;S/,.JlMlB(i.A^.^ YALE UNIVEESITY LIBEAEY 0'Ae i^^U^'Cu^^c^le€>^ff>»i FORMED BY Jam,es Abraham Hillhouse, B.A. 1749 James Hillhouse, B.A. 1773 James Abraham LEllhouse, B.A. 1808 James Hillhouse, B.A. 1875 Removed 1942 from the Manor Souse in Sachem's Wood GIFT OF GEORGE DUDLEY SEYMOUR LEADING MEN OF LONDON LORD HALSBURY FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY THOMAS PALI, LEADING ill ^ MEN OF LONDON A COLLECTION OF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ^xi^ ^orfraifs LONDON THE BRITISH BIOGRAPHICAL COMPANY i8, NEW BRIDGE STREET 1895 INTRODUCTION. COMEWHERE in his " Life of Dr. Johnson," Boswell records a reflection upon the difference with which London is regarded by different people. To a politician, he says, it is the seat of govern ment in its various departments ; to the mercantile man, a place where a prodigious deal of business is done upon 'Change ; to the grazier, a vast market for cattle ; to the man of pleasure, a place where there is a vast assemblage of taverns and places of amusement ; while the intellectual man is struck with it as comprehending the whole of human life in its variety, the contemplation of which is inexhaustible. To such an extent is London a little world in itself that it is safe to say that it would be difficult to find a serious person to whom some phase of its life — social, political, intellectual or mercantile — does not appeal. It would be foolish, besides being without our present scope, to write any swelling words in glorification of the greatest city of the world. Most people — and especially those to whom the present volimie appeals — know what the position and importance of London are. That position is safe enough to stand in need of no trumpet-bloWing at the present moment ; it is simply that of a huge city which must be reckoned with in every movement of the world's commerce, finance, politics, literature, art, or fashion. If anyone who may read these lines shoidd have appre hensions that the tide of London's greatness is on the ebb, we think that such apprehensions may be allaj'ed without going outside the covers of this book. A perusal of the biographies of the " Leading Men of London " of to-day, cannot help demonstrating that the same agencies are still at work which have worked for national greatness in the past, that the eye of British enterprise and intelligence is not dimmed, nor its natural force abated. It is a very easy task when dealing with such a city as London to dazzle the reader with the figures which represent its wealth and commerce, its population and area, its magnificent charities, and so forth. We intend, however, to spare him as much as possible, and shall confine ourselves to giving presently a few statistics as to its growth. Like everything else, London has its critics. One cannot have everything, and we should feel diffident ourselves in advancing the proposition which we hear sometimes from some of its more enthusiastic citizens, that London is the Jiiiesf, as well as the greatest, city in the world. But it would be grossly unjust to deny that there is much that is fine, and even beautiful ; much that an artist can find to admire, if only in the lilac glamour of its sunsets, or the delicate mystery of the atmosphere with which it frequently wraps the most commonplace of its scenes. And there are not a few excellent people v^ho view with some natural alarm its ever- increasing size, and ask themselves where the vast expanding province of brick and mortar is going to cease. It may be admitted at once that, viewed only as the chief city of these islands, its size is altogether disproportionate. But it must be remembered that London is more than this. As the chief seat of the Government and commerce of the British Empire, it is only natural that at the head of the world's greatest empire should be the world's greatest city. As long as the empire expands and its prosperity increases, it is only logical to expect that the growth of the city where these vast interests chiefly centre, should continue in equal ratio. As an interesting comparison of London's growth we may take the rateable value of the city for the year 1343, and compare it with the returns of last year. We find that at that time the revenue VI LEADING MEN OF LONDON. from the whole of the City Wards amounted to £12,385 ISs. 4d., probably worth about four time.s that amount at present money value. For 1893 the return is over £2,600,000, which means that the wealth of London has become about forty times greater in five hundred and fifty years. As regards size, the City, which was all of London in the days of the Plantagenets, comprises some six hundred and seventy acres, while to-day the City and Metropolitan Parliamentary Boroughs cover nearly forty-six thousand acres. The estimated population of London in 1350 was 90,000 inhabi tants, a proportion of 3-60 per cent, of the population of England and Wales. At the last census, the number of the inhabitants of Greater London, comprising the City and Metropolitan Police districts, was returned at 5,633,000, which is over 20 per cent, of the population of England and Wales, as well as being more than sixty times greater than the number of inhabitants five hundred and fif ty years ago. And it must not be forgotten that wealth, area and population are still increasing every year. To day, the decisions of the London Chamber of Commerce, can revolutionise trade and shipping the world over ; upon the action of the London Stock Exchange depends the prosperity of kingdoms and republics in both hemispheres. The history of London is, for many hundreds of years, practically the history of England. The history of its commercial enterprise, its corporation and City guilds, and its struggles with the Crown for its freedom and privileges in times past, is as fascinating as a romance, We are told that London was famous for its commercial importance and the number of its traders under the Romans in the first century of the Christian era ; indeed, Caesar says that he was led to attack Britain because of the commerce which it carried on with Gaul, and the supplies which were sent to aid the Gauls in their struggle with him, whjch serves to show that commerce was the earliest, as it is still the first and foremost, foundation of its prosperity. We possess no records of the " Leading Men " who laid the foundations of London's importance in those early times, though we cannot refrain from making the reflection that if they could have been made they would now be of the utmost historic interest. In introducing " Leading Men of London " to the public we wish to make a few remarks as to the aims which have guided us in its compilation. In the first place, the construction which we have placed upon the title of our volume has led us to endeavour to include those gentlemen who were Leading Men in the sense of being pre-eminent in their own professions or branches of commerce, as well as those prominent in public affairs or civic politics. To have restricted the volume to those only who chance to often catch the public eye, or whose names are often on the public tongue, would have been both unfair and misleading in any serious attempt to deal with London's " Leading Men." What we do claim for those whose biographies are included in this work, is that each of them will be found to be worthy of attention, because of his prominence in that particular branch of affairs with which he may have identified himself. Nothing of a similar kind to this volume has hitherto been attempted on a scale so comprehensive, and it is comprehensiveness above all which makes such a publication as this valuable. Of course, countless isolated biographies of eminent men of London have appeared from time to time, and also volumes of biographical notices of men in one or two professions, but not of a very representative character. In all modesty we would say that we have cared very much to make our volume representative, both with regard to the various activities which London contains, and with regard to those most respected in them. It claims to give an " apercu " of the contemporary men of light and leading who are guiding and forming the destinies of our Imperial City in 1894. Anything like classification or arrangement in order of precedence has not been attempted, and would only have been invidious. The volume has not been written in any competitive spirit, and, as biographers, we have not concerned ourselves with the conferring of awards of merit. We can fairly say that we have set ourselves to record facts, and to record them honestly and voraciously, without bias of any kind. The biographies contained in the volume have all been compiled upon first-hand information, and can be confidently relied upon. A feature of the present volume, to which we would draw special attention, are the portraits which e LEADING MEN OF LONDON. vii it contains. To this department of the work the greatest care has been devoted, and the portraits have, in every case, been taken at a special sitting for the present work only, and will be found to be the most recent portraits which exist of the gentlemen represented. A word would not be out of place as to the way that the selection of names which occur herein has been made. At the commencement of this undertaking the compilers had a very wide field — so wide, indeed, that it was felt that it would be almost impossible to include all who would deser to be included. However, the compilers are but human, and a definit-e selection to the best of their ability had to be made, and it has been adhered to. There are many honourable names which might have been included, but, as stated above, the guiding principle has been to make the work as repre sentative as possible of the immensely varied fields of interest which centre in London, and, judged from this point of view, we think it may be claimed as fairly successful. Our sincere and cordial thanks are due to the gentlemen who form the subjects of the memoirs in this work, for the invariable courtesy with which our applications have been received, as well as the kind assistance which has been given us in the revision of the proofs. In conclusion, there remains but to add that our task, though laborious, has also been a pleasant one, and such careful attention has been given to the matters of print, paper, and binding as friS\. make the volume worthy of the position which we believe its merits entitle it to take. 18, New Bridge Street, London, E.G. CONTENTS. PAGE w PAQE PAGE Abel, Sir Frederick - 109 Brinsmead, j. . . 437 Cock, A,, Q.C. - 234 Albright, J. F. - - 322 Broadwood, H. j. . . 437 Cohen, E. - 416 Alexander, G. - - 407 Brooks, Sir W. C. - . 31 Cole, A. C. . . - 414 Alsing, a. , . 442 Brown, J. A. . . 384 Collins, J. H. 92 Andorsen, Harold - 214 Browne, C. S. - . . 346 Colomb, Vice-Adml. P. H. 67 Angier, Capt. T. V. S. 87 Browne, J. H. B., Q.C. - 233 Concanon, j. B. 415 Arnold, Sir E. 122 Bruce, Eight Hon. SirG. - 10 Connell, j. 203 Arthur, Lt.-Col. A. M. 180 Bruce, Dr. J. M. - . 262 Cook, J. M. 418 Aspinall, H. E. 442 Bruce, W. D. . - 316 Cooper, Sir D. - - - 64 AsQuiTH, Eight Hon. H. H. 26 Brunton, Dr. T. L. . - 263 CORRY, W. L. - . 435 Austin, W. 70 Bryant, Dr. T. - 259 Cory-Wright, C. F. - 210 Ayrton, Prof. W. E. - 300 Brycb, Eight Hon. James - 27 Cotton, Sir J. E. 139 Buchanan, G. - 317 CouPER, Dr. j. - - - 265 Baden-Powell, Sir G-. S. - 31 Buchanan, J. . - 402 Courtenay, j. I. 336 Baker, G. . . . 397 Buckingham, J. H. - - 194 Crawford, H. H. 245 Baker, J. A. 355 BUDD, J. W. . . 244 Cresswell, F. E. 441 Baker, Eev. W. 303 Bull, W. 417 Crichton-Browne, Sir J. - 261 Balfour, Eight Hon. A. J. 13 BuLLER, Eight Hon. Sir E. H. 44 Cripps, C. A., Q.C. 235 Barker, E. 308 Bulwer, j. E., Q.O. - - 232 Critchett, G. A. 263 Barkly, Sir H. - 22 Bush, Baron de - - 190 Crocker, W. M. 91 Barnby, Sir J. - - - 358 Byng, Hon. J. - - - 93 Crookes, Prof. W. 302 Barney, T. ... 112 Bywater, A. - - 197 CUNLIFFB, E. - - 244 Barrow, E. V. - 193 Currie, Sir D. - - - 80 Barry, C. 389 Calcraft, Sir H. G. - - 73 Barry, J. W. - - - 339 Campbell, Sir J. W. - - 218 Dalby, Sir W. B. 266 BASTLA.N, Prof. C. 260 Campin, j. E. - - 415 Dalby- Welch, E. 189 Bayley, E. H. - - 207 Carbutt, Sir E. H. - - 312 Darling, C. J., Q.C. - 235 Baynes, Sir W. J. W. 100 Carey, A. E. - - 335 Dauglish, H. W. 204 Besant, W. 122 Carey, E. F. - - 176 Davies, Sir W. G. 213 Bessemer, Sir H. - - 313 Carlisle, J. - - 89 Davies, W. H. - - 411 Bevington, H. S. 438 Carnegy-Arbuthnott, A. 389 Deacon, G. F. - 318 BiCKNELL, p. - - - 195 Carr, E. - - 371 Dewar, Prof. J. - 108 Bidder, G. P., Q.O. - 233 Carter, F. C. - - 373 Digby, W. 188 BiNSWANGER, G. 343 Carter, H. W. - - 429 DiMSDALE, Sir J. C. 142 BoMPAS, H. M., Q.C. - 231 Chambers, W. E. - - 165 Dixon, J. - 204 BOORD, T. W. 401 Charley, Sir W. T., Q.C. 140 Dixon-Hartland, Sir F. D. 37 Bosanquet, Lt.-Col. B. T. 169 Cheston, 0. 247 Drabble, G. W. 187 Boulton, S. B. 164 Churchill, Et. Hon. Lord E. 13 Dunn, W. 426 Boyle, Sir C. E. 72 Clark, C. - - 421 Bradford, Sir E. 109 Clarke, Sir A. - - 49 Edlin, Sir P., Q.O. - 228 Braithwaite, j. B. - 162 Clarke, Sir E., Q.C. - - 225 Ellington, E. B. 333 Bramwell, Sir F. J. - 104 Cloete, M. - - 339 Erichsen, Sir J. E. - 268 Bridge, Sir J. - . . 230 Clunn, p. E. - - 431 Erlebach, E. - - - 215 CONTENTS. PAGE PAGE Esher, Eight Hon. Lord - 3 Haden, Sir F. S. - 223 Evill, W. - - - - 353 Hall, Sir C, Q.C. 228 Halsbury, Eight Hon. Lord 2 Halse, E. 0. 258 Farquhar, G. F. E. - 135 Halsey, E. j. 379 Fassett, W. H. 430 Hamilton, Et. Hon. Lord G. 21 Fayrer, Sir J. - - - 269 Hanbury, G. 166 Fenton, Sir M. - 153 Hancock, H. A. - 377 Ferrier, Dr. D. 266 Hands, A. 347 Figgis, S. 377 Harcourt, Et. Hon. Sir W. V. 14 Fitch-Kemp, C. - 360 Hardy, Paul 426 Flannery, F. 354 Harley, Dr. G. 273 Flood-Page, Major S. 362 Harrison, C. W. 412 Flower, Sir W. H. 103 Hart, Dr. E. 276 Follett, C. j. - - 248 Harvest, D. E. - 444 Forde, H. C. - - 330 Harvey, T. M. - - 133 Foster, Prof. G. C. - 74 Harvey, W. J. 191 Franks, Sir A. W. 216 Hawkins, Eight Hon. Sir H. 9 Fraser, A. 392 Hay, Eight Hon. Sir J. D. - 54 Frere, A. H. 412 Hayes, E. 412 Frye, F. C. - 428 Heath, H. H. 179 Heathorn, Capt. T. B. 208 Heaton, J. H. 62 Galsm'orthy, Sir E. H. 105 Heaton-Armstrong, W. 0. - 125 Garcke, E. 346 Heller, T. E. 384 Gardiner, W. 410 Henderson, Sir W. - 80 Garrod, Sir A. B. 271 Henry, Mitchell 212 Gavan-Duffy, Sir C. 123 Heron-Maxwell, Sir J. E. 78 Gedye, C. T. - 191 Herschell, Et. Hon. Lord 1 Geikie, Sir A. - - - 149 Hicks, Dr. J. B. 277 Germaine, E. a. - 131 Hicks-Beach, Et. Hon. Sir Gibson, W. A. - 373 M. E. 15 Gilbey, Sir W. - 138 Hitchins, W. - - - 251 GiLLES, W. C. - 439 Hogg, Quintin - 381 Godfrey, W. B. 329 HOLLAMS, J. - - - 249 Goldsmid, Sir J. 113 HOLMWOOD, E. 159 Gorman, W. A. 338 HoPKiNSON, Dr. j. 337 GoRST, Et. Hon. Sir J. K, Q.C. 28 Horsley, Dr. V. 274 Goschen, Eight Hon. G. J. 18 Howard, E. 353 Gosnell, C. a. 443 HOWDEN, A. 163 Gough, Sir H. H. 45 HoziER, Col. H. M. 63 Gowers, Dr. W. E. 272 Hubbard, W. E. - 380 Grant-Duff, Et. Hon. Sir Hughes, E. - - . 255 M. E. 103 Hull, E. C. P. - 159 Green, Frank 423 Hunt, W.C. H. - 205 Green, Fredk. - 85 Hunter, J. ... 249 Green, G. F. 381 Hunter, W. 321 Green, S. - 432 Hunter, Sir W. G. - 279 Grenfell, H. 60 Hutchinson, Dr. J. - 278 Griffin, Col. J. T. 404 Huth, F. M. 162 Grove, Sir G. 359 Huxley, Et. Hon. Prof. T. H. 106 GULLAND, J. K. - - 325 Hyland, F. - - 366 PAGE Inglefield, Sir E. A. - - 55 loNN, S. ... 376 Irving, H. - - - - 405 IVESON, E. - - - - 201 Jackson, Eight Hon. W. L. 67 Jacobs, J. L - 219 Janson, F. H. - 250 Jerrard, T. W. - 427 Jeune, Eight Hon. Sir F. 7 Johnson, Sir G. - - 280 Johnston, J. L. - - - 378 Kelvin, Lord - - - 101 Kerr, Dr. Norman - - 309 Keyser, A. - - 370 Kimber, H. - - .256 King, D. ... 88 KiNGZETT, C. T. - - - 305 Ladd, j. H. ... 351 Laing, S. . . 68 Laking, Sir F. - . . 281 Lambert, H. - - - 154 Lang, Andrew - - - 124 Larnach, D. - - 114 Lawrie, A. - - - 168 Lawson, Dr. G. - - - 281 Lawthbr, E. a.. - - - 177 Lee, Eev. E. - - 303 Leete, j. ... 386 Leighton, Sir F. - 220 Lenox, G. C. L. - - 352 Lewis, Sir G. H. - 252 Liberty, A. L. - 307 Lidgett, Geo. - - 133 Lightfoot, T. B. - - - 319 Linton, Sir J. D. - 222 Littler, E. D. M., Q.C. - 229 Lockwood, Sir F., Q.C. 225 Lubbock, Eight Hon. Sir J. 38 Lucas, Eear-Admiral - 53 Lumley, M. - 440 Lund, W. - - . I6I Lyon, J. - - 386 Lyster, a. C. - - 307 Mac Arthur, A. - 199 McCall, j. - . 434 MacCormac, Sir W. . 282 MacGeagh, B. S. F. ¦ 128 CONTENTS. xi PAnv. PAGE i PAftB McGregor, J. . . . 174 Oakley, Sir H. . 154 Eicii, Col. F. H. - 94 McHardy, C. McL. . 144 Oppert, E. D. - 114 Eichards, H. B. . 120 Mackenzie, Sir A. C. - 356 Ord, Dr. W. M. . - - 284 Eichaedson, Sir B. W. 290 McKewan, W. , 127 Eilev, John 2U Mailean, F. W., Q.C. . 236 Paddon, J. 196 Eitchie, Eight Hon. C. T. - 41 Macrae, C. C. 212 Page, Major S. F. 362 EOBARTS, N. F. . . 387 Mac'TE-Ar, j. . . . 327 Paget, Sir J. . . . 285 EoBBRTS, Lord . 43 Magnus, Sir P. , . . 150 Paige, W. P. . . . 173 Egberts, Sir 0. - - 148 Majexdie, Col,. V D. - 118 Paine, G, W. - - - 197 EoscoB, Sir H. E. 35 Makins, Col. AV. T. 77 Paine, Sir T. 254 Eosebery, Et. Hon. Earl of 12 Makower, M. 413 Parkington, Major J. Eoper 400 Eothschild, Lord 20 Marindin, ]\Ia.u)R F. a. 95 Pavy, Capt. F. 157 EussELL, Eight Hon. Lord- 5 Martindale, I'OL. B. H. 186 Pavy, Dr. F. - . . 287 Matthews, Et. Hon. Henry 26 Pearson, Sir W. 311 Salisbury, Eight Hon. ^Iatthews, j. T. - 175 Peat, W. H. 202 Marquis of 11 Maude, Col. F. C. 182 Peel, Eight Hon. A. VV. 18 Salisbury-Jones, A. T. 372 Maudsley, Dr. H. 283 Pember, E. H., Q.C. 238 Salomons, Sir D. L. - 211 Maw, C. 383 Pender, Sir J. 33 Samuel, Sir S. 216 Maxim, H. S. 328 Penfold, a. 156 Sandeman, a. G. 65 Melvill, Sir W. H., Q.C. 237 Pennington, E. 253 Sander, F. 420 Merryvveather, j. C. 326 Penzance, Eight Hon. Lord 4 Sassoon, Sir A. A. 20 ]\IlLES, A. 0. - - 368 Phillips, A. F. 340 Scott, J. 192 MiLLAis, Sir J. E. 221 Phillips, J. 0. - 83 SCOVELL, A. C. . 178 Milne, C. W. 432 Pink, T. ... 433 Scrutton, j. S. - 361 Milner, A. ... 119 PiXLEY, F. W. . 366 Semon, Dr. F. . . . 292 Mitchell, A. C. 425 Playfair, Dr. W. S. . 285 Seton-Karr, H. 41 MoBERLY, Major-Gen. F. J. 146 Pollard, A. T. 304 Shaw-Lefevre, Eight Hon. G 29 Montagu, Sir S. 117 Pollock, Et. Hon. Sir C. E. 8 Sherwood, N. 423 Moore, Sir J. V. 143 POLSON, J. 433 SiEVEKiNG, Sir E. . . 293 Moore, W. E. C. - 367 PoNSONBY, Hon. A. 129 Sisterson, C. - - . 388 Morgan, Et. Hon. Sir G. 0., PONTIFEX, E. A. - . 322 Skinner, T. . - - 371 Q.C. - 241 Poore, Dr. G. V. 286 Smith, C. . - . . 375 Morley, Eight Hon. Arnold 27 Pope, S., Q.C. - 239 Smith, E. - . . 177 Mortimer, C. 168 Portal, W. S. . 71 Smith, Lumley, (>> C. . 227 Mossop, C. - 251 Powell, T. W. 135 Southard, A. 396 Mott, C. G. ... 96 POWRIE, W. 411 Stalbridge, Et. Hon. Lord 68 Moultox, J. F., Q.C. - 237 Peeece, W. H. 99 Staveley-Hill, Et. Hon. A., MowAT, Hon. M. 184 Prideaux, Sir W. S. 147 Q.C. 240 Mowbray, Eight Hon. Sir J. 17 Pritchard, H. D. 390 Stebbing, F. A. - 213 Murdoch, C. T. - 78 Procter, S. 198 Steel, T. 200 Protheroe, W. H. 424 Stephens, P. S., Q.C. - 240 Naoroji, D. 394 Stephenson, Sir A. K., Q.C. 242 Nf:LsoN, E. M. - 382 Quain, Sir E. 288 Stewart, Sir D. M. 43 Newman, E. 171 Stokes, Sir J. . . 4G Newson-Smith, H. 375 Eamsay, Prof. W. 108 Stoneham, A. H. P. . 364 Newton, G. B. - 311 Eapier, E. C. 348 Straus, A. L. - 441 NiSBET, H. C. 254 Eavenscroft, F. 116 Streeter, E. W. - 422 NOAKBS, C. C. ... 167 Eawlinson, Sir H. C. 102 Sullivan, Sir A. S. - 356 Norman, H. J. . 127 Eawlinson, Sir E. 315 Swan, J. W. 314 Norris, Capt. W. 160 Eayleigh, Eight Hon. Lord 107 North, Col. John T. . 90 Eeynolds, Sir J. E. 289 Talbot, Hon. W. P. - 121 Norton, H. T. - 253 Eicarde-Seaver, Major F. I. 183 Taylor, E. B. - 348 Xll CONTENTS. P-iQE PAGE pAoa Taylor, G. W. - . 349 ViLLiERS, Col. E. . - 170 Wills, Sir W. H. - 137 Taylor, J. - 323 Wilson, C. L. - - 172 Temple, Sir E. - . 39 Wain, W. J. C. - . - 185 Wilson, G. E. - - 350 Tennant, Sir C. . • 102 Walker, F. W. - . - 304 WiNKFIELD, J. T. C. . 1 . 306 Terry, E. O'C. - . 409 Walker, G. P. - - 402 WOLLASTON, C. J. - 341 Thesiger, Hon. E. P. . 62 Walton, F. . 344 WOLSELEY, E. T. - - 398 Thompson, Sir H. - 294 Watts, E. H. 171 Wood, Sir H. T. - 75 Thompson, W. J. - . 427 Webber, Major-Gen. C. E. 50 WOODROFFE, G. W. P - 206 Thornton, C. I. 209 Webster, Sir E. E., Q.C. 224 Woods, E. - 97 Thornton, Et. Hon. SirE. 25 Wells, Sir T. S. - - 297 Woodward, H. - . 369 Tomkins, a. S. - 391 West, J. L. - 439 Wreford, G. - 130 Treves, F. 296 Whatman, G. D. - . 115 Wright, F. E. - 436 Tristram, T. H., Q.C 242 Whitehead, Sir J. - 136 Wyatt, Sir W. H. - 82 Tritton, j. H. . 110 Whittle, J. H. - . 342 Wyndham, C. - 406 Troughton, M. a. . 403 Whitwell, M. 429 Tufnell, C. F. - . 334 WiGAN, Sir F. - 164 Tupper, Sir C - . 24 Wilks, Dr. S. - - 298 Yarrow, A. F. - 86 Tweedy, J. - . 295 WiLLANS, W. H. - - 413 Young, Sir F. . 