T1? m stiff Hr HISTORY AND JBMtvfytton at ttje Ancient Coiim A ND BOROUGH OF COLCHESTER, IN ESSEX: BY THOMAS CROMWELL. ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS. VOL. II. LONDON: Published for the Proprietors, P. Youtisman and John Greig, BY ROBERT JENNINGS, POULTRY : AND SWINBORNE AND WALTER, COLCHESTER. PRINTED BY P. YOUNGMAN, WITHAM AND MALDON, ESSEX. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. CHAPTER IV. Environs of Colchester: the Parishes within the Li berties of the Town, with the most remarkable Places and Objects adjacent pp. 237 to 252. CHAPTER V. Chartered and Prescriptive Privileges,' Government, and Representation, of the. Town and Borough. Eccle siastical Government, and Honorial History pp. 253 to 283. CHAPTER VI. Trade of Colchester. Ancient Bay and Say Trade — Oyster Fishery— Horticultural Produce — Fairs and Markets pp. 285 to 299- CHAPTER VII. Institutions for Public Convenience. Water-Works — ; Paving, Lighting, &c— Gas Works .... pp. 301 to 307. IV CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. Charitable Institutions. Essex and Colchester Gene ral Hospital — Free School — National Schools — Church of England Charity Schools — Lancasterian School — Alms-houses — Workhouse — Gifts & Benefactions, .pp. 309 to 341. CHAPTER IX. Literary and Scientific Institutions. Archbishop Harsnet's Library, and the Castle Society Book-Club — Colchester Medical Society — Colchester Philosophical Society — Colchester and Essex Botanical and Horti cultural Society — Colchester Library . . pp. 343 to 36*0. CHAPTER X. Antiquities Discovered in and near Colchester, .pp. 36l to 379. CHAPTER XI. Other Charitable and Miscellaneous Institutions. District Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge — Auxiliary Bible Society — Church Missionary Associ ation — Auxiliary Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews — Prayer-Book and Homily Associ ation — Wesleyan Branch Missionary Society — Branch London Missionary Society— Auxiliary Religious Tract Society— Sunday-School and Religious Tract Society for Ireland— Charity for the Relief of Poor Clergymen— CONTENTS. V Benevolent Medical Society — Colchester Benevolent Society — Lying-in Charity — Female Friendly Society — Lion Club Charity — General Blanket Society — Anti- Slavery Society — Association for the Protection of Pro perty — Bank for Savings, &c pp. 381 to 393. CHAPTER XII. Miscellanies. List of the Corporation of Colchester for 1824-5 — List of High Stewards, from 1764 to the Present Time — List of Mayors, from 1637 to 1825 — Contested Elections for the Office of Recorder — Sum mary of the Population of the Town and Liberties in 1692, 1801, 1811, and 1821— Heads of Local In formation pp. 395 to 410. Addenda pp. 411 to 450 LIST OF THE PLATES, WITH DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THEM. VOL. II. Page. GENERAL VIEW OF COLCHESTER to face the Title LEXDEN 239 GREENSTEAD CHURCH 243 BERE-CHURCH 2i* SPHINX AT THE HOSPITAL 371 BRITISH COINS OF CUNOBELINE, AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES 375 ROMAN 'INSCRIPTIONS 376 SEALS OF THE CORPORATION AND COMMONALTY 402 REGALIA OF COLCHESTER 403 COLCHESTER ANTIQUITIES '411 FACSIMILE OF RECEIPTS GIVEN IN 1648 431 LIST OF OFFICERS, &c 432 CHAP. IV. ENVIRONS OF COLCHESTER. The parishes within the liberties of the town, with the most remarkable places and objects adjacent. THE four parishes situated at some small distance from Colchester, but considered, within its liberties, are, Lexden, Mile-end, Greenstead, and Bere-church. 1. Lexden. This is the largest and most populous of the four mentioned, and lies about a mile west from the town, on the road to London. From Colchester it is approached by Crouch Street, whose name points to the situation of the house and chapel of the Crouched Friars, the last remains of which, as mentioned in a prior chapter, were removed in Morant's time. Of the various conjectures respecting the etymology of the word Lexden, the most probable appears that given secondarily by Morant; namely, that it is derived from the Saxon lac, a stranger, and dun, a hill, or more properly a fortification upon a hill; the Romans, or Strangers alluded to, having had a fortified camp, it is well known, upon the most commanding spot of this pleasing eminence, vestiges of which are yet existing. 238 HISTORY OF The manorial history of Lexden cannot be traced to an earlier period than the reign of Henry II., when the lord was Hubert de St. Clare. In Domesday Book, where the name is written Lessendena, it is termed only a berewite (that is, a village, or hamlet) in Stanway manor. From the time of Edward I. until about the year l6l2, it was in the Lords Fitzwalter: and prior to the decease of the last of that family without issue, was purchased by Sir Thomas Lucas, for his illegimate son Thomas; who was afterwards knighted by Charles I., and resided here until his estate was sequestered by the Parliament, when their standing committee for the county acted in his place. His eldest son, Charles, succeeded him in the manor; became Baron Lucas on the death of John Lord Lucas in 1671; and died, with out issue, in 1688. By a female heir, it then passed in succession to the families of Selfe and Rawstorn ; and the present lord is the Rev. I. R. Papillon, whose resi dence is in the village. Lexden Lodge, though now only a farm-house, may formerly have been the residence of the Lords Fitzwalter, and other possessors of the manor ; for here the mano rial courts are yet held, and an ancient moat surrounds it. This house is seen in the fields north of the London road, very pleasantly situated. The Park, an ancient appendage of the manor, was extensive, and chiefly on the north side of the river, whose windings appear in that direction from the high grounds of Lexden. The comparatively small plot now called Lexden Park, lies south of the road, and contains the site of the late residence of John Fletcher Mills, Esq., upon which a new house is at this time erecting by Mr. David Laing, architect of the town Exchange. The remnant of the park surrounding, con- COLCHESTER. 239 tains some noble trees, considerable variety of surface, and a handsome sheet of water; and in the brake and broom which clothe parts of its embrowned eminences, still presents something of the wilder features of nature. Opposite these grounds is the seat of John De Home, Esq. ; and, on the same side of the road, more in the centre of the village, that of the Rev. George Preston, Rector. This latter is approached from the road by an avenue, bordered on either side by trees and a parterre; the front, which appears from the head of the avenue, is in the gothic style, turretted, and the whole building stone-coloured. The site of the house is a retired but tastefully wooded bottom : the park-like grounds, which are seen to advantage from the hill, very prettily undulating. — A red-brick seat, on the left of the road entering Lexden from London, is beautifully situated, and surrounded with well-arranged pleasure-grounds : it is the residence of George Round, Esq. The Church, with its surrounding burial-ground, faces the approach to the Rectory. It is a small but very neat specimen of modern Gothic architecture, erected within the last ten years, consisting of a body and chancel, with a tower, and leaded spire. The principal entrance is by the north porch, which has a pinnacle at each angle of its front, ornamented with crockets and a finial. The body is turretted, and the arches of the door-ways and windows are pointed in a very good style. The interior is extremely neat, but perhaps carries with it an a-ppearance too merely chapel-like. On a marble tablet, placed under the singers' gallery at the west end, is the following inscription : This Church was rebuilt on an enlarged scale A. D. 1820. 1821. 240 HISTORY OF by means of Subscriptions amounting to £000., of a Grant of £500 from the society for promoting the enlargement and building of Churches and Chapels, and of a Rate. It is capable o( accommodating 520 persons; and in consequence of the above Grant, 300 sittings, in addition to 50 formerly provided, are hereby declared free and unappropriated for ever. The Rev. George Preston, M. A. -i Henry Hayward > Rector. \ James Tillett i Churchwardens. It must afford pleasure to every mind imbued with the spirit of a benevolent and rational religion, to observe so large a proportion of the whole number of sittings in this little building "free and unappropriated;" and if the grants of the Society above-mentioned are always thus usefully employed, munificence could hardly be better devoted than to its support. The only monumental decoration of the interior, is a memorial affixed to the south wall, which was similarly situated in the old church, simply informing the reader that Richakd Hewf.tt Died the XXV of April MDCCLXXI AGED XXXVII. Which inscription is placed on a tablet in the centre of the handsomely sculptured marble base, while an urn of the same material appears at top. The tablet is sup ported by angels in relief, who in their opposite hands bold inverted torches. On the urn are three figures in relief, whose emblematical meaning, as a group, is not very apparent; but one of the three seems to be holding a distaff, while a second may be recording, COLCHESTER. 241 upon a scroll, the virtues of the deceased. The whole is of very good marble, and an ornament, taken alto gether, to the church ; but neither the style nor the execution of these figures, it will be conjectured, is extraordinary. AsGending the hill from this spot, we observe, on the left, the Seat of the Rev. I. R. Papillon, lord of the manor, as before mentioned, which is decorated on one side by a tasteful grotto. Other seats to be noticed in this vicinity, but nearer Colchester, are those of G. Errington, Esq., G. Roddam, Esq., M. D. and Francis Smyt'hies, Esq.; the latter a building imitative of gothic architecture, and commanding a beautiful prospect from the eastern front. Some mention of the Ancient Intrtnchments, consider able remains of which existed, until recently, upon Lexden Heath, must not be here omitted. These " evidently appeared" (to Morant) " to be remains of the castra, castella, and prcesidia, mentioned by Tacitus, that were placed about the ancient Colonia-Camulodunum." Very few vestiges of these works are now apparent, the heath having been of late years entirely enclosed and cultivated ; but on their survey about a century back,* they could be traced for several miles, and in various directions, but especially towards Mersea Island, which the Romans greatly frequented, and where several dis coveries of tesselated pavements, &c. have taken place. One portion of these vast works undoubtedly constituted the Camp, formed for the more immediate protection of Camulodunum, to which Petilius Cerialis escaped with * Survey taken by the Rev. T. Lufkin, and Payler Smith, Esq. July 12, 1722; for the particulars of which see Morant, book II. p. 25, note. x 242 HISTORY OF the horse of the ninth legion, after his rout by the incensed Britons under Queen Boadicea. The Population Return for Lexden gave the houses at 189; male inhabitants, 457; females, 475; total population, 932. 2. Mile-end. Though of some extent, this parish contains little worthy remark. Its name, it will be scarcely necessary to observe, is derived from its situa tion at the end of a mile from Colchester. At least, we follow Morant in this etymology; that historian consi dering My-land, as the word has been sometimes spelt, a corruption of the true orthography : and it is observa ble, that though the place may not be near a mile from the outskirts of Colchester, that distance is correct if estimated from the pillar in the middle of the High Street, from the spot occupied by which, distances from time immemorial may have been measured. The Church, dedicated to St. Michael, is agreeably situated, but small, and of mean appearance. The rector's mansion, standing close to the church-yard, commands a fine view of the town of Colchester. Within this parish lies a considerable estate, of the Corporation, granted them by Henry VIII., which was anciently called King's Wood, as being demesne of the crown and part of the Royal Forest. Also within the limits of this parish, is the Manor of Mile-end and Abbot's Hall, so called from its having belonged to the Abbots and Monks of St. Osyth in this county, which, at the Suppression, was granted to Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, and was afterwards in a branch of the Lucas family. Population Return: houses, 67; male inhabitants, 232; females, 215; total population, 447. US- 1ft IE IE ET S IT IE A ED (SISI TETI&tCIE, - C O X. and directing that all freemen, on again taking the usual oath of a free-burgess before the Mayor for the time being, should be adjudged duly admitted and sworn ; but at the same time declaring that hereafter, if any person whatsoever should be admitted or sworn a free-burgess of this borough, having no antecedent right thereto, either by birth, or actual service as an apprentice by indenture, such swearing and admission should be ipso facto void. But forgetting, in the short space of two years, this last clause, an Assembly came to the resolution, that the freedom of the borough might be sold to such persons as, by the Committee of the Mayor, Aldermen, Assistants, and Common Council, or five of them at the least, should be agreed with, for raising monies for defending the rights, and defraying the. necessary charges, of the Corpora tion: — and seventy-two freemen were then admitted accordingly. The following year, upon a petition to the House of Commons, complaining of an undue elec tion and return for this borough, a Committee of the 272 HISTORY OF House once more marked its disapproval of such prac tices, and disallowed of the foreigners made free both in 1705 and 1713, by the resolution, " That the right of making Foreigners Freemen of the Borough of Colchester, is in the Mayor and Free-burgesses of the said Borough in Common-hall assembled." Still, however, the freemen thus so plainly declared to have been unduly admitted, continued to vote, as did their descendants. In 1728, eighty-three more freedoms were sold, in order " to raise a fund for defending the rights and privileges of the corporation;" and about ninety from that time until the surrender of the charter in 1742. We purposely abstain from pursuing this part of our subject beyond the period of the Corporation's re covery of its ancient privileges and government in 1763; as details of this nature relative to latter times would nearly infallibly subject any writer to the charge of politi cal bias — a charge we are most anxious to avoid — from one or other party, and possibly from all. Whoever disturbs the political feelings of his own times, must look for misrepresentation of his motives from some quarter in return : if he take either side, he will but naturally expect it from his opponents; if, being utterly without cause for interestedness or partiality, he take neither, he will most commonly receive it from both. The regular method of making Foreigners free, is to call a Common Floor of the free-burgesses, who are summoned by proclamation of the Sergeants in the several wards, by order of the Mayor. If the free- burgesses, in common floor, give consent to the admis sion of the Foreigner, he may be admitted by the Mayor, and is a good and legal freeman; if the ad mission be opposed, recourse must be had to a poll. Observing the number of freemen who were anciently COLCHESTER. 273 created almost yearly, and whose names are entered upon the Rolls, or in the Oath-book, many of whom were born in the most distant parts of the kingdom, and in some instances even without the British dominions, we may readily believe the honour thus conferred to have been thought a valuable one, and granted at the express desire of such as obtained it. Nor is this to be wondered at, if we recollect the nature of the privileges and immunities granted by charter to the free-burgesses of this Corporation; particularly that of exemption, all over England and its ports, from every species of imposition on the goods and merchandize of the free men. As it may be curious to contrast the pecuniary value of this freedom at various periods, antecedent to the loss of the charter in the last century, we subjoin the following brief scale: — Reign of Edward 1 2*. — 5*. — 10*. Edward II 6s. 8d.—8s. 2d. Edward III 10s. — 13s. 4d. Richard II 26s. 8d. Henry IV. & V. . . 20s.— 23s. 4,d.— 24s. 26s. 8d. Henry VI 33s. Ad.— 40s. Edward IV. } and > . . . . 23s. 4d. Richard III. ) Henry VII 20s.— 23s. Ad.— 26s. 8d. 4,6s. 8d. Henry VIII 13s. 6d.— 20s. 6d. James 1 30s. — 36s. 8d. — 35s. 40s.— 46s. 8d.~-54s.— 3?. From the Reign of} James to the Loss of > 31. to 10?, the Charter in 1742* 274 HISTORY OF The present number of free-burgesses, resident and non-resident, who enjoy the right of voting at the elec tions of its representatives,, probably exceeds fifteen hundred; but of these not above one third are inhabi tants of [the borough ; the rest residing either in other parts of the county of Essex, in London and its vicinity, (from whence not less than four hundred might be col lected,) or in the more remote districts of the kingdom. In default of Bailiffs, or a Mayor, the Sheriff of Essex is the presiding officer. — It appears that the members of Parliament for this Borough, took wages from their constituents so late as in Queen Elizabeth's time. — The present Representatives are, J. B. Wildman, Esq. (of Chilham Castle, Kent,) and Henry Baring, Esq., (Sum merly, Hampshire.) We are enabled here to present our readers with a complete List, (so far as at this. period attainable,) of MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT FOR THE BOROUGH OF COLCHESTER, From the 23rd of Edward the First to the present time. Anno Regoi. 23 262828303334 35 EDWARD I. 5 Elias Fitz John de Colchester, Hubert de i ( Colchester I Elias Fitz John, Roger de Tyrington Elias Fitz John, Will, de Plumstead Elias Fitz John Ellis, Will, de Plumstead . . . Adam Planting, Warin Fitz William Elias Fitz John Will. Clerk Elias Fitz John, John de Stratton . EDWARD II. Will. Clerk, Rob. Olyver Will, de Plumstead, Will.le Clerk. . , Will, le Clerk, Will, de Plumstead. . , John de Rattlesden, Joseph Elianore . Elias Fitz John, Warin Fitz William . Elias Fitz John, Warin Fitz William . Elias Fitz John, Warin Fitz William , Parliament where held. Westminster York Lincoln Westminster London WestminsterWestminster (a Council.) Carlisle Northton Westminster LondonWestminster WestminsterWestminsterYork COLCHESTER. 275 LIST OF MEMBERS. Anno Kngnf. IzIS16 20 12244 66799 10 11 11 11121213 1314 1415 17 202122 28 29 313134343536373839 42 43 EDWARD II. Rob. de Goldingham, John Parks Warin Fit/. William, John Paries Peter de Aslon, Elias Fitz John Elias Fitz John, Warin Fitz William EDWARD III. Elias Fitz John, John Paries Warinatte Welle, John Jordayne John de Rattlesden, John Jordan John Rattlesden, Ben. Bygod John Rattlesden, John Alianore John Rattlesden, Ric. Barbour John Rattlesden, Warin Fitz William Ralph Ode, Matt. Fitz Robert John Paries, John Rattlesden John Paries, John Rattlesden John Paries, John Rattlesden John Rattlesden, Warinatte Welle John Rattlesden, Matthew Glasyere ( John Rattlesden, John Elianore if ~l John Fynche \ John Alianore, John Paries John Rattlesden, Roger le Belcb John Alianore, John Paries John de Rattlesden, John Crud Warin Cade, Elias Fitz John John Rattlesden, Warinatte Welle John de Rattlesden, Will, de Hadely Elias Fitz John, Warin Fitz William Tho. Dedham, Will. Hadely Will. Haddelegh, John Parker Tho. de Dedham, Will. Hadlegh , Will. Furnery, John Juscard Ric. Dyere, Rob, Beche John Attensford, John Hale John atte Ford, John Dyere John de la Ford, John Alayn John de Halle, Will. Rayne John de Halle, Robt. atte Ford John Halle, Rob. atte Ford John Halle, Will, Reyne John Halle, John atte Ford John atte Ford, John Halle John atte Ford, John Halle John Halle, John Keck Parliament where held. YorkWestminsterYorkWestminster YorkNew Sarnm Northton Winchester WestminsterYork Westminster YorkWestminster York Nottingham (a Council.) WestminsterWestminster Westminster Ca Council.) WestminsterNorthton (a Council.) Westminster Westminster WestminsterWestminster Westminster Westminster Westminster Westminster Westminster Westminster WestminsterWestminsterWestminsterWestminsterWestminster Westminster Westminster Westminster WestminsterWestminster Westminster Westminster 276 HISTORY OF LIST OF MEMBERS. _Anno Regul. 45 46 4750 2 3 6 677 8 9 1012 IB 15 20 3 2 3 4 6 8 9 11 1315 20 EDWARD III. John Halle • Alexander Cogbere,Tho. Frannceyes John Clerk, Simon Fordham Tho. Fraunceyes, Simon Fordham . . RICHARD II, Geffrey Downe, Rob. atte Ford ,. . . Stephen Barber, John Pailles Michael Aunger, John Leche Rich. Henn, John Latche Tho. Fraunceys, Ralph Algar Tho. Fraunceys, Ralph Algar ..... John Christian, Alexander Cogghere Tho. Frauoeeyesj Ralph Algar Tho. Fraunceyes, Ralph Algar Simon Fordsham, Ralph Algar .... Thomas Frannceyes, Simon Ford. . . . Thomas Fraunceyes, John Christian Henry Boss, John Scavburgh ..«¦..*. HENRY IV, Herman Godestone, Tho. Fraunceyes Tho, Godestone, Henry Ross Tho. Godeston, Will. Mate Tho. Godeston, John Pod HENRY V. Tho, Godestone, Tho. Fraunceyes . . John Godestone, Simon Mate ...... John Ford, John Sumpter Tho. Godestone, John Ford Hen. Boss, Will. Mate Tho. Godeston, John Simberleets . . . Tho. Godestone, Will. Nottingham .. . HENRY VI. Tho. Godestone , John Sumpter .... John Sumpter, Simon Mate Hen. Boss, John Godestone Will. Nottingham, Tho. Offkyn Tho. Godestone, John Sumpter John Beeche, Tho. Oskyne Rob. Pryonr, Rob. Selby John Beeche, John Trewe John Beeche, Tho. Oskyne Rob. Selby, Walter Benfen John Beeche, Tho. Oskyne », Parliament where held. Winchester (a Council.) WestminsterWestminsterWestminster Gloucester Westminster WestminsterWestminsterWestminster New Sarnm WestminsterWestminsterWestminster Cambridge Westminster Westminster Westminster Westminster WestminsterGloucesterWestminster Westminster WestminsterWestminster Westminster Gloucester Westminster Westminster Westminster Westminster Westminster Leicester Westminster WestminsterWestminster Westminster Westminster Cambridge Westminster COLCHESTER. 277 LIST OF MEMBERS. Anno Regni. 25 272S29SI33 39 7 12 17 HENRY VI. Nio. Peck, John Forth John Ford, John Sancy John Rouge, William Letch Tho. Attewode, William Ford. , Pettworth, John Wright. . John Baron, John Casthorp John Bishop EDWARD IV. Will. Ford, John Botiler John Wright, JohnBottiller Rich. Markes, Tho. Smyth .... [From this period to the 1st. of Edward VI. the writs, returns, and indentures are lost : but the industrious Morant round from an old paper, «' 6 Hen. VIII., J. Clere."] EDWARD VI. John Ryther, Esq., John Lucas, Esq. Francis Jobson, Kt 27 MARY. John [Ryther,] John Best Fran. Jobson, Kt., Will. Cardinal, Esq. PHILIP AND MARY. George Sayer, Robert Browne . Francis Jobson, Kt., John Herring. 1&2 2&3 4 & 5 G. Christmas, Esq., Tho. Lucas, Esq. ELIZABETH. Francis Jobson, Kt., Will. Cardinal, Esq. lirancis Jobson, Kt., Will. Cardinal, Esq. 13 Henry Golding, Esq., Fran. Harvey, Esq. . ]4 Rob. Christmas, Esq., Henry Guiding, Esq. In the room of H. Golding, deceased, Nicholas Clere, Alderman, March 23, 1576 In N., Clare's room, deceased, Rob. Middleton, 1579 t James Morice, Esq., Fran. Harvey, Esq., > \ nominated by Sir Fran. Walsingham*. . . . C Parliament where held. CambridgeWestminster Westminster Westminster ReadingWestminsterWestminster WestminsterWestminsterWestminster Westminster Westminster WestminsterOxford Westminster Westminster Westminster WestminsterWestminsterWestminsterWestminster Westminster * The nomtiiaiiomif members to serve in Parliament, by a royal minister, will appear so singular to modern readers, that some explanation of the fact may appear called for. It seems that the Bailiffs, Aldermen, and Common Council had, some time subsequently to the reign of Henry VIII., appropri ated the whole rights of the Free-burgesses, as electors, to their own persons ; and that this usurpation was persisted in until a petition of the aggrieved townsmen, in 1 627, became the occasion of their restoration to their ancient privilege. At the period on which we stop to comment, (the 26th of Eliza beth,) the obsequious authorities, to save the " Queen's grace," aua rid them- A A 278 HISTORY OF LIST OF MEMBERS. Anno Recitl 28 31 35 39 43 1 12 IS 21 1 1 3 15 ie Anno Don. 1654 165G 1658 ELIZABETH. James Morice, Esq., Fran. Harvey, Esq James Morrice, Ar. Throkmorton, Esq. ...... JamesMorice, Esq., Martin Bessell, Alderman Rob. Barker, Richard Symnell, Gent.* Rob. Barker, Richard Symnell, Gent JAMES I. Rob. Barker, Esq., Edward Alforde, Esq. .. Hob. Barker, Esq., Edw. Alforde, Es." SWill. Towse, Sergeant at Law, Town clerk, ) Edw. Alforde S Will. Towse, Esq., Edw. Alforde, Esq CHARLES I. Will. Towse, Esq., Edw. Alforde, Esq C Sir Harbottle Grimston, Kt. & Bart., Will. ~\ 1 Towse, Esq. The first being ohosen also / J for the county, made his election for it: \ J on which Sir Robt. Quarles, Kt. was chosen I ^in his room ; •••J' Sir Tho. Cheek, Kt., Edw. Alford, Esq i Sir Will. Masham, Kt. and Bart., Har- J ( bottle Grimston, Esq 5 rSir Tho Barrington, Kt, and Bart., Har- \ ) bottle Grimslone, Esq. In place of Sir ( } Tho. Barrington, deceased, John Sayer, t (.Esq., Oct. 14, 1645 ) Col. J. Barkstead, John Maydstone, Esq. C Henry Laurence, John Maidstone,/ 1 Esqs. ; chosen by the Mayor, Alder-" < men, and Common Council. J John Shawe, Esq., Col. Biscoe ; chosen i V^by the Free-burgesses / John Maidstone, Esq., Abraham Har- 1 rington, Esq.. — John Shawe, Esq. ) 1 Abrah. Jonson, merchant, chosen as ] (.abovet Parliament where held. Westminster Westminster Westminster WestminsterWestminster WestminsterWestminster Westminster Westminster WestminsterWestminster Westminster Westminster Westminster Westminster Westminster Westminster selves of all trouble, made the order following:— " At thys Assemblye, it is fully agreed and concented by the Bayliffes, Aldermen, and Com'on Councell, that Syr Frauncys Walsingham shall have the nomination of botiie the Bur gesses of tliis Towne, for the Parliament for to come, accordiuge to li is ho nours letters to the Bayliffes, Aldermen, and Common Councell of this Towne, directed :" — and the members above-named were therefore returned " accord- irige to the lyken of Sir Fraunceys Wal Bingham." — Assembly Books. * " Mr. Symnell and Mr. Throckmorton took their wages from the Corpora tion." — Morant : on tlie authority of the Assembly Books. t The return at Jour persons, in these instances) as representatives of the COLCHESTER. 279 LIST OF MEMBERS. Anuo Rcgul.12. I.e. yearof the Restoration. 13313132 CHARLES II. 3 Sir Harbottle Grimston, Bart., John f J Shaw, Esq I Sir Harbottle Grimston, Bart., John Shaw, Esq. Sir Harb. Grimston, Bt., Sir Walter Clarges, Bt. Sir Harb. Grimston, Bt., Sir Walter Clarges, Bt. Sir Harb. Grimston, Bart., Sam. Reynolds, Esq. JAMES II. Sir Will. Maynard, Bart., Sir Tho. ¦£ ") Franshaw, Kt., Sir Walter Clarges, ^ > Bart., Nathaniel Laurence, Esq | j WILLIAM AND MARY. Hen. Mildmay, Esq., John Worth, Esq Sam. Reynolds, Esq., Edward Cary, Esq In the room of E. Cary, Esq., deceased, Isaac Rebow, Esq., Nov. 12, 1692 Sir John Morden, Bart., Sir Is. Rebow, Kt. . . Sir Tho. Cook, Kt., Sir Isaac Rebow, Kt Sir Tbo. Cook, Kt., Sir Isaac Rebow, Kt Sir Tho. Cook, Kt., Sir Isaac Rebow, Kt. ANNE. Sir Is. Rebow, Kt., Sir Tho. Cook, Kt Sir Is. Rebow, Kt., Edw. Bullock, Esq. Sir Tho. Webster, Bart., Sir Is. Rebow, Kt. . . Sir Is. Rebow, Kt., William Gore, Esq.*. . . . *Will. Gore, Esq., Nicolas Corsellis, Esq GEORGE I. Sir Isaac Rebow, Kt., Rich. Ducane, Esq. . . Sir Tho. Webster, Bart., Matthew Martin, Esq. GEORGE II. Samuel Tufnell, Esq., Stamp Brooksbank, Esq. Matthew Martin, Esq., Is. Leming Rebow, Esq. Parliament where held. WestminsterWestminsterWestminsterWestminsterOxford Westminster Westminster WestminsterWestminsterWestminster WestminsterWestminster WestminsterWestminster Westminster WestminsterWestminster WestminsterWestminster WestminsterWestminster borough, will naturally be seen to have arisen out of conflicts relative to the choice of persons, arising between the Mayor, Aldermen, an'd Common Coun cil, and the Free-burgesses at large. In the first case, two indentures of return were made, and the matter came before the Committee of Privileges; but though a special report was ordered, no further proceedings were taken. In the latter instance, neither the election nor return of the members chosen by the Free-burgesses are noticed iu the town records : but petitions .being pre sented to the House, a report was made on the 3rd of February, 1658, (vide Journals) declaring the election of John Shawe and Abraham Johnson a good election. » Others returned, but were by Parliament declared unduly elected. A A2 280 HISTORY OF LIST OF MEMBERS. Anno Regnl. 20 24 Anno Dom, 1790 1796 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 GEORGE II. In Isaao Rebow's room deceased, Jacob Houblon, Esq., 1735 Charles Gray, Esq., Samuel Saville, Esq S The' Hon. Richard Savage Nassau, Esq. J I Charles Gray, Esq f John Olmius, Esq., Cha. Gray, Esq Upon petition — Is. Martin Rebow, Esq GEORGE III. Char. Gray, Esq., Is. Martin Rebow, Esq Char. Gray, Esq., Is. Martin Rebow, Esq. .... Char. Gray, Esq., Is. Martin Rebow, Esq "Isaac M. Rebow Martin Esq., Sir Robt.~\ Smyth, Bart. In the room of Isaac M. / Rebow Martin, deceased, Christopher \ Potter, Esq. Upon petition, Edmund I Affleck, Esq. J Sir Edm. Affleck, Bart, Chris. Potter, Esq. . . Upon C. Potter's election being declared void, Sir Robert Smyth, Bart. In the room of Sir Edmund Affleck, Bart., deceased, and upon petition, George Tierney, Esq. Robt. Thornton, Esq., Sir George Jackson .... Robt. Thornton, Esq. , Lord Muncaster Robt. Thornton, Esq., Jno. Denison, Esq Robt. Thornton, Esq., Wm. Tuflnell, Esq Robt. Thornton, Esq., Richard Hart Davis, Esq. Robt. Thornton. Esq., Hart Davis, Esq Upon the vacating of Mr. R. Thornton, Sir Wm. Burroughs Upon the vacating of Mr. Hart Davis, J. B. Wildman, Esq J. B. Wildman, Esq., D. W. Harvey, Esq. . . GEORGE IV. D. W. Harvey, Esq., J. B. Wildman, Esq. . . Upon petition, in the room of Mr. Harvey, Henry Baring, Esq Parliament where held. "Westminster Westminster Westminster Westminster WestminsterWestminster Westminster Westminster WestminsterWestminsterWestminsterWestminster Westminster Westminster WestminsterWestminster COLCHESTER. 281* ELECTION HISTORY. Colchester has acquired a distinguished character in the annals of election contest and political contro versy. The several struggles between Mr. Rebow, and Mr. Fordyce, the once eminent banker; Mr. Christo pher Potter, the contractor, and the late Sir Edmund Affleck; — with those, of more recent date, between Sir George Jackson and Mr, Tierney; Mr. Richard Hart Davis, Mr. Robert Thornton, and Mr. Daniel Whittle Harvey; Mr. James Beckford Wildman, and Mr. D. W. Harvey; and, lastly, between Mr. J. B. Wildman, Mr, D. W. Harvey, and Sir Henry Russell; — have stamped this borough with political features of the most decided kind, and elicited a variety of striking events, which, however, neither the tone nor the com pass of our work will permit us to detail. We remark only the extraordinary expence, to which candidates for the honour of representing Colchester have upon nearly all modern occasions been subjected, owing to the dispersion of the free-burgesses over every part of the kingdom; an expence, it is well known, which has greatly tended to ruin the private fortunes of unsuc cessful competitors in several instances of late years. Nor is this a circumstance to be wondered at, nince we have authority for stating, that not less than £125 have been charged for posting two free-burgesses from a remote part of England to vote at a Colchester election. Unknown to a single inhabitant of this ancient and interesting town, until his engaging in the present work procured for him the most polite attentions from several universally respected residents — unacquainted with the political feelings of even one among those friendly indivi duals to whom he alludes— and unfettered by connection * a a 3 282* HISTORY 0> with any political party — the writer of these observations is without temptation to partiality in the statement of facts relative to the party contests of the borough, (or rather to the Parliamentary issues of those contests,) which he is about to introduce. He conceives, indeed, that simple facts, unaccompanied by a comment, form ing a portion of the Parliamentary history of the nation, and extracted for the most part from a professed abstract of the Parliamentary Reports,* should be acceptable to every lover of truth, and give offence to none on the score of political sentiment. In one word — which may convey all that is necessary to be said upon this subject — the particulars following have a place in these pages, solely because it was conceived that a work assuming to be a History of Colchester would be in complete without them. Brief Account of the Grounds and Contents of Peti tions presented to Parliament, relative to Elections for the Borough of Colchester, and of the Resolutions of the House thereon. March 28, 1628. — A petition complaining of an undue election for this borough. No report appears. June 3, 1685.— A petition of Samuel Reynolds, Esq. touching the election of this borough. No report. Jan. 12, 1688. — A petition of SirWalterClarges.Bart. complaining of the undue election and return of Mr. Sa muel Reynolds and Mr. Isaac Rebow. No determination. March 24, 1689- — A petition of Isaac Rebow, Esq. against the return of Edward Cary, and Samuel Rey nolds, Esqrs. Oct. 6, 1690. — A petition from the same, to the same effect. * Oldfiekl's "Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland." COLCHESTER. 203* Nov. 11. Resolved: " That Edward Cary, and Sa muel Reynolds, Esqrs. are duly elected burgesses for this borough." Nov. 29, 1695. — A petition of several freemen and burgesses against the return of Sir John Morden, by means of the Mayor refusing several qualified votes for Sir Thomas Cook, the other candidate, and various other illegal acts of the said Mayor, contrary to the true constitutional spirit of the rights of elections. March 28, 1696.— Resolved : " That Sir John Mor den is not duly elected." — " That Sir Thomas Cook is duly elected a burgess to serve for this borough." — But the first resolution being read twice, was disagreed to. Nov. 4, 1702. — A petition of John Potter, Esq. against the return of Sir Isaac Rebow, by means of bribery and corruption at the late election. Also, A petition of several freemen and inhabitants of this borough to the same effect. And A petition of the free-burgesses against the return of SirThos. Cook, by means of the same corrupt practices. Nov. 21. — Resolved: "That Sir Thomas Cook is duly elected a burgess for this borough." — " That John Potter, Esq. is not duly elected." — The said resolutions being read twice, were agreed to. Resolved : " That the charge against Sir Thomas Cook, a member of this House, for bribery, is false and groundless." Ordered: " That John Weely, agent for Sir Isaac Rebow, for his corrupt practices in endeavouring to procure the said Sir Isaac to be elected for this borough, be taken into the custody of the Sergeant at Arms." Resolved: " That the petition of several of the free- 1 burgesses of the Corporation of this borough, against Sir Thomas Cook, a member of the House, is false and scandalous:" and, [* a a A 284* HISTORY OF Ordered: " That William Motte, Jun., Arthur Win- sley, Jun., Peter Brasier, Edmund Johnson, Thomas Gregson, William Freeman, and William Leach, six of the said petitioners, be severally taken into the custody of the Sergeant of Arms attending this House." Jan. 10, 1705. — A petition of Sir Thomas Cook, Knt. against the return of Sir Thomas Webster, by means of many undue and illegal practices. Also, A petition of Samuel Guet, Stephen Hinsum, John Rayner, Richard Daniel, John Hoyl, and John Boggis, against the same return. Dec. 11, 1706. — A petition of Richard Daniel, John Bull, and several others, against the same return. No determination. Dec. 1, 1710. — A petition of William Gore against the return of Sir Isaac Rebow and Sir Thomas Webster, by means of indirect practices. Jan. 27, 1711-— Resolved: " That Sir Thomas Web ster, Bart, is not duly elected." Resolved : " That the Mayor cannot make foreigners free without the consent of the majority of Aldermen and Common Council." Resolved: " That William Gore, Esq. is duly elected a burgess for this borough :" agreed to by the House. March 3, 1713. — A petition of William Gore and Nicholas Corsellis against the return of Sir Thomas Webster and Sir Isaac Rebow, by means of bribery and other undue practices. No determination. In 1715, Nicholas Corsellis, Esq. petitioned: — in 1722, Sir Isaac Rebow petitioned, and renewed his peti tion in the second and third sessions :— and in 1728, Sir George Cooke petitioned. These petitions, however, produced no trials. In 1755, Isaac Martin Rebow, Esq. petitioned against COLCHESTER. 