridge, is a portrait on
panel, dated 1563 ; also another of
a Man in a slashed doublet, holding
a pair of compasses in his hand,
which is said by Walpole to be a por
trait of Havens himself, who was an
architect as well as a painter.
Hawker (Edward), succeeded Sir
Peter Lely in his house, but not in
his reputation ; he painted a whole-
length of the Duke of Grafton, and a
Head of Sir Dudley North, and was
living in 1721. Walpole, v. 3. p. 90.
Haydon (Benjamin Robert), born
at Plymouth, 1786; came to London
and became an Associate of the Royal
Academy in 1807; his first exhibition
picture, the Judgment of Solomon,
was favourably reviewed, and encou
raged him to proceed in that branch
of the art. He subsequently produced
Alexander returning in triumph ;
Venus and Anchises ; the Mock Elec
tion ; Chairing of the Member, &c. ;
but his popularity not keeping pace
with his desire for fame, he turned
his attention to portrait painting, for
which he was better adapted ; his
principal works of that description
were the Reform Banquet; the Mem
bers of the Anti-Slavery Society ;
Napoleon at St. Helena (his most suc
cessful effort in that branch of the
art) ; and Wellington at Waterloo,
which was intended as a companion
picture to his Napoleon, but which
proved a failure. In drawing he was
correct ; he possessed a masterly
knowledge of the human figure, and

HAY

193

II EC

what he saw he depicted boldly and
truly ; but historical and imaginative
subjects were not his forte, and his
latter productions of Uriel and Satan,
and the Banishment of Aristides, are
painful proofs of his deficiency and
incompetency for the higher branches
of the art. The slighting of his Car
toons by the Royal Commission gave
the death-blow to his hopes, and his
life, which had long been a series of
reverses, disappointments, and anxiety,
was terminated by his own hand, on
the 22nd June, 1846, in the sixtieth
year of his age. In some of his pic
tures he is said to have copied Fuseli
too closely.
Hayls (John), an English portrait
painter,lived in the reign of Charles II.
He was the rival of Sir Peter Lely,
and possessed an extraordinary talent
for copying the works of Vandyck ; at
Woburn are some portraits by Hayls
of the illustrious house of Russell ;
he also painted the portrait of the
father of Secretary Pepys, and ano
ther of Thomas Flaxman, the poet
and painter : died 1679.
Hayman (Francis), born in Exeter,
1708, a scholar of John Brown, a
portrait painter of London ; before
the arrival of Cipriani was considered
the best historical painter in the king
dom ; he painted several subjects for
Vauxhall Gardens, four of which Mr.
Tyers, the proprietor, removed to his
own house, and placed copies there
instead ; he furnished many drawings
for the embellishment of bookseller's
works, such as Moore's Fables ; Mil
ton ; Don Quixote, &c, which possess
great merit ; and painted, amongst
others, a portrait of the Marquis of
Granby. Although not without merit,
he was a strong mannerist, and his
figures are extremely coarse : died
1 776. Head (Guy), bom at Carlisle ;
came to London and became a student
at the Royal Academy; by recom
mendation of Sir Joshua Reynolds,
he went abroad, and was employed in
painting the portraits of many persons

of distinction; he returned to England
with a large collection of drawings and
copies of some of the finest pictures
in the Vatican : died 1 800.
Hearne (Thomas), born in Wilt
shire, 1 744 ; was a celebrated painter
of landscape in water colours ; also
studied Gothic architecture and land
scape, and executed the whole of the
drawings for the Antiquities of Great
Britain, and for several other publica
tions ; his works are chiefly to be
found in private collections : died
1817. Heck (Nicholas Vander), born at
the Hague, 1580, was a scholar of
John Naeghel ; painted historical sub
jects and landscapes, but excelled in
the latter. Three of his historical
pictures are in the Town House at
Alkmaer, the first represents the Be
heading of the Bailiff of South Hol
land for an act of oppression against a
poor Peasant ; another, the Punish
ment of an unjust Judge, who was
flayed alive by order of Cambyses ;
and the third, the Judgment of Solo
mon. They are well designed, power
ful and natural in colouring, and exe
cuted in a masterly style : died 1638.
Heck (Martin Hemskirk Vander),
son of Nicholas, by whom he was
taught ; usually painted landscapes,
with old castles or other antiquated
edifices in the dark style of Roland
Roghman — the Castle of Egmont he
painted very often.
Heck (John Van), born near Oude-
narde, about 1625 ; painted fruit and
flowers in a pleasing and natural style,
and finished them with great neatness ;
also landscapes, designed from nature
after the beautiful scenery of the vici
nity of Rome, and enriched with small
figures correctly and delicately pen
ciled ; he likewise painted vases of
silver, bronze, marble, agate, and other
valuable materials in imitation of the
antique, with other objects of still life,
well composed andagreeably coloured :
died 1669.
Heckell (G. Van), was a close
imitator of G. Douw, and although
o

HED

194

HEI

he did not finish quite so highly, he
designed well and coloured admirably ;
he is supposed to have been a disciple
of G. Douw : flourished about 1670.
Heda (William Klaasz), born at
Haerlem in 1594 ; painted history, but
more frequently inanimate nature,
such as flowers, insects, and fruit,
wliich are often attributed to David
de Heem, on account of his happy
imitation of the manner of that mas
ter. De Bray painted his portrait in
1678, at the age of 84.
Heede (William Van), born in
Flanders, 1660, visited Italy, and left
many proofs of his ability as an his
torical painter at Rome, Naples, and
Venice, one of which, the Martyrdom
of a Saint,bears a striking resemblance
to the works of Gerard Lairesse : died
1728. Heede (Vigor Van), brother of
William, born 1659; accompanied
William to Italy, and on his return
painted history with some reputation,
tut inferior to his brother: died 1708.
Heem (John David de), born at
Utrecht, 1600, died 1674; painted
fruit and flowers, vases in gold, silver
and crystal, musical instruments, and
other objects of still life ; his pictures
in which he introduced crystal vases
are considered superior to those of
every artist who preceded him, and
are purchased at very high prices ;
his insects are very highly finished,
beautifully coloured, and extremely
natural. Heem (Cornelius), son of John,
born at Utrecht, 1623 ; painted simi
lar subjects, which, although well
coloured and highly finished, are very
inferior to those of his father. His
brother John also painted similar
subjects, but still farther off perfection
than those of Cornelius.
Heems (N. Van), born at Rotter
dam, copied admirably well the paint
ings of the Chevalier Vander Werf,
and of Peter Vander Werf.
Heenck (Jabez) ,bom atthe Hague
in 1752, pupil of A. Schouman ;

painted birds in the taste and manner
of his master, whom he would perhaps
have equalled but for his premature
death at Leyden in 1782.
Heere (Lucas de), born at Ghent,
1534. Studied under Francis Floris.
Was employed there in some works
for the public edifices, and greatly so
in portraits, in which he excelled.
Visited Italy and England, and painted
the portrait of Queen Elizabeth, with
two of her attendants, coming out of
a palace ; — no w at Kensington . Also
painted the portraits of several of the
nobility : died 1584.
Heerschop (Henry). There is a
picture by him dated 1649; aged 22 :
therefore he was born in 1627. It is
said underneath that he was a pupil
of Rembrandt. There is also one in
the gallery at Cassel by him, of a
Soldier playing at Cards with a Woman .
Hefele (  ), born in Germany.
Came to England as a soldier in King
William's troops, and, on obtain
ing his discharge, painted land
scapes, flowers, and insects, iu water
colours, neatly penciled and very
natural. Hegret (Theodore), a landscape
painter, pupil of C. Beerings ; was
born at Malines, in 1643, and in 1663
was received into the Society of St.
Luke. There are still found some
paintings by him in the churches and
convents of Malines.
Heil (Daniel Van), bominBrussels,
1604. Acquired considerable reputa -
tion as a landscape painter, also for
his conflagrations and towns on fire ;
and occasionally painted winter pieces,
which were greatly admired. His
principal works were the Destruction
of Troy ; and the Burning of Sodom
and Gomorrah : died 1662.
Heil (John Baptist), born in Brus
sels, 1609. Painted history, and was
employed for some of the churches
in Italy ; but excelled in portraits, of
which there are many in the Low
Countries, painted in a firm, free style,
and finely coloured.

HEI

195

HEL

Heil (Leonard Van), brother of
John Baptist, born at Brussels, 1603.
Painted flowers and insects, which he
designed from nature, and copied with
the utmost precision ; generally in a
small size, exquisitely finished, and
with a delicate pencil.
Heil (Robert Van), a native of
Antwerp ; had a particular genius for
painting small figures, and his works
were much in request. He was
superintendent of the fortifications in
Flanders for the king of France. His
portrait is engraved by the hand of
Caukerton. Baldinucci, sec. 5. p. 376.
Heilbroek (Michael), bom at
Ghent ; was a painter and engraver ;
he settled at Verona, where he be
came celebrated; and was made a
chevalier. He died in 1733, at the
age of about 100 years. It is said of
him that he still worked within a few
weeks of his death without spectacles.
Heins (  ), a German ; came
to England about 1 740, and practised
as a portrait painter at Norwich.
Heins (J  ), born about 1 740,
at Norwich ; painted portraits, both
in oil and in miniature, in a better
style than his father : died 1 770.
Heintz (Joseph), born at Berne,
Switzerland. Studied the works of
Correggio, and imitated his style with
some success. His best picures are
Jupiter and Leda, Diana and Acteon,
and the Rape of Proserpine.
Heinzelman — See Hainzelman.
Heiss (Christopher Elias), bom at
Suabia, in Germany, about 1760.
Painted portraits with some reputa
tion : we have no further account of
his works or style.
Helle (Ferdinand), a native of
Malines, having always lived in Paris,
is considered as a French painter. He
made many portraits, besides other
paintings, in that city, and was in
comparably superior to Lewis, Charles,
and Henry Bobrun, who were em
ployed by the Court. He flourished
about 1630. He left two sons fol
lowing the same profession.

Helmbreckeh (Theodore), bom at
Haerlem, 1624, studied under Greb
ber, together with Sir Peter Lely, and
visited Rome, Florence, Naples, and
other cities for improvement. He
returned to Haerlem, and painted both
history and landscape ; amongst the
most admired of which are the
Temptation of Christ, Christ in the
Garden, Christ carrying his Cross,
and Christ crucified. He also painted
a picture representing a convent, in
the Italian style of architecture, with
a number of men, women, and chil
dren receiving victuals from the monks.
He sometimes painted conversation
pieces, fairs, beggars, and the marching
of troops, and occasionally imitated
the style of Bamboccio with success.
His composition is good, figures and
animals well designed, neatly penciled,
and agreeably coloured ; his small
pictures are most admired : died 1694.
Helmont (Matthew Van), born at
Brussels, 1650, is supposed to have
visited Italy from the style of his
compositions, which represent fairs,
Itahan markets, shops with vegetables,
&c. and chymists' laboratories. He
painted some portraits for Louis XIV.
by whom they were highly prized :
died 1719.
Helmont (Segres James Van), son
of the above, born at Antwerp, 1 683,
painted history in a grand style of
composition ; of which Elijah's tri
umph over the Priests of Baal is con
sidered his best performance. There
are also three fine pictures of St.
Mary Magdalen, the Martyrdom of
St. Barbara, and the Triumph of
David, correctly designed and finely
coloured: died 1726.
Helst (Bartholomew Vander),
born at Haerlem, 1613, was an eminent
portrait painter. In the Stadt House
at Amsterdam is a painting repre
senting a company of train bands,
about thirty in number, whole length,
amongst which is the Spanish ambas
sador shaking liands with one of them.
He occasionally pamted historical
subjects, but excelled in portraits :
died 1670. o 2

HEM

196

HEN

Hemert (William Henry), accord
ing to Hoet, was a painter of portraits.
There are no further particulars of his
life or style.
Hemmelinck (John), bom near
Bruges, about 1 450, painted history
for the churches ; grouped with an
order and intelligence, and with that
delicacy of colouring little known at
that early period. He painted an
altar-piece for the hospital of St.
John, the centre representing the
Nativity, with the Adoration of the
Shepherds, and, on one of the folding
doors, the Infant in the cradle ; the
other, the Presentation in the Temple :
also one of St. Christopher, for the
chapel of St. Julian.
Hemmessen (John Van), a Flem
ing, flourished about 1550, studied at
Rome, and imitated Leonardo da Vinci
so closely, particularly in his children,
that his works are frequently mistaken
for those of that master. There is an
Ecce Homo by him in the Dusseldorp
Gallery, dated 1554; and a picture
in the Louvre, of Tobit restoring his
Father's sight.
Hemskerck (Martin Van Veen),
called Martin, born at Hemskerck,
near Haerlem, 1498 : died 1574.
Studied under John Lucas and John
Schoreel, and painted a picture for a
chapel at Haerlem representing St.
Luke painting the picture of the
Virgin ; — exactly in the style of Scho
reel. Afterwards visited Rome, and
in attempting to imitate the manner
of M. A. Buonarotti, his design was
frequently overcharged, his draperies
clumsy, with too many folds, and his
heads without either grace or beauty.
Hemskerck (Egbert), called the
Old, born at Haerlem, 1610; painted
interiors of Dutch ale-houses, with
boors regaling or quarrelling ; free
and firmly touched, and well coloured,
but far inferior to Brouwer or Teniers.
He has been frequently imitated, and
the copies are often sold for his works :
died 1680.
Hemskerck (Egbert), the Younger,
born at Haerlem, 1 645, is supposed

to have been instructed by the elder
Hemskerck, from the similarity in their
style. He painted drunken scenes and
drolls with considerable humour, into
which he often introduced his own
portrait, which was far from hand
some ; and sometimes painted iucanta-
tions, spectres, and similar eccentrici
ties : died 1 704.
Hemskerck (Sebastian Van), of
Rotterdam. G. Van Spaan tells us
he lived in 1691 . He painted, like J.
M. Molenaar, conversations, scenes in
cabarets, village doctors, and quarrels
among drinkers. He was surnamed
Hemskerck the peasant : all his works
are not of equal merit.
Hemson (Catherine), daughter of
John de Hemson, was an illuminator,
and for her skill and abilities in that
line of art was deservedly rewarded by
a generous pension from the queen of
Spain: she lived about 1550. Vasari,
p. 3. p. 860.
Hengel (H. F. Van), bom at
Nimeguen. After learning design in
his native city, he went to London to
the celebrated painter Herman Van
der Myn, where he studied till he was
able to work by himself; he then
went to Utrecht, where he executed
many portraits, and from time to time
painted cabinet pictures, landscapes,
and conversations ; he preserved all
his works and formed a collection of
them, which were sold after his death
with the pictures of different masters
that he possessed. He died in Utrecht
in 1785.
Hengst (William), bora at Nime
guen, where he received the first
lessons in design ; after working for
some time at Paris in the atelier of
one of the great painters of that time,
Rigaurd or Largilliere, returned to
Nimeguen and painted portraits ; he
also painted bas-reliefs with much
success, but being engaged in trade as
a wine merchant, his progress was
checked, although he had studied un
der two good masters, and had good
talents for painting. There is still
preserved the portrait by him of the

HEN

197

Burgomaster, C. W. Vonck : he died
at Cuykin 1780 or 1785.
Hennequin (P. A.), born at Lyons
in 1763; a painter of history: went
to Paris to perfect himself under the
best masters, and became one of the
best pupils of David ; he gained the
first great prize for painting, and was
sent to Rome at the expense of the
Government. Having been denounced
during the revolution in Paris, and twice
imprisoned, when set at liberty, he pro
duced Orestes pursued by the Furies,
one of his most esteemed works. In
1815 he settled at Liege, where he
undertook a painting of the largest
dimensions; the subject is taken from
the history of that country, it repre
sents the devotion of 300 citizens of
Franchimont, who perished to the last
man in defence of their city ; there is
a sketch of it engraved : he died in
1833 at Fournay. Louis Gallait was
his pupil.
Henning (Christian), born at Er
furt, in Germany, directed, with his
brother Godfrey, an atelier at Hoom
for painting large canvasses for the
decoration of rooms ; he was after
wards co-director of the Academy of
Design at Haerlem. He particularly
excelled in painting birds, in land
scapes, &c. He was intrusted with
the decorating of the grand theatre at
Amsterdam : died at Zeist, in 1822.
Henny or Hennin (Adrian), was
one of the last painters who came to
England in the reign of Charles II. ;
he painted landscape in the style of
Gaspar Poussin.
Henrick (Jasper), born at Ouden-
arde in 1550 ; died in Italy it is sup
posed. Van Mander says his talents
were for historical painting.
Henriet (Israel), bom at Nancy,
1607; visited Italy, studied under
Antonio Tempesta, and painted land
scape aud views, but without much
success : died 1661.
Henstenburgh (Herman), born
at Hoom in 1667 ; excelled in paint
ing in water-colours, birds, flowers,

HER
His works are still es-

and fruit.
teemed. Her (Hannibal dall'), a scholar of
Lorenzo Costa; is mentioned by
Malvasia. Herck (James Melchior Van), a
Flemish painter of flowers; lived in
1720, he worked a long time under
the direction of his father-in-law,
Peter Jasper Verbruggen, and copied
his paintings.
Herder  , born at Groningen,
(Holland), 1550 ; went to Italy,
studied the works of the best masters,
and on his return painted history with
some reputation : died 1609.
Herpe (Jerome Van), an illumi
nator, was admitted into the Corpo
ration of Painters at Ghent, iu 1463.
He had a brother who also cultivated
the art.
Herregouts (Henry), born at
Mechlin in 1666 ; there are several of
his works in the churches of Louvain,
Antwerp, and Bruges, one of which,
the Last Judgment, is composed in a
grand style : he was correct in design,
in colouring chaste and clear, resem
bling that of Vandyck, his heads
graceful and expressive, and draperies
well cast : he usually painted on a large
scale, sometimes larger than life : died
1724. Herregouts (John Baptist), son
and disciple of Henry, born at Bruges,
1700 ; painted many pictures for the
churches at Bruges, but inferior to
those of his father ; the Presentation
of Christ in the Temple ; the Virgin
and Child ; and the Virgin and Saints,
may be considered his best pictures.
Herrera (Francesco de), the El
der, born in Spain, 1 576, the disciple
of Luis Fernandez; painted history
in oil and in fresco for the churches ;
his Last Judgment at St. Bernardo,
in Seville, is a creditable performance,
but he excelled in painting fairs, mar
kets, merry-makings, and the interiors
of kitchens, ale-houses, &c. : died
1656.

HER

198

HEY

H errera (Francesco), theYouuger,
born at Seville, 1622, painted history
for the churches in a similar style,
but not equal to his father, also
still life, fruit, and flowers, in the
latter of which he excelled him, and
closely approached him in Bambocci-
ate : died 1685.
Herrera (Don Sebastian de), born
at Madrid, 1610; studied under
Aionzo Cano, and painted history and
portraits with some reputation : died
1671. Herreyns (William James), an
historical painter, born at Antwerp in
1743; in 1765 gained the principal
prize for design after nature at the
Academy of that city, and was named
the same year Professor of Design. The
Emperor Joseph II. in a visit he made
to the Low Countries in 1781, paid
him a visit, and in 1780 the King of
Sweden solicited him to settle in his
kingdom, which he resisted, but was
made historical painter to that King ;
he was appointed painter to the States
of Brabant, and in the last place Di
rector and Professor of the Academy
Royale of the Fine Arts at Antwerp,
and was member of several academies
and learned societies. He painted
the portrait of the Emperor Joseph II.
full length, on foot, and, with Andrew
Lens, had the glory of reviving the
study of the Fine Arts in Belgium.
Among the paintings that he left, are,
the Disciples at Emmaus, in Antwerp
cathedral; the Last Supper, in the
church of the ancient abbey of Park,
near Louvain ; the Assumption, &c. :
he died at Antwerp in 1827.
Heude (N.), is said to have painted
in the manner of Verrio, and to have
assisted him in his works.
Heusch (Wm. de), born at Utrecht,
1638 ; was a scholar of John Both,
and painted landscapes in the charm
ing style of that master. His sub
jects were usually huntings, harvest-
time, or rustics employed in various
occupations or amusements ; his sce
nery is of the most pleasing descrip
tion, and with more of the Italian

style than that of his own country ; it
represents views in Rome enriched
with figures, charmingly grouped, cor
rectly drawn, and vigorously coloured,
and his paintings are frequently mis
taken for those of Both : died 1702.
Heusch (Jacob de), born at
Utrecht, 1657, nephew of William de
Heusch, by whom he was instructed,
and in whose style he painted similar
subjects, views in Rome, &c, but he
afterwards adopted that of Salvator
Rosa, whose picturesque manner he
imitated with great success : died
1701. Heusch (Abraham), bora at
Utrecht, 1650; studied under Chris
tian Striep, and painted herbs and
plants of different kinds, insects, ser
pents, and reptiles, with singular neat
ness and fidelity, and finished so
highly that they will bear comparison
with the highly wrought productions
of Mieris and Gerard Douw : died
1712. Heuvick (Gaspard), bom at Oude-
narde, 1550; went to Italy, studied
under Lorenzo Costa, and painted
history for the churches on a large
scale, and in a reputable manner :
died 1611.
Hewele (Joachim Van den), a
painter at Utrecht ; gave to the hos
pital of St. Job at Utrecht, a Phy
sician surrounded by Patients come to
consult him.
Hewele (Anthony Van den), an
historical painter, and pupil of Gaspar
de Crayer, born at Ghent at the com
mencement of the 1 7th century, went
to Italy, where he remained some
years. The churches and the cabinets
of Ghent possess some paintings by
this artist, and some are found in
other cities of Belgium ; the museum
of Ghent possesses his best produc
tions, and the museum of Brussels
has the Martyrdom of St. Aurelius by
him. Heyden (John Vander), born at
Gorcum, 1637; pamted views of cities,
temples, palaces, and other public edi-

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fices, &c. which he finished so minutely
that you might almost count the bricks ;
he painted views of the Royal Ex
change and Monument in London, the
Town House at Amsterdam, and many
others, filled with numerous figures,
busily occupied, which were usually
painted by Adrian Vandevelde, or
Lingelbach : died 1712.
Heydon (James Vander), born at
Strasbourg in 1573, was a good
painter of landscapes, and esteemed
by several princes.
Heywood (  ), lived during the
Interregnum, and is said by Walpole
to have drawn a portrait of General
Fairfax, vol. 2. p. 284.
Hidalgo (Joseph Garcia), born
in Murcia, 1656 ; studied under
Matteo Gilarte and Nicholas Vellacis,
and at Rome under Giacomo Brandi ;
returned to Spain and was employed
by Charles II. in a series of twenty-
four paintings for the cloisters of San
Felipe el real ; he also published a
work on the art of painting.
Higmon. This artist was probably
a native of France ; his name is pre
fixed to some very large portraits,
amongst which is that of Le Sage,
the author of Gil Bias ; they are very
indifferently executed.
Highmore (Joseph), bom in Lon
don, 1692 ; an eminent historical
and portrait painter. Painted a full-
length portrait of the Duke of Rich
mond as a Knight of the Bath, with
his three esquires in the costume of
their order ; also the Duke of Cum
berland, son of George I. ; the Prince
and Princess of Wales, and from
memory only, the portraits of George
II. , Queen Caroline, the Duke of
Lorraine, and many others. His
principal historical works were a
series of pictures from Richardson's
Pamela ; Hagar and Ishmael ; for the
Foundling Hospital, the Good Sama
ritan ; the Finding of Moses ; the
Graces unveiling Nature ; and the
Queen Mother of Edward IV. with
her younger son taking shelter in
Westminster Abbey : died 1 780.

Hill (  ), born 1661; learned
drawing from Faithorne the en
graver, and painted many portraits.
He died in 1734. Walpole, vol. 4.
p. 56.
Hillegaard (Paul Van), a native
of Holland, and a good historical
painter. Painted, among other works,
a picture representing the disbanding
of troops at Utrecht, in 1618, by
Prince Maurice. This painting is in
the Museum at Amsterdam. He suc
ceeded best in painting combats,
skirmishes, and drunken scenes : died
1658. Hilliard (Nicholas), bom at
Exeter, 1547; studied the works of
Hans Holbein, and became principal
drawer of small portraits to James I. ;
he painted the portrait of Mary Queen
of Scots, and that of Queen Eliza
beth several times, with many persons
of her Court, especially ladies . His pen
ciling was neat, but his colouring was
weak, and his carnations were always
pale ; the jewels and ornaments were
minutely expressed, and even the
hairs of the head and beard might
almost be counted : he painted a
whole length portrait of Queen Eliza
beth in her robes, sitting on her
throne ; also a portrait of his father,
and one of himself, but he seldom
ventured upon more than the head,
although particularly celebrated for
his skill in drawing the eyes and
hands : died 1619.
Hilton (William), born at Lin
coln, 1786 ; studied under his father,
a painter of history, and afterwards in
the school of the Academy in London,
and soon after exhibited a series of
fine paintings from Scriptural and
fabulous history and poetry, the first
of which, was Cephalus and Pro-
cris; then followed Venus bearing
the wounded Eneas from battle;
Ulysses and Calypso ; the Good Sa
maritan ; John of Gaunt reproving
Richard II. ; Christ restoring sight
to the Blind ; Mary anointing the
feet of Jesus ; and Miranda and Fer
dinand bearing the log; all of which

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were large pictures, finely drawn,
skilfully composed, and harmoniously
coloured. He subsequently produced
three fine pictures, the Raising of
Lazarus ; Una with the Satyrs ; and
Ganymede ; and was soon afterwards
made a Royal Academician. In 1821
he exhibited his brilliant specimen
of poetic inspiration, called, Nature
blowing bubbles for her Children,
which was succeeded by Venus in
search of Cupid discovers Diana at
her bath ; Comus with the Lady in
the enchanted chair ; Love taught
by the Graces ; Christ crowned with
thorns ; the latter of which was pur
chased by the British Institution.
From 1826 to 1839, he exhibited ten
pictures : these were the Crucifixion ;
Cupid and a Nymph ; Abraham's
servant meeting Rebekah ; the Angel
releasing Peter from prison ; Sir Ca-
lepine rescuing Serena ; Una seeking
shelter in the cottage of Corecea ;
Rebekah and Abraham's servant ;
Edith and the Monks finding the
body of Harold ; Nymph and Cupid ;
and the Infant Warrior. His prin
cipal pictures were exhibited at the
British Institution in 1840. In com
position he was grand, noble, and
elevating ; his design was excellent,
and his colouring judicious, but occa
sionally cold and tame : died 1839.
Hire (Philip de la), born at Paris,
1677; grandson of Lawrence de la
Hire, by whom he was first instruct
ed. Painted several pictures, in style
and subject similar to those of Wat-
teau, which were greatly admired :
died 1719.
Hire (Lawrence de la), bora at
Paris, 1606, died 1656; studied
under Vouet, and painted history and
landscape, but without success ; his
best historical productions were
Christ's entry into Jerusalem, and his
appearance at the Sepulchre to the
three Maries. His figures are badly
designed, and the limbs dispropor
tionate : his landscapes, which are the
most pleasing, are also exceedingly
faulty, and although highly finished,

appear clouded and indistinct, from
the badness of his perspective.
Hirschfogel (Augustine), born in
Germany, 1 506 ; is said to have
painted in enamel, but we have no
description of his works or style.
Hirstvogel (Vito), painted on
glass, in which art he had no equal in
Germany; he followed the style of
Tito : flourished about 1620. Sand
rart, p. 219.
Hoadley (Mrs. Sarah), formerly
Curtis, a disciple of Mrs. Beale; paint
ed portraits with great skill, if we
may judge from the print of her por
trait of Whiston. After her marriage
with Dr. Hoadley, she only painted
for her amusement : died 1743.
Hoare (William), born at Eye, in
Suffolk, about 1707; studied under
Grissoni, an Italian painter then in
London, and afterwards at Rome
under Francesco Imperiale, the dis
ciple of Carlo Maratti ; and whilst
there made many copies from the
works of the best masters, but
found, on his return to London, but
little encouragement for historical
painting. He painted an altar-piece
of Christ bearing the Cross, for the
church of St. Michael, on Cornhill ;
and another of the Pool of Bethesda,
for a chapel there, but was chiefly
employed as a portrait painter, in
which he was highly esteemed, and
was employed by some of the first
persons in the kingdom : died 1792.
Hobbema (Minderhout), born at
Antwerp, 1611 ; is said to have been
instructed by Solomon Ruysdael, but
nature was his principal guide. His
subjects were generally views in
Haerlem wood, and he was parti
cularly fond of describing a sandy
road or slope, diversified with shrubs
and plants, which conducted the eye
to some remote object, a cottage
embosomed in a clump of trees, a
ruin, grove, or piece of water. His
colouring is extremely natural, skies
light and floating, and the various
changes of the day, the rising and

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setting of the sun are admirably de
picted in his tints ; his trees are not
unlike those of Jacob Ruysdael, and
there is a dewy brightness in his ver
dure that astonishes and charms. In
his larger pictures he has introduced
the solar beams, peeping through the
forest gloom, aud illuming every
object upon which it falls, with a
magical effect. He admitted but few
figures into his pictures, those were
usually remote from his front line, and
generally inserted by Teniers, Ostade
or Vandevelde : died 1699.
Hodges (William), born in Lon
don, 1 744 ; an English landscape
painter, was a pupil of Wilson, on
leaving whom, he went round the
world with Captain Cook, and on his
return, painted for the Admiralty
some views of Otaheite, and other
islands in the Pacific Ocean : died
1797. Hodges (Charles Howard), born
in England, passed the greater part
of his artistic life in Holland, and
should be considered as belonging to
that school. He was an excellent
portrait painter ; a striking likeness,
a colouring beautiful and vigorous,
and a spirited touch exhibit the merit
of his works. He painted the por
traits of a great number of statesmen,
generals, learned men, and artists of
his time ; among others, that of the
grand pensionary Schimmelpennick ;
those of William I., Jeronimo de
Bosch, M. Van Marum, Reinier Vin-
keles, Madame Ziesenis, &c. In
1815 he formed part of the Commis
sion charged to recover at Paris the
works taken from Holland and Bel
gium. He died at Amsterdam in
1837, aged 63.
Hoeck (John Van), born at Ant
werp, 1 600 ; studied under Rubens,
was one of his best disciples, and
approached nearer to his style than
any of his numerous scholars, of
which his altar-piece in the church of
Notre Dame, at Mechlin, represent
ing a Dead Christ, with the figures of
the Virgin Mary, St. John, and Mary

Magdalen, affords incontestable evi
dence ; but he excelled in portraits,
which are remarkable for their re
semblance, and little inferior to those
of Vandyck. He painted the por
traits of the Archduke Albert and
Isabella: also that of Ferdinand II.
and family, and many of the principal
nobility of Vienna : died 1650.
Hoeck (Robert Van), born at Ant
werp, 1609; usually painted pictures
of a small size, battles, armies, and
encampments, plundering of villages,
&c. in which he introduced a number
of figures, neatly drawn and touched
with great spirit ; he also painted his
torical subjects, amongst which are the
Twelve Apostles, and their Martyr
dom, for an abbey near Dunkirk : died
1668. Hoefnagel (George), bora at
Antwerp, 1546 ; visited Italy, and
made drawings of the finest monu
ments of antiquity ; and on his re
turn to Antwerp, painted animals,
plants, and insects, correctly designed
and finished in a superior manner :
died 1600.
Hoekgeest (G.), a Dutch artist ;
painted interior and exterior views
of churches. In the Museum at
the Hague, are two pictures which
represent the new church at Delft,
with the monuments of the Princes of
Orange. One of his pictures bears
the date of 1651.
Hoet (Gerard), bom at Bommel, ¦
1648 ; studied under his father, who
was a painter on glass, and afterwards
under Warner Van Rysen, who was
a pupil of Poelemburg. He painted
cabinet pictures of historical subjects,
elegantly designed, and charmingly
coloured, some of which are in the
manner of Poelemburg, and others,
of Karl du Jardin. His larger works
are also grandly composed, and greatly
admired. Amongst his best works
may be reckoned Diana Bathing ; the
Rape of the Sabines ; the Peace
between the Romans and the Sabines;
the Sacrifice of Dido ; Alexander

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espousing Roxana; Cleofas accom
panied by his women, offering wine to
Alexander after the taking of the city
of Mazaga ; a Village Dance ; some
landscapes, with architectural ruins
and figures ; Clelia swiming over the
river Tiber, &c. There is in the
Museum at Amsterdam, besides the
espousal of Alexander with Roxana,
the Triumph of Alexander, and two
landscapes with ruins and figures :
he died at the Hague in 1733.
Hoey (John de), born at Leyden,
1545 ; studied the art of painting in
France, and was appointed by Henry
IV. superintendant of the royal col
lection. He painted historical sub
jects with reputation : died 1615.
Hofman (Peter), bom at Dor
drecht ; a pupil of Joris Ponce, and
of Thierry Kuypers, was employ
ed in paintings over chimney-pieces,
and at his leisure hours cultivated his
talent and made paintings of other
kinds, highly finished. In 1819 he
exhibited at Dordrecht a very pretty
picture of a woman selling birds. He
formed a great number of good
scholars, and was one of the founders
of the "Societe Pictura" at Dordrecht,
where he died in 1837.
Hoffman (Samuel), bom at Zu
rich, 1589 ; studied under G. Ring-
gli, and afterwards in the school of
Rubens. Painted history and por
traits, but particularly excelled iu the
latter, adding to a style and dignity of
character, great fidelity of resem
blance ; also painted fruit, vegetables,
game, and still fife in an admirable
style: died 1648.
Hogarth (William), bom in
London, 1697. The works of this
celebrated painter of conversation
pictures and portraits are almost too
well known to require description ;
but the fact of the principal characters
introduced therein being family por
traits, may not be so. Such, however,
is \ the case in his representation of
the Wanstead Assembly ; the Green
Room ; the Rake's Levee ; South-
wark Fair ; and the Modem Midnight

Conversation ; almost all the cha
racters in which were portraits.
Amongst other subjects painted by
him may be mentioned the Marriage
a-la-Mode ; March to Finchley ; the
Gate of Calais ; Four Stages of Cruelty ;
College of Physicians ; Enraged Mu
sician ; and Picquet, or Virtue in
Danger ; in all of which he appears
to have sought to convey a moral
lesson, and to have succeeded in his
attempt beyond any other artist what
soever ; but of his historical pictures
little of praise can be spoken ; one of
which, Hogarth's favourite picture of
Sigismonda, is thus described by
Lord Orford : — " Not to mention the
wretchedness of the colouring, it is the
representation of a maudlin strumpet,
just turned out of keeping, her eyes
red with rage and usquebaugh, tearing
off the ornaments her keeper had
given her," &c. Hogarth painted
three large pictures for the church of
St. Mary at Bristol; another of Danae;
and one of the Pool of Bethesda ; but
they are all miserable failures, and
only excite our regret that he should
have attempted a branch of the art
for which he was so little qualified :
died 1764.
Hogenberg (John), bom at Co
logne in 1 500, was an historical painter,
and exercised his art at Malines, where
he died in 1544.
Hogenhuyzen ( Elizabeth Geor-
gina), a pupil of D. J. Guicherit, born
at the Hague, in 1776 ; imitated the
manner of Rachel Ruysch ; studied
particularly the paintings of the cele
brated Van Huysum, and designed
assiduously after nature. She died at
the Hague, in 1794, aged 18.
Hogerheyden (Engel) , born at
Middelburgh, in 1739; made rapid
progress in the art, and in a short
time produced some shipping pieces
that merited the approbation of con
noisseurs. There are four engravings,
made from his designs, which repre
sent the glorious naval combat of the
Dutch at the Doggersbank, and the
shipwreck of the Woestduin, before

HOL 203
Westcapelle. He died at Middelburgh,
in 1809.
Holaart or Holart (J.), born at
Dordrecht in 1716, was a painter of
portraits, and made those of several
personsof distinction. He died in 1 77 1 .
Holbein (Hans or John), born at
Basle, 1498: died 1554. Studied
under his father, whom he greatly
surpassed. Painted history and por
traits in oil, distemper, and sometimes
in miniature. Of his historical works
the most remarkable are the Sacrifice
of Abraham ; and Henry VIII. grant
ing the Charter to the Company of
Surgeons, now in their Hall ; and
the principal of his portraits, which
are very numerous, are Henry VIII.,
whom he painted several times ; Anne
of Cleves ; and Sir Thomas More,
then Lord Chancellor, and his family.
He painted equally well in water
colours as in oil ; and after the acces
sion of George II. about ninety of his
drawings were found in a bureau in
the Palace of Kensington, of illustrious
personages of the court of Henry VIII.
which have all the force of oil colours,
and are finished with great delicacy.
In general he painted on a green
ground, but in his small pictures some
times on a blue. His pencilingwas fine,
his colouring strongandcarnations like
life itself ; and he gave a rotundity to
his flesh by which the originals may
always be distinguished from the nu
merous copies there are of his works.
Holbein (Sigismond), is said to
have been the uncle of Hans Holbein,
and also a painter ; but no mention
is made of his works or style.
Holderness (  ), drew the pic
ture of an old woman with a skull,
which was in the collection of Villiers
Duke of Buckingham. Walpole, vol.
2. p. 218.
Hollaert (Wenceslaus), of Prague,
in the disturbances of Bohemia lost all
his fortune, aud embraced painting as
a profession, in which he made pro
gress under Matthew Merian : he
painted in England and in Antwerp,
where he died. Sandrart, p. 363.

HOL
Holland (Sir Nathaniel Dance —
the family name was Dance), born in
London, 1734, came into possession
of property, and took the name of
Holland, when he relinquished the
profession of an artist. Having studied
under Francis Hayman, he went to
Italy for improvement, and on his
return distinguished himself as a
painter of history and portraits ; also
painted landscapes with some suc
cess. He painted a portrait of Gar-
rick as King Richard III., now in
the collection of Sir Watkins William
Wynne ; Timon of Athens, engraved
by Hall ; Virginia, in mezzotinto, by
J. G. Haid ; and a portrait of Ornai,
engraved by Bartolozzi : died 1811.
Holland (John), Esq. of Wort-
well, who lived in the reign of Eliza
beth, is mentioned by Walpole as an
ingenious painter ; but we have no
description of his works.
Hollandais (John le), born at
Antwerp in 1494, grandfather of Co-
ninxloo; was a good landscape painter;
all his works were very recherches.
Breughel endeavoured to imitate him :
he died at Antwerp in 1553.
Holsman (John), born in Cologne,
in 1573 ; was an esteemed historical
painter : he died at Cologne, in 1623.
Holstein (Peter), a Dutch painter
on glass ; flourished about 1648.
Holstein ( Cornelius ), born at
Haerlem, 1653; studied under his
father, Peter, a painter on glass, and
painted history with considerable
reputation. One of his best pictures
represents the Triumph of Bacchus,
in which are several naked boys, well
composed, correctly designed, and
pleasingly coloured: died 1691.
Holzer (John), born in the Tyrol,
1708; studied under J. G. Berg-
muller, and executed several fresco
works for the churches and other
public edifices at Augsburg.
Holzmano (John), of Cologne,.
scholar of Augustine Le Brun ; was
fruitful in invention, and happy in
imitating all the great masters. His

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pencil was free and agreeable, and his
colouring beautiful, both in oil and in
fresco. Sandrart, p. 303.
HONDECOOTER Or HoNDEKOETER
(Giles), born at Utrecht, 1583 ; in
his landscapes imitated the style and
colouring of Roland Savery, but the
forms and foliage of his trees are more
in the manner of Vinckenbooms, and
he generally introduced birds and
fowls, highly finished, designed with
great truth and fidelity to nature, and
transparently coloured.
HoNDECOOTER(Gysbrecht),bomat
Utrecht, 1613; studied under his
father, and painted domestic fowls
with considerable merit, but not equal
to those of his father: died 1653.
Hondecooter (Melchior), born at
Utrecht, 1636 ; studied under his
father, whom he greatly surpassed,
and afterwards under Weeninx, and
painted every description of domestic
fowl, cocks, hens, ducks, chickens,
peacocks, &c, whose plumage he
imitated to the utmost perfection, and
finished the landscape with which he
formed his backgrounds so as ad
mirably to harmonize and be in keep
ing with the figures. His pictures
command high prices : died 1695.
Hondius (Abraham), born at Rot
terdam, 1 638 ; painted with equal
skill, landscapes, huntings of wild
animals, boars, deer, wolves, foxes, &c.
in a manner little inferior to Snyders
or Fyt ; but his chief excellence was
in the representation of dogs ; he also
painted conflagrations, towns on fire,
and candle-light subjects. His com
positions were excellent, but his draw
ing was occasionally incorrect, and
his colouring somewhat too glaring.
His small pictures are sometimes
neatly finished.
Hone (Nathaniel), born in Dublin,
1 730 ; was a reputable portrait painter
in oil and miniature, but chiefly in
enamel, and possessed a powerful
talent for caricature. His oil paint
ings are somewhat too red in the
carnations, and the shadows not very
clear : died 1784.

Honnet (Gabriel), painter to Henry
III. King of France, painted the
Cabinet for the Queen at the Louvre ;
he flourished about 1580. Felibien,
par. 3. p. 80.
Hont (H. de), was a pupil of David
Teniers ; his paintings generally re
presented familiar scenes and ludicrous
or laughable subjects ; he approached
very often for talent and finish the
best productions of his master.
Honthorst (Gerard), called Ghe
rardo dalle Notte, born at Brabant,
1592 ; studied under Abraham Bloe
mart ; he painted both in oil and in
fresco, and endeavoured to imitate the
style of M. A. Caravaggio, in whose
manner he painted history for the
churches at Rome ; his principal sub
jects are the Decollation of St. John ;
and Christ brought before Pilate ;
which are represented by torchlight,
and have a bold and wonderful effect ;
came to England, and was employed
by Charles I. for whom he painted
several pictures ; his subjects are
usually candlelight pieces, in one of
which he has represented the King
and Queen as two deities, and the
Duke of Buckingham as Mercury
introducing the Liberal Arts to their
Majesties: died 1660.
Honthorst (William), brother of
Gerard, born at Utrecht, 1604; was
also instructed by Abraham Bloemart,
and painted historical subjects in the
style of his brother, although very
inferior, but excelled as a portrait
painter : died 1683.
Hooft (Nicholas), bom at the
Hague, 1664. Studied first under
Daniel Myttens, and afterwards under
Augustine Terwesten, and painted his
tory and portraits with considerable
success : died 1748.
Hooge (Peter de),born about 1643.
Studied under Berghem, but in man
ner more resembles Mieris or Metzu ;
his favourite subjects were the inte
riors of apartments in Holland, the
sun shining through the window and
illuminating a part of the room, so

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as to produce a pleasing natural effect;
the figures habited in the mode of the
time, which, although less finished
than those of Mieris or Gerard Douw,
are more spirited and sufficiently neat :
died 1708.
Hoogers (Henry), bom at Nime
guen in 1747, was au amateur painter,
and obtained the gold medal at the
Society Felix Meritis at Amsterdam,
for a design of a Sunrise in Summer ;
his mercantile occupations did not
hinder him from painting historical
pictures, landscapes, portraits, and
family subjects ; he also engraved
some views of cities and landscapes :
he died at Nimeguen in 1814.
HooGHENBERG(GerardVan),bomat
Brussels, 1 625, was a reputable painter
of history. Several of his works are
in the churches at Brussels : died
1675. Hooghenberg (John), born at
Cologne, 1500, died 1544 ; was a
good painter of history, but we have
no description of his works.
Hoogstadt (Gerard Van), born at
Brussels, 1625 ; his instructor is un
known, but there are several pictures
by him in the churches of his native
city, well designed and powerfully
executed : died 1675.
Hoogstraeten (Samuel Van), son
of Dirk, bom at Dort, 1627 ; studied
under Rembrandt, in whose dark style
he painted portraits, but by degrees
he adopted one more clear and pleas
ing to his employers ; he also painted
landscapes and sea views, fruit and
flowers, and still life, agreeably co
loured, well designed, and touched
with great neatness ; his histori
cal pictures are somewhat stiff, dry,
and formal ; he painted three pictures
for the Emperor of Austria, one a
portrait ; another of still life, and the
third representing Christ crowned
with Thorns ; he visited England in
the reign of Charles II. : died 1678.
Hoogstraeten (Dirk or Theo
dore Van), born at Antwerp, 1596 ;
painted history and landscape with

considerable reputation, the latter de
signed from nature, and represented
with great truth and fidelity : died
1640. Hoogstraeten (John Van), bro
ther of Samuel Van, bom 1629, painted
history and portrait with some repu
tation ; died 1680.
Hoogzaat (John), born at Amster
dam, 1 654, was educated in the school
of Gerard Lairesse, and became one
of his ablest disciples. King William
III. employed him to paint several
pictures for his palace at Loo : died
1712. Hoop (Douwe de), a painter of his
torical and other subjects, was born in
Frisia. The different paintings that
he produced at the exhibitions attest
his fine talent : he died at Amster
dam in 1830.
Hoorn (Jordanus), a painter of
portraits and family pictures : died at
Amersfoort in 1833, at the age of 48
years. Hoppner (John), bom in England,
1759 ; his style was formed from an
attentive study of the works of Sir
Joshua Reynolds, yet he was far from
a copyist ; occasionally he imitated
his manner, but he concealed his pla
giarism by many winning and original
graces ; he was so much occupied as
a portrait painter that he seldom
turned his attention to landscapes,
but when he did he was eminently
successful. The backgrounds of his
portraits afford sufficient evidence of
his talents as a landscape painter, and
would do honour to a Gainsborough ;
and in several respects there appears
to be a decided similarity between
them ; but in portraits he far excellecf
Gainsborough; his portraits of women
are decidedly the best, those of the
men appear deficient in strength and
character, and too civilized and genteel
— in attempting to delineate the gen
tleman, he sometimes failed to represent
the man; there are, however, some ex
ceptions. In children, he was particu
larly fortunate, and completely entered

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into the infantine character. His co
louring is natural, chaste, and powerful ;
his tones for the most part mellow and
deep ; his penciling rich and full, and
his carnations fresh and transparent;
an air of negligence and facility per
vades them ; they appear to have cost
no effort, and their careless boldness
and execution stamps the seal of a
great master: died 1810.
Horberg (Peter), a Swede, born
at Sudermania ; studied in the Aca
demy of Painting at Stockholm, and
acquired considerable eminence as a
painter: died 1814.
Horfelin (Antonio L.), born at
Saragossa, 1587. Studied "the works
of Michael Angelo Buonarotti and
Raffaelle, and acquired a grandeur of
design and harmony of colour that
distinguished him amongst the Spa
nish painters ; his principal work is a
picture of St. Joseph, in the church
of the Augustines at Saragossa : died
1660. Horion (Alexander de), a painter
of portraits, was born at Liege towards
the end of the sixteenth century. His
portraits were generally good like
nesses and well designed, wanting,
however, animation ; the number of
beautiful accessories with which he
ornamented them was the cause, it is
thought, of the reputation that he en
joyed ; he also painted historical sub
jects, some of which are still at Liege,
one in the church of St. Servais, and
another, representing the Last Judg
ment, in the church of the convent of
Sta. Clara : he died at Liege in 1659.
Horne (Leonard), a painter at
Liege, whose talent was in reputation
about 1520 ; he was contemporary
with the brothers Hardy.
Hornes (James Van), born at Ma
lines about 1618 ; learned design of
Gregory Beerings ; he was a master
in the Society of Painters, in 1643,
and was made Dean of the same society
in 1 669, which he occupied till 1 674 :
he painted well in water colours, and
made some pictures of churches and
saloons.

Horrebouts (Gerard), born at
Ghent in 1498, was a good painter
in the manner of Holbein ; he was
painter to Henry VIII. King of Eng
land, and also to Philip and Mary ;
and painted some pictures for various
churches in Ghent : he died in Lon
don in 1558.
Horst (Nicholas Vander), bom at
Antwerp, 1598; was educated in the
school of Rubens ; he afterwards tra
velled to Germany, France, and Italy,
and on his return, established him
self at Brussels as a painter of history
and portraits, and acquired consider
able reputation ; he was appointed
painter to the Archduke Albert : died
1646. Horstink (Warnaar), born at
Haerlem in 1756; was a pupil of
Cornelius Van Noorde, and of Wy-
brandt Hendriks ; he designed por
traits and landscapes very correctly,
but painted few pictures in oil : he
died in 1815.
Horstok (John Peter Van), born
at Overveen, near Haerlem, in 1745,
was a pupil of S. H. Felzerma, and
of P. Barbiers, and cultivated per
spective with success. He settled at
Alkmaar, where he painted portraits,
easel pictures, and altar-pieces. He
made one for the church at Bergen,
which represents a procession, and
another for the church upon the Quay
at Alkmaar. He obtained a silver
medal of fifty ducats for the inven
tion of a new wash for designs in
water colours. In 1808, they gave
him the same distinction for a memoir
concerning the discovery and prepa
ration of ochre. The figures in his
familiar scenes are almost all in the
manner of North Holland. He made
some very valuable designs. He died
at Haerlem in 1825, at the age of
80. Hoskins (John), an English por
trait painter ; painted first in oil, and
afterwards in miniature, and flou
rished in the reign of Charles I. whose
portrait he painted, also that of his

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Queen, and many of the Court ; his
drawing was correct, his likenesses
natural, but he was too red in his car
nations : died 1 664, leaving a son who
also painted miniature.
Hosson (F. C. de), born at Ben-
theim in 1777 ; was a painter of por
traits and of history ; he subsequently
established himself at Groningen,
where he painted rooms and ceilings,
the colourings of which were better
than the designs : he died at Gro
ningen in 1799.
Houasse (Rene Antoine), born at
Paris, 1645 ; was a disciple of Le
Brun, and became a reputable painter
of history : died 1710.
Houasse (Michael Angelo), son of
the above ; studied under his father,
and painted in the same style : died
1730. Houbraken (Arnold), bora at Dort,
1 660 ; studied first under William Van
Drillenburg, and afterwards under
Samuel Van Hoogstraeten ; painted
portraits and small historical subjects,
the latter without much merit ; he
came to England to copy the por
traits of Vandyck, but is better known
as the author of " Lives of Dutch and
Flemish Painters," 3 vols, folio.
Houten (G. Ten.), a painter of
portraits, lived about the middle of
the 17th century ; in 1649 he painted
the portrait of John Cloppenburg,
Professor of Theology, deceased at
Franeker ; Van Dalen made after that
painting an engraving which still
exists. Hovart (John), a native of Ant
werp, with many other Flemings went
to Genoa, and under Cornelius Wael,
a talented painter and designer, gave
many of his works to that city, par
ticularly portraits, and conducted
himself with so much amenity, that
all the ladies and gentlemen were de
sirous of having their portraits painted
by him : being of a melancholy tem
perament he died voung. Soprani,
p. 237.

Howitt (Samuel) : this self-taught
artist, celebrated for bis skill in re
presenting wild animals, and the
hunting of them, died in London,
1822 : he designed and executed with
accuracy and spirit.
Hoyoux (Bertin), born at Jupulle,
near Liege ; was in some reputation
about 1637 ; he painted portraits
with talent, and made good like
nesses. Huber (John Rodolph), born at
Basle, in Switzerland, 1 668 ; stu
died first under Gaspar Meyer, whom
he soon surpassed, and after his de
cease became the scholar of Joseph
Werner ; he visited Mantua, and
copied the works of Giulio Romano ;
then went to Verona, became intimate
with Tempesta, for whom he painted
the figures in his landscapes, and
copied the works of Bassan, Titian,
Tintoretto, and P. Veronese, atten
tively observing the peculiarities of
each, and at Rome improved still
more by contemplating the works of
Raffaelle, Guido, and the Caracci ;
he painted upwards of 3000 portraits,
besides numerous historical pictures,
and from his extraordinary facility,
was called the Tintoretto of Switzer
land : died 1748.
Huchtenburg — See Hughten-
BURG. Hudson (Thomas), born in Devon
shire, 1701 ; was celebrated as a por
trait painter, particularly of English
country gentlemen, whom he gene
rally represented in tie-wigs, blue
velvet coats, and white satin waist
coats ; he was the pupil of Richard
son, and the master of Sir Joshua
Reynolds: died 1779.
Hugford (Ignatius Henry), born
in Pisa in 1 703, of a noble English
family that had embraced the Roman
Cathohc religion ; was placed by his
father under Anthony Dominic Gab
biani to learn painting, and at the age
of twenty was admitted to paint his
design in the church of the Holy
Trinity, of the Monks of Valambrosa,

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of the Virgin Mary presenting the
Sacred Garment to St. Ildefonso.
The Padri of St. Francis di Paolo, in
that city, gave him a commission to
paint two Medallions, in wliich va
rious acts of that saint appeared ; he
also painted for the monks of Valam-
brosa a Medallion of St. Peter, and a
Monk of that Monastery in the act of
excommunicating the Canons of
Lucca, and various other subjects in
the churches of Champagne, and in
the houses of private persons. In
the year 1758 he was seized with tic
doloureux, and shortly after by a
severe attack of the gout, which ended
his fife in 1778, at the age of 75.
He also painted some historical sub
jects for the Ducal Gallery, and left a
rich collection of drawings and paint
ings which he had got together at
great expense.
Hughtenburg (James Van), bom
at Haerlem, 1639 ; studied under Ni
cholas Berchem, under whom he made
great proficiency as a landscape
painter. His works were highly
prized : died young.
Hughtenburg (John Van), born
at Haerlem, 1 646 ; was a scholar of
John Wyck, and afterwards of Vander
Meulen ; he was employed by Prince
Eugene to paint the battles and sieges
in which himself and the Duke of
Marlborough had taken part ; which
he did with extreme precision, the
features of a Turk, Sclavonian, or
Cossack, being as distinguishable in
his paintings as from their costume ;
his pencil is delicate, colouring trans
parent, his skies light and floating,
and his distances as beautifully kept
as in the pictures of Wouvermans :
died 1733.
Hulle (Anselmo Van), born at
Ghent ; painted history and portraits.
The museum at Ghent has a painting
by him of a Dead Christ laying upon
the knees of his Mother : he died
about 1665.
Hulsdonck (John Van), was a
painter of flowers ; his subjects,

though well finished, are hard and
without taste.
Hulst (Henry Van), is recorded
by Poot as a good painter and distin
guished poet ; he is said to have had
a talent for historical painting.
Hulst (Peter Vander), bom atDort,
1652; studied historical painting
without success, and afterwards de
voted himself to landscape painting,
with flowers and insects, selecting a
wilder kind of plant than those of De
Heem or Seghers, and introducing,
toads, frogs, lizards, serpents, and
insects of various kinds, which, though
not so highly finished as those of
Mignon or De Heem, are lively and
agreeable in colouring, free in touch,
and well designed : died 1708.
Hulswit (John), born at Amster
dam in 1766; made more designs
than paintings in oil ; there are, how
ever, some good landscapes by him,
ornamented with pieces of water,
figures, and animals : he made paint
ings for Louis Napoleon, King of
Holland, which are now in the mu
seum at Amsterdam ; where is also a
landscape, with a mill, by him. He
was a member of the Netherland
Royal Institution, and of the Aca
demy at Antwerp : he died in 1822.
Humphry (Ozias), born at Honi-
ton, in Devonshire, September 8th,
1742 ; having a taste for drawing,
came to London, and frequented the
school of William Shipley, and pro
fited by studying the plaster casts,
from the antique statues, recently im
ported from Italy by the Duke of
Richmond ; he went to Bath, and en
gaged with Samuel Collins, an emi
nent miniature painter ; and in 1764,
he returned to London, having been
invited so to do by Sir Joshua Rey
nolds. In 1 766, he exhibited at Spring
Gardens a miniature portrait of John
Mealing, the old and well known
model of the Royal Academy, which
was purchased by the King, who re
warded him with a present of 100
guineas ; and as a further encourage-

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ment, he had the honour to paint a
large miniature of the Queen, with
other branches of the Royal Family.
Having sustained a severe injury by a
fall from his horse, by which his ner
vous system was much shook, he was
persuaded to visit Italy ; and on his
return to England, in 1777, he com
menced painting in oil. In 1785, he
went to India, and followed his pro
fession of a miniature painter ; he
visited many of the Indian Courts,
and painted several large miniatures
of the Princes, Nabobs, Rajahs, and
other persons of distinction. In 1 788,
he returned to England, where his
reputation as a miniature painter be
came confirmed. In 1790, his sight
becoming impaired, he made some
experiments in crayons, in which he
was eminently successful. In 1797,
he painted the portraits of the Prince
and Princess of Orange, in crayons,
which were his last productions ; his
design is tasteful and correct, his co
louring, especially in miniatures and
cravons, rich and harmonious : he
died. 1810.
Huquier (Gabriel), born at Paris,
1725 ; pamted portraits in crayons.
Hussey (Giles), born in Dorset
shire, 1710 ; studied, first under
Richardson, and then under Damini,
a Venetian artist then in England,
by whom he was principally employed
in copying pictures, and finishing
those of his master ; he also assisted
him in painting the decorations of
the cathedral at Lincoln ; he after
wards studied at Bologna and at
Rome ; in 1737 he returned to Eng
land, and in 1 742 commenced as a por
trait painter, and excited the envy of
his brother artists by his masterly
performances ; he excelled in this
branch, and his great merit lay in his
faithful resemblance to the originals ;
but he left portrait painting, in which
he succeeded well, to follow history,
in which he failed : died 1788.
Huysman or Houseman (James),
born at Antwerp, 1656 ; was the pupil
of Giles Backereel, and a reputable

painter of history and portraits ; he
visited England in the reign of Charles
IL, and painted one of the beauties
at Windsor Castle, little inferior to
Sir Peter Lely ; also the Duchess of
Richmond, habited as a Cavalier, in
the time of the Civil War, buff with
blue ribbons, now in the Palace at
Kensington ; but his most admired
portrait was that of Catherine of Por
tugal, Queen of Charles II. ; he ex
celled in the representation of Cupids,
and painted the altar-piece in the
Queen's Chapel at St. James's : died
1696. Huysman or Houseman (Corne
lius), born at Antwerp, 1648; studied
under Gaspar de Witt, then visited
Brussels, studied the landscapes of
Jacques Artois, and painted views of
the forest of Soignies, in the vicinity
of that city, in a bold style, the fore
grounds embellished with plants, and
partaking more of the atmosphere of
Italy than of his own country ; the
foliage of his trees is light and
spirited, and has usually a stropg
mass of light breaking through some
part of it ; his pictures are generally
decorated with figures, and cattle,
well drawn, and charmingly grouped,
and he frequently painted the figures
and animals in the landscapes of Min-
derhout, Achtschelling, andArtois; he
had remarkable skill inrepresentingthe
hilly grounds, or distant mountains,
and his compositions are usually from
nature. Huyssing (Hans), born in Stock
holm ; visited England in 1700, and
studied under Dahl, whose manner
he imitated. He drew the three
eldest princesses, daughters of George
II. , in the robes they wore at the
coronation. Walpole, vol. 4. p. 109.
Huysum (John Van), born at Am
sterdam, 1682; having studied the
pictures of Mignon, and other artists
of his style, and being ambitious to
excel them, he made nature his guide,
selecting the most beautiful flowers and
the choicest fruit, as the subjects of
his pencil ; he usually arranged his

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IMO

flowers in elegant vases, with orna
ments of bas-reliefs, finished in the
most polished and beautiful manner,
and the flowers so exquisitely pen
ciled, that they may be said to rival
the velvet softness of nature. His
fruit pictures are somewhat inferior ;
those painted on a clear or yellow
ground are most esteemed. He fre
quently introduced a bird's nest with
eggs into his pictures ; also insects,
butterflies, dew-drops, &c, which he
represented with a truth and precision
that becomes a perfect illusion ; he
also painted landscapes in the style
of Glauber and Lairesse, which are
more estimable for their neatness of
execution than originality of style or
truth of colouring : died 1749.
Huysum (Jacob Van), born at Am
sterdam, 1 687, died 1 746 ; his principal
merit lay in imitating the works of
his brother John, which he did so
successfully, that they are frequently
mistaken for those of that master.
He sometimes painted similar subjects
from his own designs, which, although
less finished, and less delicately
coloured, are highly esteemed. His
usual price for his copies was twenty
guineas, and for his original compo
sitions still higher.
Huysum (Justus Van), the Elder,
born in Holland, 1659 ; was educated
under Nicholas Berghem ; he painted
landscapes and animals, which, though
laboriously finished, have too much
yellow about them to be pleasing ;
also history, portraits, battles, sea-
pieces, fruit, and flowers, of which
his fruit and flower pieces are most
esteemed: died 1716.
Huysum (Justus Van), the Younger,
brother of John, born at Amsterdam,
1684 ; painted battle pieces with
extraordinary spirit and fidelity, and
would probably have acquired great
reputation, but died young, 1706.

Ibbotson (Julius Caesar), born in
Yorkshire ; studied painting for his

amusement, and produced some land
scapes in the style of Berghem, that
were eagerly purchased. The cele
brated Mr. West appropriately called
him the Berghem of England ; he also
painted some historical pieces : died
1817. Idsinga (Wilhelmina Gertrude
Van), bora at Leuwarden in 1 788 ;
painted portraits in oil, and copied the
ancient masters ; her touch is very
finished, and the imitation happy :
she studied under B. W. Vander
Kooy, and promised a brilliant
future, but was cut off in the flower
of her age in 1819.
Imbert (Joseph Gabriel), born at
Marseilles, 1 666 ; was the scholar of
Charles Le Brun, and afterwards of
Vander Meulen, but did not follow
the style of either ; he painted his
tory principally for the churches and
convents at Marseilles : died 1749.
Imbert des Mottelettes (Henry),
born at Bruges in 1764 : was a
pupil of Garemin, and a skilful
restorer of paintings ; he painted in
oil, made many designs after nature
in crayons, and succeeded especially
in copying the ancient masters. In
1800 and 1802 he exhibited several
fine paintings at the Academy at
Bruges, particularly a Conversation
of Peasants, after Tilbury; and a
painting of flowers, after Vanden
Broek : he offered the last to Mme.
Josephine Buonaparte, who was much
pleased with it, and expressed a wish
to buy it. Having been made Judge
of the Tribunal of First Instance at
Bruges, he painted but little from
1803 to 1811 ; but in 1830 he quit
ted the robe, and resumed his pencil.
He wished to continue a Biography
of Painters, which he intended to
publish by subscription ; and he had
finished the second volume in 1837,
when he died.
Imola (Innocencio Francucci),
called da, bom at Imoa; studied
under F. Francia and Mariotto_ but
in style partakes of that of il Frate

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IRA

and Andrea del Sarto. His pictures
are numerous in the churches at
Bologna, and some of them are de
signed in the style of Raffaelle, and
in landscape and perspective similar
to Leonardo da Vinci : died about
1550. Imparato (Francesco), born at
Naples, flourished about 1565 ; was
first a disciple of Criscuolo, and after
wards of Titian, and painted several
fine pictures for the churches in
Naples, the principal of which are,
the Martyrdom of St. Andrew ; ano
ther of St. Peter ; and the Annuncia
tion. Imparato (Girolamo), son of
Francesco, flourished at Naples about
1620; was instructed by his father;
afterwards visited Venice, Lombardy,
and Parma, and improved himself by
studying the works of Correggio.
He painted history, but not equal to
his father ; his best production is
"La Madonna del Rosario," at
Naples. Imperiali (Girolamo), lived at
Genoa, about 1460 ; studied painting,
but we have no account of his works.
Indaco (James dell'), a Florentine,
scholar of Domenico Ghirlandaio ;
worked in Rome, in conjunction with
Pinturiechio : he died in Rome, at
the age of 68. Vasari, par. 2.
p. 427.
Indaco (Francis dell'), a Floren
tine, and brother of James dell'
Indaco ; was a scholar of Domenico
Ghirlandaio ; he studied the works
of Buonarotti, and became a better
painter and modeler than his brother
James ; in Arezzo he worked in
statues and in paintings, and in the
triumphs which were erected for the
entrance of Duke Alexander ; he
flourished about 1500. Vasari, par.
2. p. 428.
India (Tullio) ; was a native of
Verona, and painted in fresco, but ex
celled in portrait painting.
India (Bernardino), son of Tullio,
bora at Verona about 1535; several

of his works are in the churches of
Verona, in which he appears to have
imitated the splendid style of Giulio
Romano : died about 1590.
Indocus ( Judah), a painter of Brus
sels ; after having studied in Flanders,
went to Italy for improvement ; he
had a good invention, and coloured in
the best taste. Among the many
excellent works that he produced, he
is greatly distinguished for one of the
Last Supper, which is well preserved
in a church in the city of Brussels :
he died about 1605. Baldinucci,
sec. 4. par. 2. p. 176.
Ingegno — See Assisi.
Inghen (William Van), born at
Utrecht, 1651 ; studied first under
Grebber, and at Rome under Carlo
Maratti ; afterwards at Venice, where
the charm of colouring seems to have
rendered him neglectful of design.
He painted several large works for
the churches at Rome, and on his
return to Holland painted history and
portraits with considerable success :
died 1709.
Ingoli (Matteo), bom at Ravenna,
1 587 ; studied at Venice, under Luigi
del Friso, but is said to have adopted
the works of Palma and Paolo Vero
nese as his models. His principal
performance is a Last Supper, in one
of the churches at Ravenna : died
1631. Ingoni (John Baptist), of Mo
dena; was remarkable for the ex
pressive effect produced, also for the
genteel postures, and sweetness of
colouring : he died in the year 1608,
at the age of 80. Vidriani, p. 117.
Inurea (Anthony), a gentleman
of Genoa ; studied under Sarezana :
painted portraits admirably, and be
came a perfect master in design.
Soprani, p. 238.
Irace (Severo), born at Naples
about 1500; studied under Marco
Cardisco or Calabrese, and painted
history for the churches with some
reputation. His best performance is
p 2

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J AC

an altar-piece, representing the Virgin
and Child, with a Choir of Angels,
and beneath them the Apostles Peter
and Paul, in the attitude of devotion,
dated 1534.
Iriarte (Ignazio de), bom in
Biscay, 1620 ; was a scholar of Fran
cesco de Herrera, but his inclination
leading him to landscape, he quitted
his former style, and studied from
nature. Many of his productions
are to be found in the best collections
in Seville: died 1685.
Isaacs (Peter), born in Holland,
1 569 ; studied first under Cornelius
Ketel, and afterwards under John
Van Achen, whom he accompanied to
Germany and Italy ¦ he occasionally
painted historical subjects, but was
more employed as a portrait painter,
in which he excelled. His colouring
is excellent, heads full of life and
character, and hands drawn with
great correctness : died 1618.
Isman (John), born at Saltzburgh ;
was a good painter of landscapes, sea
ports, and storms. He lived in great
credit at Venice, where he died about
1670, leaving agreat number of works
in private houses, where they are
highly esteemed.
Isendoorn (John Van), a Dutch
painter in Utrecht ; gave, in 1630, a
picture to the hospital of St. Job, at
Utrecht, which represented Job tor
mented by the Demon.

Jackson (John), bom in York
shire, 1778; was self-taught, until
one of his portraits, having been seen
by Lord Mulgrave, he sent him to
London, and placed him under the
care of Sir George Beaumont. He
soon after exhibited some portraits
of well known characters and persons
of consequence, and found plenty of
employment : he painted, amongst
others, the Duke of Wellington ; the
Duke of Devonshire ; Earl Gren
ville ; Lord Braybrooke ; the Mar
quis of Chandos ; Cauova, Flaxman,

Chantry, Stothard, West, Shee,
Thompson, Nollekins ; and about half
the nobility and persons of eminence
and talent in the kingdom. In
some of his pictures he may be said
to have rivalled Reynolds ; but iu
others he was deficient in expression,
heavy in colour, and stiff in outline :
died 1831.
Jacobez (Dirk or Theodore) ;
painted portraits very exact to nature.
He also painted nine historical pieces,
very full of figures, of the Passion of
Christ, which have been engraved on
wood in a round form ; also four
others in a square form : he died in
the year 1567. Baldinucci, sec. 4.
p. 191.
Jacobs (Lucas) — See Lucas Van
Leyden. Jacobs (Simon), a Dutchman,
born at Gouda, 1520; studied under
Charles d' Ypres, and excelled in
portrait painting. His drawing was
correct, colouring pure and brilliant,
touch free and decided, and expression
animated : died 1 572.
Jacobs (Peter Francis), bom at
Brussels, 1 780 ; justified the hopes
he had given at the school of A. Lens,
in gaining, in 1802, the prize after
the living model at the Academy at
Brussels ; after three years' work,
during which he obtained new victo
ries, he set out for Rome, where he
redoubled his ardour, so much so,
that it soon affected his health. At
a meeting of the Royal Academy at
Milan, a subject was proposed which
inflamed his imagination : it was the
head of Pompey presented to Caesar ;
he began the work with an enthusi
asm and a constancy that exhausted
his strength ; and he died at Rome
in 1808, at the same moment that
the Academy declared him the victor.
Jacobsq (Julian), born in Ham
burgh, 1610 : studied under Francis
Snyders, and excelled in painting
huntings and chases, of wild animals in
his style, with great success, and little
inferior to those of Snyders. He after-

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wards devoted himself to history and
portraits, in the former of which,
both in design and in colouring, the
manner of Snyders is conspicuous ;
one of his pictures, the History of
Venus and Adonis, is highly com
mended : died 1664.
Jacobsq (Hubert), called Grimani,
bom at Delft, 1 5-99 ; visited Venice ;
studied the works of the best masters,
particularly Titian, and became an
excellent colourist. His talent lay
wholly in portrait painting : died
about 1629.
Jacone (  ), born at Florence ;
painted history, and was an assistant
of Andrea del Sarto ; many of his
works in the churches at Cortona are
boldly but extravagantly designed :
died 1555.
Jacopi (Hugh), a painter, and
father of the famous Lucas of Leyden,
said to be from Holland, flourished
in 1500. Baldinucci, p. 12.
Jacopo (Horatio), a Bolognese,
and scholar of Lippo Dalmasio ; had
he followed the style and softness of
his master, and abandoned his Gothic
manner, would have deserved higher
praise for the works he produced
between 1430 "and 1445. Malvasia,
par. 1. p. 33.
Jager (Gerard de), born at Dor
drecht ; a painter of shipping ; had
a particular touch in rendering his
water dormant. About 1646 his
talent was in great reputation.
James (William), was a landscape
painter and dealer in pictures, in
Maiden Lane, Covent Garden ; and
when Canaletti was in England, he
became his pupil or assistant. In
1 768 he exhibited some oriental views,
which are supposed to have been
copies. James (George), born in London ;
studied some time at Rome, and on
his return to England commenced as
a portrait painter, but met with little
success. He occasionally exhibited
his pictures at the Royal Academy,

but never rose above mediocrity : died
1794. James on e ( Geo . ), born at Aberdeen ,
1586 ; he studied under Rubens, excel
led all his countrymen in portrait paint
ing, and was called the Vandyck of Scot
land, to whom some of hiis portraits
have been attributed. On the visit of
Charles I. to Scotland, he made draw
ings of the Scottish monarchs, which
so pleased the King that he sat to
Jamesone for a full-length portrait ;
many of his works are at the Earl of
Aberdeen's, and in different gentle
men's houses, as well as in the Halls
of Marischal and King's Colleges, but
the most interesting represents Jame
sone himself, as large as life, dressed
in a black jacket, with a white band,
and with his hat on ; it has ten squares
in the background, one a sea-piece,
and the others full-length portraits,
and is in the possession of the Earl
ofFindlater, at Cullen House; another
portrait of him is in the Florentine
Gallery; he occasionally practised in
history and landscape : died 1644.
Jampicoli — See Giampicoli.
Jan (Langen) — See Bockhorst.
Janet (  ), painter to Francis I.
and II. Kings of Fronce ; painted
various portraits at Fontainebleau,
among which are those of the two
monarchs above named ; he excelled
also in miniature. Felibien, par. 3.
p. 79.
Jans (Lewis), a Flemish painter
of fruit, flowers, and glass bottles,
admirably designed and coloured ; he
also painted figures : flourished in
1530, which date is upon a picture
by him in the possession of an ama
teur of the Fine Arts. Baldinucci,
sec. 4. p. 243.
Janson (Jacob), born in Holland,
flourished about 1784 ; painted land
scapes and cattle much in the finished
style of Paul Potter.
Janssen or Johnson (Cornelius),
born in Amsterdam, 1590; came to
England in 1618, and painted several

JAN

214

JEF

excellent portraits of James I. and
family, and also of the principal
nobility. His colouring is clear and
natural, and his pictures are neatly
finished, although somewhat stiff and
formal. He generally painted on
panel, and his draperies are for the
most part black ; he frequently
painted in a small size, in oil, and
often copied his larger works in that
manner. His portrait of Sir George
Villiers, the father of the celebrated
Duke of Buckingham, his hand
resting on a greyhound, which is
admirably painted; and that of the
Princess Elizabeth, who married the
Elector Palatine, and is commonly
called the Queen of Bohemia, are
considered his finest productions :
died 1665.
Janssens (Abraham), bora at Ant
werp, 1569; painted historical sub
jects for the churches in Flanders,
and had no superior in colouring,
except Rubens, with whom he was
contemporary. His design is elegant,
draperies well cast, and his carnations
have all the appearance of real flesh.
In the church of the Carmelites, at
Antwerp, are two pictures by him,
one representing the Virgin with the
Infant in her arms, attended by other
figures ; the other, Christ laid in the
Sepulchre : the figures are larger than
life, the composition grand, and the
design and colouring excellent. At
Ghent is an Ecce Homo, and a
Descent from the Cross, the latter of
which is frequently taken for the
work of Rubens ; but his best pro
duction, the Resurrection of Lazarus,
is in the collection of the Elector
Palatine : died 1631.
Janssens (Victor Honorius), born
at Brussels, 1664 ; studied first under
Volders, an artist of no reputation ;
then visited Rome, studied the works
of Raffaelle, designed after the antique,
and sketched the beautiful views in
the environs of that city ; he became
acquainted with Tempesta, and fre
quently painted the figures in his
landscapes ; his subjects were usually

historical, easel size, in which he made
Albano his model, and in that style
was unequalled. His larger works,
of which there are many in the
churches of the Netherlands, although
correctly designed, are somewhat in
ferior in colouring : died 1 739.
Janssens (Peter), bom at Am
sterdam, 1612 ; was the pupil of
John Van Bronkhorst, and became
eminent as a painter on glass. He
executed several windows for the
churches in Holland: died 1672.
Jardyn or Jardin (Karl du), born
at Amsterdam, 1640, was a scholar
of Nicholas Berghem, whom, in co
louring and touch, he greatly resem
bles, but his works are more conform
able to the taste of Italy than Hol
land, and generally exhibit the warmth
and brilliancy of an Italian atmo
sphere ; skies clear and sparkling ;
landscape of the most pleasing sce
nery, with figures and animals exqui
sitely finished : his pictures are not
much encumbered, a few figures,
some animals, and a little background
is the extent of his composition ; he
painted some Scriptural subjects, one
of which, representing the Crucifixion,
is greatly admired ; also his picture of
the Mountebank, who is standing
among a crowd of spectators who are
attentively listening to his harangue,
it is well designed, grouped with
great judgment, and handled in a
masterly manner.
Jean (Philippe), born in Jersey,
came to London at the close of the
American war, and acquired some
distinction by his portraits, both in
oil and miniature : died 1802.
Jean (Gherard de St.), bom at
Haerlem, 1366 ; studied under Ou-
water, whom he excelled in many
respects, particularly in composition :
died 1394.
Jeffries (James), bom at Maid
stone, (Kent), about 1756; studied
in the Royal Academy, and in 1 773
gained the gold medal for the best
historical composition; in 1783, he
exhibited a fine picture of the Siege

JEL 215
of Gibraltar, which was much ad
mired, and engraved by Woollett :
died 1784.
Jelgerhuis (John Reinksz), born
at Leuwarde in 1770; learned the
first principles of design from his
father, and was afterwards pupil of
Peter Barbiers ; he painted landscapes
from nature, interiors, shipping, and
interiors of churches, and exhibited
several paintings of those kinds at
the exhibitions of 1816 and 1818.
His works are highly esteemed; the
museum at the Hague possesses a view
of the small Fish Market by him : he
died in Amsterdam in 1836.
Jelgersma (Tako Hajo), an excel
lent painter of shipping, bom at Har-
lingen in 1702, was a pupil of W.
Vitringa ; he studied also portrait
painting, and settled at Haerlem,
where he finished a great number of
paintings ; the shipping he has left are
real chefs-d'oeuvre : he died at Haer
lem in 1795.
Jenkins (Thomas), born in Devon
shire ; studied painting in London
under Hudson, and went to Rome
with Richard Wilson, but finding he
possessed little talent as an artist, he
abandoned the profession, and turned
dealer in antiquities : died 1798.
Jervas (Charles), born in Ireland,
a pupil of Sir Godfrey Kneller; painted
portraits, but without any merit, either
in drawing, colouring, composition, or
even likeness ; he usually painted life
size, and in a flimsy daubing style,
like fan painting : he made copies of
some of the pictures in the Royal
Collection, and small copies of the
Cartoons in Hampton Court.
Jeurat (Stephen or Etienne), born
in France, lived about 1 743 ; studied
in the Academy at Paris, and painted
historical subjects and conversations,
but we have no description of his
style and manner.
Joanes — See Juanes.
Johnson (Robert), born in 1770,
at Shorley in Northumberland ; is
only known as the painter or designer

JOR
of some admirable tail-pieces to Be
wick's British Birds : died 1796.
Johnson (Cornelius) — See Jans-
sen. Joli (Antonio), born at Modena,
1 700 ; was a scholar of Panini, and
eminent as a painter of perspective
and architectural views, in the style
of that master ; he was also much
employed in the theatres : died 1777.
Jong (Ludolf de), born near Rot
terdam, 1616 ; studied successively
under C. Sachtleven, A. Palamedes,
and John Bylaert : he painted easel
pictures of battles and huntings, in
geniously composed and touched with
great spirit, and excelled in portraiture.
In the apartment of the Artillery
Company at Rotterdam is a capital
picture by him of the members of that
Society, and in the Council Hall is
another of the Burghers : died 1697.
Jong (Claude de), a painter at
Utrecht; was received into the College
of Painters in that city, in 1627, and
in 1638 he gave to the hospital of
St. Job a picture representing a moun
tainous landscape.
Jordaens (Jacob or Jacques), bora
at Antwerp, 1595; studied under
Van Oort, but in colouring and touch
most resembles Rubens : he studied
the works of the great masters of
Italy, particularly Paolo Veronese.
His works are to be found in almost
every church or public edifice in Flan
ders, two of which, the Martyrdom of
St. Apollonio, and Christ disputing
with the Doctors, are greatly admired ;
the latter is often mistaken for the
production of Rubens ; in the Palace
of the Wood near the Hague is the
Triumph of Henry Prince of Nassau,
and in the Gallery of Dusseldorf his
famous picture of the Merry Making ;
the Orleans' Collection possessed the
no less celebrated ones of the Satyr
and the Man blowing Hot and Cold,
also Pan and the Syren, the figures
as large as life : his powers were more
suited to fabulous history, or to the
festive scenes of tumultuous revelry
than to sacred subjects : died 1670.

JOR

216

JUV

Jordaens (John), born at Delft,
1616 ; visited Italy, and on his return
to Holland obtained considerable em
ployment ; his style resembles that of
Rottenhaemer, he painted historical
subjects with uncommon facility : died
1669. Jordano (Luca) — See Giordano.
Jordans (John), born at Antwerp,
1539 ; studied under Martin Cleef,
and painted landscape, history, vil
lage festivals, fires and moonlight ;
painted with considerable success :
died 1599.
Joris (Augustine), born in Delft,
1525; was instructed by James
Mondst, an artist of little celebrity,
afterwards visited France, and on his
return to Holland was employed on
some historical subjects for the
churches ; his principal picture is a
Virgin and Child : died 1552.
Joris (Augustine), also born at
Delft, 1480 ; was eminent as a painter
on glass : died 1557.
Joue (Jacques la), born in Paris,
1687 ; died 1761 ; excelled in archi
tectural subjects and theatrical decora
tions. Jouvenet (Jean), born at Rouen,
J 644 ; studied the principles of the
art under his father, Lawrence Jouve
net, and also under Nicolo Poussin,
and painted several pictures for the
churches, amongst others, Christ
curing the Paralytic ; and the Twelve
Apostles, each figure being 14 feet
high : in 1765, he became a Member
of the Royal A cademy, his reception
picture being Esther before King
Ahasuerus ; about which time he
painted four pictures for St. Martin-
in-the-fields, of which the subjects are,
Mary Magdalen washing our Sa
viour's Feet ; Christ driving the
Money Changers from the Temple ;
the Resurrection of Lazarus ; and the
Miraculous Draught of Fishes ; but
bis chef-d'oeuvre is the Taking down
from the Cross, in the church of the
Capuchins at Paris ; his compositions
were grand, design correct, and co
louring good : died 1717.

Jouvenet (Francesco), brother of
Jean ; studied under his brother, and
became a good painter of portraits :
died 1749.
Juanes (Juan Battista), born at
Valencia, 1523 ; he confined his pencil
to sacred subjects, which were grandly
composed, coloured with great truth
and beauty, and minutely finished.
The Entombing of Christ ; the Na
tivity ; the Burial of a holy Monk ;
and the Martyrdom of St. Agnes, are
amongst his best productions, some of
which are in the style of Raffaelle,
and he is sometimes called the Spanish
Raffaelle: died 1579.
Juncosa (Fra Joachim), of Cata
lonia ; painted many historical sub •
jects, both sacred and profane, after
wards becoming a Carthusian monk,
he painted in their church in Barce
lona many other sacred things,
amongst which is the history of Moses,
and the miracles he performed for his
people Israel : he died in the year
1708, at the age of 70.
Juppin (John Baptist), born at
Namur, in 1678; learned design in
his native city, then went to Brussels,
where, having studied some years in
order to perfect himself, he visited
Rome, Modena, Bologna, Naples, and
all the other principal cities of Italy ;
at Naples, he painted some large pic
tures for distinguished personages.
On his return, he lived at first in his
native place, but in 1717 removed to
Liege ; he painted for the States of
Liege some pictures, which, as well as
his landscapes, were considered chefs-
d'oeuvre ; among the pictures which
were unfortunately consumed in the
fire at the palace of the States was a
very remarkable one of the Eruption
of Vesuvius ; he made some paintings
for the churches of the colleges of
St. Denis and St. Martin at Liege,
and also for the choir of the Rogations
at Huy. The figures of his landscapes
are painted by Plumier : he died at
Namur in 1729.
Juvani (Francesco), was a native
of Rome, and a scholar of Carlo Ma-

JUV

217

KAU

ratti, but of his works as a painter
little is known.
Juvenelli (Nicholas), of Flanders,
a painter of perspective, and writer
upon antiquities ; went to Nuremberg,
where he painted in all kinds, as did
Paul, his son, also. Sandrart, p. 266.
Juvenelli (Paul), a painter of
Nuremberg, and son of Nicholas :
died about the year 1655, as we are
informed by his engraved portrait.
Juweel (Nicholas), of Rotterdam,
was living in 1690; he painted after
the manner^ of the Chevalier Vander
Werf; his pictures, although possessed
of great purity of touch and high
finish, did not equal in merit those of
his master.

Kabel — See Cabel.
Kager (Matthew), born at Mu
nich, 1566 ; went to Rome, studied
the works of the best masters, and on
his return, painted history for the
churches and palaces at Munich ; also
a picture of the Last Judgment for
the Senate House at Augsburg : died
1634. His works are little known
out of his own country.
Kalcar — See Calcar.
Kalf (William), born at Amster
dam, 1630; was a disciple of Hend-
rick Pot, a painter of history and por
traits, whose pursuits he for some
time followed, but afterwards painted
fruit, flowers, and still life, vases, and
other ornaments in gold, silver, and
crystal, which he imitated with a pre
cision approaching to illusion. His
works have a place in the choicest
collections in Holland : died 1693.
Kalraat (Abraham Van), born at
Dort, 1643 ; studied painting of fruit
and flowers under Samuel Help, in
which he excelled ;*he composed with
taste, and coloured agreeably : died
1699. Kalraat (Bernard Van), born at
Dort, 1650, died 1721, younger
brother of Abraham ; painted first in

the manner of Albert Cuyp, whose
disciple he was, landscape, cattle, and
figures, views on the borders of the
Maes, halts of travellers at inn doors,
and sportsmen going to the chase, but
very inferior to his instructor ; he then
adopted the style of Herman Sacht
leven, and painted cabinet pictures,
views on the Rhine, with boats and
figures, highly finished, and trans
parently coloured, but not equal to
those of Sachtleven.
Kampen (Jacob Van), born at
Haerlem, 1 650 ; is said to have been
a disciple of John Van Bronkhorst,
whose manner he approached nearly,
as also that of John Bylaert ; he
travelled to Italy to improve himself
both in design and colouring ; painted
historical subjects, the figures as large
as life.
Kamphuysen — See Camphuysen.
Kappelle (John Van), bom in
Holland ; studied under William
Vandevelde the younger, whose style
he imitated with considerable success,
but was in no respect equal to his
instructor : flourished about 1710.
Kappen (Francis Vander), born at
Antwerp ; visited Italy for improve
ment, and was much esteemed as a
painter of history : flourished about
1660. Kapuyns, a painter of flowers,
lived at Brussels ; there was formerly
over one of the altars of the church
of Notre Dame in that city, a Ma
donna, encircled in a garland of
flowers, painted by him.
Karsch (John Joseph), this re
nowned painter is believed, to have
been a German ; he was painting in
the service of the Elector Palatine in
1716. Kauffman (Maria Angelica), born
in the Grisons, 1 742 ; this lady was the
daughter of a Swiss portrait painter,
under whom she studied, and accom
panied him to Milan, where she con
fined herself to portrait painting ; but
at Rome and Naples she studied and
copied the works of the great masters ;

KAW

218

KER

came to England in 1756, became
a member of the Royal Academy, and
painted historical subjects, the figures
generally smaller than life ; her design
was correct and agreeable, colouring
mellow and harmonious ; but there is
a great sameness of expression in her
heads, and a want of energy in her
attitudes ; her males and females
appear to have been all cast in the
same mould, and her heroes are but
girls in disguise : died 1807.
Kawenberg — See Cowenberg.
Kay or Key (William), born at
Breda, 1520; studied with Francis
Floris under Lambert, and painted
history and portraits, the former with
less spirit and fire than those of Floris,
but more correct in design : his por
traits have been compared to those of
Sir Antony More. He painted a
large picture of the principal magis
trates of Antwerp, full length and
life size ; also the portrait of Cardinal
Granville. His works are generally
carefully finished, and naturally
coloured: died 1576.
Kaynot (John), born at Malines
in 1520, a pupil of Matthew Cock;
pamted landscapes with great judg
ment. He had two brothers, Roger
and Nicholas, who painted the same
subjects as him. He died in 1583.
Keeble (William), an English
portrait painter, of whom we only
learn that he was a member of the
Academy in St. Martin's Lane, in
1 754 ; and that he painted a whole
length portrait of Sir Crisp Gascoyne,
Lord Mayor of London, which was en
graved by McArdell.
Keisar (William de), born at Ant
werp about 1647 ; practised in minia
ture, enamel, and in oil colours ; came
to England, was patronized by James
II. , and painted a picture of St.
Catharine for the chapel of the Queen
Dowager of Charles II. ; he painted
his own portrait in water colours. He
left a daughter who painted small
portraits in oil, and copied with great
success.

Kelderman (John), an amateur
painter of flowers, fruit, and birds,
was born at Dordrecht in 1741, and
became a pupil of Wouter Dam. The
painters Joris Ponce, Versteeg, Van
Stry and Van Leew, with whom he
lived in friendship, encouraged and
guided him in his studies. He has
left several pictures of flowers and
fruit, rich in composition, and skil
fully executed. He died at Dor
drecht in 1820.
Keller (John Henry), born at
Basle, in Switzerland, 1692; studied
landscape painting of Godfreid Stu-
ber, and of his son at Munich ; he
visited Paris to perfect himself in that
line, then went to Holland, and settled
at the Hague. He ornamented with
landscape and figures, after the man
ner of Teniers, an apartment in the
house of Count Henry of Nassau. He
died at the Hague in 1665.
Ken, an Englishman, painted small
figures on copper with good expres
sion ; the Marquis D'Orisal, Viceroy
of India, had in Lisbon one by his
hand of the Feast of Esther.
Kent (William), born in York
shire, 1685; was sent to Rome in
1710, where he studied under Loti,
and gained in the Academy the
second-class prize. In 1719 he came
to England, and through the interest
of Lord Burlington, obtained con
siderable employment as a painter of
history and of portraits, in which
latter branch he did not succeed, his
colouring being bad, and his drawing
incorrect ; he also designed some of
the ornaments for Gay's Fables,
Spenser's Fairy Queen, and Pope's
Works ; and on the death of Jervas,
became painter to the Crown : died
1748. Kerkhoff (D.), a distinguished
artist, whose name should be placed
in the number of the first painters,
was born in 1766, at Amsterdam, and
had for his master, Peter Barbiers ;
he painted landscapes, views of towns,
and of villages ; his works are highly

KER

219

KET

esteemed. In 1814 he exhibited
three paintings at Amsterdam ; 1st,
The waterfall at Backhuysen, near
Arnheim. 2nd, A view of Sonsbeck.
3rd, Another view taken from the
side of the ramparts at Utrecht. He
died at Amsterdam in 1821.
Kerckhove (Joseph Vanden),
born at Bruges, 1669 ; studied under
Quellinus, visited France and Italy,
and on his return was much employ
ed in painting history both in oil and
in fresco, the backgrounds usually
enriched with architecture. In the
Town Hall at Ostend is a fine pic
ture by him, representing the Council
of the Gods ; and at Bruges there are
fifteen pictures by him of our Saviour's
Passion ; also four works of Mercy,
and a splendid picture of the Resur
rection : died 1724.
Kerck (William). In the Museum
at Antwerp is a paintmg by this
artist, representing the Israelites eat
ing the Paschal Lamb by order of
Moses, before quitting Egypt, and
the Destroying Angel striking the
first-born of the Egyptians.
Kern (Anthony), of Prague ; stu
died painting in Venice in the school
of Giambadista Pilloni, and imitated
his master perfectly. One of his
paintings, the Slaughter of the Inno
cents, was ordered at Dresden, and
seen by the King of Poland, who was
so much pleased with it, that he
wished to have the painter in his ser
vice. He died in Dresden in the year
1747. .
Kessel (John Van), born in Ant
werp, 1 626 ; imitated the highly finish
ed style of John Breughel, and painted
small landscapes, birds, reptiles,
flowers, and fruit, touched with extra
ordinary neatness and precision, and
in colouring sometimes approaching
the silvery tones of Teniers ; he
usually studied from nature, selecting
the choicest flowers and plants, his
portraits were painted with a free
dom and lightness of touch, and in
colouring resembling Vandyck : died
1696.

Kessell (Ferdinand Van), son of
John, bom at Breda, 1660; was in
structed by and painted similar sub
jects to those of his father, but in
ferior in penciling and in jiurity of
colour ; also painted landscapes with
considerable success, the figures usually
inserted by Eykens, Maas, and others.
In the Gallery at Dusseldorp are
four pictures by him representing the
four parts of the world, in which the
plants, animals, trees, and flowers
peculiar to each are delicately por
trayed : died 1696.
Kessell (Nicholas Van), nephew
of Ferdinand, bom in Antwerp, 1684;
painted in the style of Teniers, merry
makings, rustic conversations, and
village festivals, the figures designed
in the manner of Le Fage, and nearly
approaching the excellence of Teniers
in colouring ; he afterwards painted
portraits with but little success : died
1741. Ketel (Cornelius), born at Gouda,
1548, studied under A. Blocklandt ;
he visited England in the reign of
Queen Elizabeth, whose portrait he
painted, and those of several of the
nobility. In 1581 he went to Am
sterdam, where he painted a large
picture of the principal officers of the
train bands, amongst whom he intro
duced his own portrait ; he also
painted the portrait of the King of
Denmark, and occasionally imitated
Ugo da Carpi, in using the ends of
his fingers instead of brushes : his
portraits of Democritus and Hera-
clitus, the former representing him
self, and the latter, Signor Morosini,
who had naturally a solemn and trist
ful countenance, were painted in that
manner ; his figures were usually as
large or even larger than life. He
painted a whole-length portrait of
Sir Christopher Wren, and an allegori
cal representing Wisdom overcoming
Strength : died 1602.
Kettle (Tilly), born in London,
1740 ; practised portrait painting for
some time ; then went to the East
Indies, and on his return, in 1777,

KEU

220

KIN

meeting with little encouragement, he
determined on again visiting India,
but died on his passage in 1798.
Keulen (James Van), born in Eng
land of Dutch parents ; was eminent
as a portrait painter, and was employed
by Charles I. and several of the
nobility previous to the arrival of
Vandyck. In the town hall at the
Hague is a picture of fourteen of the
magistrates by him, well composed,
and in the style of John Ravesteyn :
died 1665.
Keun (Henry), born at Haerlem in
1738 ; painted in the manner of Ber-
keyden views of towns, the designs
of which are very exact, the perspective
well kept, and the figures neatly
painted. Jasper Philips engraved
from the paintings of this artist three
views of the city of Haerlem : died
1788. Key (William), bom at Breda in
1520 ; was a pupil of Lambert Lom
bard. He painted history and por
traits ; had an agreeable softness of
penciling, and composed with judg
ment and skill. He pamted the
portrait of the Duke of Alva, which
was the cause of his death : while
working upon it the Duke and the
judges plotted, in his presence, the
death of Counts Egmont (who was
his patron) and Home, and other
lords ; this tyrannical act made such
an impression upon him, that upon
his return home he fell ill, and died
on the very day those illustrious
victims of tyranny were executed :
July 5, 1568.
Key (Adrian Thomas), was a
cousin and pupil of William Key , whom
he surpassed in spirit and originality
of composition. There are two of his
paintings in the Museum of Antwerp,
one representing the Men, and the
other the Women of the family of
Franco y Feo-de-Briez.
Keyser (Theodore de). We have
no particulars of this Master, except
that in the Gallery of Amsterdam
there is a fine picture by him of the

Burgomaster deliberating on the
honours to be paid to Mary of Medicis
on her entrance to that city in 1 638 ;
the heads are admirably painted, and
the colouring is rich and nearly ap
proaching to Rembrandt.
Kick (Cornelius), bom at Amster
dam, 1635: diedl675. Studied under
his father, a portrait painter, and for
some time followed his pursuits, but
afterwards devoted himself to painting
fruit and flowers, which he drew from
nature, with a light and delicate touch,
and a brilliant tone of colouring. His
favourite flowers were tulips and
hyacinths, which were admirably de
signed. Kie rings or Cierincx (James), a
celebrated landscape painter, born at
Utrecht, 1590. Came to England,
and was employed by Charles I. to
draw views of his Majesty's houses in
Scotland and elsewhere. Those he
painted in Holland are generally em
bellished with figures by Poelemburg.
His pictures are freely and lightly
touched, the foliage, and even the
bark of his trees suited to the different
kinds he represented. They are gene
rally marked with the cypher <$ :
died 1646.
Kies (Simon Jansz), born at Am
sterdam ; a pupil of Francis Floris ;
according to Charles Van Mander,
made designs after the paintings of
his master in the house of Nicholas
Jongeling at Antwerp ; ten of which,
representing the Labours of Hercules,
and seven, the Arts, have been en
graved. Killigrew (Anne), born 1660,
daughter of Dr. Henry Killigrew ;
became maid of honour to the Duchess
of York, and having given early
proofs of uncommon talents, she
painted the portrait of her mistress
and that of the Duke of York, after
wards James II. ; also some historical
subjects and still life ; and a portrait
of herself, in the style of Sir Peter
Lely : died 1685.
King (Thomas), was a scholar of
Knapton, and painted portraits with

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considerable ability. There is one by
him of Matthew Skeggs, a jmblican,
playing upon a broomstick, which has
been engraved : died 1769.
Kin son (Francis), born at Bruges
in 1774; went some years after to
Paris ; and in 1799 he obtained a
prize for the best portrait. He ex
hibited in 1808 several portraits of a
Imperial family, which gained him
the grand gold medal. The same
year Jerome, King of Westphalia, ap
pointed him his principal painter.
The Government having ordered the
first painters of the capital to paint
the portrait on foot of the Marshals
of France, Ministers, &c, Kinson
made those of the Prince of Ponte
Corvo, afterwards King of Sweden,
and of the minister Dejaan. In 1823
he exhibited at Ghent the portraits,
on foot, of the Prince and the Princess
of Orange. These are two exquisite
portraits ; the position and adjustment
of the dress of the Princess are treated
with grace, the accessories are made
with taste, and give to the whole
a pleasing and bewitching charm,
the colouring is soft and brilliant,
which so eminently distinguishes his
works. King William I. decorated
him with the order of the Lion of the
Netherlands, and the Academy decreed
him a medal, as having produced a
work the nearest to perfection. In
the same year he presented to the
King and Royal Family of France the
portrait, on foot, of the Duchess
d' Angouleme. He also exhibited at
Ghent, in 1820, seven portraits, all
distinguished for graceful positions, a
good choice of accessories and arrange
ments, pleasing and brilliant colouring,
and that happy resemblance which is
an essential merit in a portrait. He
painted but one historical subject,
Belisarius, which makes it regretted
that he did not cultivate that species
of painting : he died in his native
city in 1839.
Kint (Thierry), born at the Hague
in 1676 ; pupil of Constantine Nets-
cher ; was made dean of the Society

of Painters at the Hague. He painted
as an amateur: died 1756.
Kirby (John Joshua), born in
Suffolk, 1716; became intimate with
Gainsborough, and painted landscapes
in a pleasing style ; also perspective,
which was his favourite subject. His
view of the Old Kitchen at Glaston
bury was exhibited in Spring Gardens
in 1770. He is also known as the
author of some works on perspective :
died 1774.
Kitchenman (John), an English
man ; painted portraits in oil and in
miniature ; also four views of boats
sailing on the Thames, which have
been engraved by Pouney. He studied
in the Royal Academy, drew a good
figure, and gained several premiums
from the Society of Arts : died 1 782.
Klass ( Frederick Christian), a
modem German painter, born at
Dresden, 1752 ; was a scholar of
Casanova, and became an eminent
landscape painter : his subjects were
views in Saxony.
Klenghel (John Christian), born
near Dresden, 1731 ; was a scholar of
Dietricy, in whose varied style he
painted landscapes and historical sub
jects, which are much admired in his
own country : was living in 1790.
Klerck (Hyde), born in Brussels,
1570 ; was a disciple of Martin de
Vos, and painted history in his style.
Several of his pictures are in the
churches of the Low Countries ; the
principal of which are, a Crucifixion,
with the three Maries and St. John ;
a Holy Family ; and the Martyrdom
of St. Andrew: died 1629.
Kleynhens (Iz.), was a painter of
flowers and fruit ; his portrait painted
by himself is his only known work now
remaining : he was born in 1 634, and
died in 1701.
Klingset, a painter of Riga, in
Livonia; was noted equally for his
taste and his bravery in war. He has
chosen his subjects with freedom,
though he could not always guide his
judgment in the correction of his de-

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signs and the genius of his inventions ;
nevertheless his pieces were generally
esteemed. His works are mostly done
in India ink. He excelled in giving
relief and character to his figures : died
in the year 1 734, at the advanced age
of 77.
Klocker or Klockner (David),
born at Hamburgh, 1629 ; was a
scholar of George Jacob, a Dutch
painter ; visited Rome and Venice ;
and on his return was invited to
Sweden, where he painted the por
traits of the royal family and many of
the principal nobility. He also
executed many historical works, em
bellished with agreeable landscapes
and pieces of architecture copied from
the ancient vestiges at Rome. His
drawing was correct, and he particu
larly excelled in the nude : died 1698.
Klok (Nicholas), a painter and
engraver, horn at Leyden in 1576 ; is
believed to have been a pupil of
Francis Floris. His works are little
known. Klomp (Abraham), a Dutch artist ;
flourished about 1680. He painted
landscapes and battles in the manner
of Paul Potter, but very inferior in
colouring, although correctly designed.
Kluyt (Peter Thierry), Jun. born
at Delft ; was one of the best pupils
of Michael Mirevelt.
Knapton (George), born in London,
1698; was a scholar of Richardson,
and is chiefly known as a painter of
portraits in crayons, in which he was
much employed : died 1788.
Kneller (Sir Godfrey), bom at
Lubeck, 1648: died 1723. Studied
in the school of Rembrandt, and also
under Ferdinand Bol ; then visited
Rome ; became a disciple of Carlo
Maratti and of Bernini, and began to
acquire some fame as a painter of
portraits. He afterwards went to
Venice and painted some family
pictures and other portraits of the
Donati and Gartoni families, particu
larly the Cardinal Bassadonna. In
1 674 he came to England ; and having
painted the portrait of Mr. Ver

non, secretary to the Duke of Mon
mouth, and also the Duke's, was
introduced by him to Charles II.,
whose portrait he painted; likewise
those of James II. and his Queen;
William and Mary ; Anne; George I.;
Louis XIV. ; Peter the Great ; and
the Emperor Charles VI. ; the
beauties in Hampton Court ; the
portraits in the Gallery of Admirals ;
those of the Kit-Cat Club ; and his
picture of the Converted Chinese at
Windsor ; of which last he is said to
have been justly proud. The head
dresses of the women were then worn
very high, but he did not paint them
in the extreme of the fashion. There is
a ridiculous stiffness in the neckcloths
of the men, and in the formal cut of
their coats ; whilst the dress of the
women generally consists of nothing
more than a chemise thrown open,
and a robe de chambre loosely thrown
over it. At Petworth is a fine head
by him of Sir Isaac Newton, which
is one of his happiest efforts ; but
some of his portraits of the Seymour
family are alike discreditable to his
talents. Kneller (John Zachary), brother
of Sir Godfrey, born at Lubeck, 1636 ;
painted architecture and still life in
oil and in fresco, and copied some of
Sir Godfrey's pictures in water
colours : died 1 702.
Knip (Nicholas Frederick), born at
Nimeguen in 1742; settled at Til-
bourg, where he painted cabinet pic
tures of flowers, fruit, and landscapes.
These pictures, which never exceeded
a foot or a foot and a half in size, did
not produce him more than fifty or
sixty florins each. This meritorious
artist had the misfortune of losing his
sight in the prime of life ; he lived
several years after, and died at the
age of sixty-seven. His son still pos
sesses some of his studies from nature,
which equal the compositions of the
best masters.
Knip (Henrietta Gertrude), bora
at Tilbourg in 1783; having up to
the age of nineteen painted after the

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studies of flowers by her father, went
to Paris, where she received lessons
from the celebrated Van Spaendonck.
In 1805 she established herself at
Amsterdam, and was occupied in
painting fruits and flowers ; upon an
invitation of some ladies of that city
she also gave lessons. In 1819 she
received at Paris a silver medal for a
design in water colours, and a similar
one at Amsterdam in 1822, with a
diploma. It was about this time she
commenced painting in oil. She went
to Paris again in 1824 to take some
lessons of the celebrated Van Dael,
and on her return painted many
pictures, which she sent to the various
exhibitions in France, Germany,
Flanders, and Amsterdam, and to the
Hague. One in 1837 was bought by
the Queen of the Low Countries for
500 florins ; the Marquis de Verar
bought several of her designs, one of
a bunch of grapes, painted in oil, for
500 francs : she died at Haerlem in
1842. Knipberger (N.); of him nothing
more is known than that he painted
landscapes in the style of Paul Bril,
generally from the romantic views of
Switzerland. His pencil was free,
his clouds remarkably light and float
ing, his foregrounds agreeably diversi
fied, and every object touched with
great spirit.
Knupfer (Nicholas), born at Leip-
sic, 1603; died 1660. Studied first
under Emanuel Nysens, an artist of
no note, and afterwards under Abra
ham Bloemart, and became an excel
lent painter of historical subjects of a
small size, also battle-pieces, three of
which he painted for the King of Den
mark, representing the victories of
some of his ancestors; he also painted
a pastoral picture of a Shepherd and
Shepherdess, which was greatly ad
mired ; his figures are usually of a
small size, but correctly designed and
admirably coloured. One of his prin
cipal compositions is an Assembly of
the Gods, formerly in the collection
of the Grefncr Fagel.

Kobell (Ferdinand), born at Man-
heim, Germany, 1740 ; painted some
landscape views in the vicinity of his
native city, and was appointed land
scape painter to the Elector of Bavaria.
Kobell (William), son of the
above, born at Manheim about 1765,
was instructed in landscape painting
by his father, in whose style he painted
with considerable reputation.
Kock — See Cock.
Koerberger (Wenceslaus), born
at Antwerp, 1554. Studied under
Martin de Vos, afterwards visited
Italy, and painted history for the
churches there, and also those in Bra
bant and Flanders ; one of his best
pictures represents the Martyrdom of
St. Sebastian, the colouring in which
is particularly fine, and the design ex
cellent. Vandyck painted his portrait :
died 1634.
Koeck or Coeck (Peter), born at
Alost, 1500. Studied at Brussels
under B. Van Orlay ; afterwards
visited Italy, and on his return painted
several pictures for the churches; also
painted portraits, and was employed
by the Emperor Charles V. : died
1550. Koekhoek (John), born at Mid
delburgh in 1811 ; was the third son
of John Herman Koekhoek, a very
distinguished marine painter, and like
his brothers Bernard Cornelius, Ma-
rinus Adrian, and Herman, studied
under his father. This young artist,
gifted with the most happy disposi
tions, and whose future promised to
become brilliant, died in 1831. He
has left some paintings of the sea,
both calm and turbulent, which ex
hibit proof of a fine talent.
Koene (Isaac), born at Haerlem,
1615, died 1713 ; painted landscapes
and waterfalls in the style of Jacob
Ruysdael, under whom he studied ;
the figures inserted by Barent Gael.
Koenraat (  ), born at the
Hague, 1678; studied under Netscher;
his subjects were flowers, which he
grouped with taste, and coloured with

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a great resemblance to nature : died
1747. Koerten or Block (Joanna). This
ingenious lady was born at Amster
dam, 1 650 ; she employed herself in
cutting on paper the representation of
landscapes, birds, fruit, and flowers,
and also portraits, with as striking a
resemblance as if executed in oil : died
1715. Koets (Roleof), born at Zwoll,
1655, died 1 725 . Studied first under
his father, a painter of whom we have
no account, and afterwards under
Gerhard Terburg, but devoted himself
entirely to portrait painting ; he painted
the portraits of King William III. ;
the Earl of Portland and family, and
most of the English and German no
bility who attended that monarch at
Loo. Kok (John Matthew), born at Am
sterdam in 1720, was pupil of Nicholas
Verkolie ; he painted with a good
finish some landscapes with figures
and cattle, views of chateaux and ship
ping. The collection of pictures by
this painter was sold in 1771.
Kompen (James Van), a Flemish
painter and scholar of Rubens, went
to Rome, where he studied the works
of the best masters, and applied him
self also to architecture with such suc
cess that when he returned to his
own country he was employed to make
the designs for the palace of Amster
dam, which was built from them ; he
was always governed by nature, and
painted many works after the manner
of his master, though he never equalled
him in the beauty and harmony of
his colouring : he died about the year
1660. Baldinucci, secolo 5. p. 380.
Koninck (David de), born at Ant
werp, 1636, was a scholar of John
Fyt, and painted similar subjects,
huntings, animals, and dead game,
he particularly excelled in designing
birds, and although inferior to Fyt,
his works possess considerable merit.
Koninck (Solomon) — See Co
ninck.

Koningh (Philip de), born at Am
sterdam, 1619; studied under Rem
brandt, and painted historical subjects
and portraits in no respect inferior to
his instructor, but particularly ex
celled in the latter ; his colourmg is
rich and harmonious, clearer than
that of Rembrandt, and partaking
more of the chaste and tender tinting
of Vandyck ; his own picture by
himself is in the Florentine Gallery :
died 1689.
Koningh (James), born at Amster
dam, 1650 ; was a scholar of Adrian
Vandevelde ; he painted landscapes,
figures, and castles, in the beautiful
style of his master ; also historical
subjects of a small size, which
possessed considerable merit : he
went to Denmark, and probably died
there. Koogen (Leonard Vander), born at
Haerlem, 1610, died 1681 ; studied
under Jaques Jordaens, and was a
fellow pupil of Cornelius Bega, whom
he resembles in his touch and colour
ing, but in general of a different size,
and some of his figures are as large
as life ; his usual subjects were boors
drinking, and conversations, correctly
designed, and transparently coloured,
which are much esteemed in his
own countiy, and little known else
where. Kooi (William Bartel Vander),
born at Augustinusga, in Frisia, in
1 768, had for masters in design Frans
Zwart and John Verrier, and for per
spective studied the works of Lairesse;
and after three years study commenced
painting landscapes in oil, under the
direction of Verrier and Beekkerck.
In 1804 he went to Dusseldorf to
study the works of the great masters,
and copied some portraits of Vandyck.
In 1808, at the Exhibition at Am
sterdam, he obtained 2000 francs for
his picture representing a Lady receiv
ing a Letter from the hands of a do
mestic ; from that period his reputa
tion was always increasing, and all the
works he exhibited elicited the high
est praise. At .Ghent, in 1823, he

KOO

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KUP

he exhibited a Player on the Flute, a
picture of admirable execution ; he
was a member of several societies :
died at Leuwarde, in 1836.
Koornhert — See Cuernhert.
Koster (Simon de), born at Mid
delburgh, 1767, learnt design at the
Academy of that city, and after re
ceiving lessons in painting of Thomas
Gaal, went in 1 788 to London, where
he worked with success, and procured
an easy livelihood : he died in that
city in 1831.
Kouwenhoven (James), born at
Rotterdam, 1777 ; pupil of B. Omme-
ganck, a painter of landscapes with
cattle ; worked for the cabinets of
his own country, and of England. He
devoted much time to give lessons to
a number of pupils. In 1817 he
made a journey into Germany and
Switzerland, and died at Rotterdam
in 1825.
Kowenberg (Christian Van), born
at Delft, 1 604 ; was instructed by
John Van Ess, an obscure painter,
and afterwards travelled to Italy,
and on his return to Holland was
employed by the Prince of Orange in
several considerable works ; his co
louring is natural, design correct, and
composition grand, and he particu
larly excelled in nude figures, which
he usually painted as large as life :
died 1667.
Krahe (Lambert), bora at Dus-
seldorp about 1 730, died 1 790 ; was
head inspector of the Electoral Pic
ture Gallery there, which contains
many productions of his pencil.
Kranack— See Cranach.
Krans (George Melchior), born at
Frankfort, 1729 ; studied under J.
H. Tischbien, and afterwards at Paris
under J. B. Greuze. He painted
landscapes and figures, which were
much esteemed, and procured him the
patronage of the Duke of Wiemar :
they usually represent views in the
vicinity of that place.

Krause (Francis), born at Augs
burg, 1706; studied at Venice under
G. B. Piazzetta, whose dark and dingy
hues he adopted ; afterwards visited
Paris, and painted a picture of Venus
and Adonis ; but his best picture is a
representation of Mary Magdalen
anointing the feet of Christ ; he occa
sionally painted portraits in crayons :
died 1754.
Kryns (Everard), bom at the
Hague, 1568 ; studied under Charles
Vanmander ; visited Rome, and im
proved himself in design and colour
ing, and painted history and portraits
with some reputation : died 1627.
Kuck (Gerard Van), this painter
is only known by one picture bearing
his name, in the collection of H.
Hoogers, at Nimeguen : it represents
the Saviour at table encircled by the
inhabitants at Emmaus ; the design is
very correct, the touch skilful, and
approaches the manner of Rembrandt,
without, however, his vigour.
Kuichem (Van), is cited as an his
torical painter by Hoet, in his work
upon the painters omitted hy Van
Gool. Kuick (John Van), born at Dort,
1530 ; was a fine painter on glass as
well as in oil colours ; he painted a
picture representing the Judgment of
Solomon, in which he designed the
portrait of a person to whom he was
under great obligation as the princi
pal character, which giving offence to
the Jesuits, he was persecuted by
them, and finally burnt alive in 1572.
Kunst (Cornelius), born at Leyden,
1493 ; studied under Cornelius En-
gelbrechtsen, and painted history,
correctly designed, and well coloured :
died 1544.
Kupetzki (John), born in Bohe
mia, 1667; studied under Claus, a
Swiss painter, whom he accompanied
to Italy, and assisted in his works ;
also studied the works of Correggio
and the Caracci, and painted some
historical pictures for the Emperor
Joseph II. of Vienna ; in colouring
o.

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he resembles Rembrandt, and in de
signing the human figure may be
compared to Vandyck ; he excelled in
portraits, and took uncommon pains
in finishing the-heads ; he painted the
portraits of the Duke of Saxe Gotha,
the Elector of Mentz, and the Mar
gravine of Anspach: died 1740.
Kuyper (James), born at Amster
dam in 1761 ; studied design under
Isaac Schmidt, and painting under Ju-
rien Andriessen, and produced some
fine Arcadian landscapes. In 1775
he was received a member of the
Academy of Design, at Amsterdam,
and gained some prizes there in
1781, 1782, and 1783, in which last
year he took a journey into Germany,
with the view of studying the galleries
of Dusseldorp and Manheim. In
1 808, he- was a member of the Royal
Institution of Holland, and unani
mously promoted to the honourable
functions of President of the same
institution, but unhappily he died the
same year. He possessed merit, and
would have become a great historical
painter, if his affairs had not hindered
him from entirely devoting himself to
his favourite art.
Kuypers (Thierry), bom at Dor
drecht in 1732 or 1733, was a pupil
of A. Schouman, at the Hague ; he
painted landscapes, and established
himself at the village of Voorschoten,
for the purpose of painting after na
ture. His canvasses, of rather large
dimensions, served to ornament apart
ments according to the fashion of
that time : he made, however, some
easel pictures. He had much talent,
but the irregular life he led, made
him neglect his labours, and depre
ciated his works considerably. He
died at Dordrecht in 1796.
Labacco — See Abacco.
Labrador (Juan), born at Ba-
dajoz, 1530; was a disciple of Mo
rales, but quitted his style, and de
voted himself to flowers, fruit, and
still life, in which he was superior to
any artist of his country : died 1600.

Lacour, (  ), a French artist,
bom at Bordeaux, 1746 ; was a pupil
of Vien, and subsequently studied at
Rome ; he painted history, landscapes,
sea-pieces, and familiar scenes, and
produced many excellent composi
tions : died 1814.
Laenen (Christian Vander), born
at Antwerp about 1570, a pupil of
Rubens ; painted interiors, or con
versation pieces, chiefly of an amatory
description ; his subjects were neatly
composed, and figures well drawn,
but are rarely met with in this coun
try : died 1628.
Laer, or Laar (Peter de), born in
Holland, 1613 ; usually painted the
sports and drolleries of vulgar life,
called by the Itahans bambocciate,
such as playing at bowls, rural festi
vals, and fairs ; also farriers' shops,
cattle, conversations, huntings, and
masquerades, the backgrounds usu
ally decorated with the most re
markable objects in and near Rome,
from which he had made designs in
company with Claude and Poussin ;
although inferior to Wouvermans in
the neatness and delicacy of his touch,
he surpassed him in energy and va
riety of character, and excelled in
representing the peculiar appearance
of the atmosphere at any particular
time of the day he wished to describe :
died 1675.
Laer (Roeland Van), bom in Hol
land, 1610; painted similar subjects,
and in a similar style to his brother
Peter, but in no respect equal to those
of Peter : died 1640.
Lafabrio.ue (Nicholas), born at
Namur towards the end of the 1 7th
century ; received the first principles
of the art from one Bouge, a painter
at Namur, and afterwards went to
Rome, where he made such rapid
progress, that in a short time his
pencil procured him an easy subsist
ence. On returning, he settled at
Liege, where he died in 1736. He
excelled in painting figures and birds.
Florent le Comte mentions two of his

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227

lam:

paintings, one the head of a jovial
philosopher, which sold for a large
sum, the other of a man holding a
goblet in his hand, which was then
in the possession of the King of
France. Lafage, or La Fas (Nicholas), was
a French painter of embroidery, and
a very clever designer.
Lagrenee (Louis John Francis),
bom in Paris, 1 727 ; painted history,
allegorical subjects, and portraits, and
was a member of the French Academy
for painting : died about 1 787.
Laguerre (Louis), born in Paris,
1663; was a scholar of Le Brun,
and afterwards came to England, and
assisted Verrio in his large work in
St. Bartholomew's Hospital ; he
painted the Labours of Hercules, and
repaired Mantegna's pictures of the
Triumph of Caesar, at Hampton Court,
for King William, and also painted
the staircase for Kneller, at his house
atWhitton: died 1721.
Laguerre (John), son of Louis ;
studied under his father, and painted
scenes and decorations for the thea
tres. LairJl (Sigismund), a Bavarian ;
went to Rome about 1575, and stu
died under Francis di Castello, a
Flemish miniature painter, the best
method of painting in small without
hardness, but with beauty and neat
ness ; he painted many Madonnas to
be sent to India, and various subjects
in miniature very beautifully on pre
cious stones : died 1661.
Lairesse (John de), born at Am
sterdam in 1679 ; pupil of his father,
Gerard de Lairesse ; painted after the
manner of his father, but had a harder
touch : he died at Amsterdam in
1728. Lairesse (Ernest), brother of
Gerard, born at Liege, 1635 ; painted
animals and hunting in distemper,
and was made painter to the Prince
of Liege: died 1675.

Lairesse (James and John),
younger brothers of Gerard, born at
Liege, 1671 and 1674; distinguished
themselves in painting flowers, fruit,
and bas-reliefs, but not equal to those
of Gerard : they died at Amsterdam
in 1709 and 1724.
Lairesse (Gerard), a French
painter, born at Liege, 1640 ; studied
design by copying the pictures of
Bertholet Flemael andother celebrated
masters, and at the age of fifteen
painted historical pieces and portraits
for the Electors of Cologne and Bran-
denburgh : he was wonderfully expe
ditious, and painted in one day a
large picture of Apollo and the Nine
Muses. His design was excellent,
colouring good, touch firm, yet light,
and his draperies formed in the
Italian taste ; those of the women
generally of silk, that admitted of
different reflections of light, and
richly embroidered ; his backgrounds
sometimes enriched with splendid
architectural buildings, and in his
manner he approached the nearest to
Niccolo Poussin. Amongst his best
productions are the History of Helio-
dorus ; Achilles discovered amongst
the Daughters of Lycomedes ; Moses
trampling on the Crown of Pharaoh ;
Polyaena ; Stratonice ; Germanicus ;
and Anthony and Cleopatra : died
1711. Lairesse (Ernest de), born at
Liege in 1678; pupil of his uncle,
Gerard de Lairesse ; designed all
kinds of animals well. He painted in
water colours, and studied some time
in Italy: died 1718.
Lairesse (Abraham de), born at
Amsterdam in 1681 ; a pupil of his
father, Gerard de Lairesse ; painted
similar subjects to his father, but
inferior to him : he died at Amster
dam in 1739.
Lallemand (George), born at
Rheims, 1629; died 1716 ; painted
history with some reputation.
Lama (Giovanni), born at Naples,
1 508 ; studied under his father,
o, 2

LAM

228

LAN

Matteo Lama, afterwards under Gio
vanni Antonio Amati, and received
some instructions from Polidoro Cara
vaggio. He painted historical sub
jects for the churches in Naples,
of which, the Transfiguration ; the
Martyrdom of Saint Stephen ; and a
Descent from the Cross, are amongst
his best works : died 1579.
Lama (Giovanni Battista), born at
Naples, 1560; was a pupil of Luca
Giordano ; painted history, and was
also much employed in mythological
subjects, easel size, which are admired
for their elegant style and sweetness
of colouring.
Lamber (Jacob), an Anabaptist
minister at Leuwarde ; was an ama
teur painter. It is said, though his
manner did not indicate it, that he
was a pupil of Rubens, and that he
was the first master of Govert Flink :
he painted history with considerable
talent. Lambert (George), bom in Eng
land, 1710 ; was a scholar of Hassell,
and afterwards imitated the style of
Wootton, but far surpassed him . His
trees are grand, his masses well con
ducted, and his landscapes have a
pleasing picturesque effect, and may
be compared to those of Gaspar
Poussin. One of his best pictures is
at the Foundling Hospital : died
1765. Lambert (General), the celebrated
General of Oliver Cromwell's time ;
is said to have painted flowers in the
style of Baptiste. The General's son
is also said to have painted portraits.
Walpole, vol. 2. p. 281.
Lamberti (Bona ventura), born at
Carpi about 1651 ; one of the ablest
scholars of Cignani ; painted history,
large and easel size, many of which
are greatly admired ; one of his best
represents St. Francis raising a dead
Child: died 1721.
Lambertini (Michele), born at
Bologna ; was an ancient painter of
the Bolognese school. A picture by
this master is in the hall of the fish

market at Bologna, which is well
coloured : he flourished about 1450.
Lami (Charles), a Frenchman,
born at Montaigne au Perche, 1679 ;
painted history, but never rose above
mediocrity: died 1733.
Laminoys (Simon), a Frenchman,
born at Noyon, 1620; excelled in
battle pieces : died 1683.
Lamme (Ary), born at a village
beyond the Meuse in 1748; was a
pupil of Joris Ponce for several years ;
he afterwards painted, with much
merit, some large landscapes ; his
compositions exhibit a fruitful imagi
nation, and a spirited execution. He
died at Dordrecht in 1801, leaving a
son named Arnold, whom he taught
painting ; and a daughter, who mar
ried a miniature painter, J. B . Scheffer,
and was herself a very good miniature
paintress : the son was a very good
painter of skirmishes, battles, and
rencounters, which subjects he made
his principal study.
Lampo or Lapo (Ricco di), a
Florentine painter ; married a daugh
ter of Giotto, by whom he had a son,
Stephen, a painter. Baldinucci, par.
2. p. 33.
Lana (Lodovico), born in the
Duchy of Modena, 1597; studied
under Ippolito Scarsellino ; pamted
history, in which he united the taste
of Guercino with the vigorous colour
ing of Tintoretto. One of his best
pictures is a representation of the
Deliverance of the City of Modena
from the Plague : died 1 646.
Lance (Michel), born at Rouen,
1613 ; painted fruit, flowers, and
animals with some reputation.
Lanchares (Antonio), born at
Madrid, 1586; was a scholar of
Eugenio Caxes, and distinguished
himself as a painter of history.
Amongst his best pictures may be
reckoned an Ascension ; the Descent
of the Holy Ghost ; and the Virgin
surrounded "by Angels, all of which
are at Madiid : died 1658.

LAN 229
Lancillotto (Jacopino), of Mo
dena, only son of Tommasino, called
Bianchi, born in 1507 ; received a
good education, and was an orator,
poet, theologian, and astrologer, and
also painted miniatures and pictures :
being of an intrepid spirit, he went
to the wars, where he died at the age
of 47. Vidriani, p. 55.
Lancisi (Thomas), of Borgo San
Sepolcro, born in 1603 ; studied under
Raphael Scaminosi, and lived to the
age of 79- He had two brothers,
Vincent and Matthew, both of whom
were painters : his family for some
generations had flourished as painters.
Lanconello (Cristoforo), born at
Faenza, flourished about 1 586 ; painted
history for the palaces in Bologna,
in the style of Baroccio, whose disciple
he is supposed to have been. At
Bologna is a Madonna by him, richly
coloured, and admirably expressed.
Lancret (Nicholas), born in Paris,
1690 ; studied first under Gillott, and
afterwards under Watteau, whose style
he imitated so closely, that his works
sometimes pass for those of Watteau ;
he is, however, unequal to him in
brilliancy of colour, and in delicacy
of design, and less spirited in his
touch: died 1743.
Lancrinck (Prosper Henry), of
French extraction, born about 1628 ;
studied at Antwerp, and first painted
landscapes, selecting for his models
the works of Titian and Salvator Rosa,
but particularly attached himself to
Titian's style of landscape ; came to
England, and was much employed by
Sir Peter Lely in painting the grounds,
landscapes, flowers, ornaments, and
sometimes draperies, in his pictures.
Many of the pictures painted by him
whilst in England were destroyed by
fire at the mansion of Sir William
Williams, one of his principal patrons.
His compositions are admired for
their harmony of colouring and
warmth, and his skies are light and
floating: died 1692.
Landon (C. P.), a French artist

LAN

is said to have pamted several pictures
of merit, but is better known as the
author of " Vies des QSuvres des
Peintres des plus Cclebres," 22 vols.
4to. and other works : died 1826.
Landriani (Paolo Camillo), born
at Milan ; was a scholar of Semini,
and painted history for the churches
with considerable reputation, particu
larly two altar-pieces of the Nativity
and the Crucifixion : flourished about
1619. Landriani (Francis\ called il
Duchino, perhaps because he was
Director of all the works that were
painted in the ducal palace in his
time ; painted with great spirit and
freedom in fresco, and his works are
preserved as if painted but yesterday.
He was living in the year 1 600, but
it is not known when he died.
Landulfo (Pompeo), born at
Naples, 1515; studied under G. B.
Lama, and painted history for the
churches there. His principal works
are the Virgin and Child, and an
Holy Family: died 1590.
Laneti (Dominic), flourished in
Ferrara in 1500 with great reputation,
although his maimer was rather an
tique. He was master of Benvenuto
Garofalo. Vasari, par. 3. lib. 2. p. 2.
Lanfranco (Cavaliere Giovanni),
born at Parma, 1581 ; studied first
under Agostino Caracci, and whilst
with him painted some pictures,
which were greatly admired ; he
painted equally well in fresco and in
oil, and sometimes aimed at an imita
tion of Correggio, but never arrived
at his excellence : neither did he
equal that of his master, his shadows
being managed more in the style of
Caravaggio : he, however, painted
some excellent pictures, in some of
which the heads of angels are in the
style of Domenichino. His most
celebrated work is the Virgin seated
in the Clouds, contemplating the
figure of our Saviour, on which the
principal light emanates from a Glory
surrounding his body : died 1647.

LAN

230

LAN

Lange (J. de), a good portrait
painter, whose talents were in vogue
at the commencement of the 18th
century. Among the family portraits
of Mr. J. J. Nahuis, at Utrecht, is
a portrait of a lady by him, of the
natural size : both the position and
the painting are good.
Langendyk (Thierry), bom at
Rotterdam in 1748, pupil of D. A.
Bisschop ; made some fine designs of
combats and battles, which have been
engraved. He could express the pas
sions with the utmost truth, and the
smaller details of his pictures had the
most delicate finish ; he almost always
made designs, and finished very few
paintings. There is, in a private
cabinet, four pictures by him, all
battle pieces : he died at Rotterdam
in 1805.
Langendyk (John Anthony), son
of Thierry Langendyk, born at Rot
terdam in 1 780 ; studied design under
his father. After going to, and
returning from St. Domingo, he lived
alternately at Rotterdam, Amsterdam,
the Hague, and Brussels : he finally
settled at Amsterdam, where he died
in 1818. He had entirely the man
ner of his father : besides some
coloured and some Indian ink designs,
he left some very good engravings.
Langetti (Giovanni Battista),
born at Genoa, 1635 ; studied first
under Pietro da Cortona, and after
wards under G. F. Cassani; his usual
subjects were the heads and busts of
old men, hermits, philosophers, &c,
of which there are many in the
private collections at Lombardy, and
in the Venetian States. There is a
good picture by him at Genoa of the
Crucifixion: died 1676.
Langevelt (Rutger Van), born at
Nimeguen in 1635 ; having while
very young distinguished himself in
the arts and sciences, Frederic Wil
liam the Great, Elector of Bran
denburg, engaged him to go to Berlin
as painter, architect, and mathema
tician to the court ; he gave some
lessons to the children of his pro

tector, and was named Director of the
Academy. The country palace at
Copenik, near Berlin, and the church
of Nieustadt, are constructions which
he projected and executed during his
stay at Berlin. There is still in the
Hotel de Ville, at Nimeguen, a paint
ing by him, representing an episode
in the history of Guelderland, the
figures of the size of life ; he also
painted some interiors of churches
with figures, correct in design, and
with great truth of colouring : died
at Berlin in 1695.
Langiean (Remigio), a Flemish
painter, born in Brussels ; a favourite
pupil of Vandyck, formed his own
manner upon that of his master ; also
caught his taste in colouring, but did
not possess his skill in designing.
There are a few paintings of small
horses by him ; but his principal
works are devout subjects in large, at
Louvain, Brussels, Dusseldorp, and
other places : he died in 1671.
Laniere (Nicholas), born in Italy;
came to England in the reign of
Charles I., for whom he painted a
Holy Family ; his own portrait, with
a palette and pencil in hand, and a
scrap of paper with musical notes, is
in the Music School at Oxford: died
1646. Lanini (Bernardino), born at Ver
celli about 1522; was a disciple of
Gaudenzio Ferrari, whose style he
imitated with the utmost precision.
He painted several works for the
churches in Italy, in some of which
he appears to have aimed at the im
pressive style of Leonardo da Vinci,
particularly in a picture of the Flagel
lation of Christ : but in a picture of
St. Catherine he came near to Titian:
died 1578.
Lanini (Gaudenzio and Girolamo),
brothers of Bernardino ; followed his
style at an humble distance.
Lanzano (Andrea), born at Milan,
1 645 ; studied first under Scaramuccia,
and afterwards in the school of Carlo
Maratti, and painted in his style,

LAP

231

LAR

which he subsequently quitted for
that of Lanfranco. His design was
good, figures graceful, and colouring
excellent, and he excelled in portraits :
died 1712.
Lap (John), aDutch painter. There
are some very fine designs of land
scapes, in the style of J. Both, at
tributed to this artist, and it is also
said that there are some paintings in
oil by him.
Lapis (Gaetano), born at Cagli,
in Italy, 1 704 ; studied under Sebas
tian Conca, and painted in a free and
original style, with great fire, and cor
rectly designed; there is a fine picture
by him in the Borghese Palace repre
senting the Birth of Venus : died 1 776.
Lapo (Stephen di), a Florentine
painter, son of Ricco di Lapo, and
grandson and scholar of Giotto ; drew
perspective, and was one of the earliest
to quit the ancient manner of the
masters, his predecessors. In Rome,
Milan, Pistoia, Assisi, Perugia, and
other cities, his works are to be seen.
He died in 1359, aged 47. Baldi
nucci, sec. 3. p. 35. There is another,
Stefano, a Florentine, a favourite
scholar of Gerardo Fiorentino.
Lappoli (Giovanni Antonio), born
at Arezzo, 1492 ; a disciple of Dome
nico Pecori, and afterwards of Pe-
ruzzo, called Pontormo ; painted his
tory, and most of his works are in the
churches of his native city: died 1552.
Laquy (William Joseph), born at
Bruel, between Cologne and Bonn, in
1 738, studied under Beldieu ; he
went to Amsterdam, and from there to
the Hague, where he worked in con
junction with Wybrand Hendriks,
who painted landscapes, Laquy intro
ducing the figures. The celebrated
amateur of the Fine Arts, Braam-
kamp, became his protector, and
admitted him to his gallery, where he
studied the works of Douw, Metzu,
P. Hooge, and other masters, which
encouraged him to form the most
flattering hopes ; he then made the
designs from the three, celebrated
paintings of Douw, Koedyk, and

Paul Potter, which were procured
from the Emperor of Russia, but
were lost in the voyage. He painted
a great number of small pictures,
agreeably composed, well coloured,
and remarkably rich in accessories,
the subjects he chose were mostly
taken from common life. Although
he was a mannerist, some of his pic
tures possess great merit; he pro
duced some very fine paintings, which
are still preserved in the best collec
tions ; he also painted portraits, but
was not happy in the resemblances.
He died at Cleves in 1798.
Largilliere (Nicholas de), born
in Paris, 1556 ; studied under Francis
Gobeau, and painted landscapes, ani
mals, fruit, flowers, subjects of low
humour, or bambocciate, and after
wards history and portraits ; he came
to England in the reign of Charles
IL, whose portrait he painted, also
several others of the nobility. At
Paris he painted the portrait of Louis
XIV. and on the coronation of James
II. he painted the portrait of that
monarch, and Maria d'Este, his
queen : his colouring was chaste,
and his drawing correct. His prin
cipal work, the Crucifixion of Christ,
is in the church of St. Genevieve at
Paris: died 1646.
Laroon (Marcellus), born at the
Hague, 1653; studied under La
Zoon, an obscure portrait painter, and
also under B. Flechiere. His drawing
was correct, and his colouring good ;
he excelled in drapery, and was em
ployed by Sir Godfrey Kneller to
paint the draperies in his pictures ;
but his chief talent lay in copying the
styles of different masters, particu
larly that of Bassan, in which he was
very successful. His subjects were con
versations and portraits: died 1705.
Larraga (Apollinario), born in
Valencia ; imitated the style of Pedro
Orrente, and painted several pictures
for the churches and convents at
Valencia: died 1728.
Larue, sometimes named Vers-
tratten ; was a designer of landscapes

LAS

232

LAV

his

and views of cities in Holland
designs are known by amateurs.
Lastman (Peter), born at Haer
lem, 1581 ; was the disciple of Cor
nelius Cornelisz, and afterwards tra
velled to Italy for improvement, but
could not divest himself of the Ger
man style. His compositions contain
numerous figures, neither graceful
nor correct in design, but vigorously
coloured. One of his best perform
ances is a picture of St. Paul at
Lystra : he was the instructor of Rem
brandt, who appears, to a certain ex
tent, to have adopted his style : died
1649. Latour (Maurice Quentin de),
born at St. Quentin, 1 705 ; painted
a portrait of the English Ambassador
(then at Cambridge), whom he accom
panied to London, and met with
much employment. On his return to
France, about 1736, he discontinued
the use of crayons, for oil, was
taken into the favour of Louis XV.,
and pamted the portraits of all the
royal family: died 1788.
Laud ati (Joseph), born in Perugia
in 1672; learned the principles of
design of Peter Montanini, and in
Rome had some partial and friendly
instructions from Carlo Maratti ; he
returned to his own country, his
talents improved in colouring, well in
structed in design, and perfect in
composition. Laurati (Pietro), born at Sienna,
1 282 ; studied under Bologhini, and
became one of the best fresco painters
of his time.
Laurens (N.), an historical paint
er, is cited in the work of Hoet upon
the painters omitted by Van Gool.
Lauretti (Tommasso), called Sici-
liano, born in Palermo, studied under
Sebastian del Piombo ; visited Rome,
and painted several works in fresco.
His principal works at Bologna are
the Resurrection, the Crowning of
the Virgin, and the Martyrdom of
Saints Vital and Agrico: died about
1610.