66 Twining, E. - 111 Williams, Sir J. 299 Young, Major-General E. 217 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Right Hon. lord Herschell, G.C.B., Lord High Chancellor of England. The Right Hon. Farrer Baron Herschell, the present occupant of the Woolsack, attained the highest position open to the legal profession at the comparatively early age of forty-eight. This rapid elevation, although Lord Herschell is a most distinguished lawyer, and has earned for himself a well-deserved reputation as such, was no doubt largely due to the disastrous events of the year 1886 upon the Government of the day, when the Liberal Party split up upon the Irish Home Euie Bill being introduced into the House of Commons. Lord Sel- bome, who was then Lord Chancellor, resigning the office, and Sir Henry James, the Attorney-General in Mr. Gladstone's Administration, also going over to the enemy, the way was left open for Sir Farrer, who then fiUed the office of Solicitor-General, to mount to the post which he then held only for a few months, from February to July, but which he now again fiUs. Ho is the son of a clergyman, the late Eev. Eidley H. Herschell, of Gloucester Terrace, London, his mother being a daughter of Mr. William Mowbray, of " the Modern Athens.'' He was born on November 2nd, 1837, and was educated at tbe University College, London, and at the University of Bonn, on the Ehine. He made an excellent position and reputation at the former, and graduated B.A. in 1867. Early in life he displayed a strong tendency towards the legal profession, and accordingly he studied for the Bar, to which he was called in 1860. Later he was appointed Examiner in Common Law to the University College, London, and as a junior counsel was most successful, and gave promise of the great abUity which he afterwards displayed, so much so that he took silk twelve years later in 1872, when he was also appointed a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. In the following year Mr. Herschell was offered, and accepted, the appointment of Eecorder of Car lisle, a post which he held for a period of seven years, at which time, although a high position was likely to fall to him, he was not looked upon as likely to attain the zenith which, he subsequently aspired to, and reached. Soon after his acceptance of the Eecordership of Carlisle he sought and won Parliamentary distinction; as in 1874 he contested Durham, and was elected in the Liberal interest, from which party he has never swerved in allegiance. By his eloquence and mastery of all questions that came to his notice as well as by unflagging industry and energy he made himself a name in the House of Commons, and was very useful to his party in de bates. He was still member for Durham when the LiVjerals took office in 1880, and at the invitation of Mr. Gladstone he joined the Administration, and accepted the post of Solicitor-General, when he received the honour of knighthood. For five years longer he sat for Durham, but at the election of 1886 he contested the Lonsdale Divi sion of Lancashire, Durham becoming a one member constituency. At Lonsdale, however, he was defeated by a small majority, his opponent, Mr. W. C. Ains- lie, a well-known and influential man, winning tho seat by two hundred and twenty-five votes. On the Liberal cave in the same year Mr. Glad stone offered the Lord Chancellorship to his SoHci- tor-General, who accepted the office, and was raised to the peerage, by the title of Baron Herschell. He was not destined to exercise his office for very long, the General Election taking place, with the result that the Conservatives were returned to power in the summer, Lord Herschell's tenure of office lasting only from February to July. In 1888 he was appointed President of the Eoyal Commission, which was granted to make inquiries into the alleged irregularities of the Metropolitan Board of Works, in which investigation he was highly successful. In the same year he started on LEADING MEN OF LONDON^ a trip to India, and during his absence he was selected as Alderman of the London County Council, but declined to serve. On the return of the Liberals at the General Election of 1892, Lord Herschell was restored to the Woolsack. In 1893 he took considerable interest in the formation of the Imperial Institute, and devoted a great amount of time and attention to its inauguration, his services in this respect were acknowledged by Her Majesty, who created him G C.B. ; he is Chair man of the Council of the Institute. He was Chairman of the Currency Committee, aad also of the Indian Currency Commission, the latter of which residted in a most momentous change in the currency of India. On the Death of the Earl of Derby, Lord HerscheU. was appointed Chancellor of the University of London. In 1876 he married Agnes-Adela, third daughter of Edward Leigh Kindersley, of Clyffe, Dorchester, and has four children. He is now D.C.L. Durham, D.L. for Durham and Kent, and was made Captain of Deal Castle in 1890. Lord Herschell is a member of the Athenaeum, Brooks', National Liberal, Devonshire, and Wynd ham Clubs. His residence is 46, Grosvenor Gardens, S.W., and his country residence Deal Castle, Deal, Kent. appointed Chairman of the Carmarthenshire Quarter ions. The Right Hon. Lord Halsbury. The career of the Eight Hon. Hardinge Giffard, Lord Halsbury, ex-Lord Chancellor, who twice filled that high position in recent Conservative Adminis trations with such marked success, was a distinguished one. He is the third son of the late Stanley Lees Giffard, LL.D., barrister-at-law, and was born in London in 182,5, and received his final education at Mertoa College, Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree in the year 1852, and that of M.A. three years later. Early displaying a strong inclination to follow his father's profession, he studied for the Bar, and was called to the Inner Temple in 1850, when he joined the North Wales and Chester Circuit. Almost at once practice came in the way of the clever young lawyer, and shortly his name was well known at the Central Criminal Court, where he was one of the leaders of the day ; while he had also an extensive connection at the Middlesex Sessions, and on his circuit. He was given the position of junior prosecuting counsel to the Treasury, and was called within the Bar in 1865 ; shortly after taking " silk " he became a Ben cher of the Inner Temple. At this period of his career he principally devoted himself to private prac tice, which was very large; but in 1873 he was Mr. Giffard's skill as an advocate was acknow ledged to be of a very high order, and his abilities marked him out when Mr. Disraeli was in power in 1874, as a future law officer of the Crown. Mr. Giffard at this time had not a seat in the House of Commons, but nevertheless the Prime Minister offered the SoHcitor-Generalship to him, which he accepted, and he received the honour of knighthood. In 1868 he had made his first attempt to enter the House of Commons, contesting Cardiff in the Con servative interest, but was defeated, and again when appointed Solicitor-General he sought the suffrages of that borough without success. For three years he was compelled to remain outside the walls of Westminster, until, in 1877, he was returned for Launceston, which he continued to represent until 1885. In that year he reached the pinnacle of a lawyer's ambition, when Lord Salisbury raised him to the Woolsack, and he was given a peerage, taking the title of Baron Halsbury. In February of the follow ing year the Tories went out of office, and the Lord Chancellor consequently resigned, but resumed his high office in the following August, when Lord Salis bury again took up the reins of power. He retained the Lord High Chancellorship until the summer of 1892, when the party being defeated at the poUs the Government resigned. As a lawyer, Lord Halsbury was a conspicuous success. He was a powerful pleader, and, though not a great equity lawyer, his great legal knowledge and eloquence were almost unequalled in his days at the Bar. He was one of the leading counsel in the famous Tichborne case, and appeared for one side or the other in all the leading cases of the day. He was a very clever cross-examiner. In Parliament, though not considered a very brilliant debater, he rendered considerable service to his party. Lord Halsbury is Constable of Launceston Castle, and in 1881 was Treasurer of his Inn. His name is an ancient one in Devonshire, being descended from the Giffards who settled at Whitchurch, near Tavis tock, in the reign of Henry III. In 1852 he married CaroUne, daughter of W. 0. Humphrys, Esq., who died, and in 1874 he married Wilhelmina, daughter of H. Woodfall, Esq., of Stan- more, Middlesex. Lord Halsbury is Senior Grand Warden of English Freemasons. His country seats are Woodlands, Great Stanmore, Middlesex, and Penduccombe, Launceston, Cornwall. He is a member of the Carlton, Junior Carlton, Athenaeum, and St. Stephen's Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Right Hon. lord Esher. The title and position of Master of the EoUs is amongst the most exalted and important in the land ; it demands, as may well be imagined, the greatest and highest legal acumen and experience, from the minutest to the gravest technicality. Beyond this, the position carries with it great prestige and discretionary power over various affairs and in many directions. Lord Esher, who has been Master of the Eolls for the past decade, is, outside and beyond this high official post, a man whose personality is remarkable, and whose record is distinguished. It is our privilege here to give a brief outline of his career. William Baliol Brett, first Baron Esher, is the eldest son of the Eev. Joseph George Brett, of Eanelagh, Chelsea, by Dora, daughter of the late George Best, Esq., of Chilston Park, Kent. He was born in 1815, and is a brother of Colonel Sir Wilford Brett, K.C., M.G., late military secretary at Nova Scotia, Malta, and Madras respectively. He was born at Chilham, in Kent, but brought up at the beautiful old house in Chelsea, on the site of which Chelsea Barracks now stand. He was educated at Westminster School, and from that famous old academy he went to Caius College, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. in 1840, and M.A. five years later. At Cambridge he was remark able for his athletic vigour, and three times rowed against Oxford in the University crew. Leaving Cambridge he studied law and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1846. In March, 1860, he "took silk," and coincident with this was made a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. His political csreer dates from 1866, and the courage with which he has always maintained his opinions was then first time publicly evinced, for in that year he came forward to contest Eochdale, having for his opponent Mr. Cobden. He declared to the constituents of this stronghold of Liberalism that he was not merely a Conservative but a decided Tory. Notwithstanding this frank declaration he made rapid progress with the constituents, and secured a full meed of popularity ; so much, indeed, that Mr. Cobden found it very necessary to come personally to Eochdale to endeavour to check this (for him) untoward tide of public feeling and to defend his seat. Lord Esher (then Mr. Brett), how ever, did not succeed in his attempt, and fortune did not favour him more in his contest with Mr. T. B. Potter. In July, 1866, however, he again essayed the political battle, this time standing for Helston, in Cornwall; this election was somewhat remarkable, rendered so by the fact that the polls resulted in a tie, and after 4 o'clock, the mayor, by right of office, threw the casting vote, thus giving Mr. Brett the seat ; the action of the mayor, because of the hour, was deemed irregular, and he was summoned to the House of Commons to account for it. However, the election stood, and Mr. Brett took his seat in the house and represented Helston till 1868. In February of that year he was appointed Solicitor General under Lord Beaconsfield's (then Benjamin Disraeli) administration, and received the honour of knighthood at the same time. This administration was only of ten months' duration, consequently Mr. Brett's stay in office was brief, and he went out with his party in December. Daring this period, however, he took a very active part in passing the Eegistration Act of 1868, which enabled the general election to take place at the end of the year, and in the Corrupt Practices Act which is now in force. The result of the elections was adverse to the Conservative cause, and going out of office he was appointed a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and by the operation of the Judicature Act he became a judge of the High Court in 1875, and in October, 1876, was made a judge of the inter mediate Court of Appeal, and became a member of Her Majesty's privy council. On the recommendation of Mr. Gladstone, in 1883, he was made Master of the Eolls, succeeding the late Sir George Jessel. In 1885, in recognition of his long and arduous services as judge, the dignity of a peerage of the United Kingdom was conferred upon him. In 1850 Lord Eaher married Eugenie, daughter of Louis Mayer, Esq. ; this lady is a step-daughter of Colonel Gurwood, C.B., who edited the Duke of Wellington's Peninsular and other despatches. Lord and Lady Esher's eldest son is the Hon. Eeginald Baliol Brett, who was from 1876 to 1885 private secretary to the present Duke of Devon shire (then Lord Hartington), and from 1880 to 1885 was Liberal member for Penryn and Falmouth. He is a Justice of the Peace for Berkshire, and married in 1879 Eleanor, youngest daughter of M Van de Weyer, formerly Belgian Minister to the Court of St. James's. Mr. Brett resides at Orchard Lea, Winkfield, Windsor; his town-house is 1, Tilney Street, W. He is a member of Brooks's, the National Liberal, and Turf Clubs. Lord Esher's London residence is 6, Ennismore Gardens, S.W., and his seat Heath Farm, Watford, Herts. He is a member of the Athenaeum and Carlton Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Right Hon. Lord Penzance. Away from the rush of London in his quiet country seat of Eashing Park, near Godalming, in the county of Surrey, Lord Penzance, whose briUiant career as a lawyer, and diversified experience on the judicial bench, are unique in the annals of our time, passes the greater portion of his later years. Inheriting the legal tradition of his famUy, and stimulated to success in the profession he had chosen by the example of his uncle, the late Sergeant Wilde, whose distinguished record, first as Solicitor-General, and Attorney-General, afterwards as Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and finally as Lord Chancellor, probably acted as an incentive to the youthful lawyer who afterwards filled so many high offices. James Plaisted Wilde, fourth son of the late Edward Archer Wilde, Esq., his mother being Marianna, eldest daughter of William Norris, Esq., M.D., was born in the metropolis on July 12th, 1816. The first distinction won by him was of a physical rather than of an intellectual character. When a schoolboy at the famous college founded by William of Wykeham, he was selected as first bowler for Winchester in the matches against Eton and Harrow at Lord's in the years 1833 and 1834. The latter year was his last of school Ufe, when he passed on to Trinity College, Cambridge. Here he was known as one of the first, if not the first, tennis players of his day. He took his B.A. degree in 1838, but in the meantime he had studied law, and was caUed to the Bar at the Inner Temple in the following year. Joining the Northern Circuit, Mr. Wilde, from the outset of his legal career, devoted himself to the Common Law, and especially to mercantile and marine matters, upon which he was afterwards so exeeUent an authority. In the minute details of the law relating to shipping, he gathered an immense amount of information, and also gained the reputa tion of being a clever and eloquent speaker. Three years later he graduated M.A., two years after receiving his first official appointment, that of counsel to the Customs and Excise, while fifteen years later he "took silk." Even at this time Mr. WUde's abUities were recognised as being of a high order ; he was the acknowledged leader on his Circuit, and was pointed out as being predestined to hold an impor tant position on the Bench. Another minor appoint ment fell to his lot when, in 1859, he was appointed counsel to the Duchy of Lancaster, and the foUowing year, in fulfilment of the expectations of his col leagues at the Bar, he was raised to the Bench as Baron of the Court of Exchequer, when he was also the recipient of the honour of knighthood. Unfortunately at this stage of his career Sir James Wilde suffered from great nervous exhaustion, and, while engaged as junior Judge on the Northern Circuit at the Liverpool Assizes, he broke down, and was obliged to leave the remaining business to be completed by his brother judge. He was unable the foUowing year to resume his duty as Judge of Assize, and Mr. Serjeant Shee was appointed in his stead. Sir James made two attempts to enter politifal life, but in both instances was rejected. In 1852 he contested the borough of Leicester in the Liberal interest, where he was defeated, and again in 1859 he made another unsuccessful attempt to represent the borough of Peterborough. In 1863, on the death of Sir Cresswell Cresswell, Judge of the Court of Probate, and Judge Ordinary of the Divorce Court, Sir James was appointed to succeed him. It may be mentioned in connection with this post that a remonstrance was drawn up, and signed by aU the Registrars of the Court, protesting against one Judge being appointed to discharge the duplicate duties, but as an instance of Sir James Wilde's energy and perseverance, it is recalled that in one year he entirely cleared up the Ust oi causes. While holding this position he heard the famous cau&e ceUhre — the Mordaunt Divorce Suit. In July, 1864, Sir James Wilde was made a member of Her Majesty's Privy Council, and a few years later, in 1869, he was created Baron Penzance of Penzance, in the county of Cornwall, since which year he has sat as a member of the Official Court of Appeal in the House of Lords. He retained the Judgeship of the Court of Probate and Divorce until 1872, when his nervous system gave way completely, and he was obliged to resign with the usual pension of a puisne judge. In 1874, the year of the memorable Public Wor ship Regulation Act, an Act which was framed to put down Eitualistic practices, Lord Penzance came to the front again, when he was appointed by the two arch bishops to the new Ecclesiastical Judgeship, a sacri fice which was described by Tlie Times at the time as an act of " self-immolation," The post was a pecu liarly undesirable one, the great amount of public interest aroused in the matter, which the debate in the House of Commons upon Mr. Gladstone's six resolutions did not tend to decrease, making the posi tion of the Judge an unenviable one. The appoint ment was, in the first instance, made as " a Judge of the Provincial Courts of Canterbury and York," while it was provided that the Jiidge should, on the next avoidance of the Dean of Arches of Canterbury, and Official Principal of the Chancery Court of York, fill the office. These two officials resigning, Lord Pen- LEADING MEN OF LONDON. zance was appointed to the vacant posts. In his position as Judge he has had to determine many knotty points, and amongst other important cases coming before him was the Folkestone Ritual Case, whUe his decisions on points of ritual were never reversed upon Appeal. Lord Penzance has served on many important Commissions. He was Chairman of the Commis sion which was charged with the duty of prepar ing a scheme for the Promotion and Retirement of Officers in the Army, and he drew up their Report. In the year 1864, at the earnest desire of Lord Brougham, he accepted the post of Chairman of the Legal Department of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science at York, during the sittings of which he deUvered an address on "Juris prudence and the Amendment of the Law." In this address he dilated upon the accumulation of Law Reports, and strongly recommended the formation of a Digest of the Common Law. The subject attracted considerable attention at the time, and the address led to the issuing of a Commission of which he was a member, and Lord Westbury the Chairman, but under his guidance the Digest degenerated into a Code, and nothing was done. He was a member of the Commission on the Marriage Laws, also a member of the Judicature Commission, and took a prominent part in opposing the changes aiming at the fusion of law and equity, which were carried out in the abolition of the ancient Common Law Courts. He was a member of the Ecclesiastical Courts Commission, and served on the Commission appointed to consider the claims of certain purchase officers consequent on the abolition of purchase in the Army. He also served on a Commission as Chair man to inquire into the condition of WeUington College. He was afterwards Chairman of the Commission to consider the practices of the Stock Exchange, and when Mr. Peel was elected Speaker of the House of Commons Lord Penzance took his place as Chairman of a Departmental Committee appointed by the War Office to consider the position of engineer officers in India. He strongly resisted the attempt to abolish the judicial functions of the House of Lords, in conjunction with Lord Redesdale and Mr. Stuart Wortley, in which they succeeded. The state