285* the return of Charles Gray, Esq. The petitioner was declared by the House duly elected, and that he ought to have been returned. Mr. Gray was found not duly elected, March 13. In 1768, Alex. Fordyce, Esq. petitioned; and renewed his petition the second session, when he requested leave to withdraw it, which was agreed to by the House. The death of Mr. Rebow during the recess of Parlia ment in 1781, occasioned a vacancy for this borough. The candidates to supply it were Christopher Potter, Esq., and Commodore Edmund Affleck, (at that time abroad,) the former of whom was returned. The numbers on the poll were, For Mr. Potter 639 Mr. Affleck 571 Some electors in the interest of Commodore Affleck petitioned against the return. The committee for the trial of this petition met Feb. 6, 1782. After the peti tioners had finished their case, the sitting member's counsel called upon them to produce Commodore Affleck's qualification. (He was still out of the king dom.) The petitioners admitted that they had been duly served with notice for that purpose, but declined to produce it; and contended that, under the circum stances of the case, it ought not to be required of them; that their candidate's continued absence from the realm, at and since the election, necessarily excused it. The sitting member's counsel, on the other hand, insisted upon the necessity for its production; and both parties maintained their points in arguments at length. The committee deliberated, and resolved unanimously, " That in this stage of the proceeding it is not necessary to inquire into the qualification of Commodore Affleck." The sitting member's case then proceeded; and the * A A 5 286* HISTORY OF court, after employing three days in deliberating upon the merits of the election, resolved, " That the sitting member should not be permitted to go into Commodore Affleck's qualification, he having been abroad at the time of the election, and having continued in the West Indies ever since." March 4, 1782. — The committee found that Mr. Potter was not duly elected, but that Edmund Affleck, Esq. was duly elected, and ought to have been returned. In 1784, Sir Robert Smyth, Bart, petitioned against the election of Christopher Potter, Esq. His petition stated, that he had the majority of legal votes; but that the Mayor, from partiality to Mr. Potter, illegally rejected rightful votes for the petitioner, and admitted illegal votes for Mr. Potter; that Mr. Potter, by these means, and also by bribery, had procured himself to be unlawfully returned; that a commission of bank ruptcy was issued against Mr. Potter April 17, 17S3, and that he was thereupon declared a bankrupt, and an assignment of all his effects made for the benefit of his creditors ; that at that time he had no freehold estate ; that no more than 2s. 6d. in the pound had been paid ; and that the said Mr. Potter was not capable of being elected and returned. The numbers on the poll for the several candidates were, For Sir Edmund Affleek 665 Mr. Potter , 425 Sir Robert Smyth 416 The due election of Sir Edmund Affleck was admitted by both parties. It was found that Mr. Potter, the sitting member, had not given in his qualification. The committee determined his election to be void, and a new writ was ordered, July 5, 1784. It was made a question before COLCHESTER. 287* the committee, whether, the election of the sitting mem ber being adjudged to be void for want of a qualification, the petitioner could proceed to prove his title to the seat, but it was not pretended that the petitioner had a right to be returned. Christopher Potter, and Samuel Tyssen, Esqrs., and several of the inhabitants, petitioned against Sir Robert Smyth's election; which petition was renewed the second session, and tried. The committee reported, March l6, 1785, that they found the sitting member duly elected. In 1788, (on the death of Sir Edmund Affleck,) George. Jackson, and George Tierney, Esqrs., having an equal number of votes, were both returned, and both presented petitions on the occasion. The return stated, that Jackson and Tierney were candidates, and that each had 6'40 votes at the close of the poll, but did not say that either was duly elected. Jackson's name stood first in the return, and the committee, (who tried the case March 27, 1789,) held this return not to be within the. order, and then decided, on arguments drawn from t the allegations of the petitions on both sides, "that Tierney's counsel do begin." Mr. Tierney's petition stated, that Bezaliel Angier, Esq., the Mayor and returning Officer, was guilty of gross partiality in favour of Mr. Jackson; that he re fused to permit the poll-clerks to be sworn; unnecessa rily and arbitrarily adjourned the poll for the purpose of admitting several persons to their freedom, whom he afterwards suffered to vote for Mr. Jackson ; that Mr. Jackson had been guilty of bribery and treating; and that by these, and other undue means, an equality of votes had been procured for Mr. Jackson with the pe titioner, who had the clear majority of legal votes, and ought to have been returned. *aa 6 288* HISTORY OF Mr. Jackson's petition stated, that it was agreed by the candidates that the poll should close at ten minutes past seven precisely: that when that time expired, the petitioner had a majority; but that, contrary to the agreement, a vote was afterwards received for Mr. Tierney, which gave him an equality of votes with the petitioner, and that this vote ought to have been struck from the poll; that Mr. Tierney had been guilty of bri bery and treating ; and that Mr. Jackson had the majority of legal votes, and ought to have been returned. The committee resolved, April 4, 1789, (the thirty- second day of their sitting,) that Mr. Tierney was duly elected, and ought to have been returned. The report was made April 6, when it was ordered that the deputy- clerk of the crown should amend the return, by making it a return of Mr. Tierney. In 1791> George Tierney, Esq., petitioned against the return of George Jackson, and Robert Thornton, Esqrs. On the ballot of the committee, March 31, to try the merits of this petition, the counsel for Mr. Jackson informed the House, that the sitting members had distinct interests, and that the charges contained in the petition were distinct, that against Mr. Thornton being for bribery, and that against Mr. Jackson that he was ineligible on account of his holding a pension from the crown ; that the sitting members had jio communication ¦with each other, and that, therefore, they desired to appear as separate parties on distinct interests. The House permitted the sitting members to appear as distinct parties. April 4, 1791, the chairman reported to the House that the sitting members were duly elected; and that the petition was frivolous and vexatious. In 1796, R- Shepley, Esq. petitioned against the COLCHESTER. 289* return of John Lord Muncaster, and Robert Thornton, Esq. — March, 1797, the committee reported that the sitting members were duly elected, and that the petition was frivolous and vexatious. In 1820, a petition, signed by some of the free- burgesses, was presented against the return of Daniel Whittle Harvey, Esq., alleging a want of qualification ; when a Committee of the House declared the qualifi cation of D. W. Harvey, Esq. to be defective, and his election consequently void. FACTS EXPLANATORY OF RECENT ELECTIONS. f Vide Close of the List on page 280.,) General Election, 1812: candidates, HartDavis, Esq., Robert Thornton, Esq., D. W. Harvey, Esq. The two former were elected, after a poll. At this election, Richard Hart Davis, Esq., (father of Mr. Hart Davis) withdrew, on receiving an invitation from his friends at Bristol to represent his native city in Parliament; when his connections in Colchester proposed HartDavis, Esq., in his stead, who was in consequence elected. In 1817, Mr. Robert Thornton vacated his seat by accepting the situation of Marshal of the Admiralty Court; when Sir William Burroughs was elected in his place without opposition. In 1818, Mr. Hart Davis having vacated by his acceptance of a situation in the Mauritius, and a new writ having been issued, two candidates were proposed, viz. J. B. Wildman, Esq., and D. W. Harvey, Esq. The former, after, a poll, was elected. N. B. This poll was confined to the town and its vicinity, by reason that each candidate, relying upon his interest there, was unwilling to incur immoderate additional expence. General Election, 1818: Candidates, J. B. Wildman, * A A 7 290* HISTORY OF Esq., D. W. Harvey, Esq., Peter Wright, Esq. After a contest, in which the poll, as iu the preceding election, and for the same reason, was confined to Colchester and its vicinity, the two former were elected. General Election on the demise of the late King, 1820: Candidates, D. W. Harvey, Esq., J. B. Wild- man, Esq., Sir Henry Russell, Bart. After a most severe contest, the two former were elected. A few months afterwards, Mr. Harvey's qualification being, in consequence of a Petition, declared defective, and his election void, a new writ was issued, owing to Sir Henry Russell's having omitted to sign the Petition, the issue of which would have otherwise been his elevation to the vacant seat. On this last occasion, Mr. Henry Baring offering himself, and no opposition being made, he was elected ; and he retains his seat in conjunction with Mr. J. B. Wildman. Number of Voters at all the Contested Elections for this Borough, from the year 1734 to the present period. CANDIDATES. Total No. of Voters. 1734. Jacob Honblon, Esq ^17011 Stamp Brooksbank, Esq » B+* This is the largest number on record of Voters for the Representatives of this Borough — The Town Books afford us a picture of the predominant political feelings of that day, in the following curious account of this election. " 1734. "A Poll taken at Colchester in the County of Essex " vpon Monday the tenth day of March 1734 at a place " called the Exchange before Joseph Dufneld Esq " Mayor for the Election of a Burgess to serve in Par- " liament in the room of Isaac Lemyng Rebow Esq COLCHESTER. 291* " deced. the Candidates are Jacob Hovblon Esq. " a person of great Honour and Integrity who was sett " up by the Country Interest, and Stamp Brooksbank " Esq. who was in a former Parliament Elected for the " said Burrough meerly on Account of the most noto- " rious Bribery and Corruption and stood now on the " Court Interest, but was out polled by Mr. Hovblon " 380. The electors expressing their vtmost contempt " of his former practices, and particularly his Voting in " Parliament for bringing in that infamous Bill called " the Excise Scheme. " Polled, viz. "1085 for Mr. Hovblon " 705 Mr. Brooksbank " 1790 Polled at this Election '' 1041 of which are Colchester Votes '< 749 ont voters " Majority for Mr. Houblon 380." Votes for Total No. whom re- of CANDIDATES. spectively. Voters. 1741, Charles Gray, Esq 832 Samnel Savill, Esq. 807 John Olmius, Esq , . .300 nearly Matthew Martin, Esq 790 1600 1747. Hon. Richard Savage Nassau 797 Charles Gray, Esq 682 John Olmius, Esq 553 1323 1768. Charles Gray, Esq 874 Isaac Martin Rebow, Esq 855 Alexander Fordyce, Esq 811 1584 1780, Isaac Martin Rebow Martin, Esq 566 Sir Robert Smyth, Bart 303 Alexander Fordyce, Esq 1 24 Robert Mayne, Esq 12 692 1781. Christopher Potter, Esq 639 Commodore Edmund Affleck 570 1209 *AA 8 292* HISTORY OF Votes for Total No. whom re- of CANDIDATES. spectively. Voters. 1784. Sir Edmund Affleck, Bart 665 Christopher Potter, Esq 425 Sir Robert Smyth, Bart 416 930 ]784. Sir Robert Smyth, Bart 653 Christopher Potter, Esq ....382 Samuel Tyssen, Esq 26 1061 1788. George Jackson, Esq 640 George Tierney, Esq 640 1280 1790. Robert Thornton, Esq 818 George Jackson, Esq 796 George Tierney, Esq 638 1323 1796. Robert Thornton, Esq 645 Lord Muncaster 486 Richard Shepley, Esq 265 737 1806. Robert Thornton, Esq 724 William Tufnell, Esq 722 John Prinsep, Esq 488 1144 1807. Robert Thornton, Esq , .683 Richard Hart Davis, Esq 682 Col. John Charles Tufnell 161 887 1812. Hart Davis, Esq 810 Robert Thornton, Esq 737 Daniel Whittle Harvey, Esq 704 1406 1818. James Beckford Wildman, Esq 274 «« "".v" * being; confined Daniel Whittle Harvey, Esq 182 •"i^g*"™ and 1818. James Beckford Wildman, Esq 613 Daniel Whittle Harvey, Esq 503 ffi, ^before! Peter Wright, Esq 160 1820. Daniel Whittle Harvey, Esq. 702 James Beckford Wildman, Esq 663 Sir Henry Russell, Bart 498 1382 Kf To give some idea of the ordinary proportion between the Voters, as regards their respective places of residence, it may be noticed, that at the General Election ip 1820, there were polled, from London, 331; from the Country at large, 608 ; Colchester Residents, 443. N. B. When more than two Candidates stand the poll, each Voter is privileged to divide his suffrage. COLCHESTER. 281 As regards its Modern Ecclesiastical Government, Col- cnester is comprised within the diocese of London, and gives title to one of the five Archdeaconries attached to that see. The Archdeaconry comprehends the Dearieries of Colchester, Lexden, TendYing, Witham, Samford, and Newport. The present Archdeacon is the Rev. W. R. Lyall, A. M. Rector of Weetey ; who succeeded the Rev. Dr. Blomfield, lately promoted to the see of Chester. By statute 26th of Henry VIII., Colchester was one of those towns, which weie to be taken and accepted for sees of Bishops Suffragan to be made in England. There were never more than two consecrated for this place; namely, William Moore, rector of West Tilbury and Brad well, and vicar of Walden, consecrated October 20, 1536, who deceased iii 1540; and John Sterne,' B. D. vicar of Witham, consecrated Nov. 12, 1592, who died in Feb., 1607. The Honorial History of the town will comprehend te following particulars : — Colchester gave title of Viscount to the noble families of Darcy of Cliiche, and Savage. For, July 5, l62l, Thomas, Baron Darcy, was created Viscount ColchesteT, (witft a grant of £8 out of the fee-farm of the town,) to him and his heirs male ; and, in default of such issue, to Sir Thomas Savage, of Rock-Savage, Bart, who had married his eldest daughter Elizabeth, and to their joint heirs. The same Thomas, Lord Darcy, was advanced to the title of Earl Rivers, November 4, 1626: and dying February 21, 1639, was succeeded in his titles, &c. by his grandson John Savage ; who was Succeeded by his son Thomas, and, updh his death, by Richard Savage. Thomas died in . September, 1694, and Richard, August 18, 1712, both without male aa 3 282 HISTORY OF issue; so that the title of Viscount Colchester expired with the last-mentioned. But the honor was revived in. the person of the present Lord Colchester, who was created Baron Colchester, of Colchester in the county of Essex, June 3, 18l7- We doubt not that a more particular mention of his lordship and family, in this place, will be generally acceptable. Charles Abbot, Baron Colchester, of Colchester in Essex, was born at Abingdon, Berks, on the 14th of October, 1757; married, December 29, 1796, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir Philip Gibbs, Bart, of Spring Head, in the island of Barbadoes ; and has issue, 1. Charles Abbot, a lieutenant in the royal navy, born March 12, 1798, his Lordship's heir-apparent; and 2. Philip Henry Abbot, born June 10, 1802. His lordship's father, the Rev. John Abbot, D. D. rector of the parish of All-Saints, Colchester, and some time fellow of Baliol College, Oxford, was born at Shaftesbury, and baptized there September 4, 1717. He died April 29, 1760; having had issue, by Sarah his wife, daughter of Jonathan Farr, son of the Rev. Thomas Farr, M. A. Vicar of Long Wittenham, Berks, (which Sarah married secondly, Jeremiah Bentham, Esq. died September 27, 1809, aged 76, and was buried in Westminster Abbey,) two sons; viz. 1. John-Farr Abbot, Esq. of the Inner Temple, London, who died without issue at York, September 22, 1794, aged 38, and was buried in the cathedral church there, having married Mary Pearce, grand-daughter and surviving descendant of William Pearce, Esq. brother of Zachary, Lord Bishop of Rochester, and Dean of Westminster, (vvhich Mary died at Naples, December 11, 1793, and was buried in Westminster Abbey;) 2. Charles, the present Lord Colchester. COLCHESTER. 283 His lordship is one of his Majesty's most honourable Privy Council in Great Britain and Ireland ; and was appointed in 1801 to the offices of secretary of state, chief secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and keeper of the privy seal in Ireland. He filled, with distinguished ability, consummate judgment, and unsha ken firmness, the high office of Speaker of the House of Commons, from 1802 to 1817; a period, as arduous and eventful as any in modern history: and was representative in parliament for the University of Oxford, from 1806 to 1817. CHAP. VI. TRADE OF COLCHESTER ANCIENT BAT AND SAY TRADE OYSTER FISHERY HORTICULTURAL PRODUCE FAIRS AND MARKETS. AT the present period, the Trade of Colchester, if we except its shipping concerns mentioned in our notice of The Hithe, scarcely differs from that of most other English inland towns ; that is to say, it consists mainly in the supply of the agricultural classes around with manufactured and shop-goods, in return for the produc tions of the earth, and in the mutual interchange of the necessaries and luxuries of life among its own population. But, formerly, this town was remarkable for its successful cultivation of a particular branch of manufacturing industry, distinguished as the Bay and Say Trade ; of whose rise and decline it will be necessary to give some account. Even prior to the statute of Edward III., enjoining the non- exportation of Wool from the territory of Eng land, it is apparent, from other statutes, that this ancient staple of the nation was wrought into cloth, both in Colchester and other towns of the kingdom. But Edward has justly been looked upon as the founder of the after-prosperity of this trade, by the enactment spoken of; which, as it prevented the ingress of the staple, 286 HISTORY OF through his French provinces, to all the adjacent parts of the continent, obliged his English subjects in general to manufacture the raw material for themselves. Colches ter, no doubt, in common with every place at which the trade was in a degree established, felt the beneficial effects of the stimulus thus given by the monarch : and, accordingly, both in his reign and that of JAichard IL, repeated mention occurs, in the Oath-book and Court- Rolls, of wool-mongers, card-makers, combers, clothiers, weavers, fullers, &c; giving evident proof of the exist ence of that clothing-trade here, which from hence extended itself to the neighbouring towns and villages, as Coggeshall, Dedham, Langham, and East-Bergholt. The originators in Colchester of that branch of the trade called Bay and Say Making, were the Dutch refugees, who settled at this and some other towns near our coasts in the reign of Elizabeth. Their number here was about two hundred ; who, like their brethren, had fled from Popish persecution in their own country. Although they approved themselves " very honest, godly, civil, and well-ordered' people,"* and were therefore well' received by the authorities of the town, and encouraged in the pursuit of their occupation by the Queen's govern ment; yet, for some time after their arrival, they were subjected to molestations from the meaner and more ignorant part of the populace, who refused to conform to the rules and constitutions established by them, and allowed by Elizabeth and her council, for the tetter carrying on their business. In the succeeding reign of James, the English weavers of the place not only made complaints against them to the Privy Council, but indict- * Letter from the Bailiffs of Colchester to Queen Elizabeth's Privy-Gounoil, dated August 1, 1570. COLCHESTER. 287 ed and presented them at two several Quarter Sessions of the Peace, for "assembling themselves in a company and congregation in their hall without the King's subjects, and there making orders and setting fines upon his Majesty's subjects, contrary to statute 21. Henr. VIII., and for using partiality and unjust dealing in their searches and orders concerning the new draperies." Upon which, the Privy Council interposed by an injunction, " that the said indictments and presentments should be no further proceeded in; nor the said strangers from henceforth in any such sort molested." James also granted these useful and inoffensive Dutchmen his letters-patent, dated October 17, J6l2; in which he says, that the " privie councell being dulie informed by the justices, bayliffs, and other majistrates of the towne of Colchester, howe be'neficiall the Strangers of the Dutche Congregacion had been and were unto the saide towne, as well in replenishing and bewtifieing of it, as for their TJrades which they daylie used there, setting on worke manie of his poore People and Subjects both within the saide town and in other townes and places thereabouts, and also of the orderlie and peace able government of their Congregacion for matter of religion^ withoute noveltie, division, or scandell. — His Majesty did ordeine, constitute, and establishe, that all Strangers of the Dutch Congregacion in the towne of Colchester then being, should and might from henceforth peaceablie and freelie use their Trade of Bay and Say making and other forreine Draperies, — and that no information should be accepted againste them, or anie of them, in anie courts or places of justice, for or concern ing the exercise or execution of anie the premisses. — Further, Ms Majisty did give, graunte, and confirme unto the said Strangers of the Dutch Congregacion— 288 HISTORY OP that they should and might have, holde, and enjoye free lycence, libertie, and authoritie to continue and inhabitt, and to use and exercise as well their Trade of Baye and Saye making and other forraine Draperies, with theire accustomed meetings and orders for the avoyding of all fraudulent dealeings therein requisite for the upholding of the goodnes, estimacion, and credilt of the stuff's made by them" — &c. &c. The strict " searches and orders" of the Congregation, " for the avoiding of all fraudulent dealings" in the work manship and composition of the bays, together with the fines they impartially levied upon the members both of their own and the English communities who violated their prudent regulations, appear from the above to have been one main source of the discontents of the native towns« men. The Congregation had, it seems, this standing rule, that all bays should be searched and surveyed at the Dutch Bay-Hall, by sworn searchers maintained by their company ; when, according to their contents and goodness, they were sealed; so that the purchaser might at once know the length and quality of every bay. And if any neglect or misconduct appeared on the part of the master, in not allowing sufficient materials, or in using bad ones — or on that of the workmen, in the manufac- turing; — they were constantly fined, and the fines as invariably levied. Of these fines, all that accrued from the English bay-makers were honourably paid, by the Governors of the Dutch Hall, into the hands of the Bailiffs or Mayors of the town, for the benefit of the English poor of the several parishes, and generally dis tributed in cloth. The greatest amount thus paid in for a particular year, was that for 1683; namely £248. os. 3d. Highly to the credit of the Dutch Congregation, the COLCHESTER. 289 bays, for a series of years, were purchased, without open ing the packs, upon the bare inspection of their seals. Yet these were counterfeited at Halsted, in this county, so early as the year 1588; and not long afterwards in London; nay, they were falsified in Colchester itself, by taking the seals from the superior, and affixing them to the inferior manufactures. Which nefarious practices, uniting with a very culpable degree of negligence for a time on the part of the searchers, brought the trade into temporary discredit, and occasioned severe reproofs of the Congregation from the Privy Council in l6l5. But the act, passed in the 12th (strictly speaking, the 1st., or year of the restoration) of Charles IL, for " regulating the trade of Bay-making in the Dutch Bay Hall in Col chester," in great measure prevented the recurrence of similar frauds; so that the bays recovered all their former estimation, and maintained it long afterwards. It has even been calculated, that the trade brought Colchester a return of ,£30,000 weekly ; but it is more certain, that from 1000 to 1200 bays at least were weekly made in the town, when the demand was at its height. The war with Spain, in the reign of Anne, was the great occasion of its downfall : it languished from the peace of Utrecht, until 1728, when the Dutch Congre gation, finding themselves unable to pursue it longer, dissolved their fraternity. Individuals, however, con tinued it with some spirit for about half a century afterwards; but it had removed in very great degree by the time Morant wrote, into the western and northern parts of the kingdom, where provisions and fuel arc comparatively cheap; and is at present at so low an ebb in Colchester, that only a single establishment for the manufacture of the article now commonly called baize, exists in the town, or out-parishes. B B 290 HISTORY OF The Oyster Fishery, having always formed a valu able part of the privileges, and trading property, of this town, deserves particular mention. It was noticed in the preceding chapter, that Richard I. granted to the burgesses the fishery of the river Colne, from the North Bridge as far as Westnesse ; and this grant was very amply assured and confirmed to them by subsequent charters, especially that of Edward IV. This fishery in cludes not merely the plain course of the Colne, but all the creeks, &c. with which it communicates ; that is to say, the entire Colne Water, as it is commonly called. And it is rendered indisputable by records, that the burgesses of Colchester are legally entitled to the sole right of fishing in this Water, to the exclusion of all others not licensed and authorised by them; " and have, and ever had, the full, sole, and absolute power to have, take, and dispose of to their own use, in such a manner as they shall think proper, all oysters, and other fish within the said river or water." But there are some parishes adjoining the Water, whose inhabitants are admitted, upon license from the Mayor, to fish and dredge oysters therein; these parishes being, Brightlingsea, Wivenhoe, and East Doniland. For the better preservation of so valuable a privilege, Courts of Admiralty, or Conservancy, have been cus tomarily held on Colne Water ; at which all offences committed within the limits of the aquatic royalty, are presented by a jury, and fines exacted of the offenders. And in March, or April, yearly, proclamation is made by the legal authorities, on the water, near Mersea Stone, (which is within the jurisdiction of the town,) "that the river Colne is shut, and that all persons are forbidden to dredge, or take any oysters out of the said river, or COLCHESTER. 291 into a contest with the Earl; first, by a scire-facias in Chancery; and next by a trial at Westminster, where a jury confirmed their right. Afterwards, at an inquest of nisi-prius at Colchester, a jury again decided the point in favour of the Corporation. Still, so determined was the Earl, that, he audaciously brought an attaint agajnst this latter jury; upon which, a new trial being obtained, the first judgment was affirmed against him, ' and his letters-patent from the king were recalled and cancelled. In 1629-30, Sir Roger Townsend, lord of Wivenhoe manor, made another rude, but as unsuccessful an attack upon the Fishery. His object was, to prove the non-extent of the town's jurisdiction beyond a point of land in the river, against his manor, which he con tended was the westnesse of the charters, rather than that in the parish of St. Osith. But he failed; and was compelled to ask his licenses for a summer's dredging of the Bailiffs, just as were others. Less considerable attempts, subsequently made, proved alike ineffectual. In regard to the trespasses of individual dredgers not licensed, it appears that, very anciently, they were fined, as has been mentioned ; but afterwards their boats and tackling were also seized, and detained till the fines were paid. Of the latter summary mode of procedure, an express instance occurs (amongst many others) in the Books of Assemblies, in the case of a fisherman to the Lord Colchester ; who, in July l679> being found dredging within the royalty, was deprived of his boat, &c. in the usual manner. Nor were they restored to him, although his lordship interceded for his servant by letter to the Mayor, until he had paid a fine of £3, and entered into a bond of £50 not to repeat his offence, as others had done before him. The Oyster Fishery is 292 HISTORY OF fiow in a more flourishing state than at any former period, the principal Oyster Merchants and dredgemen having cleansed, stocked, and much improved it, and thereby greatly augmented this branch of the corpo ration revenue. Colchester Oysters have been celebrated from a re mote period, and have been deemed an appropriate present from the authorities of the town to ministers of state, and other persons of eminence. We find them sent both to Leicester and Walsingham in the reign of Elizabeth. Those taken in a creek of the Colne Water, called Pye-fleet, and from thence termed Pye-fleet oysters, are usually considered the best flavoured. A writer of the last century, (Dr. Spratt, in the " History of the Royal Society,") informs us that, " ia April and May, and again about Midsummer, and Michaelmas, oysters cast their spawn, which the dred gers call their spat: it is like the drop of a candle, and about the bigness of a small spangle. This spat cleaves to stones, old oyster-shells, pieces of wood, and such like things at the bottom of the sea, which they call cultch. Tis probably conjectured, that the spat in twenty-four hours begins to have a shell. The oysters are sick after they have first spat; but in June and July they begin to mend, and in August are perfectly well. The male oyster is black-sick, as the fishermen term it, having 3 black substance in the fin ; and the female, white-sick, having a milky substance in the fin." (Another author, however, accounts the white-sickness to be the milky sperm of the male; and the other, the eggs of the female newly effused in the fins.) In the Colne Water, the dredgers are limited, as has appeared above, to a certain period of the year : but this limitation is not of force beyond the bounds of the COLCHESTER. 293 now in a more flourishing state than at any former period, the principal Oyster Merchants and dredgemen having cleansed, stocked, and much improved it, and thereby greatly augmented this branch of the corpo ration revenue. Colchester Oysters have been celebrated from a re mote period, and have been deemed an appropriate present from the authorities of the town to ministers of state, and other persons of eminence. We find them sent both to Leicester and Walsingham in the reign of Elizabeth. Those taken in a creek of the Colne Water, called Pye-fleet, and from thence termed Pye-fleet oysters, are usually considered the best flavoured. A writer of the last century, (Dr. Spratt, in the " History of the Royal Society,") informs us that, " in April and May, and again about Midsummer, and Michaelmas, oysters cast their spawn, which the dred gers call their spat: it is like the drop of a candle, and about the bigness of a small spangle. This spat cleaves to stones, old oyster-shells, pieces of wood, and such like things at the bottom of the sea,., which they call cultch. 'Tis probably conjectured, that the spat in twenty-four hours begins to have a shell. The oysters are sick after; they have first spat; but in June and July they begin to mend, and in August are perfectly well. The male oyster is black-sick, as the fishermen term it, having a black substance in the fin; and the female, white-sick, having a milky substance in the fin." (Another author, however, accounts the white-sicJsness to be the milky sperm of the male ; and the other, the eggs of the female newly effused in the fins.) In the Colne Water, the dredgers are limited, as has appeared above, to a certain period of the year : but this limitation is not of force beyond the bounds of the b b 3 294 HISTORY OF royalty. As they take the oysters, they gently raise with a knife the small brood from the cultch, and return the latter to preserve the ground for the future; but if the fish are so newly spat, that they cannot be safely severed from the cultch, they are permitted to take the stone,- shell, &c. the spat may be upon. The small oysters thus taken, are placed in what are called their beds, or layers, in the channel ; where they grow and fatten, and in two or three years become of the legal size; to determine which, a brass and silver oyster-size are kept by the Water-Bailiff. After May, it is felony to take the cultch; and the wanton destruction of it, at any time, subjects the offending party to heavy penalties. The reason for which is said to be, that if the cultch is removed, the ouse increases; which encourages the breed of muscles and cockles rather than oysters, while the latter are also deprived of a substance whereon to lay their spat. At the time Morant wrote, the oysters of this town were frequently distinguished by a green tinge, which the fishermen had the art of communicating to them. On this subject, the historian says: "all oysters are naturally white in the body, and brown in the fins. In order to green them, they put them into pits, about two feet deep, in the salt marshes, which are overflowed only at spring-tides, to which ihey have sluices, and let out the salt water until it is about a foot and a half deep. These pits, from some quality in the soil, will become green, and communicate their colour to the oysters that are put into them in four or five days, though they commonly let them continue there six weeks or two months; in which time they will be of a dark green. It is very remarkable, that a pit within a foot of a green ing-pit will not green; and those that did green very COLCHESTER. 295 well, will in time lose that quality. So that it is not done by copperas, or other greening stuffs, as some have imagined : nor is it more true, (as R. Bradley asserted,) that they grow green by feeding upon a sort of crow-silk." — There can be little doubt, that the tinge was communicated through sowing the pits with the seed of some plant, or weed, on which, when it sprang up, the oysters fed. But this distinction of Colchester from other oysters is rapidly wearing away : indeed, it may be said, that few or none of them are now ever greened. The London fishmongers generally distinguish them as the Mersea oysters, from the part of the Colne Water at or near to which are the principal beds. We cannot quit the subject of the trade of this town, without some notice of the extensive Malt Distillery of Messrs. Bawtree and Savill, situated on the stream, which divides the parishes of St. Giles and St Botolph, and erected by those gentlemen in 1812, at an expence of upwards of £40,000. The extent of the business here carried on, — assisted by the powerful agency of the steam engine, — will be estimated" by those conver sant in such concerns, from "the information that the weekly duty to government from the Distillery, when it is in full operation, amounts to not less than from 2 to £3,000. This duty is levied upon the wort, or wash, at the rate of 2s. per gallon : and as a quarter of barley produces a hundred gallons of wort, the duty is conse quently £10 per quarter on the raw article. With the refuse of the corn, (viz. the wash and grains after the spirit is extracted,) Messrs. B. and S. fatten annually about three hundred bullocks, chiefly of the Scotch breed, which, they find, thrive best upon such food. The raw spirits are disposed of to different rectifiers in town and country, by whom it is again distilled, and 296 HISTORY OF made into Gin or British Cordials. They have also a rec tifying house in the town, from which from 40 to 50,000 gallons of British Spirits are annually vended: and to this part of the concern is attached a considerable wine and foreign spirit trade. Mr. S. Bawtree now resides in a neat and spacious mansion, recently erected near the site of the old house, (lately pulled down,) which was called White Hall; the modern building takes the same name. It is worthy observation that the spring which supplies the stream at present working the Distillery, and which feeds also two other mills above, called Bourne and Cannick Mills, was attached, together with the adjoining lands, (which are tithe-free,) to St. John's Abbey, and supplied that institution with fish: and at Bourne Ponds, part of the old Fishing House is still standing, having been converted into a Fulling Mill. The Horticultural Produce of Colchester, and its vicinity, deserves a passing remark. Much of the soil here is a rich black sand, which being very favourable to the growth of vegetables and fruits, the town's supply of these articles is not perhaps exceeded by that of any other place in the kingdom, London excepted. An inspection of the Market at the proper seasons, will satisfy the stranger on this point. The various grants of Fairs to be held in this town, were anciently among the number of its most valued privileges. At a time when shops were few, and the daily display and vending of their wares a thing uncom mon, goods of almost every description were chiefly bought at fairs, as is still the practice, to a great extent, in many parts of the continent. Henry the Second, we find, purchased clothes for his children at Winchester fair. Colchester was favoured with five several grants of fairs, in the order of time following. COLCHESTER. 