Lauri (Balthasar), born at Ant
werp, about 1570; went to Rome,
studied under Paul Bril, and became
a good painter of landscape in the
style of his master ; whom he some
times imitated so closely that it is
difficult to distinguish their work. He
died in 1641.
Lauri (Francesco), son of Bal
thasar, born at Rome, 1610 ; studied
under Andrea Sacchi, and became a
promising artist, but died young. The
only work mentioned as by him, is a
ceiling in the Palazzo Crescenci, re
presenting the three Goddesses : died
1635. Lauri (Filippo), younger son of
Balthasar, born at Rome, 1623 ; stu
died first under his father, and after
wards under Caroselli; he usually em
bellished his landscapes with subjects
from fabulous history, bacchanals, &c. ;
the figures delicately painted and well
coloured, generally easel size ; his
works are highly valued : he also
painted some grand compositions,
the principal of which represents
Adam and Eve in Paradise : died
1694. Lauri or Laurier (Peter), born
in France ; went to Bologna, studied
under Guido, and painted numerous
pictures for the churches there ; the
two best of which, are the Virgin
presenting the Child to St. Felice and
St. Anthony of Padua.
Lauro (Giacomo), born in Venice;
studied under Paolo Veronese, and
painted a fine picture of St. Roche
interceding for those afflicted with the
plague : died 1605.
Lauteri (Camilla), a Bolognese
paintress ; was a disciple of the cele
brated Cignani. In the second chapel
in the church of St. George in Bo
logna, are some paintings by her,
which are greatly extolled for good
ness of design, and careful finishing.
Lavagna (Octavius), painted in
imitation of tapestry on canvas,
figures, history, and ornaments ; also
flowers and fruit in so exact a manner,

LAV

233

LAW

that it had the appearance of real
tapestry. He worked in Flanders,
and had a method not practised by
any one else, of composing his colours,
that gave them a peculiar brilliancy,
particularly for ornamenting rooms.
In 1744 he finished a grand hall for
the Cardinal Bishop of Padua, and
another for the Signors Caprari of
Bologna. He also painted history in
oil, which had merit, but not equal to
his tapestry paintings, in which he
may be said to have been unique.
Lavesque (Jacob), born in Dort,
1624 ; studied in the school of Rem
brandt, and painted one picture,
which, in penciling and colouriug,
strongly resembled that master ; but
abandoned that style for an imitation
of John de Baan. His talent was
confined to portrait painting : died
1674. Lavinia, of the city of Bruges, a
highly esteemed miniature paintress ;
painted for Henry VIII. king of Eng
land, and after his death, for the
Queens Mary and Elizabeth. Vasari,
par. 3. p. 859.
Lauwers (James John), born at
Bruges in 1754; studied design in
the Academy of that city; he went
to Italy, from thence to Paris, and
subsequently to Amsterdam, where he
settled. He painted at first land
scapes, and afterwards scenes of in
teriors ; one of the latter, represent
ing a lady sitting in a balcony, having
an infant on her knees, in composi
tion agreeable, design in fine keeping,
colouring vigorous, and the penciling
highly finished ; it sold at public
auction for 300 florins. In the Mu
seum at Amsterdam, is a painting by
him representing a farm house, before
which a woman is sitting near a well.
He died in that city in 1800.
Lawrence (Sir Thomas), born at
Bristol in 1769 ; amongst British por
trait painters ranks next to Sir Joshua
Reynolds ; he came to London in
1787, and became a student at the

Royal Academy, and shortly after,
produced his admirable pictures of
the Fighting Gladiator, and the
Belvidere. His first portrait was
that of Miss Farren, afterwards Coun
tess of Derby ; in 1788 he painted
the Queen and the Princess Amelia ;
and in 1795, was made a Royal
Academician : he subsequently vindi
cated his claim to a higher rank than
that of a portrait painter by his grand
picture of Satan calling on his fallen
Angels to arise, from Paradise Lost ;
but so great was the demand for his
portraits, that he found but little
leisure for other pursuits. He painted,
amongst others, the portraits of Mrs.
Byng, Sophia Upton, Carolina Upton,
Lady Templeton, the Marchioness
of Exeter, Lady Conyngham, Lady
C. Hamilton, Miss Lambe, Mrs.
Thelluson and child, and Mrs. Wil
liams ; and subsequently the Princess
of Wales, the Princess Charlotte,
Mrs. Siddons, and numerous other
ladies of rank, fashion and beauty,
the most charming of which, was
that of Lady Peel, designed as a com
panion to the Chapeau Paille of
Rubens. His principal male portraits
were Curran, Erskine, Wyndham,
Sir William Grant, Lord Grey, Lord
Amherst, Lord Ellenborough, Sir
Joseph Banks, the Earl of Aberdeen,
William Pitt, Lord Castlereagh and
George Canning ; Sir Walter Scott,
Robert Southey, Thomas Campbell,
Benjamin West and Henry Fuseli ;
and from 1814, he painted by com
mand of the Prince Regent, those of
the Emperor of Russia, the King of
Prussia, Prince Blucher, the Hetman
Platoff, and the Duke of Wellington ;
and also painted the Emperor of
Austria, the Archduke Charles, Pope
Pius VIL, Cardinal Gonsalvi, the
Pitt, as he was termed, of the Vati
can ; the soft and graceful Canova,
Lord Brougham, Sir H. " Davy, Sir
Robert Peel, Wilson Croker, Thomas
Moore, Lord Francis Leveson Gower,
and John Kemble as Hamlet, a pic
ture, half portrait. In 1802 his price

L A Z 234
for a three-quarter sized portrait was
30 guineas ; for a half length, 60 gui
neas ; for a whole length, 120 guineas:
and in 1806, his small size were 50 gui
neas, and whole length 200 guineas ;
in 1808, the small size were increased
to 80 guineas, and the full length to
320 guineas ; and after the death of
Hoppner in 1810, his heads were 100
guineas, and his whole lengths 400
guineas ; but notwithstanding the
high prices, crowds still flocked to
him for a sitting. His male heads
possess vigour, and characteristic ex
pression ; but the eyes of the ladies
beam with mildness and love, and his
colouring is beautifully lustrous,
transparent, and natural. No greater
compliment could be paid to him than
that of Fuseli, who swore in German,
that the eyes of Lawrence were the
eyes of Titian. He died in 1830.
Lazzari (Donato), born in the
Duchy of Urbino, 1450 ; studied
under Fra Bartolomeo Corradini,
and painted in fresco in the style of
Mantegna, but excelled in portrait :
died 1514.
Lazzarini (Gregorio), born in
Venice, 1 654 ; was a scholar of Fran
cesco Rosa, but abandoned his dark
gloomy style when he became ac
quainted with Carlo Maratti, and
pamted a picture of San Lorenzo
Giustimani, which is said to be the
finest oil painting of the Venetian
school : died about 1720.
Leal (Simon de Leon), born at
Madrid, 1610 ; was a scholar of Cue
vas, and distinguished himself both
in history and portraits, in the latter
of which he resembled Vandyck ; his
historical works are principally in the
public edifices at Madrid : died 1687.
Leal (Don Juan de Valdes) — See
Valdes. Le Bas — See Bas.
Le Blond (Jean), born at Paris,
1635, died 1709; painted history
with some reputation, but we have no
further account of his works.

LEE

Ledeboer (Isaac), is only known
as an artist by the fine portrait of
James Basnage, which is placed in
the front of the work of that author.
He flourished about the commence
ment of the eighteenth century.
Ledesma (Joseph de), born in Old
Castile, 1630 ; studied at Madrid un
der Juan Carrenho, and painted his
tory for the churches there ; his best
picture is a Descent from the Cross :
died 1670.
Ledoulx (Peter), born in Bruges,
1730. Studied successfully at the
Academy of his native city, and upon
leaving that establishment, was among
the number of the pupils of John Ga-
remyn; he painted views of towns, and
would undoubtedly have acquired a
great talent in paintmg if he had
devoted himself entirely to that
line, instead of employing the greater
part of his life in painting in minia
ture a collection of insects and 383
different flowers ; it is true that he
finished that work with admirable
skill : he also wrote a history of the
Arts and of Painters, and some very
important materials, unedited, upon
the sculptors, engravers, and painters
of the eighteenth century, which is
deposited in the Academy at Bruges.
Leece (Matteo da), born at Rome,
lived in the Pontificate of Pope Gre
gory XIIL, painted history, and at
tempted the style of Michael Angelo
Buonarotti, but without success ; his
best pictures are the Virgin and Child,
and the Transfiguration.
Leen (William Van), born at Dor
drecht in 1753 ; was a pupil of John
Arends, Thierry Kuypers, and Joris
Ponce. At the age of twenty he went
to Paris, and after three years spent
in studying flowers he went to Rot
terdam, where he lived for some time.
He returned to Paris, and remained
there until 1789, when the French
Revolution broke out, and he was
obliged to leave that city, and went to
live at Belfshaven, where he died in

LEE

235

LEG

1825. All his paintings are finely
finished and true to nature ; his com
positions of flowers and of fruit or
nament the best cabinets in his own
country and abroad ; at the exhibition
at the Hague in 1817, one of his pic
tures of flowers was remarkable for
the grace, freshness, and elegance of
the design and the colouring.
Leepe (John Anthony), bora at
Bruges, 1664 ; without instruction
became eminent as a painter of land
scape and sea-pieces, storms, and
calms, which he designed from nature
with the utmost precision, the figures
being usually introduced by Duvenede
and Kerkhove : his landscapes are
like those of Genoels, and frequently
in the style of Gaspar Poussin, in one
of which, a large one, representing
the Flight into Egypt, the trees, foli
age, and plants, are charmingly co
loured, but his sea-pieces are considered
the best: died 1720.
Leeuw (Sebastian Govertz Van
der), father of Gabriel Vander Leeuw,
and pupil of Gerritz Cuyp ; was a
good painter of cows, sheep, &c.
Leeuw (Gabriel Vander), born at
Dort, 1643. Studied under his father
Sebastian, and afterwards improved
his style by studying the works of
Benvenuto Castiglione and Rosa da
Tivoli, particularly the latter, whom he
imitated closely in some of his works;
his scenes were sketched from nature,
the animals well drawn and touched
with great spirit, but his colouring
partakes more of the Roman than
the Flemish school : died 1688.
Leeuw (Peter), brother of Gabriel,
born at Dort, 1644 ; painted the same
subjects as his brother, but so closely
in imitation of Adrian Vandervelde,
that his pictures are frequently mis
taken for early productions of that
master ; his animals, though not so
highly finished, are well drawn, his
skies clear and sunny, and distances
well kept: died 1705.
Lefebre (N.), born at Vise, a pro

vince of Liege; was a pupil of David :
this artist, who had given the best
hopes for the future, died in the flower
of his age in 1826. There is a por
trait by him of the King of the Low
Countries on foot, which evinces a fine
talent. Le Febure — See Fevre.
Legi (James), a Flemish painter,
brother-in-law and pupil of John
Rosa, of Genoa ; painted flowers,
fruit, and animals, which he carried
to very high perfection, colouring with
much grace and the freedom of a
master's hand : he retired to Milan,
where he died. Hejlived about 1630.
Soprani, p. 324.
Legillon (John Francis), born in
1739 at Bruges ; after studying under
Mathias de Visch, went in 1760 to
Rouen and worked in the Academy of
that city under John Baptist Descamps,
who was at that time Director ; in
1 763, he travelled through France to
Italy, and in 1769 returned to Rouen,
where he studied nature, designing
from the finest and most picturesque
views that he met ; in 1 770, he em
barked for Civita Vecchia, and went
from thence to Rome, where he re
mained two years, the beauty of the
works which he had incessantly be
fore his eyes revealed to him that he
had still to learn to overcome the im
mense distance between his own works
and those chefs-d'oeuvre. After pass
ing through Italy he returned to
Bruges in 1774. He had a taste for
landscape, especially for picturesque
views, and for interiors, animated by
country scenes, in which the Flemish
and Dutch schools excelled ; his first
essays were in water colours, he then
opened a school, of which the best
pupils were Gerard de Son, John
Verbruggen, and H. Van de Steene ;
about this time he essayed painting
in oil. In 1779, he revisited Paris
and went to Switzerland, everywhere
designing and sometimes painting, the
better to retain the magic of the sce
nery ; he returned to Paris, and was

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taken ill and died in that city in 1 797.
Although painting only as an amateur
he may be placed among the most
distinguished artists of the epoch ;
his works are rare, and reveal the
genius for composition which he pos
sessed ; his touch was spirited, the
expression of his smaller figures grace
ful, and his colouring possesses as
much freshness as vigour.
Legnani (Stefano Maria), called
Legnanino, born at Milan, 1660 ; was
instructed by his father Cristoforo, a
portrait painter, and afterwards by
Carlo Cignani and Carlo Maratti, and
by copying the works of the best
masters, he formed a pleasing style of
his own, combining the manner of the
Roman, Milanese, and Bolognese
schools. He painted history, sacred
and profane, both in oil and in fresco,
with considerable success : died 1715.
Leigh ( Jared), an amateur painter,
resided in Doctors' Commons; painted
landscape and sea views in a pleasing
style, and occasionally exhibited at the
Society's Rooms in Spring Gardens :
died 1769.
Leisman (John Anthony), born in
Germany, 1604 ; went to Venice and
applied himself to the attentive study
ing of the works of Titian, Tintoretto,
and Paolo Veronese : he painted his
torical subjects, but was particularly
excellent in sea-ports and landscapes,
which he usually embellished with
magnificent architecture, buildings,
ruins, and antiques ; he had a spirited
touch, and a delieate style of colour
ing. One of his pictures represents
a gang of robbers in a dreary moun
tainous country, watching for their
prey : died 1698.
Lelie (Adrien de), born at Tilbourg
in 1 755, a pupil of Quertermond, at
Antwerp, applied himself to architec
ture and perspective ; then went to
Dusseldorf, where he studied and
copied a great number of portraits of
Vandyck and of Rubens, also some
historical pictures of the best Italian

and Dutch masters. He became ac
quainted with Peter Camper, who in
duced him to settle at Amsterdam,
where he executed a number of por
traits and other pictures ; one of which,
painted for John Gildemeester, repre
sents that amateur shewing his cabinet
to some ladies and gentlemen ; the
principal picture of that collection is
easily distinguished on his canvas ; he
painted for the society Felix Meritis
a picture composed of portraits of
several of its members : his works are
very highly esteemed, and are in the
principal cabinets in the Low Coun
tries, in England, and in Germany.
In 1810 he exhibited at Amsterdam
a charming picture, which attracted
every one's notice ; it was a young
Scholar retired into a Cabinet to study
his lesson. He died at Amster
dam in 1820. The Museum of that
city possesses a picture by him, of an
interior, where a peasant is filling
his pipe, and near him is a woman
and child.
Lelienberg (G.), painted inani
mate objects with much talent, such
as dead birds, hares, implements of
the chase, &c. ; his spirited pencil,
light and soft, wants, however, the
vigour of that of Evert Van Aelst,
and of John Weeninx ; some of his
works bear the date of 1663. It is
supposed that he lived at the Hague.
Hoet mentions him as a painter
omitted by Van Gool.
Lelli (Giovanni Antonio), born at
Rome, 1591. Studied under L. Cardi,
called Cigoli; painted history, chiefly
cabinet size ; but there are some large
works by him in the churches at Rome ;
the principal of which are the Annun
ciation, and the Visitation of the
Virgin Mary : died 1 640.
Lelli (Ercole), born at Bologna ;
studied under Giovanni Pietro Zanotti,
and painted history ; his principal
works are in the churches at Bologna
and Piacenza : a Virgin and Child, St.
Anthony and St. Chiusa, and a St.
Fidele are considered the best.

LEL

237

LEO

Lely (Sir Peter), born in West
phalia, 1617. Studied under Peter
Grebber of Haerlem, and in 1641
came to England and succeeded Van
dyck ; he painted history and portraits,
hut was chiefly employed in the latter ;
at Windsor is a Magdalen, and a Sleep
ing Venus ; the Duke of Devonshire
has also a picture of Jupiter and Eu-
ropa ; Lord Pomfret one of Cymon
and Iphigenia ; and the Marquis of
Exeter Susannah and the Elders : in
portrait painting, he imitated the style
of Vandyck, and soon surpassed all
his contemporaries ; he painted the
portrait of Charles I., of King Wil
liam and Queen Mary ; also that of
Cromwell, and of Charles II. on his
restoration, and numerous others : his
portraits are mostly ladies, usually
represented down to the knees, and
frequently with backgrounds ; and
though not equal to Vandyck in
purity of colour, are sometimes mo^e
beautiful, and the eyes have a pecu
fiarly languid expression ; but his
portraits of men are in every respect
inferior to those of Vandyck ; his
portraits in crayons are not less es
teemed than are those in oil : died
1680. Lemaire (John), a Frenchman,
born at Dammartin, 1597. Studied
under Vignon, then visited Rome, and
applied himself chiefly to architecture
and perspective, designing from the
ancient remains with which that city
and the environs abound : died in
1659. Lemaire (Francis"), born at Maison
Rouge, 1627, died 1688; painted por
traits, and was a good colourist.
Lembeke (John Philip), of Nurem-
burgh, a disciple of George Strauch,
and in Rome of Peter de Laer, being
of a warlike temper, painted battles in
the field, naval armaments, assaults,
sieges, and hunting-pieces. Sandrart,
p. 386.
Lemens (Balthazar Van), bora at
Antwerp, 1637 ; came to England and
painted small historical subjects, but

meeting with no success, he employed
himself in painting the draperies and
backgrounds for other artists : died
1704. Lemke (Philip), a Fleming, fol
lowed in Italy the style of Bamboo -
cio ; he was inclined to paint battles,
of which the arrangements and con
duct were so good that they pleased
every connoisseur. Sandrart, p.
337. Lendanara (Lorenzo da), a scho
lar of Squarcione, and an esteemed
painter in his time, worked in compe
tition with Mantegna, in the church
degli Erimitani in Padua : he flou
rished about 1490. Vasari, par. 2.
lib. 1. p. 195.
Lengele (Martin), born at the
Hague, 1604,. died 1661 ; painted
historical subjects, 'but we have no
further description of his works.
Lens (Bernard), the Younger, born
in London, was an eminent miniature
painter, and is celebrated for his fine
copies, in water colours, from Van
dyck, Rubens, and other great mas
ters : died 1741.
Lenzen (J. F.), born at Antwerp
in 1790, a pupil of Mayn ; painted
landscapes, and copied very happily
different paintings of Ommeganck :
he died near Antwerp in 1 840.
Leonardini (Francesco), born at
Venice, 1654, went to Madrid, and
painted several pictures for the
churches ; the principal of which are
an altar-piece of the Incarnation, and
the Death and Burial of St. Joseph ;
he also excelled as a portrait painter :
died 1711.
Leonardo (Fra Augustin), born at
Madrid, 1580; painted several altar-
pieces for the churches, one of the
best of which represents the Miracle
of the Loaves and Fishes ; also painted
portraits, which are said to possess
great merit : died 1640.
Leone (Arto), called Coriario,
born 1498. Studied under Cornelius

LEO

238

LEY

Engelbrechtsen ; painted history, sa
cred and profane, the figures usually
life size, decorated with superb archi
tecture, or subjects of bas-relief,
grandly designed, and with great
taste : died 1564.
Leone (Girolamo da), of Placentia,
learned designing and painting of Ber-
nardine Campi, and was a companion
of Daniel Cunio, with whom he is
spoken of by Lama, p. 80 : he flou
rished about 1560.
Leone (Lewis), born in Padua,
applied himself more particularly to
portraits, in which he excelled ; he
also engraved and had a good know
ledge of medals ; some of his works
have been engraved. He died at the
age of 52, about the year 1616,
leaving a son whose works have
by many been confounded with those
of the father, being in a similar
style. Leoni (Padre Andrew da), a priest
of St. Girolamo, illuminated many of
the choral books for the church of
the Escurial in Spain, so beautifully,
that they would bear a comparison
with those of Julius Clovio ; others
were painted by Padre Julian, his
disciple ; and others by Salazzaro.
Mazzolati, p. 274.
Leoni orLiONi (Cavaliere Ottavio),
born at Rome about 1585 ; flourished
during the Pontificate of Urban VIII.
and painted the portraits of the Pope,
the Cardinals, and principal nobility
of that period ; also several altar-
pieces for the churches, the chief of
which are the Madonna, St. Carlo,
St. Francesco, and St. Nicolo : died
1659. Leonzi (Hannibal), was a painter
of Perugia. Leone Pascole nella Vita
dei Pittore Perugini, gives his life, p.
213: he died in the year 1706,
aged 83.
Leur (N. Vander), born at Breda,
1667 ; went to Italy, where he stu
died and copied the works of the
great masters, and on his return to

Holland, painted history and portraits,
but particularly excelled in the latter:
died 1726.
Leux (Francis), was Prefect of the
Imperial Gallery in Germany, founded
for the reception of Paul Rubens'
paintings ; he went to Italy to im
prove himself, and returned well in
structed ; he painted with freedom,
and with pleasing colouring ; his
works are very numerous. Sandrart,
p. 318.
L'Vasseur — See Vasseur.
Levinum (Peter Simon), is men
tioned by Hoet as a painter in minia
ture. Lexmond (John Van), born at
Dordrecht in 1769 ; a pupil of A. and
J. Van Stry, although a good painter,
employed almost all his time in giving
lessons ; he made, however, some de
signs and pictures in oil ; the subjects
are views of towns. There are some
of his paintings in several collections
at Dordrecht, and other cities : he
died at Dordrecht in 1838.
Leyden (Lucas Jacobs), called
Lucas Van Leyden, born at Leyden,
1494 ; painted in oil, distemper, and
on glass with equal success, in history,
landscape, and portrait ; in colouring
fresh and clear, pencil light, though
finished, but his drawings in the stiff
gothic style then prevailing through
out Germany and Flanders. His
principal work, representing the Last
Judgment, contains a vast number
of figures ; there are also some fine
pictures of Christ restoring the Blind
Man's Sight; the Virgin and Infant ;
and a Descent from the Cross : died
1533. Leyden (Arnold di), a Flemish
painter, renowned for the goodness of
his compositions and his force of co
louring; lived retired to please his
friend Francis Floris, a-painter of very
high reputation in Flanders, and who
had a great esteem for him : he was
drowned by accident in the year 1564,

LEY

239

LIC

at the age of 66. Baldinucci, sec. 4.
p. 349.
Leyssens (Nicholas), born at
Antwerp, 1661 ; was the scholar of
Peter Eyckens, and afterwards visited
Rome, studying from the antique and
the ancient masters, by which he ac
quired a correct and tasteful design,
particularly of women and children,
nymphs, boys, and statues ; his co
louring was good, and he was much em
ployed in decorating with figures the
works of Hardime, Bosschaert, and
Verbruggen : died 1710.
Lezier (Paul), born at Dordrecht,
painted a large picture representing
tlie principal burgesses of that city,
which fine painting is no longer at the
Society of Archers, as M. Balen, in
his History of Dordrecht, says it was,
It appears he lived about the same
time as Jacob Gerritz Cuyp.
Liano (Philip), bom at Madrid,
1 575. Studied under Aionzo Sancho
Coello, and painted small portraits,
faithful in resemblance, and so exqui
sitely finished that he was called the
Miniature Titian : died 1625.
Liberal (Giorgio), born 1548 ; an
Italian painter of whose works we have
no description.
Liberale (Veronese), or Liberale
da Verona, born at Verona, 1451 ;
was a scholar of Vincenzio di Stefano,
but imitated the style of Bellini and
of Andrea Mantegna ; he finished his
pictures so highly as to give them the
appearance of miniatures, and intro
duced numerous small figures, horses,
dogs, camels, &c. ; he painted many
altar-pieces, the principal of which
represents the Marriage of St. Cathe
rine; and was also much employed in
illuminating books and missals : died
1536. Liberi (Cavaliere Pietro), born at
Padua, 1605 ; was a scholar of Varo-
tari, called Paduanino, and one of the
ablest designers of the Veronese school.
He studied the works of M. A. Buo
narotti, Raffaelle, Correggio, Titian,

and others,and formed a stylepartaking
of the beauties of all. His historical
compositions resemble the Caracci,
but his fabulous subjects are more in
the manner of Titian, but somewhat
too red. He sometimes finished so
highly that even the hairs of the head
are visible. One of his pictures,
representing the story of Job, is in
the mixed style of Caravaggio and
Calabrese ; but his best and the most
highly finished of his larger works is
Moses striking the Rock, at Bergamo.
He was more employed in fabulous,
than in sacred subjects ; and from his
loose mode of treating them he ob
tained the name of Libertino : died
1687. Liberi (Marco), son of Pietro, bom
at Venice, 1650; studied under his
father, whose manner he adopted,
and copied his works so closely
that it is difficult to distinguish one
from the other. He usually painted
fabulous subjects, easel size.
Libri (Girolamo da), born at Ve
rona, 1474 ; was the son of a
miniature painter and illuminator of
missals, and became an eminent
painter of history. His principal per
formances are a Descent from the
Cross, and the Virgin and Child, with
two Saints: died 1555.
Licinio (Giovanni Antonio), called
II Pordenone, born at Pordenone iu
the Friuli, 1484 ; studied the works
of Pellegrino di San Daniello, and was
the competitor of Titian. He painted
both in oil and in fresco, and was much
employed for the churches both in
Italy and Germany. Though less
tender in his tones, and unequal to
Titian in his design, he rivals him in
the energy of his style and his bold
ness of execution, and more so in the
muscular forms of his men, than in
the softness and delicacy of the
females. He may be considered the
second in rank in the Venetian school:
died 1540.
Licinio (Bernardino da Pordenone),
resembles Giovanni Antonio in his

LIC

240

LIG

style, and is supposed to have been
his scholar ; in portraits he so nearly
approached him, that his works are
frequently attributed to that master.
Licinio (Giulio da Pordenone),
nephew of II Pordenone, born 1520 ;
distinguished himself as an historical
painter, particularly in fresco.
Liemaker (Nicholas), called Rose,
born at Ghent, 1575 ; was a scholar of
MarkGuerards, andafterwards of Otho
Venius, and one of the most eminent
painters of the Flemish school. His
principal pictures are the Fall of
Lucifer ; the Good Samaritan ; and
the Last Judgment ; and his works
are to be found in almost every town
in the Low Countries : died 1647.
Liender (Peter Van), born at
Utrecht in 1727 ; painted landscapes,
views of towns, &c. He travelled up
the banks of the Rhine, of which he
has left some views after nature : he
died at Utrecht in 1797-
Liernur (Alexander), born at the
Hague in 1770; having lost his pa
rents when only seven years old, the
Stadtholder, William V., took him
under his protection, and placed him
in the Lutheran Orphan Asylum.
He early shewed a happy disposition
for painting, and under the conduct of
one of the directors made such rapid
and brilliant progress as to obtain the
gold medal at the Academy of Design.
In 1794 he set out for Rome, with the
intention of studying historical paint
ing, but in the following year the
political troubles of his country obhged
him to return to Holland. In 1 796,
at the Hague, he designed some por
traits in crayons and in water colours,
and completely succeeded in that
kind. He copied, at the same period,
the twelve pictures by Van Veen,
which were sold by lottery for 1800
florins. He married in 1801 ; and
on that occasion went to Paris, where
he formed a collection of thirty de
signs after the best Dutch, French,
Flemish, and Italian masters, which

are now in the museum. On his re
turn to Holland he exhibited some
designs, which were the objects of
just admiration : he died at Amster
dam in 1815.
Lierre (Joseph Van), born at
Brussels, 1530: died 1583. Painted
landscapes in a pleasing style, and
with figures neatly executed.
Lievens (John), born at Leyden,
1607 ; studied first under Van
Schooten, and afterwards under Peter
Lastman, and copied Haerlem' s pic*
tures of Democritus and Heraclitus so
closely that his works might have
been mistaken for the originals. He
also painted a number of historical sub
jects, one of which, the Continence
of Scipio, is highly commended;
another of a Student in his Library,
life size, which was presented to
Charles I., whose portrait he painted,
with those of several of the royal
family and many of the nobility.
Amongst his most celebrated pro
ductions are Abraham's Sacrifice ;
David and Bathsheba ; the Vision of
the Virgin ; and an Holy Family.
He painted many easel size pictures
for private collections : died 1663.
Ligario (Pietro), born in the
Valteline, 1 686 ; studied under Laz-
zara Baldi at Rome, and afterwards
visited Venice to improve himself in
colouring, and on his return painted
some historical pictures for the
churches and for private collections :
died 1748.
Lightfoot (William), an English
painter of landscape and perspective
views ; of whose works we have no
account : died about 1671.
Lignoro (Antonia di), a Neapolitan
lady ; painted many works which were
admired for the softness of their
colouring, and the exactness of their
design. Ligorio (Piero), born at Naples,
1493 ; studied at Rome under Giulio

LIG

241

LIN

Romano, and executed some fresco
works there ; but was more eminent
as an architect than as a painter : died
1573. Ligozzi (Jacopo), born at Verona,
1543; painted history in oil and in
fresco ; the latter of which are much
admired, and are chiefly representa
tions of battles and triumphs. There
are also several of his oil paintings in
the churches at Florence, in which the
style of Paolo Veronese is distinctly
recognized : died 1627.
Ligozzi (Bartholomew), nephew
to the celebrated Jacopo Ligozzi ; was
famous for painting flowers with the
greatest delicacy and finish : he died
aged 75.
Lilia (Andrea)— See Ancona.
Limburg (Henry Van), born in
Rotterdam, 1675; painted small his
torical subjects and portraits in the
style of Vander Werf, by whom he was
instructed, but not so highly finished
as those of his master. One of the
best, representing a Holy Family, is
in the Gallery of the Louvre.
Lin (J. Van), a Dutch painter,
surnamed de Stille, or le Paisable,
lived towards the end of the 17th
century, and about the year 1667
painted, with considerable talent, com
bats, hunting pieces and horses. His
paintings were much sought after.
Linaiolo (Berto), a Florentine
painter; flourished about 1470. Some
of his works were thought very singular
in those times. They were ordered
by the King of Hungary. Vasari,
" Vita di Paolo Romano," torn. 1,
p. 289.
Lindaer (Giacomo), born at Flo
rence, 1488; studied under Ghirland
aio, and improved his style by copying
the works of Michael Angelo. He
painted history, designed in a grand
manner: died 1556.
Lingelbach (John), born at Frank
fort on the Maine, 1625; visited
Rome ; studied the works of the great
masters and the remains of antiquity ;

and on his return to Holland painted
fairs, markets, carnivals, mountebanks,
quack doctors, &c, surrounded by
crowds of spectators ; the figures
neatly penciled and agreeably coloured.
His landscapes are usually enriched
with splendid architectural ruins and
statues. He also painted naval engage
ments and sea-ports, in which the
figures are habited in the costume of
the different nations. His skies are
generally light, and of a clear, blueish
tint, and thinly clouded, and he fre
quently embellished the landscapes of
Wynants, Ruysdael, and others, with
small figures ; in colouring and design
he frequently resembles Wouvermans :
died 1687.
Linschooten (Adrian Van), bom
at Delft, 1590 ; studied at Rome
under Spagnoletti, and like him
adopted the bold and vigorous style
of Michael Angelo Caravaggio. Two
of his best productions are Peter de
nying Christ, and Peter's Repentance :
died 1678.
Linsen (John), a Flemish painter
of marines and sea-fights, in which
the figures are well designed, and the
colouring pleasing and natural,
Lint (Peter Van), born at Antwerp,
1609; went to Rome, and became
eminent as a painter of history and
portraits, which he handled equally
well in fresco as in oil, and in large
size or easel portraits. His subjects
were either sacred or profane : of the
former, his best picture, representing
the Virgin making a Gift to the Monks
of the Carmelite Order, is in the man
ner of Vandyck : died 1668.
Lint (Henry Van), son of Peter,
(called Studio) ; painted landscapes,
chiefly summer scenes, with rocks,
cascades, villas, &c, taken from the
most picturesque views in the vicinity
of Rome, and in style somewhat
resembling those of Van Bloemen,
called Orizonti. His two principal
pictures, one a View of the Campo
Vaccino, and the other of the Colos
seum at Rome, are in the collection of
the Marquis of Hastings ; died 1 680.
R

LIN

242

LIS

Linthorst (J.), born at Amster
dam in 1755; became an excellent
painter of flowers and fruit under the
direction of his father (who painted
large canvasses to ornament rooms).
His works were highly esteemed : he
died at Amsterdam in 1815.
LlNTMEYEROrLlNDMEYER (Daniel),
born at Schaffhausen, 1540; was
chiefly known as a painter on glass.
His works were admired as well for
the composition as for the lustre and
brilliancy of their colouring : died 1 600.
Lion, bom at Dinant in 1740;
having acquired some reputation as a
painter at Lif ge, went to Paris, where
the celebrated De Vien admitted him
a pupil ; at that school he made
great progress, and became a good
painter of history and portraits. He
lived some years at Vienna, where his
paintings were very recherchee. He
returned to his own country at an
advanced age, and died in 1814.
Lion (A.), was the painter of two
portraits of armed burgesses, which
are at Amsterdam ; one of them bears
the date 1628. '
Li one (Andrew de), a Neapolitan
painter ; was a scholar of Belisarius
Greco, and afterwards of Salvator
Rosa. He painted some rooms in
the palace of the Viceroy ; they
were large battle pieces. He after
wards did better by imitating the
manner of Falcone in small and in
perspective : he died in Naples about
the year 1675, aged 80.
Lione (John da), a scholar of
Giulio Romano ; worked upon the
designs of his master, hoping that
when he worked for himself he should
be able to execute his paintings so that
they should be taken for those of his
master: he flourished about 1540.
Vasari, par. 3. torn. 4. p. 332.
Lioni (Cavaliere Ottavia) — See
Leone. Liotard (John Stephen), called
the Turk, born at Geneva, 1702;
having copied a miniature by Petitot,

he was sent to Paris, and afterwards
came to England, where he practised
portrait painting in enamel, and also
in crayons, in which latter he suc
ceeded admirably, but obtained but
little employment from the fidelity of
his likenesses, as he never suppressed
any blemish on the countenance of his
sitters ; he painted the portraits of
the Emperor and Empress of Ger
many, and occasionally painted on
glass ; one of his pictures, in enamel,
is seventeen inches by thirteen ; his
own picture, by himself, is in the Flo
rentine Gallery : died 1776.
Lippi (Francesco Filippo), called
the Old, born at Florence about 1421 ;
studied under Masaccio, and painted
a picture of a Virgin and Child, with
a Glory, and some other religious
subjects entirely in his manner, in
some of which his figures are life
size ; his colouring was agreeable,
draperies loose, and well arranged :
died 1469.
Lippi (Filippino) called the Young,
born at Florence, 1460; studied under
Boticelli, and excelled in grotesque or
naments, trophies, and antiquities ; his
principal historical works are, an As
sumption ; two pictures of St. John and
St. Philip ; and the Adoration of the
Magi: died 1505.
Lippi (Lorenzo), born in Florence,
1606 : studied under Roselli, but
made the works of Santo di Titi his
model, which he improved by adopt
ing that of Federigo Baroccio in his
draperies ; his principal performances
at Florence are a Crucifixion, and the
Triumph of David ; at the court of
Innspruck he painted several portraits
in an excellent style : died 1664.
Lis or Lys (John Vander), born at
Oldenburgh, 1570 ; studied under
Henry Goltzius, whom he imitated so
closely, that their works are not
easily to be distinguished ; then
visited Italy, and on seeing the works
of Titian, Tintoretto, P. Veronese and
Domenico Feti, completely altered
his manner. Amongst his historical
subjects, the most celebrated are,

L I S 243
Adam and Eve lamenting the death
of Abel ; St. Jerome in the Desert ;
and the Prodigal Son. He also
pamted rural sports, marriages, balls,
villagers dancing, &c; his figures well
drawn, dressed in Venetian habits,
correctly designed, and composed with
great spirit. He painted large pic
tures and easel size equally admi
rable ; his naked figures are exqui
sitely painted, and touched with great
delicacy: died 1629.
Lis or Lys (John Vander), born
at Breda, 1600; was a disciple of
Cornelius Poelemberg, whose manner
he imitated in subject, colouring, and
pencil, and although with less free
dom and lightness of touch, they are
sometimes taken for the productions of
that master ; he painted a fine picture
of Diana in the Bath, attended by her
Nymphs ; but his most capital per
formance is said to be in the posses
sion of Lord Middleton ; his own
portrait by himself, exquisitely painted,
was formerly in the collection at
Strawberry Hill: died 1657.
Literini (Agostino), born at Ve
nice, 1642; studied under Pietro de
la Vecchia, and painted historical
subjects with considerable ability :
died 1692.
Livens— See Lievens.
Liverseage (Henry), born at Man
chester in 1803 ; first commenced
painting portraits, but he afterwards
turned his attention to dramatic and
other subjects, and produced, amongst
others, the following — Adam Wood
cock, from Scott's Romance of the
Abbot; Isabella and the Recluse, from
the Black Dwarf; the Inquiry; the
Cobbler, a highly humorous produc
tion ; Percie Shafton ; and Mysie
Happy. He possessed great powers
of delineation of character, and suc
ceeded equally well in comic as in
serious subjects. Shakspeare and Scott
were his favourite authors, and these
were found upon his table when
he lay dead : he expired suddenly in
1832.

LOD

Llorente (Don Bernardo Germa-
no), born at Seville, 1685 ; was in
structed by his father, an artist of no
note, but arrived at such eminence,
that when Felipe V. visited Seville
he was employed to paint the portrait
of the infant Prince : he also painted
a picture of the Virgin as a Shep
herdess in the midst of her flocks, in
the sweet and delicate style of Murillo:
died 1757.
Lloyd (Mary) ; this lady was an
admirable flower painter, and a mem
ber of the Royal Academy, but prac
tised chiefly for her amusement : died
1819. Loane (Christopher Vander), of
Antwerp ; studied painting without a
master, and formed a good and grace
ful manner. He painted conversations,
balls, and fanciful rustic scenes : he
lived in Holland, and died in that
country. Jacob. Campi, par. 2.
p. 10.
Loca (Battista), born at Naples,
flourished about 1540 ; he studied
under Giovanni Antonia da Amato,
but afterwards adopted the manner
of Andrea de Salerno, and became an
eminent painter of history ; his prin
cipal work is a picture of the Con
version of St. Paul in the church of
St. Spirito Santo, at Naples.
Locatelli— See Lucatelli.
Loder (  ), a German painter,
lived about 1760, but we have no
further account of his works or style.
Lodge (William), born at Leeds,
Yorkshire, 1649; visited Venice in
company of Lord Bellasyse, where he
drew a number of views ; and on his re -
turn to England, assisted Dr. Martin
Lister in drawing rare shells and
fossils : died 1689.
Lodi (Callista Piazza da) — See
Piazza. Lodi (Evangilist), of Cremona,
bom in 1618 ; was a scholar of the
Cavaliere Malosso.
Lodigiano (Albertino), a painter ;
worked for the Court, and in the
R 2

LOF

244

LON

palace of Francis Sforza, Duke of
Milan. He is mentioned by Lomazzo,
p. 405.
Lofvers (Peter), bom at Gro-
ningen in 1710; a pupil of J. A.
Wassenberg ; was a famous painter of
shipping and sea views ; he frequently
took sea voyages to study that ele
ment, which he imitated with great
perfection. His paintings were highly
prized in France, England, and Ham
burgh : he died in 1 788.
Lofvers (Henry), bom at Gro-
ningen in 1 739 ; a pupil of his father,
Peter Lofvers ; painted shipping,
landscapes and flowers, in which he
had great merit: he acquired much
celebrity, and died at Groningen in
1805. Loir (Nicholas), born in Paris,
1 624 ; studied under Sebastian Bour
don, and afterwards at Rome, and
painted history, landscapes, architec
ture, &c, but particularly excelled in
the figures of women and boys ; bis
best pictures are of an easel size, in
the style of Gaspar Poussin, and one
of the most esteemed of a larger kind,
represents the Marriage of St. Ca
therine. Louis XIV. employed him
in several considerable works in the
Tuilleries, and at Versailles : died
1679. Loli (Lorenzo), born at Bologna
about 1612; studied under Guido,
and from being considered his favou
rite disciple, obtained the name of
Reni; he painted several altar-pieces
for the churches at Bologna.
Lomazzo (Giovanni Paolo), born
at Milan, 1 538 ; studied under Gio
vanni Battista della Cerva; painted
history, landscape, and portraits, with
equal ability, and some reputation.
Lombard (Lambert), born at Liege
in 1 500 ; visited Italy, and studied
under Andrea del Sarto, but could
never divest himself of his early dry
and stiff manner ; he is ranked, how
ever, amongst the best painters of his
time and country ; a Last Supper of

his is highly commended for its ad
mirable design and beautiful effect :
he died in 1560.
Lombardelli — See Marca.
Lombardi (Giovanni Domenico),
born at Lucca, 1612 ; was instructed
by Pietro Paolini, and improved his
style by studying the works of the
Caracci, and the Venetian mode of
colouring ; he painted some pictures
for the churches, in the best manner
of Guercino: died 1752.
Lombardo (Biagio), a citizen of
Venice ; united the Italian taste with
the Flemish style in landscape paint
ing ; he painted also in miniature,
with an excellent manner of colouring,
and correct in design : he flourished
about 1640. Ridolfi, par. 1. p. 112.
Lomi (Aurelio), born at Pisa,
1556; studied first under Bronzino,
and afterwards under Cardi, called
Cigoli, and painted in fresco in the
style of both combined, rich in colour,
with a splendid display of drapery and
accessories ; his principal works are
the Last Judgment, and St. Antonio
da Padua: died 1620.
Lomi (Orazio) — See Gentileschi.
Lomi (Artemisia) — See Genti
leschi. Londonio (Francesco), born at
Milan, 1723; painted history, and
landscapes with animals, but was
more successful in the latter; his
works are highly esteemed in Italy,
and are to be found in the best col
lections : died 1783.
Longhi (Luca), bom at Ravenna,
lived about 1 580 ; painted history
and portraits with considerable repu
tation ; his historical compositions
are usually confined to a few figures,
highly finished, and agreeably co
loured, and are chiefly in the churches
at Ferrara and Mantua.
Longhi (Francesco), son and
scholar of Luca ; painted history and
portraits in the style of his father,
but not equal to him.

LON

245

LOR

Longhi (Alessandro), born at Ve
nice, 1700 ; was a scholar of Guiseppe
Nogari, and chiefly distinguished as
a portrait painter, and as having pub
lished the lives of the Venetian artists :
died 1744.
Loni or Lomi (Alessandro), born
at Florence, 1 655 ; was a scholar and
imitator of Carlo Dolci, and chiefly
employed in copying his works, which
he did so closely as to render it diffi
cult to distinguish his copies from"
the originals. In the Florentine col
lection there is a small picture by him
containing nearly 100 figures, exqui
sitely penciled, aud finely coloured :
died 1702.
Lonsingh (Francis Joseph), born
at Brussels in 1743 ; obtained the pro
tection of Charles of Lorraine, at that
time governor of the Low Countries,
who permitted him to attend the
Royal Academy which that Prince had
refounded on its ancient basis ; he
obtained in 1 759 the first prize, con
sisting of a chain of gold, and a medal
with the effigy of that Prince bearing
the inscription " Artis delineatoriar:
praemium " He then entered the
school of Geraerts, a celebrated painter
of bas-reliefs, and who was, with the
landscape painter, Antonissen, one of
the first who followed the impulse
that had been given to the arts.
Geraerts had been the pupil of Mi-
chaux, a painter of distinguished
merit, and who may be considered as
the last master that belonged to what
may be really called the school of
Rubens, because he had lived with
several of his great disciples. He
visited Rome, and entered the school
of Raphael Mengs. After the Revo
lution, in 1798, he visited Paris to
see the chefs-d'ceuvre of Rome, and
of his country, which events had
collected there ; and on seeing the
Apollo of the Belvidere, and the De
scent from the Cross, by the great
painter of Antwerp, he shed tears at
the sight, as it recalled to his me
mory the days of his youth ; he re

turned to Bourdeaux, where he died
in 1799, aged 66. Lonsingh had a
manner of his own, which united
those of the Flemish and Italian
schools, and which gave to his works
a kind of originality that is not met
with in any other master ; he designed
and composed with facility, disposed
his groups with great judgment, and
was a good colourist ; he always pro
duced the greatest effect by employ
ing fine masses of light, which he
judiciously tempered by those of
shade. The greatest number of his
works consist of portraits, some of
which are engraved. He left but few
easel paiutings, which are always rare
and very recherchee ; the major part
of his works are to be found at
Bourdeaux. Loon (Theodore Van), bom at
Brussels, 1 630 ; visited Italy, and
in conjunction with Carlo Maratti
studied the works of Raffaelle ; all
his compositions are decidedly in the
manner of Carlo Maratti ; but although
the colouring is generally good, it is
occasionally too black and sombre in
the shadows ; two of his pictures at
Mechlin, the Wise Men's Offering
and the Salutation of the Virgin, and
a series of pictures at Brussels repre
senting the Passion, are favourable
specimens of the master ; but his best
works are the seven pictures of the
History of the Virgia : died 1678.
Lorch — See Lorich.
Lorencse (Carlo), painted in a
soft and pleasing manner. In the
chapel of the Preceptory of St. Louis
at Rome, he painted the Stories of the
Holy Offices, of the Visitation, of Eli
zabeth, and the Assumption of the
Virgin Mary ; likewise a painting in
St. Nicholas dei Lorenesi, and some
pictures in the monastery of the Tri-
nita dei Monti.
Lorenzetti (Ambrogio), bom at
Sienna, 1257 ; usually painted large
pictures, one of the best of which is
an emblematical subject, and is spoken

LOR

216

LOT

df as a clever production for that early
period ; he is said to have also painted
landscapes, in which, the conflict of
the elements was admirably depicted :
died 1340.
Lorenzetti (John Baptist), it is
believed of Verona ; painted in oil
and in fresco in a good manner ; in
the Dominican church of Santa Anas
tasia, in Verona, he painted in fresco
the ceiling of the chapel of the Rosary,
for which he received a reward of
1300 ducats : he flourished about
1640. Pozzo, p. 172.
Lorenzini (Fra Antonio), a Bo
lognese, born 1655, was a scholar
of Passinelli, but little is known of
his works as a painter : died about
1735. Lorenzino (  ), born at Bo
logna, 1504; he excelled in paintmg
history, and on visiting Rome was
employed by Pope Gregory XIII. :
died 1577.
Lorme (A. de), born in France ;
flourished about 1655 ; excelled in
painting architectural subjects, par
ticularly the interiors of Gothic tem
ples and churches ; there is a respec
table specimen of his abilities in the
gallery of the Louvre.
Lorraine (Claude, or Claude
Gelee), born at Champagne, in Lor
raine, about 1 600 ; studied under
Agostino Tassi, but nature was his
principal guide, and the splendid sce
nery in the vicinity of Rome the
models from which his landscapes
were designed ; his pictures, though
small, are embellished with superb
architectural temples, ruins and sta
tues, and the perspective is so admi
rably kept, that the eye appears to
wander over an immense space of hill,
dale, and mountain, without fatigue,
whilst the varied changes of the atmos
phere, the dewy mists of the morning,
the burning noontide rays, or the
mellow tints of the evening, alike
shed a charm on all we behold ; his
marines and sea-ports also vie with

his landscapes for Superiority, and
nothing can exceed the purity of his
skies, or the brilliant reflection of the
sun upon the gently undulating waters.
His pictures were so often copied,
during even the lifetime of the master,
that he considered it advisable to
make drawings of all his own works
before parting with them, in a book
called the Libri di Veritati, of which
six copies remained at the time of his
death, one of which has been en
graved by Earlom. There are now
five capital pictures by Claude in the
National Gallery : they represent the
Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba ;
the Marriage of Rebecca and Isaac ; a
Morning Landscape ; an Italian Sea
port at sunset ; and the Embarkation
of St. Ursula: died 1682.
Lorraine (Louis Joseph de), born
at Paris, 1715; studied under Du-
mont, then went to St. Petersburgh,
and was employed in decorating the
theatres. Loten (John), bom in Switzerland,
was a celebrated landscape painter, and
particularly excelled in land storms and
romantic scenery ; his subjects are
usually dark groves, gloomy glades,
craggy rocks, and mountain cataracts,
or land storms accompanied with rain ;
his colouring is generally bold, yet
natural, and his landscapes, in which
he rarely omitted to introduce an oak
tree, possess a solemn grandeur, and
are painted in a bold and masterly
style ; his works are mostly large
size : he came to England in the reign
of Charles IL, and died about 1680.
Loth (John Ulderic), of Monaco,
a scholar of Veneziano ; increased
the glory of his country in having
produced so many good paintings by
his works in oil, though when he got
old he fell off very much in his
painting: he died in the year 1660,
leaving a son, John Charles, a painter
likewise . Sandrart, p . 3 1 9 .
Loti or Loth (Giovanni Carlo),
born at Munich, 1632; studied under

LOT

217

LUC

Liberi, but imitated the style of M.
A. Buonarotti, in design, colouring,
and vigorous contrast of light and
shadow ; he afterwards visited Venice,
and adopted the effective manner of
Guercino. Amongst his best works
may be reckoned, a Dead Christ, at
Venice, and the Death of Joseph;
also the Death of Abel, in the gallery
at Florence ; he painted the portrait
of the Emperor of Austria in a mas
terly style : died 1698.
Lotti (Bartholomew), a Bolognese,
and scholar of Viola ; painted land
scapes very beautifully, with the taste
of the Caracci. Malvasia, par. 4.
p. 132.
Lotto (Lorenzo), born in Bergamo,
1490 ; studied first under Previtale,
and afterwards at Venice, under
Bellini, and on leaving him, adopted
the manner of Giorgione ; but with a
less bold touch, and less brilliant in
his colouring : his carnations are,
however, fine, and his draperies well
cast ; and in elegance of forms, and
the beautiful expression of his heads,
his works will bear comparison with
those of Raffaelle or Correggio : he also
excelled in portraits, and sometimes
introduced them into his historical
compositions. His best picture is a
Madonna and Child, with St. John
embracing a Lamb : died 1560.
Lotyn (John), born at Brussels ;
was a painter of flowers, and for a
long time employed at the court of
Mary, Queen of England: after the
death of that princess he returned to
his native country, where he died.
Louis (Leonard Francis), born at
the Hague in 1698 ; was a pupil of
Peter Van Kuik, and of John Volle-
vens : he was a good painter of
portraits, and especially happy in his
likenesses. Louron (M.) — See Laroon.
Loutherbourg (Philip James de),
born at Strasbourg, about 1 734 (son
of a miniature painter) ; studied under
Francisco Casanova, and on leaving

that school became a very popular
painter of battles, huntings, sea-pieces,
and landscapes with figures and cattle,
in which last he, at that time, appears
to have imitated the charming style
of Nicholas Berghem : his works
were universally admired. Soon after
1 763 he came to London, where he
remained until his death in 1812.
In his landscapes, and indeed in his
pictures in general, he displays great
dexterity of hand, and a seductive
gaudiness in his colouring, frequently
in opposition to the chaste and sober
tinting of nature ; in parts of his
pictures he is uncommonly fine, but
there is often a want of generality in
the effect, which is frequently scat
tered and fluttering. Besides his
landscapes he painted the Victory of
Lord Howe ; the Siege of Valen
ciennes ; and the Review at Worley
Camp. Lovini (Bernardino) — See Luini.
Lowe (Mauritius), the pupil of
Cipriani, and a student at the Royal
Academy ; painted history, but never
attained any degree of eminence :
died 1793.
Loyer (Nicholas), born at Ant
werp, 1 625 ; painted historical sub
jects with considerable reputation, but
we have no further description of his
works : died 1681.
Lubienetski (Theodore), born at
Cracow, 1653 ; studied first under Ju-
rian Stum, and afterwards under Ge
rard Lairesse, in whose style he painted
history and landscape with consider
able success: died 1716.
Lubienetski (Christopher),
brother of Theodore, bom at Stettin,
1659 ; received some instructions
from Stum, and afterwards in the
school of Adrian Backer, whose style
he followed both in history and
portraits with some success : died
about 1719.
Lucas of Leyden — See Leyden.
Lucasz (Peter Francis), born at
Malines in 1 606, was a pupil of Ge-

LUC

248

LUT

rard Seghers of Antwerp ; painted
landscapes, which he ornamented
with small figures, touched in a very
superior manner. The Archduke
Leopold employed, and highly esteem
ed him. He died in 1654.
Lucatelli (Andrea), born at Rome,
1540. This celebrated landscape
painter usually represented views in
the vicinity of Rome, in which he
introduced monuments of stone and
marble ; the colours of which were
imitated with surprising fidelity, and
the bark and foliage of his trees with
equal accuracy. His storms and
waterfalls had a grand and fine effect ;
and his tone of colouring was suited
to the different periods of the day :
died 1602.
Lucerna (Don Diego di), a native
of the kingdom of Andalusia ; was a
famous painter in his time. Palo-
nino Vite Lucerna, torn. 2. p. 304.
Luchese (II) — See Ricci.
Luchesimo — See Testa.
Lucy (Charles), born in London in
1692; was at the age of thirteen
placed under Pietro Dandini, of whom
he learned drawing ; he then went to
Forli, under the protection of Cav.
Carlo Cignani, in whose flourishing
school he studied for eight years, after
which he went to Bologna, and
formed his style from the works of the
best masters ; he painted with much
grace and sweetness, but his taste
leading him to portrait painting, he
exercised in that line great taste, ac
companied with good colouring.
Luighi (Antonio), born at Bo
logna, 1685; a scholar of Gioseffo
dal Sole ; painted history for the
churches with some reputation ; his
principal picture represents Christ
appearing to Mary Magdalen : died
1757. Luiken — See Luyken (John).
Luini or Lovini (Bernardo), born
at Bernard, in the Milanese territory,
about 1480 ; is supposed to have
been a disciple of Leonardo da Vinci,

whose style no one could approach
nearer than he did in design, colour,
and the chiaro-oscuro ; he painted
both in oil and in fresco ; and his pic
tures of Mary Magdalen, and St.
John with the Lamb, are equal to the
productions of L. da Vinci. His
best painting in fresco is an Ecce
Homo ; in some of his works he
approaches very near to Raffaelle :
died about 1550.
Luini (Aurelio), son of Bernar
dino, born in Milan, 1530; painted
in the style of his father, but is in
ferior to him in design, and in the ex
pression of his heads. His principal
work is a representation of the Bap
tism of Christ : died 1593.
Luini (Tommaso), born at Rome,
1597; attached himself to the style
of M. A. Caravaggio, and painted his
tory with some reputation ; his best
works are St. Philip performing a
Miracle, and the Flight into Egypt ;
died young.
Lundens (G.) ; this artist is cited
by Hoet in his work upon the paint
ers omitted by Van Gool ; his works
are in the style of the Dutch school,
and principally to be met with in
Holland ; he painted interiors, and
conversations of peasants, wliich are
to be seen in the richest collections,
and especially in the Dresden Gallery;
one of which, representing some
armed burgesses, was sold at Amster
dam in 1712, for 263 florins; only a
few florins less than one by Philip
Wouvermans at the same auction.
Luny, a modern painter of sea-
pieces in the manner of Powell, but
less highly finished.
Luti (Cavaliere Benedetto), born
at Florence, 1666; studied first under
Gabbiani, and afterwards Ciro Ferri,
but adopted a style of his own, dis
tinguished by elegance of design,
amenity of colouring, and a judicious
management of fight and shadow ; he
painted many excellent works for the
churches ; amongst which, are the
Prophet Isaiah, and Mary Magdalen

LUN

249

MAA

anointing the feet of Christ. His two
first pictures were a Bacchanal, and
an Endymion, life size : he also paint
ed a fine picture of the Death of
Abel. His own portrait, painted by
himself, is in the Florentine Gallery :
died 1724.
Lutterell (Henry), bora at Dub
lin, about 1650 : studied portrait
painting in crayons under Ashfield,
whom he soon surpassed, and is said
to have approached Holbein. Some
of his portraits are on copper, a
curious method which no other painter
in crayons seems to have adopted :
died 1710.
Luyken (John), born at Amster
dam, 1649 ; studied under Zaag-
moelen, and painted historical sub
jects with some reputation ; he usually
introduced numerous figures into his
composition, which were more expres
sive than graceful: died 1712.
Luyks (Nicholas), a German, born
in 1600 ; was a good painter of his
tory, and of portraits. He died in
1658. Luzzo (Pietro da Feltro) — See
Morto da Feltro.
Lyonet (Peter), bom at Maes
tricht in 1708; a pupil of the Che
valier Karl de Moor; entirely neglect
ed painting to devote himself to the
sciences ; he was member of several
learned societies, and died at the
Hague in 1789. There are no re
mains of his works, except some
designs of insects.

Maan or Man (Cornelius), born
at Delft, 1621 ; visited Paris, and
from thence went to Italy, where he
resided three years ; he afterwards
visited Venice, where the works of
Titian, particularly his portraits,
attracted his attention, and on his
return to Holland he distinguished
himself as a painter of history and
portraits in his style, in the latter of
which he particularly excelled. At
Delft is a large picture of the por

traits of the most eminent of the
medical professors of his time, painted
for Surgeons' Hall, which is more in
the manner of the Venetian than of
the Dutch school : died 1706.
Maas or Maes (Arnold Van),
bom at Gouda in 1620; was a
scholar of D. Teniers the Younger,
and painted similar subjects with
considerable success ; viz. village fes
tivals, wakes, merry-makings, &c ,
ingeniously composed, and touched
with neatness and spirit, little inferior
to his charming model. He visited
England for the purpose of studying
the works of the great historical
painters, and died soon after his
return to Holland in 1664.
Maas or Maes (Dirk or Theodore),
born at Haerlem, 1656 ; studied
some time under H. Mommers, a
painter of Italian markets, into whose
pictures he usually introduced the
fruit, vegetables, &c, and afterwards
under N. Berghem, but by a strange
capriciousness of disposition, left that
admirable painter to place himself
under John Van Huchtenberg, the
battle painter, whose style he followed
with considerable reputation; he paint
ed battle pieces, skirmishes, huntings,
and horse fairs, designed with sur
prising fidelity, ingeniously composed,
and touched with great spirit. He
visited England in the reign of King
William, and painted, amongst other
works, the Battle of the Boyne, for
the Duke of Portland: died 1715.
Maas or Maes (Nicholas), bora
at Dort, 1632 ; went to Amsterdam,
and entered the school of Rembrandt,
and on leaving that academy dis
tinguished himself as a painter of
historical subjects of a small size,
which, in richness of tone, and har
mony of effect, approached the ad
mired works of Rembrandt ; but
finding portrait painting more profit
able, he adopted that branch, and by
avoiding the dark style of that master
for one more pleasing to the fair sex,
he became one of the most successful
artists of his time : died 1693.

MAA 250
Maas or Maes (Godfrey), born at
Antwerp, 1 660 ; by an assiduous
study of Rubens, Vandyck, and other
celebrated artists of his country,
became one of the most distinguished
historical painters of his time. The
churches of the Netherlands contain
ample specimens of his ability ; but
at Amsterdam his talent shines most
conspicuously : in the cathedral of
that city is a fine picture by him
of the Death of St. Lucia ; and in
the church of St. George is his cele
brated altar-piece, representing the
Martyrdom of that Saint ; and in the
church of the Hospital is a picture of
the Assumption of the Virgin Mary,
composed and painted in the style of
Rubens. His designs are more cor
rect than is usual in the works of the
Flemish painters, and his colouring
is excellent : died 1 722.
Maat — See Blanckhoff.
Mabuse or Malbrugius (John
de), born at Maubeuse, a small town
in Hainault, in the latter part of the
14th century; painted history and
portraits, fresh and clear in colouring,
in design correct, much in the style of
Albert Durer, and finished as high as
the productions of Mieris or G. Douw.
He pamted a fine picture of the
Descent from the Cross for a church
at Middelburgh ; but his most capital
performance was a picture of the
Wise Men's Offering, for the altar-
piece of the church of the abbey at
Grammont, which occupied him seven
years ; it was sold after the death of
Prince Charles of Lorraine, and is
now in the possession of the Earl of
Carlisle. He visited England in the
reign of Henry VIL, whose portrait
he painted ; he painted also that of
Arthur, Prince of Wales, with Prince
Henry, and the Princess Margaret,
now at Windsor Castle, with others
of the Royal family ; also several of
the nobility of this country. His
dea.h is said to have occurred in
1532, according to an inscription on
a print of his portrait ; but Descamps
states it to have been in 1562.

MAC

Macchi (Julius Caesar), a Bolog
nese painter, brother of Florio Macchi,
and scholar of Lodovico Caracci ;
worked with great success in Bologna,
but was much more highly esteemed
in other cities : he flourished about
1600. Masini, p. 630.
Macchi (Florio), born at Bologna ;
was a disciple of Lodovico Caracci,
and flourished about 1620 : he painted
several pictures for the churches at
Bologna. In St. Andrea del Mercato
is a picture of the Crucifixion, with
two laterals ; and in la Morte the
Raising of Lazarus ; but his most
admired work is a fine fresco of the
Annunciation, in the church of II
Spirito Santo, which has been fre
quently mistaken for a work of
Lodovico. Macchietti (Girolamo), called
Crocifissajo, born in Florence in 1535 ;
after studying some time under M.
R. del Ghirlandaio, became a scholar
of Giorgio Vasari, whom he assisted
for six years in the works he executed
for the ducal palace at Florence, where
he acquired considerable reputation
by his two pictures of the Adoration
of the Magi, in the church of St.
Lorenzo ; and the Martyrdom of
St. Laurence, in the church of St.
Maria Novella.
Macerata (Guiseppino da), born
at Macerata, about 1600; is said to
have been a disciple of Agostino
Caracci, as is evident in his work of
the Annunciation, painted in oil at
St. Niccolo, which is distinguished
by the fine expression of the heads,
and the grand style of their compo
sition ; also in that of the Virgin and
Child, with a glory of Angels ; and
SS. Nicolo and Girolamo, in the
church of the Carmelites at Macerata;
and in Christ giving the Keys to St.
Peter, at the Cappuccini, "both of
which are stamped with the character
of the school of Caracci; and the
latter is so nearly the composition of
Guido's picture of the same subject,
in the church of the Filippini at

MAC
Fano, that it may almost be con
sidered as a copy.
Machelli (Rolando), born at
Genoa, 1664, died 1728; painted
history and portraits with some repu
tation, but we have no account of his
style. Macheren (Ph. Van), a painter
of shipping, living at Middelburgh,
in 1672 ; entered on board one of the
ships of the Republic, to assist in the
naval combats, which he loved to
represent; with the same view he
sailed in Swedish and Danish vessels :
he died at Amsterdam.
Machua, of Granada, in Spain,
was a great painter and architect : he
followed the manner of the so much
celebrated Raphael d'Urbino. Bou-
tron, p. 122.
Maciotti (John Baptist), a Ve
netian painter ; studied under An
tonio Balestra, and became a good
imitator of his master ; he painted
with much taste : flourished about
1640. Macourt (C), bora in Germany ;
came to London, where he practised
portrait painting, both in oil and
miniature, and is said to have died in
1768. Macpherson (Joseph), of Scotch
extraction, but born in Florence in
1 726 ; was a scholar of the celebrated
Pompeo Battoni, and profited by the
instructions of so great a master, as is
evident in his various works. He
painted a number of portraits in oil
in large, and some of whole families
in one picture, for great Enghsh per
sonages, and many of the sovereigns
and princes of Europe. Some of his
works, shewing the highest talent, are
in the FlorentineGallery and elsewhere,
as well as his own portrait, besides the
copies of those in the Gallery which
he painted for Lord Cowper ; he is
still more distinguished for his works
in enamel, he being almost the only
one in Europe in his time that could
perform in it. He was still living at
Florence in 1776.

251 MAG
Maddersteg (Michael), born at
Amsterdam in 1659, is called by
Houbraken the ablest scholar of L.
Backhuysen : his sea-pieces and
storms approach so near the pictures
of that master in the form of the
vessels, the undulation of the waters,
and the lightness of the skies, that
they are sometimes mistaken for those
of Backhuysen : died 1709.
Madonnina (Francis), a native of
Modena, was a masterly painter of
history, with a pleasing softness of
colouring. Vidriano, p. 96.
Maes — See Maas.
Maffei (Francesco), bom at Vin-
cenza, was a scholar of Santo Peranda,
but afterwards became a follower of
the style of Paolo Veronese, and
painted history with considerable re
putation ; his picture of Sta. Anna, in
the church, of St. Michele, at Vin-
cenza, exhibits a poetical fancy, and
is coloured in the best style of the
Venetian school, but he adopted so
hasty and slight a mode of finishing
his pictures that many of them are
nearly obliterated : he flourished about
1640". Maganasco (Stephen), a Genoese •
studied design under Vaierio Castelli,
and afterwards went to Rome to im
prove himself, where he remained five
years, and on returning to his own
country, the great beauty of his co
louring gained him a vast number of
commissions from France, both for
public and private purposes, but he
did not enjoy his success long, dying
young: he lived about 1660. So
prani, p. 262.
Maganza (Giovanni Battista), the
Elder, bom at Vincenza in 1 509 ; was
brought up in the school of Titian,
whose style he followed with some
success, but was more distinguished
for his portraits than for his historical
subjects : died 1589.
Maganza (Alessandro), son of the
preceding, born at Vincenza in 1536 ;
after receiving some instruction from
his father, became a pupil of Antonio

MAG

252

MAI

Fasolo, and studied the works of
Paolo Veronese and Zelotti ; his prin
cipal works are the Adoration of the
Magi in the church of St. Domenico,
and the Martyrdom of St. Giustina
in St. Pietro at Vincenza : died 1630.
Maganza (Giovanni Battista), the
younger son of Alessandro, born at
Vincenza in 1577 ; painted history in
the styleof his father, whomhe assisted
in many of his principal works ; his
picture of St. Benedetto, inthe church
of St. Giustina, at Padua, proves him
to be httle inferior to his instructor :
died 1617.
Maggi (Giovanni), born at Rome,
painted landscapes and architectural
views, but is more known as an engra
ver than as a painter : he flourished
about 1600.
Maggiotto (Domenico), born at
Venice, 1677; died 1719; painted
history, and his works were much es
teemed. Maggiotto (Francis), a painter of
Lombardy, exhibited the highest abili
ties in the exercise of his profession,
and was living in 1778.
Magistus (Simone de), born at
Caldarola, in the Ecclesiastical States,
flourished about 1585. His picture
in the dome at Orsino, representing
St. Philip and St. James, is composed
in a good style, but is somewhat in
ferior in the execution; his Madonna
del Rosario, in St. Domenico, is highly
extolled. Magliar (Joseph), a Neapolitan,
andsonofAndr'ewMagliar, an engraver
on copper; was educated in painting in
the school of the celebrated Solimene,
and was perfect in the principles of
that great master ; he designed with
the most perfect freedom. He after
wards applied himself to the profession
of his father, and became a most
beautiful and delicate engraver ; he
executed in that line many fine
works, but died young.
Magnani (Cristofano), born at
Pizzighettone, near Cremona ; was a
scholar of Bernardino Campi, and

painted history and portraits with no
little reputation ; his memory was so
good that it is said he could draw the
likeness of any person he had once
seen. He painted some considerable
works in fresco in conjunction with
C. Malosso and Mainardi : flourished
about 1580.
Magnasco (Alessandro), called
Lissandrino, born at Genoa, 1681.
Studied at Milan under Filippo Abbi
ati, and painted difficult subjects on
a smaller scale, which possess all the
boldness and spirit of his touch ; he
painted public processions, military
exercises, and subjects called by the
Italians Bambocciate, and is styled by
Lanzi the Michael Angelo della Bat-
taglie of the Genoese school : died
1747. Mahue (William), born at Brussels
in 1517; died in that city in 1569.
He was a very celebrated portrait
painter of his time, his pictures are
extremely rare.
Maijoli or Majola (Clemente),
bom at Ferrara about 1640. Studied
at Rome under Pietro da Cortona, and
became a reputable painter of his
tory. In the church of St. Paolo at
Ferrara is a picture of Sta. Maria
Maddalena de Piozzi ; and in St. Gui
seppe a St . Niccolo Tolentius supported
by an Angel ; both of which are
mentioned in very favourable terms.
Mainardi (Bastiano), of St. Gi-
migniano, was brother-in-law and
scholar of Domenico Ghirlandaio, in
whose style he painted. He lived
about 1490. Vasari, par. 3. p. 569.
Mainardi (Andrea), called II
Chiaveghino, born at Cremona ; flou
rished from 1590 till 1623. He was
one of the ablest disciples of Bernar
dino Campi, and in conjunction with
his nephew, Marc Antonio Mainardi,
executed several considerable works at
Cremona. One of his best pictures,
the Marriage of St. Anna, in the
church of the Eremitani, would do
honour to any school, whilst others

MAI 253
appear to have been the result of neg
ligence and haste.
Mainago (Silvestro), born at Ve
nice about 1680, a scholar of Gregorio
Lazzarini, possessed a fertile invention,
and in his compositions exhibited
genius and taste ; but the love of gain
produced rapidity and negligence, and
he became a feeble mannerist ; his
best production is his picture of Christ
driving the Money- Changers from the
Temple, in the church of St. Felice at
Venice. Mainero (Giovanni Battista), born
at Geneva about 1610; was a disciple
of Lucio Borzone. He painted his
torical subjects of a small size, which
were greatly admired, notwithstanding
which, he abandoned that branch,
and applied himself to portrait paint
ing, in which he was employed by
the principal personages of that pe
riod: died 1657.
Mair (La) ; this painter resided at
Nimeguen in the 18th century; he
painted on a light ground, thistles and
green herbage, mixed with serpents,
lizards, and other reptiles ; also but
terflies, in which he imitated nature
very perfectly ; he followed the style
of Otho Marcellus : his works are
often mistaken for those of that
master. The year of his birth and
that of his death are entirely un
known. Maitre (Roux) —See Rosso.
Major (Isaac), born at Frankfort,
1576 ; went early in life to Prague,
and became a scholar of Roland Sa
very, at that time painter to Rodol-
phus II.
Malagavazzo (Coriolana), born at
Cremona about 1 555 ; was a disciple
of Bernardino Campi, and is more
known as the coadjutor of that emi
nent artist than by any works of his
own. His principal work, the Virgin
and Infant, with St. Francis and St.
Ignatius, is, by Lanzi, supposed to
have been designed by Bernardino.
Malavenen a (Angelo ), of Bologna ;
in the sacristy of St. Saviour's, painted

MAL
in _ conjunction with other skilful
artists several landscapes with figures.
Malinconico (Andrea), born at
Naples about 1600, was one of the
ablest disciples of Cavaliere Massino
Stanzioni; the churches of Naples
abound with his oil paintings, the
most esteemed of which are the Four
Evangelists and the Doctors of the
Church, in the Miraculi at Naples.
Mallein (G.), a painter of car
riages and of ornaments, born at
Dordrecht in 1753, settled at Rot
terdam, where he painted large can
vasses, which at that period served as
tapestry for apartments ; he delighted
especially in painting horses. Those
of his works that now remain confirm
the opinion of Thierry Langendyck,
who regarded him as a good designer
in that kind : he died at Rotterdam
in 1816. Malo (Vincenzio), bom at Cam-
bray about 1 625 ; was first a disciple
of Rubens, at whose death he became
a scholar of D. Teniers the Younger,
and afterwards went to Italy, where
he distinguished himself as a painter
of battles and landscapes ; he also
painted some altar-pieces for the
churches at Genoa, which are finely
coloured : died 1670.
Malombra (Pietro), bom at Ve
nice, 1556 ; a scholar of Guiseppe
Porta, called Salviati, although an
imitator of the works of Palma,
avoided the tameness of a mannerist,
and in composition and design is more
studied and correct than is usual in
the Venetian school ; he is more ad
mired in his historical pictures of an
easel size than for his larger works ;
he also painted with great success
architectural views of the principal
places in Venice, which he enriched
with groups of figures ingeniously
composed, and designed with elegance
and grace. In the church of St.
Paula at Venice is a picture of the
Miracles wrought by that saint, which
are much admired ; he was also dis
tinguished as a portrait painter : died
1618.

MAL
Malosso — See Trotti.
Malpe (John), born at Ghent in
1764, attended with success the Aca
demy of Design of his native city, and
obtained in 1784 the first prize for
design from the living model. En
couraged by this recompense, he de
voted himself to painting with great
zeal, and went to Paris to study the
chefs-d'oeuvre of the first masters of
the Flemish school ; till his death in
1818, he occupied himself in his na
tive city in painting portraits in minia
ture. Maltese (  ), an indifferent
painter of shells, fruit, flowers, and
still life, which he usually represented
on a table covered with a carpet, and
painted as rough as the material itself.
His works have little more to recom
mend them than a spirited touch, and
powerful effect.
Manby (John), an English land
scape painter in the reign of Charles
II. , had studied in Italy, from whence
he brought a collection of pictures
that were sold at the Banqueting
House. Manchetti (Michele), bom at
Genoa about 1550 ; studied under
Mario di Pino, and acquired some
reputation as an historical painter ;
one of his best works is a picture in
the church of St. Agnello at Naples,
representing the Virgin and Infant,
with St. John, Mary Magdalen, and
St. Lucia: it is dated 1586.
Mancini (Francis), born in Saint
Angelo in Vado, was a disciple of
Carlo Cignani ; he painted a picture
of St. Peter in the Vatican ; one in
Sta. Maria Maggiore, of the Concep
tion : another in St. Gregory, of the
Conception ; a Sta. Theresa, in the
church della Scala in Trastevere, and
a large picture of Alexander in the
palace of the Vatican, and many other
works ; he also painted, in the saloon
of the Marquis Albizzini, two pictures,
one of Night, the other of Day, in a
bold and vigorous manner, and some
sacred pieces in the library of the

254 MAN
Carmelite Monastery : he died in
Rome. Mandyn (John), bom at Haerlem,
1450 ; painted drolleries and incanta
tions in the manner of Jerome Bos :
died 1510.
Manecchia (James), a Neapolitan,
painted the two side-pieces of the high
altar of the church of Sta. Maria
della Sapienza, in the Monastery of
Monks in that city. See Carlo Colano
della notizie di Napoli, p. 56.
Manenti (Vincenzio), born at Ca-
nimorto, in the province of Sabina,
in 1 600, the son of an obscure artist.
Studied at Rome under Guiseppe
Cesari and Domenichino ; several of
his works are in the churches at Sa
bina ; his picture of St. Stefano, hi
the dome of Tivoli, and of St. Saverio,
in the church of II Gesu, are favour
ably spoken of by Lanzi : died 1674.
Manetti (Rutilio), born at Sienna,
1571, was a scholar of Francesco
Vanni, whose graceful style he quitted
for the more vigorous colouring and
powerful effect of M. A. Caravaggio ;
he was well versed in architecture, and
some of his works" remind us of Guer
cino ; but he was inferior in his lights
and shadows. Several of his pictures
are at Rome and Pisa, amongst which
a Reposo in St. Pietro di Castelvechio
is greatly admired : died 1639.
Manetti (Domenico). This artist
distinguished himself in painting his
torical subjects of an easel size ; there
are many in the private collections at
Sienna, one of which, the Baptism of
Constantine, is particularly recom
mended. Manfredi (Bartolomeo), born at
Mantua, 1574, although a scholar of
Christofano Roncalli, called dalle
Pomerance, might be styled another
M. A. Caravaggio,- did not his works
display a superior choice of forms, and
a more dignified taste in design ; his
subjects were usually banditti, assem
blies of gamesters, and armed soldiers,
which he painted with a ferocity of
character and an extraordinary effect

MAN 2
of light and shadow ; he painted very
few pictures for the churches, and his
works are not unfrequently attributed
to M. A. Caravaggio or to Valentino.
Manglard (Adrian), born at Paris,
1 688, went to Rome, where he painted
several landscapes and sea-pieces for
the villa Albani, and for the Palazzi
Colonna, &c. Joseph Vernet was his
scholar, who surpassed him : died 1 76 1 .
Manini (James Anthony), born in
Bologna in 1650, a scholar of Dominic
Santi ; was esteemed for his soft and
good manner in painting pictures and
architecture ; many of his works are
in Parma and Bologna He flou
rished about 1700.
Manini (Gaetano), born at Milan
about 1730, painted history in the
gaudy and frivolous style of the mo
dern Italian school ; he came to Eng
land in 1775, and died there between
1780 and 90.
Mannozzi (Giovanni), called Da
San Giovanni, born at San Giovanni,
in the Florentine States, 1590; was
a scholar of Matteo Roselli, whose
correct and finished style not being
suited to his taste, he was occasion
ally led into the most absurd extrava
gance ; he painted an incredible num
ber of works for the churches in
Florence, and some frescoes at Pistoia
in a respectable style, in which he
frequently represented his angels as
females ; he also painted a picture of
Night, as a contrast to Guido' s Au
rora: died 1648.
Mans (Francis), a landscape
painter, left a great number of views
of towns and villages ; the winter
pieces he composed are in the style of
Klaas Molenaar, and sometimes he
has even surpassed him ; the skaters
and sledges that cover the ice are re
presented with great truth.
Mansueta (John), a scholar of
Victor Carpaccio, painted after the
manner of his master with great
care ; in the school of St. Mark, in
Venice, are five pictures by him, of
the miracles and actions of that saint,

5 MAN
all deserving of examination : he flou
rished about the year 1500. Ridolfi,
par. 1. p. 33.
Mantegna (Andrea), called Cava
liere, born near Padua in 1431 ; was
educated under Francesca Squarcione,
and painted the Four Evangelists for
the Church of St. Sofia, at Padua ;
also the Martyrdom of St. James, in
the church of the Eremitani : the
latter in a dry, formal style ; which
he soon afterwards changed, and in
his picture of St. Mark writing
the Gospel, which he painted for the
church of St. Giustina, the head of the
Evangelist is depicted with an ex
pression of the most fervid devotion.
His most celebrated performance in oil
is called Delia Vittoria, was painted
in 1495 for a chapel of the Marchese
Francesco Gonzaga, in the church of the
Filippines, in commemoration of a vic
tory gained by the Prince over Charles
VIII. of France at the Battle of For-
moni. It represents the Marquess in
armour kneeling before the Virgin and
Infant, seated on a throne, surrounded
by several saints, and near her St.
Elizabeth, which is the portrait of the
Marchioness, with the young St. John;
in which the surpassing delicacy of the
carnations, the elegant cast of the dra
peries, the glittering armour, and the
tasteful accessories, equally surprise
and charm ; each head is a model
worthy of study, and the design, both
in the naked and in the vestments,
completely disproves the assertion that
the Gothic style and that of Mantegna
are the same. This picture was carried
off by the French, and was in their
Museum at Paris : and the series of
pictures of the Triumph of Julius
Caesar, which was taken by the Ger
mans when they sacked that city, is
now in the Palace of Hampton Court :
died about 1515.
Mantegna (Francesco), son of
Andrea, was one of his best scholars ;
he finished the frescoes left imperfect
by his father in the Camera delli
Sposi in the castle at Mantua, and-
painted the ceilings, so much admired

MAN

256

MAR

for the infantine simplicity, and play
ful beauty of the angels.
Mantegna (Charles del), a painter
of Lombardy ; was invited, with some
sculptors, and other artists, by Oc-
tavian Fregoso, Prince of Genoa, to
introduce into that city the true man
ner of painting, sculpture, and engraving
geography. Soprani, p. 268.
Mantouano (Rinaldo), born at
Mantua ; was one of the most dis
tinguished scholars of Giulio Romano.
In the church of St. Agnese, at
Mantua, is a fine picture by him of
the Virgin and Child, with St. Agos
tino and St. Girolamo, composed with
so much grandeur as to lead to a sus
picion that it was designed by his
instructor : he died young.
Mantouano (Andrea) — See An-
dreani. Mantouano (Giovanni Britani) —
See Ghisi.
Mantouano (Marcello) — See Ve-
NUSTI. Mantouano
Ghigi.

( Teodoro ) — See

Mantovana (Camillus), a good
painter of landscapes, flowers, fruit
and festoons. Executed many works
in Venice. Vasari, par- 3. lib. 3.
p. 83.
Manuel (Benet), of Aguerro; was
a scholar of John Baptist del Mazo ;
and his great merit as a painter was in
landscapes, which he touched in a free
and masterly manner, with figures in
large and in small. Many of his works
are in the royal palaces in Spain, par
ticularly in that of Buonvicino. He
died in 1670, aged 44. Palumino,
par. 2. p. 377.
Manzoni (Rodolpho), flourished
in Venice, in 1718, with the reputa
tion of being a good painter of small
histories, landscapes, and animals, in
which he was well skilled and a good
colourist ; he left in the hands of his
heirs a painting of the Terrestrial
Paradise, which may be deemed the

best of his works: died about the year
1739. Manzuoli (Maso), called Maso
di S. Friano, born at Florence, 1536 ;
was first a disciple of Pier Francesco di
Jacopo and afterwards of Carlo Por-
telli, and by Vasari is ranked as equal
to Battista Naldini and Alessandro
Allori. He painted the Visit of the
Virgin to St. Elizabeth for one of the
churches, which picture was after
wards placed in the Gallery of the
Vatican, and is regarded as one of the
ablest productions of the Florentine
school of that time ; he' also excelled
in portraits, and was one of those who
painted for the obsequies of Buona
rotti: died 1575.
Maracci (Giovanni)— See Mar-
racci. Maratti (Carlo), born at Camu-
rano in Ancona, 1625 ; entered the
school of Andrea Sacchi ; was his
favourite disciple ; and after studying
the works of Raffaelle became a correct
and elegant designer, and was much
employed in painting Holy Families ;
pictures of the Virgin, and female
Saints. He also painted a picture for
the Battisterio of St. John of Lateran,
representing Constantine destroying
the Idols, which was considered one of
the ablest productions of the time.
His most admired works are painted
in the style of A. Sacchi ; amongst
which are the Death of St. Francis
Xavier, in the Church of II Gesu ;
the Visitation, in la Pace ; and the
Conception, in St. Isidore. But the
most celebratedof all is the Martyrdom
of St. Biagio, at Genoa. The works
of Carlo Maratti are correct in design
and rich in composition, but somewhat
languid, exhibiting rather the effect
of labour than the inspirations of
genius. His heads, though sweet and
amiable, are not peculiarly dignified
or graceful, and his draperies are so
full as to conceal the beauty of the
figure ; his colouring, although gene
rally silvery and pleasing, is occa
sionally chalky and cold. His early
productions were principally Madon-

M A R 257
nas ; and one of his latter productions
in the Palazzo Arnaldi at Florence,
representing Venus on a Couch, is
beautifully depicted, but the colouring
is rather too red : died 1713.
Marc (Estevan), born at Valencia;
was a scholar of Pedro Orrente, under
whom he became an eminent painter
of battles. He also painted historical
subjects ; but is less distinguished in
the latter branch than in the former.
The Last Supper, in the Church of
San Juan de Mercado, at Valencia, is
highly extolled ; also his picture of
the Marriage of Cana ; and a battle-
piece, in the BuenoRetiro; the last
of which is considered one of his best
performances: died 1660.
Marc (Miguel), son of Estevan,
born 1633 ; painted history and bat
tles in the style of his father, but
much inferior ; the Death of St.
Francis, in the church of the Francis
cans at Valencia, is one of his best
performances: died 1670.
Marc (Antonio)— See Raimondi.
Marca (Giovanni Battista Lorn-
bardelli), called Delia, bom at Monte-
nuove, 1 532 ; was first a scholar of
Marco Marchetti da Faenza, and
afterwards assisted Raffallino da Reg
gio in some works in the Vatican, and
imitated his style in a series of pic
tures of the Life of St. Francis, in the
church of St. Pietro Montorio ; also
the Resurrection, in St, Maria de
Monti: died 1587-
Marcel (N.), born at Frankfort,
1628 ; was a scholar of George Vlu-
gels, an indifferent painter of still life,
whom he greatly surpassed. His pic
tures of flowers', fruit, shells, &c. are
highly finished and delicately coloured,
and are held in high estimation in
Germany: died 1683.
Marcello (Alexander), a noble
Venetian, who to the accomplishments
of music and poetry, added that of
painting ; besides a number of works
which he painted in oil for his own
amusement, he painted with parti
cular study and care, in the entabla-

MAR

ture of the church of Sta. Magdalena,
a representation of that saint carried
up to heaven by angels. He died
about 1750.
Marcellus (Otho), born at Am
sterdam, 1613; master unknown;
painted reptiles, insects, and curious
plants, designed with surprising fide
lity, and finished with extraordinary
care ; he painted everything from
nature, for which purpose he is said
to have kept a museum of reptiles,
insects, &c. : died 1673.
March (Stephen), a Spaniard ;
painted battles admirably well, but
disgraced himself by his mode of
living ; he painted but little, and only
when driven by necessity. When he
wished to work, he used to shut him
self up in his chamber, which was
full of arms, and exercised himself
violently with them till he was
fatigued, he would then take up his
pencil and describe the act of being
wounded and dying wonderfully well :
being always too idle to work, he died
in misery at the age of 70, in the year
1660. Marchesi (Guiseppe), called II
Sansone, born at Bologna, 1699 ; was
first a scholar of Marc Antonio Fran
ceschini, but afterwards studied
under Aureliano Milani ; he painted
history for the churches at Bologna,
uniting to the correct design of Mi
lani, the vigorous colouring and bold
foreshortening of Franceschini. In
St. Pietro is a fine picture of St.
Ambrose refusing the Emperor Theo
dosius admission to the temple, and in
Madonna di Galleria, the Birth of the
Virgin, which are painted in the
style of Franceschini ; whilst in the
Martyrdom of St. Prisca, in the
dome of Rimini, he appears to have
kept in view the St. Agnes of Dome
nichino : he also painted the Four
Seasons, which is ranked by Lanzi
amongst the happiest productions of
the modern Bolognese school.
Marchesi (Girolamo) — See Co
tignola. s

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Marchesini (Alessandro), bom at
Verona, 1664; was first instructed by
Biagio Falcieri, and afterwards by
Carlo Cignani, under whom he be
came a reputable painter of history,
and was employed on several works in
the churches and other public edifices;
he also resided some time at Venice,
where he was chiefly employed in
painting easel pictures of historical
and fabulous subjects : died 1738.
Marchetti (Marco), called Da
Faenza, was employed by Pope
Gregory XIII. in ornamenting the
Vatican with grotesque and arabesque
subjects, in wliich he particularly ex
celled ; he also painted historical sub
jects, elegantly designed, which ex
hibits more than usual acquaintance
with the nude ; such is his picture of
the Murder of the Innocents in the
Vatican: died 1588.
Marchi (Guiseppe), born at Rome,
was brought to England by Sir Joshua
Reynolds, by whom he was much em
ployed in painting draperies, and in
forwarding his pictures : died 1808.
Marchis (Alessio de), a Neapo
litan, flourished about 1710 ; painted
landscapes, sea-ports, aud towns on
fire,inwhich hefollowed thegrandstyle
of Salvator Rosa. He is reported to
have set fire to a barn for the purpose
of study ; and one of his most cele
brated pictures is the burning of Troy,
in the Palazzi Semproni.
Marcilla or Marsiglia (Gug-
lielmo da), born at Marseilles, 1475;
painted in fresco, and on glass, the
former in the style and manner of M.
A. Buonarotti, and the latter, with
all the richness and glow that colour
can give ; and when assisted by the
brightness of the sun, of surpassing
brilliancy: died 1537.
Marco (Thomas di), a Florentine
painter, was a disciple of Andrea
Orca2;na ; there is no other memorial
of him than that of a picture in the
church of St. Andrew in Pisa, painted
by him about 1392. Baldinucci,
secolo 2. p. 108.

Marconi (Rocco), horn at Trevisi,
flourished about 1505 ; and is said
by Ridolfi, to have been a disciple of
Palma ; but by Zanetti, (with more
probability) of Giovanni Bellini ; he
excelled as a colourist, and was a
tolerably correct designer. One of
his best productions is the Adulteress
before Christ, in St. Giorgio Mag
giore. Marcucci (Agostino), born in
Sienna ; studied at Bologna in the
school of the Caracci, and afterwards
under Pietro Facini, and painted some
pictures for the churches at Bologna,
amongst which is the Death of the
Virgin, in la Concezione.
Marescalco (Giovanni) — See
Buonconsigli. Mareschi (James), a Lombardy
painter, give proof of the highest
abilities in the exercise of his profes
sion, and was living in 1776.
Marescotti (Bartolomeo), born at
Bologna in 1591 ; was educated in
the school of Guido Reni, of whose
style he was a slight and unsuccessful
imitator ; the Martyrdom of St. Bar
bara, in the church of St. Martino
Maggiore, and the Crowning of the
Virgin, in that of St. Stefano, are
attributed to him : died 1636.
Margaritone, born at Arezzo,
about 1 1 98, is said to have been in
structed by some Greek painters ; his
works are almost confined to images
of the Virgin, and crucifixes, a few
of which remain in the churches at
Arezzo. At Pisa he painted the his
tory of St. Francis, with a number of
small figures, on a gold ground : died
1275. Mari (Alessandro), born at Turin,
1650; was first a scholar of Dome
nico Piola of Genoa, afterwards of
Cavaliere Liberi at Venice, and sub
sequently of Lorenzo Passinelli at
Bologna, on leaving whom he painted
some pictures for the churches there,
of which the most esteemed were the
Crucifixion, and the Martyrdom of
St. Sebastian, in St. Barbaziano. He

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also painted symbolical subjects in
imitation of the ancient masters : died
1707. Maria (Cavaliere Ercole), called
Ercolino di Guido, a native of Bo
logna, was a favourite disciple of
Guido Reni, whose works he imitated
and copied with such precision, that
he is said to have deceived Guido
himself : he died at Rome, about
1640, (young.)
Maria (Francesco di), born at
Naples, 1620 ; was a scholar of Do
menichino, and painted historical sub
jects, which may be mistaken by the
inexperienced for the works of Dome
nichino ; he particularly excelled in
portrait painting, some of which
being exhibited at Rome, together
with a portrait by Rubens, and an
other by Vandyck, and submitted to
the judgment of Niccolo Poussin, P.
da Cortona, and Andrea Sacchi, the
preference was given to that pamted
by Maria: died 1690.
Mariani (Camillus), a native of
Vicenza, was a painter, sculptor, and
architect, more by nature than by art ;
he went to Rome, where he found
exercise for his great talents in the
Vatican, the Lateran, and other Basi
lica : he died in the year 1611, at the
early age of 46. Baglioni, p. 114.
Mariani (Giovanni Maria), a Ge
noese, bora about 1615, at Ascoli ;
he painted both in oil and in fresco,
and excelled in architectural views
and landscapes, in which the figures
were often introduced by Valerio Cas
telli ; he also painted historical sub
jects with considerable reputation.
An altar-piece by him in the Oratorio
di San Jacopo at Genoa, representing
the baptism of that saint ; and the
Rape of the Sabines, in the Florentine
Gallery, are favourably spoken of by
Lanzi. Marienhof, a Dutchman, bom at
Gorcum, 1650; master unknown;
studied and copied the works of Ru
bens, and afterwards settled at Brus
sels, and was much employed in paint
ing small historical pictures, which

he touched and coloured entirely in
the manner of Rubens : died 1713.
Marieschi (Michele), born at
Venice ; excelled in painting architec
tural views and perspective ; several
of his most remarkable views of
Venice are etched by him : died
1743. Marieschi (Jacopo), son of Mi
chele, born at Venice, 1711 ; after
being instructed by his father, became
a scholar of Gasparo Diziani, and
painted architectural subjects, and
views of Venice, in the style of Cana-
letti, but not equal to Francesco
Guardi: died 1794.
Mariliano (Andrew), a painter of
Pavia ; studied in the school of Benar-
dine Campi in the year 1 58 1 . Lamo,
p. 1 1 1 .
Marinari (Onorio), born at Flo
rence, 1627; a disciple of Carlo
Dolci, whose finished and laboured
manner he imitated so closely, that it
was difficult to distinguish their works ;
he afterwards adopted a grander and
more distinguished style. His prin
cipal works are at Florence, and many
of his easel pictures are to be found in
private collections ; two of which, the
Judgment of Paris, and Diana and
her Nymphs bathing, are highly
esteemed for the beauty of the colour
ing, and the graceful elegance of the
naked figures : died 1715.
Marinas (Enrico de las), bom at
Cadiz, 1619, died 1680; painted
views of sea-ports, with ships, boats,
&c. ; also storms and calms with great
spirit and fidelity.
Marinetti (Anthony), a Lom
bardy painter ; exercised his pencil in
that art with great credit to himself :
he was living in 1778.
Marini (Benedetto), bom at Ur
bino ; studied under Claudio Ridolfo,
then visited Piacenza, and painted
several altar-pieces, in a style com
bining the Lombard and Venetian
schools. His most celebrated work
is the Miracle of the Loaves and
Fishes : he flourished about 1625,
s 2

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Marinkelle (Joseph), born at
Rotterdam in 1732 ; was a miniature
portrait painter, his good manner, and
the great resemblance that he gave to
his portraits, procured him much
work : he died at Amsterdam in 1775
or 1776.
Marino (Francis), a citizen of
Vercelli, after close application to the
art, painted an altar-piece for the
church of St. Victor, which received
the highest commendations of judges,
and approbation of the public. He
painted many others extremely well,
both in invention and design ; one of
which, possessed by Carlo Orazio Or-
lorio, of the Virgin and Child, a St.
Francis, a St. Charles, with several
angels, a work much esteemed, is
underwritten, " Franciscus Marinus
Inventor & fecit 1630." He died
at an early age in 1632.
Mario (Da Fiori) — See Nuzzi.
Mariotti, is supposed to have
been a painter as well as an engineer ;
but we have no account of his works
in that branch of the arts.
Marlie (Rene Elizabeth) — See
Lepicia. Marmocchini (Giovanna Cortesi),
bora at Florence, 1670; studied histori
cal painting under Livio Mehus, after
wards became a pupil of Pietro Dan
dini, and was subsequently taught
miniature painting by Ippolito Galan-
tini, in which she chiefly excelled ;
she practised also in crayons : died
1736. Marmi (John Baptist-!, born in
Florence, 1659; learned drawing of
Vincent Dandini, and painting of
Livio Mehus ; he was sent to Rome
under the direction of Ciro Ferri and
John Maria Morandi, where he copied
statues and pictures, and perfected
himself in design He visited Venice
to improve himself in colouring, and
returned from thence to Florence to
serve the Grand Duchess and Grand
Duke Ferdinand, and others of the
Court, in various works in oil and in

portraits ; he likewise supplied many
of the churches and palaces with his
works : he died in 1686.
Marmoliga (Pedro de Villegas),
born at Seville, 'about 1520 ; in style
and design resembles Raffaelle ; and
his principal works are in the churches,
and in the hospital of St. Lazaro, at
Seville: died 1599.
Marne (John Louis de), born at
Brussels in 1744 ; was one of the
best landscape painters of his time.
Briard gave him, at Paris, some les
sons in design ; and he made frequent
journeys to Switzerland, to study
nature, so variegated in that beautiful
country. The manner that he adopted
was that by which Karel du Jardin
obtained an immense success. De
Marne principally painted history,
and disputed the palm with the cele
brated David, when the latter ob
tained the grand prize for painting.
At a later period he devoted himself
exclusively to landscape painting :
died at Brussels, 1829.
Maroli (Domenico), born at Mes
sina, 1662 ; a scholar of Ricci, called
Barbalunga ; visited Venice, studied
attentively the works of that school,
and became an accomplished colourist;
his carnations are fresh and delicate,
and the airs of his heads expressive
and full of character. He also painted
some pastoral subjects, in the style of
Giacomo Bassano, which were much
admired. The Martyrdom of St.
Placido, in St. Paolo, and the Na
tivity, in the Chiesa della Grotta, at
Messina, are amongst his best pro
ductions : died 1674.
Maron (Theresa da), a sister of
the celebrated Mengs ; excelled in
enamel, miniature, and crayons : died
1806. Maron (Anthony), born in Vi
enna, 1731 ; studied at Rome, under
the celebrated Cavaliere Mengs, whom
he accompanied to Naples, where he
remained, his master being invited
into Spain, and in 1766 was admitted
a professor of the Academy of St.

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Luke. He was sent by his sovereign
to Florence, to paint in one large
picture the portraits of the Grand
Duchess, and all the Archdukes and
Archduchesses then living there ; be
sides which he painted divers person
ages, among whom was the Duke of
Gloucester. He was then ordered to
paint the portrait, at full-length, of
the Emperor Francis I. ; and finally
went to Vienna, to paint the Empress
Queen; the reigning Emperor, Joseph
II. ; the Archduke Maximilian; the
Archduchess Christina ; and Duke
Albert of Saxony. He lived in
Rome, in high reputation, painting
historical subjects and portraits.
Marone (Jacopo), born at Ales
sandria, flourished from 1431 till
1484; he resided chiefly at Genoa,
where he painted several altar-pieces
for the churches : in that of St.
Jacopo, at Savona, is a picture of the
Nativity by him, in distemper.
Marot (Frangois), born at Paris,
1667 ; was a scholar of Charles de la
Fosse, and painted history in the
style of that master. One of his
most esteemed works is in the church
of Notre Dame ; it represents Christ
appearing to the three Marys : died
1719. Marpegani (Camillus), a Ve
netian, disciple of Aliense ; copied
with freedom the works of Tintoretto,
and made many designs himself, in
troducing triumphs and fanciful
touches with ease and great judg
ment. He died at the age of 70, in
the year 1 640, leaving a son Gaspero,
who was a great designer. Ridolfi,
par. 2. p. 226.
Marracci (Giovanni), born at
Lucca, 1637 ; was first a scholar of
Pietro Paolini, and afterwards of
Pietro da Cortona. He painted several
historical pictures for the churches at
Rome and. at Lucca, and also exe
cuted some considerable fresco works.
His composition was good, figures
well designed, the airs of his heads
expressive, and colouring agreeable :
died 1704.

Marrissal (Philip Charles), born
at Ghent in 1698 ; having received
the first notions of painting from Le
Plat, went to Paris, where he remained
four years. The Royal Academy of
Design and Painting of that city,
which at that period enjoyed a bril
liant reputation, induced Marrissal to
conceive the noble idea of founding
in his native city a similar institution :
the regency of Ghent, in 1751,
seconded his generous efforts. In
1770 the Empress Maria Theresa
named it the Royal Academy of De
sign, Painting, Architecture, Por
traits, &c. He has left some paint
ings of merit, and, among others,
some good portraits : he died in
1770. Marshall (Alexander), a painter
in water colours ; produced several
pretty large pictures after Vandyck,
the flesh painted very carefully ; he
also painted a book on vellum, of
Mr. Tradescant's choicest flowers and
plants. Walpole, vol. 3. p. 121.
Marsiglia (Gulielmo) — See Mar-
CILLA. Martin (David), bora in Scotland;
studied under Allan Ramsay, whom
he accompanied to Italy, and on his
return attended the Academy in St.
Martin's Lane. His best picture was a
half-length portrait of Franklin. He
painted a portrait of David Hume, so
much in the style of Sir Joshua Rey
nolds, that it was sold for one of that
master's, and had nearly occasioned a
lawsuit : died 1797.
Martinelli (Giovanni), born at
Florence, flourished about the middle
of the 17th century, and painted his
tory. In the Florentine Gallery is a
fine picture by him of the Feast of Bel-
shazzar ; also the Guardian Angel, in
St. Lucia de Bardi ; but his most
esteemed work is " a Miracle wrought
by St. Anthony," at the Conventuali
at Pescia.
Martinelli (Don Dominic), of
Lucca, a skilful architect, and painter
of perspective and architecture ; was

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much esteemed in England, and
served the Elector Palatine ; he after
wards went to Rome, and from thence
to Lucca, where he carved in stone,
which so oppressed him, that he died
in the year 1718.
Martinez (Sebastian), a Spaniard,
born 1602 ; was a reputable painter
of history, and executed several pic
tures for the churches, &c, particu
larly three altar pieces in the convent
of Corpus Christi, representing the
Immaculate Conception ; St. Francis
de Assise ; and the Nativity • died
1667. Martinez (Ambrosio), born at
Granada, about 1630; was educated
in the school of Aionzo Cano, and
painted history for the churches, &c.
in his native city very reputably :
died 1674.
Martinez (Jusepe), born at Sara
gossa, 1612; visited Italy, and on
his return was employed in several
considerable works for the churches
and convents at Saragossa, of which
those representing a legendary Life
of our Saviour are highly com
mended : died 1682.
Martini (Giovanni), born at
Udina, flourished from about 1501
to 1515, and was a fellow student
with Giovanni Bellini, and Pellegrino
di St. Daniello. His principal work
is a picture of St. Marco, in the dome
of Udina, which is little inferior to
Bellini. Martinotti (Evangelista), born
at Castel-Montferrato in 1634 ; was
a scholar of Salvator Rosa, and ex
celled in painting landscapes, with
figures and animals. He is also said
to have painted history ; and there
is, in the dome of Cassali, a picture
of the Baptism of Christ by St. John,
which is much commended, and
attributed to him : died 1694.
Martinotti (Francesco), born
1636, brother of Evangelista; was
also a disciple of Salvator Rosa, and
painted history : died 1674.

Martins (John), of Ghent ; in
conjunction with G. Van Axpoele,
restored several paintings in the
ancient Hotel-de-Ville.
Martins (Nabur), of Ghent ; in
1448 painted a Last Judgment for
the church of Leyden, and another
picture for the principal altar.
Martirelli, born at Naples,
1670 ; was a scholar of Giacomo del
Po, and first attempted history, but not
succeeding, he applied himself to land
scape painting, for which he was better
adapted, and imitated Salvator Rosa
in the romantic wildness of his scenery,
as well as in the figures with which he
embellished his works : died 1720.
Martis (Ottaviano), bom at Gub-
bio, and painted history in fresco, of
which a picture of the Virgin and
Child surrounded by Angels in a
glory, though hard, is said to be
equal to the productions of any of his
competitors: he flourished from 1410
to 1444.
Marucelli (Giovanni Stefano),
bora in Umbria, 1646 ; was a scholar
of Boscoli, and distinguished himself
as a painter of history ; in the Tribune
of the great dome of Pisa is a picture
of Abraham and the Angels, which is
admired for the elegance of composi
tion and harmony of colouring : died
1706. Marulli (Joseph), a Neapolitan
painter, some of whose works are in
the church of the monks of the Ora
tory in Naples ; also painted the
altar-piece in the chapel of Santa
Anna, and the Martyrdom of St. Pan-
taleone in the same place. Celano,
par. 2. p. 95.
Marziale (Marco), born at Ve
nice ; imitated Giovanni Bellini, and
painted historical subjects in a dry
stiff style. In the Conversatorio delle
Penitentie, at Venice, is a picture of
the Purification, which bears his
name ; and another of Christ and his
Disciples at Emmaus, in the Conta-
rini collection : he flourished from
1488 to 1506.

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Marzoni (James), is believed to
have been a native of Venice, and was
an esteemed painter about 1420, be
fore John Bellini ; he painted figures
very beautifully and naturally, which
gained him great reputation. In the
island of St. Helena, a short distance
from Venice, is a painting by him of
the Assumption of the Virgin Mary,
with St. Benedict, St. John, and the
titular Saint, a work in the ancient
style before the good colouring and
designing of Bellini appeared. Va
sari mentions him at the end of the
Vita di Giovanni Bellini, torn. 1.
par. 2. p. 343.
Masaccio (Maso), called Di S.
Giovanni, born in the Florentine ter
ritory in 1401; was first a disciple
of Masolino di Panicale, whom he
soon surpassed, and whose works he
finished after his decease. He is re
garded as the founder of a new style ;
although his first productions were
rather stiff and formal, such as his
St. Anna, in the church of St. Am
brogio, at Florence, and his series of
pictures of the Passion of our Saviour,
in the chapel of St. Catherine at
Rome ; but his celebrated fresco works,
in the church of St. Pietro del Car
mine, at Florence, are distinguished
by a greatness of style unknown to
his contemporaries ; his works were
the models from which Perugino, and
even Raffaelle, formed their style, and
he appears to have excelled in the art
far beyond any of his contemporaries.
In the gallery of Florence is the por
trait of a young man which is highly
esteemed: died 1443.
Mascagni (Donato, called Fra
Arsenio), bom at Florence, 1579 ;
was one of the ablest scholars
of Jacopo Ligozzi ; he painted several
altar-pieces for the churches at Flo
rence, but his principal performance
is a picture of Matilda, Countess of
Ferrara, yielding up that state to the
See of Rome ; his style is more dis
tinguished by minuteness and preci
sion than for elegance of design or
suavity of colour : died 1636.

Mascall (Edward), an English
portrait painter, flourished about
1650; painted a portrait of Oliver
Cromwell, which was in the posses
sion of the Marquis of Chandos, and
also a portrait of himself, engraved by
Gammon. Mascherino (Octavian), a Bo
lognese painter and architect ; worked
in Rome for Pope Gregory XIII. , in
the Papal Gallery and Logia, where
he painted various historical pieces :
he died at the age of 80, about 1610.
Baglioni, p. 99.
Masolino da Panicale — See
Panicale. Massari (Lucio), born at Bologna,
1569; studiedfirst under Bartolomeo
Passerotti, and afterwards in the
school of the Caracci. His style
more resembles Annibale than Ludo-
vico, and in some of his works he
approaches so near to Annibale that
he may be easily mistaken for him :
such are his Marriage of St. Cathe
rine, in the church of Benedetto at
Bologna ; and Christ appearing to
Mary Magdalen at the Celestini. In
his picture of St. Gaetano, in the
church of the Theatins, he appears to
have imitated the style of Albano,
particularly in the glory of the angels,
which is entirely in his manner ; al
though he generally painted cheerful
and pleasing subjects, he sometimes
exhibited the tragic and terrific, as in
the Murder of the Innocents in the
Palazzo Bonfigliola, and Christ bear
ing the Cross at the Certosa : died
1633. Massaro (Niccolo), born at Na
ples, a scholar of Salvator Rosa ;
painted landscapes resembling those
of his instructor in the scenery, but in
colouring languidand weak; his figures
were usually painted by other masters,
particularly by Antonio di Simone, a
painter but little known : died 1704.
Massarotti (Angelo), born at
Cremona, 1655: studied under Agos
tino Bonisoli, and afterwards visited
Rome, and became a scholar of Carlo

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264

Cesi ; but his style partakes more of
the Cremonese than the Roman taste.
His principal work was a large picture
in the church of St. Agostino, repre
senting that saint distributing his
regulations to his different orders :
died 1723.
Masse or Massi (John Baptist),
born at Paris, 1681 ; painted portraits
in miniature with considerable suc
cess, and superintended the engraving
of the pictures of Le Brun at Ver
sailles. Masse (Samuel), born at Tours,
1671, was a reputable painter of mi
niature : died 1753.
Massei (Girolamo), born at Lucca,
painted several pictures for the
churches, &c. at Rome. In St. Luigi
de Francesi is an altar-piece repre
senting the martyrdom of St. Sebas
tian ; and in the Triuita de Monti,
there are several pictures in fresco of
the life and miracles of St. Francis of
Padua : he flourished in the Pontifi
cate of Paul V.
Massini (C.) ; the name of this
artist, who was apparently a painter,
is affixed to a slight etching after G.
T. Greut, representing Penelope weav
ing her web : no date.
Massolino (Panicale da), bora at
Florence, 1378; studied design under
Lorenzo Ghiberti, and colouring from
Gherardo della Stamina ; then visited
Rome, and on his return executed a
grand design of the history of St. Peter,
in the manner of Giotto. In dignity of
character he was superior to any of his
contemporaries; his draperies were well
disposed, his colouring fine; the turn of
limbs, and countenance of his female
figures agreeable ; the eyes expressive,
his lights and shadows well managed,
and his perspective excellent. His
principal works at Florence are the
Four Evangelists ; the Vocation of
St. Peter to the Apostleship ; Peter
denying Christ ; and the curing of
the Lame Man at the Gate of the
Temple : died 1415.

MAT
Mastelletta (II) — See Don-
ducci. Mastroleo (Joseph), a Neapoli
tan painter ; studied in the school of
Paul Matteis, and was one of the best
painters that school produced; he
executed a great many works after
the manner of his master, and with
much applause : died at the age
of 50.
Masucci (Agostino), born at Rome,
1691 ; was a scholar of Carlo Ma
ratti. His pictures usually repre
sented Holy Families and Virgins, and
in his small pictures he rivals his
master in the character of his Ma
donnas and the pleasing arrangement
of his compositions. Of his larger
works, the most esteemed is that of
St. Anna, in the church Del nome
S.S. di Maria, and the Holy Family
in St. Maria Maggiore ; there is also
an admired picture in the church of
the Osservanti, at Macerata, of St.
Francesco, but his most admired pro
duction is his St. Bonaventura, at
Urbino: died 1758.
Mathias (Gabriel), born in Eng
land ; an amateur painter ; visited
Rome, and on his return exhibited in
1761 some pictures in the Royal Aca
demy, one of which, a Sailor splicing
a rope, has been engraved byM'Ardell :
died 1804.
Mathyssens (Abraham), born at
Antwerp, 1570; was a reputable
painter of history and landscape. In
the cathedral at Antwerp is a picture
by him, representing the Death of the
Virgin ; and in the church of the
Recollets an altar-piece, representing
the Virgin and Infant Saviour with
St. Francis : died 1619.
Maton (B.), one of the painters of
the Dutch school omitted by authors ;
was a pupil of Gerard Douw, and
painted the same subjects, most fre
quently on small panels. In the col
lection of the late M. Lormier, at the
Hague, was an interior lighted by a
candle ; and in the collection at Am
sterdam, there is a small picture by

MAT
him, representing the portraits of a
man and a woman, after the manner of
Mieris, signed Maton.
Matsys or Messis (Quintin),
called the Blacksmith of Antwerp,
bora at Antwerp, 1450; was one of
the most eminent painters of his time
in the dry minute style of that period.
His most considerable work is an
altar-piece, with two folding doors, in
the chapel of the Circumcision, in the
cathedral at Antwerp, the centre re
presenting the Dead Christ on the
knees of the Virgin, with Mary Mag
dalen, and other figures ; on one of
the doors is the Daughter of Herodias
with the Head of St. John ; and on
the other, St. John in the Cauldron
of Oil. In her Majesty's collection
is the well known picture of the
Misers ; and in the Louvre are the
Holy Family, the Marriage of Za-
charias and Elizabeth, and Zacharias
struck dumb for his incredulity : died
1529. Matsys or Messis (John), son of
Quintin ; followed the style of his
father, but iu every respect very infe
rior to him, although unskilful judges
are sometimes imposed upon by his
pictures; one of which, at Amsterdam,
representing two old men counting
their money — his favourite subjects —
is favourably spoken of.
Mattei (Paolo da), called Paoluc-
cio, born at Naples, 1662 ; was the
scholar of Luca Giordani, and like
him, wonderfully expert in imitating
Raffaelle, Guido, Titian, Correggio,
Caracci, and other celebrated masters,
so closely as to deceive good judges.
At Genoa, in the church of Giro
lamo, are two of his most cele
brated pictures representing the Im
maculate Conception with a glory of
Angels, and St. Jerome appearing to
St. Sevrio in a Dream ; but he chiefly
prided himself upon having painted
the great Cupola of Gesu Nuova in
sixty-five days, in which there are
parts that remind you of the genius
and dispatch of Lanfranco : died
1728.

265 MAU
Mattmeu (Pierre), a French
man, born at Dijon, 1657; died
1719: painted history with some re
putation whilst living ; but his works
now are little known or valued.
Mattioli (Lodovico), born at Bo
logna, 1662; learned design in
the school of Carlo Cignani, but
quitted painting for engraving.
Mattioli (Girolamo), a Bolognese.
Had he earlier left the school of Lo
renzo Sabatino, and followed that of
Caracci, which he afterwards did,
his pictures would have been more
worthy of note. Malvasia, par. 4.
p. 233.
Mattys (Abraham), born at Ant
werp about the year 1570; painted
history and landscapes : most of his
works were done for churches.
Maturino (  ), born at Flo
rence, 1490; studied under Raffaelle,
and was the coadjutor of Polidoro da
Caravaggio, in conjunction with whom
he was much employed in ornament
ing the exterior of the palaces at
Rome ; one of the most celebrated
of their united works is the Death
of the Children of Niobe, engraved
by Cherubino Alberti: died about
1528. Maubert (James), lived in the
reign of George II. and copied the
portraits of all the English poets he
could meet with, in small ovals adorned
with flowers, honeysuckles, &c.
amongst which, are Dryden, Wy-
cherley, Pope, Congreve, &c. : died
1746. Mauperh£ (Henry), born at
Paris, 1 606 ; painted landscapes with
considerable reputation. At Fontaine -
bleau there are several works in fresco
by him.
Maurer (Christian), son of Joshua
Maurer, a painter of some merit, born
at Zurich, 1558. Studied at Stras
burg under Tobias Stimmer, whose
style he adopted, and was also a re
putable painter in distemper and on
glass: died 1614.

MAU

266

MAZ

Maurer (James), bora at Schaf-
hausen, in Switzerland, in 1732 ; went,
when very young, to the Academy at
Amsterdam, and in a short time made
great progress, and gained the gold
medal ; he was afterwards master of
design in a school at Utrecht, where
are some portraits painted by him,
which are said to have been very good
resemblances ; he also painted some
family and some historical pictures,
one of the latter is over the prime altar
of the church of Laaren, in Goth
land : he had a spirited touch and vigo
rous colouring ; he also painted some
landscapes with figures and animals.
He was Directorof the Academy of De
sign atUtrecht, where he died in 1780.
Mayno (Juan Baptista), born at
Toledo, 1594, the scholar of Domenico
della Grece or Domenico Teocotopoli ;
painted history, and in the convent
of San Pedro the Martyr, at Toledo,
there are four of his principal works,
representing the Nativity, the Resur
rection, the Descent of the Holy
Ghost, and the Mystery of the Tri
nity ; also, another fine picture of the
Repentance of St. Peter. He was
drawing master to Philip IV., for
whom he painted a battle-piece, repre
senting the Duke d'Olivarez animat
ing the troops to victory by shew
ing them a portrait of Philip, their
king : died 1654.
Mayo — See Vermeyen.
Mayr (Dieterio), of noble parent
age, and of great genius ; he painted
in oil, in fresco, and on glass, and also
engraved ; he published a book with
the engraved portraits of the most il
lustrious men of his country, about
1600; he was made Chamberlain and
Prefect of the Senatorial Chamber, at
the age of 87, in the year 1658.
His son Rodolpho was a very good
designer and engraver : he died at the
age of 33, in 1638. John James,
painter upon glass, was admitted into
the College of Senators, and died at
the age of 50. Conrad, painter and
engraver, was born in 1618. Sand
rart, p. 215.

Mayr (Susanna), a paintress of
Augustana, daughter and disciple of
John Fischer ; excelled in embroidery,
in painting, and in cutting out with
scissors in white paper, of huntings,
portraits, &c. : she flourished about
the year 1660. Sandrart, p. 325.
Mazo (Don Juan Baptista), born
at Madrid, 1620; was educated in the
school of Velasquez, and excelled in
history, portraits, and landscapes ;
also copied the works of the old mas
ters, particularly Titian, Tintoretto,
and Paolo Veronese, with surprising
exactness. He was much employed
by Philip IV. in copying the Venetian
pictures in the royal collection, and
his copies could scarcely be distin
guished from the originals : died 1 670.
Mazza (Damiano), born at Padua ;
one of the ablest disciples of Titian ;
painted some pictures for the churches
at Venice, and approached nearer to
Titian than any of his contemporaries.
His picture of Ganymede taken up
by the Eagle, in the Casa Sonica at
Padua, was recognized by many as a
production of Titian.
Mazzanti (Lewis), born in Or
vieto, Spain, 1676, a disciple of Ba-
ciccia, painted in Naples in competition
with Solimene in the pictures in fresco
that are in the grand chapel of the
Annunciation, and in the church of
St. Ignatius, the Madonna in glory
with other Saints. He painted also a
St. Louis Gonzaga in the church of
Polinare, and in a chapel of the
palace Rezzonica, a St. Mark ; and
other works.
Mazzieri (Antonio di Domino),
born at Florence ; studied under
Francia Bigio, and distinguished him
self as a painter of battle-pieces and
landscapes, which are coloured and
touched with great spirit : flourished
about 1520.
Mazzocchi (Paolo) — See Uc
cello. Mazzolini (Ludovico), called
Mazzolini di Ferrara, born at Ferrara

MAZ

267

MED

about 1481. This master, who must
not be confounded with Mazzolini, a
Milanese, mentioned by Lomazzo in
his " Idea del Tempio della Pittura,"
was a scholar of Lorenzo Costa ; he
painted history, but was less success
ful in his large pictures than in those
of an easel size ; an altar-piece in the
church of St. Francesco at Bologna,
of Christ disputing with the Doctors,
is much superior to his larger works ;
he finished very highly, and designed
his works with neatness and precision.
In the Florentine Gallery is a small
picture by him of the Holy Family,
with St. Anne and St. Joachim : died
1530. Mazzoni (Giulio), born at Pia
cenza ; studied at Rome under Daniele
di Volterra, and painted history with
some reputation ; his principal work
is the Four Evangelists in the dome
at Piacenza ; he was deficient in fore
shortening, but respectable in other
branches : he flourished about 1568.
Mazzoni (Cesare), born at Bo
logna, 1678 ; studied under Lorenzo
Pasinelli, and afterwards under Gio
vanni Gioseffo dal Sole, and painted
history ; several of his works are in
the churches and other public edifices
at Bologna. In St. Colombano, the
chief altar-piece, representing that
saint kneeling before the Virgin and
Infant Saviour, is by him ; also, the
Crucifixion, with the Virgin, Mary
Magdalen, and other figures ; in St.
Tommaso di Strada Maggiore, and
in St. Giovanni in Monte, St. Peter
delivered from Prison : died 1763.
Mazzuchelli — See Morazzone.
Mazzuoli (Francesco) — See Par
megiano. Mazzuoli (Girolamo) — See Par
megiano. Mazzuoli (Alessandro), son and
scholar of Girolamo ; painted history
in the style of his father, but was
greatly inferior to him in every respect ;
in 1751, he painted some fresco works
in the dome at Parma.

Mazzuoli (Guiseppe), called IlBas-
taruolo, born at Ferrara about 1525; was
educated in the school of Dosso Dossi ;
his early pictures are somewhat defi
cient in perspective, but he afterwards
corrected that defect, aud acquired a
blandness of colouring which partook
of the purity of Titian, and a breadth
and intelligence of light and shade
worthy of the school of Correggio.
In the cathedral at Ferrara, is a fine
picture of the Virgin and Infant
crowned by Angels ; and in St. Mau-
relio, the Ascension ; in II Gesu, the
Annundation, and an esteemed picture
of the Madonna, with Mary Mag
dalen and St. John ; but his most
celebrated production is his picture in
the Conservatorio of St. Barbara, re
presenting that saint and St. Ursula,
with a number of female figures, com
posed and painted with extraordinary
beauty and simplicity : died 1589.
Meazzi (John Baptist), a painter
of Perugia, many of whose works are
to be seen in the public churches of
Perugia: lived in the year 1691.
Pascoli, p. 212.
Mechan (James), b6*rn at Leipsic,
1748, was first a pupil of Bernard
Rode, and afterwards entered the Aca
demy at Leipsic ; he painted history
and landscapes with considerable re
putation. Mecherino — See Beccafumi.
Meda (Joseph), a scholar of Ber-
nardine Campi; painted various works
in fresco and in oil, both in public and
in private : he flourished about 1565.
Medici (Pietro), born at Florence,
1 586, was a scholar of Lodovico Cardi
called Cigoli, by whose instruction he
became a reputable painter of history,
and was employed in several altar-
pieces for the churches at Florence.
which possess considerable merit _
died 1648.
Medina (Sir John), born at Brus
sels, 1660, was a scholar of Francis.
du Chatel, whose colouring he was de
sirous of imitating, particularly in
his carnation tints, and afterwards

MEE

268

MEG

improved by studyiug the works of
Rubens ; he came to England and .
painted portraits with considerable
success, and afterwards visited Scot
land, and painted the portraits of
most of the Scotch nobility. At Went-
worth Castle is the portrait of the
first Duke of Argyle with his two sons,
John and Archibald, painted in the
Italian style ; in the Florentine gallery
the portrait of Medina, by himself ;
and in Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh,
the portraits of the principal profes
sors ; in some of his portraits he
greatly resembles Kneller. He occa
sionally painted history, but excelled
in portraiture : died at Edinburgh,
1711. Meele (Mathew), born at the
Hague in 1664 ; went to England,
where he studied painting under Sir
Peter Lely ; he returned some years
after to the Hague, and was named
one of the chiefs of the Academy.
He painted portraits very well : died
at the Hague in 1724.
Meer (John Vander), the Elder,
born at Schoonhoven, 1627; visited
Italy, and on his return to Holland,
painted landscapes with cattle and
figures, and marine views, the latter
of which are greatly admired ; his
vessels are correctly designed, skies
light and floating, and the water clear
and transparent ; his tints are warm
and tender, and the sunny brilliancy
of colouring reminds us of the sea
ports of Claude. He also painted
battle-pieces, and designed his figures
and horses with great spirit and ani
mation ; his distances are by some
considered rather too blue, and his
landscapes to have rather too yellow
ish a tint : died 1691.
Meer (John Vander), the Younger,
son of the above, was first instructed
by his father, but afterwards studied
under N. Berghem, and painted simi
lar subjects, viz. landscapes with cattle
and pastoral figures, and in painting
sheep he is said to have equalled if
not surpassed his instructor. His
pictures, though inferior to those of

Berghem, exhibit very pleasing sce
nery ; he seldom introduced any other
cattle than goats and sheep, and his
skies, trees, and figures are in good
taste; his works are scarce, and copies
are frequently palmed off for originals :
died 1688.
Meer (John Vander), born at
Schoonhoven in 1 640 ; visited Rome,
and studied under N. Drost and Carlo
Loti, and painted historical subjects
with figures as large as life ; also por
traits, in a bold and vigorous style :
died 1711-
Meer (John Vander), bora at
Utrecht in 1665, was a pupil of his
father, John Vander Meer, and of
Nicholas Berghem ; he painted land
scapes, with animals and views of
water, views of towns, and of battles ;
his works are still very recherche.
He died at Haerlem in 1 722.
Meerkerke (Thierry), a good
historical painter, was born at Gouda
in 1620; he visited France and Italy.
Meert (Peter), bom at Brussels in
1618, enjoyed a great reputation as a
painter of portraits ; he painted in the
style of Vandyck. There are in the
museum at Brussels portraits by him
of the ancient magistrates of Brussels
in 1660. He died in 1669.
Meerte (Peter), a painter of Brus
sels, written in the catalogue of Fle
mish painters, nei Gabinetto Aureo,
p. 351.
Meertens (A.), born at Middel
burgh in 1757 ; painted with some
merit flowers, birds, &c. He was one
of the founders and directors of the
Academy of Design in his native
city ; and filled the functions of pro
fessor of that establishment till the
time of his death, in 1823.
Megan (P.). This painter, who
applied himself to landscape painting,
was, according to some, of Flemish
origin, and flourished at Vienna to
wards the end of the seventeenth
century. Meganio, of Brabanzia, was free
and bold in fresco painting, in large

MEG

and in small, with beautiful scenery ;
he met with great encouragement at
Vienna. Sandrart, p. 385.
Meglio (James), painted in the
church of the Holy Cross in Florence,
in competition of the celebrated paint
ings that are in that vast church.
Borghini, p. 111.
Mehus or Meus (Livio), born at
Oudenarde, 1630 ; visited Florence
and became a pupil of Pietro da Cor
tona, with whom he went to Rome to
study the antique, and afterwards
visited Venice, to improve himself in
colouring ; and on his return to Flo
rence, painted his celebrated picture of
Bacchus and Ariadne ; he was after
wards employed by the Grand Duke
in the Palazzo Pitti, where he painted
his fine picture of the Sacrifice of
Abraham, the figures as large as life,
and somewhat in the manner of Sal
vator Rosa ; his pictures of Bacchus
aud Ariadne; Hagar and Ishmael ; the
Battle between Achilles and the Tro
jans, are reckoned amongst his best
performances. His portrait, by him
self, is in the Collection of Painters in
the Florentine Gallery • died 1691.
Mei (Bernardino), born at Siena ;
painted from 1636 till 1653 ; in his
works he sometimes resembles the
Caracci, and sometimes Guercino ;
one of hisbest performances is a ceiling
in fresco, representing Aurora, in the
Casa Bandinelli : his master is un
known. Meire (Gerard Vander), born at
Ghent ; he was one of the earliest
painters in oil after Van Eyck ; he
painted a picture of the Death of Ln-
cretia, which was highly finished, well
coloured, and tolerably correct in the
design : he flourished about 1450.
Melani (Guiseppe and Francesco).
These brothers were born at Pisa ;
Guiseppe was a scholar of Camillo
Gabrielli, and became a reputable
painter of history, but his chief merit
lay in fresco painting ; he painted the
figures in the architectural views of
his brother Francesco, in which he

269 MEL
greatly excelled ; they both appear
to have imitated the splendid style of
Pietro da Cortona, and there is a large
picture in oil by Guiseppe in the Dome
at Pisa: Francesco died 1742; Gui
seppe, 1747.
Melchiori (Giovanni Paolo), born
at Rome, 1664, brought up in the
school of Carlo Maratti ; painted his
tory with considerable reputation, and
was employed for some of the public
edifices at Rome ; his most esteemed
work is a picture of the Prophet Eze
kiel, in the Basilica of St. John of
Lateran: died about 1721.

Melder (Gerard), born at Amster
dam, 1693 ; painted many pictures in
oil with success, and by copying and
imitating some miniatures by Rosalba,
arrived at great proficiency in the art ;
he drew the portraits of many of the
principal persons of his time, and was
much employed in copying in water
colours the pictures of Mieris, Vander
Werf, and others, which he finished
with surprising delicacy ; he also
painted in enamel, but is more dis
tinguished for his miniatures, and was
considered one of the best artists in
that style : died 1740.
Melissi (Agostino), bom at Flo
rence, flourished about 1675, and was
much employed in painting cartoons
for tapestry, from designs of Andrea
del Sarto ; he also painted several pic
tures of his own composition, amongst
which his picture of Peter denying
Christ, in the Palazzo Gaburri is fa
vourably spoken of by Lanzi : died
1738. Mellan (Claude), a painter and
engraver, was born at Abbeville, in
France, in 1601 ; he studied design
under Simon Vouet, and learned that
art in perfection, but being more in
clined to engraving, he followed it
entirely. He engraved Charles II. of
England, and died in Paris in 1688.
Le Comte, lib. 3. p. 393.
Melone (Altob*ello), bora at Cre
mona, about 1497 ; painted both in
oil and in fresco, and was most sue-

MEL

270

MEN

cessful in the former; his best per
formance in the latter is a picture of
Christ descending into Purgatory, in
the sacristy of the church del Sacra
mento ; it' is a composition of many
figures, not very correctly drawn, and
generally too long, but coloured with
great force.
Melozzo (da Forli), a native of
Forli; flourished about 1472. By
Lanzi he is called Francesco, and sup
posed to have been a pupil of Ansovino
da Forli; but by others, of Pietro
della Francesca. He is said to have
been the first painter who executed
figures in perspective on vaults and
ceilings ; one of which, in fresco, the
Ascension, is described as a work of
surpassing effect. In style he re
sembles Andrea Mantegna : was living
in 1494.
Melzo (Francis), a Milanese minia
ture painter ; was a scholar of
Leonardo da Vinci, he lived about
1620. Lomazzo, p. 106.
Memmi (Simone), sometimes called
Simone Martini, born 1 285 ; is said
to have been a scholar of Giotto, and
to have assisted him in his works.
He painted some frescoesin St. Peter's,
in imitation of Giotto's style, most of
which have perished ; but at Pisa one
remains — the Assumption of the Vir
gin. He painted several portraits of
the most eminent personages of that
time, popes, cardinals, and others ;
one of which represents the Laura
of Petrarch: died 1345.
Memmi (Lippo), born at Sienna ;
was a scholar of Simone, with whom
he sometimes painted in conjunction,
and became a successful imitator of
his style. Some of his works would
have passed for those of Simone, had
not Lippo' s name been attached :
flourished about 1360.
Menageot (Francis William), of
French extraction, born in London,
1 744 ; went to Paris, and studied
under Augustin, Deshayes, Boucher,
and Vien; he afterwards visited Rome,

and on his return to France painted
historical and allegorical subjects with
considerable reputation. His pictures
are numerous and much valued : died
1816. Menaigo (Sylvester), a Venetian
painter, scholar of Gregory Lazzarini ;
by well designed and beautifully ar
ranged pictures made himself known
in his own city in public and in
private ; many of his works are en
graved. He also painted beautifully
in miniature.
Mengs (Antonio Raffaelle), born in
Bohemia, 1 728 ; was first instructed
by his father, Ishmael, a miniature
painter of no note. In 1741 he went
to Rome, and was employed in copy
ing in miniature some of the works of
Raffaelle ; he also painted a picture of
the Holy Family, his own composition,
on a large scale, which gained him
great reputation ; and painted for the
Duke of Northumberland, who was
then at Rome, a copy of the celebrated
School of Athens, by Raffaelle ; and
soon afterwards executed his admired
fresco of Mount Parnassus, in the
Villa Alb ani. He visited Spain under
the patronage of Charles III., and
was employed to paint the ceiling of
the king's antichamber, in which he
introduced the Three Graces ; and in
the queen's bed-chamber, a painting
of Aurora. At Madrid he painted
the Apotheosis of the Emperor Trajan
on the ceiling of the great saloon at
the palace there ; and on his return
to Rome he executed for Clement XIV.
Janus dictating to History, who writes;
also a Holy Family. Of his works in
oil, the most esteemed is his picture of
the Nativity, in the royal collection
of Spain : it is painted on the same
principle as the famous " Notte," by
Correggio, in which the light emanates
from the Infant Saviour. His fresco
works are infinitely preferable to his
oil paintings. Of his powers as a
painter in oil much controversy exists.
By some he is said to be equal, if not
superior, to Raffaelle, and to have been
the sole bright luminary of modern

MEN

271

MER

times, possessing the purity of the
antique, the composition and expres
sion of Raffaelle, the grace and chiaro-
oscuro of Correggio, and the colouring
of Titian ; by others he is said to have
seen much and invented little ; and
that in his compositions he excites no
terror, rouses no passions, and risks
no flights; and that the contracted
scale and idea of a miniature painter
pervaded most, if not all of his com
positions. But the more rational
describe him as, although incapable of
surprising us by the fiery soaring of
his imagination, or the daring display
of novel and inventive genius, yet as
satisfying the most scrupulous by the
chaste arrangement of his ideas, his
profound knowledge of the antique,
his distinguished correctness of cha
racter, and his placid expression of
tranquil and inanimate beauty : died
1779. Menheere (Cornelius), a painter
of shipping ; lived at the commence
ment of the 18th century, and resided
at Flessingen. Most of his pictures
represent views of that city, taken
from the side next the sea.
Menichino (del Brizio) — See
Ambrogi. Menton (Francis), born at Alk
maer, 1550, was a disciple of Francis
Floris, and painted history and por
traits, well composed and tolerably
correct in drawing; but the encourage
ment he met with as a portrait painter
left him little time for other pursuits :
died 1609.
Menzani (Philip), a Bolognese ; a
favourite pupil of Albano ; deserted
his master. Nevertheless he attended
him in his last illness, nor left his
bedside day nor night till he died, in
1660. He afterwards painted very
feebly, and shortly died.
Merano (Giovanni Battista), born
at Genoa, 1632 ; was a scholar of
Valerio Castelli, by whose advice he
studied the works of Correggio. One
of his best performances is the Murder
of the Innocents, in the church del

Gesu, at Genoa ; which is an ingenious
composition with a great variety of
expression and character, and har
moniously coloured : died 1700.
Merano, called Molinaretto, born
in Genoa, 1666 ; painted portraits,
landscapes, and sea views, with con
siderable reputation : died 1712.
Merano ( Francisco ), suraamed
Paggio, bora in Genoa, 1710: died
1764. Studied under Domenico Fia-
selli, whose style he followed with
some success.
Mercati (Giovanni Battista), bom
at Citta San Sepolcro, about 1660;
was an imitator, if not a scholar of
Pietro da Cortona, and painted history
in his style ; but in some of his pic
tures he resembles Caracci in the
variety and expression of his heads
and in the ample folds of his drapery.
His principal works of that description
are two pictures of the Virgin, and
an altar-piece in the church of San
Lorenzo. Mercier (Philip), of French ex
traction, born at Berlin, 1689; was
educated in the Academy there. He
visited Hanover, and painted the por
trait of Prince Frederick, which he
brought with him to England, and
when his royal highness came over he
was appointed his painter, and by his
order drew several of the royal family,
particularly the three eldest princesses,
but after losing his favour, he painted
portraits and pictures of domestic
subjects in the style of Watteau : died
1760. Merian (Matthew), the Younger,
son of an engraver of that name, was
born at Basle, 1621. He is said to
have been successively the scholar of
Sandrart, Rubens, and Vandyck. He
painted history and portrait. Of the
former, the Martyrdom of St. Law
rence, in the Dome of Bamberg ; and
Artemisia mixing the Ashes of Mau-
solus in her cup, are particularly
noticed. His design was correct, and
his colouring partook of the vigour of
the Flemish school. As a portrait

MER

272

MET

painter he was employed by the most
distinguished personages in Germany;
in one of which, that of Count Serini,
in an Hungarian dress, his right arm
bared, and a sabre in his hand, he
seems to unite the depth of Rembrandt
with the tone of Rubens.
Merian (Maria Sybilla), sister of
the above, born at Frankfort, 1647;
studied under Jacob Murel, a repu
table painter of flowers and fruit, under
whom she made surprising progress.
She painted flowers, fruit, insects, and
still life in miniature ; and was after
wards placed under Abraham Mignon,
who particularly excelled in painting
insects, and soon arrived at a perfection
little short of her instructor. She
usually painted in water colours on
vellum, and represented butterflies,
caterpillars, &c. in the various changes
they undergo ; also frogs, toads,
spiders, serpents, and even ants, with
surprising fidelity. Her works are
held in the highest estimation : died
1717. Mertens (John Cornelius), born
at Amsterdam in 1 743 : died in that
city in 1821. He was at first a pupil
of Antony Elliger and of John Mau-
rits Quinkhart ; he afterwards went
to Antwerp, where he frequented the
Academy. After two years' residence
in that city he returned to Amsterdam
and painted in oil ; he soon abandoned
that to devote himself to design and
painting in crayons and water colours,
in which he succeeded very well. He
left many beautiful designs and por
traits. Merz (James), born at Zurich,
1 783 ; was a reputable painter of
history and portrait ; but we have
no account of his works.
Mesa (Aionzo de), bom at Madrid,
1628; a scholar of Alonso Cano;
painted history with considerable
reputation, and executed several works
for the public edifices in that capital,
of which the most admired is a series
of pictures of the Life of St. Francis,
in the cloister of the Franciscans :
died 1668.