of his health and the very heavy duties of his office, in the discharge of which there was in those days no assistance to be had from a second judge, precluded him from taking any active part in legislation in the Upper House, but he is entitled to the sole credit of the enactment which has enabled magistrates to grant a decree of judicial separation to wives who have been savagely assaulted by their hus bands, and who could not pay the cost of the Divorce Court. Lord Penzance prepared a clause for insertion in a BiU which was passing through the House of Lords, giving magistrates the same power of judicial separation as the Divorce Court, together with power to punish the husband. In a few sentences he ex plained the provision to the House, it was then inserted in the Bill, and passed the House of Com mons without comment. Lord Penzance married, in 1860, Lady Mary Pley- dell Bouverie, youngest daughter of the third Earl of Radnor. He is one of the oldest members of Brooks' Club. Lord Russell of Killowen, Lord Chief Justice of England. That Lord Russell by the sheer force of his intellect has risen from a comparatively obscure position, with the chances aU against him, to the post which he now holds, and is one of the greatest lawyers of the day, is ample proof that he is unrivaUed in the profession he has adopted. The opinion in which he was held by the Bar may be summed up in the words of Sir James Hannen, at the close of Lord RusseU's famous speech in the ParneU Commission, when the President passed down to him a sUp of paper which read — "A great speech, worthy of a great occasion." Sir Riohard Webster, who had seen the words, endorsed this flattering tribute by a graceful compliment, saying: "So say we all, my Lord." Lord RusseU is another famous Irishman who has obtained the highest honours. He was born in Newry, Co. Down, sixty-one years ago, his father being Arthur R. Russell, Esq., of Seafield House, Eostrevor. The son's early education was gained at Castleknock CoUege, and afterwards at Trinity College, DubUn, where he obtained honours. He selected the legal profession and was admitted a solicitor, and practised for a short time as such in Belfast. In two years, however, he came over to England, and was called to the Bar in 1859, at Lin coln's Inn, joining the Northern Circuit. At this time he was twenty-six years of age ; and he shortly gained a reputation for great abUity, his efficiency and legal acumen being especially noticeable in com mercial cases, which crowded in upon him in large numbers. He is an acute cross-examiner, an elo quent advocate, and a master of every detail in the cases in which he was engaged. During his first year at the Bar he is said to have made two hun dred guineas, and before he took "silk" his income exceeded that of any other Junior of his time. In 1872, after thirteen years' hard work as a LEADING MEN OF LONDON. " Junior," he was made a Q.C. when the Liberal government was in office, and appointed a bencher of his Inn. From that time he held a brief in almost every notable case, amongst which may be mentioned the famous " Saurin v. Starr " case, and the Wynd ham Lunacy case; "Fitzgerald v. Dr. Northbrook," " Eobertson v. Labouchere," " Eegina v. Yates," " Fortescue v. Garmoyle," the Castiogni Extradition case, the Lord Colin CampbeU v. Lady Colin CampbeU case (in the Divorce Court), "Osborne v. Hargreaves" (the notorious Pearl case), " Wood*;. Cox," the Jockey Club case, "Chetwynd v. Lord Durham," the cele brated Belt V. Lawes action for libel, the Whalley WUl trial, and in the trial of McDonneU for the murder of Carey, the informant in the Phoenix Park murders, and many others. He also acted as leading counsel for many years for The Times, the Bailey Tele graph, the Baihj News, Truth, the World, and many other journals. To the logic and tact which he pos sesses in a marked degree, added to the power of concentration and his rare eloquence, is due the wonderfully rapid rise he made in his profession. In 1874 he first sought Parliamentary distinction, looking to Ireland for a seat. The constituency he selected was Dundalk, but he faUed to be returned ; again, at the General Election of 1880, when Mr. Gladstone was placed in power, he stood for the same borough, where he had suffered defeat six years previously, but for which he was now returned as a Liberal, defeating Mr. Callan, a Home Ruler, by forty-nine votes. He continued to represent Dun dalk until the Reform Bill of 1885 destroyed the separate representation. Shortly after his advent to the House of Commons he rendered considerable service to his party, taking an active part in the Land BiU debate in 1882, and contributing impor tant speeches on the other great questions of the day, including the Compensation for Disturbance Bill, Mr. Foster's Coercion Bill, and the Crimes Bill, which was introduced after the murder of Lord Frederick Cavendish, and Mr. Burke in Dublin in 1882. He supported the Reform of the Municipal Government of London, Leasehold Enfranchisement, Local Option, &c., and also voted for the Abolition of the House of Lords. During the Franchise Agi tation he spoke on several occasions, both in the House of Commons and throughout the country. In 1885 he was selected as Liberal candidate for South Hackney, and won the seat, his opponent being Mr. C. J. Darling, Q.C, who again contested it the foUowing year, and reduced the majority. Sir Henry James resigning the Attorney-General ship, in 1886 (his views on the Home Rule Question not permitting him to retain office under the Liberal Government), Lord Russell succeeded him, when he received the honour of knighthood ; his reten tion of office was, however, very short, only last ing from February to July, 1886, when the General Election took place, resulting in the return of the Conservatives by an overwhelming majority, and relegated him to Opposition. In 1889 the famous Parnell Commission, which in vestigated the charges promulgated by The Times, established his reputation as an advocate above aU his compeers, while his cross-examination of Pigott as counsel for Mr. ParneU, was one of the most brilliant performances of modern times. In his final speech before he retired from the inquiry, on Mr. ParneU's instructions, he claimed that he had estab lished what he had undertaken to prove at the outset, namely, that The Times were not the accusers but the accused. In the sequence to the Commission he again appeared for Mr. ParneU in his action against The Times, which resulted in the award of heavy damages. In the same year he appeared as counsel for Mrs. Maybrick. Lord Russell refused a Judgeship before his fiftieth year; and but for the disqualification of his religion, he would have sat on the Woolsack before now. In 1892, on the accession of Mr. Glad stone to the Premiership, he was again offered and accepted the Attorney-Generalship. He represented this country in the Behring Sea Arbitration with the United States, which was held in Paris in 1893. His speech in reply to Mr. Phelps and Mr. Carter, occupying ten days in delivery, was one of his greatest successes ; and for his ser vices he received the rank of G.C.M.G., and in addi tion was the recipient of the warmest encomiums from the President, who congratulated Great Britain on having a counsel so able and so eloquent to up hold her interests. In April, 1894, Lord Russell accepted the succession to the Lordship of Appeal which was rendered vacant by the death of Lord Bowen, taking the title of Lord Rus»eU of KiUowen. Before taking his seat, however, he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of England on the death of Lord Coleridge, and Lord Justice Davey was made Lord of Appeal in his place. Like most of his countrymen, he is a good horse man, and takes a great interest in all racing matters. Lord Russell is a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant of Surrey. In 1858 he married EUen, eldest daughter of J. S. MuUioUand, Esq., M.D., of Belfast. His town house is 86, Harley Street; he is a member of the Reform, National Liberal, Turf, and Portland Clubs. His country seat is Tadworth Court, Tad- worth, Surrey. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Francis Jeune, P.O., M.A.(Oxon.), D.C.L. The Eight Hon. Sie Fkancis Heney Jeune, President of the Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice, is the eldest son of the late Bishop Jeune, of Peterborough. He was born on the I7th March, 1843 — at which time his father, Dr. Jeune, held the Deanery of Jersey — and educated privately at Blackheath, and at Exmouth (under Mr. Penrose), the latter being a weU-known Devonshire County School. Subsequently he passed five years at Harrow, during four of which he was under Dr. Vaughan, a,nd for the other one under Dr. Butler, the popular Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. Immediately after leaving Harrow he gained a Balliol Scholarship, and matriculated at Oxford on the day of the Prince Consort's funeral. During Sir Francis Jeune's Oxford days, the late Dr. Jowett was Head of the College, and many an affectionate remembrance does the President treasure of the erstwhile Master of Balliol. At Oxford he had a distinguished career in the Schools, gaining both the Stanhope and Arnold prizes for his essays. He took his B.A. before his twenty-second birthday, and proceeded subsequently to the M.A. Sir Francis went direct from Oxford to study law in London, and entered as a pupil the chambers of Mr. Ebenezer Charles, a brother of the present Mr. Justice Charles. The chambers were also occupied by Mr. James, who afterwards became Lord Justice James. His other legal masters were the eminent pleaders, Mr. BuUen and the present Mr. Justice WUls, but before being called he also went into a solicitor's office for a year, choosing for this purpose the firm of Messrs. Baxter, Eose & Norton. He speaks of the experience he gained there as having been invaluable to him. He was caUed to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1868, and almost immediately became engaged in a protracted law-suit which lasted several years. For upwards of twenty years Sir Francis practised at the Bar, and his record as an advocate is one of singular briUiancy. He was much associated in ecclesiastical matters, and for many years held the important office of ChanceUof^ of the Dioceses of Gloucester and Bristol, Bangor, Durham, St. David's, St. Alban's, St. Asaph, and Peterborough. He was also Commissary to the Dean and Chapter of West minster. In Bankruptcy proceedings, Common Law, Parlia mentary, Probate, and Divorce work he has had in his time considerable experience. He held a general retainer for the Canadian Government, and had much unofficial practice from Canada before the Privy Council. In 1888 he was appointed a Queen's Counsel, and in 1891, was made a Bencher of the Inner Temple. To few men has it been given to achieve success by such pleasant paths as to Sir Francis Jeune. His popularity amongst all classes is unquestionable, and when, in 1891, he was appointed a Judge of the High Court of Justice, the selection was greeted with universal acclamation. That he had thoroughlj- earned his promotion no one could deny, and the manner in which, since his elevation, he has upheld the dignity of his high position, testifies better than can any written words, to the wisdom of the choice then made by the Lord Chancellor. In 1891 Her Majesty conferred upon him the honour of Knighthood, and, since 1892, he has been President of the Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice. Sir Francis Jeune also holds the post of Judge- Advocate General, without salary. He consented to accept this office from the present Government when it was found difficult to fiU the office from among their foUowers in the House of Commons. This position was at one time conferred, under somewhat similar circumstances, on Sir Robert PhUlimore, when Judge of the Admiralty Court. It involves the supervision of the Courts Martial of the British Army, and the submission of advice with regard to them to Her Majesty. He is a Justice of the Peace for Essex and Berks, in which latter county his charming country house, Arlington Manor, is situated, and the University of Durham has chosen him to be the recipient of her D.C.L., the highest honorary distinction in her gift. He married, in 1881, Mary, the eldest daughter of Keith Stewart Mackenzie, Esq., of Seaforth, and widow of Lieut. -Colonel the Hon. J. C. Stanley, by whom he has one son, intended to be a Harrow boy. Of Lady Jeune it is difficult in words to convey what one must needs feel ; and, after aU, perhaps words from us are superfluous, since who that knows anything of the sorrows and the misery that lurk in the by-ways of our great city cannot traco the influence of her life and work? It is the highest meed of praise we can bestow to say that she is the chilirerCs frie'nd, knowing that among the children we count those utterly destitute and forlorn, the outcast of our civilisation. She also takes a special interest in women's work, and women workers. We offer no apology for this digression, since it is not possible to write of Sir Francis with out associating with him the lady whom the world knows and honours as his wife. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Mr. Baron Pollock. The PoUocks, of whom there are now many in England and Ireland, originated in Scotland, the family being located in Perth, and of humble origin. Early in last century one of them came as far south as Berwick-on-Tweed, and his son came to London as a journeyman sadler. He was a man of great industry, probity, and force of character, but of slender education. After working steadUy at his trade, he occupied a shop at old Charing Cross, near to where the Nelson monument now stands, and became sadler to George III. and other members of the Royal Family. For some time he had Peter Laurie, afterwards Lord Mayor of London, as his foreman. His wife was a woman of better educa tion, and by love and zeal for the happiness and advancement of her children — all of whom were boys — contributed much to their success in after life. Three of them — David, Frederick, and George — soon made their mark, and ultimately rose to posi tions of eminence. David, by steady industry, acquired a positon at the Bar, and became later Chief Justice of Bombay ; Frederick was for a short time at St. Paul's School, but left it of his own accord, preferring the study of mathematics to the narrow limits of LiUy's Gram mar and Classics. After a few years of private study he entered Trinity CoUege, Cambridge, and graduated Senior Wrangler and Smith's Prizeman. One of his earliest friends was Blomfield, afterwards Bishop of London. He subsequently became Attor ney-General in Sir Robert Peel's Administration of 1834-1841, and Lord Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer. At tho age of 82, he retired from the Bench, and three years later contributed a paper to the Transactions of the Eoyal Society. The third son, George, entered the army, and became Field Marshal and Constable of the Tower. Sir Charles Edward Pollock — the last of the Barons — is the fourth son of the late Lord Chief Baron — and was born at Bedford Eow, London, in 1823. He was educated at St. Paul's School, with Jowett and Hannen (afterwards Lord Hannen), but left at the age of seventeen ; and, before he had reached his majority, was acting Private Secretary to his father, whilst the latter was in office. He received the major portion of his legal training in the chambers of Mr. Justice James Shaw WiUes, whose pupil he was for nearly three years, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1847, and joined the Home Circuit. WhUst at Mr. WUles' chambers, Mr. PoUock had the great advantage of becoming acquainted with Mr. George (afterwards Lord) BramweU, who ever after took a kindly interest in his young friend's progress. For several years they sat together on the Exchequer Bench. Before briefs arrived in numbers sufficient to occupy his time, he worked as a law reporter and writer of law books, and occasionally sat as Deputy to the County Court Judges of Westminster, Mary- lebone, and York. In 1866 he was appointed Queen's Counsel by Lord Chelmsford, then Lord Chancellor, and in the same year was made a Bencher of the Inner Temple. Both in stuff and silk Mr. PoUock had an extensive practice at the Bar, being chiefly associated with cases involving points of mercantile and shipping law. In this branch of practice he was singularly successful, and so weU thought of was his legal knowledge and sound judgment in cases of this nature, that he was frequently caUed upon to act as arbitrator in disputes affecting raUways and other public companies. He successively held the offices of Post man and Tub man to the Court of Exchequer, positions highly valued amongst " Juniors " in days gone by. In 1873, on the resignation of Mr. Baron Chan nell — father of the present Q.C. of that name — he was made a Baron of the Court of Exchequer, being before appointed a Serjeant-at-Law, a now defunct legal distinction. In 1875 he became a Justice of the High Court of Justice (Exchequer Division), and, in 1879, a Judge of the Queen's Bench Division, under the Judicature Act, retaining the title of Baron. Sir Charles Pollock has secured a wide reputation, both in legal and commercial circles, as the author of several valuable works which are largely in use as text-books. In conjunction with the late Mr. F. P. Maude, he wrote " A Compendium of the Law of Merchant Shipping." He is also responsible for "A Treatise on the Power of Courts of Common Law to Compel the Production of Documents," and "The Practice of the County Courts." By the death of Mr. Baron Huddlestone, Sir Charles became entitled to enjoy the altogether unique honour of being the last of the Barons. He has been three times married. In 1848 to Nicola Sophia, daugh ter of the Eev. Henry Herbert, Eector of Inistioge, Co. Kilkenny. Three years after losing his flrst wife — who died in 1855 — he married Georgina, daughter of the Hon. Samuel G. W. Archibald, Esq., LL.B., Master of the Rolls, Nova Scotia, and sister of the late Hon. Sir Thomas Dickson Archibald, Judge of the High Court of Justice, but after six LEADING MEN OF LONDON. years was again a widower. He then married, in 1865, Amy Menella, daughter of the late Hume Hassard Dodgson, Esq., the weU-known Special Pleader and Master of the High Court. Mr. PoUock took but few pupils. Among these, however, were the great American advocate and jurisprudent Benjamin, who commenced his English career in Mr. PoUock's chambers ; the Hon, Alfred Thesiger, who afterwards joined the Home Circuit, sharing lodgings with his old tutor, and later on, when Lord Justice of Appeal, travelled Circuit with him; Mr. Henry Bompas, Q.C. ; Sir Richard Har rington and Sir Kenelm Digby, now County Court Judges ; and Laurence Oliphant, the traveller. In earh' life he was much interested in the educa tion of the children of the lower classes, and was one of the managers of the Red Shoeblack Brigade, established by Mr. McGregor — better known as Rob Roy — and also of an Industrial School in West minster, promoted by a few young lawyers. Later in life he worked for the cause of the Commons Preservation, both as a member of the Society and also by taking an active part in securing the dedication of Wimbledon Common to the public. For nearly twenty years he was one of the Conservators of the Common, and latterly Chairman of that body. He joined the Inns of Court Rifle Corps upon tho first day of their gathering in Lincoln's Inn HaU, and remained with them for eight years. During the twenty-one years he has occupied a seat on the Bench, Baron Pollock has never been known once to fail in courtesy to the humblest of those who have appeared before him. He is an eminent judge in every sense of the term, lenient to a degree, wherever mercy is possible, but stern and uncompromising where he is convinced leniency would be thrown away. As a lawyer, he is probably second to none in accurate knowledge of all legal questions, whUe his judgments are given with a lucidity and conciseness that is altogether praise worthy. He never forgets that all men are not lawyers, and that a decision is far more readily accepted if easUy understood. Though some time since entitled, by length of ser vice, to retire on a pension. Sir Charles has not availed himself of the privilege, and for the present, at least, has no intention of so doing. In this con nection it is weU to remember that he obtained a seat on the Bench at an earlier time in life than falls to the lot of most men to do. With the exception of circuits and the recognised vacations, he spends the whole of his time at his pleasant home on Putney HiU. He is a Justice of the Peace for Surrey, and a member of the Athenaeum Club. Sir Henry Hawkins. The Hon. Sie Heney Hawkins, Judge of the High Court of Justice (Queen's Bench Division), is the eldest son of John Hawkins, Esq., of Hitohin, Herts, by Susannah, daughter of Theed Pearse, Esq., of Bedford. He was born at Hitchin on the 14th of September, 1817, and educated at Bedford School. Early in life he determined to adopt the law as his profession, and for this purpose