297 1. Midsummer Fair was granted by Eudo, founder of St. John's Abbey, to the Abbot and Monks of that convent, to last four days, viz. from June 23rd to the 26th inclusively. It is kept on St. John's Green, and the profits accrue to the lord of the manor of Monkwick. Being held according to Old Stile, this fair now com mences upon July 5th. 2. Richard I., December 8th, 1189, granted a fair to the Lepers of St. Mary Magdalen, to be held two days on the vigil and feast-day of St Mary Magdalen, upon Mag dalen Green, and the Master of the Hospital to receive the profits. It is commonly called Scalt-Codlin Fair. 3. St. Dennis's Fair, by distinction generally called Colchester Fair, was granted to the Corporation by Edward II., in his charter dated February 4th. 1318. He directed that it should be held on the eve of St. Dennis, St. Dennis's Day, (October 9th,) and the six days following. And this was observed until 1635; when representations having been made by some of the burgesses to- Charles I., that it would be an advantage to the town to have the duration of this fair reduced to four days, he ordered, in his second charter, dated July 9th in that year, that it should be held only on the eve and day of St. Dennis, and the two days following. Anciently, the Sunday after St. Dennis's day, corruptly called Pardon Sunday, was accounted the chief day of this fair: but at an assembly, March 17, 1577, it was ordered that St. Dennis's Day should always be the chief day, or the Monday next after, if that day fell on a Sunday. It is kept in the High Street, where the booths remained, in recent years, (by sufferance,) for the space of a fortnight; but it falls off in its extent, and its attrac tions for the populace, annually; and, at no very distant time, will probably be observed as a fair for cattle only, the sale of which at present lasts two days. 298 HISTORY OF 4. William and Mary, in their charter to the Corpo ration of the year 1693, .granted a fair, to commence cm the 12th of July, and to continue the two days following: but if the 12th fell on a Sunday, to begin on the suc ceeding Monday; and if it fell on a Friday or Saturday, to begin on the foregoing Thursday. It is held in a field on the Harwich road, near the remains of St. Anne's Chapel, and is called the New Fair, though not the latest granted, which was the following. 5. King William's charter of incorporation of the Taylors of Colchester, dated December 15, l699> contains this clause: — "And further We do grant to the Mayor' and Commonalty of the Burrough and Corporation of Colchester, and their successors for ever, that he the said Mayor and his successors may hold and keepe yearly for ever one Fair or Mart, in a certain place within the Burrough aforesaid, neare the St. Anne's in the parish of St. James, — for the buying and selling of all and singular live cattle, goods, wares, and merchandizes. To be begun and holden in and upon the second Tuesday in every month of Aprill, and to last and continue for the Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday then next following.'' From the manner of its grant, narrated above, this fair derived the vulgar appellation of the Taylors' Fair: it is now discontinued. Our mention of the Markets is rendered nearly superfluous by what was said in describing the Market place in the second chapter of this part. What we shall here add, will relate to the origin, and early history, of these markets. Richard I., in his charter, enjoined, that Colchester market should not be hindered by any other; but that the markets and customs should remain as when they were confirmed upon oath of the burgesses of Colchester, COLCHESTER. 299 before the Justices itinerant of King Henry II. But no notice is taken in this Charter, on what day, or days, Colchester market was then held. In Morant's time there were reckoned three market- days in the week; viz. Wednesday, Friday, and Satur day; besides one on every second Tuesday. By whom the three first were granted, is unknown; but the last- mentioned was authorised by the Charter of William III. On Tuesday, a wool-market was held weekly for many years. Anciently, a market appears to havejjeen held in Colchester daily; a custom, to which, so far as regards fruits, vegetables, &c, the town has returned since the erection of the present commodious market place. But the day now distinguished as the market-day of Colchester, being that on which the market-nlace is best occupied, and the corn and cattle markets aTe held, is Saturday, — as noticed in the former part of our work just alluded to, The following orders, relative to the markets, which may appear curious to the modern inhabitant, occur in the Books of Assemblies, July 31 , 1529, That, from henceforth, the pease and root market, with the onions, garlick, and cucumbers, and other garden stuff and wares, should be holden and kept from the Lyon-sign downward towards St. Nicholas' church, and in no place else. This order was renewed March 9, l620, June 18, 1660, The fish-market ordered, from the 14th of July then following, to be kept in Wire Street. But in July, l697> a farther order was given for the erection of a fish:market beside the butchers* shambles ; where it was still kept in Morant's time, — and to the present day fish are sold in the street near the spot. CHAP. VII. INSTITUTIONS FOR PUBLIC CONVENIENCE. WATER WORKS — PAVING, LIGHTING, &C. GAS WORKS. An early institution having for its object the public convenience in Colchester, was for the regular supply of the inhabitants with Water by mechanical means, in addition to what was furnished by the river Colne, and by the springs and wells to which recourse had been long had in various parts of the town. In particular, a fine spring, rising without the walls, in a meadow called Chiswell-meadow, in St. Mary's parish, was selected for partial accommodations of this nature from a remote but uncertain period. We can only find, that, in the year 1536, Robert Leche, one of- the Aldermen, and Thomas Nuthal the elder, masters and governors of the guild of Jesus Masse, (kept in the parish-church of St. Peter,) did, with consent of all the parishioners, by lease, grant " leave and full power to Henry Webbe, of the said parish of St. Peter, and to his heirs and assigns for ever, to have the head-spring, and concourse of water, rising in Chiswell-meadow belonging to the guild of Jesus Masse aforementioned, to be conveyed for ever under, and through, the grounds of that meadow, unto the mansion-house of the said Henry Webbe, in North Street, within North Gate: paying to the aforesaid masters, c c 302 HISTORY OF and their successors, the yearly sum of fourpence at Michaelmass." And we have information, that when Wind-mill-field, adjoining to Chiswell-meadow, was let by the Corporation, in 1620, to Thomas Thurston, one of the Aldermen, liberty was reserved to lay pipes, or trunks, for the conveying of the water from Chiswell- meadow. Morant tells us, that the cistern, or reservoir, into which the water was conducted from the spring, stood in the highest part of Chiswell-meadow within the memory of persons living in his time. And it appears, that from this cistern several parts of the town were supplied. But that site being found inconvenient on many accounts, John Potter, Esq., an ingenious and public-spirited man, who had been several times Mayor of Colchester, undertook, in the year 1707> to remedy the defects complained of, and fully succeeded in his design. Through his intervention, a field adjoining the town-wall, belonging to the parsonage of St. Mary's, was adopted as the site of a new reservoir, upon lease from the Rector, and with license from the Bishop of London, to whom, as patron of the Rectory, applica» tion for leave had been made. The reservoir was erected ; and subsequently, another by the side of it ; both together containing about two hundred and forty hogsheads. The water was forced into them from Chis well-meadow, through pipes conveyed under ground; and .the works continued in a flourishing condition, supplying the greater part of the town with excellent water, for about thirty years, or until 1737- But says Morant, " the owner of them being indolent, and more profitably employed; and his servant careless, and ex« tremely dishonest ; likewise the town growing poor, and pot well able-to pay; and, especially, this affair not COLCHESTER. 303 having been settled, as it ought to have been, by Act of Parliament ; they were neglected, and soon came to nothing ;— for, in 1738, " the Rector of St. Mary's" (the Reverend writer himself, who entered upon this benefice in 1737-8) " having given a small consideration to the lessee, took up the bricks of the cisterns, and therewith repaired the end of the parsonage-house, &c." It appears that the lease entered into by the Rector in 1707, with John Potter, Esq. above mentioned, was void ipso facto from the first, being contrary to statute 13. Elizabeth : consequently, when the subsequent owner did not find his account in keeping up the works, he could not be compelled to continue them. The present Water-works are a revival of the ancient plan of conveying water, for the service of the town, from Chiswell-meadow ; a plan now adopted with the increased power and efficacy, that have on all occasions signalized the introduction of the steam-engine into the service of institutions of this nature. The revival took place in the year 1808, and was chiefly set on foot by the celebrated civil engineer, Dodd, who originally conceived the idea of, and made some attempts towards executing, a tunnel under the river Thames. The works, and house for the superintendant, are situated at the foot of the Balkon Hill. The reservoirs are three in number; two in the parish of St. Peter, (the largest of which contains twenty-five thousand hogsheads,) and the third on the top of Balkon Hill, in a plot of ground adjoining the garden of the parsonage of St. Mary's. This latter would afford an immediate supply of water to the town in case of fire; in consideration of which, the Essex and Suffolk Fire- Office pays an annual rent for it to the proprietors of the works. A warm and cold bath, (the charges for the use of which are 2s. for the former, and Is. for the c c 2 304 HISTORY OF latter,) are attached to the establishment. The warm bath is heated by means of the steam employed by the engine. The Paving and Lighting of this town are entrusted to Commissioners, authorised by Act of Parliament of the 51st. Geo. III., to whom the inhabitants pay Is. 3d. in the pound upon the annual rent of their houses; every inhabitant of the Borough or Liberties, who can affirm on oath that he is possessed of lands or tene ments, &c. within the Borough or Liberties, of the clear yearly value of £50., or of personal property to the amount of £1000, being entitled to act as a Commis sioner. The High Steward, Mayor, Recorder, Alder men, Assistants, and Town Clerk, of the Borough, and the Magistrates for the County of Essex residing within the Hundred of Winstree and Half-hundred of Lexden, for the time being, are Commissioners by virtue of office. It is not possible to determine the period at which Colchester was first paved : but from the rolls in the reign of Edward IV., it is apparent that paving must have been at least partially adopted before the year 1473 ; for we find a person presented in that year for breaking up the pavement (pavimentum) in Wire Street. But the practice was not effectually established until 1623, reign of James the First; when an act was passed to compel, under certain penalties, the owners or landlords of all houses, estates, &c. within the town and liberties, to pave such parts of the streets, lanes, and ways, as lay and extended against their several properties. The penalties, however, were too small, and the act not enforced: in consequence of which, the pavements were for many years greatly neglected. But, to the credit of the present Commissioners, both the foot and carriage-ways are now every-where in very sufficient COLCHESTER. 305 repair: in particular, the foot-way of the greater part of the High Street is remarkably broad, commodious, and handsome. — The Commissioners meet for the dispatch of business at the Moot-hall, on the first Monday in every month at eleven o'clock. — Upon them devolves not merely the superintendance of the town's Paving and Lighting, but that also of its Watching, Cleansing, and Improvement in a general sense; besides, as we have had previous occasion to remark, that of the cleansing and improving the channel and navigation of the port and harbour.* * The following abstract of their Receipts and Expenditure for a year, was printed in July, 1824, agreeably to a clause of the Act, which provides for the annual publication of such an abstract. Tlie Commissioners for Paving, Lighting, and Improving Col chester, and Improving the Navigation from the Hytlie to Wivenhoe, from the 30th of June, 1823, to the 30th of June, 1821. RECEIPTS. £. 4. d. Balance of last Year's Accounts 93 3 I Duties on Coals and Tonage 1542 0 5 Arrears of Paving and Lamp Rates 27 4 2 Paving and Lamp Rates 1209 9 3 Cash of the Scavengers 17 17 0 Cash borrowed upon Assignments 400 0 0 £3289 13 11 Balance due to the Treasurer 515 17 0 Balance on Assignments, Bills, and ) Salaries un-pafd J6013 7 3—6529 4 3 £9818 18 2 EXPENDITURE. Work done in the Channel 480 0 0 Paving, Stone, Labour, Carting, and purchase of Pre- 1 mises for general Improvements \ la™ ** * Lamps and Lighting 428 7 10 Clerk's and Surveyor's Salary for 1 822 95 0 0 Lamp Inspector's Salary 10 0 0 Carried forward 2360 2 0 c C 3 306 HISTORY OF One of the grand improvements of modern times, the adoption of gas as a means of lighting the streets and shops of towns, has of late years been extended to Colchester. In 1817, Gas-Lights were introduced to the town by Messrs. Harris and Firmin, Chemists in the High Street; who, from a small apparatus, erected in rear of their premises, lighted their own and several shops adjoining. Upon this, many of the inhabitants became anxious to have the system extended: the Paving-Act Commissioners were applied to; and those gentlemen, with an eye to the application of this mode of lighting to the town in general, had the streets mea sured, and procured an estimate and plan from Mr. Cubitt, Engineer to the Ipswich and other Gas-Works. They however declined the project for themselves; but offered every accommodation to the first projectors, if £ s. d. Brought forward 2360 2 0 Solicitor's Bills for 1821,1822, and 1823 43 2 10 Interest on Assignments to April, 1824 556 5 11 Paid on account of Assignments • 771 0 2 Cash appropriated to Sinking Fund (which is now i £1113 9s. 7 settle those houses in trustees for the habitation and benefit of six poor people : whom he ordered to be such ancient and orderly poor persons, as receive no alms or collection from any parish whatsoever: unless, after such time as they are placed there, they should, by reason of age or sickness., become disabled to maintain themselves out of his allow ance. For their maintenance, he vested in his trustees an annuity, or yearly rent-charge, of £41, issuing put pf his messuages pr tenements in the parish pf St. Peter; to be paid, after his own and his wife's decease, to his aforesaid trustees, by quarterly payments, without any deduction. The annuity to produce a weekly stipend, and annual allowance of coals, to each of the poor T?eorjle. This charity, like, Arthur Winsley's Hospital, has been enlarged, so that it now accomm.odates twelve persons, who are all females : the trustees are the same with those of Fynche's alms-house. There are several other Alms-houses in the town, the endowments of which, if they ever were endowed, are not now discoverable. The most considerable of their founders were, Lady Mary Darcy, who lived in Holy Trinity parish in the reign of Charles I,, and built her alms-houses in Eld Lane in the same parish; and George Sayer, Esq., whose erection dates in 1570, and is that alluded to in the lines before quoted from his epitaph : " A monument he made for ever to remain, u For ayde to poor and aged wights, which are oppressed with payne." The durability of this " monument" would hardly have been made a theme of commendation for the COLCHESTER. 329 founded, unless he had bestowed revenues for its maintenance " fer ever." It is prebable, hewever, that the ether unendewed alms-heuses in this town were originally such, having been of the class long ¦vulgarly called Gift-houses — to distinguish them, per haps, from the endowed foundations, more generally styled Hospitals. And possibly, as Morant suggests, such habitations were considered " a considerable gift, and even sufficient, when poor-rates were, either unknown, or amounted to a very trifling sum." The idea of an institution for the employment as well as the maintenance of the poor, (that is to say of the Workhouse of. mpdern times,) was spmetimes united with that pf the structures called Hospitals. Or, more properly speaking, perhaps, buildings were erected as hospitals in an extended sense; their objects being, " the settinge of such poore to worke as are able, and the releivinge of such poore lame and impotente people as are not able to work," — as expressed by the consti tutions of an edifice ef this nature erected in Celchester in 1612. A 'still pripr erection of the same kind, called " The Poore-house and Hospital in Colchester," was .built in 1594: " and, for the relief of the poor thereih, the Guardian and Keeper of the same did, by protections by him and his deputy, collect the bene volence of good people in sundry places; and gave bond for the employing of the money so collected for the relief, behoof, and use of the poor in that hospital."* But such institutions were rare in this country until after the Reformation; the sums annually distributed to the poor out of the fruits and profits of the churches prior to that great event, together with the charitable donatipns of the mpnastic hpuses, and the standing * Morant. E E 3 330 HISTORY OF hospitalities of the lords of manors, rendering them comparatively unnecessary. However, from Statute 2. Henry V. c. 1, it appears that there were then " Hospitals for the maintenance of impotent men and women, lazars, men out of their wits, and poor women with child ; and for the nourishment, relief, and refreshment of other poor people." And legal provisions for the poor, of various kinds, are known to be of ancient date in England ; the statute 23, Edward III. c. 7, enjoining that relief should be afforded to such as were unable to labour. But it was not until the 39th and 43rd of Elizabeth, that Overseers of the Poor were appointed, and their manner of election, office, and duty, settled and limited by law, agreeably to the mode now practised. The regulations of Elizabeth, rendered the mainte nance of the poor in this town an easy burden for nearly half a century following* But the unhappy Siege, by producing almost universal poverty and distress, caused * The amonnt of the Poor-rates of Colchester for the year 1602, presents a curions contrast with that of modern times, after every allowance made for the difference in the valne of money. It stood thus for the several parishes : — £ s. d. St.Mary's 19 0 4 St. Peter's 32 3 0§ St. Ranwald's 4 13 4 St. Martin's 7 12 4 H. Trinity 10 7 2 St. Nicholas's 18 11 4 All Saint 10 3 10J St. James's 23 12 4 St. Botolph's 25 0 0 St. Giles's ...39 19 4 St. Mary Magdalen 2 16 4 St. Leonard's 22 17 0 COLCHESTER. 331 a great alteration in this respect; an alteration, how ever, that was merely temperary. For trade revived ; and wealth, its natural concomitant, returned with it : nor was it till towards the end of King William's reign, that, in consequence of the diminished sale of English woollen goods in Spain, the poor again became numerous and burdensome. In March, l697> the Corporation found it necessary to present a petition to the House of Commons, in which they represented, that the Poor " did daily multiply, and idleness and disorders amongst the meaner sort of people here for want of Workhouses to employ them did daily increase, to the great charge of the petitioners, (who already paid one half part of the rents of the lands and tenements they occupied towards their maintenance and relief:) and finding that, for prevention of such like abuses and disorders in the city of Bristol, an Act of Parliament was lately granted, for erecting Workhouses, employing their poor, and for maintaining and upholding the same, which the Petitioners were sufficiently infprmed proved to their great benefit and advantage: therefore they humbly desired leave to have a Bill brought in for redress and relief of the Corporation of Colchester, in like manner and form, and with as large and ample grants, liberties, privileges, and immunities, to and for the purposes aforesaid, as were lately granted to the said Corporation of Bristol." Agreeably to the Prayer of this petition, the Act 9th and 10th William III. provided, " That from and after the 24th day of June, 1698, there should be a Corporation to continue for ever within the town of Colchester, and the liberties thereof, consisting of the Mayor and Alder men for the time being, and of forty-eight other persons; to be chosen out of the honestest, discreetest, and most 332 HISTORY OF charitable inhabitants of the said town, and liberties thereof, by the four wards in the town, i. e. twelve out of every ward, and of such other charitable persons as should be elected and constituted Guardians of the Poor of the said town, to be elected at a court for that pur pose to be held for every ward, — by the votes of the inhabitants of such ward, or of the major part of them then present, and paying, or then rated at, one penny per week or more, in his own right, for or towards the Popr's Rate. — Which said Mayor and Aldermen, and forty-eight persons so elected and constituted, should be, and be called, Guardians of the Poor of the town of Colchester. — And for the better governing of this Cor poration, the Mayor, Aldermen, and Guardians, or the majority of them, should meet yearly on the 6th day of July, in the Moot-hall, to elect and constitute out of and from amongst themselves these several officers; a Governor, Deputy-Governor, Treasurer, and twelve Assistants, to continue in their office for one year next ensuing, and no longer; and then new ones to be chosen. The Governor, or Deputy-governor, and in default of them six of the Assistants, for the time being, from time to time, upon the second Thursday in every second month in every year, to hold a court of the said Corpo ration in this town of one and twenty of the said Guar dians at least: which court was to have power to ascertain what sums of money should be raised for the maintenance and employment of the poor; so as that the same did not exceed what had been paid in this town towards the maintenance of the poor thereof in any of the three last years before the making of this Act," &c. The suspension of this act, as a consequence of that of the charter, in 1742, (legal officers being wanted to put it in execution,) brought the town, says Morant, into a de- COLCHESTER. 333 plorable cendition. The historian, however, acknow ledged that " this Workhouse-Corporation became indeed too much the property of a few, who perhaps made too great an advantage of it : and it also became a powerful tool in the hands of those odious things, parties:" yet he considered its benefits, upon the whole, greatly to have out-weighed the defects that attended their admi nistration. The very memory of this institution has now nearly expired in Colchester, every parish having its separate workhouse, and distinct assessment of poor- rates. The amount of these latter is subject to much fluctuation : the following estimate for a year, is from the last annual printed statement. AMOUNT OF POOR RATES IN THE TOWN OF COLCHESTER, FOR THE YEAR 1824, Distinguishing each Parish, and each Quarter of the Year; AND ALSO AT WHAT RATE PER POUND ON THE RENTALS. 1824. Lady Quarter. Midsummer Quarter. Michaelmas Quarter. Christmas Quarter. Total. at 3s. 93 1 0 2s. Gd. 76 18 0 3s. 9! 8 0 3s. 95 7 2 £ s. d. 356 14 2 ST. ANDREW, BERECHURCHST. BOTOLPH at -J.it. 138 12 3 2s. 138 4 9 Is. 69 1 1 No Rate. 345 18 1 ST. MICHAEL at 2s. 81 7 0 2s. 81 7 0 2s. 81 7 0 2s. SI 7 0 325 8 0 at 4s. Gd. 396 15 9 4s. 350 0 0 3s. (id. 305 0 0 4s. 357 4 0 1408 19 9 at 4s. 260 12 0 4s. 260 8 0 4s. 262 16 0 4s. 262 0 0 1045 16 0 at 4s. 244 0 0 4s. 6d. 275 17 0 4s. 244 8 0 4s. 247 6 0 1011 11 0 ST. LEONARD at 4s. 163 12 0 4s. 158 8 0 4s. 6(2. 178 8 6 3s. 6d. 138 12 0 639 0 6 at 4s. 506 8 0 No Rate. 4s. 510^3 6 2s. 6d. 254 11 6 1271 3 0 1821. ST. MARTIN ST. MARY AT THE WALLS ,. ST. MARY MAGDALEN , ST. MICHAEL, MILE-END ST. NICHOLAS ST. PETER ST. RUNWALD HOLY TRINITY Totals Lady Quarter. Midsummer Quarter. Michaelmas Quarter. Christmas Quarter, Total. at 3s. 91 0 6 3s. 88 5 0 3s. 94 0 0 3s. 99 8 6 £ 372 s. d. 14 0 at 2s. bd. 225 2 6 2s. Bd. 217 8 6 2s. bd. 2211 7 6 2s. 6d. 224 7 6 887 6 0 at bs. 56 5 0 bs. 57 9 0 7s. 68 8 0 6s. 57 6 0 239 8 0 at Is. 6i/. 97 0 0 2s. bd. 162 0 G 2s. bd. 162 0 0 2s. da. 162 0 0 583 0 0 at is. (id, 166 14 7 3s. (id. 165 15 4 3s. 142 11 6 3s. 141 0 93 616 2 2 at 5s. 374 18 0 bs. 373 15 3 1 3s. Mil. 280 8 4 3s. 9d. 280 19 1310 0 10 at 3s. 104 2 9 2s. 6d. 86 3 3s. 104 5 9 3s. 6d. 122 4 4 416 15 11 at 3s. del. 110 5 0 3s. bd. 110 9 6 5 3s. 94 12 0 is. bd. 107 18 0 423 4 6 3109 16 4 2602 8 2909 5 2 2631 12 0 11253 1 11 336 HISTORY OF GIFTS AND BENEFACTIONS. 1. Sir Thomas White's Gift. Sir Thomas White, Knt. Lord Mayor and Alderman of London, did, in the year 1 566, deliver and pay unto the mayor or burgesses and commonalty of Bristol, ,£2000, yearly, to the intent that they should therewith purchase to themselves and suc cessors, messuages, lands, &c. then of the clear yearly value of £120 and more, to continue for ever for the equal benefit and advancement of twenty-four cities and large towns in England : in the following manner. Namely, that the yearly sum of £104 should be paid on St. Bartholomew's day, at Merchant-Taylor's Hall, in London, to the mayor or bailiffs of each of those respective cities, &c. successively; to be lent by each commonalty, at £25 a-piece, to four of their poor young freemen, of honest fame, for ten years, without paying any interest. Those persons to give sufficient security for the repayment of the said £25 at the expi ration of the ten years. Clothiers to be preferred to all others. The odd £4 were to be employed by the res pective mayors, &c. of each city and town, as they thought good, for their care and pains, The first payment was made in the year 1576, for the benefit of Bristol. The above gift has been received several times by the Corporation, and lastly in 1793 and 1818. The last payment was received officially by Mr, Alderman Argent, then Mayor of Colchester. 2. Mr. Joseph. Cox's Gift to St. Mary's. The best account of this gift is contained in the following clause of Mr. Cox's will. — " Item, I doe appoint the summe of one hundred pounds to bee laid out by my Executors, for the purchase of some freehold lands of an estate of inheritance in fee-simple in possession of the cleare COLCHESTER. 337 yearly value of Five Pounds per annum at least ; the yearly Rents and Profits thereof I doe give and be queath for ever to the Poore of the parish of St. Mary on the Wall in Celchester, where I was bprne, tp bee paid and distributed unte and amongst the said Poore, by and at the discretion of the Churchwardens and Overseers for the Poore of the said Parish, upon the feast-day of the birth of our Lord Christ yearely for ever. And I doe appoint that until such purchase can be conveniently had, my Executors shall pay to the Poore of the said Parish of St. Mary on the wall in Colchester aforesaid, upon the feast-day of the birth of our Lord Christ yearly, the summe of Five pounds, the first payment whereof to begin and bee made upon the feast-day of the birth of our Lord Christ next comeing after my decease." On the death of Mr. Cox in June, 1689, the trustees for the poor of the parish of St. Mary's purchased with his legacy two plpts of land, whose contents together were eight acres, situate in that parish, to hold to them and their heirs, upon trust that they shall for ever permit the churchwardens of the parish of St. Mary at the walls, to receive the rents and profits of the said premises, to be yearly distributed upon Christmas'-day among poor people of the said parish who do not take collection* according to the will of Joseph Cox. The lands belonging to this gift were lately exchanged, by virtue of an Act pf Parliament, for lands in St. Michael Mile-End, in this town, which produce £40 per annum, whereas the lands in St. Mary's produced only £5 per annum. The produce of this gift is dis- * Morant observes, that Mr. Cox made no snch restriction in his will ; bat bequeathed his legacy " to the Poore of the parish of St. Mary on tlie wall in general." F F 338 HISTORY OF tributed every year to the poor of this parish at Christmas. 3. Mr. Jeremiah DanielFs Gift. This generous benefac tion also cannot be better described than in the following- clause of Mr. Daniell's will, which was dated October 26, 1695.—" Item, I further give and bequeath to my Nephew Jeremy (Daniell) before-named, All that Field or parcel of Land called Coekerills Croft, with a chase way to the same belonging, leading to a Pond called Hangman's. Pond, being by estimation Twenty acres or thereabouts, lyeing in St. Giles's parish in Colchester: Upon this condition nevertheless, That the said Jeremy hisheires or assigns shall from the time of my decease every yeare yearely for. ever disburse and lay out the summe of Ten pounds of lawful money of England every yeare upon Sea-Coales, and the said Sea-Coales soe bought to bee delivered as hereafter followeth, viz. To the Poore- people of St. Peters parish in Colchester as many Coales as amount to the summe of Three pounds-; To the Poore of St. Giles as many as amount to the summe of Three pounds: To the Poore of St. Buttolphs as many as amount to Forty shillings: To th& Poore of the parish of St. Maries at the Walls in Colchester as many as amount to Forty shillings. But my. will and minde is, that the charges of measureing and carriage to deliver the said Coales into the Parishes where they are bequeathed, shal be included and paid as parte ef the Tenn pounds, and not to bee charged upon or borne by my cozen Jeremy his heirs pr assigns over and above the said Tenn pounds. And my minde und will further is, That the Churchwardens of the four Parishes last named, should every yeare have the oversight, ordering, and divideing the said Coales, every one in their owne respective Parishes, to those COLCHESTER. 339 persons they think have most need. And if my nephew Jeremy, his heires or assigns, shall, at any (time) after his or their haveing the Land in possession, neglect or refuse to lay the said Coales in yearely as aforesaid, I then hereby impower and give strength to the Church wardens of the said Parishes to whom the Coales are bequeathed, in conjunction together to enter upon the said Lands called Cockerill's croft, and to take the Rents and Profits thereof, until full restitution bee made by the said Jeremy, his heirs, or assigns, to the respec tive parishes to whome any thing appertaining to this bequest shall be due, together with the full charges they shall be out for such seizure according tp my true intent and meaning in these presents, and such seizure see often to bee made as occasion is given by the neg lect or refusal of the said Jeremy his heires pr assignes as above expressed." The above gift is disposed of in coals among the poor of St. Mary's, St. Peter's, St. Giles's, and St. Botolphs's, yearly, in succession. 4. Lady Creffield's Gift to the poor of Holy Trinity, is contained in the following words, being part of the Codicil to her will, dated October 23, 1734. " I give to the Poor of the Parish of the Holy Trinity in Col chester, Three pounds a year, which is to be paid and distributed to them by the Minister and Churchwardens ; and to be paid yearly for ever out of the Rents and Profits of my dwelling-house, on Christmas-day in each year. And, for default of payment, that distress may be made for the same." The above gift, in Holy Trinity, is disposed of this year (1824) in coals. F F 2 340 HISTORY OF THE FOLLOWING GIFTS HAVING BEEN LOST, ARE NO LONGER AVAILABLE. Lady Judde's Gift tp the bailiffs and cemmpnalty of Colchester, was £100 to buy wool, yarn, flax, &c. as the season-should require. Mr. Hunwick' s Gift of £300 to be paid by his execu tors, to the bailiffs and commonalty of Colchester. Every fifth year, £10 to the bailiffs and portmen of Ipswich; £10 to the mayor of Sudbury; and £10 to the bailiffs of Maldon, for their poor. Mr. William Turner's Gift of a capital messuage, &e. also a pie/ie of a coal yard, to the aged, poorest, and impotentest inhabitants of the said town. Mr. Thomas Ingram's Gift to St. Peter's, of £100 to the bailiffs and commonalty, on condition, that they should appoint five persons to whom the said monies should be lent at the rate of five per cent. And the interest of that money was to be distributed quarterly, to such poor inhabitants of the said parish, as were unable to work. Mrs. Agnes Dister's Gift. " She did appointe certen money to be given yerely to the Poore of St. Peter's, at the feast ef Penthecost." Robert Franckham's Gift of 13s. 4d. out of a tenement and six acres of land in West Bergholt, to be distributed to the use and relief of the poor inhabitants of the parish of St. Nicholas. Mr. Wegg's Gift of 40s. a year for ever : which said sum, should, by the minister of the parish be laid out in bread, and distribttted by six monthly divisions, to the old decrepid poor persons dwelling in the parish of St. Nicholas. The Gift of George Gilbert, Esq. to All Saints. John Brewode's Gift to All Saints. John Brewode COLCHESTER. 341 of Great Horkesley, Gent, enfeoffed in the year 1498, William Tendring, Esq. and others in some estates, for the repairs of this Parish Church. Gift to popr Widows, in St. Botolph's and St. Giles's parish of 2£. 12s. charged upon, and issuing out of, a certain messuage and lands, known by the name of Longs and Londons. Grant to the parishes of St. Botolph and St. Mary Magdalen. The sum of 10s. yearly, to be paid by the bailiffs of Colchester and their successors to the collect ors of the parishes of St. Botolph and St. Mary Mag dalen, for the use of the poor of those two parishes. Gifts to St. Leonards, by Mrs. Lowe, £40; Mr. Thomas Hawes, £10; Andrew Steward, £10; Mr. Caleh, 10s. yearly; Jeffry Langley, £l yearly; John Braxted, 5s. yearly. Sir John Swinerton's Gift to Lexden. Sir John Swin- erton gave to the poor of the said parish yearly, a sum of 5£. 4s. to be employed to the use of the poor. f f 3 CHAP. IX. LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. ARCHBISHOP HARSNEt's LIBRARY, AND THE CAS TLE SOCIETY ROOK-CLUB COLCHESTER MEDICAL SOCIETY—COLCHESTER PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY COLCHESTER AND ESSEX BOTANICAL AND HOR TICULTURAL SOCIETY COLCHESTER LIBRARY. DR. SAMUEL HARSNET, Archbishop of York, of whom some account is given under the head of St. Bo- tolph's parish, by his will proved June 8, 1631, gave to the Bailiffs and Corporation of the town of Colchester all his Library of Books, on condition of their provi ding a decent room for their reception, that the clergy of the town, and other divines, might have free access to them fpr the purposes of perusal and study. — The ma gistrates, in consequence, having agreed that the east end of the chamber over the Red-Row, (or ancient Ex change) called the Dutch Say-hall, was a convenient place, the books were therein deposited : and in 1635 they appointed a librarian, with an annual salary of 40s., he entering into a bond of £40 to make good such books as should be lest or wanting, whensoever called upon. 344 HISTORY OF March 20, 1654-5, " books being then grown use less, when every thing was done by pretended revela tions,"* the library was mortgaged to the Town Cham berlain for £50. — And, June 7, 1664, for the sake of the little rent that could be made of the room in which they stood, the books were ordered to be forthwith removed from the Red-Row to some convenient place in or near the Grammar School: which order being carried into effect, they long remained neglected, and indeed in an useless condition. Various additions to this library were from time to lime made by individual benefactors. Among others, Dr. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, bequeathed half his collection to the Mayor and Commonalty, for the same use as Arch bishop Harsnet's: but the liberal magistrates who then governed the town, not thinking the Bishop's bequest ¦worth the expence of its conveyance to Colchester, the books were sold by his Lordship's heir. The library has now been many years kept at the Castle; and being chiefly composed of the ponderous divinity of the last age, is a subject of interest to very few. It however contains the fine Antwerp Polyglot Bible, and a copy of Hesychius, with M.S. notes by the celebrated Isaac Casaubon. The books are in the custody of the Castle Society Book-Club, an insti tution originated by the late Charles Gray, Esq. of this town, and which is now nearly of a hundred years' standing. The principal regulations of this society are the following : That it shall consist of thirty members, (exclusive of honorary ones,) two-thirds of whom shall be resident within the liberties of the Borough. That every member shall pay two guineas as an ad- * Morant. COLCHESTER. 345 mission-fee; and a subscription of two guineas annually if resident within the Liberties, and one guinea and a half if resident beyond them. That every member shall possess the privilege of ordering books, (of any value not exceeding 30s.) for the Club, on cpnditipn pf taking them at half the cost at the next succeeding anniversary, if no member should then be found to offer a larger sum. The management of the Library, (which consists of the books permanently deposited with the society, for their exclusive use) is vested in a committee, consisting of the treasurer, secretary, and three other members, who are chosen every three years: their names at present being as follow : R. D. Mackintosh, Esq. M. D. Treasurer. Jphn Thomson, Esq. Secretary. Rev. Edward Crosse, M. A. Rev. Richard Hoblyn, M. A. Rev. Charles Mustard, M. A. The society hold their meetings every Wednesday afternoon in the Library-Room at the Castle, which they rent of the proprietor, Charles Round, Esq. The Colchester Medical Society, was instituted in 1774, for the purpose of discussing medical and surgit cal subjects. It has four meetings in the year, in April, June, August, and October. Medical or surgical pa tients, (whose cases are deemed obscure and difficult,) attend on these occasions, being introduced by a mem ber, for the purpose of obtaining the opinion and advice of the medical gentlemen assembled, and their cases are subsequently discussed and prescribed for; memoranda of them being entered in a minute book kept for that purpose, A proportion of the funds is appropriated to the purchase of books, which circulate through the 346 HISTORY OF society. The subscription is one guinea entrance, and half a guinea per annum. The present number of ordi nary and corresponding members is between twenty and thirty, and its officers are as follow : Dr. Mackintosh, President. Mr. Gretton, Treasurer. Mr. Partridge, Secretary. The Colchester Philosophical Society, " for the Promotion of Scientific and Literary Pursuits," was instituted May 3, 1 820. It has a hotise in Queen Street, where a large and commodious lecture-room is fitted up, and a museum and library are collecting, apparently tinder the happiest auspices. By the 'laws of this so ciety, it consists of a Patron, Vice-Patron, Ordinary, Honorary, and Corresponding Members, together with Subscribers: — Ordinary Members pay a subscription of one guinea per annum: — the officers, consisting of a President, four Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, Curator, Librarian, and two Secretaries, are chosen annually, to gether with a Council, from the Ordinary Members: — the Council is composed of eight Ordinary Members in addition to the officers: — the members must meet regu larly at the society's house on the first Wednesday of every month, at seven o'clock in the evening, upon pain ©f forfeitures for absence or late attendance : — a general annual meeting to be held on the first Wednesday in May : — at every anniversary meeting, the secretaries to make out a list of twelve members, in the order ef which, agreeably to previous arrangements, they are each to deliver an essay, or lecture, at the monthly meetings of the ensuing year : — " as the acquisition and communi cation of knowledge are the primary objects of this Society," every member must deliver an original essay, or lecture, in his turn, on-any subject comprehended in COLCHESTER. 347 the rules, or be subjected to a fine for neglecting so to do:— the discussion of all religious and political subjects tP be excluded. The following is a list of the Patron, Vice-Patron, Officers, and Council, of the Society : Patront, the Right Honourable Lord Colchester. Vice-Patron, George Savill, Esq. President, Roger Nunn, Esq. M. D. Vice-Presidents, Wm. Sparling, Esq., G. P. Holt, Esq., M.D., R. D. Mackintosh, Esq., M.Di, and J. F. Mills, Esq. Treasurer, Mr. N. Goose. Curator, Mr. G. Scott. Librarian, Mr. I. Clark. Secretaries, Mr.Thos. Keymer, and Mr. John Chaplin. Council, Rev. W. Marsh, Rev. J. W. Morgan, Rev. J. Savill, Rev, T. Newman, Mr. E. Daniell, Mr. J. O. Carr, Mr. Partridge, and Mr. Creek. The following account of the origin and progress of this society, is chiefly abridged from its first Report to the general meeting, held on the 5th of May, 1824. In the year 1820, a few individuals, whose names will appear on honourable record in the minutes of this institution, asspciated for the promotion of literary and scientific pursuits. During the first twelve months, their number amounted only to fifteen ; but essays were de livered on the following subjects : The Advantages which Society has derived from the Study of Natural Philosophy; — The Powers of the Human Mind; — Botany; — Chemical Elements; — The Mechanism of the Human Frame; — The Nature pf Wit; — The General Principles pf Law. These were the first efforts of thpse' whp laid the fpundation of an establishment, which now bids fair to justify the hopes of its warmest advocates. 348 HISTORY OF In the year ending May, 1822, the society received an addition of thirteen members; and, as its objects became known and understood, its value was propor- tionably appreciated. In the course of the next year, Lord Colchester accepted the office of Patron, eleven new members were elected, and the plans of the society extended to the formation of a Museum of natural and artificial Curiosities, Relics of Antiquity, &c. The eli gible premises, in which the meetings are now held, were purchased upon terms advantageous to the institu tion; a large apartment was fitted up as a depository for its collections, and a spacious room adapted to the ordi nary business of the members. These objects having been accomplished, it became necessary to new model the laws and regulations of the society. Accordingly, at the annual general meeting, held May J, 1823, a new code was submitted by a committee appointed for that purpose, and adopted. — Of these laws and regula tions, an abstract has been just given. Such was the state of the society at the close of the third year from its establishment; and the proceedings of the late year will be viewed with much interest by all who rejoice in the success of an institution, established for the sole purpose of promoting literature and science. The efforts of those who have appeared as lecturers during that period, have been favourably appreciated, not only by the society, but by the many intelligent individuals who were admitted to its meetings as auditors. The subjects on which Essays have been read or Lectures delivered, since the first year up to the present time, are as follow :— The advantages of General Knowledge ; — The study of Botany ; — On the Human Mind ;— Metaphysics ;— The Nature of Heat; — On Natural History ; — The History of Botany; — On the COLCHESTER. 349 Mathematical principles of Mechanics; — On the rise and progress of Literature in England ; — On Electricity; — On the Theory of Language; — On the oxides of Calcium and Silicium ; — The rise and progress of Philosophy; — The varieties of the Human Species;— On Geplogy; — On Slavery; — Animal Heat; — The Physiology of the Horse's Foot; — The history and na ture of Idolatry ; — And the Architecture of the Greeks, compared with that of other Nations; — which enumera tion will shew that many topics of interest and impor tance, have occupied the attention of its members. With respect to the Museum, the formation of which continues an important object, it is satisfactory to state, that several valuable donations have been presented, particularly a variety of beautiful specimens of native sulphurs from Mounts Stromboli and jEtna* * A detailed account of the various presentations, during the short period that the Museum has been in formation, may interest the lovers of science : it is as follows :^ A small collection of Minerals, and other Fossils, the produce of Harwich Cliff; also a fine specimen of Bitnminons Wood, from the same place. — Me. Deck, Harwich. A cast of a Nautilus, from Clacton Cliff; and two casts of the Cornua Ammonis-, from the Norfolk Cliff. — Mb. Grakge Hearp, Ciacton. A cast of a Nautilus, and a specimen of the Madrepore Phrygia. — Mr. R. Ransome, Greenstead. A small box of Roman Coins, &c. — Mr. JohnTaylor, Colchester. A Section of Bituminous Wood, from Harwich. — Mr. Lufkin, Colchester. A Roman Funeral Urn, Bottle, and Tile ; also two neat Mahogany Cases containing a variety of Roman Silver and Copper Coins. — Mr. T. Fenton, Colchester. Two Roman Funeral Urns and two Bottles, several specimens of the Breccia Stone, a -Nest of the Pencil Weaver Bird, and several frag ments of Roman Pottery. — B. Strctt, Esa., Colchester, G G 350 HISTORY OF The society now consists of about sixty members, and nearly twenty subscribers ; the latter ef whom are at li berty to attend its monthly meetings, without possessing any share in its property, and are exonerated from all forfeits for non-attendance, as well as from the obligation to deliver essays. That a real interest is very generally felt in the prosperity of this institution, may be consi dered as satisfactorily established; and we feel pleasure Two Roman Funeral Urns, an Earthen I/amp, Patera, &c — Mr. I. Clark, Colchester. A cabinet of beautiful Sulphurs, twelve Roman Silver Coins, and a purse containing a variety of other Coins and Medals. — G. Savill, Esq., Colchester. A fine specimen of Roman Tesselated Pavement.— J. King, Esa. East Mersea. Part of the Vertebrae of a Whale, a fine specimen of Coral, and three boxes containing some Native Garnets, Rubies, and Ame thysts. — Dr. Ncnn, Colchester. A specimen of Wood of the Daphne Lagetto, an elegant specimen of Lace drawn from its bark, and a Frill made from the same, as worn by the natives of the southern part of Jamaica. — Mrs. 3. Savill, Colchester. A variety of Organic Remains, a specimen of Bread made from the Root of the Manioc or Cassada, used by the Negroes in the West Indies ; two Fish Hooks, and a specimen of Cloth made from the bark of a tree, from Otaheite. — Mrs. S. Tabor, Colchester. Various Minerals, and a piece of Otaheitan Cloth. — Mr. J. O. Carr, Colchester. Several impressions of ancient British Seals, and a Diamond Beetle. — Mrs. Timms, Colchester. An Egyptian Idol, several specimens of Minerals, and some Roman Copper Coins. — Mb. Cooper, Colchester. Some fine specimens of Calcareous Wood, various casts of the Echini, Bellamites, and several other Fossils. — Ms. J. Brown, Colchester. A purse of Silver and Copper Coins, containing, amongst others, several Pieces of the Commonwealth of England.— Mr. E. Daniell, Colchester. COLCHESTER. 351 in anticipating its steady and constant progress, till its importance and permanency shall verify the hopes of its projectors, and prove the value of an establishment exclusively deveted to the acquisition and diffusion of knowledge. In July, 1823, a society was instituted in this town, under the title of the Colchester and Essex Bo tanical and Horticultural Society, the most Some Roman Earthen Utensils. — Rev. Wm. Marsh, Colchester. Two very fine specimens of Minerals. — Rev. T. Newman, Alresford. A variety of Fossil Shells, and a handsome specimen of Lignite.— Mr. Goose, Colchester. A fine specimen of the Diomedra Albatross, and two Herons, with three of their Young. — Mr. Marsden, Colchester. Two beautiful specimens of Minerals MissFre'man, Colchester. Nooth's Apparatus for impregnating Water with Fixed Air.— Rev. J. W. Morgan, Colchester. A handsome collection of Minerals. — Mr. 3. Brightwen, Cog- geshall. A fine specimen of Stalactite. — Mrs. Nunn, Colchester. A Roman Fnneral Urn. — Mr. Fearis, Colchester, Six specimens of Minerals, several Shells, a specimen of Coral line, and a Roman Bottle. — Mr. G. Scott, Colchester. A fine specimen of Quartz. — Mr. Bridge, Hospital, Colchester. Several specimens of Fossil Oysters, and other Organic Re mains. — G. Bridgeman, Esq., Bury. Four English Silver Coins. — T. Creek, Esq., Colchester. Several specimens of the Breccia Stone, a cast of the Corona Ammonis, some Shells, and a specimen of petrified Wood.— MR. 3, Brown, Colchester. A large Roman Tile, two feet in diameter. — MR. S. Tabor, Colchester. An ancient Leather Bottle.— Rev. J. Storry, Great Tey. A Hnman Foetus, with two heads ; and ten specimens of figured Cloth, prepared from the bark of a tree from Otaheite, lately in the possession of the family of the late Capt. Cooke, the celebrated navigator. — J. Toaker, Esq., Thorp le Soken. G G 2 352 HISTORY OF peculiar feature in whose plan, is the union of a Nursery with a Botanical Garden; through which it is calculated that, in a few years, the profits arising from the former will be fully adequate to the expences of the latter; when, in consequence, the annual contributions of the proprietors will be no longer required. This society, after surmounting many difficulties, at length obtained a spot pn which to begin their opera- Three Specimens of ancient British Mutilated Instruments of War. — Mr. T. J. Grant, Cold Norton, Essex. A specimen of the Asbestos. — Mr. E. Daniell, Colchester. A pair of Cosso Leffers, or Dish Covers, pair of Mandingo Sandalls, a Cosso Bamboo Comb, a large blue and white Cosso Garment, four Shells, and a specimen of Magnetic Ore. — Rev. Wm. Marsh, Colchester. Two fine specimens of Centipedes, or the Scolopendra Morsitans of Linnaeus. — Mr. R. Nevell, Colchester. A specimen of Petrified Wood. — Mr. Walter, Colchester. Three parts, Nos. 76, 77, 78, being a continuation of the published numbers of the Edinburgh Review. — G. Savill, Esq., Colchester. An Ashantee Knife or Dagger. — Mr. Norman, Colchester. A Proboscis of the Saw Fish.— Mr. Byant, Colchester. A handsome specimen of Crystallized Carbonate of Iron. — Miss Fre'man, Colchester. A Fossil Molar Tooth of an Asiatic Elephant. — Mr. W. Gandy, Prince's Street, Spitalfields, London. Several specimens of Selenite, Fossil Shells, two specimens of Shell Lime Stone, and Indurated Clay, containing Organic Remains impregnated with Pyrites. — Mr. J. O. Carr, Colchester. A plate of St. Botolph's Priory, and a beautiful specimen of Ra diated Sulphate of Barytes on Carbonate of Lime. — Mr. J. Clark, Colchester. A pair of Valves of the large Meleagrina Margaritifera, or Pearl Muscle. — Mr. James Allen, Colchester. An Apparatus for impregnating Water with Fixed Air.— Da. Holt, Colchester. A Roman Sacrificial Hammer found in the Roman Burial Ground, near the Lexden Road. — B. Strutt, Esq., Colchester. COLCHESTER. 353 tions, peculiarly suited tp their purpose. Eight acres and a half of ground were engaged on a lease of twenty- one years, with liberty to purchase at a given sum during any part ef that period: the site is that once oc cupied by a monastery of Grey Friars, mentioned in a former part of our history, but now in the possession of Horatjo Cock, Esq. The situation is beautiful, com manding a view of the surrounding country at once A series of Geological Specimens Mr. J. Deck, Harwich. A Roman Ampulla. — Mrs. Timms, Colchester. A fine specimen of Blue Fluate of Lime. — Mrs. J. Marsden, Colchester. An excellent specimen of the Dog's-Tooth Spar. — Mr. N. Goose, Colchester. A fine specimen of the Madrepora Nobilis of Linnasus. — Mr. George Firmin, Colchester. A handsome specimen of the Landscape Stone. — Mr. J. Bunt ing, Lexden Road. Five scarce Shells. — Mr. D. A. B. Haynes, Copford. A fine specimen of Crystallized Carbonate of Lime. — Mr. 3. Chaplin, Colchester. A large specimen of semi-pellucid Quartz. — Mr. G. Scott, Colchester. A specimen of the Brain Stone, or the Madrepora Labyrinthica of Linnaeus, and a beautiful impression of a Fern. — Miss Keep, Col chester. Specimens of English Hemp, in different stages of manufacture, from Hitcham, Surry. — Mrs. Daniel. A fine specimen of the Bittern, or the Andea Stellaris of Linnaens. — Mr. T. Collins, Colchester. A specimen of the Cloth manufactured from the bark of a tree, and worn by the natives of theSandwich Islands. — Miss Kemp, Terling. A Molar Tooth of an Asiatic Elephant. — Mr. R. Patmore, Colchester. A Box, containing a variety of Geological Specimens.— MRS. B. Ha wes, West Mersea. A superior specimen of the Nautilus Pompilius of Linnaeus. — Mr. John Marsden, Colchester. G G 3 354 HISTORY OF varied and extensive ; while it is an additional circum stance of interest to many, that the ancient Wall of the town forms its northern and eastern boundaries. Con sidering the limited period that has elapsed since the occupation of this spot, great progress has been made in the plan proposed for adoption. An extensive and well arranged Green-house, on the most approved prin ciples, including a division for stove-plants, has been erected ; together with other offices, containing a room for the Curator, (in which the Committee at present hold their meetings,) a Seed-shop, Potting-house, &c. : these latter, however, are considered only as temporary struc tures, to serve the purposes of the society until it can afford to build others more worthy of its object and expectatiens. — -A green house on a much larger scale, to be placed at the bottom of the garden, is contem plated, when the funds will admit of its erection. Com partments will be allotted, in different situations on the ground, for a general collection of hardy, herbacepus plants; alsp of annual, biennial, alpine, and medical plants, with the most esteemed esculent ones, and those used in agriculture. Likewise an American and British department ; with a classical arrangement, for the use of students. The herbaceous cellection will be arranged according to the sexual system of Linnaeus, and the medical plants after his natural method ; to these will be added a small arrangement, illustrative ef the methed Some handsome Shells.— Miss M. Savage, Colchester, A Jar, Persian Delph, very ancient. — Mr. E. Cook, Colchester. Several beautiful Shells. — Miss Baker, Colchester. An elegant specimen of White Coral. — Mr. T. Keymer, Col chester. A model of the Temple of Theseus.— Mr. James Beadel, Jun. Witham, COLCHESTER. 355 of Jussieu, now so much adopted in the Botanic Gardens on the Continent. Specimens of all the most approved kinds of fruit trees will be cultivated, and the different forest trees and shrubs grouped together, without classi fication, so as to produce the most agreeable and orna mental effect; — the English as well as Linnasan name, will be attached to at least one plant of each species, throughout the garden..— It should be mentioned also, that there is a fine piece ef water, well adapted tp the cultivatien of aquatic plants, situated in front of the intended Green-house, the walks around which are already in a state of great forwardness, and tastefully disposed. The list of officers will shew that this insti tution has been highly patronised, and its designs taken up with great spirit; though, like most infant societies, it will require both encouragement and perse verance, ere it can attain its ultimate objects. A con siderable sum has already been expended; and it is hoped that a liberal support, combined with its own resources, will enable the society, in a few years, to equal both in usefulness and beauty those institutions of a similar nature, that have been formed in various other parts of the kingdom. The laws and regulations are to the following purport : 1. That this society do consist of not more than two hundred Proprietors, and an unlimited number of Subscribers. 2. That there be a Patron, Vice-Patrons, President, and Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer or Treasurers, Hono rary Secretary, and Curator. 3. That there be a general annual meeting of the Proprietors of the society, on the first Tuesday in the month of July. That the Committee have power to cenvene a special meeting of the society; and that at 356 HISTORY OF all general meetings, Ladies, who are Proprietors, be allowed to vote by proxy. 4. That a Committee be appointed at the annual meeting in July, to consist of the Patron, Vice-Patrons, President, Vice-Presidents, Trustees, Treasurers, and Honorary Secretary, as ex-ofncio Members thereof, and of sixteen Proprietors, of whom one-fourth shall go out by rotation annually, consisting of those Mem bers who have attended least during the year, and their vacancies be supplied by nomination or ballot, the Ex-members being re-eligible. That whenever there shall be an equality of voices, the chairman do have a double or casting vote, and that five Members shall be competent to act. 5. That the Committee do meet at twelve o'clpck in the forenoon, on the first Tuesday in each month. That they have power to make such regulations as they may from time to time see necessary; but no laws to be made or altered except by a general meeting. That no pay ments be made but by order of the Committee, and that they have the power of purchasing the shares of such of the Proprietors as may wish to dispose of them. 6. That the Treasurer or Treasurers, and Honorary Secretary, be elected annually, at the general meeting in July; but should a vacancy occur, in either case, before that period, it shall be filled up in the way men tioned in the 8th law, respecting the election of a Curator. 7. That all the books of the society, in possession of the Secretary or Curator, be delivered up to the Com mittee at any time when required. 8. That the present Curator be continued in office so long as he gives satisfactien to the society; and that in the event of a vacancy, his successor be elected at a COLCHESTER. 357 general meeting of the proprieters, specially called for that purpose by the Committee, of which meeting fourteen days public notice shall be given ; and that the Curator receive such salary as the Committee may direct. 9- That a contribution of one guinea, and an annual subscription to the same amount, for each share, do constitute a Proprietor. 10. That no Proprietor do hold more than ten shares ; and that no person be admitted as a Proprietor after the first day of July, 1825. That shares be transfer able by will er sale ; and that the person to whom a transfer by sale is made, be previously approved of by the Committee. Also, that all shares not disposed of in one of the above-mentioned ways, shall, on the decease of the holders, become the property of the society. That donations of ten guineas, or upwards, shall con stitute a Proprietor, who shall not be liable to any further contribution or subscription. ~ 11. That all persons desirous of becoming Subscri bers, be proposed by a Proprietor to the Committee, and, if approved of, pay one guinea a year, which subscription shall entitle them to admission into the "Garden for themselves, families, and non-resident visitors (subject to rule 12,) only so long as their subscription be continued. 12. That all Proprietors and Subscribers, who shall, on reference to the Treasurers' books, be found two years in avrear of their subscriptions (after due notice sent to them by the Secretary,) shall be no longer con sidered as belonging to the society, except only as regards their liability to pay Such arrears. 13. That the families of Proprietors and Subscribers, with their visitors (not being inhabitants of any, of the sixteen parishes of Colchester,) have free admission to 358 HISTORY OF the Garden, — subject to the regulations of the Com mittee. 14. That visitors (non-residents,) be admitted into the Garden by tickets from Proprietors, or by payment of 2s. 6"d. each. — But should such visitors purchase any part of the produce of the Garden, to the amount pf 10s., the entrance-money to be returned. 15. That the subscriptions of the Proprietors bear date from the formation of the society, on July 3rd, 1823. And that Subscribers do pay their subscriptions for the current year, in which they are admitted. *„* The time of admission to the Garden, to be from six o'clock in the morning till nine in the evening, from April to October inclusive; and from eight o'clock till five, during the remainder of the year.— The Garden to be shut on Sundays during the hours of Divine Service. The names of the present Officers and Committee of this institution, are as follow : Patron, The Right Hon, Lord Braybrooke, Lord Lieutenant of the County. Vice-Patrons, The Right Hon. the Earl of Bristol, the Right Hon. the Earl of Verulam, the Right Hon. Lord Viscount Maynard, the Right Hon. and Right Rev. Lord Bishop of London, the Right Hon. Lord Colchester, the Right Hon. G. Canning, M. P., Sir Robert Wigram, Bart., J. B. Wildman, Esq., M. P., B. Gaskell, Esq., M. P., and J. C. Herries, Esq., M. P. President, Sir George Henry Smyth, Bart. Vice-Presidents, Major-General Rebow, Sir L. Mac lean, Knt., M. D., T. G. Bramston, Esq., R. W. Cox, Esq., P. Du Cane, Esq., J. Gurdon, Esq., P. Havens, Esq., J. A. Houblon, Esq., J. M. Leake, Esq., G. Rod- dam, Esq., M. D., C. Round, Esq., John Round, Esq., G. Round, Esq., and the Mayor of Colchester. COLCHESTER. 359 Trustees, R. W. Cox, Esq., D. O. Blyth, Esq., S. Tabor, Esq., R. Nunn, Esq., M.D., and S. Philbrick, Esq., who are ex-officio members of the Committee. Treasurers, R. A. Crickitt, Esq. and J. F. Mills, Esq. Honorary Secretary, Mr. Morris. Curator, Mr. Affleck. Committee, C. Boutflower, Esq., E. Daniel], Esq. W. Downes, Esq., J. Hawes, Esq., R. D. Mackintosh, Esq., M. D., A. Maclean, Esq., M. D., S. J. E. Martin, Esq., Rev. T. Newman, F. H. Newell, Esq., A. Partridge, Esq., Rev. G. Preston, Rev. J. Savill, G. Savill, Esq., B. Smith, Esq., W. Sparling, Esq., and J. Thomson, Esq. The Colchester Library, founded in March, 1803, is an institution for the purchase of books for circulation among its subscribers, who acquire a pro perty in them after they have paid their subscriptions for five successive years. It is kept at No. 56 in the High Street. The subscription is one guinea on ad mission, and one guinea annually. Annual general meetings are held at the library on the Wednesday be fore Midsummer-Day; when a Treasurer is chosen for the ensuing year, who acts as Chairman for the day, and at all general meetings within the year. On the same day, a Committee of thirteen persons is chosen from the society at large; who meet at least once in every month, and determine by ballot what books are to be admitted. A book called the Recommendatory Book is kept on the library table, in which every mem ber may enter the title of any work or publication he may wish to have added to the library: the publication thus entered must have at least five signatures to entitle it to the notice of the committee. The library room is open to subscribers every day, Sundays excepted, from 360 HISTORY OF eleven o'clock in the morning till nine in the evening, as a reading room, and for the purposes of delivering in and taking out books, of which regular entries are made by the librarian. Every subscriber is allowed the use of three books from the library at one time. No book, or pamphlet, except it be a duplicate, can on any account be alienated or withdrawn from the library, without the consent of three-fourths pf the existing proprietors. CHAP. X. ANTIQUITIES DISCOVERED IN AND NEAR COLCHESTER. COLCHESTER contains within itself more decided marks of having been a seat of the Romans, than any Pther tpwn pr city in England, perhaps in Europe, excepting Italy. Its intrinsic evidences ef Roman occupatipn are indeed at once so strong and so abund ant, that on them alone might rest its claims to be considered the Camulodunum of Latin authors. For not only have fragments of the Supellex Romana, or Roman household utensils, of all kinds, been found wherever the earth has been disturbed within or near the circuit of the Walls, but remains of that nation, which comparatively occur but seldom, namely of their buildings, are to be seen incorporated with, or rather forming the chief materials of, all the more ancient public edifices. The Walls themselves, the Castle, and the Churches, as we have had previous occasion to observe, are in great part reared with bricks and tiles of Roman manufacture. Nay, as though the Roman genius continued to reign in this place long after the extinction of their power, the pure forms of their architecture were preserved, in some instances, in the erection of the monastic edifices of Anglo-Norman times — a circumstance not a little remarkable, and, as H H 362 HISTORY OF we believe, not to be noticed elsewhere in buildings of a similar kind. The Roman bricks are to be distinguished from those of later make by their extraerdinary hardness, as well as by their dimensions, which are, generally, eighteen inches long, eleven broad, and two thick: the tiles also are much more substantial than those in modern use. The pottery discovered varies much in quality; but much of it is the fine glazed and red ware which anti quaries have so much admired. Vases and urns, many of the latter sepulchral, and containing the ashes of de ceased persons, have been of very frequent occurrence ; as well as lamps, rings, intag'lios, writing styles, &c. &c. A remarkable sepulchral urn was taken from the earth here a few years before Morant wrote. It was made of a coarse light clay, and would hold twenty gallons. Within was an urn of black earth, holding about two gallons, and containing ashes, which were evidently those of a Roman lady; as two bottles of clay for incense, two clay-lamps, a metal vessel for ointment, and a speculum, or looking-glass of the ancients, of polished metal, were their accompaniments. Of tesselated pavements discovered in various parts of the town,, prior to his own times, the historian just men tioned particularises eight:* and he gives an engraving of a small brass figure of Mercury found in Colchester some time previously, and which was then in the pos session of Mr. George Holmes, Deputy Keeper of the Records in the Tower of London. " As to Roman coins and medals," Morant observes, " immense num bers, nay bushels, have been found in and about * That of more recent discovery on part of the site of the present Market-place, is noticed in our mention of that structure. COLCHESTER. 363 this town; and amongst them many gold ones of the higher empire: even the richest cabinets in this nation have been furnished from hence." This observation is followed by a long list, and two large plates, of Roman coins, medals, seals, &c, together with some British ones ; the whole intended only as a short specimen of such as the historian had purchased since his resi dence in Colchester, or as were then in the collection of a late highly respectable inhabitant, Charles Gray, Esq., and are now in that of C. Round, Esq. Such a list being before the public, and similar ones having since followed, we conceive it will most interest the reader of the present work, to lay before him a summary of the antiquities of more modern discovery in and near this town; such as will appear in the following account of the principal British and Roman Coins, and other Antiquities, found in or about Colchester since the year 1783, and now in the cabinets of the Rev. Mr. Mustard, Mrs. Timms, Mr. Alderman Abell, Mr. W. Keymer, and Mr. Patmore, of Colchester* But previously to the description of a few of these coins, some general remarks may be expected on the subject. It is observed by a reviewer, " that the coins of the ancients, to which we give the name of medals, exhibit to us the history . of art from its infancy to its perfection ; and of all the branches of orna mental literature, which can be presented to the re searches of a classical and accomplished generation, Numismatics offers, perhaps, the most various, elegant, and instructive series of imagery. Besides, what speaks * The collections of the Rev. Mr. Mnstard and Mrs. Timms, are noted for coins found in and near Colchester: Mr. Patmore's col lection is excellent, but of a more general description. H H 2 364 HISTORY OF to the imagination more strongly, than those objects which have fortunately escaped destruction, and which seem to bring into time present the vouchers for time past? Temples and palaces moulder and decay; statues break and are demolished ; but while the greater works of antiquity perish — sometimes ' without leaving a wreck behind' — medals, those smaller relics, come down to us, often in their originally beautiful condition, and on the stamped metal is afforded complete and satisfactory evi dence pf the memorial of their designations. " The sovereigns who have been renowned, the deeds of heroes, and the monuments of the artist, have found on medals an enduring and widely circulating record. And if it be desirable to associate in the memory, with the mention of rulers and warriors, their likenesses and their features, they must be sought in the collections of the antiquary. Or if it be wished to facilitate the recol lection of an event by some emblematical illustration, this is not unfrequently accomplished on the works of the medallist. The painter who would personify the virtues in the beautiful and heroic forms, whether of Greek or Roman art; the historian who would record, or the poet who would celebrate them; must collect their usual conventional attributes and emblems from medallic precedents. In short, the general progress of taste, the ascertainment of chronological dates and seras, (vide Mr. Vaillant's work on the Coins of the Syrian Kings,) as also the geographical spread of civil ization, are best to be deduced from medals, thereby substantiating their claim as the chief supporters of historic truth." But it would be tedious, and foreign to the purpose of this work, to mention the numerous authors, and some of the first celebrity, viz. Spanheim, Montfaucon, &c. COLCHESTER. 365 who have proved beyond cavil or doubt, the benefits accruing to literature from this entertaining study. The numberless coins found at Colchester and in its vicinity, and extending from the reigns of Augustus to Honorius, if not lower, and some in the highest state ef preserva- tipn, have occasioned the foregoing remarks. One of the scarcest of these coins is mentioned in the third volume of the Archasologia, by Mr. Ashby, of St. John's College, Cambridge. It is a middle brass coin of Nerva, and probably unique; having the figure of Neptune on the reverse, with an inscription signifying its dedication to him as having instituted the Circensian Games. It was found in Mr. Wegg's garden, on East Hill. A very rare middle brass coin, of Galerius Anto ninus, — Reverse: Faustina, Senior, with a Greek le gend, — also occurs: this was purchased at Colchester, but it is unknown where found. The gold coins discovered at Mark's Tey, in 1807, of which one alone seems to have any letters remaining, are as yet unappropriated. Some suppose them to have been struck in Gaul; others, that they are old British. Some of the best coins in the Colchester cabinets, and discovered since the time of that highly respectable and indefatigable antiquary, Mr. Morant, are the fol lowing, viz. 1. BRITISH. 1. A Gold Coin of Cunobeline, smaller and thinner than usual. Obverse. An Ear of Corn, having on its left side the letters am, and on its right cv. Reverse. A Horse galloping. Above the Horse, something like the branch of a tree. Purchased by Mrs. Timms, of a labouring man, in the year 1820. This is very probably unique. h h 3 366 HISTORY OF 2. Another Gold Coin, still smaller than the above, and which accompanied it. It is without inscription, and bears ebscure and unknown figures. 