Mesquida (William), of Majorca;
studied painting in Rome under Bene
detto Luti, and became skilful. He
went to Venice in 1718, where he
married ; and being a good portrait
painter, and also painting fruit and
flowers, with figures, and animals alive
and dead, his variety of manner pro
cured him much work : but his great
est talent was for copying the works
of Rubens and Vandyck, in which he
was frequently employed.
Messina (Antonello da), born at
Messina, 1426 ; is said by Vasari to
have been instructed in the art of
painting in oil by John Van Eyck of
Bruges, and the first artist who painted
in oil in Italy, and to have imparted
the secret to Domenico Veneziano.
But this account is doubted by later
authorities. Two altar-pieces ; some
pictures of the Virgin ; a Pieta, signed
Antonius Messenius ; and a portrait,
inscribed Antonellus Messeneus, me
fecit, 1494 ; are all of his works
which are mentioned.
Messina (Salvo da), nephew of
Antonello ; flourished about 1511.
He is said to have been a successful
follower of the style of Raffaelle; and
there is a picture by him in the
sacristy of the cathedral at Messina of
the Death of the Virgin, in the pure
style of Raffaelle.
Metelli — See Mitelli.
Metensis (Cornelius) — See Mat
sys. Metrana (Anna), bom at Turin,
flourished about 1718, and distin
guishing herself as an eminent
paintress of portraits.
Mettedore (Raphael di Biagio),
Marotto Francis da Mettodoro and
Andrea di Cosimo Rosseli always
worked together, and equally divided
their gains. Vasari, par. 4. lib. 1.
p. 234.
Metzu (Gabriel), born at Leyden,
1615; master unknown ; appears to
have made the works of Gerard
Terburg his models, whom he equals
in the silky softness of his penciling,

MEU
and surpasses in the elegance and
correctness of his design. His sub
jects are usually domestic scenes ;
conversations, ladies at their toilet,
or playing on musical instruments ;
and sometimes subjects from low fife :
as fish stalls, women selling game ;
fruit, vegetables, &c. Less minute
in detail, and less laboured in the
finish than the works of Gerhard
Douw and Mieris, they surpass in
the lightness of touch and har
mony of colouring ; and though
painted on a small scale, may be
compared to Vandyck in the correct
drawing of the heads and hands, the
delicacy of the carnations, and the
breadth and facility of pencil. There
is a picture by Metzu of a Lady
washing her hands in a Silver Basin
held by her woman ; and another of
a Lady playing on her Lute, the face
beautifully formed, and delicately
coloured ; but his largest picture re
presents the Interior of a Mercer's
Shop, in which are several Men and
Women, correctly designed, and the
naked flesh admirably coloured, the
silks and stuffs also so natural, that
the different textures may be distin
guished. His pictures are rarely to
be met with.
Meucci (Vincent), a Florentine
painter, born in 1693; studied de
sign under Sebastian Galeotti, and
afterwards under John Gioseffo dal
Sole. He visited Lombardy and
Venice, and copied the works of the
best masters there ; also painted some
works of his own, which met with
universal approbation from the best
judges, and was afterwards employed
on numerous works. In Florence, in
the Pitti Palace, is a painting of
Venus and Mars, and another of
Flora at the dawn of day ; in the
palace of the Capponi family he
painted the gallery with some Deities ;
in that of the Gerini family is a pic
ture of Truth in the act of entreating
the Sun, and many other works ; in
that of the Albizi, one of the Marriage
of Thetis, and the Feast of the Gods,
in which Discord is shewn in the act

273 M E U
of throwing the Apple that Paris
was to give to the most beautiful ; in
a room in the palace of the Martelli
he painted the four quarters of the
World ; and in that of Signior Aldro-
vandini, Virtue oppressed by the
Vices ; and many more for other
persons of distinction ; in the church
of San Lorenzo and others he painted
many saints and crucifixions ; also a
picture in oil of the Madonna weep
ing ; St. Julian and St. Alexander Fal-
conieri ; a small picture, in the chapel
of the Crucifixion, of Angels bearing
the Cross ; as also in three chapels
in the church of Sta. Maria Mag
giore, of which the Sacrifice of
Abraham is esteemed one of his best
works ; another, in oil, must not be
omitted, of the Marriage of Sta.
Catharine, in the church of the Lay
Brothers of Boniface. He enriched
also with his works the suburban
villas of Florence, and most cities of
Tuscany, and executed the two side
paintings of the altar in the church
of the Holy Spirit in Pistoia, one
representing the Nativity of Christ,
the Holy Spirit descending upon the
Apostles with the Virgin Mary. He
died in 1766, aged 73.
Meulen (Anthony Francis Van
der), born at Brussels, 1634, is gene
rally considered of the French school ;
he studied under Peter Snayers, a
reputable battle painter, and attracted
the attention of le Brun, who recom
mended him to M. Colbrun, Minister
to Louis XIV., whom he accompanied
to the field in his different campaigns,
and painted the various battles and
sieges of that monarch in Flanders,
which he represented with too great
a precision, the linear designation of
troops, and monotonous uniformity
of habiliments, entirely destroying the
picturesque, and depriving them of
that spirit and fire which distin
guishes the works of Borgognone and
Parrocels. He also painted huntings
and cavalcades, in which the figures
aud horses are correctly drawn, and
touched with great spirit ; his land
scapes are distinguished by the fresh-
T

MEU 274
ness of his verdure, the pleasing
degradation of the distance, aud the
lightness and brilliancy of the skies :
died 1690.
Meulen (Peter Vander), brother
of the above ; painted battles and
huntings, and in 1670 came to Eng
land, and was employed in celebrating
the exploits of King William, Louis's
rival. MeusniEr (Philip), born at Paris,
1655; a scholar of Jacques Rousseau,
painted perspective and architectural
views, and on leaving that master
went to Rome, and passed several
years, designing the most magnificent
buildings in that metropolis : died
1734. Meyer (Dietrich), a Swiss, born
at Zurich, 1571 : painted portraits and
history with some reputation : he
generally affixed his initials to his
pictures. Meyer (John), resided at Nurem
berg, and practised chiefly as an
engraver. His prints of battles, from
paintings by himself, prove him to
have possessed considerable talent :
he flourished about the year 1 600.
Meyer (Rodolph), son of John,
born at Zurich, 1605 ; painted history
and portraits with considerable repu
tation, but was more distinguished
as an engraver than as a painter.
Meyer (Conrad), younger son of
Dietrich, born at Zurich, 1618; after
receiving some instruction from his
father, went to Frankfort, and became
a scholar of Matthew Merian ; he
painted a few historical subjects, but
was more employed in portraits,
which are designed with energy
and spirit, and well coloured : died
1689. Meyer (Felix), a Swiss painter,
born 1653; studied under Francis
Ermels of Nuremberg, a respectable
painter of landscapes, and in com
pany with Roos and Rugendas, de
signed the most picturesque views in
Switzerland ; he afterwards visited

MEY

Italy, to study the more cultured
scenery of the environs of Rome ; as
he was not very successful in design
ing the figures, he was frequently
assisted by Roos and Rugendas : died
1713. Meyer ( John de), a Dutch painter,
is cited by Van Spaen as a painter of
horses and of battles, and is said to
have resided at Rotterdam : Hoet also
adds that he was an historical painter.
Meyer (H. de), a landscape
painter, born at Amsterdam in 1737 ;
was a co-Director of the Academy of
Design at Haerlem, where he resided ;
some time after which he made a
journey to England with W. Hen
dricks, and on his return occupied
himself chiefly in making designs of
landscapes in water colours and in
Indian ink. His designs are correct,
compositions skilful, and his land
scapes well filled : at a rather advanced
age he settled in London, where he
died in 1793. In the Museum at
Amsterdam there is a painting by
him of the departure of William III.
from Scheveling for England.
Meyer or Meyerle (Francis
Anthony), born .at Prague, 1710 ;
painted small, highly finished, dimi
nutive pictures of domestic subjects ;
also portraits, which were greatly
admired ; but he was less successful
on a larger scale : died 1782.
Meyering (Albert), born at Am
sterdam, 1645 ; studied under his
father, Frederick, an artist of some
ability, and afterwards travelled to
Rome, where he met with his country
man, John Glauber, in conjunction
with whom he was employed in paint
ing the ceilings, and ornamenting the
palace of Loo. His freedom of hand,
and the style of his compositions
being particularly adapted for large
landscapes : his views are agreeably-
mixed, and frequently embellished
with ruins of ancient architecture,
and decorated with figures represent
ing historical and fabulous subjects
in the style of Gerard Lairesse ; the

MEY

trees and buildings in grand taste, and
the water peculiarly transparent : died
1714. Meyers (Jeremiah), born at Tu
bingen, about 1728; became a pupil
of Zinck, who was at that time in
great reputation as a miniature painter
and enameller, and became one of
the most eminent artists of his time
in that particular branch. He was
made miniature painter to the Queen :
died 1789.
Meyssens (John), born at Brus
sels, 1612; was first a scholar of An
thony Van Opstal, and afterwards of
Nicholas Vander Horst, both obscure
painters. He painted historical sub
jects and portraits, but was parti
cularly successful in the latter, in
which he was much employed ; he
went to Holland, and painted the
portrait of Henry of Nassau, the
Countess of Stirum, the Count de
Bentheim, and the principal person
ages of his Court. He finished his
pictures with great care, and gave to
the countenance a lively expression :
died 1666.
Mkyssonien (Justus Aurelius),
born at Turin, 1695, is said by Basan
to have been a painter, but we have
no account of his works.
Mezzandri (Antonio), born at
Bologna, flourished about 1688; he
excelled in painting fruit and flowers,
in which he was scarcely surpassed by
the celebrated Gobbo of the Caracci.
Micarino or Mecherino — See
Beccafumi. Michallon (Achilles Etna), born
at Paris, 1796; studied under David
and other eminent painters, and paint
ed history with considerable reputa
tion ; amongst which, his Orlando at
Roncevalles ; the Combat of the Cen
taurs and Lapithae ; the Ruins of the
Circus, and a View in the environs of
Naples are greatly admired: died
1822. Michau (Theodore), born at Brus
sels, 1676 ; studied under Francis
Bout, and painted landscapes and

275 MIE
merry-makings, in which he imitated
the charming style of Teniers the
Younger, but with little success either
in the spirit and character of his
figures, or the sweet and silvery tone
of his landscapes : he was living in
1730. Michele (Parrasio), born at Ve
nice, flourished about 1590; was a
scholar of P. Veronese, whose style he
followed with some success. There
are several of his works in the
churches at Venice ; amongst which,
his picture of the Pieta in Guiseppe
is favourably mentioned.
Michiel (Louis), born at Am
sterdam ; a painter of portraits, lived
in the 1 7th century. He made the
portrait of Prince Maurice, at that
time Governor of Brazil.
Miel (Jan.), born near Antwerp,
1599, a scholar of Gerard Segers ;
and one of his ablest disciples, went
to Rome and entered the Academy of
Andrea Sacchi, whom he assisted in
some of his works. Being employ
ed with Sacchi in painting a proces
sion of the cavalry of the Pope, Miel,
whose disposition led him to the
grotesque, or what the Italians call
bambocciate, introduced something
inconsistent, for which he was sharply
rebuked : stung with the. reproach of
his master he left him, and visited
Lombardy, where he studied the
works of Correggio and the Caracci ;
and on his return, painted a picture of
Moses striking the Rock, for the
Gallery of Monte Cavallo. He also
painted the Baptism of St. Cyrilio,
and a Sta. Maria del Anima; and exe
cuted some frescoes of the life of St.
Lamberti, and the Annunciation : his
best productions are, however, his
easel pictures representing, carnivals,
gipsies, beggars, fairs, markets, hunt
ings, pastoral scenes, and conversa
tions; of which his hunting pieces
are most admired.
Mierhop (Francis Van Cuyck de),
born at Bruges, 1640 ; particularly
excelled in painting fruit, fish, game,
T 2

MIE

276

MIE

and animals in the manner of Francis
Snyders ; and some of his pictures
approach the admirable works of that
master. One of his pictures of that
kind at Ghent, representing dogs,
fish, and dead game, has been fre
quently mistaken for the work of
Snyders. Mieris (Francis), the Elder, born
at Leyden, 1635 ; was placed under
the tuition of Abraham Toomevliet, an
eminent painter on glass, and after
wards became a scholar of G. Douw,
and was considered by many as
superior to his instructor. He painted
for the Archduke of Austria the
interior of a mercer's shop, and in
which the silks, stuffs, velvets, and
woollens were so admirably depicted,
that the different fabrics were easily
distinguished ; and in which was a
beautiful young woman presenting
silks of various colours to a gentle
man, who was evidently admiring her
more than her goods. He likewise
pamted for the Grand Duke of Tus
cany, a young lady dressed in white
satin, playing on the lute, with an
other female and a young man seated
on a couch, to whom a servant is
presenting refreshments on a silver
salver : he also painted a portrait of
himself for that nobleman. There is
also a picture by Mieris of a lady
fainting, and a physician applying
remedies to restore her; but one of
the most curious, represents a girl
holding a candle in her hand, — it is
accounted inestimable. His pictures
are extremely rare, and only to be met
with in the choicest collections ; they
hold an equal rank with those of G.
Douw, and there is the same minute
accuracy and polished finish in both
their works ; but the subjects of
Mieris are more select and agreeable.
F. Mieris occasionally painted por
traits, which he finished in the same
admirable manner ; his best portrait
is that of the wife of Cornelius Plaats :
died 1681.
Mieris (John), son of Francis,
born at Leyden, 1660 ; was educated

under his father, but despairing of
equalling him in the minuteness and
delicacy of his finish, he attempted
historical painting, and portraits as
large as life : died 1690.
Mieris (William), youngest son of
Francis ; studied under his father,
whose style he adopted with great
success, and was but little inferior to
him in the exquisite finishing of his
pictures, though unequal in the
arrangement of his compositions,
correctness of design, delicacy of
colouring and in the chiaro-oscuro.
His best pictures are subjects from
ordinary life, such as confectioners'
shops, women selling game or vege
tables, the interiors of apartments, and
conversations : he also attempted
landscapes with historical or fabulous
subjects in the style of the Dutch
Poussin, but did not succeed, from
his inability in designing the naked,
and his ignorance of costume. Al
though he finished with extreme
labour and precision, his carnations,
from their smoothness and polish,
appear like ivory, and his landscapes
appear to be the work of a flower
painter ; his domestic subjects are,
however, highly esteemed. One of
his first of that description represented
a Woman feeding her Child, and an
other sitting by trying to persuade
it to eat ; and of his historical com
positions, that of Rinaldo sleeping on
the lap of Armida, surrounded by the
Loves and Graces: died 1747.
Mieris (Francis), the younger son
of William, born at Leyden, 1689;
was instructed by his father, and
painted similar subjects, but inferior
in every respect : his design is heavy
and tasteless, touch dry and hard, and
colouring false and unnatural. He
sometimes copied the works of his
father, but their decided in"eriority
will prevent the least experienced col
lector from mistaking them.
Miers (  ), born in Holland ;
came to London about 1 788, and ac
quired considerable reputation by his
landscapes, which were finished with

MIG

great neatness, and evidently in imita
tion of Ostade, but somewhat inferior ;
he also excelled in drawings in body
colours: died 1/93.
Miglionico (Andrea), born at
Naples ; was a scholar of Luca Gior
dano, and painted history with some
reputation. Several of his works are
in the churches of his native city ;
the most esteemed of which, is his
picture of the Descent of the Holy
Ghost, in the S. S. Nunciata : he
died soon after. Luca Giordano.
Mignard (Nicholas), called Mig-
nard of Avignon, born at Troyes,
in Champagne, 1608 ; went to Fon-
tainebleau, and studied the works of
Primatticcio and II Rosso : he was
invited to Paris, and employed in
several works for the palace of the
Tuilleries ; amongst which are Apollo
crowning the Muses of Poetry,
Painting, and Music ; Apollo and
Daphne ; and Mercury presenting a
lyre to Apollo. He was also much
employed as a portrait painter ; his
colouring is agreeable, his carnations
lively, and his works harmoniously
executed: died 1668.
Mignard (Peter), the Elder, called
the Roman, younger brother of
Nicholas, born at Troyes, 1610;
placed himself under the tuition of
John Boucher, a painter of some re
putation, then went to Paris, and
entered the school of Simon Vouet,
and afterwards visited Rome, and
studied the works of Raffaelle, Buo
narotti, and Annibale Caracci, parti
cularly the former, whose graceful and
dignified style he followed in his pic
tures of the Virgin, which were greatly
admired at Rome. He was invited
to France, where he painted the por
trait of Louis XIV. several times ; he
also painted the portraits of Popes
Urban VIII., Alexander VIL, and
several of the nobility. His principal
historical compositions are the An
nunciation ; a picture of the Trinity,
in St. Carlo alle quattro Fontane; and
a Holy Family, in Sta. Maria in Cam-
pitella ; died 1695.

277 MIL
Mignard (Paul), bom at Paris,
1666, son ana disciple of Nicholas;
distinguished himself as a painter of
portraits, but we have no further ac
count of his works : died 1691.
Mignon or Mingon (Abraham),
born at Frankfort, 1639; studied
under Jacob Murel, an eminent flower
painter, and at seventeen years of age,
surpassed his master. He went to Hol
land, and studied the works of John
David de Heem, and in the beauty
and freshness of his flowers and fruit,
is perhaps only surpassed by John
Van Huysum : the insects he intro
duced into his pictures are exquisitely
finished ; and the dew-drops on the
leaves of his flowers and fruit have
the transparency of real water. One
of his pictures represents a pot of
flowers which a cat has thrown down
upon a marble table, on which the
water seems actually running down :
died 1679.
Mikcker (John), was a mediocre
painter, according to Houbraken ; he
was master of J. B. Weeninx, whence
it is concluded that he lived at the
commencement of the 1 7th century.
He painted wooded landscapes, orna
mented with edifices, in a darkish
tone, which is observable more or less
in the paintings of his pupils.
Milanese (II) — See Cittadini.
Milanese (Felice) ; from an etch
ing by him he is supposed to have
been a painter ; but we have no ac
count of his works.
Milani (Giulio Cesare), born at
Bologna, 1621 ; was a disciple of
Flaminio Torre, of whose style he was
one of the most successful followers.
His most esteemed productions are
the Marriage of the Virgin in St.
Guiseppe ; St. Antonia di Padova,
in the church of St. Maria del Cas
tello, and the Holy Family, with St.
John at the Servi : died 1678.
Mil ani (Aureliano), bom at Bo
logna, 1675 ; was a scholar of Cesare
Gennari, and afterwards of Lorenzo,

MIL

278

MIN

Pasinelli, but devoted himself to an
attentive study of the works of the
Caracci ; and with the exception of
Carlo Cignani, approached nearest to
them, and contributed greatly to sup
port the credit of the Bolognese
school. His principal works at Bo
logna are St. Girolamo, in Sta. Maria
della Vita; the Stoning of St. Stephen,
in Sta. Maria Mascarella ; and the
Resurrection, in La Purita : died
1749. Milani (Guiseppe Maria), bom at
Pisa, 1 678 ; was a scholar of Camillo
Gabrielli, and like him imitated the
style of Pietro da Cortona and Ciro
Ferri. He particularly excelled in
painting perspective views of the most
magnificent buildings, which he em
bellished with figures, elegantly de
signed, grouped with great taste, and
harmonious and splendidly coloured.
There are several of his fresco works
in the churches at Pisa : many of his
designs seem to be taken from those
of Cortona.
Milano (John da), a favourite and
confidential disciple of Thaddeus
Gaddi, who died in 1352, and recom
mended his two sons, Angelo and
John, to him to be perfected in the
art of painting ; worked in the manner
of old Giotto, and was celebrated in
his country, Florence, where he died.
Baldinucci, par. 2. p. 58.
Mil! (Francis), sometimes called
Francisque, bom at Antwerp, 1644 ;
studied under Laurentius Franck,
whom he soon surpassed ; then visit
ed Paris, and attached himself to the
style of N. Poussin, whom he ap
proached nearer than any other of his
imitators. He pamted history, but
was more successful in what are call
ed heroic landscapes, adorned with
figures representing some historical
or fabulous subject, in which he ex
hibits a grandeur of Scenery, which,
though inferior to the Poussins, has
rarely been approached by any artist
of his country.
Milet (Francis), a Flemish painter ;

when in Italy he was attracted by the
manner of Nicholas Poussin, and suc
ceeded adtrirably as a landscape
painter. His works are much sought
after by collectors ; he was Professor
in the Royal Academy of France :
died 1680. Felibien, par. 4. p. 283.
Miller (John Sebastian) — See
Muller. Mind (Gottfried), born iu Swit
zerland, studied under Feudenberger ;
his favourite subjects were animals,
particularly cats, and when at work he
always had one at his elbow ; he also
painted bears and other animals with
equal accuracy and spirit : died 1814.
Minderhout (  ), born at Ant
werp, 1637; painted for his reception
picture for the Hall of the Academy
there, a View of the Port of Antwerp,
with a variety of vessels and numerous
figures. His works generally re
present marines and sea-ports, fre
quently those of Antwerp and Bruges;
they are usually of a large size, bold
in design, and spirited in touch, but
they are not all equally good : died
1696. Minga (Andrew del), was a native
of Florence and companion of Buo
narotti in the school of Ghirlandaio.
Vasari, p. 3. lib. 1. p. 446.
Mingot (Teodosia), born at Cata
lonia, 1 55 1 ; was a disciple of Gaspar
Becerra, and is believed to have
visited Italy, where his principal works
perished in the conflagration of the
palace of the Pardo : died 1590.
Minnebroer (Fr.), an historical
painter, was much in vogue at Ma
lines about 1540. He executed in a
manner worthy of note for the church
of Notre Dame, in that city, a pic
ture representing the Flight into
Egypt ; the church of Notre Dame,
at Hanswyck, also possesses a fine
picture by him, representing the Visi
tation of Santa Elizabeth.
Minzocchi (Francesco), called II
Vecchio di San Bernardo, born at
Forli, 1513; formed his style from
the works of Mario Palmegiano, whose

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stiffness and formality are visible in
his picture of the Crucifixion, at the
Osservanti ; he afterwards studied iu
the school of Genga, and became an
excellent colourist by imitating the
works of Pordenone. Amongst his
best productions are the Sacrifice of
Melchizedek, and the Miracle of the
Manna, painted in fresco, in a chapel
in the Basilica di Loreto, which in
splendour of colour is worthy a fol
lower of Pordenone ; also the Trinity,
in Maria della Gratia, which is painted
with a force of colouring, and an in
telligence in foreshortening which de
serves a higher reputation than is
generally attributed to him. He left
two sons, Pietro Paolo, and Sebas-
tiano Minzocchi, who painted history,
but very inferior to their father.
Miradoro (Liugi), bom at Genoa,
flourished from 1639 till 1651; he
studied the works of Panfilo Nuvalone
at Cremona, but afterwards adopted
a style more resembling Caracci,
though less select in his forms, and
less studied and expressive in his cha
racters. He frequently made choice
of, and was most successful in the
most terrific subjects he could select.
Amongst his best works are a Dead
Christ in the lap of the Virgin, in the
Hall of the Merchants at Piacenza,
and his S. Giovanni Damascene, in
the church of St. Clemente, at Cre
mona. His design is bold and free,
and his colouring chaste and har
monious. Mirandola (Dominic Maria), was
one of those painters, who being dis
satisfied with the Caracci, not only ad
hered to Peter Facini, but gave him a
place in his own house to open the
new academy called by his name ;
after whose death it took the name of
the Academy of Mirandola : he had
a rich collection of relievos, skeletons
and parts of statues, and designs by
Spada, Valesio, and other good mas
ters. Malvasia, par. 3. p. 150.
Mirevelt (Peter), born at Delft,
1596; was the scholar of Michael
Jansen, whom he resembles in design,

colouring, and in delicacy of pencil ;
his works by competent judges were
considered in no respect inferior to
his father's ; one of the most esteemed
is a large picture in the Surgeons'
Hall, at Delft, of the portraits of the
principal members of the society : died
1632. Mirevelt (Michael Jansen) ; stu
died under Anthony de Montfort,
called Blocklandt, and on leaving his
school painted some altar-pieces for
the churches at Delft ; also portraits,
in which he greatly excelled, amongst
which are some of the Princes of the
House of Nassau ; he is supposed to
have painted a greater number of por
traits than any artist of his country :
byDeschamps it is estimatedat 10,000,
but Houbraken limits it to 5000.
Vandyck painted the portrait of Mire
velt : died 1641.
Mirou (A.), a painter of land
scapes ; enjoyed some reputation in
Flanders about 1640. He has left
some paintings from sacred history,
correctly designed, and touched in a
spirited manner.
Miruoli (Girolamo), born at Ro-
magna ; was a disciple of Pellegrino
Tibaldi, and a reputable painter of
history. There are some of his fresco
works in the church of the Send at
Bologna. He flourished about 1570.
Missiroli (Thomas), of Faenza:
being inclined to drawing, he learned
colouring of Guido Reni, in Bologna ;
he also studied sculpture, but did not
arrive at success in both till he was
sixty-three years of age : he died in
1699. Theresa Catharine, a paintress
in Faenza, and Claudia Felicia, in Bo
logna, who died in 1705, were his
daughters. Mitelli (Agostino), born at Bo
logna, 1609 ; was a distinguished
painter of perspective and architec
tural views, and studied the figure in
the school of the Caracci. He exe
cuted numerous works at Bologna in
conjunction with M. A. Colonna,
which, though inferior to those of II

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Dentone, enchant by the beauty of his
design and the softness of his colour
ing. His principal work is the
Story of Pandora, with which he deco
rated a fine saloon in one of the
palaces of the King of Spain.
Mitelli (Guiseppe Maria), son of
Agostino, born at Bologna, 1634.
After receiving some instruction from
his father, entered the school of Fla-
minio Torre : he painted history with
some reputation, and occasionally in
troduced the figures into the perspec
tive views of Agostino ; several of his
pictures are in the churches at Bo
logna, of which the most worthy of
notice are, St. Riniero healing the
Sick, in S. Maria della Vita ; a Pieta
in the Annunciata ; and Christ taken
in the Garden, at the Cappuchini :
died 1718.
Mocetto (Girolamo), or Hierony-
mus Mocitus, a Veronese, born about
1454; studied under Giovanni Bel
lini, but his works as a painter are
little known.
Modanese (John Baptist), rivalled
Nicholas dell' Abate, and painted
many subjects at Rome, and particu
larly in Perugia. After much time
spent abroad, he returned to Modena,
and painted two historical pieces of
the Acts of St. Peter and of St. Paul :
there are no other known works by
this artist.
Modena (PellegriniMunari), called
Da, and sometimes called Aretusi ;
studied in the school of Raffaelle,
who, discovering his talent, selected
him to assist in the great works he
was then engaged in at the Vatican,
for which he painted the histories of
Jacob and Solomon. After the death
of Raffaelle, he painted in fresco the
life of St. James, for two of the
churches at Rome ; and at Modena
he painted the celebrated picture of
the Birth of the Virgin. No scholar
of Raffaelle approached nearer to him
in the sublime character of his heads,
and the grandeur of his forms : died
1523,

Modena (Niccoletto da), born at
Modena about 1460; painted per
spective and architecture, but is more
known as an engraver.
Modigliani (Francesco), born at
Forli ; painted history in oil and
fresco for the churches and other
edifices at Urbino and Forli, amongst
which, a Descent from the Cross, and
Adam and Eve driven out of Paradise ;
the Deluge, and the Tower of Babel,
are favourably spoken of : flourished
about 1600.
Moelart (Jacob), born at Dort,
1649; was a scholar of Nicholas
Maas, under whom he became a re
putable painter of history and por
traits ; of his historical works, Moses
striking the Rock, and the Destruc
tion of Pharaoh and his Host, are
particularly commended : died 1727.
Moertele (G. Vander), an histo
rical painter who flourished about
1640 ; was a pupil of Daniel deRicke.
There are some of his altar-pieces,
and some works that he finished in
conjunction with Lieven Vanden
Bossche, a pupil of John Van Cou-
wenberghe. Moi (Peter Van), born at Antwerp
in 1590; studied in the Academy of
Rubens, and painted historical sub
jects for several of the churches in
Flanders and Brabant ; in the Cathe
dral at Antwerp is the Adoration of
the Magi, beautifully executed in the
style of Rubens ; and in the Louvre
is a Crucifixion, with the Marys, Jo
seph of Arimathea, and St. John :
died 1650.
Moine or Moyne (Francis), born
at Paris, 1688 ; was a scholar of
Louis Galloche, under whom he be
came one of the most promising artists
of his country. In 1718, he became
a member of the Academy at Paris,
his reception picture being Her
cules and Cacus, which, though not
one of his best performances, is re
markable for the correctness of the
design. He visited Rome, where he

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appears to have been more captivated
with the splendid sumptuosity of
Pietro da Cortona, and the daring-
dispatch of Lanfranco, than the sub
limity of Michael Angelo, or the
graceful dignity of Raffaelle. By
command of Louis XIV. he painted
the ceiling of the grand Saloon at
Versailles, representing the Apotheo
sis of Hercules ; a stupendous work,
measuring 64 feet by 54 : died 1737.
Moine (Jean le), born at Paris,
1 635, died 1 713,is said to have painted
history with some merit, but no par
ticulars are given of his works.
Moine (Pierre Antoine le), bora at
Paris, 1605 ; painted fruit-pieces in a
natural style, and with great beauty
of colouring: died 1665.
Mol (Peter Van), born at Antwerp,
1590, and brought up in the great
school of Rubens ; painted history
with no mean reputation, and was em
ployed for some of the churches in
Brabant and Flanders. In the cathe
dral at Antwerp is a picture by him
of the Adoration of the Magi, finely
coloured in the style of Rubens ; and
in the Gallery of the Louvre, is a Dead
Christ, with the Holy Women, St.
John, and Joseph of Arimathea : died
1650. Mola (Giovanni Battista), is said
by some to have been a brother of
Francesco Mola, but according to
others he was of a different family,
and a native of France, born about
1620. He studied first under Simon
Vouet, at Paris ; then went to Italy,
and received instruction from Fran
cesco Albano, with whom he went to
Rome, and studied the best masters,
particularly the works of Annibale
Caracci. Amongst his best produc
tions at Rome are four large land
scapes, in the Salviati Palace, painted
entirely in the style of Albano, and
usually attributed to him.
Mola (Pietro Francesco), born at
Coldra, in the Milanese State, 1609 ;
studied under Guiseppe Cesare di
Arpino, at Rome, and afterwards

visited Bologna, and became a disci
ple of Francesco Albano, but did not
adopt the style of either of those
masters. The works of Guercino be
came next theobjects of his admiration ;
but aiming at a fresher and more har
monious colouring, he went to Venice,
where he studied the best productions
of the great masters of that school,
Titian, Tintoretto, Bassan, and Paolo
Veronese. He returned to Rome,
and executed several works in fresco
for the churches, amongst others, St.
Peter delivered from Prison, and the
Conversion of St. Paul, which gained
him great reputation ; he also painted
for Alexander VII. his most celebrated
work of Joseph making himself known
to his Brothers ; and in the church of
Sta. Maria della Vita, St. John in the
Wilderness, and St. Paul the Hermit,
in which the figures are designed with
a correctness and dignity worthy of
the Caracci ; in the latter of wliich
he has introduced a noble landscape
resembling that in the far-famed
St. Peter Martyr by Titian, and in
which the trees are painted in a grand
style, approaching that of Salvator
Rosa. Molinaer (Nicholas Mins), born
at Amsterdam, 1627; painted inte
riors of farm houses, with rustic sports
and employments, in the style of
Ostade, but somewhat inferior : died
1686. Molinaer (Nicholas), a relation
of the above, born at Amsterdam,
1 629 ; painted landscapes : no fur
ther description is given of his
works. Molinaer (John), a Dutch painter
of drolleries and merry-makings ; his
pictures, though greatly inferior to
Ostade's, are ingeniously composed,
and coloured with a richness and har
mony somewhat approaching him,
but deficient in the beauty of his
pencil, and the expression of his
heads. Molinari (Anthony), a Venetian,
was a scholar of Antonio Zanchi, and

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became a good master ; his best work
is judged to be that in the church of
Sts. Cosimo and Damian : he lived in
1600. Molyn (Peter), the Elder, born at
Haerlem about 1600; painted land
scapes in a very pleasing style, his
skies and distances being touched with
a lightness and delicacy, and his fore
grounds enriched with buildings and
ruins in a picturesque manner.
Molyn (Pietro Mulier) , the Youn
ger, calledTempesta, son of the former,
born at Haerlem, 1 637 ; caught the ru
diments of paintingfrom his father,but
having seen some hunting pieces by
Francis Snyders, he imitated the style
of that master with so much success,
that his pictures were scarcely less es
teemed than those of Snyders. He
did not confine his talents to hunting
and animals, but also painted sea-
storms and tempests, in which he
represented the violent agitation of
the waves, and the horrors of ship
wreck in the most impressive manner,
and thereby acquired the name of
Tempesta ; his pictures are held in
the highest estimation : died 1701.
Mombello (Luke), painted many
pictures in oil and in fresco, in Brescia,
his native country. He changed his
original strong and heavy manner to
please some monks, for whom he had
painted various Madonnas and pic
tures : it is known from the picture
that he painted for the principal altar
in St. Peter Oliveto, iu Brescia, that
he flourished in 1553. Cozzando,
p. 122.
Mombello (Sebastian), born in
Priuli ; was an excellent portrait
painter. He studied in the school of
Francis Barbieri (called II Guercino),
in Bologna. He visited Venice, and
painted portraits for the nobility with
so much esteem that all persons of
quality were desirous of having their
portraits painted by him. He served
the Emperor Leopold, the King of
Denmark, and almost all the Electors
of Germany ; his portraits were not

only good likenesses, but delicately co
loured, and flesh like. He copied also
the works of Tiziano, and of Paolo
Veronese, with so much exactness,
that they are esteemed as much as the
originals, and taken the most jealous
care of. He flourished about 1700,
and died in Venice at an advanced
age. Mommers (Henry), born at Haer
lem in 1 650 ; was a disciple of Karl
du Jardin, whose style he followed.
He painted landscapes with animals ;
Italian views, with figures ; also fruit,
flowers, &c. : died 1708.
Momper, or Mompert (Joos, or
Jodocus), born at Antwerp, 1580;
is supposed to have made nature his
guide, and the romantic scenery of
Switzerland his model, which he
painted in a bold style, and without
that precise finishing usually adopted
by the Flemish Artists, and wliich is
so much admired in Breughel and
Savery. His pencil is broad and facile,
his colouring clear, and of an agree
able effect, though in the forms of his
mountains and trees there sometimes
appears stiffness and formality ; his
pictures are frequently decorated with
figures, by the Elder Teniers, or by
John Breughel, and Teniers frequently
retouched the landscape. Vandyck
painted the portrait of Momper : died
1638. Mona, or Monna (Domenico),
born at Ferrara, 1550 ; was a disciple
of Guiseppe Mazzuoli, called II Bas-
taruola, and painted history with
great facility, but with a surprising
inequality. His best works, such as
the Birth of the Virgin, the Nativity
of our Saviour iu S. Maria S. Vado,
and the Entombing of Christ, at the
Servi, cause a surprise that, with the
possession of such extraordinary
powers, he should have produced such
indifferent productions as the majority
of his works, which abound in the
churches and other public edifices of
Ferrara : died 1 602.
Monaco (Don Bartholomew), a

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Carthusian monk and illuminator.
See PEloge 20- torn. 2. p. 81.
Monamy (Peter), bom at Jersey
about 1670; came to England, and
was apprenticed to a house painter on
London Bridge. The shallow waves
of the Thames were his model, and
enabled him to represent the turbu
lence of the ocean. He became a
painter of marine subjects, in which,
although unequal to Vandervelde, he
was superior to most other painters of
similar subjects ; in colouring, parti
cularly in his calms, he was sunny
and transparent, and he designed his
vessels with the utmost correctness
and precision : died 1749.
Monanni (Monanno), bom at
Florence ; was a disciple of Christo-
foro Allori, and afterwards went to
Rome, and painted history with some
reputation. Inthe church of S. Gio
vanni Decollate, at Rome, is a picture
by him of the Baptism of Christ by
St. John.
Monaville (Francis), a Flemish
painter, and an Academician of St.
Luke, in Rome ; painted many pic
tures for the Prince Don Livio Odes-
calchi ; he also made some cartoons
for tapestry for Lewis XIV. King of
France. Moncalvo (II) — See Caccia.
Mondini (Fulgenzio), bora at Bo
logna ; was a scholar of Guercino, and
painted history with considerable
reputation. Several of his works are
at Bologna ; amongst which the most
admired are the Angel appearing to
Joseph in his Dream ; and the Repose
in Egypt, in the Annunciata : he
flourished about 1658.
Mondini (Anthony), a Milanese
painter ; was a scholar of Cav. Mor-
azzoni ; but few of his works are to
be seen in his own country ; lived
about 1620.
Moneri (Giovanni), bora in Pied
mont, 1637 ; studied at Rome, un
der RomaiieUi; in 1657 he painted
a picture of the Assumption for the

cathedral at Acqui ; and subsequently
a picture of the Presentation in the
Temple ; the latter of which is much
esteemed: died 1714.
Monfoort (Peter Geritz), an ama
teur painter of some merit, bora at
Delft ; was a pupil of Michael Mire
velt. Monnicks or Monnix, born at Bois
le Due, 1606 ; master unknown;
studied at Rome, and excelled in
architectural views, markets, and con
versations. By command of Urban
VIII. he painted the Colosseum ; the
Columns of Trajan and Vespasian ;
the Campo Vaccino ; and other inter
esting scenery of that city and its
environs ; the palaces, squares and
churches, with the areas before them
filled with figures employed in dif
ferent businesses and amusements ;
also herbs, fruit markets, sports, car
nivals, or processions. His perspective
is excellent, and his figures are cor
rectly drawn and spiritedly touched :
died 1686.
Monnoyer (John Baptist) — See
Baptist. Monosilio (Salvatore), born at
Messina, about 1 700 ; studied under
Sebastian Conca, whose style he fol
lowed with some reputation. He
painted a picture of St. Pascale, in
the church of St. Quaranta ; but one
of his best works is the Conversion of
St. Paul, in the church of the Priests
of the Mission.
Monsignori (Francesco), bora at
Verona, 1455 ; was educated in the
school of Andrea Mantegna, and
painted history with great success ;
and although not so correct in design
as Mantegna, his style is more modern,
and the colouring, particularly in the
carnations. One of his best pictures,
representing the Death of St. Se
bastian ; and some perspective views,
in the refectory of the Franciscan
Monastery, shew him to have been a
perfect master of that branch of the
art. He also painted animals with.

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astonishing fidelity, and excelled in
perspective: died 1579.
Monsignori (Girolamo), brother
of Francesco, born at Verona about
1460 ; painted history, and copied,
for the great library of St. Benedetto,
the celebrated picture of the Last Sup
per, by Leonardo da Vinci ; which is
considered the best that has been
painted of that miracle of art : died
1540. Monstrart (John), born in Haer
lem, of an ancient and noble family ;
was a pupil of James Arlemense. His
skill in painting and his station intro
duced him to the English Court. His
portraits seemed alive : he died at an
advanced age in 1555. Sandrart,
p. 247.
Monstrart (Francis), born in Os-
ta, in Flanders, and twin brother of
Egidio Monstrart ; studied under
Henry de Bless ; and to distinguish
himself from his brother, who painted
in oil, he painted in fresco. Sandrart,
p. 264.
Mont (Del) — See Delmont.
Montagna (Benedetto), born at
Vicenza; flourished about 1500;
painted historical subjects ; and some
of his works are said to be so much
in the style of Bellini as to be mis
taken for those of that master.
Montagna (Marco Tullio), was a
disciple of Frederigo Zuccaro, and
painted history both in oil and in
fresco. In St. Nicolo, in Carcere, is
an altar-piece by him, representing a
subject from the Life of St. Nicholas ;
he flourished during the pontificate of
Clement VIII.
Montagna (Bartholomew), with
his brother Benedict, painted a great
many works in the city of Vicenza,
after the manner of Bellini ; they
flourished about 1500. Ridolft, par. 1.
p. 91.
Montagna (Matthew) — See Plat-
tenberg. Montagnano (Jacopo), born at
Padua; painted history. One of his

works, after Belli, representing a sub
ject from the Roman history, might,
from the correctness of design, and the
handling of the drapery, be attributed
to Andrea Mantegna. One of his
pictures, representin g the Resurrection,
is inscribed Jacopus Montagnano,
1495 : he flourished from 1495 to
about 1510.
Montalto —See Danedi.
Montanari (Augustin), a Geno
ese, with his brother John, learned
painting of Aurelius Lomi, who in
1595 lived in Genoa ; he next placed
himself under John Baptist Paggi, but
very soon died. Soprano, p. 81.
Montanini (Pietro), called Pe-
truccio Perugino, born at Perugia,
1619; was first a scholar of Ciro
Ferri, and afterwards of Salvator
Rosa, in whose bold and romantic
style he designed his landscapes ; but
very inferior in his figures : died 1689.
Montano (Joseph), born inPesaro,
1641 ; being inclined to painting,
sought the designs of the best mas
ters in Bologna, Parma, and Rome,
and acquired the happy talent of re
storing damaged paintings in such an
artistical manner that the painters
seemed to live again ; he was employed
by the Pope to assist in the Vatican
to preserve the paintings there from
the injuries of time. His name . is
celebrated in the writings of Cavaliere
Fontana, by Padre Pozzi, aud by Bo-
nanni; nella Storia Vaticana, p. 117.
Montava (Raphael da), a scholar
of Pierino del Vaga ; attained great
reputation in oil and in fresco, and in
large and small portraits ; he also
painted from the designs of Michael
Angelo a great number of small his
tories, which he touched and finished
well. He flourished about 1530. Va
sari, par. 3. lib. 2. p. 266.
Montecarto (Bastiano), was a
scholar of Raffaellino del Garbo.
Montefort (Anthony), a Noble of
Montefort ; studied first under Henry
Assuero, and afterwards under Francis

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Floris ; he painted in large, and
was celebrated for his extreme free
dom of pencil and quickness in sketch
ing out the rough drafts of his design :
he died in 1583, aged 49. Sandrart,
p. 257. Baldinucci, par. 2. sec. 4.
p. 150.
Montelatici (Francesco), called
II Cecco Bravo, born at Florence
about 1600; was a scholar of Gio
vanni Bilivert ; with whose style he
blended that of Domenico Cresti,
called Passignano. Of his works at
Florence the most remarkable are the
Fall of Lucifer, in the church of the
Festini ; and a fine picture of St.
Nicollo Vescovo, in St. Simone. He
was a tolerably correct designer, and
a chaste colourist: died 1661.
Montemezzano (Francesco), born
at Verona about 1555 ; studied under
P. Veronese, whose style he followed
in the copiousness of his compositions,
the airs of his heads, and the splendour
of his draperies ; but his penciling is
tame and spiritless, and his colouring
languid and weak. His picture of the
Annunciation, in the church of the
Osservanti alia Vigna, at Venice ; and
Christ appearing to Mary Magdalen,
in St. Giorgio, at Verona ; are his
best performances : died 1600.
Montepulciano— SeeMoROSONi.
Montero da Roxas (Juan de),
born at Madrid in 1613 ; was a dis
ciple of Pedro de las Cuevas, and
studied in Italy ; he painted history,
of which his pictures in the churches
at Madrid, the Assumption of the
Virgin, the Angel appearing to St.
Joseph, and the Destruction of Pha
raoh's Host, are highly commended :
died 1680.
Montero (Don Lorenzo), born at
Seville, 1 640 ; painted landscapes,
architecture, flowers, and fruit, witfi
considerable merit : died 1710.
Monti (Giovanni Battista), born at
Genoa about 1610; was a pupil of
Luciano Borzoni, under whom he be
came a reputable painter of history ;
he was, however, more distinguished

for his excellence in portraits, and
was employed to paint those of the
principal personages of his country :
died 1657.
Monti (Francesco), called II Bres-
ciano delle Battaglie, born at Brescia,
1646 ; studied under Pietro Ricchi,
and afterwards under II Borgog
none ; he excelled in painting horses
and battles, designed in a spirited and
masterly style, from which he ac
quired the name of Delia Battaglie ;
his works are held in great estimation :
died 1712.
Monti (Francesco Bolognese), bom
at Bologna, 1685, was educated in
the school of Giovanni Gioseffo dal
Sole ; he painted history, and one of
his best works, the Rape of the Sa
bines, was painted for Count Ranuzzi ;
he also left numerous works at Bo
logna, amongst which are Christ
with the Disciples at Emmaus ; the
Virgin glorying, with St. Barbara and
St. Filippo Neri ; and the Martyrdom
of St. Fedele: died 1768.
Monti (Anthony dai), called An
thony of the Portraits, because he
painted them so well, and always
followed that line in which he ex
celled : died about the year 1588.
Baglioni, p. 56.
Monticelli (Andrea), born at
Bologna, 1640 ; studied under Agos
tino Mitelli, in imitation of whom he
designed some architectural views ;
but he chiefly excelled in painting
carpets, vases, flowers, fruit, and other
articles of still life, which he touched
with freedom and spirit, and coloured
tolerably well : died 1716.
Monticelli (Michele Angelo),
bom at Bologna, 16/8; studied first
under Marc Antonio Franceschini,
and afterwards under Domenico Viani.
He painted landscapes and battles,
and was not excelled by any painter
of his time in the manage of the
perspective, and the forms and foliage
of his trees ; his figures were designed
correctly, and touched with great
spirit.

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Monticelli (Michael Angelo),
born in Bologna in 1678; was a
scholar of Domenico Viani, from whom
he learned that strong spotty manner
of painting : his subjects were land
scapes, markets, battles, precipices,
and views, all well disposed with
many figures. Having lost his sight
for some years, which he afterwards
partially recovered, his latter works
are somewhat inferior to his early
pictures, which are finished to admi
rable perfection.
Montorfano (Giovanni Donato),
bom at Milan ; painted history, and
his picture of the Crucifixion, com
posed of many figures, would have
procured him great admiration, had
it not been placed so near Leonardo
da Vinci's Last Supper. In his pic
ture there is a group of soldiers
playing, in which the eager desire of
gain is deeply impressed upon every
countenance ; the background repre
sents the city of Jerusalem, the per
spective and distance being well kept :
he flourished about 1495.
Montpetit (Armand Vincent de),
a Frenchman, born at Macon, 1713 ;
died 1800. Painted portraits, which
were greatly esteemed ; also invented
a mode of painting in miniature, to
which he gave the name of Eludoric.
Monverde (Luca), born at Udina,
1501 ; a disciple of Pellegrino di San
Daniello ; painted history. His pic
ture of the Virgin and Infant, with
SS. Gervasio and Protassio, make his
premature death to be regretted by
every lover of the art : died 1522.
Mony (Louis de), born at Breda,
1698 ; he studied under Van Kessel,
Emanuel Biset, and Philip Vandyck,
but painted in the style of Gerard
Douw, highly finished, spiritedly exe
cuted, and finely coloured.
Monza (Troso da), an ancient
painter, praised by Lomazzo : the
outside of a house in the Street dei
Maraviglia in Milan is paiuted by
him in distemper, and is much ad
mired. There are other works of his

in the church of St. John. Torre,
p. 219.
Moojaert or Mooyaert (Nicho
las), born at Amsterdam, about 1 600;
is said to have formed his style
by imitating the works of Adam
Elsheimer : he painted landscapes
with figures, in the style of that
master. Moons (Louis Adrian Francis), a
painter of history and of portraits,
bom at Antwerp in 1769; studied
under Andrew Quertemont, whose
principles he followed ; he went to
Dusseldorf, in order to study from
the pictures of the great masters in
the Elector's gallery, and afterwards
to Paris and to St. Petersburgh, and
returned to Antwerp in 1817. He
exhibited, in 1819, four paintings:
the Virgin with the Child Jesus on
her knees ; jEschylus making verses
in his last moments ; Archimedes in
his laboratory, a few moments before
his death ; and a Fruit Merchant.
He was a professor and member of
the Academies of Amsterdam and of
Antwerp, and of the Society for the
Encouragement of the Fine Arts.
Moor (Karel de), born at Leyden,
1 656 ; studied first under Gerard
Douw, afterwards under Abraham
Vanden Tempel, and subsequently
under Godfrey Schaleken. He first
painted portraits and domestic sub
jects, which were greatly admired;
but being commissioned by the States
of Holland to paint an historical sub
ject for their Council Chamber, he
selected that of Brutus condemning
his two Sons to death, which he
represented in the most awful and
impressive manner. He was after
wards commissioned by the Emperor
of Germany to paint the portraits of
Prince Eugene and the Duke of
Marlborough ; and he also painted
the portrait of Peter the Great, and a
number of others of distinguished
personages. One of his best per
formances represents the Burgomas
ters and Echevins, in the Hall of the
Magistrates at the Hague. His pic-

MOO

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tures are ingeniously composed, figures
correctly designed, and colouring
clear and transparent ; and some of
his larger portraits partake of the
delicacy of Vandyck, with the vigour
of Rembrandt. His own portrait by
himself is i a the Florentine Gallery:
died 1738.
Moore (Jacob), born at Edin
burgh, about 1 740 ; studied first un
der Runciman, then visited Italy, and
obtained considerable celebrity as a
landscape painter. His style seems
to have been formed by studying the
works of Claude ; and his pictures,
like those of Claude, usually represent
views of the Campagna, and of the
environs of Rome. His scenery is
picturesque, and his forms well
chosen ; but there is a poorness of
tone throughout, that keeps him at a
fearful distance from his admirable
model : died 1795.
Moore (Samuel), an English
painter, flourished about 1715 ; he is
said to have executed some paintings
which he presented to Sir Robert
Harley, Speaker of the House of
Commons, afterwards Lord Oxford ;
but we have no account of his works.
Moortel (John), born at Leyden,
1650, was an eminent painter of fruit,
flowers, and still life ; his flower-pieces
are inferior to those of Van Huysum
or Rachel Ruysch, yet equal to those
of Mignon, but his pictures of fruit
are most admirable. His works are
found in the choicest collections : died
1719. Morales (Luis), called El Divino,
born at Badajos, 1 509 ; was a scholar
of Pedro Campanna ; his pictures
generally represent the Head of our
Saviour crowned with thorns, or that
of the Virgin, in grief ; they are of a
touching character, and fingered with
great care, and in this respect bear
some resemblance to those of Leonardo
da Vinci. He is said rarely to have
executed a full length figure ; his
Ecce Homo exhibits the height of
human suffering, and his Mater Do-

loroso is the very extremity of sorrow:
died 1586.
Morandi (Giovanni Maria), born
at Florence, 1622 ; was a disciple of
Antonio Bilivert, on leaving whom he
went to Venice, and studied the works
of the great colourists of that school ;
afterwards visited Rome, and was
much employed for the churches and
for private collections ; of his works
there, the most celebrated are the
Visitation of the Virgin to St. Eliza
beth ; and the Death of the Virgin,
the latter of which is considered his
masterpiece. In design he resembles
the Roman school, and in colouring
seems to have aimed at the splendid
style of Pietro da Cortona ; he painted
the portraits of the family of the Em
peror Leopold I. and of many of the
illustrious personages of Germany :
died 1717-
Morandini (Francesco), called II
Poppi, born at Poppi, in the Floren
tine States, 1544 : was a scholar qf
Georgio Vasari, whose style he fol
lowed, though more minute in detail,
and partaking more of the gay and
festive in his compositions ; his picture
of the Conception, in St. Michileno,
and the Visitation of the Virgin to
St. Elizabeth, in St. Niccolo, are
much admired.
Morazzone (Pier Francesco Maz-
zuchelli), called II, born at Morazzone,
in the Milanese, 1571- This self-
taught artist went to Rome, and
painted the Assumption of the Virgin,
with the Apostles, and the Adoration
of the Magi, for the churches there ;
he afterwards visited Venice, and stu
died the works of Titian, Tintoretto,
and P. Veronese, whose style he imi
tated, and on his return to Rome, he
again pamted the Adoration of the
Magi in a style so superior that it ap
peared to have been painted by a dif
ferent hand ; one of his principal
works, St. Michael discomfiting the
rebel Angels, is in the church of St.
Giovanni at Como : died 1626.
More (Sir Anthony), born at
Utrecht, 1519; he studied first under

M 0 R 288
John Schoreel, afterwards went to
Italy and studied the works of Mi
chael Angelo Buonarotti and Raffaelle,
and on his return to Holland he de
voted himself to an imitation of Hol
bein : he designed in a bold and mas
culine style, but without the delicacy
and clearness of that master ; he went
to Spain and painted the portrait of
Prince Philip, and whilst there copied
some portraits of illustrious women
which had been originally painted by
Titian, and his copies were thought to
approach near to the beauty of the
originals ; he was sent into Portugal
topaintthe portraitsof King Ferdinand
III. and Catherine of Austria, sister
to Charles ; from thence he went to
England to paint the portrait of the
Princess Mary, previous to her mar
riage with Philip. His talents were
not confined to portraits ; he painted
several historical pictures for the
Royal Collection in Spain, most of
which were destroyed in the confla
gration of the palace of the Pardo ;
his own portrait, by himself, is in the
Florentine Gallery: died 1576.
More (Mary), painted the portraits
of her husband and of herself ; also a
portrait which is in the Bodleian Li
brary of Oxford, and is evidently a
copy of Cromwell, Earl of Essex, but
by a strange mistake is called a por
trait of Sir Thomas More. Walpole,
v. 3. p. 258.
Moreelze (Paul), bom at Utrecht,
1571, at first practised portrait paint
ing under Michael Mirevelt; he after
wards went to Rome and studied some
time, and on his return to Holland
painted some historical subjects and
architectural views, but was more em
ployed as a portrait painter, in which
he was little inferior to Mirevelt :
died 1638.
Morell (Nicholas), born at Ant
werp, 1664 ; was a scholar of N. Ve-
rendael, an eminent painter of flowers
and fruit; he painted similar subjects,
but excelled in painting vases, with
bas-reliefs and other objects of still
life ; his pictures are elegantly com-

MOR
posed, his pencil facile and spirited,
and his colouring fresh : died 1732.
Morelli (Bartolomeo), called II
Sianona, was born at Sianona, in the
Bolognese States, about 1729; he
studied under Francesco Albano, and
painted history with great reputation,
particularly in fresco, and some of his
works are compared to Albano's.
Amongst his numerous works at Bo
logna, the most remarkable are his
St. Teresa, in the church of the Ma
donna delle Grazie ; and the Resurrec
tion, in Buon Gesu : died 1683.
Morenello (Andrew), a Genoese
painter of good name, was amongst the
first of his countrymen who began to
soften the hardness of their manner,
and to give an example to his succes
sors to do the same. In the monas
tery of St. Martin, in Bisagna, among
other paintings by his hand, is one of
the Virgin Mary receiving that Society
under her protection : he flourished
about 1520. Baldinucci, sec. 4. p.
232. Morero (Joseph), of Burgos, in
Spain, painted a great many pictures
in the Flemish manner, which are
much admired, and are to be found in
many private houses in Madrid. Pa
lomino, p. 382.
Moretto (Christopher), a painter
about the time of Bellini, designed
upon the style of Raffaelle, and co
loured very well, with the contours of
Bellini. Lomazzo, p. 405. There is
a painting by him in the possession
of Count Faroca, in Portugal, and in
the church of the monastery of Hu
mility, in Venice, is a large altar-piece
also painted by him. He lived about
1540. Moretto (II) — See Bonvicino.
Morier (David), born at Berne in
Switzerland about 1 705 ; came to Eng
land soon after the battle of Dettingen,
and distinguished himself as a painter
of battle-pieces, horses, and portraits,
in which latter he excelled, and was
extensively employed : died 1770.
Morin (John), bora at Paris about

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1612, was a disciple of Philip de
Champagne, and for some time prac
tised painting in history and portrait,
but afterwards applied himself entirely
to engraving.
Morina (Giulio) , bora at Bologna,
was a scholar of Lorenzo Sabbattini,
but improved himself by studying the
works of the Caracci, and in the airs
of his heads seems to have been
emulous of imitating the works of
Correggio ; he painted history with
considerable reputation ; of his works,
of which there are many in the
churches at Bologna, the most es
teemed are the Crucifixion in SS. Se-
bastiano e Rocco ; the Visitation of
the Virgin to St. Elizabeth, in St.
Uomobono ; and the Presentation in
the Temple, at the Servi.
Morinello (Andrea), born in
Valdi-Bisagna, a district of Genoa, in
1490, applied himself to painting, and
succeeded better than any painter in
Genoa before his time ; a picture
painted by him in St. Martin's, sup
posed to he his parish church, repre
senting the Virgin and Child Jesus in
her arms, being crowned by Angels,
with his name and date, 1516, clearly
shews the skill of the artist ; no other
work of his is mentioned by Vasari,
in his Vite de' Pittori Genoese, p. 26.
Moris (R.), who was a scholar of
Godfrey Schalken, died very young ;
there was in the collection of Mr.
Tierens at the Hague a small cabinet
picture by him, of an old man holding
a screech-owl in his hand.
Morlaiter (Michael Angelo), a
Lombardy painter, had a great incli
nation for the fine arts, and was much
distinguished by his works ; he was
living in 1776.
Morland (George), born I 764, was
the son of Henry Morland, a reputable
painter in crayons, by whom he was in
structed ; his productions when a boy
were hard, formal, and laboured, even
after he had rejected the style in which
his father had instructed him; in his
early pictures every object was painted
from nature, with a minute attention

to detail, and were carefully finished ;
but he afterwards adopted a broader
style. His pictures when of a large
size seldom possess sufficient interest,
and he never selected a subject that
was important enough to give energy
and employment to any considerable
number of figures ; he was in a great
measure deficient of powerful exertion
or refined expression, and his know
ledge of anatomy was also very slight ;
he was ignorant of the principles of
extensive landscape, and his colouring
or effect were alike inappropriate to
subjects of that description ; his stu
dies were confined to the animals, the
figures, and the more obvious parts of
the picture, and his scenes were such
as he was most accustomed to ; having
scarcely ever visited any mountaiuous
country, except Derbyshire, he did
not attempt romantic subjects. He
generally depicted with truth the most
common but interesting specimens of
English scenery, consisting of fields
and hedges, with ponds of water, and
clay banks ; his storms, though not
grand, are sometimes replete with fa
miliar incidents, local circumstances,
and partial effects that denote obser
vation, although he was little capable
of landscape, except as a background,
and accompaniment to his figures.
Morland' s best productions are his
interiors, and he was particularly
happyin his delineations of the stunted
oak with a group of sheep under it.
He succeeded best in those animals
that required the least correctness in
drawing, such as pigs, guinea pigs,
sheep, asses, &c. A white horse was
a favourite object with him, from its
affording a mass of light and an op
portunity for the display of colouring,
owing to the variety of yellow and
other tints by which it is diversified ;
but he always avoided the delicate
proportions, and selected such as were
old, rough, and clumsy, but the pig
was his special favourite, his touch
being well adapted to represent its
bristly hide, and he seldom fails to
depict the gluttonous and lazy cha
racter of the animal ; he also pour-
u

MOR

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MOR

trayed the innocence of the sheep
with considerable success. — In com
paring the works of Morland and
Gainsborough, Bryan says, " The
rural pictures of Gainsborough are
more esteemed than those of Morland,
and in sentiment, composition, and
effect, greatly surpass his best per
formances. In genius, Morland might
perhaps be equal to Gainsborough,
but the latter best cultivated his ta
lents: in colouring, Gainsborough is
rich, but by endeavouring at trans
parency often becomes flimsy. Mor
land is natural, but ochrey, but in
effect of light and shadow, Gainsbo
rough had greatly the advantage, for
he preserved fine keeping, which,
when Morland attempted, he only
produced mist and fog, representing
his extreme distance no further off
than his middle ground, and there is
no depth in his pictures. In each
artist too great sameness of colouring
and chiaro-oscuro is observable, and
both are incorrect in drawing, and
loose in execution. Gainsborough in
all his works displayed refined feeling,
and an elegant mind, and has given
to the world the most interesting
representations of rustic innocence,
while the taste of Morland was of a
lower kind, though he delineated the
characters he selected with great suc
cess. Those who have visited the
cottage of the peasant, who have en
joyed rural sports, or engaged in rustic
operations, will find a peculiar charm
in the works of Morland, but Gains
borough seems most calculated to
delight those whose ideas of such
employment have been refined by the
descriptions of pastoral poetry." To
wards the latter part of Morland' s
life his pictures declined from their
original excellence, fell to vapid imi
tations of his former works, poor,
meagre, and monotonous, deprived of
force and character, with all the de
fects of manner and negligence ; these
feeble glimmerings of expiring genius
shew according to their dates a regu
lar decay : died 29th October, 1804,
aged 42.

Morland (Henry Robert), son of
a painter in St. James's Square, by
whom he was instructed, frequently
painted conversations, and servants
employed in domestic purposes; also
portraits both in oil and crayons, and
one of the latter, a Boy's Head, was
considered his best performance ; he
was the father of the celebrated George
Morland : died 1 797.
Moro (II) — See Torbido.
Moro (Giovanni Battista d' Angeli),
born at Verona about 1512 ; was a
scholar of Francesco Torbido, called
II Moro, but improved his style by
studying the works of Titian ; he
painted several pictures, both in oil
and in fresco, for the churches at Ve
rona, and sometimes in competition
with Paolo Veronese ; in St. Eufemia
he had painted a fresco of Paul before
Ananias, which on the demolition of
the wall was sawed out and removed
to another part of the church; his
colouring is more vigorous than that
of his instructor, and his design more
graceful : such is his picture in St.
Stefano, of an Angel presenting the
Palms of Martyrdom to the Innocents.
Moro (Marco and Giulio d' Angeli),
son and brother of the preceding
artist ; by the last-mentioned painter
there is the Quattro Coronati in the
church of St. Apollonari at Venice ;
also a picture of Paradise, in St. Bar
tolomeo : Marco died young.
Moroni (Domenico), born at Ve
rona, 1430 ; was instructed in the
art by some of the disciples of Paul
Veronese; he pamted an altar-piece
for the church of St. Bernardino at
Venice, which is highly esteemed and
preserved with great care.
Moroni (Francesco), born 1474,
the son and disciple of the preceding
artist; greatly excelled his father in
the graceful style of his design and in
the tenderness and suavity of his
colouring. He was employed iu paint
ing several altar-piecesfor the churches
in Rome ; and succeeded equally well
in fresco as in oil : died 1529.
Moroni (Giovanni Battista), bora

MOR

291

MOS

at Albini, in the Bergamese State ;
was a scholar of Alessandro Bonvicino,
and the most successful follower of
his style ; but somewhat inferior in
invention and design. Amongst his
most esteemed works are his picture
of the Crowning of the Virgin, in the
church of La Trinita ; the Assump
tion, with the Apostles, in St. Bene
detto ; and the Dead Christ in the
arms of the Virgin, with several saints,
at the Cappucini. He was one of
the best portrait painters of his time,
Titian onlv excepted : he flourished
from 1557 to 1578.
Moroni (Pietro), son of Domenico,
was first instructed by his father, and
afterwards by Paul Veronese : he also
studied the works of Titian, and was
considered one of the most correct de
signers of the Venetian school. Such
is his picture of Christ bearing the
Cross, in the church of St. Barnaba :
died about 1625.
Morosini (Francesco), called II
Monte Palciano ; a Florentine, and a
scholar of Orazio Fidano ; in whose
style he painted a picture of the Con
version of Saul, for the church of St.
Stefano, at Florence.
Mortel (John), bom at Leyden
in 1650 ; was a good painter of flowers
and fruit. His manner approached
so near to that of Mignon, of Van
Huysum, and of De Heem, that the
copies that he made from the paint
ings of those masters still deceive the
most skilful amateurs : he died at
Leyden in 1719.
Mortimer (John Hamilton), bom
in Sussex, 1 739 ; was instructed by
his uncle, who was said to be a painter
of talent above mediocrity ; he was
afterwards sent to London, and placed
with Hudson, from whom he derived
no adyantage ; and it is not impossible
that he acquired his taste for the ter
rific from the romantic scenery which
was the haunt of his youth, and the
savage hardihood which marked the
features of the bands of ferocious
smugglers and lawless hordes by
which the place was infested. His

painting of St. Paul converting the
Britons gained him the prize of 100
guineas from the Society of Arts,
Manufactures and Commerce, as the
best historical picture ; it was after
wards presented by Dr. Bates to the
church of Chipping Wycomb, in
Bucks. The reputation of Mortimer
was further established by the pro
duction of his pictures of King John
signing Magna Charta ; the Battle of
Agincourt ; Vortigem and Rowena,
&c. : died 1779.
Morto (da Feltro), born at Flo
rence, 1468, where he was first in
structed ; he went early to Rome, and
devoted himself to the study of the
grotesque, so called from the word
grotta, which in Italian implies a
cavern, cave, or grot, in which he ar
rived at great perfection, and was
employed by Giorgione to paint the
ornaments in some of his important
works : died 1513.
Morzoni (Girolamo), a Venetian,
and a rival of Jacobello del Fiore ;
lived in the year 1420. He always
painted in the ancient manner, the
figure upright, and on the point of
the feet. In the school of Santa
Helena, in Venice, is an altar-piece by
him, with various saints, painted in
the manner of the times. Vasari,
par. 1. p. 520.
Moser (George Michael), a Swiss ;
came to England, and painted on enamel
with great success ; and from his skill
in designing the human figure, was
appointed Keeper of the Royal
Academy, his business being to super
intend and instruct the students how
to draw and model from the antique :
died 1783.
Moses (called little Moses) — See
Uytenbroeck. Mosin — See Mouzyn.
Mosnier (John) , born at Blois in
1600; travelled to Italy, and studied
under Cristoforo Allori, and on his re
turn to France distinguished himself
as a reputable painter of history.
Some of his most esteemed works are
u 2

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292

MOZ

in the church of St. Martin, at Paris :
died 1656.
Mostaert (Jacques), born at Haer
lem, 1499 ; was a disciple of Jacob
Van Haerlem, under whom he became
an eminent painter of history and por
trait. A picture by him of the Na
tivity, in the church of the Jacobins ;
and an Ecce Homo (a grand compo
sition, with numerous figures) in
another church in that city, are much
commended. But one of his most
esteemed productions was a Banquet
of the Gods, in the possession of
Count de Borsele. At the Hague
were two celebrated pictures by him
of Abraham and Sarah ; and Hagar
and Ishmael. He was not less suc
cessful in portraits than in historical
subjects ; he painted that of Mar
garet, sister to Philip I. of Spain ;
and the principal personages of his
time: died 1555.
Mostaert (Francis), born near
Antwerp, 1520 ; studied under Henry
de Bles, and painted landscape, in
which the figures were introduced by
his twin brother, Giles, who had
studied under John Mandyn, and be
come a good historical painter: Francis
died in 1557; and Giles in 1579.
Moucheron (Frederick), called the
Old, born at Embden, 1633 ; studied
landscape painting under John As-
selyn, called Crabatje ; then went to
France, where his talents met with
great encouragement ; and on returning
to Antwerp, settled at Ansterdam,
where his productions are equally
esteemed. His pictures are usually
embellished with figures by Adrian
Vandervelde and John Lingelback,
and his best works are those which
he painted in the latter part of his
life. His scenery is pleasing, the
forms of his trees well selected, his
foliage light, and apparently in mo
tion ; he frequently introduced a
waterfall, rushing through the different
parts of his pictures, which he en
riched with buildings and architecture,
though unequal to Both, Berghem
and other distinguished landscape

painters of the Dutch school. They
are considered worthy of a place in
the best collections : died 1686.
Moucheron (Isaac), sonandscholar
of/Frederick, horn at Antwerp, 1670 ;
after receiving instruction from his
father, visited Rome, where the en
chanting environs of that city became
the object of his admiration and study,
particularly the vicinity of Tivoli, of
which he made a number of designs.
He was well versed in perspective and
architecture, with which he embel
lished his works : on returning to
Amsterdam he was chiefly employed
in painting large landscapes for the
saloons, the figures in which were
usually painted hy Nicholas Vercolie,
and others. In the scenery and style
of his landscapes he appears to have
emulated the grand manner of Pous
sin : died 1744.
Moya (Pedro de), born at Granada,
1610; was for some time a disciple
of Juan del Castillo. From a desire
to see the works of Rubens, and other
distinguished painters of the Flemish
school, he visited Antwerp, and was
particularly captivated with the works
of Vandyck, who being then in Eng
land, he determined upon going there
and placing himself under his tuition ;
but his intentions were frustrated by
the death of Vandyck. He returned
to Granada, and painted several altar-
pieces for the churches ; the most
esteemed of which is the Conception,
in the church of Nuestra Sennora de
Gracia : died 1666.
Moyart (Christian Louis), bom at
Amsterdam, about 1 600 ; painted
history, but we have no account of his
works. -Mozetto Girolamo), a Veronese
painter.. From the hardness of his
manner he is supposed to have lived
about 1535. There is in Verona an
altar-piece by him, still preserved in
the church of St. Nazario, belonging
to tbe Benedictines, that is not men
tioned by Maffei in his Verona Illus-
trata, par. 3. p. 138. -

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Mudo (Juan Hernando Zimenes de
Navarette), called El Mudo, born at
Logrono, 1526 ; received his first
instructions from Fra Vicente de
Santo Domingo, a monk of the order
of the Geronymites ; and afterwards
visited Venice, where he formed his
style by an attentive study of the
works of Titian, whose disciple he be
came. He returned to Spain, and
was appointed painter to Philip II.
The most celebrated of the pictures
he there painted is the Nativity, in
which, like the Notte of Correggio,
the light emanates from the Infant
Saviour ; the Baptism of Christ ; and
the Twelve Apostles ; and his last
work, representing Abraham enter
taining the Angels : died 1579-
Mugelio (Andrea Delcastagne
Di), born at Venice, 1655, died 1726 ;
painted history with some reputation.
Mugnoz — See Munnoz.
Mulier — See Molyn.
Mulready (William), Royal Aca
demician -, painted the Convalescent,
equal to Gerard Douw.
Munari (Pellegrino) — See Mo
dena. Mundo (Dominic), a Neapolitan
painter, born in 1717 ; was an excel
lent artist, especially in invention, for
which he was esteemed as one of the
best of his time.
Munero (Giovanni Battista), born
at Genoa, 1613; studied under Lu
ciano Borzoni, and excelled in por
trait painting : died 1657-
Munnoz (Don Sebantian), a
Spaniard, born at Naval Carnero, in
1 654 ; a disciple of Claudio Coello ;
visited Italy and studied in the school
of Carlo Maratti, and on his return
to Spain, executed some considerable
works at Saragossa, in conjunction
with Coella ; he afterwards went to
Madrid, and was employed in the
royal palaces, where he executed a
series of frescoes of the history of
Cupid and Psyche, painted in the
flimsy style of the modern Italians,
in which sobriety in composition,

beauty in form, and expression in
character are all sacrificed to gaudi-
ness and frivolity: died 1690.
Muntz (J. II. ), resided with Lord
Orford, at Strawberry Hill, and was
much employed in copying oil paint
ings, and making drawings for that
villa; he also exhibited a landscape
in encaustic, in 1 702, on which
process he published a volume in
octavo. Mura (Francesco de), called Fran
ceschiello, born at Naples, about
1696; one of the numerous scholars of
Francesco Solimene ; was much em
ployed in ornamenting the edifices in
his native city : but his most cele
brated works, perhaps, are his fres
coes in the royal palace at Turin,
which he painted in competition with
Claudio Beaumont, and in which he
has represented the Olympic Games,
and the life of Achilles : died 1759.
Murano (Natalino da), flourished
about 1558 ; he was a disciple of
Titian, and painted historical subjects
of an easel size, but was more cele
brated as a portrait painter : died
young. Murano (Andrew da), so called by
Ridolfi, part 1. p. 20 ; he was the
master of Lewis Vivarino. In his
picture of Saint Peter the Martyr he
painted that saint according to the
custom of those times on a field of
gold : he flourished before 1400.
Murant (Emanuel), born at Am
sterdam, about 1622, according to
some accounts ; but supposed to have
been rather later, as he was a scholar
of Philip Wouvermans, who was born
in 1620. Painted, instead of horse
fairs and huntings, the usual subjects
of Wouvermans, views of towns and
ruined buildings in Holland, which
he finished with a neatness and accu
racy that is only surpassed by the
extraordinary productions of Vander
Heyden ; and though he did not
adopt the same subjects as his master,
he acquired somewhat of the neat
ness of his pencil, the purity of his
colouring and the correctness of his

MUR

294

MUR

desigu. His works are much esteem
ed, and rarely to be met with : died
1700. M u r a r i (John), a Veronese
painter ; having studied first in Ve
rona, and afterwards in Bologna in
the sehool of John Gioseffo dal Sole,
under whom he made great progress.
In the chapel of St. Bernard, in the
church of Sta. Maria of the reformed
Benedictines, he painted a picture of
singular beauty, but he never pro
duced another that could be at all
compared to it.
Muratori (Domenico Maria),
born at Bologna, 1662; was a scholar
of Lorenzo Pasinelli, and resided
chiefly at Rome ; he painted history
for the churches there, amongst
others, an altar-piece in the church
of SS. Apostoli, representing the
Martyrdom of St. Philip and St.
James, which is composed and de
signed in a grand manner, and with
a fine effect of chiaro-oscuro, though
not equally good in colouring, and is
one of the largest pictures in Rome ;
also Christ crowned with Thorns, a
work not less creditable to his talents ;
and St. Ranieri working a Miracle,
which is considered by Lanzi as one
of his best performances : died 1749.
Muratori (Teresa), bom at Bo
logna, 1662; this lady was first in
structed by Emilio Tarufli, then by
Lorenzo Pasinelli, and lastly by
Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole, and
proved a reputable paintress of his
tory ; she executed several consider
able works for the churches at Bo
logna, of which the most deserving of
notice are, St. Benedetto resuscitating
a dead child ; the Annunciation ; and
the Incredulity of St. Thomas : died
1708. Murillo (Bartolome Estevan),
was born at Pilas, near Seville, in
1613; he studied first under Don Juan
del Castillo, who was an indifferent
colourist, his manner dark and inky,
and distinguished by a blackness and
heaviness in his shadows ; the first
subjects he painted were rustics and

beggar boys, in which he exhibits a
faithful and accurate attention to
nature, and a charming simplicity of
character, which is peculiar to him.
His pictures of this description are
vigorously coloured, but without the
tenderness and suavity which dis
tinguished his more important pro
ductions in historical painting. After
leaving the school of Castillo, he went to
Madrid, and entered that of Velasquez,
where, by studying and copying the
works of Titian, Rubens, and Van
dyck, he greatly improved his style of
colouring ; he returned to Seville,
and painted his first great work, in
fresco, in sixteen compartments,
amongst which, is his celebrated work
of St. Thomas of Villanueva distribut
ing alms to the poor ; in the group
of paupers, who surround the saint,
and are eagerly pressing forward to
partake of his bounty, he had full
scope for the display of his powers ;
it is admirably composed, and the
varied character of their wretchedness
is pourtrayed with wonderful precision :
he also painted the Jubilee of the
Porciuncula, in which Christ is repre
sented holding his cross, and the
Virgin interceding for the grant speci
fied in the picture, with a group of
angels of extraordinary beauty ; he
subsequently painted the beautiful
suite of pictures now in the possession
of the Marquis of Santiago, at Ma
drid, in which the beauty of the land
scape contends with that of the
figures ; and in the same collection,
two other pictures, one representing
St. Xavier, in a dignified and sub
lime attitude, with his eyes devoutly
raised to heaven, and with a stream
of light beaming on his breast, as if
receiving the divine inspiration ou his
mission to the Indians, a group of
which is seen in the distance : the
other, representing Joseph leading by
the hand the young Saviour, appa
rently about eight or ten years of age ;
over their heads is a glory of angels,
and a fine landscape in the "back
ground ; these two are said to be
among the finest of his works. He

MUR

295

MUY

also painted a Miraculous Conception,
and two portraits of Leandro and
Isidore, Archbishops of Seville. In
the church of the Hospital of Cha
rity, is one of his esteemed works,
representing St. John supporting a
poor man, who is aided in his charit
able office by an angel, whom the
saint regards with a look of reverence
and gratitude ; also two other pictures
representing Moses striking the Rock,
and the Miracle of the Loaves and
Fishes ; at Cadiz, is an altar-piece of
the Conception, and a picture of St.
Catherine ; and at Granada, one of
his most interesting productions, re
presenting the Good Shepherd, and
another, of the Miraculous Con
ception, which was carried in pro
cession on the great festival of Cor
pus Christi. His last work was his
picture of St. Catherine in the
church of the Capuchins at Cadiz.
His pictures of the Virgins, his Saints,
and even his Saviours are stamped
with the features of his country, and
a characteristic expression of the eye,
which is remarkable ; his colouring
is clear, tender, and harmonious, pos
sessing the truth of Titian, and the
sweetness of Vandyck, yet without
the servility of imitation ; and his
style may be said to hold a middle
rank between the unpolished natu-
rafity of the Flemish and the graceful
and elegant taste of the Itahan school :
died 1685.
Murray (Thomas), born in Scot
land about 1666; was a scholar of
Riley at the time he was painter to
William and Mary, and as a portrait
painter was one of the most eminent
artists of his time ; he was employed
to paint the portraits of the Royal
Family, and many of the princpal
nobility ; his pictures are freshly and
chastely coloured ; the portrait of
Murray, painted by himself, is
amongst those of the great artists, in
the Florentine Gallery : died 1 724.
Muscher (Michael Van), born in
Rotterdam, 1645 ; studied under
Marti Zaagmoolen, an obscure artist,

and subsequently under A. Van
Tempel, G. Metzu, and Adrian Van
Ostade ; but adopted a style more re
sembling Francis Mieris, but not
equal to him in harmony of colour
ing, or in the exquisite polish of his
finishing. He painted conversations
and portraits ; and though his figures
are not correctly drawn, they have
the merit of fidelity and truth. His
works are little known out of his own
country: died 1705.
Muss (Charles), an enamel painter,
ranked high in that department of the
art. His Holy Family, after Parme
giano, is the largest enamel that ever
was painted. He also excelled as a
painter on glass : died 1824.
Musso (Niccolo), born at Casal-
monferrato ; went to Rome, and stu
died under M. A. Caravaggio, and on
his return to his native city, painted
several altar-pieces for the churches ;
amongst others, a picture of St.
Francis kneeling before the Crucified
Saviour. His style resembles that of
Caravaggio, and though less violent
in his chiaro-oscuro, he is more select
in his forms, and in the expression of
his heads : he flourished about 1618.
Muynck (Adrian de), born at
Bruges in 1731 ; frequented the Aca
demy of Design, in that city, under
Professor Visch. He received in
1763, from the hands of the Bishop
of Caimo, a first prize, consisting of a
medal of gold ; he afterwards went
to Paris with Suvee, where he re
mained some years ; he next visited
Italy, and whilst at Rome he copied
several pictures after the best Italian
masters, and obtained such great
success in that line, that some Eng
lishmen gave him commissions at con
siderable prices. There was at that
time at Rome a hospital, in which
Flemish artists were received and
lodged for some days after their arri
val in that city, and if poor, had also
pecuniary assistance till they procured
employment in their art : the place
of director of that establishment be
coming vacant, Muynck solicited and

MUY

296

MYN

obtained the appointment, which did
not prevent him from cultivating his
art till the time of his death, which
happened in 1811.
Muys (William), born at Schiedam
in 1712 ; resided at Rotterdam. He
painted portraits and pictures of large
dimensions, also some cabinet pictures
in the style of Mieris and of Vander
Werf: he died at Rotterdam in 1763.
Muys (Nicholas), born at Rotter
dam in 1 740 ; a pupil of his father,
William Muys, aud of Aart Schouman,
at the Hague ; painted cabinet pic
tures, portraits, and interiors ; he
was gifted with a fine genius for com
position ; was also exact in design,
with a natural touch, and a grand
finish : he died at Rotterdam in
1808. Muziano (Girolamo), born in
Brescia, 1528 ; was instructed by Gi
rolamo Romanino. He afterwards
went to Venice, and studied the works
of Titian, and the other great masters ;
and at Rome he attracted the notice
of Pope Gregory XIII. who employed
him to paint two pictures for the
church of St. Peter, representing St.
Jerome and St. Basil, which procured
him great celebrity ; he subsequently
executed his celebrated picture of the
Resurrection of Lazarus, now in the
gallery of the Louvre ; and soon after
painted his pictures of the Circumci
sion ; the Ascension ; and St. Francis
receiving the Stigmata ; the Descent
of the Holy Ghost ; the Nativity ;
and Christ giving the Keys to St.
Peter ; and also distinguished him
self as a landscape painter. His
works exhibit a grandeur of design,
and an intimate acquaintance with
muscular anatomy, in which he
appears to have emulated Buona
rotti. His heads are dignified and
expressive, and his colouring partakes
of the truth and harmony of the Ve
netian school ; the backgrounds of his
pictures are frequently embellished
with landscapes, which remind the
spectator of the fine style of Titian :
died 1590.

Muzio (Antonio), born at Verona,
1 600 ; imitated the works of Fiamingo,
and was much employed for the
churches and palaces at Madrid,
where he died in 1648.
My (Jerome Vander), a painter of
history and of portraits ; bora at
Leyden in 1688; was a pupil of G.
Van Mieris ; his portraits were
painted in the best manner of his
master, with a smooth and blended
tint, and finished in fine perfection,
though often wanting vigour in some
parts. Myin (Henry Arnold), bom at
Antwerp in 1 760 ; received instruc
tion from that meritorious painter
B. P. Ommeganck, after whose
manner he painted landscapes with
animals. His works are found in
many collections ; amongst others, in
that of M. Brentano, at Amsterdam,
who possesses two of his landscapes
with sheep.
Myin (Maria Jacoba), born at Om
meganck, and sister of the painter of
that name ; painted landscapes with a
great degree of merit.
Myn (Herman Vander), born at
Amsterdam, 16S4 ; studied under
Ernest Stuven, an eminent painter of
frnit and flowers, whom he soon sur
passed ; but aspiring to a higher de
partment of the art, he quitted Stuven,
and devoted himself to historical sub
jects. He painted a picture of Ju
piter and Danae, which excited uni
versal admiration. He afterwards
went to Paris, and painted a picture
of Peter denying Christ, which is con
sidered his best work. In 1 726 he
came to England, and was employed
in painting the portraits of several of
the nobility, in which he carried to
excess the laborious minuteness of
his countrymen, faithfully imitating
the lace, embroidery, and fringes, with
the most patient precision. He
painted a portrait of Frederick Prince
Wales, another of the Prince of
Orange, also another of the Duke and
Duchess of Chandos, for which he is

MYT

said to have received 500 guineas.
He had a sister, Agatha Vander Myn,
who came to England with him, and
painted fruit, flowers, and dead game.
Mytens (Arnold), born at Brussels,
1541 ; received some instruction in
his native country; then visited Rome,
and painted an altar-piece representing
the Assumption of the Virgin, with
the Apostles, which gained him great
reputation ; also a picture of the Mi
raculous Conception ; the Four Evan
gelists ; the Virgin crushing the head
of the Serpent ; and Christ crowned
with Thorns, which is represented by
torch-light: died 1602.
Mytens (Daniel), the Elder, born
at the Hague, was an admired painter
in the reigns of King James and
Charles I. His arrival in England
is supposed to have been at the latter
part of the reign of James, he had
studied the works of Rubens previous
to his coming, and his landscapes
forming the backgrounds of his pic
tures are evidently in the style of that
master; some of his works have been
taken* for Vandyck' s. At Hampton
Court there are several whole-lengths
of the princes and princesses of the
house of Brunswick Lunenburg, and
the portrait of Charles Howard, Earl
of Nottingham ; at Kensington, is a
head of himself, and at St. James' is
a fine portrait by him of Hudson, the
dwarf, holding a dog with a string, in
a landscape, warmly coloured and
freely painted, like Rubens or Sny
ders. Mytens did not stay long in
England after the arrival of Vandyck,
who painted his portrait, which is
now amongst the great professors of
the art.
Mytens (Daniel), the Younger,
son of the preceding, born at the
Hague, 1636 ; after being instructed
for some time by his father, went
to Rome, and formed an acquaintance
with Carlo Maratti, whose works were
the great object of his admiration,
where he distinguished himself both
as a painter of history and portraits :
died 1688.

"297 NAL
Mytens (Martin), born at Stock
holm, 1695 ; is said to have distin
guished himself as a portrait painter
at the different courts in Europe ;
he painted the portraits of Louis XV.
the Duke of Orleans, and the Czar
Peter of Russia, and whilst at Rome
he devoted himself to copying the old
masters in oil and in miniature : he
also painted a capital picture of Esther
and Ahasuerus ; his own portrait is
in the Florentine Gallery: died 1755.
Mytens (John), born at Brussels,
1612; studied first under A. Van
Opstal, afterwards under Nicholas
Vander Horst, and became an emi
nent painter of portraits ; the Prince of
Orange, and several noblemen of the
first rank, sat to him .

Nadalino (del Murano), was a
pupil of Titian, whom he resem
bled greatly in style and colouring;
resided some years in England, but
we have no further account of him.
Nain (Le  ), a Frenchman ;
excelled in painting domestic subjects
and assemblages of peasantry, which
are ingeniously grouped, and painted
in a sweet and simple tone of colour
ing ; his heads have an appearance of
truth and nature, and are handled in
a manner peculiar to himself: he
flourished about 1650.
Naiwinck or Naiwyncx (Henry),
born at Utrecht about 1620 ; painted
landscapes in the style of Henry
Waterloo, which are seldom met with
out of his country.
Naldini (Battista), born at Flo
rence, 1 537 ; was first a scholar of
Jacob Carucci, called II Pontormo,
and afterwards under Agnolo Bron
zino ; he visited Rome in the Pontifi
cate of Gregory XIII. and painted
several altar-pieces for the churches,
amongst which is, the Baptism of
Christ, also some frescoes of the life of
St. John, the Martyrdom of St. John
the Evangelist, the Purification of the
Virgin, and the Deposition from the

NAN

298

NAS

Cross, which are extolled for their
composition and design, as well as for
the beauty of the colouring and the
elegance of the attitudes : died 1590.
Nanburgo (Michael), studied in
the famous school of Bologna, and is
believed to have learned painting of
Guido Reni. Scanelli, in his Micro-
cosmo, names him with other scholars
of that school, p. 370.
Nanini (Mathew), is mentioned in
the Vita dell' Carlo Cignani, as a scho
lar of that great master, p. 60.
Nanni (Giovanni da Udine) — See
Udine. Nanni (Girolamo), born at Rome;
he flourished during the Pontificate
of Sixtus V. by whom he was em
ployed in several considerable works.
In the church of the Madonna dell
Amina, is a picture by Nanni of the
Annunciation. Nannuccio, a Florentine, scholar
of Andrea del Sarto, was taken into
France by Cardinal Tournon, where he
painted with great reputation. Vasari,
par. 3. lib. 1. p. 174. He flourished
about 1540.
Nantieul (Robt.), born at Rheims,
1 630 ; was instructed by Nicholas
Reynessen, and was highly celebrated
as a painter of portraits in crayons;
he was patronized by Louis XIV. ; he
also painted in oil in an exquisite
manner = died 1678.
Napolitano— See Angelo.
Nappi (Francesco), a Milanese, re
sided at Rome under the Pontificate
of Urban VIII. by whom he was
employed to adorn many of the public
buildings : his principal works are,
the Resurrection, the Assumption of
the Virgin, and the Annunciation.
Nardi (Angelo), an Italian by
birth ; studied under Paolo Veronese,
whose style he imitated in all his
works : he resided chiefly in Spain,
and was made painter to Philip IV. ;
he executed many works for the
churches in Madrid, amongst which,
the Nativity, the Conception, St.

Michael the Guardian Angel, and the
Annunciation, are considered his best
productions : died 1660.
Naselli (Francesco), born at Fer
rara, studied the works of the Caracci
and Guercino, which he imitated with
surprising exactness, but afterwards
devoted himself to the manner of his
countryman, Guiseppe Mazzuoli, be
came an eminent painter of history,
and was employed for several of the
churches in Ferrara ; he painted the
Nativity, the Last Supper, and the
Assumption of the Virgin: died 1630.
Nasini (Cavaliere Guiseppe), bom
near Sienna, 1664, one of the ablest
disciples of Ciro Ferri, was chiefly
employed in fresco : he painted foT
the Grand Duke of Tuscany, the
Four Ages of Man, from the designs
of Pietro da Cortona ; and in the
Basilica of St. John of Lateran, the
prophet Amos ; he also painted the
Death of Cato, and a Lucretia, which
are highly commended : died 1736.
Nasmyth (Alexander), the father of
landscape painting in Scotland, bom
in Edinburgh, 1750; studied in Lon
don under Allan Ramsay, and painted
portraits, of which the principal one
is a small sized oval picture of the
poet Burns, but his talent lay in
landscape painting, and to this he
principally devoted himself ; his views
are chiefly Scottish, and he particu
larly excelled in craggy mountainous
scenes, deep ravines, wild torrents,
and ruinous castles, perched on the
brow of some beetling cliff or roaring
stream, and there are few picturesque
spots in that land of mountain and of
flood which he has not depicted ; his
illustrations of the Scottish scenes in
Waverley are truly national : he came
to London in 1813, but found he had
been anticipated by his son Patrick :
died in 1840.
Nasmyth (Patrick), son of Alex
ander, bom in Edinburgh, 1787 ;
studied under his father and painted
landscapes, but in a less pleasing style
than his father, which he vainly endea-

NAT

voured to improve when he came to
England by the introduction of figures
representing groups of rustics, or tip
pling mechanics at ale-house doors,
although he coloured well, and was
generally tasteful in his selection :
died 1831.
Natali (Carlo), called II Guardo-
lino, bora at Cremona, about 1590 ;
studied first under Andrea Main
ardi, and afterwards under Guido
Reni. One of his best works is a
picture of St. Francesca Romagna,
which, if it does not reach excellence,
is above mediocrity : died 1683.
Natali (Giovanni Battista), son of
Carlo, born at Cremona about 1 630 ;
after receiving some instruction from
his father, he went to Rome and en
tered the school of Pietro da Cortona,
and on his return painted several pic
tures for the churches, amongst others,
St. Patriarca burning the Books of
the Heretics, a large picture, embel
lished with architecture, and not un
worthy a follower of Pietro da Cor
tona: died 1700.
Natalino (da Murano) — See Mu
rano.
Natali s (Michael), born at Liege,
about 1589 ; is said to have been
instructed by Joachim Sandrart, but
we have no account of his works.
Natoire (Charles), a Frenchman,
born at Nismes, 1700 ; was a scholar
of Francis Le Moine, after whose
decease he finished the works left
imperfect by his master : died 1755.
Nattier (Mark), bom at Paris,
1642; died 1705. Excelled in por
trait painting, and was the father and
instructor of Jean Marc Nattier, a
painter of history.
Nattier (Jean Marc), born at
Paris, 1685; distinguished himself
chiefly as a portrait painter : died
1767. Navarette— See Mudo (El).
Nazzari (Bartolomeo), born in
the Bergamese State, 1699 ; was first
a scholar of Angelo Trevisani at

299 NEE
Venice, and afterwards studied at
Rome, under Benedetto Luti and
Francesco Trevisani, and became a
reputable painter of history and por
traits, but particularly excelled in the
latter. One of his most esteemed
historical works is a Holy Family,
with St. Anne, at Pontremoli ; died
1758. Neal (Elizabeth) ; is said to have
resided in Holland, and to have
painted flowers so well, as to have
rivalled Seghers.
Nebbia (Cesare), bom at Orvieto,
in the Bergamese territory, about
1 536 ; was the ablest scholar of
Girolamo Muziano, whose style he
adopted. He painted several pic
tures for the churches at Rome ;
amongst others, the Resurrection, and
the Life of the Virgin: died 1614.
Nebot (B.) ; painted the portrait
of Thomas Coram, 1741, then in
possession of D. Nesbit, and engraved
by Brooke, 1751.
Neck (John Van), born at Naar-
den, 1636; studied under Jacob de
Backer, an eminent painter of history
and portraits, whose style he followed
with great success- As an historical
painter, a picture by him, represent
ing the Presentation in the Temple, is
particularly commended ; and in sub -
jects of the fable he was still more
successful, and displays perfect ac
quaintance with the nude . His female
figures are designed with an elegance
and taste unusual in the artists of his
country. He was also extensively
employed as a portrait painter : died
1714. Nedeck (Peter), bom at Amster
dam, 1616 ; studied under Peter
Lastman, and became a good painter
of landscape : died 1678.
Neef or Neefs (Peter), the
Elder, born at Antwerp, 1570; was a
scholar of Henry Steenwyck the Elder,
and painted similar subjects— in
teriors of churches and convents —
with great celebrity, which he finished
with a neatness and precision that is

NEE

300

NEG

ultogether surprising. His know
ledge of perspective was so correct,
that he would exhibit in the small
space of a cabinet picture the most
vast and magnificent Gothic edifices,
every ornament and decoration being
designed with the utmost correctness,
and into which he introduced, with
infinite art, a variety of objects to
diversify the scene. He frequently
introduced those objects by torchlight
which are, perhaps, the most pictu
resque and desirable of his works ;
but not being successful in designing
tihe figures, they were sometimes
introduced by Teniers, John Breughel,
and others : died 1651.
Neef or Neefs (Peter), the
Younger, son of the preceding artist,
born at Antwerp, 1 600 ; painted
similar subjects to the father, but
greatly inferior, both in neatness of
finishing, and correctness of perspec
tive : died 1658.
Neer (Arnold Vander), born at
Amsterdam, 1619 ; master unknown;
excelled in painting views in Holland
by moonlight, represented groups
of cottages, or fishermen's huts on
the banks of a river or canal, with
boats and figures, in which the moon,
rising in cloudless majesty, sheds her
silvery beams on every object, and
reflected by the glittering of the water,
produces the most fascinating and
picturesque effect. He also painted
sunsets, and in the glowing richness
and harmony of his colouring, occa
sionally approached the excellence of
Rubens and Rembrandt; and was not
less successful in winter pieces, with
figures amusing themselves on the ice,
in which he is only surpassed by the
admirable productions of Albert Cuyp :
died 1683.
Neer (Eglon Hendrick Vander),
son of Arnold ; born at Amsterdam,
1 643 ; received his first instructions
from his father, and was afterwards
placed under Jacob Van Loo, a
painter of history and portraits at
Amsterdam ; he subsequently went
to Paris, and painted large and small

portraits and domestic subjects,' which
were much admired. His historical
and fabulous subjects have little to
recommend them but delicacy of
colour and careful finishing : his best
works of that description are Hagar
in the Wilderness, and Ceres in search
of Proserpine. In conversations and
gallant subjects he appears to have
united the style of Terburg and
Netscher ; they are tastefully com
posed, correctly drawn, highly finished,
well coloured, and touched with great
delicacy ; and although less mellow
and harmonious than those of Metzu
or Mieris, are held in high estimation.
His portrait by himself is in the
Florentine Gallery, inscribed "Eglon
Hendric Vander Neer, f. 1 696 :" died
1703. Neessa (Aionzo de), an ingenious
painter, born in the vicinity of
Madrid, some of whose works are to
be seen in the monastery of the
Observants in Madrid. II P alumina
-asserts, in part 2, that he died in the
year 1668, at the age of 40.
Negre (Nicholas Van), was a
painter of portraits. Suiderhoef, Van
Dalen, and some other artists, have
engraved some of his paintings.
Negri (Pier Martire), born at
Cremona ; was a disciple of Giovanni
Battista Trotti, called II Palumino, a
distinguished painter of history and
portraits. In the church of the hos
pital at Cremona is an admirable work
by him, representing Christ restoring
Sight to the Blind ; and at the Cer
tosa at Pavia is a still finer picture of
St. Joseph : he flourished about 1600.
Negri (Giovanni Battista), born
at Bologna, 1680; a celebrated por
trait painter, was called Ritratti, on
account of his facility iu painting
portraits from memory : died 1 748.
Negrone (Pietro), born in Cala
bria, 1495 ; was a disciple of Giovanni
Antonio d' Amato, and also studied
under Marco Calabrese. He painted
history for the churches in Naples ;
amongst others, the Adoration of the

NEL

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NET

Magi ; the Scourging of Christ ; the
Virgin Mary and Infant ; Christ in
the Clouds, with a Glory of Angels,
and below St. Catherine, St. Geroma,
and St. Onofrio : died 1565.
Nelli (Suor Plautilla), a Floren
tine lady of noble extraction, born
1523 ; painted history, and in one of
the churches in Florence there are
two paintings by her, one of the
Descent from the Cross ; the other
the Adoration of the Magi, the former
of which is said to have been from a
design by A. del Sarto : died 1588.
Neranus( A.), an historical painter,
flourished about 1646 ; he often ap
proached nearly to Rembrandt and
Van Vliet. In the catalogue of the
gallery of Cardinal Fesch was a pic
ture by this painter, representing
Pilate washing his hands after deliver
ing Christ to the Jews.
Neri (John), a Bolognese ; was a
famous painter of birds in miniature.
In the studio of Ulysses Aldrovandi
are seven books full of birds, fishes,
quadrupeds, and other animals, by
his hand: he died in the year 1575.
Masini, p. 678.
Neroni (Bartolomeo\ born at
Sienna; a disciple of Giovanni Antonio
Razzi ; painted history, but was more
celebrated for his architectural and
perspective views. At the Osservanti
at Sienna is a Crucifixion, with a
great number of figures ; and in the
church of the Derelippe a Descent
from the Cross, which is painted
entirely in the style of Razzi : he
flourished about 1573.
Nervesa (Jasper), a scholar of
Tiziano, in Friuli ; painted many
works in a praiseworthy manner, and
with good colouring, he flourished
in 1540. Ridolft,yax. 1. p. 117.
Nes or Nees (John Van), born at
Dort, about 1600; a scholar of
Mirevelt ; went to Venice, and stu
died some time at Rome and Venice,
and on his return to Holland painted
some historical subjects, which were
..deservedly admired; but subsequently,

from the great demand for his por
traits which he painted in the style of
Mirevelt, he devoted himself entirely
to that branch of the art. His por
traits have the merit of perfect re
semblance, dignity of character, and
chaste and vigorous colouring : died
1650. NetschEr (Gaspar), born in Ger
many, about 1638 ; was first placed
under Koeter, a painter of still life,
and afterwards became a disciple of
Gerard Terburg, whose style he fol
lowed so closely, that his pictures
were held in nearly as high estimation.
as Terburg' s : he afterwards went to
Bourdeaux, and met with great en
couragement as a portrait painter.
His pictures usually represent domes
tic subjects and conversations, and in
delicacy of pencil, and lustre of
colouring, reminds us of Francis
Mieris and Terburg ; he particularly
excelled in painting white satin, silk,
ermine, &c. He sometimes painted
historical and fabulous subjects, which
are not the most esteemed of his
works. He was most successful in
painting portraits of a small size, and
is said to have visited England in the
reign of Charles IL, and painted the
portraits of Lord Berkeley of Strat-
ton and his lady, and other persons
of distinction. In the royal collection
at Paris there are two pictures
by Netscher, one of a Musician in
structing a Lady to play on the Bass
Viol; and the other a Lute player
performing on that instrument : died
1684. Netscher (Theodore), son and
scholar of Gaspar, born at Bordeaux,
1661 ; is said to have . visited Eng
land in 1715, and to have met with
great encouragement as a portrait
painter : died 1732.
Netscher (Constantine), younger
son of Gaspar, born at the Hague,
1670 ; by an assiduous study of the
pictures, sketches, and drawings left
by his father, and by a constant imi
tation of them he became an expert
and successful follower of his style.

NEC

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He was extensively employed in
portraiture, and painted, amongst
others, the portraits of the famous
Wassennaer and Duvenvoorden, and
the Earl and Countess of Portland.
His best works were his portraits ; but
he occasionally painted domestic sub
jects and conversations, but not equal
to Gaspar : he succeeded best in
female portraits, which are gracefully
designed, and delicately coloured.
One of his best performances is a
family picture, of the Baron Suesso,
consisting of seven or eight figures,
in which a dog is introduced that
was painted by Vander Does : died
1722. Neuberghe (Christopher), a Ty
rolese, painted figures and historical
pieces for the palace of the Vatican,
and at one time for the Borghese
palace, and had a commission from
the Empress of Russia to copy all the
most beautiful pictures in the Vatican :
he was living in Rome in 1776.
Neve (Francis de), born at Ant
werp, 1626 ; for some time studied
the works and imitated the style of
Rubens and Vandyck ; but he after
wards visited Rome, and was more
distinguished as a painter of what are
called heroic landscapes, with sub
jects from history or the fable : died
1681. Neveu (Mathys), bom at Leyden,
1647; studied first under Abraham
Tooenvlief, and afterwards under Ge
rard Douw. He painted domestic
subjects and conversations, concerts of
music, tea and card parties, and shops
with goods of various kinds, in his
style, highly finished, correctly drawn,
and well coloured, but not equal to
the productions of Gerard Douw.
A picture by him, at Amsterdam,
representing the Works of Mercy, and
composed of a great number of figures
ingeniously grouped, is highly ex
tolled. His works are chiefly con
fined to Holland : died 1721.
Newton (Francis Milner), bom in
London about 1720; was a pupil of

M. Tuscher, confined himself to por
trait painting, and was- much em
ployed : died 1794.
Newton (Gilbert Stuart), born at
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1 785 ; came to
London in 1 81 7, and became a member
of the Royal Academy. His pictures
were of an easel or cabinet size, and his
subjects were chiefly of a pathetic or
affecting nature ; his groups were well
arranged, his colouring bright and
glowing. He sometimes painted por
traits ; and his likeness of Sir Walter
Scott, though not of an elevated cha
racter, is an excellent performance.
His best historical compositions are
those of Jessica and Shylock ; the
Vicar of Wakefield restoring Olivia to
her Mother ; Lear and Cordelia, with
the Physician ; and Portia and Bas
sanio ; but his sketches often sur
passed his more laboured productions.
of which Lear in the Storm ; Mi
randa and Prospero on the Rock
viewing the Shipwreck of Ferdinand
Christ blessing little Children ; La-
fleur taking leave of his Sweetheart
the Nurse lamenting over Juliet
Edie Ochiltree making Tops and Tee
totums for Children : and Falcon-
bridge upbraiding Hubert with the
Murder of Prince Arthur, are de
serving of particular notice : died
1835. Neyd linger (Michael), of Nurem
berg ; left behind him a great name
for his paintings in the monastery of
Santa Anna, and in the Hospital at
Venice. Sandrart, p. 420.
Neyn (Peter de), born at Leyden,
1597; studied under Esaais Vander
velde, by whose instructions he became
a good painter of landscapes : died
1639. Neyts (  ), was a Dutch painter
of landscapes ; the gallery at Dresden
possesses two pictures, signed A.
Neyts, 1681.
Nicasius (Bernard), born at Ant
werp, 1618; studied under Snyders,
in whose manner he painted huntings,

NIC

303

NIN

also landscapes, with fruit, &c. . died
1678. Niccolo del Abati — See Abati
Nicolo. Nicola (John), was a disciple and
countryman of Perugino. In the
church of St. Francis, in Perugia, is a
painting by him of Christ in the
Manger ; and in the church of St.
Dominic, in the chapel Del Baglione,
a painting of all the saints ; also in
the chapel del Cambio, some histories
of St. John the Baptist in fresco :
he flourished about 1620.
Nieulandt (John), bom at Ant
werp, 1569 ; studied under Peter
Fransz and Francis Badens, and
painted history and landscape, small
size, and very highly finished : died
1628. Nieulant (William Van), born at
Antwerp, 1 584 ; studied first under
Roland Savery, and afterwards at
Rome under Paul Bril, whose style
he for some time followed, but sub
sequently adopted a more bold and
expeditious one. He painted views
of the ruins of ancient architecture,
in the vicinity of Rome, drawn with
neatness and precision, and bold and
effective in colour : died 1635.
Nikkelen (John Van), born at
Haerlem, 1649 ; was instructed by his
father, a painter of perspective views,
and the interiors of churches, in the
manner of Van Vliet, but he after
wards applied himself to landscape
painting, and was greatly distin
guished for his flower pieces on satin,
by which he acquired considerable
reputation: died 1716.
Nilson (John Elias), a German
miniature painter, born at Augsburg in
1721. Nimeguen (Elias Van), born at
Nimeguen, 1667 ; finished many por
traits, but never rose above medio
crity ; was taught the rudiments of
the art by an elder brother, an indif
ferent painter of flowers and portraits,
and at an early age applied himself
to an assiduous study of nature, and

became a correct designer of the figure,
with a competent knowledge of per
spective and architecture. He also
excelled in painting landscapes and
flowers, but was principally employed
in decorating the cabinets of the
saloons and mansions in Holland :
died 1745.
Nimeguen (Tobias Van), younger
brother of Elias, born at Nimeguen
about 1670, was similarly instructed,
and pursued the same branch of the
art, in which he gained considerable
reputation. Nimeguen (Dionysius Van), bom
at Rotterdam in 1705, the son and
pupil of Elias Van Nimeguen ; was a
painter of history, portraits, bas-reliefs,
flowers, and other ornaments. Among
other peculiarities of the life of this
artist, it is said that at the age of
ninety-one, he made, without the aid
of spectacles, a portrait of a young
lady with the most perfect resem
blance : he died at Rotterdam in
1798: aged 93.
Nimeguen (Gerard Van), the son
of Dionysius, and grandson of Elias
Van Nimeguen ; was a pupil of his
father, and whilst yet very young,
painted the portrait of His Highness
Prince William V., also some studies,
mountainous landscapes, woody sites,
traversed by streams of water, and orna
mented with figures and animals in
the style of Ruysdael, A. Van Ever
dingen, and of Pynacker, and suc
ceeded so well in those kinds, that
his pictures form part of the most
distinguished collections. He made
a great number of portraits, many de
signs, compositions, and copies after
the pictures of J. Ruysdael, J. Wy-
nants, J. Wils, J. Hakkert, and Hob-
bema, and engraved also in mezzo-
tinto. He was gifted with a fine
genius, the most happy imagination,
and would certainly have acquired a
greater renown if he had studied na
ture more. He died at Rotterdam in
1808, aged 73.
Ninfe (Cesare), born at Venice,
1659; was supposed to have been a

NIN

304

NOP

disciple of Tintoretto, whose manner
he followed, and possessed the readi
ness of invention, and the facility of
hand, for which that painter was re
markable ; he was an excellent colour
ist, though deficient in design ; he also
pamted landscapes in the style of Sal
vator Rosa : died 1699.
Ninno (Juan de Guevara) — See
Guevara. Nobile (Anthony), of Verona ;
painted landscapes well, and was
much esteemed : he gave great pro
mise of becoming an excellent painter,
but he died young. Pozzo, p. 191.
Noblesse (  ), born in France,
1 750 ; formed his taste by studying
the works of Callot, whose manner he
imitated, and excelled in drawing with
a pen and ink.
Nocret (Jean), born at Nancy,
1617, died 1672; painted history
with reputation, but we have no
further description of his works.
Nocret (Charles), son of Jean,
bom at Nancy, 1647, died 1719;
painted portraits with success, but
we have no further description of his
works. Nogari (Paris), born at Rome in
the time of Pope Gregory XIII. ; he
imitated the style of Raffaello da
Reggio, and was employed in the
library of the Vatican. He painted
several pictures for the churches, both
in oil and in fresco, and amongst
others, our Saviour bearing the Cross ;
the Circumcision ; and the Taking
down from the Cross : died in 1577,
65.

Nogari (Joseph), a celebrated Ve
netian painter, was a scholar of An
thony Balestra, but formed for him
self that excellent round and bold
mannerfor which hewas distinguished.
Signor Casnedi, a highly intelligent
admirer of the arts, gave him some
commissions, and some good advice,
by which he so much profited, that
his new and singular manner caused
him to be sent for to Turin, where he

worked much for the King and prin
cipal grandees. Returning to Venice,
the Marquis d'Ormea ordered four
large pictures on historical subjects.
For the British Consul, Mr. Joseph
Smith, he painted many half figures,
in most excellent taste, with a natural
expression and graceful colouring.
He also painted other works for the
King of Poland, which have been en
graved. He flourished about 1740.
Nollet (Dominick), born at Bru
ges, 1 640 ; was a scholar of Jacob
Van Oost, the Elder ; pamted history,
but was more distinguished as a
painter of landscapes, battles, and
sieges, which he executed in a grand
style ; his figures and horses are cor
rectly drawn, and touched with free
dom and spirit, and there is a great
similarity between his pictures and
those of Vander Meulen, to whom he
was little inferior. In the church of
the Carmelites, at Bruges, is an altar-
piece, representing St. Louis embark
ing for the Holy Land, and several of
his battle-pieces and landscapes are
in the collections at Flanders : died
1736. Nollikins (Joseph Francis), bom
at Antwerp, 1706; came to England,
was a scholar of Peter Tillemans, and
painted landscapes and domestic sub
jects ; he was also much employed in
copying the works of Watteau, and
the architectural views of Panini ;
he painted a Musical Conversazione in
the style of the former, almost equal
to Watteau: died 1748.
Nolpe (Peter), born at the Hague,
1601 : the works of this artist as
a painter are only known from some
prints of landscapes which exhibit the
hand of a master.
Nooms (Renier)— See Zeeman.
Nop (Gerret), born at Haerlem,
1570, where he was first instructed;
visited Italy andGermany, and painted
both history and portraits, but we
have no further description of his
works : died 1622.

NOR

305

NUE

Norgate (Edward), lived in the
reign of James I. and was an illumi
nator of missals, &c.
Norisini — See Parasole.
Northcote (James), bora at De-
vonport, 1746 ; a pupil of Joshua
Reynolds. Having painted a few
pictures with some applause, visited
Rome for further improvement, and
on his return to England became a
painter of history. His earliest pro
ductions were the Murder of the two
Princes, Edward V. and Richard Duke
of York, in the Tower ; and the Death
of Leopold, Duke of Brunswick ;
these possessed sufficient merit to
procure his admission into the Royal
Academy as an Associate : then fol
lowed his Wat Tyler, and the Burial
of the Murdered Princes in the Tower,
which increased his reputation. He
painted several other pictures equally
worthy of notice ; but his works, al
though pleasingly coloured, are with
out dignity of character, and appear
to want that unity of purpose, and
conception of subject, which is essen
tial to poetic illustrations : died 1816.
Noter (Augustus Herman de), a
painter of landscapes and winter
scenes, born at Ghent in 1 806 ; was
a pupil of his father, P. F. Noter ;
he had given the most pleasing hopes
of success in the style of Wouvermans,
and had already painted some ship
ping successfully, when he died pre
maturely in 1839.
Noter (Peter Francis de), the son
of an architect, was born at Walhem,
near Malines, in 1779, and became
a pupil of the sculptor Van Geel,
under whom he learned to model after
nature. In 1811 he devoted himself
entirely to painting, and produced
some excellent landscapes, shipping,
interiors of towns and cathedrals, and
winter pieces. Of his compositions,
which are executed in a masterly
manner, the most sought after by
amateurs, are interior views of towns,
and winter scenes : he imitated nature
faithfully, and never endeavoured to
produce effect, which would injure

gracefulness and simplicity ; his deli
cate pencil, in that respect, resembled
the Dutch school. The Royal Aca
demy at Ghent awarded him the first
prize for an interior of a city, and the
second for a landscape, in 1820 ; and
in 1824 he became a member of the
Academy at Amsterdam, and Pro
fessor of the Academy Royal of Paint
ing, at Ghent. His paintings are
numerous, and always varied ; they
are to be seen in almost all the mu
seums and private cabinets in Bel
gium, Holland, and the north of
France. In 1841 he exhibited in
Ghent a view of the chapel of the
cathedral of St. Bavon, which contains
the celebrated painting by John and
Hubert Van Eyck, called the Paschal
Lamb: hediedinl842. IntheMuseum
at Brussels are three paintings by him,
a winter scene, taken from the Pont
Neuf, at Ghent, with a great number
of skaters and sledges on the ice ; the
church of St. Nicholas, at Ghent ;
and a view of the Grain Market, and
a landscape by moonlight.
Nothnagel (John Andrew), born
near Saxe Cobourg, 1729; acquired
considerable reputation as a painter
of landscapes, with merry makings in
the style of Teniers : died 1 790.
N o T T e (Gherardo dalle) — See
Honthorst. Novello (John Baptist), a citizen
of Castelfranco, learned painting of
James Palma the Younger, but exer
cised the art for his own amusement
only ; he was the master of Peter
Damini, a highly esteemed painter.
Ridolfi nella Vita del Damini, par. 2.
p. 248.
Nueri (Avanzino), of the town of
Castello, near Rome : studied basso-
relievos, statues, and paintings, and
afterwards entered the school of Nicolo
Pomerancia, and was soon able to
work so well, that he had a hand in
almost all the pictures ordered by Pope
Sixtus V. His works are to be seen
in the principal churches of Rome :
he died in 1629, aged 77 ¦ Baglioni,
p. 300. x

NUM

306

NUY

Numan (Herman), son of a painter
upon tin, was born at Eringe, near to
Groningen, in 1744 ; and was em
ployed by bis father in painting
flowers, landscapes, and figures till
he was seventeen, when his parents
placed him under Augustini, who
lived at Haerlem, with whom he re
mained four years, and then settled at
Groningen : the number of portraits
he made in that city, furnished him
with the means of going to Paris to
perfect his talent ; he stayed there a
year, and then returned to Amster
dam, where he painted portraits, and
worked in concert with Andriessen on
the decorations of the grand theatre
of that city : he also gave lessons in
design, and engraved in mezzotinto.
He became Director of the Society
Felix Meritis, and a member of the
Royal Netherlandish Institution; and
died at Amsterdam in 1820.
Nunez (Pedro), born in Seville,
1614; visited Rome, and is said to
have been a scholar of Guercino, and
a reputable painter of history and
portraits ; he was one of the artists
employed to paint the portraits of
the Kings of Spain ; and he also
painted some pictures for the churches :
died 1654.
Nunziata (Toto del), a scholar of
Rodolpho Ghirlandaio ; worked some
time for his master, and their paint
ings being sent into Germany, Eng
land, and Spain, was the cause of his
being invited over into England, where
he received great honour and liberal
payments. Vasari, p. 110.
Nunziata, a Florentine, and friend
of the Ghirlandaio ; excelled in re
presenting fires, and girandoles ; he
also worked and coloured figures in
stucco. Vasari, par. 3. hb. 2. p. 25.
Nuvuloni (Panfilo), born at Cre
mona, one of the ablest disciples of
Giovanni Battista Trotti ; painted
history in the style of that master.
His pictures of the Rich Man and La
zarus, and the Assumption of the
Virgin, are amongst his best works :
he flourished about 1608.

Nuvulone (Carlo Francesco),
eldest son of Panfilo, bora at Milan,
1 608 ; studied first under his father,
and afterwards under Giulio Cesare
Procaccini, whose style he abandoned
to study the works of Guido Reni;
and some of his pictures, particularly
those of the Virgin, so nearly ap
proached his style, that it obtained
for him the appellation of the Guido
of Lombardy : he also painted por
traits with great success ; and in the
year 1649, when the Queen of Spain
visited Milan, he was selected to paint
her portrait. Several of his pictures
are in the public edifices at Parma,
&c. ; and in the church of Sta. Vil-
lore, at Milan, is a fine picture by him
of St. Peter's Miracle at the gate of
the Temple : died 1661.
Nuvulone (Guiseppe), called II
Panfilo, younger brother of Carlo,
bom at Milan, 1619; also painted
history, but in a very different style,
and his works form a striking con
trast with those of his brother : his
compositions are copious, and his
light and shadow well managed. He
painted many pictures for the churches
in Lombardy, also at Brescia, and
other cities ; and one of his best per
formances representing St. Dominick
resuscitating a Dead Man, is a grand
composition, and the figure of the
saint is dignified and expressive : died
1703. '
Nuyen (Wynaud Joseph John) ;
this artist, a relation and pupil of the
famous painter Schelfhout, died at
the Hague in 1839, at the age of
twenty-seven. At sixteen years of
age he obtained the prize from the
Felix Meritis at Amsterdam, for the
best landscape ; his paintings are
very recherchee, and ornament the
first collections : at Haerlem there is
a wooded landscape by him, which is
one of his most esteemed works. In
1838 he exhibited at Ghent a winter-
piece that attracted the attention of
all the connoisseurs, and which charm
ed by tbe beauty of the colouring, and
the faithful imitation of nature.

NUZ

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ODE

Nuzzi (Mario), called Mario di
Fiori, born at Penna, in the kingdom
of Naples, 1603 ; was a scholar of
Tommaso Salini, a flower painter of
some celebrity ; he painted similar
subjects, and his portraits were held
in high estimation, and fetched con
siderable prices, but from some noxious
quality in the preparation of the
colours, his works soon lost their ori
ginal freshness, and many of them
have almost entirely perished. At
Rome there is a capital picture by him
of a wreath of flowers encircling the
portrait of St. Gaetano, the figure by
Camassei: died 1673.

Obregon (Pedro de), bom at Ma
drid, 1598, was a disciple of Vincenzio
Carducci, and proved a reputable
painter of history, particularly in pic
tures of an easel size ; of his larger
works, his pictures of the Trinity and
of the Immaculate Conception are
favourably noticed : died 1658.
Obidas (JosephaVan), 1680. This
inscription appears on a painting of
St. John, in colouring and manner
resembling Velvet Breughel.
Occhiali (Gabriello) — See Fer
rantini. Ochoa (Francesco), bom at Seville,
1 644, was brought up in the school of
Murillo, whose style he followed so
closely as to be mistaken for Murillo
by even the most intelligent judges.
Ochtervelt, a native of Holland,
was probably a scholar of Gerhard
Terburg, to whose style and manner
of painting he bears so close a resem
blance that his works are frequently
mistaken for that master's ; his pic
tures usually represent domestic sub
jects, ladies at their toilet, musical
parties, &c. ; they are well coloured,
and carefully wrought up, but the
chief excellence consists in the polished
finishing of his draperies, especially
white satin, in which he is scarcely
inferior to Terburg: he flourished
about 1655.

Octavian (Francesco), born at
Rome, 1690; went to Paris, where
he acquired some reputation as an his
torical painter, and died in 1736.
Odam (Girolamo), aRoman painter,
sculptor, and architect, and a man of
universal genius, was born in 1681 ;
he was instructed in design and paint
ing by Carlo Maratti, and in archi
tecture, assisted by Cav. Charles Fon
tana ; in designing with the pen by
Cav. Pietro Leoni Ghezzi, and in
landscape painting by Dominic Mar-
chis ; he distinguished himself in
every art and science, and had great
facility in sculpture, and in forming
exact likenesses with the crayons ;
also in engraving on copper, and in
copying small cameos in large. He
was made a Knight of the Order of
St. George, by the Duke of Parma,
and became a member of the celebrated
Academia degl' Arcadi.
Odazzi (Giovanni), born at Rome,
1633 ; studied first under Cirlo Ferri,
and afterwards under Giovanni Bat
tista Gauli, called Baccicio, and proved
but a feeble imitator of his style ; of
his works at Rome, the most credit
able are his picture of the Prophet
Hosea; and an altar-piece representing
the Fall of Lucifer ; he also painted
the Twelve Apostles, in fresco, in the
church of St. John of Lateran : died
1731. Odckerken (W.), bora at Nime
guen in 1 650, has left a copy of a
picture, from one by Metzu, the
painting of which is so finished that
by the name only can it be distin
guished from the original ; the subject
is a cook, surrounded with his utensils.
He also painted inanimate objects,
but with much less talent.
Oddi (Mauro), born at Parma,
1 639 ; studied under Pietro da Cor
tona, and painted several altar-pieces
for the churches in Italy : died 1702.
Oderico (Giovanni Paolo), born
at Genoa, 1613 ; was a scholar of Do
menico Fiasella, and painted history
with some reputation, but particularly
x2

ODE

308

OLD

excelled in portraits ; he was a correct
designer, and his colouring exhibits
both vigour and harmony ; the most
esteemed of his works is his Guardian
Angel, in one of the churches at
Genoa : died 1657.
ODEVAERE(Joseph Dionysius), born
at Bruges in 1778, was a pupil of
Suvee, and of the celebrated David.
In 1804 he obtained at Paris the
grand prize for painting ; in 1805 he
departed for Rome, and continued his
studies during six years. In 1812, he
exhibited at Paris a picture for which
he was decreed another gold medal.
Returning to Bruges, he finished
several pictures of churches, and
painted some for private persons. In
a church at Bruges there is a painting
by him which represents the death of
Christ ; in 1814 he was employed by
King William I. in painting a subject
he gave, of the Union of Utrecht,
which so pleased the king that he
placed it in his palace. After the battle
of Waterloo he offered the king a
painting representing the moment that
the Hereditary Prince, now King of
Holland, was wounded ; this picture,
which received general approbation,
was exhibited in the south and north
provinces. He made also a picture,
representing the Inauguration of the
King, which took place at Brussels in
1815, in which are the portraits of all
the personages who assisted at that
august ceremony ; the painter has
chosen the instant when the king
swore to maintain the fundamental
law. He painted also for the king
the Battle of Nieuport ; also a picture
representing the Foundation of the
House and of the Principality of
Orange, in the person of William
called the Cornet, the first of the name
and the first Prince of Orange, in the
year 793 ; this picture was painted in
1814, and in Le Messager des Sciences
et des Arts, vol. I . p. 314, is given an
interesting description of it. There
are also several pictures of churches
by him ; he was member of the Royal
Institution of the Low Countries, and
of several academies and learned so

cieties, and a Chevalier of the Lion
of the Netherlands. His portrait is
among the portraits of modern artists
by Van Eckhout and Van den Burg-
graaf ; in the museum at the Hague
is a picture by him of Raffaelle pre
sented to the Pope; and another re
presenting the' last Defenders of Mis-
solonghi preferring death to slavery;
and at the museum at Brussels, the
naval victory of Canaris over the
Turks. He died in Brussels in 1830.
Oeri (Peter), born at Zurich, 1637,
is said to have been a correct and
tasteful designer, with a ready inven
tion, and a spirited and graceful exe
cution ; but we have no further account
of his works.
Oeser (Frederick), born at Pres-
burg, 1717 ; studied in the Academy
at Vienna, and at eighteen years of
age gained the principal prize for
his picture of Abraham's Sacrifice ;
he visited Dresden and Leipsic, at
which latter place he painted several
historical works for the public edifices,
and for private collections, both in oil
and in fresco : died 1795. His son,
Frederick Louis, who died in 1792,
aged 40, was a landscape painter of
merit. Oggione (Maneo da)— See Ug-
GIONE. Olandese (John Van), of Antwerp,
painted landscapes in water colours
from nature, in a bold and beautiful
manner ; he also painted in oil with
an agreeable softness of colouring :
he flourished about 1500. Baldinucci,
secolo 4. p. 311. Pascoli, p. 1380.
Oldone (Boniface), a native of
Vercelli, applied himself when young
to the art with great success, as his
works shew, of which there are great
numbers in the possession of private
individuals in Vercelli, and one in the
church of St. Paul, which is much
admired ; also in a side chapel, now
inclosed, in the parochial church of
St. Julian, in Vercelli, there is a beau
tiful and very valuable picture by him,
underwritten Bonifacius de Oldonibus
operabat anno 1 648.

OLE

309

OLL

Olen (Van)— See Alen.

Olis (John), a Dutchman, painted
conversations, interiors of kitchens,
with culinary utensils, and flowers,
&c. in a pleasing style, agreeably co
loured : flourished about 1670.
Oliver (Isaac), born in England,
1556; studied first under Nicholas
Hilliard, afterwards under Federigo
Zuccaro, and became an eminent mi
niature painter, and perhaps never was
excelled by any artist of any country,
if we except a few of the smaller works
of Holbein ; the extraordinary produc
tions of Giulio Clovio in miniature will
not weaken his claim to that distinc
tion, as Clovio never painted portraits,
and Oliver did little else : in our own
country, Cooper, who had the advan
tage of studying and copying the
works of Vandyck, can alone be said
to compete with him, his boldness
and freedom of style scarcely com
pensating for the delicate fidelity and
truth of nature which distinguish the
best pictures of Oliver. His son Peter
approached nearer than any other ar
tist to the beautiful finishing of his
father. In the collection of Dr. Meade
were some of his finest works, amongst
which were a portrait of himself ; an
admirable head, said to be of Mary
Queen of Scots, which Zinck copied
in enamel : Queen Elizabeth ; Henry
Prince of Wales : a full length por
trait of Sir Philip Sydney ; Ben
Jonson, and others. His portrait of
James I. served Rubens and Vandyck
when they had occasion to paint that
monarch after his decease ; although
he rarely designed historical subjects,
a few of his drawings aud miniatures
of that description are noticed by Lord
Orford, amongst which is a fine Mag
dalen, in the collection of Colonel
Sotheby ; a Head of Christ, formerly
in that of Dr. Meade ; and in Queen
Caroline's Closet at Kensington are
two capital drawings, one of the
Murder of the Innocents, after Raf
faelle ; and the other the Entombing
of Christ, a composition of twenty-
six figures ; some of his drawings

are in the style of Parmegiano: died
1617. Oliver (Peter), son of Isaac, bom
in London, 1601 ; was instructed in
miniature painting by his father, but
did not confine his talents to portraits;
he was employed in copying in water
colours several of the principal pic
tures in the collection of Charles I.,
many of which are preserved in the
palace at Kensington ; at Burleigh is
a picture by him of Venus and Adonis,
and one of his finest pictures, a por
trait of his wife, was in the collection
of the Duchess of Portland ; it is
doubted whether his father ever sur
passed him in miniature : died 1660.
Oliver (John), nephew of Peter,
called Isaac in Lord Orford' s Anec
dotes of Painters, born 1666 ; was an
eminent painter on glass. In Christ
Church, Oxford, there is a window by
him representing the Angel delivering
Peter from Prison, to which his name
is affixed ; it is dated 1 700.
Olivier (M.), bora at Paris, came
to London, and in 1772 exhibited six
pictures at the Royal Academy, two
of which represented the Death of
Cleopatra and the Murder of the In
nocents, but possessed little merit :
died about 1783.
Olivieri (Domenico), born at Tu
rin, 1679 ; excelled in painting drolls,
fairs and merry-makings, in imitation
of the style of Peter de Laer, in
which he displays infinite humour
and a talent for caricature which has
seldom been surpassed. In the Gallery
of the Court at Turin, there are two
pictures, one of which represents a
Fair, with an immense assemblage of
figures, quack doctors, and groups of
peasants, sporting or quarrelling, in
geniously composed, though chiefly
employed in what is called Bamboc-
ciate ; he was not incapable of the
higher walk of historic painting, as
appears by his Miracle of the Sacra
ment in the sacristy of Corpus Domini
at Turin.
Ollanda (Francis di), painter to

OMM 310
the King of Portugal, improved him
self in the school of Michael Angelo
Buonarotti in the use of the pencil,
and painted for the King a great num
ber of pictures ; he also painted in
the churches of that kingdom with
credit : he died about the year
1560. Ommeganck (  ), born at Ant
werp, was a celebrate 1 painter of
landscapes and animals, and his pro
ductions, when placed by the side of
those of the ancient masters in the
Louvre, were greatly admired and
eagerly purchased : died 1826.
Onkruit (Theodore), was a minia
ture portrait painter, residing at
Utrecht in 1770.
Onofrio (Crescenzio di), born at
Rome about 1650, was a scholar of
Gaspar Poussin, and painted landscape
in the charming style of that master ;
he resided chiefly at Florence, and was
much employed by the Court and for
private collections.
Oort (Lambrecht Van), born at
Amersfort about 1520 ; was a repu
table painter of history, but more
celebrated as an architect : died 1574.
Oort (Adam Van), son of Lam
brecht, born at Antwerp, 1557; was
instructed in design by his father, and
was employed for several of the
churches and public edifices in Flan
ders and Brabant. In the early part
of his life his pictures possessed great
merit, but latterly they became tame
and mediocre ; he also painted land
scapes and portraits, but his greatest
merit consisted in his having been the
master of Rubens : died 1641.
Oost (Jacob Van), the Elder,
born at Bruges, 1600 ; painted an
altar-piece for one of the churches
there, which excited the admiration
and surprise of his contemporaries ;
he visited Rome, studied the works of
Annibale Caracci, and other great
masters, and produced some pictures
so closely resembling those of Anni
bale Caracci, as to astonish the most
distinguished judges ; he was equally

OOS
successful in altar-pieces, portraits,
and pictures for private collections ;
he first studied the works of Rubens
and Vandyck, and is justly ranked
amongst the ablest artists of the
Flemish school: following the exam
ples of the great masters he avoided
crowding his pictures with figures
unessential to the subject. His works,
whether in history or portraits, are
particularly distinguished by their
freshness and purity of colouring, and
his backgrounds are generally embel
lished with architecture; he painted
two fine pictures of the Nativity and
Circumcision, but his most esteemed
work is a Taking down from the
Cross: died 1671.
Oost (Jacob Van), the Younger,
son and scholar of the preceding
artist, born at Bruges, 1637 ; studied
first under his father, and then went
to Rome for improvement : he returned
to Flanders and painted several pic
tures for the churches there, and was
so eminent in portrait painting that
his partisans ventured to compare his
pictures with those of Vandyck ; his
historical pictures, like those of his
father, partake more of the Roman
than the Flemish school ; the Mar
tyrdom of St. Barbara and the Trans
figuration are considered two of his
best performances ; died 1713.
Oosten (I. V.) ; this artist painted
small landscapes, richly filled, in the
style of John Breughel ; some of his
productions are still met with.
Oosterhoudt (Thierry Van), bom
at Tiel in Gueldres, in 1756, a pupil
of R. Van Eynder, attended the Elec
tor's Academy at Dusseldorf, and
after studying for five years the works
of Raphael, Carlo Dolci, Vandyck,
Rubens, Vander Werf, and other
masters, he returned to his native
town, where he made many portraits
and finished numerous compositions ;
he has also left some paintings of
domestic subjects, which are mostly
to be found at Tiel and at Utrecht ;
and there are some pictures in water

OOS 311
colours by him which are much es
teemed : he died at Tiel in 1830.
Oosterwyck (Maria Van"), born
near Delft in 1630, a celebrated
paintress of flowers and fruit ; having
studied under John de Heem, the
most celebrated flower painter of his
time, whose beauty and delicacy she
nearly approached, she grouped her
pictures with extraordinary taste, and
finished them with expressive neat
ness and delicacy : her colouring is
fresh, clear, and transparent, and her
touch admirably adapted to the sub
jects she had to represent ; her works
are extremely scarce, and held in high
estimation: died 1693.
Oostfries (Joseph), bom at Hoom
in 1628, was a pupil of Maartz En-
gelsman, and is spoken of as a painter
upon glass : he died in 1661.
Oostfries (Catharine), born at
Nieukoop in 1636, sister of Joseph
Oostfries, and wife of Nicholas Van
der Meulen, was also a painter on
glass : she died in 1708, aged 72.
Opheiden (Gozewin), a painter of
Utrecht ; gave, in 1634, to the hos
pital of St. Job in that city a picture
composed of a chemist's laboratory,
in which is his own portrait.
Opie (John), an eminent English
artist, born near Cornwall, 1 76 1 ; was
a self-taught portrait painter, whose
talents having been discovered by
Peter Pindar, otherwise Dr. Walcot,
he met with considerable employment
through his recommendation. About
1777, he was introduced to Lord
Bateman, who employed him in
painting old men, beggars, &c. which
he designed with uncommon vigour and
with great truth of expression : he
was not very attentive to the elegance
or graces of female attraction, and
his portraits of men are more distin
guished by identity and truth than
by dignity of character ; he painted
pictures to illustrate Boydell's Shak-
speare, Bowyer's English History,
Macklin's Poets, &c, but his most
popular productions were his pictures

ORC
of the Murder of James I. King of
Scotland, the Death of Rizzio, Jeph-
thah's Rash Vow, the Presentation in
the Temple, and Arthur supplicating
Hubert ; he was also very successful
in painting domestic or rustic subjects.
His works are distinguished by a sim
plicity in composition, boldness in
effect and strength, though not dig
nity of character ; few painters have
shewn so perfect an eye to the purity
of colour, and in some of his works
he appears to have emulated the har
monious toning of Rembrandt or
Titian, but there is little of the ideal
to be found in his compositions : died
1807. Opstal (Gaspar James Van), bom
at Antwerp, 1660 ; painted history
and portraits with considerable repu
tation, and in 1 704 copied the cele
brated altar-piece by Rubens repre
senting the Descent from the Cross ;
in which he perfectly imitated the
freedom of touch and the admirable
colouring of the original. Several of
his works are in the churches at Bra
bant, and at St. Omer is a picture by
him representing the Fathers of the
Church. His portraits are highly
esteemed: died 1714.
Oram (William), was a self-taught
landscape painter, who arrived at
great merit in the arts ; but we have no
description of his style. He was made
Superintendent of the Board of Works
through the interest of Sir Robert
Walpole. Orazi (Alessandro), born at Bo
logna, 1400 : died 1449. Painted
historical subjects in fresco for the
churches. Orbetti (L') — SeeTuRCHi.
Orcagna (Andrea), called Di
Cione, bom at Florence, 1329 ; was
instructed in painting by his elder
brother, Bernardo Orcagno, in con
junction with whom he painted some
frescoes at Florence representing Para
dise and the Infernal Regions ; and
at Pisa, the Last Judgment; in which,
as was usual at that time, the figures

ORI

312

ORS

were portraits. He pamted in the
hard style of that period, and was in
ferior to Giotto, both in style and
colouring: died 1389.
Orizonti— See Bloemen.
Orlandi (Edward), born in Bo
logna in 1660 : learned design in the
school of Lorenzo Pasinelli; and after
painting for some time, took to model
ing in large and small with great
success. He had a son, Stephen, bora
in 1680, who in painting and in per
spective arrived at great perfection ;
his talent for theatrical works were
shewn in Bologna in 1718; and in
other works in Rome, with Pompey
Aldrovandi, in the Theatre Capranica,
and in other places.
Orlay (Bernard Van), called Ber
nard of Brussels ; excelled in paintmg
field sports and the hunting of wild
animals, He was much employed by
Charles V. and generally introduced
the portraits of the Emperor and his
attendants. He also painted several
portraits of the family of Nassau,
which were copied by Jordaens. He
occasionally painted history, and one
of his pictures, of the Last Judgment,
is favourably spoken of by Sandrart.
He frequently covered his panel with
leaf gold before he laid on his colours,
to keep them from changing : died
1540. Orlay (Richard Van), born at
Brussels, 1 652 ; was instructed by his
father, Peter Van Orlay, an obscure
portrait painter, and first apphed him
self to painting portraits in miniature,
but afterwards became celebrated as a
painter of historical subjects of a small
size, in style and composition more
resembling the Italian than the Flem
ish school, particularly that of
Albano, Pietro da Cortona and Nicolo
Poussin. His backgrounds are usually
embellished with architecture and fine
perspectives: died 1732.
Orlay (John Van), younger brother
of Richard, born at Brussels, 1656 ;
painted history with some success for
the churches in the Netherlands.