entered the Middle Temple as a student, being called to the Bar in 1843. Before this time, however, Mr. Hawkins had gained much reputation as a special pleader. He joined, at once, the Home Circuit, and rapidly acquired an extensive practice as a Junior. In 1858 he took sUk, and for many years subsequently was one of the leaders of the Circuit. About this period he was elected a Bencher of the Middle Temple. It is an interesting fact that while at the Bar Mr. Hawkins had the largest practice that any man has ever been known to have. This speaks volumes for his remarkable skUl and ability as an advocate. In 1855 he was counsel (with Mr. Serjeant Byles) for Sir John Dean Paul, and (with Mr. Edwin James) for Simon Bernard, who was tried, in 1858, for con spiracy with Orsini, who was guiUotined, against the life of the Emperor Napoleon. After his appointment as Q.C, Mr. Hawkins was associated with almost every important case which . came before the Superior Courts. With the late Lord Chief Justice Bovil he was engaged in the famous RoupeU cases to resist the claims brought forward on behalf of Mr. RoupeU. In 1869 he was leading counsel for the defence in the convent case of Saurin v. Star. He also led the case on behalf of the late Mr. W. H. Smith when he suc- cessfuUy defended his seat for Westminster after his fijst election. In conjunction with the late Lord Chief Justice Coleridge, Mr, Hawkins was engaged in the renowned Tichborne case, and his brilliant and exhaustive cross- examination of Mr. Baigent was a never-to-be-for gotten feature of that trial. Again, in the subsequent indictment against the Claimant for perjury, before the fuU Court of Queen's Bench, sitting in lanco, he was leading counsel for the prosecution, acting under instructions from the Crown. In this trial, which is the most remarkable case on record, Mr. Hawkins perhaps put the finishing touch to his reputation as an advocate. He was also engaged as counsel in support of the wUl of the late Lord St. Leonards in the case which came before the Probate Court, ^vhen he successfully C 10 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. estabUshed the validity of the will before the Judge Ordinary, and, subsequently, before the Court of Appeal. He had great experience in connection with elec tion petitions, and for many years was associated with every important compensation case that was brought up for trial. He was counsel for the Crown for the purchase of land for the National Defences, and for the Royal Commissioners in the purchase of a site for the new Law Courts, and many public bodies. For many years Mr. Hawkins was Standing Counsel for the Jockey Club, for which he held a general retainer, and of which club he is now a member. On November 3rd, 1876, he was appointed by Her Majesty a Judge of the High Court of Justice (Queen's Bench Division) ; and, on receiving the honour of knighthood in the same month, was transferred to the Exchequer Division. In 1887 he married Miss Jane Louisa Reynolds, a daughter of Henry Francis Reynolds, Esq., of Hulme, Lancashire. Sir Henry Hawkins is constant as a votary of our national pastime, and is a weU-known figure at New market, and rarely has missed the Derby for many years. In this connection we believe many amusing stories might be told, founded upon his experiences. On the Bench he has few equals, certainly no supe riors ; and many an abandoned wretch, from whose nature aU vestige of shame or contrition has long ago been eliminated, wUl quail before the stern, unflinch ing gaze and a few sharp, cutting words of the in flexible judge. At the same time he is kind as weU as just, and, while from him guilt has little to hope, no one is more certain to protect the innocent, or to seize upon extenuating circumstances to lighten the sentence on the guilty. Sir Henry Hawljins is a member of Arthur's, the Athenaeum, and the Turf Clubs. His town residence is No. 5, Tilney Street, Park Lane. The Hon. Sir dainsford BruCe, D.C.L. Sie Gainsfoed Beiice, Justice of the High Court of Justice (King's Bench Division), is the eldest son of the late Rev. J. CoUingwood Bruce, D.C.L., LL.D., of Newcastle-on-Tyne, by Charlotte, daughter of T. Gainsford, Esq., of Gerrard's Cross, Bucking hamshire. He was born at Newcastle in 1834, and educated at Glasgow University, after which he entered as a student at the Middle Temple, on the 18th November, 1856, and was called to the Bar on the 10th June, 1859. He is an Hou. D.C.L. of Durham. In the early days of his career at the Bar he went the old Northern Circuit, and after its division attached himself to the North-Eastern Circuit. He soon got together a considerable practice, and, in addition, held many important legal appointments. For fifteen years— from 1877 to 1892— he was Recorder of Bradford ; was Solicitor-General for the county Palatine of Durham, from 1879 to 1886; Attorney-General for the same county for a year, from 1886 to 1887; and Temporal ChanceUor from 1887 to 1892. For several years he made courageous efforts to secure a seat in Parliament ; unsuccessfully contest ing Gateshead in 1880, Newcastle-on-Tyne two years later, in 1882; the Tyneside Division of Northum berland at the General Election of 1885 ; and Barrow- in-Furness in the foUowing year. From 1888 till 1892 he sat as the Conservative member for the Holborn Division of Finsbury, and finaUy quitted the arena of politics on being appointed a Justice of the High Court of Justice in 1892. He took silk in 1883, and was elected a Bencher of the Middle Temple in 1887. Since December, 1883, he has been a member of the Bar Committee, and was law reporter in the Court of Admiralty of the Incorporated Council for several years. In 1892 he received knighthood. Mr. Justice Bruce is one of the authors of " Williams and Bruce' s Admiralty Practice," and one of the editors of "Maude and Pollock on Merchant Shipping." Both of these works are held in high estimation by the profession as being valuable additions to the legal Uterature oi our country. It is needless to say that they treat oi their special subjects in a thoroughly practical and comprehensive manner. During the illness of Mr. Justice Barnes, in July, 1 894, Mr. Justice Bruce, at the request of the Lord Chancellor, undertook the judicial business of the Court of Admiralty. He married, in 1868, Sophia, daughter of F. Jack son, Esq., ot Chertsey, by whom he has issue. Sir Gainsford Bruce is a member of the Carlton and Athenaeum Clubs ; he is a yachtsman and a member of the Royal Yacht Squadron. He resides at Yewhurst, Bromley, Kent, and Gainslaw House, near Berwick-upon-Tweed. He preserves most worthily the dignity and traditions of his high position, and is an able and conscientious exponent of the law. It would be superfluous to dwell upon his ability as a lawyer since the position he holds give a testimony far stronger than mere words can do. Being at the present time only sixty j'ears of age, we may reasonably hope that he has many years before him full of usefulness and of honour. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 11 The Marquis of Salisbury, K.G. The Right Hon. Robeet Aethue Talbot Gas coigne Cecil, third Marquis of SaUsbury, is the eldest surviving son of the second Marquis, by his first wife, and was born at Hatfield in 1830. Educated at Eton and Christchurch, Oxford, he graduated B.A. and M.A. in due course, and in 1853 was elected a Fellow of All Souls. In the same year the Marquis of Salisbury entered Parliament as Conservative member for the borouffh o of Stamford, and continued to represent this con stituency in the House of Commons until the death of his father in 1868, and his consequent succession to the Peerage. As a Member of the House of Commons, he took a special interest in Church questions, and tho roughly identified himself with all the leading poli tical questions of the day. At this period of his Ufe the Marquis was a well- known contributor to current literature, articles from his pen frequently appearing in the Quarterly Review and other journals. In July, 1866, he was appointed Secretary of State for India by Lord Derby, but resigned his office on the Reform BiU of 1867, when two other Members of the Cabinet, General Peel and Lord Carnarvon — respectively Secretary of State for War and Colonial Secretary — also sent in their resigna tions on the same question. On November 12th, 1869, Lord Salisbury was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford, in succession to the late Earl of Derby. In 1871 and 1872 he, in conjunction with Lord Cairns, acted as arbitrator in the complicated inves tigation of the affairs of the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway Company. When Mr. Disraeli returned to power in February, 1874, the Marquis of SaUsbury returned to his post at the India Office. He was sent as special Ambas sador to the Sultan of Turkey, at the close of the war between Turkey and Servia, when differences arose between the Porte and Russia. On this occa sion he and Sir Henry Elliot attended the Confer ence of Constantinople as joint Minister Plenipo tentiaries representing Great Britain. At the seven plenary meetings the noble Marquis acted as leader of the Conference. On January 1 4th, he had an audience with the Sultan, and pressed upon His Majesty the views of the two Powers. The chief and vital proposals were, that there should be a Turkish and International Commission of Supervision, and that the first appointment of Governors should be ratified by the Powers. A special sitting of the Ottoman Grand Council was convened, which almost unanimously rejected these proposals, and Lord Salisbury immediately left for England. In April, 1878, he succeeded the Earl of Derby as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and shortly afterwards he accompanied the Earl of Beaconsfield to the Congress of Berlin, as one of the British repre sentatives. On their return to England in the fol lowing July, they were accorded a popular reception at Charing Cross Station, the enthusiasm being intense. On July 30th, 1878, Her Majesty invested him with the Order of the Garter, and on August 3rd he, with Lord Beaconsfield, received the freedom of the City of London, and was entertained subsequently at a banquet at the Mansion House. In April, 1880, the Government of which he was a member went out of office. On the death of the Earl of Beaconsfield, on April 19th, 1881, and at a special meeting of Conservative Peers, held in the following May, Lord Salisbury was chosen leader of his partj' in the House of Lords, a position he has never ceased to hold. As leader of the Conservative Party, he first op posed, but subsequently accepted, the Irish Land Act (1881); he criticised warmly Mr. Gladstone's Egyptian policy, rejected the County Franchise Bill in 1884, and represented his Party at the Conference of Party-leaders which brought about the Redistri bution BiU of 1885. On June 9th, 1885, Lord Salisbury took over the Premiership on the resignation of Mr. Gladstone. llis period of office at this time was remarkable, amongst other things, forthe annexation of Burmah. At the General Election in November, 1885, the Conservatives went out of power, but were returned again the foUowing year, and Lord Salisbury once more became Prime Minister, a position with which he subsequently joined the duties of Foreign Secretary. Apart from politics, the Marquis of Salisbury is a Member of the Council of King's College, London ; Deputy-Lieutenant for Middlesex ; and Hon. Colonel of the Herts Militia. For many years also he was Chairman of the Middlesex Sessions, and, since 1886, he has been an Elder Brother of the Trinity House. He is a D.C.L. of Oxford, and a LL.D. of Cambridge. He married, in 1857, Georgiana Caroline, daugh ter of Sir Edward Hall Alderson. His eldest son, Lord Cranbourne, represented for some time in Parliament the Darwen Division of Lancashire, but at the General Election of 1892 he was defeated in that constituency, securing, later on, a seat for Rochester. 12 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Earl of Rosehery, K.G. Than the Liberal Prime Minister of to-day there are surely few more fortunate men living. With the highest honours of political and public life at his feet at a time of life when to most of his contem poraries the ladder of fame is yet to be climbed, well-born and popular, both in a public and a social ' sense, he is surely one to be envied. The Eight Hon. Archibald Philip Primrose, fifth Earl of Eosebery, is the eldest son of the late Archibald Lord Dalmeny, by his wife the Lady Catherine Lucy Wilhelmina, only daughter of the fourth Earl Stanhope. Lord Eosebery was born in London, in 1847, and was educated first at Eton and subsequently at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1868 he succeeded to the famUy title and estates on the death of his grand father, the fourth Earl of Rosehery. He made his first speech in the House of Lords at the opening of Parliament in 1871, when the Prime Minister (Mr. Gladstone) selected him to second the Address in reply to the speech from the throne. This, in itself, was no mean tribute to his abilities, from one who, of all others, was most competent to judge. Lord Rosehery early manifested decided views on the question of National Education, and when the Government Education Bill for Scotland came before the House of Lords, he moved an amendment, in which he sought to obtain the exclusion of the cate chisms from public schools. He took a lively interest in the Alabama Treaty, and spoke on Lord Russell's motion with reference to it, in the Lords ; and when a Royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the question of Endowments in Scotland, Lord Rose hery was made a member of it. In 1873 he took great interest in the supply of Jiorses in this country, and obtained the Committee of Inquiry into this question, of which he was appointed Chairman. To the work of the Committee the remission of the taxes upon horses is undoubtedly due. In 1874 the Earl of Eosebery was appointed Chairman of a Committee on the Scotch and Irish Representative Peerages ; and, on October Ist of that year, he was President of the Social Science Congress which met at Glasgow. On November 16th, 1878, he was unanimously elected Lord Rector of Aberdeen University, in suc cession to the late Right Hon. W. E. Forster ; and, in November, 1880, a similar honour was conferred upon him by the University of Edinburgh. Lord Rosebery's first poUtical appointment was that of Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, to which he was appointed in August, 1881, in succession to Mr. Leonard Courtney, who went to the Colonial office. In June, 1883, he resigned this post, and, in November of the foUowing year, was appointed First Commissioner of Works, in succession to Mr. Shaw- Lefevre, who took over the duties of Postmaster- General in succession to the late Mr. Fawcett. When Mr. Gladstone returned to power in 1886, he appointed Lord Rosehery Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. As Foreign Secretary he was a great success, and his firm and consistent policy won the approval of all classes of the community irre spective of their political opinions. We think it is pretty generally known, and acknowledged that in his foreign policy he is in the main a foUower of the precedents set by the Marquis of Salisbury, his eminent predecessor. In 1888 he received from the University of Cam bridge the honorary degree of LL.D., a distinction she reserves for those whom the world delights to honour, and in the bestowal of which she is rightly enough chary. On January 17th, 1888, Lord Rosehery, with Sir John Lubbock, was elected Member for the City Division on the London County CouncU ; and on February 12th of the same year he was appointed its first Chairman. Probably by his work in con nection with the County CouncU, he has done more for London individually than any of his living con temporaries. Lord Eosebery is a Knight of the Garter and a FeUow of the Royal Society. Since 1873 he has been Lord Lieutenant of Linlithgow, and of Edin burghshire since 1884. He is a J.P. for Bucking hamshire. Nor in the "sport of kings" are the name and colours of the Prime Minister unknown. He is an ardent votary of the turf, and keenly enjoys a day at Newmarket, Ascot, or Epsom, near which latter place his charming suburban home, The Durdans, is situ ated. Worthy of note is it that in the same year that Lord Rosehery attained his present position, his colours were also triumphant in the Derby ; a fact which, at the time, aroused more or less the virtuous indignation of what has, perhaps, been termed not inaptly the "Nonconformist conscience." He married, in 1878, Hannah, only child of the late Baron Meyer de Rothschild, M.P. Lord Rosebery's town residence is 38, Berkeley Square, and he has seats at Dalmeny Park, Edin burgh, and Mentmore Towers, Leighton Buzzard. He is a member of Brooks', White's, and the City Liberal Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 13 Lord Randolph Churchill, M.P. The Right Hon. Lord Randolph Henry Spencer Churchill, M.P., is the second son of the seventh Duke of Marlborough — a brother of the late, and uncle of the present, owner of Blenheim — his mother being LadyFrancesAnneEmily VaneTempest, eldest daugh ter of the third Marquis of Londonderry. He was born on the 13th February, 1849, and received his educa tion at Merton CoUege, Oxford, of which University he is a Master in Arts. In the earlier half of the eighties, Lord Randolph originated what was popu larly known as the " Fourth Party," of which he was constituted leader. This quartette — which included Sir Henry Drummond Wolff and Sir John Gorst, the present Member for Cambridge Univer sity — formed a party of its own, and was chiefly dis tinguished for its pronounced views and the remark able vigour with which it gave them utterance. It was at this period, no doubt, that Lord Salisbury was first attracted by the brilliancy and readiness in debate of the young Member for Woodstock, with the result that, a few years later, he was induced to offer him an important post in his Government. Lord Randolph ChurchiU first entered Parliament as the Conservative Member for Woodstock in February, 1874, and held his seat for that consti tuency untU the General Election in the spring of 1880. Again he emerged successfuUy from the con test, though with some diminution of his majority. At the 1885 Election he boldly invaded Liberal terri tory, when he unsuccessfully contested the represen tation of Birmingham. Shortly afterwards, however, the Conservatives of South Paddington invited him to stand for their Division, and triumphantly returned him as their Member. On the return of Lord Salisbury's Government to power in 1885, he was offered, and accepted, the post of Secretary of State for India. He retained this appointment until the General Election of No vember, 1885, when the Liberals again returned to power ; but the following year witnessed a Conser vative triumph once more, and Lord Randolph took office under Lord Salisbury, this time as Chancellor of the Exchequer, an appointment which carried with it the leadership of the House of Commons. It was a matter of great surprise, and to many of regret, that in December of the same year he resigned his post rather than modify his Budget proposals. It is pro bable that his resignation was a great personal sacri fice, and, for some considerable time afterwards, there was a luU in his active pursuit of politics. He be came a warm supporter of racing over the flat, was a well-known figure at the various meetings, and a prominent member of the Jockey Club. Then came his abandonment of England for sport in the wilds of Africa, wliere for a time he shot big game, and gained a reserve of health and strength wherewith to return to the political arena. It probably caused no one the slightest surprise when one afternoon his figure reappeared in the lobbies, and it was quite in keeping that he should shortly afterwards be invited to resume his seat on the front bench of his party. Here, throughout the historical Session of 1893, Lord Randolph Churchill, in company with Mr. Arthur Balfour, Mr. Goschen, and — from amongst the Liberal Unionist benches opposite — Mr. Chamber lain, has vigorously and relentlessly denounced Mr. Gladstone's Irish policy, with the result with which we are aU familiar. Lord Randolph ChurchiU married in 1874, Jenny, daughter of the late Leonard Jerome, Esq., of New York, who has since been pre-eminently associated with the Primrose League. He is a member of the Carlton and Turf Clubs, and has a town resi dence in Grosvenor Square. Right Hon. Arthur James Balfour, P.C., M.P., LL.D., Hon. D.C.L., F.R.S. Me. Aethue Jaiies Balpoue, the present leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons, is the eldest son of the late James Maitland Balfour, Esq., of Whittingehame, Haddingtonshire, and Lady Blanche Mary Harriet, daughter of the second Mar quis of Salisbury. On his mother's side, therefore, he is a nephew of the present Marquis of Salisbury. Mr. Arthur Balfour was born on the 25th July, 1848, at Edinburgh, and educated at Eton and Trinity CoUege, Cambridge, of which University he, in 1873, became