3. A British Gold Coin, found at Mark's Tey, about five miles from Colchester, near the London road, in 1807; now in Mr. Patmpre's collection. A considerable number of these were discovered, and several are now in the possession of Mr. Patmore, Mr. Alderman Abell, and other inhabitants of Col chester. Many have on the Obv. Something like a Star Fish. Rev. A Horse galloping, with Crescents, Wheels, or Stars in the Field of the Medal. *„* These are mentioned in the Rev. Mr. Ruding's very valuable work on British Coins, &c. 4. A fine old British Coin, in Mr. Patmore's col lection. Obv. A rude Horse and a wheel below. Rev. Four compartments with unintelligible orna ments. 5. A small Copper Coin of Cunobeline, having Obv. cvno within a Wreath upon a Label. Rev. A Horse galloping, and below it camt. Purchased from a gardener in Colchester, in 1808, by the Rev. Mr. Mustard. 6. Another Copper Coin of Cunobeline, which ac companied the above. > Obv. A Griffin sitting. Rev. A Victory with cvsro. 7- Another Copper Coin of Cunobeline, in the pos session of Mr. William Keymer. Obv. CAMVLODVNO. Rev. A winged Horse and underneath cvno. This • was found in the year 1796, in a field near COLCHESTER. 367 the old Water Works, by a gardener, and is in fine preservation. 2. ROMAN SILVER. 1. A Denarius of the Family of Cordia. Obv. The Owl and Helmet; symbols of Minerva. Rev. The Mgis of Minerva. 2. A Quinarius of the Family of Egnatuleia. Obv. Head of Appllp ; (say some authors.) Rev. A Victory dedicating a Trophy. 3. A Denarius of the Julian Family. Obv. An Elephant, with a Serpent at his feet; sym bols of Africa. Rev. Pontifical Instruments. The Marcian and Naevian Families, &c. also occur; but the Consular Silver Coins found at Colchester, are generally in very indifferent condition. 3. IMPERIAL SILVER. 1. Vespasian. — Rev. Sacrificial Instruments. 2. Domitian. (Fine.) — Rev. Pallas with a thunder bolt, imp. xx. cos. XIIII. CENS. P.P. 3. Nerva. — Rev. concordia exercitvvm. Two hands joined. 4. Hadrian. — Rev. A Female sitting on a Shield. 5. Faustina, Senior. — Rev. ^Eternitas. 6. Faustina, Junior. (Fine.)— Rev. Fectjnditas. 7. Lucilla.— Rev. Hilaritas. 8. Julia Domna. — Rev. Sjecvli felicitas; a Female suckling an Infant. g. Elagabalus. — Rev. Salus with the Serpent. 10. Julia Paula. — Rev. Concordia Aug. The Goddess, or Empress, is sitting in a Curule Chair. The Denarii of the early Emperors, viz. Augustus, Tiberius, &c. are sometimes found at Colchester; 368 HISTORY OF while the base Silver Coins of the Valerians, Gallienus, Salonina, &c. abound beyond particularizing. 4. ROMAN LARGE BRASS. 1. Galba. — Rev. Ob Cives Servatos, within a Civic or Oaken Crown. 2. Trajan. — Rev. A Figure standing with a Cornu copia in her right, and a Caduceus in her left hand; the symbols of Fortune, or Abundance. 3. Trajan. — Rev. A Horseman riding over his fallen Enemy. Legend (worn) .... mo. (optimo) principi. Found in St. Martin's parish, by a working gardener, in May, 1823. 4. Hadrian. — Rev. An Eagle. A colonial coin. 5. Antoninus Pius. (Fine.) — Rev. The Emperor standing with a Spear in his left hand, and a Laurel in his right. 6. Faustina, Senior. Rev. Eternitas. A Female sitting in a Curule Chair. 7- Faustina, Junior. — Rev. Fecvnditas. A Fe male standing with an Infant upon each arm, and two Children at her feet. 8. Faustina, Senior.— Rev. Pietas Avg. The God dess, or Empress, stands in beautiful Drapery, sacrificing before an Altar. ,*t The coins of Trajan and Hadrian, with those of the Antonini and the Faustinas, are the commonest large brass coins found at Colchester. 9. Crispina. — Rev. Salus sitting in a Curule Chair. 10. Maximus. — Rev. Maximus with two Military Standards. Legend, principi. ivventvtis. 11. Mamcea. — Rev. Vesta with her Spear and Patera. 12. Postumus, Senior. — Rev. A Victory marching. victoria avg. COLCHESTER. 369 5. SECOND, OR MIDDLE BRASS . 1. Nero. — Rev. A winged Geniils, holding a label, upon which is s. p. q r. In the field of the medal, s. c. 2. Ditto. — Rev. The Temple of Janus. Legend, PACE. P. R. TERRA. MARIQ. PARTA. IANVM. CLVSIT. 3. Vespasian.-* — Rev. Jvdma capta. 4. Ditto. — Rev'. A Figure sacrificing. paxavg.s.C. 5. Trajan. (Fine, and with a beautiful green iErugo.) Rev. A Soldier marching with a Military Standard in each hand. Legend, sen atus.popvlvsqve.roman vs. fj. Trajan. — Rev. A Female reclining on the ground, ¦with her right hand on a Wheel. Via. Traiana. 7. Antoninus. — Rev. Britannia sitting on a Rock. BRITANNIA. COS. IIII. 8. M. Aurelius. — Rev. Minerva standing with an Owl in her right hand. Legend, Tr. Pot, &c. 9- Geta. (Very good.) — Rev. Vota publica. The Emperor sacrificing. 10. Ditto. — Rev. Fortune sitting with her Attri butes, viz. Cornucopia and Rudder. Legend imperfect. Fort.red. tr. p. cos. n. p. p. 11. Ant. Gordianus, or Gordian the 3rd. (Very good.) Rev. Security standing and leaning on a pillar. 12. Severus the 2nd. (Very good.) — Rev. Mars marching with his Lance and Trophy. Legend, virtvs. AVGG. ET. CAESS. N.N. 13. Magnentius. — Rev. Two Victories holding a wreath, inscribed within, vot. v. mvit. x. 14. Decentius. (Very fine.) — Rev. victoriae. D.D. N.N. AVG. ET CAES. VOT. V. MVLT. X. 15. Magnus Maximus. — Rev. Victoria Augc. The Emperor stands holding a Victory in his right hand, and in his left hand, a Labarum. 370 HISTORY OF 6. THIRD, OR SMALL BRASS COINS. Of these such an abundance occur in Colchester, of Carausius, Allectus, Tetricus, Victorinus, Gallienus, Claudius Gothicus, Constantine's family, &c. &c. down to Honorius, or lower, that the question might with little impropriety be asked, " Who iu the town does not possess some of them?" — A few are noticed, as re markable for their fine condition. 1. Constantine the Great. — Rev. Sarmatia de- victa. A Victory with a Trophy and Palm Branch, and a Captive at her feet. 2. Ditto. — Rev. A magnificent Gateway, virtvs. AVG. G. 3. Ditto. — Rev. An Altar, beata. tranqvillitas 4. Ditto. — This is remarkable for the Emperor's orna mented Head Dress, with a sort of tufted Crown above. He holds a Sceptre over his right shoulder. 5. Helena. (Fine.) — Rev. SecuritasReipublicje. A Female standing with a branch in her right hand. 6. Delmatius. (Fine.) — Rev. Two Soldiers with a Military Standard between them. 7. Fausta. — Rev. Salus Reipublics. Among the numerous Roman relics discovered in Col chester, and not noticed in any previous publication, may be mentioned a statue of Mercury, about three inches high, with a purse in one hand and a caduceus in the other, found in 1791, and belonging to the Rev. Mr. Mustard. A Gold Seal Ring, with a head some what resembling Julius Cassar, and a Brass Ring, with a rose on the seal. Another small statue of Mercury, with the accompaniments of that just noticed, found in the garden of F. Smythies, Esq. : (this is represented in the plate which faces the Addenda.) We make no far- found, 7iear the' scztc cf the Hospital Pub3- DecT 20.1824,far the Jiopn.etors lYcma^nmS: J Greii ...Tailless" Swmbocaie 8c Salter, CdLc&ester COLCHESTER. 371 ther mention of Urns, variously shaped and decorated, (the Romans having had several potteries in Colches-, ter,) their discovery having been so frequent. The chief Antiquities in the town or its neighbourhood, of yet later occurrence, were found on the site of the Hospital, and merit a detailed account, for which we shall be chiefly indebted to " A Letter to the Committee of the Essex and Colchester Hospital, by E. W. A. Hay, A. B.," published at Colchester in 1821, and well de serving the attention of the antiquary and general reader. In digging the earth preparatory to laying the found ation of the charitable institution mentioned, the work men met with a beautiful relic of the ancient splendour of Camulodunum, in a group of free-stone, representing the Theban Sphinx, whose fabled history is too well known to need repetition. It was found lying upon its right side, at the depth of two feet from the surface; and, close to it, a considerable fragment of the tibia of the right leg ef a man. It is well ascertained, that contigu ous was one of the public burial-places of the imperial colonists, who, after the manner of their countrymen, placed their cemeteries without the walls of the town; and, only a few days previous to this disvovery, at a short distance from the same spot, was found part of a Roman Sepulchral Inscription. Various fragments of Roman pottery, some of which appeared to have belonged to funerals urns, were also turned up; and' similar fragments are almost daily observed' imbedded in the mould round about. That valuable monument of ancient art, the Sphinx, is represented as sitting over the mangled remains of a human victim to her wiles ; her features conveying the expression of calm and contemptuous satiety. It was found in a nearly perfect state, with the exception of 372 HISTORY OF some not very material fractures; as upon the mouth' of the Sphinx, the chin of the man's head, and a few others. But damages somewhat more serious, were the consequences of too little caution in disencumbering the figure of the earth with which it had so long lain in contact; these having divested the sculpture of the greater part of the monster's nose, and a smaller portion of the human forehead. Some marks of friction, which have injured one of the fore-paws, and the lower parts of an arm and hind-leg, are supposed to have been in flicted by the plough-share, at a period when the soil had not acquired the degree of depth at which the greater part of the Roman remains in this neighbour hood are now discovered. The general dimensions of the stone are as follow ; Inches. Length of the base 25 J Medium breadth of ditto 10 Height from the base to the top of the Sphinx's head ....25 The face of the Sphinx, measuring from the crown of the head to the extremity of the chin 5 The half body of the Woman is beautifully formed, and extends in front to about the point of the sternum; on the back it is carried somewhat farther. A small portion of the body may be attributed to the Dog, and seems to be joined to that of the Lion at the reins, where the figure swells into that of the monarch of the desert. The beast's teats are five in number on the left side, though four only, are from the sitting posture, visible on the other; these are in addition to the human breasts. The wings, which seem designed for those of the Eagle, are raised, but not expanded; they rest on COLCHESTER. 373 the back, and extend over the Lion's loins : the foldings of the tail; are rather those of a serpent than a quadru ped. The arms of the Woman terminate at the wrists in paws, a circumstance considered to render this production unique: between them is the ghastly head of the Man, — the eye-lids closed, the mouth drawn down at the angles, the muscles of the face all sunk in death, yet betraying the marks of a recent agonizino- struggle. What particularly deserves remark, is the artfulness of the junction of the female human form with that of the brute animal: even a careless eye must be attracted by the singular exhibition here pre sented, of the extreme of delicate conformation in the Woman, so united as not to offend the most hyper critical observer with the enormously muscular hinder quarters of a Lion. Mr. Hay's opinions respecting the probable situation in which this Sphinx was originally placed, would be injured by more than very trifling abbreviation. He says, " as it is an enquiry of peculiar interest, I beg for indulgence while observing that the Sphinx was not an uncommon adjunct to the temples of the ancients: in deed such is considered to have been with them its most usual situation. It is described by many eminent writers as the emblem of superior wisdom, and on that account to have been placed in the vestibule of the temple of Isis, who is the same with Minerva; and the Romans, we are informed, (following no doubt the ex ample of the Egyptians in this, as in many other matters connected with their religion,) were also accustomed to place a Sphinx in the pronaos, or' porch, of their temples. " Now the image of a Sphinx was the seal of Au gustus, Cunobelin, who had his royal seat at this place, is recorded as having cherished a great friendship 1 1 374 HISTORY OF for the Romans. — More of Cunobelin's Coins have been found at this place, than in any other part of the island ; and several of these, as noticed by jMorant and other an tiquaries, bear up6n their reverse the figure of a Sphinx. One of the early models of the adjustment of the female hair, I find (preserved in a coin of the gold series of the Duke de Croy) to have been struck under the dictator ship of Julius Caesar, forty-seven years before the birth of Christ; — in the year following that of the battle of Pharsalia, in honour of which the head of Victory is impressed; — presenting us with the fashion of the. Roman females of that time, and nearly resembling in the head-dress (though somewhat more simple than) the costume of this Sphinx. " That there stood some considerable building upon the identical spot where the Sphinx has been found, no one, having witnessed the disturbance of the soil within the area of the hospital-ground during the last twelve months, will venture to deny. Notwithstanding the pains that have been taken, for many successive centu ries, to remove from their foundations all the remains of Roman edifices, that may have been convenient in the erection of the buildings which succeeded at every period, on comparing the small portion of the ground that has been turned up to any depth, with the quantity of building materials thrown out, their mass will appear truly extraordinary. 1 have observed there, not only red bricks and tiles of undoubted Roman manufacture, and in very great number, but have re marked several specimens of a costlier species of white tile, evidently the work of the same people. — From this combination of circumstances, may we not hazard an opinion, that a temple was erected upon the' very spot where our recent discovery was made; and that this COLCHESTER. 375 Sphinx was the identical figure that graced its entrance? If I might be excused in offering another bold conjec ture, I would presume it to be not improbable, that here stood that very temple, which was said to have been de- dicatedjtEWufo Deo Saricto et Fortis^f), and considered to haae been raised sin honour of the Emperor Claudiusi My supposition ma^perhaps receive some support, from the circumstance of this temple being the only edifice in Colchester, of that description, of which any mention has descended to. us : and from the striking peculiarities of the spot, whether its elevated situation be considered, or its neighhefiurnoml to me grand military way, and the presentation" of its hallowed' fane, to all those in inter course between the great camp of- Lexden and this me- tropojafef the Trinobantes;" It islnot unworthy notice, that underneath the.tya^e of the Sphinx is engraved a large well-formed Roman S, 'somewhat more than five inches high, -vf? It appears to me," says Mr. Hay, "from itsisituation, (removed altogether from the eye of the spectator,) to indicate, not so much the artist's name, or any circumstance in tended td"be recorded, as simply the intention of the inferior workman, who, having been employed to pre pare thejblockfor the sculptor, thus marked it as the particular stone selectedjaiad set apart by the latter/for the representation of the Sphinx." In the summer of 1 820, a small bronze of the .same allegorical monster, Svas discovered wittjin the distance of a few yards (rcmi the sjong figure. Jtfcis pf indifferent workmanship, but in good preservation'', with the ex ception of the loss- of its. wings, which have been/torn off. This 'figure is not above an inch and a half in height: the upper part is that of a woman, with the fore-legs of a lion, and the hinder parts appear to be 1 1 2 376 . HISTORY OF altogether those of the latter animal. It is represented in the accompanying engraving, and is now in the pos session of Mrs. Timms, of Colchester; as is the urn of Terra-Cotta which occupies the centre. — Of the coins of Cunobeline on the* same plate, three are selected as the most remarkable of those described by Morant;- while the fourth is that given by Pegge, (Essay on the Coins of Cunobelin,) and is worthy observation for the Sphinx on the reverse ; affording, as it does, one of the strongest indications of the British monarch's acquaintance with the classical fables of the Romans. The Sepulchral Inscription, placed beside the Sphinx at the '.Hospital, is only a fragment, but one which ¦will "worthily exercise the^ ingenuity of the antiquary to decipher it. The stone on which it is engraven, has ten and a half by eight inches of surface, and is an inch and gths thick : it forms the central part of the original. Mr. Hay, speaking of it, says: " I cannot attempt to offer any conjecture respecting the whole context of this inscription; but thefifth, seventh, and eighth lines supply us with; parts of words, that may, I think, justify their being filled up as follows : this stone will then pro bably present us with the fragment of an epitaph, to the memory of one or more Roman soldiers ; one having been of the 20th Legion, which was distinguished by the designations of Valens Victrix, Valeria Victrix, or Valeriana Victrix. LEG . XX . VAL. V. MILITATE YIXIT. ANN C tr , *¦' ~i C "J the Valiant and , . . \ Valentis / 1 / . Legioms J „ , . f_,.. J of the \ Victorious ; or, < or Valeria. \Victricis< „_, . >,,.,. „ vigesima V- _. . ( \ XX Legion i the Valerian & / or Valeriana \ / %..,.. \ ,. J V. J Victorious. Militavet, for Militavit — he performed military service. and Vixit annos — lived years (number lost.) Trcc07?z&tts of .KT EFTSCSIE.IIIPir'H©! rS found, at *rMbf IJ ecT 20, 182*, for -£te "Eropidfftois P. rormgrnim. & J.Grearf . "by ^ess"? S77x^b-c_ni£ fc "Walter ,Cdlc"h.estex . COLCHESTER. 377 — The fourth line of this fragment is thus clearly engraved on the original: LEG III. AV : the G, that should no doubt immediately follow the V, having been broken off. This then is, I suppose, a memorial of the third Imperial Legion — LEGionis III. AVgustce — a portion of the Roman forces, of whose appearance in this island I cannot find any trace, by all the references I have been able to make. The last line of the inscrip tion may be filled up as follows, thus denoting an usual termination of Roman epitaphs ; (Libens or Libentes) mERITo Votum ("Vovit or) Voverunt : (he, she, or) they cheerfully and justly have paid (his, her or,) their vow." With regard to the date of this inscription, though Mr. Hay is prepared to coincide with the opinion, that there are no such remains, properly authenticated, older than the time of Hadrianus, whose reign commenced A.D. 117, and that few discovered in Britain are so ancient, yet he is inclined, from several traits in this Colchester morceau, to assign it as early a date as may be admissible. " Indeed," he observes, " were it not for the decision of so learned a man as the author of the Britannia Romana, respecting the antiquity of the use by the Romans in this island of sepulchral inscriptions, I should have ventured to place the date of this epitaph near to the government of Suetonius Paulinus the Pro- prastor, who had the Vexillarii (a detached part) of the 20th Legion under his command A. D. 61, during their contest with the Britons conducted by Boadicea. We have, I think, ample authority for declining to place the 20th Legion at Colchester during any much later period: for not only does Ptolemseus the Geographer, who lived in the time of the Emperors Hadrianus and Antoninus, and the celebrated Itinerary written by a per son of the name of (and by some ascribed to) the latter n 3 378 HISTORY OF Emperor, give the fixed quarters of the 20th Legion to Deva, our western city of Chester; but Dion Cassius, who flourished under the Emperor Alexander Severus, about the middle of the third century of our era, says, that in his time the Legio Vigesima Valeriana Victrix was stationed in the west of Britain. And with respect, in particular, to the Vexillarii pf the 20th Legion, I find that in the reign of Antoninus Pius, who succeeded immediately to Hadrianus, the Vexillarii are distinctly recorded as having built a considerable part of the wall, erected by order of the former Emperor in Scotland. — Thus having ample testimony of the fixed station of the main body of the 20th Legion, and at least as many re cords of the Vexillarii of that corps having been, at all periods subsequent to the time of Nero, in quarters far more north or more westerly than this place, and that, probably, to so late a period as the reign of Dio- cletianus; — and further, that, whenever the 20th Legion may have wholly quitted Chester, we find it highly probable they were quartered in Somersetshire; — it does appear not unreasonable to presume, (the character of our sepulchral stone not admitting of any late date) that it was the work of some part of that earlier time, during which the said Vexillarii may have been re tained in this quarter, after the termination of the grand struggle between the Britons and Suetonius Paulinus." It may perhaps appear remarkable, that this sepul chral stone, and a more mutilated fragment of another in Mr. Hay's possession, are the only relics of the kind known to have been met with at or near Col chester, with the exception of an inscription to Mer cury, " found (says Mr. Ashby in Archa?log. v. 3. 1772.) at this place only six or seven years ago." This latter inscription, which is very difficult to be COLCHESTER. 379 understood, was possessed by the late Mr. Gray of Colchester. Mr. Ashby considered it still more extra ordinary, that " no other has been discovered in the whole county," a circumstance "pretty well known from the void in Horsley:" but perhaps the natural scarcity of stone in this part of the country, will in great degree account for this deficiency; Roman sepulchral inscriptions having been generally found precisely in those parts of Britain, where stone is most abundant. Mr. Hay does not offer any conjectures respecting the purport of the fragment possessed by him : but a re presentation of it, as well as of that just described at length, will be found on the accompanying plate. We have further to remark, that many complete and pleasing specimens of Roman Pottery have been gleaned from the Hospital grounds, and are now in the possession of several of the inhabitants ; and that in 1823 was found at Lexden, on the estate of John Mills, Esq., a large Amphora — the latest antiquity, of any importance, discovered within the town or vicinity of Colchester. CHAP. XI. OTHER CHARITABLE AND MISCELLANEOUS INSTI TUTIONS. DISTRICT SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE AUXILIARY BIBLE SO CIETY—CHURCH MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION— AUX ILIARY SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE JEWS — PRAYER-BOOK AND HOMILY ASSOCIATION WESLEYAN BRANCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY BRANCH LONDON MISSIONARY SOCI ETY AUXILIARY RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY SUNDAY-SCHOOL AND RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY FOR IRELAND CHARITY FOR THE RELIEF OF POOR CLERGYMEN BENEVOLENT MEDICAL SO CIETY COLCHESTER BENEVOLENT SOCIETY — LY ING-IN CHARITY— FEMALE FRIENDLY SOCIETY LION CLUB CHARITY — GENERAL BLANKET SO CIETY ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF PROPERTY BANK FOR SAVINGS, &C. PERHAPS no town in England, in proportion to its size and population, has originated, and at present sup ports, so many benevolent and charitable institutions, as Colchester. To such of these as are rendered pro minent by their more striking character and features, we 382 HISTORY OF endeavoured to do justice in a preceding chapter: but there are others, less obtrusive rather than less useful, whose objects and exertions well merit some detail. Of such, the following summary we trust, will be found to give a competent idea, together with the several dates of their formation. To begin then with those that may be denominated Religious Charities, the first that de mands notice is, The Colchester District Society for Pro moting Christian Knowledge. This society was formed November 30, 1810, in union with the venerable Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, then of Bartlett's Buildings, but now of Lincoln's Inn Fields, London : the Bishop of London was appointed its patron, and a select committee chosen for managing its concerns. It meets quarterly for the transaction of business, and now consists of nearly seventy clerical and lay members. In the early part of its establishment, the demand for Bibles and Testaments, Common Prayers, Religious books, and Tracts, was so great, that, for the accommodation of the members, a depository was established in 1815; and though, since that period, the issue of books has not been so extensive as before, the following, taken altogether, have been purchased and circulated from the Colchester Depository: viz. 703 Bibles, 1269 Testaments, 2462 Common Prayer Books, 1514 Psalters, and 6017 Religious Books and Tracts; making in all 11,965. There are district stew ards for the purpose of collecting subscriptions in their respective neighbourhoods ; and all subscriptions are forwarded to the Board in London, towards the promo tion of the general designs of the society. The- Colchester and East Essex Auxiliary Bible Society, was instituted July 8, 1811. The COLCHESTER. 383 officers are chosen, and the business of the Society managed by a committee, in conformity with the plan of the British and Foreign Bible Society in London. It has seven Branch Societies, and twenty Bible Asso ciations, connected with it. The sum received and transmitted to the Parent Institution, since its com mencement, is £i 8,463; of which, £6506 have been returned in Bibles and Testaments, for circulation within the limits of the Auxiliary Society; leaving the sum of ,£11,927, to promote the great object of the Parent Society, which is no other than that of circu lating the Holy Scriptures throughout the world. The present number of subscribers, exclusive of the associ ations, is nearly 600; and the number of Bibles and Testaments it has distributed, amounts to 25,732 copies. The Annual Meeting is in the month of October. Colchester and East Essex Church Missio nary Association. This institution is in aid of the London Church Missionary Society for Africa and the. East: it was formed March 12, 1816, and has at present seven Branch Associations in connexion with it, by which its funds have been considerably augmented. The number of subscribers, independently of these Asso ciations, is about sixty; and the total sum raised since its commencement, £4570. The committee meet quar terly for the transaction of business, in the months of January, April, July, and October; the annual meeting is in May. The objects of the Parent Society are so well known, and have been so duly appreciated, that no farther description is required of an Association, which is considered an integral part of that Society: Colchester and East Essex Auxiliary So- ciety, for Promoting Christianity among the Jews. This society, which was instituted August 384 HISTORY OF 6, 1817, has met with great encouragement, and by its exertions has added very considerably to the resources of the London Institution. It divides its several contributions into separate funds, appro priated to different purposes, the names of which are sufficiently distinctive of their objects; viz. the General Fund — the Hebrew Testament Fund — the Missionary Fund — the School Fund — and the Palestine Fund. For the whole of these, since its formation, there has been collected, through various channels, the sum of ,£2720. The committee assemble for business in February, May, August, and November; the anni versary is held in July. It has seven associations con nected with it; and its present number of subscribers, exclusive of these, is between eighty and ninety. Colchester and East Essex Prayer Book and Homily Association. This society is considerably the junior of those preceding it in the present sketch, having been formed only in August, 1820; though, pre viously to that period, several of its present supporters were individually engaged in promoting the cause of the Parent Institution in London, by distributing to a con siderable extent, in this town and neighbourhood, the Common Prayer Book and Homilies of the Church of England. Its present number of subscribers is under thirty, and the sum raised in consequence small, amounting only to £181 10s. 7d.; notwithstanding which, the number of books distributed since ifs forma tion appears considerable, when we advert to the short period of its existence, and the limited means at its dis posal, as the following summary will shew : — Common Prayer Books 839- — Homilies, in volumes and tracts, 2267- It has no anniversary, but the committee meet in January, April, July, and October. The whole of COLCHESTER. 385 its funds, deducting a few incidental expences, are re mitted to the Parent Society ; and books are sent in return, estimated at two-thirds of the amount. Colchester Wesleyan Branch Missionary Society. This was instituted in 1815, and includes several neighbouring villages. The amount of contri butions since its commencement, is about £600; and its present number of subscribers, large and small contri butors included, above two hundred. The anniversary is generally held in October, about which period con gregational collections are made in aid of its funds. Colchester Branch London Missionary So ciety. This institution constitutes a part of the Essex Auxiliary in aid of the London Parent Society, and was formed in 1816; it embrace's the same laudable object, that of converting the heathen to Christianity, and ig supported chiefly by dissenters of the three denomina tions. Its present number of subscribers is' 120, the amount of subscriptions received since its commence ment, £600. The committee meet quarterly for the transaction of business. The Colchester Auxiliary Religious Tract Society, in aid of the London Religious Tract Society, was instituted in June, 1810. The business is conducted by a committee who meet once a quarter. The number Of subscribers is one hundred and twenty, and the amount of subscriptions received since its formation, £447 17s- 6d.: during the same period, 104,000 tracts have been issued from its depository. This institution also is chiefly supported by dissenters: its annual gene ral meeting is held in September. Colchester Association of Sunday School and Religious Tract Society, for Ireland. This very recent institution was formed January 7, 1825. K K 386 HISTORY OF It embraces two objects, the support of Sunday Schools, and the furnishing them with proper books at a cheap rate. The Societies in the sister kingdom, (to assist which the present Association was instituted,) though perfectly distinct, yet mutually assist each other; the pne supplying instructipn, thrpugh the medium of gratuitous teachers; and the other, elementary books for the same purpose. The Colchester Society, wishing well to both these important objects, has in some measure united them; at the same time taking care to keep the two funds separate, so that every subscriber may be assured his bounty is applied in the way he intended it: many however have given liberally to both. A sub scription to either of half a crown a year constitutes a member. This appears a trifling sum : but it is surprising what may be done upon almost the smallest scale, when numbers contribute : a striking instance of this is furnished by the fact, that the pittance of one penny a year, from every poor child in these schools, raises the sum of £600 — which is about one-fourth of the whole expenditure. The cemmittee pf this local Association meet quarterly, and the sum already contributed is be tween £70 and £8P; the proportion given to the schools being considerably the greatest. The present number of subscribers is upwards of fifty. To this list of Religious Charities may be added another, in which (though originating in the county at large) Colchester takes an active and efficient part; we mean, The Charity for the Relief of Poor Cler gymen AND THEIR WlDOWS AND CHILDREN, in Essex, and that part of Hertfordshire situate in the dio cese of London. This was incorporated in 1747, and has, since that period, continued to raise a considerable COLCHESTER. 387 sum annually for the above purpose ; it possesses a funded capital of more than £6000 stock, in different securities, and its yearly receipts and expenditure at present exceed £1000 sterling. There were fifty-eight pen sioners on the list, agreeably to the last report, receiving from £8 to £40 per annum each; and the total number" of subscribers is upwards of nine hundred, a very large proportion of whom consists of the Clergy. There is an annual meeting for the transaction of business, con nected with the Colchester Archdeaconry, held in this town, oh the second Thursday before St. John the Baptist. The Benevolent Medical Society, for Essex and Herts, for the relief of distressed, medical men, their widows, children, and orphans, was instituted in 1786. It has continued to flourish up to the present period ; and, though not so generally supported as the charity just mentioned, has, in proportion to its means, been productive of much good in a variety of ways too obvious to need illustration. Its funded property amounts to £5500, 3 per cents. The receipts for 1823 (including a legacy of £100) amounted to £581 2s. 2d.; its ex penditure was £568 9s. 9d. The pensioners on its list were nineteen, who received from £5 to £40 per annum each, and the number of subscribers, two hundred and eighty. The annual district meeting is held at Col chester, on the second Monday in June. Colchester Ben.evolent Society. This excel lent charity was established in 1789- Its first object is to relieve the sick and afflicted poor; — for which purpose, nine gentlemen are appointed annually as stewards, to visit from time to time deserving objects at their own habitations, ascertain their wants, and afford them pro portionate relief; — and secondly, in an unobtrusive form, K K 2 388 HISTORY OF it assumes the character of a Mendicity Society j by fur nishing its members with tickets, to give, instead of money, to travelling beggars, referring them to a person, ap pointed for that purpose, who registers their cases,, and upon receipt of tickets takes them to a member, of the sub-committee, when, after, due enquiry,, such relief is ordered as may appear requisite. Thus, while the really deserving object is properly attended, to, the im postor is detected and treated accordingly. By these means the trade of begging has been greatly lessened, and the town comparatively cleared of. a nuisance at once vexatious and disgraceful. During the last year, between four and five hundred mendicants, who. ap peared worthy of aid, were assisted; and nearly tvjo thousand cases of sickness and .extreme distress,, among the resident poor,, visited .and relieved. The business of the society is conducted by a monthly committee, which all subscribers may attend. It is to be regretted that its resources are not so extensive as could be wished, the disbursements for 1824 being £l64. 17s. 3d., while its receipts amounted only to £.138 14$.: it is hoped however that this will not continue to be the case, when the value and usefulness of this institution are better known and appreciated. The present num ber of subscribers is one hundred and twenty-eight.. , Colchester Lying-in Charity, for the relief of poor married Women, established in 1796- The management of this valuable Institution is vested in a committee of ladies, who meet quarterly, in March, June, September, and December; the latter meeting being open to all subscribers. The subscription is 7s. a quarter; and all persons, on entering the society, pay 7s. for the purchase of linen, and a quarter in advance Every subscriber is allowed two tickets a year; and in COLCHESTER. 