Amongst others, St. Peter delivered
from Prison ; the Resurrection ; and
the Adoration of the Magi ; the last
of which is considered his best per
formance. Orleans (Robert d'), a French
painter ; excelled in painting animals
and insects. He made a fine series of
them in miniature for Gaston of
France, which are now in the collec
tion of Prints in the Cabinet of the
King of France.
Orleans (Francis d'), with Lo
renzo Naldini assisted Rosso in the
Gallery of Fontainebleau, and worked
on stucco with remarkable skill : he
flourished about 1550. Vasari, par. 3.
p. 216.
Ormea (William), a painter of
Utrecht ; gave in 1 638 to the hospital
of St. Job in that city a picture com
posed of various species of fish. In
1665 he was a member of the college
of painters at Utrecht.
Ormea (Marcus), a Dutch painter,
was Dean of the College of Painters at
Utrecht from 1621 to 1625 ; he gave
a picture to the hospital of St. Job,
in that city, which represents the sea
side, in the foreground is grouped a
quantity of fish.
Orrente (Pedro), born at Murcia,
about 1560 ; visited Italy, and was a
scholar of Giacomo Bassano, whose
colouring he imitated, but in com
position and design bears no resem
blance to. He painted several pictures
for the churches and convents, amongst
which are St. Leocadia coming out of
the Sepulchre ; the Nativity ; and
Orpheus playing to the Brutes ;
which, together with four landscapes
by him, were in the King of Spain's
collection: died 1642.
Orsi (Benedetto), born at Pescia ;
flourished about 1 650 ; was a disciple
of Baldassare Franceschini, called II
Volterrano, and painted history in' the
Church of St. Stefano, at Pescia. A
picture by him representing St. John
the Evangelist ; also the seven works

ORS

313

OST

of Mercy, for la Campagnia de Nobili,
are regarded amongst the most es
teemed works of art in that city.
Orsi (Prospero), born at Rome ;
flourished under Pope Sixtus V. ;
painted history in imitation of the
style of the Cavaliere Guiseppe Cesare
d'Arpino ; amongst which are two
ceilings, of the Children of Israel pas
sing through the Red Sea ; and Jacob
blessed by Isaac : died in the pontifi
cate of Urban VIII.
Orsi (Lelio), called Lelio daNovel-
lara bora at Reggio, 1511; from the
similarity of his style and the graceful
airs of his heads, is supposed to have
been a disciple of Correggio, whose
pictures he occasionally copied ;
amongst others, his famous Notte,
which is a remarkably fine copy. By
some he is said to have been a scholar
of M. A. Buonarotti. His fresco
works, of which there are many in
the churches in Italy are nearly all
perished : died 1587.
Orsini (Antonio), born at Rome,
1656: died 1708; painted history
with some reputation ; but we have
no further account of his works.
Orsoni (Joseph), born in Bologna
in 1692 ; studied designing and figures
under Dominic Viani, but afterwards
devoted himself to theatrical archi
tecture, under Pompeo Aldrovandini.
Specimens of his talents in that line
may be seen in the theatres of Genoa,
Bologna and Lucca.
Ortolano — See Benvenuto.
Os (Van), a modern Dutch painter,
born 1744, in tbe province of Zea
land . He particularly excelled in paint
ing fruit and flowers ; and though not
equal to the delicate transparency of
John Van Huysum or Rachel Ruysch,
they are finely coloured and highly
wrought up. He also painted land
scapes and sea-pieces, but far inferior
to his other works: died in 1818,
leaving two sons, who were both dis
tinguished artists.
Os ( George James John Van),
learned to paint portraits under Navez,

and died in 1841, in the flower of his
age. Osorio (Francesco Menases), a
Spaniard, was brought up in the
school of Murillo, and was one of the
most successful imitators of his style.
He painted several pictures for the
churches and convents at Seville :
flourished about 1725.
Ossana (John Baptist), was a scho
lar of Giulio Cesare Procaccini ; his
paintings are in the city of Milan, par
ticularly in the churches of Santa Eu-
phemia and in del Giardino : he
flourished about 1630. Torre, Tp. 300.
Ossenbeck (John Van), born at
Rotterdam, about 1627; went to
Italy, and distinguished himself as a
painter of landscapes, with animals,
fairs, and huntings, in the style of
Peter de Laer, called Bambocciate,
which he usually embellished with
ruins and architecture. His pictures,
though not equal to those of de Laer,
possess great merit ; they are in
geniously composed, and the figures
and animals are correctly designed
and touched with great spirit : died
1678. Ostade (Adrian Van), bom at Lu
beck, 1610; was a fellow student
with Brouwer under Frank Hals,
and painted similar subjects to Brou
wer, usually representing the interiors
of ale-houses or kitchens, with Dutch
peasants smoking and regaling,
drunken frolics or quarrels, which he
has treated in so humorous a manner
that we forget the vulgarity of the
objects to admire the fidelity of the
scene. His colouring is rich, clear,
and glowing, his penciling light and
delicate, and though finished with an
appearance of extreme polish, his
touch is spirited and free. For his
best works no price is considered too
much : died 1685.
Ostade (Isaac Van), brother and
scholar of Adrian, born at Lubeck,
about 1617; first painted similar sub
jects to his brother, in the same style,
but very inferior, and afterwards
changed his manner, and painted

OST

314

OUW

winter scenes and canals frozen, with
persons skating, &c. which approach
to the bold and admirable productions
of Albert Cuyp, and are deservedly
held in the highest estimation : died
1671. OSTERWYCK — See OOSTERWYCK.
Otho Venius — See Venius.
Ottini (Pasquale), bom at Verona,
1570; was a disciple Felice Riccio,
called Brusasorii. In conjunction with
A. Turchi, called L'Orbetto, or Ales
sandro Veronese, who was a fellow-
student under Riccio, he finished some
of the pictures left imperfect by that
master ; he afterwards visited Rome,
and on his return distinguished him
self as a painter of history by the
beauty of his forms and the expressive
airs of his heads. His picture of the
Murder of the Innocents, in the church
of St. Stefano, at Verona, is an object
of universal admiration. He is ranked
as one of the most successful followers
of the style of P. "Veronese : died
1630. Ouche (Andrea) — See Sacchi.
OUDENARDE — See AUDENARDE.
Oudendyck (Evert), brother of
Adrian Oudendyck, born at Haerlem ;
painted landscape, which he animated
with stag-hunts, &c. &c. In 1646 he
was admitted into the Society of
Painters of Haerlem. The catalogue
of sales mention some of his paintings
which have been sold at high prices.
Oudendyck (Adrian), a landscape
painter, born at Haerlem ; was a pupil
of his father, Evert Oudendyck. He
copied the works of Adrian Vandevelde
and of Thomas Wyck, and for that
reason was surnamed Rapianus ; the
colouring of some of his landscapes is
however good ; he also painted views
of towns, which D. Maas sometimes
ornamented with figures.
Ouderogge (  ), there are only
two paintings by this master mentioned
in the catalogue of Hoet ; they are in
the collection of a lady at Leyden ;
one represents a Weaver at his la

bours, surrounded by his family ; the
other, a Shoemaker and his Apprentice
in his stall. The connoisseurs esteem
these productions as much as those of
De Vries. In the museum at Am
sterdam there is a painting by him
that represents some Weavers seated
by a Fire, and near them is seen the
implements of their trade.
Oudry (John Baptist), born at
Paris, 1686 ; was a scholar of Nicho
las Largilliere, under whom he became
an able designer and a respectable
colourist. He first painted historical
subjects for the churches with con
siderable ability ; amongst others the
Nativity and the Adoration of the
Magi ; and afterwards portraits, hunt
ing-pieces, and cavalcades, designed
with correctness and spirit, and
touched with facility and vigour ; by
which he acquired considerable repu
tation : died 1755.
Ovens (Jurian), bom at Amster
dam, 1620; was educated under
Rembrandt, and became an excellent
colourist. He excelled inpainting night
pictures and subjects by torchlight.
His principal work represented .Julius
Civilis in the consecrated grove, ex
horting the Batavians to throw off the
Roman yoke. He alsopainted portraits,
which are esteemed for their truth
and expression of character, and for
the harmony of the colouring : died
1668. Overbeck (Bonaventure Van), born
at Amsterdam, 1660 ; is supposed to
have studied under Gerard Lairesse ;
he visited Rome, and applied himself
to drawing and studying the antiqui
ties of that city ; and painted some
historical subjects which were highly
esteemed: died 1709.
Ouwater (Albert), born at Haer
lem, 1444 ; was one of the earliest
painters in oil, after Van Eyck. An
altar-piece at Haerlem, representing
St. Peter and St. Paul, is commended
for correctness of design and the rich
ness of the colouring, although some
what stiff and laboured in the finish
ing. But his large picture of the

OWE 315
Resurrection of Lazarus, with the
Apostles and other figures, is said to
be designed in a style superior to the
practice at that early period, aud with
considerable expression in the heads,
particularly of the females, the dra
peries well cast, and the back ground
embellished with architecture in the
taste of the time : died 1515.
Owen (William), bom in Wales,
about 1 765 ; was a pupil of Catton,
and painted portraits with considerable
cdebrity ; his colouring was excellent,
style bold and vigorous, but the draw
ing of his heads and hands occasionally
feeble, and he was less successful in
his female than in his male portraits :
died 1825.

PAG

Pacchiarotti (Jacopo), born at
Sienna ; formed his first style by
studying the works of Pietro Peru
gino, and afterwards improved him
self by contemplating those of Raf
faelle. Many of his works are in
the churches and private collections
at Sienna, in one of which, St.
Catherine visiting the Corpse of St.
Agnes, he nearly approaches his
illustrious prototype : flourished about
1535. Pacheco (Francisco), bora at
Seville, 1580 ; a disciple of Luis
Ferdinandez ; is said to have studied
some time in Italy. He painted his
tory, correct in design, appropriate in
composition, and noble and dignified
in the airs of his heads ; but poor in
tone, feeble in execution, and dry in
manner: died 1654.
Pacini (Santi), a Florentine ; made
several designs for different paintings
in the Gerini Gallery ; he also painted
in fresco, and was living in his own
country in 1778.
Paderna (Giovanni), born at Bo
logna, 1 600 ; was a scholar of Giro
lamo Curti, called II Dentone, under
whom he became an eminent painter
of perspective and architecture; and
although inferior to Agostino Mitelli,

was so much employed as to excite
his jealousy: died 1640.
Paderna (Paolo Antonio), born
at Bologna, 1649 ; studied first under
Guercino, and afterwards under Carlo
Cignani, and acquired some celebrity
as an historical painter, but was
more distinguished for his landscapes,
which are designed and painted in the
vigorous style of his first instructor.
His scenery is grand, and his colour
ing clear and harmonious : died 1708.
Padouanino (Francesco), born at
Padua, 1552; master unknown. Pos
sessed of an inventive genius, and
correct and graceful in designing, he
painted history with considerable
reputation. One of his best pictures
is that of a Saint interceding for two
Criminals condemned to death. He
was much employed as a portrait
painter, and painted those of the Earl
and Countess of Arundel, which were
admired for their truth and dignity of
character, and the excellent tone of
colouring: died 1617.
Padouanino (Ottavia), son of
Francesco, born at Padua, about
1 582 ; after studying some time under
his father, went to Rome for improve
ment, and acquired some celebrity as
an historical painter, but was chiefly
engaged in portrait painting, in which
he was most successful; died 1634.
Padouanino — See Varotari.
Pad ou ano (Lauro) ; is said to have
been a native of Padua, and a scholar
of Squarcione. He painted history for
the churches, and was a successful
imitator of the works of Andrea Man
tegna : flourished about 1460.
Padouano — See Avibus.
Paert or Peart (Henry) ; studied
under Barlow and Stone, but is chiefly
known as a copier of some historical
paintings in the royal collection, and
as sometimes painting portraits :
died about 1697.
Pagani (Francesco), born at Flo
rence, 1531 ; went to Rome, studied
the works of Polodori di Caravaggio

PAG

316

PAG

and Maturino, and produced some
works which procured him great
reputation. Pontormo considered one
of his first pictures that he painted at
Florence equal to Michael Angelo :
he died young, 1561.
Pagani (Gregorio), son of Fran
cesco, born 1558; was placed as a
pupil under Santo di Titi, and after
wards under Lodovico Cardi, called
Cigoli, in imitation of whose style he
painted a picture of the Finding of the
Cross, which was afterwards destroyed
by fire. Some of his fresco works,
which are worthy of admiration, still
remain: died 1605.
Pagani (Paolo);born 1661, in the
Milanese State; studied, at Venice,
the works of the best masters ; he
established a school there, and intro
duced a style of designing the naked,
which, though bold and effective, is
occasionally surcharged and extrava
gant. He was much employed, both
for public edifices and for private
collections: died 1716.
Paganini (Guglielmo Capodoro),
born at Mantua, 1670 ; was a dis
ciple of Antonio Calza, and afterwards
under Bourgognone, whose works he
studied to imitate, and became a
reputable painter of battles and en
campments, which he composed with
ingenuity, and touched with great
spirit. Paggi or Pagi (Giovanni Battista),
born at Genoa, 1554 ; studied first
under Luca Cambiasi, and acquired
some reputation as a painter of his
tory ; he also studied the antique
statues and bas-reliefs. His first
productions were rather distinguished
by grace than energy, in which he
appears to have imitated the suavity
of Baroccio. Such is his picture of
the Holy Family, in the church Degli
Angeli at Florence ; but he after
wards adopted a more robust and
masculine style, as appears in his
Transfiguration, in the church of St.
Marco. One of his best pictures is
said to be the Murder of the Inno

cents, in the Palazzo Doria, which he
painted in competition with Rubens :
died 1629.
Paglia (Francesco), born at Bre
scia, 1636 ; was educated in the
school of Guercino ; painted history
and portraits. His works are es
timable for harmony of colouring ;
but his drawing is occasionally incor
rect, and his figures too long and
meagre. His best productions are
his portraits, which possess dignity
and truth of character, purity of
tone, and uncommon relief: died
about 1700.
Paglia (Angelo), a Brescian
painter, the son of Francis, and
brother of Anthony, bom in 1 68 1 ;
studied under his father, whose man
ner he followed. He was correct in
design, and beautiful in colouring,
especially in his Madonnas, and in
the small ones was incomparable : he
died in 1763, aged 82.
Paglia (Joseph), son of Angelo ;
studied under and imitated the works
of his father. He painted many
works, amongst which may be men
tioned the picture of the Virgin
Mary, in the Santa Croce in Brescia ;
a picture of Christ, in the choir of the
church of St. Zeno, also in Brescia;
and a St. Joseph, in the church of
St. Francis ; also the Martyrdom of
St. Peter the Apostle, in the parochial
church at Virla : he died young.
Paglia (Anthony), a Brescian, son
of Francis, born in 1680 ; studied
under his father, and after his death
at Venice, in the school of Sebastian
Ricci, whose manner he followed ;
he then went to Venice, to study the
works of the bestr masters, both
ancient and modern, and made skilful
copies of a great many, and upon his
return to his own country, took with
him several works of Ricci, that he
might always have his manner before
him, and opened a school in Brescia.
He delighted in imitating the ancient
painters, especially the Bassani, which
he did so cleverly, as might have de-

PAG

31;

ceived the unpractised eye. He left
various works, among which are the
following : a large painting of St.
Martino, in a church once belonging to
the Celestine monks; of St. Luke, in
that of the hospital ; also St. Lewis
Gonzaga, and St. Stanislaus ; St.
Hyacinth and the Virgin, in the
sacristy of St. Dominic ; and nume
rous works in various other churches
in Brescia ; he painted also in fresco,
some of which are in the church of the
Miracles, and in that of St. Peter the
Martyr in Brescia : died 1747-
Pagna (Hyacinth della), born in
Brussels, 1 706 ; became famous for
painting battles : his celebrity in that
line caused him to be placed in the
service of the Emperor ; he also
painted various works for the King
of Spain, and for the King of Sar
dinia. Pagni (Benedetto), born at Pescia;
was educated at Rome under Giulio
Romano, and afterwards went to
Mantua, and distinguished himself as
a painter of history. He painted the
Marriage of Cana, for the collegiate
church there ; also a fine picture of
the Martyrdom of St. Lawrence.
Palacios (Francis), born in Ma
drid ; was a scholar of Velasquez,
and a good painter of portraits, and
in which he would probably have
equalled his master, but died at the
early age of 30, in Madrid, 1676.
Palumino, par. 2. p. 387.
Paladini (Archangela), born at
Pisa, 1599; was a daughter of Fi
lippo Paladini, a portrait painter of
some reputation, who instructed her
in the art. Her portrait, painted by
herself, was placed in the Gallery of
Artists at Florence: died 1622.
Paladini (Litterio), born at Mes
sina, 1691 ; studied at Rome, under
Sebastian Conca, but derived more
advantage from the study of the
great masters and of the antique, than
from his instructor. He was engaged
upon several historical works in fresco :
died 1743.

* PAL
Palamedes— See Staeverts.
Palenier (J)oachim), a Flemish
painter, born at Dinant, 1490 ; died
1548. Painted landscapes with small
figures, in which he excelled.
Paling (Isaac), born in Holland,
flourished about 1 670 ; was a scholar
of Abraham Vander Tempel, and
painted portraits and conversations in
the style of that master. He visited
England in the reign of Charles II.
and practised portrait painting for
some years. In 1682 he returned to
Holland. Palladini (Adriano), born at
Cortona, 1610 ; was a scholar of
Pietro Berettini, and painted history
in his style with success. He exe
cuted several works for the public
edifices in Cortona : died 1 680.
Pallajuolo or Pollajuolo (An
tonio and Pietro), born in Florence,
Antonio in 1426, and Pietro in 1428;
the latter having studied under An
drea Castagna, and acquired consi
derable reputation, became distin
guished as a portrait painter, and was
employed by Poggio the historian,
and many of the nobility of Florence,
whose portraits he painted life-size ;
they also painted historical subjects
in conjunction, the principal of which
were, Hercules killing Antaeus, admi
rably designed, every nerve and
muscle fully developed, and the figure
of Antaeus dying incomparably ex
pressed ; also Hercules slaying the
Nemean Lion ; and Hercules de
stroying the Hydra ; the latter of
which is so well designed and co
loured as to have all the appearance
of life : they both died in 1498.
Palliere (Vincent Leon), born at
Bordeaux ; at the age of fifteen
produced a picture of great merit —
Ulysses slaying the Suitors of Pene
lope ; he afterwards visited Rome,
and greatly improved his talent. The
Scourging of Christ ; a Sleepy Shep
herd ; St. Peter curing a Cripple ;
and Tobias restoring his Father's
Sight, are his principal compositions :
he died young, 1809.

PAL

318

PAL

Palloni (Michael Angelo), a Flo
rentine, born in 1 637 ; studied under
Balthasar Franceschini ; painted his
tory with great spirit, and after having
given proofs of his skill in his own
country, went to Poland, and thence to
Lithuania, where he died towards the
end of that century.
Palma (Jacopo II Vecchio), born
about 1540. His style first partook
of the formality and dryness of Gio
vanni Bellini ; but by studying the
works of Giorgione, he acquired a
rich and harmonious tone of colour
and tenderness in his carnations, in
which he approaches the style of
Tiziano. Such are his pictures of the
Last Supper, and the Holy Family ;
but in his large pictures of the Ado
ration of the Magi, he appears to
have aimed at more originality, the
composition is grand and copious,
and the draperies tastefully arranged.
His works are more estimable for
their harmony of colouring, and the
careful style of finishing, than for
boldness and correctness of design.
At Venice there is a grand composi
tion representing the Ship in which
the body of St. Mark was brought
over, the terrific tempest being admi
rably depicted.
Palma (Jacopo II Giovine), born at
Venice, 1 544, son of Antonio Palma,
an obscure painter. Studied the works
of the principal masters of the Venetian
school, the bold style of Tintoretto
having first attracted his attention ;
but he became sensible of the supe
riority of Titian, whose works he stu
died with admiration and delight, and
copied his celebrated picture of the
Martyrdom of St. Lawrence. He
afterwards visited Rome, and devoted
his studies to the antique statues, the
works of M. Angelo, Raffaelle, and
above all, the classical designs of Po-
lidoro di Caravaggio, and may be
ranked next to Tintoretto and P. Ve
ronese. At Venice he pamted one of
his finest works, the Assumption of
the Virgin ; also the Deposition from
the Cress ; the Martyrdom of St.

James ; Christ taken in the Garden ;
and the Visitation of the Virgin, which
are particularly worthy of notice. He
also painted a charming picture re
presenting Venus in her chariot,
attended by naked nymphs. His
other works of merit are a Naval
Fight ; St. Apollonio ; and the Find
ing of the Cross ; but the most ex
traordinary is the Plague of the
Serpents. His colouring is distin
guished by suavity and freshness, and
though less lustrous than P. Veronese,
approaches nearer to the tenderness
and truth of Titian : died 1 628.
Palma (Antonio), nephew of Palma
the Elder; studied in the school of
Tiziano, also under his uncle, and
became a painter of great merit. In
the church of the Holy Apostles, in
Venice, is a painting of the Holy
Virgin, and several of his works are
in the churches of St. Theodore, St.
Louis, and St. Bernardine, which
possess great merit. He was father of
James Palma, the younger, and flou
rished about 1600: his works are
scarce. Palmegiani (Mario da Forli), born
at Forli ; is believed to have been a
disciple of Francesco Melozzo. He
painted history; his early pictures
dry and formal, seldom venturing be
yond a St. Sebastian or a St. Jerome,
which he loaded with absurd gilded
accompaniments, usual at that time.
His second is more copious, and with
a bolder outline. One of his works,
a Dead Christ, between Nicodemus
and St. Joseph, is highly spoken of.
He flourished from 1513 to 1537.
Palmer (Sir James), whose name
frequently appears in the catalogue
of King Charles' collection, copied
Titian's celebrated picture of Tarquin
and Lucretia, and also painted a pic
ture of the Feast of Bacchus. Wal
pole, vol. ii. p. 223.
Palmieri (Gioseffo), bora at Ge
noa, 1674 ; painted history inge
niously, and composed and coloured
with great sweetness and harmony,

PAL

319

PAN

but incorrect in design. Such is his
picture of the Resurrection, in the
church of St. Domenico, at Genoa.
He is chiefly celebrated for his pic
tures of animals, in which he ex
celled : died 1740.
Palombo (Bartolomeo), born at
Rome, 1612 ; was a scholar of Pietro
da Cortona, and proved a reputable
painter of history. He painted a
picture of Mary Magdalen, and an
other of the Death of St. Joseph, for
two of the churches at Rome.
Palomino don Acislo (Antonio
y Velasco) — See Velasco.
Palthe (John), born at Deventer
in 1719; was a pupil of his father,
Gerard John Palthe. He settled at
Leyden, where he acquired great re
putation as a painter of portraits, and
also painted some pictures after the
manner of Schalken : he died at Ley
den in 1769.
Palthe (Gerard John), born at
Degenkamp, in Overyssel, in 1681 :
a pupil of Jurian Pool ; painted por
traits, familiar scenes, and interiors,
lighted by flambeaux. The Princess
of Orange bought two of his paint
ings, which she placed in her cabinet
at Loo.
Palthe (Anthony), son of Gerard
John, and brother of Adrian and
John Palthe ; painted portraits
which, although possessed of merit,
did not equal those of his brother
John. He painted with the hand of
a master in the style of Rembrandt.
Paltronieri (Pietro), called II
Mirandolese, born at Bologna, 1673 ;
distinguished himself as a painter of
perspective and architectural views,
in which the figures were usually
painted by Ercole Graziani : died
1741. Panaiotti (Francis), a Florentine,
celebrated for painting architecture ;
also painted other works, several of
which are in the Gerini Gallery.
Pancotto (Pietro), born at Bo
logna; was brought up in the school

of the Caracci, and was one of the
most eccentric and most surprising
artists of the Bolognese school. His
principal work, the Last Judgment,
in fresco, is iu one of the churches at
Bologna : died about 1630.
Panduit (  ), bom in Saxony
in 1601 ; was one of the best scholars
of Rembrandt : he died in 1662.
Panfi (Romolo), a Florentine, and
scholar of Vignali ; painted portraits
well, small and large, and particu
larly excelled in colouring landscapes
and battles. The Grand Duke Fer
dinand, and the Cardinal Leopold de
Medici, were much pleased with his
works. He died in the 1 6th century
at Carnragnon, about twelve miles
from Florence, where he usually
resided. Pandolfi (Giangiacomo), born at
Pesara ; flourished about 1630; was
a scholar of Federigo Zuccaro, and
one of the most successful followers
of his style. Painted in fresco ; and
his picture of St. Giorgio and St.
Carlo, in the Dome of Pezaro, is con
sidered by Lanzi as little inferior to
the works of Zuccaro.
Pandolfo — See Reschi.
Panetti (Domenico), born at Fer
rara, 1460 ; instructor unknown ;
his first works were dry and Gothic,
until Garofalo, who had been his
pupil, returned from Rome, with the
dignified style he had acquired in the
school of Raffaelle ; the master then
became the scholar, and so entirely
altered his manner, that he became
one of the most eminent artists of that
period- Amongst his numerous works
in the churches, the most distin
guished are, the Taking down from
the Cross, with the Virgin, St. John,
and St. Joseph ; a picture of St. An
drea ; and the Visit of the Virgin
to St. Elizabeth : died 1530.
Panicale— See Masolino da.
Panicciati (Jacopo), born at Fer
rara, about 1510; was a disciple of

PAN

320

PAP

Dosso Dossi, and painted history in
the style of that master, but more
copious in composition, and painted
with more freedom : died young.
Panico (Antonio Maria), born at
Bologna; was a disciple of Annibale
Caracci, whom he accompanied to
Rome, where he painted his celebrated
picture of the Mass, in which he is
supposed to have been assisted by
Annibale Caracci : died 1652.
Panini (Cavaliere Giovanni Paolo),
born at Piacenza, 1691 ; went to
Rome, and became a scholar of Luca-
telli, an eminent painter of perspec
tive : he studied the monuments of
ancient architecture in the vicinity of
that city, which he represented with
the utmost precision and accuracy ;
he was perfectly acquainted with the
rules of perspective, and surpassed
his instructors in the neatness and
freedom of his touch, and the clear
ness of his colouring. He decorated
his pictures with figures, gracefully
and correctly designed, and grouped
with taste and elegance : he usually
painted easel size, but was not less
capable of executing works on a larger
scale. His picture of Christ driving
the Money-changers out of the Temple,
with figures large as life, and magni
ficent architecture, is favourably
spoken of : he is sometimes reproach
ed with drawing his figures too large
for his architecture, but this defect is
by no means general : died 1758.
Panneels (William), born at Ant
werp, about 1660; was a disciple of
Rubens, but his works as a painter
are little known.
Panza (Frederick), a Milanese ;
learned while young of Carlo Fran
cesco Panfilo; he then visited Venice,
where he studied the works of Tiziano,
and of Paolo Veronese, and sent many
copies of both to Milan ; he at that
time coloured very strong, but he
afterwards softened his manner. He
worked both in fresco and in oil, par
ticularly in the chapel of St. Joseph,

in the church of St. Francis, where
he painted the two side pieces of the
altar with the history of Joseph ; the
ceiling, and many other works for the
Duke of Savoy, and others : he died,
1703, at the age of 70.
Panzacchia (Maria Helena), born
at Bologna, 1668 ; was instructed in
design by Emilio Taruffi, and became
a reputable paintress of landscapes.
Her pictures are embodied with
figures, tolerably correct in design,
and disposed with elegance and taste ;
and several of her works are to be
found in the private collections at
Bologna: died 1709.
Paolaccio— See Mattei (Paolo
da.) Paoletti (Paolo), bora at Padua;
excelled in painting flowers, fruit,
fish, and dead game ; his pictures
are held in considerable estimation :
died 1750.
Paolini (Pietro), born at Lucca,
1 608 ; went to Rome, and was in
structed by Angelo Caroselli, under
whom he became an able designer ;
his colouring more resembles the
Venetian than the Roman school, and
he occasionally approaches the rich
and harmonious tinting of Pordenone
or Titian : he painted a fine picture
of the Martyrdom of St. Andrea ; and
his large work of Pope Gregory en
tertaining the Pilgrims, (according to
Lanzi), exhibits a grandeur of com
position, a variety of character, and a
beauty and harmony of colouring
sufficient to immortalize his fame ;
he also speaks highly of his talent in
painting conversations and village
festivals, many of which are in the
private collections at Lucca : died
1681. Paolini (Pio), bora at Udine;
studied at Rome under Pietro da Cor
tona, and painted history with consi
derable reputation. There are several
of his fresco works in the churches of
that city.
Papa (Simone il Vecchio), born at

PAP

321

PAR

Naples, about 1430 ; a scholar of So-
lario, called Lo Zingaro ; painted his
tory for the churches, amongst which
are the Annunciation, the Virgin and
Infaut Saviour, with several saints,
but his principal work is St. Michael
discomfiting the Rebel Angels : died
1488. Papa (Simone il Giovine), born at
Naples, 1506; was placed under Gio
vanni Antonio d'Amati, and became
a reputable painter of history ; he
painted two pictures, the Assumption
of the Virgin, and the Annunciation,
which are favourably spoken of : died
1569. Papa c ella (Maso), of Cortona;
studied under Giulio Romano; work
ed in company with Benedict Capa-
roli in the palace of the Cardinal
Silvio Passerini, and executed many
other works in fresco in the same city :
he flourished about the year 1510.
Vasari nella Vita Luca Signorelli,
torn. l.p. 432.
Pape (Adrian), a pupil of Gerard
Douw ; painted interiors worthy of
the school from which he sprung. In
the collection of Cornelius Van Dyck,
sold in 1713, was a painting by this
artist, representing a kitchen, where a
woman is occupied iu paring turnips ;
and in that of Muller, a kitchen, with
a woman plucking a cock ; this pic
ture was more in the manner of Bre-
kelencamp than of Gerard Douw,
it fetched at a public sale at Amster
dam, 420 florins : the Museum at the
Hague has an interior by him.
Paperello (Thomas), of Cortona,
a scholar of Giulio Romano ; painted
many works from the designs of his
master with considerable ability.
Vasari, nella Vita di Giulio Romano,
torn. 2. par. 3. p. 332.
Papillon (John), bom at St.
Quentin, 1661 ; received some instruc
tion from his father, who was an en
graver, and was afterwards placed
under Noel Cochin of Paris. His
first pursuit was drawing with a pen,
which he executed with great facility

and spirit, but we have no account of
him as a painter.
Parasole (Bernardino) ; studied
under Guiseppe Cesari, and had began
to distinguish himself as an historical
painter, when he died in the bloom of
life. Parcelles (John), called the Old,
born at Leyden, about 1597 ; studied
under Cornelius de Vrooms, and ex
celled in painting marines, particularly
tempests and agitated waters, with
thunder storms, and all the horrors
of shipwreck, which subjects he
treated with awful fidelity and effect ;
fie also painted calms, views on the
coast of Holland, with fishing boats
and groups of figures on the strand,
which also possessed considerable
merit. His pictures are delicate, and
carefully finished, the small figures
correctly drawn, and touched with
great neatness and spirit : died 1641.
Parcelles (Julius), son and scholar
of John, born at Leyerdorp, 1 628 ;
painted similar subjects to his father,
whose style he imitated with such
success, that they have been some
times mistaken for those of his father,
though inferior in delicacy of touch,
and in transparency of colouring ;
they both marked their pictures with
the initials J. P.
Pardanus (A.), painted conversa
tions and familiar scenes.
Pareja (Juan de), born in Mexico,
New Spain, 1610 ; became a slave to
the celebrated Don Diego Velasquez,
who employed him in mixing his
colours and preparing his palette ; in
the absence of whom he endeavoured
to copy his master, until, by perseve
rance, he became a respectable fol
lower of his style. The King of
Spain frequently visited the study of
Velasquez ; and Pareja having dis
covered that the faces of the pictures
were usually turned to the wall when
his Majesty came, he formed the
desperate scheme of substituting a
picture of his own, and throwing him
self on his Majesty's clemency for

PAR

forgiveness ; he did so, succeeded in his
stratagem, and obtained his Majesty's
pardon, and became free, but con
tinued his voluntary servitude to Ve
lasquez until his death. He is said
to have been eminent in portrait
painting, and to have produced some
historical subjects in the style of
Velasquez : died 1670.
Paria — See Perrier.
Paricola (Masolina da), born at
Florence, 1403, died 1440 ; was a
good painter of history in fresco, ac
cording to the then state of the art,
but we have no description of his
works. Paris (Dominic de), and Horatio,
his brother, were scholars of Peter
Perugino, and worked in their native
city of Perugino : they flourished
about 1520. Vasari, par. 2. p. 420.
Parker (John), born in England;
went to Rome, and was employed to
paint an altar-piece for the church of
St. Gregorio on Mount Celio, repre
senting St. Silvia ; he returned to
England in 1762, and painted the
Assassination of David Rizzio, and a
portrait of himself, both of which
were exhibited in the Royal Academy:
died 1765.
Parker (John), another artist of
the same name, was a student at the
Duke of Richmond's gallery, and re
ceived some instructions from the
Smiths of Chichester ; he went to
Rome in 1774, and returned to Eng
land the following year, where he
practised landscape painting with
some success.
Parmegiano (Fabrizzio), a native
of Parma, flourished at Rome in the
Pontificate of Clement VII. ; he
painted landscapes in fresco, in which,
like some of the landscapes of the
Caracci, there is more of the ideal
than natural ; the subjects are grandly-
conceived, and touched with great
spirit : died at the age of 45.
Parmegiano, whose family name
was Francesco Mazzuoli, born at

322 PAR
Parma in 1503, was the son of Pier
Itario Mazzuoli, an obscure artist;
he studied the works of Correggio with
the greatest attention and success,
and at sixteen years of age, he painted
his picture of the Baptism of Christ
by St. John, in the church of the St.
Annunciata at Parma, which astonished
all his contemporaries ; his St. Ber
nardo in the Osservanti at Parma,
and the Holy Family in the collection
of the President Bertioli, are also in
the style of that exquisite painter ;
he then went to Rome, where he
painted the Circumdsion for Clement
VIL, in which the light thrown on
the principal figure appears to come
from the Infant Jesus ; and after stu
dying the works of Michael Angelo
and Raffaelle, he adopted a new style,
which led to the remark that the soul
of Raffaelle had passed into the person
of Parmegiano. He afterwards visited
Bologna, where he painted his cele
brated picture of the Virgin and Infant
Christ, with St. John, St. Margaret,
and St. Jerome, which was long the
admiration and study of the Caracci,
and is now in the gallery of the
Louvre ; and in the church of St.
Petronio his grand picture of St.
Rocco ; at Parma, he painted in fresco
the Vault of Madonna della Staccata
representing Adam and Eve ; but his
best performance is Moses breaking
the Tables of the Law, one of the
grandest productions of the Lombard
School. Of his easel pictures, one of
his most admired is the Virgin and
Infant, with St. Catherine, St. John,
and St. Jerome, in the Florentine
Gallery, of which there are several
repetitions ; another celebrated picture
by him, representing the Virgin and
Child, with Mary Magdalen and An
gels, called " La Madonna del colle
lungo," is now in theFrench Museum.
The style of Parmegiano is distin
guished by a seductive elegance of
contour, and the most captivating
grace in his attitudes ; his design is
frequently more tasteful than correct,
and his forms, though beautiful, and
the character of his heads full of

PAR

323

PAR

sweetness and expression, are not al
ways exempt from the appearance of
affectation ; in aiming at extreme de
licacy he occasionally fell into meagre
ness and manner. He was generally
an enchanting colourist, and a pro
found master of the magic of chiaro-
oscuro. He painted his own portrait
on a wooden panel, formed to imitate
a convex mirror, and coloured so as to
appear like glass, in which the windows
of the chamber and the drapery, and
other objects, appeared to be reflected:
died 1540.
Parmegiano (Girolamo), was a
cousin and scholar of Parmegiano,
whose graceful style he followed with
considerable success, and it is believed
that several of his pictures, from their
similarity of manner, have been attri
buted to Parmegiano, whose imperfect
works he finished after the decease of
that master ; he painted at Steccala
his celebrated fresco of the Last
Supper; and another of the Multipli
cation of the Loaves and Fishes ; of
his oil paintings, one of the most ad
mired is the Marriage of St. Catherine,
in the church of the Carmelites, in
which he appears to have emulated
the graces of Correggio : he was living
in 1590.
Parmegiano (Tinti), so called by
Malvasia, torn. 1. p. 212, was a
scholar of Horatio Samachini ; in a
chapel of the cathedral of Parma, in
which his master had painted all the
frescoes, he painted a picture in oil :
he flourished about 1600.
Parmentier (Denys), born in
Paris, 1612, died 1672, is said to have
excelled in painting flowers and fruits,
but we have no further account of his
works. Parmentier (James), bom at
Paris in 1658. Studied under his
uncle, Sebastian Bourdon, and on
coming to England was employed in
decorating Montague House ; he after
wards settled at Hull, in Yorkshire ;
he painted the altar-piece in the
church of St. Peter's, at Leeds ; the

staircase at Worksop ; and a picture
of Diana and Endymion, in Painters'
Hall, London ; he also painted por
traits: died 1720.
Parmese (Christopher), is men
tioned among the disciples of John
Bellini, with Andrew Previtali of
Bergamo, and several others : he flou^
rished about 1530. Ridolfi, par. 1.
p. 60.
Parodi (Domenico), born at Genoa,
1668, was the son of a sculptor, from
whom he acquired the first elements
of design ; he entered the school of
Bombelli, and by studying the works
of Tintoretto and Paolo Veronese, be
came an excellent colourist; he visited
Rome, studied the works of the great
masters, and attached himself to the
manner of Carlo Maratti, in whose
style he painted his celebrated picture
of Francesco di Sales, in the church
of the Filippini at Genoa ; he also
painted many grand altar-pieces for
the churches in different parts of
Italy j also the portraits of the Duke
of Genoa and many other illustrious
personages. ParodI (Ottavio), bom at Pavia,
1659 ; a scholar of Andrea Lanzone ;
visited Rome, and studied for some
years, and on his return to Pavia exe
cuted several works for the public
edifices in that city, and became a
reputable painter of history : died
about 1720.
Parolini (Giacomo), born at Fer
rara, 1663. Studied at Turin under
Cavaliere Peruzzini, and afterwards
visited Bologna, and entered the
school of Carlo Cignani ; he returned
to Ferrara previous to the death of
Scannivini, and finished some pictures
left imperfect by that master. Though
inferior to Cignani in the grandeur of
his conception, and his masterly con
duct of the chiaro-oscuro,he sustained
the credit of his school by the elegance
of his design and the suavity of his
colouring, particularly in his carna
tions j he was unusually successful in
designing female figures and children,
and his Bacchanals and festive dances
y2

PAR
remind us of the playful elegance of
Albano ; his pictures of those subjects
are to be found in every collection at
Ferrara. Of his historical works, the
most celebrated are the Last Supper,
at Ferrara ; and his fresco represent
ing St. Sebastian with a glory of
Angels, in the church of St. Sebastian
at Verona. He was the last eminent
painter of his country, and with him
was buried the glory of the Ferrarese
school : died 1733.
Parolini (Pio), born at Udine,
visited Rome, and in 1678 was re
ceived into the Academy there ; he
painted history and allegory, inge
niously composed and well coloured.
Parone (Francesco), born at Milan
about the end of the fifteenth century,
was the son of an obscure artist ; he
visited Rome, studied the works of
the great masters of that school, and
painted an altar-piece for the church
of the monastery of St. Romualdo,
representing the Martyrdom of a
Saint of that order, a grand compo
sition of many figures : died 1634.
Parrocel (Joseph), born at Brig-
noles, in Provence, 1648. This emi
nent painter of battles, the son of
Bartholomew Parrocel, a painter of
little note, was educated in the school
of Borgognone ; he afterwards visited
Venice, and improved his colouring,
which had previously partaken of the
dark and cold style of Cortesi, by stu
dying the works of the best Venetian
masters ; he visited Paris, and painted
for his reception picture to the Aca
demy there, the Siege of Maestricht,
which greatly increased his reputation,
and became one of the favourite pic
tures of Louis XIV.; his talents were
not confined to battle-pieces, but he
was occasionally employed on histori
cal subjects. There is an admirable
picture by him of St John iu the
Wilderness, in the church of Notre
Dame at Paris ; his battle-pieces are
ingeniously and copiously composed,
the design of his figures and horses
correct and spirited, and his touch is
marked with an enthusiasm admirably

324 PAR
adapted to the subjects he represented ;
died 1704.
Parrocel (Charles), son of Joseph,
born at Paris, 1689. Studied first
under his father, and afterwards under
Charles de la Fosse, on leaving whom
he went to Italy, where he remained
some years, and on his return to Paris
was received into the Academy there,
his reception picture being a grand
battle-piece of Cavalry and Infantry.
He acquired considerable reputation
for his pictures in that branch, by
which his father had particularly dis
tinguished himself, and although not
equal to his father, his battle-pieces
and huntings possess great merit, and
are sometimes mistaken for those of
Joseph : died 1752.
Parrocel (Ignatius), nephew of
Joseph, born at Paris about 1680,
is supposed to have been his scholar,
as he painted similar subjects of battle-
pieces and huntings, in a style which
bears a strong resemblance to those of
his uncle : died 1 722.
Parry (William), born in Flint
shire, 1742 ; came to London, and
after studying in Mr. Shipley's school
and in the Duke of Richmond's gal
lery, he became a pupil of Sir Joshua
Reynolds, and was a very promising
artist ; on leaving Sir Joshua he ob
tained the patronage of Sir W. W.
Wynne, by whom he was sent to Italy
in 1770, where he painted for his pa
tron a copy of the Transfiguration by
Raffaelle, at that time in the church
of St. Pietro in Montorio : he died in
England, 1790.
Pars (William), born in London,
1742, was educated at Mr. Shipley's
Academy, and afterwards frequented
the Duke of Richmond's Academy,
in St. Martin's Lane; in 1764, he
obtained the third prize for historical
painting ; he visited Greece and Italy,
to study the remains of antiquity, and
some of his views made in Greece,
Italy, and Switzerland have been en
graved : died 1782.
Parsons (Francis), practised in

PAR

325

PAS

London, about 1763, as a portrait
painter, in which year he exhibited at
Spring Gardens a portrait of the Che
rokee Indian then in England, and
another of Miss Davis (a celebrated
singer), as Madge, in the opera of
Love iu a Village : died 1804.
Parsons {William), born in Bow
Lane, Cheapside, 1736, at an early
age obtained several premiums from
the Society of Arts for his drawings,
and afterwards became a celebrated
comedian, but still continued to paint ;
his subjects were architectural views,
landscapes, and fruit pieces, in the
latter of which he particularly ex
celled : died 1 795.
Pas or Vandek Pas (Jun.), a
landscape painter, is mentioned by
Hoet, and omitted by Van Gool.
Pasinelli (Lorenzo), born at Bo
logna, 1629. Studied first under
Simone Cantarini, and afterwards un
der Flaminio Torre ; then visited
Venice, and adopted the style of Paolo
Veronese in his splendour and mag
nificence, hut the airs of his heads
and the disposition of his colours ap
pear to have been derived from an
other source, and he sometimes too
nearly resembles Paolo in his pomp
ous and fantastical habiliments and in
his neglect of costume; thesedefects are
particularly discernible in his picture
of St. John preaching in the Wilder
ness, which more resembles the Piazza
di St. Marco at Venice than a desert
in Judea ; but his picture of the Holy
Family is exempt from this failing,
and reminds us of the grace and ele
gance of Albano ; he was more em
ployed for private collections than for
public edifices, and in the latter his
most esteemed work is the Resur
rection, in the church of St. Fran
cesco ; his other principal works are
Coriolanus ; the Martyrdom of St.
Ursula and her companions ; a Holy
Family . and Christ's Entry into
Jerusalem ; he painted history, both
large and small, and sacred and pro
fane : died 1700.

Pasio (Anthony), a Bolognese,
painted in fresco with Fulgentio Mon-
doni, who inserted the figures ; he
served his Serene Highness of Tus
cany, and other nobles.
Pasquali (Filippo), born at Bo
logna, was a scholar of Carlo Cignani,
and in conjunction with M. A. Fran
ceschini, painted several works at Bo
logna and Rimini : died about 1690.
PAsauAHNi or Pascalini (Gio
vanni Battista), born at Cento near
Bologna, about 1 600, frequented for
some time the school of Ciro Ferri,
but it does not appear that he attained
any great reputation as a painter.
Pasqualino da Vicenza — See
Rossi. Pasquetti (Fortunatus), a Vene
tian painter, studied under Nicholas
Cassana, and became famous for his
excellent likenesses in portraits ; he
also painted historical subjects, but
not with equal success. In 1745, he
was elected Director of the College of
Painters. PAsauiLiNO (Felix), a Bolognese,
studied under Lorenzo Sabbatini, and
was called II Lasagna. There was
also in Bologna a John Baptist Pas-
quilino, an eminent engraver on copper.
They both lived in 1622. Malvasia,
par. 2. p. 233.
Passarte (Bartolomeo), a disciple
of Ribera, imitated the manner of his
master so exactly that it was difficult
to distinguish their works ; there is a
large painting by him of the Nativity
of Christ, in the Spanish church of
St. James, in Naples, freely designed
and well coloured, and which is some
times attributed to Ribera : he lived
about 1580. Dominici, par. 3. p. 23.
Passeri (Giovanni Battista), bora
at Rome about 1610, is said by Lanzi
to have been a follower of the style
of Domenichino, whose portrait he
painted ; he also executed a painting
of the Crucifixion for one of the
churches there, but his works are
more frequent in private collections
than in public edifices ; he sometimes

PAS
painted pictures of dead game, birds, 1
&c. touched with great spirit, of which
there are several in the Palazzo Mattei :
died 1679.
Passeri (Guiseppe), born at Rome,
1654, was the favourite disciple of
Carlo Maratti, of whose style he was
one of the most successful followers ;
his principal works are the Concep
tion ; Peter baptizing the Centurion ;
and St. Jerome meditating on the
Last Judgment ; he also excelled in
portraits ; his first of that kind was
the portrait of his father: died 1714.
Passeri (Andrea), born at Como,
in the Milanese States; painted in
the cathedral of his native city a
picture of the Virgin surrounded by
the Apostles, in which the heads are
tolerably executed, but the hands and
draperies are dry and stiff : it is dated
1505. Passero or Passeri (Bernardino),
appears to have adopted the style of
Taddeo Zuccaro : flourished about
1580. Passerotti (Bartolomeo), bom at
Bologna about 1 540 ; was first a
scholar of Giacomo Barozzi, called
Vignali, and afterwards a disciple and
coadjutor of Taddeo Zuccari; as an
historical painter he is very unequal,
but in portrait painting he greatly ex
celled, and was considered little inferior
to Titian in dignity of character and
gracefulness of attitude. Of his his
torical works, the most esteemed are,
his Martyrdom of St. Paul ; the Ado
ration of the Magi ; the Annunciation,
and the Virgin on a Throne surrounded
by St. John the Baptist and other
Saints: died 1595.
Passerotti (Tiburzio), eldest son
and diseiple of Bartolomeo, bom at
Bologna, 1575; painted history and
portraits in the style of his father, of
which the most deserving of notice, is
the Assumption ; St. Francis and St.
Jerome kneeling before the Virgin ;
the Annunciation; and the Martyrdom
of St. Catherine, the last of which is
his most celebrated performance :
died 1612.

326 PAT
Passerotti (Ventura), born at
Bologna, 1586; studied design and
colouringunder his father Bartolomeo,
and improved himself by the instruc
tions of his brother Tiburzio, but his
favourite occupation was to draw with
a pen or crayon such subjects as oc
curred to his imagination, exhibiting
the swell of the muscles in the style
of Michael Angelo Buonarotti, whose
works he particularly admired. His
chief employment was in portrait
painting, which, for their tone of co
louring and faithful resemblance, were
greatly admired.
Passignano (Cavaliere Domenico),
whose family name was Cresti ; born
at Passignano, near Florence, in 1 558 ;
was first a scholar of Battista Nal-
dini, and afterwards of Federigo
Zuccaro, to whose style his manner is
more adapted. He resided some time
at Venice, and though neither correct
in his design, nor select in his forms,
he is ingenious and abundant in his
compositions, and in the splendour of
his habiliments and the richness of
his architecture he resembles more
the style of Paolo Veronese than any
other of the Florentine painters ; in
the attitudes of his figures he some
times reminds us of Tintoretto, and
like him he occasionally painted so
thin and oily that several of his works
have already perished ; his Dead
Christ at Frescato ; Descent from the
Cross at Rome ; and Christ bearing
his Cross at Florence, are, however,
exceptions to this objection : died
1638. Pa sto (Matteo), a Veronese painter
and sculptor, the fame of whose
talents caused him to be employed
in the service of Mahomet II. Em
peror of the Turks, to whom he
gave entire satisfaction, and was libe
rally rewarded by him ; he lived in
the middle of the fifteenth century.
Pozzo, p. 11.
Patavinus — See Avibus.
Patenier (Joachim), bom at Di
nant, in the principality of Liege,
1480 : resided chiefly at Antwerp,

PAT

327

PAU

and acquired considerable reputation
as a landscape painter ; his pictures,
usually of a small size, are very highly
finished with a great number of small
figures, designed with tolerable cor
rectness and neatly touched ; he also
painted huntings and battles, which
at that early period were highly es
teemed. His portrait was painted by
Albert Durer.
Patel (Peter), a celebrated land
scape painter, born in France; studied
under Simon Vouet, but appears to
have visited Rome from the subject
of his pictures, which generally repre
sent views in the vicinity of that
capital ; he has evidently adopted the
style of Claude Lorraine in some of
his pictures, but has not been success
ful in his attempt ; his landscapes
are usually embellished with ruins of
ancient architecture, and decorated
with figures correctly drawn and
touched with great spirit ; his skies
are clear and brilliant, verdure fresh
and agreeable, though occasionally
too green and monotonous ; his sce
nery grand and striking, and his dis
tances retire with a pleasing degra
dation, though unequal to Claude in
the purity of his aerial tints and the
grandeur of his compositions ; his
works possess sufficient merit to en
title him to an eminent rank amongst
the painters of his country ; he fre
quently ornamented the pictures of
Le Sueur with landscape scenery and
architecture, and in one respect was
superior to Claude, for his figures are
designed with taste and drawn cor
rectly ; his countrymen called him
the French Claude: died 1703.
Patel (  ), called Patel le Jeune,
was the son of Peter Patel, whom he
studied under, and painted similar
subjects, but not with equal merit.
Patel (Bernard), a native of Paris,
is inserted in the Catalogue of French
painters by the author of the Gabi-
netto Aureo, p. 311.
Patenier (Joachim), bora at Di
nant, 1480 ; painted historical sub
jects and landscapes, in the latter of

which he excelled ; his distances were
well kept, figures exquisitely penciled,
and the trunks and leaves of his trees
extremely natural ; he also painted
battles and huntings in a spirited style.
Pater (John Baptista), bora at
Valenciennes, 1695; went to Paris,
became a scholar of Anthony Watteau,
and painted similar subjects, viz. balls,
gallant assemblies, and pastorals,
but in a very inferior style, being defi
cient in the spirited touch of his pen
cil, and in the expression of his heads,
although well coloured : died 1636.
Paton (Richard), was an eminent
English painterof marines and combats
atsea,butwe have no further account of
his works : he flourished about 1768.
Paudits (Christian), born in Lower
Saxony, about 1618; received some
instructions from an obscure German
painter, then visited Amsterdam and
entered the school of Rembrandt, and
became one of his best disciples. On
his return to Germany he distin
guished himself as a painter of history
and portraits, but particularly excelled
in the latter, which are full of charac
ter and life ; his historical subjects
are well composed, colouring vigorous
and harmonious ; heads, especially
those of old men, marked with dignity
and expression. Painted in competition
with Roster of Nuremberg a picture
of a Wolf tearing a Lamb ; the prefe
rence was given to the highly finished
picture of Roster, instead of that of
Paudits, who painted his in the man
ner of Rembrandt.
Paulutz (Zechariah), born at Am
sterdam, 1600; died 1657: is said
to have painted portraits, but we
have no description of his works.
Pauly (Nicholas), born at Ant
werp, 1660; died 1748: visited
Brussels, and was much employed as
a miniature painter, but we have no
other account of his works.
Paulyn (Isaac), called by Lord
Orford, Paling, was bora at Amster
dam about 16.30, and became a scholar
of A. Van Tempel ; he was an emi-

PAU

nent portrait painter, in which capa
city he visited England, where he
resided many years.
Paulyn (Horatius), born at Am
sterdam, 1 643 ; master unknown ; ex
celled in painting conversations and
gallant subjects, in which he some
times gave way to a culpable breach
of decorum and decency.
Pavia (Giacomo), born at Bologna,
1655, a scholar of Antonio Crespi;
painted history with some reputation,
and was employed for several of the
churches in his native city ; his pic
ture of St. Anne teaching the Virgin
to Read, and the Nativity, are his
most esteemed works : died 1 740.
Payen (A. A. I.) : this painter,
born at Brussels, and who resided a
long time in the Dutch East India
colonies, painted very skilfully some
subjects and views in those colonies,
and was designer and painter to the
Government of the Netherlands in
the reign of William I.
Peacham (Henry), bom at North
Mimms, in Hertfordshire ; is said to
have painted in oil, and to have taken
a likeness of James I. as he sat at
dinner, but is better known as a writer
on the art than as a painter : died
about 1650.
Peake (Robert) . Walpole, in his
Lives of the Painters, mentions a
warrant from the Privy Council in
1642 for payment of three pictures,
which he supposes to have been por
traits in miniature of King Charles I.
then Duke of York, and to have been
painted for presentation.
Pearson (Margaret), was the wife
of a painter on glass, in which branch
of the art she attained peculiar excel
lence ; amongst other fine specimens
of her skill were two sets from the
Cartoons of Raffaelle, one of which was
bought by the Marquis of Lansdowne,
and the other bv Sir Gregory Page
Turner: died 1823.
Peat (T.), born in 1 788 ; painted a
portrait, in which he appears to have
imitated Sir Joshua Reynolds.

328 PEL
Pedone (Bartholomew) ; as a
painter, succeeded in landscapes, sea
ports, and embarkations, and particu
larly when taking place at night ; he
was a good painter, but from his rude
and uncultivated manners was only
employed by dealers who found their
account in it : he died in Venice at an
advanced age about 1735.
Pedoni (John), a Cremonese
painter ; was a scholar of Giulio
Campi, who, in a manuscript on paint
ing, says, that he was deserving of
remembrance for his works in his own
country, in Brescia, and other places :
he lived about 1590.
Pedretti (Guiseppe), born at Bo
logna, 1694; scholar of Giacomo
Franceschini ; painted a number of
pictures and altar-pieces for the
churches and public edifices, the most
esteemed of which are the Martyrdom
of St. Peter, in the church of St.
Petronius ; and Christ bearing his
Cross, in that of St. Joseph and St.
Margaret in the Annunziata : died
1770. Pee (Emanuel Van), born at Brus
sels, was a painter of familiar scenes ;
his reputation as a painter was not
very great, but he copied with re
markable talent the paintings of dif
ferent masters ; his son, Theodore
Van Pee, painted history and some
pastoral scenes, but of no great merit.
Theodore died in Holland, 1731.
Pee (John Van), son of Emanuel
Van Pee, was born at Amsterdam in
1640 ; painted figures very well, and
was constantly employed by picture
dealers in copying the pictures of the
Italian masters.
Peins — See Penz.
Pelichy (Gertrude de), born at
Utrecht in 1741 ; received the first
lessons in painting from Paul de
Cock ; she afterwards went to Paris,
and studied under Suvee; she then
made some fine copies from the paint
ings of the best masters : in 1 772,
she exhibited at the Academy of
Bruges a copy after a painting by
Bachelier, representing a horse de-

PEL

329

PEN

fending itself against a wolf; the
correctness, the elegance of the de
sign, and the vigorous colouring of
which was greatly admired ; in 1 777,
she returned to Bruges, where she
painted several fine pictures, among
others, the portrait of the Emperor
Joseph, and that of his mother, the
Empress Maria Theresa : she died at
Bruges, 1825.
Pellegrini (Felice), born at Pe
rugia, 1567 ; a scholar of Federigo
Baroccio ; painted history with con
siderable reputation, and was em
ployed by Pope Clement VIII. in the
Vatican : died 1630.
Pellegrini (Vincenzio), brother
of Felice, born at Perugia, 1575; was
educated in the school of Baroccio,
and, like his brother Felice, also
painted several pictures for the
churches and public edifices in Pe
rugia. Pellegrini (Francesco), born at
Ferrara ; was a scholar of G. B. Cozza.
Many of his works are in the churches
at Ferrara ; the principal of which are
St. Bernard, and the Last Supper :
he flourished about 1740.
Pellegrini (Antonio), bom at
Venice, 1674; was a scholar of Se
bastian Ricci, and is said to have re
ceived some instruction from Paolo
Pagani. He distinguished himself
amongst the modem Venetians by an
ingenious invention and great facility
in execution, but his works are im
poverished by feebleness of colouring
and a total neglect of thechiaro-oscuro.
He came to England, and executed
several ornamental works for the man
sions of the nobility. His principal
works in fresco are the Israelites
gathering Manna, and the Brazen
Serpent in the Wilderness.
Pellegrino (da Bologna) — See
Tibaldi. Pellegrino (da Modena) — See
MUNARI. Pellegrino (di San Daniello)—
See Udina.

Pemrroke (Thomas), was a disciple
of Laroon, whose manner he imitated
both in history and portraits.
Pen (James), a Dutchman, and a
good historical painter ; was a long
time painter to Charles II. king of
England. He composed with judg
ment, and a very correct design, joined
to good colouring : his paintings are
all in England, where he died in 1674.
There is a St. Luke by him in
Painters' Hall.
Peni (Paul), a Lucchese painter ;
excelled in perspective and figures.
One of his paintings is in the Carobio
in Milan. Torre, p. 129.
Pennemakers, a pupil of Rubens ;
was an historical painter. One of his
paintings in the museum at Antwerp
represents the Ascension of our
Saviour. Penni (Giovanni Francesco), called
II Fattore, born at Florence, 1488 ;
went to Rome when young, and entered
the school of Raffaelle, whose favourite
disciple he became ; and was employed
by him in painting from his designs
the cartoons for the tapestry, &c. in
the Vatican ; and was also employed
by Clement VII. iu finishing the
frescoes of the History of Constantine,
of which he painted his Baptism ;
and his Donation of Rome to the
Pontiff. He painted so few pictures
in oil, that they are rarely to be met
with, and those in fresco are now
almost entirely perished. His man
ner of designing was an imitation of
Raffaelle, which he never altered ;
and in his finishing and colouring that
master was his only model. He copied
in oil Raffaelle's celebrated picture of
the Transfiguration, and sold it to the
Marquis del Vasto. He particularly
excelled in landscape, and was well
acquainted with the beauties of archi
tecture : died 1528.
Penni (Luca), brother of Giovanni,
born at Florence, about 1 500 ; was
first instructed in the school of Raf
faelle, and afterwards under Pierino
del Vaga; and after painting some

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330

pictures for the churches in Italy, he
came to England in the reign of Henry
VIII. by whom he was employed ; he
afterwards went to France, and painted
at Fontainebleau in conjunction with
II Rossa: died about 1550.
Penning (Nicholas Lewis), born at
the Hague in 1 674 ; a pupil of Thierry
Vander Aa ; painted landscapes,
shipping, and stabling, with beasts ;
he exhibited at Amsterdam, in 1808,
two pictures which had some merit,
one representing a landscape, with
sheep and cows ; the other a stable,
with cows : he died at the Hague in
1818. Penninks, a Dutch landscape
painter, born at Rotterdam, is men
tioned by Spaan in his little work.
Penny (Edward), born at Knuts-
ford in Cheshire in 1714; came to
London at an early age, and was
placed under Hudson ; afterwards
went to Rome, where he studied some
time under Marco Benefial, and was
principally employed in painting small
portraits in oil, which were generally
admired. He also painted sentimental
and historical subjects ; amongst
others the Death of General Wolfe; and
a portrait of the Marquis of Granby
relieving a sick Soldier ; which were
publicly exhibited and highly es
teemed ; as also the pictures of Virtue
Rewarded ; and Profligacy Punished ;
all of which have been engraved ;
and at a sale at Fosters, in Pall Mall,
in 1846, several pictures were sold
bearing his name, the subjects of
which were interiors or domestic
scenes, handled in a manner that
forcibly reminds one of Hogarth, and
not much unlike him in colour,
although rather more chalky.
Penz, Pentz, orPEiNS (Gregory),
called George, born at Nuremberg in
1 500 ; was instructed by Albert
Durer, on leaving whose school he
went to Italy, where he is said to have
acquired a correct and tasteful design,
but of his works as a painter little is
known : died about 1550.

PER
Pepin (Martin), born at Antwerp,
1578 ; master unknown ; went to
Italy when young, where he remained
several years, and after his return he
painted a picture of the taking down
from the Cross, and acquired so much
reputation thereby as to excite the
jealousy of Rubens. He was certainly
one of the greatest artists of his
country. His composition was grand,
style correct, and colouring harmoni
ous. At Antwerp are two admirable
works by this master : they are altar-
pieces, with folding doors, as was
customary at that period; the centre
picture of one represents the Baptism
of St. Augustine, on one of the doors
he is represented giving alms to the
poor, and on the other curing the sick;
the centre of the other is St. Elizabeth
giving charity to a group of miserable
objects, who are struggling to ap
proach her, on one door the Death of
that Saint, and on the other her As
cension into Heaven. This compo
sition is wonderfully ingenious, every
figure appears in motion, and it is
drawn in the most correct and grand
style : died 1641.
Perac (Stephen du), born at Paris,
about 1 540 ; went to Italy when
young, and made designs from the-
vestiges of ancient architecture and
views of Tivoli and Frescati.
Peranda (Santo), born at Venice,
1566 ; was first a scholar of Palma
the Younger, and afterwards of Leo
nardo Corona, of Murano. His first
performances are in the hasty manner
of Palma, but after visiting Rome, and
designing the ancient statues, and
studying the works of the great mas
ters, he adopted a more finished and
correct style. His most admirable
performance is considered to be his
Descent from the Cross, at Venice :
died 1638.
Percelles (John) — See Parcel
les. Pekeda (Anthony), of Valladolid;
first studied under Pedro de las
Cuevas, and afterwards under John

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331

PER

Baptist Crescenzio, an excellent Italian
painter, who lived in Spain. He de
signed correctly and coloured well.
The King ordered some paintings of
him for the palace of Buonvisino,
which he completed, and had after
wards other commissions from the
King and from the graudees, as also
for churches in Madrid. His good
taste led him to imitate the beautiful
Italian style of painting, and he took
pleasure in copyingthecelebrated works
in the Escurial, by which he improved
himself greatly: he died in 1669,
aged 60. Palumino, torn. 2. p. 368.
Peres (Henry), was a Flemish
painter, and Dean of the fraternity of
St. Luke at Antwerp ; in the choir of
the church of St. Augustine at Antwerp
are two small landscapes by him.
Peres (Bartholomew), was for his
abilities made painter to the King of
Spain, and whilst painting a staircase
in fresco, in the palace of the Duke de
Monteleone, the scaffolding being
carelessly constructed, gave way, from
which accident he died in a few days
at the age of 59, in 1693. Palumino,
par. 2. p. 439.
T'erez Scierra (Francis), born in
Naples of Spanish extraction ; applied
himself to painting in the school of
Daniel Falconi ; his subjects were
battles and flower-pieces. He returned
with his father to Madrid, and joining
with John de Toledo, worked for the
nobility and others with approbation
and applause : he died at the age of
82, and flourished about 1630. Palu
mino, par. 2. p. 486.
Perezzoli (Francis), commonly
called II Ferrarino, born in Verona ;
studied painting under Giulio Carpi
oni, whose manner he followed, as he
was admired for the wildness of his
painting; he afterwards visited Rome
and Bologna, and imitated Poussin
and Carlo Maratti, but hard in style,
more resembling the German than the
Italian school : he died 1722.
Perignon ( Nicholas ), born at
Paris, about 1 730 ; painted flowers

and landscapes in distemper : died
about 1800.
Perino (del Vaga)— See Vaga.
Perkois (James), bom at Middel
burgh in 1756; at first cultivated de
sign as an amateur, and afterwards
made it partly a means of subsistence.
He painted portraits in miniature,
heads for studies and groups of
figures. The academy of Middelburgh,
of which he was one of the founders,
possess his best works : he died in
1804. Perolas (John and Francis, bro
thers), of the city of Almanza, in
Spain ; studied painting and sculp
ture in Rome, from the works of
Buonarotti. Their works are so much
alike in character and taste, that they
cannot be distinguished from each
other ; they painted also in fresco,
and in the palace of the Marquis del
Crux are several historical subjects
painted by them : they died about the
year, 1600. Palumino, torn. 2. p. 267.
Peroni (Guiseppe), bom at Parma,
about 1700 ; studied at Bologna
under Felice Torelli and Donato
Creti, and afterwards at Rome under
Augustino Masucci ; was a tolerably
correct designer, and in his best pic
tures resembles the style of Carlo Ma
ratti. Such is his picture of the Con
ception at Turin, and his Crucifixion
in fresco, which rank him amongst
the most respectable artists of his day :
died 1776.
Perreira (Diego), a Portuguese ;
was highly esteemed for painting con
flagrations, ruined towers, purgatory,
and hell ; he painted also rural
scenes, with figures by moonlight, or
by torchlight; andalso landscapes, with
small figures, in perfectly good taste.
After his death, which happened in
1640, at the age of 70, his works
were much sought after, and fetched
enormous prices in France, Eng
land, and Italy. There are many at
Lisbon ; at the Marquis Marialda's
is one of the Burning of Troy, and a
Deluge ; at the Count Don Diego de

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PER

Napoles, a Burning of Troy, with
many figures ; one of the Infernal
Regions ; at the Court de Asomar,
the Destruction of Sodom ; in the
house of Signor Almeidas, there is a
cabinet with more than sixty pieces,
with fires, views, fruit, battles, sea-
storms, flowers, figures, and candle
light pieces, all beautiful and well
designed ; Signor Joseph de Silva has
two candlelight pieces ; and another
Signor has two pieces in the manner
of Teniers ; the Count de Taroca has
one of Hell ; and Signor Anthony
Varella, one of Sodom, one of Troy,
one of Purgatory, and one of Hell ;
Signor Rodriguez possesses one of
Troy and one of Sodom ; the Mar
quis d'Orisol has two pieces of cities
burning ; and Signor Francis Men-
doza six pieces, with fruit, wliich are
exquisitely natural.
Perrier (Francis), bom at Macon,
in Burgundy, about 1590; went to
Rome, and entered the school of Lan
franco, and after a residence there of
some years, returned to France, and
passed some time at Lyons, where he
executed a series of pictures for the
cloister of the Carthusians. He was
a close imitator of the style of Lan
franco, but his colouring is too dark,
and his figures want grace : died 1650.
Perrier (William), nephew and
scholar of Francis : of his works as a
painter the most considerable are
those in the sacristy of the Minimes,
at Lyons.
Persino (Rainero), of Amsterdam,
called for the beauty of bis person
Narcissus ; was a companion of Bloe
mart and of Mattamio ; he studied at
Rome in the gallery Giustiniana, from
the finest statues and paintings, and
painted in a free and bold style.
Perugino (Pietro Vanucci), the
family name was Vanucci, but he is
better known as Perugino, born near
Perugia, 1446 ; is supposed by some
to have studied at Florence, under
Alexander Verrochio ; but the more
general opinion is, that he was in

structed by Benedetto Bonfiglio. He
first distinguished himself as an his
torical painter, by his Deposition
from the Cross, with the Virgin, St.
John, and other figures, the reputa
tion of which caused him to be invited
to Rome by Pope Sixtus IV., for
whom he executed several designs,
and amongst others, his celebrated
work of Christ giving the Keys to St.
Peter ; and his most capital altar-
piece is the Ascension of Christ, with
the Disciples in different attitudes
looking up to Heaven. Although, in
style, Perugino exhibits some of that
dryness and crudity that prevailed
before him, his works claim our esteem
for their close adherence to nature,
the simplicity of composition, and a
certain grace, particularly in his female
figures, which distinguish him from
all his contemporaries, and in which
we discover the germ of that tran
scendent beauty which afterwards
characterized the productions of Raf
faelle, his illustrious pupil. His co
louring is equal to any artist of his
time. In his altar-pieces there is
little variety of invention. His nu
merous pictures of the Ascension of
our Saviour, and of the Assumption
of the Virgin, are nearly of a similar
composition ; but in his frescoes he
discovered more fertility of invention,
and more delicacy and harmony in
colouring. Of his cabinet pictures,
one of the most esteemed, representing
the Holy Family, is preserved in the
sacristy of St. Pietro, at Perugia :
died 1524.
Perugino (Petruccio) — See Mon-
tanini. Perugino (Luigi) — See Scara-
muccia. Peruzzi (Baldassare), called Bal
dassare da Siena ; born in the terri
tory of Siena, 1481. His first master
is unknown ; but on visiting Rome,
he formed an acquaintance with Raf
faelle, whose style he admired and
imitated, particularly in his works in
fresco. In his Judgment of Paris,
and in the Sibyl's prediction to Augus-

PER

333

PES

tus, he has shewn a divine enthusiasm,
which neither Raffaelle himself (ac
cording to Lanzi), in treating of the
same subject, nor Guido, nor Guer
cino, who have painted so many Sibyls,
could surpass. In his large pictures,
his celebrated fresco of the Presen
tation in the Temple, in which he has
shewn himself a perfect master of the
delineation of the passions, and the
magnificence of the architecture is
hardly to be equalled. His usual
subjects were views of streets, palaces,
corridors, porticoes, and the interior
of magnificent apartments, and he
excelled in painting scenes for the
theatres. His altar-pieces in oil are
extremely rare : one of his most ad
mired works represents the History
of Perseus, embellished with orna
ments in imitation of stucco, so admi
rably executed that it is reported
Titiau himself was deceived by them,
and could only be convinced of the de
ception by changing the point of view :
died 1536.
Peruzzini (Giovanni), bom at An-
cona, 1629 ; a disciple of S. Canta-
rini, called Pesaro ; possessed a lively
genius, and became a reputable painter
of history, both in oil and fresco ;
several of his pictures are in the
churches of his native city, amongst
which, the most esteemed are the
Decollation of St. John, and St. Te
resa ; and at Bologna, the Descent of
the Holy Ghost, and a picture of St.
Cecilia: died 1694.
Pesaro (Niccolo Trometto), called
Niccolo da, born at Pesaro ; visited
Rome during the Pontificate of Pope
Gregory XIII. ; became a scholar of
Federigo Zuccaro, and a successful
follower of his style ; many of his
works are in the public edifices at
Rome, amongst which the most es
teemed are the Nativity ; a San
Francesco a Ripa, with two laterals
of St. Niccolo and St. Antonio ;
and the Circumcision ; but his
most celebrated performance, repre
sents the Last Supper. At Pesaro
his last works are extremely inferior

to his earlier productions : died about
1615, during the pontificate of Paul
V., aged 70.
Pesaro (Simone da)— See Can-
tarini. Pescia (Mariano da), born at Pes
cia about 1525 (the family name was
Gratia dei), was a disciple of Ridolfo
Corradi, called II Ghirlandaio, and
assisted that master in several of his
works : he gave uncommon proof of
his ability as an historical painter, by
a picture he painted for La Capella
della Signorio, in the Palazzo Vec-
chio, at Florence, where he died,
1550. Pesello (Pesello), born at Flo
rence, 1404 ; a scholar of Andrea
Castagna ; painted history, both in
oil and in fresco, in the style of his
instructor, and there are several of
his works in the churches and public
edifices at Florence, the most esteemed
of which is the Adoration of the
Magi ; but his principal talent was in
figuring animals, in which he sur
passed every artist of his time, and is
said to have kept a collection of wild
beasts, and other curiosities, for the
purpose of painting from nature : died
1481. Pesello (Francesco), called Pesel-
lino, son and disciple of the foregoing,
born at Florence, 1426 ; gave proof
of uncommon abilities in a series of
frescoes, representing the lives of
SS. Cosmo and SS. Antonio e Fran
cesco, when he died in 1477, aged
31. Pesenti (Francis, or Vincent), of
Sabioneta, a fortress in Cremona, is
supposed to have been a scholar of
John Baptist Trotti, called Cavaliere
Malosso. He painted with good taste
and facility: flourished about 1570.
Pesne (Anthony), born in Paris,
1710; was instructed in design by his
father, an eminent engraver, and
afterwards studied under Charles de
la Fosse ; then visited Italy for im
provement, and on travelling to Ger
many was appointed painter to Fre-

PET

334

PET

derick the Great. In historical
composition he was tolerably good,
but excelled in family portraits.
Lord Orford says he painted portraits
of the Royal Family in a tawdry
style : died 1770.
Peters (Gerard), born at Am
sterdam, 1 580 ; received his first in
struction from an eminent glass painter
named Jacques Lenards, and by his
advice became a disciple of Cornelius
Cornelisz, under whom he studied
five years, and then visited Rome for
improvement, and on returning to
Holland, distinguished himself as one
of the ablest artists of his time ; but
he is more celebrated as a painter of
gallant assemblies and conversations,
which he composed in an agreeable
style, and finished with great neatness
and delicacy. No artist in the Nether
lands was equal to him in designing
the naked, and giving to his figures
an air of elegance and grace. He
also painted portraits with considera
ble success, small size, and highly
finished. Peters (Francis Lucas), born at
Mechlin, 1606 ; was the son of an ob
scure painter, from whom he learned
the elements of design, and afterwards
became a pupil of Gerard Seghers ;
but he abandoned historical painting
to devote himself to landscape, which
he painted in a pleasing style, deco
rated with small figures, correctly
drawn, and touched with neatness and
spirit : died 1654.
Peters (Bonaventura), bom at
Antwerp, 1614; master unknown;
distinguished himself as the most
celebrated painter of marines, and
sea-storms, of the times in which he
lived. His pictures of tempests and
hurricanes are faithful and impressive
representations of the horrors of ship
wreck — the lowering sky, the awful
and terrific agitation of the waters,
the lightning glare, the alarm of the
mariners, and the vessels dashed to
pieces on a craggy shore, or swallowed
up in the surrounding deep, are de
picted with an awful fidelity, and

prove that he must have frequently
witnessed those disastrous scenes.
He was not less successful in his
calms, with fishing-boats at anchor,
or views of the Scheldt, with vessels
sailing under an easy breeze, in which
he exhibited a freshness of atmos
phere and a purity of colouring
that is admirable. His best works
are held in the highest estimation ;
and if not so in England, it is because
inferior productions are continually
attributed to him : died 1652.
Peters (William), bom in England,
was a student in Exeter College, in
1788, previous to which he had stu
died painting, but on taking orders
relinquished the pencil, except as an
amateur. His subjects were histories
and portraits ; amongst the latter of
which was a whole-length portrait of
George IV., when Prince of Wales ;
and of the former, there is a fine pic
ture of the Soul of an Infant carried
to Heaven by Angels ; several of his
historical subjects have been engraved:
died 1814.
Peters (John), brother and scholar
of Bonaventura, bom at Antwerp,
1625; painted similar subjects to
those of his brother, but in general
very inferior to him. He sometimes
painted combats at sea, in which he
shewed great ingenuity in composi
tion, and his small figures are cor
rectly and spiritedly drawn : though
his colouring is clear and transparent,
and his penciling delicate and neat,
he is very unequal to his brother in
grandeur of effect, and in his judicious
management of the chiaro-oscuro: died
1677. Peterzano (Simone), born at Ve
nice ; a pupil of Titian, painted his
tory for the churches ; one of which,
the Pieta, is thus signed, Titiani
Discipulus, 1570. There are some
frescoes by him of the life of St. Paul ;
at Milan there is also a fine picture of
the Assumption.
Pether (Abraham), born at Chi
chester in 1756 ; was instructed at an
early age by George Smith, and

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PEU

n

attained great celebrity as a landscape
painter, particularly in moonlight
pieces, which he painted with sur-
rising effect ; in his day pictures
is scenery is pleasing and luxuriant,
his colouring and his distances are
remarkably tender and sweet, but
there appears to be a want of judg
ment in the distribution of light and
shade. As he did not often resort to
nature for his materials, his forms
are frequently repeated, and exhibit
the characteristics of a mannerist :
died 1812.

Pether (William), also of Chi
chester ; painted the portraits of the
three Smiths of Chichester : he is
said also to have painted landscapes,
but we have no further account of his
works. Petitot (John), the Elder, born at
Genoa, 1607, was a distinguished
enameller and miniature painter ;
his portraits in miniature are carried
to a perfection that may be said to be
unexampled : he visited Italy, and
painted in conjunction with Bordier,
his brother-in-law; Petitot painting
the heads and hands, and Bordier, the
hair and backgrounds. He painted
the portrait of Charles I. and the
royal family several times ; and
copied several pictures after Vandyck,
which are considered his finest pro
ductions : the beautiful whole-length
portrait of the Countess of South
ampton, 9f by 5f, painted from the
original in oil by Vandyck, is con
sidered one of the most capital works
in enamel that exists. He went to
France, and was introduced by
Charles II. to Louis XIV. whose
portrait he painted several times ;
also Maria Anne of Austria, his
mother, and Maria Theresa his queen
several times ; he afterwards went to
Geneva, and from thence to Vervay,
where he died 1691. Petitot may be
called the inventor of painting in
enamel. Bordier, who remained in
England after Petitot left, was em
ployed by the Parliament to paint a
picture of the battle of Naseby, which

they presented to Fairfax, their victo
rious General ; this is the only work
that can wiih certainty be allotted to
Bordier alone. He usually enamelled
on gold and silver plates, and very
rarely on copper : died 1691.
Petitot (John), the Younger, son
of the above, by whom he was in
structed in enamelling ; settled in
London, where he exercised his art
with considerable success. His works,
although inferior to his father, pos
sess great merit.
Petrazzi (Astolfo), born at Sienna,
scholar of Francesco Vanni ; painted
some pictures for the public edifices
and for private collections, which
were justly esteemed. In one of his
principal works, the Communion of
St. Jerome, he exhibits something of
the style of the Caracci. He excelled
in painting children, which he intro
duced very happily into his emblema
tical subjects ; such are his Four
Seasons in the Villa Chigi, which are
admired for the playfulness and in
genuity of the groups : died 1665.
Petri (Dominic), of Arezzo, a
disciple of Abate Don Bartolomeo
della Gata, is celebrated for the many
works he executed in his own country ;
he also painted miniatures in a neat
and effective manner: died in 14-61.
Vasari, in his Vita di Don Barto-
lomew Miniatore, torn 1. p. 356.
Petrini (Bartolomeo), of Perugia,
a painter, of whose works we have no
account. Leon Pascoli, in his Vita dei
Pittori Perugini, p. 242, says that he
died at the age of 21, in the year
1664. Peuteman (Peter), bom at Rot
terdam, 1650; excelled in painting
objects of still life, allegorical or em
blematical allusions to our mortality,
and the ' shortness and m sery of
human life, such as skeletons or hu
man skulls, surrounded by gems,
vases, books, musical instruments, &c.
which he represented with the utmost
precision, and which please the eye
by the beauty of his finishing, and

PEY

336

his judicious management of the
chiaro-oscuro : died 1692.
Peyronneau, a French painter in
crayons ; came to England, about
1 760, and exhibited four portraits,
inferior to the productions of Mr.
Cotes, but not without merit : he was
living in Paris in 1783.
Pfeiffer (F. J.), a painter and
engraver, born at Aix-la-Chapelle in
1741 ; lived a long time at Amster
dam, whence he removed to Brussels,
where he died in 1807.
Pfeiffer (F. J. jun.), son and
pupil of F. J. Pfeiffer, bora at Liege,
1778, died at Ferburg in Guel-
dres, 1835 ; painted decorations very
skilfully, and was employed at the
grand theatre at Amsterdam ; he also
painted many scenic decorations in
the style of Peter de Paris, but more
exact than that painter : he exhibited
some capital pictures which gave evi
dence of great talent.
Pfenningee (Henry), born at
Zurich, 1749, a scholar of Balthasar
Bullinger ; visited Dresden, and by
studying the best masters, particularly
Vandyck and Rembrandt, who were
his models, he became a reputable
painter of portraits, in which he was
much employed: died about 1809.
Piaggia (Teramo), born in the
Genoese State ; was a disciple of Lo
dovico Brea, and in conjunction with
Antonio Semini ; painted several
works for the churches at Genoa, of
which one of the most esteemed was
the Martyrdom of St. Andrew, which
somewhat resembles the style of Brea,
but is more modernized and embel
lished, and more easy and flowing in
design ; the airs of the heads are ex
pressive, and the colouring harmonious :
flourished about 1547.
Pianoro — See Morelli.
Pi ati (Santo), a Venetian painter ;
studied under Diamantini, but being
resolved to make a manner of his own,
he applied himself indefatigably to
the study of nature, and covered his

PIA
canvas with learned histories, with
beautiful spots and strong contrasts.
He studied the Belles Lettres and
history, the more properly to repre
sent what he painted, from wliich
knowledge resulted the greater beauty
of his works : he lived in his own
country. Piatt a (Francesco), a Swiss, born
in the Valteline, 1650; master un
known ; painted a number of altar-
pieces and pictures for the churches
and galleries of the neighbourhood,
amongst which, a picture of Cleopatra
is highly commended by Fuseli.
Piazza (Calisto), born at Lodi,
flourished from 1524 to 1556 ; was
one of the most successful followers
of Titian, as is manifest from his
fine picture of the Assumption of the
Virgin. At Lodi he painted three
chapels in fresco, in one of which he
represented the Mysteries of the Pas
sion ; in another, the Life of St. John
the Baptist, and in the third, the
Life of the Virgin, which for some
time were considered to be by Titian
himself; he sometimes imitated the
style of Giorgione, as appears from his
picture of the Virgin and Infant, sur
rounded by several Saints, in the
church of St. Clemente, at Brescia.
His Marriage of Cana bears the date
1 546 ; and his two large pictures re
presenting the Adoration of the Magi,
and the Baptism of St. John, are
signed Calixtus Laudensis, 1556.
Piazza (Paolo), called Padre
Cosimo, born in the Venetian terri
tory, 1557 ; was a scholar of the
younger Palma, whose style he did
not imitate, but formed one of his
own, which, though not distinguished
by great vigour or energy, was pleas
ing and agreeable. He visited Rome in
the pontificate of PaulV, and executed
several considerable works for the
churches and public edifices, particu
larly a Deposition from the Cross, and
the history of Antony and Cleopatra:
died 1621.
Piazza (Cavaliere Andrea), nephew
of Paolo ; studied under his uncle,

PIA

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PIE

whom he accompanied to Rome, and
on his return to Venice, painted a
large picture of the Marriage of Cana,
which is considered by Lanzi, his most
celebrated work : died 1 670.
Piazetta (Giovanni Battista), born
at Venice, 1682, son of a sculptor in
wood ; is said to have studied under
Molinari, and in his first style was
distinguished by a clear and brilliant
tone of colouring ; but on visiting
Bologna, he was so struck with the
works of Guercino, that he adopted
the vigorous opposition of light and
shadow, and the boldness of relief
which characterize the works of that
celebrated master, in which he was
not entirely unsuccessful, but his
drawing is mannered and incorrect,
and the tones of his colouring false
and discordant. One of his best pic
tures is the Decollation of St. John
the Baptist, at Padua : died 1754.
Piccioni (Matteo), an Italian
painter, bora at Ancona, about 1630 ;
painted historical subjects, but is
chiefly known as an engraver.
Piccola (Nicholas la), born in
Cortona, 1730: is celebrated as a
painter of figures in the ancient style.
In Rome there are, by bis hand, the
four Angels that represented the
Teachers of Holy Church ; he like
wise painted one of the smaller
cupolas in St. Peter in the Vatican,
and many subjects in the villa of the
Cardinal Albani ; he painted also the
picture of St. Bernard Tolomei, in
Sta. Catharine of the Sanese ; and
that of St. Bonaventura and St. An
drew Conti, in the church of the
Holy Apostles. He lived in Rome
in 1778.
Piella (Francesco Antonio), born
at Bologna, 1661 ; died 1719 : is said
to have excelled in landscapes and
views of seaports, but we have no
account of his manner.
Piemont (Nicholas), born at Am
sterdam, 1659; passed some time
under Martin Zaagmolen, an obscure
artist, and afterwards became a

scholar of Nicholas Molenaer. He
visited Italy, and improved his talents
for landscape painting by designing
some of the beautiful views of that
country, and on returning to Holland
pamted some views in Italy, which
established his reputation there. His
landscapes bear a strong resemblance
to the works of John Both, and
although not equal to those of Both,
are still deservedly admired : died
1709. Pierce (Edward), an English
artist, flourished in the reign of
Charles I. and II. ; was eminent as
a painter of history and landscape,
and also excelled in architectural and
perspective views. Few of his works
are now remaining, the far greater part,
wliich consisted of altar-pieces and
ceilings of churches, having been
destroyed by the Great Fire of Lon
don in 1666.
Pieri (Stefano), born in Florence,
studied under Battista Naldini; he
visited Rome in the pontificate of
Clement VIII., and painted some
pictures of the Apostles, and the
Annunciation, for the church of St.
Prassede ; also the Assumption of
the Virgin, for the church of St.
Maria in Via ; and the Sacrifice of
Isaac, one of his best works, for the
Palazzo Piti.
Pierino (Edward), a Veronese ;
after having studied under various
masters in his country, went to Bo
logna to perfect himself, and upon
his return home painted in public and
in private, in fresco and in oil, in a
spirited manner, but somewhat whim
sical in the designs.
Pierre (John Baptist Maria),
born at Paris, 1715; went to Rome,
and studied some years, and on his
return to Paris distinguished himself
as a painter of history. He painted
an admirable picture of St. Nicholas
and St. Francis for the church of St.
Sulpice, which has been engraved :
died 1789.

PIE

338

Pierson (Christopher), bom at
the Hague, 1631 ; became a scholar
of Bartolomeo Meyburg, with whom
he went to Germany, and on his
return to Holland established himself
as a painter of history and portraits.
He visited the Swedish camp, and
was engaged by General Wrangel to
paint his portrait ; but notwithstand
ing the reputation he had acquired,
the encouragement given to the pic
tures of Leemens, a painter of dead
game, guns, powder-horns, pouches,
&c, induced him to adopt similar
subjects, in which he not only sur
passed Leemens, but has scarcely
ever been equalled. He usually re
presented those objects on a white
ground in a manner approaching to
illusion : died 1714.
Pieters (Peter), born at Haerlem,
1541 ; studied under Peter Aertsen,
called Peter the Long, and became a
reputable portrait painter. He had
two brothers, Arnold and Dirck, who
also excelled in that branch pf the
profession. Peter died in 1603;
Arnold in 1614 ; and Dirck in 1662.
Pieters (John), born at Antwerp,
1667 ; a scholar of Peter Eyckens,
an historical painter of some emi
nence; came to England in 1685;
but finding no employment as an his
torical painter, he offered his services
to Sir Godfrey Kneller, who em
ployed him to paint the draperies and
backgrounds of his portraits. He
excelled in copying the works of
Rubens: died 1727.
Pietri (Pietro da), born at Rome,
1663; studied successively under
Ghezzi Massarotti and Carlo Maratti,
and painted history in the style of the
latter, to which he united the taste of
Pietro da Cortona. His design was
good, and his figures had a graceful
air ; but he was somewhat deficient in
colouring. He was also an excellent
copyist of the works of Raffaelle and
other great masters ; he painted both
in oil and in fresco : died 1716.
Pietro (Alvaro di), a Portuguese.

PIL
Vasari, in speaking of him in the
Vita di Taddeo Bartoli, calls him that
excellent painter, and says he lived in
1450. Pieve (Papino della), a scholaT of
Nicholas Soggi, did himself and his
country great honour by his paint
ings : he flourished about 1540.
Vasari, par. 1. lib. 1. p. 391.
Pignone (Simone), born at Flo
rence, 1614; studied first under Do
menico Cresti, called Passignano, and
afterwards under Francesco Furini,
of whom he was the most distin
guished disciple and imitator. He
afterwards visited Venice, and im
proved his style of colouring by
studying the works of Titian and
Tintoretto. On his return to Flo
rence he painted several pictures for
the churches, the most admired of
which are, St. Michael discomfiting
the Evil Spirit ; and St. Luigi dis
tributing his wealth to the Poor. He
also excelled in painting subjects of
the fable, which he sometimes treated
with an unwarrantable licentiousness,
and in his colouring resembles Guido :
died 1698.
Piles (Roger de), born at Clameci
in France, 1635; painted portraits
with some reputation, but is better
known as an author than as an artist.
His most successful portraits were
those of Boileau and Madame Dacier,
which he designed and coloured in
the style of Rubens, his favourite
model. His Lives of the Painters,
and other works on the art, are well
known: died 1709.
Pillement (John), born in France,
resided in London about the year
1760 ; painted a few pictures of land
scapes and fancy subjects, and co
loured in a theatrical and gaudy
style ; but his chief employment was
in making drawings of similar subjects,
which were finished with great neat
ness and labour.
Pilotto (Girolamo), born at Ve
nice ; was a scholar of the younger
Palma, and a faithful follower of his

PIL

339

PIN

style. One of his most admired per
formances is a picture of St. Biagio
at Rome ; but his best work is a large
picture in the ducal palace at Venice,
representing the ceremony of the
Marriage of the Adriatic by the
Doge: flourished about 1590.
Pilson (Francis), born at Ghent,
1 676 ; is said to have studied paint
ing under Robert Van Audenarde,
but we have no account of his works
or style.
Pinacci (Joseph), born in Sienna,
1642 ; studied first under Livio
Mehus, and afterwards under James
Cortesi ; he then passed to Rome,
where he turned his hand to portrait
painting, and painted that of the
Marquis del Carpio (afterwards Vice
roy of Naples), which is engraved ;
he was then sent in quality of one of
his gentlemen to his Serene High
ness the Duke of Tuscany, where he
painted battles and portraits. He
returned to Naples till ihe death of
the Viceroy, then went to Florence,
under the protection of the Grand
Duke, and painted many works.
Amongst other gifts of Pinacci was
that of restoring spoiled paintings :
he had also many secrets for making
varnishes and colours, and everything
necessary for the art. His first
wife, Eleanor, painted flowers, fruit,
kitchens with their utensils, and other
subjects, in great perfection.
Pinagier (Thomas), born in
Paris, 1616; died 1653: is said to
have been a reputable landscape
painter, but we have no account of
his works.
Pinas (John), born at Haerlem,
1597; master unknown ; travelled to
Italy with Peter Lastman, where he
studied some years, and on his return
to Holland distinguished himself as a
painter of history and portraits. Of
his historical works, one of his most
esteemed is a picture of Joseph and
his Brethren, which is said to possess
considerable merit. His style of
colouring was strong, and rather too

much inclining to the deep brown or
blackish tint. Some imagine that
Rembrandt took his style from Pinas :
died 1660.
Pinas (Jacob), brother of the
above, born at Haerlem, 1601 ;
studied under and imitated the style
of his brother ; and although not
equal to those of John, his pictures
possess considerable merit, particu
larly his landscapes : died 1659.
Pine (Robert Edge), bom in Lon
don, about 1742 ; master unknown;
gained the prize in 1 760, and in 1 762
for the best historical design — the
Siege of Calais ; he afterwards prac
tised as a portrait painter, and painted
a whole-length of Dr. Oswald, Bishop
of Raphoe, and was considered a
respectable colourist. In 1782 he
exhibited a series of pictures of Scenes
from Shakspeare : died in America,
1790. Pineda (Antonio Perez de), born
in Seville, about 1640 ; was a disciple
of Murillo, whose style he followed
with considerable success. Several of
his works are in the churches and
convents at Seville : died about 1710.
Pinella (Antonia). This lady,
born at Bologna, was instructed by
Lodovico Caracci, to whose style she
adhered, and painted some pictures
for the churches ; amongst others,
the Guardian Angel, in St. Tom-
masio ; and St. Philip and St. James,
in the church dedicated to those
saints ; but her most celebrated per
formance is her picture of St. John
the Evangelist, painted from a design
of Lodovico Caracci: died 1640.
Pino (Marco da), born at Sienna,
1520 ; studied first under Beccafumi,
called Mecherino, and afterwards un
der Daniello da Volterra, and is also
said to have profited by the lessons of
M. A. Buonarotti. He painted some
pictures for the churches at Rome, of
which one of the most esteemed was a
dead Christ, with the Virgin and St.
John ; but it was at Naples where he
established his fame by decorating the
z 2

PIN

340

PIO

principal churches with some of his
finest works, the most celebrated of
which are, the Deposition from the
Cross ; the Annunciation ; the As
sumption of the Virgin ; and the
Adoration of the Magi, the first of
which he considered his best per
formance : died 1587.
Pinturricchio (Bernardino), born
at Perugia, 1454; was a scholar of
Pietro Perugino, whom he assisted in
many of his principal works, both at
Rome and Perugia, for which Raffaelle
is supposed to have designed and pre
pared the cartoons. He is expressive
in the airs of his heads, graceful in
his attitudes, and magnificent iu his
architecture, though somewhat dry in
design, and tawdry in his style of
gilding, and in his ornaments and
draperies. In his picture of St. Lo
renzo is a figure of the Infant John
the Baptist, which is supposed by
some to have been designed bv Raf
faelle : died 1513.
Pinzoni (Nicholas), a French
painter ; painted one of the side pic
tures of the high altar of the French
church at St. Lewis in Rome, in com
petition with Giminiam : he flou
rished about 1680. Abate Titi, p.
127. Pio (Giovanni) — See Bonatti.
Piola (Pellegro), born at Genoa,
1617; master not stated. A Ma
donna painted by him, in the collec
tion of the Marchese Brignole, was
judged by Franceschini to have been
painted by Andrea del Sarto ; and his
picture of St. Elogia, in one of the
churches at Genoa, was mistaken by
Mengs for a work of Lodovico Ca
racci : died 1640.
Piola (Domenico), younger bro
ther of Pellegro, born at Genoa, 1628 ;
received his first instructions from his
brother, and after his death from
Giovanni Domenico Capellini. He
emulated the style of Pietro da Cor
tona in the lustre of his colouring and
splendour of his compositions, and
was particularly happy in his repre
sentation of children, which he de

signed from the casts of Fiammingo.
In conjunction with Valerio Castelli
he executed some works for the
public edifices in Genoa, and for some
time attached himself to the style of
that master. One of his most
esteemed works is the Miracle of St.
Peter at the Gate of the Temple,
which is not degraded by its vicinity
to an admirable picture by Guercino :
died 1703.
Piombo (Francis Sebastiano del),
called by Vasari Sebastiano Vene
ziano, born at Venice, 1485 ; was
first a disciple of Giovanni Bellini,
and afterwards of Giorgione, whose
style he preferred, and was the most
successful imitator of the harmony of
his tones, and the breadth of his
chiaro-oscuro. He first distinguished
himself as a portrait painter, to which
his powers were peculiarly adapted :
they are boldly designed, full of cha
racter, heads and hands admirably
drawn, with an exquisite tone of
colouring, and extraordinary relief.
His portrait of Giulia Gonzaga, the
favourite mistress of Cardinal Hip-
polito da Medici, was called a divine
performance ; he also painted the
portrait of Aretin the Satirist, and
Clement VIII. His first historical
picture, which established his reputa
tion, was an altar-piece at Venice,
which so nearly approached the rich
and harmonious colouring of Gior
gione, that it was for some time sup
posed to be the work of that master.
At Rome, having discovered his in
feriority in design, he endeavoured to
remedy the defect by studying the
antique, and by the instruction of M.
A. Buonarotti, who furnished him with
the designs for the Pieta at Viterbo ;
and in the Transfiguration and Fla
gellation, at Rome, the extraordinary
beauty of the colouring, and the
grandeur of Michael Angelo' s compo
sition and design, excited universal
surprise and applause. He also
painted an altar-piece of the Raising
of Lazarus, for the cathedral of Nar
bonne, in which he was again assisted

PIP

by Buonarotti, by whom it was com
posed and designed, this picture is
now in the National Gallery, of which
it is considered one of the most im
portant ornaments. After the death
of Raffaelle he was considered the
most distinguished artist at Rome :
died 1547.
Piper (Francis Le), born about
1698, son of a Kentish gentleman of
Flemish extraction ; usually painted
humorous and comical subjects, chiefly
black and white. Most of his per
formances were produced over the bot
tle ; and the Mitre Tavern at Stocks
Market, or the Bell at Westminster,
to which places he resorted, were
adorned by the productions of this
jovial artist, among which were a
Constable, with his myrmidons in
ludicrous postures. He delighted in
sketching ugly faces, and some of his
pictures there represented a Jesuit, a
Quaker, and other religious sects ; he
also painted landscapes in water co
lours : died 1740.
Pippo (Giulio) — See Romano.
Pisanelli (Lorenzo), a Bolognese,
disciple of Cesar Baglioni ; painted
with freedom, and drew with inimi
table neatness, and understood the
rules of architecture perfectly.
Pisanello — See Spisano.
Pisanello (Vittore), born at St.
Vito, in the Veronese territory ; painted
history for the churches, the greater
part of which have perished ; some
small pictures yet remain at Perugia
representing the life of St. Bernar
dino, very highly finished, but crude
in the colouring, the figures stiffly
designed and too long : the date of his
birth is uncertain; lived about 1480.
Pisbolica (James), 'a Venetian,
painted in the church of Sta. Maria
Maggiore, in Venice, an altar-piece of
Christ supported by Angels, with the
Virgin and the Apostles beneath. He
is recorded by Vasari, nella Vita del
Sansovino, torn. 3. par. 2. p. 250.
Pistoja (Leonardo da), whose real
name was Grazia, bora at Pistoia,

341 PIT
was a scholar of Giovanni Fran
cesco Penni, a distinguished disciple
of Raffaelle ; he painted history and
portraits with considerable success,
but particularly excelled in the latter :
his works are chiefly at Rome, Naples,
and Lucca.
Pistoja (Gerino), scholar of Peter
Perugino, is quoted by Vasari, p. 419.
He lived in 1520.
Pistojese (Fra Paolo), born at
Pistoia, was a favourite disciple of
Fra Bartolomeo di St. Marco, and
painted several pictures for the
churches of St. Domenico at Pistoia
from his designs, as well as others of
his own composition : he flourished
about 1520.
Pitloo (Anthony Sminck), born
at Arnheim, 1791 ; received lessons
in design from H. S. Van Ameron.
In 1808, the King Louis Bonaparte
sent him to Paris to study painting,
he began with history, but abandoned
it to study landscape ; he departed
for Rome, and in 1816 he sent from
that city two pictures to the exhibi
tion at Amsterdam, one representing
a view of Rome, the other, the famous
Campo Vaccino ; those two works were
generally esteemed. About that time
he formed a friendship with a Russian
prince then at Rome, who engaged
him to accompany him in an artistic
voyage that he proposed to make to
Naples and Sicily; in 1819, he es
tablished himself at Rome, and was
afterwards named Director of the
Academy of Fine Arts at Naples, and
died in that city in 1837.
Pittoni (Giovanni Battista), born
at Vincenza, 1690; received his first
instructions from his uncle, Francesco
Pittoni ; afterwards studied the works
of the best masters of the Venetian
school, and became an excellent co
lourist ; though his forms are not dis
tinguished by elegance, his drawing
is tolerably correct, and his composi
tion abundant and ingenious ; his
figures are generally smaller than life,
and he was less successful when he
attempted on a larger scale ; two of

PIZ

342

PLO

his finest pictures, the Martyrdom of
St. Thomas and the Multiplication of
the Loaves and Fishes are in the
churches at Venice : died 1 767-
Pizzoli (Giovacchino), born in
Bologna, 1652; was a scholar of
Michael Angelo Colonna, his paintings
in France, as well as in his own coun
try, obtained for him a creditable
character as an artist.
Plaas (David Vander), born at
Amsterdam, 1647; resided some
years at Venice, where the works of
Titian were particularly the objects of
his attention, especially his portraits,
and on his return to Holland, was ex
tensively employed as a portrait pain
ter, and painted many of the most
distinguished personages of his time,
amongst which was a fine portrait of
Admiral Van Tromp, the head and
hands admirably drawn ; his colouring
partakes of the vigour of Rembrandt,
and the truth of Titian : died 1704.
Plaas (Peter Vander), born in
Holland about 1570; resided several
years at Brussels, where he was re
puted an eminent painter of history ;
several of his works are in the public
places of that city : died 1626.
Place (Francis), born at Dimsdale,
near Durham, practised the art of
painting for his amusement, and at
his decease in 1728 his .widow dis
posed of his works, amongst which
was an admirable picture of fowls,
others of flowers and fish, and some
unfinished pictures ; he excelled in
those subjects.
Places — See Desplaces,
Plattenberg or Platten (Mat
thew Van) , born at Antwerp, 1 600 ;
visited Italy, and at Florence, in con
junction with his countryman, James
Asselyn, called Crabetje, he painted
several storms and calms by sea and
by land, the latter of which were
greatly admired ; went to Paris, and
met with sufficient encouragement to
induce him to remain some time, and
whilst there Frenchified his name into
that of Platte Montague, with which

he sometimes signed his pictures, and
sometimes Montague only ; his land
scapes are highly finished, and exhibit
very pleasing scenery.
Plattenberg (Nicholas Van), son
of Matthew, born at Paris, 1631 ;
studied under P. de Champagne, and
his principal works as a painter are in
the churches of that city ; he was
also a reputable portrait painter : died
1706. Plautilla, a nun and abbess of the
convent of Sta. Catherine of Sienna,
in Florence ; began by copying de
signs and colourmg from the great
masters, and became excellent in that
and in miniatures ; she afterwards
executed a great number of pictures on
sacred subjects from her own designs,
many of which are in the churches and
private houses in Florence. Vasari,
p. 3. lib. 1. p. 178.
Ploegsma (Thierry James), born
at Leuwarde in 1769, was a pupil of
John Verrier ; in 1 784 he painted the
portraits of his parents, with a natural
touch, good colouring, and admirable
chiaro-oscuro, and though very young,
he continued to paint numerous por
traits ; in 1 784, he finished that of
Mr. Verrier, a portrait that excited
unanimous praise : thisl young artist,
whose progress was so rapid, died in
1791, aged 22, leaving a great number
of copies, and some pictures of which
the subjects werefrom scenes in private
life. Ploos (Cornelius Van Amstel) —
See Amstel.
Plott (John), bom at Winchester,
1 732 ; was a pupil of Wilson, the cele
brated landscape painter, but possess
ing little inclination or genius for that
branch of the art ; he studied portrait
painting under Nathaniel Hone, and
afterwards turned his attention to mi
niature in enamel and water colours,
and occasionally painted in oil ; he also
studied natural history, and executed
some drawings in water colours in
that branch, and is said to have

P L IT 343

painted and etched his own portrait :
died 1803.
Plucks (John Anthony Augustin),
a painter of portraits in miniature,
born at Courtray in 1 792 ; at an
early age came with his parents to
Amsterdam, where he died in 1837 ;
he left many portraits and good co
loured designs in miniature.
Plumier (  ), was an historical
painter of some genius, but the naked
part of his pictures are incorrectly
drawn. Po (Pietro del), born at Palermo,
1610 ; studied under Domenichino at
Naples, afterwards visited Rome, and
painted, amongst other works, a pic
ture of St. Leone for one of the
churches there, but was more success
ful in easel size pictures than in those
of large dimensions : died 1692.
Po (Teresa del), daughter of Pietro,
is said to have painted both in oil and
miniature, but we have no further ac
count of her works.
Po (Giacomo del), son of Pietro,
born at Rome, 1654; was first in
structed by his father, and afterwards
by N. Poussin : was chiefly occupied
in ornamenting the saloons and man
sions of the nobility, with emblemati
cal and allegorical subjects : his
talents are seen to most advantage in
his frescoes, in the gallery of the Mar-
chese di Genzano, and in the palace
of the Principe di Avellino, at Naples :
died 1726.
Poccetti — See Barbatelli.
Podesta (Andrea), born at Genoa,
about 1620 ; went to Rome and stu
died under Giovanni Andrea Ferrari,
but it does not appear that he reached
any celebrity as a painter.
Poel (Vander), is not mentioned
by any writer on the art, except
Bryan : though his pictures are fre
quently met with, and possess con
siderable merit ; he was born in
Holland, and from the dates on his
pictures, which usually represent con
flagrations and buildings on fire,

POE
flourished about 1 660 ; his pencil is
free and firm, colouring vigorous ;
and he was well acquainted with the
principles of chiaro-oscuro ; he also
painted landscapes, which he treated
with equal success ; he usually intro
duced a pond of water, with ducks in
the foreground ; rather too large in
proportion to the restof his accessories.
Poelemberg (Cornelius), born at
Utrecht, 1586 ; having received the
principles of the art from Abraham
Bloemart, travelled to Italy for im
provement, and on his arrival at
Rome, he first attached himself to the
style of Adam Elsheimer, which he
afterwards quitted to study the works
of Raffaelle. He adopted a style
of painting small landscapes, dis
tinguished by the suavity and delicacy
of colouring, and an agreeable choice
of scenery mixed with architecture,
into which he introduced figures as
remarkable for the neatness of pencil,
and clearness of the carnations, as
they are deficient in design. There
is, however, a polished and seductive
brilliancy in his finishing, which
gratifies the generality of observers.
Charles I. invited him to London,
where he remained some time, and
painted several pictures for the
King and the nobility ; he frequently
ornamented with his figures the
architectural views of Steenwick, and
the landscapes of Kierings. In King
Charles' Catalogue, the portraits of
his Majesty and of the children of
the King of Bohemia, by Poelemberg,
are mentioned ; and in that of James
II. there are sixteen pictures by him.
His works were held in the highest
estimation, both in Rome and in Eng
land. John Vander Lis imitated him
so closely, that his works are fre
quently taken for Poelemberg's : died
1660. Poerson (Charles Francis), born at
Paris, 1 653 ; studied under his father,
and afterwards under Noel Coypel, by
whose instruction he proved a reput
able painter in history and portraits.
He was recommended to Louis XIV.,

POG

344

PON

whose portrait he painted, and suc
ceeded so well, that he was honoured
with the Order of St. Lazarus. He
afterwards was employed on some his
torical subjects at the Hospital of the
Invalids, which gave so little satisfac
tion, that they were ordered to be de
stroyed: died 1725.
Poggino (Zanobi), a Florentine,
scholar of John Anthony Sogliani,
was in great esteem, and his works
are still in much request ; he copied
many of them himself, taking pains
in making them exactly alike, so that
those he copied are in equal esteem
with the originals. He flourished
about the year 1630. Baldinucci,
sec. 4. p. 285.
Poindre ( Jacques de ) born at
Malines, 1527: studied under Marc
Williams, and painted history and
portraits, but was most distinguished
in the latter: died 1570.
Pola (Henry), a painter of history ;
is supposed to have lived in the seven
teenth and eighteenth centuries ; he
painted large canvases to ornament
chambers, but possessed of little
merit. Polarini ( Paolo ), of Milan ;
painted in the private chapel of St.
Thomas del Mercato, the Holy An
nunciation. Polidore — See Glauber.
Polidoro (da Caravaggio) — See
Caravaggio. Polidoro ( Veneziano ), bom at
Venice, 1515; was one of the nume
rous scholars of Titian, but never at
tained any celebrity as a painter ; his
pictures in the public edifices at
Venice do not raise his talents above
mediocrity: died 1565.
Pollajuolo (Antonio and Pietro)
— See Pallajuolo.
Pollino ( Caesar) , an excellent
miniature painter on vellum, which
he executed with great freedom, after
the manner of Buonarotti ; he served
several of the Pontiffs ; and in Peru

gia, his country, are to be seen many
of his works.
Polo (Diego), the Elder, born at
Burgos, 1560; studied at Madrid,
under Patricio Caxes ; and was a re
putable painter of history ; some of
his works in the Escurial, and in the
palace at Madrid, prove him to have
been an excellent colourist, and a
tolerably good designer : died 1600.
Polo (Diego), the Younger, born
at Burgos, 1620; was a scholar of
Antonio Lanchares ; and acquired an
admirable style by studying the works
of Titian ; he painted several pictures
for the churches at Madrid, the most
esteemed of which are the Baptism of
Christ, and the Annunciation : died
1655. Polverino (Romualdo), born at
Naples, 1701 ; died 1731. Studied
under Francesco Solimene, and be
came a reputable painter of history ;
died 1731.
Pomerancia (Christofano) — See
Roncalli. Pomerancio (Nicolo and Antonio)
— See Circignano.
Ponchino (Giovanni Battista),
called II Bozzato, born at Castelfranco,
1500 ; was a disciple of Titian, and
a reputable painter of history ; his
picture of the Limbo, in the church
of St. Liberale, at Castelfranco is
superior to any work of art in that
city; he also painted several altar-
pieces for the churches in Venice and
Vicenza: died about 1570.
Pond (Arthur), was an English
painter of portraits, both in oil and
crayons, and contributed largely to
the encouragement of the Fine Arts :
died 1758.
Ponfreni (John Baptist) a painter
of the school of Benefial ; executed
various historical subjects, one of
which may be seen in a chapel of the
church of St. Gregory, in Monte
Celio ; he was director of the Mosaic
works, in the Vatican, and lived in
Rome in 1770.

PON

345

PON

Ponse (Joris), born at Dordrecht
in 1723; a pupil of A. Schouman ;
painted flowers, fruit, and birds ; his
cabinet pictures excelled more in good
finish than in agreeable composition.
He died at Dordrecht, 1783.
Pont (Nicholas du), born at
Brussels, 1660; died in that city in
1712; he was a painter of architec
ture and landscapes ; the figures being
inserted by Francis Bout. He paint
ed, in conjunction with Bout, the
perspective of a grand palace ; this
painting is in the museum at Ghent.
Ponte (Francesco da), the Elder,
bom at Vicenza, 1475, was the head
of the family of the Bassans, and the
founder of the school distinguished
by their name. If not a disciple of
Giovanni Belhni, he was in the early
part of his life, one of the most pre
cise followers of his style ; such is
his picture of St. Bartholomew in the
Cathedral at Bassano, which displays
much of the hard and laboured finish
of Bellini ; his style afterwards be
came less dry and Gothic, and his last
works approached to the mellowness
and freedom of the modern style, as
is evident in the picture of the Holy
Ghost in the church of the village of
Oliero ; a grand composition, rich and
harmonious in colour, and with a fine
expression in the heads : died 1530.
Ponte (Giacomo de), usually called
II Bassano ; son of Francesco the
Elder, bom at Bassano, 1510; studied
first under his father, and afterwards
at Venice, under Bonifacio Veneziano,
but his best improvement was derived
from contemplating the works of
Titian, and copying the designs of
Parmegiano. By some he is supposed
to have been a disciple of Titian,
whose style he had adopted in his
Flight into Egypt, and in his Nativity,
two of his early productions, at which
time he drew his figures larger than
life ; but this energy was not of long
duration, and he eventually contracted
his scale to a smaller proportion, and
abandoned the dignity of history to
familiarize his ideas to the meaner and

more domestic subjects, which after
wards occupied his pencil. His
figures are commonly below the natu
ral size, and without much vigour of
appearance. He also distinguished
himself as a portrait painter, in which
he followed the style of Titian and
Tintoretto, and painted some of the
most celebrated persons of his time,
among whom are Sebastiano, Venerio,
Doge of Venice, Ariosto, Tasso, and
others. The picturesque situation of
his mansion on the fertile banks of
the Brenta, surrounded with pasture
and cattle, led him to paint from na
ture the objects which surrounded
him, and he selected such subjects as
admitted of the introduction of
animals and rustic occupations, which
he painted with a truth and simplicity
that may truly be said to be his own.
His Scripture pictures usually repre
sent the animals going into the Ark ;
the history of Jacob ; the Adoration
of the Magi, Shepherds, and others of
a similar kind. He also painted pas
toral subjects, markets and fairs of
cattle, farm yards, the pursuits of
husbandry, &c. He had a large
family, and his daughters generally
sat to him for his queens ; madonnas,
magdalens, or peasant girls. His
productions were multifarious, and
are to be met with in every country,
and in every collection ; he painted
for the Emperor Rodolphus II. the
Twelve Months of the Year and the
Four Seasons. Those of his historical
pictures deserving of particular atten
tion, are the Entombing of Christ, at
Padua ; the Nativity, now in the
Gallery of the Louvre, in which the
light emanating from the Infant pro
duces a charming effect ; the compo
sition is chaste and studied, and the
airs and attitudes of the Shepherds
simple and natural. He was ignorant
of perspective, and his draperies are
often heavy and incongruous. His
colouring is as harmonious, and as
captivating as any of the great mas
ters of his country. His heads with
out dignity or beauty, possess a
charm which is peculiar to himself.

PON
His limited acquaintance with the
naked, obliged him to load his figures
with draperies, which even in his
historical paintings, are usually rather
the habihrnerTts of peasants, than
characterized by the propriety of cos
tume, and his want of precision in
perspective, weakens the effect of his
landscapes ; which, in other respects,
are deserving of admiration. One of
his most important historical works,
is St. Roch interceding with the Vir
gin for the persons infected with the
plague : died 1592.
Ponte (Francesco da), the Younger,
son of Giacomo, brought up in the
school of his father; went to Venice
and was employed by the Government
to decorate the public palace with a
series of pictures, representing sub
jects from the history of the Repub
lic. He painted several pictures for
the churches of Venice, which, though
less vigorous and harmonious in the
colouring than those of Giacomo, are
deservedly admired. One of his most
esteemed works is a picture of St.
Apollonio in the Church of St. Afra,
at Brescia : died 1 5 9 1 .
Ponte (Giovanni Battista da), second
son of Giacomo ; was chiefly employ
ed in copying the works of his father,
which he did with a precision that
deceived the most experienced ; only
one picture of his own composition is
known, and that is an altar-piece in
the church of St. Gallio: died 1613.
Ponte (Leandro da), third son of
Giacomo, bom at Bassano, 1558 ; was
educated under his father, whose style
he followed for some time. Until
having painted some portraits at
Venice, which were highly extolled,
he confined himself almost entirely to
that branch of the art. Amongst
other distinguished personages, he
painted a portrait of the Doge Gri-
mani. His historical pictures most
deserving of notice, are the Birth of
the Virgin, at Venice ; and the Raising
of Lazarus, now in the gallery of the
Louvre : died 1623.

346 PO N
Ponte (Girolamo da), youngest son
of Giacomo, born at Bassano, 1560 :
copied the pictures of his father so
perfectly, as to pass at that time, as
they have frequently done since, for
originals; he also painted some from
his own designs, amongst which is Sta.
Barbara kneeling before the Virgin :
died 1622.
Ponte au (Michael), born at Liege,
1588; had Berlin Hoyoux for his
first master; he went when very
young to Italy, and passed there the
greatest part of his fife. Almost all
his works remain in that country,
where he was only known under the
name of Pontiani. The churches and
convents of Liege and its environs,
however, possess mostof his paintings:
died 1650.
Pontons (Pablo), born in Valencia,
1606: was a scholar of Pedro Or-
rente, a disciple of Bassano, whose
style he followed ; his colouring bears
the character of the Venetian school.
In the church of Sta. Maria da Mo-
rella, are two pictures representing the
Nativity, and the Adoration of the Magi.
He was also a reputable painter of
portraits: died 1670.
Pontormo (Jacopo Carrucci da),
born at Pontormo, in the Florentine
State, 1493 ; was first a scholar of
Leonardo da Vinci, and next of Pietro
Cosimo, and Mariotto Albertinelli,
and afterwards of Andrea del Sarto ;
and painted equally well in fresco as
in oil; one of his first productions
after leaving that school, was a picture
of the Visitation of the Virgin to St.
Elizabeth, which disputed the palm
with many of the works of Andrea,
and was pamted equally well ; he was
not less successful in his Holy Family,
with St. John, and his picture of St.
Augustine giving the Benediction ;
a beautiful Choir of Angels. He was
as famous for his portraits as for his
historical subjects ; in general he
designed and coloured entirely in
the manner of Andrea del Sarto ; but
he afterwards forsook the path he had
trod with so much ability,- and exe-

PON

cuted works which were undisguisedly
copies from the prints of Albert Durer.
His last works were the Deluge, and
the Last Judgment, which after occu
pying him eleven years, proved to be
complete failures, and have since been
obliterated: died 1556.
Ponzone ( Matteo ), a Venetian,
and a scholar of Santo Peranda ; was
a painter of history ; and surpassed
his instructor in the delicacy of co
louring ; though inferior to him in
the elegance of design. Some of his
works are in the churches and public
places at Venice.
PooL(Juriaen),bom at Amsterdam,
1666 ; distinguished himself as a por
trait painter, and passed the early
part of his life at the Court of the
Elector Palatine ; by whom his works
were much esteemed : died 1745.
Pool (Rachel) — See Ruysch.
Poort (Aldert James Vander),
born at Dorcum, in 1771 ; was a
pupil of H . W. Beckkerk, at Leuwarde';
at the death of that master he returned
to his native town, where he remained
till 1800. He painted in a saloon
some historical subjects which are es
teemed as the works of his master ;
also some landscapes of great beauty,
and perfectly finished. He afterwards
abandoned the historic line to study
nature more especially, and the works
of the great masters, and made bril
liant and rapid progress in those new
studies. He died at Leuwarde in
1807, at the age of 36.
Poorter, born at Haerlem in 1 636 ;
was a tolerably good painter of his
tory. Poorter (William de), a Dutch
painter of the 1 7th century ; painted
history with some merit, and especially
inanimate objects. He painted the
visit of the Queen of Sheba to
Solomon. Poorter (John Anthony de), a
mediocre painter of Flanders : was
Dean of the Fraternity of St. Luke, in
Antwerp, in 1603. He painted in
the style of Teniers.

347 P O R
Poost (Francis) — See Post.
Poples (John), a painter and en
graver, was born at Tournay about
1630. His paintings are extremely
rare. He has left some engravings
after the pictures of Rubens, and from
the gallery of the Archduke at Brus
sels. Poppi — See Morandini.
Por (Daniel de), of Parma; practised
with the scholars of Correggio and
Parmegiano, and formed a manner ex
tremely pleasing to the admirers of
painting. He went to Rome, and
worked with Thaddeus Zucchero, and
other painters : his death is recorded
in the archives of the Rotunda at
Rome as happening about 1566.
Vasari speaks of him in the Vita di
Taddeo Zuccaro, par. 3. p. 180.
Porbus (Peter), bom at Gouda,
1510; painted history. In the great
church of Gouda is a picture by him
of St. Hubert ; and another of the
Crucifixion, in the church of Notre
Dame ; he painted several others for
the churches and public edifices. He
also painted portraits. His best por
trait is that of the Duke of Alencon :
died 1583.
Porbus (Francis), the Elder, son
of Peter, born at Bruges, 1540; was
instructed first under his father, and
then under Francis Floris ; both of
whom he eventually surpassed. He
painted history, landscapes and ani
mals, and was one of the most dis
tinguished portrait painters of his
time. One of his most esteemed
works is the Adoration of the Magi.
His landscapes were so exact, that
every species of fruit and forest trees
was easily distinguished. Though his
productions partake somewhat of the
dry, formal style, his colouring is clear
and chaste, particularly in his por
traits, which are full of life and
character: died 1580.
Porbus (Francis), the Younger,
born at Antwerp, 1570; after re
ceiving some instruction at home, he
went to Paris, where he met with such

POR

348

POR

encouragement as a portrait painter
that he settled there for life. He
painted the portraits of the royal
family and the most distinguished
personages of the court ; he also es
tablished his reputation as a painter
of history by his Annunciation ; Cruci
fixion ; and a picture of St. Francis ;
but his most esteemed performance
is the Last Supper, a grand and simple
composition, the figures correctly de
signed, and colouring rich and har
monious. He also painted two pic
tures of the Minority and Majority of
Louis XIV. ; and one of Henry IV. :
died 1622.
Pordenone — See Licinio.
Porettano (Peter Maria), a scholar
of Caracci ; painted in the parochial
church of Santa Maria Madelina, the
picture of St. Anthony Abate, about
the year 1600. Masini, p. 637.
Porpora ( Paul ), a Neapolitan
painter, is mentioned in the Catalogue
of Painters in Rome in the year 1656.
Porta (Baccio Della), called Fra
Bartolo di S. Marco, born near Flo
rence, 1469 ; became a disciple of
Cosimo Roselli at Florence, and passed
some years with that master ; then
applied himself to a study of the works
of Leonardo da Vinci, and by modeling
and copying from the ancient basso-re
lievo acquired a breadth of light and
shadow which is one of the most
striking characteristics of his style.
His first works were of a small size,
and very highly finished : such are
his two cabinet pictures in the Flo
rentine Gallery, representing the Na
tivity and the Circumcision ; but in
his fresco of the Last Judgment he
he evinced powers of a superior cast.
His design approached to that of Raf
faelle in grace and grandeur, and he
surpassed him in boldness of relief
and in the richness of his colouring.
His compositions usually represented
the Virgin and the Infant, surrounded
by Saints, and embellished with magni
ficent architecture and groups of angels
or celestial choristers, composed and
designed with elegance and taste ; he

was charged by his rivals with being
ignorant of the anatomy of the human
body, which he disproved by his pic
ture of St. Sebastian, so correctly de
signed and so perfectly formed, that
the monks considered it too beautiful
to be publicly exposed in their church.
One of his most celebrated pictures
represents the Virgin sitting on a
throne, accompanied by St. Peter, St.
Bartholomew, and other Saints, pre
siding at the mystical marriage of St.
Catherine with the Infant Christ :
died 1517.
Porta (Guiseppe), called Salviati,
born at Castel Nuovo in the Grafag-
nana, 1 535 ; was placed in the school
of Francesco Salviati, a Florentine
painter, then residing at Rome, whom
he accompanied to Venice, and having
combined somewhat of the design of
the Roman school with the Venetian
colouring, he met with the most flat
tering encouragement. He painted
history for the churches and other
public edifices there. Amongst others
the Sibyls ; the Prophets ; and the
Cardinal Virtues ; also the Dead
Christ with the Marys; he also
painted a picture of the Emperor
Frederick I. doing homage to Alex
ander III. ; and on returning to
Venice, painted the Assumption and
the Annunciation; also a Descent
from the Cross, with the Virgin,
Mary Magdalen, and St. John, which
is considered one of his finest works.
He is occasionally extravagant and
strained in the delineations of the
muscles. His colouring was often
tender and hamonious, but towards
the latter part of his life was occa
sionally languid and monotonous :
died 1585.
Porta (Andrea), bora in Milan,
1656; studied the works of Legna-
nino, and formed a style of colouring
so vigorous and agreeable as to be
universally admired : died 1714.
Porta (Ferdinand), born 1690;
painted history in the style of his
father with great success ; he died in
1744.