a Master in Arts. Mr. Balfour entered the House of Commons as Conservative member for Hertford, an honour he enjoyed from February, 1874, to November, 1885. He then successfuUy contested the Eastern division of Manchester, and has since continued to represent that constituency. From 1878 to 1880 he acted as Private Secretary to the Marquis of SaUsbury, then Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and was employed in the special mission of Lords Beaconsfield and Salisbury to Berlin in June, 1878. In 1885 he became a Privy Councillor, and, in June of the same year, accepted office a,s President of the Local Government Board. In this position he remained until January, 1886, when he was ap pointed Secretary for Scotland. In March, 1887, Mr. Balfour was chosen to fiU 14 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. the singularly difficult position of Chief Secretary for Ireland, and subsequent events more than justi fied the selection made by the Prime Minister, his ad ministration of affairs at the Irish Office being in a marked degree successful. In 1891 (on the death of Mr. W. H. Smith) he be came First Lord of the Treasury, and was Leader of the House of Commons from that time until the General Election of 1892. Mr. Balfour was Chairman of the Commission on Bimetallism in 1887 ; and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and Member of the Senate of London University in 1888. In November, 1886, he was elected Lord Rector of St. Andrews University, and in 1890 of Glasgow University. A year later he became Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh. In February, 1891, he received the Hon. LL.D. from Dublin University, and in June, 1891, the Hon. D.C.L. degree from Oxford University. He has also been the recipient of the Hon. LL.D. from the Uni versities of St. Andrews, Edinburgh, and Cambridge. He is a Deputy Lieutenant for East Lothian aud Ross-shire ; has at various times contributed numerous articles to contemporary literature ; and is the author of a work entitled, "A Defence of Philosophic Doubt. ' ' It is understood that early in this year Mr. Balfour will publish a further work, .entitled, " The Founda tions of Belief ; being Notes introductory to the Study of Theology." Mr. Balfour has estates in Scotland, and a town residence at 4, Carlton Gardens, S.W. He is a member of the Carlton, St. Stephen's, and Travel lers' Clubs. The Right Hon. Sir W. Yernon Harcourt, M.P., P.C, The Right Hon. Sir William George Granville Venables Vernon Harcourt, Chancellor of the Ex chequer in the present Liberal Administration, be longs to one of the oldest families in the United Kingdom. He is the second son of the late Eev. William Ver non Harcourt, of Nuneham Park, Oxon, Canon of York, and grandson of the Hon. Edward Vernon Harcourt, sometime Archbishop of York. Born at York, on October 14th, 1827, he was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (of which he was a scholar), where, in 1861, he graduated in honours. In 1854 he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and for many years was a member of the Home Circuit. In 1859 he unsuccessfuUy con tested the Kirkaldy Burghs in the Liberal interest. In 1863 he was appointed one of Her Majesty's Counsel, and, five years later, was return-ed to the House of Commons as Liberal member for Oxford. On March 2nd, in the following year, Mr. Harcourt was elected Professor of International Law in the University of Cambridge. He was a member of the Royal Commissions for Amending the Naturalisa tion Laws and the Neutrality Laws. In November, 1873, he first accepted office as Solicitor-General in Mr. Gladstone's Administration, and, in accordance with the usual practice, was about the same time knighted. In the following February came the downfaU of the Government, and he went out of office with his party. On his return to power in May, 1880, Mr. Glad stone appointed Sir WiUiam Harcourt Secretary of State for the Home Department, but on going to Oxford to seek re-election he was defeated by his Conservative opponent, Mr. A. W. Hall. To meet the difficulty, Mr. PlimsoU, M.P. for Derby, with rare generosity, accepted the Ohiltern Hundreds, and Sir William was elected one of the members for the borough in his place. On October 25th, 1881, he was presented with the Freedom of the City of Glasgow, and in June, 1885, the Government went out of office. On the return of the Liberals to power, in January of the following year, he became Chancellor of the Exchequer, having been re-elected for Derby in the General Elections of both 1885 and 1886. At the present time, Sir WiUiam Harcourt is the leader of his party in the House of Commons, where he is welcomed as one of its smartest debaters. He has carried through the House the most democratic Bud get proposal ever laid before ParUament. Whether in agreement politically or not with Sir WiUiam, few will venture to deny his financial genius. Years ago he was one of the original contributors to the Saturdai/ Review, and has written, as " Historicus," numerous letters to The Times, dealing cliiefly with politics and questions of International Law. These have been reprinted in volume form, and, with numerous additions, were published in 1863. Sir W^illiam Harcourt has been twice married : in 1859 to Thercse, daughter of Lady Theresa Lewis by her first husband, Thomas Lister, Esq., of Armitage Park, Yorkshire; and in 1876 to Elizabeth, daughter of the late Hon. J. L. Motley, United States Minister in London, and widow of T. P. Ives, Esq. He is a member of the Reform, Oxford and Cam bridge, National Liberal, and Devonshire Clubs. His official residence is 11, Downing Street, and his country seat Malwood, Ljmdhurst, Hants. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Vo The Right Hon. Sir Michael Edward Hicks- Beach, Bart., P.C., M.P., D.C.L., &c. The eighth holder of the Hicks baronetcy is in every way a worthy supporter of the family honours and of the title created by King Jaines I. in 1619. As a poUtician and statesman. Sir Michael has long been before the pubUc, and outside, as weU as inside, the House of Commons he has done much to propagate and spread widecast the principles of Conservatism. But be it remarked at the commence ment of our sketch that, with Sir Michael, staunch disciple as he is of the political theories advocated by the late Lord Beaconsfield, and by Lord Salisbury to-day, party, with him, is the consideration which comes after patriotism. Sir Michael is the eldest son of the late Sir Michael Hicks Hicks-Beach, of Williamstrip Park, &c., Gloucestershire, and of his wife, Harriett Vittoria, daughter of the late John Stratton, Esq., of Far- thinghoe, in the county of Northampton. Sir Michael was born in 1837 in Portugal Street, London. His education was prineipaUy achieved at Eton, where his record is identical with those thousands of others whose love for Eton he shares. He did not, we imagine, startle the coUege with any abnormal exhi bition of extraordinary abilities, although he achieved the distinction of being included in the " Select'' for the Newcastle Scholarship in 1855. From Eton he went to Christ Church, Oxford, where, in 1858, he took his B.A., being placed in the first class in the School of Law and Modern History, and, in 1861, his M.A., and the honorary degree of Doctor of CivU Law was conferred on him in 1878. For just turned thirty years Sir Michael Hicks- Beach has been before the public in the capacity of first a Private Member, later, a Member of the various Conservative Governments ; an earnest and hard working public servant, and one whose name has been above reproach and beyond suspicion. He has filled many high posts in the past and we can look forward to the future with confidence that — granted that Sir Michael is spared to his Party — this country will hear much more of him. His first parliamentary experiences date from 1864, when he was returned Conservative M.P. for East Gloucestershire, which division he represented till 1885, when he was elected for West Bristol. Sir Michael's official connection with the various Conservative governments has been of a most re sponsible and important character ; his first govern mental post was that of ParUamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board, the duties of which he dis charged for the year 1868, excepting a brief period when he was Under Secretary of the Home Depart ment, and he subsequently served on the Royal Com mission on Friendly Societies, and did good service thereon . On the Conservatives again coming into power, and the Earl of Beaconsfield taking offlce in 1874, Sir Michael accepted the Chief Secretaryship for Ireland, and was at the same time sworn a member of the Privy Council. His first entry into the Cabinet was in 1877. In February of the following year he was nominated Secretary of State for the Colonies, succeeding Lord Carnarvon, who, in consequence of a difference of opinion between his colleagues and himself on the "Eastern Question," resigned that office. Sir Michael went out of office with the Govern ment in 1880, but in 1885, when Lord Salisbury again came in, he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the House, which posi tions he filled tUl Mr. Gladstone came in in February, 1886. These were days of quick changes and short administrations, and Lord Salisbury again took the reins of office in the August of the same year, and Sir Michael Hicks-Beach again became Chief Secre tary for Ireland, and remained at the head of this very arduous and important department till 1887. The foUowing wiU assist in particularising Sir Michael's work in the House. As Parliamentary Secretary of the Poor Law Board, he took an active part in the Select Committee presided over by Mr. Ayrton, which reported against the restoration of the compound householder, and opposed the legis lation for restoring that system which was carried by Mr. Gladstone's Government in 1869. He was a member of the Select Committee presided over by the present Duke of Devonshire, which recommended the adoption of the baUot, and took a prominent part in the debates on that subject and on the use of schools for polling-places, which arose on the Parliamentary and Municipal Elections Act of 1871. In 1873 he spoke in the debate which led to the defeat of Mr. Gladstone's Irish University BiU. As Irish Secretary from 1874 to 1878, he represented the Government of the day in opposing Mr. Butt's motions in favour of Home Rule, and in very many debates on Irish subjects. He carried the Peace Preservaition Aqt of 1875, which renewed, for a period of five years, certain provisions of the " coercion " code in a much milder form than had previously existed, and which was successful in preserving order in Ireland during that time. By the Juries Act of 1876, he raised the qualification for jurors in Ireland, and established it on the basis on which it now exists, the Act passed a 16 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. few years before by Lord O'Hagan having completely destroyed the efficiency of the jury system. He also consolidated and amended the law on public health, and improved the County Court system and extended the jurisdiction of those courts. He presided for two years over a Select Committee on the Local Government and Taxation of Irish Towns, and carried a report dealing exhaustively with the whole subject. Just before quitting the Irish Office in 1878, he framed the Irish Intermediate Education Act, which became law, and has, perhaps, been the most successful educational measure passed for Ireland. As Colonial Secretary, he recommended the ap pointment of the Royal Commission on Imperial Defence, which was presided over by the late Lord Carnarvon, and made most important recommenda tions on the strengthening of our defences, which have since been to a great extent carried out. He proposed the vote of censure on Mr. Gladstone's Government for their desertion of Gordon, which was only negatived by a very smaU majority. In 1885, he defeated Mr. Gladstone's Government by an amendment to Mr. Childers' budget, objecting to an increase in the duties on beer and spirits without an increase to the duty on wine, and to adding to the burthens on real property without relieving it of local taxation. As Irish Secretary in 1886, he was responsible for the appointment of Lord Cowper's Commission on the Irish Land Acts, the condition of the tenants, and the payment of rent in Ireland. Also for Sir J. AUport's Commission on the improvement of the material and industrial resources of Ireland by works of arterial drainage, the improvement of harbours, and the establishment of better railway commu nication. Sir Michael left the Irish Office in 1887, when, through the partial failure of his eyes and general health, his resignation became imperative, and he once more became a private member, sitting, as heretofore, for West Bristol (including Clifton). Later, in 1888, on his return to health, he was appointed President of the Board of Trade, when he threw himself heartily into the work of his Department. In 1889 he carried an Act for inspecting and regu lating the accuracy of weighing machines used in trade, and specially providing against fraud in the sale of coal in small quantities ; an Act for enabling pilots to be represented on the bodies controlling our pilotage system ; and an Act for preventing steam ships from escaping the payment of reasonable dock dues. He also passed an Act for securing that all mer chant ships should carry sufficient Ufe-saving appli ances for their crews and passengers ; he successfuUy opposed the Channel Tunnel Bill; and assisted in carrying the legislation suggested by Mr. PlimsoU for compelling the adoption of a " load line" by merchant ships, and first applied the law against overloading to all foreign vessels using British ports, and provided for Government inspection of the same. He appointed the Royal Commission, presided over by Lord Mount-Edgcombe, on the extension of tele graphic communication with lighthouses and light ships, many of the recommendations made by which have been adopted. He presided for two Sessions over a Select Com mittee of the House of Commons on the " Hours of Labour of Railway Servants," and framed a Report, the recommendations made in which have recently become law. In 1891 he carried the Tithe Rent-charge Recovery Act, which has practioaUy put a stop to resistance to paying tithes in Wales, by imposing the Uability on the landowner. He passed an Act for winding-up limited com panies by the Official Receiver, as in the mode adopted in private bankruptcy. This Act bore very valuable fruit in the Balfour and Liberator suits, in which, under the old law, the offenders would have escaped. Then followed the Railway and Canal Traffic Act, for simplifying and codifying the power of railway and canal companies to charge for the conveyance of goods, and giving increased power to the Railway Commission in the settlement of disputes between companies and traders. The intimate knowledge of commercial matters which he obtained from his official connection with the Board of Trade, proved of considerable value to the Royal Commission on Labour, of which he was a member. The Commission, which was appointed by Lord SaUsbury in 1891, sat at West minster HaU for many months, under the presidency of the Duke of Devonshire, Sir Michael Hicks- Beach being a constant attendant. Sir Michael Hicks-Beach is a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for his county, and for nearly fifteen years was a Captain in the North Gloucestershire Regiment of Militia. Sir Michael has married twice — first to the daughter of J. H. Elwes, Esq., of Colesborne Park, Gloucestershire; and, secondly, to the Lady Lucy Catherine Fortesque daughter of the third Earl of Fortesque. Sir Michael Hicks-Beach's family place is Nether- avon House, Salisbury. He is a member of the Carl ton and Athenaeum Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 17 The Right Hon. Sir John Mowhray, Bart., M.P., D.C.L., M.A., J.P., &c. The name of Sir John Mowbray is one with which very many of us are more or less familiar, and here in London amongst parliamentary and political circles it is as weU known and as sincerely respected as it is down in the calm and beautiful Berkshire country around Warrene's Wood. A larger portion of Sir John's long life has been passed amidst affairs poli tical and in the Palace of Westminster, and so his claim to be considered one of the leading men of London rests mainly on his efforts in the House and on committee, and on the results of his parliamentary labours. At the same time it must by no means be forgotten that as a director of public enterprise, and as a Government official, he has made his mark. He is the only son of Robert StribUng Cornish, Esq., of Exeter, where he was born on June 3rd, 1815. He was educated first at the famous old Westmin.ster School, and afterwards went to Christ Church, Oxford, where he was elected a student in 1835, he graduated B.A. in 1837, and took his degree of M.A. in 1839, and Hon. D.C.L. in 1869. While at the university Sir John was an ardent debater, and took a keen interest in the work and routine of the Oxford Union Debating Society, of which institution he was president in 1836, and as such he formed friendships with men whose names and records are now matters of history — such as Arch bishop Tait, Lord Selborne, Earl Cranbrook, Lord Iddesleigh, Lord Justice MeUish, Lord Chief Justice Coleridge, and others. On leaving Oxford Sir John read Law, and subse quently, in 1841, was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and attached himself to the Western Circuit contemporaneously with Lord Justice Coleridge, and other now celebrated legal lights. In politics Sir John has always entertained high Conservative opinions, and is a firm upholder and foUower of the late Earl of Beaconsfield's theories and policy. His first bid for parliamentary honours was in 1853, when he was elected as one of the Con servative members for the ancient city of Durham, a constituency he continued to represent until 1868. He was then returned for Oxford University, which he continues to represent. Under Lord Derby's second administration he was appointed Judge Advocate-General in 1858, when he was also sworn a member of Her Majesty's Privy Council ; appointments which were confirmed in Lord Derby's third administration in 1866, and again during the term of office of Mr. Disraeli in 1868. The honorary appointment of Second Church Estates Commissioner was conferred by the Crown on him in 1866, and Archbishop Tait (Canterbury) made him Third Church Estates Commissioner (a more desirable office as it carries a salary) in 1871, a post which he held untU the end of 1892. His services met with their deserved recognition at the hands of Lord Beaconsfield, and he was created a baronet in 1880. More especiaUy on various committees of the House of Commons has Sir John been of great value. He occupied the post of Chairman of Committees on Railway Bills, and also of Election Committees up to 1868, and in 1874 we find that he succeeded Lord Winmarleigh (then Colonel Wilson Patten) as Chair man of the Committees on Standing Orders and of Selection, both very important offices and ones entailing considerable tact, hard work, and patience. No better proof can be given, we imagine, of the high esteem in which Sir John Mowbray is held by men of all shades of politics, and on aU sides of the House, than the fact that when Mr. Gladstone made his Grand Committee experiments in 1882 he left the selections to a committee of which Sir John, although a Tory, was chairman. The House has acknow ledged his services, and the tact he has exercised in this very delicate mission. En passant, we may mention, to show the harmony that characterized the workings of his committee, the fact that there has been no division in the committee for twenty years. Such is regretably the record of only a very few ParUa mentary hands' experience, either in the " House " or Committee. No apology is necessary for introducing these facts, which evince so clearly the high regard in which Sir John is held in political circles, nor do we consider that in so doing we may hurt the most susceptible in any way. He is an honorary Fellow of Hertford College, Oxford, and was elected in 1877 an honorary student of Christ Church, Oxford. By royal warrant he assumed the name of Mow bray, in lieu of his patronymic, on his marriage with Elizabeth Gray, only daughter and heiress of George Isaac Mowbray, Esq., of Bishopswearmouth, Durham, and of Mortimer, Berkshire. This lady is a grand-daughter of the late Lord Bishop (Gray) of Bristol. Sir John is a Justice of the Peace for the counties of Durham and Berks; his chief qualification in the city is that of chairman of the Clerical, Medical and General Life Assurance Company, Limited. His town house is 47, Onslow Gardens, S.W., and his seat is Warrene's Wood, Mortimer, Berkshire. Sir John Robert Mowbray is a member of the Carlton and the Oxford and Cambridge Clubs. D 18 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Right Hon. Arthur Wellesley Peel, M.P., D.C.L. Speaker of the House of Commons. Aeotini) few names cluster associations