380 that proportion for any larger than the Ordinary sub-. scription. Each of these tickets entitles the poor woman to whom it is given to 1 Is., and the loan of a set of linen for one month. The comfort diffused by this timely assistance, through many poor families, under. very trying circumstances, is often greater than can readily be imagined; and so long as the peculiar sorrows which this charity relieves continue to exist, and " the poor cease not out of the land," so long will the humane and benevolent be called upon to patronize and support it. The receipts of last year were £219 l6s. 6d., and the expenditure £214 lis. lid: the number of poor women relieved during that period, 283; and, since its commencement, 6426. The Colchester Female Friendly Society dates its commencement from January, 1808, and is in tended for the relief of the industrious, afflicted, distressed, and aged, who need assistance — particularly females— as well as to afford clothing for the female and infant poor. The concerns of the society are conducted by a com mittee of twelve ladies, who each take a district of the town, for the purpose of visiting the persons recom mended. The subscribers are supplied with tickets for distribution, on which are inserted the names of the visiting ladies ; and when a ticket is given to any poor person, it must be taken to the lady who superintends the district: the latter upon receiving it, enquires into the merits of the case, and orders such articles of clothing to be given as she thinks requisite and proper. No person receives relief more than twice in one year, except in cases of particular distress arising from casu alty or sickness. The committee meet monthly at each other's houses, for the transaction of business, and for the purpose of making up clothing, &c. for the poor-; k k 3 390 HISTORY OF at which meetings, all young ladies who are subscribers are invited to attend. Every subscriber of 10s. a year, has four tickets of recommendation ; of l6s., six tickets; and of £1 and upwards, eight. The receipts for last year were £112 15s. 6d.; the disbursements £112 10s. 3gd., and in the same period were issued 883 articles of clothing. Altogether, the sum of £2000 has been expended, since the institution of this highly useful and valuable society. The present number of subscribers is 114. The Colchester Lion Club Charity, was esta blished above seventy years ago, and is intended for the relief of poor persons of every age, and of both sexes, under all cases of distress. The members pf it meet monthly at the Lion Inn. Any three subscribers may re commend a case in writing, which, upon its presentation to the committee and their approval of it, obtains for the poor person named a donation of five shillings, which cannot be repeated oftener than once in three months. The subscription is only 13s. a year from each member; but, though the sum thus contributed be small, the good done by the institution in a course of years has been very extensive. The sum expended since the establish ment of the charity, has been upwards of £1000. The present number of subscribers is thirty. Colchester General Blanket Society, in stituted in 1821, for the purpose of lending blankets to the resident poor during the winter months. The busi ness is conducted by general and parochial committees; — every person paying a donation of seven shillings, and afterwards subscribing two shillings a year, may recom mend an object for one blanket. An annual subscriber of seven shillings may order the loan of one blanket the first year, — two the second, — three the third, — and four COLCHESTER. 391 for every succeeding year, and so on in proportion to a larger subscription. In ike first year, 500 blankets were issued, — 540 in the second, — 740 in the third, — and 800 in the last. The wear and tear is supplied by fresh purchases, and the whole are properly washed and aired every year after their return. The present number of subscribers is 157; and the sum expended since the commencement of the Charity, £366 Is. Od. MISCELLANEOUS INSTITUTIONS. The Colchester Anti-Slavery Society was established in 1824, for the purpose of contributing towards the mitigation and gradual abolition of Slavery in the British dominions, as well as for that of dis tributing proper books on the subject. It acts iu con nection with the London Society, and is in direct correspondence with it. The business is conducted by a committee, which meets quarterly, or oftener if re quisite; and every subscriber of 5s. per annum, is entitled to attend. The number of subscribers already amounts to more than 130, though the institution is at present in its infancy. Colchester Association for the Protection of Property, and the Prosecution of House breakers and Thieves, established December 2, 1783. The title of this Association sufficiently de signates its object. The subscribers are divided into three classes, according to the property, the expence of prosecuting for the loss of which they may wish to to be indemnified for. A single subscriber pays 10s. 6d. admission, a double one £1 Is., and a treble one £1 Us. 6d. The accounts are audited and settled at an annual meeting in May, when the balance in the 392 HISTORY OF. treasurer's hands is stated, and such call made on the subscribers for the ensuing year, as will raise a sum equal to one year's subscription from all the members then in the association; so that the sum required from each member after admission, is in suc ceeding years very small, if there have been few or no prosecutions. If a member prosecute to con viction, at the expence of the society, and thereby becomes entitled to a reward by Act of Parliament, the amount is thus disposed of: 1st. the expences of the prosecution are defrayed ; 2nd. the party robbed, (if pos sible,) is indemnified ; 3rd. the surplus (if any,) is added to the fund. The amount of subscriptions up to May- last, was £907 l6s. Od; the number of prosecutions instituted, between sixty and seventy, at an expence of about £600 ; and there are at present ninety-one sub scribers. This association has been found highly use ful, and meets with considerable encouragement: many individuals have been saved the cost of expensive litigations; and crime has probably been in some in stances prevented, by the impression that a public body would prosecute, in cases where a private indi vidual might shrink from the undertaking. Colchester Bank for, Savings. The plan of this is similar to that of the others now so generally adopted throughout the kingdom. For the original idea of these valuable institutions, the public are indebted to the accomplished and philanthropic Mrs. Priscilla Wake field. The above was instituted in 1817, and is patron ized by the surrounding country gentlemen, and most of the respectable inhabitants of the town: the following brief statement will best show its value, and the con fidence that is so justly reposed in it. The sum deposited from 1817 to 1824, £60,730 COLCHESTER. 393 2s. 10d.; withdrawn during that period, £25,971 14s. 9d., by 1540 depositors. — It ought not to be omitted, that the Institution is particularly indebted to its se cretary, the Rev. Philip Bayles, for his unwearied and gratuitous services. Religious Tract Society for Colchester and its Vicinity. The Tracts to be selected from the depositories in London, Dublin, and Bristol. The above Institution was formed on the l6th of February, 1825, and the following are its -leading features; — every subscriber of five shillings per annum, is a member of the Committee; and of four shillings per annum, a member of the Society ; having a right to receive Tracts, at reduced prices, to the amount of half his subscription. Persons giving a donation of sixpence, and afterwards subscribing one half-penny a week, are entitled to receive four Tracts at the end of month. The committee meet quarterly, and a de pository is established, well furnished with Tracts, supplied from the sources above mentioned. The number of subscribers is already considerable, and several donations have been received. 393 CHAP. XII. MISCELLANIES. LIST OF THE CORPORATION OF COLCHESTER FOR 1824-5 LISTS OF THE HIGH STEWARDS AND MAYORS, FROM 1764 TO 1825 CONTESTED ELECTIONS FOR THE OFFICE OF RE CORDER, FROM 1787, TO THE PRESENT TIME — SUMMARY OF THE POPULATION OF THE TOWN IN 1692, 1801, 1811, AND 1821 — HEADS OF LO CAL INFORMATION. CORPORATION OF COLCHESTER, 1824.5, mayor. Samuel Clay, Esq. HIGH STEWARD. John Round, Esq. RECORDER. Gordon Wm. Kelly, Esq. JUSTICES. John Clay, Esq. William Smith, Esq. F. T. Abell, Esq. Edward Clay, Esq. John King, Esq. ALDERMEN, Samuel Clay, Esq. John Clay, Esq. William Smith, Esq, James Boggis, Esq. F. T. Abell, Esq. Edward Clay, Esq. John King, Esq. Byatt Walker, Esq. John Taylor, Esq. 3 vacancies. ASSISTANTS. Thomas Tayspill Robert Stanes William Cant John Theobald H. M. Johnson Thomas Blyth 396 HISTORY OF ASSISTANTS. W. P. Harrington Francis Smythies J. W. Mason D. O. Blyth Benjamin Strutt William Bland Horatio Perkins John Nunn John Angier W. B. Smith William Goodwin John Smith. COMMON COUNCIL. William Barnes John Robinson John Devall Thomas Rawling William Fenton William Downes William Sparling Roger Nunn, M. D. .Charles Parker John Snell Abednego Bland James Watts J. G. Tayspill Robert Halls Samuel Bennell, Jun. William Everitt George Baines J. T. Hedge. TOWN CLERK. Francis Smythies, Esq. CORONERS. Byatt Walker, Esq. John Taylor, Esq. CHAMBERLAIN. Benjamin Strutt, Esq. TREASURER. John Nunn. CLAVIERS. William Cant John Smith W. P. Harrington Thomas Blyth. CONSERVATORS. John Clay Robert Stanes William Goodwin John Rouse. MASTER OF THE FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. Rev. Edward Crosse, A. M. SURGEONS TO THE GAOL. Roger Nunn, M. D. Horatio Perkins. HIGH CONSTABLES. John Devall Thomas Blyth John Crowe W. P. Harrington. SERJEANTS AT MACE. John Hardy John Bland W. S. Cant Christopher Harvey. COLCHESTER. 397 CLERK OF THE MARKET. GAOLER. John Robinson. John Hardy. BILLET MASTER. CRIER. Watson Aylett. William Field. CORN INSPECTOR. STANDARD BEARER. W. P. Harrington. James Martin. WATER BAILIFF. WATCHMEN. T. Jefferies, Brightlingsea. Edward Tillett deputy water George Youngs. BAILIFFS. NIGHT BELLMAN. J. Stammers, Brightlingsea Thomas Harris. J. Willett, East Donyland. LIST OF THE HIGH STEWARDS, FROM 1761 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 1764. Earl of Rochford 1782. William Mayhew, Esq. 1788. Charles Alexander Crickitt, Esq. 1807. Earl of Chatham 1818. John Round, Esq. LIST OF MAYORS, From their commencement under the Second Charter, in 1635, to ite sur render in 1741. 1637. W. Cole, esq. the 1644. last bailiff and the first 1645. mayor. 1646. 1638. 1647. It is thought that 1639. Mr. Cole was mayor 1640. all these years. 1641. 1648. T. Wade, esq. 1642. 1649; Ditto 1643. 1650. John Furley, esq. L L 398 HISTORY OF 1651. John Furley, esq. 1652. Ditto 1653. T. Peake, esq. 1654. T. Reynolds, esq. 1655. Ditto l656. T. Lawrance, esq. 1657. N. Bacon, esq. 1658. Ditto 1659. Ditto 1660. Ditto l66l. J. Milbank, esq. 1662. T. Reynolds, esq. 1663. Ditto 1664. W. Moore, esq. 1665. Ditto 1666. W. Flanner, esq. 1667. A. Fromantel, esq. 166S. R. Creffield, esq. I669. Henry Lamb, esq. l6'70. W. Moore, esq. 1671. John Rayner, esq. 1672. N. Lawrance, esq. 1673. R. Creffield, esq. 1674. Henry Lamb, esq. 1675. A.Hindmarsh,esq. 1676. T, Green, esq. 1677. Ralph Creffield, sen., esq. 1678. John Rayner, esq. 1679- N. Lawrance, esq. 1680.. Ralph Creffield, sen., esq. 1681. W. Moore, esq. 1682. T. Green, esq. 1683. N. Lawrance, sen. esq. 1684. J. Stilleman, esq. 1685. W. Flanner, esq. 1 686. Samuel Mott, esq« 1687. Alexander Hind- marsh, esq. January 27, on a regulation he was removed. 1688. J. Milbank, esq. 1689. John Potter, esq. 1690. B. Cock, esq. 1691. J. Seabrook, esq. 1692. Ditto 1693. Samuel Mott, esq. 1694. W. Moore, esq. 1695. John Bacon, esq. he died July 21,1696, Mr. Seabrook was elected to serve. 1696. N, Lawrance, jun. esq. 1697. Ralph Creffield, jun. esq. 1698. W. Boyce, esq. l699- W. Frances, esq. 1700. John Potter, esq. 1701. S. Featherstone, esq. 1702. R. Creffield, esq. 1703., S. Angier, esq. 1704. N. Lawrance, jun. esq. 1705. J. Raynham, esq. COLCHESTER. 399 1706. J. Lawrance, esq. 1707. George Clark, esq. 1708. John Pepper, esq. he died July 5, 1709- Nathaniel Lawrance, sen. esq. elected to serve. 1709. S. Angier, esq. 1710. N. Lawrance, jun. esq. 17H- J- Lawrance, esq. 1712. P. Johnson, esq. 1713. J. Lawrance, esq. 1714. George Clark, esq. 1715. P. Johnson, esq. 1716. Sir I. Rebow, knt. 1717- T. Grigson, esq. 1718. Robert Clark, esq. 1719, Thomas Grigson, esq., he died, Nathan iel Lawrance esq. elected to serve till Michaelmas. 1720. J. Daniel, esq. 1721. A. Winsley, esq. 1722. E. Raynham, esq. S. Jarrold, esq. P. Johnson, esq. J. Daniel, esq. M. Martin, esq. Sir Ralph Cref field, knt. 1728. John Blatch, esq. James Boyce, esq. J. Duffield,esq. John Blatch, esq. T. Carow, esq. James Boyce, esq. J. Duffield, esq. John Blatch, esq. T, Carow, esq. James Boyce, esq. J. Duffield, esq. John Blatch, esq. G. Wegg, jun. esq. elected but not sworn. A Mandamus came, and March 9 Jeremiah Daniel, sen. esq. was elected, and served till February 1741, when he died. 1723. 1724. 1725. 1726. 1727. 1729. 1730. 1731. 1732. 1733. 1734. 1735. 1736. 1737. 1738. 1739.1740. FROM THE RECOVERY OF THE CHARTER, 1763. 1764. Thos.Clamtree,esq. 1769. James Robjent, esq. 1765. Henry Lodge, esq. 1770. J. H. Lisle, esq. 1766. Thos.Wiltshire,esq. 177L John King, esq. 1767.. Thos. Bay les, esq. 1772. Solomon Smith, esq. 1768. Sam. Enirew, esq. Thos. Clamtree, esq. L l 2 400 HISTORY OF 1773. Thos.Bayles, esq. 1796". 1774. Thos.Clamtree,esq. 1797- 1775. John Baker, esq. 1798. 1776. Thos.Clamtree,esq. 1799- 1777. Thomas Boggis, esq. 1800. 1778. Thos.Clamtree, esq. 1801. J 779- John King, esq. 1802. 1780. Thos.Clamtree, esq. 1803. 1781. Thomas Boggis, esq. 1804. 1782. John King, esq. 1805. 1783. John King, esq. 1806. 1784. Wm. Seaber, esq. 1807. 1785. Samuel Ennew, esq. 1808. 17S6. Edmund Lilley,esq. 1787- Wm. Argent, esq. I8O9. 1788. Edw.Capstack,esq. 1810. 1789. Bez. Angier, esq. 1811. 1790. Edm. Lilley, esq. 1812. 1791. W. Swinborne, esq. 1813." 1792. John Gibson, esq. 1814. 1793. Nath. Barlow, esq. 1815. 1794. Newton Tills, esq. 1816. 1795. Wm. Phillips, esq. 1817- Wm. Bunnell, esq. William Mason, esq. Thos. Hedge, esq. Wm. Phillips, esq. Robert Hewes, esq. William Smith, esq. Thomas Hedge, esq. Wm. Phillips, esq. Wm. Bunnell, esq. Thos. Hedge, esq. Wm. Sparling, esq, William Smith, esq. Thos. Hedge, jun. esq. Thos. Hedge, esq. William Smith, esq, F. T. Abell, esq. F. Smythies, esq. Wm. Smith, esq. Wm. Sparling, esq. John King, esq. Edward Clay, esq. Wm. Argent, esq. 1818. Edward Clay, esq. 1819. Wm. Argent, esq. 1820. F. T. Abell, esq. 1821. John Clay, esq. NEW CHARTER. 1822. James Boggis, esq. 1823. William Smith, esq. 1824. John Clay, esq. 1823. Samuel Clay, esq. COLCHESTER. 40I CONTESTED ELECTIONS FOR THE OFFICE OF RECORDER, FROM 1787, TO THE PRESENT TIME. CANDIDATES, 1787. Votes. Francis Smythies, Esq., Attorney at Law 116 John Matthew Grimwood, Esq., Barrister at Law 103 Majority 13 After a scrutiny, and several years' litigation, a compromise took place between these two gen tlemen ; when it was agreed that Mr. G. should be Recorder, and that Mr. S. should be Town Clerk during the time Mr. G. should continue in office. 1811. RobertPolley , Esq., Barrister at Law, was elected without opposition. CANDIDATES. 1813. Votes. Daniel Whittle Harvey, Esq., Attorney at Law. . . . 101 Charles Runnington, Esq., Sergeant at Law 97 A Scrutiny was demanded: when the numbers appeared to be For Mr. R 89 Mr. H 73 Majority 16 CANDIDATES. 1819. Votes. Gordon William Kelly, Esq., Barrister at Law .... 110 John Curwood, Esq., Barrister at Law 87 Majority for Mr. Kelly 23 N. B. No contest for- the Recordership appears to have taken place prior to the year 1787. L L 3 402 HISTORY OF We accompany these lists with engravings of the large ancient Seal of the Corporation, and its Regalia, from drawings executed expressly for the present work. The first represents the Common Seal of the Mayor and Free-burgesses, or,: agreeably to the inscription, of the Bailiffs and Commonalty, it being of the date when the chief magistracy of the town was by charter vested in two Bailiffs, instead of a Mayor as at present. It is of brass, and is affixed to leases, deeds of conveyance, &c. The figure seated under a canopy in the centre, is St. Helena, holding the cross; below are the arms of the town, and on either side of her those of England : the reverse appears to represent one of the ancient gates. The smaller seal of the Corporation, which is of silver, and about half the size of the other, was that used officially by the Bailiffs, and is now commonly called the Mayor's Seal of Office : a representation of it occurs in a former part of the work, together with that of the ancient window-sill and date. Like the larger seal, it bears. a figure of St. Helena; but she is here seated in the upper part of a gate, wijh towers on each side of her. An ornamental scroll forms an outer circle to the inscription. As a Mayor was substituted for Bailiffs in the year 1635, by Charles I., .these seals must certainly have been executed prior to that period ; and the form of the letters renders it probable that they are at least a century older. The Regalia occupying the other engraving, are as follow : — • 1. The Mayor's Mace, of silver gilt. This is the largest in England, with the exception of that possessed by the corporation of Bristol. It is curiously embossed with figures of mermaids, &c. in allusion to the exclu sive right to the fishery belonging to the town. ¦ 1TIEIIE ILAHtt&IE glBAO. COLCHI S TIE] Drami fc Fug1 "by J. Greig' 1. Th£-2Taucrj Jiface, 2. Tli& Baruvcr. 3 The Mayors Gold C/iauv. if.Tlie four Silver fiand 2£aotA i f for the four Ser/earUj U1 carnf 5. The Silver Oyster. d. The Sib'er Ziuf. 7. T/te Stiver Ticket of Free, adf/nssio/i to the Colchester Theatre. Th& Silver Cup. 9 The Silver Oar, KraMQ- ty TCT3. OlSmeaacr- - T311 Ig,B(&AILIIA 2. Tlte Movers Mace, 2 . The. JBcuuter, 3 T/ie Mayors Gold Cham.. 'ff.Tlie four Silver lia/id Maces t.f for tlte four Serieants to earn/ 5. The Silver Oyster. d Tlie Silver Ecy. 7 lite Stiver Ticket of Free ad/russiofi to the Colchester Theatre: The Silver Cup. 9 The Silver Oar, Dra^"bT"W.B.Ciai.e;.3CT-. EngVVr ?ZxQ Gxeig . Tzim COLCHESTER. 403 2. The Banner carried before the Mayor and Body Cor porate at the proclamation of the Fair, and in the excur sion down the Colne to hold a Court of Conservancy. 3. The Gold Chain worn by the Mayor.* 4. Four Hand-Maces of Silver, carried by the four Sergeants. These are extremely curious and antique. 5. The Silver Oyster used by the Water-Bailiff, which regulates the size of the oysters permitted to be caught. 6. The Silver Key, worn by the Treasurer. 7. The Mayor's Silver Admission Ticket to the Theatre. 8. The large Silver Two-handled Cup used at the Election of the Mayor. This cup holds more than a gallon, and is about 150 years old: it is inscribed, "The Gift of Abraham Johnson, Esq. to the Corporation of Colchester." 9. The Silver Oar of the Water Bailiff. * This was a gift to the Corporation, in 1765, from Mr. Leonard Ellington; whose letter accompanying its presentation, is preserved among the town records, and is as follows : " London, December 26, 1765. " To Thos. Wilshire, Esq. " Mayor op Colchester. " WORTHY FRIEND, " In grateful remembrance of the many and continued favours I " have received from my friends of Colchester, and thyself in parti- " cular, herewith send a gold chain to.be presented with my best " respects to the Corporation, to be worn by the Mayor. Am with " the greatest esteem and regard, " Thy obliged friend, " LEO. ELLINGTON." SUMMARY OF THE POPULATION OF COLCHESTER, FOR 1692, 1801, 1811, & 1821. PARISHES. 1692 lulm- IjlUnls 1801. 1811. 1821. Houses. Males. Females.| total. Houses Males. 'Females TOTAL. 1 Houses. Males. Females. TOTAL. ALL SAINTS 288 107 35 506 663189 420 343 240279 396 2S 94 333 707217 6845 . 7053 13 230228 93 126 143 92 141 173 86 44 153 248 66 147 157 74 733493 187 449 264 323 296 423 162 159 389592 164 215 152 52 973 613238609 386 374381 552 375 140467 766 215 362 309126 1706 1106 425 1058 650 697677975537 299 856 1358 379 6792 13 285 127 108193147 133161 194 89 56 126 257 63 130 204 66 770 544 213481362350 331 406 191 169 411 613 159 211 234 57 1212 658270632 468434 391 586283 171 504 828 205 341 438123 19821202 483 1113 830784722 992- 474 340 915 1441 364 75 118 23 48]279 111 250 131 189164 222 83 67 205293 82 163 246 64 964 610232 590 419457 390 501231 232 439757 205 242264 58 1166 716289675425475453646 240215 541890 221 405510122 2130 1326 521 1265 844932843 1147 471 447980 1647 426 ST. ANDREW, Greens-ted BERECHURCH ST. BOTOLPH ST. GILES HOLY TRINITY ST. JAMES LEXDEN ST. MARTIN ST. MARY ST. MARY MAGDALEN ST. MICHAEL, Mile-End ST. PETER Totals 1959 5012 6508 11520* 2111 5400 1 7144 12544 t 2773 6500 7516 14016}: * Of the above, 741 persons were chiefly employed in agriculture; 2,154, in trade, manufactures, or handicraft; and the number of persons not com prised in either of these two classes, was 7,717. t Of the above, 480 families were chiefly employed in agriculture ; 1,152, in trade, manufactures, or handicraft; and the number of families not com prised in these two classes, 1,461. + Of the above number, soo families are employed in agriculture, 1650 in trades, and 850 are not comprised in either of the two preceding classes.— The list contains four person b between 90 and 100 years of age. *«* In Domeeday-book the Account of Colchester is stated to be 400; by which, Turner, in his History of the Anglo-Saxons, Bays we are to under stand Families or Houses. HEADS OF LOCAL INFORMATION. BANKERS. Colchester. London Correspondents. Crickitt, Round, & Co. Esdaile & Co. Mills, Bawtree, & Co. Hankey & Co. DISSENTERS' CHAPELS. The Independent Meeting House, Lion Walk: a polygonal building of brick, originally erected in 1765, and enlarged in 1816: will contain a congregation of 900 persons. This meeting house was built for the accommodation of the Independent Congregation that had for many years assembled in More Lane, in a building which, upon the removal of that congregation, was converted into a school-house for their charity children. (It was then called the Green Coat School, and part of it was occupied as the dwelling of the master and mistress; but afterwards was heightened, and divided into two large rooms, one for girls, and the other for boys, both which are now occupied by the Lancasterian Schools.) The first minister who officiated in the new building in the Lion Walk, was the Rev. John Crisp. He was succeeded in the year 1775, by the Rev. Giles Hobbs; who died April 30, 1808. His successor was the present pastor, the Rev. John Savill, who was ordained Nov. 22, 1809. The chapel is sur rounded by a spacious burial-ground. The Independent Congregation in St. Helen's Lane, of which the Rev. Joseph Herrick is the present minister, originated from the joint labours of the Rev. Owen Stockton, M.A. and the Rev. Edmund Warren; the former of whom had been minister of St. James's, and 406 HISTORY OF the latter of St. Peter's, in this town, but who were both ejected, with so many other conscientious divines, by the. act of uniformity soon after the Restoration. This congregation of Dissenters, which is the oldest in Colchester, at first met in a large room in the Castle, and continued so to do until the death of Mr. Warren, who survived Mr. Stockton some years: but on the decease of Mr. W., a larger place becoming requisite, the old meeting in St. Helen's Lane was erected in 1691, and the first minister there was the Rev. Daniel Gilson, whose father was ejected from Great Baddow in this county. He had for his assistant, when advanced in years, the Rev. John Tren, whom a volume of sermons, yet extant, evince to have been an excellent preacher, and a good man.* Some time after his decease, the congregation began to entertain conflicting opinions, and had a variety of ministers, none of whom continued many years. About 1796, the Rev. Isaac Taylor became minister, and continued such until his removal to Ongar in 1810. The present minister settled there in 1814; but was violently ejtcted (by the unroofing of the building in June, 1816,) by certain of the trustees who objected to his doctrines. Mr. H. has since prosperously exercised his ministry in a new building, which was erected in 18 16, and very considerably enlarged and improved in 1824, so that it now con tains a large congregation. The Baptist Meeting nearly adjoins, in Eld Lane. The Wesleyan Methodist Meeting, in Maidenburgh Street, a polygonal building of brick, was erected in the year 1759, and rebuilt in 1800. It is capable of containing from 7 to 800 persons. This chapel was founded in the time of the late celebrated John Wesley, * See Clarke's Lives, Folio, and Calamy's Non-con. Memorial. COLCHESTER. 407 and was the first in the county belonging to that connexion of Methodists. The religious society of Friends, commonly called Quakers, have a Meetinu-house in East Stockwell Street, and formerly occupied one nt St. Helen's Chapel. Upon examination of the records of the present meeting house, it appears that it was used as a dwelling-house, &c, till the year 1671, and then purchased by this Society of Friends, and converted into their place of worship. It was altered, and thoroughly repaired, in 1801; when the old meeting-house, (or chapel,) was disposed of, and used as a public library. From I671 to 1801, the Society had two meeting-houses, but afterwards' that of St. Helen was disused. This re spectable body appears to have been formerly more numerous at Colchester. " By the record of their monthly meetings, it appears that in 1659, there were ¦twenty-five burials; and from 5th month, 1665, to the 7th of 10th month, 1666, ninety-eight Friends died of the plague. In l6'75, there were thirty-one deaths from general causes; in 1 70S, thirty-two; and in 1726, twenty- two. Of marriages, there were sometimes seven in the year; and in one year, fifteen births are recorded."* The Unitarian Chapel in St. Helen's Lane. This ancient chapel for religious worship is now regularly conducted upon the principles of Unitarianism. It is that which was erected by the society originally formed by the joint labours of Mr. Owen Stockton, M. A., and Mr. Edmund Warren, the ejected ministers lately mentioned. There is also a Meeting-house on St. John's Green, opposite St. Giles's church, the tenets of whose sup porters embrace in some degree those both of ijie Baptist and Independent persuasions. * Colleotitia, vol. I, No. 1. 408 HISTORY OF CUSTOM-HOUSE, Hythe. Collector, T. Tayspill. — Surveyor, J. Daniell. — Clerks, J, Smith and T. Tayspill, Jun. — Searcher, Land and Coast-Waiter, J. G. Tayspill. — Tide Surveyor, J. U. Argent. EXCISE-OFFICE, North Hill. Collector, Robert Latten, Esq. — Supervisor, Mr. New man. — Clerk, Mr. Slaney. — Port Gauger, R. Jackson.— Permit Writer, Mr. Sims. ESSEX AND SUFFOLK EQUITABLE INSURANCE OFFICE, High Street. This office was established in the year 1802, for insurance from loss by fire, upon the principle of every insurer's becoming a member. The premiums, after deducting losses and expences, are returned sepfennially to persons insured. The society has met with great success, and is in a very flourishing condition, having hitherto returned to the insured, one half of the total amount of premiums received. ESSEX LIFE INSURANCE OFFICE. The Essex Life Insurance Society, was established in the year 1821. The business is carried on in the office belonging to the Fire Insurance Society. The rates of insurance are very moderate,, and half the profits are to be appropriated to the benefit of the insured. STAMP OFFICE. Wm. Mason's, Esq., St. Mary's Church Lane. Attornies of the Law-Hundred and Foreign Courts.— Samuel Daniell, Francis Smythies, W. W. Francis, John Church, and W. Sparling, Esqrs. COLCHESTER. 409 Aitornies of the Insolvent Debtors' Court. — Francis Smythies, S. J. E. Martin, John Church, and Richard Neville, Esqrs. Commissioner for Taking Special BaiL.F. T. Abell, Esq. Clerk at the Town Clerk's Office.— 3. H. Church. Chuich, John ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTORNIES. Names. Agents in London. $ Overton & Co., 9, Token- * / house Yard Daniell & Son \ Hal1' ThomPson> & Sewell> (.Salter's Hall CT. & S. Naylor, Great Francis, Wm. Wallis . . . . < XT . c. ' ) Newport Street Keeling, F. P Forbes, 5, Ely Place Maberly, Thomas. Ditto C Rush, 3, Crown Court, Martin, Samuel J. Edgell £Threadneed,e Street .,„.,.. C Bridges & Co., Red Lion Mason, William < „ 6 J Square it -ii ) performing the journey in about six hours; besides fourteen others, which pass through, to and from London, daily: and coaches from Colches ter to Harwich, Cambridge, Braintree, Hadleigh, &c, not to mention the number of conveyances for goods, and every other convenience for commercial transport, The Post-Hours are as follow: Lettersybr London every day except Saturday, at nine o'clock in the evening, Letters from London every day except Monday, at eight o'clock iu the morning. It is certain, both according to the course of the Itine rary, and the Peutinger Tables, — that there was a road from Venta Icenorum to London, by Sitomagus, Combretonium, Camalodunum, Caesaromagus, &c; and again from London to Caesaromagus, Colonia", Villa Faustini, Iciani, Camboricum, and so to Lindum. In the fifth Iter, we find Colonia mentioned; in the ninth, Camalodunum, but not Colonia; which makes me think the same place is meant in both, because they both lie at almost an equal distance in the Itinerary from Caesaromagus; and in the Peutinger Tables, Camalodunum is set down, but not Colonia; upon which reasons I am very inclinable to Leland's opinion, that Colchester was both Colonia and Camalodunum. I know Mr. Camden, whose sagacity and judgment were extraordinary, hath pitched upon Maldon, rather than Colchester, because of the affinity of the name; which is a very deceitful way, in such a corruption of lapguages as in Britain, to judge of the original of a town. But, which is far more observable, at Maldon, Camden takes no notice of any Roman antiquities, but such as suppose it to have been the colony; but at Colchester, he saith, an infinite number of Roman coins were found: and as to the name, Colchester hath as much remaining of Colonia, Chester being the Saxon addition, as Maldon of Camalodunum.'' 418 HISTORY OF It is farther observable, that even W. Burton, though he makes Camulodunum to be Maldon, says, " all our antiquaries acknowledge Colchester to be the place, where Colonia some time had its being/' But Dr. Gale himself admits Colonia and Camulodunum to have been one and the same place ; for he says : " An toninus Camalodunum & Coloniam non pro diversis locis habet: — & Ravennas ex veritate Camuloduno jungit Coloniam, ita enim scribendum est pro Camulo- dulo."* Upon a calm and dispassionate review of the whole question, the opinion which so generally judicious a writer as Camden not merely entertained, but insisted upon, must appear a wonder in the annals of anti- quarianism. But it cannot be concealed, that this celebrated author was too often misled by a supposed similarity of sound between the ancient and modern names of places, and was undoubtedly deceived by such a fancied similarity in this instance. Judging in this manner, he not only convinced himself that mulodun (in Camulodunum) absolutely identified our Roman station with the modern town of Maldon, but, yet more to strengthen his argument, he determined the true reading of the word to be mal- instead of mul-oa\xm, and gave this determination to the world in the very face of all the coins by himself brought forward to support his hypothesis, upon every one of which we read Camu. With regard to the medal of Claudius which he also adduces, (alluded to in page 18 of our work,) its non occurrence at any known spot in Britain, affords grounds for our disbelief of its authenticity. Speaking upon this subject, the learned Editor of the venerable Topographer * Comm. in Antonin. p. 111. COLCHESTER. 419 observes; " I have not been able to find where Camden and Burton met with this coin. It has not turned up at Maldon or Colchester, nor is it mentioned by Vaillant, Patin, orOcco. The former (p. 105,) barely mentions among Claudius's colony coins the name of Camulo dunum ; the other (p. 78) gives such a reverse as this* with five standards, inscribed COL, C. L. for Claudio- polis in Isauria-" &c. &c. Vide Gough 's Notes to Camden, Vol. I. p. lxx. IV. Part I., page 39 ¦ — The Colchester Chronicle. In a MS. volume, written, as appears from one portion of its contents, by " Edmund Hickeringill, Rector of All Saints in Colchester," this Chronicle is given, with additions. The following is a literal copy of this rather curious document.-! A Manuscript of Colchester, in the County of Essex, taken out of the Records of the said town, with an account of the family of Con st AyinsEthe Great, ihefirst Christian F/mperor, taken out of severall good Historians. Years after Christ. Anno 124 The City Colchester built by Ceilus or Coylus, a British Prince, where in his Daughter Helena, and Grandson Con- stantine, the first Christian King, Emp ress and Emperor, were afterwards born, which madeNecham for Constantine to Sing From Colchester, their Rose a Star, The Rays where of, Gave Glorious Light, Throughout the World in Climates ffarr Great Constantine, Romrs Emperor Bright. — Speed. * See Page 18, Note. t This MS. Chronicle, it will be seen, is brought down, (and in (he same hand,) to the year 1741 : yet Morant, in his list of the 420 HISTORY OF Years after Christ. Anno 179 Ceilus was the son of Marius. He builded Colchester & did survive, till he had Reign'd a King years 55. — Taylor. 219 Coell Duke of Britain begun to build the City Colchester. — Colchester Manuscript. 238 Coell Duke of Colchester begun to reign over Essex & Hartford. — Col. 24.2 Helena the Daughter of Coell was born at Colchester. — Col. 260 Constantius Captain of the Romans in Spain, coming into Britain, beseaged Col chester for the space of two years. — Col. 264 The Seage was raised upon a match between Constantius & Helena. — Col. 265 Constantine the son of Constantius was born of Helena at Colchester. — Col. 272 Maximus got himself declared Emperor by the Soldiers of the Pretorian Guard. 285 Dioclesian chose for his Cesar Maxi- minus, & Maximianus surnamed Her cules, chose Constantius Chlorus a Roman Senator, whom afterwards come into Britain against the Rebellion their raised by Carausius. — Speed. 288 Constantius then was called Cesar of the Gauls.— Col. 289 Constantius, when he had slain a con siderable number of the Almaines, that wasted and over run Gallia, being called Cesar of the Gauls, was now saluted Cesar Augustus. — Col. incumbents of All Saints, has, " John Dane, D. D. 1708. per mort. Hickeringill." COLCHESTER. 421 Years after Christ. Anno 290 Coell, Duke of Cqlchester, when he had slain Aselepiodalus the Tyrant, reigned over all Britain, but was tributary to Rome. — Col. 294 Constantius Chlorus coming into Britain against Alectus (after the death of Carausius) whom was slain in a very unregular battle amongst his own soldiers, (having pulled of the purple garment) come to London where he rescued their allies, and making great slaughter of their enemies, slew Gallus their leader, casting his body into a brook that then run through the City wher now a fair street is built ; & upon that occasion, to this day is called Wal- brooke. — Speed. 294 Coell King of Britains dyed in Colchester in the 2nd month after he had reigned fourteen years. — Col. 298 Constantius returning to Colchester out of Gallia, disposed of his kingdom. — Col. 299 Constantius the Emperor died at York in the 16 year of his Empire. — Col. Constantine his son hearing of his Fathers illness, escaped out of the hands of Galerius, hasted from Rome, and with post horses came with all speed to York and into his Fathers presence, whom said to him, govern they Empire with an upright justice. Protect the innocent from the tyranny of the oppressors, and wipe away all tears from the eyes of the Christians. To the there fore I leave my Diadem and Jf N 422 HISTORY OF Years after Christ. Anno their defence, taking his last farewell of his son, his friends and his life, after he had sett Sesar 16 years, & Emperor years as Eusebius accounted; he dyed the 25th of July, aged 56 years. — Speed. This good Emperor Constantius was for his paleness named Chlorus, by birth a Roman, his Father named Eutropius, his Mother named Claudia, neece to the Emperor Claudius. — Speed. Constantius elected his son Constan tine (so famous in Christian History) Cesar, his lott fell to have Italy, France, Britain, Spain, Germany & most of the Provinces in Africk, which last Province lie willingly afterwards gave to Galerius. — Speed. Constantius was a man of piety towards God, and singular clemency towards men, he reverenced and highly honoured those who truely honoured God. To which vertues are added, that he was of great affability, loving and gentle, little regarding his private profitt, but altogeather to inrich his subjects. Above all other virtues was his loving countenance and protection to the late persecuted christians, making his court their sanctuary & his chaple their oratory. — Speed. 303 Helena upon the death of Constantius maketh a vow of perpetuall widowhood. The Romans to the great honour of Helena inscribed her Piisima Veneuabilis Au gusta. — Speed COLCHESTER. 