POR

349

POT

Portelli (Charles), of Valambrosa;
a scholar of Rodolpho Ghirlandaio ;
painted a great many works and altar-
pieces in the city of Florence, and
flourished about 1560. Vasari, par. 3.
lib. 2. p. 29.
Portengen (Lumen), a painter at
Utrecht ; was received into the col
lege of painters in that city in 1638.
He had already, in 1637, made a gift
to the Academy of that city of a
painting representing Venus asleep.
Portengen (Peter), a painter at
Utrecht; was part of the Society of
Painters as a pupil of Paul Moreelsz.
In 1838 he gave a picture to the
hospital of that city, the subject was a
Devotee prostrated before a Death's
head ; he painted also some land
scapes in the manner of J. Both, his
trees are touched in a very inferior
style to those of that master.
Possenti (Benedetto), born at Bo
logna ; was educated in the school of
the Caracci, and excelled in painting
landscapes, sea-ports, embarkations,
and battle-pieces, which were held in
considerable estimation: died 1656.
Possenti (Giovanni Pietro), son
and scholar of Benedetto, born at
Bologna, 1618; painted battles and
attacks of cavalry, in which he not
only surpassed his father, but was
considered the ablest painter in his
time of those subjects. He also
painted history, and one of his most
esteemed productions represents the
Martyrdom of St. Lorenzo.
Post or Poost (Francis), born at
Haerlem about 1620 ; was the son of
John Post, a glass painter of some
celebrity, under whom he is supposed
to have" studied. His ability having
procured him the patronage of Prince
Maurice, he accompanied him to the
West Indies and South America,
where he made numerous drawings of
the most interesting views in that
country, and on his return to Holland
painted several large pictures for the
palace of Ryksdorp. In his land
scapes his plants, fruit, fishes and

animals are described with truth and
nature, trees touched freely and loosely,
and withamasterly pencil ; foregrounds
of landscape frequently too dark and
verdure too green, skies clear, and
distances remarkably blue ; many of
his landscapes are views of Surinam,
and the dress of the natives, their
sports and manners, are correctly de
lineated : died 1680.
Posthumus (Gosling), a pupil of
Otto de BoeT ; made in 1 824, with
his master, an artistic journey in
France and in Italy ; and shortly after
his return, in 1832, this artist, who
had promised a brilliant future, died
at Dorcum, in the flower of his age.
PoT(Henry),born at Haerlem about
1600 ; master unknown ; was a repu
table painter of history, and a dis
tinguished portrait painter. Of the
former, a picture representing Judith
with the Head of Holofernes, is
favourably spoken of, and the latter
is evidenced by his portrait of the
principal officers of the Society of
Archers, in their Hall at Haerlem :
died 1656.
Potheuk (J.), a Dutchman ; was
a good portrait painter. He made in
a picture, which obtained great suc
cess, the portraits of the regents or
governors of the Pestilential Hospital
at Leyden, in 1658.
Pothoven (Henry), born at Am
sterdam in 1725 ; was a pupil of
Philip Vandyck. He painted por
traits and cabinet pictures, and par
ticularly excelled in the accessories —
the satin, the velvet, the cloth, the
laces, the tapestries, &c. are perfectly
imitated. In general he had a good
touch and an agreeable colouring ; he
understood the naked figure, and there
fore designed with great correctness.
In 1791 he made the portrait of Pro
fessor Dav. Ruhnkenius. He also
made great use of the graver, and often
applied himself to it : he died at the
Hague. Potma (James), bora in Friesland
about 1610 ; was a scholar of Wybrant

POT

350

POU

de Gheest, and an eminent painter of
history, portraits, and landscapes, but
was particularly so in the latter, and
was much employed as such in the
different courts of Germany : died
1684. Potter (Peter), father of the cele
brated Paul Potter, born at Enkhuy-
sen, in Holland, about 1595, and
painted landscapes with sacred sub
jects. One of which, representing St.
Paul the Hermit in the Desert, at
tended by an Eagle, prove him to
have possessed considerable merit.
Potter (Paul) ; this admirable
painter of animals, the son of the
preceding artist, born at Enkhuysen,
1625, was instructed in the art by his
father : his landscapes are generally
subordinate to his cattle, and seldom ex
tend beyond a pasture, with the stump
of a tree, a farm house, or a hovel ; but
they are represented with uncommon
fidelity, and his animals are designed
with a correctness that is beyond all
praise ; he chiefly excelled in paint
ing cows, sheep, goats, &c. which he
grouped in a most picturesque manner.
A careless manner in the leafing of
the trees, and a masterly ease and
negligence in the skies and distances,
combined with exquisite finishing of
the animals, are the characteristics of
his works. His pictures usually exhibit
a brilliant effect of sunshine, and there
is a lustrous glitter in his colouring
which is peculiar to himself ; his touch
is firm and free, his pencil unusually
full and flowing. Though his pictures
are highly finished, he generally
painted on a small scale ; but there
was formerly in the possession of the
Prince of Orange, a picture of a herds
man and cattle, as large as life ; his
cabinet pictures are, however, prefer
able to those of a large size. His
pictures are rare, and, irrespective of
their merit, command high prices,
on account of their scarcity : died
1654. Pottey (John), a painter of history
and portraits, was born at Haerlem
in 1615, according to one of his de

signs, which bears the place and date
of his birth. He went, in 1641, to
England, from which time nothing
has been said of him: his portrait,
painted by himself, is still preserved.
Potuil (Henry), is a painter little
known, and of whom only one picture
is mentioned in the catalogue of
Hoet and Terwesten, it represents
an animated conversation of peasants.
It is said that he imitated with great
art the manner of the celebrated
Gerard Douw.
Pourbus— See Porbus.
Poussin (Nicholas), born at An-
dilly, in Normandy, 1594 ; was first
placed under Quintin Varin in 1612,
and afterwards under Ferdinand Elle, a
Flemish portrait painter, then stu
died from the prints of the works of
Raffaelle and Giulio Romano, and
from casts of the finest statues ; some
of his first essays in painting were
the pictures in the church of the
Capuchins at Blois, and some Bac
chanalian subjects for the chateau at
Chivemy ; he afterwards painted six
large pictures in distemper for the
college of Jesuits ; and his picture of
the Death of the Virgin, for the church
of Notre Dame. On visiting Rome,
he copied several of the pictures of
Titian, and thereby improved his
taste ; he afterwards became so much
reduced in circumstances that he was
under the necessity of disposing of
his works at miserable prices, hardly
more than the expense of his canvas
and colours : he was subsequently en
gaged by Cardinal Barberini to paint
for him the Death of Germanicus;
and the taking of Jerusalem by the
Emperor Titus ; these productions
having established his reputation, he
was employed by the Cavaliere del
Pozzo, for whom he painted his first
series of the Seven Sacraments, with
variations. He was next commis
sioned to paint an altar-piece for the
chapel of St. Germain-en-Laye, where
he produced his admirable labours of
the Last Supper, and after that, he
prepared the designs, and some of

POU

351

POZ

the cartoons representing the labours
of Hercules, for the Gallery of the
Louvre, which he was engaged to
decorate ; when he was assailed by
the machinations of Vouet and his
adherents, and even the landscape
painter, Fouquieres, presumed to criti
cise his works, and to detract from
his merit ; disgusted with these ca
bals, he quitted France, and returned
to Rome, where he chiefly employed
himself hi painting pictures of an easel
size, taken from fabulous or poetical
history, and chiefly from Ovid ; and
such was the moderate price that he
asked for them, which he constantly
marked on the back of the canvas,
that he did not .amass any consider
able fortune. His first style was an
imitation of the colouring of Titian,
which he afterwards abandoned and
adopted one less warm and more re
sembling the marble of the ancient
statues than real flesh, but on the
whole, as a colourist, was extremely
unequal. In regarding his favourite
pictures, representing subjects of the
fable, or of Heathen mythology, the
mind is carried back into antiquity ;
and such was his veneration for the
ancient statues and bas-reliefs, that
he became as intimately acquainted
with the rites and ceremonies of the
ancients, as with those of his own
time, and we are not less impressed
with the beauty and grandeur of the
scenery he displays in his landscapes,
than with the dignified characteristics
that distinguish his historical works.
One of his best pictures, a Bacchana
lian Triumph, is now in the National
Gallery: died 1665.
Poussin (Gaspar Dughet), called
Gaspar, born at Rome, 1613, was the
brother-in-law and scholar of Nicholas
Poussin, and under his guidance
became one of the most celebrated
painters of landscape that the art has
produced. His first manner was dry
and hard, but when he had seen
some of Claude's landscapes, he
adopted one more mellow and agree
able. So great was his facility, that

he is said to have sometimes finished
a picture in a day. His landscapes
represent the most interesting pros
pects in the vicinity of Rome, Tivoli,
and Frescati : the gentle sloping of
the mountains, their sides decked
with the sequestered villa or the
ruined castle, the immense Campania
intersected with limpid lakes, or the
murmuring waterfalls gushing through
rifted rocks, sometimes viewed under
the serene atmosphere, where the
gentle breath of morning scarcely stirs
the leaves, and sometimes with the
evening sun, whose lengthening sha
dow from tower to tree augments the
grandeur of the scene ; at other times
we see it agitated by the most terrific
convulsions of nature, the lowering
tempest blackens all the sky, — the
forked lightning rives the towering
pine, or crumbles the mouldering
turret, — the impetuous whirlwind,
rushing from the hills, sweeps flocks,
herds, and herdsmen from the plain,
such are the admirable landscapes of
Gaspar Poussin, several of which
have been brought to this country ;
and two of his finest, one of Abraham
and Isaac, in a rich landscape ; the
other, a Land Storm, are now in the
National Gallery. His touch is firm
and vigorous, and the foliage of each
tree and plant bears the peculiar
character of its species : his pictures
are sometimes embellished with figures
by Nicholas Poussin, usually repre
senting some subject of history or the
fable: died 1657.
Poussin (John Dughet), younger
brother of Gaspar, born at Rome,
about 1615 ; was taught the elements
of design by Nicholas, but not suc
ceeding as a painter, he devoted him
self to engraving.
Pozzi (Giovanni Battista), born at
Milan ; went to Rome when young,
and was employed by Sixtus V. in
the Vatican, &c. ; and at the Sistine
Chapel he painted the Visitation of
the Virgin, and the Angel approach
ing to St. Joseph in his dream : died
young.

POZ

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Pozzi (Stefano), born at Rome ;
was first a scholar of Carlo Maratti,
and afterwards studied under Agos
tino Masucci. Several of his works
are in the public edifices at Rome ; in
design he is grander than Masucci,
and his colouring is more vigorous
and chaste. He painted a picture of
St. Gregorio, and an altar-piece re
presenting the Death of Joseph : died
1768. Pozzo (Andrea), born at Trent,
1642 ; his instructor, an artist of
little ability, having employed him in
imitating the works of the most
distinguished artists of the Venetian
school, he became an excellent co
lourist, and he also improved his
style of design by studying the best
works of art at Rome. He painted
four pictures of the Life of our Saviour,
in which he imitated the style of
Rubens ; of his works in oil, one of
the most esteemed is his picture of
St. Francesco Borgia, but he was
more eminent in fresco, in which he
greatly distinguished himself. He
excelled in portrait painting, and
painted those of the Emperor Leopold
and the Archduke Joseph, also his
own portrait, which latter is in the
Florentine Gallery : died 1709.
Pozzo (Isabella dal), bora at Turin,
where there is a picture representing
the Virgin and Infant, with St. Biagio
and other saints, signed with her
name, and dated 1666, which, accord
ing to Lanzi, could be surpassed by
few of her contemporaries in Turin.
Pozzo (Darius), a Veronese; besides
being a skilful painter himself, de
serves to be remembered as having
been the first master of the famous
Claude Ridolfi : he flourished about
1590. Pozzo ne' Pittori Veronese,
p. 154.
Pozzoserrato (Lodovico), called
da Trevigi, born in Flanders ; painted
landscapes, and was a contemporary
with Paul Bril, with whose works his
pictures were often put in competition,
and sometimes preferred ; he excelled
in representing the rising and set

ting of the sun, with a fine degra
dation of tint in his skies 'and dis
tances ; he also painted land storms
and tempests, with an uncommon
grandeur of effect.
Prado (Bias de), born in Toledo
in 1497; studied under Aionzo Ber-
ruguete, and painted much in the style
of Parmegiano. At Madrid he was
favoured by Philip II. , and entered
into his service ; at the request of the
King of Morocco he went into that
country, where he stayed a consider
able time, and gave great satisfaction
to that monarch, for whom he pamted
the portraits of all the Sovereigns in
Europe, and although that barbarous
nation had no use nor genius for
painting, and their customs forbade
the faces of the princesses to be seen,
he was permitted to paint the portrait
of the daughter of the King, who
was most splendidly dressed ; upon
being ordered back to Spain, this pre
cious gift was conveyed by him to
Philip. Signor Anthony Vanelli pos
sesses six pictures of singular beauty
by this artist, and in the house of the
Brothers of Mercy in Portugal is the
Espousal of King Emanuel, well de
signed and painted by him : he died
in 1557, aged 60.
Prado (Galasso de), a Spanish
painter ; was much pleased with, and
followed the manner of Parmegiano,
as may be seen in the painting of the
Virgin and a number of saints, in the
palace of the Constable Colonna, in
Rome, not inferior to the works of
that master.
Prandino (Octavius), is honour
ably mentioned by Caprioli as an ex
cellent and ingenious painter in his
Storia di Brescia, lib. 9. ; and but
few in his day could be compared to
him, he raised himself above Gentile
da Fabbriano, and others who flourish
ed in 1412. Cozzandi, p. 123.
Prato (Francis dal), of Caravaggio,
a painter, goldsmith, and worker
in bronzes ; is mentioned by Vasari,
par. 3. lib. 2. p. 94, for his works in

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Florence, and by Avaroldi, p. 102, for
the Marriage of the Virgin Mary with
St. Joseph, painted by him in the
church of St. Francis, in Brescia, in
the year 1547.
Pratt (Matthew), born at Phila
delphia; came to England in 1764,
and in 1 766 exhibited a picture called
the American School, which consisted
of portraits of himself and country
man, Mr. West, and others.
Preciado or Preziado (Don
Francesco), born at Seville, 1713; a
scholar of Domingo Martinez ; visited
Rome in 1 733, and entered the school
of Sebastiano Conca, and on leaving
that academy painted some pictures
for the public edifices at Rome, par
ticularly a Holy Family, which is en
tirely in the style of his instructor.
There are very few of his works in
his native country: died 1789.
Preisler (Daniel), born in Prague
in 1627; studied under Schieblings,
the Court painter ; he afterwards went
through Bohemia and Germany, and
finally settled in Nuremberg. He
painted for the churches and private
persons with great success : died
1665. Sandrart, p. 385.
Preisler (John Justin), born at
Nuremberg about 1698; was in
structed by his father, John Daniel
Priesler, an artist little known. He
visited Italy, and on his return to
Germany, gave proof of considerable
ability in a picture representing the
Entombing of Christ, for one of the
churches at Nuremberg.
Preisler (George Martin), second
son of John Daniel Priesler, born at
Nuremberg about 1 700, was a painter
of portraits.
Prenner (Gaspar), born about
1 722 ; went young to Italy, and stu
died and painted history for the
churches there.
Prestel (John Gottlieb), bom in
Suabia, 1739; went to Venice, and
studied painting under Guiseppe No

gari, but afterwards devoted himself
almost entirely to engraving.
Prete (Genoese) — See Galan-
tino. Preti (Cavaliere Mattia), called
II Calabrese, born in Calabria, 1613 ;
went to Rome, and studied the works
of Raffaelle, Buonarotti and Anni
bale Caracci, and was also a scholar
of Giovanni Lanfranco, and after
wards of Guercino, under whom he
studied some years, and acquired a
firm manner of colouring, and great
freedom of pencil. He visited Venice
and Bologna, and painted some pic
tures for the public edifices, by which
he acquired considerable reputation ;
he returned to Rome, and painted
three pictures, representing subjects
from the life of S. Andrea della Valle ;
went to Naples, and executed some con
siderable works in fresco. He usually
made choice of the most terrific and
gloomy subjects, such as martyrdoms
and scenes of death, to which his
sombre style of colouring was parti
cularly appropriate. His triumph of
Osiris, and a half-length figure of
Homer, are in the manner of Guercino,
and one of his pictures representing a
Saint coming out of a Tomb, is more
like the colouring of Paolo Veronese.
He painted several works in fresco
for the churches in Naples : died
1699. Previtale (Andrea), born at
Bergamo, was one of the most dis
tinguished scholars of Giovanni Bel
lini, and painted history with great
reputation. His early pictures, like
those of Bellini, are somewhat Gothic
in composition and design, and in tbe
minute finish of the accessorial orna
ments, but he afterwards adopted the
more modern style : such are his pic
tures of St. John preaching, and his
St. Benedetto ; but one of his finest
works is his Annunciation at Ceneda :
died about 1528.
Prevost (Nicholas), born in France,
is said to have been a scholar of
Claude Vignon, and to have flourished
2 a

PRE

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PRO

about 1700, but no account is given
of his works.
Prey (J. Z.), born at Prague in
1744. At sixteen years of age went
to Vienna, where he assisted other
artists in painting some saloons in the
Chateau at Presbourg, the entire |
direction of which was at last given
him to finish. He then went to
Dresden, for the purpose of studying
the works of the first masters. After
workiug in Vienna, in ornamenting
the theatre of that city, he went to
Frankfort, and thence to Holland,
intending to pass to England, but
being taken ill, he settled at Rot
terdam. Having joined the theory
and the practice of the art, to
vast knowledge in history, perspec
tive, and architecture, he devoted
himself almost entirely to teaching in
that city. His designs are found in
a great many collections : he died at
Bois-le-Duc in 1823.
Preziato (Francesco), of Seville ;
lived in Rome, and embellished many
of the churches in that city with his
works, particularly that of the Tri
nity in the street of that name ; also
several chapels of the Spanish church
of St. James, in Rome.
Priest (Thomas), an English land
scape painter, resided at Chelsea about
1738, and chiefly painted views on
the Thames, which he afterwards
engraved. Primatticcio (Francesco), born
at Bologna, 1490; studied first under
Innocenzio da Imola; afterwards
under Bartolomeo Ramenghi, called
II Bagnacavallo, and subsequently
under Giulio, at Mantua. He went
to France, and was employed by
Francis I. in ornamenting the gal
lery and apartments at Fontainebleau :
the subjects selected were the Gods of
Homer, and the Adventures of Ulysses,
which he executed in fifteen com
partments, which were subsequently
destroyed ; and all that now remains
at Fontainebleau of the works of this
sublime artist, are the frescoes repre

senting the History of Alexander the
Great. He painted also in oil, and
in his attitude appears to have imi
tated the style of Parmegiano: his
touch was light, and colour lively.
Primo— See Gentile.
Prina (Peter Francis), a native of
Novara, an excellent painter, and of
great depth of invention in perspec
tive and in architecture, lived in Milan -^
practised some years in the school ot
Franceschini ; he also drew with the
pen historical subjects in the most
agreeable manner of that school.
Prince (John Baptist Le), bom at
Paris, 1 733 ; studied some time under
J. M. Vien and Francis Boucher,
and having acquired some reputation
he travelled to Russia, and designed
the most remarkable views of the
countries through which he passed,
with their different costumes, &c,
from which, on his return to Paris,
he executed several pictures. He ex
celled in conversation pieces, the inte
riors of grand rooms, pastorals, and
rural festivities : died 1781.
Priwitzer (John), born in Hun
gary ; visited England in the reign of
James I., and painted the portraits of
several of the nobility ; at Woburn,
besides some heads of the family,
there is a whple-length portrait of
Sir W. Russell, Knight of the Bath,
in the robes of the order, with a
Dwarf, painted with freedom, bril
liantly coloured, and inscribed Jo
hannes Privitzerus deffungarii, Facie-
bat, 1627.
Proccacini (Ercole), bora at Bo
logna, 1520. His principal works
are at Bologna, of which the following
are most worthy of notice : the An
nunciation ; the Conversion of Saul ;
Christ praying in the Garden ; St.
Michael discomfiting the Rebel An
gels ; and the Deposition from the
Cross. Although occasionally minute
in design, and in colouring languid,
defects which he possessed in common
with his contemporaries, his forms
are graceful and correct, and his style

PRO

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exact and precise. By Lomazzo he
is said to have been a successful fol
lower of the graceful design and ad
mirable colouring of Correggio : died
about 1600.
Proccacini (Camillo), son of Er
cole, born at Bologna, 1546; was
first instructed by his father, and
afterwards visited Rome, and studied
the works of M. A. Buonarotti, to
which may be attributed the terrible
and gigantic so often discernible in
his works, whilst the gracefulness of
his heads, and turns of his figures,
may alike be attributed to his attentive
study of the works of Parmegiano.
His most esteemed works at Milan
are the Martyrdom of St. Agnes, and
the Assumption of the Virgin, both
painted in fresco ; but they are infe
rior to his Last Judgment, and his
St. Roch administering the Sacrament
to persons afflicted with the Plague,
wliich are considered by Malvasio the
finest frescoes in Lombardy. At
Piacenza he painted the Coronation
of the Virgin, with a beautiful Choir
of Angels ; and at Bologna, the Ado
ration of the Shepherds, and the
Annunciation. He possessed a fer
tile invention, and a commanding fa
cility of hand. His colouring, par
ticularly in fresco, is clear and vigorous,
and his draperies cast" with judgment
and taste ; but his arms, and the ex
tremities of his figures, are frequently
out of proportion : died 1626.
Proccacini (Giulio Cesare), born
at Bologna, 1548 : is said to have
been brought up in the school of the
Caracci, but this is disputed by
Bryan, who thinks it more probable
that he formed his style from the
great principles of Correggio, which
he says are discernible in all his
works, and adds, he passed some time
at Rome where the admirable produc
tions of Raffaelle were particularly
the objects of his attention. At
Milan his most considerable works
are the Transfiguration ; the Adora
tion of the Magi; St. Francis re
ceiving the Stigmata ; and the An

nunciation. At Rome is a picture of
the Virgin and Infant, so much in the
style of Correggio, that it has been
engraved as a work of that master,
in imitating whose graces he some
times attempted a tenderness of ex
pression which occasionallyapproaches
to affectation : such are his pictures
of the Madonna and Infant, sur
rounded by Saints and a Choir of
Angels, at Brescia ; and the Mar
riage of St. Catherine, at Parma.
In the Palazzo Durazzo, at Genoa, is
also a fine picture by him of the
Woman taken in Adultery. The
compositions of Giulio are more stu
died and judicious than those of Ca
millo, and his design is more dignified
and correct : died 1626.
Proccacini (Carlo Antonio), third
son of Ercole, bora at Bologna, 1555 ;
excelled in painting landscapes, flow
ers, and fruit, and his pictures are to
be found in the best collections in
Italy and in Spain : died 1628.
Proccacini (Ercole Juniore), son
of Carlo Antonio, born at Milan,
1596 ; was educated in the school of
Giulio Cesare Proccacini, whose style
he followed with success, and painted
several pictures for the churches and
publicedifices at Milan ; in one of which,
an altar-piece, at Bergamo, represent
ing the Assumption of the Virgin, he
has imitated the grandeur of Cor
reggio. He also painted flower-pieces
in great perfection : died 1676.
Proccacini (Andrea), born at
Rome, 1671 ; brought up in the
school of C. Maratti ; painted history
in the style of his master. Amongst
his other works at Rome is his picture
of Daniel, one of the twelve Prophets
painted by order of Clement VI I . He
also executed several considerable
works for the churches of Spain : died
1734. Profondavalli (Valerius), of
Louvain, in Brabant ; was a famous
painter of all sorts of history upon
glass. His daughter, Prudentia, fol
lowed the same profession, and has
2 A 2

PRO

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PUL

left at Milan some noble specimens of
her skill: died about 1590. Lomazzo,
Idea del Tempo, p. 165.
Pronk (Cornelius), born at Am
sterdam, in 1691 ; studied design
under Frans Van Houten, and paint
ing under Arnold Boonen ; he ex
celled in portraits, which he executed
with great fidelity, but preferred
making views of towns and landscapes,
in Indian ink and water colours ; his
designs found many amateurs : it is
said that a design after a picture of
Hondekoeter brought him 400 florins :
he died in his native city in 1759.
Pronti (Padre Cesare), born at
Rimini, 1626. Studied under Guer
cino, and painted some altar-pieces for
the churches, the backgrounds en
riched with buildings, and admirably
executed: died 1708.
Prou (James), born in Paris about
1639; a scholar of Sebastian Bour
don, painted landscapes in the style
of that master : died about 1 700.
Provenzale (Marcello), born at
Cento, 1575 ; was a scholar of P.
Rosselli, under whom he became
eminent as a painter of history and
portraits, but is chiefly distinguished
as a mosaicist ; he executed a portrait
of Paul V. wrought with surprising
neatness and beauty ; and for the
Cardinal Scipione Borghese, Orpheus
playing on the Lyre, surrounded by
animals ; also several works on a
larger scale for different public edifices
in Rome : died 1639.
Prudhomme (  ),born at Berlin,
visited England in the reign of Queen
Anne, and was much employed in
copying pictures and making drawings
in chalk from the Italian masters :
died 1726.
Prudhon (Peter Paul), bom 1 760,
at Cluny, in Burgundy ; visited Rome,
and on his return painted numerous
historical pictures ; amongst others,
Crime pursued by Justice; and Celes
tial Vengeance ; Psyche born away by
the Zephyrs ; Zephyr sporting over a

Brook ; an Assumption ; and a Dying
Christ ; his design was sometimes in
correct, but his colouring and compo
sition were excellent, and he was
sometimes called the French Cor
reggio : died 1823.
Puget (Peter Paul), bom at Mar
seilles, 1623, occasionally practised
painting ; in the cathedral at Aix is a
picture by him of the Annunciation,
graceful in design, but cold and lan
guid in colouring ; he also painted tbe
same subject for the church of the
Jacobins at Toulon, in which he ap
pears to have imitated the style of P.
da Cortona, and in some of his works
resembles Michael Angelo Buonarotti
in colouring and design : died 1695.
Pugh (Herbert), born in Ireland ;
came to London about 1 758, and met
with some encouragement as a land
scape painter ; his talents were very
mediocre, and his style was mannered
and affected ; he painted a few pic
tures in which he endeavoured to imi
tate the style of Hogarth, but without
success, as they were very indifferent
performances : died about 1775.
Puglia (Guiseppe), called II Bas-
taro, bom at Rome, 1620; flourished
during the pontificate of Urban VIII.
and executed several works for the
public edifices at Rome, of which the
most deserving of notice are a picture
of the Presentation in the Temple,
and the Assumption of the Virgin :
died 1682.
Puis — See Dupuis.
Puligo (Domenico), bom in Flo
rence, 1475, was brought up in the
school of Domenico Corradi, called II
Ghirlandaio, whom he was considered
equal to, and improved his style by
an attentive study of the works of
Andrea del Sarto ; he acquired con
siderable reputation by some easel
pictures representing Madonnas and
Holy Families, gracefully designed,
and coloured with great sweetness and
harmony, and also as a portrait painter;
he is said by Lanzi to have painted
some pictures from the designs of An-

PUL

357

PYN

drea, which were mistaken for the pro
ductions of that master. Of his his
torical subjects, a Descent from the
Cross, a Lucretia, and the Death of
Cleopatra are the most celebrated :
died 1527.
Pulinx (Henry), Jun., son of the
statuary Pulinx, born at Bruges, 1698,
was instructed in design by his father,
and afterwards visited Paris for im
provement; during his stay in that
city he studied architecture, and on
his return to Bruges gave proofs of
his great knowledge in that art. In
1751 he was named Director of the
Maritime Works of Flanders : his
talent as an engineer was then con
firmed by the renewal of the sluices
at Slyckens ; at a later time he made
the plan of the Provincial House of
Seclusion at Ghent, which building
was finished in 1772 : he died in
1775. Pulzone (Scipione), called Gaetano,
born at Gaeta, 1550, a disciple of
Jacopino del Conte ; painted history
with considerable reputation, but was
more distinguished as a portrait paint
er ; he painted the portraits of Gre
gory XIII. ; Cardinal de Medici ; the
Archduke Ferdinand, and others, the
attitudes elegant and graceful, and
the heads expressive and full of life.
Amongst his historical pictures, the
most deserving of notice are his As
sumption of the Virgin; the Apostles;
the Crucifixion; and the Holy Family;
in style elaborate and minute, de
sign correct, and with much suavity
and harmony in his colouring : died
1588. Puntormo — See Pontormo.
Pupini (Biagio), born at Bologna;
was a disciple of Francesco Francia,
whose style he followed, but with a
more modern air ; of his works in
the public edifices at Bologna, the most
worthy of note are the Crowning of
the Virgin ; the Virgin and Infant
Christ; with St. Orsola ; St. John
preaching in the Wilderness ; and the
Nativity: flourished about 1530.

Pdtl (G. Vander), born at Utrecht,
in 1750 ; was during five years a pupil
of H. Van Veldhoven ; at the age of
twenty, he visited several countries,
and hy his application and severe
study became a good painter of por
traits and family pictures; in 1806,
he returned to his native city, after an
absence of thirty-six years, and gave
lessons in the Academy of Design at
Utrecht. Pyl (Arend), born at Leyden ; is
mentioned in the catalogue of the
collection of M. Vander Marck, as a
painter of portraits.
Pyl (James), painted history and
portraits; his name is inscribed in the
fraternity of painters at the Hague
in 1659.
Pynaker (Adam), a Dutchman,
born at Pynaker, near Scheidam, 1621;
visited Italy, studied the works of the
most distinguished landscape painters,
and made designs of the most pictu
resque objects in the environs of
Rome, and on his return to Holland
became one of the most admired and
most employed artists of his country ;
it was at that time customary to orna
ment the apartments of the principal
mansions with landscapes, and Pyna
ker was much engaged in such works ;
his pictures of a small size are most
esteemed; his landscapes exhibit pleas
ing scenery, the sunny light of the
morning breaking out from behind the
woods or mountains, and diffusing a
brilliant glow over the whole face of
nature ; his skies are clear, light, and
floating, the foliage of his trees and
plants touched with uncommon free
dom and spirit, his pencil firm and
flowing, evinces an extraordinary fa
cility of hand ; he embellished his
pictures with the ruins of ancient
architecture, and decorated them with
figures and cattle, correctly drawn,
and grouped with taste and elegance ;
he was generally fond of a strong
morning light, which allowed him to
give more verdure to his trees ; some
of his pictures have been objected to
as too green, but this is not generally

QUA

358

QUE"

the case, and they possess sufficient
merit to entitle them to a place in the
choicest collection : died 1673.

Quaglia (Giulio), born at Como,
flourished about 1693 ; supposed to
have been brought up in the school of
the Recchi ; painted history, and exe
cuted several considerable works in
fresco, the principal of which are in
the chapel of the Monte di Pieta at
Udine ; they possess a grandeur of
composition and a freedom of pencil
which is not surpassed by any of his
contemporaries. . Quaini (Francesco), born at Bolog
na, 1611; was a scholar of Agostino
Mitelli, under whom he became an emi
nent painter of perspective and archi
tectural views, many of which are in the
public edifices at Bologna: died 1680.
Quaini (Luigi), son of Francesco,
bora at Bologna, 1643 ; having ac
quired the principles of perspective
from his father, he became a disciple
of Guercino, and afterwards entered
the school of Carlo Cignani, after
whose decease he in conjunction with
Franceschini executed several works,
Franceschini painting the figures, and
Quaini the landscape, architecture,
and other accessories ; they visited
Bologna, Modena, Piacenza, and Ge
noa, at all of which places they met
with employment ; and at Rome they
painted the cartoons for a cupola in
St. Peter's, which has since been exe
cuted in mosaic. Quaini also executed
several subjects from his own compo
sitions, the principal of which are,
the Visitation ; the Dead Christ sup
ported by the Virgin ; and St. Nic
colo in prison visited by the Virgin
and an Angel, which last is favourably
spoken of by Lanzi : died 1717-
Quant (N. ) born at Bremen,
flourished about 1 620 ; there are
some paintings by him in the Hotel-
de-Ville of Bremen, and in some pri
vate houses there.
Quast (Peter), born at the Hague,
1602; painted humorous subjects,

such as beggars, and the festive as
semblies of peasants ; spiritedly de
signed and well coloured, but somewhat
vulgar: died about 1670.
Queborno (Christian), of Antwerp;
his portrait is engraved with some
Latin verses, shewing him to have
been an admired landscape painter.
Quellinus ( Erasmus ), bom at
Antwerp, 1607; became a pupil of
Rubens, under whom he made extra
ordinary progress in the art ; his
design though tinctured with the taste
of his country, is tolerably correct ;
his colouring brilliant and vigorous,
and worthy of the school in which he
was educated ; he was well acquainted
with perspective and architecture, with
which he embellished the backgrounds
of his historical pictures ; and his
landscapes are treated in a very pleas
ing style. He was not less eminent
as a portrait painter, and following
the example of Vandyck he painted
those of many of the most distin
guished artists of his time ; in the
church of St. Peter, at Mechlin, is an
admirable painting by him, represent
ing the Nativity,1 which is sometimes
mistaken for a work of Vandyck.
At Antwerp, is another fine picture
by him, of the Guardian Angel ; and
at Ghent, an altar-piece representing
the Holy Family reposing in Egypt :
died 1678.
Quellinus (John Erasmus), son
of Erasmus, born at Antwerp, 1629 ;
after studying some time under his
father, visited Venice, and made the
works of Paolo Veronese his particu
lar study. He adopted the ornamen
tal style of that master, in all his
compositions, and acquired consider
able reputation at Venice, Naples, and
Rome. On his return home, where
his fame had reached before him, he
received numerous commissions. His
altar-pieces are to be found in most
churches in the Low Countries ; but
his most important work, representing
Christ healing the Sick, which extends
the whole height of the church, and
is painted entirely in the manner of

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359

RAB

Paolo Veronese, is in the abbey church
of St. Michael, at Antwerp ; it com
prises an infinite multitude of figures,
and is so composed, as to avoid the
least appearance of confusion. The
background is embellished with ad
mirable architecture ; in the refectory
of the abbey there are four large
pictures representing the four repasts,
mentioned in the Scriptures, which
were the favourite subjects of Paolo
Veronese. In the cathedral at Ant
werp, is a fine picture of the Adoration
of the Magi, and at Mechlin, one of
his most esteemed works, represent
ing the Last Supper. He is justly
ranked amongst the ablest artists of
his country who succeeded the golden
era of Flemish art, under Rubens and
Vandyck. His design is more taste
ful and correct, than the generality of
his countrymen ; and his colouring,
which partakes of the Venetian and
Flemish style, is brilliant and clean :
died 1715.
Querfurt (of Vienna) ; there are
by this painter some battles, encamp
ments, conflicts of cavalry, and hunt
ing pieces, which are composed with
genius, executed with facility and
lightness, and touched ingeniously;
his battles sometimes resemble copies
of Vander Meulen, Bourgognone, or
Parrocel. Quertenmont (Andrew Bernard),
born at Antwerp, 1 750 ; a pupil of
Philip Kemmincks, afterwards fre
quented the Academy at Antwerp, and
ohtained in 1771 the gold medal. He
particularly studied 'history and por
trait. He was already second profes
sor, and in 1778 was named Director
of the Academy. In 1790 he was
nominated a member of the Elector's
Academy atDusseldorf. Heproduced
some marine pieces of distinguished
merit, and was named Captain of the
Port of Antwerp, for the purpose of
encouraging him in the study of those
subjects for which he seemed to have
the most decided inclination. He
had a school for design in his own
house, and formed some scholars, who

afterwards distinguished themselves ;
amongst others, Adrian de Lelie, at
Amsterdam ; F. B. Solwyns, at Ant
werp ; and A. Ritt, at St. Peters-
burgh. He was a member of the
Royal Society of Fine Arts, at Ghent.
Quill art or Quillard (Peter
Anthony), born in Paris, 1711 ; a
scholar of Anthony Watteau ; after
leaving whose school he was invited
to Portugal, and made painter to the
Queen : his principal work as a painter
is the ceiling of the Queen's bed
chamber: died about 1739-
Quillin (Hubert), a Fleming, born
in 1666; was a painter, engraver, and
sculptor : he was a son of Gerard.
Quinkhard (John Maurice), born
at Rees, in Holland, in 1688 ; was
at first a pupil of Arnold Boonen ;
then of Christopher Lubinetski, and
of Nicholas Verkolie; he painted
familiar scenes ; particularly excelled
in portraits, and was employed by a
great number of persons of high
rank; in 1750 he quitted Amsterdam,
where he had hitherto worked, to go
to Utrecht to paint a picture, repre
senting the Regents of the Orphan
Asylum of that city : he died at
Amsterdam in 1772, aged 84.
Quistelli (Lucretia), of Miran
dola ; learned design and painting
from Alexander Allori, and became
skillful in painting, as appears in her
many pictures and portraits.

Rabel (John), born in France, flou
rished about 1588; is said to have
practised painting and engraving, but
of his works we have no account.
Rabel (Daniel), son of the above,
by whom he was probably instructed ;
painted landscapes, some of which
have been engraved by his contempo
rary artists. He lived about 1620.
Rabon (Peter), bom at Havre de
Grace, Normandy, 1616, is said to
have excelled in portrait painting, but
we have no description of his style :
he died in 1684.

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Rabon (Nicholas), son of Peter,
born 1664, is said to have distin
guished himself as an historical
painter, but we have no further
account of him : he died in 1686.
Racchetti (Bernardo), born at
Milan, 1639 ; was a scholar of Gio
vanni Ghisolfi, in whose style he
painted architecture and perspective
views which are not unfrequently taken
for those of his master ; they usually
represent sea-ports, embellished with
magnificent buildings, designed with
precision, and touched with great
taste and spirit. Many of his works
are in the private collections at Milan :
died 1702.
Rademacker (Gerard), born at
Amsterdam, 1672 ; studied under A.
Van Goor, a portrait painter of somere-
putation ; went to Rome and improved
his talent by studying the most in
teresting objects in that capital. He
painted views of the principal ruins
and other monuments in that city and
vicinity, designed with accuracy and
precision, and on his return to- Hol
land did not confine himself to archi
tectural views, but painted historical
and emblematical subjects with con
siderable success. In the Stadthouse
at Amsterdam is an allegorical subject
by him, representing the Regency of
the City, and in the collection of the
family of Walraaven, there is a view
of the interior of St. Peter's at Rome,
designed with great accuracy : died
1717. Rademacker (Abraham), born at
Amsterdam about 1675, a self-taught
artist ; practised drawing and copying
first in Indian ink and then in water-
colours ; his designs of the former
description are frequently to be found
in the cabinets of the curious, and
are much valued for their neat and
delicate finish ; he then attempted
oil with equal success. His subjects
usually were landscapes, or views of
towns in Holland, which he embel
lished with figures and ruins in a pic
turesque manner, being wellacquaint ed
with the rules of architecture ; his

colouring is generally bright, strong
and pleasing hi its tone, but in his
larger works a little dryness is per
ceptible : died 1735.
Raeburn (Henry), born in Edin
burgh, was sent to Italy for instruc
tion, and on his return exhibited a
few historical paintings at the Royal
Academy in London, but was most
distinguished as a portrait painter,
and in that branch was second only
to Sir Thomas Lawrence in his colour
ing and fidelity of resemblance. His
full-length portraits of the then Earl
of Hopetoun, Lord Frederick Camp
bell, Sir David Baird, and Adam Rol-
land of Glengarry, are favourable
specimens of his ability : died 1 623.
Raffaelle (Sanzio di Urbino), the
prince of painters, son of Giovanni
Sanzio, a painter of little celebrity,
was born at Urbino, 1483 ; after re
ceiving some instruction from his
father he went to Perugia, and became
a disciple of Pietro Vanucci, called
Perugino. Amongst his first produc
tions after leaving that school, were a
picture of S. Niccola da Tolentino
crowned by the Virgin and S. Agos
tino ; and the Crucifixion, with the
Virgin, Mary Magdalen, and St.
John ; these were entirely in the style
of Perugino, although with a finer
expression in the heads, particularly
in those of the Virgin. There is
another picture of the Holy Family,
in which the Virgin is lifting a veil
from the Infant Jesus, who is sleeping
in a cradle which is thus marked,
R. S. V. A. A. XVII. P. Raphael
Sanctus Urbinas an. aatatis 1 7, Pinxit.
It is supposed to have been painted
soon after the two pictures above
mentioned. His next production, the
Marriage of the Virgin, is a compo
sition not very different from a picture
of the same subject by Perugino, but
designed in a manner so modernized,
that it may be regarded as the first-
fruits of a new style ; the Virgin, of
celestial beauty, is accompanied by a
group of females in bridal vestments,
in which elegance disputes with mag-

RAF

hificence. Amidst this lovely group
the principal figure is distinguished,
not by the foreign aid of ornament,
but by her own attractions : dignity,
beauty, modesty, grace, captivate the
eye at the first glance. The band of
youth attendant on St. Joseph are not
less remarkable for the select noble
ness of their form and character. In
this picture we find nothing of the
scantiness of drapery, or of the man
nered minuteness and cold precision
which characterize the works of Peru
gino. Every visage, every attitude is
animated by the most appropriate
expression. At Sienna, Raffaelle made
the sketches of cartoons, to represent
the principal events of the life of
iEneas Silvius Piccolomini, a work
more extensive and multiform than
had ever yet been attempted. Of his
second style, the Virgin and Infant,
and St. John, in the tribune of the
Florentine Gallery, and the Entomb
ment of Christ, now inthe Palace Bor
ghese, are favourable specimens ; the
principal improvement consists in the
colouring and in the arrangement of
the groups, the heads full of expressive
piety, may be regarded as the first
since the restoration of the art, in
which the expression of extreme sor
row does not diminish their beauty.
Of his pictures in oil the following
are the most remarkable : his Sta.
Cecilia, now in the Gallery of the
Louvre ; his inimitable picture in the
Roval Collection at Madrid, called
LoSpasiono de Sicilia : it represents
Christ bearing his Cross and sinking
beneath its weight. His right hand
embraces the cross, whilst his left is
stretched out as if prophesying the
destruction of Jerusalem — the Virgin
Mary in a supplicating attitude inter
ceding with the soldiers and populace
for pity for her Son — the holy women
and St. John are endeavouring to con
sole the mother of Christ, and Mary
Magdalen is wholly absorbed in grief
for the sufferings of her divine Master.
The subject is treated with a feeling
of pathos beyond all praise. But the
most extraordinary picture of all is the

361 RAF
Transfiguration of Christ on Mount
Tabor. At the foot of the mountain
is assembled a group of his disciples,
to whom a youth is brought who is
afflicted with an evil spirit — he is
agitated by the most horrible con
vulsions, and is with difficulty sup
ported by his father, who looks with
confidence towards the Apostles for
the relief of his child, whilst a female
figure of the most beautiful form is
kneeling and seems to implore the
interference of their power in his
favour. But whatever the merit of
this part of the picture, it is eclipsed
by the beauty and grandeur with
which Raffaelle has represented the
upper part of the mountain. Christ
in his Transfiguration between Moses
and Elias, appears invested with a robe
of light which dazzles the eyes of the
prophets and the three well-beloved
disciples who are kneeling in a lower
part of the mountain. The head and
attitude of our Saviour are depicted
with a divine majesty that is incon
ceivable ; this immortal production
was the last work of Raffaelle : he died
of a fever in 1520. In all his com
positions the principal figure presents
itself to the beholder at once, there
is never a necessity to search for it ;
the different groups are reunited by
the principal action, and his conduct
of the masses of light and shadow is
not dictated by caprice, but regulated
by reason and truth. His style of
design is rather Roman than Grecian,
and he excels in the construction of
the human frame, and the articulation
of the bones and muscles, but without
giving them that ease and elegance
which are remarkable in the best
Grecian statues, and without expres
sing that flexibility which we discover
in the Laocoon, the Apollo Belvidere,
and the Gladiator.
Raffaelino (del Garbo) — See
Garbo. Raffaelino (del Colle), born at
Citta del Sepolcro ; flourished about
1 546. HewasfirstadiscipleofRaffaelle,
and after his death, of Giulio Romano,

RAF

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RAM

whom he assisted in his principal
works at Rome, &c. Of his own com
positions, one, representing the Resur
rection, exhibits a grandeur not un
worthy of the great school in which
he was educated : the figure of Christ
is dignified and majestic, and the terror
of the guards admirably expressed;
another, the Assumption of the Virgin,
is a graceful and impressive compo
sition, and is decidedly superior to
any of the works of Vasari.
Raffaelino (da Rhegio) — See
Rhegio. Raggi ( Pietro Paulo ), born at
Vienna, about 1 650 ; received his first
instructions in Genoa, but it is not
known from whom. He painted some
historical pictures in the style of the
Caracci : St. Bonaventure, at Genoa ;
andSt. Lorenzo; and the Death of Mary
Magdalen, at Bergamo ; also some
landscapes, embellished with figures,
representing pastoral or Bacchanalian
subjects, with shepherds and satyrs,
in the style of Benedetto Castiglione
and Giulio Carpioni. His portraits
possess great merit : died 1724.
Rahart (Florent Delamere), bom
at Bayeux, in France, 1 630 : died
1718 ; was esteemed a good portrait
painter, but we have no further de
scription of his works.
Raibolini (Francesco), sometimes
called Francesco Francia, born at Bo
logna, 1450 ; master unknown. His
first style resembled Pietro Perugino,
both in the airs of the heads, arrange
ment of composition, and tone of
colouring ; which he afterwards im
proved by studying the works of
Andrea Mantegna. Several of his best
works are in the churches of Bologna,
particularly a Crucifixion, with the
Virgin, St. Girolamo, and St. Fran
cesco ; it is inscribed Franciscus
Francia Aurifex ; also another of the
Virgin and Infant, with several Saints.
But his most celebrated picture of
St. Sebastian, became a model of study
to the Caracci and their school.
Raineri (Faustino), a Brescian,

and a secular priest ; was a self-
taught artist and landscape painter ;
he studied from nature, and was a
familiar friend of Gaudenzio Botti,
with whom he used to range in the
valleys of their beautiful province for
subjects to paint from, of wliich there
were great numbers. He imitated
and followed the manner of Tempesta,
to whom he very nearly approached.
He painted a great number of pic
tures, and was often employed by
painters of figures to put into their
pictures some small view or landscape
to complete their design : he died in
the year 1755.
Rainieki (Francesco), born at
Mantua, about 1680 ; was a scholar
of Giovanni Canti, and painted similar
subjects ; representing landscapes and
battle-pieces. His pictures are little
inferior to those of his instructor ; if
they are less vigorously coloured, the
figures are usually better drawn : died
1758. Rama (Camillo), born at Brescia ;
flourished about 1622. He was a
disciple of the younger Palma, and
painted several altar-pieces and other
considerable works for the public
edifices of his native city, which prove
him to have been an able follower in
the style of his instructor.
Ramajuoli (Priore Andrew), of
the city of Castile ; a scholar of Cav.
John Lewis Bernino ; shewed very
good talents for painting in his youth :
he lived about 1665. Abate Titi,
p. 454.
Rambaldi (Carlo), born at Bo
logna, 1600; was a scholar of Do
menico Viani, and pamted history with
some reputation. Several of his pic
tures are in the churches of Bologna ;
the most worthy of notice being his
Death of St. Joseph ; the Visitation
and his picture of St. Francis Xavier
all of which possess considerable merit
died 1717-
Ramelli (Padre Felice), born at
Asti, in the Piedmontese, 1666 ; was
a disciple of Padre Danese Rho, and

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RAV

became a celebrated painter of his
torical subjects and portraits in minia
ture. He was invited to court by the
King of Sardinia, and was some time
employed in painting the portraits of
the most celebrated personages, many
of which he copied from the pictures
in the Florentine Gallery, where he
took care to introduce his own por
trait in the habit of his order : died
1740. Ramenghi (Bartolemo) — See Bag-
NACAVA LLO.
Ramirez (Josef), born at Valencia,
1626 ; was a scholar of Geronimo de
Espinosa, and painted history in the
style of that master. His works are
in the convents and churches of Spain :
died 1686.
Ramsay (Allan), born inEdinburgh,
1 709 ; after learning the elements of
design, he went to Italy, and was a
scholar of Solimene, and afterwards of
Imperiale ; he did not long follow his
studies in historical painting, but de
voted himself entirely to portraits.
He came to London, and was intro
duced to George III. whose portrait
he twice painted. Ramsay is described
as an able painter, who acknowledged
no other guide than nature : died
1784. Ranc (John), bom at Montpelier,
1 674 ; was a scholar of Hyacinth
Rigaud, whose style he followed with
considerable success. In 1 784 he was
invited to the court of Spain, and was
appointed principal painter to the
king. He painted the royal family,
and also the king and queen of Portu
gal : died 1735.
Randa (Antonio), born atBologna;
was first a scholar of Guido, and after
wards studied under Lucio Massari.
His works are chiefly to be seen in
the churches at Bologna and at Fer
rara : in the latter of which is a pic
ture by him representing St Filippi
Neri ; and au altar-piece, representing
the Virgin Mary, with the Infant
Saviour and St. Francis : flourished
about 1640.

Raoux (John), born at Montpelier,
1677 , was a scholar of Bon Boul
longne ; afterwards went to Italy, and
although his studies were directed to
historical painting, he on his return
attached himself principally to fancy
subjects and portraits. His historical
works are, his picture of Telemachus
on the Island of Calypso ; he also
painted the Four Ages of Man ; and
Venus reposing, of which latter there
is a print by J. Daulle : died 1734.
Raphael — See Raffaelle.
Rathbone (John), born in Cheshire
about 1 750 ; without the aid of an
infractor became a respectable land
scape painter. His pictures are fre
quently embellished with figures by
Ibbotson, Anderson, and other con
temporary artists : died 1807.
Ratti (Giovanni Agostino), born
at Savona, 1699; went early to Rome,
and studied under Benedetto Luti.
He occasionally painted historical sub
jects, of which the most deserving of
notice are, his Life of St. John the
Baptist, amongst which the Decolla
tion is most admired. His principal
merit was in painting theatrical deco
rations and caricatures : died 1775.
Raven (William) : in the little
work of Hoet concerning the painters
omitted by Van Gool, it is only said of
this artist that he was a painter of
portraits. Ravenet (Simon), born in London
about 1755 ; visited Paris, and studied
painting for a short time under Bou
cher ; afterwards went to Italy, and
devoted himself to engraving.
Ravesteyn (John), bom at the
Hague, 1580; master unknown. This
celebrated portrait painter was not
surpassed in that branch of the art by
any of his countrymen, if we except
Rembrandt and Vander Heist. Inde
pendent of the individual portraits
by this artist, which are found in the
principal collections in Holland, there
are two large pictures by him in the
Hall of the Company of Archers, at
the Hague, which establish his repu-

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REC

tation as one of the ablest artists of
the Dutch school : they are drawn as
large as life and finely coloured.
One represents an assembly of Magis
trates, seated at table, twenty-six in
number, admirably grouped, the heads
full of dignity and expression, and the
whole having an appearance of truth
and nature that has seldom been sur
passed : died 1649.
Ravesteyn (Arnold Van), son of
John, bom at the Hague, 1615; was
instructed in the art by his father,
and became a reputable painter of
portraits : and although not equal
to his father, he was considered* su
perior to any other portrait painter of
his time : died 1681.
Ravesteyn (Hubert Van), born
at Dort, 1647- His pictures gene
rally representtheinteriorsof slaughter
houses, with boys blowing up blad
ders, butcher's shops, with heaps of
sausages, and objects still more dis
gusting ; but he sometimes repre
sented the inside of kitchens and sta
bles, with servants at their several
occupations, in which every object is
designed and touched with infinite
nature and effect, and some of his pic
tures, in point of colour and of light
and shadow, remind us of the admirable
productions of his fellow-citizen Albert
Cuyp. Ravesteyn (Nicholas Van), born
at Bommel, 1661 ; was the son of
Henry Ravesteyn, a painter little
known, under whom he acquired the
principles of design, and was after
wards a scholar of William Doudyns ;
but his genius leading him to por
trait painting, he became a disciple of
John de Baan, who was at that time
in high repute. At Bommel he was
extensively employed, and the princi
pal persons of that and the surround
ing neighbourhood sat to him. In
1694 he went to the court of Kuilen-
berg, to paint the portrait of the
Princess of Waldeck after her decease.
He also occasionally painted historical
and emblematical subjects ; of which
his four pictures representing the Four

Quarters of the World are particularly
noticed : died 1750.
Raviglione, of Castel-Montferrato,
painted the much admired picture, in
the supper-room of the Friars of the
Oratory, of St. Philip Neri preaching
at the Holy Sepulchre ; and another,
upon the large gates of the church of
Santi Croce, of St. Nicholas tormented
by demons.
Razzi (Cavaliere Giovanni Antonio),
called II Sodoma, born at Vercelli, in
the Piedmontese, about 1479 ; was
instructed in design by Giacomo del
Fonte, but chiefly formedhis principles
by an attentive study of the works of
Leonardo da Vinci, whose style is dis
cernible in all his works. One of his
earliest productions represents the
History of St. Benedetto ; he also
executed fresco pictures of the History
of Alexander of Macedon, of which
the most admired is his Marriage with
Roxana. Though inferior to Leonardo
in the beauty of his heads and noble
ness of his forms, he exhibits much
of the breadth of the chiaro-oscuro,
and nearly equals him in perspective.
His best works are at Sienna. His
picture of the Adorationof theMagiap -
proaches to the dignity and expression
of Leonardo di Vinci ; and his Flagel
lation, at the Franciscans, partakes of
the grandeur of Michael Angelo Buo
narotti ; whilst iu his picture of St.
Catherina de Sienna, he appears to
have imitated the grace and beauty of
Raffaelle : died 1554.
Read (Catherine). This lady pos
sessed considerable talents as a paint-
ress of portraits both in oil and
crayons: about the year 1770 she
went to the East Indies, and on her
return continued to exercise hertalents
in that way until her decease, about
1 786. One of her first and most capital
portraits was the likeness of Queen
Charlotte, another was that of Mrs.
Macauley represented in the character
of a Roman Matron weeping over the
lost liberties of her country.
Recco (Cavaliere Guiseppe), born

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at Naples, 1634, was a scholar of
Aniello Falcone ; he particularly ex
celled in painting huntings, dead
game, fish, and similar subjects ; his
pictures are found in the best collec
tions at Naples, and are held in high
estimation at Madrid: died 1695.
Reclam (Frederick), born at Mag
deburg, 1 734 ; learnt the rudiments
of design in his own country, then
went to Paris, and became a pupil of
I. B. Pierre ; he visited Rome, and
occupied himself in designing the
most interesting views round that
city, and on returning to Berlin painted
landscapes and portraits with consider
able success : died 1774.
Reder (Christian), born in Saxony,
1656; visited Rome, and acquired
considerable reputation by the pictures
he painted of the battles between the
Christians and Ottomans, which were
well composed and touched with great
spirit : died 1729.
Redi (Tommaso), born at Florence,
1 665 ; studied under Domenico Gab
biani, and afterwards at Rome under
Carlo Maratti and Ciro Ferri, and on
his return to Florence was employed
in several works for the Palazzo Pitti ;
he also painted some pictures for the
churches and other public edifices, and
is spoken of as an eminent portrait
painter ; he has the character of being
a correct and elegant designer, and his
colouring partakes of Carlo Maratti.
He painted numerous subjects, sacred
and profane, several poetic, and many
allegorical pieces, amongst others, the
Appearance of Caesar to Brutus ;
Cincinnatus leaving the Plough ; and
the Continence of Scipio : died 1726.
Redmond (Thos.), born in Wales,
came to London and studied at the
Academy in St. Martin's Lane, then
went to Bath, where he practised as
a portrait painter in miniature, with
considerable success : died 1785.
Redoute (Peter Joseph), born at
St. Hubert, in the Grand Duchy of
Luxembourgh, in 1757; at an early
age gave himself up to painting reli

gious subjects, and after having com
posed several pictures for the churches
in his own country, he went to Paris,
and from thence to London, where he
became acquainted with Van Spaen-
donk, and soon became a painter of
flowers of the highest merit. Marie
Antoinette duly appreciated his talents,
and he was afterwards employed by
the Empress Josephine : he published
several ingenious works on flowers,
and died at Paris in 1835, aged 78.
Regemorter (Peter John Van),
born at Antwerp in 1755; attained
high talent in his art by studying the
pictures in the collections of Messrs.
Pilaer and Beeckmans ; he represented
familiar scenes with great truth, also
landscapes enriched with figures and
animals, and excelled especially in
painting moonlight pieces. He was
in the Commission of 1815 for re
claiming at Paris the paintings be
longing to Belgium taken by the
French, and returned in about five
months with the objects of his mis
sion ; during the bombardment of
Antwerp in 1830, he fell dangerously
ill, and died in the same year ; he
was also a skilful restorer of paintings,
and the preservation of several chefs-
d'oeuvre is owing to his indefatigable
labour. Reggio (Luca da) — See Ferrari.
Regillo (da Pordenone) — See
Licinio. Reinagle (Philip) ; studied in
London under Allan Ramsay, and
first introduced himself to public no
tice by his portrait of a female, which
possessed but little merit ; he subse
quently painted landscapes, with farm
houses and yards, fowls, &c, also,
dead game, hunting and sporting
dogs, and shaggy ponies ; but his
best productions were the Cowthorpe
Oak, near Harrowgate ; and Essex
County Hall, including a part of
Chelmsford, which are well drawn
and finely coloured ; he produced nu
merous other pictures, chiefly of a
mediocre kind : died 1834.

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Reiner (Weneeslaus Laurent),
born at Prague, 1 686 ; studied under
Peter Brandel, a painter of some repu
tation, and painted history with con
siderable success ; but his best pro
ductions are landscapes with cattle,
and battle-pieces, in which he resem
bles Van Bloeman ; his figures and
cattle are correctly drawn and touched
with great spirit, and his works are
found in the best collections in his
own country : died 1743.
Reinsperger (J. C), a German
portrait painter ; is said to have flou
rished about the year 1760, but we
have no account of his works.
Rembrandt (Van Ryn), whose
family name was Gerritz, was born on
the banks of the Rhine, 1606, from
which he acquired his appellation of
Rembrandt Van Ryn ; he studied
first under Jacob Van Zwaanenburg,
and afterwards with Peter Lastman
and Jacob Pinas, but made nature his
principal guide, and the peasants who
frequented his father's mill his models,
and their manners and conversation
the extent of his ideas ; he studied
the grotesque figure of a Dutch boor,
or the round contour of the barmaid
of an alehouse with as much precision
as the great artists of Italy would
have imitated the Apollo Belvidere,
or the Venus de Medici ; he was em
ployed to paint the portraits of the
most distinguished personages at Am
sterdam, where fie established a
school, and was loaded with commis
sions, his leisure hours being spent
amongst the lower orders of the peo
ple, and in the amusements of the
cabaret. In the early part of his life
he finished his pictures nearly as high
as those of Gerard Douw, but with a
more spirited pencil, and with a richer
tone of colouring ; such are his pic
tures of the Boat of St. Peter, for
merly in the collection of M. Kinloo-
pen ; Esther before Ahasuerus ; St.
John preaching in the Wilderness ;
the Woman taken in Adultery ; and
others : but he afterwards adopted a
style of colouring and handling as

opposite to it as possible, and even
used his fingers, palette knife, or stick,
to produce the effect he required.
Though he acquired a distinguished
reputation by his historical works, he
is more deserving of admiration as a
painter of portraits ; in the former,
his compositions are ignoble, though
full of nature and expression, and
though he possessed genius and fire,
they were never elevated by senti
ment or taste ; his untutored mind
was divested of the resources of his
tory or the fable, and the whimsicali
ties of his habiliments resembled
rather the personages of a masquerade
than the character appropriate to the
subject ; his figures are also remark
able for deformity rather than beauty,,
but the seductive simplicity of his
arrangements, the glowing beauty of
his colouring, and the magic charm
of his light and shadow, make us
almost lose sight of the misshapen
grossness of his forms, and his out
rageous invasion of the propriety of
costume. As a designer, he cannot
claim a high rank, particularly of the
naked, his bodies being usually quite
out of proportion, but in harmony of
tones, perhaps with the exception of
Titian, he is unequalled ; his portraits
are faithful transcripts of his models,
which he never attempted to dignify
or to embellish. The Woman taken
in Adultery, and a Nativity by Rem
brandt, are in the National Gallery :
died 1674.
Remsdyke (  ), born in Hol
land ; painted portraits, but with no
great reputation ; he afterwards came
to England, and was much employed
in drawing subjects of natural history
and anatomy for Dr. Wm. Hunter.
Renard (Simon de St. Andre),
born in Paris, 1614; studied under
Louis Bobrun, and was reputed a
good portrait painter, but is chiefly
known as an engraver : died about
1690. Renieri (Angelica), Anna Clo-
tilde, the wife of Peter della Vecchia,
a celebrated painter, and Lucretia, the

REN 367
wife of Daniel Vandyck, a painter of
good name, were all daughters and
disciples of Nicholas Renieri, and
excited the envy of the best painters
in Venice by their great success.
Rennell (Thomas), born at Chud-
leigh, Devonshire, 1718 ; came to
London, was apprenticed to Hudson,
and on returning to Devonshire prac
tised portrait painting and landscape.
His portraits were greatly admired ;
but his productions were few, being
much too indolent for business : died
1788. Renou (Anthony), born in Paris,
1 731 ; painted history with consider
able reputation. His Christ amidst
the Doctors, and Aurora, are favour
able specimens of his abilities ; he
also published a Poem on Painting :
died 1806.
Rentinck (Arnold), was a good
painter of portraits and of cabinet
pictures, which are much esteemed.
He was bom at Amsterdam in 1712,
and became a pupil of Arnold Boonen,
of Nicholas Verkolie, and at last of
the chevalier De Moor.
Renucci (Joseph). There is in
the Generi Gallery an architectural
painting by him, which, had he left
no other specimen of his skill, would
be sufficient to shew his excellence in
the art.
Resani (Arcangelo),born at Rome,
1670; was a scholar of Giovanni
Battista Boncuore, and chiefly excelled
in painting huntings and animals,
which were highly esteemed. His
portrait, with dead game in the back
ground, is in the Florentine Gallery :
died about 1735.
Reschi (Pandolfo), born at Dant-
zic, 1643; studied under Giacomo
Borgognone, and was one of his best
scholars : painted battle-pieces in his
style with considerable reputation,
and imitated with success the land
scapes of Salvator Rosa ; also excelled
in painting perspective and architectu
ral views, of which there are several

REY

in the collections at Florence : died
1699. Restout (John), a Frenchman,
born at Rouen, 1692; studied at
Paris, under Jouvenet, whose style he
followed with considerable success, and
if not equal to Jouvenet, was the
nearest approach to him of that time.
He painted, for his reception picture
to the Academy at Paris, Arethusa
flying into the arms of Diana to
escape from the pursuit of Alpheus.
His principal works at Paris are the
Death of Ananias, and the Pool of
Bethesda : died 1768.
Reuven (Peter), born at Leyden,
1650; studied at Antwerp, under
Jacob Jordaens ; painted history and
allegory, and acquired some celebrity
for his designs for the triumphal
arches for the reception of William
III. at the Hague. His colouring
possessed all the brilliancy of the best
painters of the Flemish school ; died
1718. Reuver (Theodore de), born at
Utrecht in 1761; painted with some
merit landscapes ornamented with
animals ; also copied in an excellent
manner some pictures of the ancient
masters : died at Utrecht in 1808.
Reyn (Jans de), born at Dun
kirk, about 1610 ; went to Antwerp,
and became a scholar of Vandyck,
whom he accompanied to England,
and assisted in his works ; also
painted history and portraits. M.
Descamps says, " many of his works
are taken for Vandyck' s :" there is the
same corectness of design, the same
delicacy of colouring, and the same
animation in his touch. His prin
cipal works at Dunkirk are the Death
of the four Royal Martyrs, and the
Baptism of Totila ; also an altar-piece
near Dunkirk, of Herodias with the
head of St. John. There are many
of his portraits in the private collec
tions, which are little inferior to Van
dyck : died 1678.
Reyna (Francesco de), born at
Seville ; was a disciple of Francesco
de Herrera the Elder, and had given

REY

proof of most promising talents by
his painting of the Blessed Spirits, at
Seville, when he died in the prime of
life, 1659.
Reynolds (Sir Joshua), born at
Plympton in Devonshire, 1 723 ; at
an early age he drew likenesses of the
friends and relations of his family
with astonishing fidelity, and when
seventeen years of age was sent to
London, and placed under Hudson,
the most eminent portrait painter of
that day ; and whilst with him, he
painted a portrait of an elderly female
domestic, in which he exhibited such
wonderful abilities, that even his pre
ceptor grew jealous of his talents
and rising fame. He visited Italy,
and copied and sketched in the
Vatican such parts of the works of
Raffaelle and Michael Angelo as he
thought would be most conducive to
his future excellence, but rarely copied
the whole of a picture by any master,
except the St. Michael by Guido, and
a small copy of the School of Athens.
At Florence he painted some por
traits, and returned to England in
1752, and soon afterwards painted a
whole-length portrait of Admiral
Keppel, in which he exhibited such
powers that he was universally ac
knowledged to be the greatest painter
that England had seen since Van
dyck, and Sir Peter Lely : Riley and
Sir Godfrey Kneller were all thrown
into the shade by his works. The
portrait painters hitherto seemed to
have contented themselves with giving
a correct likeness, and had neglected,
or were unable, to give them that
interesting air of history in which
Reynolds was so eminently success
ful. He painted the portrait of
Zachary Mudge, the Rector of St.
Andrews, Plympton ; and soon after
a picture of Miss Greville and her
brother as Pysche and Cupid ; also a
portrait of Dr. Beattie, close to whom
stands an angel with a pair of scales,
as if weighing truth in the balance,
and with his other hand pushing
down three hideous figures, which are

368 REY
supposed to represent Sophistry,
Scepticism, and Infidelity. In 1790
he composed his design for the great
window in the New College Chapel at
Oxford : it is in seven compartments,
representing the four cardinal and
three Christian virtues — Temperance,
Fortitude, Justice, Prudence, Faith,
Hope, and Charity— all single figures,
except the centre one of Charity,
which is represented by an admirable
group ; above which is the Nativity,
a composition of thirteen figures, in
which, as in the Nativity of Correggio,
the light emanates from the infant
Saviour. In 1784 he produced his
celebrated portrait of Mrs. Siddons
as the Tragic Muse; the Fortune
Teller, and others. He soon after
received a commission from the
Empress of Russia, to paint an his
torical picture ; the subject was left
to him, and he chose that of the
Infant Hercules strangling the Ser
pent. For Boydell's Shakspeare Sir
Joshua painted three pictures — the
Death of Cardinal Beaufort ; Macbeth
and the Witches in the Cauldron
scene ; and Puck or Robin Good-
fellow : in the first he may be said to
have united the colouring of Titian
with the chiaro-oscuro of Rembrandt ;
and the last, in point of fanciful ex
pression and animation, is one of the
happiest efforts of Sir Joshua's pencil.
The last picture he painted was a
portrait of the Marchioness of Hert
ford ; soon afterwards, having lost
the sight of one eye, he entirely re
linquished painting: he died 1792.
" In taste, in grace, in facility, in
happy invention, and in the richness
and harmony of colouring, he was
equal to the great masters of the
renowned ages — in portraits he went
beyond them."
Reynoso (Don Antonio Garcia),
born in Andalusia, 1623 ; studied
under Sebastian Martinez, an artist of
some eminence, and painted historical
subjects, many of which are in the
churches and principal colleges at
Cordova. At Andujar is an altar-

RHE

369

RIC

piece representing the Trinity ; he
also painted landscapes in a good
style: died 1677.
Rheen (Theodore Justin). This
artist is mentioned as an historical
painter in the work of Hoet, upon
the painters omitted.
Rhegio (Raffaelle da), called Raf
faelino, born near Rhegio, 1552 ;
studied under Federigo Zucchero,
and made rapid progress, both in oil
and fresco, and was employed in the
principal churches of Rome and the
palaces of the nobility, both in his
tory and portraits. Amongst his
best works may be reckoned, the
Lame Man healed by St. Peter and
St. John ; and St. Andrew conduct
ing Peter to Christ, which are em
bellished with landscapes, correctly
drawn, and beautifully coloured : died
1580. Rheni (Remi Van), born in Brus
sels, 1560 ; painted history and por
traits with considerable reputation.
Ribalta (Francesco), born at Va
lencia, 1551 ; painted history for the
churches there, and appears to have
formed his style from Juan Baptista
Juanes : also made copies from the
pictures by Sebastian del Piombo,
which are in the Royal Collection at
Madrid. One of his best productions
is an altar-piece at Valencia, repre
senting the Last Supper : died 1628.
Ribalta (Juan), son of Francesco,
born at Valencia, 1597; at an early
age gave proof of extraordinary
ability in a picture he painted of the
Crucifixion, and would probably have
become one of the most distinguished
painters of his country : died young.
Ribera (Guiseppe), called Lo
Spagnoletto -See Spagnoletto.
Ricchi (Pietro), called II Luc-
chese, bom at Lucca, 1606 ; studied
first under Passignano, and after
wards under Guido Reni : in colour
ing he resembles the former, but in
graceful forms the latter. He painted
several pictures for the churches at
Lucca and at Udine : died 1675.

Ricchiede (Marco), born at
Brescia; was a reputable painter of
history; and in the church of St.
Thomas at Brescia there is a fine
picture by him, representing the in
credulity of that Saint : the date is
not mentioned.
Ricci (Antonio) — See Barba-
lunga. Ricci (Camillo), born at Ferrara,
1580; was the most celebrated dis
ciple of Ippolita Scarcello, called Lo
Scarcellino, whose style he so nearly
approaches, that the most experienced
eye may be mistaken in their works ;
he is however superior to Scarcellino
in colouring; the churches of Fer
rara abound with his pictures, the
most admired of which are, the S.
Vincenza e S. Margherita; the Annun
ciation ; and a set of pictures repre
senting the history of St. Nicholas :
died 1618.
Ricci (Giovanni Battista), called da
Novarra, born at Novarra, 1545 ;
went to Rome and became a scholar
and imitator of Raffaelino da Rhegio;
painted both in oil and in fresco, and
many of his works are in the churches
at Rome. His chief works are the
Vision ; the Ascension ; the Assump
tion ; the history of the Virgin, and
the Crucifixion : died 1620.
Ricci (Lorenzo), bom at Florence,
1550 ; is said to have excelled in his
torical subjects, but we have no fur
ther account of him : died 1605.
Ricci (Sebastiano'1, bom at Bellu-
no, 1659; studied at Venice, under
Federigo Cervelli, and afterwards
visited Florence, Modena, and Parma,
and contemplated the great masters of
the Lombard school; he came to Eng
land in the reign of Queen Anne, and
painted among other works the hall of
the chapel at Chelsea College; he also
painted David bringing backthe Ark in
triumph; the Dedication of the Tem
ple by Solomon ; and Moses bringing
Water from the Rock. He possessed
a similar talent to L. Giordana, of
being able to imitate the style of the
great masters that had preceded him,
2 B

RIC

370

RIC

so as to deceive even the intelligent.
His most successful imitations are
those of the works of Paolo Veronese,
many of which he disposed of as
originals. Although not correct in
design, the forms of his figures are
graceful, and his colouring, though
sometimes feeble and cold, is often
silvery and agreeable : died 1734.
Ricci (Marco), born at Belluno,
1680; nephew of Sebastiano, whom
he first studied under; visited Rome,
and occupied himself in designing the
most picturesque views in the vicinity
of that city, and the most remarkable
vestiges of ancient architecture, which
he afterwards executed in oil, and were
greatly admired. In 1710 he came
to England, and was employed in
painting landscapes with ruins and
architecture, both in oil and in distem
per ; and his works are to be found
in many of the principal collections :
died 1730.
Ricci (Francesco), bom at Ma
drid, 1617; studied under Vincenzio
Carducci, and was employed by
Philip IV. and Charles II. of Spain,
in several works of history and archi
tecture. His design is incorrect, but
his colouring is vigorous, and his
draperies remarkably flowing and
elegant: died 1684.
Ricciardi (David), a native of
Antwerp; livedtherein 1640 ; and was
a famous painter of small figures and
animals. Sandrart, p. 311.
Ricciarelli (Daniele)— See Vol
terra. Riccio (Domenico), called Brusa-
sorci, bora at Verona, 1494 ; who was
his first instructor is doubtful; but he
greatly improved his style by study
ing the works of Giorgione and
Titian ; and his picture of S. Rocco
at Venice, and several subjects in
private collections, are entirely in the
style of the latter ; whilst those at
Mantua partake of the colouring of
Giorgione, and the design of Parme
giano ; but his greatest merit was in
fresco painting, of which there are
many splendid specimens in the

various churches and public edifices at
Bologna: died 1567.
Riccio (Felice), called Brusasorci,
the Younger, born at Verona about
1550; was first instructed by his
father, and afterwards under Jacopo
Ligozzi, at Florence : he painted
several pictures of holy families, aud
Madonnas with angels, which were
admired for the graceful air of their
heads, and beautiful expression. His
picture of the Forge of Vulcan with
the Cyclops, is vigorously coloured
and designed in the best manner of
the Florentine school: died 1605.
Riccio (Cecilia), daughter of Do
menico Riccio, called Brusasorci ; not
only copied very exactly the works of
her father, but worked also from
designs, and painted portraits exceed
ingly well: she flourished about 1590,
in Verona, her native countiy.
Ricciolino (MichaelAngelo), born
at Rome, 1654; painted history for
some of the churches there; his por
trait, painted by himself, is in the
Florentine gallery : died 1715.
Richardson (Jonathan), an emi
nent English portrait painter, bora
about 1665 ; studied the art under
John Riley, and became possessed of
sufficient merit to secure a share of
public patronage during the lifetime
of Sir Godfrey Kneller and Dahl, at
whose decease he was considered at
the head of his profession ; there is
strength, roundness, and boldness in
his colouring, but his men want dignity,
and his women grace ; his attitudes,
draperies, and back grounds are totally
insipid and unmeaning : died 1745. "
Richardus (Martin), born at Ant
werp, 1591, died 1636 ; is said to
have painted landscapes with con
siderable reputation ; but we have no
description of his style.
Richieri (Antonio), born at Fer
rara ; studied in the school of Gio
vanni Lanfranco, whom he accom
panied to Rome, and painted some
frescoes from his designs.
Ricchini (Francis), of Roato, a
territory of Brescia ; was a painter,

RIC
architect, and poet : he painted in
the choir of the church of St. Peter
Olivetto, in Brescia, a number of pic
tures from the Old Testament, which
shew the diligence and care with
which he worked. Vasar. par. 3.
lib. 2. p. 18.
Richter (Christian), born at
Stockholm ; came to England, 1702,
and painted portraits, both in oil and
miniature, chiefly the latter ; he stu
died the works of Michael Dahl, and
in the latter part of his life applied
himself to enameling, but died before
he had made much progress, in 1732.
Richter (H.), at the sale of Lord
Northwick's pictures in 1 838,there was
an historical painting in the style of
Giorgione, which was attributed to
him. Ricke (Bernard de), born at Cour-
tray, about 1520; instructor unknown.
Became an eminent painter of history;
there are two pictures by him at
Courtray ; one of Christ bearing his
Cross, is much esteemed ; the other
is the Decollation of St. Matthew :
died about 1580.
Ridinger (John Elias), born at
Ulm, in Suabia, 1695 ; was instructed
by Christopher Resch ; he went to
Augsbourg, and became an eminent
designer and painter of animals and
huntings ; his works as a painter are
few, and but little known, except in
his own country.
Ridolfi (Claudio), born at Verona,
1560; studied first under Dario dal
Pozzo, ari artist of little note ; after
wards under Paolo Veronese, and
subsequently under Federigo Baroc
cio, whose style he acquired, and by
which his works were afterwards dis
tinguished ; he painted several pictures
for the churches in Ancona, which in
colouring might vie with the best of
the Venetian painters; and in elegance
and correctness of design remind us
of the Roman school : the most es
teemed of which are the death of
John the Baptist ; the Presentation
in the Temple ; and the Taking down
from the Cross at Rimini : he also

371 RIE
painted portraits, in which he united
dignity of colouring with a perfect re
semblance ; died 1644.
Ridolfi (Cavaliere Carlo), born at
Vicenza, 1602; his first instructor was
Antonio Vassilacchi, called l'Aliense,
but he afterwards studied the works
of the best masters, at Verona and
Vincenza; his most esteemed perform
ance, is the Visitation of the Virgin
to St. Elizabeth, at Venice ; he also
painted portraits, and easel pictures
for private collections : died 1660.
Rieter (Henry), born at Berne,
Switzerland, 1751 ; was a professor
of drawing, and in conjunction with
Aberli ; commenced a series of the
most romantic views of Switzerland,
which was continued by his son : died
1818. Riethoorn (John Albert Vander),
from a portrait of this painter, made
by his pupil Abraham de Ridder, in
1690, at Haerlem, it is seen that he
was a pupil of Cornelius Visscher,
and that he was one of the company
of painters at Haerlem, in 1648.
Rietschoof (John Klaasze), bora
at Hoom, 1652: was first instructed by
Abraham Leidts, and afterwards be
came a scholar of Ludolf Backhuysen,
and painted sea-pieces so much in
his style, as to be sometimes mistaken
for Backhuysen' s, he particularly ex
celled in painting storms, which he
represented with the most impressive
fidelity ; his calms possess consider
able merit, and somewhat resemble
those of William Vandevelde ; his
works are little known in England:
died 1719.
Rietschoof ( Henry ), born at
Hoom, 1 678 ; was instructed by his
father, whose style he followed very
closely, but sometimes made the works
of Backhuysen his model, and copied
several of them with incredible ex
actness ; his subjects were generally
shipwrecks in a storm, or tempests
with lightning, &c. which he repre
sented with great truth and nature :
died 1728. 2 B 2

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372

RIN

Rigaud (Hyacinthe), bom at Per-
pignan, France, 1659 ; was the son of
Matthias Rigaud, an artist of little
note, under whom he received his
first instructions ; he commenced as
a portrait painter, and met with very
flattering encouragement ; then went
to Paris, studied historical paiuting,
and obtained the prize at the Acade
my ; having seen some portraits by
Vandyck, he was so struck with them,
that he entirely abandoned historical
painting for portrait, and made Van
dyck his model. He frequently paint
ed the portrait of Louis XIV., the
principal nobility of the court, and
many of the most illustrious person
ages in Europe ; he painted a fine
portrait of the sculptor Desjardins, as
his reception picture to the Academy
at Paris. H. Rigaud is considered
as one of the ablest portrait painters of
the French school ; his heads are full of
character and expression, colouring
more chaste than is usual with the
French artists, and his touch bold
and free, and were it not for the enor
mous perukes wore at that time, by
which his figures are disfigured, his
works would undoubtedly possess a
stronger claim to our admiration :
died 1745.
Rigaud (John), relation of Hya
cinthe, born at Paris, about 1 700 ;
painted landscapes and views in per
spective, which judging from the
prints must have possessed consider
able merit ; he resided some time near
London : died about 1760.
Righetti (Mario), born at Bolog
na, about 1 590 ; was a scholar of
Lucio Massara, and pamted several
pictures for the churches of his native
city, of which the most deserving
notice are the Archangel Michael;
Christ appearing to Mary Magdalen ;
the Adoration of the Magi ; and the
Nativity: died about 1650.
Riley (John), born in London,
1646; received instructions from
Isaac Fuller and Gerard Zoust ; his
talents were obscured by the fame
rather than the merit of Sir Godfrey

Kneller, and have since been depressed
by being confounded with Lely, an
honour unfortunate for his reputation.
He painted several portraits, particu
larly that of Lord Keeper North, at
Wroxton, which would have done
credit to either Lely or Kneller ; he
also painted the portraits of Charles
II. , James II , and his Queen ; and
William and Mary : died 1691.
Riley (Charles Reuben), bora in
London, 1752; was placed under the
tuition of Mr. Mortimer, and in 1 778
received the gold medal at the Royal
Academy for the best painting in oil,
the Sacrifice of Iphigenia ; he was
afterwards chiefly employed in deco
rating the mansions of the nobility
and gentry : died 1 798.
Riminaldi (Orazio), born at Pisa,
1598; studied first under Aurelio
Lomi, and afterwards at Rome, under
Orazio Lomi, called Gentileschi, and
made the works of the great masters,
and the beauties of the antique, his
particular study. In the early part of
his life he followed the principles of
M. A. Caravaggio, which he after
wards abandoned for the more grace
ful and expressive style of Domeni
chino ; he pamted several pictures for
the churches in that city, one of
which, the Martyrdom of St. Cecilia,
has since been placed in the Floren
tine Gallery ; also two pictures for
the Cathedral, representing the Bra
zen Serpent, and Samson destroying
the Philistines. His last work, the
Assumption of the Virgin ; he did not
live to finish : died 1630.
Rimini (Lactantius da), called
della Marca, a scholar of John Bel
lini ; painted in Perugia, and flourish
ed in 1550. Morelli, p. 153.
Rinald (Santi), called II Tromba,
from his father's occupation of a
trumpeter, was born in Florence,
where he studied painting in the
school of Furini ; he commenced as a
figurist, but his genius led him to
paint battle pieces and landscapes : he
died at the age of 56, about the year
1690.

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373

ROB

Rincon (Antonio del), born at
Guadalaxara, 1446; studied at Rome,
and ou his return to Spain, painted
history for the churches, of which few
now remain ; he also painted the
portraits of Ferdinand and Isabella,
and may be considered as the founder
of the Spanish school : died 1700.
Ring (Peter de), a Flemish painter
of fruits and inanimate objects ; almost
all his paintings are in Holland, it
is therefore probable that he resided
and worked in that country. In the
Museum at Amsterdam, there is a
paintmg by him representing a table
covered with blue velvet, with fruit,
cray-fish, oysters, &c.
Ringgli (Gothard), born at Zu
rich, 1575, instructor not mentioned,
was employed by the Magistrates at
Berne to paint some large pictures
relative to the history of that city,
which are commended as being inge
nious in composition and correct in
design. Ripanda (James) of Bologna ;
was held in great esteem in Rome for
his paintings, and because he was the
first that designed the Column of
Trajan : he is eulogised by Volter-
rano, in lib. 31 ; also by Malvasia, in
part 1. p. 34. ; and according to Ma-
sini, p. 624, flourished in 1510.
Riposo (Felice) — SeeFicHERELLi.
Risvenno (Gioseffo), born in Gra
nada, about 1 640 ; was a scholar of
Aionzo Cano, and painted history.
Several of his works are in the church
of his native city : died 1721.
Rivalz (Anthony), bom at Tou
louse, 1 667, son of John Peter Rivalz,
a painter and architect of some cele
brity, by whom hewas instructed in the
rudiments of the art ; went to Rome,
and was the successful candidate for
the prize given by the Academy of
St. Luke, for his picture representing
the Fall of the Rebel Angels. His
easel pictures are but few, and one of
most remarkable, representing the
Patience of Job, may be compared to

the best works of Spagnoletto. His
works are chiefly confined to the
public edifices and private collections
there : died 1735.
Rivarola (Alfonso), called II
Chenda, born at Ferrara, 1607 ; was
the most distinguished disciple of
Carlo Bonone, and acquired a dis
tinguished reputation amongst the
ablest artists of the Ferrarese school.
His Baptism of St. Agostino, which
he has embellished with magnificent
architecture ; the Resurrection ; the
Brazen Serpent ; and the Martyrdom
of St. Caterina, do honour to the
school in which he was educated : died
1640. Rive (Peter Louis de la), born at
Geneva, 1753 ; traversed the whole
of Italy, and the Savoy, delineating
the most picturesque scenery thereof,
and painted landscapes with' consider
able reputation. One of the most
celebrated of which, is a view of
Mount Blanc : died 1815.
Rivello (Galeazzo), a Cremonese,
flourished about 1500, and was one
of those artists that worked in the
ancient manner. He had a son who
improved his style upon the Venetian
taste. Riverditi (Marc Antonio), bora
at Alessandria della Paglia, was
educated at Bologne, and painted some
pictures for the churches, in which he
imitated the style of Guido Reni very
closely ; also painted portraits with
considerable success. Of his histo
rical works, those most worthy of
notice are the Conception, and St.
Francesco di Paolo, at Bologna : died
1744. Robart (M.) ; this painter is men
tioned in the Catalogue of Pictures
of the late J. B. Coders, as a pupil of
the celebrated flower painter, John
Van Huysum; in another catalogue are
found paintings by him, described in
the following manner : — a Vase filled
with flowers, at the foot of a land
scape ; offering of fruit, and a picture
of animals, dead game, and two dogs.

ROB
Robato (Giovanni Stefano), born
at Savona, 1649 ; studied at Rome
under Carlo Maratti ; painted history
with considerable reputation, and was
employed for the churches at Genoa.
One of his most esteemed works is St.
Francis receiving the Stigmata : died
1733. Robert (Nicholas), born at Or
leans, 1610; excelled in painting ani
mals, insects, and plants in miniature,
and was employed by Gaston Duke
of Orleans in painting the most cu
rious beasts and birds in the Royal
Menagerie. Robert (Hubert), bom at Paris,
1 733 ; learnt the rudiments of design
in his native city ; went to Rome, and
made accurate designs from the re
mains of ancient architecture. His
architectural and perspective views
are held in high estimation : died
1808. Robert (Paul Pontius Anthony),
born in Paris, about 1680; was a
a scholar of Peter James Cases; after
wards studied in Italy, and on his
return to Paris, painted an altar-
piece representing the Martyrdom of
St. Fidelis, which is considered his
best work : died about 1750.
Robertson (George), born in Lon
don, about 1742 ; was instructed at
Mr. Shipley's Drawing Academy, and
at an early age visited Italy, where
he chiefly studied landscape painting,
and produced some pictures of con
siderable merit ; he afterwards went
to Jamaica, and made several draw
ings and pictures of views of that
country, some of which were exhi
bited in 1775 ; but meeting with but
little encouragement, he adopted the
profession of a drawing master, in
which he was more successful : he
died 1788.
Robinson (  ), bom at Bath,
about 1715; came to London when
young ; became a pupil of John Van-
derbank, and afterwards distinguished
himself as a portrait painter : his
colouring was faint and feeble, and he

374 ROD
affected to dress all his figures in
Vandyck' s habits, but this was the
only resemblance his works bore to
that great master : died 1745.
Robusti — See Tintoretto.
Rocca (James), a Roman painter,
scholarofDanieledaVolterra; although
not highly gifted by nature with the
talent for designing, yet with his skill
in painting, aided by copies of designs
left to him by his deceased master,
amongst which were many by Buo
narotti, assisted in various places with
other masters: died about 1600.
Baglioni, p. 66.
Rocco (Peter), bom in Switzerland
in 1765 or 1766 ; received lessons of
design and painting of J. C. Schultz
and A. de Lelie. He frequented the
Academy of Amsterdam, where he re
sided a long time, and then settled at
Basle, where he painted portraits.
Rode (Christian Bernard), born at
Berlin, 1 725 ; went to Paris, and
studied under Charles Vanloo and
John Restout. He afterwards visited
Italy, and met with flattering encou
ragement as a painter of history and
portraits, and painted several altar-
pieces for the churches at Berlin and
other towns in Prussia : died about
1795. Roderico (Lewis), an excellent
Sicilian painter, executed works in
the twelve provinces of the kingdom
of Naples, besides other places, and
in the refectory of the monks of St.
Lawrence, in Naples. Sarnelli, p.
114. RODERMONT, Or ROTTERMONDT
(  ), born in Holland ; from the
style of his engraving appears to have
been a painter. He lived about
1540. Rodriguez (Giovanni Luigi), born
in Palermo, 1597 ; went to Naples,
studied under Belisario Corenzo, and
became a reputable painter of history :
died 1620.
Rodriguez (Adrian), a priest of
the suppressed order of the Jesuits ;

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ROM

was an excellent painter. In the re
fectory of his college are several pic
tures by him on sacred subjects,
executed with very good taste : he
died in 1669. Palomino, torn. 2.
p. 368.
Roellas (Pablo, or Juan de las),
called by Palomino, El Doctor Pablo
de las Roelas, born at Seville, 1560 ;
visited Venice, and studied there some
years, and on his return to Seville
painted history for the churches in
the maimer of Palma and Tintoretto.
To a rich and harmonious colouring,
acquired in the Venetian school, he
added a correct design, and a perfect
acquaintance with the anatomy of the
human figure. One of his most ad
mired works is the martyrdom of St.
Andrew : died 1620.
Roepel (Conrade), born at the
Hague, 1679 ; for some time studied
portrait painting under Constantine
Netscher, which he quitted for flower
painting. He painted some fruit and
flower pieces for the Elector Palatine,
at Dusseldorp, also for Prince William
of Hesse, and the families of Fagel
and Lormier. His works, although
neatly finished, are not equal to those
of Van Huysum, or Rachel Ruysch :
died 1748.
Roer (James Vander), bom at
Dort, 1648; studied under John de
Baan, and became a reputable painter
of portraits. He is said to have visited
England in the reign of Charles II. :
died 1699.
RoESTRAETEN(Peter),born at Haer
lem, 1697; was brought up under
Frank Hals, whose style he followed
in portrait painting for some time with
success. He came to England, and
pamted vases of gold, silver, and crystal,
bas-reliefs, musical instruments, china,
shells, &c. designed with precision,
well coloured, and touched with deli
cacy and freedom, and was exten
sively employed by the nobility and
gentry • died 1698.
Roger of Bruges, born at Bru
ges about 1 366 ; was a disciple of

John Van Eyck, at the time of his
imitation of oil painting ; he painted
on a larger scale than Van Eyck, and
his figures were well designed for that
early period.
Roger of Brussels — See Van
der Weyde.
Rogers (George), was an amateur
landscape painter ; some of his pic
tures were exhibited in the Spring
Gardens Rooms : died about 1786.
Rogman or Roghman (Roland),
bom at Amsterdam, 1597; master
unknown ; painted landscapes, which
usually represent views in Holland,
or the dark borders of Germany, na
turally composed, but in colouring
dark and disagreeable : died 1686.
Rogters (Thibalt), a painter of
history and portraits, born in 1700,
died 1768. He made many family
pictures, and the portraits of several
regents. Among his grand com
positions are two pictures which he
painted for the hall of the Com
pany of Surgeons, in Amsterdam.
The Museum at Amsterdam has the
portrait, painted by him of the histo
rian John Wagenaar, seated in his
study before a table covered with old
parchments, privileges, books, papers,
and an inkstand.
Rokes (Henry) — See Sorgh.
Roli (Guiseppe), born at Bologna,
1654 ; was a scholar of Domenico
Maria Canuti. There are several of
his fresco works in the churches of
his native city: died 1713.
Roli (Antonio), born at Bologna
1 643 ; studied under Pietro da Cor
tona, and painted architectural and
perspective views with great ability
died 1696.
Roma (Spiridone), born in Italy
practised some years in England as a
painter, but was chiefly known as a
picture cleaner. The ceiling at the
East India House, a very tame per
formance, was painted by him : died
1786.

ROM

376

ROM

Romain (De la Rue), painted land
scapes after the manner of Asselyns,
Swanevelt, and Both ; he had ex
cellent talents, and there are still
some capital paintings by this master
to be met with.
Roman (Bartolomeo), born at Ma
drid, 1598; was first a scholar of Vin
cenzio Carducci, and afterwards stu
died under Valasquez ; and became an
eminent painter of history. Many of
his pictures are in the churches;
some of which, in colouring, are said
to resemble Rubens : died 1659.
Romanelli (Giovanni Francesco),
bora at Viterbo, 1617 ; went to Rome,
and studied under Pietro da Cortona,
on leaving whose school he altered
his style, and adopted one more grace
ful in the forms, but less grand and
splendid than Cortona. He painted
a picture of the Deposition from the
Cross, and another of the Presenta
tion in the Temple ; then went to
France, and painted for the Queen of
Louis XIV. a series of pictures repre
senting subjects of the iEneid. Two
of his best performances were sent
from Italy to Charles I., one a Bac
chanal, and the other a Banquet of
the Gods:. died 1662.
Romanelli (Urbano), born at Vi
terbo about 1664 ; was instructed by
his father, and after his decease by
Ciro Ferri ; some of his works are in
the churches there, particularly a
picture of St. Lorenzo, which is fa
vourably spoken of : died 1682.
Romani (Thomas), a Bolognese,
called II Fomarino, painted in fresco
in the chapel of the Crucifixion, in
the old church of St. Barbaziano, and
in other places : he died in the year
1675. Masini, p. 639.
Romani (Joseph), an Italian, and
scholar of Michael Colonna, applied
himself to designing, painting, and
architecture, and shewed abilities for
making figures ; he went into Spain
with his master, and fixed himself in
the service of the Admiral of Castile,

where in fresco and in oil he painted
many architraves and palaces in a sin
gular and delicate manner ; he like
wise painted in the Italian church in
Madrid, with so much knowledge of
perspective as to enchant every one
who saw it. He died at Madrid in
1680, aged 64. Palumino, p. 404.
Romanino (Girolamo), born at
Brescia about 1504 ; master un
known. He made Titian his model,
whose admirable style he has ap
proached in many of his pictures in
the churches of Brescia. His princi
pal pictures there and at Verona are
the Martyrdom of St. Giorgio; St.
Apollonia administering the Sacra
ment ; and the Deposition from the
Cross ; in the latter of which we are
particularly reminded of the great
style of Titian : died 1566.
Romano (Giulio), born at Rome,
1492, family name was Pippi; he
was placed in the school of Raffaelle,
whom he assisted in many of his
principal works. In his own compo
sitions he evinces more fire than Raf
faelle, but his contours are harsh and
severe, and his colouring cold, crude,
and inharmonious, which defects were
counterbalanced by his extraordinary
fecundity of imagination, and his
learned acquaintance with history and
the fable. He painted many fine
pictures ; amongst others, Christ ap
pearing to the Magdalen, and the
Marriage of St. Catherine ; also his
grand composition of the Stoning of
Stephen ; and at Mantua he has
represented the Fall of the Giants,
and the History of Cupid and Psyche;
in the former of which he appears to
have emulated the powers of M. A.
Buonarotti. He afterwards painted in
fresco the History of the Trojan War :
died 1546, leaving a son, Raffaelle
Pippi, whom he had instructed in the
art, and who possessed promising
talents, but who died young, in 1560.
Romborgh, a painter of Nimeguen,
studied landscape at Rome from the
paintings of the great masters ; he

ROM

painted in the style of Moucheron,
and was living at the commencement
of the eighteenth century.
Rombouts (Theodore), born at
Antwerp in 1597; was a scholar of
Abraham Janssens. He visited Rome
and Florence, and on his returning to
Antwerp was employed in painting some
pictures for the churches. Though
inferior to Rubens, he possessed a
ready invention, an animated expres
sion, a warm and brilliant colouring,
and an uncommon facility of touch.
He also painted concerts, gallant as
semblies, merry-makings, mounte
banks, taverns, and soldiers playing
at cards, which he executed with
taste and ingenuity. The most re
markable of his historical works are
the Taking down from the Cross ;
St. Francis receiving the Stigmata ;
the Angel appearing to Joseph in his
Dream ; and Themis with the attri
butes of Justice : died 1 637. .
Romegiallo (Giovanni Pietro),
born at Morbegno, in the Valteline, in
1739 ; was first instructed by F.
Cotta, an obscure painter, and after
wards went to Rome, and became a
scholar of Agostino Masucci ; he
formed his style by copying the works
of Guercino, Guido, and Pietro da
Cortona, and his pictures are to be
found in the public places and private
collections at Como, and in the differ
ent churches in the Valteline.
Romei (Joseph), son of Marco
Romei, a Florentine painter ; born in
1714; a disciple of the celebrated
Anthony Puglieschi : under so good
a master, was soon able to work by
himself, and numerous are the paint
ings produced of his pencil ; the prin
cipal of which, a representation of the
Pestilence of Sienna, was exhibited at
the festival made for the painters in
1758: he was living in 1776.
Romeo (Don Joseph), born in Ar-
ragon, 1701 ; studied at Rome, under
Agostino Masucci, and painted history
for the churches : died 1772.
Romeyn (William Van), a Dutch

377 RON
painter of landscapes, with cattle and
figures ; his style is so much in the
manner of Karel du Jardin that it is
probable he was instructed by him.
Romney (George), born in Lan
cashire, 1734; was placed under an
itinerant painter, afterwards practised
in York, and on visiting London
gained the second premium from the
Society of Arts, for his Death of
General Wolfe, but was more em
ployed in painting portraits than his
torical subjects ; he soon after visited
Rome, and on his return became one
of the most popular and most em
ployed portrait painters in London,
and enjoyed a liberal portion of the pub
lic favour with Sir Joshua Reynolds
and Mr. Gainsborough. He painted
two pictures from Tristram Shandy,
one, the arrival of Dr. Slop at Shandy
Hall, after the accident on the road ;
and the other, the affecting story of
the Death of Le Fevre, but of his
historical or fancy subjects, the most
admired was his Infant Shakspeare,
painted for Mr. Boydeli's gallery :
died 1802.
Romolo, an Italian, served Philip
II. king of Spain, and restored the
colouring of eight pictures on sacred
subjects in the Escurial. There is a
Romolo, a Florentine, and scholar of
Cecco Salviati, mentioned by Lomazzo,
in his nella Tavola del suo Trattato
dello Pittura, who is probably the
same as the above named Romolo :
he flourished 1585.
Roncalli (Cavaliere Cristoforo),
called Dalle Pomerance, born at Pome-
rancio, 1552 ; studied at Rome under
Niccolo Circignani, and from the works
of the best masters, and became an
eminent painter of history ; his pic
tures exhibit a mixture of the Roman
with the Tuscan style of design ; at
Rome he painted the Death of Ana
nias and Sapphira ; the Visitation of
the Virgin to St. Elizabeth ; St. Mi
chael discomfiting the Evil Spirits ;
and the Baptism of Constantine, for
the latter of which, he received from

RON 378
Pope Paul V. the honours of knight
hood ; he also painted a fine altar-
piece of the Nativity, for one of the
churches in Naples, &c, and was
fond of introducing landscapes into
his backgrounds ; in his fresco works,
his colouring is cheerful and brilliant,
but in oil they are serious and mode
rate, and have a quiet placidity about
them : died 1626.
Roxdani (Francesco Maria), born
at Parma, 1505 ; was brought up in
the school of Correggio, whom he as
sisted in some of his works ; at Parma
is a picture of the Virgin and Infant
Jesus, which has sometimes been mis
taken for Correggio ; his talents are,
however, confined to compositions of
a few figures ; one of his most con
siderable works is a picture of St.
Augustus and St. Jerome, in the
church of the Eremitani : died about
1548. Rondinello (Niccolo), born at
Ravenna about 1468, was a disciple
of Giovanni Bellini, whose style he
followed with success, but never
equalled ; his design is dry and for
mal, heads less expressive, and colour
ing less vigorous than Bellini ; his
works are chiefly confined to the
churches at Ravenna : died about
1520. Rondolino — See Terenzio.
Ronind, a Fleming, painted small
subjects with figures on panel, after
the manner of Rembrandt, some of
which are in the possession of Count
Villanova, in Lisbon, countersigned
with his name.
Rontbout (N.), born in Flanders,
visited Italy and Switzerland, studying
from nature and sketching every ro
mantic object that met his view ; his
landscapes are principally scenes in
the vicinity of Rome ; his paintings,
which are rarely met with, may be
known by the richness and warmth
of their colouring in the foreground,
by their fine perspective, ^md by their
delicate penciling and transparency of
colour ; his figures, although not ele-

ROQ
gant, are judiciously managed, and
have a pleasing effect ; there is a land
scape signed with his name in the
possession of Thomas Cobbe, Esq.; it
represents a view of a Bridge between
two high hills, and a river is seen
through the principal arch, with a
distant range of hills, and an antique
tower on the border of the stream.
Rontbout (I.), a painter of land
scapes ; his pictures have so much
analogy with those of Minderhout
and Hobbema that they are often
confounded with those of that cele
brated master, but on closer inspec
tion a great difference in the execution
may be seen. His paintings are only
signed with the initials of his name.
Roodtseus (John Albert), son of
Albert Roodtseus, born at Hoom, 1615,
was a disciple of Peter Lastman, under
whose tuition he became one of the
most eminent portrait painters of his
time ; he painted three large pictures
representing the portraits of the So
ciety of Archers, which, though in
ferior to the works of Bartolomeo
Vander Heist, prove him to have been
possessed of great ability : died 1674.
Roodtseus (John), born at Hoorn,
1590, died 1648, painted portraits
with great credit.
Roodtseus (James), son of John,
born 1619, after studying under his
father became a scholar of John David
De Heem, in whose style he painted,
and his works were greatly esteemed :
died 1669.
Rooker (Michael), son of Edward,
an engraver, by whom he was in
structed in the art of designing ; he
was afterwards placed under Paul
Sandby to be instructed in drawing
and landscape painting; in 1772 he
painted and exhibited a view of Tem
ple Bar, which was much admired :
died 1801.
Roore (James de), bom at Ant
werp, 1686, was first instructed by
Louis Vander Bosch, and afterwards
by Jaques Van Opstal ; he painted
historical subjects and conversations,

ROO

379

ROP

the former in the style of Richard
Van Orlay, and the latter like the
younger Teniers ; his works were
highly esteemed, and he found it dif
ficult to keep pace with the demand :
he also distinguished himself by his
imitations of the best masters, and
being employed to copy the St. Chris
topher of Rubens, he did it with such
exactness as to surprise Van Opstal ;
his principal works were the History
of Achilles ; Brennus besieging the
Capitol ; Antony presenting a Crown
to Julius Caesar ; and the History of
Pandora: died 1747.
Roos (John Hendrick), born at
Otterburg on the Rhine, 1631, was
apprenticed to a painter of little note,
named Julius du Jardin, and studied
afterwards under Adrian de Bie, an
able designer of landscapes and ani
mals, horses, cows, sheep, goats, and
camels, in which he not only surpassed
his instructor, but became one of the
most celebrated animal painters of his
time, which he frequently designed in
the most singular and difficult atti
tudes, and always with an accuracy
for which he is remarkable ; he painted
the portrait of the Elector of Mentz,
and those of his principal courtiers,
with equal success : died 1685.
Roos (Theodore), brother of Hen
drick, born at Wezel, 1638; was first
a scholar of Adrian de Bie, and after
wards instructed by his brother ; his
first performance was a large picture
representing the portraits of the Ma
gistrates of the town of Manheim ;
he also painted the portraits of the
Dnke and Duchess of Orleans ; he
visited several other parts of Ger
many, and was employed in many
historical works for the Duke of
Wirtemberg ; his historical works
and portraits are highly esteemed,
the latter especially : died 1698.
Roos (Philip), called Rosa da
Tivoli, son of John Hendrick Roos,
born at Frankfort, 1655 ; visited
Rome, and designed every object from
nature, having a kind of menagerie of
animals for that purpose ; his pictures

usually represent pastoral subjects,
herdsmen with cattle, &c, which he
frequently painted nearly as large as
life ; his groups are composed with
judgment and taste, and his land
scapes in the backgrounds, and skies
and distances are treated in a very
masterly manner ; his cattle are also
designed with unusual truth and
spirit: died 1705.
Roos (John Melchior), son of John
Hendrick, born at Frankfort, 1659,
after receiving some instruction from
his father he went to Italy, and on his
return met with very great encourage
ment as a painter of history and por
traits, which he soon relinquished to
paint landscapes and animals in the
style of his brother, and although he
never reached the excellence of Rosa
da Tivoli, he possessed very great
merit : died 1 73 1 .
Roos (Joseph), born in Vienna,
1728, painted landscapes and cattle
with considerable reputation, and was
much employed by the Elector of
Saxony: died 1780.
Roosendael (Nicholas), a good
historical painter, born at Enkhuysen,
in 1636, travelled in Italy with James
Tornvliet. Rooyen (Gabriel Van), born at
Utrecht in 1 752, was pupil of his father
James Van Rooyen, who painted
ornaments, and died in 1789. Gabriel
his son was a better painter than de
signer ; he well understood the science
of chiaro-oscuro, and had a bold and
skilful touch ; it is to be regretted,
that with such advantages he did not
better understand design, as he would
then, without doubt, have been a very
distinguished artist in the style of
Rembrandt: died in 1817, at Am
sterdam. Roper (  ), supposed to have
been bora in London, was a painter
of sporting-pieces, race-horses, dogs,
and game, and in 1762 exhibited
some of his productions at the rooms
in Spring Gardens, about which period
he died.

ROS

380

ROS

Rosa (Cristoforo), bora at Brescia,
about 1520, excelled in painting per
spective views, and painted the archi
tecture in some of Titian's pictures :
died 1576.
Rosa (Francesco di), called Pacicco
da, born at Naples about 1600, was
brought up under Massimo Stanzione;
painted history, his easel pictures
are frequently found in the private
collections at Naples, and some altar-
pieces in the churches, of which those
most worthy of notice are St. Tom
maso d' Aquino, and the Baptism of
St. Candida ; his style is correct, the
beauty of his heads expressive, and
his colouring tender and harmonious :
died 1654.
Rosa (John), born in Antwerp in
1591 ; a scholar first of John de
Wael, and then of Francis Snyders,
closely studied nature in painting
flowers, fruit, and animals ; he went
to Rome, and in passing through
Genoa to go to his own country, being
well entertained there, he fixed him
self in that city ; his manner was bold
and lively, with birds he painted their
eggs, with hares the dogs, with fishes
cats , in figures he followed the style
of Anthony Vandyck, and painted
many good portraits : he died in the
year 1638. Soprani, p. 322.
Rosa (Pietro), son of Cristoforo,
and scholar of Titian, whom he ap
proached very nearly in his colouring ;
his principal works are in the cathe
dral and churches in Brescia : died
1576. Rosa (Anna di), born at Naples,
1648 ; died 1694. This lady acquired
the name of Annella di Messina for
her historical subjects, which possess
great merit, and from which she re
ceived the applause of the greatest
artists of her time.
Rosa (Salvator), born at Naples,
1615; was placed under the care of
Francesco Francazani, then received
some instruction from Anniello Fal
cone, an eminent painter of battles,
aud subsequently under Guiseppe Ri

bera, called II Spagnoletto, whom he
accompanied to Rome ; from Rome
he went to Naples, where he painted
au altar-piece representing the Incre
dulity of Thomas, and on his return
to Rome painted four pictures for one
of the churches there ; Daniel in the
Lion's Den; Tobit and the Angel;
the Resurrection of Christ ; and the
Raising of Lazarus ; and for another,
the Martyrdom of St. Como and St.
Damian ; but his powers were better
adapted to easel pictures than to
figures of larger dimensions, as is evi
dent from his admirable picture of
Attilius Regulus in the Earl of Darn-
ley's collection ; in his pictures of that
description we equally admire the
boldness of his scenery and the correct
and spirited design of his figures : his
landscapes usually represent the lonely
haunts of wolves and robbers, hol
low glens, rocky precipices, or dreary
wastes, with the trunk of a storm-struck
oak spreading its shattered branches
through the troubled air, and those
gloomy regions peopled by assassins,
outlaws, or ferocious banditti. His
marines represent the desolate and
shelvy shores of Calabria, whose
frightful aspect is sometimes rendered
doubly terrific by the fearful terrors
of shipwreck ; he also represented
battles and attacks of cavalry, in
which the fury of the combatants,
and the fiery animation of the horses
are perfectly delineated, and every
thing is of a piece ; his rocks, trees,
and skies have the same rude and
wild character which animates his
figures : died 1673.
Rosa (Sisto) — See Badalocchio.
Rosalba (Camera). This lady,
born in the Venetian States, 1675,
was first instructed by Giovanni Dia-
mentini, and for some time, applied
herself to oil painting, which she af
terwards abandoned for miniature and
crayons, and carried these branches to
such a pitch of perfection that few
artists can be said to have equalled
her ; she painted the portrait of
Frederick IV. king of Denmark, of

ROS

which she made several copies, and
afterwards visited Paris, where she
painted the royal family, the princes
of the blood, and most of the nobility,
and was received into the Academy,
presenting at her reception a picture
of one of the Muses. Her portraits
are gracefully designed and charmingly
coloured, her heads exhibit a lovely
expression of truth and nature, par
ticularly her female figures, and her
tints are blended with uncommon
tenderness and delicacy : died 1757.
Rose (Nicholas) — See Liemacker,
Rose (Susan Penelope), daughter
of Richard Gibson, the Dwarf, by
whom she is said to have been in
structed in the art ; she painted por
traits in water colours with great free
dom, and her miniatures, which were
of a larger size than usual, possessed
considerable merit : died 1700.
Rosel (John Augustus), born at
Nuremberg about 1750; distinguished
himself as a painter of insects in
miniature, which he designed with
accuracy and finished very highly :
died 1759.
Roselli (Niccolo), born atFerrara;
is supposed to have been brought up
in the school of the Dossi, but in
some of his works he appears to have
imitated the style of Benvenuto Ga
rofalo ; he painted several pictures for
the churches in his native city, amongst
others, an altar-piece representing the
Virgin and Infant Saviour in the
Clouds ; and underneath, St. John
the Evangelist and St. Anthony ; also
a picture of the Purification : he flou
rished about 1568.
Roser (M.), born at Heidelberg,
1737 ; after studying from nature for
some time, he became a scholar of
Loutherbourg, but soon after quitted
landscape painting and became a re
storer of old pictures, particularly the
works of Correggio, Raffaelle, and
Titian, in which he succeeded admira
bly ; he also copied several of the
principal works of the Flemish School :
died 1804.

381 ROS
Rosetti (Domenico), bora in
Venice in 1690 ; painted architectural
views and perspective with some suc
cess, but is chiefly known as an en
graver : died about 1760.
Rosi (Alessandro), born at Flo
rence, 1 627 ; was a scholar of Cesare
Dandini, and under him became a re
putable painter of history : of his
pictures in the churches one of St.
Francis di Paolo is much admired,
also two Bacchanalian subjects in the
collection of the Grand Duke : died
1697. Rosini (Amanzio), a citizen of
Como, was a scholar of Anthony
Maria Crespi, and promised to be
something great in his art if death
had not cut him off in his youth, in
the year 1690.
Ross (Theodore), born in Warsaw
in 1638; a disciple of Cornelius de
Bie ; assisted his eldest brother John
Henry in the fine picture he painted
for the Elector Palatine, the beauty
of which acquired for them the favour
of other neighbouring princes, whose
portraits were painted by them.
Sandrart, p. 390.
Rosselli (Cosimo), born at Flo
rence, 1416; master unknown; be
came an artist of some note by
successfully painting the portraits of
Picus Mirandola, and several of the
nobility ; executed some works for
the churches there, among others, a
picture representing the Miracle of
the Sacrament ; afterwards visited
Rome, where he painted in conjunc
tion with Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Bo-
ticelli, and others ; but his best pic
ture is Christ Preaching, in which his
pupil Pietro di Cosimo is said to have
painted the landscapes : died 1484.
Rosselli (Matteo), bora in Flo
rence, 1578; studied first under Gre
gorio Pagani, and afterwards under
Passignano, with whom he visited
Rome and improved his style by study
ing and copying the works of Raffaelle
and Polidoro de Caravaggio ; he re
turned to Florence, where he painted
several frescoes representing the his-

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tory of the family of the Medici, and
sometimes emulated the style of Lo
dovico Cardi, called Cigoli, as appears
in his picture of the Nativity, which
is considered his finest work ; he par
ticularly excelled in fresco painting.
His works are not characterized by
vigorous design or animated expres
sion, but by their simple imitation of
nature, and quiet accord and solem
nity of effect : died 1650.
Rossellini (Bernardine), a Flo
rentine painter and architect, much
esteemed, according to Vasari.
Rossetti (Giovanni Paolo), born at
Volterra ; studied under D. Ricciarelli,
called di Volterra, and painted history
with considerable reputation ; his
most esteemed production is the
Taking down from the Cross, at Vol
terra : flourished about 1568.
Rossi (Francesco) — See Salviati.
Rossi (Muzio), bora at Naples,
1 626 ; studied under Massino Stanzi-
oni, and afterwards at Bologna under
Guido, and painted an altar-piece for
the Certosa representing the Nativity,
which is considered a prodigy of juve
nile ability : died young in 1651.
Rossi (Girolamo), called de Ru-
beis the Elder, born in Rome, 1630 ;
studied under Simone Cantarine ; and
although a good painter of history, is
more known as an engraver.
Rossi (Pasquale), called Pasqua-
lino, born at Vicenza, 1641 ; without
any instructor, and by studying and
copying the best works of the Vene
tian and Roman schools, he reached a
respectable rank as a painterof history;
of his pictures at Rome, the most
deserving of notice, are the Baptism
of Christ ; Christ praying in the
Garden; and one of the Madonna
and Bambino; but his best production
is an altar-piece representing St.
Gregory interceding for the Souls in
Purgatory, painted in the finest style
of Guercino. He also painted gal
lant assemblies and musical parties,
which are much esteemed, and to be
found in the choicest collections : died
1700.

Rossi (Antonio), born in Bologna,
1 700 ; was educated in the school of
C. M. A. Franceschini, whose favour
ite disciple he became. Amongst the
numerous pictures by him in the
public edifices at Bologna, his Mar
tyrdom of St. Andrea is most worthy
of notice. He frequently decorated
with his figures the architectural and
perspective views of Orlandi, and F.
Brizzio: died 1773.
Rossi (Giovanni Stefano), born at
Genoa, 1719; studied first under Se-
mini, next under Sorri, and after
wards under Strozzi. He became dis
tinguished as a painter of history ;
died 1769.
Rossi (Eneas), aBolognese painter,
and scholar of Lodovico Caracci ;
painted the St. Dominic in the second
chapel in the church of St. Riemo
the Martyr, in the city of Bologna :
he flourished about 1610.
Rossi (Aniello), a Neapolitan
painter ; scholar of Giordano ; copied
the works of his master exceedingly
well, and by him was taken into
Spain, where he received from the
Court an honourable stipend. Domi
nici, t. 3. p. 447.
Rossi (Zanobio), a Florentine
painter, and scholar of .Christopher
Allori ; after the death of his master,
finished a picture left by him imper
fect, which was placed in the chapel
of the Usimbardi in the church of the
Holy Trinity : he flourished about
1570. Baldinucci, par. 3. sec. 4.
p. 306.
Rossi (II), called by the French
Maitre Roux, born in Florence, 1496;
studied the works of Andrea del Sarti,
Michael Angelo, and Parmegiano ;
but painted in a style peculiarly his
own. Singular, though grand ; his
naked figures were beautiful, their
attitudes graceful and expressive, and
there is a lively expression in his
heads, tasteful arrangement of dra
pery, an effective management of light
and shadow, and a daring execution,
accompanied by a wildness and extra-

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v'agance, the result of a fertile imagi
nation. He painted numerous pic
tures for the churches at Rome and
Florence; amongst others the Assump
tion of the Virgin ; the Marriage of
the Virgin; the Decollation of St.
John ; and the Deposition from the
Cross ; and at Venice he painted his
celebrated picture of Mars and
Venus; engraved by Domenico Bar
biere : died 1541.
Rossis (Angelo), a Florentine
painter, in perspective, in fresco, and
in oil ; lived a long time in Venice,
where he died in the year 1742. He
painted a fresco in the grand saloon,
in the palace of Signor da Lezzi, a
Venetian patrician, but he did not
succeed so well as in architecture.
Rota (Martin), twice copied the
famous Judgment, by Buonarotti, in
large and in small, which has been
engraved, as also are some works of
Raffaelle and Frederick Zuccheri.
Baldinucci, p. 5.
Rotari (Conte Pietro), born at
Verona, 1707; first practised the
art as an amusement, and afterwards
studied under Antonio Balestra; then
visited Venice, and contemplated the
works of Titian, Tintoretto, and other
great masters ; afterwards went to
Rome, entered the school of Fran
cesco Trevisani, and became a correct
and graceful designer ; he joined to
the expressive airs of his heads an
elegance of contour, and a tasteful
disposition of his draperies. At
Dresden he painted the portraits of
the Electoral and Imperial family ;
and at Petersburgh, those of the
Empress Catherine, the Grand Duke
Peter, andhis consort Sophia Augusta;
he also painted several subjects from
sacred and ancient history, one of
which represents the Continence of
Scipio ; but his principal pictures in
Italy, are an Annunciation, and the
Birth of the Virgin ; his own portrait
is in the Florentine Gallery: died 1762.
Rottenhaemer (John), horn at
Munich, 1564 ; was instructed by
Donouwer ; then went to Rome, and

distinguished himself by his small
pictures of historical subjects, which
retained somewhat of the German
taste, but were touched with great neat
ness and spirit, and ingeniously com
posed ; he painted an altar-piece for
one of the churches at Rome, repre
senting several Saints with a glory of
Angels ; and afterwards visited Ve
nice to improve himself in colouring,
where he studied the works of Tinto
retto, whose style he imitated very
successfully. During his stay there,
his most admired pictures were the
Annunciation ; and a picture of St.
Cristina; at Mantua he also painted se
veral pictures, one of which, Nymphs
dancing, was particularly admired ;
he returned to Augsburgh, where he
painted an altar-piece representing
all the Saints, which is considered one
of his best productions ; he painted
many capital figures for the Emperor,
Rodolphus II. , one of which, the
Feast of the Gods, a composition of
many pictures, is gracefully designed
and coloured, with all the splendour
of the Venetian school. His cabinet
pictures are numerous, and to be
found in the choicest collections ; the
backgrounds frequently painted by
John Breughel, and sometimes by
Paul Bril. He usually niade a choice
of gay and agreeable subjects, and
was fond of introducing naked figures
into his pictures, which he designed
with taste, and coloured with delicacy.
Though he resided many years in
Italy, he never lost sight of the taste
of his country: died 1606.
Roth (William), an English por
trait painter in oil and in miniature ;
was an exhibitor in 1768; his subject,
a girl looking at herself in a mirror, is
heavily painted and evincing but little
talent : died 1770.
RouauET, a Swiss of French extrac
tion ; came to England and imitated
Mr. Zincke in enamel, with some suc
cess; he lived in the reign of George
II. : Walpole, v. 4. p. 200.
Rovere (Giovanni Mauro) called
Fiamminghino, born at Milan, 1570 ;

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was brought up under the Proccacini,
whose style he followed, particularly
that of Giulo Cesare, and painted his
tory with great success. His altar-
piece of the Last Supper, is admired
for the grandeur of the composition,
and the expressive character of the
heads. Several of his easel pictures
are in the private collections at Milan :
died 1640.
Rousseau (James), born at Paris,
1 626, where he studied the elements
of design ; went to Rome and studied
perspective and landscape, and de
signed the most remarkable views of
the vicinity of that dty ; and became
an eminent painter of landscapes and
architectural views. Came to Eng
land, and was employed by the Duke
of Montague in ornamenting Monta
gue House, and afterwards was em
ployed in painting several landscapes,
and perspective views for the palace of
Hampton Court. His landscapes
generally represent classic scenery,
embelhshed with views of a magnifi
cent architecture ; and he appears to
have taken for his model the works of
Nicholas Poussin.
Roviale, a Spaniard, and scholar
of Francis Salviati, in Rome; assist
ed his master, and painted the Con
version of St. Paul in the church of
San Spirito: he flourished about 1580.
Vasari, p. 3. 1. 2. p. 94.
Roux (Maitre)— See Rosso.
Roy (Simon le), Charles and Tho
mas Dorigni, Lewis Farnese, John le
Rambert, Charles Carmois, and John
and William Rondelet, all painters to
Francis I. King of France, worked
together with Abate Primaticio under
the orders of Philibert di Lorme, ar
chitect and superintendent of the
royal buildings, about the year 1559.
Felibien, par. 3. p. 58.
Roy (J. B de), born at Brussels
in 1759, a painter of landscapes and
animals ; having exhibited in earlv
youth his inclination for the art, his
father encouraged him in his studies
and took a journey with him into

Holland, to shew him the chef-
d'ceuvres of that school ; the style of
Potter decided his taste. He never
had any other master than nature, but
succeeded by assiduous labour and
study in producing works of the
highest merit and which are still
admired ; he formed also a number
of scholars. The Royal Society of
Brussels decreed him publicly a gold
medal and made him an honorary
member of the same Society ; his
numerous and fine collection of studies
from nature no master has yet sur
passed. In the Museum at Brussels
is a painting by him of a troop of
cattle, four cows and a bull, with their
conductor issuing from a wood and
passing through a pool of water to
go into the meadow.
Rozee (Mademe.),bom at Leyden,
1632 ; as her manner of working could
not be explained, was distinguished
by the appellation of the Sorceress,
the prevalent opinion being that she
blended floss silk of different shades
and colours, so artfully as to imitate
nature, whatever was the object she
represented : her portraits glow with
life; her landscapes andflowers breathe
nature itself, her architecture is superb,
and one of her pictures, representing
only the trunk of an old tree, covered
with moss, and a spider weaving its
web amongst the branches, fetched
the large sum of 500 florins : died
1682. Rubeis — See Rossi.
Rubens (Sir Peter Paul), bom at
Antwerp, 1577; was placed under
the tuition of Tobias Verhaecht, a
landscape painter of some reputation,
and afterwards became a disciple of
Adam Van Oort, whose school he
soon quitted to enter the academy of
Otho Venius, at that time one of the
most distinguished masters of the
Flemish school. He visited Italy,
and at Venice examined the works of
the most celebrated Venetian masters,
those of Giulio Romano engaging his
particular attention. He painted,
amongst others, a picture ' of the

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History of Turnus and iEneas for the
Duke of Mantua, and revisited Venice
for the purpose of studying the works
of Titian and Paolo Veronese : after
wards went to Rome, and copied some
of the best paintings he could find
there for the Duke of Mantua, which
were considered by the Duke as very
little inferior to the originals. He
painted for Duke Albert three pictures
for the church of S. Croce, repre
senting the Finding of the Cross by
St. Helena ; Christ bearing the Cross;
and the Crucifixion ; the two last are
ranked amongst his most admired
productions. He afterwards went to
Madrid on an embassy, and painted
the portrait of the King of Spain,
Philip III. ; then revisited Rome
and painted three other pictures in
the style of Paolo Veronese. At
Genoa he was employed in several
considerable works, and painted two
pictures for the church of the Jesuits,
representing the Circumcision, and
St. Ignatius working a Miracle ; and
on his return to Antwerp, he exe
cuted the greater part of the chefs-
d'ceuvre that have immortalized his
name : he occasionally employed
Snyders and Wildens in forwarding
the animals and landscapes of some of
his pictures, and it having been in
sinuated that he was indebted to them
for the best part of the reputation he
enjoyed, he painted with his own hand
some of his most admirable land
scapes, lion huntings, and other mis
cellaneous subjects. He also painted
for the Gallery at Luxembourg a series
of allegorical and emblematical sub
jects, representing the principal events
in the life of Mary de Medicis, by
whom he was employed, twenty-four
in number, two of which he finished
when at Paris. He painted four pic
tures for the church of the Convent
of the Carmelites in the town of
Loeches near Madrid ; one, an alle
gorical subject representing the Tri
umph of the New Law, in which the
figure of Religion is seated on a superb
triumphal car, drawn by four angels,
with others bearing the Cross, with

characteristic symbols, four figures
expressive of the various characters of
Infidelity and Ignorance, over which
Religionis supposed to triumph, follow
the car, like slaves or captives bound
in chains : the group is crowned by
beautiful cherubims that hover in the
air with chaplets in their hands. The
companion picture represents the in
terview between Abraham and Mel-
chisedek, who offers him bread and
the tenth of his spoils : the other two
pictures represent the four Doctors of
the Church and the four Evangelists,
with their distinctive emblems. He
also painted eight grand pictures for
the great saloon of the palace at Ma
drid, which are regarded as matchless
specimens of his colouring ; they re
presented the Rape of the Sabines,
now in the National Gallery, and also
the celebrated landscape called Rubens
Chateau ; the Battle between the
Romans and Sabines ; the Bath of
Diana ; Perseus and Andromeda ; the
Rape of Helen ; the Judgment of
Paris ; Juno ; Minerva and Venus ;
and the Triumph of Bacchus. On
visiting England, hepainted the ceiling
of the Banqueting House at White
hall: died 1640. He painted history,
portraits, animals, landscapes, fruit
and flowers, and it would be difficult
to decide in which he most excelled ;
his female forms have seldom any
pretensions to elegance or grace, and
he appears to have preferred the
brilliancy of effect to the beauty of
form, and too frequently to have sacri
ficed the correctness of design to the
magic of his colouring ; in the fore
shortening of his figures he displayed
the most correct and admirable taste.
His animals, especially those of a
ferocious kind, are painted with a
spirit and energy that is unequalled ;
his lions and tigers are touched with
a fierceness peculiar to their character;
his horses, always of the noblest race,
are designed with a fire and animation
that is inimitable. In his landscapes
he reminds us of the grandeur of
Titian, and they are in no respect
inferior : the picturesque forms of his
2 c

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rocks and trees, the deep shadows in
his glades and glooms, the watery
sunshine and the dewy verdure, form
a striking contrast with the fascinating
productions of Claude Lorraine.
Rubentstein or Riebentstein
(  ), native of Germany ; came to
London, where he resided several years.
He painted dead game and still life,
and occasionally portraits, but excelled
in the former: died 1763.
Rubiales (Pedro de), born in
Estremadura ; he studied under Fran
cesco Salviati, whom he assisted in
many of his works ; and also assisted
Giorgio Vasari. His best production
is a picture of the Conversion of Saul,
in the church of Spirito Santo at
Rome : he flourished about 1545.
Rugendas (George Philip), born
in Augsburg, 1 666 ; was instructed
in design by Isaac Fisscher, a painter
of history ; but his genius leading him
to paint battles and skirmishes of
cavalry, he studied the works of Bor
gognone and the prints of Tempesta,
and acquired considerable reputation
by his pictures of that description.
Many of his works represent scenes
of which he was himself an eye-wit
ness. His works exhibit three different
styles : in the first, his colouring is
preferable to bis design ; in the
second, his design is preferable to his
colouring ; and in the last, he com
bines harmony of colouring with an
accurate design, and uncommon free
dom of pencil: died 1742.
Ruggieri (Guido), bominBologna;
was a disciple of Francesco Raibolini,
called II Francia, and assisted Primat-
ticcio in some of his works ; but we
have no account of his style or pro
ductions : he lived about 1550.
Ruggieri (GiovanniBattista), called
del Gessi, born at Bologna : flourished
during the pontificate of Urban VIII.,
was first a disciple of Domenichino,
and afterwards of Francesco Gessi,
whom he accompanied to Naples, and
assisted in some of his principal
works. He visited Rome, and painted

some pictures for the churches, in oil
and in fresco. His principal works at
Bologna are, the Assumption of the
Virgin; the Adoration of the Magi;
and the Descent of the Holy Ghost;
which have sometimes been mistaken
for the works of Guido : died 1659.
Ruggieri (Ercole), called del
Gessi, brother of Giovanni Battista ;
was educated in the same school, and
imitated the style of Francesco Gessi
so closely that it is difficult to dis
tinguish their works. Such are his
pictures of St. Joseph, and the Virgin
and Infant Christ; with St. Catherine,
and other Saints, at Bologna : died
young. Ruisch (Rachel), born at Amster
dam, 1664. This lady was a cele
brated paintress of flowers and fruit ;
she studied under William Van Aelst,
an eminent flower painter, whom she
greatly surpassed, as well as every
other artist, hardly excepting the
admirableproductions of Van Huysum .
Her subjects are represented in so
admirable a manner as to produce
perfect illusion, which is rendered
more exquisite by the selection of her
objects, and her tasteful manner of
grouping them. She married in early
life Jurian Van Pool, an eminent
painter of portraits : died 1750.
Ruiz (Francis Ignatius), a Spaniard ;
was painter to Charles II. king of
Spain ; and many of his works were
painted for that court. In the church
of the Barefooted Friars, in Madrid,
he painted a St. John del Croce, and
around him many of the actions of
that Saint ; a work that is highly
esteemed in Spain : he died at the
age of 56, in the year 1704. Palumino,
p. 480.
Runciman (Alexander), bom in
Edinburgh, 1 786 ; having a taste for
drawing, he travelled to Italy, with his
younger brother, John, also a pro
mising artist, who died there. Soon
after his return, in 1 773, he settled at
Edinburgh, and painted some his
torical pictures, amongst which was

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the Ascension. His other principal
performances were, Ulysses surprising
Nausicaa at play with her maids ;
partly in the manner of Giulio Ro
mano and partly in that of Tintoretto ;
Lear and his daughters ; and Agrip-
pina carrying the ashes of Germanicus.
He possessed a facility of hand and a
considerable intelligence in colouring,
and was not altogether deficient in de
sign: died 1785.
Ruoffoli (Guiseppe), born at Na
ples, 1600; was a celebrated painter
of flowers and fruit, which he grouped
with excellent taste, and coloured well :
died 1659.
Rusca (Chevalier), born in Milan;
came to England in 1 738, and painted
a few pictures in a gaudy fluttering
style, but with some merit. Walpole,
vol. 4. p. 116.
Russel (Antony), studied under
Riley, and was consequently a por
trait painter in the reign of George I.,
but we have no description of his
works or style : died 1743. Walpole,
vol. 4. p. 18.
Russell (Theodore), nephew and
pupil of Cornelius Jansen, and after
wards a scholar of Vandyck ; lived in
the reign of James I. and copied
many of Vandyck' s portraits on small
panels in miniature. Walpole, vol. 2.
p. 11.
Russell (John), born at Guildford
in Surrey, 1 744 ; studied under
Francis Cotes, whose style he fol
lowed both in oil and crayons, par
ticularly the latter, in which he
painted many good portraits, though
sometimes unnatural in the colouring :
died 1806.
Rustici (Francesca), born at Si
enna, about 1595; studied under
Francesco Vanni ; for some time
imitated the style of M. A. Caravag
gio, and in his pictures representing
subjects by torchlight : he resembles
Gerard Honthorst, called Gherard
dalle Notti, but is somewhat more
select in his forms and more correct
in his design. At Rome he studied

the works of Annibale Caracci and
Guido, and painted some pictures for
the churches and other public edifices,
but with an originality of style pe
culiarly his own. There is a fine
picture by him of an expiring Magda
len, in the collection of the Grand
Duke of Tuscany ; another of a St.
Sebastian, in the Palazzo Borghese at
Rome ; but his most esteemed pro
duction is the Annunciation, in one of
the churches at Sienna: died 1625.
Ruta (Clement), a scholar of Carlo
Cignani ; is mentioned in Vita del
Carlo Cignani, p. 60 : he lived about
1660. Ruviale ( Francesco ), called II
Polidorino.bomin Spain; was brought
up in Naples, and flourished about
1550. He was a disciple of Polidoro
da Caravaggio, whose stylehe followed
with so much success as to acquire
the name of II Polidorino. His prin
cipal works at Naples are his Dead
Christ; and theDescentfromthe Cross.
Ruysdael (Jacob), born at Haer
lem, 1636 ; instructor unknown. He
became acquainted with N. Berghem,
under whose advice he devoted him
self to the art of painting. His land
scapes represent the most interesting
views in the neighbourhood of Haer
lem, and occasionally the rocky
borders of the Rhine, with cascades
and waterfalls, treated in so pictu
resque a style that they may almost be
said to be unrivalled. He designed
every thing from nature, his trees and
broken grounds are of the most pleas
ing forms, his skies light and floating,!
and there is an agreeable freshness in
his verdure almost peculiar to him
self ; he also painted sea-pieces with
equal success, and his pictures of
fresh breezes and gales of wind are
equal to the productions of any artist
in subjects of that kind ; his works are
held in the highest estimation, and
are found in the choicest collections.
They are sometimes decorated with
figures by Ostade, Adrian Vandevelde,
or Philip Wouverman, by which their
value is greatly increased : died 1681."
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Ruysdael (Solomon), elder brother
of Jacob, born at Haerlem, 1616;
painted landscapes and views of rivers
in Holland, in which he imitated the
style of John Van Goyen, and was
probably his scholar ; they are poorly
painted, and produce a slight and
feeble effect : died 1670.
Ry (Peter Dankers Van), born at
Amsterdam, 1605 ; excelled in por
traits, and on visiting Stockholm was
appointed painter to the King : died
1659. Ryck (Peter Cornelius de), born
at Delft, 1566 ; studied first under
James Willems, and afterwards under
Hubert Jacobsq, then visited Italy ;
passed some years at Venice, and
formed his style by studying the
works of Giacomo Bassano ; he paint
ed historical and pastoral subjects,
with landscape and cattle, which were
esteemed in his time : died 1628.
Ryckaert (Herstz), studied under
John Mostaert, and soon became
a good painter ; he made many
works, which are dispersed about
Frisia : his greatest ability lay in re
presenting the naked figure, and he
iad so handsome a face that Francis
Floris took his portrait for his St.
Luke ; he grew corpulent and blind,
and died at the age of 95, in the year
1577- Baldinucci, secolo 4. p. 218.
Ryckaert (Martin), born at Ant
werp, 1591 ; studied under Tobias
Verhaecht, an artist of considerable
celebrity ; afterwards went to Italy,
studied several years, and returned to
his own country with numerous de
signs which he had made of the most
remarkable views in the vicinity of
Rome, and became one of the ablest
landscape painters of his time. His
pictures are embellished with ruins of
ancient architecture, rocks, mountains,
and waterfalls, and his landscapes
exhibit a grandeur of scenery not
usually found in artists of his country,
and are occasionally decorated with
figures by John Breughel. Vandyck
painted his portrait: died 1636.

Ryckaert (David), son of
Martin, born at Antwerp, 1615 ; was
first instructed in landscape painting
by his father, but the fame of Brouwer
and Teniers having reached him, he
attempted similar subjects, and was
eminently successful ; he painted as
semblies of peasants regaling, musical
parties, and the interiors of chemists'
laboratories, spectres and incantations,
the Temptations of St. Anthony, &c.
and occasionally attempted subjects
of a more elevated character. He
gave a lively and expressive character
to his heads ; his colouring is clear
and transparent, and his pencil light
and spirited. His pictures were so
much admired that he could scarcely
keep pace with the demand for them ;
they are found in most of the collec
tions in Flanders and Brabant, but
seldom in this country.
Ryckx (Nicholas), bom at Bruges
in 1637; travelled when very young
into the East, and made a long stay
at Jerusalem and its environs, where
he made designs of the most noted
places. His landscapes are in good
taste and breathe a mysterious unde-
finedness that is very agreeable ; he
painted with great facility, much iu
the style of Vander Kabel : he repre
sents with the greatest truth caravans,
and the dresses of the inhabitants are
carefully observed ; his figures, his
horses, his camels are designed and
touched with spirit, and his colouring
is very good. On his return to his
native country, he was admitted into
the Society of Painters in 1667 : he
died at Bruges in 1695.
Ryn (Rembrandt Van) — See Rem
brandt. Rysbraeck orRYSBRECHTs(Peter),
born at Antwerp, 1657; was a scholar
of Francesco Mile, whom he accom
panied to Paris, and studied the works
of Gaspar Poussin, whose style is
discernible in all his compositions, and
is yet sufficiently distinct to secure
him from the imputation of plagiar
ism; there is, however, a want of vari
ety, and a certain monotony in his pic-

R Y S 389
tures, which place them in a much
inferior rank to those of Poussin,
although they are frequently passed
off for the works of that master : died
1716. RYSBRAECKOrRYSBRECHTS(Peter);
an obsolete landscape painter of this
name, resided at Brussels, but his
works are too indifferent to be com
pared with those of the above.
Rysen (Wamard Van), born at
Bommel, in Holland, about 1600;
was a scholar of Cornelius Poelem
berg ; went to Italy, and on his re
turn, painted landscapes, with histo
rical figures in the style of his
instructor, which were held iu con
sideration. Ryx (Nicholas) — See Ryckx.