of a more national and historical character than those which centre in the name of Peel; nor is there a more interesting personality amongst our collection of Leading Men than Mr. Arthur WeU esley Peel, the present Speaker of the House of Commons, and First Commoner of the Realm. Few amongst us who have wonderingly watched the stormy sessions of the past few years but have admired intensely the gentle and kindly, yet firm and uncompromising, sway by which the Speaker has controUed the widely divergent and discordant elements which go to form our National Representative Assembly. Remembering, also, the unique position which he holds, and the quaUties which such a post daily and hourly caUs into requisition, one is tempted to believe that there are scarcely a dozen men in the United Kingdom who could fulfil the duties of his, in the highest degree responsible, office with so large a measure of success, as does Mr. Peel. By asso ciation, education, and political persuasion, he is eminently the one man of our time who could hold together, as by the magnetic influence of his per sonality, a body of men of all creeds, all positions in life, and hailing from all parts of our land, with the semblance, at least, of unity. The Right Hon. Arthur WeUesley Peel, D.C.L., is the youngest son of the late Right Hon. Sir Robert Peel, the second baronet. He was born in 1829, and educated at Eton and Balliol CoUege, Oxford, where he took his degree. In 1865 he first entered Parliament as Liberal member for Warwick, and this constituency he has continued to represent un interruptedly from that time, in conjunction — since the General Election of 1885 — with Leaming ton. From December, 1868, to January, 1871, he was Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board. In 1871 he was appointed Secretary to the Board of Trade, a position he retained until 1873. During 1873 and 1874 he was Patronage Secretary to the Treasury, and for nine months, in 1880, he held the post of Under Secretary to the Home Office. On the resignation of the late Speaker, Sir Henry Brand, in 1884, Mr. Peel was elected unanimously to the Speakership. Subsequently, after the dissolution of 1886, he was re-elected, being proposed by Lord Randolph Churchill, and seconded by Mr. Gladstone. On the 22nd June, 1887, the University of Oxford conferred upon him the Hon. D.C.L. During Mr. Peel's Oxford days the late Professor Jowett was Master of Balliol, and to the day of the latter's death the two were warm friends. The Speaker is Chair man of the Jowett Memorial Committee, and no one who heard it wiU readily forget his speech delivered at the preliminary meeting of the Committee, held in London, in the spring of 1894. He married, in 1862, Adelaide, a daughter of the late WilUam Stratford Dugdale, Esq., of Merevale, Warwickshire, but lost his wife in 1890. WhUe ParUament is sitting Mr. Peel is compelled to be in residence at the Speaker's House, The Palace, West minster ; and the vacations he spends quietly at his country house. The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire. He is a member of the United University and Athenaeum Clubs. The Right Hon. George Joachim Goschen, D.C.I., M.P. For many j-ears the family of Goschen has been intimately associated with London, and, in the best sense of the term, Mr. George Joachim Goschen is entitled to be enroUed among her Leading Men. Whether viewed from a political, diplomatic, or a financial and business standpoint, his career has been eminently a distinguished one. As a Minister of the Crown, and a prominent Member of the House of Com mons, Mr. Goschen is perhaps best known to the public at large. As Chancellor of the Exchequer he has gained credit, from political friends and foes aUke, for the discharge of duties which present difficulties of an altogether unique kind ; and, as a speaker in the House, his rising affords pleasurable anticipa tion to what is, perhaps, the most critical audience in the world, while as a diplomatist he has exhibited qualities second to none, under circum stances of great difficulty, and requiring the utmost delicacy and tact in treatment. The Right Hon. G. J. Goschen was born in London on August 10th, 1831, being the son of the late Mr. WiUiam Henry Goschen, a London merchant. His earlier education he received at Rugby, and subsequently he proceeded to Oriel CoUege, Oxford, where, in 1853, he graduated in Arts, being placed in the first-class of the Classical Tripos. Soon after going down from the University he entered his father's firm, Messrs. Fruhling and Goschen, of Austin Friars, and shortly afterwards he was appointed a Director of the Bank of England. Mr. Goschen made his entry into political life in May, 1863, when he was returned a Member of Par liament in the Liberal interest for the City of London. He took a very active part in the aboUtion of reUgious LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 19 disabilities at the Universities, a work of which it is almost impossible to over-estimate the value. At the General Election in July, 1865, he was re-elected a Member for the City of London, and, in November of the same year, he first took office under the Crown as Vice-President of the Board of Trade, becoming at the same time a Privy Councillor. In the following year he became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with the rank of Cabinet Minister. Before the close of the year, however, the Government of which he was a member went out of office. On the accession to power of Mr. Gladstone in 1868, Mr. Goschen received the office of President of the Poor Law Board, which he retained until March, 1871, when he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, in succession to Mr. Childers. A year later Mr. Glad stone's Government went out of power. In 1876 he was again returned to Parliament by the same constituency, this time as the only Liberal in the City representation. In conjunction with M. Joubert he was, in 1876, chosen a delegate of the British and French holders of Egyptian debts to concert measures for the conver sion of the debts. They went out to Egypt, and, resulting from their action, an agreement was signed at Cairo, on Novem ber 18th of that year, for a reorganisation of the finances and pubUc debt of Egypt. In 1878 Mr. Goschen issued an address to his con stituents declining to become a candidate at the next election on the ground that his votes on the County Franchise question had not been coincident with the views held by his party. He attended the International Monetary Confer ence at the Foreign Office in Paris in 1 878, and in May, 1 880, consented to undertake the duties of Ambassador Extraordinary at Constantinople in the place of Sir Henry Layard. On his way to Constantinople Mr. Goschen visited the most important political centres in Europe, and in doing so took the first step towards the formation of a European coalition for the execu tion of the unperformed parts of the Berlin Treaty. In 1881 the Ambassadors of the Great Powers of Europe in the Conf erence of Constantinople joined in a note to the Greek Government, recommending the acceptance of the utmost that Turkey could be brought to yield. The frontier line then formed left to Turkey the greater part of Epirus with Janina and Metzovo, and gave to Greece almost the whole of Thessaly and the command of the Gulf of Arta. The Cabinet of Athens was compelled, under pres sure, to accept this frontier Une, which practically deprived Greece of one-third of the territory promised to her at BerUn. It was admitted on aU hands that the consent of Turkey to these terms was chiefly obtained through the firmness and tact displayed by Mr. Goschen. In November, 1882, he was appointed an Ecclesiastical Commissioner for England. As a writer on financial subjects Mr. Goschen is a received authority. His treatise on " The Theory of Foreign Exchanges " has been translated into French by M. Leon Say. He has published, in pamphlet form, his " Speech on the Oxford University Test AboUtion BiU," delivered in 1865, and his " Speech on Bankruptcy Legislation and other Commercial Subjects," delivered in 1868. He is author also of the foUowing: — "Local Taxation" (London, 1872); an Address on " The Cultivation of the Imagination," deUvered before the Members of the Liverpool Insti tute (London, 1877); Address on "Mental Training and Useful Knowledge," deUvered to University Col lege, Bristol (London, 1879) ; " PoUtical Speeches deUvered during 1885 " (London, 1885); "Addresses delivered in Edinburgh and Liverpool in 1 885 " (Edin burgh, 1885) ; Address on " Conditions and Prospects of Trade," deUvered to the Manchester Chamber of Commerce (Manchester, 1887) ; Address, " We Sur render neither to Time nor Crime," delivered in the Free Trade HaU, Manchester (Manchester, 1887) ; Rectorial Address, " InteUectual Interest, " delivered at Aberdeen University (London, 1888); Rectorial Address, "Use of Imagination in Study and Life," delivered at Edinburgh University (London, 1891), and of ' ' Addresses on Educational and Economic Subjects," which was published in 1885. In 1885 Mr. Goschen — who since his retirement from the representation of the City of London had eat for Ripon — was elected, after a severe contest, for the Eastern Division of Edinburgh. The foUowing year he was defeated by a large majority. As a Unionist he has fought strenuously against Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule BUl, and on the resig nation of Lord Randolph ChurchiU, in 1886, from the Chancellorship of the Exchequer, Mr. Goschen was induced by Lord Salisbury to undertake the duties of the office, upon which he entered in January, 1887, and for which he was pre-eminently adapted. He then stood for the Exchange Division of Liverpool, but was defeated by seven votes, being however, returned by a large majority a few weeks later for the St. George's, Hanover Square, Division, a constituency he has since continued to represent. His scheme for the reduction of the interest of the National Debt received the support of aU parties and, in July, 1889, was successfully concluded. In 1890 he was elected to the Lord Rectorship of the University of Edinburgh, having previously — in 1887 — been elected to the same post at Aberdeen. 20 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. lord Rothschild. Nathaotel Mayee Rothschild, first Lord Roths- chUd in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, and a Baron of the Austrian Empire, is the eldest son of Baron Lionel Nathan de RothschUd, M.P., of Gun ners bury, Middlesex, by his marriage with Charlotte, daughter of Baron Charles de Rothschild. He was born in London on November 8th, 1840, and educated at King's College School, London, and afterwards at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in due course. Throughout his life Lord RothschUd has been closely associated with commercial interests in the City of London. He is chief partner in Messrs. N. M. Rothschild & Son, of St. Swithin's Lane, E.C, a flrm of world-wide reputation, whose operations are conducted upon a scale Uttle short of colossal ; Chairman of the Alliance Assurance Company ; President of the AUiance Marine and General Assurance Company ; and Chairman of the Four per Cent. Industrial DweUings Company, Limited. He is also a Director of the Northern of France Railway Company and the South Austrian Railway Company. In 1865 he successfully contested Aylesbury in the Liberal interest, retaining his seat uninterrup tedly for the same constituency until 1885, when he was summoned to the Second Chamber in virtue of his peerage. In passing, it may be noted that the Rothschilds are large landed proprietors in the Aylesbury district, where the family is deservedly popular. To this, probably, Lord Rothschild was somewhat indebted in his political contests. He is late Captain in the Buckinghamshire Yeomanry Cavalry; has been Custos Eotulorum of Bucking hamshire since 1889, and is one of Her ilajesty's Lieutenants for the city of London. He succeeded his uncle, Sir Anthony Rothschild, as second baronet, and married, in 1867, Emma, daughter of Baron Charles de Rothschild, of Frank fort. At his town house in PiccadiUy, and his beautiful country seat, Tring Park, in Hertfordshire, he has gathered together possibly the flnest collection of art treasures to be found outside any museum or public gallery. Amongst these probably the better known are Gainsborough's "Mrs. Sheridan," "Squire Hil- yard and his Wife," and "Mrs. Hibbert"; and Sir Joshua Reynolds' " Garrick between Tragedy and Comedy," and "Mrs, Lloyd." Lord Rothschild also has a residence at Gunners- bury Park, Acton, and is a member of the Marl borough, St. James's, Brooks', the City of London and Turf Clubs. Sir Albert A. Sassoon, Bart., K.C.S.I. Sir Albert Abdullah Sassoon, Baet., head of the great London banking and mercantUe house of David Sassoon & Co., LeadenhaU Street, E.C, is a member of an old Jewish family, and was born at Bagdad in 1818. In 1832 he settled with his father, Mr. David Sassoon, in Bombay. Sir Albert received his education chiefly in England, and on the death of his father became head of the concern. Than Sir Albert Sassoon it is scarcely possible to caU to mind any man of a more public-spirited and charitable disposition. While in India he was fore most in promoting all public and charitable institu tions and undertakings, helping them forward both by his personal influence and his private means. To his energetic partizanship residents in Bombay are mainly indebted for the erection of the new buildings for the Elphinstone High School, towards the cost of which he, with magnificent generosity, contributed a lac of rupees, subsequently increasing his gift by one half. This was only one of the many benevolent enterprises which he has assisted out in India, several other institutions, both for the benefit of his co-religionists and for the help of the inhabitants of the country generally, bearing witness to his munifi cence. Sir Albert Sassoon gave to the Town HaU of Bombay its beautiful organ, and, as a memorial of the Royal visit to India in 1875, he adorned the site with a splendid equestrian statue of the Prince of Wales, by the late Sir Edgar Boehm, R.A. He also presented to the Victoria and Albert Museum at Bombay a statue dedicated to the memory of the late Prince Consort, the inscription on the pedestal being in Hebrew. In 1873 Sir Albert received from Her Majesty the honour of Knighthood, and later in the same year he was presented by the Corporation with the Freedom of the City of London, he being the first Anglo- Indian to whom this distinction has been given. Previously, in 1867, he had been appointed a Companion of the Star of India, and in 1868 was elected a member of the Bombay Legislative Council. In London Sir Albert is a prominent society man, and has taken a deep and special interest in all that concerns the welfare of the Anglo- Jewish com munity. He holds the position of Vice-President of the Anglo-Jewish Association. On the visit of the Shah of Persia to this country a few years ago. Sir Albert entertained His Majesty with great magnificence. He married, in 1838, a lady of Jewish persuasion, daughter of Mr. E. Moses. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 21 The Right Hon. Lord George Hamilton, M.P. (Chairman of the Loudon School Board.) It is certainly a matter for congratulation that the direction of the affairs of the London School Board should have f aUen into such able hands as those of the subject of this short, and somewhat inadequate, notice. The fact alone should, and in all probability wiU, do much to allay the fever of controversy which has raged with such bitterness around the question of the education of London's little ones. The man who has safely piloted through troublous times the des tinies of one of the most important of the Govern ment departments, is surely one to whom aU may safely confide the duties of Chairman of the Board, anxious and responsible though they be. Certain it is that Lord George Hamilton will carry with him in his new work the support and sympathy of every right-thinking English man and woman, belong they to whatsoever political party they may. His qualifi cation for the post can scarcely be open to question, not the least of them being that his position and ante cedents will most effectually place him beyond the reach of any charge of partiality. The ex-First Lord of the Admiralty, under the late Conservative Administration, is the third son of the first Duke of Aberoorn, by his wife, the Lady Louisa, second daughter of the sixth Duke of Bedford. Lord George Hamilton was born at Brighton in December, 1845, and was educated at Harrow. In 1864 he obtained a commission as Ensign in the Rifie Brigade, but subsequently exchanged into the Cold stream Guards. In December, 1868, he first sought Parliamentary honours, when, at the General Election of that year, he contested the county of Middlesex as a Conserva tive candidate. For this constituency — tUl then re garded as a safe Liberal seat — he was returned by a substantial majority; and again, at the election in February, 1874, he was triumphantly returned to Westminster for the same county — a fact which amply testifies to the ability with which he had represented the constituency, and to ihe high estimation in which his services were held by his constituents. It was at this period that Lord George Hamilton first took office under the Crown, when, on the forma tion of Lord Beaconsfield's (then Mr. Disraeli) Admini stration, he was nominated for the appointment of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for India, a good stepping-stone to higher advancement. On AprU 4th, 1878, he was appointed Vice-Presi dent of the Committee of Council on Education, in succession to Lord Sandon, at which time he was also made a Privy CouncUlor. In April, 1880, the Government, of which he was a member, went out of office. On the defeat of Mr. Gladstone's Government at the General Election of 1885, Lord George Hamilton was offered, and accepted, the post of First Lord of the Admiralty, with a seat in the first Salisbury Cabinet. He retained office through the elections of 1886, and, in the same capacity, was a member of Lord Salisbury's second Government, which lasted until the summer of 1892. Throughout the somewhat stormy existence of the present Home Rule Government, Lord George Hamil ton has represented the Ealing division of Middlesex. His occupancy of the front Opposition Bench has been marked by a firm and uncompromising rejection of Mr. Gladstone's Irish policy, while he has distin guished himself for the vigour of his advocacy in regard to the strengthening of our "first line of defence." In all matters of naval administration Lord George holds decided views. He was a tho roughly capable and efficient First Lord, and his term of office was the occasion of many decidedly beneficial and far-reaching reforms ; reforms, the general acceptation of which he was able to procure, despite the strong element of "red tape " which per vades this Department, probably to a larger extent than in any other Government office, with the pos sible exception of the War Office. In addition to those already named, he holds other public appointments of a more or less important character. Since 1887 he has been an Elder Brother of Trinity House, and for several years was a Charity Commissioner. He occupies a seat on the County Bench of Middlesex. In 1894, Lord George Hamilton, although not a candidate for member.ship, took a prominent part in the elections of the School Board for London. At the first meeting of the newly-elected Board, on Thursday, December 6th, of that year, it was moved by Mr. Diggle, that Lord George HamUton be appointed Chairman of the Board. The motion was seconded by General Sim, and, on the subsequent division, he was duly elected Chairman by 29 votes, as against 26. Lord George Hamilton married, in 1871, Lady Maud Caroline, daughter of the third Earl of Hare- wood. His brothers, Lord Frederick Spencer Hamil ton and Lord Claud John HamUton, are both weU- known public men; the former is a distinguished member of the Diplomatic Service, and the latter — amongst other things — is the Chairman of the Great Eastern RaUway Company. Lord George is a member of the Carlton, Travel lers', and St. Stephen's Clubs, and has a residence in town at 17, Montagu Street, W. "^2 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Henry Barkly, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., r.R.S. Sie Heney Baekly is the son of the late .33neas Barkly, of Cromarty, N.B., an eminent West India merchant in London, by Louisa Susanna, only daughter of Richard Ffrith, of Castle CampbeU, Jamaica. He was born in London in 1815, and re ceived the chief part of his education at Bruce Castle, Tottenham, a school then conducted on novel prin ciples by Mr. (afterwards Sir) Rowland Hill. Upon the death of his father, in 1836, he succeeded to his share of the business, but retired from the firm after a few years. In 1838, in consequence of the sudden termination of the apprenticeship of the negroes, he proceeded to British Guiana, and devoted a year and a half to looking after the sugar estates there, and in