423 Years after Christ. Anno St. Helena being warned by an Angell from Heaven went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem. — Col. 94.5 One John (a Roman) a monk of St. Edmundsbury carry 'd the head of St. Helena after she was bured at Rome from thence to St. Edmunds Bury. — Col. 975 The Castle of Colchester with 37 or 18 castles more was almost destroyed. — Col. 1071 The City Colchester burnt by the' Danes, they having first ravished the cityzens wifes, Wm. the Conqueror gave Colchester to Eudo his Cup Bearer. — Col. 1076 Eudo built the Castle of Colchester upon the foundation of Coells palace, and repaired the Chaple which St. Helena had built, and dedicated it to St. John upon St. Katherines day, in honour of St. Kath- erine and St. Helena, by Roger Bishop of London; Wm. Abbot of St. Johns being present Wm. Rufus took Colchester with the Castle into his own possession. — Col. The same Chaple is now the Quakers Meeting house in St. Helens Lane. 1244, A Jew digging in his ground to inlarge his vineyard, found under a stone a book written in Hebrew, Greek, & Latine, of three worlds that should be, of the which was appointed Christ to be the beginning of the third world, which was expressed in this manner. In the beginning of the third world Gods son shall be born of a maid, &c. By which the Jew was converted to the Faith of Christ. — Col. . [n n 2 424 HISTORY OF Years after Christ. An. 1665 August the 14th the infection of the Plague begun in Colchester, and continued until December the 7th, '1666, being about 17 months, in which time dyed of the Plague 4731 And of other deaseases 528 Dyed in all 5259 1691 Mr. John Kendall surveyed the Castle of Colchester, and it stands 51 degrees and a half of north latitude, 25 degrees 15 minutes longitude, about 3000 miles northward of the Equinoctiall. 1700 May 4th a Sturgeon was taken up in Colchester chanel, the length of it was 8 foot 4 inches, & the compass about was 3 foot 9 inches; compleat it wd. 194 pound: about the same time the chanel was made navigable and strait for large ships to sail up to the new Hithe, by Jno. Wheely & Tho. Coolidge ; an about the same time St. Nicholas Church Steeple which stood over the middle of the chancel fell down Augst. 24, by one corner stone falling out at south east corner. 1703 Novembr. 27 there was in the night as great a storm of wind, hail, & rain, which blew down as great a number of trees, houses, barns, & chimneys, as ever was known. 1725-6 Saturday March 12 their was killed by the accidentall falling down of two wine vaults in St. Marys parish in Colchester viz. 4 men Baker, Parker, Loane Bricklayers, &c COLCHESTER. 425 Years after Christ. two others ; Appleby was covered all over in the.rvins & dug out & lived years after. An. 1739 An extraordinary sharp winterj & the frost continued about 3 months successively, they keept shops on the river of Thames. 1740 April 21st a very deep snow in Essex, May 5th there was another deep snow, & Octobr. 23 their was another deep snow for 3 days. 1741 There was an encampment on Lexden Heathe of seven regiments of foot soldiers, viz. Major General Howard, Brigadeir Generall Cornwallis, Collonel Handersyde, Collonel Campbell, Collonel Poultney, Collonel Peers & Collonel Durores. Augst. the 24th two soldiers were shot in the camp for desertion and buried in the front of the camp near the hill. Augst. 27th there was a generall review in the camp, & was present the Duke of Cumberland & a great many nobility.— N. B. being 93 years sence Generall Fairfax beseiged Colchester, & had a camp on the same ground. V. Part 1., page 83. — Elizabeth took one of her celebrated progresses, through part of this county and that of Suffolk, in 1579, and was at Colchester on the 1st and 2nd of September in that year. Her Majesty's stages, or rests, were these: Aug. 5, from Greenwich to Havering, and there 5 days : Aug. 10, to Woodcroft-hall, Mr. Weston Browne's, and there 2 days: Aug. 12, to Lees, the Lord Riche's, and there NN 3 426 HISTORY OF 3 days: Aug. 15, to Gosfelde, the Lady Matraver's, and there 5 days: Aug. 20, to Small-bridge, Mr. Wal- grave's, and there 2 days: Aug. 22, to Ipswich, and there 4 days : Aug. 26, to Harwich, there 3 days : Aug. 29, to the Lord Darcy's, and there 3 days: Sept. 1, to Colchester, and there 2 days : Sept. 3, to Leyr-marney, Mrs. Tuke's, and there 2 days : Sept. 5, to Maiden, Mrs. Harries', 2 days: Sept. 7, to Mousham, Sir Tho. Mildemay's, and there 4 days: Sept. 11, to the Lady Petre's at Ingatestone, and there 3 days: Sept. 14, to Havering. {Morant. From a MS.) VI. Part I. page 85. — The largest of these vessels, named the " Foresight of London," &c. Charge of fitting out the Foresight of London in 1588, for the service of her Majestie upon the seas: begun the 18th of April, £ o. d. For 14 ells of Canvas, at 6s. Sd. the "J ell 4,1. 1 3s. 4d. > 5 5 10 Silke and making the Auncient 12s. 6d.J Three yards of Fustian for the socket, and ~> a bag to put the Auncient in, i Forpainting the Towne'sarmes in the Auncient 0 IS 6 For 2 mynnyons and 1 facon of yron way-"} inge 31 C. 1 atlOs. the C. 15/. 15s. forf ,. ,' „ ° >18 19 0 the carnages of them, 32s. and for bind- / inge the same carreges, 32s. ........ j For carreinge the peces to the assaye at) fi Ratlyffe, and tryinge them j For 16 pounds of powder, l6s. 3 short,"} 12d. — 2 ladells, 2 sponges, and 1 > 1 5 0 wood-hooke, 8s 1 For 2 formars, 12d. — 6 quyres Royall pa per, 6s. and 12 Cartiges of plate, 12s. > 0 19 0 COLCHESTER. 427 £ s. d. For 12 muskets, with 12 collars of bandelers 13 6 0 For Can vis for Carteges ..0 12 0 For 3 barrells of powder, weyinge 327/- at lld.J the pownde, 15/. 3s. 4c/. and 8 bar rells of powder weyinge 867/. at 12c/. the^>58 18 10 pounde, 43/. 7s. for caske for the samel powder and heddinge the barrells, 8s. 6d. For Cross-barr-shott, 3 C. 3 quars, 14/. at } 12s. the C. 31. 17s. 6d.— Round Shott, 6 C- > 7 0 0 1 qr. at 10s. the C. 31. 2s. 6d ) For 6 black bylls, 12s.— 6 hatchets, 5s.} 6d. — 16 pyeks, l6s. — 50 pounds of match, > 2 6 0 12s. 6d ) For one great melting ladle, 2s. — 2 dozen 1 and a half of candle, 10s. 7d. a fyrkin, 6d. ) For 17C. of 6d. nayles, 8s. 6d.—6 C. of} 4c/. nayles, 2s.— 3 C. of 8d. nayles, 2s.— 4 [-0 18 2 C. of 2d. nayles, Sd. — 3 C. of 20c/. nayles, 5s- For3 dozen of greane several bands, 18s. — one thousand of Billet, 12s. — 8 thin deals, 8s. — for wracks, 3s. 6d. — -3 pounds of \ $ 2 10 candle, 12c/. — for a mast, 53s. 4>d. — and a| barrell of pitche for the boate, 7s. For other implements and furniture of the ship, ' " l" 7 I 9 15 PAID, FOB A MONTH S WAGES. To the Captain 3 7 6 the Master 2 5 0 the Master's Mate 1 10 0 three youngsters, 5s. each 15 0 two Quarter-masters, 17s. 6c/. each. . 1 15 0 the Steward of the ship 17 6 theCooke 17 6 428 HISTORY OF £ s. a. To the Cooke's mate 13 9 the Gunner's mate 11 3 the Swabber 13 9 the Carpenter > 17 6" the Boatswain's mate 13 9 To each common Sailor 10 0 The whole charges of this ship were, £296 14 0 Morant. (App. to B. I.J VII. Part I., page 85. — with the exception only of a plea of inability made in 1591. Which appears from the following letter from the au thorities of the town to Sir Thomas Henneage: — " Right honourable (our most humble duties remem- bred) understandinge that there are, or lyek to be, certen Shyps apoynted to some places to be provided present- lye for the service of her Majestie, we are bold to flye unto your Honour for the patronizing of our poor Towne therein : not for that the same ys unwillinge to further any service of her highnes (which our whole Towne, to the uttermost of their powers, hathe and wyl be most prone to accomplish) but in respect of the great Decay that this Towne ys fallen into, and the charge of thyrtene score trained soldyers, besydes the great burthen in the last setting forth of one shipp, wherewith it was alone charged, and other Villages and Townes which weare apoynted to joyne with us discharged ; for which as yet this Towne ys indebted some hundred and fy ftye po wndes, constrayned to pay use for the same, by reason we are not able as yet to aanswer it; beseeching your Honor as sole patron of the good estate of this Corporation, to extend your honorable favour herein," &c. COLCHESTER. 429 VIII. PaRt I., page 93. The order of " the Committee of the Lords and Commons for the Safety of the Kingdom" " 28 Octob. 1642. Whereas the Lords and Commons in Parliament have chosen the Earl of Warwicke Gen erall of the Forces now to be raised in the Cittie of London and the adjacent Counteys for the service of the King and Parliament, Six thousand whereof are immediatlie to be sent to his Excellencie the Earle of Essex: And in regard of the season of the yeare, they cannot well march on foote, nor do that service that otherwise they might if they were horsed, It is therefore ordered, that the Maior and Aldermen of Colchester, the Bailiffs and townsmen of Chelmsford, Maiden, Braintree, Bocking, Coxall, Dunmow, Dedham, in the County of Essex : and also the Bayliffs and towns men of Ipswich, Woodbridge, Edmundsbury, Framling- ham, Saxmundum, in the Countie of Suffolke: shall forthwith procure and raise in the said severall townes, and other places adjacent, two thousand horses for dragooners, or as manie as possibly they may for the service aforesaid, and with all possible speed to send them up to London unto Thomas Browne Grocer, and Maximilian Beard Girdler, by us appointed to list hor ses for the service aforesaid : Which horses so sent up shal be valued by the Commissaries appointed for that purpose, and satisfaction shall be made to the severall owners, according to the propositions of monie, plate, and raising horses." &c. — Subscribed by "Northumberland. Warwick. Pembroke. W. Say and Seal. Wharton. Jno. Pym. Gilbert Gerrard. Anthony Nicholl." The warrant thereupon, from the Committee of Par liament, and Deputy-Lieutenants of the County, to the 430 HISTORY OE Mayor, &c. of this Town, concluded with these urgent words : — " And all high Constables, petty Constables, and other Officers, are heerby required to obey your directions in this service, and to be aydeinge and assist- inge to you therein, as persons in whome the Parliament hath reposed great trust and authority for the defence of this County: and yee are all hereby desired for God's sake, and as you tender the safety of your lives, estates, and, tliat which is dearest of all, your Religion, and the government of this kindgdome, to execute this warrant with all possible expedition, wherein we are confident noe good subject or honest Christian will be wanteing. Given under our hands this 29th of October 1642. Tho. Barrington. Henry Mildmay. Ric. Everarde. Tho. Honywood. Jo. Sayer. Har. Grimston. Ti. Middleton." IX. Part I., page 93. — When the king had entered Middle sex, and was threatening London, Colchester raised and equipped a company, under the command of Capt. John Langley, to assist in the Parliament's defence. Upon which occasion, the following letter was dis persed throughout the county: — " All you of the County of Essex that are well af fected to the Parliament and Citty of London, know, That the King's Army under the pretence of peace and accommodation Are marchyng upp within seaven myles of London, and are now in fight with my Lord of Essex, And intends to surprize the Citty this night : yow are therefore desired with all possible speed, as you tender your religion, lives, and liberties, Repaire forthwith with your Trayned bands and Volentiers to the Citty oi COLCHESTER. 431 London to defend the Parliament, Citty, yourselves, and the kingdome, against our Enimys, to be comaunded by his Excellency the Earle of Warwicke." Subscribed (Morant says, ' with trembling hands, and in a great hurry') by " Isaac Pennington, Major. Henry Mildmay. Tho. Atkin. John Wollaston. John Towse. John Fowke. William Gibbs, &c. — Lon don 12th Nov. 1642." X. Part I., page 105. — The Army of Fairfax. He had with him these forces. 1. Of Horse: four troops of his own regiment, commanded by Major Desborough: six troops of Col. Whaley's regiment: five troops of Col. Fleetwood's, commanded by Major Coleman: three troops of Commissary-general Ire- ton's, commanded by Captain Cecil: two troops ot dragoons, commanded by Capt. Freeman and Capt. Barrington. 2. Of Foot: Col. Barkstead's regiment, 10 companies, about 800 men: Col. Needham's, 7 companies, about 400 men : part of Col. Ingoldsby's, 4 companies, 320 men, commanded by Capt. Grimes. 3. The Essex forces. Col. Harlackenden's regiment, 4 troops of horse, commanded by Major Rob. Sparrow : Capt. Turner's troop of dragoons: Col. Henry Mild- way's regiment of horse, and two troops of dragoons: part of Col. Carew Mildmay's regiment of foot, com manded by Major Bard. — Besides Sir Thomas Hony- wood's, and some other auxiliaries. (Diary of the Siege.) XI. Part I., page 159. — On pretext of excusing the town from plunder, Fairfax imposed upon it a fine of ,£14,000. Vide the accompanying fac-similes, in lithography, 432 HISTORY OF ot the original Receipts for their proportions of this fine, paid by John Rebow, and Isaac Everitt; dated, severally, Aug. 30th, and Sept. 4th, 1648. — Also a fac-simile of a MS. document of the same period, being a list of Officers and Soldiers who had served in Sir Charles Lucas's division of the Royalist army, under the command of Sir William Ayloffe; their widows, &c. — These are in possession of Mr. W. Keymer, of Colchester, XII. Part I. Page l60. — The demolition of the walls in many places, both by the batteries of Fairfax, and his orders after the surrender for their more complete dilapidation. He gave his commands in writing to the following effect : — " I desire Mr. Maior of Colchester to give present order for the bringing in and delivering unto Thomas Mathew Captain of the Pioneers, five hundred spades, pick-axes, shovells, pickaxs and hatchetts, for the de molishing of the workes and part of the walls about the towne of Colchester. Given under my hand the first of September 1648. Fairfax." XIII. Part II. Page 211. — And by a legal decision in 1810, it was made equally liable to the Poor-rate for the parish of All Saints. At Michaelmas Quarter Session, held for this borough in 1810, Mr. Benjamin Strutt appealed against the poor rate of the parish of All Saints, on the ground that Charles Round, Esq., was omitted to be rated for the land called the Castle Bailey, or such part thereof, as was in his occupation, in the parish of All Saints, and liable to be rated. And that Elizabeth Hewitt, Edward Cross, and James Garrod, were also omitted to be rated Fold out COLCHESTER. 433 for the messuages, lands, and hereditaments, in their occupation respectively, in the Castle Bailey aforesaid. And that John Smith and Richard Hathaway, were also omitted to be rated for the Castle, situated in the Castle Bailey aforesaid, or such parts thereof, as were in their occupation respectively. The chief reason alleged by the parish officers, for omitting the above persons, was, that the Castle Bailey and Castle were extra-parochial: but the Court ordered, that the rate be amended ; that the said Elizabeth Hewitt, Edward Cross, and Richard Hathaway, be added thereto; and that they be severally assessed towards the relief of the poor of the said parish, in the following prices: to wit, Elizabeth Hewitt, 3£.; Edward Cross, 3£.; and Richard Hathaway, £2. On the subject of the ancient privileges of the Castle on these heads, Morant wrote :— " This Castle, with the Bailey, is independent of the Corporation, and not within the bounds of any one of the parishes. But the same cannot be* said of the lands and demesnes belonging thereto, or of which the chapel there received tithes, as some have falsely imagined; for they lie in several parishes, and ought to be rated in them : all pretensions to the contrary being entirely groundless.—- In a paper, in my possession, are the fol lowing arguments, to prove that the Castle does not belong to Colchester: " ' It cannot be found by any records, that any Castle did or does belong to any Corporation : parti cularly the Tower of London is exempted from the City jurisdiction. " ' Also the Castle of Norwich stands in the middle of the City, yet is wholly exempted from it; and what ground is about it, belongs to a parish some miles distant. o o 434 HISTORY OF " ' The same of Worcester Castle ; which, as far as the bounds thereof go, is out of the Corporation. " ' In K. Charles the First's time, when Tobacco was monopolized, so that none might be sold by any Corporation, but by a patent, one Edw. Legg built a shop within the Liberty of the Castle, and could not be hindered. " ' A0- 1647. Jonas Whale (a Baker and Foreigner) set up in that Liberty; and Nath. Gilson and John Kirly, bakers, did what they could to prevent his trading • there: but it being out of the town-liberty, they could not hinder him. " ' The same case happened by Tho. Bacon, about the year l670.' " By searching the parish books, and rates, it doth not appear that either the Castle, or the Bailey, were taken in any of the parishes. Nor were the tenants, or occupiers, taken in as parishioners any where; except one Peter Alvis, about the year 1678. But this was reckoned unusual and irregular." The same indefatigable antiquary concludes his chapter upon this edifice with observing, " that the Castle-hills, and Bailey, were anciently the public walks, and places of recreation, about this Town: — for, in the 7th of K. Henry V., William Bardulf, then keeper of the castle, was presented, and amerced 40s. for impounding, or shutting up, the Bailiffs, and other gentlemen and gentlewomen, as, they were walking about and diverting themselves there, according to ancient custom." From the same authority we extract a list of the Governors or Constables of Colchester-Castle, as far as can be found upon record. COLCHESTER. 435 GOVERNORS, OR CONSTABLES, OP COLCHESTER CASTLE. f.ff de St. Clare. Whose only daugh- ) ter became the wife of Rich. I. ( William de Lanvallie. He gave K. John 1 200 marks for the custody of it, as he 2°- Johan. (_had held it under K. Richard I. 17 Joh. William de Lanvallei, the son. His only daughter Hawyse was put under the wardship of — ¦ Hubert de Burgh, who married her to his son John de Burgh, and was made Con stable of the Castle aforesaid. But being disgraced, and displaced in the year 16 Hen. III. Stephen de Segrave was put into his room In the year 1265, or 1266, *rf) H HI f Thomas de Clare was made Constable of £this Castle r William de Wayland appears to have J been the next possessor of it; for he was } then ordered to deliver the same to John fde Burgh. 8° Hen. IV. William Dych was Keeper of this Castle. 7 Hen. V. William Bardulph. In the year 1428, John Exeter, and Jacolet Germaine, were Keepers of the Castle of Colchester. 1 ° Hen. VII. Thomas Kendale. XIV. Part II. Page 221.— The Theatre of Colchester. — See also Page 194. " MOOT-HALL, IN COLCHESTEK. " At an Assembly of the Mayor, Aldermen, As sistants, Common-council, and Freerburgesses, of the o o 2 436 HISTORY OF said Town, held at the Moot-hall, on Wednesday, the 1st day of February, 1764. " It was ordered, that a lease be made and granted under the common seal of this Corporation, without further order, to the Norwich Company of Comedians, or any person or persons for their use, of a piece of ground behind the Moot-hall, whereon to erect a play house at their own expence, for such term or number of years, and under such rent and covenants, as a com mittee shall think proper." '* MOOT-HALL, IN COLCHESTEH. " An Assembly of the Mayor, Aldermen, Assistants, and Common Council of the Borough of Colchester, held at the Moot-hall, on Thursday, the 13th day of December, 1810. " At this Assembly, the following terms and propo sals were unanimously made and approved; viz. " That the sum of £200 be paid into the hands of Benjamin Strutt, of Colchester, Gent., by the Mayor and Commonalty, for the remainder of the proprietors' right and interest in the said Theatre, as soon as the possession of the present Theatre shall be given up, and an assignment of the present lease duly made and executed to the said Mayor and Commonalty. " That the stage, stairs thereto, and the floor of the pit, and doors of the dressing rooms, be left as they now are for the use of the Mayor and Commonalty; the said Benjamin Strutt to be at liberty to take away the boxes and seats, and the gallery and seats, as well as the seats in the pit, the wardrobe partition, orchestra, musicians' lobby, and another adjoining, with all the scenes, decorations, wings, traps, and other things usually denominated fixtures ; doing no damage to the buildings. " That the Mayor and Commonalty, shall, upon hav- COLCHESTER. 437 ing possession of the said Theatre, as far as they lawfully may or can, enter into a covenant with Mr. William Wilkins,* and the other proprietors of the intended Theatre, to permit and suffer the said William Wilkins and the other proprietors, to use the same as a Theatre during the term of 53 years; and they will not erect, or cause to be erected, another Theatre within the said Town, or procure or encourage any Comedians to act plays in the town, except in the said Theatre, during the said term; in the same manner as they have covenanted with the proprietors of the present Theatre by the lease thereof, which was granted in the month of March, 1764. " That there be a box in the front boxes of the said intended Theatre, sufficient to hold six persons, to be called the Mayor's box, with the arms of the borough affixed over the same, and to be kept for the use of the Mayor for the time being, and that the same box be reserved for the use of the said Mayor, until twelve o'clock on each days of performance; and further, that the present silver ticket in the possession of the Mayor, shall, in such intended Theatre, entitle the bearer thereof to free admission into the said box, called the Mayor's box, or to any other part of the House. " Whereupon this Assembly do order and direct, that the aforesaid terms and proposals, provided they are accepted by the proprietors of the said intended new Theatre, be complied with, and that the same be carried into execution on the part of the Mayor and Common alty of this Borough." In compliance with the order made at the Assembly first-mentioned, the old Theatre was begun in 1764, by eight gentlemen of this Town, who subscribed £100 * Proprietor of the Norwich Theatre. 0 0 3 438 HISTORY OF each for that purpose, and who, with the proprietors of the Norwich Company of Comedians, completed it. The subscribers received £5 a year interest, with a bonus of 2s. 6d. each night of performance, and a free admission ticket. As the population of the town in creased, this Theatre was found too small: and in 1810, Mr. Benjamin Strutt (as appears by the second order) agreed with the Corporation, by consent of the Norwich Company and Subscribers, to give up to them the building behind the Moot-hall for the sum of £200. Mr. S. then paid off all the Subscribers, left little of the old Theatre standing but the bare walls, and set about erecting a new one in Queen Street, which was completed and opened in the Autumn of 1812. The expence amounted nearly to £3000. The Norwich Company pay Mr. Strutt, who is the sole proprietor, an annual rent of £200, holding it upon lease for 40 years and upwards. This Theatre is as large as was the old Theatre in the Haymarket, will accommodate with convenience up wards of 1200 persons, and contain about £150. As a building, it is substantial, and has some good rooms fronting the Street, one of which, intended for an auction room, is in dimensions 40 feet by 20. For the old Theatre on the Corporation premises, an annual rent was paid to the Corporation by the Norwich Company. XV. Part II. Page 257. — The Second Charter of Charles I. — Corporation Elections. " From the great tumult and confusion attending the annual elections, (of the Corporation Officers,) attempts were made, at various times, by the Bailiffs, &c. to alter the Constitution ; but they were uniformly resist ed, and the ancient mode of election continued to the eleventh year of the reign of King Charles I., when, COLCHESTER. 430 upon occasion of obtaining a renewal and confirmation of their rights and privileges, very material alterations were adopted, and much of the annual disturbance was subdued. — In the 10th year of King James (the First,) theBayliffs, Aldermen, and Counsel, altered the Consti tution, but these words appear written in the margin of the book, against it, ' These Orders and Constitutions were void, and of no force, because the Free-burgesses^ upon the next election-day after, refused to stand to and confirm the same, and so the old Orders are to be and remain in force.' This Constitution of the 10th of King James, at an Assembly held the 13th year of his reign, and all others made by the Bayliffs, Aldermen, and Common Counsel, were expressly repealed, and that of the 29th year of Queen Elizabeth ordered to remain in full force. " At an Assembly, held the 12th of March, 1623, it was ordered, that an application should be made to Parliament, to alter the manner of the election of Alder men, Bayliffs, Recorders, Justices of Peace, Town- Clerk, Coroners, Claviers, and Chamberlain, and that the same might be chosen by the Common Council, by an Act to be made for that purpose. This was not effected, but the following year an order was made that the Bayliffs, Aldermen, and Common Council, might appoint any person to execute the office of Sergeant-at- Mace." — Vide " The Constitutions of the Burgh of Col chester, by Benjamin Strutt, Chamberlain." XVI. Part II. Page 257, Note.— Such officers (Coroners) were elected so early as the reign of Henry IV. " That there was a Coroner, amongst the other officers of the Burgh, so early as the 5th year of Edward the First, is evident from the fragment of a record, 440 HISTORY OF wherein we read as follows : — ' The names of Felons, who were condemned to be hanged, in the Common Hall, of the Town of Colchester, before the Bayliffs and Coroners of the Town aforesaid, in the time of Richard de Bergholte and Galfrid Godyar, Bayliffs. In the 5th year of the reign of King Edward, the son of Henry, — Adam at Marsche, Bartholomew Horn, John de Helde: — and in the 10th year of the same King, — Robert Garleckof Glemsford, William Goddyssone of Belcham, John Lok of Little Bromlegh: — and in the 15th of the same King, — Peter the Carter, and many others, of whom the Rolls of the Courts of divers years make mention.'* " The Coroner must, notwithstanding this apparent want of election, have been well appointed, otherwise he would not have gone this length, and condemned men to death, without authority, and even contrary to the 17th Article of Magna Charta, which forbad such officers in Burghs holding pleas of the Crown. " It is probable, although the Coroner is not mentioned by name in any of the ancient Charters, that he is, nevertheless, designated in that of Richard the First, by the description of ' a Justice to hold pleas of the Crown,' which that King authorised the Burgesses to elect.t And that by virtue of such office he was also Coroner, and fulfilled the duties of these offices until * No'ca felon'ie qui faerat co'dempnati ad snspendend, in Co'i anla Ville Colo', cora Ball' & Coronator' Ville p'd'ce te'p'e Ric'i de Bergholte & Galf Godjar Ball'or. A o R' R' E' 61' R' H' Qninto. Ad'm atte M'sohe, Barth'ns Horn, Joh' de Helde. Ao R R p'd'ci x. Robt. Garleokde Glemsforde, Will. Goddyssone de Beleham, Joh' Lot de P'va Broomlegh. A; R R p'd'ci xv. Petrns le Gartere m'lti alij de' quibus rolli Cnr' dui'sor' anor' faci'nt me'co'em. t Qaod ipsi ponant de se ipsis Balliros qnoscunqne voluerint etjustic' ad servanda placita Corona nostra. Cart. Ric. I. COLCHESTER. 411 he was superseded in that of Justice, by Edward the Fourth, who, in his Charter, directed a man, ' skilled in the law,' to be elected by the Burgesses, in the same manner as they had been accustomed to elect the Bayliffs, and with them to be keepers of the Peace and hold Courts. At the same time he recognizes the office of Coroner of the Burgh." — Introduction to " The Constitutions of the Burgh of Colchester, by Benjamin Strutt, Chamberlain." XVII. Part II. Page 260. — Judgments of Ouster having been obtained against several members of the Corporation. Corporation Case. In 1735, one William Seaber executed a bond to the Mayor and Commonalty. In 1740, Judgments of Ouster were pronounced against all the persons acting de facto as Mayor and Aldermen of Colchester : all these persons were dead before 1763 : and on the 9& of September, 1763, a new charter was granted. In Easter term, 1766, the new Corpora tion brought an action of debt on Seaber's bond against his Executor. The question was, therefore, whether the then pre sent Corporation could maintain the action : this was involved in another question, whether the old Corpora tion was dissolved in J"63. On this, the opinion of Lord Mansfield was: " The Corporation is not dissolved by the Judgments of Ouster, and subsequent deaths of the Mayor and Aldermen, though they are without their magistrates. Their constitution is not destroyed and gone; their former rights remain. Would not a Freeman of Colchester still continue to have a right to common, or to vote for Mem bers of Parliament? "I am clear, upon principles of law, that the old 442 HISTORY OF Corporation was not absolutely dissolved and annihilated, though they had lost their Magistrates." " Where there is a judgment against the Corporation itself, the case would be of a different consideration.'' The other Justices, Wilmot, Yates, and Aston, con curred with his LordshiD. Upon this subject, " The Constitutions of the Burgh of Colchester," contain the following remarks: — " Burghs of this kind are usually termed prescriptive, to distinguish them from Burghs by Charter, which are essentially different in their origin and constitution: one very material difference is, that Burghs by pre scription cannot become forfeited, and lose their rights, while those by Charter are capable of being forfeited, and so become resolved into the community of the county. " The Town of Colchester is also said to be a Burgh by Charter, having had many granted to it by the Kings of England; and, although these Charters may become forfeited, yet the prescriptive Burgh remains entire, and incapable of dissolution. But it is not generally known, as being a very unprofitable acqui sition, that all, or nearly all, the rights, privileges, and immunities mentioned in these ancient Charters, were long before exercised and enjoyed by the Community of the Burgh; and, therefore, such Charters (however it may be otherwise pretended), are not original grants, but merely confirmatory. " The Town of Colchester (or rather the Burgesses thereof,) is also a Corporation* the Burgesses thereof * A distinction is to be made between a Burgh, and a Corporation : all Burghs are not Corporations, nor every Corporation a Bnrgh. Hence their existence is complete and independent of each other; and the destruction of one does not effect the destruction of the other. COLCHESTER. 443 being incorporated, in express terms, by a Charter of King Edward the Fourth; and, however it might have been so styled before that time, and such Corporation as indissoluble as the prescriptive Burgh, it is now no longer so, than the terms of its incorporation are complied with; unless, upon such forfeiture, it is saved from dissolution by the general grant and confirmation at the end of every Charter. — Where a Charter is granted to a prescriptive Burgh, containing (insidiously or otherwise), clauses inimical to the rights of such Burgh, the Community may accept such Charter in part and not in the whole; — but not so if the Burgh is a Burgh by Charter only; — such Charter must then be accepted in the whole, and not in part."* XVIII. Part II. Page 26]. — These lands (the Lammas Com mons) at one period comprised upwards of one thousand acres; but large portions of them have been sold of late years by the Corporation. The proceeds are invested in the national funds; and the interest is annually divided amongst the resident Burgesses, in lieu of their right of common. XIX. Part II., Page 268. — Assemblies, have been ac customed to be held in the Moot-hall upon every important occasion, such as — the enacting of bye-laws, c\c. In " the Constitutions of the Burgh of Colchester," * Upon this subject Lord Mansfield declared his opinion of the law in the following words: "There is a vast deal of difference between a new Charter granted to a new Corporation (who most take it as it is given), and a new Charter given to a Corporation already in being, and acting either under a former Charter or under prescriptive usage. The latter, a Corporation already existing, are 444 HISTORY OF Mr. Strutt draws the following distinctions between the powers of the Burgesses at large in Assembly, and the Select Body. " These laws and ordinances were made by common consent of the Burghers or Burgesses resident, or of the Community; and, when so made, were called the Con stitution of the Burgh. These laws and ordinances were revocable, or might be altered, added to, or re newed, at the will of the Community which gave them origin. It is this right of making laws and ordinances which the Burgesses claim as prescriptive, and not the laws and ordinances themselves. It is a right, the exer cise of which they may delegate to others of their body for a time, but not alienate, forego, or part with for ever. The exercise of this right by the Burgesses, is evident in the Burgh Assemblies, and in Parliament; in the one they convocate personally, and establish such laws and constitutions as they find necessary, not inimical to the general laws of the community of the Kingdom ; and in the other, by their Representatives or Burgesses in Parliament, they are present and have a voice in enacting the general law. Many instances of the exercise of this right may be shewn in the records of the Burgh. The earliest is in the 4th of Edward II. The right vested in the select body by charter, of making Bye-laws, Ordinances, and Constitutions, is very differ ent, and controllable at all times by the Burgesses, when they think fit to exercise their ancient prescription. — See the attempts made by the select body to alter the not obliged to accept the new Charter in toto, and to receive either all or none of it ; they may act partly under it, and partly under their old Charter or Prescription." — Lord Mansfield, in the Case, The King t. the Vice-Chancellor, &c. of Cambridge. — See Bur. Reports, 3. 1647, 1656, 166], and Kyd on Corp. v. 1. p. 65. COLCHESTER. 445 elections, contrary to the general will:" — (No. XV. of these Addenda.) XX. Part II. Page 269. — The charters are entirely silent as to the election of burgesses. The returns were formerly indorsed on the Sheriff's precept; fyc. — The right of electing, fyc. " The election of Burgesses to Parliament for the Burgh of Colchester, is also by prescription and custom ; and although there is no Constitution to regulate, nor any mention made in the foregoing Ordinances respect ing the mode of their election, it is upon good grounds presumed, that the persons who had the election of the Bayliffs and Officers of the Burgh, that is to say, the four and twenty, had also the power to elect the Bur gesses to Parliament, and were for that purpose sum moned as occasion required. They were, in fact, the electors for the year, and instances can be shewn, where, upon particular occasions occurring, they were ordered to be summoned. " In very early times, it is not to be discovered, from any thing appearing upon the writ issued to the Sheriff, how the election was conducted; a mere indorsement certifying who were the persons elected, and who were sureties for their appearance, is all that we read. As the Sheriff appeared to be under very little, if any, control, the election of Burgesses to Parliament, was a business in which his will and pleasure, exercised very. freely, may be easily traced : accordingly, he issued his precept to what Burgesses he pleased, and omitted others, leaving them to find their way to his court in the county, if they thought proper. It is to this conduct of the Sheriff, that some Burghs appear to have elected their Burgesses in the Court of the Burgh, and others 446 HISTORY OF in the Sheriff's or County Court. Those who received their precept made election and return, while others to whom no precept issued, and who did not think proper to attend the County Court, although entitled, made no election or return. " But the great irregularity practised in these returns by the Sheriffs, became very early a cause of complaint; and in the time of Henry the Sixth, had increased to such a magnitude as to call for the interference of Par liament. In the preamble of a statute made in the 23rd year of that King, the grievances the people then laboured under are fully recited. In it we read that in the return of Knights and Burgesses to Parliament, some were returned who were never chosen, and other irregularities committed, which called for immediate redress. As a remedy for one of the many evils enu merated, this statute directs, that on receipt of the writ, the Sheriff should deliver his precept to the Bailiff of every Burgh, and that the Bailiff should return lawfully the precept to the Sheriff, by Indentures, betwixt the said Sheriff and them, to be made of the said elections, and of the names of the Burgesses by them so chosen. In conformity to this Statute, which probably enforced no more than was the ancient usage, the Sheriff issued his precept to the Bayliffs, to cause election to be made of two Burgesses to Parliament; how they were to be elected was not in his province to dictate, but in that of the Bayliffs, who followed the customs and ordinances of each particular Burgh in matters of elec tion. " It is therefore to these Indentures of Return, made after the statute, reference is to be had, when the right of election is to be enquired into. The description of the persons electing, if ever truly to be found, may with COLCHESTER. 