SAC

Sabbattini (Andrea), called Da
Salerno, bora at Salerno, about 1485;
studied first under Raimo Epifanio,
an artist of little celebrity, and at
Perugia, from the works of Perugino,
then visited Rome and entered the
school of Raffaelle, by whom he
was employed in painting some fres
coes from his designs ; he returned to
Salerno, and painted an altar-piece
representing the Virgin and Infant
Saviour, with two saints of the Order
of the Benedictines, and another of
St. Francis kneeling before the Virgin
and Infant, with a glory of angels,
which is highly commended ; he soon
afterwards established himself at
Naples, and was considered the ablest
artist of that school ; his frescoes are
mostly destroyed, but of his oil pic
tures at Naples, the most esteemed
are the following : — the Assumption
of the Virgin, the Adoration of the
Magi, and the Madonna and Bambino,
with the Virgin and other saints ;
several of his other works are at
Genoa, and his easel pictures are
frequently found in private collections.
In design he was tasteful and correct,
in colouring fresh and harmonious ;
his attitudes elegant and select, and
his masses of light and shadow con

ducted with intelligence, and though
inferior to Giulio Romano, he greatly
surpassed Raffaelle del Colle, and
others of that rank ; his muscles are
sometimes too harshly delineated :
died 1550.
Sabbattini (Lorenzo), called Lo-
renzino da Bologna, born at Bologna,
about 1540; master not mentioned;
visited Rome, and improved himself
by studying the works of Raffaelle,
whose style he imitated with great
success ; but in his smaller pictures
he endeavoured to imitate the graces
of Parmegiano ; he there painted
several subjects from the life of St.
Paul, and an emblematical picture of
the Triumph of Faith over Infidelity,
exemplified by a figure of Religion
holding in one hand the Cross, and in
the other the Chalice, with several
figures at her feet, descriptive of
Heresy. At Bolognahe painted several
pictures, of which the most worthy of
notice are the Crucifixion ; the Assump
tion; St. Michael vanquishingthe Rebel
Angels ; the Four Evangelists, and the
Four Doctors of the Church : died
1577- Sacchi (Andrea), born at Rome,
1594; was the son of Benedetto, an
artist of little note, studied under
Francesco Albano, and was his most
distinguished disciple ; he afterwards
improved his style, by studying the
works of Raffaelle, Polidoro de Cara
vaggio, and the antique marbles, and
executed several other works in oil
and in fresco, many of which are in
the public edifices at Rome, and are
ranked amongst the most admired
productions of art in that capital :
such are his celebrated pictures of the
Death of St. Anne ; the Angel ap
pearing to Joseph ; St. Romualdo,
now in the gallery at the Louvre,
which was considered his best per
formance, and one of the four finest
pictures in Rome : it represents the
Saint seated in a solitary valley of the
Apennines, surrounded by some of his
order, to whom he is explaining his
reasons for retiring from the world ;

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every thing in the picture breathes
tranquillity and repose ; the expres
sion of the head of the Saint is
admirable, as is the attention with
which the Monks are listening to his
discourse. The surprising effect he
has given to a group of six figures,
all habited in white drapery, without
the aid of contrast, is the wonder and
admiration of the artist. He was re
garded as the greatest colourist of the
Roman school : died 1661.
Sacchi (Carlo), born at Pavia,
1617; studied first under an obscure
painter, named Rosso ; afterwards
went to Rome, and from thence to
Venice, to study the art of colouring,
and made the works of Paolo Veronese
the particular objects of his imitation,
in which he was very successful. One
of his most esteemed productions
is his picture of St. James resusci
tating a dead body, which is much in
the style of Paolo ; died 1706.
Sacchi (Anthony), born in Como ;
studied in Rome, and on returning
into his own country was painting in
the cupola of the church of St.
Fidele, when, taking the point much
higher than he should have done,
which would have made the figure
too gigantic, he was so mortified, that
he died of grief in 1694.
Sacchi (Jasper), a native of
Imola ; painted in the church of St.
Francis in Ravenna the picture of St.
Rocco, with the Virgin Mary and St.
Francis and St. Sebastian. Fabri,
p. 115.
Sacco (Scipio), a painter of Ro-
magna ; made a painting of Pope
Gregory in the cathedral of Cesena,
larger than life ; and in the church
of St. Dominic in the same city, he
painted thfe Martyrdom of St. Peter.
These are the only works of his men
tioned by Scanelli, who says that he
was a scholar of Raffaelle, p. 183.
Sacot (Daniel), born at the Hague;
a pupil of William Doudyns, and an
historical painter ; having acquired
considerable skill, departed for Italy,

to continue his studies, and remained
there some years : he returned to his
own country, where he died in 1691.
Sadler (Thomas) ; studied under
Sir Peter Lely, and painted portraits
and miniatures in his style.
Sagrestani (John Camillus), born
in Florence in 1660 ; had for his
first master in design and in painting
Anthony Giusti and Romolo Panfi ;
he then went to Rome, Venice, and
Parma, at each place studying the
works of the best masters, and finally
to Bologna, where he practised in the
flourishing school of Carlo Cignani,
and then returned to his own country,
possessed of an easy, speedy, and
delightful style of painting, and a
judicious mixture of colours ; with
those advantages he found himself in
constant exercise for the public, and
for private persons, in oil and in
fresco. In his youth he delighted in
sketching the portraits of his friends
with pen and ink, and underwriting a
sonnet or a madrigal, for which he
had a genius.
Saintours, born at Geneva in
1752 ; was a pupil of Vien, and of
Andrew Vincent, and correspondent
of the fourth class of the Institution.
He gained the grand prize for paint
ing at the Royal Academy of France,
but did not obtain the recompence
attached to it, because he was of the
Protestant religion. He made a
journey to Rome, and imitating the
example of the pensioners of the
King in that city, sent several studies
to the Academy, which were publicly
exhibited, and loaded with applauses
justlv merited : he died in his native
city in 1809.
Sailmaker (Isaac), an English
painter of marine subjects, who was
appointed by Cromwell to paint a
view of the Fleet before Mardyke :
died 1721.
Saint Aubin — See Aubin.
Saiter or Seiter (Daniel), born
in Vienna, 1649 ; studied at Venice,
under Carlo Loti : visited Rome, and

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391

SAL

gave proof of his abilities by an altar-
piece, representing John preaching in
the Wilderness ; and a fine picture of
the Death of Lucretia. At Turin he
painted some frescoes ; and in the
royal collection there is a Pieta,
which is worthy of the school of the
Caracci: died 1705.
Salaert (Anthony), born in Brus
sels, about 1570; instructor un
known ; was a reputable painter of
history. Several of his pictures were
in the churches of Brussels, one of
which, representing a Procession of
the Confraternity of Archers, pos
sessed sufficient merit to render it an
object of plunder by the French, and
it is now in the gallery of the
Louvre : died 1632.
Salai or Salaino (Andrew), a
Milanese painter, and scholar of
Leonardo da Vinci ; wheu young was
so very beautiful, that his master, in
painting angels and other figures,
always took him for his model, and
instructed him in all the principles
and difficulties of the art : he flou
rished about the year 1550. Vasari,
par. 3. lib. 1. p. 13.
Salerno (Andrea da) — See Sab
battini. Sali (Carlo), born at Verona,
1688 ; studied first under Alessandro
Marchesi, and then under Antonio
Balestra, and became a reputable
painter of history : died 1747.
Salimbeni (Arcangiolo), born at
Sienna ; is said to have been a disdple
of Federigo Zuccaro, but more re
sembles Pietro Perugino, as appears
in his pictures of the Crucifixion, and
of St. Peter the Martyr, which are
free from that heavy and maimed
style that distinguish the works of
Zuccaro : he lived about 1560.
Salimbini (Cavaliere Ventura),
called Bevilaqua, son of Arcangiolo,
born at Sienna, 1557 ; after receiving
some instruction from his father, he
visited Parma and Modena, studied
the works of Correggio and Parme

giano, and improved himself greatly ;
on arriving at Rome executed several
works for the churches and public
edifices, of which the most worthy of
notice are the Baptism of Christ ;
Abraham and the Angels ; the Cir
cumcision ; and the Annunciation ;
and at Florence his picture of the
Marriage of the Virgin affords ample
proof of his talents. Agostino Tassi
frequently painted the landscapes in
the backgrounds of his pictures. At
Wilton, in the collection of the Earl
of Pembroke, is a picture representing
the Descent of the Holy Ghost, by
that master ; his style of painting
greatly resembles that of Francesco
Vanni: died 1613.
Salincorno (Mirabello), a scholar
of Ghirlandaio ; with his friend and
companion, Girolamo Crocefissajo,
painted for the obsequies of Buona
rotti. Vasari, par. 3. lib. 2. p. 202.
Salini (Cavaliere Tommaso), born
in Rome, 1575 ; was instructed by
Baccio Pintelli, an artist of little note,
and without any further assistance
acquired some celebrity asN a painter
of history. He painted several pic
tures for the churches and other
public edifices at Rome, and amongst
others, a picture of S. Tommaso da
Villanuova giving Alms to the Poor,
which is favourably spoken of. He
also painted flowers and fruit with
considerable success : died 1625.
Salis (Carlo), born at Bologna,
studied under Guiseppe dal Sole, at
Bologna, and afterwards under Anto
nio Balestra, at Venice, whose style
he imitated with great success. One
of his most esteemed works is an
altar-piece, at Bergamo, representing
St. Vincenzio healing the Sick : died
1763. Salm (Van), an obscure Dutch
painter of marines, and views in Hol
land, in black and white, in imitation
of pen and ink drawings ; they are
neatly finished, but have little more
effect than a print.

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Salmeggia (Enea), called II Tal-
pino, bom at Bergamo about 1556 ;
was first instructed in the school of
the Campi, and afterwards under
Proccacini, when he applied himself
to the study of the works of Raffaelle,
and was one of the most successful
followers of his style. His picture of
St. Vittore, at Milan, has been mis
taken for that master's ; amongst
his numerous works at Bergamo, the
most established are the Adoration of
the Magi ; an Altar-piece representing
the Virgin and Child in the Clouds,
with a Choir of Angels, and below,
St. Benedetto, St. Grata, and another
saint ; the Martyrdom of Agati ; and
the Taking down from the Cross ;
and at Milan are two of his finest
works, representing Christ's Sermon
on the Mount, and the Flagellation :
died 1626.
Salmeron (Christobal Garcia),
bom at Cuenca, in Spain, 1 603 ; stu
died under Pedro Orrente, and became
a reputable painter of history and
animals. One of his most esteemed
works is a picture of the Nativity, at
Cuenca. He was employed by Philip
IV. to paint a Bull-fight in honour of
the Birth-day of Charles II. of Spain :
died 1666.
Saltarello (Luca), born at Ge
noa, 1610; was a disciple of Dome
nico Fiasella, on leaving whose school
he painted an altar-piece for the
church of St. Stefano, representing St.
Benedetto resuscitating a dead person,
full of expression, and with a sober
and harmonious colouring, and deve
loping extraordinary powers as an
artist : he went to Rome, and died
young, 1635.
Saluci (Alexander), a Florentine
painter, and a cavaliere, is mentioned
in the Book of the Academicians of
Rome in the year 1648.
Salvator Rosa — See Rosa.
Salvi (Giovanni Battista), called
II Sassoferrato, born near Urbino,
1605; was the son of Tarquinio

Salvi, a painter of little note, by
whom he was instructed. He after
wards visited Naples, and is supposed
to have studied under Domenichino,
but he occasionally imitated the style
of Guido, Albani, Baroccio, and even
Raffaelle ; his pictures generally re
present the Virgin and Infant Christ,
or a female saint, and he seldom ven
tures upon more complicated subjects.
There is an altar-piece at Rome by
him, representing the Virgin and
Child, with St. Catherine and St.
Dominic: died 1685.
Salviati (Guiseppe) — See Porta.
Salviati (Francesco Rossi), called
II, bom at Florence, 1510, the son of
Michael Angiolo Rossi ; studied first
under Andrea del Sarto, and after
wards under Baccio Bandinelli, and
became distinguished as the most able
artist of that time at Rome. His
principal works are the Annunciation ;
Christ appearing to St. Peter ; the
Life of St. John the Baptist, in
fresco ; he also executed the cartoons
for the tapestry for the palace of the
Prince Farnese, in which he repre
sented the History of Alexander ; and
several pictures at Venice for the
public edifices there, of which the
history of Psyche, in a series, is par
ticularly commended. At Florence
he represented the victory and tri
umph of Furius Camillus, in which
he has delineated the arms, habili
ments, and costume of ancient Rome
with surprising fidelity. He visited
France, where he painted a fine pic
ture for the church of the Celestines
at Paris, representing the Taking
down from the Cross. His pictures
generally border on the gigantic. He
painted several poetical subjects in
oil, and it is remarkable that many of
his pictures painted in only two co
lours are considered his best : died
1563. Salvioni (Rosalba Maria), scholar
of Sebastian Conca ; when only fifteen
years of age, copied very exactly some
pictures of Carlo Maratti, and of other

-SAM

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SAN

good masters, which, with the portrait
of the Pope, was presented to that
Pontiff, and she was rewarded with
two handsome large medals, one of
gold and the other of silver. Other
works of her's have been presented
to different princes, and have given
great pleasure. In the church of the
Minor Observants, of the reformed
order of St. Francis, there is a paint
ing by her representing Santa Cathe
rine, Virgin and Martyr, and in her
own house, a portrait of her sister,
with other works, which are an ho
nour to herself and country : she
died in 1708.
Sam (Engel), born at Rotterdam
in 1699 ; was a good painter of por
traits, and excelled in the execution
of cabinet pictures. He painted a
Flight into Egypt in the manner of
the Chevalier Vander Werff, which so
closely resembles the works of that cele
brated master, that good connoisseurs
have a difficulty to distinguish it from
his ; he also evinced much talent in
familiar scenes and pictures of that
kind. Samacchini (Orazio), born at Bo
logna, 1532; was first instructed by
Pelegrino Tibaldi, and afterwards stu
died the works of Correggio, and was
employed to paint in fresco the chapel
of the cathedral. He never adopted
the principles of the Roman school,
but returned to Bologna, confirmed
in his adherence to the style of Lom
bardy. He embellished the churches
of his native city with many works,
amongst • which are his celebrated
picture of the Coronation of the
Virgin ; a Presentation in the Tem
ple ; the Last Supper (an altar-
piece) ; and the Crucifixion ; also
the Fall of Icarus in the Lambertine
Palace ; and a series of pictures of
the Prophets in the church of St.
Abbondio, at Cremona : died 1577.
Sameling (Benjamin), bom at
Ghent, 1520 ; studied under Francis
Floris, and painted history and por
traits in the style of that master :
died 1571.

Sammartino (Mark), was a Nea
politan, but lived in Venice nearly all
his life ; he painted landscapes and
small figures, for which he was held
in great reputation : he flourished
about the year 1680.
San, or Son (Gerard de), born at
Bruges, in 1 754 ; studied design under
Legillon. He visited Rome in 1781,
and there studied historical paintings.
During his stay in Italy he gained
three prizes : first a silver medal at
the Papal Academy for a design after
nature, and two gold medals at
Parma, one in 1783 for a painting
representing the carrying off of the
Palladium from the Temple at Troy,
and the other of Alexander when he
had received the beverage from his
Physician. In 1785 he commenced
a painting of Clelia swimming across
the Tiber with her companions,
flying from the camp of Porsenna :
this picture was exhibited, but never
finished, as the dangerous illness of
his mother obliged him to leave Italy
suddenly. He returned to his native
country by Venice, the Tyrol, and the
Rhine. He painted a great number
of family pictures ; and some of his
paintings taken from sacred history
are in the catholic church at Gro
ningen ; his designs in crayons of
three colours are esteemed by ama
teurs. He was master of design to
the deaf and dumb institution at Gro
ningen. He also formed some pupils,
whom he inspired with good taste,
among whom was his son G. de San,
Jun., who obtained several medals at
the academy, and who painted his
tory, landscapes with cattle, flowers,
and fruit. The father died at Gro
ningen, 1830.
Sandby (Paul), born at Notting
ham, 1 752 ; is chiefly known as a
painter of landscapes in water colours,
in which he exhibited talents of a
very superior kind, his scenery in
many instances, not being merely an
address to the eye, but an appeal to
the mind. The towering battlements
of the baronial castle, the mouldering

SAN

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SAN"

fragments of the ivy mantled abbey,
forcibly remind us of the reverential
awe with which they were first contem
plated. His views of modem man
sions are generally speaking pictu
resque, and invariably correct, and he
is said to have drawn upwards of
seventy views of the neighbourhood
of Windsor. His landscapes, painted
from fancy, beam with taste and
talent. He is said to have occasion
ally painted in oil; but the only
known picture of that kind is a sub
ject from Gray's poem of the Bard,
which was taken at an early period of
his life: died 1808.
Sanders (N.), a painter of por
traits, is mentioned in the work of
Houbraken. Sanders (Gerard), a good painter
of history and landscapes, born at
Wezel in 1702; was a pupil of his
father, Toby, of Nimeguen, who
lived at Rotterdam, and was employed
the greater part of his time in painting
saloon ornaments ; he has, neverthe
less, left some good easel pictures ex
ceedingly well finished : he died at
Rotterdam, 1767-
Sandrart (Joachim), born at
Frankfort on the Maine, 1 606 ; was
instructed in the rudiments of design
by Matthew Merian and Theodore de
Bry, and afterwards went to Utrecht
and. became a disciple of Gerard Hon
thorst. He visited Venice, where he
copied some of the finest pictures of
Titian, Guido, P. Veronese, and Van
dyck, and at Rome was employed in
several considerable works for the
Emperor Ferdinand, and for Maximi
lian, Duke of Bavaria. His most
capital performance is a representa
tion of the Last Judgment, contain
ing a number of figures, well de
signed, and admirably coloured : died
1688. Sandrino (Tommaso), born at
Brescia, 1575 ; he excelled in paint
ing perspective and architectural
views, and. was no mean painter of
history. Several of his works are in

the public edifices at Milan and at
Ferrara : died 1 63 1 .
Sanese (Berna), a scholar of An
drew Orcagna ; painted in Florence,
in Sienna, and in Cortona, and in 1369
went to Arezzo to paint in St. Augus
tine's church the story of Marino Bar-
rattiere, who for avarice sold his soul
to the devil, and was rescued from
him by St. James. He was painting
in St. Giminiano, of Valdesca, when
he fell from a scaffold, and died in
two days, in the prime of life, in
1381. Vasari, par. 1. p. 118.
Sanfelice (Ferdinando), bora at
Naples ; was a scholar of Francesco
Solimene, whom he assisted in his
numerous works, and was one of his
ablest disciples. He painted some
altar-pieces for the churches at Na
ples, and excelled in landscape, per
spective views, and fruit : died 1759.
Sangiorgio (Eusebius), a Peru-
gian painter, and a scholar of Peter
Perugino : flourished about the year
1530. Morelli, p. 163. Vasari,
par. 2. p. 420.
Santa-Croce (Francesco Rizzo
da), born at Santo Croce in the Berga
mese State ; visited Venice, and entered
the school of Vittore Carpaccio, but
adopted a more modern and unre
strained style. One of his most es
teemed productions, an altar-piece,
representing the Virgin and Infant
Christ, with St. Geremia and St. Gi
rolamo, and a Choir of Angels, is a
graceful composition, and delicately
coloured : died about 1530.
Santa-Croce (Girolamo Rizzo da),
of the same family as the foregoing,
flourished from about 1520 till about
1549, and is said to have approached
nearer to the style of Giorgione and Ti
tian than any artist of his time. Several
of his works are in the public edifices
at Venice, and in the state, amongst
which, the Martyrdom of St. Law
rence, and the Last Supper, are spoken
of in favourable terms : the latter is
inscribed Hieronimo de Sancto Croce
mdxxxviii.

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Santafede (Francesco), a Neapo
litan ; was the scholar of Andrea Sab
battini, called Da Salerno. Many of
his works are in the churches at
Naples, of which the most deserving
of note is the Coronation of the Virgin :
flourished about 1555.
Santafede (Fabrizzio), bora at
Naples, 1560; son of Francesco, by
whom he was first instructed in the
art ; afterwards became a scholar of
Francesco Curia, and then visited
Rome, and studied the principal ob
jects of art in that capital. On his
return to Naples, he painted many
considerable works for trie churches,
and other public edifices, amongst
which are two representing the Nati
vity ; the Angel appearing to the
Shepherds ; and an altar-piece of the
Adoration of the Magi : died 1636.
Santagostino (Giacomo Antonio),
born at Milan, 1 588 ; was a scholar
of Giulio Cesare Proccacini, under
whom he became a very respectable
artist. He painted several pictures
for the churches at Milan : died 1648.
Santerre (Jean Baptist), born
near Pontoise, in France, 1631 ; was
a scholar of Bon Boullongne, by whose
instruction he became a reputable
artist. Of his historical pictures, his
Susanna and the Elders, now in the
Louvre ; Mary Magdalen Penitent, in
the King's Collection ; and St. The
resa, at Versailles ; are most worthy
of notice. He painted portraits and
domestic subjects with success, care
fully designed, and harmoniously co
loured : died 1717.
Santi (Anthony), a painter, is men
tioned in la Vita del Carlo Cignani,
under whom he studied, p. 60.
Santi (Domenico), born at Bo
logna, 1621 : was a disciple of Agos
tino Mitelli, whom he nearly equalled
in his perspective and architectural
views. The churches and public edi
fices at' Bologna possess many of
his works, embellished with figures by
Guiseppe Mitelli, Domenico Maria
Canuti, and others; he also painted

pictures of a small size, which are
highly appreciated, in the private col
lections at Bologna, and are frequently
mistaken for the works of Agostino
Mitelli: died 1694.
Santo or Santi (di Titi) —See
Titi. Sanzio (Raffaelle) — See Raffaelle.
Sarabia (Joseffe), bora at Seville,
1618; brought up in the school of
Zurburan ; he became a reputable
painter of history, many of his pictures
and altar-pieces are in the churches at
Cordova, the most esteemed of which
are his Conception, and the Flight
into Egypt: died 1669.
Saracino (Carlo), called Vene
ziano, born at Venice ; visited Rome,
during the Pontificate of Clement
VIII. and studied under Camillo
Mariani, and afterwards imitated
the manner of Caravaggio ; he was
employed for several of the public
edifices at Rome, and for the palaces
of the nobility ; he pamted the Death
of the Virgin ; an altar-piece repre
senting the Virgin Mary, the Infant
Christ, and St. Anne ; also several
fresco works, which are considered his
best performances : died 1585.
Sarazin - (James), of Noyon, in
Picardy, a painter and sculptor ;
made many works in sculpture : and
in the church of St. James, in Bec-
caria, is a Crucifixion painted by him,
which is much esteemed. He died
Director of the Academy in Paris, in
the year 1665. Felibien, par. 4. p.
143. Sarti (Ercole), called II Muto di
Ficarolo, born at Ficarolo, in the
Duchy of Ferrara, 1593 ; being deaf
and dumb, he amused himself in copy
ing prints, and one day when a solemn
procession was about to pass, he
placed in front of his father's house a
picture of the Adoration of the Magi,
which he painted almost unknown to
any body, and as it became the ob
ject of universal admiration and as
tonishment, he was placed in the

SAR

396

SAS

school of Carlo Bononi, under whom
he made rapid progress ; he also imi
tated the style of Ippolito Scarscellino,
whose works he particularly admired;
and he is said to have combined the
correct drawing of Bononi, with the
rich colouring of Scarscellino ; his
principal works are in the church of
the Benedictines, at Ferrara: died
1637. Sarto (Andrea Vanucchi), called
Andrea del Sarto, bora at Florence,
1448 ; was first placed under the
care of Giovanni Basili, an artist of
little note, and afterwards entered the
the school of Pietro di Cosimo, but was
more indebted to his studies of the
frescoes of Masaccio and Ghirlandaio,
and the cartoons of Leonardo da Vinci,
and Michael Angelo Buonarotti, than
from any instruction he received from
his masters. He visited Florence with
Francesco Bigio, in conjunction with
whom he executed some works by
which he acquired considerable repu
tation ; he painted in fresco, a series
of twelve pictures of the life of John
the Baptist, of which the cartoons
are preserved in the Palazzo Rinuc-
cini : his Baptism of Christ is in his
early manner, an undisguised imita
tion of Albert Durer ; in the Visita
tion of the Virgin, painted a few
years afterwards, his progress is con
spicuous, and in the Nativity of St.
John, the last he painted of the series,
he had nearly reached his most ad
mired style. His next undertaking
was his series of ten pictures of the
life of S. Filippo Benizi, and these are
considered the most graceful of his
works. On his return from Rome,
he painted his admired pictures of the
Descent of the Holy Ghost ; the
Birth of the Virgin ; and the Last
Supper. Of his extraordinary talent
for imitating and copying, the follow
ing is stated : Raffaelle had painted
for the Cardinal Giulio de Medici,
afterwards Clement VII. the portrait
of Leo X. seated between that prelate
and Cardinal Rossi, in which the
drapery and background were painted
by Giulio Romano, which Andrea del

Sarto copied so closely, that even
Giulio himself was deceived, and was
only convinced of the fact when the
private mark of Andrea del Sarto was
shewn to him ; he also painted by
commission for Francis I. of France,
a Dead Christ, with the Virgin, St.
John, Mary Magdalen, and other
figures, which is considered one of his
finest works, and is now in the Gal
lery of the Louvre; he afterwards
visited Paris, and painted a Charity,
for the King, which he particularly
admired, and is now in the French
Museum: died 1530. His design
partakes of ""the style of Michael An
gelo. The heads of his Madonnas
are rather pretty than beautiful, and
are generally characterized by the for
mality of a portrait, his colouring is
distinguished by the suavity and har
mony of his tones, and his pencil is
full and flowing.
Sartori (Felicia), afterwards Hoff
man, an excellent paintress in crayons
and in miniature ; studied under Ro-
salba Carriera, the best paintress of
her time, with whom she lived for
several years, she went after her mar
riage to Dresden, with her husband,
who was a counsellor of the King of
Poland, and although she painted
only for her own amusement, or by
command of the King, her works
are numerous and highly prized ;
there are many of them in the King's
cabinet ; she was born in Venice, and
flourished about 1710.
Sarzano — See Fiasella.
Sarzzetti (Angelo), a painter and
scholar of Carlo Cignani, as recorded
in la Vita del Carlo Cignani.
Sassetti (Francis), a painter of
Parma, of whose works no description
is given. Sassi (John Baptist), a Milanese ;
received his first instructions in design
from Frederick Panza, he then went
to Naples, and practised some time
| with Francesco Solimene, from whom
i he gained much useful instruction,
I especially in small subjects, in which
he succeeded admirably, he possessed

SAS

397

SAV

true merit, and his works pleased
generally. He flourished about the
year 1690.
Sassoferrato — See Salvi.
Sauvage (M.) bom at Tournay,
1 744 ; studied at the Academy of
Antwerp, where he brilliantly distin
guished himself ; he essayed different
styles, but the success of Geeraats,
with whom he was on friendly terms,
decided him for bas-relief, and before
his departure from Paris he had gained
a reputation in it. On returning to his
native country in 1808, he accepted
the place of professor to the school of
design: he died in 1818. His best
works are at Paris and the principal
capitals of Europe, but there are some
good ones at Tournay ; one picture
may be cited, in the possession of the
widow of J. Vanden Berge, at Ghent,
bought after the artist's death, which
has been considered one of his best
productions He imitated very per
fectly old marble and bricks, there is
also by him some china ware exceed
ingly well painted ; all his works sell
at very high prices. There is this
difference between his works and those
of Mr. Geeraats, that more than once
his master has wanted nobleness in
expression, and his design if not in
correct, is at least heavily treated ;
Geeraats knew, however, how to ani
mate his figures, and impress upon
them an appearance of movement, and
there is reason for saying that he was
one of the last pupils of the school of
Rubens. Savani (Francesco), aBrescian, born
in 1 72 1 ; learned the first principles
of drawing from Angelo Paglia, and
afterwards in the school of Fran
cesco Monti ; he commenced painting,
at first in imitation of the manner of
John Baptist Pittoni, but he after
wards formed a style of his own :
died 1772. He left numerous works
in Brescia and the provinces ; he
painted also in Crema, in Cremona,
and in Corsica.
Savery (Jacques), born at Cour-
tray, about 1545 ; a disciple of John

Bol ; painted landscape and animals'
which he finished with great labour
and patience, but in a dry hard style :
died 1602.
Savery (Roland), son of Jacques,
born at Courtray, 1576 ; was in
structed by his father, whose neatness
he adopted, but in a more natural
manner ; his landscapes in style some
what resemble those of Brill or Breu
ghel, and are adorned with historical
figures and animals, also insects, rep
tiles, &c. ; he travelled through the
Tyrol, and having enriched his port
folio with designs drawn from the
romantic scenery, the stupendous
rocks, and rapid cascades, with which
he was surrounded, he returned to
his own country, and painted nume
rous pictures therefrom, which he
finished highly : died 1639.
Savery (John), born at Courtray,
about 1590 ; was the nephew, and
probably the scholar of Roland Save
ry, as he painted landscapes with
figures, &c. in a similar style : died
1665. Savoldo (Girolamo), called by Ri
dolfi, Girolamo Bresciano, bom at
Brescia, flourished about 1540 ; it
is not known by whom he was in
structed, but he studied with assiduity
the works of Titian at Venice, where
he painted several altar-pieces and
easel pictures ; his picture of the Na
tivity is said to be exquisitely coloured,
and finished with the greatest care ;
his altar-piece representing Christ
with four Saints is painted with sur
prising vigour of colouring, and his
small picture of the Transfiguration
is highly commended by Lanzi : died
about 1590.
Savona (II Prete di) — See Gui-
DIBONO. Savonanzi (Emilio), born at Bo
logna, 1580; studied first under the
Caracci, and then under Guido, whose
style he attached himself to, and ap
proached so nearly, that his works
are frequently mistaken for those of
Guido: died 1638.

SAV

398

SCA

Savorelli (Sebastian), a priest of
Forli ; studied painting under Carlo
Cignani, and exercised his art with
very great taste ; he did not paint
much in his own country, but for.
other cities : he is mentioned as an
excellent scholar in Vita dell' Cig
nani, p. 61.
Savoyen (Charles Van), born at
Antwerp, 1619; died 1669; became
a reputable painter of history, and
excelled in designing the naked figure.
Sbieck, a Dutch painter, worked
in the manner of Peter Ness, but
with greater success : his pictures are
rare and highly valued, the architec
tural parts wonderfully effective, and
the colouring soft, quiet, and clear.
Scacciato (Andrea), born at Flo
rence, 1642; studied first under
Mario Balassi, and afterwards under
Lorenzo Lippi, the latter of which
persuaded him to paint animals, flow
ers, and fruit, to which his genius
seemed to incline ; he became a very
eminent artist in that branch, and was
greatly patronized by the Grand Duke
of Tuscany, and the principal nobi
lity : died about 1760.
Scala (Francis), of Ferrara ; was
a scholar of Francesco Ferrari, he
painted well in oil and fresco, and
died in his own country in 1698.
Scalabrino (Mark Anthony), of
Verona ; painted in the church of
St. Zeno the two side pictures of the
great altar, one represents Christ dis
puting with the Doctors ; the other,
the Adoration of the Magi : he flou
rished in the year 1565. Pozzi,
p. 57-
Scalberg (Peter), resided at Paris
about 1638 ; of his works as a painter
little is known.
Scaliger (Bartolomeo), born at
Verona, 1550; studied under Dario
Varotari, and painted history with
some reputation ; his design was cor
rect, and his colouring good : died
1608. Scaligeri (Lucia), born at Venice,

1637 ; was a pupil of Alessandro Va
rotari, and painted several historical
pictures for the. churches at Rome.
As a paintress she may be compared
to the most eminent artists of her
sex ; several of her pictures are in the
churches at Venice : died 1700.
Scalvati (Antonio), bom at Bo
logna, 1559 ; studied under Giacomo
Lauretti, whom he accompanied to
Rome, and assisted in painting the
Hall of Constantine in the Vatican ;
he excelled in portraits and painted
that of Clement VIII. and many of
the principal personages of his time :
died 1622.
Scaminossi (Raffaelle), was a
scholar of Raffaelino del Colle, and
flourished about 1610; painted his
tory with considerable merit, but is
more known as an engraver.
Scanabecchi — See Dalmasio.
Scannarino (Francis) , aFerrarese ;
studied in Bologna under Carlo Cig
nani ; his works in the church of St.
Joseph, belonging to the nuns of
Mortura, and the portraits painted in
his own country, are highly esteemed :
he died at the age of 47, in the year
1688. Scannavini (Maurelio), born at
Ferrara, 1655 ; was first a scholar of
Francesco Ferrari, and afterwards of
Carlo Cignani ( at Bologna), of whom
he became one of the most distin
guished disciples : there are many of
his works at Bologna, amongst others,
the Annunciation, and S. Tommaso da
Villa Nova distributing Alms to the
Poor, of which a particular account is
given by Bartoli ; and one of his
most esteemed productions is St.
Bridget fainting before a Crucifix,
supported by an Angel : died 1698.
Scaramuccia (Luigi), called II
Perugino, born at Perugia, 1616 ; was
the son of Giovanni Antonio Scara
muccia, an indifferent painter of his
tory, by whom he was instructed ; he
afterwards frequented the school of
Guido, and is said also to have studied
under Guercino ; he painted several

SCA 399
pictures for the churches, and other
public edifices of Perugia, Milan, and
Bologna, which are marked by correct
and graceful design, and an amenity
of colour ; such are his Presentation in
the Temple ; and St. Barbara ; and
in the Palazzo Publico at Bologna is
a large picture representing the Coro
nation of Charles V. by Clement VII.
composed and designed in a grand
style: died 1680.
Scarcella (Sigismondo), called
Mondino, born at Ferrara, 1530 ; was
educated in the school of Paolo Vero
nese, of whose style he was a constant
though not a very successful follower.
In one of the churches, there is a
picture by this master of the Conver
sion of Saul, and in another an altar-
piece representing the visit of the
Virgin to St. Elizabeth ; there are
also many others in the public edifices
at Ferrara: died 1614.
Scarcella (Ippolita), called Lo
Scarscellino, born at Ferrara about
1560; was the son of Sigismondo, from
whom he received his first instruction,
he afterwards visited Venice, and be
came a scholar of Giacomo Bassano,
and also studied and imitated the
works of Paolo Veronese. In Ferrara,
there is scarcely an edifice that does
not possess some of his works ; in one
church there are three fine pictures
representing the Annunciation, the
Visitation of the Virgin Mary to St.
Elizabeth, and the Assumption ; and
one of his most considerable represen
tations, the Miracle at the Marriage
of Cana, is in the refectory of the
Benedictines. His compositions are
ingenious and abundant, his colouring
rich yet delicate, the airs of his heads
sweet yet expressive, and the action of
his figures easy and graceful ; in his
backgrounds he generally introduced
a portion of charming landscape,
touched with spirit, and coloured with
infinite nature ; he also painted some
admirable portraits of the most dis
tinguished personages of his country :
died 1621.
Scarpaccia (Victor), born at

SCH
Venice, 1410 ; painted history and
portraits equal to most of his contem
poraries of that early period, and is
said to have been conversant with the
principles of perspective : died 1469.
Sceffer (  ), thedaughter of the
painter Ary Lamme; painted portraits
in miniature, natural in colour, and
striking resemblances, and left some
very good designs, also some engrav
ings in mezzotinto : she died at Paris
in 1839.
Schaak, a painter of Rotterdam,
died before 1691 ; he painted battles
after Van Spaan.
Schaeken (William), born at
Weerd, in 1755; learned landscape
painting of John Borreken, at Ant
werp ; he afterwards studied history.
In 1785, he went to Rome, and on
returning to Antwerp, he was named
Professor of the Academy of Fine
Arts in that city, which he filled
twenty four years with general satis
faction ; he formed in his time many
artists of merit, among whom may be
cited I. Van Bree.
Schaeuflin (Hans John), the
Younger, born at Nuremberg about
1487, the son of an engraver ; is sup
posed to have been a disciple of
Albert Durer, whom he resembles in
style : died about 1550.
Schagen (Giles Van), a Dutchman,
born at Alkmaer, in Holland, 1616;
was first a pupil of Solomon Van Ra-
vensteyn, and afterwards of Peter
Verbeck ; he visited Dantzic, and
painted interiors of Dutch kitchens,
and conversations in the style of Os
tade, which were favourably received ;
he also painted portraits with consider
able success ; he visited France, where
his conversation pictures were much
admired, and he was employed in copy
ing the works of the best Italian and
Flemish painters, for which he pos
sessed a particular talent ; he copied,
amongst others, a picture of Christ
and St. John, after Michael Angelo
Buonarotti ; and the Virgin and Child,
after Rubens ; he returned to Alkmaer,

SCH 400
and was engaged by Van Tromp to
paint a picture of the Engagement
between the Spanish and Dutch Fleet,
which he executed in a manner highly
creditable to him : died 1668.
Schalcken (Godfrey), born at
Dort, 1 643 ; was first a scholar of
Solomon Van Hoogstraeten, and after
wards of Gerard Douw, under whom
he acquired great delicacy of finish,
and a competent acquaintance with
the principles of light and shade, and
established his reputation by painting
small pictures of domestic subjects,
chiefly represented by candlelight.
On leaving the school of GerardDouw,
he studied the works of Rembrandt,
which he soon abandoned, despairing
to equal the vigorous touch and magi
cal effect of that extraordinary master
of the art ; he painted small portraits,
with flattering encouragement, and
the principal families at Dort had al
ready sat to him, when hearing of the
extraordinary fame of Kneller, he
came to England and painted the por
trait of King William III. by candle
light, as large as life, that being the
prevailing taste in England at that
period ; he was not so successful in
those of the women as the men,
because he copied nature as he found
it, without any attempt at flattery.
His pictures for the most part repre
sent candlelight subjects, and the
chief merit consists in the neatness of
the finishing and his perfect knowledge
of the chiaro-oscuro ; his touch is
clear and mellow, and his colouring
warm ; his small pictures are agreeably
composed, designed and painted with
care and precision, and it is much to
be regretted that he did not draw the
figures more correctly : died 1706.
Schedone (B.) — See Schidone.
Scheffer (John Baptist), born at
Manheim, a pupil of Tischbien ; lived
at the Hague and at Rotterdam, and
finally settled in 1803 with his family,
at Amsterdam; he painted the portrait
of Louis Buonaparte, King of Hol
land, and at the meeting of painters
in 1808, gained the prize for his pic-

SCH

ture representing the Dutch Admiral
James Simon de Ryk refusing the
favour offered him by the Spaniards ;
he sent three others to the same exhi
bition, one of which represented the
portrait of himself, and another that
of his wife.
Scheitz (Matthew), born at Am
sterdam about 1648; studied under
Wouvermans, whose style he quitted
for that of D. Teniers, and painted
landscapes, with rustic sports and
children amusing themselves, &c.
Schellincks (William), born at
Amsterdam, 1632, from his style of
painting is supposed to have been a
scholar of John Lingelbach : he tra
velled through France, Italy, and
Switzerland, and painted landscapes
and sea-ports, decorated with figures,
and touched with neatness and spirit ;
the brilliant and sunny effects in some
of his pictures remind us of Du Jardin ;
his animals are correctly drawn, and
his groups are tastefully composed.
He usually painted in small size, and
finished his pictures very highly, and
some of them, particularly in his
horses, have a resemblance to Wou
vermans. When Charles II. em
barked for England, he painted one
of his finest productions ; it was a
very considerable composition, and
represents numerous figures collected
on the shore to witness the embarka
tion, and is arranged with surprising
ingenuity and variety ; his works are
seldom met with in this country,
though found in the choicest collec
tions in Holland : died 1678.
Schellincks (Daniel), born at
Amsterdam, 1638, brother of William,
by whom he is said to have been in
structed, and in whose style he painted
landscapes and sea-ports with con
siderable reputation : died 1 70 1 .
Scheltima (Jaco), bom at Har-
lingen, 1760; studied design under
P. Piera, and afterwards from nature
and the works of the best masters ;
he visited Dusseldorf, where he copied
some paintings from the celebrated

SCH

401

SCH

Vandyck, and afterwards went into
Saxony and painted the portraits of
several persons of distinction after the
manner of that great master ; on re
turning to Holland, he lived alter
nately at Rotterdam and Amsterdam.
He painted the portraits of all the
Founders and Directors of the Batavian
Society of Rotterdam ; also a number
of family pictures, the figures of the
natural size, and which he often re
presented in a landscape, with many
accessories ; in that manner he painted
his uncle, G. Van Nymegen, and his
father-in-law, D. Van Nymegen, at
the age of 81. He died near Arn-
heim, 1837.
Schenau (John Eleazar), a German
painter, is said to have resided at
Paris about 1765, but we have no ac
count of his works.
Schiavone (Andrea), called Me-
dula, born in Dalmatia, 1522, first
taught himself by designing after the
prints of Parmegiano and others, and
afterwards became a scholar of Titian,
and in competition with Tintoretto
painted the Visitation of the Virgin
to St. Elizabeth, in which, though not
equal to Tintoretto, he retired from
the contest with applause ; two of the
most admired of his works are at
Rimini, they represent the Nativity,
and the Assumption of the Virgin ;
his compositions are copious and
agreeable, attitudes graceful and ele
gant, resembling those of Parmegiano ;
his draperies are cast with taste, the
heads of his females beautiful, and
those of his old men dignified and im
pressive. The history of Perseus
and Andromeda, by him, is in the
royal palace at Windsor ; also a
Nativity, and an Assumption: died
1582. Schiavonetti (Luigi), born at
Bassano, 1 765, was placed at an early
age under Giulio Goldini, under whom
he made great proficiency in design ;
but he is better known as an engraver,
to which branch of the profession he
devoted himself after the death of his
instructor.

Schidoni or Schedone (Barto
lomeo), bora at Modena, 1560 ; al
though brought up in the school of
the Caracci, he appears to have formed
his style by an attentive study of the
works of Raffaelle and Correggio,
particularly the latter ; he painted
several admirable pictures for the
Duke of Modena, which were after
wards placed in the collection of the
King of Naples ; in the Palazzo Pub
lico, are his celebrated frescoes of the
history of Coriolanus, and seven em
blematical figures, in which he emu
lated the grandeur of Correggio ; and
in the cathedral is a picture of St.
Geminiano, which has often been
mistaken for a production of that
master. His large works are ex
tremely rare, amongst the most es
teemed of which is a Pieta, and the
Conception ; his Holy Families and
Madonnas, apparently his favourite
subjects, are not often met with ; of
him it may be said that no follower of
Correggio approached him so nearly
in the graceful and expressive airs of
his heads, and in the elegant turn of
his figures. In his management of
the chiaro-oscuro he exhibits the
breadth and intelligence of Correggio,
and his colouring partakes of the im-
pasto and purity which distinguish
the works of that great master ; his
design is not very correct, but he con
ceals that defect by the loveliness of
his attitudes and the enchanting har
mony of his tones ; his pictures, ren
dered interesting by their extraor
dinary beauty as well as their extreme
rarity, are held in the highest esti
mation, and are very valuable: died
1616. Schmutz (J. Rudolf), a Swiss, bora
in the Canton of Zurich, 16/0; was a
scholar of Mathias Fuessli ; at first he
applied himself to historical painting,
but not succeeding in that branch he
turned his thoughts to portraiture, to
which his talents were better adapted.
He came to England when Sir God
frey Kneller was in his zenith, attached
himself to his style, and obtained a
2d

SCH

402

SCH

flattering share of the public favour.
His portraits were well coloured, his
draperies pleasant, and his women
graceful: died 1715.
Schnebbelie (Jacob), born in
England, 1760 ; he studied from na
ture, and having attracted the notice
of the Earl of Leicester, was employed
by him in painting several landscapes;
he also published views of the Town
and Abbey of St. Albans, from draw
ings made by him on the spot : died
1792. Schnell (John), born at Basil,
1672, died 1714, is said to have
painted portraits. Walpole, v. 3.
p. 354.
Schoen (Martin), born in Fran
conia about 1420; of his performances
as a painter but little is known, but at
Colmar are preserved two of his pic
tures, representing the Nativity, and
the Adoration of the Magi, both of
which he engraved : died 1486.
Schoen field or Schoonfield
(John Henry), born in Suabia, 1619,
was a scholar of John Sichelbien, an
artist of no note, under whom he
acquired the rudiments of design ;
after contemplating the best works of
art in Germany, he visited Rome,
where he painted two altar-pieces,
and on his return to Germany, dis
tinguished himself as an historical
painter in several cities of that empire ;
he was also extensively employed as a
portrait painter, and his landscapes
decorated with figures and architec
ture were much admired. Amongst
his most esteemed works at Augsburg
are his pictures of Christ conducted
to Calvary, and the Taking down from
the Cross ; in the Senate House of
that city is another fine picture by
him, representing the race of Hippo-
menes and Atalanta; his compositions
evince a fertile imagination, in design
he is somewhat incorrect, and his
figures in general are rather too long ;
his colouring is vigorous, though occa
sionally crude and glaring; he excelled
in historical subject", landscapes, sea

ports, architecture, ruins of grand
edifices, and animals of every species :
died 1689.
Schoenmaker (Peter John), born
at Dordrecht in 1755 ; painted views
of towns after the manner of Vander
Heyden ; at the exhibitions his works
met the approbation of connoisseurs ;
at that at Dordrecht there were four
pictures by him, one of which was
ornamented with shipping and with
figures, which were put in by J. C.
Schotel. His works form part of the
collections of Zeulen Van Nyvett,
Ouderwater Van Puthok, and others.
Schoeyarts (M. ), a Flemish
painter of village festivals and merry
makings in the style of Teniers, and
although very inferior to that master,
his pictures possess great merit : they
are frequently met with in the Nether
lands. Schoonjans (Anthony), born at
Antwerp, 1 650 ; was a scholar of
Erasmus Quellinus, on leaving whom
he travelled, to Italy for improvement,
where he painted some pictures for
the churches which established his
reputation. He was invited to Vienna
by the Emperor Leopold, and painted
the portraits of the Imperial family
and those of the principal nobility,
and also several grand pictures for the
churches. He came to this country
in the reign of King William, and was
employed in decorating the mansions
of some of the nobility and in por
trait painting : he painted that of the
late Lord Orford ; and, amongst other
works, the staircase in a house called
Little Montague House, at the corner
of Bloomsbury Square. His portrait,
painted by himself, was in the col
lection at Strawberry Hill : died
1726. Schoor (N. Van), born at Antwerp,
about 1666 ; master not known. His
pictures usually represent subjects of
the fable, composed with facility and
agreeably coloured. He was particu
larly successful in designing nymphs
and children, aud was much employed

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iu executing cartoons for the manu
facturers of tapestry at Antwerp and
Brussels: died 1726.
Schooten (George Van), born at
Leyden, 1 587 ; studied under Conrad
Vander Maes, an artist of little cele
brity, whom he surpassed both in
history and portrait ; but his works
are little known except in his native
city : died 1658.
Schorel or Schoreel (John),
born near Alkmaer, in Holland, 1495 ;
he studied first under William Corne
lisz, then visited Amsterdam, and
became a pupil of James Cornelisz, an
historical painter of some celebrity,
and was considered one of the most
promising young artists of his time.
He travelled through Germany, and
studied under John Mabuse and Albert
Durer, then visited Venice, and after
wards proceeded to Jerusalem, where
he made accurate designs from the
most interesting views and antiqui
ties in that city and its environs. He
painted for the convent there a picture
representing the Incredulity of Thomas,
and then embarked for the Isle of
Rhodes, and painted views of that
city and fortress. He next visited
Venice and Rome, and studied for
three years the most remarkable ob
jects of antiquity and the principal
works of the great masters in that
capital. At Rome he painted a whole-
length portrait of Pope Adrian VI.
which was sent to the College of Lou
vain. On his return to Holland he
produced one of his most celebrated
pictures, representing Christ's entry
into Jerusalem ; also a picture of the
Baptism of Christ ; in which he imi
tated the style of Raffaelle, and though
not entirely divested of the stiffness
and formality which prevailed amongst
the Flemish artists at that period, was
superior to any that had preceded
him: died 1562.
Schotel (John Christian), born at
Dordrecht in 1787; was at first a
pupil of Meulemans, then of Schou-
man, under whom he was during two

years painting shipping in water-
colours and in Indian ink. After 1818
he studied from nature, and would
sometimes go out in a light boat upon
a rough sea to take sketches. His
marine pieces have great truth and
are highly esteemed. By the advice
of his friends he attempted painting
in oil, and succeeded so well that two
pictures that he exhibited at AmsterT
dam in 1818 sold for very high
prices : one represented a violent
tempest, the other, a sea agitated
under a serene sky. From that time
he never ceased working with the
greatest ardour ; his constant study
and natural disposition made him a
rival of Backhuysen. In 1814 and
1817 he worked, in concert with his
master, M. Schouman, to achieve two
historical pictures : one representing
the precipitate retreat of the French
after their check before the city of
Dordrecht, in 1814; that picture is
in the possession of the Literary So
ciety, Diversa sed una, at Dordrecht;
the other represented the Bombard
ment of Algiers by the united fleets
of England and Holland, and the total
destruction of the Algerine fleet in
the port of that city, in 1816 ; that
picture was bought by M. Van
Polien Van Nieuland. His skies are
aerial, his waters have a most beautiful
transparency in a calm sea, and a real
agitation in a tempest ; he equalled
Vanderveldt in the limpidity of the
water, and the celebrated Backhuysen
in agitated seas. All his pictures in-
contestably attest his marine know
ledge and his fine finish, even to the
minutest details. The Prince of
Orange bought two of his pictures,
which he presented to the Emperor of
Russia, who sent him, through Prince
Galatzin, a gold snuff box richly set
with precious stones as a proof of his
satisfaction. He sent several pictures
to the different exhibitions in Flanders
and to Paris up to 1836, and received
many medals : he died at Dordrecht,
in December, 1838.
Schouman (Artus), born at Dort,
1710; was a scholar of Adrian Vander
2 d 2 '

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Berg, and painted historical subjects
and portraits, but of no great merit.
Schultsz (John Christopher), born
at Amsterdam, 1749; studied under
his father, a landscape painter, and
who worked for Troost Van Groenen-
doelen, and was of esteemed talent ;
the son gave lessons in design and
landscape painting, and was Dean of
the Company of Painters of St. Luke,
at Amsterdam. H. Stockvisch, the
painter of landscapes and animals,
was his pupil : he died at Amsterdam,
1812. Schuppen (Peter Van), theYounger,
born at Paris, about 1673; he studied
under Nicholas de Largilliere, and is
said to have been a reputable painter
of history and portraits. He was
made painter to the Emperor of
Austria: died 1751.
Schurmans (Anna Maria), bora at
Utrecht, 1607. This extraordinary
talented lady is regarded as a prodigy
in the world of learning and of art.
She excelled in music, painting, sculp
ture, and engraving, and painted her
own portrait, and also those of
several of her friends. It does not
appear that she had any instructor in
the art: died 1678.
Schut (Cornelius), born at Ant
werp, 1 600 ; was one of the most cele
brated disciples of Rubens ; on leaving
whose academy he was employed for
several works in the churches, and
gave ample proofs of his talents in his
frescoes in the cupola of the cathedral,
and in other large works of that kind
in that city. Of his altar-pieces the
most deserving of notice are his pic
tures of the Nativity ; the Assumption
of the Virgin ; and a Dead Christ,
with the Virgin and St. John ; which
has sometimes been attributed to
Vandyck. He painted several his
torical and fabulous subjects for
private collections, ingeniously com
posed, though occasionally too much
scattered and confused. His style and
colouring plainly indicated the school
of Rubens. Vandyck painted his por

trait amongst those of the eminent
artists of his country : died 1660.
Schutz (Christian George), born
in the Electorate of Mentz, about
1 730 ; painted small pictures of views
of the Rhine and landscapes, neatly
touched and very highly finished.
Schuur (Theodore Vander), bom
at the Hague, 1628; after receiving
some little instruction there, he visited
Paris, and entered the school of Se
bastian Bourdon, and having improved
himself in design, he visited Italy,
where he contemplated with astonish
ment and delight the great objects of
art by which he was surrounded. He
acquired considerable celebrity by some
historical pictures which he exhibited,
and also copied the compositions of
Raffaelle and Giulio Romano, in which
he succeeded happily He was em
ployed by Christina, Queen of Sweden,
in several works, and on his return to
the Hague painted the ceiling of the
Hall of the Burgomasters in the Town
House with an emblematical subject
of Justice, Temperance, and Fortitude,
ingeniously composed, and designed
more in the Roman taste than that of
his country. One of his most esteemed
works is a large picture representing
the portraits of the officers of the
armed citizens : died 1705.
Schwart (John), bom at Gron
ingen, in Holland, 1480; visited Italy
for improvement, and painted history
and landscape with considerable repu
tation, particularly the latter, which
resemble those of Schorel : died
1541. Schwarts (Christopher), born at
Ingoldstadt, 1550 ; where he learned
the elements of the art ; then visited
Venice, and entered the school of
Titian, and profited by the lessons of
that great master of colouring. His
countrymen have honoured him with
the appellation of the Raffaelle of
Germany, but why it is difficult to
discover, as he appears to have been
more emulous of imitating tbe energy
and vigorous colouring of Tintoretto
than the grandeur and majesty of the

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Roman and Florentine schools. He
returned to Germany, and painted
many pictures for the churches and
public edifices of the city of Munich,
and one of his most esteemed works,
a picture of the Entombing of Christ, is
in the Dusseldorf Gallery. His merit
consists chiefly in the abundance of
his compositions and the force of his
colouring. His heads are neither
beautiful nor expressive, and there ap
pears in all his works a national stiff
ness and formality of which he never
could divest himself: died 1594.
Schwegman (Henry), a painter of
flowers, born near Haerlem ; pupil of
P. Van Loo ; occupied himself chiefly
in design and engraving, and for the
latter gained medals : he died at
Haerlem in 1816.
Schyndal or Schendel (Bernard),
horn at Haerlem,1659 ; was a scholar
of Hendrick Mommers, and painted
assemblages of peasants regaling, fairs,
merry-makings, aud the interiors of
Dutch kitchens, in the style of John
Molenaer, which, though greatly in
ferior to Ostade, are ingeniously com
posed and treated with considerable
humour: died 1716.
Sciarpelloni — See Credi.
Scilla or Silla (Agostino), born
at Messina, 1629; was a scholar of
Antonio Ricci, called Barbalunga ;
went to Rome, and frequented the
school of Andrea Sacchi. He returned
to Messina rich in designs he had
made after Raffaelle and the antique.
Several of his fresco works are in the
churches at Messina, and in St. Orsola
an oil picture of the Death of St. Hilary,
which is much admired : died 1700.
Sciorna (Lorenzo), with Stephen
Pieri, were both scholars of Bronzino,
and worked for the obsequies of
Buonarotti. Vasari, par. 3. lib. 1.
p. 279.
Scolaki (Guiseppe), born at Vi
cenza ; flourished about 1580 ; was a
disciple of Giovanni Battista Maganza;
painted history both in oil and in
fresco, and there are many of his

works in Vicenza, Verona, and Venice,
which are favourably spoken of.
Scorza (Siuibaldo), born in the
Genoese State, 1589; was a scholar
of Giovanni Battista Paggi, and ex
celled in painting landscapes, which
he decorated with groups of figures
and animals tastefully composed and
touched with great spirit ; he also
painted easel pictures of sacred and
fabulous subjects, which are found in
the choicest collections. It would be
difficult, says Lanzi, to find in Italy a
pencil which grafted so successfully
the neatness of the Flemish execution
with the taste of the Italian : died
1631. Scott ( Samuel), an eminent English
painter of river views and sea-pieces.
He resided in London from 1725 to
1772, and though he was but second
to Vandevelde in sea pictures, he ex
celled him in variety, and often intro
duced buildings into his pictures with
consummate skill. His views of
London Bridge, Custom House Quay,
&c. were equal to his marines, and
his figures were judiciously chosen
and admirably painted. He was
equally clever in his washed drawings.
Sebald (John), a Bohemian painter
and engraver, engraved his own works,
which consist of rural balls, tumults,
and many other of those bizarre and
wild humours ; he marked his works
with various letters, sometimes B — v,
P — p : he died in the year 1520.
Sandrart, p. 22.
Sebastiano (Francesco) — See
Piombo. Sebille (Gysbert), burgomaster of
Weesp, painted according to a modern
author of the present state of Holland,
a picture, full of merit, representing
the Judgment of Solomon, in the
Hall of Justice in the Hotel de Ville
of Weesp, above the seat of the alder
men. There is also by him in the
aldermen's chamber in that city, a
picture composed of an assemblage of
the burgomasters, baillies and alder
men of Weesp in 1652, and many

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SEG

other paintings by him in different
rooms in the same edifice.
Secano (Geronimo), born at Sara-
gosso, 1638; after studying the rudi
ments under an obscure artist, he
visited Madrid and studied the great
masters in the royal collection there,
then returned to Saragossa, an able
designer both in oil and in fresco : died
1710. Seccante (Sebastiano), born at
Udine : was a disciple of Pomponio
Amalteo, and a reputable painter of
history and portraits. In one of the
churches at Udine is an altar-piece by
him, representing Christ bearing his
Cross, with Angels holding the instru
ments of the Passion ; which is fa
vourably spoken of. He flourished
about 1576.
Secchiari (Giulio), born at Mo
dena, was educated at Bologna in the
school of the Caracci; he visited Rome
where he acquired considerable repu
tation : one of his works, an altar-
piece of the Death of the Virgin, in
the cathedral at Modena, is highly
commended; died 1631.
Second (John), a poet, painter,
and engraver, born in Aja, in Holland,
1511 : died in 1536. He left a quan
tity of works, in which is seen a won
derful facility and richness, united to
much beauty, both in painting and
engraving. Secu (Martin de), a painter of
Romersiolaen ; had a good manner,
not much finished, but highly praised
by Vanmander, and by Baldinucci,
par. 2. secolo 4. p. 65.
Sedelmayer (Jeremiah James) ;
he is mentioned as a painter, but no
account is given of his style or works,
or the time in which he lived.
Seeuw (Martin de), born at Re-
merswalen in 1 520, was a good his
torical painter, although his prompt
and easy manner occasionally seems
approaching to negligence : died at
Middelburgh, 1574.

Seqaers (  ) ; the name of this
artist is affixed to a portrait of Godef
Chodkiewic of Russia.
Segaler (Giovanni), born at Venice
1663, was a scholar of Antonio Zanchi,
and painted history with e&nsiderable
reputation. A picture by him at Venice
representing the Conception, it is said,
will bear comparison with the ablest
artists of that period : died 1720.
Seger (Anna) ; was a Flemish
miniature paintress and illuminator.
Segers or Seghers (Gerard) ;
born at Antwerp, 1589; was first a
scholar of Henry Van Balan, and
afterwards of Abraham Janssens ; he
visited Rome and attached himself to
the style of M. A. Caravaggio, and
became a scholar of Bartolomeo Man-
fredi, who had studied under Cara
vaggio, to whose style he added a
richness of colour, almost general in
the painters of his country. He
painted several historical subjects and
musical conversations, soldiers playing
at cards, &c. half-length figures which
were greatly admired ; also some pic
tures for the churches at Antwerp in
imitation of the style of Caravaggio,
which were not so favourably received.
He then adopted the clear and splen
did colouring of Rubens and Vandyck,
which at that time was in great favour
with the public ; in which style he
painted his celebrated pictures of the
Elevation of the Cross ; the Adoration
of the Magi ; and Peter denying
Christ; which may be ranked amongst
the best productions of the Flemish
school. But his most esteemed work
is his picture of the Marriage of the
Virgin. His compositions are ju
diciously arranged, his desigu more
correct than is usual with his country
men, and his colouring more vigorous
and chaste : he was perfectly acquainted
withtheprinciplesofthechiaro-oscuro, though usually too abrupt in his oppo
sition of light and shadow. Vandyck
painted his portrait : died 1651.
Segers (Daniel), younger brother of
Gerard, born at Antwerp, 1590: his

SEG

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taste leading him to design flowers
and fruit, he became a disciple of John
Breughel, who at that time painted
those subjects. He visited Rome,
where he designed every curious flower,
plant, or insect that he met with, and
formed a rich collection of drawings
of those objects, and gave to his imi
tations the beauty, brilliancy, and
variety with which nature had clothed
the originals ; he excelled in painting
lilies and roses. He frequently painted
borders and garlands of flowers, in
which the intervening space was en
riched by historical subjects, which
Rubens did not disdain occasionally
to execute : died 1660.
Segers or Seghers (Hercules),
born at the Hague about 1 630 ; painted
landscapes and animals in the style of
Paul Potter, after whose death his
pictures were held in great estimation.
His landscapes exhibit agreeable
scenery, and his cattle are correctly
drawn and touched with great spirit :
died about 1675.
Seletto (Charles), a Neapolitan
painter, is recorded by Dominici,
part 2. delle Vite dei Pittori Napoli-
tani, p. 248.
Sellaro (James), a Florentine
painter, was a scholar of Francesco
Filippo Lippi ; he is mentioned by
Vasari, torn. 1. par. 2. p. 295. He
flourished about the year 1430.
Sementi or Semenza (Giacomo),
born at Bologna, 1580 ; studied first
under Denis Calvart, and afterwards
under Guido Reni, of whose style he
was one of the most successful fol
lowers ; his pictures of the Martyr
dom of St. Cecilia ; the Marriage of
St. Catnerine ; and the Crucifixion,
at Bologna, have been taken for
Guido' s. He visited Rome, where he
executed several works in fresco, and
an altar-piece in oil, representing the
Virgin and Infant Christ : died 1638.
Semini (Antonio), born at Geneva
about 1485 ; was a disciple of Lodo
vico Brea, and afterwards studied the
works of Pietro Perugino, and became

a successful follower of his style. His
picture of the Nativity is considered
equal to the best productions of that
master, and not inferior to some of
the juvenile works of Raffaelle : died
1549. Semini (Andrea), eldest son of
Antonio, bom at Genoa, 1510 ; stu
died first under his father, then
under Pierino del Vaga, and afterwards
visited Rome to contemplate the works
of Raffaelle and the beauties of an
tiquity, and became a faithful follower
of his style, though somewhat incor
rect in design. He painted several
pictures for the churches in Genoa,
of which the most esteemed were a
Nativity; and the Adoration of the
Magi ; in both of which he imitated
Raffaelle ; he also painted portraits
with great success : died 1578.
Semini (Ottavio), younger son of
Antonio, born at Genoa, about 1515 ;
he studied first under his father, and
afterwards under Pierino del Vaga ;
then visited Rome to study the works
of Raffaelle, and copied with great
attention the antique bas-reliefs of
the Colonna Trajana; he decorated
the fagade of the Palazzo Doria, with
statues and architecture, and painted
some frescoes in the interior ; one of
which, the Rape of the Sabines, is so
much in the style of Raffaelle, that
Procciani mistook it for a work of
that master : died at Milan, 1604.
Semole (II) — See Franco.
Senave (J. A.), born at Loo, three
leagues from Ypres ; was almost
unknown to the arts in Belgium, till
the Academy at Ypres exhibited at
Ghent, in 1823, a picture by him,
which had been sent to them, repre
senting the workshop of Rembrandt,
in which the artist has pourtrayed a
great number of the painters of that
period. His works are distinguished
by purity of design, originality of
composition, and perfect imitation of
nature, and are much sought for, and
widely dispersed among foreigners,
though little known in Belgium. In

SEP

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the church of St. Loo, is a painting by
him, representing the seven works of
Mercy. Sepezzino (Francesco), born at
Genoa, 1 530 ; studied first under
Luca Canciagio, and afterwards under
Giovanna Battista Castelli, and be
came a reputable painter of history :
died 1579.
Sepp (John Christian), bom at Am
sterdam ; painted insects with astonish
ing fidelity and neatness, and in a
spirited style.
Septimus (Hercules) — See Setti.
Serafini (Serafino da), a picture
in the cathedral at Modena, inscribed
with his name, and dated 1385, repre
senting the Crowning of the Virgin,
is painted in the style of Giotti.
Serenari (Gasparo), born at
Palermo; visited Rome, and studied
under Sebastiano Conca, and on his
return to Sicily, distinguished himself
as a painter of history, both in oil and
fresco : flourished about 1570.
Serin (John), bora at Ghent, 1678;
was a pupil of Erasmus Quellinus,
whom he very nearly approached.
There is in the church of St. Martin,
at Tournay, a fine picture by him,
which represents that Saint tearing
his mantle to give half of it to a poor
man covered with rags. He painted
a great many altar-pieces for Ghent,
and numerous portraits at the Hague.
At the age of seventy he painted
those of the Marquis de Fenelon,
ambassador to the Hague, and his
lady. Sermei (Cesar), a painter, was
born in Orvieto, but settled in Assisi,
where he lived till the year 1 600,
when he died at the age of 84. Mo
relli, p. 161.
Sermoneta (Girolamo Siciolante),
born at Sermonetta, 1504, and
generally called Girolamo Sermonetta;
was one of the ablest disciples of
Pierino del Vaga, whom he assisted
in his works. In his oil pictures he
is compared to the disciples of Raf

faelle, for the resemblance in his style,
to the illustrious head of the Roman
school. Such are his pictures of the
Martyrdom of St. Lucia ; the Trans
figuration ; and the Nativity. His
most celebrated work is at Ancona, it
represents the Virgin seated on a
throne, with a choir of beautiful
Angels, St. Bartholomew, St. Paul,
and other Saints. There are few of
his works in private collections, ex
cept portraits, which he painted in an
admirable style: died 1550.
Serra (Christopher) of Cesena ;
was a scholar of Guercino, and taught
Christopher Savolini design and paint
ing : he flourished about 1650.
Serres (Dominic), born in Gas-
cony ; came to England about 1765,
and acquired considerable reputation
as a painter of sea-pieces and land
scapes, although much inferior to
Vernet. One of his most considerable
works is a painting of Lord Howe's
engagement with the combined fleets
of France and Spain : died 1793.
Servandoni (Cavaliere Giovanni
Geronimo), born in Florence, 1695;
studied under Giovanni Panini, whose
style he followed, and was employed
in decorating the Opera House at
Paris, and in similar works : died
1766. Sesti— See Travi.
Sesto (Da), sometimes called Ce
sare Milanese, born in Milan, flourish
ed about 1500 ; was one of the ablest
imitators of the style of Leonardo da
Vinci, whose disciple he is supposed
to have been. At Milan is the head
of an Old Man by Sesto, so much in
the style of Leonardo, as to be mis
taken for one of his productions. At
Rome is a Holy Family, evidently
composed and pamted in imitation of
Raffaelle ; also the head of Herodias,
which is evidently taken from Raf
faelle' s picture of the Fomarina : died
1524. Setti (Ercole)', or Septimus Her
cules, born at Modena ; painted some
altar-pieces for the churches there,

Sev

409

SIG

which are sometimes inscribed Ercole
de Setti, and sometimes in Latin, Her
cules Septimus : he flourished about
1560 ; in the Abecedaria Pittoricohe
is called Cecchino.
Seve (Gilbert de), born at Mou-
lines, 1615; painted historical sub
jects with success, but we have no
description of his works.
Seve (Peter de), brother of the
above, was distinguished in the same
branch of the art.
Sevin (Claudius Albert), born in
Brussels, of a family from Liege;
applied himself to painting, and gave
proofs of his skill, in Sweden, in
Englaud, and in his own country :
being desirous of seeing Rome, he
went there in 1675, and died in the
following year. Sandrart, p. 387.
Seymour (Colonel), nearly related
to the Duke of Somerset and Earl of
Hereford ; painted in water colours
and crayons, in the latter he copied
from Cooper a head of Sir John
Robinson, Lieutenant of the Tower ;
he also designed historic heads and
portraits with a pen. Walpole, vol.
3. p. 95.
Seymour (James), bom in Lon
don, 1 702 ; instructor is unknown,
but he was considered superior to
Wootton in the design of a horse, and
painted some portraits of running
horses for the Duke of Somerset: died
1752. Sghizzi (Andrew) of Bologna ;
studied under Albano, afterwards
under Lucius Massari, and subse
quently under Francesco Briccio. In
love with geometry, he learned under
the instructions of Colonna, of Me-
telli, and of Dentone, and succeeded
to such perfection that he was always
employed in theatres, and the most
famous palaces ; many of his works
are in Bologna : he flourished about
1640. Soprani, p. 233.
Shaw (James), bora at Wolver
hampton ; was placed as a pupil with
Mr. Penny, and painted portraits
with some reputation: died 1784.

There was an artist of the same name,
a painter of horses, and an exhibitor
at the Royal Academy, who died
about 1772.
Sliephard (  ), an English
artist, lived in the reign of Charles
II. , of whom nothing more is known
than that he painted Killigrew
and his Dog, now in Lord Godol-
phin's collection. Walpole, vol. 3.
p. 95.
Shipley (William), born in Lon
don ; kept a drawing school for some
years. There is a picture of a man
blowing a firebrand, with the name of
Shipley as the painter, which is attri
buted to him : died 1804.
Sibrecht or Sybrecht (John),
born at Antwerp, 1625 ; studied
under his father, and afterwards from
the works of Nicholas Berghem and
Karl du Jardin, and copied them so
closely, that some of his copies have
been taken for originals ; he came to
England, and was employed by the
Duke of Buckingham for four years
at Cliefden House ; also by several
others of the nobility and gentry ; his
usual subjects were landscapes and
views on the Rhine: died 1703.
Siciolante (Girolamo) — See
Sermoneta. Siena (Marco) — See Pino.
Siena (Matteo da), born at Sienna,
about 1533; went to Rome to exer
cise his skill as a landscape painter in
the Logie of the Vatican, and gene
rally worked in conjunction with
Nicolo Circignano, called Pomerancio,
who painted the figures ; they also
painted in conjunction, a series of
thirty-two pictures, called the History
of the Martyrs, engraved by Caval-
lerius : died 1588.
Siena (Duccio da), was a painter
of grotesque subjects, and his works
are to be found in Sienna, in Lucca,
in Pisa, and in Florence : he flourished
about the year 1348. Vasari speaks
of him, and so does Baldinucci, sec.
4. p. 58.
Signorelli (Lucca), born at Cor-

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tona, 1439 ; was a disciple of Pietro
della Francesca, whom he imitated
so closely that it was difficult to dis
tinguish their works ; he was one
of the first of the Tuscan painters
who drew the figure correctly, and
one of the ablest artists of his time,
though not entirely divested of the
dry stiff manner that preceded him ;
his most considerable work is a fresco
representing the Final Dissolution and
Judgment of the World, which is
designed in a bold and daring style:
in which he evinces a perfect acquaint
ance with the art of foreshortening ;
there are several of his works in the
churches of Italy, which establish
his rank amongst the most eminent
artists of the Florentine school at
the period in which he lived : died
1521. Signorini (Bartholomew), a Ve
ronese ; was distinguished for his
paintings both at home and abroad.
Stgnorini (Guido), a Bolognese
painter ; was cousin of Guido Reni,
and at his death became his heir ; he
painted small figures : died about
1650. Masini, p. 630.
Silvestrie (Louis), born in Paris,
1645; was instructed in the rudi
ments of design by his father, Israel,
an engraver, and afterwards applied
himself to paintmg landscapes and
portraits, in which he acquired con
siderable reputation : died 1728.
Silvio (Giovanni), born at Venice,
flourished about 1532, and is supposed
to have been educated in the school
of Titian. One of his pictures, re
presenting St. Martino between St.
Peter and St. Paul, with three Angels,
two of which are supporting his
crozier, and the third playing ou the
harp, is an elegant and graceful com
position, and the colouring entirely
Titianesque. Simbert (John), born in Edin
burgh, about 1684; having learnt to
draw, by designing after casts, visited
London, and was much employed in
copying for dealers ; he afterwards
went to Italy, and by copying the

portraits of Titian, Rubens, and Van
dyck improved greatly, and on his re
turn to England, was much employed
as a portrait painter : he shortly after
wards went to Bermuda, and died there.
Simmons (John), bom at Nailsea,
Somersetshire, about 1715, died 1780;
it is not said . by whom he was in
structed, but he acquired considerable
reputation as a painter of history and
portraits ; of the former, an altar-
piece in the church of All Saints,
Bristol, and another of the Resur
rection, in St. John's, Devizes, are
creditable performances, as also his
portrait of Ferguson the Astronomer,
which was exhibited in the Royal
Academy : many of his portraits are
engraved. Simone (Maestro), born at Naples ;
was a disciple of Filippo Tesauro, and
improved his style by studying the
works of Giotto. One of his works,
a picture of the Taking down from the
Cross, is little inferior to those of
Giotto : flourished about 1325.
Simone (Anthony de), a Neapo
litan ; painted country scenes, with
small figures ; also battle pieces, in
which he imitated the manner of
Bourgognone : he delighted in the
study of antiquity, and made a con
siderable museum of paintings, de
signs, marbles, and medals : he died
in his own country, 1724.
Simonelli (Joseph), a Neapolitan;
pupil of Luca Giordano, if deficient
in invention, knew how to approach
his master's touch in soft and harmo
nious colouring, wliich he often
availed himself of, as is seen in his
paintings from the rough sketches of
his master, in the church of St.
Bridget, to which he was unfortu
nately not able to give his best
touches, and which still remain im
perfect. Although his works are not
found in Naples, yet in the surround
ing country there is no deficiencj' of
them : he died about 1710, aged 64.
Simonini (Francesco), born at
Parma, 1 689 ; was a scholar of Ilario
Spolverini ; he excelled in painting

SIN

411

SLI

battles and skirmishes of cavalry,
which are well composed and touched
with great spirit ; many of his works
are in the private collections at Ve
nice : died about 1760.
Singher (Hans or John), born at
Hesse Cassel, about 1510 ; painted
landscapes and figures in a free bold
manner, and was much employed in
painting cartoons for tapestry : died
1558. Sinjeur (Govert), is cited by Van
Spaan among the painters of Rotter
dam, as having imitated the style of
Philip Wouvermans.
Sirani (Giovanni Andrea), born at
Bologna, 1610; was a disciple of Guido
Reni, and finished several of his works
after the decease of that master : his
first productions resemble the second
style of Guido. Such is his picture of
the Crucifixion, at Bologna; but he
afterwards, adopted a more vigorous
opposition of light and shade, ap
proaching to the principles of M. A.
Caravaggio, as is evident in the Feast
of the Pharisee, and the Marriage of
the Virgin : died 1670.
Sirani (Elisabetta), daughter of
G. A. Sirani, bom at Bologna, 1638;
was instructed in the art by her
father, but attached herself to an imi
tation of the style of Guido : she is
said to have painted upwards of 150
pictures and portraits, most of them
of a large size ; her compositions are
elegant and tasteful, her design cor
rect and firm, and there is a freshness
and suavity in her colouring, espe
cially in her demi tints, that remind
us of the best works of Guido ; she
was particularly successful in the ex
pressive character she gave to her Ma
donnas and Magdalens, which appear
to have been her favourite subjects.
Her most admired works in the
churches at Bologna, are her Baptism
of Christ by St. John ; Francesco di
Padona kneeling before the Infaut
Christ ; and the Virgin Mary with
St. Anne contemplating the Infant
Christ sleeping: died 1664.

Siries (Violante Beatrice), born in
Florence, 1710; was instructed in
crayon painting, and in water colours
by Giovanna Fratellini ; went to Paris,
and learnt the art of oil painting from
a Fleming (name not mentioned) ;
her talent was chiefly confined to por
traits, though she occasionally painted
historical subjects, as well as flowers
and fruit. At Florence, on her re
turn, she painted a large picture of
the portraits of the Imperial Family ;
and her own portrait with that of her
father, painted by herself, is in the
Florentine Gallery of artists : died
about 1 770.
Sivesta (Martin), an ancient illu
minator, is mentioned by Vasari, par.
3. p. 359.
Siviglia Romero (John de), a
native of Granada in Spain ; was a
graceful painter, and a good colourist;
he imitated Anthony Vandyck, and
was believed to have been his scholar ;
he painted in the convent of the Car
melites in Seville, and in that of the
suppressed order of the Jesuits, in
oil and in fresco ; he also painted
portraits extremely well: died 1665.
Skeysert (Clara), a miniature
paintress and illuminator, of the city
of Ghent, is recorded by Vasari, par.
3. p. 850.
Slabbaert ; this name is affixed
to a portrait, inscribed Paulus Perre,
Syndic, Medioburg, at Leg. Belg., in
Anglia, 1660.
Slaughter (Stephen), is men
tioned by Lord Orford, as having
painted several portraits in the reign
of George II. ; he was also keeper of
the King's pictures, vol. 4. p. 117.
Slaughter, (  ), a sister to the
keeper of the King's pictures (George
II.) ; imitated bronzes and bas-reliefs
in an admirable style, and to the
highest degree of deception.
Slinglelandt (Peter Van), bora
at Leyden, 1640 ; was a scholar of G.
Douw, whose highly finished style he
followed, and as far as patience and
polish is considered, may be said to

SLU

412

have equalled, if not surpassed his in
structor; and although inferior to him
in design, and in the magical effect of
the chiaro-oscuro, his pictures are
often mistaken for those of Mieris, or
Gerard Douw ; when he painted a
dog, a cat, or a mouse, which he was
fond of introducing into his pictures,
he was not satisfied until he had pre
cisely represented each individual hair.
Although tasteless and stiff in compo
sition and design, his pictures com
mand very high prices : died 1691.
Sluys (Jacob Vander), born at
Leyden, 1660; was first a scholar of
Ary de Voys, and afterwards of Peter
Van Slinglelandt, whose polished style
he imitated, but with less laborious
finish. He painted conversations,
domestic subjects, sports, and modish
assemblies, small size, with consider
able success ; well coloured, but
neither elegant nor correct in design ;
his works are little known except at
Leyden: died 1736.
Smees (John), a painter of land
scapes and history at Amsterdam ; is
supposed to have died about 1729,
because at that time his collection of
objects of art was sold, composed of
a great part of his works ; he orna
mented his landscapes with ruins and
figures in the taste of Both.
Smeyers (G.), Senior, of Malines ;
in a chapel of the church of St.
Rombout, at Malines, is a temptation
of St. Anthony, by this artist.
Smies (James), born at Amsterdam,
1765; was occupied almost exclusively
in designing and engraving, in which
he succeeded very well, as his works
sufficiently prove, although he made
but few paintings in oil. He gained
all the prizes for design at the Aca
demy of Amsterdam, and at the
society, Felix Meritis : died at Am
sterdam, 1833.
Smith (Thomas), called Smith of
Derby, from his chiefly residing
there ; without the help of a master
reached an eminent rank in his
profession, and may be said to '>e the

SMI
first of the English artists who ex
plored and displayed the charming
scenery of his native country : ied
1769. Smith (John Raphael), son of
Thomas Smith of Derby, by whom
he was instructed : practised portrait
painting in crayons, and acquired con
siderable celebrity, as appears from
his whole lengths of Charles Fox, and
Earl Stanhope : died 1812.
Smith (Francis), is said to have
been born in Italy, and to have
travelled in Turkey with Lord Balti
more, for whom he painted a view of
Constantinople, and several others ;
he also painted views on the Thames,
which were exhibited at the Royal
Academy, Somerset House : died about
1779. Smith (William, George, and John),
are generally stated to have been born
at Chichester ; but since, with more
probability, at Guildford : the three
brothers all studied from nature.
William, born 1707, died 1764;
devoted his attention chiefly to por
traits, though he occasionally painted
landscapes, flowers, and fruit. George,
bom 1714, died 1766; was dis
tinguished by the name of Smith of
Chichester, excelled in landscape paint
ing, and reached a very eminent rank
in that department. John, born 1717,
died 1764; painted landscapes very
little inferior to his brother.
Smits (F.) ; this artist who was
celebrated at Rotterdam and the
Hague as a portrait painter, produced
a great number of very excellent re
semblances ; and at the exhibition at
Amsterdam, in 1808, there was a very
remarkable portrait of a man, by his
hand. Smits (Nicholas), born at Breda,
1672; painted history, correctly de
signed, and well coloured, and dis
played much genius in his composition :
died 1731.
Smits (called Hartcamp), Lodowic,
born at Dort, 1 635 ; acquired consi
derable reputation as a painter of

SMI

flowers and fruit, but from his flimsy
style of colouring, his works are
almost entirely obliterated : died
1675. Smitz (Gaspar), a Dutch painter ;
came to England soon after the Re
storation, and from his painting so
many Magdalens, was called Magda
len Smith ; his model was a female
whom he called his wife ; he visited
Ireland, and painted portraits in oil, and
had great business and high prices. In
his pictures of Magdalens he generally
introduced a thistle in the foreground;
he painted flowers and fruit, which
are much admired ; and also portraits
in oil of a miniature size : died 1707.
Sm yters ( Anne), mother of Lucas de
Heere, and a pupil of Francis Floris ;
had a particular talent for painting
subjects in miniature, of the smallest
dimensions ; Van Mander has given
a description of one of her chefs-
d'oeuvre, which was the admiration of
all the amateurs of her time, for the
exactness of the figures, which could
be covered with a grain of wheat.
Snayers (Peter), born at Antwerp
1593; was a scholar of H. Van
Balen, pamted history and portraits
with considerable success, but was
more distinguished as a painter of battle
pieces, and landscapes, and had
many commissions from the court of
Spain ; his figures and horses are de
signed and painted with surprising
spirit and animation ; his composi
tions are rich and ingenious, and his
colouring sometimes approaches to
the splendour of Rubens. Vandyck
painted his portrait : died 1670.
Snellincks (John), born at Mech
lin, 1 544 ; instructor unknown ; was
an eminent painter of history and
battles, particularly of the latter ; his
skirmishes and attacks of cavalry were
ranked amongst the ablest produc
tions of the time. His compositions
are judiciously grouped figures and
horses, correctly and spiritedly de
signed, and the animated courage of
'the combatants, admirably expressed ;
in aerial perspective he was well

413 SOE
grounded, and by his intelligent
management of the chiaro-oscuro, he
produced a surprising effect. Van
dyck painted his portrait: died 1638.
Sneyders or Snyders (Francis),
bora at Antwerp, 1579; studied first
under Henry Van Balen, and for some
time excelled in painting fruit and
objects of still life ; and afterwards
painted animals and huntings, com
posed in a grand style, and with sur
prising fire and spirit. Rubens fre
quently employed him to paint the
animals, fruit, &c. in his pictures.
He painted several hunting pictures
of a large size for Philip III. of Spain.
He also excelled in painting kitchens
and larders, stored with all kinds of
dead game, fish, fruit, vegetables, &c.
which were occasionally decorated
with figures by Rubens or Jordaens :
his compositions are rich and varied,
pencil bold and free, the furs and
skins of the different animals true to
nature, and colouring clear, chaste and
vigorous : his works are held in high
estimation, and are to be found in
some of the finest collections in Eng
land. Vandyck painted an admirable
portrait of Snyders : died 1657.
Sobleo — See Desubleo.
Sodoma (II) — See Razzi.
Soens (John), bornat Bois-le-Duc,
about 1533 ; studied first under James
Boon, and afterwards Giles Mostaert,
under whom he made great progress ;
then travelled to Italy, where his
landscapes were greatly admired, and
he was much employed by the Pope
and several of the nobility at Rome ;
his manner was prompt, and full of
fire, distances well kept, and the
figures well drawn, and touched with
great spirit : died 1611.
Soest or Zoest (Gerard), bom in
Westphalia about 1637 ; came to
England and acquired considerable
reputation as a portrait painter ; his
draperies were usually of satin, in
which he imitated the style of Ter
burg, but he changed his style on
seeing the works of Vandyck ; his

SOG

414

SOL

heads were animated with truth and
nature, bold, yet highly finished, and
he was more successful in his portraits
of men than of women : died 1 68 1 .
Soggi (Niccolo), born at Florence,
1474 ; was a disciple of P. Perugino,
in whose style he painted history, but
designed his figures in a drier and
more laboured manner : some of his
works are in the public edifices at
Arezzo ; there is a picture of the Na
tivity by him painted in a precise
formal style : died 1554.
Sogliani (Giovanni Antonio), bom
at Florence ; studied under Lorenzo
di Credi, but imitated the style of
Bartolomeo di St. Marco, though not
very successfully; his best works are
a picture of Cain and Abel, at Pisa,
and the Martyrdom of St. Arcadio,
at Florence ; died about 1560.
Sojaro — See Gatti.
Solari (Andrea), born at Milan,
flourished about 1530, is sometimes
called del Gobbo, or Andrea Milanese,
and was a contemporary of Correggio,
he was a graceful designer and an ex
cellent colourist : one of his most
esteemed works is a picture of the
Assumption of the Virgin at Pavia.
Solario (Antonio), called Lo Zin-
garo, born at Abruzzo, in Naples,
about 1382 ; went to Bologna and be
came a disciple of Lippo Dalmasio,
and on returning to Naples distin
guished himself as one of the ablest
painters of that early period ; several
of his works in fresco are in the public
edifices in Naples : died about 1455.
Soldi (Andrea), born in Florence
about 1702; visited Aleppo, and
painted the portraits of some English
merchants resident there ; came to
England, and met with considerable
employment : died about 1766.
Sole (Antonio Maria dal), born at
Bologna, 1597 ; studied under Fran
cesco Albano, and excelled :n land
scapes, decorated with groups of
figures, gracefully designed, and com
posed in the style of Albano; his

scenery is pleasing, and his distances
well kept : died 1677.
Sole (Giovanni Guiseppe dal), son
of Antonio, born at Bologna, 1 654 ;
received the principles of design from
his father, then studied under D. M.
Canuti, and afterwards under Lorenzo
Pasinelli, whose style he imitated with
great success, and though inferior to
him in clearness and harmony of co
lour, he surpassed him in correctness
and energy of design. His pictures
are usually embellished with landscape
and architecture, which he introduced
with admirabletaste ; amongst themost
esteemed of his works at Bologna,
are, the Incredulity of Thomas, and
the Annunciation ; also some frescoes,
which are considered his finest works:
he also painted the Death of Priam ;
Queen Artemisia about to drink the
Wine in which the ashes of her Hus
band are mixed ; Andromache and
Eneas ; and a picture of Diana and
Acteon in the Pembroke collection
at Wilton: died 1719.
Soleri (Georgio), born in Ales
sandria, flourished about 1573; is
supposed to have been a pupil of
Bernardino Lanini, although he did
not adopt his style ; he painted por
traits and historical subjects, which
are spoken of in favourable terms ; he
painted an altar-piece of the Virgin,
to whom Saints Agostino and Fran
cesco are recommending the protection
of the city of Alessandria ; and a
picture of Lorenzo kneeling before
the Virgin, with a group of three
Angels ; designed with a grace which
reminds us of Correggio : died 1587.
Solimene (Angelo), of Noceras,
born in 1630, was a disciple of Francis
Guarini da Zolafra; he was so well
instructed by that great master that
he acquired the best principles of de
sign and beauty of colouring, which,
accompanied by a natural good taste
and fruitful invention, made him
equal to the best artists of his time ;
the only public work he painted in
Naples is that of the Madonna, St.
John, and St. Gregory, in the church

SOL

415

SON

of Sta. Maria Maggiore, in the pro
vince of Mannesi, in which the power
of his pencil is certainly displayed ;
he lived to the age of 86, and had
the happiness of seeing his son and
pupil Francesco make such progress
as raised him high in the estimation
of every lover of the art of painting
and of literature.
Solimene (Francesco), called
1' Abate Ciccio, born near Naples,
1 657 ; son of Angelo Solimene, a pain
ter of some reputation, under whom
he studied two years, and afterwards at
Naples, under Francesco di Maria, and
ultimately in the school of Giacomo del
Po. He visited Rome, and contem
plated the works of Pietro da Cortona,
Lanfranco, and II Calabrese, whose
powerful effect of light and shade he
softened by adopting the sweetness
and amenity of Guido and Carlo Ma
ratti, and by an accurate and well
arranged study of these masters,
formed an excellent style, and distin
guished himself as one of the most
admired painters of his time ; he ex
celled in history, landscape, portraits,
animals, and architecture ; his figures
are elegantly designed and his com
positions are ingenious ; his colouring
unites tenderness with force ; the
airs of his heads are graceful and ex
pressive, and his draperies are judi
ciously cast : died 1 747.
Solis (Francesco), born at Madrid,
1629; was instructed by his father
Juan, a painter little known : painted
history ; his most esteemed work is
a picture of Santa Teresa at Madrid :
died 1684.
Solomayor (Luis de), bom at
Valencia about 1 643 ; studied first
under Estevan Marc, afterwards at
Madrid under Don Juan Carrenho,
and painted history with some reputa
tion; his works are mostly in the
convents and churches at Valencia :
died 1673.
Solosmeo, a painter ; is mentioned
by Vasari as one of the scholars of
Audrea del Sarto.

Solvyns (Francis Balthasar), born
in Antwerp, 1760; commenced his
career as a marine painter, and one of
his principal works, representing a
view of Ostend, is in the imperial
palace at Vienna i he visited India,
and made designs of the festivals, oc
cupations, and costumes of the Indians,
which he afterwards published in
288 coloured plates, but with bad
success : died 1824.
Someren ( Bernard and Paul Van),
brothers, born at Antwerp, Bernard
in 1578, and Paul in 1581 ; the for
mer went to Italy, and on his return
they settled at Amsterdam as painters
of history and portraits, which were
much esteemed : Bernard died in
1632, and Paul in 1641.
Son or Zoon (Joris Van), born at
Antwerp, 1622; excelled in painting
flowers and fruit, agreeably composed,
pencil light and flowing, and colouring
chaste and clear : died 1676.
Son (John Van), son of Joris, was
instructed by his father ; painted
flowers, fruit, dead game, vases, cur
tains fringed with gold, Turkey car
pets, and similar objects of still life,
which he designed from nature, and
copied with a precision and fidelity
approaching to illusion ; he painted
both in large and small, and in the
representation of grapes was un
equalled : died 1 700.
Sonje (John), a Dutch artist, flou
rished at Rotterdam in the 17th cen
tury, and produced more pictures
than any artist of his time ; he painted
mountainous and wooded landscapes
in the Italian manner, the ground
rather dark, his skies and distances
clear and well painted, but deficient
in harmony. He painted trees with
so much truth that it is easy to dis
tinguish the kinds by the foliage and
form; his figures also have so agree
able a touch, and so great a beauty,
that they are sometimes attributed to
Karl du Jardin. He also painted in
the style of Herman Zachtleven, but
with a green touch, less intellectual,
and less finished.

SOP
Sophonisba— See Angosciola.

416

SPA

Soprani (Raffaelle), born at Genoa,
1612 ; studied first under Giulio
Benso, afterwards under Sinibaldo
Scorza, and subsequently landscape
painting, under Godefroi Vals, in
which he excelled ; he usually paint
ed perspective and architectural sub
jects : died 1672.
Soriau (Daniel), of Hanover, with
Peter his son, excelled in painting
flowers and fruit, they painted figures
also very well. Sandrart, p. 189.
Sorri (Pietro), born at Sienna,
1556 ; studied first under Arcangiolo
Salimbeni, and afterwards under Ca
valiere Passignano, whom he accom
panied to Venice, and improved his
manner, by studying the works of
Paolo Veronese, whose style is dis
cernible in his best pictures, several
of which are in the public edifices at
Florence, and other cities of Tuscany,
particularly at Pisa, where he painted
an altar-piece of Christ disputing with
the Doctors ; he painted landscapes
and portraits as well as history : died
1622. Soto (John di), a painter of Ma
drid ; studied in the school of Bar
tholomew Carducchio, and painted
in the Queen's apartments, in the
palace of the Pardo, with much skill:
he died young, in 1620. Palumino,
torn. 2. p. 283.
Soukens (Henry), born at Salt-
Bommel, in 1680; studied under his
father, and afterwards at Bois-le-Duc,
then visited Italy ; worked some time
at Rome, and finished some paintings
and various objects of sculpture ; and
then returned to his native place.
His historical and emblematical com
positions, and his landscapes, are the
most remarkable ; he could imitate
the chefs-d'ceuvre of the great mas
ters, particularly those of Lairesse,
with great lightness of penciling ;
although but few of his paintings are
known, it is certain that his talent
approached nearest to that of Gerard
Hoet ; he painted his own portrait

after the manner of Schalcken : died
1711, aged 31.
Soukens (John), a pupil of John
Vosterman ; lived about the end of
the 1 7th century.
Soutman ( Peter), born in Haer
lem, 1590 ; was a disciple of Rubens,
and is said to have painted historical
subjects and portraits with consider
able success: died 1653.
Spada (Lionello), bom at Bologna,
1576 ; he studied under the Caracci,
and became an eminent disciple of
their school ; one of his first works
was a picture of S. Domenico kneel
ing before the Virgin, which upon
Guido seeing and sarcastically remark
ing, that Lionello' s powers were con
fined to decoration, so exasperated
him that he had recourse to the ener
getic style of M. A. Caravaggio, and
•adopted a style which was a mixture
of both. On his return to Bologna,
he painted a picture of the Miracu
lous draught of Fishes ; and an altar-
piece of S. Domenico burning the
Forbidden Books ; which latter is con
sidered his best performance : died
1622. Spadari (Benedict), applied him
self more particularly to painting on
glass, and his works are in many
churches in Italy. Vasari, Vita di
Guglielmo di Marsiglia, p. 195.
Spadarini (Antonio), a Roman,
born 1600, died 1648; painted his
tory with some reputation.
Spaendonck, (Gerard Van), born
in Holland, 1746 ; a pupil of Her-
reyns, visited Paris and practised as a
miniature painter ; but his genius
leading him to flower painting, he de
voted himself to that branch and
acquired great celebrity : his colour
ing and grouping are excellent : some
of his best pictures are in the Louvre,
and the Gallery of St. Cloud : died
1822. Spagna or Giovanni Spagnuolo,
(  ), called II, studied under Peru
gino, and became a reputable painter

SPA

417

SPI

of history ; some of his works are in
the churches of Spoleto and Assisi :
died about 1540.
SpAGNOLETTo(Guiseppe Ribera), cal
led II, bom at Xativa, about ten leagues
from Valencia, 1589 ; he studied in
Spain, under Francesco Ribalta, and
at Naples under M. A. Caravaggio,
whose powerful and effective style
he adopted, and his productions were
much admired. From Naples he
went to Rome, and though he some
times attempted to enliven and embel
lish his style, byimitating the grandeur
of Raffaelle, and the graces of Cor
reggio, some of whose works he
copied, it was not attended with much
success ; the taste of Spagnoletto led
him to paint gloomy and austere sub
jects, such as hermits and saints, ema
ciated by abstinence and severity ; the
Flaying of St. Bartholomew ; St.
Lawrence on the Gridiron ; the Mur
der of the Innocents ; Cato tearing
out his own bowels : the Torments of
Prometheus ; Ixion on the wheel,
&c. In tragic compositions, martyr
doms, executions, and torments he was
eminently successful, and treated those
subjects with a horrible fidelity, and
a correctness of design, that might
serve as a study for the anatomist.
At Naples he painted several pictures
which were sent to the King of Spain,
and his principal works remaining
there are the Martyrdom of S. Ja-
nuarius, S. Jerome, and S. Bruno,
and the Taking down from the Cross ;
he frequently painted historical figures,
as well as portraits, at half length :
died 1656.
Spalthof (N.), a Dutchman,
born about 1636; studied in Italy,
and excelled in painting fairs, Italian
markets, with a variety of cattle and
other figures, carnivals, and merry
makings, ingeniously composed, and
designed in the Italian taste, yet re
taining the style of Theodore Helm-
brecker, the figures correctly drawn,
and touched with neatness and spirit :
died 1691.
Spelt (Adrian Vander), bom at

Leyden, 1530, died 1574: excelled-
in flower painting.
Spencer (Jarvis), a painter in mi
niature and in enamel, who flourished
about the middle of the last century ;
was originally a gentleman's servant,
and being one day shewn a miniature
of one of the family, he observed, " I
think I could copy it ;" he was per
mitted to make the attempt, and
acquitted himself so much to the
satisfaction of his employer, that he
became, through his interest and pa
tronage, a fashionable painter of his
day : died 1765.
Speranza (Giovanni Battista), born
at Rome about 1610; was a disciple
of Francesco Albano, and acquired
considerable celebrity as a painter of
history, particularly in fresco. Se
veral of the works of this master
adorn the public edifices at Rome :
died 1640.
Sperling (John Christian), was
one of the best pupils of Chevalier
Vander Werf.
Spezzini (Francesco), born at Ge
noa ; flourished about 1578; was a
scholar of Luca Cambiasi, and after
wards studied under Giovanni Bat
tista Castelli. Visited Rome, and
passed some time in studying the
works of Raffaelle, Giulio Romano,
and Buonarotti ; and on his return to
Genoa, painted several pictures for
the public edifices in that city : died
young, about 1590.
Spicer (Henry), an eminent Eng
lish painter in miniature and enamel ;
was very extensively employed, al
though he never arrived at the beauty
and delicacy of execution of H. Bone,
whose enamel pictures surpass every
thing that has appeared in that branch
of the art: died 1804.
Spierings (N.), born at Antwerp,
1633; instructor unknown; went to
Italy when young, and distinguished
himself as a landscape painter, and
appears to have formed his manner
by studying the works of S. Rosa, to
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whose bold and eccentric style the
best works of Spierings bear a great
resemblance ; the forms of his woods
and trees are grand and picturesque,
and his touch firm and spirited. As
he was not successful in designing
the figures, his pictures are usually
decorated with historical subjects by
other artists : died 1691.
Spies (N.), of Bois-le-Duc ; was a
painter of history and portraits.
Spiers (Albert Van), born at Am
sterdam, 1666; was a scholar of
William Van Inghen, an historical
painter of some eminence ; he visited
Rome, and contemplated with admi
ration and delight the works of Raf
faelle, Giulio Romano, and Domeni
chino ; then went to Venice to perfect
himself in colouring, and selected the
works of Paolo Veronese for his guide,
and returned to Amsterdam, where
he was extensively employed, and
accounted one of the ablest artists of
his time. His design partakes more
of the Roman than the Dutch school,
and his colouring is decidedly Vene
tian : died 1718.
Spilberg (John), bom at Dussel
dorf, 1619; was the son of a glass
painter. He studied at Amsterdam
under Govaert Flinck ; and after
leaving his school, became a . cele
brated painter of history and portraits,
and painted the portrait of the Elec
tor Palatine, and those of the princi
pal personages of his family. He also
decorated the churches at Dusseldorf
with numerous historical works ; and
for the castle of Dusseldorf painted
a series of pictures representing the
Labours of Hercules, with figures as
large as fife, in which he exhibited a
fertile invention, and a commanding
facility of execution : died 1690.
Spilberg (Adriana), born at Am
sterdam, 1646; daughter of the above,
by whom she was instructed in design
and colouring, and excelled in paint
ing portraits in crayons, though she
occasionally practised in oil. Her
portraits are said to have an exact

resemblance, to be executed with neat
ness, and to be delicately coloured.
Spilimbergo (Irene di), aVenetian
lady, who painted history, and is said
to have received lessons from Titian,
and to have painted in his style,
though not very correctly designed.
Titian painted her portrait : she
flourished about 1550.
Spilman (Henry), miscalled John
by Strutt, born at the Hague, about
1738; is said to have painted por
traits and landscapes with some repu
tation ; but no further account is
given of his works.
Spinello (Aretino), born at Arezzo,
1 328 ; was a disciple of Jacopo di
Casentino ; he painted history in a
superior style, and several of his fresco
works are to be found in Florence and
at Pisa ; gained great reputation by
his portraits of Pope Innocent IV.
and Gregory IX. He gave to his
figures an air of unaffected modesty ;
but to his Madonnas one that was
divine and inexpressible ; he was
equal to Giotto in his design, and
surpassed him in his colouring.
Spinello (Gaspar or Paris), son of
Aretino, born at Arezzo, 1356; was
first instructed in the art by his father,
and afterwards at Florence by Lo
renzo Ghiberti ; his colouring was
excellent, but his design strained and
extraordinary. He painted in oil, in
distemper, and fresco, but excelled in
the latter. Some of his works are
still preserved at Florence : died about
1426. Spisano (Vincenzio, called Lo Spisa-
nelli), born in the Milanese, 1595 ;
studied at Bologna in the school of
Denys Calvart, whose style he adopted
and followed without deviation. Of
his numerous works in the public
edifices at Bologna, the most remark
able are the Death of St. Joseph, the
Visitation of the Virgin to St. Eliza
beth, the Baptism of Christ, and the
Conversion of St. Paul. His easel
portraits, of which there are several
in the private collections at Bologna,

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are more esteemed than his altar-
pieces : died 1662.
Spolverino (Ilario), bom at
Parma, 1657 ; was a disciple of Fran
cesco Monti, and occasionally painted
historical subjects, but was more cele
brated for his battle-pieces, attacks
of banditti, and assassinations, which
he designed with spirit, and touched
with a boldness of pencil, well
adapted to the subject : died 1734.
Sporkmans (Hubert), born at Ant
werp in 1658 ; was a pupil of P. P.
Rubens, and a distinguished historical
painter. Sprangher (Bartholomew), born
at Antwerp, 1546; studied first uuder
John Madyn, a painter of some repu
tation, afterwards under Frands Mos
taert, and finally under Bernardino
Gatti (called Sejaro), who had been
a disciple of Correggio. He painted
for Pope Pius V. a picture of the
Last Judgment, an immense compo
sition of upwards of 500 figures,
painted on a copper-plate six feet
high, and which at his death was
placed on his tomb ; he also painted
numerous easel portraits for the im
perial palaces. Although Sprangher
had visited Rome, it appears to have
made no difference in his style, which
remained entirely that of his country :
died 1623.
Spriet (John Vander), of the
city of Delft ; was a good painter
of portraits. He settled in England,
where he ended his days.
Sprong (Gherard), born at Haer
lem, 1600 ; studied under his father,
whom he soon surpassed, and excelled
in portraiture : died 1651.
Spruyt (Peter), bom at Antwerp,
1 740 ; the only account we have of
him is, that he was Director of the
Academy there.
Squarcione (Francescq), born at
Padua, 1394; is more celebrated as
the founder of an academy, and for
his system of instruction, than for his
works as a painter, of which few now

remain. One at Padua, representing
St. Girolamo, surrounded by several
other saints, is said by Lanzi to be
well coloured, with a finer expression
than usual at that time, and above all
correct in perspective, it is dated
1452, and signed Francesco Squar
cione : died 1474.
Squazzella (Andrew), a Floren
tine, and scholar of Andrea del Sarto ;
he went into France with his master,
where he served Francis I. : he
flourished about 1520. Vasari, par.
3. lib. l.p. 164.
SauAZZiNO ; of the city of Cas
tello, painted all the figures in oil
placed among the arches of the prin
cipal nave of the church of Jesus, as
also the side pictures of the altar of
St. Francis, representing the acts of
that saint. Morelli, Libretto delle
Pitture di Perugia, p. 96.
Staben (Henry), born at Antwerp,
1578 ; is said to have visited Venice,
and entered the school of Jacopo
Robusti, called II Tintoretto. He
went to Paris, and painted pictures of
the interiors of apartments with figures
neatly drawn, well composed, and
agreeably coloured. One of his best
pictures represents the interior of a
gallery, decorated with pictures and
statues, in which he displays a
thorough knowledge of perspective,
and every object is carefully finished :
died 1658.
Staeverts or Stevers (Anthony
Palamedes), born at Delft, 1 604 ;
painted conversations, or assemblies of
persons playing at cards, and musical
parties, and occasionally painted por
traits. His design is not very correct,
and his compositions are not dis
tinguished by either judgment or
taste: died 1680.
Staeverts or Stevers (Pala
medes), younger brother of Anthony,
was born in London, in 1607, but is
generally considered of the Dutch
school, as he went to Delft with his
father when but a child ; he copied
some of the works of Esaias Vande-
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velde, whose clear and transparent
style of colouring he followed with
success, and excelled in painting simi
lar subjects; battles and skirmishes,
plundering of villages, attacks of rob
bers, country fairs, &c. His pictures
are ingeniously composed, figures and
horses spiritedly designed, and touched
with a firm and free pencil. His works
are very scarce : died 1638.
Stalbent (Adrian), bora at Ant
werp, 1580 ; painted landscapes with
small figures, neatly drawn and touched
in a style resembling that of Velvet
Breughel, but occasionally a little too
green in his trees. He visited Eng
land in the reign of Charles II. and
painted a view of Greenwich ; and in
Mr. Harene's sale in 1764, an oc
tagon landscape, with the story of
the Centurion, by the same hand,
somewhat in the manner of Paul Bril ;
but the colours exceedingly bright
and glaring. Vandyck painted his
portrait: died 1660.
Stampart (Francis), born at Ant
werp, 1675 ; was a disciple of the
younger Tyssens, whose style he
adopted and improved, by studying
the works of Vandyck, and acquired
considerable reputation as a portrait
painter. As he was much employed
in painting persons of distinction, he
was accustomed to draw the features
of his model on canvas with white,
black and red crayons, on which pre
paration he painted up his picture,
and only called on his sitters for a
finishing visit : died 1750.
Stanzione (Cavaliere Massimo),
born in Naples, 1585 ; was a disciple
of Giovanni Battista Caracciolo, whose
style is discernible in all his works ;
but he received his best instruction
in fresco painting from Belisario Co-
renzio ; also took lessons under Lan
franco, and was assisted in portrait
painting by Fabrizio Santafede. He
visited Rome, studied the works of
Annibale Caracci, and having formed
an intimacy with Guido, is said to
have emulated the graceful design

and colouring of thatmaster so closely,
that he was styled II Guido Reni da
Napoli. He painted several consi
derable works for the churches at
Naples ; also many easel portraits for
the private collections, which are
highly esteemed : died 1656.
Staphortius (Abraham), was a
good painter of portraits after the
manner of Houbraken ; he lived in
16.50, and was son of a pastor of the
Reformed Church at Dordrecht.
Starace (Nicholas), was born in
Naples in 1718, where he exercised
his profession as a painter with the
highest reputation.
Starnina ( Gherardo), an old Flo
rentine painter, born 1354; was a
disciple of Antonio Veneziano, and
painted history in the stiff dry style
of the period in which he lived,
though somewhat less Gothic and
hard than the immediate followers of
Giotto ; he painted some pictures for
the King of Spain, and at Florence is
a picture representing St. Jerome
delivering his instructions to his Dis
ciples when at the point of death ; a
production, which in design and ex
pression, are perhaps superior to any
thing of his contemporaries : died
1403. Starrenberg (John), born at Gro
ningen ; painted historical subjects,
and was much celebrated as a fresco
painter of ceilings, &c. : lived about
1560. Staveren (John Van), flourished
about 1680 ; he was a scholar of G.
Douw, whose style he imitated closely,
but excelled in painting Hermits and
Old Men, the heads of which he
finished with wonderful neatness.
Steen (Jan), born at Leyden,
1 636 ; studied first under Nicholas
Knupfer, a painter of history of some
note, and is supposed to have been a
disciple of John Van Goyen, whose
daughter he married, and then became
a tavern keeper, and continued to
exercise his talents as a painter, but

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almost always in a state of inebriety ;
his pictures usually represent merry
makings, and the frolics and festivals
of the ale-house, which he treated
with a humorous drollery, in character
with the vulgarity of the subjects ; he
sometimes painted conversations and
domestic assemblies, generally accom
panied by some facetious trait of wit
or humour, which is admirably ma
naged, and some of them are little
inferior in delicacy of execution to
the charming productions of Gabriel
Metzu ; his compositions are inge
nious and entertaining, design correct
and spirited, colouring chaste and
clear, pencil free and decided ; perhaps
no painter of his country has equalled
him in the air of truth and nature
which he gave to his figures ; his
works are highly prized. Amongst
his best productions are those of the
Mountebank, the Wedding, and a
Quaker's Funeral, the features of the
different persons humorously pour-
trayed: died 1689.
Steen (Francis Vander), born at
Antwerp, 1604 ; is said to have been
a painter, but we have no account of
his works.
Steener (John de). In the Annals
of Ghent we see that he undertook the
execution of a painting for the church
of the convent of Vieux-Bois, in
1443. Steenree (George), bora at
Utrecht, 1600 ; studied under his
uncle, Cornelius Poelemberg, whose
style he followed with reputation :
died 1648.
Steenwinkel (Henry), a Hol
lander ; copied with considerable ta
lent the paintings of different masters.
Steenwinkel (  ) ; painted all
kinds of quadrupeds of the natural
size, particularly horses ; he went
to Copenhagen in 1640, and was
much esteemed by Christian V. king
of Denmark, and by all his Court.
Steenwyck (Henry), the Elder,
bom at Steenwyck, 1 550; was ascholar

of John de Vries, who excelled in
perspective and architectural views ;
he painted similar subjects, and not
only surpassed his instructor in neat
ness and accuracy, but has scarcely
been equalled by any artist who has
preceded him ; his pictures represent
the interior of churches and Gothic
temples, which he frequently repre
sented by torch-light, and by a judi
cious management of the chiaro-
oscuro, gave a mysterious grandeur to
the effect, which is extremely pic
turesque and entertaining; his pictures
are usually decorated with figures by
Breughel, Van Thulden, or Franck :
died 1603.
Steenwyck (Henry), the Younger,
son of the above, born at Antwerp,
1589 ; was instructed by his father,
and painted similar subjects, which
he usually designed on a larger scale;
he was invited to England by Charles
I., and in the Catalogue of King
James are found ten of the principal
works by him. Those he painted pre
vious to his coming to England, are
embellished with figures by John
Breughel, Theodore Van Thulden, and
others ; he sometimes decorated the
backgrounds of Vandyck' s pictures
with architecture, &c. &c. Vandyck
painted his portrait : he died in Lon
don, and his widow, who painted
perspective views in the style of her
husband, returned to Amsterdam,
where she died.
Steenwyck (Nicholas), born at
Breda, 1 640 ; excelled in painting
vases, books, musical instruments and
other inanimate objects, grouped in a
pleasing manner, and represented with
great truth and precision : died 1698.
Steevens (Peter), born at Ma
lines in 1550 ; excelled in history, and
on visiting Prague, was appointed
painter to the Emperor ; his design is
good, but his colouring deficient : died
1604. Stefaneschi (Giovanni Battista),
born in the Florentine State, 1582 ;
was a monk, and is generally called

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PEremitadi MonteSenario; he was in
structed in design by Andrea Comodi,
and afterwards under Pietro da Cor
tona, and chiefly excelled in copy
ing in miniature the works of the
most eminent Italian painters, in which
he was much employed by Ferdinand
II. Grand Duke of Tuscany, for
whom he pamted several sacred sub
jects, small size, from originals by
Raffaelle, Correggio, Titian, Del Sarto,
and others : died 1659.
Stefani (Tommaso de), bom at
Naples, about 1230, formed his design
from the remnants of Grecian art,
which had been preserved in the
temples and public edifices at Naples,
and had painted several pictures for
the churches previous to the year 1260,
he was also employed by the Arch
bishop of Naples to ornament the
chapel of his palace ; most of his
works are destroyed by the ravages
of time: died 1310.
Stefani (Pietro), brother of the
above, was also a painter, but more
celebrated as a sculptor.
Stefano, called II Fiorentino, an
old Florentine painter, born in 1301 ;
was a disciple of Giotto, whom he
greatly excelled in every department
of the art; his works in the churches
at Rome and Florence have perished,
and the only vestige remaining of his
productions, is a picture of the Virgin
and Infant Christ, in the Campo
Santo at Pisa : died 1350.
Stefano (Tommaso), son and dis
ciple of the above, born at Florence,
1324 ; attached himself to the style
of Giotto, whom he followed so
closely, that he acquired the appella
tion of Giottino, such are his frescoes
at Assisi, and at Florence : died 1 356.
Stefanone (Maestro), born at
Naples, about 1325; was a disciple
of Gennaro di Cola, painted both in
oil and in fresco, the latter of which
have almost entirely perished, and of
the former, an altar-piece representing
the Virgin Mary and Magdalen
weeping over the Dead Christ, is still

well preserved; another proof that the
practice of painting in oil was known
before the pretended discovery by
John Van Eyck, in 1410: he died
1390. Stefanoni (Giacomo Antonio),
born in Bologna, flourished about
1630 ; is said to have been a painter
as well as an engraver, but we have
no account of his works.
Steiner (  ), a Swiss painter ;
was a scholar of Warner, whose
manner he imitated. Walpole, vol. 3.
p. 95.
Stella (James), born in Lyons,
1596 ; was the son of Francis Stella,
an artist, originally of Flanders, who
settled at Lyons on his return from
Italy ; his father taught him the
rudiments of design, and he after
wards travelled through Florence on
his way to Rome, and painted several
pictures for the Grand Duke Ferdi
nand II. On arriving at Rome he
studied the antique, and the works of
Raffaelle, in the society of Nicolo
Poussin, which in no small degree
contributed to the formation of his
style. At Paris he was appointed
painter to the King of France ; his
principal works in the churches are
the Baptism of Christ by St. John,
the Annunciation, and Christ with
the Woman of Samaria ; his com
positions are graceful and decorous
though cold and inaccurate, and his
carnations too red ; his design is
rigidly correct, but destitute of that
sentiment and expression which charac
terize the works of Poussin ; his easel
pictures are better than his altar-
pieces : died 1647.
Stella (Francis), younger brother
of James, bom in Lyons, 1601 ; was
instructed in the art by his brother,
whom he accompanied to Italy; he
painted history, but never arrived at
any eminence, and was inferior to
his instructor in every respect. At
Paris there is an altar-piece by him
representing the Dead Christ, with
the Virgin Mary and St. John : died
1661.

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Stella (Louis), son of James
Stella, a Brescian painter ; painted
portraits in large and in small, and
was in great repute. Baglioni, p. 336.
Vasari, par. 3. lib. 2. p. 245, men
tions another, James Bresciano, a
scholar of Sansovino.
Stella (Anthony Bousonnet),
nephew of James and Francis, born
at Lyons, 1630 ; was instructed in
the rudiments of design by his uncle,
and is said to have been a reputable
painter, but we have no further ac
count : died 1 682.
Stephanoff (Fileter), born in
Russia, came to England aud prac
tised as a portrait painter, and was
occasionally employed in painting
scenes for the theatres and in deco
rating ceilings : died 1790.
Stephanoff (  ), widow of
Fileter ; was distinguished as a
painter of flowers and still life ; in
1783 she exhibited two pictures of a
Pheasant and a Hare : died 1808.
Stephanoff (F. P.), son of the
above ; distinguished himself greatly
by his historical compositions, both
in oil and in water colours.
Stephens (Richard), a celebrated
Dutch portrait painter, is reported to
have painted a whole-length portrait
of Queen Elizabeth, in a gown, em
broidered with sea monsters ; also one
of the Queen of Scots, whole length,
and a portrait of Lord John Lumley,
with his name and date theron, 1590,
so like the manner of Holbein, that
it is supposed many of Stephens
works are ascribed to that master.
Stern (Ignacio), born at Bavaria
about 1698 ; went to Bologna, entered
the school of Carlo Cignani, and
painted several pictures for the differ
ent churches in Lombardy, which
possess considerable merit ; in that
of Piacenza, an altar-piece represent
ing the Annunciation. He was also
much employed at Rome in the public
edifices, and in private collections.
In the Basilica of St. John of Late
ran, is a picture hy him of the

Assumption ; also some frescoes in
the Sacristy of St. Paolino ; he some
times painted concerts and conversa
tions, in the manner of Bamboccio,
which were much admired : died
1746. Stern (Lewis), a Roman, son of
Ignatius, a German, was born in
1 708, his works are numerous ; among
others deserving of notice by him,
are the St. Francis Cerracioli in the
church of St. Lawrence in Lucina,
and the St. Peter and St. Paul in that
of St. Rocco, and many others in the
apartments of Sig. Don Paolo Bor
ghese. He painted flowers, fruit,
game, and other birds in excellent
style : died in Rome, in 1777.
Stettler (William), born at Berne,
in Switzerland ; was first a scholar of
Felix Meyer, at Zurich, and afterwards
instructed in miniature painting, by
Joseph Werner, at Paris. His talents
were not confined to miniature, but
he was much employed in designing
historical and other subjects for the
booksellers: died 1708.
Stevens (John), a landscape
painter, chiefly imitated Van Diest ;
he sometimes painted small size, but
was principally employed in painting
pictures to be placed over doors and
chimneys: died 1722.
Stevenson (Thomas), scholar of
Aggas ; painted landscape in oil, and
figures and architecture in distemper.
Walpole, vol. 3. p. 88.
Stevers — See Staevarts.
Steyaert (Anthony), born at
Bruges about 1765 ; a pupil of the
Academy of that city, obtained various
prizes, amongst others, those after the
model, and for composition; he settled
at Ghent in 1802, and obtained the
place of first professor at the Aca
demy of Design, and was named
Director of the class of painting in
1809 ; he painted about this time his
picture of St. Anthony preaching
at Limoges, which was inaugurated
with pomp in the church of St. Nicho
las at Ghent.

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Summer (Tobias), bora at Schaff-
hausen, Switzerland, 1544 ; master
not mentioned ; acquired some cele
brity by decorating the principal man
sions of his native town in fresco,
which has unfortunately perished ; he
also painted the portraits of the ances
tors of the then Marquis of Baden,
which he is said to have executed in
good style.
Stoccade (Nicholas de Helt), born
at Nimeguen, 1614 ; was a scholar of
Martin Ryckaert; his first pursuit was
landscape painting, in the style of his
instructor, but he afterwards applied
himself to historical subjects, generally
of a large size, in which he acquired
considerable celebrity. He visited
Italy in search of improvement, where
his talents soon recommended him to
public notice, and at Rome he painted
some pictures for the palaces, and for
private collections, particularly for
Christina Queen of Sweden. He
afterwards visited Venice, and im
proved his style of colouring by study
ing the works of the best masters of
the Venetian school. He was also
distinguished as a portrait painter.
His compositions evince a ready and
fertile invention ; and his design bears
the character of the Roman school.
In his picture of Perseus and Andro
mache, he has described her as
shrinking in modest confusion from
being exposed naked, instead of being
frightened at her perilous situation,
which was the usual mode of treating
that subject.
Stock (Ignatius Vander), an emi
nent Dutch painter of landscapes :
flourished about 1625.
Stock (H.), this name is affixed to
a portrait of Robert Cecil Earl of
Salisbury. Stoer (Lawrence), born in Augs
burg ; flourished about 1567 ; is men
tioned as a painter, but no description
is given of his works.
Stokvisch (Henry), born 1767,
at Loenersloot, in the Province of
Utrecht ; went to Amsterdam at the
age of 1 7, to learn painting under the

care of J. C. Schultsz. His subjects
were landscapes and cattle, particularly
sheep, with which he ornamented his
works : a picture of that kind was in
the possession of Mr. Cranenburgh at
Amsterdam. In the museum of that
city is a landscape by him, with a
young shepherd, two cows, some
sheep and a dog : he died at Amster
dam in 1820.
Stolker (John), born at Amster
dam, 1721 ; studied portrait painting
under J. M. Quinkhard. He went
first to the Hague, where he made
portraits and family pictures ; he
next lived at Rotterdam, where he
also made portraits of persons of dis
tinction. Among the numerous paint
ings he has left there is one in which
he even surpassed himself : it repre
sents a neat and antique city apart
ment, with the window open, and
several accessories, such as a vine, a
pot of flowers, a lantern, &c, three
persons dressed in the ancient Dutch
fashion, one the pitiful figure of a boy
who had wounded his finger, another
of a merry girl laughing heartily at
his grief, the other of an old woman,
seated near the hearth, gravely con
templating the whole scene ; this pic
ture is justly considered as a chef-
d'oeuvre, both as respects the compo
sition and the chiaro-oscuro. From
1774 he designed exclusively in water
colours and Indian ink, and with the
same superiority ; his coloured copies
of portraits and pictures from the
great masters are very recherche ; he
also engraved in mezzotinto after
several of the best masters. He was
a good designer and an excellent
colourist, had a skilful touch of the
pencil, but was less successful in com
position; nevertheless, there are paint
ings by him which shew great bold
ness of style and a fertile invention :
he died at Rotterdam, in 1 785.
Stom or Stomma (Matthew), son
of Matthew, a Dutch painter ; learned
design of Orlando, a painter of land
scapes and battles, whose manner he
followed, and always worked with

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good reputation : he became blind,
and died at the age of 59, in 1702, at
Verona. Stomme, a Flemish painter; studied
under David de Heem. At the Hotel
de Ville, at Louvain, is a picture by
him, which is composed of a ham and
some accessories ; the museum at
Brussels possesses one by him of a
table covered with cloth, upon which
are a glass, a pitcher reversed, a plate
with a broiled fish upon it, a knife, and
some other objects.
Stone (Henry), usually called Old
Stone ; is principally known as a
painter by his excellent copies from
Vandyck and other masters : died
1653. Stone (John), brother of Henry;
occasionally copied some of the most
esteemed pictures of the old masters,
in which he was not unsuccessful.
Stoop (Dirk or Theodore), was
bora in Holland about 1610; he
, adopted a similar style to Peter de
Laer, called Bamboccio, and his best
works are no way inferior. His pic
tures represent hunters and sportsmen
on horseback, the halts of travellers,
farrier's shops, and similar subjects,
designed with a spirit and taste which
has scarcely been surpassed by Philip
-Wouvermans, for whose works they
have frequently been mistaken.
Stoop (Peter), sometimes called
Roderigo, born in Holland, about
1612; painted battles, huntings, pro
cessions, and sea-ports, with con
siderable success. He came to England
in the retinue of Queen Catherine,
and resided here until his death,
about 1686.
Stop (Cornelius) , an Englishman ;
delighted in painting caverns, grottos,
and wild and savage places, mixed
with fine prospects and landscapes,
which he penciled true to nature.
Sandrart, p. 384.
Stoppelaer (Michael), a native of
Ireland; practised portrait painting,
but never rose above mediocrity. A
portrait by him of Joe Miller is en

graved. He had a brother who also
practised portrait painting.
Storer (Christopher), born at Con
stance, 1611 ; he travelled to Italy
when young, and studied at Milan
under Ercole Procaccini, and is said to
have been a reputable painter of
history : died 1671.
Stork (Abraham), born at Am
sterdam, 1650; instructor unknown,
but proved one of the eminent
painters of marines and sea-pieces of
the Dutch school. His pictures usually
represent vessels at sea and in har
bour, views of the Y or the Amstel,
near Amsterdam, with a variety of
boats and shipping, and a number of
small figures, correctly drawn and
touched with great neatness and
spirit ; he also painted calms and
storms at sea, which he represented
with a truth and fidelity little inferior
to the productions of Backhuysen or
Vandervelde. His figures are very
ingeniously grouped, and the vessels
and their rigging drawn with precision
and accuracy. His colouring is clear
and transparent, and his skies and
water are light and floating. One of
his best productions, representing the
arrival of the Duke of Marlborough at
Amsterdam, with a public procession
of ships, barges and yachts, decorated
with flags, full of figures habited in
their different costumes, is in the col
lection of Mr. Bischopp of Rotterdam.
He had a brother a landscape painter,
who usually represented views of the
Rhine, but not equal to the pro
ductions of Abraham : died 1 708.
Stossio (Vito), was a painter, en
graver, and statuary, and his sculp
tures raised more admiration in Po
land than his paintings : he flourished
about the year 1526, and died at the
age of 95. Sandrart, p. 218.
Stossope (Sebastian), of Argentina;
a scholar of Daniele Storiau ; painted
remarkably well fruit, vases, glasses,
tables, and domestic utensils. The
Emperor Ferdinand III. was much
delighted with his works : in 1651 he

STO

painted for that monarch two large
pictures. Sandrart, p. 304.
Stothard (Charles Alfred), born
in London, 1787; became a student
of the Royal' Academy, and in 1811
exhibited a splendid picture of the
Murder of Richard II. in Pontefract
Castle : also painted some portraits of
celebrated performers in character, and
was appointed historical draughtsman
to the Society of Antiquaries ;
whilst making tracings from the
stained glass windows of a church in
Devonshire was killed by a fall from
the ladder, in 1821.
Strad a (Vespasiano),born at Rome ;
his instructor is unknown, but he
probably learned the rudiments of
art from his father, an obscure painter ;
he worked chiefly in fresco, and had em
bellished many of the churches and
public edifices at Rome with several
of his historical paintings when he was
cut off in the prime of life. Two of
his most considerable works are the
Visitation of the Virgin Mary to St.
Elizabeth ; and the Adoration of the
Shepherds : he died at the age of 36,
in the pontificate of Paul V. about
1615. Strada or Strad anus (John), born
at Bruges, 1536; was first instructed
by his father, an artist of little
celebrity, and afterwards studied under
Peter Aertsen. He visited Italy and
studied at Rome the works of Raffaelle,
of Michael Angelo, and the antique,
and attached himself to Francesco
Rossi, called Salviati, whose style he
in some measure adopted, and was
employed, in conjunction with him
and Daniel da Volterra, in decorating
the pontifical palace of Belvidere. He
was invited to Naples by John of
Austria to represent his military
achievements, and proved himself one
of the ablest artists of his time. Of
his most considerable works in the
churches, a picture representing the
Crucifixion, with the Virgin Mary, the
Magdalen, and St. John, with a great
number of figures ; and another of the
Ascension; also two altar-pieces, repre-

426 STR
senting the Nativity and the Adoration
of the Magi, are much admired. He
was not less successful in painting
animals and huntings of the wild boar,
&c. processions and battles : he painted
both in oil and fresco, and his colour
ing, though occasionally heavy and
mannered, was vigorous and effective :
died 1604.
Straeten (Henry Vander), born
in Holland about 1665 ; (Pilkington
says about 1680, which must be
wrong, as he came to England in
1690:) studied from nature, and with
out the help of a master became an
eminent landscape painter. He came
to England and was much employed ;
his pictures resemble those of Ruys
dael and Hobbima, and some of his
productions are not very inferior to
the works of those masters, but his
last pictures are mere shadows of his
former ability. As an instance of bis
extreme facility of execution, he painted
ten pictures in one day, full of agree
able variety, views of mountains,
forests, waterfalls, &c. which were
fixed up in taverns, where he too fre
quently consumed his time.
Strand an (John), born at Bruges,
1530; went to Italy to perfect himself,
and painted at Florence a great many
works for the Grand Duke. Although
a very good painter of history, his
taste led him to paint huntings and
horses, which he designed admirably
well : he died in Florence, 1604.
STREATER(Robert),borninLondon,
1624; a scholar of Du Moulin;
painted history, portraits, landscapes,
architecture and still life, and was
appointed surveyor and painter to
Charles II. His principal works were
destroyed by fire. Amongst those
remaining are the Battle of the Titans,
at Sir Robert Clayton's ; and Moses
and Aaron in the church of St. Mi
chael, Cornhill: died 1680.
Streek (Jurian Van), born in Am
sterdam, 1632; occasionally painted
portraits, but is more known as a
painter of dead game, musical instru
ments, books, vases, and other in-

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427

STU

animate objects, which he designed
correctly, and finished with uncommon
neatness. He composed in a pleasing
manner, and introduced an effect of
light and shadow which is extremely
picturesque : died 1 678.
Stueek (Henry Van), son of
Jurian, born at Amsterdam, 1659;
received his first instruction from his
father, and afterwards from Emanuel
de Witt, in whose style he painted
architectural views, generally repre
senting the interiors of magnificent
buildings, churches, temples, and
palaces, which were frequently em
bellished with figures by some other
artist : they are designed with accu
racy and precision, and exhibit a
thorough acquaintance with the rules
of perspective : died 1713.
Streetes (Guillim), was portrait
painter to Edward VI. Walpole,
vol. 3. p. 206.
Streten — See Straeten.
Stringa (Francesco), born at Mo
dena, 1635 ; was a scholar of Lodo
vico Lana, improved his style by stu
dying the works of Guercino and other
celebrated masters ; he painted several
historical pictures for the churches
and the ducal palace at Modena, and
there are some of his works in the
public edifices at Venice : died 1709.
Stroifi (Don Erman), was taught
painting in Genoa by Strozzi, whose
manner he imitated so closely, that it
was always in dispute with the con
noisseurs and buyers which was the
work of the master and which of the
scholar ; when he went to Venice he
changed his manner and with greater
advantage adhered to that of Titian :
he flourished about the year 1650.
Boschini, p. 520.
Strozzi (Bernardo), called II Cap-
pucino, and sometimes II prete Ge
noese, as also was Ippolito Galantini,
was born t Genoa, 1581, and became
a disciple of Pietro Sorri. Of his
fresco works there the most consider
able is a representation of Paradise, a
copious composition, and coloured

with a vigour approaching to oil : he
was, however, more occupied for pri
vate collections and galleries than for
the churches ; one of his pictures in
the Palazzo Brignole, representing the
Incredulity of Thomas, although sur
rounded by those of the most distin
guished colourists, surpasses them all
by its superior vigour and brilliancy ;
his designs, however, are not suffi
ciently correct, and his forms are
neither select nor beautiful, but the
heads of his old men exhibit a grave
and impressive character, and are
painted with spirit and energy : died
1644. Strudel (Peter), born in the Tyrol,
1680 ; studied at Venice under Carlo
Loto, under whose tuition he became
a reputable painter of history ; he
went to Germany and had embellished
several of the churches and public
edifices with his historical pictures
when he died, 1717. His colouring
was vigorous, design correct, and his
manner of painting boys, exceedingly
graceful. Stubbs (George), born at Liver
pool, 1724; was an eminent painter of
animals, and particularly excelled in
the anatomy of the horse ; he was
much employed in painting the por
traits of the most celebrated racers of
his time ; but his talents were equally
capable of higher exertion, as is proved
by his excellent picture of Phaeton
with the Horses of the Sun, and his
admirable delineation of the Tiger ;
his pictures of the Lion and the Horse
and the Lion and the Stag are highly
commended: died 1806.
Stuerbout (Thierry), bom at
Haerlem, 1410, died in that city,
1470 ; is only known in the Low
Countries by two pictures which
belong to the King ; the subjects are
taken from Godfrey of Viterbo, and
represent the history of the Emperor
Otho and Mary of Arragon in 1190.
Stuven (Ernest), born at Hamburg,
1657 ; was instructed in the rudi
ments of design by an obscure painter

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SIIL

named Hins; then went to Amster
dam and studied under John Voor-
hout, a reputable painter of history
and portraits, and afterwards under
Mignon, the celebrated flower painter ;
and though his works are not so ex
quisitely finished nor so delicately
coloured as those of Mignon, they yet
entitle him to a respectable rank
amongst the flower painters of his
country : died 1712.
St. Vito (Feliciano da), a scholar
of Daniele da Volterra, was with Mi
chael degli Alberti, a Florentine, left
joint heirs to 200 scudi, with the
fresco, the prints, and the designs of
the master, with orders to complete
his works that were left unfinished at
his death, which happened in the year
1566. Vasari, par. 3. lib. 1. p. 105.
Suardi (Bartolomeo), called
Bramantino, born at Milan, flourished
about 1520, and was the favourite dis
ciple of Bramante Lazzari, whom he
accompanied to Rome, and improved
himself in his style of design, in his
colouring, and in the cast of his dra
pery. Two of his pictures at Milan,
a dead Christ with the Marys, and a
picture of the Virgin and Infant, are
highly commended. In some of his
works he is said to be superior in com
position and design to any of his con
temporaries of the Milanese school.
Suavius — See Suyterman.
Subleyras (Peter), born in Langue
doc, 1699; first studied painting
under Anthony Rivalz of Toulouse,
then went to Paris, and obtained the
first prize in the Royal Academy there,
by his picture representing the Brazen
Serpent, and was sent to Rome under
a pension from the King ; he painted
many historical works for the churches
there and in other places in Italy, also
many easel pictures for private per
sons, and was much employed as a
portrait painter ; he painted that of
Pope Benedict XIV. and several of
the cardinals and princes : died 1749.
Subtermans or Sutermans (Jus
tus), bom at Antwerp, 1597 ; was a
scholar of William de Vos, and after

wards of Francis Pourbus ; he tra
velled through Germany to Venice,
and afterwards to Florence, where he
was made painter to Cosimo II. Grand
Duke of Tuscany : he painted history
and portraits, and in the latter is con
sidered little inferior to Vandyck.
His historical pictures are grandly
composed, and his design elegant and
correct. One of his mostconsiderable
works is in the Gallery of Florence ;
it represents the Florentine nobility
swearing fealty to Ferdinand II.
Vandyck painted the portrait of Sub
termans. Sueur (Eustachius le), born in
Paris, 1617, "was placed under the
tuition of Simon Vouet, but was more
indebted for the extraordinary repu
tation he acquired, to his studies from
the antique marbles which had been
brought into France, and the pictures
of the Roman school : his style ex
hibits little of the character of his
country, and the simplicity of his
compositions and the purity of his
design obtained him the appellation of
the French Raffaelle. In 1640 he
was received into the Academy at
Paris, and painted for his reception
picture, St. Paul casting out a Devil ;
he after wards" painted twenty- two pic
tures representing the life of S. Bruno,
now in one of the apartments at the
Luxembourg, which have become so
damaged, that we can form but a very
imperfect idea of their primitive cha
racter : but his picture of St. Paul
preaching at Ephesus, now in the
Gallery of the Louvre, and his Descent
from the Cross, are fine specimens of
his talents ; his compositions are noble
and elevated, his draperies simply
and yet grandly cast, and though his
colouring is without vigour or force,
it is tender and delicate : died 1655.
Sullivan (Luke), bom in Ireland,
came to London when young, and
became a pupil of Thos. Major, an
engraver, but he also practised por
trait painting in miniature, and had
considerable employment : died about
1776.