the West Indies, in which he was interested, returning to England in 1840, by way of Cuba, and of the United States. He married, not long afterwards, Elizabeth Helen, second daughter of Captain John Fam Timins, of Aldenham, Herts, and subsequently spent some time on the Continent. In 1845 he offered himself as a Liberal- Conserva tive candidate for the representation of the borough of Leominster, and was returned on that occasion, and also at the General Election of 1847. He was a supporter of Sir Robert Peel's proposal for the Repeal of the Corn Laws, and of a Free Trade policy. At the conclusion of the Session of 1847, he again visited British Guiana, where great com mercial distress had ensued on the reduction of the differential duties on the admission of slave-grown sugar to the British market, and used such infiuence as he possessed to calm the excitement which pre vailed. It was probably in consequence of this action on his part that towards the close of the ensuing year, he was invited by the present Earl Grey, who had become Colonial Secretary in the Ministry formed by Lord John Russell, to aUow his name to be submitted to the Queen for the ap pointment of Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the colony of British Guiana ; an invitation to which he acceded, with the full approval of his leader. Sir Robert Peel, and after consultation with his West Indian friends in London. He proceeded accordingly to Georgetown, with his wife and three little boys, in January, 1849, and, after long discussions, induced the combined court to vote the supplies for the public service which had been withheld for several months. During the ensuing three years, affairs went on smoothly, and when, in consequence of a severe attack of fever, he obtained leave to revisit the mother country, a subscription was raised by the Colonists for the purchase of a service of plate, which was, by per mission of the Colonial Office, presented to him. Shortly after arriving in England he was created a Civil K.C.B. , and promoted to the Governorship of Jamaica, on the recommendation of the Duke of Newcastle. In that island a very similar state of things to that with which Sir Henry had just dealt, had arisen upon the refusal of the Imperial authori ties to allow the House of Assembly to cut down the salaries on the CivU List, and when the new Governor landed from H.M.S. Brisk, which had been ordered to convey him to his destination, the political situa tion was much strained. Fortunately, Sir Henry had been authorised by the home government to promise an imperial guarantee for a loan of half a miUion, to cover accumulated deficits and current sacrifice of revenue, and he succeeded, although by a very narrow majority, in persuading the legislature to take the steps requisite for the restoration of the credit of the colony, and for so modifying the consti tution as to empower responsible officers of the Crown to guard against financial extravagance in the future. The recovery of prosperity was retarded by a visitation of cholera, but prospects were gradu- aUy improving up to 1856, when Sir Henry quitted the island, being selected by Sir WilUam Molesworth for the important government of Victoria. As the post was vacant through the death of Sir Charles Hotham, and the system of responsible government was on the point of coming into operation, Sir Henry, after a very brief stay at home, proceeded to Mel bourne, which he reached early in December, though not before the first ministry had been nominated, and the Parliamentary Session opened, by the acting Lieutenant-Governor. Many details, however, re mained to be settled before the new form of govern ment came fully into operation ; and Sir Henry's experience as a member of the House of Commons proved useful, especially as the struggle between the old civil servants of the Crown and fresh aspirants to office was keen, and " a ministerial crisis" was not an uncommon occurrence. After the first, matters went on smoothly, and before the middle of 1857 Sir Henry was able to make a tour of the Goldfields, then producing at the rate of over three miUion ounces a year. His reception by the diggers as the Queen's representative was everywhere most loyal and enthusiastic, every vestige of the Ul-feeling which had led to the Ballarat riots of the previous year having disappeared, in consequence of the sub stitution by the Legislature of an export duty on the gold for the monthly licenses to search for the pre cious metal previously insisted on. In July, 1860, Sir Henry (whose first wife had LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 23 died soon after arriving in the Colony) married Anne Maria, only daughter of General Sir Thomas Sim- son Pratt, K.C.B. The presence of the Governor's wife at Toorak during the remaining three years of his administra tion was a great advantage to Sir Henry. In Sep tember, 1863, after having held office for nearly a year beyond the usual term. Sir Henry was in structed by the Secretary of State to go direct to Mauritius, where disputes had arisen as to the con tracts for the construction of railways, entered into by the late Governor, whose death had unexpectedly occurred. His administration of the Government of Mauritius was disturbed by two public calamities : first, the outbreak of a virulent malarial fever, attributed to the overcrowding of the viUages in which the eman cipated negroes and the time-expired Indian coolies had estabUshed themselves ; and second, a most disastrous hurricane, which destroyed the sugar crop, overthrew the Grand River Railway viaduct, and unroofed one of the wings of Reduit, where the Governor and his family resided. Sir Henry's term of office was up at the close of 1869, but as a visit from H.R.H. The Duke of Edin burgh was expected, he, at the request of the Secre tary of State, remained to do the honours, and did not leave for England untU June, 1870. It had already been arranged by Earl GranviUe that he was to succeed to the vacant Governorship of the Cape of Good Hope, and as affairs were in a somewhat critical position in South Africa, he had to go out before the end of the year. Shortly after his instal lation he travelled by waggon to the Diamond Fields, where, in consequence of disputes which had arisen with the Governments of the Orange Free State and of the South African Republic, the native chief of that territory, Waterboer, had placed himself under the protection of the British Flag. After unsuccess ful attempts to arrange matters with President Pre- torius, who met him on the Vaal River, and with President Brand, whom he visited at Bloemfontein, he returned to Cape Town, by way of Basutoland, in time for the meeting of the Cape ParUament. The business to be submitted to it was of gTave importance, including a suggestion that " responsible government " should be introduced in order to avert those conflicts of opinion which had arisen " between an Executive appointed entirely by the Crown and a ParUament elected by the people." The BiU for this purpose carried in the Assembly was defeated in the Council, chiefly owing to long-standing jealousy between the eastern and western provinces, but passed in the ensuing year, the wonderful progress since made in the Cape Colony testifying conclusively to the wisdom of the change. Meanwhile, however, the state of things at the Diamond Fields, whither thousands of diggers were flocking from aU parts of the world, had become serious, and as aU attempts to refer the dispute as to boundaries to arbitration had faUen through, the Governor felt compelled, in the interests of law and order, to issue, on his own responsibility, a proclama tion declaring Griqualand West part of Her Majesty's dominions. This annexation was confirmed by the Imperial Government, the Earl of Kimberley, before he left the Colonial Office in 1874, marking his appreciation of the course pursued by recommending Sir Henry for the additional distinction of G.C.M.G. In 1875 Sir Henry proceeded to Natal, after the Langalibalele outbreak, to confer with Sir Benjamin Pine, riding back thence through Pondoland with a view to impress on the chiefs there the obligations cantracted by them when he had, on a previous visit, intervened to restore peace ; and afterwards making a detour to Galekaland to have a friendly interview with Kreli, who was suspected of meditating an attack on tribes under British protection. In 1876, owing to the non-success of his efforts to obtain the assent of the Cape Parliament to the conference as to a Confederation of the South African States and Colonies, which the new Secretary of State had urged. Sir Henry was desirous that the task should be confided to other hands, especially as his full term of office expired with the year. He was, however, requested by the Earl of Carnarvon to remain untU relieved by Sir Bartle Frere in April, 1877. On returning to England, being past the age of sixty, the retiring aUowance, to which he was entitled by upwards of twenty-eight years' service as a Colonial Governor, was awarded to Sir Henry. He was soon afterwards placed on a Departmental Com mittee, with representatives of the Navy and Army, to advise as to colonial def ences, and in September, 1879, appointed a member of " the Royal Commission on the Defence of British Possessions and Commerce abroad," whose labours extended over several years. Sir Henry's efforts for the benefit of the Colonies were not confined to political matters only. He took a keen and practical interest in all branches of scientific pursuit, especially in Geology and Botany, carrying on a correspondence with the late Sir Roderick Murchison, Sir WUUam Hooker, Sir Joseph Hooker, Professor Owen, etc., etc., sparing no trouble to procure rare and valuable specimens, and en couraging the advancement of science and art by every means in his power. 24 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, Bart., G.C.M.G., C.B. SiE Chaeles Tuppee is descended from a famUy originaUy from Hesse Cassel, one of the members of which settled in Sandwich (Kent). A descendant subsequently went to Massachusetts, and from him the subject of our sketch traces his descent. Charles Tupper, D.D., the elder, was a learned divine and linguist, residing at Amherst, Nova Scotia, where his son saw the Ught in 1821. Educated for the medical profession, Charles Tupper the younger took his degree at Edinburgh just fifty-one years ago. Returning to Nova Scotia, he practised in his profession for fourteen years, and soon buUt up a large and lucrative connection. The attractions of political life, however, became too strong for him to resist, and at the age of thirty-four he was elected to the Nova Scotia Legislative Assembly by his native county in the Conservative interest. The fortunes of the Conservative party at that time were at a very low ebb, and at a meeting called to consider the situation the young doctor propounded his plan of campaign. His views found so much favour with his colleagues that he left the room the virtual leader of the party. Dr. Tupper defeated the leader of the Government of the day, the eloquent and able Joseph Howe, in his own constituency, the County of Cumberland, a seat he thenceforward represented, first in the local Legislature, and subsequently in the Dominion Par liament, for upwards of thirty- two years. In 1857 the Conservative party came into power, and Dr. Tupper became a member of the Executive Council and Provincial Secretary, which post he held from that year until 1860, and from 1863 to 1867, reaching that of Premier of his province in 1864, a position he continued to occupy untU the Act of Union came into force in July, 1867. Among the measures placed by Dr. Tupper on the statute-book may be mentioned the Jury Law, Equity Judge Act, the Education Act, providing free schools, a Representation Act, and several measures connected with administrative reform which effected large econo mies in the public service. As Premier of Nova Scotia, in 1864, he organised the first Conference at Charlottetown to discuss the question of the political union of the Britisli North American Colonies. His bold example determined the attitude of- the leading spirits of Ontario and Quebec — the late Eight Hon. Sir John Maodonald and Sir George Oartier — which culminated in 1867 in the passage of an Imperial Act creating the Dominion of Canada. Dr. Tupper was male a Companion of the Bath for his share in the event. This briUiant achievement formed a fitting intro duction to his entry on the larger field of action which the newly created Dominion of Canada offered. On the first Canadian Ministry being formed, Dr. Tupper stood aside with rare disinterestedness to make way for an Irish Roman CathoUc, and afterwards supported the claims of his old antagonist, Joseph Howe, to the presidency of the Council. He was chosen first President of the Canadian Medical Association in 1867, but declined re-election in 1870, when he became a Canadian Privy Councillor. He held, in succession, the positions of President of the Privy Council, Minister of Inland Revenue, and Minister of Customs, until the end of 1873, when the Government resigned office. After five years spent in leading the Opposition, both in and out of the House of Commons, Dr. Tupper accepted, in 1878, the portfolio of Minister of Public Works, which he exchanged in 1879 for that of Minister of RaUways and Canals, a department speciaUy created for the railway policy he had been selected to champion and carry out. In that year he was knighted and made a K.C.M.G. In 1885 Sir Charles was Executive Commissioner for Canada at the Antwerp Exhibition, and was sub sequently appointed to the Royal Commissions in connection with the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, Crofter Colonisation, and the Imperial Institute. , He has represented Canada at most of the International Conferences during the last few years, such as the Postal Union, Monetary Conferences, Protection of Submarine Cables, Commerce, Navigation, &c. In 1886 he received the highest grade of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. In 1888 Sir Charles was associated as a plenipo tentiary with the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Sackville in concluding the Washington Treaty, a measure which is admitted to be a fair solution of the Atlantic Fisheries question between Canada and the United States. He was created a Baronet, and the University of Cambridge and that of his Alma Mater (Edinburgh) conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1893 the negotiations conducted by himself and Lord Dufferin in Paris for a Treaty of Commerce ¦with France was brought to a successful issue, and the Treaty has been ratified during the present year. The event marks a new era in the constitutional history of the colonies, and is an illustration of the process of adjustment that is taking place in their relations with the mother country. He resides at 97, Cromwell Road, and is a member of the St. Stephen's, New TiaveUers', and St. Georji-e's Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 25 Right Hon. Sir Edward Thornton, G.C.B.,, P.C, D.C.L., LL.D. The Right Hon. Sie E. Thoenton was born in 1817, and is the son of the late Right Hon. Sir Edward Thornton, who was for many years Envoy Extraordmary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Sweden, where he negotiated and was suc cessful in concluding, in 1812, Treaties of Peace with that country and with Russia. He also, in 1814, signed a similar Treaty at Kiel, with a Plenipoten tiary appointed by the Danish Government. These three Treaties were immediately foUowed by an offensive and defensive alliance between England and those three northern powers, which contributed in great measure to the overthrow of Napoleon. After leaving Sweden he held the same rank for some time in Brazil, and then in Portugal. The title of Count de Cassilhas, in the Kingdom of Portugal, was conferred on him by the late King John VI. of Portugal for three lives, his own being one, and the others to be accomplished in his descendants in a direct and legitimate line. King George IV., by Hcence dated 10th October, 1825, permitted Sir Ed ward Thornton and his successors in the said title to avail themselves of this mark of favour with this proviso : " Provided, nevertheless, and we do hereby declare, that this Our Royal concession shall not be deemed or construed to authorise the assumption or use of the said title of Count de Cassilhas by the said Sir Edward Thornton, or his heirs as aforesaid, within this our Realm." Sir Edward Thornton suc ceeded to the title of Count de Cassilhas on the death of his father in 1853. In 1842 he entered the diplomatic service, and was attached to the mission at Turin. He was appointed Paid Attache at Mexico, February 28th, 1845, and Secretary of Legation to the Republic of Mexico, December 24th, 1851. From April, 1852, tiU Octo ber, 1853, he acted as Secretary to the late Sir Charles Hotham's Special Mission to the River Plate, and in May, 1854, was appointed Charge d' Af faires and Consul-General to the Republic of New Granada, but in the same year was transferred to the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay. In 1859 he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Ar gentine Confederation, and was accredited to the Republic of Paraguay October 30th, 1863. In July, 1865, Sir Edward Thornton was sent on a special mission to the Emperor of Brazil, and in the follow ing month he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Emperor of BrazU. He retained this post till September, 1867, when he was transferred in the same capacity to the court of the King of Portugal. He, however, did not proceed to Portugal, but was appointed in the December following to the post of Envoy Extraordi nary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of America, in the place of the late Hon. Sir Frederick Bruce, G.CB. In March, 1870, he acted as Arbitrator in the case of the United States vessel, Canada. In February, 1871, Sir Edward Thornton was appointed a member of the Joint High Commission to con sider the various questions affecting the relations between Great Britain and the United States of America. In June, 1873, he was appointed to act as Agent, in conjunction with Sir E. Archibald, to pay over the Alabama award, and from October, 1873, till November, 1876, he was Ai-bitrator on the United States and Mexican Commission of Claims, and from November, 1874, tiU August, 1878, he was Arbitrator on the North and West Boundaries of Ontario. Sir Edward Thornton was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Emperor of Russia, May 26th, 1881, and whUst at St. Petersburg contributed to the settlement of the serious questions which had arisen between the two Governments with regard to the boundary between Russia and Afghanistan. On December 1st, 1884, he received his appointment, with the same rank, to the Sultan of Turkey, but being detained in Russia on account of the critical state of the relations between the two countries, he did not reach Constantinople tiU the month of February, 1886. In recognition of his valuable diplomatic services he was made a Companion of the Bath in 1863, and a Knight Commander in 1870. He was sworn a Privy CouncUlor, August 19th, 1871, and in 1883 was created a G.CB. He is an M.A., and an Honorary Fellow of Pembroke CoUege, Cambridge, an Honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, and an Honorary LL.D. of Harvard, U.S.A. Sir Edward Thornton has also been actively en gaged on the directorate of several commercial com panies, and at the present time he is Chairman of the North-Eastern of Uruguay Railway Company, Limited; and the Vaal River Diamond Company, Limited. He is also a Director of the Central Argentine Railway Company, Limited ; and the Para guay Central Railway Company, Limited ; a Trustee for the Buenos Ayres Harbour Works Trust, and the River Plate and General Investment Trust Com pany, Limited ; and a member of the Council of the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders. In 1854 he married Mary MelvUle, widow of Andrew Melville, of Dumfries, and daughter of the late John Maitland, of Edinburgh. E 26 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Right Hon. H. H. Asquith, Q.C., M.P. Or the many eminent men by whom Mr. Gladstone surrounded himself when he was called upon to form an administration after the General Election of 1892, it would be difficult to name one whose political future, at that time, lay more in the region of the unknown, than did that of the subject of this short biographical notice. Looking back to-day in the light of two years of political history, we acknowledge, and gladly acknow ledge, that as a Cabinet Minister and Secretary of State for the Home Department, Mr. Asquith has been an unqualified success. Firm and unflinching through many trying ordeals, he has held the reins of office with a coolness and skiU which many years of experience could scarcely have bettered. Coming to the cares of statesmanship with a record as a distinguished advocate and lawyer, he wiU, go when he may, leave Whitehall a brilliant and acknowledged diplomatist and statesman. Such has been the work of less than