447 confidence be sought for in these Indentures, and when discovered, relied upon as according with the customs and ordinances of the Burgh to which they relate. "Upon inspection of four of the most ancient Inden tures, relative to Colchester, it will be seen by whom the election of Burgesses to Parliament at that period was made ; and that in the two latest, and most particu lar, it was distinctly set forth to be by the Burgesses of the more sufficient sort,* within the Burgh, dwelling and residing: how the whole kingdom has since been let in, to form the body of the electors, may be a matter of fu ture inquiry. — These Indentures, now for the first time exhibited to the public eye, are from official copies of the originals, preserved in the Tower, and may be relied upon as authentic." — Vide " The Constitutions of the Burgh of Colchester." The Indentures themselves, and Mr. Strutt's subse quent elucidation of the subject at large, our limits forbid us to insert: but we beg to refer the reader for them to Mr. S's highly curious and interesting pamphlet, pub lished at Colchester in 1822; presenting him, in the mean time, with some of his most important observations. " Upon the first of these Indentures, (that of the Re turn of the 33rd of K. Henry VI.) it may be observed, that although but ten years had elapsed since the pass ing of the statute requiring Sheriffs to make their returns after a more formal way, it does not appear that any precept had been issued to the Bayliffs to make election ; and from the language of the Indenture, it seems that William Foorde and John Sayer, the Bayliffs, with their * By the words " of the more sufficient sort," is understood per sons paying tax and tallage, or scot and lot, as now interpreted; probably also meaning those persons qualified under the Constitu tions to elect. P P 2 448 HISTORY OF companions, after making election of John Forde and Wm. Saxe, with the assent of all the Burgesses of the Town, proceeded as delegates to the Sheriff's Court, at Chelmsford, to make the return. — No meaning can be more apparent, than that by the expression " all the Burgesses of the Town," was to be understood all those residing therein, and not those residing without the pre cincts of the Burgh, or as they were called ' Foreign Burgesses.'* "From the second of these Indentures, very little infor mation is to be extracted. — The third and fourth are full and explicit, comprise every requisite of the statute, and appear in conformity with the usage and practice of the Burgh, in other cases of election. The precept to the Bayliffs is seen to have been issued, and the Bay liffs certified, that they had caused to be elected by the major part of the Burgesses, of the more sufficient, with in the Burgh dwelling and residing, two Burgesses to Parliament, viz. in one, John Wrighte and John Boteler, and in the other, Richard Markes and Thomas Smith ; and the return in each is made to the Sheriff by the two Bayliffs only. " On the 18th of January, 1658, another election ensued, at which the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common- council elected John Maidstone and Abraham Barring ton, and the Burgesses elected John Shawe and Abra ham Johnson ;f but neither the election nor return of the latter two are noticed in the records of the Town. Petitions upon the returns of these four persons were * The expression of '' all the Bnrgesses of the Town," is an in terpretation of the word '' Communitate,'' which occurs in the more ancient returns. Bnrgesses not resident in a place cannot be said to be of the Community of that place. t Vide List of Members, page 278, and Note. COLCHESTER. 449 , presented to Parliament respecting the right of election, and a report upon them made the 3rd of February, 1658. " From this report, some important information is to be gained. Taking it for granted that the Printed Journals of Parliament are correct, it appears that the Burgesses and Inhabitants were the electors of Shawe and Johnson, and not the Freeburgesses only.* And a resolution was made, that the election of John Shawe and Abraham Johnson, by the Freeburgesses and Inhabitants, was a good election.t " Now the Inhabitants of Colchester, as such, never pretended to any right, and do not appear in any Return ; and therefore these words " Inhabitants and Burgesses" must mean, if they have any meaning, Freeburgesses Inhabitants of the Burgh, dwelling and residing therein,! according to the foregoing Indentures of Return. Whe ther the election of Shawe and Johnson was restrained to this description of Burgesses, cannot at this distance of time be shown, as the Indenture of Return is lost, and the Town records are silent as to the whole transaction. The truth therefore must rest upon the veracity of the Printed Journals of Parliament, and if they are not to be impeached, the question as to the right of election of Burgesses to Parliament, for Colchester, is determined beyond future controversy; standing upon an Act of Parliament, making all determinations of the House upon that subject for ever conclusive. But if the Journals * For this Indenture of Return, search has been made at the Tower, and at the Rolls Chapel, bnt without success. t See the Printed Journals, vol. vii. p. 617 t This interpretation is justified by Dr. Brady, in his Treatise of Burghs, p. 165; -where, in a quotation from the charter of Old Windsor, he says that the expression of" Burgenses et Inhabitantes" means '' Burgesses resident, that dwelt in the Town.'' V P 3 450 HISTORY OF, &c. are erroneous, and to be impeached, or this resolution of the House not held to be effective, then the right of election stands upon the Indentures of Return here given, as the most ancient, full, clear, and decisive ex planation of that right now existing." XXI. Part II. Page 397- To the List of Mayors prior to the Recovery of the Charter in 1763. " But Constantine Wheely, and Thomas Shaw, mus tered the seven regiments in camp, and billetted all the Soldiers in Colchester, until Wm. Seaber, June 24, 1742, was chosen High Constable by the County Justices. " Henry Lodge was chosen High Constable by the County Justices." Rev. Edm. Hickeringill's MS. — Vide No, IV. of these Addenda, INDEX. A Abbey of St. John, 221 to 228 Abbot, Charles, Baron Colchester, 282, 283 Addenda, 411 to 450 Adelfius, a Christian Bishop of Colon, 45 Aids to the Crown, in reign of James I., 88 All Saints' parish described, 205 to 211 ¦ church, 211 Alms Houses, 324 to 329 Ambersbury Banks, a British Camp, 32, note; 36, note Amphora, found at Lexden, 379 Anne's, St., Chapel, 213, 214 Antiquities discovered in and near Colchester, 36 1 to 379 Antiquities described in the Addenda, 411, 412 Antoninus's Itinerary, extracts from, 415 Architecture of Colchester under the Normans, 70 Arms of Colchester, origin of, 44; as a port, 233, note Array, a commission of, dispatched to the town, 76 Arrows, shot over the walls with offers from the Besie gers, 135, 138 Articles for the Rendition of the town and garrison, 144 to 146 Ashburnham, Mr., exchanged for SirWm. Masham, 133 Assemblies, 268 ; Addenda, 443 Books of, ibid 452 INDEX. Attornies of the Law-hundred and Foreign Courts, 408 of the Insolvent Debtors' Court, 409 Alphabetical List of, 409 Audley, Sir Henry, monument to, in Bere-church, 244, 246" , Thomas, Baron of Walden, 245, 246 Augustine, St., period of the foundation of his order, 218, note B Bailiffs, Ancient Seal of, 411, 412 Balkon, the, 176, 177 Ball, John, the noted, 75 Bankers, 405 Baptist Meeting, 406 Barracks, 232 Basill, Martin, monument of, 19 1 Bastwick, Dr. John, 220 Battle-bridge, supposed site of the battle between Sue tonius and the Britons, 36, note Bay and Say-Makers petition Fairfax for leave to trade during the Siege, 116; permitted to sell on Lexden Heath, ibid; harsh treatment of by the Parliamenta rians, and the town's authorities, 159 Bay and Say Trade, its establishment in Colchester, 83 ; entire decay of, 165; history of its rise and decline, 286 to 289 Beche, John, Abbot of St. John's, hanged at Colchester, 228 Belgae, their arrival from Gaul, arts, and dwellings, 8 Belgic Britons, occupy Kent, 9; described by Caesar, ibid Belmeis, Bishop de, 251, 252 Benedictine Order, period of its foundation, 224, note Benevolent Medical Society, 387 Society, the Colchester, 387, 388 INDEX. 453 Bere-church, parish described, 243 to 247 parochial edifice, 243 to 247 etymology of, 243 ¦ manor of, 243 Hall, 244, 247 Boadicea, Queen, her treatment by the Romans, 27; marches for Camulodunum, 29; for Verulam, 30; for Trinovantum, 31; her supposed route to Trino- vantum, 31 to 34 Botanical and Horticultural Society, the Colchester and Essex, 351 to 359 Botolph's, St., Gate, 173 parish described, 215 to 221 Priory, 2l6 to 220 Bradenham, Lionel de, his attempts upon the fishery, 75 ; besieges Colchester, ibid; 275 Brewode, John's, Gift, 340 Bridges, how kept up, 234 Britons, early habitations of, 4, 5, 6; two distinct races, 6; classes of at the time of Caesar's invasion, 9 Burgesses, election of, 269 ; Addenda, 445 Ancient Indentures of Return of, Addenda, 4-46 Burghs prescriptive, as distinguished from burghs by charter, 442 Burghs and Corporations, distinction between, 442, note C Cabinets of Antiquities, in Colchester, 363 Camalaiinuidun, (Colchester,) foundation of, 11; farther particulars respecting, 12 to 15 Camden, the Antiquary, his opinions respecting the situation of Camulodunum disputed, 415; 417 to 419 Camp, Roman, near Islington, 35, and note Campion, Sir William, his death, 107 451 INDEX. Camulodunum, origin of the term, 15, 16; the first Roman Colony, and indisputably the same with Col chester, 17; description of by a quaint author, 19; its defences, 20, 21, 22; events at, 28, 29; destruction of by Boadicea, 30; re-edified, 36; arguments as to its identity with Colchester, 413 to 419 ; Bp. Stilling- fleet's observations on the situation of, 4l6, 417 Cantii, originate the modern name of Kent, 9; their foundation of Trinovantum, 10 Capel, Arthur, Lord, declares for the Kent and Essex royalists, 102; distinguishes himself in a charge, 107; his reply to Fairfax on the imprisonment of his son, 132; instance of his ready zeal, 138; of his disin terestedness, 148 ; his blunt answer to Fairfax when a prisoner, 157; sharp expressions between him and Ireton, 158; sent to Windsor Castle, ibid; tried at Westminster, and executed, ibid Carter, the self-taught Artist, 212 Carter, Matthew,, a curious observation of, 133 Cassi, kingdom of the, 12 Cassivellaun, establishes himself in Camalaiinuiilun, 13 Castle, interesting view of, 175; described, 205 to 211 Castle Bailey, vulgar notion respecting, noticed by Evelyn, Addenda, 412, and note Castle Bailey, a place of recreation for the inhabitants, Addenda, 434 Castle Society Book Club, 208, 344, 345 List of the Governors of, Addenda, 435 Legal decision respecting, as not extra-paiochial, Addenda, 432 Castle, Arguments for considering it extra-parochial and independent, Addenda, 433 Catherine of Arragon, Queen, visits Colchester, 7 7 Caasar's first invasion of Britain, 13; his reduction of Camalaiinuidun, 14 INDEX. 455 Celtas, the primeval possessors of Britain, 6; their pas toral life, mechanical instruments, weapons, and buildings, 7; forest-towns, 9; descendants of, the founders of Colchester, 10, 11 Cement, ancient, reason of its hardness, 170, note Chamberlain's Accounts, 81, note Chapels of Dissenters: the Independent, in Lion Walk, 405*. Ditto, in St. Helen's Lane, 405; the Baptist, 406; the Wesleyan, 406; the Quakers', 407; the Unitarian, 407 Charitable Institutions, 309 to 311 — — — - — Other, and Miscellaneous, 381 to 393 Charity for the relief of Poor Clergymen, 386 Charles I., the first overt act of opposition to, 89 ; his imposition of ship-money, ibid; his mode of levying that tax, 90 Charles IL, anecdote respecting, 229 Charter, Colchester deprived of by James II., 163; res tored by William and Mary, 164; surrendered in 1742, ibid; restored in 1763, ibid; re-forfeited, and restored in 58 Geo. III., l6'5, 260 Chartered and Prescriptive Privileges, 253 to 262 Christianity, introduction of to Britain, 44 Churches, original foundation, composition, and general appearance of, 179, 180 Coaches, and other conveyances, ancient and present numbers of, 410 Coel I., 38 IL, appellation of Colchester said to be derived from, 38 Coins, British and Roman, found in or about Colchester, 363 to 371 Coins, general remarks on the subject of, 363, 365 456 INDEX. Coins of Cunobeline, 24, 376 Colchester, its latitude and longitude, distance from London, site, and air, 3; soil, general appearance, origin, 4; foundation by the Celtic Britons, 10, 11; called Camulodunum by Cunobeline and the Romans, 15, 16; included in the Saxon kingdom of Essex, 54 ; in the see of London, 55 ; ravaged by the Danes, 57; taken by the English, 59; re-peopled by West Saxons, ibid; state under William the Conqueror, 63 to 67; governed by Eudo Dapifer, 69; occupied by the French, 72; furnishes ships and mariners to Edward III., 74; besieged by Lionel de Bradenham, 75; eminent for its " schismaticall spirites," 80; espouses the cause of Queen Mary, ibid; furnishes troops and ships to Queen Elizabeth, 84,85; pleads inability, ibid; rendered disaffected by Charles I.'s imposition of ship-money, 91 ; petitions the house of commons, ibid; nearly exempt from the first calami ties of the civil war, ibid; contributes money and plate to the parliament, 92; equips companies, sub scribes largely, &c. &c. 93 to 97; history of its siege, 99 to l6l ; fined, when reduced by the Par liamentarians, 159; general statement of its losses, 160; onerous taxation, l6l; losses and restorations of its charter, l63 to 165; trade greatly depressed by the peace, l65 ; particular description of, 167 to 252; description of in the diary of Evelyn, 412. Colchester Anti-Slavery Society, 391 Association for the Protection of Property, 391, 392 Colchester Bank for Savings, 392, 393 Auxiliary Religious Tract Society, 385 and Essex Botanical and Horticultural Soci ety, 351 to 359 Colchester and East Essex Auxiliary Bible Society, 382 INDEX. 457 Colchester and East Essex Auxiliary Society for promo ting Christianity among the Jews, 383 Colchester Benevolent Society, 387, 388 Branch London Missionary Society, 385 Chronicle, 39 and note; particulars from, 40; given with additions, in an old MS., Addenda, 419 Colchester and East Essex Church Missionary Associa tion, 383 Colchester District Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 382 Colchester Female Friendly Society, 389, 390 — 5 General Blanket Society, 390, 391 Lion Club Charity, 390 Lord, conduct of relating to the fishery, 292 the present, particulars relating to, 282,283 Colchester Lying-in Charity, 388, 389 Library, 359, 360 Medical Society, 345, 346 Philosophical Society, 346 to 351 and East Essex Prayer Book and Homily Association, 384 Colchester Sunday School and Religious Tract Society for Ireland, 385, 386 Colchester Wesleyan Branch Missionary Society, 385 Colkynge's Castle, 177 Colne River, ceremony of shutting, 290, 291 Colonia, the Roman, the same with Colchester, 17; Addenda, 417 Colonies, the Roman, how distinguished, 17, note Committee, the Parliament's, seized at Chelmsford, 102 ; request leave to propose a peace, 112; send a special message to Fairfax, 133 ; accompany Dr. Glisson with proposals, 139; returned to the Parliamentarians, 134 Q Q 458 INDEX. Conquest, the Norman, as affecting Colchester, 60 to 67 Constantine, the Emperor, arguments for and against his birth at Colchester, 40 to 42; his civil and military government of Britain, 45 to 47 Constitutions of the Burgh of Colchester, extracts from, Addenda, 438 to 450 Cooke, Colonel, his death, 107 Coroners, early election of, 257, note; Addenda, 439 Corn Market, 192 Corporation of Colchester for 1824-5, 395 to 397 Elections, Addenda, 438 ; — Case, Addenda, 441 Corporations, Lord Mansfield's distinction between old and new, Addenda, 443 Cox, Mr. Joseph's, Gift, 336, 338 , Creffield, Lady's, Gift, 339 Cromwell, Oliver, two of his letters to the corporation, 94, 9^i notes; mandamus to Major-General Haynes, 161 Cross of Christ, discovery of by Helena, 43; as origi nating the Arms of the town, &c, 44 Crouched Friars, convent of, 187, 188, 238 Cunobilin, or Cunobeline, his visit to Rome, 15; his coins, 24, 376 Custom-House, Hithe, 408 D Dane-geld, first raised, 59 Danes, their first descent upon England, 57; ravage East Anglia, and Colchester, ibid; massacred by iEthelred, 60; become masters of England, ibid Daniell, Mr. Jeremiah's, Gift, 338, 339 Darcy, Lady Mary's, Alms-houses, 328 - Date, amuch disputed, particulars respecting, 195 to 198 index. 459 Delinquents' estates sequestered, 97 Dial-church, 205 Dickman, Rev. Robert, his record of the earthquake in 1692, 189, note Dissenters' Chapels, 405 Dissolution, the, its effects upon Colchester, 79 Dister, Mrs. Agnes's, Gift, 340 Dogs, royalists' method of entrapping for food, 135 ; high price of, ibid Domesday-book, extract from, 63 to 67 Dutch and Flemish Refugees, their settlement at Col chester, 83 Dutch Congregation, 287 to 289 E Earthquake in 1692, 1S9 East Bridge, 214 East Gate, 174 Ecclesiastical Government, Modern, 281 Edward I., his exactions from Colchester, 72 to 74 Edward IL, assessments by, 74 Edward III., his letter, in Norman-French, to the bailiffs, 75, note Edward IV., attachment of the burgesses to, 76 Election History 281* of Burgesses, 269; Addenda, 445 Contested, for the Mastership of the Free School, 316 Election Contests, Colchester distinguished for, 281* Elections Contested, for the Borough, and number of Voters at, 290* Elections, Petitions relative to, 282* Facts Explanatory of Recent, 289* ¦ — Proportion between the Voters at, as to Places of Residence, 292* [q Q 2 460 INDEX. Elianore, John, his chantry, 233, note Elemosina Regis, 66, note Elizabeth, Queen, visits Colchester, 83 her stages or rests upon her progress, Addenda, 425 Ellington, Mr. Leonard, his letter to the Mayor of Colchester, 403, note Ensign, a royalist, gallant death of, 133, note Environs of Colchester, 237 to 252 Essex, Earl of, presses the town for a pecuniary supply, 94 Essex Equitable Insurance Office, 192 and Colchester General Hospital, 309 to 312 and Suffolk Equitable Insurance Office, 408 Life Insurance Office, 408 Saxon kingdom of, 54; monarchs of, 55, 56; possessed by the Danes, 57 ; its quota of troops for foreign service under Elizabeth, 84 ; forms a part of the Eastern Association for the Parliament, 92 Eudo Dapifer, his possessions in Colchester described in Domesday-book, 64; appointed governor of the town, 69, 222, 223; his supposed residence, 195; particulars concerning him, 221 to 225 Evelyn, John, describes Colchester in his Diary, Ad denda, 412 Ewer, Colonel, sent a messenger to the royalist gentle men, 149 Exchange, the New, 191, 192 Excise Office, 408 F Fairfax, Lord, surprises Maidstone, 101; summons Col chester, 106; attacks the town, ibid; blockades it, 109; his answer to a proposal for peace, 112; offers honorable conditions to the soldiers of the garrison, INDEX. 461 128; proposes an exchange of prisoners, 132; orders the inhabitants, quitting the town, to be fired at, 134; refuses a cessation of hostilities, 136; sends his last offers of mercy, 137; his answers to Dr. Glisson, 138, 139; exacts severe preliminaries to a capitula tion, 143; enters the town, 149; reflections on his military execution of Sir C. Lucas and Sir G. Lisle, 154 to 156; his letter to Parliament, 156, note; visits the other royalist prisoners, 157; remarks on passages in his " Memorial," ibid, note; imposes a fine upon the town, 159; the forces composing his Army for the Siege, Addenda, 431 Fairs of Colchester, 296 to 298 Farre, Colonel, commands the royalists, 106; absconds, 150 Fee-ferm, Colchester let in to the burgesses, 71 Fitzwalter, Lords, of Lexden manor, 238 Franckham, Robert's, Gift, 340 Free-burgesses, present number of, 274 Freedom of the Borough, modes of its acquisition, 270 to 273} pecuniary value of at various periods, 273 Free School of Colchester, 313 to 317 contested election for the mas tership of, 3l6 Free School of Colchester, foundations at Cambridge belonging to, 316, 317 Fynche, Ralph's, Hospital 326, 327 G Garrison, the royalist, of Colchester, numerical amount of, 148, and note. Gascoigne, Sir Bernard, summoned to Fairfax in the Moot-hall, 150; sentenced to death, ibid; granted a reprieve, 152, and note Q Q 3 462 INDEX. Gas Lights, 306, 307 General Preacher, 218, and note Gifts and Benefactions, 336 to 341 sundry, to various parishes, 341 Gift Houses, 329 Gilbert, George's, Gift, 340 Gilbert, William, M. D., brief account of, 202 Giles's, St., parish described, 221 to 230 church, 228 Glisson, Dr., sent to propose articles to Fairfax, 138, 339 Government of Colchester, 263 to 269 Greenstead, parish described, 243 church, 243 Grey Friars' Monastery, 213 Grimston, Sir Harbottle, interests himself for the popu lar party in parliament, 91; his mansion in the sub urbs battered, 119; particulars relating to, 183 to 185 family of, 186, 187 mansion of, 187 Guard-House, 199 Gunner, a one-eyed, in St. Mary's steeple, 181 H Habitations in Britain, the first, composition of, 5 Half-Year Land, 26l, 262; Addenda, 443 Harris, Richard, D. D., monument for, 203 Harsnet, Archbishop, some account of, 220 — 's Library, 343, 344 Harte, Henry, flourishes at Colchester, 80 Haynes, Major-General, mandamus to from the Pro tector Cromwell, l6l Head-Gate, 172 Heads of Local Information, 405 Helena, or Helen, mention of in Colchester Chronicle, INDEX. 463 40; particulars of her life, 43, 44; chapel dedicated to her, 45, 204 Helen, St., guild of, 187, 188 Henry I., his letters-patent to his manor of Colchester, 70 Henry VI., visits Colchester, 76 Henry VIII., obtains a loan from the town, 77; his letter to the bailiffs, 78 Hewett, Richard, monument to, 240 Hickeringill, Rev. Edm., MS. of, Addenda, 450 High Constables chosen by the County Justices, Adden da, 450 High Stewards, from 1764 to the present time, 397 High Street, 200 Holy Trinity parish described, 201, 202 church, 202 Hithe, the, unusually stored at the commencement of the Siege, 110; captured by the parliamentarians, 128; described, 232 to 235 Hithe Bridge, 234 Honeyfold, Gabriel, D. D. historical notice of, 232 Honey wood, Sir Thomas, rises for the Parliament, 103; joins Fairfax, 105 Honorial History, 281 to 283 Horses, of the royalists in Colchester, begun to be se lected for food, 131; purloined, to be sold in the shambles, 135; number killed during the Siege, 148 Horticultural Produce of Colchester, 296 Hospital, the Essex and Colchester General, 309 to 312 ¦ Antiquities discovered on the site of, 371 to 379 Hospitals, Winsley's, Fynche's, &c. 324 to 329 Hunwick, Mr.'s Gift, 340 I. J Iceni, events relating to, 26, 27 464 INDEX. Incumbents of the livings of Colchester, the present, 181, 189, 193, 201, 202, 205, 211, 214, 221, 232, 235, 239 Ingram, Mr.'s, Gift, 340 Institutions for Public Convenience, 301 to 307 Independent Meeting-houses, 405, 407 Ireton, his conversation with Sir C. Lucas and Sir G. Lisle in the Castle, 151^ sharp expressions between him and Lord Capel, 158 Itinerary of Antoninus, extracts from, 415 James, St., parish of described, 212 to 214 church of, 212 John, St., Abbey of, 221 to 228 Gateway, 225, 226 : church, 225, 226 Judde, Lady's, Gift, 340 K Kendall's Charity, 324, 326 Kent, the rising in for Charles I., 100 King Coel's Pump, 192 King's-wood Heath, burgesses possessed of, 71; situated in the parish of Milejend, 242 Kite, a paper, employed by the Parliamentarians to convey proposals, &c. to the Royalists, 140 L Lammas Commons, 26l ; Addenda, 443 Lancasterian School, 323 Langley, John, Gent., epitaph on, 203 Lay ton, Sir William, account of his capture by M. Carter, 108, note Leeds House, Essex, pillaged of its arms, &c, by the royalists, 103 INDEX. 465 Leicester, Robert, Earl of, arrives at Colchester, 84; his letter to the Bailiffs, 87, note Leonard's, St., parish described, 232 to 235 church, 235 Letter from the Corporation to Sir Thomas Henneage, Addenda, 428 Lexden, Lord Fairfax's head-quarters, 109 parish of described, 237 to etymology of, 237 manorial history of, 238 Church, 239 Lodge, 238 Park, 238 Seats at, 238, 239, 241 Ancient Intrenchments at, 21, 241 Lisle, Sir George, commands a regiment of foot, 105; heads the infantry in a sally, 120; made prisoner, but rescued, 123; summoned to Fairfax in the Moot-hall, 150; sentenced to death, ibid; his con versation with Ireton, 151; particulars of his execu tion, 152 to 154; his tomb in St. Giles's church, 229 Literary and Scientific Institutions, 343 to 360 Local Information, Heads of, 405 Loughborough, Lord, declares for the Kent and Essex royalists, 1C2; undertakes the care of the army's provisions, 125 Lucas, Sir Charles, appointed to the command of the Essex royalists, 102; enters Colchester, 104: state ment of Whitelock relative to him controverted, 111 ; his tenderness to his countrymen, not enemies to the royal cause, 118; commands a sally upon the Par liamentarians, 120; procures a supply from the garrison to the starving inhabitants, 126; summoned to Fairfax in the Moot-hall, 150; sentenced to 466 INDEX. death, ibid; his conversation with Ireton, 151; particulars of his execution, 152 to 154; his tomb in St. Giles's church, 229 Lucas, Sir John, (afterwards Lord) seized by the townsmen, 91 ; his seat plundered, ibid; and stormed by the Parliamentarians, 130, 131 M Magdalen, St., Hospital, Seal of, 411 Maldon, not the Roman Colony of Camulodunum, 413, 415 Maldon, etymology of the name of, 415 Malt distillery, Messrs. Bawtree and Savill's, 295, 296 Manor of the Corporation, property of the burgesses in, 71 Market-Place, 199 Days, 200; 299 Markets of Colchester, origin and history of, 298, 299; orders relative to, 299 Martin's St., parish described, 201 church, 201 Mary, Queen, visits Colchester, 80; her persecutions of its protestant inhabitants, 81 to 83 Mary, St., at the Walls, parish described, 180 to 188 Church, 180 to 182 i Parsonage-house, 180 Mary Magdalen, St., parish of described, 230 to 232 Church, 230 Hospital, 230 to 232 Masham, Sir Wm., Bart., interests himself for the popular party in parliament, 9^T exchanged for Mr. Ashburnham, 133 Mayor of Colchester, during the Siege, his meanness and apathy, 125 INDEX. 467 Mayors of Colchester, List of, from 1637 to 1825, 397 to 400; Addenda, 450 Medical Society, the Colchester, 345, 346 — the Benevolent, 387 Meeting-house on St. John's Green, 407 Mercury, antique figures of, 370; Addenda, 411 Mersea Island, 248, to 250 ¦ antiquities discovered at, 249, 250 Methodist (Wesleyan) Meeting, 406 Mile-end, parish described, 244, 245 ¦ etymology of, 242 church, 242 manor of, 242 Militia, mustered by the bailiffs under Elizabeth, 84; sent from the town to restrain mutinies, 89 Miscellanies, 395 to 410 Monkwick, 245 Moot-Hall, 193, 194 Morant, Rev. Philip, opinion of, opposed to Clarendon, 157, note; rector of St. Mary at the Walls, 181 Municipium, described, 30, note N National Schools, 317 to 323 New Quay, 236 Nicholas, St., parish of described, 202 to 205 • church of, 203 North Gate, 175, 176 Bridge, 192 Norwich, George Lord Goring, Earl of, proclaimed general of the Kentish royalists, 101; his imprudent contempt of Fairfax, 106; letter to ditto, 114; his declaration and offer to the parliament's soldiers, 126, 127; replies to the offers of Fairfax, 128; his message 468 INDEX. to ditto, 137; sent to Windsor Castle, — tried at West minster, — 158; escapes through an office of private friendship, ibid, and note O Officers, noblemen, and gentlemen, of the royal party in Colchester, enumeration of the principal, 105; attempt to break through the parliamentarians' lines, 129, 130; compelled to retreat, ibid; sign a protest and engage ment, 140; determine to pistol their horses previ ously to storming the lines, 3 42; complete list of, 148, 149; their noble sentiments on the condemna tion of Sir C. Lucas and Sir G. Lisle, 151 Old Hithe, 230 Osyth, St., 250, to 252 — princess of East-Anglia, legendary history of, 250 Osyth, St., nunnery of, 250 priory of, 251, 252 church, 252 Ouster, Judgments of, 260; opinions of Lord Mansfield, &c. respecting, Addenda, 441, 442 Oxford, John Earl of, his attempts upon the fishery, 291,292 r< * ¦ ¦ Oyster Fishery, 290 to 295 -, attempts made to deprive the burgesses of, 291, 292 Oysters, presents of by the Bailiffs, 86, note; 293 the Colchester, 293 ; how greened, 294, 295 P Parliament's Committee, order of in 1042, Addenda, 429 Parochial division of Colchester, 179 Patent from James I. to keep an inn in the town, 88 INDEX. 469 Paving and Lighting, 304, 305 Peter's, St., parish described, 188 to 192 church, mentioned in Domesday-book, 66, 179; described, 188 to 19I; nearly thrown down by an earthquake, 188 Petitions to Parliament, relative to Elections, 282* to 289 Philosophical Society, the Colchester, 346 to 35l Plague at Colchester, 75 ; 83; 87; 162, 163 Poor Rates of Colchester in 1602, 330, note 1824, 334, 335 Population Returns in 1821 : of St. Mary's parish, 188; St. Peter's, 192 : St. Runwald's, 201 ; St. Martin's, ibid; Holy Trinity, 202; St. Nicholas', 205-, All Saints', 211; St. James's, 214; St. Botolph's, 215; St. Giles's, 230; St. Mary Magdalen's, ibid; St. Leonard's, or the Hithe, 235; Lexden, 242; Mile- end, 242; Greenstead, 243; Bere-church, 247 Population of Colchester, Summary of, for 1692, 1801, 1811, and 1821, 404 Port-reeve, Seal of the, 233 ; Addenda, 41 1 Post, hours of, in Morant's and the present time, 410 Praetorium, Roman, near Islington, 25 ; 35, note Purbeck stone in Castle walls, 206 Purveyance for Q. Elizabeth's household, payment of resisted, 86 Q Quakers' Meeting-houses, 407 Quaeries propounded by the Royalist to the Parliamen tarian commissioners, 146, 147 Quo Warranto, informations in the nature of, brought against the Corporation, 1 64 R Rebow, John, monument of, 182; R R 470 INDEX. Rebow, Sir Isaac, Knt., 173, note; 182, 183 family of, 182, 183 Recorder, Contested Elections for the Office of, 401 Red-Row, the, 19 1 Regalia of the Corporation, 402, 403 Religious Tract Society for Colchester and its Vicinity 393 Representation of the Borough, 269 to 280 Representatives of Colchester from 23rd Edw. I. to the present time, 274 to 280 Richard I., grants the town's first charter, 72 Richard II., grant from to repair the walls, 172 Roman Province in Britain, the first, supposed frontier and defences of, 22 to 25 Romans, the town-walls originally built by, 171 Roman bricks, in the town-walls, 170, 171, 177; in the churches, 180, 201, 203, 211, 212, 2l6; in the cas tle, 206 ; 36l ; their extraordinary hardness, and di mensions, 362 Roman Tesselated Pavements, 200; 249, 250; 362 arches in Castle, 208; in St. Botolph's Priory- church, 217 Roman architecture in Colchester, 36l ¦ coins and medals, immense numbers of found in Colchester, 362, 363 Roman sepulchral inscriptions, met with at Colchester, 371 ; 376 to 379 Royalists, their rise in Kent and Essex, 100; quarter in Colchester, 104; names of their chief commanders, 105; their gallant defence of the town, 106 to 108; dis patch private commissions to Suffolk, &c, ll6; suc cessfully forage in Tendring, 117 ; receive an acces sion of strength, ibid; discomfited in various instances, 118, 119; issue a proclamation to the townsmen, 119; INDEX. 471 gallant sally upon the Parliamentarians in East Street, 120 to 122; commence eating horse-flesh, 131; miserable condition of, 134; feed on cats and dogs, 135; their contempt of the besiegers' offers, 136; importuned by the town's-people, propose a cessation of hostilities, ibid; take a last review of the stores, 137; converse, &c. with the Parliamentarians in the trenches, 141 ; endeavour to provoke a storm, ibid; resolve to storm the enemy's line, 142; that attempt prevented by disunion, ibid; dispatch a person with full powers to Fairfax, 143; subscribe articles of surrender, 148; fate of those rendered to mercy, 158, 159 Runwald, St., parish of described, 192 to 201 — — — — — legendary account of, 193, note church of, 200 Rye-Gate, 175 S Saxons, called in by Vortigern, 50 ; settle East-Seaxe, 51; their institutions and government, 52 to 54 Sayer, monuments to the family of, 190, 328 's Alms-houses, 328 Schere Gate, 173 Seal Rings, Antique, 370; 411 Seals, Antique, of the Corporation, 402, 411 • ' ' described in the Addenda, 41 1 Seats of Gentry near Colchester, 238, 239, 241, 247 Sepulchral Inscriptions, Roman, met with at Colchester, 369; 374 to 377 Ships, furnished by Colchester in 1588 and 1595, 85 their expence to the town, ibid; Ship-money, as imposed by Charles I., 89; as levied upon Colchester, 90; refused to be paid by the Corpo ration, ibid; a stimulant to the town's disaffection, 91 Siege of Colchester, particulars . of, 105 to l6j 472 INDEX.. Silenus, bronze head of, found at Latton, 24, note Sphinx, the Theban, antique monument representing, 371 to 375 Sphinx, the Theban, small bronze of, 375 Spratt, Dr., on Colchester Oysters, 292 Stamp Office, 40S Starch, made into puddings for the royalist garrison, 132 Stillingfleet, Bishop, his observations on the situation of Camulodunum, 4l6 to 418 Suetonius Paulinus, appointed Pro-praetor, 26; marches to meet the Britons, 34 ; his supposed position near Islington, 35; his victory, 36 Suffolk forces, destroy the bridges on the Stour, and join the Parliamentarians, 116; quarter at Mile-end, &c, 117 Sugar-loaves, presents of from the corporation, 88 Supellex Romana, discovered in Colchester, 36l Swinerton, Sir John's, Gift, 341 T Tesselated Pavements, Roman, 200; 249, 250; 362 Theatre, 194; 221; Addenda, 435 to 438 Thumb Ring, Antique, described in the Addenda, 41 1 Timber fronts to houses, 198, note Town's-people, clamour for a surrender, 136 ; fired at, on attempting to quit the place, 137 ; petition the royalist council to treat, 138 Townsend, Sir Roger, his attack upon the fishery, 292 Trade of Colchester, 285 Trained Band of Colchester in reign of Charles I., 89 Trinovantum, or London, its Belgic origin, 11 ; destroyed ~by Boadicea, 34 Troops, quota furnished by Colchester in 1585, 84; their "equipments, and expence to the town, ibid, note: INDEX. 473 ditto to retaliate upon the Spainards, &c, and in 1591-2, 85 Tuke, Colonel, dispatched with full powers to Fairfax, 143; instructed to sign articles for surrender, ibid Turner, Mr.'s, Gift, 340 U V Unitarian Chapel, 407 Urn, a remarkable sepulchral one, 362 of Terra-Cotta, 376 Vases and Urns, of frequent occurrence in Colchester, 362 Verulam, argument upon, as the chief city of the Cassi, 30, note; destruction of by Boadicea, 31 Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, tradition con cerning, 229 Vitels? Christopher, spreads " straunge opinions" in Col chester, 80 W Walden, not the Roman Colony of Camulodunum, 413 Walls of Colchester, their plan Roman, and when originally erected, 37, 171 ; restored by Edward the Elder, 59; 171, note; particular description of, 169 to 177 Walsingham, Sir Francis, Recorder of Colchester, 8*5 ; his letter to the Bailiffs, 87, note Water Works, 301 to 304 Wegg, Mr.'s, Gift, 340 Wenock's Hospital, 328 Wesleyan Methodist Meeting, 406 West Postern, 177 Wheely, John, attempts the demolition of the Castle, 206 White, Sir Thomas's, Gift, 336 Wills, unusual number enrolled at Colchester, 75 474 INDEX. Windmills, in the vicinity of the town, destroyed by the Parliamentarians, 124 Winsley, Arthur, monument to, 212 . 's Hospital, 324, 325 Wivenhoe, 233, 234; 247, 248 manor, 247, 248 Hall, 248 Wool Hall, 198 Workhouse Corporation, 188 Workhouse Corporation, 331 to 333 Workhouses, 329 to 333 ERRATA. Page 75, lines 10 and 16, for Br andenham, read Bradenham 122, line 17, for being, read was 182, line 31, for walls, read walks 272, line 28, for Sergeants, read Crier 278, line 33, for Harrington.read Barrington 302, line 3, for Wind-mill-fleld, read Windmill-field 309, line 6, omit minor charities — ¦ — 323, line 25,for Dissenter's, read Dissenters' 406, The Baptist Meeting House should have been described as nearly adjoining the Independent Meeting House in Lion Walk, instead of that in St. Helen's Lane. YOUNGMAN, PRINTER, WITHAM AND MALDON, ESSEX. YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 03205 9710