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SWA

Sunman (H. P.), a Dutch portrait
painter, came to England in the reign
of Charles II. and after the death of
Sir Peter Lely got into considerable
business, but being surpassed by Riley
in a portrait of the King, he retired
to Oxford, and was employed whilst
there to paint the large picture of
the Founders of the Colleges, now in
the Picture Gallery: died 1707-
Superville(D.G.P Humbert de),
born at the Hague, 1770 ; was Pro
fessor at the Royal Marine School,
under Louis Bonaparte and William I.
He was afterwards Professor of De
sign at the University of Leyden, and
at his leisure time painted sometimes
in oil, and also made some portraits.
Suquet (Senr.),aDominican priest,
born at Antwerp ; was a good painter
in miniature of portraits and historical
subjects. Surchi (Giovanni Francesco),
called Dielai, born at Ferrara, flou
rished about 1543; was a disciple of
the Dossi, whom he assisted in many
of their principal works, and whom
he resembles in the graceful air of his
figures and the lively expression of
his heads, but his colouring is more
vigorous, though less harmonious.
Amongst his historical works, the
Marriage of St. Catherine, and the
Adoration of the Shepherds, are par
ticularly worthy of notice ; he also
distinguished himself as a painter of
grotesque ornaments and landscapes :
died 1590.
Susenier (Abraham), born at
Dordrecht, was a good painter of in
animate objects, particularly of silver
plate, he entered into the society of
St. Luke at Dordrecht, in 1646.
Suterman (Lambert) or Suavius,
born at Liege, flourished about 1550 ;
is said to have studied under Lambert
Lombard, but is chiefly known as an
engraver. Suvee (Joseph Benedict), born at
Bruges, 1743; died 1807; was a
pupil of Bachelier. Painted history,
characterised rather by grace and har

mony, than by vigour of colouring.
The death of Coligni ; a Descent of
the Holy Ghost; the Adoration of
the Magi ; a Birth of the Virgin ;
and the Resurrection are amongst his
best productions.
Swabe (Lambert) — See Suavius
or Suterman.
Swagers, ( Francis)bom at Utrecht,
in 1756, or 1757; having obtained in
his own country great success in land
scape painting, settled at Paris. Con
temporary connoisseurs say he painted
fine landscapes, and agreeable river
views ; the works he constantly sent
to the exhibitions at Paris, represented
mostly views of towns and rivers in
the Low Countries. He died in Paris
in 1836.
Swaine (Francis), a marine painter;
gained two prizes from the Society for
the Encouragement of the Arts, but
painted mostly for the picture dealers :
died at Westminster, 1782.
Swaneveldt (Herman), an emi
nent landscape painter, born at
Woerden, 1620; is said first to have
been a scholar of G. Douw, to whose
style of painting he for some time
applied himself, but his disposition
leading him to landscape painting he
left Douw and travelled to Italy when
young, and being frequently seen in
the vicinity of that capital, in the
most sequestered places, designing the
most interesting views and the most
remarkable vestiges of antiquity, it
procured him the appellation of the
Hermit of Italy. In 1640, he be
came the disciple of Claude Lorraine,
under whom he became one of the
most celebrated painters of his time,
studying from nature, and marking
the effect of the morning sun upon
the mountains, trees, waters, &c, and at
noon and night also ; and though his
scenery is less extensive and select, and
his colouring less brilliant and glowing
than that of Claude, he has been sur
passed by few in the suavity and ten
derness of his tints or the delicate
degradation of his aerial perspective ;

SWE

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TAG

the forms of his trees and rocks are
grand and picturesque, his plants and
foliage touched with characteristic pro
priety and spirit, and his pictures are
usually embellished with the choicest
relics of ancient architecture, and de
corated with groups of figures and
cattle, tastefully disposed, and de
signed with elegance and correctness.
His works are held in high estimation
in Italy: died 1690.
Sweickhardt (H. W.), a modern
Dutch painter, came to England in
1786, and painted landscapes and
cattle, particularly frost pieces, in
which he excelled ; he painted in a
neat but spiritless style, and produced
a poor and feeble effect.
Swerts or Sweerts (Michael),
a Dutch painter lived about 1655, but
we have no account of his works
Switzer (Joseph), born at Berne,
1570 ; studied at Rome under Van
Aschen, whose manner he followed,
and became a reputable artist : died
1629. Sybrecht (John), born at Ant
werp, 1 625 ; was the son of an ob
scure painter, who taught him the
rudiments of design, he afterwards
imitated the style of Nicholas Berg
hem and Karl du Jardin, with
wonderful success. Came to England
with the Duke of Buckingham, who
employed him at Cliefden. He
painted landscapes, and views of the
Rhine, and his pictures are held in
high estimation, but those in water
colours are more frequently met with
than his oil paintings : died 1 703.
Syder (Daniel), called II Cavaliere
Daniello, born at Vienna, 1647 ; went
to Venice, and became a scholar of
Carlo Loti, whose style he followed
with such success, that before he left
school, it was difficult to distinguish
his pictures from those of his in
structor, he had painted some pictures
for the churches and private collections
at Venice, when he visited Rome to
improve his style of design, by study
ing the antique, and the works of the

great painters of the Roman school,
he there became a student of Carlo
Maratti, and one of his favourite
disciples, he painted two pictures for
the church of S. Filippo Neri, repre
senting the Last Supper, and the
Miracle of the Manna, which esta
blished his reputation ; he painted
portraits with equal success, amongst
others that of the Duke of Savoy ;
possessing a fertile invention, his com
positions are copious and ingenious,
his figures designed in the graceful
style of Maratti, and his colouring
formed on the principles of the Vene
tian school, is tender and natural :
died 1721.
Sylvestre — See Silvestre.

Taccone (Innocenzio), bom at Bo
logna, was a disciple of Annibale Ca
racci, whom he accompanied to Rome,
and assisted in many of his works ;
he also painted three large frescoes
from his designs, representing the
Crowning of the Virgin ; Christ ap
pearing to St. Peter; and St. Paul
taken up into the Third Heaven ; of
his own compositions, the most con
siderable are in the chapel of St. An
drea, representing the principal events
of the life of that Apostle : he died in
the prime of fife, during the pontificate
of Urban VIII.
Taffi (Andrea), bom in Florence,
1213 ; was instructed by a Greek
painter, who was employed in orna
menting the church of St. Marco at
Venice, in the art of working in mosaic,
whom he accompanied to Florence,
and in conjunction they executed some
devout subjects in the church of St.
Giovanni: died 1294.
TAGLiASACCHi(Giovanni Battista),
born near Piacenza ; was a scholar of
Guiseppe del Sole, and for some time
painted history in the style of that
master, but acquired a more graceful
and elegant design by studying the
works of Correggio, Parmegiano, and
Guido ; his principal works are at
Piacenza, one of which, representing

TAL

the Holy Family, is favourably spoken
of by Lanzi .- died 1737.
Talami (Orazio), born at Reggio,
1625 ; was a scholar of Pietro Desani,
and afterwards studied at Rome under
Annibale Caracci, and distinguished
himself on his return to Reggio as a
reputable painter of history and archi
tecture, both in oil and in fresco : died
1699. Talpino— See Salmeggia.
Tamburini ( Giovanni Maria), born
at Bologna, was first a scholar of
Pietro Facini, and afterwards of Guido
Reni ; he painted history with con
siderable reputation, andwas employed
in several of the churches at Bologna;
his most esteemed works are his pic
tures of St. Antonio di Padona, and
the Annunciation : he flourished about
1640. Tancredi (Filippo), born at Mes
sina, 1655. Studied some time at
Naples, and afterwards at Rome under
Carlo Maratti ; at Palermo he painted
the ceilings of two of the churches ;
he was tolerably correct in design, and
had an agreeable style of colouring :
died 1 725.
Tanzi (Antonio), born near Novara,
1574 ; master not mentioned; distin
guished himself in several public works
at Milan, particularly by a picture he
painted of the Battle of Sennacherib :
died 1644.
Taraboti (Caterina), born at Ve
nice, 1582. This lady studied under
Alessandro Varotari, and painted his
tory with considerable reputation :
died 1631.
Tarco (Aionzo del), a landscape
painter of Madrid, painted in a light
and pleasing manner romantic scenery,
quiet landscape, or storms and pre
cipices. His life is written by Palu
mino, p. 411.
Taricco (Sebastiano), born in Pied
mont, 1645; he is supposed to have
formed his style from studying the
works of Guido, Domenichino, and
the Caracci, as is apparent from the

431 TAS
pictures he painted for the public
edifices and private collections : died
1710. Taruffi (Emilio),bom at Bologna,
1632; he studied under Francesco
Albano, and in conjunction with Cig
nani, his fellow pupil, painted some
pictures at Bologna, also some frescoes
at Rome; his most esteemed pictures
are the Virgin presenting the Rosary
to St. Domenico, and the Virgin with
a glory of Angels appearing to St.
Celestino ; he also painted landscape
in the style of Albano, which he de
corated with figures elegantly grouped
and correctly designed ; in the Wilton
collection is a picture by him repre
senting two Cupids, one of whom is
depriving the other of his bow : died
1694. Tasca (Cristoforo), born in Ber
gamo, 1667 ; went to Venice, and
studied the works of Antonio Bellucci
and Carlo Loti, and painted several
pictures for the public edifices in that
city, of which the most deserving of
notice are the Birth of the Virgin ;
the Death of St. Joseph; the Nativity;
and the Baptism of Christ by St.
John: died 1737-
Tassaert (John Peter), a Fleming,
was Dean of the Fraternity of St. Luke
at Antwerp, in 1701. He went to
Munich in 1717, where he painted
portraits, and having returned to
his own country, died in 1725. In
the museum at Antwerp there is a
painting by him, representing a reunion
of philosophers.Tassara (John Baptist), born in
Genoa, learned design of John Andrew
Ferrari, and painting of Giovacchino
Axareto, and executed many works for
his relations ; he succeeded in public
with a work that gave manifest signs
of what might be expected from him,
but was taken off in the contagion of
1657. Soprani, Tp. 173.
Tassart (Peter Joseph), born in
Brussels about 1 736 ; of his works as
a painter little is known.
Ta s si (Agostino), whose family name

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432

TEM

was Buonamici, born inPerugia, 1566.
Studied at Rome, under Paul Bril, in
whose style he painted landscapes,
and was considered one of the ablest
artists of his time ; he visited Leghorn,
and designed, and afterwards painted
with great success, the maritime ob
jects by which he was surrounded, sea
ports and calms, with shipping and
fishing-boats ; his tempests and storms
at sea were not less happily repre
sented, and were touched with unusual
spirit and vigour ; he also excelled in
architectural drawing and perspective
views ; he has the credit of having been
the instructor of Claude Lorraine :
died 1642.
Tavarone (Lazzaro), born at Ge
noa, 1556; was a favourite disciple
of Luca Cambiaso, whom he accom
panied to Spain, and assisted in his
great work in the Escurial, and after
the decease of Cambiaso finished those
that he left imperfect; he particularly
excelled in fresco painting, to which
he gave a vigour of colouring ap
proaching to oil ; one of his principal
works in fresco represents St. George
and the Dragon ; he was also distin
guished as a portrait painter : died
1641. Taveller (Carlo Antonio), called
II Solfarola, born at Milan, 1668;
studied under Peter Molyn, called
Tempesta, whose style he followed for
some time, and after studying the
works of Benedetto Castiglione and
Gaspar Poussin, he adopted another,
distinguished by more amenity and
tenderness, and next to Antonio Travi,
called II Sestri, was considered the
ablest landscape painter of theGenoese
school ; many of his works are in the
private collections at Genoa; his land
scapes are sometimes decorated with
figures by Domenichino, Antonio
Piola, and more frequently by Stefano
Magnasco : died 1738.
Taverner (M.), an English ama
teur landscape painter, some of whose
works in the possession of the Earl of
Harcourt and Mr. Fanquier, might be
mistaken for the works of Gaspar

Poussin, and are not unworthy of that
distinguished painter : died 1 772.
Ta vernier (Francis), born at Paris
1659, died 1725; pamted historical
subjects with some reputation.
Tavolino (Richard), born in Mi
lan, son of James Tavolino, a German,
and a good engraver on wood ; was a
pupil of Camillus Proccacini, and be
came so excellent a painter that the
Emperor Ferdinand sent for him to
Vienna ; he painted various works for
him, and returned to Milan, with a
valuable gold chain and several privi
leges that the Emperor had bestowed
upon him ; he continued to work for
the religious orders, particularly for
the Reformed Monks of St. Bernard,
whom he left his heirs, and died at the
age of 70, in the year 1 678 : his works
are now but little esteemed.
Taylor ( Simon) , a painter of bo
tanical subjects principally, was in
structed in the drawing academy of
Mr. Shipley, and obtained several
premiums ; he was employed by Lord
Bute and Dr. Fothergill, whose col
lections were sold abont 1794 ; the
usual price for a single drawing by
him on vellum was three guineas :
died about 1797.
Tedesco (James del), was a scholar
of Ghirlandaio. Vasari, torn. 1. p.
369. Tellier (Jean le), bom at Rouen,
said to have been the nephew and
scholar of Nicolo Poussin ; painted
history for the churches, and also
smaller ones for private houses,
amongst which, a Holy Family, and
the Death of St. Alexis, are particu
larly deserving of notice ; he was also
an excellent portrait painter.
Temminck (Leonard), bom at the
Hague, 1 746 ; was a very good por
trait painter. He died at Amsterdam,
1813. Tempel (Abraham Vander), born
at Leyden about 1618, was a scholar
of George Van Schooten ; painted
small pictures of historical subjects,
conversations, aud portraits, very

TEM

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TEN

highly finished, and, though not equal
to those of F. Mieris the Elder, who
was his pupil, they are distinguished
for their neatness of pencil and deli
cate colouring: died 1672.
Tempesta (Peter) — See Molyn,
Tempesta (Antonio), born at Flo
rence, 1 555 ; studied first under Santa
di Titi, and afterwards under John
Stradanus, both of whom he greatly
surpassed ; his favourite subjects were
battles, cavalcades, huntings, and
processions, which he composed in a
grand style, and painted with unusual
spirit and energy ; he also painted
historical subjects and grotesque orna
ments. At Rome there is a fine
picture by him of the Murder of the
Innocents: died 1630.
Tempesta or Tempestino (Dome
nico), born at Florence, 1652 ; was a
scholar of Baldassare Franceschini,
called II Volterrano ; he painted por
traits and landscapes with some repu
tation. Teniers (David), the Elder, born
at Antwerp, 1582, was educated in
the school of Rubens, and for some
time applied himself to historical
painting, but his genius leading him
to landscapes, he placed himself under
the tuition of Adam Elsheimer at
Rome, and on his return to Antwerp
painted with the most flattering suc
cess rural sports, merry makings,
temptations of St. Anthony, fortune
tellers, &c. which were treated with
considerable humour, and were uni
versally admired, and purchased with
avidity • died 1649.
Teniers (David), the Younger, son
of the above, born at Antwerp, 1610;
studied first under his father, and af
terwards under Adrian Brouwer, and
received some instructions in the art
of colouring from Rubens; he painted
similar subjects to the elder Teniers,
but in composition more varied and
ingenious, and in colouring more
chaste and transparent, in which he
greatly surpassed his father; he painted
small copies of the principal pictures,
both Flemish and Italian, in the gal

lery of the Archduke Leopold Wil
liam, then Governor of the Low
Countries, in which he imitated the
particular style of each master so
closely that he was called the Proteus
of Painting, which imitations are pub
lished in a volume, called Teniers' s
Gallery ; he also painted several pic
tures of his own composition, so per
fectly in the style of Titian, Tinto
retto, Bassano, Rubens, and other
eminent masters, as to leave it doubt
ful whether his pictures were originals
by those masters, or only in imitation
of them, and what the Italians call
Pastici, one of which, Mary Magdalen
kneeling in a Grot, the figure as large
as life, had passed for many years as
the production of Rubens, until upon
being taken out of the frame, the
name of David Teniers, jun. with the
date, was discovered in one corner.
His landscapes, from being usually
taken from the vicinity of his resi
dence, where the country was gene
rally flat, have an appearance of same
ness and monotony ; his trees are,
however, touched with a spirit and
taste for which he is remarkable ; his
skies are light and floating, and there
is a silvery charm in the colouring of
his best pictures which is peculiar to
himself ; in his interiors of cabarets,
with peasants smoking and regaling,
corps-de-gardes, and chemists' labo
ratories, he surpasses Ostade in his
knowledge of perspective, and is not
less master of the principles of the
chiaro-oscuro ; he decorated the land
scapes of Artois, Van Uden, and
others of his time, with figures, by
which their value is much enhanced ;
he generallypainted small sizepictures,
but there is an altar-piece representing
the Temptations of St. Anthony, the
figures as large as life, inscribed David
Teniers, jun. fecit 1666: died 1694.
Teniers (Abraham), brother
of David Teniers the Younger, born
at Antwerp, about 1618 ; was in
structed in the art by his father and
brother, and painted Flemish festivals
in the style of the latter, which,
though inferior both in colouring and
2 F

TEO

434

TER

in execution, are sometimes mistaken
for those of his brother : died 1691.
Teoscopole — See Greche.
Terburg (Gerard), born in the
province of Over-Yssell, 1608, was
the son of an artist of whom little
is known, and by whom he was taught
the rudiments of design ; after paint
ing some small portraits, he travelled
to Rome, and from thence to Paris,
where the polished neatness of his
finishing, and the pleasing subjects he
painted were much admired, and on
his return to Holland he became one
of the most popular artists of his time ;
he attended the Congress at Munster
in 1648, when he painted his cele
brated picture representing the por
traits of the Plenipotentiaries and
principal personages assembled on
that occasion, which is regarded as
his masterpiece; he afterwards visited
Madrid, and was much employed by
the King of Spain, and the principal
nobility ; his pictures generally repre
sent conversations, musical parties,
ladies at their toilet, and similar do
mestic subjects, which, though well
coloured and finished with care, are
neither elegant nor correct in design,
and his pencil has nothing of the taste
and dexterity so much admired in the
pictures of Metzu ; his chief excel
lence lies in the finishing of his dra
peries and other accessories, particu
larly white satin, which he painted
inimitably, and which he generally in
troduced into all his pictures, but his
greatest excellence consisted in por
traiture, in which his colouring was
natural, resemblance striking, and
character well marked : died 1681.
Terenzi (Terenzio da Urbino),
called II Rondolino, born at Urbino ;
was a scholar of Federigo Baroccio,
and is said to have possessed an extra
ordinary talent of imitating the works
of the old masters, to which he gave
an appearance of antiquity that de
ceived some of the most experienced
judges. Having practised this de
ception by imposing on Cardinal Mon-
talto, his patron, a picture painted

by himself for a- work of Raffaelle,
he was discarded with disgrace and
contumely. There is a picture of
his own composition at Rome, repre
senting the Virgin and Infant Christ;
with several saints : died 1 620:
Terbeech (Francis) ; painted vil
lage festivals, balls, taverns, and imi
tations of Girolamo Bos ; the greater
part of his works are in water-colours,
and loosely executed. Baldinucci,
sec. 4. p 352.
Terlee (M ), born at Dort, 1636,
died 1687 : painted history with some
reputation, alike excellent in design
and colouring.
Termisano (Dezio), born at Na
ples ; was a scholar of Giovanni Fi
lippo Criscuolo. He painted history,
and there is a picture at Naples re
presenting the Last Supper, signed
with his name : dated 1597.
Terwesten (Augustine), born at
the Hague, 1649 ; studied under
Wieleng, and afterwards under William
Doudyns, an eminent painter of his
tory; then travelled to Rome, and
there studied the most interesting
works of art in that capital, and copied
the best portraits of Raffaelle. After
wards visited Florence and Venice,
and studied those of Titian and Tin
toretto, and returned to Holland,
where he distinguished himself as one
of the ablest artists of his time, and
was principallyemployed in decorating
the ceilings and apartments of the
principal mansions, which he fre
quently embellished with subj ects taken
from Ovid. He was invited to Berlin,
where he decorated the royal palaces
with some of his best works. His
design was more correct than usual
with artists of his country, invention
fertile, and colouring chaste and na
tural : died 1711.
Terwesten (Elias), bom at the
Hague, 1651 ; studied historical
painting under his brother, but not
being satisfied with his productions,
he painted animals, fruit, flowers, and
still life, in which he was more sue-

TER

435

TES

cessful. At Rome his works were
held in high estimation : died 1724.
Terwesten (Matthew), younger
brother of Augustine, bom at the
Hague, 1670; studied first under his
brother, then under Daniel Mytens,
and afterwards under William Dou-
dyns. At Berlin he finished some
works that had been left imperfect by
his brother ; and in Holland painted
a ceiling representing Diana and her
Nymphs, which gained him great
reputation. He visited Venice, at
tached himself to the study of the
works of Titian, Tintoretto, and Paolo
Veronese, and frequented the school
of Carlo Loti. One of his most es
teemed productions is a picture of
Christ praying on the Mount of Olives,
in the church of the Jansenists at the
Hague: died 1735.
Terzi (Francseco), born at Ber
gamo, about 1580 ; was a disciple of
Giovanni Battista Morani ; painted
history with some reputation, and
distinguished himself at Bergamo by
painting two pictures, one representing
theNativity of Christ, and the other the
Assumption of the Virgin : died 1600.
Terzi (Cristoforo), born at Bo
logna, flourished about 1740 ; he
was a scholar of Giovanni Guiseppe
Maria Crespi, called II Spagnuolo ;
and acquired considerable reputation
as a painter of history. Several of
his works are in the public edifices
and private collections at Bologna ;
amongst which the most worthy of
notice is St. Petronio kneeling before
the Virgin: died 1743.
Tesauro (Filippo or Pippo), born
at Naples, about 1260 ; was a disciple
of Tommaso de Stefani ; painted his
tory, and but few of his works have
escaped the ravages of time, except
some frescoes in one of the churches
at Naples, representing the life of St.
Niccolo Eremita : died 1 320.
Tesauro (Bernardo), born at Na
ples, 1440 ; was a disciple of Silvester
Buoni, and an artist of great reputation
at the period in which he lived. Many
of his works have been injured and de

stroyed by time, liut some still remain
in the churches of Naples, the chief
of which is an altar-piece representing
the Assumption of the Virgin, in
which the Gothic style of that age is
much improved upon.
Tesauro (Raimo Epifanio), son
and disciple of Bernard, flourished
about 1490 ; he painted several con
siderable worka in fresco in the public
edifices at Naples, in one of which is
a fine picture representing the Visit of
the Virgin to St. Elizabeth ; but his
most esteemed work is an altar-piece re
presenting the Virgin and Infant Christ;
with St. Anthony, St. Jerome, and
St. John the Baptist : painted in 14 94 .
Tesi (Mauro); was celebrated for
painting perspective and architecture ;
among other of his works is to be
seen in the Casa Gerini, a staircase
and a saloon, painted by him, which
is said by good judges and by the pro
fession, to be a first-rate work of art.
Testa (Pietro), called II Lucche-
sino, born at Lucca, 1611 ; is sup
posed to have studied under Pietro
Paolini, and afterwards at Rome under
Domenichino, and subsequently under
Pietro da Cortona ; he also applied
himself assiduously to designing after
the marbles and the remains of archi
tecture in that city; and it is said there
is scarcely a vestige of antiquity of
which he had not made a design ; at
Rome is a picture by him of the death
of St. Angelo ; and in the Spada Pa
lace one of the Sacrifice of Iphigenia ;
but his finest works are at Lucca. His
compositions for the most part are
crowded and confused, his female
figures without elegance, and the airs
of his heads without beauty or ex
pression. He had a nephew, Giovanni
Cesare Testa, who painted in the man
ner of his uncle : died 1650.
Testelin (Louis), bom at Paris,
1615; was a disciple of Simon Vouet,
and painted history with considerable
reputation ; his principal works are
the Resurrection of Tabitha ; and the
Scourging of St. Paul, in the church
of Notre Dame, at Paris : died 1655
2 f 2

TES

436

THO

There was another painterof thatname,
who painted historical subjects : he
died 1695.
Testorino (Bertolino), a Brescian
painter ; is mentioned by Elia Ca
priole Nelle storie di Brescia, as an
excellent painter and incomparable in
the art of colouring figures, as may
be seen in the wall of the subterranean
church of St. Faustino. Cozzando,
p. 111.
Tevio (Stephen da), a Veronese
painter ; having learned the principles
of painting under Liberale Veronese,
introduced himself in Florence to the
school of Angelo Gaddi, and remained
a long time studying the best masters
there ; he then returned to Verona,
where he painted an infinite number
of works of so much merit, that
Donatello, a skilful sculptor at that
time employed in Verona, affirmed
that he was the very best painter of
that time: he flourished about 1520.
Baldinucci, sec. 2. p. 59.
Teylingen (I. Van) ; the only
known work of this painter is that of
the portrait of the learned Triglandus,
which was engraved by C. Van Dalen.
Theodore (  ), was a scholar of
Francesco Miie, and painted land
scape in the style of that master.
Theolon (Stephen French), born
at Aigues-le-Mort ; studied under
Joseph Vien, whose manner be quitted
for one of his own, and painted con
versations, small size and highly
finished ; his works are rare and
fetch high prices : died 1780.
Thiele (John Alexander), born at
Erfurt, in Saxony, 1695; is said to
have been a scholar of an obscure
landscape painter named Manvoky ;
but nature seems to have been his
principal guide. His pictures repre
sent the beautiful scenery on the Sala
or the Elbe, and he acquired suffi
cient celebrity to be appointed painter
to the Court of Dresden ; he was the
master of Dietricy : died about 1755.
Thielen or Couwenberg (John
Philip Van), born at Mechlin, 1618 ;
he studied under Daniel Segers, the ce

lebrated flower painter, whose style
and manner he imitated with success ;
his pictures usually represent garlands
of flowers, surrounding some subjects
of history, or in festoons, decorative
vases, ornamented with bas-reliefs ;
and bouquets in vessels of crystal,
which he represented with surprising
lustre and clearness ; his pictures
though less brilliant and forcible than
those of Segers, are highly finished
and delicately coloured, he particu
larly excelled in representing the various
insects which he introduced into his
pictures, which are designed with the
utmost precision and highly finished.
There are two capital pictures of his
at Mechlin, representing garlands of
flowers, with a number of insects dis
tributed amongst the leaves ; in the
centre one is St Bernard, and in the
other St. Agatha ; he also painted a
garland of flowers, in the centre of
which is a nymph sleeping and a
satyr watching her, the figures by
Poelemberg ; he generally marked
his pictures with J. or P. Couwen
berg : died 1667.
Thielen (Maria Theresa), born
1640 ; Anna Maria, bora 1641 ; and
Francesca Catherina Van, bom 1645 ;
daughters of John Philip Thielen, by
whom thev were instructed in the art'
of flower painting, and arrived at an
almost equal degree of eminence.
Maria Theresa, the eldest, also paint
ed portraits with some reputation.
Thier (Bernard Henry), born at
Munster, in 1751 ; went whilst very
young to Amsterdam as a glazier, but
gave up that to study design and
painting, for which he had a passion ;
he went to Haerlem some time after
and painted fruit and flowers ; he
was more advanced in the execution
thau in the design of his compositions :
died at Leyden, 1814.
Thomas (John), born at Ypres;
in Flanders, about 1610; was edu
cated in the school of Rubens, and
afterwards went to Italy, with his fel
low student Abraham Diepenbeck, and
proved himself a worthy disciple of

THO

437

TIA

that school. He distinguished him
self in Germany by several consider
able works ; at Antwerp is an altar-
piece by him, representing St. Francis
kneeling before the Virgin and Infant
Christ: died 1673.
Thomas (James Ernest), bom at
Hagelstein, 1588 ; went to Rome and
became a disciple of Adam Elshei
mer, whose style he adopted, and imi
tated with such success, that it is
sometimes difficult to distinguish their
works ; he also visited Naples and
Genoa, where his pictures were held in
the highest estimation, he painted
landscapes of a small size, neatly
finished and usually decorated with
figures representing history or Bibli
cal subjects, correctly and tastefully
designed: died 1653.
Thomson (William), bom in Dub
lin, practised portrait painting in
London, as appears by the catalogues
of the Royal Academy, from 1 76 1 to
1 777: though not considered of the first
eminence, his pictures possessed the
merit of a faithful resemblance, and a
natural tone of colouring : died 1800.
Thornhill (Sir James), born at
Weymouth, 1676; was more in
debted to his own genius than to any
instruction he had received, and had
acquired considerable celebrity as a
painter of history. Before he visited
the Continent, he travelled through
Holland and Flanders, and from
thence went to France, but did not
visit Italy, and on his return to Eng
land, was appointed by Queen Anne
to ornament the cupola of St Paul's
Cathedral, which he executed in eight
compartments, representing the his
tory of that Apostle, composed and
designed in a grand style ; he was
afterwards employed in decorating an
apartment at Hampton Court, with
some emblematical subjects, relative
to the history of Queen Anne, and
her consort Prince George of Den
mark ; also in the great saloon and
the refectory in Greenwich Hospital,
for which he received only forty shil
lings a square yard ; by favour of the

Earl of Halifax, he copied the car
toons at Hampton Court, which after
his death were purchased by the
Duke of Bedford, and by him pre
sented to the Royal Academy : died
1 734, leaving a son James, who was
made Sergeant Painter to the King.
Thulden or Tulden (Theodore
Van), bora at Bois-le-Duc, 1607 ; was
one of Rubens' distinguished disciples,
and assisted him in some of his prin
cipal works, in the Luxembourg Gal
lery ; he painted several pictures for
the churches in Paris, and in many
of the cities in Flanders, some of
which have been mistaken for the
works of Rubens ; he also painted
rural pastimes and village festivals,
fairs, conversations, &c. in which he
excelled ; amongst his most esteemed
historical works, are his Martyrdom
of St. Sebastian ; Martyrdom of St.
Adrian : and the Assumption of the
Virgin : the latter of which is con
sidered his finest work : died 1676.
Thurston (John), born at Scar
borough, 1 774 ; was chiefly employed
in designing ornaments for booksel
lers : died 1822.
Thys (Gysbrecht), born at Ant
werp, flourished about 1625 ; was one
of the ablest portrait painters of his
time, his works have sometimes been
mistaken for Vandyck's ; he also ex
celled in painting landscapes with
figures and animals : died 1684.
Tiarini (Alessandro), born at Bo
logna, 1577 ; studied first under
Prospero Fontana, afterwards under
Bartolomeo Cesi, and at Florence
under Domenico Cresti, called Passig
nano, in whose style he had painted
some pictures, when hearing of the
fame of Lodovico Caracci, he imme
diately commenced studying his
works, for the purpose of improving
his own style, which he accomplished
so successfully that he appeared to
have been educated in that school ;
though his pictures still preserved
an originality of character, and a
gloomy solemnity, congenial to the
grave and sedate character of the

TIB
painter ; his subjects, which were fre
quently Sorrows of the Magdalen, and
the Repentance of Peter, were repre
sented in a manner extraordinarily
affecting and impressive. His prin
cipal works in the public edifices at
Bologna, are a picture of the Virgin,
Mary Magdalen, and St. John, weep
ing over the instruments of the Pas
sion ; St. Catherine kneeling before a
Crucifix ; a Pieta, and St. Domenico
resuscitating a dead person, which
last was declared by Lodovico Ca
racci, to be equalled by few produc
tions of that time. Ferdinand Duke
of Mantua employed him for some
years and sat to him for his portrait,
as did all the princes of his family,
and most of the nobility of Mantua :
died 1668.
Tibaldi (Pellegrino) called Pelle
grino da Bologna, born at Bologna,
1527; was a disciple of Bartolomeo
Ramenghi, called H Bagnacavallo,
but principally studied from the works
of Giorgio Vasari ; he visited Rome,
when the works of Michael Angelo
engrossed his particular attention, and
whilst there executed some historical
subjects, which recommended him to
the notice of Cardinal Poggi, by
whom he was employed to execute
some considerable works in fresco,
and he embellished the chapel of his
protector with some admirable paint
ings, representing St. John preaching
in the Wilderness, and the Separation
of the Elect from the Reprobate ; also
for another chapel there, the Nativity ;
the Presentation in the Temple ; the
Transfiguration and the Decollation
of St. John. He was invited to Spain
by Philip II. who employed him in
the Escurial, where he painted the
Purification ; the Flight into Egypt ;
the Murder of the Innocents ; Christ
tempted in the Wilderness ; the
Election of the Apostles ; the Expul
sion of the Money Changers from the
Temple ; and the Resurrection of
Christ : and in the great church in
Madrid, St. Michael with the Fall of
the Angels ; the Martyrdom of St.
Lorenzo ; the Nativity ; and the

438 TIE
Adoration of the Magi; but the
greatest work of all, which estab
lished his reputation in Spain, is the
ceiling of the library, in which he
appears to have borne in mind the
School of Athens, by Raffaelle, and
which is executed in a manner which
proves him to have been a worthy
emulator of the .great style of Buona
rotti. Though so much engaged in
large works, he occasionally painted
pictures of a small size, which he
finished as delicately as if they were
miniatures, and usually enriched the
backgrounds with splendid architec
ture : died 1600.
Tibaldi (Domenico), younger bro
ther of Pellegrino, born at Bologna,
1 540 ; is said to liave been a painter,
but we have no account of his works.
Tideman (Philip), born in Ham
burgh, 1657 ; studied first under
Nicholas Maes, a painter of history,
and of some reputation, and after
wards at Amsterdam, under Gerard
Lairesse, whom he assisted in some
of his works, and upon leaving his
school was extensively employed in
ornamenting the public edifices and
principal mansions with historical and
allegorical subjects, in the style of
Lairesse ; amongst his most admired
productions was a saloon at Hoorn,
in which he represented in a series of
pictures, the History of iEneas, which
he treated with a classical propriety,
and which was universally admired :
died 1735.
Tieling (Lewis), painted land
scapes, with figures and animals,
in which he highly excelled. He
flourished about the year 1650.
Tiepolo (Giovanni Battista), born
in Venice, 1697 ; was one of the last
eminent painters of the Venetian
school, He was a scholar of Gre
gorio Lazzarini, but imitated the man
ner of Giovanni Battista Piazzetta,
though in a clearer and livelier tone
of colouring. He afterwards studied
with success the works of Paolo
Veronese, and though unequal to him
iu the airs of his heads, and the turn

TIE

439

TIM

of his figures, he approached him in
the splendour of his colouring, and in
the breadth of his light and shadow.
He painted several splendid frescoes
in the new palace at Madrid ; his
large fresco works are considered his
best performances : died 1770.
Tiepolo (Giovanni Domenico), son
of Giovanni Battista, born at Venice
about 1726, was instructed by his
father, whom he accompanied to
Spain, and assisted in several of his
works ; he also painted some histori
cal subjects for the churches at Bres
cia, but is better known as an engra
ver: died about 1795.
Tiepolo (Lorenzo), younger son
of Giovanni Battista ; painted in the
style of his father.
Tierendorf (Jeremiah Van) . In
the church of St. Peter, at Ypres, is
a painting by him of our Saviour
giving the keys of Paradise to St.
Peter, and in that of St. James, the
Nativity of our Lord : died 1621.
Tilburg (Egidius), or Giles Van,
the Elder, horn at Antwerp about
1578 ; he was a contemporary of
David Teniers the Elder, and painted
similar subjects, representing Flemish
fairs and festivals, which were es
teemed at the time in which he lived :
died 1632.
Tilburg (Giles Van), the Younger,
son of the above, was born at Brus
sels, 1625; he was first instructed by
his father, and afterwards became a
scholar of D. Teniers the Younger,
whose style he imitated with such
success, that Teniers had sometimes
the mortification of seeing the works
of Tilburg preferred to his own. His
subjects usually were peasants regal
ing, and village feasts, ingeniously
composed, and vigorously coloured,
though infinitely inferior to those of
Teniers in the lightness and dex
terity of his pencil, and in the
clearness and purity of his colouring,
which approached nearer to the man
ner and tints of Brouwer. His works
are held in high estimation, and are

found in the best collections in
Flanders : died 1678.
Tilius (John), born at Bois-le-
Duc, painted conversations in the
manner of Gerard Terburg, extremely
well, but did not attain to his perfec
tion. Tillemans (Simon Peter), born at
Bremen, about 1602; visited Italy,
where he was esteemed as a painter of
landscapes, and also distinguished
himself as a portrait painter, and was
invited to the court of Vienna by the
Emperor Ferdinand, whose portrait
he painted, with tliose of several of
the most distinguished personages of
his court : died about 1670.
Tillemans (Peter), born at Ant
werp, 1684, was instructed in land
scape painting by an indifferent artist;
he visited England in 1 708, and first
attracted notice by his excellent copies
after Borgognone, and other artists,
particularly Teniers, of whose works
he preserved the freedom and spirit.
He also painted compositions of his
own, viz., landscapes, with small
figures, sea-ports, and huntings, iu
which he was employed by several per
sons of distinction, and also in paint
ing views of the principal country-
seats, races and horses generally, in
which latter his chief excellence con
sisted. One of his best pictures is a
view of Chatsworth, which he painted
for the Duke of Devonshire : died
1754. Tilson (Henry), was educated
under Sir Peter Lely, after whose
death, in 1 680, he went to Italy, in
company with Dahl, where he resided
several years, copying and studying
the works of the great masters ; he
excelled in painting portraits both in
oil and crayons, aud painted his own
portrait two or three times, once with
a pencil in his hand, leaning on a bust,
inscribed H. Tilsona Roma, 1687, and
another he gave to his friend Dahl,
inscribed, Memoria permio caro amico,
Enrico Tilso, fatto Roma 1686.
Timoteo (da Urbino) — See Vite.

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440

TIS

Tinelli (Cavaliere Tiberio), bora
at Venice, 1586; studied first under
Giovanni Contarini, and afterwards
under Leandro Bassano, whose style
he followed, and whose pictures he
not only copied, but at last imitated
with such success, that many of his
copies are mistaken for originals by
Bassano ; his principal historical
works are, the Salutation of the Vir
gin ; the Last Supper ; and a Re
presentation of Paradise ; the latter
containing numerous figures ; but he
afterwards devoted himself to portrait
painting, in which he always repre
sented his models as historical charac
ters. Thus he painted David Spinelli,
as Marc Antony, and his wife as
Cleopatra ; he also painted beautiful
young females as Hebe, Aurora, &c. :
died 1638.
Tinti (Lorenzo), born at Bologna,
1 634 ; was a scholar of Giovanni Andrea
Sirani, and painted some altar-pieces
forthe churches in Bologna in the style
of Sirani, of which the most worthy
of notice are, the Scourging of Christ,
and the Virgin and Infant Christ ;
with several Saints : died about 1 700.
Tintoretto (Giacomo Robusti),
called II, born at Venice, 1512; was
a scholar of Titian, who, jealous of
his rising talents, expelled him from
the school, and he then formed the
daring project of creating a new style,
founded on an union of the beauties
of Venetian colouring with the Flo
rentine grandeur of design. He
furnished himself with the best casts
he could procure from the antique
marbles and bassi relievi, and had
models sent him from Florence from
figures of the tomb of De Medici ;
he caused figures to be suspended in
the air, that he might acquire the
mode of foreshortening, and attended
the lectures and discussions of the
anatomists, that he might acquire a
complete knowledge of the muscular
contraction of the human figure, pur
suing his studies by the light of the
lamp for the purpose of giving greater
breadth to his light and shadow. He

painted several large works for the
convents and monasteries at Venice
for little more than the expense of the
canvas and colours, and such was his
rapidity of execution at times that
many of his works are unworthy of
him, and caused Annibale Caracci to
remark, that II Tintoretto was some
times equal to Tiziano, and often in
ferior to himself. His three most
celebrated pictures are, the Crucifixion,
at Venice ; the Marriage of Cana in
Galilee ; and his celebrated picture
called II Servo, representing the Mi
racle of the Venetian Slave ; all of
which is engraved, and the latter is
now in the Gallery of the Louvre, the
colouring of which is not inferior to
the finest works of Titian. A just
idea of the strength and extent of his
faculties can only be formed by con
templating the immense works he has
left in the public edifices at Venice;
what is to be seen of him elsewhere
affords only an exhibition of his in
firmities. He painted portraits, but in
these will be found the same inequality
that marks his historical works : died
1594. Tintoretto (Marietta Robusti),
daughter of Giacomo, bom at Venice,
1 560 ; was instructed in the art by
her father, and devoted herself to
portrait painting, from which she ac
quired considerable reputation ; she
painted many of the principal person
ages at Venice : died 1590.
Tintoretto (Domenico Robusti),
called II, son and disciple of Giacomo,
born at Venice, 1562 ; followed the
traces of his father, but although
there is a great similitude in the co
louring and in the airs of the heads,
he is greatly inferior in invention and
the spirit of his pencil ; he was,
however, more successful in portraits
than in historical paintings, and
painted many of the principal person
ages of his time : died 1637.
Tischbein (John Henry), the El
der, born near Hesse Cassell, 1 722 ;
was first instructed by an obscure
painter named Vries, he afterwards

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studied at Paris under Carlo Van Loo,
and finally at Venice in the school of
Giovanni Battista Piazzetta; he painted
history with some reputation, and
was appointed painter to the Land
gravine of Hesse Cassell: died about
1782. Tischbein (John Henry), the
Younger, son of the preceding, bom
at the Hague, 1 75 1 ; was taught the
rudiments of design by his father,
but his genius leading him to land
scape painting, he Selected the most
picturesque views of Switzerland for
his subjects, and occasionally practised
portrait painting.
Tisi — See Garofalo.
Titi (Santo di), bora in the Floren
tine State, 1538 ; was first a disciple
of Agnolo Bronzino, and afterwards
of Baccio Bandinelli, then visited
Rome and studied from the antique
and the works of the great masters of
that school ; he returned to Florence,
an able and graceful designer, and dis
tinguished himself as one of the best
painters of his time amongst his coun
trymen, except in his colouring, which
is occasionally languid, with somewhat
of a want of relief. He excelled in
architecture and perspective, with
which he occasionally embellished
his pictures, and gave to his compo
sitions both dignity and variety ;
amongst his most esteemed works in
the public edifices are his pictures of
Christ with his Disciples at Emmaus,
and the Resurrection of Lazarus ; and
in the private collections, the Baptism
of Christ by St. John ; an elegant and
graceful composition, correctly de
signed, and with a more vigorous
colouring than is usually found in his
works : he was equally excellent in
portraits, of which he finished many
that were greatly admired for their
faithful resemblance and beautiful
colouring: died 1603.
Titi (Tiberio), son of the above,
Born at Florence, 1578; was instructed
in design by his father, whose style he
did not follow, but devoted himself to
portrait painting, which he practised

with success ; he also excelled in draw
ing portraits with lead, in which he was
much employed by Cardinal Leopold
de Medici, and a considerable collec
tion of heads designed by him for
that prince are carefully preserved in
the Florentine Gallery : died 1637.
Titian (Tiziano Vecelli), called Da
Cadore, born at the Castle of Cadore,
1477; studied successively under Se
bastiano Zuccati, Fabrizzio Gentile,
and Giovanni Bellini, under all of
whom he followed a servile and
laboured imitation of nature, which
he quitted upon seeing the works of
Giorgione. At eighteen years of age,
he painted a portrait of the head of
the noble family of Barbarigo, which
excited universal admiration, and he
was soon afterwards invited to the
court of Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara,
for whom he painted his celebrated
picture of Bacchus and Ariadne, and
two other fabulous subjects, somewhat
in the style of Giorgione. In 1523
he painted his famous picture of the
Battle of Cadore, which was engraved
by Fontana, and subsequently destroyed
by fire ; and soon afterwards his cele
brated picture of S. Pietro Martyre,
now in the gallery of the Louvre,
and which is generally regarded as his
chef-d'-ceuvre in historical painting.
When Charles V. visited Bologna in
1 530 to be crowned by Pope Clement
VIL, he painted the portrait of that
monarch, and those of his principal
attendants, and on returning to Ve
nice he was extensively employed for
the churches and public edifices.
About this time he painted the por
trait of Federigo Gonzaga duke of
Mantua, and a series of the twelve
Caesars, for a saloon in his palace.
In 1543 he visited Ferrara, and
painted the portrait of Pope Paul III.
He visited Rome in 1548, and again
painted the likeness of the Pope,
sitting between Cardinal Farnese and
Prince Ottavio, and about this time he
painted his picture of Danae, which
M. A. Buonarotti upon seeing, is said
to have so much admired for its
colouring, but lamented that the

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Venetian artists paid so little attention
to design. At Madrid in 1550 he
painted many admirable pictures for
Charles V., and for his successor,
Philip, of which the catalogue of the
Escurial, and of the palaces at Ma
drid, give but a very imperfect idea ;
his Sleeping Venus, which was made
a present by Philip IV. to Charles I.,
when Prince of Wales, was one of the
few works of art which escaped the
conflagration of the palace of the
Pardo. At the death of Charles I.,
it was re-purchased by the Spanish
Ambassador, then resident in England.
In 1553, Titian returned to Venice,
and painted the portrait of Ferdinand,
king of the Romans, his queen, and
family, in one picture, which is
said to have been one of his finest
specimens ; but towards the close of
a long life his works exhibited the
infirmities of age, and are not to be
compared to some of his earlier pro
ductions. In the National Gallery are
three of his pictures, a Concert, a
Ganymede, and Venus and Adonis.
Following the system of his country
men, he painted from nature with a
correct eye, tuned to the harmony of
effect, and in a style of colouring
conformable to truth, but was little
scrupulous in points of accuracy ;
and he neither presents us with the
precise locality of the scene, the
strict propriety of the costume, nor
the accessories best suited to the de
velopment of the subject. Like Mi
chael Angelo, he occasionally ran into
extremesin designing, but it was rather
to rendernature more tender and fleshy
than like Buonarotti, to make it more
vigorous and muscular. A general
feeling for colour, rather than a cor
rect principle of composition, induced
him to make prominent the most
beautiful parts of his figures, as
affording the best masses, and the
boldest relief. He excelled in de
signing infantine beauty, and as a
colourist, stands pre-eminent over every
competitor. In his historical pic
tures, instead of ideal characters ana
logous to the subject, he introduced

heads designed from life, thus giving
to the most interesting subjects of
history the formality of portraiture.
As a painter of portraits, Titian is
entitled to the highest rank ; he also
excelled in landscape painting, which,
whether predominant, or introduced
as an accessory, is always treated by
him on the grandest and most pic
turesque style. His figures of children
are preferable to those of the men :
died 1576.
Titian o (Girolamo Dante), called
II, was brought up in the school of
Titian, and was employed by that
master in several of his works ; by
frequently painting with Titian, and
sometimes copying his works, some
of his pictures, retouched by Titian,
have been taken for original produc
tions by that master. He sometimes
painted from his own designs, and his
pictures representing S. S. Cosmo e
Damiano, in the church of St. Gio
vanni, at Venice, is worthy of the
school in which he was educated.
Tivoli (Rosa da) — See Roos.
Tiziano (Lorenzino di), left but few
paintings in Venice, being prevented
by his death, which disappointed the
hopes of his more mature genius,
which was fruitful and in good taste.
Ridolfi, par. 1 . p. 204.
Tocque (Jean Louis), born at
Paris, 1696; was first a scholar of
Nicholas Bertin, and afterwards of
Hyacinth Rigaud. He devoted him
self to portrait painting, and acquired
considerable reputation ; was invited
to St. Petersburg, by the Empress
Elizabeth, whose portrait he painted,
and met with flattering encouragement :
died 1772.
Toeput (Louis), bom at Mechlin,
1550; went to Italy, and was much
esteemed as a landscape painter ; he
also represented fairs, and markets,
which were well composed, and finely
coloured : died about 1614.
Tol (Dominic Van), a copyist, and
imitator of the style of Gerard Douw,
painted conversations, and family sub-

TOL

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TOR

jects, similar to those of Gerard
Douw, which, although inferior to
the works of that artist, are some of
them highly finished, and well coloured :
was living in 1680.
Toledo (Juande), a Spanish painter,
bom in Murcia, 1611, was the son of,
aud instructed by Miguel Toledo, an
obscure artist ; then went to Italy,
and studied under Anniello Falcone,
and afterwards at Rome, under
Michael Angelo Cerquozzi, called
Delle Battaglie ; he painted battle
pictures, and sea views, with distin
guished reputation, also history, and
several of his works of that kind are
in the churches at Granada, of which
those most creditable to his reputation,
are the Assumption of the Virgin ;
and the Conception : died 1665.
Tomaso (J.), copied Rubens' pic
ture of Apollo aud the Muses.
Tombe (Nicholas la), born at Am
sterdam, 1616; visited Rome, and
studied the works of art in that city
and its environs. His usual subjects
were conversations, assemblages of
both sexes, habited in the mode of the
place, and portraits. In all his de
signs he was fond of introducing
romantic scenery, caves, grottos, ruins,
or ancient sepulchres, embellished by
a multitude of small figures, which he
touched with great spirit, and in
which he appears to have imitated the
style of Cornelius Poelemberg : died
1676. Tomberg (William), born at
Utrecht, in 1603; was a pupil of
Westerbond, and for a long time was
employed in the restoration of painted
glass in the church at Gouda : he died
in 1678.
Tomkins (William), an English
landscape painter, born in London,
about 1730. In 1763 he obtained
the second prize for a landscape, and
was afterwards employed by the Earl
of Fife to paint some views of his
Lordship's seat in Scotland : died
1792, leaving four sons, two of whom
became reputable artists.

Toms (Peter), bom in London ;
studied under Hudson ; and although
he ranked as a portrait painter, was
chiefly employed in painting the dra
peries in the pictures of Sir Joshua
Reynolds: died 1776.
Tonelli (Joseph), a Florentine,
born in 1668; scholar of Chiavistelli ;
was sent by the Grand Prince Ferdi
nand of Tuscanyto study the Bolognese
frescoes, and especially those of the
famous Tommaso Aldrovandini. When
he returned to his own country he
painted for the monks of Santa Maria
a Caneli the ceiling of their church
with various architecture ; the anti-
chamber of the Grand Prince Ferdi
nand ; the fine architrave in the
palace of the Duke Salviati ; and nu
merous works in other places.
Toni (Michael Angelo), born at
Bologna, in 1 640 ; imitated the works
of the great masters, and painted por
traits in miniature with considerable
reputation : died 1 708 .
Toornvliet (James), born at Ley
den, 1641 ; was instructed in the
rudiments of design by an obscure
artist. He at first applied himself to
portrait painting, and had acquired
considerable reputation. He visited
Rome, where the works of Raffaelle
engrossed his particular attention, and
then went to Venice to improve him
self in colouring, and studied the
works of Titian, Tintoretto, and Paolo
Veronese, and on his return to Hol
land commenced his career as an his
torical painter. His style of design
was founded on the Roman school,
his compositions ingenious, his colour
ing clear and natural ; yet he met with
with little encouragement in his own
country. He generally painted por
traits and conversations: died 1719.
Topino-Lebrun ( Francis John
Baptist), born at Marseilles, 1769;
studied at Rome, and afterwards under
David, and painted history. Amongst
the best of his works was the subject
of the Death of Caius Gracchus : died
1801. Torbido (Francesco), called II

TOR

444

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Moro, born at Verona, about 1500;
was for a short time a scholar of
Giorgione, and afterwards of Liberale
da Verona. He painted a number of
pictures in oil and in fresco, and his
works exhibit the correct design and
careful finish of the latter, with some
of the colouring of the former.
Amongst those most deserving of
notice in the churches at Verona are
some frescoes representing the Life of
the Virgin ; and an admired picture
at Venice of the Transfiguration ; and
his easel pictures are frequently found
in private collections at both of those
places. He was much employed in
painting portraits, which are finished
with extraordinary neatness and pre
cision, and are said to have the merit
of having been a faithful resemblance :
died 1581.
Torelli (Cesare), bom at Rome,
1 502 ; a disciple of Giovanni Vecchi ;
flourished in the pontificate of Sixtus
V. and was employed both as a painter
and a mosaicist iu the library of the
Vatican, and painted in fresco for the
church of La Madonna del Cita, two
Sybils, larger than life, which are said
to be his best performances.
Torelli (Felice), bom at Verona,
1686 ; painted historical subjects in
the manner of Baroccio, with great
vigour and correctness of design.
Torenburg (Gerard), bom at Am
sterdam, in 1737; a pupil of J. Ten
Compe and of C. Pronk ; painted
views of towns and landscapes, which
often rivalled those of his master in
beauty. He also made very pretty
designs, and a copy after the view of
the Downs by Philip Wouvermans ;
this picture is in the possession of
Braamcamp. The old house of Schef-
felaar was painted by him for the
Baron Van Esse, for the sum of 400
florins: he died at Nykerk, in 1785
or 1786.
Toresani (Andrew), a celebrated
painter of Brescia ; when only thirteen
years of age produced a landscape so
true to nature as to raise the admira
tion of every one skilled in the art ;

he afterwards entered the school of
Anthony Correggio, and soon surpassed
his master. He was then sent to
Venice, where, studying from the best
works of the great masters, and copy
ing from nature, he painted various
sea views, with embarkations and
shipping, adapting the different forms
and riggings of the vessels and habits
of the mariners to the different na
tions, so correct and graceful in design
as astonished every one. By con
tinuing those works by day, and fre
quenting the academy for naked
figures, he became so celebrated that
all persons of quality who at that time
visited Venice anxiously sought some
of his works. His drawings were
executed with so much taste and
delicacy of finish, in imitation of
Campagnola and Tiziano, that Signor
Zachariah Sagredo, a Venetian Pa
trician, gave him an order for a
hundred drawings of views in folio
with the pen, which he executed
admirably. Another order for one
hundred for Peter Guarenti in half
folio of landscapes with the pen, was
touched with so much judgment and
taste, that in that manner of designing
he may be said to have been unique.
Returning to his own country, he
painted works for noblemen and lovers
of the arts, designed with freedom, and
adorned with many graceful figures,
which in his landscapes in fresco gave
a new beauty. Here he also made a
book of portraits of the most celebrated
musicians and singers of that time,
designed and painted in water colours
with the utmost truth of likeness, and
beauty and delicacy of colourmg. He
returned to his native city; but a few
days after his arrival he died, to the
great grief of all admirers of the Fine
Arts. Tornioli (Niccolo), born atSienna;
he resided at Bologna, where he painted
two pictures for the church of St.
Paolo, representing Cain slaying Abel,
and Jacob wrestling with the Angel :
he lived about 1640.
Torre (Flaminio), born at Bologna,
1621 ; he studied first under Jacopo

TOR

445

TR A

Cavedone, and afterwards under Guido
Reni, but his greatest excellence lay in
his copying the pictures of the most emi
nent masters, which he did with such
precision that it was difficult for the
most experienced eye to distinguish
his copy from the original. He also
painted some pictures of his own com
position for the churches at Bologna,
of which the most esteemed is a De
position from the Cross : died 1661.
Torre ( Bartholomew ), a noble
Aretine ; scholar of John Anthony
Lappoli, and in Rome of Don Giulio
Clovis ; besides painting illuminations
delighted in painting anatomical sub
jects : he died in the year 1554, at
the early age of 26. Vasari, par. 3.
lib. 1 . p. 388.
Torre (Theophilus), an Aretine ;
a disciple of Bartholomew Torre ;
although in some respects deficient
in design, yet he in a great measure
overcame that defect by his free
dom and beauty of colouring. In
Arezzo there are saloons, chambers,
and insides of houses painted by him
in fresco : he flourished about the
year 1600.
Torrentius (John), bom at Am
sterdam, 1589 ; first painted conver
sations, domestic subjects, and still
life, and his pictures were greatly
admired for the beauty of the finishing
and the truth and delicacy of the colour
ing ; but his ideas becoming depraved,
he afterwards painted naked figures,
offensive to modesty, and frequently
representing the most disgusting in
decencies. He came to England, but
creating more disgust than satisfaction,
he met with no encouragement : died
1640. Tortebat (Francis), born at Paris,
about 1610 ; was a disciple of Simon
Vouet, and a reputable painter of
portraits: died 1690, leaving a son
John, who was also a good painter of
portraits ; born in 1652, and who died
in 1718.
Tortello (Joseph), born in Bre
scia, 1662; applied himself to the

study of painting, without a master,
and made extraordinary progress in
design and colouring, but desirous of
greater improvement, he went to
Naples, and there studied and copied
the works of the best masters ; he
revisited his native place, and then
went to Venice; where he settled, and
neither wanted for employment suit
able to his talents, nor for displaying
them to his honour. Averoldi, p. 207.
Tournieres (Robert), born at
Caen, 1676; studied at Paris under
Bon Boullongne, and painted history
with some reputation, but was not
equal in his large size to his small
pictures, which he painted in the
manner of Schalcken or Gerard Douw:
died 1752.
Traballesi (Francesco), born in
Florence, about 1580, flourished at
Rome in the Pontificate of Gregory
XIII. ; there are two altar-pieces by
this painter, one representing the
Annunciation, and the other, Christ
disputing with the Doctors.
Traballesi (Julian), a Florentine
painter ; was the founder of the series
of paintings of sacred subjects in the
new oratory of St. Florence, in the
city of Bologna; and afterwards in
the service of the Archduke Ferdi
nand, governor of Austrian Lom
bardy : he flourished about 1 780.
Traini (Francesco), bom in Flo
rence ; was the most distinguished
disciple of Andrea Orcagna. A pic
ture is mentioned of St. Tarn maso
d'Aguino, by this painter, which, in
composition, colouring, and effect, is
said to have surpassed the works of
his master : died about 1430.
Trasi (Lodovico), born at Ascoli,
1 634 ; was a scholar of Andrea Sac
chi, and afterwards of Carlo Maratti,
and resembles the latter in his easel
pictures ; but in his large works and
altar-pieces, he imitated the less
laboured and more spirited manner of
Sacchi. In the cathedrals are some
frescoes by him, of which the most
admired is the Martyrdom of St.
Emilio: died about 1700.

TRA

446

TRE

Travi (Antonio), bom in the
Genoese territory, 1613, is generally
known by the name of El Sordo di
Sestri ; he was instructed in design
by Bernardo Strozzi, and afterwards
studied landscape painting under God
frey de Wael, a Flemish professor of
some celebrity ; he painted a great
number of pictures at Genoa, and in
the state, which possess sufficient
merit to find a place in the best col
lections : died 1668.
Tremolliere (Peter Charles),
born at Poitou, in France, 1 703 ; he
went to Paris, and was a pupil of
John Baptist Vanloo, the Elder, and
having gained several prizes at the
Academy, was sent to Rome, and on
his return to France, stopped at
Lyons, where he painted three pic
tures for the church of the Carmelites,
representing the Nativity, the Ado
ration of the Magi, and the Presen
tation in the Temple, which gained
him considerable reputation ; he was
considered one of the most promising
artists of his country, of the time in
which he lived, and was made a
member of the Academy at Paris,
when he painted for his reception
picture, Ulysses shipwrecked on the
Isle of Calypso. He possessed an
extensive genius ; his compositions
were noble and judicious, and his de
sign graceful and correct : died 1739.
Trench (Henry), born in Ireland ;
studied many years in Italy, and for
some time under Gioseffo Chiari ; he
painted history, but with little suc
cess: died 1725. Walpole,\ol.4.Tp.64.
Trento (Antonio da), born at
Trent, in the Venetian States, about
the year 1508 ; studied painting
some time under Parmegiano, but by
the recommendation of that master,
he devoted himself entirely to the art
of engraving on wood.
Tresham (Henry), born in Ireland;
was first instructed by Mr. West, of
Dublin, then visited Italy, and from
thence came to England, and was
employed in drawing small portraits ;

he accompanied Lord Cawdor to Italy,
and for many years prosecuted his
studies with great success ; he painted
three pictures for Boydell's Shak-
speare, one for the large, and two for
the small edition, all from scenes in
Antony and Cleopatra ; but his oil
paintings are deficient in that richness
of colouring which characterizes the
Venetian school : died 1814.
Trevett ( — : — ), painted several
views, both of the inside and outside
of St. Paul's, intending to have them
engraved, and also began a large View
of London, but it was never com
pleted : he died in 1723. Walpole,
vol. 4. p. 63.
Trevigi (Darius da), a scholar of
Squarcione ; was a skilful painter of
his time, Vasari, par. 1. p. 491, says
that he lived in 1550. Ridolfi, p. 68.
Trevisani (Cavaliere Francesco),
born at Trevigi, 1656; went to Ve
nice, and studied under Antonio
Zanchi, and from thence to Rome,
where he changed his style, and
adopted those of the most popular
artists then resident in that city, and
was employed by Cardinal Chigi and
Pope Clement XL in several large
fresco works, and the churches and
public edifices abound with his pic
tures, of which the most esteemed are
his picture of the death of St. Joseph,
the Virgin contemplating the Instru
ments of the Passion, and Antony
and Cleopatra, which he painted as a
companion picture to the Rape of
Helen, by Guido ; he possessed an
extraordinary talent of imitating the
old masters, and was much employed
by the Duke of Modena in copying
the works of Correggio, Parmegiano,
P. Veronese, and other distinguished
painters: died 1746.
Trevisani (Angelo), born at Ve
nice ; was more esteemed and more
employed as a portrait painter than
as an historical, though he has given
proof of considerable ability in his
altar-pieces, and other pictures in the
public edifices at Venice : he lived
about 1750.

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Trevisi or Trevigi (Girolamo),
born at Trevigi, 1508 ; studied at
Rome from the works of Raffaelle,
whose style he imitated with consider
able success, of which his History of
St. Anthony, and the Presentation of
the Virgin, in the churches of Padua,
are favourable specimens ; he came to
England, and was made painter to
Henry VIII. : died 1544.
Trieste (Ignatius da), born in
Biscay ; went to Seville, and having
a great inclination for landscapes,
applied himself to study from nature,
and became the best landscape painter
of his time, so much so that the
famous Murillo used to say that he
painted by inspiration ; he had the
power of shewing the time of day,
and the season, so that every one could
understand his ideas : he died in the
year 1685, aged 50. Palumino, par.
2. p. 412.
Tristan (Luis), born near Toledo,
1594 ; was a scholar of Domenico
Teocotopoli, called II Greco, whom
he is said to have surpassed in the
correctness of his design, and the
purity of his taste ; he was employed
by the monks of La Sisla to paint a
picture of the Last Supper, and
some of his most esteemed works are
in the cathedral and the church of
St. Clara, at Toledo. Velasquez is
said to have formed his style from
the works of Tristan : died 1649.
Triva (Antonio), born at Reggio,
1 626 ; studied under Guercino, at
Bologna, and was a reputable painter
of history ; he distinguished himself
by some paintings he executed for
the churches at Reggio and Piacenza :
died 1699.
Trocchi (Alexander), a Bolognese;
painted in the church of St. Paul in
the vicinity of Bologna, the Fifteen
Mysteries of the Rosary that encircles
the painting of the second altar in the
chapel Bonvisi.
Troger (Paul), a German, born at
Zell, 1695 ; he acquired the rudiments
of design in his native town, and then

became a scholar of Domenico Gui
seppe Alberti, and acquired considera
ble reputation both as a painter of his
tory and landscape: died about 1760.
Troost or Trost (Cornelius),
born at Amsterdam, 1697 ; was a
scholar of Arnold Boonen, and painted
historical subjects, scenes from come
dies ; also conversations and gallant
assemblies, in a pleasing style, but
occasionally somewhat loose and in
delicate, and acquired the name of
the Dutch Watteau ; he was also dis
tinguished as a portrait painter, and
executed a large picture in the Col
lege of Surgeons, containing the por
traits of the eminent practitioners of
the time, and another in Surgeons'
Hall, representing the principal
members of that Corporation, and one
of Boerhaave, for the Anatomical
Hall ; he painted in crayons as well
as in oil, and his works are highly
esteemed in Holland : died 1750.
Troostwyk (Walter John Van),
born at Amsterdam in 1 782 ; studied
design under Anthony Andriessen, and
received lessons in painting from
Juriaan Andriessen.
Trotti (Cavaliere Giovanni Bat
tista), called II Malosso, bom at Cre
mona, 1555; was brought up in the
school of Bernardino Campi; he did
not follow his style, but studied the
works of Correggio, and imitated the
brilliant manner of Bernardo Gatti,
called II Sojaro, the most successful
follower of the style of Correggio; the
airs of his heads are graceful and
expressive, but he was apt to repeat
himself, and there is frequently a
sameness in his characters and atti
tudes ; he painted several pictures
representing the Conception of the
Virgin, for the churches at Piacenza,
and other places, but his most esteem
ed works are his frescoes at Parma ;
and one of his best was a picture of a
Pieta, at Cremona, dated 1607 : died
about 1612.
Troy (Francis de), born at Tou
louse, 1 64 5 ; was the son of Nicholas
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from whom he received instructions
in design ; he went to Paris, studied
under Michael Loir, and became a
member of the Academy there ; his
reception-piece was Mercury and Ar
gus. Having abandoned historical sub
jects for portrait painting, he became
one of the most celebrated artists of
the French school. One of his prin
cipal works is in the church of St,
Genevieve, it represents the Magis
trates of Paris invoking the protection
of that Saint ; he also painted iEneas
relating his adventures to Dido, and
the portraits of Maria Christiana of
Bavaria. His own portrait by him
self is in the Gallery of Artists at
Florence : died 1730.
Troy (John Francis), son of the
above, born at Paris, 1676; was- in
structed by his father, then visited
Italy, and on his return to Paris,
painted a series of cartoons for tapes
try, representing the history of Esther,
and several large allegorical subjects
for the Hotel de Ville, and was not
less distinguished as a painter of por
traits : died 1752.
Troya (Felix), born at San Felipe,
near Valencia, 1660; was a disciple
of Gaspar de la Huerta, and painted
history with considerable reputation ;
his pictures are found in almost every
church and public edifice in that part
of Spain in which he resided : died
1731. Troyen (Rembrandt Van), born at
Antwerp, 1600; instructor unknown;
he visited Italy and distinguished
himself as a painter of caves, grottoes,
the ruins of ancient architecture, and
other interesting objects in the vicinity
of Rome, which he embellished with
figures representing subjects of his
tory or fable; his pictures resemble
those of Cuylenberg, and his cabinet
size are preferable to his larger ones :
died 1650.
Tucarri (Giovanni), bom at Mes
sina, 1667; was the son of an obscure
painter, by whom he was instructed
in the rudiments of design; he excelled

in painting battles and skirmishes, and
the number he painted is almost in
credible ; there are many in Germany,
where his works are held in high esti
mation : died 1743.
Tuer (Herbert), made good pro
gress in portrait painting, as appears
by some small ones of himself and
family; died about 1680.
Tulden — See Thulden.
Tura (Cosimo), called Cosmo da
Ferrara, born in Ferrara, 1406 ; was a
disciple of Galasso Galassi, and painted
several subjects in the dry Gothic style
which prevailed at the time in which
he lived : he was much employed in
illuminating missals, and his oil pic
tures are finished with the laboured
minuteness of miniature. He painted
the Twelve Months of the Year in
fresco in the palace of the Duke of
Ferrara ; and of his altar-pieces those
most worthy of notice are the An
nunciation ; the Nativity ; and Christ
praying in the Garden : died 1469.
Turchi (Alessandro), called L'Or-
betto, bom at Verona, 1582, died
1 648 ; was a disciple of Riccio called
Brusasorci, and on leaving his school
went to Venice and studied under
Carlo Cagliari, and acquired a chaste,
natural style of colouring. He visited
Rome and studied the best masters
there, and attempted to combine their
style of design with the Venetian mode
of colouring : he painted several altar-
pieces for the churches of Rome,
amongst the most esteemed of which
are the Flight into Egypt ; the Holy
Family ; and S. Carlo Borromeo ; and
was much employed in cabinet pictures
representing historical subjects, which
he frequently painted on black mar
ble. His best performances are at
Rome, of which his picture of the
Forty Martyrs, in the church of S.
Stefano, and a Pieta in the church of
Misericordia, are painted in the style
of the Caracci, whom he emulated in
grandeur of composition, admirable
expression of heads, and impressive
solemnity of colouring.

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Turco (Cesare), born at Naples
about 1510; was first a disciple of
Giovanni Antonio d' Amato, and after
wards studied under Andrea Sabbatini,
called da Salerno ; he painted history
with considerable reputation, and
several of his works adorn the public
edifices at Naples : an altar-piece in
the church of S. Maria della Grazie,
representing the Baptism of Christ
by John, and a picture of the Circum
cision in the church del Gesu, are
much admired: died 1560.
Turk (The) — See Liotard.
Tuscher (Marcus), born in Ger
many ; came to England and exhibited
at the Royal Academy about 1 742 ;
painted conversations, dramatic sub
jects, and portraits, with considerable
reputation : in the Royal Academy is
a figure drawn by him and signed
with his name, dated 1742.
Twisden (Dr. John), a portrait
painter, who died in 1 588, is reported
to have painted a small picture of
himself in oil on copper, about forty
years before his decease.
Tybout (William), a Hollander,
lived at the same period as Thierry
and William Crabeth. The chronicles
of Haerlem speak of him as a good
painter upon glass : died 1699.
Tyn (Lambert de),bomat Antwerp,
1 770 ; a pupil of Peter Van Rege-
morter ; painted very well, interiors
lighted by candles, moonlights and
landscapes : died 1816.
Tyson (Michael), painted for his
own amusement, but is said to have
engraved the portrait of Jane Shore
from a picture in King's College,
Cambridge : no date is given.
Tyssens (Peter), born at Antwerp,
1625; his instructor is not mentioned,
but from the resemblance of his works
to those of Vandyck, he is presumed
to have formed his style by studying
the works of that great master, and
in history and portrait approaches so
near to the correct design and chaste
colouring, that it is not always easy to

discriminate between their perform
ances. After the death of Rubens
and Vandyck, he was considered one
of the ablest painters of his time ; he
usually enriched his backgrounds
with architecture. There are
several altar pieces by him in the
churches in Flanders, amongst which
those most worthy of notice are the
Martyrdom of St Benedict ; the Cru
cifixion ; and the Assumption of the
Virgin ; which latter has frequently
been mistaken for a workof'Vandyck's :
died 1692.
Tyssens (Augustine), son of Peter,
born at Antwerp about 1655 ; was in
structed by his father, but his genius
leading him to landscape painting, he
studiedtheworksofNieholas Berghem,
and became one of the most success
ful followers of his style. His pictures
representing landscapes with ruins,
embellished with figures and cattle,
correctly drawn and neatly touched,
are highly esteemed, and to be found
in the choicest collections : he was
'made a director of the Academy, 1691,
and died 1722.
Tyssens (Nicholas), the son of
Peter, born at Antwerp, 1660; stu
died under his father, but never aspired
to a higher branch of the art than as
a painter of still life. His pictures
usually represent dead game, flowers,
fruit, armour, sabres, drums, trophies,
helmets, swords, guns, and other
military weapons, which he rendered
interesting by a correct and faithful
delineation, apicturesqueand ingenious
arrangement, and an intelligent
conduct of the chiaro oscuro ; he
occasionally painted birds, fowls, &c
in the manner of Boel or Hondekoeter,
in which he excelled : died 1719.

Ubaldini (Petruccio), lived in the
reign of Elizabeth ; was celebrated as
an illuminator of Missals. Walpole,
vol. l.p. 429.
Ubertini (Francesco), called II
Bachiacca, born at Florence, flourished
from 1530 to 1557 ; he painted his-
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450

UGG

tory with considerable reputation,
also excelled in the grotesque and
ornamental style ; one of his best
historical works, is the Martyrdom of
St. Arcadio, at Florence : several of
his pictures are in the Florentine Gal
lery. Ubilesque (Alexander), born in
Paris, was a scholar of Carlo le Brun ;
he painted a variety of pictures for
the King of France, and died Profes
sor of the Royal Academy, in the year
1717. Uccello (Paolo), called Mazzoc-
chi, bora at Florence, 1349 ; was a
disciple of Antonio Veneziano, and
one of the earliest artists who applied
himself to a study of perspective ; he
distinguished himself as a painter of
animals, but particularly excelled in
designing all sorts of birds ; and he
selected his historical subjects from
such parts of the Old Testament as
enabled him to introduce them : such
as Adam and Eve in Paradise ; Noah
entering the Ark ; the Deluge, &c.
which he treated with so much truth ¦
and nature, that he may be styled
the Bassano of his time; he also
painted the combats of lions and ser
pents, with peasants fleeing in alarm :
landscapes with ruins and figures,
designed with a correctness and intel
ligence unknown to his contempo
raries ; he painted both in distemper
and in fresco. A colossal portrait of
Giovanni Aguto, on horseback, in
the cathedral at Florence, one of the
boldest designs of that early period,
is said to be by Uccello : died 1432.
Udemans (William), born at Mid
delburgh, in 1 723 ; without any other
guide than his genius and his zeal,
he became a good painter of shipping,
in which he arrived to great perfec
tion. He was an amateur painter and
constructor of ships : died 1 798, aged
Udine ( Giovanni Nanni), called
Da, family name was Nanni, but is
occasionally called Ricamatore, born
at Udine, 1494; having discovered
an early disposition for the art, by

designing the birds and animals pur
sued by his father in the chase, he was
sent to Venice, and placed under Gior
gione, from whom he acquired an
excellent tone of colouring, and a com
petent knowledge of the principles of
chiaro-oscuro ; then visited Rome,
and entered the school of Raffaelle,
by whom he was employed in paint
ing the ornamental accessories in
many of his works, such as animals,
birds, fruit, flowers, &c. for wherever
there were birds he took care to in
troduce fruit. After Raffaelle's death,
he was employed by Clement VII. in
the Vatican, where he represented
the seven Planets ; the emblematical
figures designed by del Vaga, but the
grotesque ornaments and symbolic
decorations by Udine ; he also exe
cuted several considerable works for
the family of the Medici : died 1564.
Udine (Martino da), called Pelle
grino di San Daniello, born near
Udine, about 1480 ; was a disciple of
Giovanni BJlini, and painted several
pictures for the churches of Udine,
which placed him on a level with bis
instructor ; his picture of St. Joseph,
with the Infant Christ and St. John,
was considered equal to one of Bel
lini's productions ; but his most cele
brated picture is an altar-piece repre
senting the Virgin with several female
saints, and St. John the Baptist, in
which a dawning of that breadth of
style, and mellowness of colouring is
perceptible, which were afterwards
carried to such perfection by Gior
gione ; he also executed some works
in fresco, representing the life of
Christ, which are highly commended:
died about 1545.
Uffenbach (Philip), a painter of
Frankfort, was a scholar of Adam
Grimmero : he professed the study
of alchymy, and wrote upon the sub
jects of theology, geometry, anatomy,
and architecture : died 1 640. San
drart, p. 285.
Uggione or Oggione (Marco),
born at Oggione, near Milan, about
1480 ; was one of the most favoured

UGO

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disciples of Leonardo da Vinci, also
one of the ablest painters of the Mi
lanese school : he was chiefly distin
guished by his worksin fresco, andabove
all for his picture of the Crucifixion,
in the church of La Pace, in Milan ;
he copied in fresco the celebrated
Last Supper, by Leonardo da Vinci ;
two of his most esteemed oil pictures
are in the churches at Milan, which
though respectable are far inferior to
his frescoes: died 1530.
Ugo ; a native of Antwerp, and a
painter, is mentioned by Vasari, p.
387- Ugolino, a Senese, was a scholar
of Cimabue, whose manner he would
always obstinately follow, although
he saw that of Giotto was more ap
proved ; he worked for several cities
of Italy, and in particular for Florence,
where he painted those holy images,
called the Pillars, in the gallery of
the Piazza d'Qrfan-Michele, in which
some time after, some miracles were
performed, that filled them with vo
taries. He lived to an extreme old
age, and died in the year 1349. Bal
dinucci, sec. 2. p. 43.
Uilenbubg (Gerard), a painter of
landscapes, was bom at Amsterdam ;
he quitted painting to deal in pictures.
Uiterlimmige (Walter), born at
Dordrecht, in 1 730 ; a pupil of Aart
Schouman ; was a painter of por
traits and of birds, but could never
arrive at the talent of his master ; his
skilfulness in the art did not equal
his theoretic knowledge, which was
of the greatest use to him in his com
merce in paintings. He died at Dor
drecht, in 1784.
Uittenbogaard (Isaac), born at
Amsterdam, in 1767 ; a pupil of G.
Grypmeed ; painted landscapes orna
mented with animals ; at the exhi
bitions at Amsterdam, in 1813 and
1814, he had some mountainous and
wooded landscapes, with cattle : in
1818 he exhibited six pictures; of
which three were landscapes, one
composed of two young men, occu

pied in design and sculpture ; another
of fruit; and one of dead game. He
died at Amsterdam, in 1831. There
are two pictures by him in the fine
collection of Mr. Brentano.
Ulft (Jacob Vander), born at Gor-
cum, about 1627 ; was first known
as a stainer of glass ; and some win
dows by him in churches at Gorcum,
and in Guelderland, are little in
ferior to the works of the celebrated
brothers Dirk and Wouter Crabeth ;
he afterwards distinguished himself
as a painter of historical pictures, of a
cabinet size, ingeniously composed.
His pictures are usually subjects of
Roman history, processions, and
markets, in which he introduced the
most remarkable views in Rome, and
its vicinity, which he generally
crowded with figures, correctly drawn,
touched with great spirit, and taste
fully grouped and habited, with a
marked attention to the propriety of
costume ; his pictures are very highly
finished, and rarely to be met with,
except in Holland, where they are
highly esteemed. Amongst other
views of his painting, was one of Lon
don Bridge, with the adjacent buildings,
and the river crowded with boats.
Ulivelli (Cosimo), born at Flo
rence, 1625 ; was a disciple of Bal
dassare Franceschini, called II Volter-
rano, in whose style he painted history,
and his best works are sometimes
mistaken for that master's, though in
general he is less elegant in his forms,
and less chaste and effective in his
colouring: died about 1680.
Urbino (Raffaelle Lanzio) — See
Raffaelle. Urbino (Timoteo di) — See Vite.
Urbino (Crocchia), was celebrated
as a painter, having studied in the
school of Raffaelle : he flourished in
1530. Baldinucci, sec. 4. al decen. 2.
p. 235.
Urbino (Charles), a native of
Crema, painted in oil and in fresco,
historical subjects and perspective.
He was an agreeable painter, easy
2 G 2

URO

452

VAC

designer, and genteel colourist. He
painted in company with Bernardino
Campi. Lamo, p. 82.
Uron (Henry), a painter of the
city of Alerme ; his portrait is en
graved with an eulogy of his great
merit. Ursela, a pupil of Francis Van
Mieris the Elder; imitated the man
ner of his master with much skill :
there were two pretty pictures, part
of the collection of the late Mr.
Lormier, one representing a girl occu
pied in sewing ; the other of a young
boy blowing bubbles with soap-suds
through a pipe ; one of these paint
ings was sold in 1 763 for 420 florins.
Ursino, a Florentine ; scholar of
Francis Bigio, would have succeeded
excellently as a painter, but died in
his youthful days. Vasari, par. 3. lib.
1. p. 227.
Ursone, an ancient Bolognese ;
flourished with Guido the Elder, and
with Ventura of Bologna, in 1226.
There is a Madonna on a wall in the
city with the word Urso f. Malvasia,
par. 1. p. 8.
Utrecht (Christopher di), a very
skilful painter, and^chelar of Anthony
Moro ; went into Portugal with the
Ambassador of King John III., was
admitted into the service of that
monarch, and created a Knight of the
Order of Christ, with a benefice of
100 ducats a year; he was much
employed in the sacred buildings, and
in the palaces. He painted historical
subjects and portraits, and acquired
the name of Great, being called tbe
Great Vasco of Utrecht ; he had a
thorough knowledge of perspective,
and his works are still held in great
esteem. He pamted in the manner
of Peter Perugino, and of John Bel
lini, but with more perfection and
delicacy than was usual in those times :
died 1557, aged 59. This memoir is
taken from an authentic manuscript
in the possession of the Marquis
d'Orisol, Viceroy of India for the
Ki:ig of Portugal.

Utrecht (Adrian Van), bom at
Antwerp, 1599; painted birds, fruit,
flowers, dead game, and still life, and
particularly excelled in peacocks, and
other domestic fowls ; he was chiefly
employed by the King of Spain, and
next to Snyders was considered the
best Flemish painter of those sub
jects ; he was sometimes employed
by other artists to enrich their works,
with accessories of those kinds : died
1651. Uytenbroeck (Moses), called
Little Moses, born in tbe Low Coun
tries, flourished about 1640; he ap
pears to have been a scholar of Cor
nelius Poelemberg, whose style he
imitated ; his landscapes are usually
embellished with subjects taken from
history or the fable : died 1650.
Uytenwael (Joachim'), born at
Utrecht, 1566 ; was taught the rudi
ments of design by his father, on
glass, and followed his profession
until he was eighteen ; then became a
scholar of Joseph de Beer, and after
wards visited Italy and France, and
on his return to Utrecht, painted
history in the style of Bartholomew
Spranger, and like him is frequently
extravagant in his design, and fantas
tical in his draperies ; his cabinet
pictures are most esteemed, and two
of them in the collection of the
Elector Palatine, representing a Feast
of the Gods, and Mars and Venus,
are highly spoken of by Van Mander.
He excelled in painting kitchens and
culinary vessels : died 1624.

Vaart (John Vander), born at
Haerlem, 1647; waa a scholar of
Thomas Wyck ; he visited England in
1674, and was employed by William
Wissing in painting his draperies, but
afterwards distinguished himself as a
painter of landscapes, objects of still
life, and dead game, in the last of
which he particularly excelled ; died
1721. Vaccaro (Andrea), bora at Naples,
1598; was a disciple of Massimo

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453

V A I

Stanzioni, but for some time attached
himself to an imitation of the style of
M. A. Caravaggio, and some of his
productions are taken for the early
works of that painter ; but he after
wards abandoned that manner, and
adopted principles founded on the
grace and amenity of Guido. After
the death of Massimo, he was con
sidered the best artist of the Neapoli
tan school, until the arrival of Luca
Giordano from Rome : died 1670.
Vaccaro (Francesco), born at Bo"
logna, 1636; studied under Francesco
Albano, but is chiefly known as a
painter of perspective and architectural
views. Vadder (Louis de), born at Brus
sels, 1560 ; master unknown ; may
be ranked amongst the ablest land
scape painters of his country ; from
the grandness of his style, and pic
turesque beauty of his scenery, it is
probable that he visited Italy, and
made the works of Titian the objects
of his study, as his best landscapes
bear a striking resemblance to those
of Titian. His touch is firm and free,
his colouring, though vigorous, tender
and chaste, the forms of his rocks
and trees noble and select, and his
distances well kept, and distinguished
by a vapoury degradation, only ob
servable in the works of the followers
of nature. His pictures are deservedly
esteemed, and to be found in the
choicest collections : died 1623.
Vaga (Pierino del), born near
Florence, 1500, the family name was
Buonacorsi ; studied first under Ri
dolfo Ghirlandaio, and afterwards
from the antique, and the works of
Michael Angelo, by whom he was
introduced to Raffaelle, who employed
him in some works in the Vatican ;
also assisted Giovanni da Udine, in
the stucco and grotesque ornaments,
and Polidoro da Caravaggio in his
antique subjects in chiaro-oscuro, and
in executing the Biblical subjects from
the designs of Raffaelle. Of these
the most remarkable are, the Battle
of Joshua ; the Israelites passing the

Jordan ; the. taking of Jericho ;
Jacob wrestling with the Angel ;
and Joseph and his Brethren. He is
said to have been the greatest de
signer of the Florentine school, after
M. A. Buonarotti, and by Vasari is
called the most distinguished disciple
of Raffaelle. One of the earliest of
his own compositions, was a picture
representing the Creation of Eve, in
which he discovers with what success
he had studied the works of Buona
rotti ; he decorated the Doria palace
at Genoa, with pictures representing
Jupiter fulminating the Giants, and
several subjects from the Roman his
tory, and the Metamorphoses of Ovid;
he also designed a series of cartoons
of the history of Eneas : died 1547.
Vaillant (Wallerant), born at
Lisle, 1623 ; went to Antwerp, and
became a disciple of Erasmus Quelli
nus. On leaving his school he com
menced as a portrait painter, and met
with great encouragement ; he visited
Frankfort, and painted the portrait of
the Emperor Leopold, and several of
his attendants; and at the court of
France, that of the Queen-mother, and
the Duke of Orleans; he painted
equally well in oil and in crayons : died
1677. Vaillant (Bernardo), bom at
Lisle, 1 625, was the brother of Walle
rant, by whom he was instructed, but
chiefly excelled in painting portraits
in crayons, and was much employed
in that branch : died 1674.
Vaillant (James), born at Lisle,
1 628, brother and scholar of Walle
rant ; visited Italy when young, and
on his return to Flanders, was invited
to the court of the Elector of Bran-
denburgh, and employed by him in
some considerable historical works,
which he executed with great satis
faction to his employer. He went to
Vienna to paint the portrait of the
Emperor, which the Elector upon
seeing, highly commended : died
1670. His brother John was also a
portrait painter, but abandoned it for
commercial pursuits.

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Vajano (Orazio), born in Florence;
painted history for the churches and
convents at Genoa, somewhat languid
in colouring, but designed with accu
racy, and judiciously composed -. flou
rished about 1620.
Val (Robert du), bom at the
Hague, in 1664; studied under
Nicholas Wieling ; then went to Italy,
where he acquired the name of la
Fortune, and was sent into England to
put in order the cartoons of Raffaelle ;
he was made Director of the Museum
by William III., and superintendent
of his buildings. His designs, his
colouring, and his compositions, were
entirely in the manner of Pietro de
Cortona : he returned to Holland,
1682, and died 1732.
Valdambrino (Ferdinand), a
Roman painter, is only known as the
painter of a picture in the chapel of
St. William, Duke of Aquitain, in the
Augustine church of St. Mark, of the
Virgin and Child, in which the Duke
is introduced as a Saint. Torre, p.
267. Valdez (Don Juan de), born at
Seville, 1631; instructor unknown;
lived in habits of intimacy with
Murillo, who was a great admirer of
his works, the principal of which, are
a series of pictures of the history of
the Prophet Elias ; the Martyrdom of
St. Andrew (at Cordova) ; and the
Triumph of the Cross at Seville :
died 1691.
Valentino (Peter), born at Co-
lombiers en Brie, in Champagne,
1 600 ; studied under Simon Vouet,
and afterwards went to Rome, and at
tached himself to an imitation of the
style of M. A. Caravaggio, and like
him indulged in an extravagant but
effective contrast of light and shadow;
though he occasionally painted altar-
pieces for the churches, he appears to
have been adapted to other subjects ;
his best pictures represent fortune
tellers, gamesters, concerts of music,
and corps de gardes, and his best his
torical picture is the Martyrdom of
SS. Procasso e Martiniano ; he also

painted the Decollation of St. John,
and Peter denying Christ, the latter
of which is an admired picture. In
the royal collection at Paris are Ju
dith with the Head of Holofemes ;
the Judgment of Solomon ; and Su
sannah and the Elders : died 1632.
Valeriani (Julius), born in Bo
logna, 1663 ; learned drawing and
painting from Carlo Cignani ; he had
a good knowledge of design, and of
the paintings of other masters, and
was often employed in restoring such
as were injured by age, or spoiled by
any other accident, to their original
state and freshness.
Valeriano (Padre Guiseppe), born
at Aguila, and flourished at Rome
during the pontificate of Clement
VIII. ; imitated the style of Sebastian
del Piombo, but is more gloomy in
his colouring ; such are his two pic
tures representing the Transfiguration,
and the Descent of the Holy Ghost;
he also painted several pictures of the
life of the Virgin, of which the An
nunciation is considered his best per
formance. Valesio or Valegius (Francesco),
is mentioned by Florent de Comte as
a painter, but we have no description
of his works.
Valesio (Giovanni Luigi), born at
Bologna, was brought up in the school
of Lodovico Caracci, and painted some
pictures for the churches at Bologna,
amongst which, the most admired are
the Scourging of Christ; the Annun
ciation ; and St. Roche curing the
persons afflicted with the Plague.
Valk (Peter), born in Friesland,
1 584 ; formed his style by studying
the works of Abraham Bloemart ; af
terwards visited Italy, and passed some
years at Rome, and on his return to
Holland distinguished himself as an
historical painter, and also excelled
in portraits and landscapes : died
1641. Valkaert (Waernaert Vanden),
bom at Amsterdam, 1575; studied
under H. Goltzius, in whose style he

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VAN

painted history and portraits with con
siderable reputation : died 1625.
Valkenberg (Theodore), born at
Amsterdam, 1675 ; studied first un
der Cuilenberg, then under Michael
Van Muschen, and lastly under John
Weeninx, from whose instructions he
arrived at an unusual excellence in
painting animals, huntings, and espe
cially dead game, in which he particu
larly excelled ; he also painted por
traits with success : died 1721.
Valkenberg (Henry), a painter of
Augusta ; studied at Venice in the
school of Aliense, from whence he
sent to his own country several of the
paintings of his master, which were
sold at great prices, and at whose
death he inherited many of his designs
which were copious in the invention ;
on returning to his own country, he
obtained a great reputation : he flou
rished about the year 1628. Ridolfi,
par. 2. p. 226.
Valkenburg (Luke de), bom at
Malines, 1530 ; painted landscapes
with figures ; also portraits of a small
size : died 1582.
Valkenburg (Martin de), brother
of Luke, born at Malines, 1530 ;
painted landscapes with figures, in a
pleasing style, principally scenes round
Aix-la-Chapelle and Liege, and along
the Meuse: died 1574.
Valkenburgh (  ), born at Nu
remberg, 1555; travelled to Venice
when young, and studied the works of
Titian and P. Veronese, and returned
to Germany with an agreeable and
harmonious style of colouring ; he
occasionally painted historicalsubjects,
but was more successful in represent
ing views of public places, with mar
kets, fairs, and festivals, in which he
usually introduced a great number of
figures, designed with tolerable cor
rectness, and well coloured; his works
are little known, except in Germany,
where they are held in considerable
estimation: died 1623.
Valladolid (Don Antonio Pereda

de), bom at Madrid, 1599; studied
under his father, Antonio Pereda, and
was much employed for the churches
and convents in Valladolid : died
1669. Valle (Martin de), a priest of
Forli ; studied painting in the school
of Carlo Cignani. See la Vita del'
Carlo Cignani, p. 61.
Valle (John da), a painter of illu
minations, is mentioned by Lomazzo,
in his Trattato della Pittura, p. 688.
Valpuesta (Pedro), born in Old
Castile, 1614, was a disciple of Eu-
genio Caxes, and the most successful
imitator of his style ; his principal
works are in the churches and con
vents at Madrid, of which the most
remarkable are a series of pictures of
the Life of the Virgin ; the Holy
Family ; with St. Joachim and St.
Anne ; and six pictures representing
the Life of St. Clara : died 1668.
Vanaken (Joseph), lived in the
reign of George II. and painted por
traits in almost every body's style ;
he excelled in satins, laces, embroidery,
&c. and was frequently employed to
paint the dresses and draperies for
other artists : died 1749. There was
another of the same name, who
painted small figures, landscapes, and
conversations, a nephew of the former.
Walpole, vol. 4. p. 136.
Van Balen — See Balen.
Vanbucht, a Flemish painter, and
scholar of Peter Snyders, was a great
imitator of nature, and like his master
painted all sorts of animals ; although
he gained a great deal by his works,
he lived so extravagantly that he died
miserably in the Hotel de Dieu in
Paris. Filibien, par. 4. p. 278.
Vanderbank or Vanderbanck, a
Dutchman, worked in London, where
a great number of his portraits were
engraved by Faber ; among others,
that of the landscape painter, George
Lambert. Vanderburgh (Adrian), born at
Dort, 1693; studied under Arnold

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VAN

Houbraken, and imitated the works
of Mieris and Metzu ; he painted with
considerable success small portraits,
domestic subjects, and conversations,
agreeably coloured, and finished in a
neat polished manner, though very in
ferior to the models he had selected ;
they are, however, to be found in the
best collections in Holland, and are
held in considerable estimation. Two
of his pictures are particularly men
tioned ; one, the representation of a
Fishmonger's Shop, in which a man
is toying with a young woman ; the
other is a Drunken Female, well
finished, but indelicately handled :
died 1733.
Vandergucht (Benjamin) ; stu
died painting at the school in St.
Martin's Lane, and became distin
guished as a portrait painter ; he
painted among others, Woodward the
Comedian, and Garrick, as Steward of
the Stratford Jubilee: died 1794.
Vandermine or Vandermyne
(Franck), born in Holland, practised
portrait painting in London and the
country, and obtained considerable
celebrity ; his wife also practised
flower and fruit painting, and was an
exhibitor at the Royal Academy in
1762: he died in 1783. There were
two other painters of that name, who
worked for the shops.
Vandervenne (Adrian), born at
Delft, 1589; studied first under Si
mon de Valck, and afterwards un
der Jerome Van Diest of Leyden, and
was fond of painting low mirth, chiefly
boors merry-making, dancing, drink
ing, &c, and though with little varia
tion as to dress, features, or forms,
sometimes with a pleasing effect,
though not very excellent in colouring,
the yellow and brown being too pre
dominant ; his best pictures were those
which he painted in black and white
only ; he also painted some hunting-
pieces for the King of Denmark and
the Prince of Orange : died 1646.
Vandi (Santi), a Bolognese painter,
was a scholar of Cignani, but devoted

himself to painting of small portraits,
and was continually employed by cava
liers and ladies. There is an account
of him in the Vita del Cignani.
Van Diest — See Diest.
Vandyck (Sir Anthony), born at
Antwerp, 1599 ; was the son of a
painter on glass, from whom he re
ceived his first instruction, and after
wards under Henry Van Balen, aud
then became a disciple of Rubens, and
was employed by him to forward seve
ral of his pictures to a point that re
quired little more than the finishing
touches of the master. An accident
having occurred to one of Rubens' s
pictures during his absence, by which
the face of the Virgin and the arm of
Mary Magdalen had become effaced,
Vandyck undertook to restore it, and
succeeded so well that Rubens did not
at first discover the alteration. Iu
the National Gallery are three of Van-
dyck's pictures, one a portiait of
Rubens ; another a portrait of Go-
vartius, and the third, an historical
picture of the Expulsion of Theodo
sius from the Church of Milan, by
St. Ambrose. Previous to his visit
ing Italy, Vandyck presented Rubens
with two historical pictures, and a
portrait of Rubens's second wife,
Helen Forman; and on reaching Ve
nice, studied the works of Titian,
whose tints he imbibed so deeply that
he is generally allowed to approach
nearer to the delicacy and purity of
his carnations than Rubens himself;
he afterwards visited Genoa, where he
painted the pictures of many of the
principal nobility, as well as several
pictures for the churches and private
collections ; he then went to Rome,
where he painted the portrait of Car
dinal Bentivoglio, now in the Gallery
of the Louvre ; also painted some
historical pictures for the Cardinal,
and several portraits of the most dis
tinguished personages ; he next visited
Palermo, where he painted the por
trait of Pbilibert, Prince of Savoy,
the Viceroy of Sicily ; he soon after
returned to Antwerp, and painted his

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VAN

celebrated picture of St. Augustine in
ecstacy, supported by angels, with
other saints, now in the Gallery of the
Louvre. One of the most admired of
his performances is a picture for a
church at Mechlin, representing Christ
crucified between two Thieves, with
Mary Magdalen and St. John ; in the
effort which the thieves make to de
tach themselves from the Christ, he
has successfully encountered the great
est difficulties of the art, and the look
of grief and resignation in the Virgin
is above all praise ; that picture is
also in the Gallery of the Louvre, with
another of his fine works, representing
a Pieta, or the Dead Christ in the
lap of the Virgin, with St. John and
two Angels ; in this performance,
Vandyck appears to have had in mind
the famous Dead Christ with the two
Marys, by Annibale Caracci, to which
the exquisite expression in the head
of the Virgin is hardly inferior ; being
commanded to paint a picture for the
collegiate church at Courtray, Van
dyck chose for his subject the Raising
of the Cross, and bestowed all his
art to render the work perfect, and to
surpass all he hitherto had produced,
which being put up in the church, the
monks declared it to be detestable,
and the author a mere dauber. Dis
gusted with the treatment he had re
ceived from them, Vandyck accepted
an invitation from Frederick, Prince
of Orange, and visited the Hague,
where he painted his portrait, and
those of his family, the principal per
sonages of his court, and the foreign
ambassadors ; he visited London in
1629, and painted a portrait of Sir
Kenelm Digby, which being shewn to
the King, he expressed a desire that
Vandyck, who had returned to Ant
werp, should be invited to return to
London ; he came back, and was pre
sented by Sir Kenelm Digby to the
King, who bespoke several pictures of
the Queen, his children, and courtiers,
and he now became the most popular
artist of his time, and was over
whelmed with business. If we cannot
place Vandyck on a footing with Ru

bens as an historical painter, it will
be allowed that he surpassed him in
the correctness of his design, the de
licate expression of his heads, the
purity and truth of his colouring, and
in the tender melting of his tones.
In portraiture, Titian only retains the
superiority in the heads of his por
traits, and in the hands and acces
sories was inferior to Vandyck, whose
attitudes are easy and natural, and
heads full of life and expression, with
out any thing of coldness and insi
pidity so frequently found in the pro
ductions of the portrait painter; inde
pendent of the many admirable pic
tures he painted of the King and the
Royal Family, there are in England
many fine portraits of distinguished
persons, which are among the princi
pal ornaments of the mansions of the
nobility ; he also painted the series of
portraits of the eminent artists of his
time for the Florentine Gallery, which
have perhaps never been equalled for
the admirable variety of attitudes and
the characteristic expression in the
airs of the heads : died 1641.
Vandyck (Philip), bora at Amster
dam, 1 680 ; studied under Arnold Boo
nen, and painted small portraits in the
style of his master, but superior ; he also
painted history and similar subjects
to those of Mieris and Metzu, such
as conversations, ladies at their toilet,
and gallant assemblies, very ingeniously
composed, and painted with neatness
and delicacy, but not equal to those
of the masters he imitated. At the
Hague he painted pictures for the fami
lies of Wassemaer, Fagel and Schuy-
lenberg, also for William Prince of
Hesse, also the portraits of the Stadt-
holder and those of his family, as well
as several portraits for the cabinet of
that prince ; two of his pictures are
in the Louvre, they represent a young
lady at her toilet, and a lady playing
on her guitar: died 1752.
Vandyck (Daniel), a French pain
ter of portraits, history, and archi
tecture in oil and in fresco ; was
Prefect of the Gallery and of the

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VAN

Buildings of his Serene Highness the
Duke of Mantua. Borghini, p. 535.
Vanghels (Nicholas), born in
Paris, 1674; died 1737; visited
Rome, and became a reputable pain
ter of history, but we have no further
description of his works.
Vanloo (James), born at Sluys, in
Holland, 1614 ; learnt the rudiments
of design from his father, an obscure
artist, then went to Amsterdam and
was placed under a master not named,
and became a reputable painter of
history and portraits ; he established
himself at Paris, and was much em
ployed in the latter ; he painted a
portrait of Michael Corneille, the
Elder, for the Academy. Of his
historical pictures, the Bath of Diana,
and Diana discovering the pregnancy
of Calisto, are considered his best
productions ; he was a correct de
signer of the naked, and an agreeable
colourist : died 1670. He had a son,
Louis, who became a good painter of
history and portraits, but of whom
we have no further account.
Vanloo (John Baptist), grandson
of James, born at Aix, in Provence,
1 684 ; his father, a portrait painter
of some eminence, taught him the
elements of design, and caused him to
copy the finest compositions of the
great masters ; he painted some pic
tures for the churches, &c. at Toulon,
and acquired considerable reputation ;
he afterwards visited Rome, received
some lessons from Benedetto Luti,
and studied the best masters ; at
Rome, he also painted some pictures
for the churches, &c, of which, one
of the most esteemed is, the Scourg
ing of Christ ; he was invited to the
Court of Turin, where he painted the
portrait of the Duke of Savoy and
several of the principal nobility ; on
visiting Paris he became a member
of the Academy there, and painted
for his reception picture, Diana and
Endymion, and also painted a picture
of the Entry of Christ into Jerusalem,
and St. Peter delivered from Prison,
for two of the churches there ; in

1 737, he came to England, and painted
several- portraits, amongst others,
Colley Cibber and Owen Mac Swin-
ney, the actor, whose long silver hairs
were extraordinarily picturesque, and
contributed to increase his reputation ;
his likenesses were very striking,
heads coloured with force, draperies
and other accessories usually painted
by Van Aken, Eccardt, or Root, the two
latter scholars of Vanloo : died 1 746.
Vanloo (Charles Andrew), called
Carlo, younger brother of John
Baptist, born at Nice, 1705 ; was in
structed in the rudiments of design
by his brother, studied some time
under Benedetto Luti, then went to
Paris and gained the first prize for
historical painting, and was employed
with his brother to repair some paint
ings by Primatticcio in the Gallery of
Fontainebleau ; he painted for the
King of Sardinia, amongst other
works, a series of subjects from Tasso;
he returned to France, entered the
Academy, and painted for his recep
tion picture, Apollo and Marsyas : one
of his most esteemed productions,
the Marriage of the Virgin, is in the
Louvre. His style was simple and
correct, partaking more of the Italian
school than of the modern French
school, and he sometimes imitated the
touch and colouring of Guido : died
1765. Vanloo (Louis Michael), son of
John Baptist, bom at Toulon, 1 707 ;
studied under his father, and after
wards at Paris, and acquired con
siderable reputation as an historical
painter, but was more distinguished
for his excellence in portraiture ; he
was a member of the Academy at
Paris, his reception picture, Apollo
and Daphne ; he was invited to Spain
by Philip V. and appointed his prin
cipal painter : died 1771.
Van Mander (Charles), born near
Courtray, inthe Low Countries, 1548 ;
studied first under Lucas de Heere,
and afterwards under Peter Vlerick,
an historical painter of some eminence ;
at Courtray, he acquired considerable

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reputation by some pictures he painted
for the churches in Flanders; he then
visited Italy and employed himself in
designing the remains of antiquity,
the temples, baths, theatres, sepul
chral monuments, and in studying
the works of the best masters. He
painted equally well in oil and in fresco,
aud for the town of Terni, in the Ro
man States, painted one of his most es
teemed productions, the Martyrdom of
St. Bartholomew : on his return home,
one of his earliest productions was a
picture of Adam and Eve in Paradise,
the figures finely designed and well
coloured; this was followed by the
Deluge, in which the horror of the
scene and the varied expressions of
terror and despair were depicted in
the most striking and pathetic man
ner ; he afterwards went to Holland,
where his principal works were St.
John preaching in the Wilderness ;
the Adoration of the Magi ; and
Christ bearing his Cross : and was
also known as a writer ; (see his Lives
of Painters of Antiquity, and those of
Italian and Flemish schools, from 1366
to 1604): died 1606.
Vanni (Francesco Cavaliere), born
at Sienna, 1563 ; was taught the rudi
ments of design by his father, an
artist of little celebrity, then became
a scholar of Arcangiolo Salimbeni,
and afterwards of Giovanni de Vecchi,
under whom he designed from the an
tique, studied the works of the best
masters, and imitated with success
the style of Baroccio ; he afterwards
visited the different cities of Lombardy,
and at Parma copied the works of
Correggio and Parmegiano ; he was
invited to Rome, where he painted
his celebrated picture of Simon the
Magician, which is designed and co
loured in the style of Baroccio ; he
painted several other pictures for the
churches, &c. there, of which the most
considerable are, St. Michael vanquish
ing the Rebel Angels, a Pieta, and the
Assumption, but his best performances
are at Sienna, Pisa, and Pistoia, in some
of which he approaches nearer to the
graceful style of Baroccio than even

the disciples of that master, the prin
cipal of which are, a Flight into
Egypt, the Crucifixion, and the Ado
ration of the Magi. In design, he is
usually more correct than Baroccio,
particularly in the hands, and his
touch is more animated and facile;
his compositions, which are seldom
abundant, characterised with judg
ment and propriety, the airs of his
heads dignified and expressive, and
his colouring tender and harmonious :
died 1610.
Vanni (Raffaelle), son of Fran
cesco, born at Sienna, 1596 ; studied
first under his father and afterwards
at Rome under Antonio Caracci, but
attached himself to the works of
Pietro da Cortona, whose splendid
style he has imitated in the greater
part of his works, of which his pic
ture of the Birth of the Virgin gives
evident proof; he was a bold and
correct designer, and possessing a judi
cious knowledge of the chiaro-oscuro :
died about 1665.
Vanni (Giovanni Battista), accord
ing to Baldinucci, was born at Flo
rence, 1599 ; other authors say, Pisa;
he was a disciple of Cristoforo Allori,
and painted history with some repu
tation ; his most considerable work is
a picture of St. Lorenzo, in the church
of St. Simon at Florence.
Vannini (Ottavio), born at Flo
rence, 1588 ; was first a disciple of
Giovanni Battista Mercati, then of
Anastasio Fontebuoni, and afterwards
of Domenico da Passignano, whom
he assisted in many of. his principal
works ; he also studied the designs of
Raffaelle and Buonarotti, but in the
pictures he painted from his own
designs is on the whole feeble and
ineffective : died 1643.
Vannucchi — See Sarto.
Vannucci — See Perugino.
Vansomer (Paul), born at Ant
werp about 1576, with his brother
Bernard, practised portrait painting
at Amsterdam with great success, and
soon after visited England about 1606,
where he painted the portrait of the

VAN
Lord Chamberlain, William Earl of
Pembroke, in St. James's Palace,
equal to any production of the time ;
also painted two pictures of James I.,
one of which is engraved by Vertue,
his Queen, Anne of Denmark, and
several of the nobility ; there is a
whole length portrait at Chatsworth
of the first Earl of Devonshire, said
to be by him, and not inferior • to
Vandyck ; his portraits are mostly
signed and dated : died 1621.
Vansons (George), of Antwerp,
painted fruit and flowers very like na
ture ; his portrait was engraved by
Conrad Ganvers : he flourished about
the year 1622.
Vanuden (Lucas), born at Ant
werp, 1595 ; was taught the rudiments
of design by his father, an artist of
little reputation, and having a decided
preference for landscape painting, he
studied nature, passed his leisure
hours in the fields and forests, and
designed with fidelity every object
that appeared to him picturesque or
remarkable, and was particularly at
tentive to the changes in the atmos
phere from sunrise to sunset ; he
represented these changes with un
common truth and precision. Rubens
frequently employed Vanuden to
paint the landscapes in the back
grounds of his historical pictures, and
occasionally embellished the land
scapes of Vanuden with exquisite
figures ; some of his small landscapes,
which are considered his best works,
are only distinguishable from those of
Rubens by a less daring execution ;
his pictures represent views in Flan
ders, and are sometimes decorated
with figures by D. Teniers, by which
their value is considerably enhanced :
died 1660.
Vanuden (James), brother and
scholar of Lucas ; painted landscapes
in the same style but very inferior,
though some of his paintings are taken
for early productions of his brother.
Vanvitelli or Vanvitel (Gas
par), called Dagli Occhiali, born at
Utrecht, 1647; he excelled in paint-

460 VAR
ing architectural perspective subjects,
and represented views of Rome and
of different cities and sea-ports in
Italy, with a precision approaching to
those of Venice by Canaletti ; his
delineation of the building, and other
objects, is exact, his tints natural and
agreeable, but in the spirit and ani
mation of his touch, and in lustre and
brilliancy of colouring, he is very in
ferior ; his works more resemble the
German than the Italian school :
died 1736.
Vaprio (Constantine), a Milanese
painter, mentioned by Lomazzo in his
Trattato di Pitture,'p. 98.
Varco (Aionzo de) — See Barco
(Aionzo del).
Varela (Francesco), born at
Seville, 1606; was a scholar of Pa-
blos de la Roelas, and painted history
with considerable reputation ; his pic
ture of the Martyrdom of San Vi
cente, and an altar-piece representing
St. Michael, are amongst his most
considerable works, and several of his
pictures are in the private collections
at Seville : died 1656.
Vargas (Luis de), born at Seville,
1528 ; was one of the most eminent
of the Spanish painters of the sixteenth
century ; he learnt the elements of
the art in his native city, then visited
Rome and studied the works af Pierino
del Vaga chiefly ; he returned to Se
ville, but finding himself unable to
compete with Pedro Campagna, re
visited Rome and studied the works
of Raffaelle and Michael Angelo, and
on again arriving at Seville, gave an
extraordinary proof of ability in two
pictures he painted for the cathedral,
representing Christ bearing his Cross;
and Adam and Eve, the latter of
which gained him great reputation :
he executed several works for the
churches iu Seville, both in oil and
fresco, of which a picture of the
Virgin holding a Rosary, iu the con
vent of St. Pablo, is most esteemed.
He was not less distinguished as a
portrait painter, and some of his
productions in that branch have been

VAR 461
compared by his Spanish biographers
to the works of Raffaelle, particularly
that of Donna Juana Cortez, Duchess
of Alcala: died 1590.
Vargas (Andrew de), a native of
the city of Crema, in Italy ; went
to Madrid to learn painting, under the
instructions and example of Francis
Camillo, and was so ardent in the
pursuit that in a short time he equalled
his master, which so excited his jea
lousy and ill-humour, that he obliged
him to return into his own country,
where he painted a great number of
works both in oil and in fresco. He
died at the age of 60, in 1674. Pa
lumino, torn. 2. p. 381.
Varino (Quintino), a painter of
great merit in Paris; it was he that
persuaded and animated Nicholas
Poussin to the study of painting,
assuring him of success, which fol
lowed as he had predicted. Bellori,
p. 408.
Varnertam (Francis), a painter of
Hamburgh, and a scholar of Theodore
Vansosten, applied himself to por
traits, and painted flowers and fruit,
with ornaments of beautiful glasses
aud bottles. In Rome, his works
were purchased by the highest per
sonages ; he also painted with equal
success animals living or dead. Being
called to Vienna, he served the Em
peror Leopold with satisfaction and
applause ; his works were ordered
from Paris, London, and other prin
cipal cities : he died in Vienna in the
year 1724, at the age of 66. Pas-
coli, torn. 1. p. 368.
Varotari (Dario), born at Verona,
1539 ; was a scholar of Paolo Vero
nese, whose principles he did not
entirely follow, but endeavoured to
imitate the style of Titian, particu
larly in the airs of his heads. Several
of his pictures are in the churches at
Venice and at Padua : died 1596.
Varotari (Alessandro), called II
Padouanino, son of Dario, was bora
at Padua, 1590 ; he derived his prin
cipal improvement from studying the
fresco works of Titian, his copies of

VAS
which excited universal surprise, and
he at length entered so entirely into
his manner, that he was considered
one of the most successful followers
of his style, and had his design been
equal to his colouring, few painters of
the Venetian school would have sur
passed him. He generally introduced
subjects which admitted of the intro
duction of the naked, in which he was
as successful in the beauty and ten
derness of his carnations, as deficient
in the correctness of his drawing.
His most considerable works at Venice
are the Marriage of Cana ; four pic
tures representing subjects from the
Life of St. Dominic ; and the Miracle
of the Virgin. In the Pembroke Col
lection is a picture by him of Herodias
dancing before Herod: died 1650.
Varotari (Chiara), daughter of
Dario, flourished at Venice about
1 648 ; she was instructed in the rudi
ments of design by her father, and
became an eminent paintress of por
traits : in the Florentine Gallery is
the portrait of Chiara, painted by
herself: died 1639.
Vasari (Giorgio), bom at Arezzo,
1512 ; he studied design under Gug-
lielmo da Marsiglia, commonly called
II Prete Gallo, a painter on glass ;
afterwards at Rome, under M. A.
Buonarotti and Andrea del Sarto : he
designed from the antique marbles,
the works of Michael Angelo, and the
frescoes of Raffaelle, and formed to
himself a style in which he discovers
his predilection for M. A. Buonarotti;
he painted by direction of Cardinal
Farnese, a series of frescoes represent
ing the principal actions of Pope Paul
III. and in the church of S. Giovanni
Decollate an altar-piece in oil, repre
senting the martyrdom of that saint,
which is considered one of his prin
cipal works. For some churches at
Bologna he painted the Feast of
Ahasuerus and the Adoration of the
Magi, two of his most remarkable pro
ductions ; he visited Florence, and
painted in one of the apartments at
the Palazaa Vecchio, Clement VIL

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crowning the Emperor Charles V.,
and in other compartments the prin
cipal actions and victories of that
monarch : he was an able designer,
and a competent master of the orna
mental style, but he occasionally fell
into negligence and manner, and was
at all times languid and cold in his
colouring : died 1576.
Vasconio (Joseph), a Roman
painter in oil and in fresco, exhibited
great skill in painting, both at home
and in other countries ; his name is
written in the catalogue of Roman
painters in the year 1657.
Vasquez (  ), generally called in
Portugal the Great Vasquez, on account
of the excellence of his paintings,
which are dispersed all over the king
dom, and in all the royal palaces,
monasteries and churches, which are
by orders of the king adorned with
some of his fine works. From his
manner it may be supposed that he
had studied in the school of Perugino,
he has so exactly designed in the style
of that master : he embellished his
pictures with scenery from nature,
and he always chose sacred subjects
to work upon; eight pieces of singular
beauty in the possession of the Mar
quis di Valenza, representing the life
of the Virgin Mary are by him. He
acquired by purchase certain mills,
which are to this day called the
Painter's Mills : he died about the
year 1480.
Vasquez (Alonso), born at Ronda,
1589 ; was educated at Seville under
Luis de Vargas, and painted history
with considerable reputation; cor
rectly designed, with freedom of touch
and displaying an intimate acquaint
ance with anatomy : died 1650.
Vassalio (Antonio Maria), born
at Genoa, flourished about 1570 ; he
was a scholar of Vincent Malo of
Cambray, who had studied under
Rubens ; and excelled in painting
landscapes, animals, fruit and flowers,
&c. ; his pictures are admirably co
loured, and touched with great free

dom and spirit ; he also painted his
torical pictures, in which he gave
proof of considerable ability : died
young. Vassello (Alexander), a scholar
of Giacinto Brandi ; painted from
the designs of his master, a God the
Father in the ceiling of the nave of
the church of St. John della Malva in
Rome, and also the altar-piece of the
great altar in the same church : he
flourished about 1680. Titi, p. 29.
Vassilacchi (Antonio), called
L'Aliense, born in the island of Milo
in the Archipelago, 1556 ; went to
Venice and studied under Paolo Vero
nese ; one of his earliest works was a
picture of St. Sebastian with a glory
of angels, and on its being asserted
that it was from a design by Paolo, he
determined upon abandoning his style,
and applied himself to a study of
the works of Titian, and soon ap
proached the boldness and energy of
style discernible in the best works of
that master ; such are his pictures of
Abraham sacrificing Isaac ; Cain slay
ing Abel ; and the Brazen Serpent,
in one of the churches at Venice ; he
possessed a fertile and inventive genius,
an excellent tone of colouring, and an
unusual facility of execution : died
1629. Vecchi (Giovanni de), born at
Borgo S. Sepolcro, 1536 ; studied at
Rome, first under Raffaelle della Colle
and afterwards under Taddeo Zuccaro ;
he painted history, amongst which the
following are most worthy of notice ;
the Martyrdom of St. Lawrence ; the
Four Doctors of the Church, in fresco;
and several pictures of the Life of
St. Jerome : died 1614.
Vecchia (Pietro), born at Venice,
1605 ; studied under A. Varotari,
called Padouanino, but applied himself
to an imitation of the works of Gior
gione and II Pordenone, and succeeded
so well that some of his pictures are
taken for the works of those masters ;
his talent of imitating the old masters
induced the Doge and Senate of Venice

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to employ him to copy in oil the his
torical works in Mosaic in the Church
of St. Mark ; he also painted two
altar-pieces of his own composition
for that church, representing the Cru
cifixion, and Christ driving the Money
changers out of the Temple : but his
powers were better adapted to familiar
and fancy subjects, than to the dignity
of history, and his best pictures repre
sent banditti, soldiers, and corps de
gardes, which he painted with great
vigour and effect. His colouring is
warm and tender, and he was well
versed in the principles of the chiaro-
oscuro : died 1678.
Vecelli (Tiziano) — See Titian.
Ve celli (Francesco), brother of
Tiziano, born at Cadore in the Friuli,
1483 ; was instructed by his brother,
and painted some pictures for the
churches and public edifices at Venice,
which possessed sufficient merit to
rouse the jealousy of Titian, particu
larly a picture of the Transfiguration,
in the church of S. Salvatore, and in
his portraits ; he was persuaded by
his brother to devote his pencil to the
adorning of cabinets, some of which
are taken for the works of Titian, and
sold for large sums. But his most
celebrated performance, and which has
frequently been taken for a work of
Titian, is the Nativity, in the church
of S. Guiseppe at Belluno : by per
suasion of Titian he abandoned paint
ing in 1531.
Vecelli (Orazio), son and disciple
of Titian, bom in Venice, 1 540, was
chiefly distinguished as a painter of
portraits, some of which were deemed
little inferior to those of his father :
he occasionally painted historical sub
jects, one of which, representing a
battle, was ascribed to the father:
died 1576.
Vecelli (Marco), called Marco di
Tiziano, born at Venice, 1545 ; was
the nephew and favourite disciple of
Titian, whomheaccompaniedto Rome,
and approached nearer to his style,
both in composition and colour, than

any of his relatives. He painted
several considerable works for the
public edifices ; amongst others an
allegorical subject on the Peace of
Italy, and the Doge Leonardo Donato
kneeling before the Virgin and Infant
Christ ; also a picture of Christ ful
minating the World, and the Virgin
and several saints interceding : died
1611. Vecelli (Tiziano), calledTizianello,
son of Marco ; acquired some repu
tation by the pictures he painted for
the public edifices at Venice, but
which had been established by the
great founder of the Venetian school.
He afterwards gave way to negligence
and manner, which is evident in all
his works ; his best productions are
his portraits, which possess the merit
of resemblance and a natural tone of
colour: died about 1640.
Vecelli (Cesare), younger brother
of Titian; lived about 1590, and is
less known as a painter than as an
engraver. Vecq (James la), born at Dort,
1625 ; was educated in the school of
Rembrandt, whose excellent manner
of colouring and admirable conduct of
the chiaro-oscuro he successfully imi
tated ; but afterwards he abandoned
those principles, and adopted the
flimsy and feeble manner of John de
Baan : he painted history and por
traits, but chiefly the latter.
Veen (Martin Van)— See Hems-
kirk. Veen (Otho and Gibert Van) — See
Venius. Veken (Vander), a Flemish painter
upon glass; in the church of St. James
at Antwerp , in the chapel of the Holy
Sacrament, is a painting on glass by
him, representing Rodolph of Haps-
burg in adoration before the holy
sacrament. The design is by Henry
Van Balen.
Vela (Cristoval), a Spaniard, born
at Jaen, 1598 ; was first a scholar of
Pablo de Cespedes, and afterwards of
Vincenzio Carducci; chiefly resided

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at Cordova, where, and in the cloister of
the convent of San Augustin, is a series
of the Prophets, correctly designed,
but languid and weak in the colouring.
He painted history with some reputa
tion : died 1658.
Velasco (Don Antonio Palomino),
was born at Valentia ; studied under
Don Juan de Valdes Leal, and painted
several pictures for the churches and
convents of Valencia, Salamanca, and
Granada ; feeble in composition, and
too mannered in his style ; but he is
better known as a writer on art than
as a painter: lived about 1700.
Velasquez (De Silva Don Diego),
the most distinguished painter of the
Spanish school, was bom at Seville,
1594 ; he studied first under Herrera,
and afterwards under Pacheco. His
early pictures were drawn from nature,
from peasants and ordinary people,
in peculiar habits and occupations, as
they struck his fancy in the streets ;
of which one of the most celebrated is
called the Old Water-Carrier of Se
ville : he is pourtrayed in a tattered
. garment , his naked body visible through
the rents in various places, he is giving
water to a boy to drink out of his
barrel, and exhibits a wonderful cha
racter of nature and expression, with
an universal degree of science in
muscular anatomy ; now in the
palace of Madrid. After painting
these subjects for some years, he was
attracted by seeing some works of
Guido, Caravaggio, and others, to a
more elevated idea of his art, and he
now turned his attention to history
and portrait, but chiefly formed his
style from those of Luis Tristan. He
soon after left Seville and went to
Madrid, where he was introduced to
the king, Philip IV., whose portrait
he painted on a large scale, drawn in
armour, mounted on a magnificent
steed, and with a background of
beautiful scenery, which was ap
plauded to the skies ; and so com
plete was his triumph, that the King
declared that in future the royal per
son should be painted by no pencil

but his. He was next employed to
paint, the infants Don Carlos and Don
Fernando, and the portrait of the
minister, the Conde de Olivarez,
mounted, like his royal master, on a
noble courser, richly caparisoned.
His first historical performance was a
superb composition of the Expulsion
of the Moors from Spain by Philip
III. : the king is placed in the centre,
armed, and in the act of commanding
a party of soldiers who are escorting
a group of Moors, of different ages
and sexes, to an embarkation which
awaits them at one extremity, and
on the other side is personified the
kingdom of Spain, as a majestic
matron in armour, with part of a
stately edifice, with a Latin inscription
thereon. He visited Venice, where the
works of Titian and Tintoretto en
grossed his attention, particularly the
Crucifixion and the Resurrection by
the latter. From thence he went to
Rome, and studied the works of
M. A. Buonarotti and Raffaelle; and
whilst there he painted his celebrated
History of Jacob, where his sons
present him with the bloody garment
of Joseph, one of his most capital
performances ; also his fine picture of
the discovery of the infidelity of Ve
nus, as related by Apollo to Vulcan
whilst at his forge, attended by his
Cyclops, in which his skill as a painter
is displayed to its fullest extent : the
light and shadow from the reflection
of the forge, and the sparks which fly
from their hammers, produce a sur
prising effect, and the athletic forms
and dusky hues of the Cyclops are
artfully contrasted with the beautiful
proportions and fine tints in the figure
of Apollo ; the character of Vulcan is
finely conceived, and the composition
is arranged with infinite judgment.
On his return to Spain he passed
through Naples, where he painted the
portrait of Donna Maria of Austria,
consort of Ferdinand III. Arrived
at Madrid, he painted his celebrated
picture of our Saviour on the Cross,
which single figure is enough to im
mortalize the fame of Valesquez : it

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is designed with great simplicity and
nature, but with an expression in the
features, an affecting air in the re
clining of the head, and an harmonious
tone of colouring, at once so tender
and of such effect that nothing can
exceed it. About this time he painted
his famous picture representing the
celebrated General Pescara receiving
the Keys of a Flemish citadel from the
Governor of the place : the group of
generals, soldiers, citizens, horses, &c.
and the striking effect of the town and
landscape in the background, have
established the fame of this picture as
one of the finest productions of the
master. He afterwards painted the
portrait of Pope Innocent X. and
several of the cardinals and nobility of
Rome, and after an absence of nearly
three years he returned to Spain, where
he died in 1660.
Velde (Esaias Vander), born at
Leyden, about 1590; was instructed
in the art by an obscure painter named
Peter Denyn. He painted landscapes,
with figures and cattle, but particu
larly excelled in battles and skirmishes
of cavalry, plundering of villages,
marchings, attacks of banditti, &c.
ingeniously composed and touched
with a light and spirited pencil. He
introduced the figures in the pictures
of several of his contemporaries : died
1648. Velde ( John Vander), younger
brother of Esaias, born at Leyden,
about 1 595 ; he painted landscapes
and merry-makings, but was chiefly
distinguished as an engraver.
Velde (William), the Elder, born
at Leyden, 1610 ; instructor unknown,
he acquired considerable reputation
as a painter of marine subjects,
which he usually represented in black
and white, in imitation of drawings in
Indian ink, on a ground so prepared
as to give it the appearance of paper.
He was present in many sea fights for
the purpose of designing their different
manoeuvres, and is said to have been
a spectator of that between the Duke
of York and the Dutch Admiral

Opdam, and the more memorable one,
the following year, between the Eng
lish fleet and Admiral de Ruyter. He
was invited to England by Charles II.
and was made king's painter, and con
tinued in that capacity with James II.
until his death, in 1693.
Velde ' ( William Vander ), the
Younger, son of the above, born at
Amsterdam, 1 633 ; studied under
Simon de Vlieger, an eminent painter
of sea-pieces, whom he not only sur
passed, but also all his contemporaries,
and arrived at a perfection that is
universally admitted to be unrivalled.
He came to England, and. had apart
ments assigned to him at Greenwich,
and was made king's painter, and was
also employed by the nobility, for
whom he painted an infinite number of
sea-pieces, calms and storms, which are
still the ornament of the principal col
lections. His vessels are most cor
rectly designed, the cordage and rig
ging finished with a delicacy, and at
the same time with a freedom that is
without parallel, and his small figures
touched with a spirit that is inimitable.
In his calms the sky is brilliant and
sunny, and every object is reflected
with a luminous transparency in the
glassy smoothness of the water ;
in his squalls or fresh breezes, the
swell and curl of the waves is de
lineated with the utmost truth and
fidelity, but in his storms and hurri
canes the tremendous conflict of the
elements and the horrors of shipwreck
are represented with an awful solem
nity. His best pictures are un
doubtedly in England ; in the royal
collections and in the cabinets of the
nobility and gentry, particularly a
calm, in the possession of Thomas
Cobb, Esq. ; and a large picture of the
blowing up of a man-of-war by the
explosion of a fire-ship, in that of
Lord Kingsland : died 1707.
Velde (Adrian Vander), born at
Amsterdam, 1639; studied under
John Wynants, one of the ablest laud-
scape painters of the time, and adopted
the same system of study, passing the
2'h

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whole day in the fields designing every
thing that was essential to his pursuit.
He did not, however, confine himself
to landscape and animals, but drew
from the model, and became a correct
designer of the human figure, a branch
in which Wynants himself was de
ficient, some of whose finest pictures
are decorated with figures by Adrian
Vander velde, which adds greatly
to their value ; in like manner he
embellished the pictures of Vander
Heyden, Hackaert, Ruysdael, Hob-
bema, Moucheron, and others. He
also painted an altar-piece for the Ro
man Catholic church at Amsterdam,
with figures half life size, representing
the Taking down from the Cross, which
was not less admired for tbe correct
ness of the design than for the beauty
of the colouring ; also several his
torical subjects taken from the life of
Christ. The colouring of his trees,
his herbage and plants, is fresh and
juicy, and touched with much spirit
and delicacy ; his skies are brilliant
and clear, and his pictures exhibit a
sparkling glow of sunshine almost
peculiar to himself. His animals,
particularly his cows, sheep, and goats,
are designed with a correctness and
perfection that has never been sur
passed. His pictures are held in the
highest estimation, and are somewhat
scarce : died 1672.
Veld man (Wybrand), born at
Groningen, a pupil of Peter Camper.
His taste was for small figures, but he
was more esteemed as a painter of
portraits of various sizes : he died at
Groningen in 1800, aged 58.
Veli (Benedetto), born at Florence.
He painted history with some reputa
tion. A large picture by him at
Pistoia, representing the Ascension,
is favourably spoken of by Lanzi. He
lived about the middle of the 17th
century. Venanzi (Francesco), is said to
have been a native of Pesaro, and to
have flourished about 1670 ; studied
first under Guido, and afterwards under
Simone Cantarini, but adopted the

more vigorous and effective manner of
Guercino and the Gennari. In the
church of St. Gervas at Bologna is a
fine picture by him representing the
Descent of the Holy Ghost ; and two
subjects at Pesaro, from the Life of
St. Antonio ; which are considered his
best works.
Venenti (Giulio Cesare), a Bo
lognese gentleman, born about 1609;
studied under Guido with the zeal of
a professor ; but of his works we have
no account.
Veneziano ( Sebastiano ) — See
Piombo. Veneziano (Carlo) — See Sara-
cino. Veneziano (Antonio), born in
1510; it is disputed whether this
artist was born at Venice and studied
at Florence, under Agnolo Gaddi, or
born at Florence and studied at Venice
— upon equally good authority. His
principal works are, however, at Pisa
and Florence ; at which latter place
is his most celebrated performance,
representing the Miracle of the Loaves
and Fishes. It is painted in a less dry
and formal style than the generality
of his contemporaries' works ; and he
is said to have carried fresco painting
to a higher degree of perfection than
it had previously attained : died 1584.
Veneziano (Domenico), bom at
Venice, 1420 ; was a disciple of Anto-
nella da Messina, who had learned the
secret of oil painting from John "Van
Eyck, and imparted it to Veneziano,
who having formed an intimacy with
Andrea de Castagna, and intrusted
him with the secret, he was treacher
ously assassinated in 1476. His
principal works are at Florence.
Venius or Van Veen (Otho), bom
at Leyden, 1556 ; received some les
sons in design from Isaac Nicholas,
and afterwards studied under Jodocus
Van Winghen ; then visited Italy, and
became a disciple of Federigo Zuccaro,
under whom he acquired a correctness
of design and a more elevated taste
than was possessed by his Flemish
contemporaries At Brussels he

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painted the portrait of Alessandro
Farnese, Prince of Parma ; and
executed several other works which
established his reputation as the most
eminent painter of that time. He
established himself at Antwerp, where
he embellished the churches and pub
lic edifices with several celebrated pic
tures, and here Rubens became his
disciple. Among his principal works
in the public edifices in the Low
Countries are the Marriage of St.
Catherine ; the Last Supper ; the
Resurrection of Lazarus ; and the
Adoration of the Magi: died 1634.
Venius or Van Veen (Gertrude),
daughter of Otho, born at Brussels,
about 1600 ; was instructed in the art
by her father, and excelled in painting
portraits ; she painted one of Otho
Venius, which is engraved.
Venius or Van Veen (Roche),
son of Otho ; was a painter of live
and dead birds, which he designed
correctly, and finished with neatness.
Venne (John Vander), a Flem
ing ; over the entrance to the church
of St. Gery, at Brussels, is a land
scape by him, the figures by Baut.
Venne (Hubert Vander), born at
the Hague, was a pupil of his father ;
a good painter of bas-reliefs, groups
of children, vases, and other orna
ments. Venusti (Marcello), called Man
touano, born at Mantua, 1515 ; was
the scholar of Pierino Buonacorsi,
called del Vaga, but was more in
debted for the reputation he acquired
to the study of the works of M. A.
Buonarotti ; he executed several works
from his own compositions, in the
churches and public edifices at Rome,
amongst which, the Martyrdom of
St. Catherine, and St John preach
ing in the Wilderness, are most de
serving of notice ; he copied for the
Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, Mi
chael Angelo' s stupendous picture of
the Last Judgment, on a small scale,
and in so perfect a manner, that it
excited the admiration of Michael

Angelo himself, who engaged him to
paint from his own design, an altar-
piece representing the Annunciation,
and in various other works. In the
Palazzo Borghese, is a fine picture
by him representing Christ bearing
the Cross, from a design by Michael
Angelo: died 1576.
Vera Cabeza (Francis de), a na
tive of Arragon, in Spain ; his parti
cular line was portrait painting; he was
in the service of Don John of Austria,
for whom he decorated several rooms :
he died in 1700. Palumino, p. 462.
Veracini (Augustin), born in
Florence, 1 689 ; inherited from his
father, Benedict, his natural love
for painting, and learned from the
celebrated Sebastian Ricci, the pre
cepts of that art, in which he after
wards made so distinguished a figure.
In many of the churches in Flo
rence and in Tuscany, as well as in
the houses and villas of the nobility
and principal personages, his works
both in oil and in fresco, are to be
found ; also on the ceiling of the
church of St John ; he was equally
celebrated for his skill in restoring the
ancient paintings of the great masters
by preserving strictly their different
manner : he died in 1762.
Veralli (Philip) of Bologna, a
pupil of Albano ; his particular line
was landscapes, with gales of wind ;
he also designed with the pen, and
painted with freshness, and with a
certain gracefulness in every thing.
Malvasia, par. 4. p. 203.
Verbius (Arnold), born in Hol
land, 1646; was a good painter of
history and portraits : he died in
Frisia, 1704.
Verboom (  ), born in Holland,
flourished about 1 600 ; painted land
scapes in a pleasing style, which de--
servedly find a place in the best
collections there, but are little known
in England.Verbrugge (Andrew Gysbert),
born at Leyden in 1633; a pupil of
Gerard Douw ; passed some time in
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England, and then settled at Delft ;
some say that city contains a great
number of portraits and cabinet pic
tures by this painter, full of merit :
he died in his ninety-sixth year, after
having finished, in 1 729, a portrait
well worthy of notice.
Verbruggen (Henry), born at
Utrecht, 1 588 ; studied under Abra
ham Bloemart, and afterwards visited
Rome, and painted many pictures for
the public edifices and private collec
tions, which were admired for the
correctness of the design, and bold
ness of the handling ; he particularly
distinguished himself by an altar piece,
painted for one of the churches at
Naples, representing the Deposition
from the Cross. Rubens, in passing
through Holland, was struck with his
works, and pronounced him to be one
of the ablest artists of his country :
died 1640.
Verbruggen (Gaspar Peter), bom
at Antwerp, 1668 ; was an associate
of Matthew Terwesten, and painted
the flowers and decorations in ceilings
and saloons, Terwesten inserting the
figures ; his style more resembles
that of Monnoyer than Van Huysum ;
his pencil was free, and his colouring
possessed more brilliancy than truth
or nature ; in the latter part of his
life he became negligent, and his pro
ductions were very inferior to his early-
performances : died 1720.
Verbruggen (John), born in Hol
land ; came to England, and obtained
a situation in Woolwich Warren, and
painted sea views for amusement :
died 1780.
Verbyl (John Govertsy), a Dutch
painter, pupil of Walter Crabeth ;
painted upon glass, and died at Gouda
in 1649.
Verchto - See Civerchio.
Vercruys — See Kruger.
Verdier (Francis), a favourite scho
lar of Charles le Brun ; shewed such a
fine genius for painting, that hismaster
set him iipon his very best works,
and upon his return from Rome, gave

VER
him his niece in marriage. He was
a Professor in the Royal Academy :
his principal works were done in the
palaces of the king ; he had great
facility in designing, in which he
followed the manner of his master
entirely : he flourished about the year
1690. Verdizotti (Giovanni Maria),
born at Venice, 1525 ; is said to
have been a scholar of Titian, in
whose style he painted landscapes,
generally of a small size, delicately
handled, and usually embellished with
figures representing some subject
of history or the fable : died 1600.
Verdoel (Adrian), born in Hol
land, 1 620 ; was a scholar of Rem
brandt, and painted in his style, but
very inferior to him in harmony of
colouring, though more correct in
design, and his compositions of a
more elevated character : died 1681.
Verdura (John Stephen), a Ge
noese ; this excellent painter learned
the first principles from Dominic Fia-
selli, but not meeting with the success
at home he had hoped for, he went
into Piedmont, where he very dexte
rously painted a great many pictures ;
he returned to his own country a short
time before the contagion broke out,
in which himself and wife and child
died. Soprani, p. 252.
Verelst (Simon), born in Ant
werp, 1604 ; having distinguished
himself as a painter of flowers and
fruit, he visited England in the reign
of Charles II. , and was extensively
employed, and obtained high prices ;
he sometimes painted portraits, crowd
ed with fruit and flowers, which were
exceedingly laboured, and finished with
as much delicacv as his flowers : died
1710. Verelst (Herman), brother of
Simon ; was also a painter of fruit
and flowers, and sometimes of history :
died 1700.
Verelst (Cornelius), son of Her
man, born at Vienna, 1667 ; came to
England with his father, and met

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with success in painting similar sub
jects. Verelst (Maria), daughter of Her
man, born 1 630 ; excelled in painting
portraits of a small size, and occasion
ally attempted history ; her pictures
are delicately touched, and neatly
finished. Verendael (N.), born at Ant
werp, 1659; master unknown; he
acquired considerable celebrity as a
painter of flowers and fruit, in which
he excelled, and appears to have
imitated the delicate finish of Abraham
Mignon ; every object is faithfully
copied from nature, and his insects
designed and touched with surprising
minuteness and precision. His flower
pieces are generally preferred to his
fruit, and although little inferior to
those of Mignon, are still very un
equal to the productions of John Van
Huysum and Rachel Ruysch.
Vereycke (John), sumamed Little
John, born at Bruges in 1510; was
a good painter of portraits, and an
excellent landscape painter ; he had
au agreeable and natural style : he
died in 1569.
Vergazon (Henry), a Dutch
painter of landscapes and ruins ; he
resided in England in the reign of
William III., and painted portraits of
a small size, but was chiefly employed
in painting the backgrounds of Sir
Godfrey Kneller's pictures.
Verhaecht (Tobias), born at Ant
werp, 1566 ; instructor unknown ;
having acquired some reputation as a
landscape painter, he went to Italy
for improvement, and was employed
by the Grand Duke of Tuscany in
painting large landscapes and views,
and on his return to Flanders was
considered one of the ablest landscape
painters of his time ; his scenery is
grand and extensive, and usually em
bellished with ruins of antiquity ; his
figures were introduced by other mas
ters, generally by Franck. At Rome he
painted several pictures, one of which,
an immense composition, representing

the Tower of Babel, was greatly ad
mired ; he is said to have been Ru
bens' first master : died 1631.
Verhaeghe ( Goesin de Gand),
copied Gaspar de Crayers' picture of
Alexander and Diogenes.
Verheyden (Francis Peter), born
at the Hague, 1657; having seen some
pictures of wild boars, &c. by Sny
ders, he adopted the profession, and
painted huntings of various animals,
ingeniously composed and designed,
with a spirit and correctness little in
ferior to that master ; also excelled
in painting fowls and dead game, in
the style of Hondecooter, in which
even the hairs of the animals were
conspicuous ; his pictures are little
known except in Holland, were they
are highly esteemed : died. 1711.
Verhoek (Peter Cornelius Dahl),
born at Bodegraven, 1642; was a
disciple of Abraham Hondius, under
whom he became an able designer of
animals ; he afterwards visited Italy,
studied the works of Borgognone, and
distinguished himself as a painter of
battles, and skirmishes of cavalry :
his small figures and horses are cor
rectly drawn, and touched with great
spirit and animation ; he also painted
landscapes in a pleasing style, deco
rated with figures, in the manner of
Callot. At Rome and Naples his
works are greatly admired.
Verhoek ( Gysbert or Gilbert ),
born at Bodegraven, 1644 ; was the
younger brother of, and studied under
Peter Cornelius, and afterwards be
came a scholar of Adam Pynaker,
whose style he did not adopt, but
painted similar subjects to those of
his brother ; representing battles,
marches of cavalry, and encamp
ments ; he excelled in the drawing
of horses, in every action or atti
tude, and the animated touch of his
pencil was particularly adapted to
those subjects ; his works are found
in most of the collections in Holland,
although but little known in this coun
try : died 1690.

VER
Vergh (Francis), bora at Frank
fort, it is believed in 1 689 ; painted
easel pictures, interiors ornamented
with figures, also landscapes, skilfully
conceived and correct in design, with
a bold touch and an agreeable and
natural colouring ; he loved to re
present markets full of people, and
sometimes mountebanks surrounded
by a great crowd ; he also painted
horse races ; he disposed his pic
tures with so much skill that they
pleased very much by their good ar
rangement, but in spite of these ad
vantages he led such an irregular life
that he died in London, in great
distress. Verhulst (Peter), bom at Dor
drecht ; was a pupil of William Dou-
dyns, and a painter of flowers, fruit,
and insects, after the manner of Otho
Marcellus. Verkolie (John), bom at Am
sterdam, 1650; studied first under
John Lievens, but instead of follow
ing his style, he afterwards imitated
the highly finished manner of Gerard
Pietersz Van Zyl, whose style he
adopted with success ; he was mostly
employed upon portraits of a small
size, but occasionally painted his
torical subjects, and conversations,
which were well coloured and touched
with neatness and delicacy : died 1693.
Verkolie (Nicholas), born at
Delft, 1673, the son and disciple
of John, for some time painted por
traits and domestic subjects, in the
style of his father, but afterwards ap
plied himself to historical painting,
and became one of the ablest artists
of his time. Amongst his most
esteemed works are three pictures,
representing David and Bathsheba ;
Moses saved from the Nile ; and St.
Peter denying Christ ; his composi
tions are simple and judicious, colour
ing tender and harmonious, and pencil
firm, though delicate : his works are
found in the choicest collections in
Holland, where they are deservedly
admired ; his drawings in Indian
ink are finished with extreme neat-

470 VER
ness ; very scarce and fetch high
prices : died 1746.
Vermeer (John) , born at Delft, in
1632; is sometimes called Vander
Meer of Delft to distinguish him from
John Vander Meer, sen. and jun. of
Haerlem, and from John Vander
Meer of Schoonhoven, who are known
to us by Van Gool, and Houbraken.
In Bleyswyck's Histoire de Delft, he
is called Vermeer, and not Vander
Meer ; he studied under Charles
Fabritius, followed the manner of his
master, and far surpassed him in cor
rectness of design, in vigour of colour
ing, and in the natural and simple
expression of his figures. He has a
just title to the name of the modern
Titian of the Dutch school, for his
light and easy manner, and his true and
vigorous colouring ; his pictures are
greatly esteemed. The highest price
given for one of his pictures, according
to Mr. De Burtin, has been 6000
francs. In the Museum at the Hague,
is a view of the city of Delft, by him;
and at Amsterdam Museum, the
staircase of the convent of Sta. Aga
tha, at Delft, upon which William I.
Prince of Orange, was killed by a shot,
in 1 584, by Balthasar Gerard : he
was living in 1667.
Vermeyen (John Cornelius), born
at Beverwyck, near Haerlem, 1500 ;
instructor unknown. He accompanied
the Emperor Charles V.in many of his
expeditions, and was present at the
taking of Turin ; and made designs
of the most remarkable events of the
siege, from which he executed the
cartoons for the suit of tapestry,
which is said to ornament the Escu
rial ; he also painted some pictures
for the churches and public edifices ;
of which the most esteemed are two
altar-pieces, representing the Nativity
and the Resurrection ; he occasionally
painted portraits : died 1559.
Vermiglio (Guiseppe), born at
Turin ; painted history, and was con
sidered one of the ablest artists of
the Piedmontese school. Several of
his works are in the churches and

VER

471

VER

public edifices at Novara and Alessan
dria ; but his most esteemed work of
Daniel in the Lions' Den, is at Milan,
in which he appears to have imitated
the style of the Caracci, in the
expression of his heads. One of his
last works represents Christ and the
Samaritan Woman, in which he has
introduced an admirable landscape
with the city of Samaria in the dis
tance, it is a large work, and the
colouring warm and harmonious : he
flourished about 1675.
Vernertam (Francis), bora at
Hamburgh, iu 1658; was already well
advanced in his art when he set out for
Rome ; he however abandoned his
own manner to study that of Marius
di Fiori, and the great reputation his
works acquired among the Italians,
fully recompensed him for his labours.
Vernet (Joseph), born at Avignon,
1712; studied at Rome under Adrian
Manglard, a painter of landscapes and
sea ports, where, and at Naples, he
painted a great variety of similar
subjects, which were greatly admired.
He gave to his landscapes and views
the beauty and freshness of nature,
ornamented them with groups of
charming figures, arranged with
unusual taste, correctly designed, and
touched with uncommon neatness and
spirit. He painted for Louis XVI. a
set of pictures of the sea ports of
France, and afterwards painted many
pictures of views near Rome ; the
Environs of Tivoli, and Italian sea
ports, which were held in the highest
estimation: died 1786.
Vernici (Giovanni Battista), born
at Bologna ; was brought up in the
school of the Caracci ; he painted
history with considerable reputation,
and distinguished himself by several
pictures he painted for the churches
and public edifices at Pesara and
Urbino : died 1617.
Vernigo (Girolamo), a Veronese
landscape painter, died in 1530, the
memorable year of the pestilence
which then raged. No other record
of him is found. Pozzi, p. 157.

Verocchio (Andrea), born at
Florence, 1432; was more known as
a sculptor than as a painter ; he
sketched several designs, which he
never finished ; and when he did, his
colouring was indifferent, and his
pencil dry and hard. We have no
other account of his works as a
painter, than what is to be found
under the head of Leonardo da Vinci :
died 1488.
Verona (Maffeo), born at Verona,
1576; was a disciple of Luigi Ben-
fatto, but derived most advantage from
copying the works of Paolo Veronese,
and particularly excelled in fresco.
Many of his works are in the public
edifices at Venice, amongst which, are
two pictures representing Christ
bearing his Cross ; and the Crucifix
ion ; also two altar-pieces of the De
position from the Cross, and the
Resurrection ; he also painted several
pictures for the cathedral at Udine,
and the churches of his native city :
died 1618.
Veronese (Paolo) — See Cagliari.
Veronese (Alessandro) — See
Turchi. Verrio (Antonio), bora at Naples,
1634 ; was invited to England by
Charles II. , and employed by him in
ornamenting Windsor Castle, on one
of the ceilings of which he has
represented Anthony, Earl of Shaf
tesbury in the character of Faction ;
and in a picture of Christ healing
the ' Sick, he absurdly introduced
amongst the spectators himself, Sir
Godfrey, and Baptist May, the sur
veyor of the works ; he was after
wards employed by Lord Exeter at
Burleigh, where he painted several
apartments ; and at Chatsworth, an
altar-piece representing the Incredulity
of Thomas, which are considered
amongst his best productions. His
staircase at Hampton Court, is, as
Lord Orford observed, a wretched
performance ; his instructor is un
known : died 1 707.
Verryet (Jaques), born at Ant
werp ; painted moonlights in the

VER

472

VIA

style of Vanderneer, as appears from
a picture in Lord North wick's Cata
logue, in 1838.
Verschuring (Henry), a Dutch
man, born at Gorcum, 1627, was placed
under Theodore Govertz, a portrait
painter of some reputation, afterwards
became a scholar of John Both, at
Utrecht ; then visited Italy for im
provement, and on his arrival at
Rome, employed himself in designing
after the best models. His taste
leading him to paint animals, hunt
ings, and battles, he particularly
studied every thing that could be
useful to him in that branch of the
art. He designed the most remark
able and picturesque views in the
vicinity of Rome, and enriched the
backgrounds of his pictures with the
remains of ancient architecture.
Although he occasionally painted
landscapes, his best pictures represent
battle pieces, attacks of banditti, and
the plundering of villages. One of
his pictures represents the plundering
of a castle, and the neighbourhood ;
it is on the sea shore, the owner
appears bound with cords, and the
wife is on her knees supplicating ; in
the distance the cattle are being
driven away : died 1690.
Verschuring (William), son of
John, born at Gorcum, 1657 ; was first
instructedby his father, and afterwards
under John Verkolie, whose style he
adopted, and painted with success,
portraits, conversations, and domestic
subjects : died 1715.
Versteeg (Michael), born at Dor
drecht in 1 756 ; was at first a pupil
of John Van Wanum, next of Joris
Ponce, and lastly of John Van Loen,
who made him imitate and study the
pictures of the first masters ; he was
inclined to landscapes, but his taste
changed, and in the end he only
painted interiors lighted by lamps and
candles, in a highly finished manner,
small size. His works form part of
the collections of the first class, both
national and foreign.
Vertangen (Daniel), bom at the

Hague, 1598; was a disciple of Cor
nelius Poelemberg, and one of his
best disciples; he painted similar
subjects, representing landscapes with
small figures, principally nymphs
bathing, Bacchanals, and subjects
from Ovid ; pleasingly composed,
finished with great sweetness, and
agreeably coloured, yet very inferior
to those of Poelemberg, although too
frequently ascribed to him : died
1657. Veruzio (Francis), a scholar of
Andrew Mantegna, is mentioned by
Vasari, par. 3. p. 387, in the Vita
del Sansovino.
Verveer (Ary Hubertsz), born at
Dort, 1646, painted history, correctly
designed, particularly in the naked
figure, but heavy and black in his
colouring, and in attempting to pro
duce the magical effect of Rembrandt,
his tints became tawny and obscure ;
his best productions appear to be the
result of negligence and haste.
Verwilt (Francis), born at Rot
terdam, 1598 ; was a scholar of Cor
nelius de Bois, a landscape painter, of
little note, whom he soon surpassed,
and became a successful imitator of
the works of Cornelius Poelemberg,
and although his landscapes differ in
style, the figures resemble those of
that master. His pictures are highly
finished, and his colouring brilliant
and clear : died 1655.
V e 3 p R E (Victor and Francis
Xavier), supposed to have been
brothers, resided in St. Martin's
Lane about 1789. Victor painted
fruit pieces on glass, and Francis exe
cuted portraits in oil, crayons, and
miniature. Vetti (de), a German painter, was
admirable in painting small figures.
Sandrart, p. 385.
Veyth— See Vyth.
Viadana (Andrew da), went in
1578 as a disciple under Bernadino
Campi, who taught him designing and
painting, and from whose instructions

VIA

473

VIC

he made great improvement. Lamo,
p. 111.
Viani (Giovanni), born at Bologna,
1637 : was educated in the school of
Flaminio Torre, but formed his style
of composition and design from the
works of Guido and the Caracci.
Several proofs of his skill are in the
public edifices at Bologna, amongst
the most esteemed of which, are the
Annunciation ; S. Filippo Benizi car
ried up into Heaven ; and the Crown
ing of the Virgin : died 1700.
Viani (Domenico Maria), son of
Giovanni, born at Bologna, 1670 ; he
studied under his father, and although
inferior in correctness of design, and
delicacy of colouring ; in the out
line and shadow, he appears to have
imitated the bold and vigorous style
of Guercino, although in accessories,
he more resembles the Venetian
masters. At Bologna is a series of
pictures by him of the Prophets and
Evangelists ; and at Bergamo, a Mira
cle wrought by S. Antouio, which is
favourably spoken of by Lanzi : died
1716. Vicentino (Anthony), called Tog-
noni, from his tall stature ; originally
ground colours for and served Baptist
Zelotti, who painted in Venice ; being
in love with design, he left his patron,
and succeeded reasonably well as a
painter, but thinking fortune did not
sufficiently favour him, he laid aside
his pencil and enlisted for a soldier,
but suffered such hardships in that
line of life, that he died in the, flower
of his youth. Ridolfi, par. 2. p.
231. Vicentino (Andrea), born at
Venice, 1539; studied under the
elder Palma, in whose style he painted
several considerable works, represent
ing subjects from the history of the
Venetian republic in the palace of St.
Mark ; he also painted easel pictures
for private collections, of which one
representing the Anointing of Solomon
King of Israel, in the Florentine
Gallery, is favourably spoken of by
Lanzi : died 1614.

Vicentino (Francesco Maffei),
born at Vicenza, flourished about
1600 ; was a scholar of Santo Pe-
randa, but improved his style by
studying the works of Paolo Vero
nese ; he painted many pictures for
the churches and public edifices at
Padua : died 1660.
Vicentino (Niccolo) — See Bal
dini. Vicentino (Giovanni Niccolo),
called Rossigliani, born at Vicenza
about 1510, is said to have been a
painter, but is better known as an en
graver. Vicino or Visino, a painter of
Pisa, and a disciple of Gaddo Gaddi,
worked in the great gallery of the
cathedral of Pisa, upon some figures
in mosaic, that were left unfinished at
the death of Fra Jacopo di Turrita, in
1303 ; other works he did by himself,
underwritten with his name, and dated
1321. Baldinucci, secolo 2. p. 30.
Vicino (John Angelo), son and
scholar of Baptist Vicino, painted
landscapes, shipping, battles, and
figures in large and small, with great
reputation in Genoa, his country : he
flourished about the year 1675. So
prani, p. 17-
Vicino (John Michael), brother of
John Angelo, bom in Genoa, learned
painting of his father, Baptist Vicino ;
his first works of battles, vessels, and
landscapes, were quickly but indiffe
rently done ; he lived irregularly, and
died young, about the year 1675.
Soprani, p. 77.
Victor or Fictoor (Jan), a Dutch
man, in his style resembles Rem
brandt, but with less depth and glow
in colouring, yet clearer in his tints,
and not less chaste ; his pictures
usually represent subjects from the
Old Testament, and in the Gallery of
the Louvre there is one by him, signed
Jan Fictoor, 1640 : died about 1670.
Victoria (Vicente), bom in Va
lencia, 1658. Studied at Rome under
Carlo Maratti, and painted several
good pictures for the churches and

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VIL

convents at Valencia ; his portrait is
in the Florentine Gallery: died 1712.
Vien (Joseph Maria), born at
Montpelier, 1710. Studied at Paris
under Charles Natoire ; afterwards
visited Rome, and designed from the
antique, and the works of Guido,
Guercino, Domenichino, and other
celebrated masters of that school, and
painted several pictures for the
churches at Paris and at Versailles,
with considerable reputation, amongst
which are St. Martha ; the Centurion;
the Miraculous Draught of Fishes ;
the Preaching of St. Denis; and Venus
rising from the Sea. His wife also
painted birds, shells, and flowers with
exquisite skill, and her productions
are eagerly sought for.
Vieria (F.), born in Portugal ; stu
died in Italy, then visited England,
and was an exhibitor in 1 788-9 ; his
last subject was Virato, Chief of the
Lusitanians, inciting his countrymen
to take vengeance of the perfidy of
Galba: died 1805.
Vierly (  ), Sen. and Jun., are
cited by Van Spaan as having been
excellent landscape painters ; they
died, according to him, before 1691."
Vierpyl (  ), a painter of familiar
scenes and conversations, was also the
painter of a remarkable picture of a
smithery and its numerous accessories,
and in the Catalogue by Hoet, vol. 1 .
p. 527, mention is made of a picture
by this artist, of Bellona, the Goddess
of War.
Vighi (James), of Medicina, a
territory of Bologna, was painter to
Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, who gave
him the Castle of Casale Burgoni, as
asserted by Valerio Rinieri, in his
manuscript reported by Masini, p.
624. He lived in 1567.
Vignali (Jacopo), born in Flo
rence in 1592. Studied under Mat
teo Rosselli, but in breadth of masses
and vigorous contrast of light and
shadow resembles Guercino ; his prin
cipal works in oil are in the church of
St. Simone at Florence, but he appears

to more advantage in his frescoes :
died 1664.
Vignon (Claude), born at Tours,
in France, 1590 ; he studied in Italy,
and attached himself to the style of
M.A. Caravaggio, but was inferior to
him in design, and less vigorous in his
colouring ; his frescoes are superior
to his oil paintings : died 1670.
Vignon (Philip), son of Claude,
born in Paris in 1 634 ; studied
under his father, and became a repu
table painter of history and portraits :
died 1701.
Vigri (Caterina), born at Bologna,
1413. This lady rarely painted in
oil, being principally engaged in illu
minating Missals and painting in mi
niature : died 1463.
Vila (Senen), born in Valencia ;
studied under Estevan Marc, and
painted a number of pictures for the
churches and other public edifices at
Murcia ; he was a more able designer
than colourist, and gave great expres
sion to his heads : died 1708.
Vila (Lorenzo), bom at Murcia,
1682, was the son and disciple of
Senen, whose style he followed with
considerable reputation, and painted
several pictures for the churches in
Murcia, particularly a Holy Family :
died 1713.
Vila in (Philip), a Dutch painter
residing at Rotterdam, according to
Van Spaan, left some very fine por
traits, and when at an advanced age,
painted pictures of different kinds ;
he made journeys from time to time
to Breda, Bois-le-Duc, Heusden,
Bergen-op-Zoom, and to Zealand.
Villacis (Don Nicholas de), bom
in Murcia ; studied at Madrid under
Don Diego Velasquez, and afterwards
at Rome, from the most remarkable
works of art in that capital ; he re
turned to Spain, and distinguished
himself by several considerable works,
of which the most important is a
series of the Life of St. Bias, in one
of the convents at Murcia.

VIL

475

VIN

Villadomat (Don Antonio), bora
in Barcelona, 1678; was self-taught,
and without the advantages of travel
or instruction became a reputable
painter of history ; three of his pic
tures, representing subjects from the
Life of St. Francis, in the cloister of
the Franciscans, at Barcelona, are
greatly admired : died 1755.
Villanova (Lazarus), a Genoese
painter, learned design and colouring
from Dominic Fiasella, and continued
with his master for thirty years, after
whose death, which took place in the
year 1669, the works he painted were
virtually his own.
Villavicenzio (Don Pedro Nu
nez), born at Seville, 1635 ; he stu
died first under Estevan Murillo, and
afterwards under Matteo Pieti, called
II Calabrese, whose vigorous style he
followed for a short time, but subse
quently adopted the tender and har
monious tinting of Murillo ; several of
his works are in the convents at Se
ville : died 1700.
Villebrune (Mary de). This lady
was an exhibitor at the Royal Aca
demy, Somerset House, in 1770 and
1 77 1 : she painted portraits, both in
oil and crayons, but her performances
never rose above mediocrity.
Villequin (Stephen), aFrenchman,
born about 1499, at Ferriere ; his in
structor is not mentioned, but he is said
to have painted history and portraits
with some reputation ; we have no fur
ther account of his works: died 1688.
Vimercati (Carlo), born at Milan,
1661, died 1716 ; studied under
Procaccini, and painted history with
distinguished reputation.
Vincente (Bartholomew), of Sara
gossa, studied very assiduously the
best works of the great masters that
adorn the walls of the Escurial, and
by his practice, both in public and in
private, shewed his knowledge and
skill. He painted for the university
of his city a large and beautiful work,
of St. Peter liberated by the Angel
by night from Prison, in which he

copied Bassano so closely, that it is
usually thought to be by that master ;
certainly the work is beautiful, and
one of the best that ever was made ;
he painted in fresco with great free
dom, and his landscapes are in the
style of Titian : he died in the year
1 700, at the age of 70. Palumino,
par. 2. p. 459.
Vincenti (Andrew), a scholar of
Giordano, painted upon glass with
Francis della Torre, and Dominic
Cosia, Neapolitan painters, to orna
ment caskets and cabinets, following
their master in manner of colouring ;
all three are respectfully spoken of in
the Vita del Giordano, p. 392.
Vinci (Leonardo da), born in the
Castle of Vinci, Vale of Arno, 1445.
Studied under Andrea Verocchio, who
being at work upon an altar-piece,
employed Leonardo to paint the figure
of an angel therein, which for beauty
and correctness of design, and felicity
of execution, totally eclipsed the other
part of the picture, and it is said so
mortified Verocchio that he relin-
quished painting for ever ; in 1494
he was appointed Director of the Aca
demy of Painting and Architecture at
Milan, when he banished the Gothic
principles that had hitherto prevailed
there, and introduced the beautiful
simplicity and purity of the Grecian
and Roman style ; he shortly after
painted his celebrated picture of the
Last Supper, a performance which
history ranks amongst the most admi
rable productions of the art, which
being painted from a composition of
oil and varnish, soon began to crumble
to pieces, and at present scarcely a
vestige is to be seen ; amongst his
best works may be ranked his cartoon
of Sta. Anna, intended for an altar-
piece ; his celebrated cartoon of " the
Battle," designed for the great council
chamber ; and his much famed por
trait of Mona Lisa, calledLa Giocondo,
in which the eyes have all the lustre
of life, and the hairs on the lids and
brows seem real, and even the pores
of the skin are perceptible ; also his

VIN

476

VIO

picture of Christ among the Doctors;
his own portrait, in the Florentine
Gallery; the portrait of Queen Jo
hanna, with architecture ; Vertumnus
and Pomona ; and the Virgin begging
the Lily of the Infant. As a painter,
Leonardo may be regarded as the first
who attempted to reconcile minute
and elaborate finish with grandeur of
idea and dignity of form, and to avoid
confusion he only introduced into his
pictures such figures as were essen
tially necessary to the subject ; one
volume of his drawings (of which
there were thirteen) is preserved in
her Majesty's collection : died 1519.
Vincidor (Thomas), was an ex
cellent painter ; some of his works
are found at Cremona, and an archi
trave in which the Gods are displayed,
is engraved. Vinck (J.), a Hollander. This
name is found at the bottom of a pic
ture representing buildings and figures
in an extensive landscape, of which
the manner, the composition, and the
taste belong to the commencement of
the seventeenth century, which leads
to the belief that he studied the
paintings of Vinckenbooms, Bril, and
Breughel ; there are several portraits
engraved after De Vinck. In the rich
collection of the late James Meyer, at
Rotterdam, was a landscape by this
painter. Vinckenbooms (David), born at
Mechlin, 1578 ; was the son of Philip
Vinckenbooms, an obscure painter in
distemper, by whom he was taught
the elements of the art ; he painted
landscape in the style of Roland Sa
very and John Breughel, sometimes
decorated with Scriptural subjects, and
sometimes with fairs and merry-mak
ings ingeniously composed, the figures
tolerably correct, but dry and hard in
touch. One of his most considerable
works is in the Hospital of the Old
Men at Amsterdam, it represents a
crowd of people attending the drawing
of a lottery by torchlight ; he occa
sionally painted historical subjects, in
which the landscapes served as a

background, such are his pictures of
Christ bearing the Cross, and Christ
restoring Sight to the Blind; at Frank
fort. Rottenhaemer sometimes in
serted the figures in his landscapes :
died 1629.
Vinne (Vincent Vander), born at
Haerlem, 1629 ; studied under Franck
Hals, whose style he imitated closely.
He travelled through Germany, Swit
zerland, and Paris, and supported
himself by his talents ; returned to
Haerlem, and painted histories, por
traits, landscapes, and drolleries, in
which he discovered an uncommon
facility of execution, an admirable
tone of colouring, and a faithful imi
tation of nature ; his portraits, in
spirited touch and truth of character,
remind us of those of Hals ; he
painted all kinds of subjects with
equal ease, both large and small :
died 1702.
Vinne (Lawrence Vander), born at
Haerlem, 1658, son and pupil of
Vincent Vander Vinne, whose style
he attempted to follow, but without
success ; his best pictures were flowers
and plants, on which he was much
employed by the botanists, and painted
both in oil and water colours : died
1724. Vinne (John and Isaac), brothers
of Lawrence, practised the art, but
lived and died in obscurity.
Viola (Giovanni Battista), born at
Bologna, 1576 ; was a scholar of An
nibale Caracci, whose style of land
scape painting he very successfully
adopted, also that of Breughel and
Paul Bril, with whom he sometimes
painted in conjunction, and was fre
quently employed at Rome in deco
rating the palaces with landscapes, in
which the figures were introduced by
Albano ; some of his most admired
performances are in the saloon of
Apollo, in the Villa Aldobrandini :
died 1622.
Viola (Dominic), a Neapolitan
painter, is mentioned in the Vita del
Giordano, reprinted by Bellori, p.
320.

VIS
Visch (Matthias de), was born in
1702 at Reningen, a village in the
castle-ward of Fumes. Having
shewn, when young, an inclination
for design, his father sent him to
Bruges to study under Joseph Vanden
Kerckhove, and in a little time he
surpassed his fellow pupils ; he was
inscribed in 1 720 at the Academy of
Bruges, which was erected in 1717,
and in 1721 he obtained the first
prize ; he visited foreign countries to
study the chefs-d'oeuvre they pos
sessed, and after a short sojourn at
Paris in 1723, he went to Italy, where
he remained nine years. Returning
to Bruges in 1 732, he opened a school
for design, and painted a picture for the
church of St. James, in which he gave
proof of his talent; the subject was
fromsacredhistory, Hagar andlshmael
in the Wilderness. He was charged
by the city of Bruges to make a por
trait of the Empress Maria Theresa,
and he made several others for differ
ent communes of Flanders ; at his
moments of leisure he made historical
researches upon painting in Belgium,
and gave them to the painter De-
scamps, which assisted him in his Vie
des Peintres Flamand.
Viso (Andrew), a Neapolitan pain
ter, and scholar of Giordano, painted
many large historical subjects in pub
lic and in private houses, but his
genius was better adapted for small
figures, in which he was held in great
reputation ; he flourished about the
year 1720.
Vispre (  ), bom at Paris about
1730; he visited London about 1765,
and is said to have practised as a
painter, but we have no account of
his works.
Visscher (Theodore or Dirk), born
at Haerlem, 1650; studied under
Nicholas Berghem, and pamted land
scapes and animals in his style, but
with, a somewhat more negligent
touch: died 1707.
Visscher (Cornelius de), a Dutch
man, born about 1520 ; is said to have
excelled in history and portraits, but
we have no further account.

477 VIT
Visser. (A. de), bora at Rotter
dam in 1672 ; was first a pupil of
I. P. Van Horstok, at Alkmaer, then
of B. P. Ommeganck ; he frequented
also the Academy of Design at Ant
werp till 1 790, when the troubles that
broke out in Brabant obliged him to
return to Alkmaer, where he settled ;
before that he had painted some pic
tures at Amsterdam in concert with
P. Barbiers ; he also painted some
portraits and gave lessons in design,
and at the exhibitions in 1817 and
1 8 1 8, he contributed some landscapes :
he died at Alkmaer in 1837.
Vitale, a Bolognese painter ; ac
cording to Malvasia, par. 1. p. 15,
was a scholar of Franco da Bologna,
but Baldinucci says, sec. 3. p. 35,
that he was a scholar of Giotto ; how
ever that may be, there is seen in his
paintings a careful and delicate man
ner that resembles miniature. Under
his pictures is written, Vitalis fecit,
and one is dated 1345.
Vitali (Candido), born at Bologna,
1680 ; studied under Carlo Cignani,
by whose advice he devoted himself
to painting animals, birds, flowers,
and fruit, which are greatly admired
for the delicacy of touch, beauty of
colouring, and tasteful arrangement of
composition: died 1753.
Vitali (Gioseffo), bom at Bologna,
was a scholar of Giovanni Gioseffo
dal Sole, and painted history )with
some reputation ; several of his works
are in the churches of Bologna, of
which the most worthy of notice are,
the Annunciation ; St. Petronio ; and
the Martyrdom of St. Cecilia : he
lived about 1710.
Vite (Timoteo della da Urbino),
born at Urbino in 1470 ; was educated
at Bologna under Francesco Francia,
visited Rome, and was employed by
Raffaelle to assist him in painting the
celebrated Sibyls ; he returned to Ur
bino, and in conjunction with Giro
lamo Genga, executed several import
ant works for the churches and other
public edifices in that city. His first

VIT

478

VLE

style is somewhat of the Gothic and
dry manner of Francia, his latter is
improved in correctness and graceful
ness of design by his connection with
Raffaelle, and his most esteemed pro
ductions are a picture of the Concep
tion, at Urbino ; and Christ appear
ing to Mary Magdalen, at Cagli :
died 1524.
Vite (Pietro della), is supposed to
have been the brotherof and instructed
by Timoteo, from the similarity of
their style, though very inferior to
Timoteo, and is also conjectured to be
the II Piete di Urbino mentioned by
Baldinucci as a relation and one of
the heirs of Raffaelle.
Vite (Giovanni della) — See Miel.
Viterbo (Tarquin da), a great
fresco painter of large pictures, in the
churches of St. Marcellus, of St.
Sylvester, and of Sta. Cecilia di Roma;
he painted perspectives, collonades,
aud architecture : died about the year
1620. Vitringa (William), a scholar of
Backhuysen, whose style he imitated,
and painted similar subjects with
some reputation, but not equal to
Backhuysen : he was living in 1 744.
Vivarini (Lewis), of Murano ; stu
died under Andrea da Murano. Some
of his paintings are still to be seen in
Venice. In the Sacristy of St. John
and St. Paul, is one of the Redeemer
carrying the Cross upon his Shoulder,
painted in 1414.
Viviani (Anthony), called II Sordo,
from an infirmity he caught by being
too much in the damp when painting
in fresco ; was a pupil of Baroccio ;
his quickness and his bold. style so
pleased Pope Pius V. that he em
ployed him to paint in the library of
the Vatican, in his own residence, and
in the principal palace ; he lived to
an advanced age, and died in 1616.
Baglioni, p. 103.
Viviani (Ottavio), called Codazzo;
studied first under Tomaso Sandrino,
and afterwards under Agostino Tassi,
who had been the disciple of Paul

Bril ; painted ruins of magnificent
edifices, porticoes, convents, and
churches in Rome and its environs,
in a grand style; for truth of per
spective unrivalled, and far superior
to either of his instructors ; his style
of colouring was excellent, the figures,
usually introduced by Jan Miel or
Micco Gargiuoli, in strict keeping
and elegantly designed : died 1674.
Vivien (Joseph), born at Lyons,
1657 ; he studied under Charles le
Brun, and for some time painted por
traits in oil with considerable success,
but abandoned oil painting for cray
ons, in which he painted that of the
Elector of Bavaria, and arrived at a per
fection hitherto unknown, and estab
lished a reputation that will probably
survive the perishable materials upon
which it is founded ; he occasionally
accompanied his portraits with histo
rical or emblematical subjects illus
trative of the character or history of
his model ; his portrait, by himself, is
in the Florentine Gallery ; his country
men called him the French Vandvck :
died 1735.
Vlenghels (Philip), a Flemish
painter, father of Nicholas Vleng
hels, born in Paris ; painted some
historical subjects, ingeniously com
posed, and especially after the manner
of Paolo Veronese ; his talents and
learning caused him to be nominated
by the King of France, Director of
the Academy of St. Luke, established
in Rome.
Vlerick (Peter), bom at Cour
tray, 1539 ; studied first under Wil
liam Snellaert, a painter in distemper,
then under Charles d' Ypres, an able
designer and painter of history, and
afterwards visited Italy, and entered
the school of II Tintoretto, from
whose instruction he acquired an ad
mirable style of colouring, and a
prompt execution ; he subsequently
visited Rome, where he sketched the
beautiful views on the banks of the
Tiber, and about Naples, and applied
himself to the study of the antique
and the works of the best masters of

VLE

that school, and executed some con
siderable works there ; his principal
productions are the Brazen Serpent ;
Judith with the head of Holofernes ;
the Four Evangelists, and the Cruci
fixion, with the Virgin Mary and St.
John, in which Christ is represented
as suspended by the hands only, in
stead of the usual manner : died
1581 Vleys (Nicholas) of Bruges ; went
to Italy, and frequented the school of
Maratti, and after a long stay at
Rome, returned to visit his native
city, and was inscribed as a master
painter in 1692.
Vlieger (Simon de), born at Am
sterdam, about 1612; acquired con
siderable reputation as a painter of
sea pieces and landscapes, which are
deservedly placed in the choicest col
lections, although his merit was
greatly eclipsed by the brilliant talents
of his pupil William Vander Valde the
Younger. One of his best pictures is
a representation of Christ in the
Storm : died about 1670.
Vliet (John George Van), born at
Delft, 1610; was one of the nume
rous disciples of Rembrandt, but of
his works as a painter, little is known.
Vliet (William Van), born at
Delft, in Holland, 1584; master un
known ; painted history and portraits
with a free and firm touch, and in
colouring excellent : died 1 642.
Vliet (Hendrick Van), bom at
Delft, 1608; studied portrait painting
under his uncle, was instructed in the
art by William Van Vliet, and also under
Mirevelt, and for some time practised
that branch, but was more successful
in views of the interiors of churches
and temples in the manner of Ema
nuel de Wit, chiefly by torch-light,
which he painted in a picturesque
and pleasing style, and decorated with
figures, correctly drawn and well
coloured. Voet (Charles Boschaert), bom at
Zwolle, in Switzerland, 1670; studied
under his brother, who was an excel-

479 VOL
lent painter of plants and flowers ;
came to London with William III.,
and painted those subjects from
nature, delicately penciled and beau
tifully coloured ; some of his birds
are considered little inferior to those
of Hondekoeter : died 1 745.
Vogelarius (Levinus), or Vene-
tianus ; on a picture of the Murder
of Lord Damley, at Kensington, a
name appears, but so very indistinct
that it is doubtful whether it is meant
for Venetianus or Vogelarius ; it is
conjectured by Vertue, to have been
Levino, the nephew of Pordenone,
who painted a picture that was then
in King Charles's possession.
Vogelsang (  ), a landscape
painter, lived in the reign of George
II. , but we have no account of his
works. Walpole, vol. 4. p. 77 .
Vojet (William), a French painter,
his name is written in the book of
the Academicians in Rome, in the year
1656. Volckaert (N.), born at Haerlem
in 1450 ; painted in distemper, in the
antique style, and designed well for
the period in which he lived : died
1519. Voligny (  ) ; his principal ta
lent was in drawing portraits with a
pen, which he afterwards washed
with Indian ink in a soft and delicate
manner, and which were greatly ad
mired. Vollevens (John), born at Ger-
truydenberg, 1 649 ; was first a scholar
of Nicholas Maas, but derived his
principal improvement from his
studies under John de Baan, one of
the most eminent portrait painters in
Holland, after whose death, he suc
ceeded to the greater part of his prac
tice, and became one of the most
popular artists of his time ; he painted
the portraits of the Prince of Nassau,
the Prince of Courland, and all the
officers of his regiment ; his colour
ing is clear and chaste, his touch bold
and free: died 1728.

VOL 480
Volmarin (  ); Van Span men
tions him in his work as an excellent
historical painter of Rotterdam : he
died in 1691.
Volterra (Daniele Riciarelli), cal
led Di, born at Volterra, 1509; stu
died first under Giovanni Antonio
Razza, called II Sodoma, and after
wards under Baldassare Peruzzi, then
went to Rome, and assisted Pierino
del Vaga in some of his works, but was
chiefly indebted for the reputation he
acquired to the friendship and in
struction of Michael Angelo Buona
rotti, the chief monument of his fame
being the series of frescoes represent
ing the History of the Cross, the
principal picture of which, the Depo
sition from the Cross, was after the
Transfiguration by Raffaelle, and next
to that and the Communion of St.
Jerome by Domenichino, universally
considered the finest picture in Rome ;
in this he is said to have been greatly
aided by the stupendous power of
Buonarotti ; his last great work as a
painter, was his celebrated picture of
the Murder of the Innocents, now in
the Gallery at Florence: died 1566.
Volterrano (II) — See Frances
chini. Voltolini (Andrew) of Verona ;
besides being celebrated for faithful
likenesses in portraits, painted sub
jects from history, in churches and
in private dwellings in his country, in
which he kept a school for painting :
he flourished about the year 1680.
Voltri (Nicholas da), was much
esteemed in Genoa for his painting of
the Holy Annunciation, the antique
dresses are touched with delicacy, the
folds are good, and the whole bears
the appearance of deep devotion : it
was painted in the year 1401.
Volxum (John Baptist Aran), born
at Ghent in 1679; was pupil of
Robert Van Audenarde. In the
Museum of that city there is a repre
sentation of the cavalcade that took
place before the ceremony of the in
auguration of the Emperor Charles

voo
VI. as Count of Flanders, in 1717,
painted by Volxum for the Marquis
de Prie : died 1732.
Vonck (C), a painter of birds and
inanimate objects ; was an artist of
great talent, and worked in the man
ner of F. Snyders, and of M. Honde-
koeter ; his works are found in the
richest collections. In the Gallery of
Dresden is a landscape, of which
Vonck painted the birds, which are of
great beauty. In the cabinet of Sten-
glin, described by Ooxstenreich, is a
painting of birds by him, correct in
design, and in colouring worthy of the
greatest masters ; his pictures of in
animate subjects are known to a
great number of amateurs in Holland,
and are mentioned by Hoet and Ter
westen. Vonk (  ) ; this artist, who lived
at Middelburg, in Zealand, about
1750, painted several saloons with
birds, and other subjects in the taste
of Aart Schouman; he formed also
some good pupils ; L. Bomme has
included this artist iu his Discourse
upon Living Artists, pronounced in
1778. Voogd (H.), bom at Amsterdam
in 1766 or 1767; was pupil of Ju-
riaen Andriessen ; his talents attracted
the friendship of M.D. Veersteg, who
furnished him with the means of
going to Italy, where he could satisfy
his tastes; he painted the most cheer
ful and richest landscapes of that
artistic land, for which he departed
in 1 788 ; the year following he sent to
Haerlem a picture representing a view
of the rocks near Civita Castellana,
which obtained for him a gratuity of
fifty ducats during three years. In
1805 he was considered head of the
landscape painters in Rome, where he
was surnamed the Claude Lorraine
of Holland. In 1810 and 1814, he
sent to the exhibition of Amsterdam,
two beautiful pictures representing
views of the environs of Rome : he
died at Rome in 1839.
Voorhout (John), bom at Am-

voo
sterdam, 1647; studied first under
Constantine Voorhout of Gouda, a
good painter of conversations, and on
returning to Amsterdam, became a
disciple of John Van Moort, a reput
able painter of history and portraits ;
went to Hamburgh, and painted the
portraits of the principal personages
of the city ; also several historical
subjects, amongst the latter of which,
was his celebrated picture of the Death
of Sophonisba ; his subjects were
usually selected from the Greek or
Roman history, and his pictures are
found in the best collections ; he
is ranked by Descamps amongst the
ablest artists of his country : died
1710. Voort (Cornelius Vander), born at
Antwerp, 1580, died 1632 ; practised
portrait painting with considerable
reputation. Vos (Martin de), born at Antwerp,
1 520 ; studied first under his father,
Peter de Vos, an artist of sufficient
ability to be received into the Academy
at Antwerp, and afterwards under
Francis Floris, then visited Italy and
studied with attention the great mas
ters of the Roman school ; at Venice
he assisted Tintoretto by painting the
landscapes in his pictures, by which
he acquired an excellent style of co
louring, and gained so much reputa
tion that he was employed in painting
the portraits of several of the illus
trious family of the Medici, as well
as in some historical subjects, wliich
added to his fame ; he retired to
Holland, and painted several altar-
pieces for the churches ; his principal
works in the cathedral at Antwerp
are, the Marriage of Cana ; the Incre
dulity of Thomas ; the Miracle of
the Loaves and Fishes ; the Tempta
tion of St. Anthony ; and the Resur
rection ; there is also a fine painting
by him of the Last Supper. He was
much employed as a portrait painter,
and there is an appearance of nature
in his heads which was unequalled at
the period in which he lived : died
1604.

481 VOS
Vos (Peter de), brother of Martin,
painted history, but his works are
little known.
Vos (William de), nephew and
scholar of Martin, in whose style he
painted history with considerable
reputation ; his portrait was painted
by Vandyck, amongst those of the
distinguished artists of his time.
Vos (Paul de), born at Alost, in
Flanders, about 1 600 ; painted ani
mals and huntings of the wild boar
and other game, with great ability,
and his works are little, if at all in
ferior to those of Snyders, whose
pupil he is supposed to have been
from their close resemblance in style ;
his animals, particularly his dogs, are
drawn with uncommon correctness
and spirit, and his colouring is clear
and harmonious ; several of his finest
works are in the palace of Buen Re-
tiro. Vos (Simon de), bora at Antwerp,
1603; studied in the school of Rubens,
and became an eminent painter of his
tory and portraits, but particularly
excelled in the latter ; he painted
equally well in large and in small, and
some altar-pieces by him in the
churches at Antwerp have been attri
buted to Rubens : such are his pictures
of the Resurrection ; the Descent
from the Cross ; and St. Norbert re
ceiving the Sacrament. His own
portrait, painted by himself, is at
Antwerp ; he is represented in black,
leaning on the back of a chair, with a
scroll of blue paper in his hand, and
is so highly finished, in the broad
style of Correggio, that nothing can
exceed it : he was living in 1662.
Vos (Cornelius), son of Paul de
Vos, born at Alost, 1690; studied
first under his father, then visited
Italy, and on his return to Flanders
painted history and portrait with some
reputation : died 1751.
Vosmeer (James Wouters), born
at Delft, 1584; painted landscapes,
fruit and flowers.
Vosterman (John), born at Bom-
2 i

VOU

482

VRI

mel, 1643 ; studied first under his
father, a portrait painter, and after
wards under Herman Zachtleven, and
became one of the most admired land
scape painters of his time ; he was
employed by the Marquis of Bethune,
for whom he painted several land
scapes and views of the Rhine. He
came to England soon after the Re
storation, and was employed in paint
ing a view of Windsor and a few other
works for the king ; his pictures are
usually decorated with boats and
small figures, correctly drawn, and
touched with great neatness and spirit.
His scenes are generally views of the
Rhine, exhibiting a large extent of
country, and surpassing all the laud-
scape painters of his period : died
1699. Vouet (Simon), born at Paris,
1582 ; the son of Laurence Vouet, a
painter of little note, under whose
instruction he acquired some reputa
tion as a portrait painter : went to
Constantinople, and painted a portrait
of the Grand Signor, from a view he
took of him at the Ambassador's
audience. He afterwards visited Rome,
and painted several pictures for the
Barberini Palace, which are amongst
his best works. He was also employed
in decoratingthe palacesof the Louvre,
the Luxembourg, and St. Germains,
the Hotels Richlieu, andBoullion; and
painted several pictures for the churches
at Paris, of which the most esteemed
are the Martyrdom of St. Agnes; and
the Assumption of the Virgin. His
first style resembled Valentino, but
on his return to France he adopted a
more expeditious one : his genius was
unequal to great compositions, his
design mannered and not always
correct, colouring false, and the cha
racter of his heads without expression;
which was greatly improved by his
numerous disciples, Le Brun, Le
Soeur, Mignard and others. His
brother Aubin painted in his style
w^th tolerable success : died 1 64 1 .
Voys (Ary de), born at Leyden,
IGll ; studied first under Nicholas

Knupfer, and afterwards became a
disciple of Abraham Vanden Tempel,
but did not adopt the manner of either,
having formed an acquaintance with
Peter Van Slingelandt, whose style
he followed with the greatest success.
He occasionally attempted history on
a small scale, selecting subjects from
the Greek and Roman history, and
sometimes imitating the manner of
Poelemberg, sometimes of Brouwer,
and occasionally of Teniers Of his
pictures, Dido and Eneas Hunting
and overtaken by a Storm ; St. Cecilia
playing on a Musical Instrument ; and
a picture of a Soldier, are said to be
equal to any of the works of the best
Flemish masters. But his best pro
ductions are portraits and conversa
tions, or domestic subjects, which are
little inferior to the works of Mieris
or Metzu ; his drawing is very cor
rect, colouring clear and transparent,
and his pictures on the whole care
fully finished, and very scarce : died
1698. Vree (Nicholas de), bora at
Utrecht, 1650 ; painted landscapes
and flowers, in colouring lively and
natural, and with a free pencil : died
1702. Vreem (Anthony), born at Dor
drecht in 1660, a pupil of Godfrey
Schalken ; had made rapid progress
in painting, when death removed him,
at the age of 21, from the art he had
cultivated so successfully.
Vries (John Fredeman de), bom
at Leewarden, East Friesland, 1527;
went to Amsterdam and studied under
Renier Guerisson, on leaving of whom
he went to Antwerp ; was much em
ployed in conjunction with others in
painting the triumphal arches which
were erected on the public entry of
Charles V. and his son Philip into
that city ; also in decorating the
saloons of the principal mansions
with perspective views, which he
designed with such truth and effect
that the illusion was complete. The
figures in his pictures are frequently
inserted by other artists, and one of

VRI

483

WAA

his best, representing the inside of a
room with figures delicately painted —
the Salutation of the Virgin- — was in
the possession of Dr. Robinson, late
Archbishop of Armagh : died 1588.
Vries (Adrian de), probably of the
same family as John Fredeman, is
said to have been a painter of archi
tecture, but we have no further de
scription of his works.
Vries (Paul de), born at Antwerp,
1 554 ; was the son of John Frede
man, whom he studied under, and
whose style he followed with some
success : died 1598.
Vries (Solomon de), son and scho
lar also of John Fredeman, born at
Antwerp, 1556 ; excelled in land
scapes with ruins, and painted much
in the manner of his father, but in
colouring was somewhat too black
and dingy : died 1 604.
Vries (Peter de), son of Solomon,
born at the Hague, 1587; studied
under his father, and painted similar
subjects in a similar style : died 1642.
Vromans (Nicholas), bom in Hol
land, 1660; was called the Serpent
Painter, from his partiality in pour-
traying those reptiles.
Vroom (Henry Cornelius de), born
at Haerlem, 1 566 ; was instructed in
design by Cornelius Henrickson, a
painter on china ; he at first painted
views of towns, but not meeting with
much encouragement, he visited
Spain and Italy, and on his return to
Holland was shipwrecked ; upon
which he painted a picture represent
ing the Tempest, which being pur
chased by a nobleman for a large sum,
he devoted himself entirely to sea-
pieces and storms. He painted for
the Earl of Nottingham a series of
designs for tapestry, representing the
Defeat of the Spanish Armada He
came to England, and became ac
quainted with Oliver the miniature
painter, who. drew his portrait : died
1619. Vrye (Thierrv de), a Dutchman,
born at Gouda, 1530 ; went to Paris to

practise, and became areputablepainter
of history and portrait : died 1582.
Vuchters (Charles), a Flemish
painter, Dean of the Fraternity of St.
Luke at Antwerp in 1722, was a pupil
of Van Opstall ; a painter of history,
and of flowers, and was a dealer in
pictures. Vuer (Arnold de,) a Frenchman,
born at Oppenoir, 1642, master not
known ; he visited Italy for improve
ment, and became a tolerable painter of
history, perspective, and architecture :
died l"724.
Vuez (Arnold de), born atOppenois,
near St. Omer, in 1642 ; was a pupil
of his brother Luke ; he visited Rome,
and afterwards went to Paris, where
he was employed by Le Brun upon
the pictures at Versailles. The re
ligious houses at Lille, Cambray and
Douay are filled with his works.
His compositions are rich, abundant,
and with regular architecture, but his
colouring is dull and of a bad quality ;
some historians have placed him in
too high a rank : died in 1724.
Vuibert or Wibert (Remi), born
at Paris, 1607; is supposed to have
been a scholar of Simon Vouet ; but
we have no account of his works.
Vyth or Veyth (John Martin),
born at Schaffhausen, 1 650 ; visited
Rome and Venice, and attached him
self to the study of the works of M.
A. Buonarotti, whose great style of
design is discernible in all his works.
He painted history, and enriched the
collections at Basle, Berne and Schaff
hausen with several historical pictures
which prove him to have been one of
the ablest artists of his country. His
principal works are the Death of
Adonis ; the Rape of the Sabines ; the
Judgment of Paris; the Death of
Cleopatra ; and the Woman taken in
Adultery : died 17.17.

Waal or Wael (John de). born
at Antwerp, 1 537, was a disciple of
Francis Franck the Elder, in whose
2 i 2

WAA

484 WA'E

style he painted history, and obtained
great celebrity : he died in the prime
of life.
Waal (Lucas de), son of the
above, bom at Antwerp, 1591; studied
first under his father, but his genius
leading him to landscape painting, he
was placed under the tuition of John
Breughel, whose style he followed
with great success. His pictures
occasionally represent battles, and
attacks of cavalry, well composed,
and touched with great spirit and
animation ; his most esteemed works
are his mountainous landscapes and
waterfalls, in which the scenery is ex
traordinarily picturesque, the colour
ing chaste and natural, and the pencil
ing neat and spirited : died 1676.
Waal (Cornelius de), younger
brother of Lucas, bom at Antwerp,
1594; studied first under his father,
then accompanied his brother to
Italy, where he painted some pictures
for the churches, but he chiefly ex
celled in painting battles, marches,
skirmishes of cavalry, and processions,
ingenious and abundant iu composi
tion ; the figures and horses correctly
designed, and in which the fury of
the combatants, the dismay of" the
vanquished, and the suffering of the
wounded, are depicted with admirable
expression. He painted several of
his best pictures for Philip HI. 0f
Spain, by whom they were highly
esteemed: died 1662.
Waard (Anthony de), born at the
Hague, 1689; wasA pupil of Simon
Vander Does, and studied some time
at Paris, he then returned to the
Hague, where he painted history,
portraits, landscapes, and animals :
some pretend he was a better painter
than Van Gool. His collection was
sold at the Hague in 1 752, and since
his death, amateurs have sought for,
and paid very high prices for his
works. Waas (Aart Van), a Dutch
painter ; went to Italy and returned
to Gouda, where he died in 1646.

He left some pretty pictures of differ
ent kinds.
Waegman (Henry), born at
Zurich, 1536 ; is little known as a
painter, but is celebrated for his
drawings, which possess great merit,
and resemble the vigorous style of
Paolo Farinato.
Waggoner (  ), is only known
as having painted the picture of the
fire of London in Painters Hall. Wal
pole, v. 3. p. 99.
Wagner (Joseph), born at Tha-
lendorf on the Lake of Constance,
1706; he studied painting under
Jacopo Amiconi, at Venice, but we
have no account of his works.
Wakkerdak (P. A.), this name is
prefixed to a portrait of Kenon Simons
Hassalee, from which he appears to
have been a painter.
Wal (John Vander), born at the
Hague in 1 728 ; a pupil of Kruisber-
gen, painted landscapes and perspec
tive with much merit, particularly in
edifices ; he also gave lessons in
architecture and perspective, and the
decorations of the theatre of Rotter
dam prove his fine talent in that
way. He was Regent of the Academy
of Design at the Hague till 1783,
at which period he left for Amsterdam :
he died in 1788.
Wale (Samuel), born in London ;
practised painting, in which he imi
tated the manner of Francis Hayman,
and executed several decorative pic
tures for ceilings, but his chief em
ployment was in designing for the
booksellers ; he also understood archi
tecture and perspective : died 1786.
Walker (Robert), an English
portrait painter ; was contemporary
with Vandyck, and improved his
style by studying his works; he
painted the portrait of Cromwell, and
those of the principal personages of
the Republican party. He drew
Cromwell more than once, and in one
of his portraits he is represented with
agold chain round his neck, to which is
appended a gold medal with three

WAL

485

WAS

crowns (the Arms of Sweden), and a
pearl, sent to him by Christiana, in
return for his picture by Cooper.
This picture was in the possession of
Lord Mountford, and one in which
Cromwell and Lambert are together,
was in Lord Bradford's collection,
another was purchased for the Grand
Duke of Tuscany. His own portrait
is in the picture gallery at Oxford.
Wall (William Rutgaart Vander),
born in Utrecht in 1756 ; a pupil of
his father, a sculptor ; was an excel
lent painter of landscapes ornamented
with animals, a good designer of
figures, and perfectly understood the
anatomical part of the art. John
Kobel, who acquired a great reputa
tion in that line, was a pupil of Van
der Wall : he died in his native city
in 1813.
Walmsley (John), bora in Ireland,
1 763, an -ingenious landscape painter,
in which he had already made some
proficiency, when he became a scene
painter at the Theatres Royal Drury
Lane, and Covent Garden, which em
ployment not agreeing with his health,
he retired to Bath, where he practised
landscape painting until his decease,
in 1805.
Walraven (Isaac), born at Am
sterdam, 1686 ; was a pupil of Gerard
Rademaker, after whose death he
went to Dusseldorf to study the pic
tures in the Elector's Gallery. He had
a genius for composition, a good tone
of colour, and well understood the
chiaro-oscuro, but his design was
incorrect, aud his touch at times
wanted boldness and lightness ; how
ever he has made some excellent
historical pictures. At the sale of his
collection after his death, one of his
pictures sold for 1,500 florins; two
others of smaller dimensions for 800
florins ; the subjects of the two last,
were children playing at different
games: died 1765.
Walscappel or Waltskapelle
(James), painted flowers and fruits in
the style of John David de Heem ;

he has left some paintings of great
merit. Walton (Parrey), studied under
Walker, and copied Giordano's pic
ture of the Cyclops : died about 1 700.
Walpole, v. 3. p. 48.
Walvis (  ), this painter would
perhaps have remained unknown, if his
name was not found upon a picture
of large dimensions, representing St.
John the Baptist ; on examining of
which with some attention, one easily
perceives that he faithfully imitated
the taste of Raphael, particularly as
to the colouring. There is also cited
iu the Catalogue of Hoet a picture by
him, representing the prophet Elias.
Wandelaar (John), born at Am
sterdam, 1690 ; was Professor at the
Academy of Design in that city, and
interested himself very much in pro
curing for his pupils good anatomical
examples : he died at Leyden, in
1759. Wans or Wamps, a Fleming, sur-
named the Captain ; was contempo
rary with Eyckens, sen. He was a
good landscape painter, and made
copies after Vandyck.
Ward (Captain), was an officer in
the East India Company's service,
and in the Exhibitions of 1772 and
1773 produced some landscapes and
pictures of views in India.
Wassenberg (John Abel), born at
Groeningen in 1689 ; studied first
under John Van Dieren, an artist of
some eminence, and had also some in
struction from Adrian Vander Werf.
He gave proof of his talents by paint
ing several saloons and ceilings, and
was much employed in portraiture, in
which he particularly excelled ; and
was no less celebrated for his pictures
of a cabinet size, representing subjects
from sacred history, finished in the
polished style of Vander Werf, and
which were considered little inferior to
VanderWerf's.Hepaintedtheportraitsof the Prince and Princess of Orange,
and those of the most distinguished
personages of the court : died 1780.

WAS

486

WAT

Wassenberg (Elizabeth Ger
trude), daughter of John Abel, was
born at Groeningen in 1756 ; she
painted in the style of her father,
whose pencil had some analogy to
that of the Chevalier Vander Werf,
his master. The works of this artist
are very highly finished, equalling
those of Gerard Douw. The Coun
sellor Fockens, her husband, posses
sed some of her paintings, which were
greatly admired : she died in 1782.
Wasser (Anna), bom at Zurich,
1679 ; this lady studied under Joseph
Werner, one of the most eminent
artists of Switzerland, and copied some
of his works, particularly a picture of
Flora, with surprising fidelity. She
attempted some pictures in oil, which
she soon abandoned for miniature, in
which she arrived at a perfection little
short of Werner himself. The Duke
of Wurtemberg and the Margravine of
Baden Durlach were among her dis
tinguished patrons, and there was
scarcely a court in Europe from which
she did not receive commissions. She
also excelled in painting pastoral and
rural subjects, which she composed
with great ingenuity and finished with
surprising delicacy : died 1713.
Waterloo (Anthony), is believed
to have been born at Utrecht about
1618, and the scenery of his pictures
is usually taken from the environs of
that city. His landscapes sometimes
represent the entrance into a forest, a
broken road, with a few trunks of
trees, a solitary cottage, or a water-
mill, which are treated with great
truth and nature, and the water beau
tifully transparent. His skies are light
and floating, colouring chaste and
natural, the foliage of his trees and
plants touched with great spirit, and
with a marked attention to their dif
ferent species ; they are characterized
by the most interesting simplicity, and
are rarely to be met with. Many of
his landscapes have no figures in them,
and in those which have either figures
or cattle they have probably been in
serted by Weeninx : died 1679.

Watteau (Anthony), born in Var
lenciennes, 1684; studied first under
an obscure artist in his native city,
and he afterwards assisted in painting
theatrical decorations for the Opera
House. At Paris he became ac
quainted with Claude Gillott, a cele
brated painter of grotesques and
subjects from the fable, whom he
soon surpassed, and further improved
his system of colouring by studying
the splendid works of Rubens, in
which he maybe said to have surpassed
every artist of his country. He then
turned his attention to historical paint
ing, and gained the first prize at the
Academy, but did not persist in that
career. He next painted balls, mas
querades, gallant and pastoral subjects,
in a style which has given rise to a
host of imitators without producing a
rival. His figures are well designed,
and have the suppleness and ease of
nature, his colouring is fresh and
splendid, and is equally admired in
the tenderness of his carnations, the
brilliancy of his habiliments, and the
verdure of his landscapes, but the
national taste of his country prevails.
He painted imaginary nymphs and
swains, and described a rural life led
by people of rank and fashion. His
shepherdesses and even his sheep are
coquettes, and his nymphs are as
much below the majesty of goddesses
as they are above the hoyden awk
wardness of country girls. In his
halts and marches of cavalry, the care
less slouch of his soldiers still retains
the air of a nation that aspires to be
agreeable as well as victorious. He
visited England in the reign of
George I. but did not remain long.
He made the colouring of Rubens and
Vandyck his models, and executed a
number of drawings in red and black
chalk: died 1721.
Watts (Jane), a painter of land
scapes in oil, and an exhibitor at the
Royal Academy and at the British
Institution. She may almost be said
to have been self-taught, having only
taken lessons for about three months.
She usually painted from nature, and

WEB 487
her productions were much admired :
died 1826.
Webb (Westfield), born about
1762; exhibited a whole length por
trait of Miss Brent, the celebrated
singer, and was chiefly known as a
portrait painter, though he occasionally
painted flowers, but never rose above
mediocrity in either branch : died
1772. Webber (John), born in London,
1752; having acquired considerable
reputation as a designer of landscapes,
he accompanied Captain Cook on his
voyage to the South Seas, for the pur
pose of designing whatever was re
markable on their voyage, and on his
return he devoted himself to land
scape painting. His pictures produce
a pleasing effect, and are carefully
finished, with perhaps too much at
tention to minutise, and occasionally
somewhat gaudy in the colouring :
they are usually views of the South
Sea islands, with figures in the cos
tume of the inhabitants : died 1 703.
Weeling (Anselme),born at Bois-
le-duc, 1675; studied the rudiments
of design under an obscure portrait
painter named Delang, and quickly
surpassed him ; he afterwards devoted
two years to the study and copying of
the works of the most eminent
masters of the Dutch school, and was
particularly attached to the works
of Godfrey Schalcken and Adrian
Vanderwerf, whose style he fol
lowed with great success. His most
celebrated pictures are candle-light
pieces, in imitation of Schalcken, and
which are frequently mistaken for his
works. He was a competent master
of the principles of light and shadow,
his colouring rich and glowing, and
his design tolerably correct : died
1749. Weeninx (John Baptist), born at
Amsterdam, 1621 ; studied first under
John Micker, an obscure artist, and
afterwards under Abraham Bloemart,
whom he soon surpassed ; but the
facility and predsion with which he
designed the principal castles, build-

WEE

ings, and ruins in the vicinity of Am
sterdam, also all kinds of animals
and huntings, which he drew with
equal spirit and accuracy, and the
applause he received, induced him to
attempt the same subjects in oil. He
then quitted Bloemart and placed him
self under Nicholas Moojaert, to
whose style he was much attached.
He afterwards visited Rome, and was
particularly struck by the magnifi
cence of every object by which he was
surrounded, and above all by the sub
lime: monuments of ancient grandeur
which remain in the architectural
ruins of that capital. It is difficult to
form an idea of the various and ex
tensive powers of this artist : he
painted history, portraits, landscapes,
sea-ports, animals, and live and dead
game, but excelled in Italian sea
ports, enriched with noble archi
tecture, and decorated with figures,
representing embarkations, or the
activity of commercial industry, in
which he has perhaps only been ex
celled by Nicholas Berghem, who was
one of his disciples. His large pic
tures are most esteemed, although
some of his small ones are finished
equal to Mieris or Gerard Douw. One
representing the Prodigal Son; and
another of a Bull Bait, are highly
spoken of: died 1660.
Weeninx (John), son of the above,
born at Amsterdam, 1 644 ; was in
structed in the art by his father, and
painted with great reputation land
scapes, animals, flowers, and fruit,
but particularly excelled in the repre
sentation of dead game and huntings,
in which he may be said to have ex
ceeded every artist of his country. He
decorated the hunting seat of the
Elector Palatine with a series of pic
tures representing the hunting of the
boar and stag, in which the animals
are designed and painted with a cor
rectness and spirit which is above all
praise. But his landscapes are very
inferior to those of his father, and it
is evident he considered them only as
accessories to his principal subjects.
His large pictures are ingenious and

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488

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picturesque, his touch bold and ani
mated, and colouring clear and bril
liant. His works of a cabinet size
are exquisitely finished, and deservedly
held in the highest estimation, and
placed in the best collections : died
1719. Weerdt, bom at Brussels, 1510 ;
studied at Antwerp under Christian
Queburgh, a landscape painter little
known. He visited Italy ; studied
the works of Parmigiano ; and on his
return to Flanders executed several
works for the churches in the graceful
style of that distinguished master,
particularly a series of the Life of the
Virgin, by which he acquired great
reputation : died 1556.
Weesop (  ), visited England
in 1 641, soon after the death of Van
dyck, whose works he imitated so
closely, that his pictures passed for
those of that master.
Weirotter ( Francis Edmund ),
born at Inspruck, 1 730 ; he went to
Paris, became a pupil of J. G. Wille,
and an able designer of landscapes ,
afterwards went to Italy, and returned
to Paris with a copious collection of
drawings from the most picturesque
views of that delightful country.
Well (Arnold Van), born at Dor
drecht, 1772 ; was pupil of Andrew
Vermeulen, and painted cabinet pic
tures in the manner of the brothers Van
Stry ; also moonlight and winter
pieces, which now ornament the best
collections: died 1818.
Wellekens (John Baptist), bom
at Alost, in 1658; was sent very
young to a grand uncle at Amsterdam,
who placed him under Anthony De
Grebber ; the great progress he made
in his art, enabled him at the age of
eighteen to go to Italy, where he re
mained eleven years, studying the
artistic beauties of Rome and Venice ;
there is a portrait by him of his mo
ther : died 1726.
Werdmuller (Rudolf), bom at
Zurich, 1639; was a disciple of Conrad
Meyer, and had given promise of an

uncommon ability as a painter of his
tory and portraits, when he was un
fortunately drowned: died 1668.
Werenfels (Rudolf), born at
Basle, Switzerland, 1629 ; he received
his first instructions at Amsterdam,
and afterwards went to Italy ; he
chiefly distinguished himself in por
traits, and was much employed in
the several courts of Germany; his
pictures are generally accompanied
with appropriate accessories, but his
colouring is cold and feeble : died
1673. Werf (Adrian Vander), bora near
Rotterdam, 1659; studied first under
Cornelius Picolett, a portrait painter
of no great ability, and afterwards
under Eglon Vander Neer, and co
pied pictures by Francis Mieris, so
closely, that it deceived the most
intelligent judges ; he then became
acquainted with M. Flink, who had
an extensive collection of drawings,
by the best Italian masters, from
which models, and by drawing after
the best casts from the antique, he
formed a more correct and elevated
taste of design than any artist of his
country ; he painted a picture of the
Judgment of Solomon, for the Grand
Duke of Tuscany, and his own por
trait, to be placed in the Florentine
Gallery ; he continued to be employ
ed by the Grand Duke, and several of
his most capital pictures are in the
Gallery at Dusseldorf; Sir Gregory
Page Turner purchased ten of his
pictures, a few years before the death
of Vander Werf, which happened in
1 722 ; three of his pictures are as
large as life ; a Magdalen whole length
which was painted as a companion
picture to the St. John of Raffaelle,
which is as smooth and as highly
finished as his small pictures, the
other two are portraits. His pictures
whether great or small, certainly af
ford but little pleasure. His naked
figures appear to be of a much harder
substance than flesh, though his out
line is far from cutting, which harsh
ness of manner appears to proceed

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489

WES

from the softness and union being too
general, the light being every where
lost in the ground or its shadow ; his
flesh has therefore the appearance of
ivory or plaster, or some other hard
substance, and there is also a want of
transparency in his colouring, from
his admitting little or no reflection of
light, he had also the defect fre
quently found in Rembrandt, that
of making his light only on a single
spot ; his figures and his heads are
however well drawn, and his drapery
is excellent, the latter perhaps as good
as can be found in any other painter's
works whatever.
Werf (Peter Vander), younger bro
ther of Adrian, born near Rotterdam,
1665 ; was instructed by his brother,
and for some time confined himself
to copying his works ; but afterwards
painted pictures of his own, which
were occasionally retouched by his
brother ; his pictures usually repre
sented domestic subjects and small
portraits, in which he was much em
ployed ; one of his principal pictures
is in the hotel of the East India Com
pany, representing the portraits of the
Directors at that time ; though not
equal to Adrian in the extensive polish
of his finishing, his pictures are
highly wrought up, and sometimes
mistaken for the works of Adrian ; he
occasionally painted history : died
1718. Werner (Joseph), born at Berne,
Switzerland, 1637; was the son of a
painter of little celebrity, by whom
he was first instructed, and afterwards
became a scholar of Matthew Merian,
whom he soon surpassed ; he visited
Rome and was indefatigable in design
ing from every object which could
conduce to his advancement, and for
some time painted in oil and fresco,
but his predilection for high finish
ing, induced him to prefer minia
ture painting, which he caried to a
perfection which has perhaps never
been surpassed ; his historical subjects
are ingeniously composed, and design
ed with a correctness and taste very

unusual in that confined branch of
the art ; his colouring is clear and
forcible, and his heads have a fine
expression ; he was also much em
ployed in portraiture, in which he
particularly excelled ; he was invited
to Versailles, where he painted the
portrait of Louis XIV. and several of
the principal persons of the court,
and was also much employed in his
torical and emblematical subjects,
wliich were greatly admired.
West (Benjamin), born at Spring
field, near Philadelphia, in America,
1738, of Quaker parents ; was a self-
taught artist, whose juvenile attempts
having been shewn to a Mr. Williams,
he lent him the works of Fresnoy and
of Richardson, and also exhibited to
him a number of his own pictures and
drawings ; he was afterwards intro
duced to a Mr. Ross, whose portrait
and that of a young lady he was pre
vailed upon to paint, and in which he
succeeded so well, that numerous
applications were made to him for a
similar purpose, and afterwards he
undertook to paint the Death of So
crates : a Negro serving him for a
model of such parts of the figure as
required to be represented in a state
of nudity ; his next production was a
copy of the portrait of Ignatius
Loyola, from a picture, either by
Murillo, or some celebrated master
of the Spanish school, in which he
succeeded so well, that he ventured
to take a bolder flight, aud soon after
produced a large painting of Susan
nah and the Elders ; and another of
Daniel, in which he introduced no
less than forty figures ; this picture
was soon after destroyed by a fire at
Philadelphia ; where having seen a
picture of a Hermit at his devotions
before a lamp, he conceived an idea
of painting a man reading by candle
light : his reputation as a portrait
painter continuing to increase, and his
prices rose gradually from one guinea
to ten guineas for a half length por
trait ; he soon after visited Italy,
where he studied attentively the works

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of the best masters, and at Parma he
copied the St. Jerome of Correggio ;
at Rome he painted a portrait which
greatly increased his reputation, and
extended his fame. About the year
1763, he came to England, where
his pictures of Cymon and Iphigenia,
and Angelica and Medora, which he
produced whilst at Rome, were greatly
admired and procured him many
friends, amongst others that of Mr.
Reynolds. In 1 765 he exhibited in
Spring Gardens two pictures of Jupiter
and Europa ; and Venus and Cupid ;
and the following year four others ;
the Continence of Scipio; Pylades
and Orestes ; another of Cymon and
Iphigenia ; and Diana and Endymion ;
of which a celebrated critic thus
writes, " The stories are well told, the
draperies well disposed, and upon
the whole they possess great merit,
but in all his works this artist is apt
to be too glaring, hard and edgy,
especially in his heads and hands ;
and it is a pity he is so fond of glaz
ing aud scumbling, which will make
his pictures change in time, and in
the end grow black." He was after
wards employed by Archbishop Drum
mond of York to paint the subject
of Agrippina landing at Brundusium,
with the ashes of Germanicus, which
so delighted his late Majesty, that he
commissioned Mr. West to paint for
him, the Departure of Regulus from
Rome. On the establishment of the
Royal Academy, he was an annual
contributor, and the following are the
principal amongst the numerous pic
tures exhibited there by him : Venus
lamenting the death of Adonis ; Han
nibal swearing eternal enmity to the
Romans ; the Death of General
Wolfe ; Hector and Andromache ;
the Repentant Prodigal, Penn's
Treaty with the Indians : the Pre
sentation in the Temple ; Una, from
Spenser's Fairy Queen ; the Death
of Bayard ; the Cave of Despair,
from Spenser ; Moses Receiving the
Tables ; Antony shewing the Robe
and Will of Csesar to the People ;
Erasistratus discovering the love of

Antiochus; Devout Men taking the
body of Stephen, an altar-piece for
Walbrook Church ; Daniel Inter
preting the Hand-writing on the
Wall ; Rinaldo and Armida ; St.
Michael and the Archangel, an altar-
piece for Trinity College Chapel, Cam
bridge ; William de Albanac, and his
three daughters ; Alfred dividing his
Loaf with the Pilgrim ; the Battle of
the Boyne ; the Battle of La Hogue ;
the Raising of Lazarus, an altar-piece
for Winchester Cathedral ; the Curing
of the Demoniacs, for the King's
Chapel at Windsor ; the Ascension,
for the same ; Cromwell dissolving
the House of Commons ; the Land
ing of Charles II. at Dover ; the Apo
theosis of the Princes Alfred and
Octavius ; Moses striking the Rock ;
St. Peter Preaching ; the Lord's Sup
per ; the Resurrection of St. Paul in
the island of Melita ; Queen Philippa
suing for the Burghers of Calais ;
King Lear; the Brazen Serpent in
the Wilderness ; the Expulsion of
Adam and Eve from Paradise ; the
Conversion of Saul, for a church at
Birmingham ; the first Installation of
the Knights of the Garter, for the
Audience Chamber, Windsor Castle ;
Edward III. passing the Soane ; the
three Marys at the Sepulchre ;
Edward III. embracing his Son, after
the Battle of Cressy ; Philippa,
Queen of Edward III.", at the Battle
of Neville's Cross ; St. Paul and
Barnabas rejecting the Jews, for the
chapel at Windsor ; Macbeth and the
Witches ; Edward the Black Prince
receiving John King of France, after
the Battle of Poictiers ; Cordelia and
Lear ; Queen Elizabeth going in Pro
cession to St. Paul's, after the defeat of
the Armada ; the Grecian Daughter ;
and the Descent of the Holy Spirit
upon our Saviour, for the King's
Chapel. In 1806 he produced his
picture of the Death of Nelson, in
which there are about fifty figures,
real portraits ; and in 1814, Christ
rejected by the Jewish High Priest,
the Elders, and the people; and three
years afterwards, Death on the Pale

WES

Horse, from the Apocalypse of St.
John ; the ideal King of Terrors,
is terrifically grand, and not less so,
the supernatural courser that he be
strides, and which, issuing from the
womb of Night, seems to paw space,
delighted at the desolation that
attends his steps ; the right arm of
the spectral monarch is wreathed
with a serpent, the other is armed
with meteoric plagues. Beneath,
lies a dead female, with her husband
and motherless child, lamenting her
loss, and awaiting their own dissolu
tion. On the right, human desolation
is depicted under a variety of sanguin
ary forms, while, behind in a murky
sky, are seen, through a dusky veil,
the ghastly shapes of infernals, that
in the palpable obscure, find out their
uncouth way. Before this group is
the representation of the Black Horse
of the Third Seal, with its rider, and
the balances in his hand. Approach
ing the foreground, are two figures of
Pestilence and Famine, vigorously
conceived, and most powerfully ex
pressed. Hence, to the right, the
Opening of the first and second
Seals, obtains a local habitation : the
White Horse and the Saviour of men
going forth conquering and to conquer,
is the finest figure of the composition.
The head of Christ is in profile,
and the eye directed to a beatifical
vision in the Heavens. Behind this,
is the Red Horse, bestrode by a
Helmed Warrior, spreading around
him with unfeeling sternness, misery
and carnage. In this sublime com
position, less regard is paid to colour,
than expression, and the object of the
artist appears to have been to produce
a great moral effect, without endea
vouring so to please or catch the eye,
as to excite admiration. Another of
his great works, is a picture of Our
Saviour healing the Lame and the
Blind, in the Temple ; this he pre
sented to the Pennsylvania Hospital.
He also painted a picture of the
Annunciation for the New Church at
Marylebone, but he afterwards pre
sented them with a smaller and bet-

491 WET
ter picture of the Nativity ; he also
painted a picture of the Last Supper;
portraits of himself and family ; the
Hovel in King Lear ; the King,
Queen, and Laertes in Hamlet ; the
Stoning of Stephen, which, with
others above mentioned, have been
engraved ; was made President of the
Royal Academy : died 1820.
Westall (Richard), was a member
of the Royal Academy, exhibited in
1785 his sarcastic picture of January
and May ; and two years afterwards,
that of Mary Queen of Scots, taking
leave of Andrew Melvil, on her way
to public execution ; and subsequently
Esau seeking his Father's Blessing,
after Isaac had obtained it ; a scene
from Chaucer's Wife of Bath, from
which specimens of talent much was
expected from him, but although he
drew well, and exhibited a true poeti
cal taste and occasionally produced
images of female loveliness, and chi
valrous and romantic feeling ; he was
in general deficient in vigour and
wanting in grace and gentleness, and
gradually fell from the eminence he
had once attained, and became
spiritless and languid both in design
and execution : died 1836.
Westenvelde (Cleerbaut Van),
of Ghent, is mentioned in the Annals
de Gand in 1461 ; he painted for the
church of St. Aspere.
Westerbaen (J.), was a celebrated
painter of portraits ; those he painted
of Goestranus, and other learned men,
and which were engraved by H. Bar
ry, sufficiently attest his skill, he was
Dean of the Society of Painters at the
Hague : died 1659.
Wet (Gerard de), born at Amster
dam, in 1616 ; was a pupil of Rem
brandt, whose manner he followed,
he sometimes had a good tone of
colour, and painted landscapes well :
died 1679.
Weth (James de), is described in
the Catalogues of Hoet and Terwesten,
under that name, and under that of
John de Weth, painter and picture

WEY

492

WHO

dealer of Haerlem. The subjects of
the known pictures of J. de Weth are
almost always taken from sacred his
tory, and are in general in the manner
of Rembrandt, of a greenish cast, and
very deep colour, but more full,
laboured, and cold than those of Rem
brandt, yet when seen at a certain
distance, his works resemble those of
that master ; there are also pictures of
a totally diflerent kind, representing
cheerful conversations, signed with
his name, which makes one suppose
that there was another painter of the
same name. There was a picture in
the collection of J. Tak, at Leyden,
representing Christ at the age of
twelve years, disputing with the Doc
tors in the Temple ; signed, J. de
Weth. Weyde (Roger Vander), born at
Brussels about 1480 ; instructor un
known ; he was one of the first
painters of his country, who intro
duced a graceful style of designing,
and a characteristic expression of his
heads. Amongst his principal works,
were four pictures in the Council
Chamber of the Town House at
Brussels, representing subjects con
nected with the administration of
justice ; he painted a picture of the
Taking down from the Cross, for one of
the churches, which was greatly ad
mired ; it was afterwards sent to the
King of Spain, and a copy of it by
Michael Coxis put in its place : died
1529. Weyer (Hans or John), born in
Cobourg, flourished about 1610, is
said to have painted several pictures,
but we have no description of his
works. Weyermans (James Campo), born
at Amsterdam, 1679; was a disciple
of Van Kessel, and painted fruit,
flowers, and still life ; but his pictures
are not above mediocrity : died 1747.
Published the Lives of the Dutch
painters, full of gross falsehood and
absurdities. Wheatley (Francis), bora in Lon
don, 1747 ; was first employed in

painting some decorations at Vaux-
hall, but his inclination appearing to
lead to figures, as well as landscapes, he
received some instructions from Mor
timer, and met with considerable
employment in painting small whole
length portraits. He went to Dublin,
and painted a large picture represent
ing the Irish House of Commons, in
which he painted the portraits of the
most remarkable political characters,
and gained great reputation. He
returned to London, and painted a
picture of the Riots in 1786, engraved
by Boydell ; he had a peculiar talent
for painting rural and domestic sub
jects, and his productions of that sort,
greatly admired. He painted twelve
pictures to illustrate Boydell's Shak-
speare, by which his merit, as a com
poser and colourist, may be best
estimated : died 1801.
White (Robert), born in London,
about 1 645 ; drew portraits in black
lead upon vellum, in which he ex
celled; the heads of Sir Godfrey
Kneller and his brother, were painted
from his drawings, and Sir Godfrey
painted White's portrait in return :
died 1704.
White (George), the son of Robert,
flourished about 1720; was instructed
by his father in the principle of de
sign, and is said to have occasionally
painted both in oil and in miniature.
White (Charles), born in London,
1751 ; was first an engraver, and
afterwards worked chiefly, if not
entirely, in the chalk style ; at first
on trifling subjects from design by
ladies, and afterwards on works of
more importance : died 1785.
Whood (Isaac), lived in the reign
of George I., and was celebrated for
his portraits in oil, on vellum, and
drawings in black lead, chiefly profiles.
Walpole, v. 3. p. 76.
Whood (J.), a portrait painter,
resided some years in Lincoln' s-Inn-
Fields. Mr. Sandby had a whole
length portrait of a young lady by
him, cleverly executed : died about
1769.

WIB

493

WIL

¦ Wibert — See Vuibert.
Wickstead (Philip), born in Lon
don; was a disciple of Zoffany, and
distinguished himself chiefly as a
painterof small whole-length portraits :
died about 1790.
Wierengen (Cornelius), born at
Haerlem about 1600; excelled in
painting sea-pieces and storms, which
he executed with great truth and pre
cision. Wieringa (Gerard), bora at Gro
ningen; studied under John Wieringa,
a painter of ornaments ; afterwards
went to Dusseldorf to improve him
self by studying the pictures in the
gallery of the Elector. He returned
to his native city in 1 790, and there
gave lessons in design, and painted
landscapes. In 1810 he obtained the
prize at the Academy of Leyden, for a
landscape representing the decline of
day. One of his best scholars was J.
N. Schoonbeck, who employed himself
at Paris for some years at landscape
painting, and died at Groningen, in
1817. Wigmana ( Gerard ), born in
Friesland, 1673 ; he went to Italy,
and is said to have studied the
works of Titian, Raffaelle, and Giulio
Romano, and on his return, acquired
some reputation as a painter of his
tory, cabinet size, as remarkable for
their laborious finishing and gaudiness
of colour, as for the vulgarity of
characters, and incorrectness of design.
His subjects of the most interesting
events of sacred or profane history,
were distinguished by a burlesque per
version of characteristic expression,
and a total inattention to the propriety
of costume ; and yet he had the
vanity to assume to himself the title of
the Raffaelle of Friesland ; he visited
England but met with no encourage
ment: died 1741.
Wildens (John), born at Antwerp,
1 584 ; nature seems to have been his
instructor, and he was constantly em
ployed in the fields and forests, de
signing every object that appeared to

him picturesque or remarkable. He
was employed by Rubens in painting
the landscapes in the background of
his pictures, and so closely imitated
Rubens in the freedom of his touch,
and the harmony of his colouring,
that the whole appeared as if done by
one hand. Several of his landscapes
are in the public edifices at Antwerp,
embellished with figures by the ablest
of his contemporaries, the two most
esteemed of which, are the Holy
Family, and the Repose in Egypt,
with figures by John Bockhorst,
called Langen Jan : died 1644.
Willaerts (Adam), born at Ant
werp, in 1577; distinguished himself
as a painter of marines, sea ports, and
views of the coast, with a variety of
shipping and boats, generally embel
lished with groups of small figures,
correctly drawn, and touched with
neatness and spirit ; he also painted
conflagrations of villages, and ships
on fire, which are well coloured, and
produce a striking effect ; his works
were held in high estimation : died
1640. Willaerts (Abraham), son of
the above, born at Utrecht, 1613; he
studied first under his father, and
afterwards under John Bylaert, a
painter of little celebrity, then under
Simon Vouet, and became a reputable
painter of history : died 1 670.
Wille (Peter Alexander), born in
Paris, 1748, was the son of John
George Wille, a celebrated engraver,
by whom he was instructed in design,
he afterwards became a scholar of
Vien and Greuze, and distinguished
himself as a painter of domestic
scenes and conversations ; his abilities
may be best judged of by an inspec
tion of the prints engraved from his
pictures by his father.
Willeborts (Thomas), called
Boscharts, bora at Bergen op Zoom,
1613; he studied first under Gerard
Segers, then visited Italy, studied the
works of the best masters, and re
turned to Antwerp a correct and
graceful designer ; he painted several

WIL

494

WIL

altar-pieces for the churches in Flan
ders and Brabant, which are not dis
graced by a comparison with those of
Rubens or Vandyck ; in portraiture
he so closely approached the latter,
that some of his heads have been mis
taken for Vandyck' s ; for the Prince
of Orange he painted several works,
particularly a large allegorical picture
of War and Peace, ingeniously com
posed and admirably coloured ; one
of his most esteemed pictures is the
Marriage of St. Catherine, in one of
the churches at Antwerp ; and the
Martyrdom of St. Basil, at Brussels :
died 1656.
Willemans (Michael), born at
Lubeck, 1630 ; was first a scholar of
Jacob Backer, and afterwards of Rem
brandt, under whom he studied several
years and became a reputable painter
of history ; he executed several works
for the Elector of Brandenburgh,
particularly a large picture of Vulcan
forging the Arms of Mars ; and was
also employed in several of the courts
of Germany, where his pictures are
highly esteemed : died 1697-
Willems (Mark), born at Mechlin
about 1527 ; was a scholar of Michael
Coxcie ; he was a very eminent
painter, composed with facility, and
his figures were well drawn. In the
cathedral at Mechlin is a fine picture
by him representing the Decollation
of St. John ; when Philip, King of
Spain, entered Madrid he painted a
triumphal arch, which did him great
credit : died 1561.
Williams (John), an English por
trait painter, is said to have been a
scholar of Richardson ; was an artist
of considerable ability, and his por
traits were greatly admired ; he
painted a portrait of Mrs. Beard, the
celebrated singer, engraved by McAr-
dell: died about 1780.
Willingen (Peter Vander), born
at Bergen op Zoom, 1607; painted
emblems of mortality, surrounded
with vases of gold and silver, books
and musical instruments, highly

finished, and with a natural appearance
and effect : died 1665.
Willi son (George), born in Scot
land ; studied at Rome, and on his
coming to England in 1771 was an
exhibitor at the Royal Academy, but
meeting with but little encourage
ment he abandoned the profession :
died 1795.
Wills (Rev. James), was Chaplain
to the Society of Artists ; there is a
figure drawn by him in the Royal
Academy, but it is very incorrect ;
he also painted a portrait of the Rev.
Mr. Sanders ; but his principal per
formance is a picture of Young Chil
dren brought to Christ, which he
presented to the Foundling Hospital :
died 1777.
Wils (John), born at Haerlem, is
little known, as his best works are at
tributed to Claude Lorraine and to
Berghem, the last of whom was his
pupil ; he painted landscapes in the
manner of I. Both, the figures of
which are inserted by Wouvermans
and Berghem.
Wilson (Richard), born at Mont
gomeryshire, 1714 ; studied first in
London under an obscure portrait
painter, named Wright, and for some
years devoted himself to that branch ;
in 1 74 9 he painted a large picture of
George III. and his brother the Duke
of York, and had acquired consider
able reputation as a portrait painter ;
he afterwards visited Italy and painted
a landscape, which was accidentally
seen by Zuccarelli, he was by him
advised to apply himself to landscape ;
Vemet also saw one of Wilson's land
scapes, and offered him one of his
best pictures in exchange for it, which
being accepted, Vemet placed Wilson's
landscape in his exhibition room, and
this laid the foundation of his reputa
tion ; Mengs also painted Wilson's
portrait, and received one of his land
scapes in return ; he painted a picture
of Niobe, which was exhibited in the
Royal Academy in 1760, by which
he acquired great reputation. His
views in Italy were selected with

WIL

495

WIS

judgment and taste, and in his pic
tures the waving line of mountains
which bound the distance in every
point of view, and the dreary and in
hospitable plains, rendered solemnly
interesting by the mouldering frag
ments of temples, tombs, and aque
ducts, are all indicated in a masterly
manner, exhibiting that local charac
ter which must be considered as pecu
liarly grand and graceful. In his
English pictures he is particularly
successful in the fresh and dewy
brightness he has given to his verdure ;
he frequently painted the same sub
ject or view three or four times with
little or no variation, a circumstance
that has given rise to a suspicion of
the originality of some works that
were really the production of his
pencil; although he has been absurdly
called the English Claude, their styles
are so totally different that no com
parison can be made ; in one respect
they agreed, and that was in the bad
taste of their figures. The landscapes
of Wilson cannot beeasily enumerated;
Sir Joshua Reynolds had a Storm, with
the story of Niobe introduced ; Sir
W. W. Wynne, the Meeting of Cicero
with his Friends at the Tusculau
Villa ; two large views in Wales, and
some other landscapes ; and Lord
Thanet has Mecsenas' Villa at Tivoli,
and two smaller scenes in Italy : died
1782. Wilson (Benjamin), born at Leeds,
Yorkshire, came to London, and
ranked amongst the first of the por
trait painters of his time, who endea
voured to introduce a better style of
relief and of the chiaro-oscuro into
his pictures ; his heads are coloured
with more warmth and nature than
in the generality of his contempora
ries ; one of his best pictures is a
view of Tivoli, and another of a half-
length portrait of Dr. Maty, one of
the Librarians of the British Institu
tion. His instructor is unknown :
died 1758.
Winghen (Joseph Van), called
the Old, born at Brussels, 1542;

went to Rome and studied four years.
Amongst his best pictures are, a Last
Supper, aud Apelles falling in love
with Campaspa. whilst he painted her
picture ; he also painted an allegorical
composition in which invention and
art are skilfully combined : died 1603.
Winghen (Jeremiah Van), called
the Young, born at Brussels, 1758;
studied under his father, afterwards
visited Italy, and was much employed
in historical subjects, but on his re
turn to Frankfort gave himself up
entirely to portrait painting ; he
finished with great care, and gave a
striking resemblance and a look of
natural life : died 1648.
Winstanley (Hamlet), son of
Henry Winstanley, the projector and
builder of the Eddystone lighthouse ;
studied first under Sir Godfrey Kneller,
on leaving whom he went to Italy,
and on his return to England he ap
plied himself entirely to engraving :
died about 1760.
Winter (Giles de), born at Leu-
warden, 1 650 ; was a scholar of Re
nier Brakenberg, whose style he imi
tated with considerable success, and
painted similar subjects, viz. Dutch
Boors regaling, and the Recreations
of the Cabaret. His pictures are in
geniously composed, and his colouring
brilliant and clear, but his design is
even more incorrect than that of his
instructor ; his works are little known
except in Holland, and there they are
not held in much estimation : died
1720. Wiriex (John), was a great de
signer with the pen, and an imitator
of Albert Durer ; Signor Venturino
has in his collection at Lisbon a very
fine design by his hand.
Wirz (John), born at Zurich, 1640;
was a scholar of Conrad Meyer, and
practised portrait painting with con
siderable success,but is more deserving
of notice as an engraver : died about
1700. Wissing (William), born at Am
sterdam, 1656; studied historical
designs and portrait painting under

WIT

496

WIT

Doudyns, then came to England and
assisted Sir Peter Lely, and imitated
his style and colouring so closely, that
having painted a portrait of the
Duke of Monmouth he obtained the
favour of Charles II. as well as of
several of the ladies and of the nobi
lity of that gay court ; he was after
wards appointed principal painter to
James II. by whom he was sent to
the Hague to paint the portraits of
William and Mary, Prince and Prin
cess of Orange, by which he acquired
considerable reputation ; his portraits
are considered little inferior to Knel-
ler's: died 1687.
Wit (Peter de), called Pietro Can-
dido, born at Bruges, 1548 ; instructor
unknown ; he went to Italy and as
sisted Vasari in the works he was
then employed on in the Vatican ; he
painted with equal success in oil and
fresco, and was employed in several
considerable works for the Grand
Duke of Tuscany and in designing
some cartoons for tapestry ; died
1559. Wit (Gaspar de), born at Antwerp,
1621, brother of Peter ; visited Italy,
and on his return painted small land
scapes, very highly finished, and gene
rally embellished with architectural
ruins, &c. from designs he had made
in Italy, and by which he acquired
considerable reputation : died 1673.
Wit (Emanuel), bom at Alkmaer,
1607 ; was a scholar of Evert Van
Aelst, a painter of still life, whose
style he did not follow, but applied
himself to portrait painting, in which
not meeting with the encouragement
he expected, he studied perspective and
architecture, and became one of the
most eminent artists of his country.
He usually represented the interior of
churches and temples. His style of
composition is so peculiar, that his
pictures may be easily known : in
some the minister is represented per
forming divine service, in others the
congregation are assembling, or the
organ loft, monuments, pulpits, and
seats are already crowded, and in his

best pictures the sun is shining through
the windows, and produces a pleasing
and natural effect : died 1692.
Wit (Jacob de), born at Amster
dam, 1 695 ; studied first under Albert
Van Spiers, a painter of history of
some eminence ; afterwards visited
Antwerp, and became a scholar of
Jacob Van Halen, a painter of little
celebrity, and upon leaving him de
voted himself entirely to the study of
the works of Rubens and Vandyck.
He was chiefly employed in painting
ceilings and the decorating of splendid
apartments with emblematical and
allegorical subjects, which hecomposed
with great ingenuity and coloured
agreeably. He was particularly suc
cessful in the design of children,
which he was fond of introducing into
his pictures. He embellished the
great Council Chamber at Amster
dam with several subjects from the
Old Testament, and painted several
altar-pieces for the Catholic churches
in Holland. His sketches for his
large works are touched with neatness
and spirit, are well coloured, and held
in considerable estimation : he was
living in 1744.
Withoos (Matthew), bornat Amers-
fort, in 1 627 ; was a scholar of
Jacob Van Kampen, a painter of his
tory and architecture ; afterwards
travelled to Italy with Otho Marcellus,
and distinguished himself as a painter
of curious plants, fruit, flowers, rep
tiles, and insects, which he represented
with surprising truth and precision,
and finished highly. He generally
introduced thistles into his pictures,
with snakes, adders, or vipers amongst
them. His works are greatly admired
and fetch high prices : died 1703.
Withoos (John), son of the above,
born at Amersfort, 1648 ; was first
instructed by his father ; then visited
Italy, and employed himself in de
signing the most picturesque views in
the vicinity of Rome. He painted in
water colours, in a neat, finished style,
and his drawings were much admired :
died 1685.

WIT

497

WOL

Withoos (Peter), younger brother
of John ; received his first instructions
from his father. He excelled in paint
ing flowers, plants, and insects, in
water colours, on vellum, which he
finished in a delicate style, accurately
designed, and coloured from nature.
His works are highly esteemed in
Holland, and fetch considerable prices :
died 1693.
Withoos (Francis), youngest son
and scholar of Matthias Withoos;
painted plants and insects in water
colours, in the style of his brother
Peter, but very inferior to him : died
1705. Witt (Thomas Vander), born at
Piershil, 1659 ; was a pupil of John
Verkolie, and a painter of portraits.
All his productions, such as his family
pictures, portraits, &c. are well finished
and of great purity, but in general the
colours are glaring, and want vigour ;
his designs are also incorrect and de
ficient in expression : he died at Delft.
Witte (Lieven de), born at Ghent,
1510 ; was a good painter of history,
of architecture, and of perspective :
died 1564.
Witte (Peter de), born at Bruges,
1548 ; was a good historical painter,
and visited Italy : he died at Munich,
1628. Wittig (Bartolomeo), born at Oels
in Silesia ; excelled in painting festivals
and concerts of music. In the Gallery
of the Louvre is a picture by him
representing a sumptuous banquet,
which possesses considerable merit :
died 1684.
Woensell (Petronella Van), of the
Hague, born 1 785 ; exhibited in 1816
at Amsterdam a fine picture of flowers
and fruit : she died at the Hague in
1839. Wolcot (John), born at Dodbrook,
in Devonshire, 1 738 ; having a taste
for drawing, produced several inter
esting views of romantic scenery in
that neighbourhood. He afterwards
entered into partnership with Opie,
the artist, but soon abandoned the

profession and devoted himself to
literary pursuits : died 1819.
Wolfaerts (Artus), born at Ant
werp, about 1625; painted history
with great reputation. His compo
sitions are grand though simple ; the
character of his heads noble and ele
vated, and his subjects are usually en
riched with architecture and landscape,
He occasionally painted festivals and
merry makings in the style of Teniers.
Wolff (Benjamin), a German Jew,
born at Dessau, 1 758 ; a pupil of
Frisch, painter to the court of Berlin ;
lived at Dresden, where he studied the
paintings of the first masters in various
galleries, and then went to Vienna,
where he passed some time in paint
ing portraits in oil and in miniature ;
he afterwards visited Rome, and
studied, under Pompeo Battoni, the
antiquities and best pictures of the
Italian school. He then went to
Leghorn, and subsequently to Am
sterdam, where he painted a number
of portraits and family pictures, and
some historical works. In 1803 he
went to Paris to visit the museum ;
he made for the Dutch Ambassador at
Paris, Mr. Schimmelpenninck, a copy
of Gerard Douw's picture of the
Woman with the dropsy, of the same
size as the original, which gained him
the most flattering distinctions ; he
also painted a family picture for his
Excellency, and copied the portrait of
Prince William I. for the Queen, and
that of Admiral de Ruyter, after F.
Bol, for the Government. In the
museum at Amsterdam is the por
trait of Francis I., after Titian, taken
by him: he died at Amsterdam, 1825.
Wolgemut (Michael), born at Nu
remberg, in 1434. A picture by him
is preserved in the Gallery of the
Louvre, representing Christ brought
before Pilate : it is painted in the dry
Gothic style which characterized the
German school previous to the period
of Albert Durer.
Wolters (Henrietta), born at Am
sterdam, 1692; the daughter of
Theodore Van Pee, an artist of little
2 K

woo

498

WOU

note; was instructed in miniature by
James Christian Le Blond, whom she
soon surpassed, both in delicacy of
touch and beauty of colouring. She
copied in miniature the portrait of
Vandyck with surprising fidelity.
Her extraordinary talents soon at
tracted public admiration, and she
was employed to paint the portraits
of the principal families at Amster
dam ; and also that of Peter the
Great of Russia. Her miniatures are
exquisitely finished, and possess all
the force of oil paintings : died 1 74 1 .
Woodcock (Robert), an amateur
painter of sea-pieces ; from childhood
had studied the construction of ships
with so much attention that he could
cut out a ship with all the rigging to
the utmost exactness. He copied
above forty pictures of Vandervelde :
died 1728.
Woodfohde (Samuel), born at
Castle Cary, Somersetshire, 1764 ;
in 1782 became a student of the
Royal Academy, and designed from
casts and from the naked figure, and
in 1786 visited Italy, studying from
the works of the most celebrated
masters, particularly those of Raf
faelle and M. Angelo, and copied in
easel size the large picture by Paolo
Veronese of the family of Darius ;
also the School of Athens ; and the
Parnassus of Raffaelle ; and on his
return to England painted the forest
scene in Titus Andronicus, to illus
trate Boydell's Shakspeare. In 1827
he become a Royal Academician, his
reception picture representing Dorinda
wounded by Silvio, small cabinet size,
but not well coloured. Amongst his
other pictures may be mentioned the
Departure of Ulysses ; Diana and her
Nymphs ; a subject from Sir Walter
Scott's Lay of the last Minstrel ; and
Charles I. taking leave of his Chil
dren, his best historical composition ;
and amongst his portraits those of the
Earl of Winchelsea ; some of the
family at Stourhead ; and a Spanish
Shepherd with his dog : died 1817.
Woolaston ( John ), born in

London, about 1672; painted por
traits, whose only merit consisted in
their being good likenesses. He twice
painted the portrait of Thomas Brit
ton, the small coal man, one of which
is now in the British Museum.
Wootton (John), an Englishman ;
flourished about 1 720 ; was a scholar
of John Wycke, and particularly ex
celled as a painter of landscapes and
animals, particularly horses, and in
designing the sports of the turf and
the field, his horses and dogs were
drawn with surprising spirit and
accuracy. He was employed by the
principal frequenters of Newmarket in
painting the portraits of their favourite
racers. He painted a picture of William
Duke of Cumberland, with a view of
the routed rebel army, near Culloden ;
also painted landscapes with con
siderable success, in which he some
times imitated the style of Claude Lor
raine and Gaspar Poussin ; there is,
however, a splendid specimen at Al-
thorp, engraved. See Dibdin's Ai-
thorpiana : he died in 1765.
Worlidge (Thomas), an English
painter, &c. ; flourished about 1 760 ;
practised miniature painting for some
time, and afterwards attempted por
traits in oil, but not meeting with
much encouragement he abandoned
that pursuit, and confined himself
entirely to engraving. His drawings
on vellum in Indian ink and black
lead are admirable : died 1766.
Worsdale (James), an English
portrait painter, and scholar of Sir
Godfrey Kneller ; but never arrived
at any great eminence in the art :
died 1767.
Worst (John), born in Holland,
1 625 ; went to Italy, where he learned
to paint landscapes. He died in Hol
land, 1680.
Woude (Engelbert Vander), a
priest of the Abbey of les Dunes
at Bruges ; painted miniatures.
Wouters (Francis), born in Bra
bant, 1614 ; was educated in the
school of Rubens, at Antwerp, but

wou

499

WRI

devoted himself to the study of land
scape painting, in which he became
one of the most eminent artists of his
time ; his pictures generally repre
senting the most picturesque views in
the Forest of Soignies, near Brussels,
embellished with figures representing
historical or fabulous subjects, such
as Pan and Syrinx, Venus and Adonis,
or Venus attended by Cupids, cor
rectly drawn, and ingeniously grouped,
his pencil is bold and free, resembling
the style of his instructors, and his
colouring clear and brilliant ; there
are some altar-pieces by him in the
churches in the Netherlands, parti
cularly one of giving the keys'to Peter,
and the Visitation, but he was less
successful iu large pictures than in
those of a smaller size : died 1659.
Wouvermans (Philip), born at
Haerlem, 1 620 ; was the son of Paul
Wouvermans, a painter of history of
little celebrity, from whom he received
his first instructions ; he afterwards
became a disciple of John Wynants,
whose landscapes he frequently deco
rated with his admirable figures and
animals ; his pictures usually repre
senting huntings and hawking parties,
horse-fairs, encampments, halts of
travellers, farrier's shops, and other
subjects, in which he could introduce
horses, which he designed with a
correctness and spirit that has never
been equalled ; some of his landscapes
are simply composed, others are en
riched with architecture, fountains,
or splendid edifices ; his scenery always
picturesque, is constantly diversified
with a charming variety, and though
his pictures have the appearance of
extremely high finishing, few artists
have left behind them such a number,
or such a variety of interesting pro
ductions, his skies and distances, trees
and plants, are the genuine repre
sentations of nature ; he was so ill
requited for his labours, that a short
time before his death, he ordered all
his studies and drawings to be burnt,
that his son might not follow a pro
fession from which he had derived

nothing but poverty and wretchedness :
died 1668.
Wouvermans ( Peter ), younger
brother of Philip, born at Haerlem
about 1625; studied first under Ro
land Roghman, and afterwards under
his brother, whose style he followed
with so much success, that some of
his best pictures have been taken for
early productions by Philip ; he
painted similar subjects, but his figures
and horses are not so correctly drawn,
neither is his pencil so spirited or
delicate, nor is his colouring so clear
and transparent : died 1683.
Wouvermans ( John ), younger
brother and scholar of Philip, was
born at Haerlem about 1628; his
pictures represent landscapes, with
figures and buildings, and are painted
in a more pleasing tone of colour, and
with a more spirited and masterly
touch than those of Peter : died 1666.
Wright (Richard), born in Liver
pool about 1 735 ; by his own genius
and industry acquired considerable
reputation as a painter of sea-pieces,
and in 1764 obtained the premium
from the Society of Arts, &c. for the
best picture of a sea view, and again
in 1766 by a sea-piece, from which
Woollett engraved his celebrated print
of the Fishery : died 1 775.
Wright (Michael), born in Scot
land, came to London when about
seventeen years of age, and became
celebrated as a portrait painter ; in
1 672 he painted a whole length of
Prince Rupert in armour, with a large
wig ; he also painted the portraits of
Edward Turner, son of Sir Edward,
Speaker of the House of Commons
and Chief Baron, two pictures of a
Highland Laird, and an Irish Tory
whole lengths, in their proper dresses,
of which several copies were made,
also a large picture of John Lacy, the
Comedian, in the character of Parson
Scruple, in the Cheats ; Sandy, in the
Taming of the Shrew, and Monsieur de
Vice in the Captain ; of thelastof which
several copies were made, and he twice
drew a Duke of Cambridge, son of

WRI

500

WYC

King James, (perhaps the two children
who bore that title) . Walpole, vol. 3.
p. 71.
Wright (Joseph), known as Wright
of Derby, at which place he was born
in 1734 ; was first a scholar of Hud
son, on leaving whom he established
himself as a portrait painter, and met
with flattering encouragement : in 1 765
he sent two pictures to the Exhibition,
which were much admired, and the
following year sent three candlelight
and fire pictures, which established
his reputation in that particular branch
of the art ; in 1725 he exhibited
twenty-four pictures of his own works
at the Great Room in the Piazza,
Covent Garden, and the principal of
which represented the destruction of
the floating batteries near Gibraltar ;
he executed some fine drawings after
Michael Angelo. His last work, a view
of the Ulleswater, on a large scale,
may vie with the best productions of
Wilson, and of his historical works,
his picture of the Dead Soldier, Ed
win at the Tomb of his Ancestor,
Belshazzar's Feast, Hero and Leander,
the Lady in Comus, and the Storm
Scene in the Winter's Tale, painted
for Boydell's Shakspeare, are highly
commended: died 1797.
Wubbels (John), Superintendant
of the cabinet of pictures of the Sieur
Hope, Senior, at Amsterdam ; was a
pupil of J. M. Cock, and designed
and painted some beautiful shipping-
pieces in his style.
Wulfhagen (Francis), born at
Bremen, 1620; was a pupil of Rem
brandt ; he painted in the manner of
his master, and was very highly
esteemed: died 1678.
Wulfraet (Matthias), born at
Arnheim, 1 648 ; studied under Abra
ham Diepraam, a painter of drolleries
and drunken frolics, whose subjects
he did not adopt, but painted with
considerable success conversations,
and assemblies of persons in higher
life, composed with taste, and deli
cately finished, also pamted small

portraits, and domestic and historical
subjects, which were held in great
estimation in Amsterdam, where he
chiefly resided : died 1727.
Wursch (M.), born in Switzerland;
painted history, and several of his
works are in the abbey of Engelberg,
which are much admired for their
expressive colouring : died 1798.
Wycke (Thomas), born at Haer
lem, 1616; excelled in painting sea
ports, shipping, and small figures,
which frequently represent the ports
in the Mediterranean, and his figures
represent inhabitants of different
countries, dressed in their various
costumes correctly designed, and touch
ed with great spirit, in a style re
sembling Peter de Laer ; he also
painted fairs and public markets, and
the interiors of chemists' laboratories,
with their utensils, in all of which he
was equally successful ; he came to
England about the time of the Resto
ration, and was much employed. In
Burlington House is a view of the
Parade in St. James' Park, with
Charles II. , his courtiers, and women
in masks, walking : the statue of the
Gladiator is at the head of the canal.
He also painted the great Fire of Lon
don more than once, and a view of Lon
don before the fire, and the Thames
taken from Southwark, with the great
mansions of the nobility then on the
Strand, of which there is an engraving.
His pictures are well composed, colour
ing warm and transparent, and pencil
bold and free : died 1686.
Wycke (John), son of the above,
born at Haerlem, about 1 640 ; was
instructed by his father, whom he
accompanied to England, and distin
guished himself as a painter of battles
and sieges, nor was he less successful
in huntings and processions ; he ap
pears to have imitated the style of
Philip Wouvermans, but upon a larger
scale, and though inferior in the neat
ness and delicacy of his finishing, his
horses and figures are correctly drawn,
and touched with great spirit and
animation. His pictures are well.

WYN

composed, and his landscapes repre
sent agreeable scenery ; he sometimes
painted large pictures, such as the
Battle of the Boyne, and the Sieges
of Namur and Naarden ; he painted
several views in Scotland, and in the
Isle of Jersey, and made the designs
for a book of Hunting and Hawking :
died 1702.
Wynants (John), born at Haer
lem, 1600; instructor unknown; he
was one of the most distinguished
artists of his time ; he established
a school, and Adrian Vandevelde,
Philip Wouvermans, and others of his
pupils occasionally contributed to the
embellishment of bis landscapes by
the introduction of their admirable
figures and animals. In the pictures of
Wynants, the views are generally flat
and confined, with broken grounds
and winding sandy roads, the plants
and stunted trees, the cottage and the
hovel being faithful representations
of nature, and of the sceneiy of his
country ; his works are by no means
uncommon, yet their merit secures
them a place in the choicest collec
tions, and they are very valuable : died
1760. ,
Wyntrack (  ) ; this painter
appears to have been the companion
and friend of John Wynants ; he
usually painted, in small dimensions,
geese, ducks, fowls, &c. in the collec
tion of M. la Coste. At Dordrecht
is a painting by Wynants representing
a brewery situated by a piece of
water, into which Wyntrack intro
duced the birds.
Wytevelde (Baldwin), a Fleming,
in conjunction with John De Steener,
painted a picture in 1443, for the
church of the convent of Vieux-Bois,
at Ghent.
Wytman (Matthew), bora at Gor
cum, 1650; studied some time under
Henry Verschuring, and first painted
landscapes, but afterwards became a
scholar of John Bylaert, and applied
himself to painting conversations and
domestic subjects, in which he imi-

501 XSE
tated the style of Gaspar Netscher
with success, but differs from him by
introducing elegant landscapes into
his backgrounds ; he also painted
flowers and fruit, which were not
without merit, and from which he
acquired considerable reputation :
died 1689.

Ximenes or Zimenes (Juan Fer
nandez) — See Mudo.
Ximenes (Francis), bora in Sara
gossa, learned the principles of paint
ing in Spain, then went to Rome, and
by most assiduous and severe study
of the works of the greatest masters,
formed for himself a peculiar and
graceful manner : upon returning to
his own country, so well qualified, he
painted a great number of works in
public and in private, and amongst
many others, that merit distinction,
must be mentioned the three large
paintings of forty feet each, that are
placed in the chapel of St. Peter in
Saragossa. With the fruits of his
industrious pencil he built and en
dowed an establishment for the sup
port of orphans of poor painters, and
an academy adjoining for instruc
tions in painting to such as might
wish to learn the art: he died 1666,
aged 68.
Ximenes (Bernabe), born in Lu
cerne, passed the first years of his
life in the Militia, but feeling himself
strongly inclined to painting, he de
serted, and went to Rome, where he
studied very assiduously the best
paintings of battles, returning into
Spain, being obliged to return to his
duty as a soldier, he painted but few
things, one of which, the battle of St.
Jago, with a great number of figures,
is in the possession of Count di Taroca
in Lisbon. Palumino says, p. 377,
that he died in 1672, aged 70.
Xsel, a Swiss painter of history
and still life, was in the service of
Peter the Great, and was also painter
to the Royal Academy of Arts and
Sciences: died 1743.

YAN 502
Yanes {Hernando), born at Me
dina in Spain, is said to have
studied at Rome under Raffaelle, his
principal works are in the churches
at Cuenca, of which the most esteemed
are the Adoration of the Magi, and
the Dead Christ in the lap of the
Virgin: he lived about 1531.
Yepes (Thomas de), born at Va
lencia ; excelled in painting flowers,
fruit, and fish, and still life; his works
are highly esteemed, and many are to
be found in the private collections at
Valencia, Madrid, and Seville : died
1674. Young (T.), this name appears on
the portrait of a Horse, with a land
scape in the distance ; it is marked
Young Pinxit, 1788.
Ypres (Charles de, a Flemish
painter), born at Ypres, 1510; stu
died in Italy, and acquired a style of
painting very much resembling Tin
toretto. Yuso (Fray Mattias Antonio Trala),
born at Valencia, 1 680 ; was princi
pally employed in painting Madonnas,
and Holy Families for the convent of
St. Francis, of which he became a
monk, his pictures possess considerable
merit : died 1753.
Yvbart (Baudrin),born in Picardy>
1610, is said to have been a good
painter of history, although we have
no account of his style: died 1690:
his master is not known.

ZAC

Zaagmoolen (Martin), born in
Holland, neither date nor master
mentioned, is said to have been a
painter of history ; one of his pictures,
the Last Judgment, is described by
Houbraken as composed of a great
number of figures very incorrectly
drawn, and feebly coloured.
Zaanredam (Peter), born at the
village of Assendelft, 1597 ; was a
pupil of Francis Peter de Grebber,
and one of the Society of Painters of
St. Luke, at Haerlem, in 1628; he
painted perspectives and interiors of

churches; his works, always recher-
chee, are now very rare ; he painted
a view of the Hotel-de- Ville at
Haerlem, enriched with a great num
ber of personages come to assist at the
solemn entry of Prince Maurice. In
the museum of Amsterdam is a view
by this painter of apart of the interior
of the grand church of Haerlem, or
namented with figures.
ZABALLi(Virgil), aFlorentine, scho
lar of James da Empoli, was a great
copyist, inventor and engineer of ma
chinery ; he assisted his master when
in old age he was reduced to poverty,
and bought his studio : died in 1685,
aged 84. Baldinucci, par. 2. s. 4.
p. 183.
Zacchetti (Bernardino), born at
Reggio, flourished about 1523, and
painted history iu the style of Ga
rofalo. Zacchia (Paolo il Vecchio), born
at Lucca, flourished about 1527;
painted history with considerable re
putation, and in his picture of the
Ascension, at Lucca, evinces an ac
quaintance with foreshortening supe
rior to the artists of his time ; he
also painted the Assumption, which is
spoken of as a work of great ability.
Zaccolini (Padre Matteo), bora
at Cesena, in the Roman States, 1 590 ;
he distinguished himself as a painter
of history and perspective, and is
said to have instructed Domenichino
and the Poussin: died 1630.
Zachtleven (Cornelius), born at
Rotterdam, 1606; settled at Antwerp,
aud acquired considerable reputation
as a painter of drolls and drunken
frolics, in which he imitated the style
of Adrian Brouwer ; he also painted
interiors of kitchens and farm houses,
with the recreations of the villagers,
in which he seems to have made the
works of D. Teniers his model ; some
of his best pictures represent corps-
de-gardes, with soldiers playing at
cards, and otherwise amusing them
selves, embellished with warlike imple
ments, helmets, armour, &c. drawn

ZAC

503

ZAN

with precision, and touched with great
spirit ; well composed, bold and free
in design, and though less clear and
harmonious in colouring than Teniers
or Brouwer, still possessing consider
able merit, and are to be found in the
best collections : died 1685.
Zachtleven (Herman), born at
Rotterdam, 1609, is said to have been
a scholar of John Van Goyen, whose
style he did not follow, but applied
himself to designing the most pictu
resque views on thebordersoftheRhine
and Meuse ; he painted landscapes in a
neat high finished style, with a num
ber of figures and boats, correctly
drawn, and touched with great spirit,
a pleasing blueish vapoury tint
in the distance, skies light and float
ing, colouring clear and transpa
rent ; he also painted views of the
vicinity of Guelderland and Cleves :
died 1685.
Zaganelli — See Cotignola.
Zais (Guiseppe), born at Venice ;
studied . under Francesco Zuccarelli,
and painted landscapes with consider
able success ; his genius was more
original and inventive, but his colour
ing was inferior to that of his in
structor, and less facile in his touch ;
he also painted battle-pieces, which
possess great merit : died 1784.
Zamboni (Matteo), born at Bo
logna ; was one of the ablest disciples
of Carlo Cignani, and painted history
with considerable reputation ; he
painted two altar-pieces at Rimini,
one representing the Life of St. Pietro
Celestino : the other that of St. Bene
detto : he flourished about 1700.
Zambrano (Juan Luis), born at
Cordova, 1599 ; was a disciple of
Pablo de Cespedes, and a successful
follower of his style ; his principal
works at Cordova are two altar-pieces
representing the Stoning of Stephen,
and the Martyrdom of St. Acisclo and
St. Victoria ; there is also a fine pic
ture by him of the Guardian Angel,

and a St. Christopher, which are de
signed in the great Style of Michael
Angelo: died 1639.
Zamora (Juan de), born at Seville ;
he distinguished himself as a painter
of landscapes, decorated with historical
figures, in which he appears to have
imitated the best masters of the Fle
mish school : died about 1610.
Zampalocchi (Dominic), a painter
of the city of Prato in Tuscany, scho
lar of Nicholas Soggi ; went to Rome
in the service of the Portuguese am
bassador, for whom he painted many
works ; he afterwards served Don
Ferrante Gonzaga, Viceroy of Sicily,
by whom he was made superintendant
of the fortresses.
Zampezzo (Giovanni Battista), bom
near Bassano, in 1620; studied at
Venice under Jacopo Apollonico, whose
style he successfully imitated, and
painted some altar-pieces for the
churches there, which were considered
little inferior to the works of Apol-
lonio: died 1700.
Zampieri— See Domenichino.
Zanardi (Gentile). This lady,
born at Bologna, was instructed in
the art by Marc Antonio Franceschini :
she possessed an extraordinary talent
for copying the works of the prin
cipal masters ; she also painted his
torical subjects of her own composi
tion with equal taste and delicacy.
Zanchi (Antonio), born at Venice,
1 639 ; was a scholar of Francesco
Rusca, but is more noticed for the
number of his works than for their
merit; his most considerable perform
ance is a picture representing the
Plague which afflicted Venice in 1 630 ;
in the church of St. Girolamo are
some of his works, representing the
Good Samaritan, and the Prodigal
Son: died 1722.
Zanimberti (Filippo), born at
Brescia, 1585; was educated in the
school of Santa Peranda, and painted
history in the style of his instructor ;

ZAN

504

ZEL

he also excelled in easel pictures re
presenting historical or fabulous sub
jects, into which he introduced a
number of small figures, well com
posed and touched with great spirit ;
of his historical works, a large picture
of the Miracle of the Manna is highly
extolled: died 1636.
Zanotti (Giovanni Pietro), born at
Paris, 1674; went to Bologna, and
became a scholar of Lorenzo Pasinelli,
under whom he acquired an agreeable
tone of colouring, a mellow pencil, and
an intelligent acquaintance with the
principles of the chiaro-oscuro ; he
painted several altar-pieces for the
churches at Bologna, the most es
teemed of which are the Incredulity
of St. Thomas ; the Nativity ; and
the Resurrection ; he also painted a
large picture for the Palazzo Publico,
representing the Ambassadors from
Rome swearing fidelity to the Bolog
nese. At Cortona he distinguished
himself by several pictures, particu
larly three, representing Christ ap
pearing to Mary Magdalen; Christ
bearing his Cross ; and the Murder of
the Innocents : died 1765.
Zarinnena (Francesco), born at
Valencia about 1550; went to Italy
when young, and is said to have stu
died in the school of Titian; his prin
cipal works are in the monastery of
San Miguel de los Reyes, and in com
position and colouring they are worthy
of the school in which he was edu
cated : died 1624.
Zarinnena (Christobal) , born in
Valentia, was a son of Francesco, and
a scholar of Tiziano, whom he imi
tated very exactly ; returning home,
he painted many works, particularly
in the monastery of St. Michael :
died 1600.
Zarinnena (Juan), also a son of
Francesco, was instructed by, and
painted history in the style of his
father ; several of his works are in
the public edifices at Valencia.
Zanten (Peter Van), born at Ley
den in 1 746 ; was a good painter of

portraits, but quitted that art to be
come a dealer in paintings and designs :
he died at Rotterdam in 1813.
Zeeman (Remy or Renier), born
at Amsterdam, 1612 ; he excelled in
painting sea views, harbours, and
shipping, designed with correctness
and precision, aud the figures well
drawn, and touched with great spirit.
Zeeman (Enoch), place of nativity
or instructor not mentioned ; came to
London, and met with considerable
employment in painting portraits and
heads in the laboured style of Denner :
died 1744.
Zeeman (Paul), son of Enoch, also
a portrait painter ; but we have no
account of his works.
Zeeman (Isaac), brother of Enoch,
practised the art, and died 1751,
leaving a son, who was also a painter.
Zegelaer (G.), the Dumb, was a
painter of history and landscapes ; he
also composed and painted some small
pictures, which sold for high prices
at the sale of Mr. Gildemeester's col
lection: he died at Zwolle in 1790,
aged 70.
Zeghers — See Seghers.
Zelotti (Battista), born at Verona,
1532 ; brought up in the school of
Anthony Badile; was a fellow student
with Paolo Veronese, with whom he
co-operated in several of his works ;
is called by Vasari Battista da Ve
rona, and numbered amongst the dis
ciples of Titian ; his picture of the
Holy Family,inthe Carrara Collection,
is painted entirely in the style of that
master. His great emblematical sub
jects in the hall of the Council of
Ten have been attributed to Paolo
Veronese, but he surpassed him in
warmth and harmony of colouring ;
he was more successful in fresco than
in oil painting, and his two pictures in
oil representing the Conversion of
Saul, and Christ with his Disciples in
the Fishing-Bark are admirably de
signed ; he possessed great fecundity
of invention; his compositions are
learned and judicious, and his touch

ZEN
bold and animated ; he is, however,
inferior to Veronese in the graceful
turn of his figures, and iu the beauty
of his heads : died 1592.
Zenobio — See Carlevariis.
Zerbi (John Vincent), a Genoese
scholar of Dominic Fiasella ; succeeded
in portraits and in other paintings :
he lived in 1674.
Zereco (Matteo) ; this name ap
pears on a large gallery painting of
the Last Supper, in the possession of
Mr. Acutt, painted in the manner of
Murillo, and not unworthy of that
great master.
Zevio (Aldigeri da), a Veronese,
and a retainer of the great family
della Scala, for whom, among many
other works, he painted the grand
saloon of thdr palace, at present the
residence of the Governor, represent
ing the siege of Jerusalem as described
by Josephus, in which extensive work
he exhibited great spirit and judg
ment ; shewing in the foreground the
numerous actions of the armies, and
enclosing the whole within a border
of the most beautiful ornaments, with
medallions, suspended, among which
are some portraits, the whole of which
was well preserved up to 1779.
Vasari, par. 2, p- 424.
Ziaruko (John), is said to have
been a native of Poland, and most pro
bably a painter, but we have no ac
count of his works.
Zifrondi (Antonio), born in the
Bergamese States, 1657; went to
Bologna, and entered the school of
Marc Antonio Franceschini, and
became a reputable painter of history.
One of his most admired works is a
picture of the Annunciation in the
church of S. Spirito : died 1730.
Zilotti (Domenico Bernardo), bora
near Bassano about 1 730 ; painted
landscapes in the style of Francesco
Zuccarelli, which possess considerable
merit. Zoboli (Jacopo), born at Modena,
was first a disciple of Francesco

505 ZOR
Stringa, and afterwards studied at
Bologna, and from thence went to
Rome, and became a reputable painter
of history. One of his principal
works at Rome is a picture of S.
Girolamo, finely composed and in
harmony of colouring superior to most
of his contemporaries : died 1761.
Zocchi (Guiseppe), born at Flo
rence, 1711 ; was chiefly employed
in embellishing the palaces nf that
vicinity with ceilings and other orna
mental decorations : died 1776.
Zola (Guiseppe), born in Brescia,
1675; distinguished himself as a
landscape painter of considerable
ability, and usually introduced into
his pictures subjects of sacred his
tory, but his figures are not equal
to the landscape. Several of his
works in the public edifices and prin
cipal collections at Ferrara, are painted
in a bold, free style : died 1745.
Zompir (Gaetano), was one of the
first who got a name as a Lombardy
painter ; his works still shew his skill
in the management of the pencil.
Zoppo (Marco), was born at Bo
logna, 1451, where he learnt the ru
diments of design, and afterwards
studied at Padua under Francesco
Squarcione, whose style he imitated
with great success ; he also competed
with Andrea Mantegna, his fellow
student in several public works at
Padua. At Pesaro, he painted an
altar-piece, representing the Virgin
and Infant Christ, seated on a throne,
surrounded by several angels ; it is
inscribed with his name, and dated
1471. He excelled in portraits as
well as in history : died 1517.
Zorg (Henry Martin), called Rokes,
born at Rotterdam, 1621 ; was sent
to Antwerp, and placed under the
tuition of David Teniers, the Younger,
and became an eminent painter of
similar subjects; he afterwards studied
under William Buytenweg, a painter
of conversations, in amore elevated style
than Teniers , his pictures representing
the interiors of Dutch apartments,
2 L

zou

with figures regaling and amusing
themselves, in which he sometimes
imitated the style of Adrian Brouwer,
but the general character of his works
is a mixture of the style of both those
masters ; he also painted conversations
and domestic subjects, fairs, and fish
markets, ingeniously composed, and
correctly drawn, and in colouring
warm and mellow. Houbraken men
tions two pictures by Zorg, an Italian
fair, and a fish market, which he says
are somewhat in the manner of Wyck :
died 1682.
Zoust — See Soest.
Zuberlien or Ziberlien (Jacob),
born in Germany, is said to have been
a painter, but is more known as an
engraver on wood : he lived about
1590. Zuccaro or Zucchero (Taddeo),
born in the Duchy of Urbino, 1529 ;
was the son of Ottaviano Zuccaro, an
artist of little note, by whom he was
instructed in design ; he afterwards
became a disciple of Pompeo da Fano,
visited Rome, and designed from the
works of Raffaelle, and was employed
by Daniello de Parma, a painter then
in some estimation, to decorate the
fagade of the Palazzo Mattei, with
some emblematical subjects in chiaro-
oscuro ; he was afterwards engaged
by the Duke of Urbino to paint a series
of frescoes in a chapel of the cathedral ;
he returned to Rome in the time of
Pope Julius III. and was much em
ployed by him, and by his successor,
Paul IV., also by Cardinal Farnese,
in several considerable works in fresco ;
in a chapel of the church of S. Maria
della Consolazione are several subjects
of the Passion of our Saviour, which
are considered amongst his best per
formances ; he designed naked figures
correctly, and was particularly excellent
in the heads, the hair, and the ex
tremities, but his colouring more
resembles marble than flesh : died
1566. Zuccaro or Zucchero (Federigo),
younger brother of Taddeo, born at
St, Angelo, in Vado, 1543 ; studied

506 ZUC
first under his brother, whom he as
sisted in several of his works at Rome,
and was employed by Pope Pius IV.
in conjunction with Federigo Baroc
cio, in the Palazzo Belvidere, where
he painted the history of Moses and
Pharaoh ; the Marriage of Cana ;
and the Transfiguration ; having in
curred the displeasure of the Pope, he
went to France, and subsequently to
Flanders, where he painted several
cartoons for tapestry. In 1574 he
came to England, and painted the
portrait of Queen Elizabeth, and
several of her courtiers, and is said to
have also painted the portrait of Mary
Queen of Scots, engraved by Vertue,
probably from some other picture of
that unfortunate Princess ; he returned
to Italy, and was employed by the
Patriarch Grimani, to paint some
frescoes for his chapel at Venice : the
subjects were the Resurrection of
Lazarus ; the Repentance of Mary
Magdalen : and a large picture of the
Adoration of the Magi ; the latter of
which was in oil, and was greatly ad
mired ; his compositions are frequently
incongruous and extravagant ; his
forms are by no means select, the
characters of his heads are frequently
repeated, and exhibit the formality of
portraiture ; but his colouring is clear
and brilliant, although without mellow
ness or harmony : died 1609.
Zuccarelli (Francesco), bom in
Tuscany, 1712; studied first under
Paolo Anesi, then under Giovanni
Maria Morandi, and subsequently un
der Pietro Nellio ; he for some time
applied himself to historical painting ;
but his genius leading him to an
other branch, he afterwards confined
himself to landscapes, with small
figures, and acquired a pleasing and
elegant style, which was greatly ad
mired, not only in Italy, but through
out Europe ; he came to England in
1752, and was much encouraged.
Amongst the figures which he intro
duced, he always represented one
with a gourd or bottle at his waist,
as is commonly seen in Italy : died
1788.

z uc

Zuccheri (Ottaviano) of St. An
gelo, in Vado ; a painter, more me
morable for having been father of
Thaddeus and Frederic Zuccheri than
for his own works. Borghini, p. 506.
Zucchi (Jacopo), born at Florence,
about 1 54 1 ; was a disciple of Giorgio
Vasari, whom he assisted in several of
his works ; there are several altar-
pieces by him in the churches at
Rome, of which the Nativity of St.
John, and the Descent of the Holy
Ghost are most worthy of notice.
Zucco (Francesco), bora at Ber
gamo ; first studied at Cremona, in
the school of the Campi, and was
afterwards a disciple of Pietro Moroni;
he painted history and portraits with
considerable reputation, in which he
sometimes imitated the style of Paolo
Veronese so closely, that some of his
works have been mistaken for that
master's, particularly the Nativity and
the Adoration of the Magi, in the
church of St. Gottardo at Bergamo :
died 1727.
Zupelli (Giovanni Battista), bora
at Cremona, flourished at the end of
the fifteenth century ; painted land
scapes, usually embellished with
figures representing subjects from
sacred history. His style though dry
and Gothic, exhibits originality and a
graceful air, which distinguishes his
figures beyond those of the generality
of his contemporaries. In one of
the churches at Cremona is a Holy
Family by this master, which is
spoken of by Lanzi in very favourable
terms : died 1636.
Zugni (Francesco), born at Brescia,
1594 ; was a scholar of Palma, whom
he surpassed in the impasto and
vigour of his colouring, but was un
equal to, in the selection of his forms,
and the ease of his attitudes; he
particularly excelled in fresco, and
frequently embellished with his figures
the architecture and perspective views
of Tommaso Sandrino ; his works in
oil also possess great merit, and one

507 ZYL
of his most esteemed pictures, is an
altar-piece representing the Circumci
sion, in one of the churches at Venice :
died 1636.
Zurbaran (Francesco), born near
Seville, 1596 ; was a disciple of Pablo
Roelas, under whom he became an
eminent painter of history, but after
wards he adopted the bold and vigo
rous style of M. A. Caravaggio, at
the same time adhering closely to
nature. His first public performance
was the History of St. Pedro Nolasco,
painted for one of the cloisters, in
which the monks are all habited in
white draperies, which he managed
with infinite art and delicacy, and
gained great reputation from ; he
visited Madrid, and was employed in
the royal palaces, where he painted a
series of pictures representing the
Labours of Hercules ; there are many
pictures by him both in public and
private collections : died 1662.
Zurich (  ), born at Dresden,
came to England about 1715, and
applied himself to miniature and
enamel painting: died 1729. Wal
pole, vol. 4. p. 77.
Zustrus (Lambert), bora in Ger
many ; was first instructed in the
art by Christopher Swartz of Munich,
and afterwards in Italy, where he
became a disciple of Titian, whose
admirable colouring he successfully
imitated, though he could not divest
himself of the dry and Gothic style
which prevailed in his country at that
period. In the Gallery of the Louvre,
is a picture by him representing
Venus and Cupid, with Mars in the
background ; and in the cabinet of
the King of France is a landscape, in
which is introduced Christ baptized
by St. John.
Zyl (Gerard Pietersz Van), born at
Amsterdam, 1606 ; this distinguished
portrait painter came to England in
1 635, when Vandyck was in the full
possession of his popularity, and under
whose example and instruction he be
came a successful imitator of his style,
and like him particularly excelled in

ZUR

his hands ; he returned to Amsterdam,
where he met with considerable em
ployment, and acquired the appella
tion of the second Vandyck ; his

508 ZUR
colouring is chaste and clear, and he
frequently painted the draperies and
backgrounds in Vandyck' s pictures :
died 1661.

END OF PART 1.

N'OHMAN, PRINTER, MAIDEN LANE, COVENT OARDEN,

f:IIKS

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