three years in the Home Secretary's life. The Right Hon. Herbert Henry Asquith, Q.C, M.P., is the second son of the late Mr. Joseph Dixon Asquith, of Croft House, Morley, Yorkshire, and was born at Morley on September 12th, 1852. Mr. Asquith was, therefore, just under forty years of age when he succeeded to one of the highest prizes open to members of his profession. Educated at the City of London School and Balliol College, Oxford (of which he was Scholar and subse quently Fellow), he took his B.A. degree in 1874, with first-class honours in classics, and was caUed to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in June, 1876. After dili gently pursuing the calls of a substantial practice for some years as a junior, he took silk in Februaryj 1890. In 1886 Mr. Asquith entered the House of Commons as the Gladstonian Liberal member for the Eastern Division of Fife. His political career was an entirely uneventful one, until, on re-election to ParUament by the same constituency in 1892, he was offered, and accepted, the important position of Secretary of State for the Home Department, and became at the same time a Privy CouncUlor. Since 1892 he has also been an Ecclesiastical Commissioner. Mr. Asquith has been twice married; in 1877, to Helen, daughter of Mr. F. MeUand, of Manchester ; and in 1894, to Margot, daughter Of Sir Charles Tennant, Bart., of the Glen, Peeblesshire, and 40, Grosvenor Square, London ; and sister to Lady Ribblesdale. His town house is 20, Cavendish Square, W. Right Hon. Henry Matthews, M.P., Q.C. The Right Hon. Heney Matthews, who for six years held the office of Secretary of State for the Home Department in the Marquis of Salisbury's administration, is the only son of the late Henry Matthews, Esq., Puisne Judge in the Ceylon High Court of Justice, and was born in Ceylon in 1826. Educated at the Universities of London and Paris, he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1850. For many years Mr. Matthews enjoyed an influential and lucrative practice at the Bar, and held briefs in many of the sensational cases of the time, amongst which may be mentioned the Borghese case, the Home case, the Tichborne case, and the Crawford case. In 1868 he took sUk, and in the same year con tested Dungarvan in the Conservative interest, when he was returned, and represented that constituency in the House of Commons for six years, until 1874. In 1868 he became the first Conservative member for East Birmingham, when he entered Lord Salis bury's Cabinet as Secretary of State for the Home Department. This position he retained until the Conservative party went out of office in 1892. During Mr. Matthews' administration of the affairs of the Home Office, he fell upon somewhat troublous times, and it was scarcely possible that in the fierce party conflict which nowadays rages around political life, he should have escaped the somewhat bitter and acrimonious criticism of opponents. The duties which the Home Secretary is sometimes caUed ujDon to perform are admittedly of a thankless and, in deed, painful nature, and the public man who, at all times and in all places, could succeed in pleasing everybody were certainly more than human. The abiUties and high administrative powers possessed by Mr. Matthews were deservedly recog nised by the Conservative leader, and we do not hesitate to affirm that he left the Home Office with a record to the f uU as brUUant as any of his eminent predecessors. Mr, Henry Matthews is unmarried, and resides at 6, Carlton Gardens, S.W. His clubs are the Carlton, Athenaeum, and Windham. Right Hon. James Bryce, M.P. The Eight Hon. James Bryce, now President of the Board of Trade, is the son of James Bryce, Esq., LL.D. of Glasgow, by his wife Margaret, eldest daughter of James Young, Esq., of AbbeyviUe, Co. Antrim, Ireland. Born at Belfast on May 10th, 1838, Mr. Bryce was LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 27 educated at the High School of Glasgow, and after wards at the Universitj' of that city. He subse quently obtained an open scholarship at Trinity College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. at that uni versity in 1862, obtaining a double flrst. With several university prizes, he then proceeded for a time to study at the University of Heidelberg. In 1862 he was elected a Fellow of Oriel OoUeg-e, Oxford, and in 1867 was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn. For some years Mr. Bryce was a practising barrister. In 1870 he was appointed Eegius Professor of CivU Law at Oxford, and, ten years later, entered the House of Commons as Liberal member for the Tower Hamlets. In the years 1865-6 Mr. Bryce was As sistant Commissioner to the Schools Inquiry Commis sion, and in 1881 was appointed a member of the Eoyal Commission on the Medical Acts. In 1885 he was returned member for South Aber deen, and accepted office as Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Mr. Gladstone's administration. Mr. Bryce became one of Mr. Gladstone's warmest supporters in his Irish policy, and was returned unopposed by his Aberdeen constituency at the gene ral election of 1886. During his public career Mr. Bryce has taken great interest in aU questions relating to Ireland, as weU as in those which concern our possessions in the far East, the Preservation of Common Rights, and University Reform. He has carried through the House of Commons BiUs for the Reform of the City Parochial Charities, and for the amendment of the Law of Guardianship (Infants' Bill), and the Inter national and Colonial Copyright Act, 1886. Mr. Bryce is the author of several valuable works treating of various subjects : — " The Holy Roman Empire," " The Trade Marks Registration Acts, 1875 and 1876," "Transcaucasia and Ararat, a Narrative of a Journey in Asiatic Russia in the Autumn of 1876," "Two Centuries of Irish His tory," edited by Mr, Bryce, with an introductory chapter, and " The American Commonwealth," pub lished in 1888. In the social and political questions of the day he has been an active sharer, and has taken a special interest in the Abolition of University Tests, the Protection of the Christian Subjects of the Sultan, the Extension of the Frontiers of Greece, the Preservation of Commons and Open Spaces, the Reform of Endowments, the Revision and Consoli dation of the Statute Law, the Establishment of a Universal International Copyright, and the Creation of a Teaching University in London. He is a Cor responding Member of the Institute of France, an Honorary FeUow of Trinity and Oriel Colleges, Oxford, and an Honorary LL.D. of the Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow. On the formation of Mr. Gladstone's Ministry in 1892 Mr. Bryce was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster with a seat in the Cabinet ; and on the re-distribution of seats, caused by the retire ment of Mr. Gladstone from the Premiership, in the spring of 1894, he became President of the Board of Trade. He married in 1889 Elizabeth Marion, daughter of Thomas Ashton, Esq., of Ford Bank, Didsbury, near Manchester, and sometime High Sheriff of Ijancashire. The Right Hon. Arnold Morley, M.P. To the Post Office we, in London, rest under an in calculable obligation, and to its incomparable organi sation we are indebted for much that tends to make the latter end of this nineteenth century an epoch in the social, political, and inteUectual advancement of the human race. Of its far-reaching and ever- widening influence it concerns us but Uttle to speak, but in giving this short biographical notice of the present Postmaster-General, some smaU tribute is surely due to the important public department over whose destinies he so ably presides. That the office of Postmaster-General is no sine cure we know, but it is difficult indeed to form any adequate conception of the difficulties which the intri cate and complicated details of the postal system must present to a man who, without the advantage of any special training, is answerable to his Queen and Country for the perfect working of its vast machinery. Mr. Arnold Morley, who, for the first time, in 1892 entered the Cabinet in Mr. Gladstone's Government as chief of the Post Office, is the fourth son of the late Mr. Samuel Morley, M.P., of HaU Place, Kent, and was born in 1849. He was educated at Trinity CoUege, Cambridge, where he, in due course, graduated. In 1873 he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and in 1880 first entered the House of Commons as Liberal mem ber for Nottingham. He continued to represent the borough until the General Election of 1885, when he was returned for the Eastern Division of the same town — a constituency he stiU represents. Mr. Arnold Morley has represented the Home Office at inquiries into mining accidents. When Mr. Gladstone returned to power in 1886 he selected him to flU the delicate and highly important position of Patronage Secretary to the Treasury. Mr. Arnold Morley is Vice-President of the " Eighty Club," and was one of those who accompanied Mr. Gladstone in the Sunbeam to Norway. 28 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Right Hon. Sir John Eldon Gorst, Q.C, M.P. (M.A. Cantab.), etc. Sie John Eldon Goest was born in May, 1835, at Preston, Lancashire, and is a son of the late Edward Chaddock Lowndes, Esq., of Preston (the last name being assumed instead of Gorst on his succeeding to an estate of the Lowndes family ; his son, the present Sir John, however, has not adopted it). His preparatory education was conducted entirely at Preston Grammar School, from which he went to St. John's CoUege, Cambridge, of which he was at one time a FeUow. He took his degree and was third wrangler in 1857. Sir John spent several years of his early life in New Zealand, and from 1861 to 1863 he was Civil Commissioner at Waikato (N.Z.), and in his official capacity came much in contact with the Maoris, and visited the disaffected districts. Sir John has a tho rough knowledge of the language, and there are few higher authorities on the affairs and prospects of the colony than he. His work, the " Maori King " (Mac- millan, 1864), attracted considerable attention, and is a clear, instructive, and entertaining treatise on a novel and little-known subject, wherein is recorded vividly the experiences of the writer, and much in formation as to the country. On his return from New Zealand, he read for the law, and was caUed to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1865, and "took sUk " in 1875. In the Conservative interest. Sir John contested Hastings in 1865 ; this was his first bid for parlia mentary honours; in 1866 he was elected for the borough of Cambridge ; he sat for the University borough tiU 1868, but was defeated upon re-election. From 1869 to 1874he, as manager of the Conservative party, became intimately associated with the late Earl of Beaconsfield, of whose politics and theories he is a firm advocate and follower ; and to this cause may be ascribed the trust and faith Sir John has in the peo ple. This, perhaps, was the keystone of Lord Beacons field's policy, and made him what he was — a demo cratic Conservative, and to it he probably referred when in a now historic speech he used the expression, " had to educate my party." This gave at the time much umbrage to the other party leaders, but its truth must not be ignored on this account ; but Lord Beacons field, being associated as he was with men whose con servatism was not of such an expansive character as his own, was often compeUed by poUcy to keep his own sentiments more or less in the background. Sir John, however, imbibed to a very large extent his ideas and opinions, and has profited by them in his public life. His services to the party had substantiated for him a claim to the consideration of the party leaders : how ever, after the 1874 election, when the Conservatives gained a majority and took offlce. Sir John was for gotten. He, Lord Randolph ChurchiU, Mr. Bal four, and Sir Drummond Wolfe, in 1880, were the constituents of what has been so widely known as the "Fourth Party," and it is interesting here to note the remarkable advancement each of these gen tlemen has since received in the political and official worlds. From 1880 down to 1885 the fourth party were engaged in the most active opposition against the second Gladstone administration ; the records of their programme, and work of the party are written in the Press of the day, in the Parliamentary Reports, and Blue Books, and in the events of those five years, and need not be recounted here. When the Marquis of Salisbury, at the head of the Conservatives, took office in June, 1885, Sir John became Solicitor- General, going out with his party in February of the following year. But returning with Lord Salisbury's second administration, in August of that year, he was offered a judgeship, but declined. He was then made Under-Secretary of State for India, which post he continued to occupy tUl September, 1891, when he became Financial Secretary to the Treasury. Since the fall of Lord Salisbury's government in 1892, Sir John has resumed the position of a private member. He sat for Chatham 1875 — 1892, and since that date for the University of Cambridge. He has strenuously devoted his attention to advanc ing all legislation having for its object the improve ment of the position of the people, sociaUy and poUtically. He is no believer in private legislation, and his support or opposition to any biU is to be counted upon only by the view he may take of the honesty of its purposes and its prospects for practical good. Sir John was knighted when appointed Solicitor- General in 1885, and was made a member of Her Majesty's Privy CouncU in 1890. Having so intimately associated himself with the Labour Question, and having so thorough a know ledge of it in its manifold bearings. Sir John was selected and sent as first British delegate to the Berlin Labour Congress of 1890. Foremost amongst his political and private friends, Sir John Gorst counted the late Right Honourable W. H. Smith. These gentlemen were intimate for a long series of years, and Sir John entertains a warm regard for the memory of the deceased and honoured leader of the House of Commons. He married in 1860, Mary Elizabeth, only daughter of the Rev. Lorenzo Moore. Sir John and Lady Gorst reside at Lawford House, Manningtree, Essex. Sir John is a member of the Carlton Club. LEADING MEN OF LONDON 29 The Rt. Honourable G. Shaw-Lefevre, M.P. It is an undeniable fact that the standard of character which Great Britain exacts from her public men is higher than that of any other country in the world. And to every thinking inhabitant of these islands it is a most legitimate source of gratification to reflect upon the fact that, take whatever party one will, this high standard is found weU maintained. In Great Britain — and one might almost say in Great Britain alone— there must not be the faintest suspicion of personal dishonour or moral unworthiness upon the man who aspires to lead her counsels or guide her des tinies. Where a large class of professional politicians exists, and statesmanship becomes a trade, it inevit ably happens that the standard of private character in public men is lowered. What though a man's private character wUl not bear a very close examina tion, if he is useful to his party they will support him, and the organs of that party wiU be prepared to maintain through thick and thin his innocence of aU charges which may be brought against him. In this country, fortunately, such a state of affairs does not now exist, though it has existed, and it is devoutly to be hoped that it will not return. When reasonable evidence exists to convict a public man of any disgraceful act, there will now be found no party organ, however virulent or extreme, prepared to defend him or condone his fault. This being so, it is unnecessary, in speaking of a statesman who has served this country in various pubUc positions for many years, to say that he is of high moral character, or of unblemished personal record. All this is inferred in the statement that he is a British statesman. Mr. Shaw-Lefevre was born in 1832, the year of the great Reform Bill. He was brought up in a Parliamentary atmosphere, for his father was the late Sir John Shaw-Lefevre, K.C.B., Clerk of the Parliaments, and Viscount Eversley, late Speaker of the House of Commons, was his uncle. He was educated at Eton CoUege, from whence he proceeded to Trinity CoUege. Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. Having chosen the legal profession, he was called to the Bar in 1856, and was elected a Bencher of the Inner Temple as recently as 1882. His wife was Lady Constance Emily Reynolds- Moreton, whom he married in 1874. She is a daughter of the third Earl of Ducie. Mr. Shaw-Lefevre entered ParUament in 1863, representing Reading in the Liberal interest. He was not the first member of his family to be con nected with the representation of Reading, for his grandfather had also been M.P. for that town. It was his grandfather who first adopted the name of Lefevre in addition to that of Shaw, having married a lady of that name who was a descendant of one of the French refugee families who fled to this country at the time of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes ; so Mr. Shaw-Lefevre has Huguenot blood in his veins. He continued to represent Reading for twenty-two years, when, at the general election of 1885, he was defeated by the small majority of 129 votes. Upon the death of the Right Honourable W. E. Forster, Mr. Shaw- Lefevre was invited, by the unanimous vote of the Liberal Two Hundred, to contest the vacancy created in the representation of his present con stituency, the Central Division of Bradford. He won his seat at the election by a majority of 453 over his opponent, Mr. Brodie Hoare, and since then has continued to represent this constituency, where his majority at the 1892 election was 465 votes over a candidate who may fairly be considered to be one of the very strongest that could have been put for ward, not only on account of his distinguished ser vices to his country, but from his own general popu larity, as well as that of the Royal lady whom he espoused ; we allude to the Marquis of Lorne, K.G. On accepting a position in Mr. Gladstone's Govern ment, he was re-elected unopposed on August 23rd, 1892. The following are the various public positions which he has held : — Member of the Deep Sea Fisheries Commission, 1863-4 ; Civil Lord of the Admiralty, 1866; Secretary to the Board of Trade, 1868-71 ; Secretary to the Admiralty, 1871-4; Chief Commissioner of Works, 1880-85 ; Postmaster- General, 1885. He again held in the last adminis tration of Mr. Gladstone the post of First Com missioner of Works, with a seat in the Cabinet. The resignation of Mr. Gladstone in March, 1894, and the accession of Lord Rosehery to the Premier ship, necessitated the reconstruction of the Cabinet, and Mr. Shaw-Lefevre was appointed President of the Local Government Board in succession to Mr. Fowler, who was transferred to the India Office. He was also President of the Royal Commission on the Loss of Life at Sea, which sat from 1886 to 1888, and he sat upon the Royal Commission appointed under the Local Government Act, from 1888 to 1891. He is now acting as President of the Royal Commission of Agricultural Depression. During all the years of his pubUc life, Mr. Shaw- Lefevre's record has been one of steady, persevering and loyal service in the cause of progress and 30 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. reasonable reform, as wiU be seen from a recital of the movements in which he has borne a part. He has been a staunch supporter of Mr. Gladstone during the whole course of his career, and it may be broadly said that whatever the question under consideration might be, he has always taken an enlightened, broad-minded, and far-sighted view of it. Thus he has always supported every measure for securing religious equality, freedom of contract be tween masters and men, the right of workmen to combine in their own interests, and the legalisa tion of their friendly societies ; also for extend ing and broadening the franchise, and promoting and strengthening the Education Acts. He was the first member of the House of Commons to suggest arbitration as a means of settling the disputes between this country and the United States of America in 1869, and carried a motion to that effect in the House of Commons. In that year also he carried the measure known as the Married Women's Charter, securing to married women the elementa,ry justice of a right to their own property or business, though it was not until 1882 that the House of Peers could be induced to pass it. He is a staunch free trader, and when Secretary of the Board of Trade in 1870-1, took an active part in defending Free Trade in several important debates with the advocates of a return to a protective system ; and he also carried the General Tramways Act, under which aU tramways have since been con structed. When Secretary to the Admiralty in 1872-4, he helped to abolish flogging in the Navy, and to secure a return to the principles of public com petition for the entry of officers ; and he did much to promote temperance by prohibiting the issue of spirits to young seamen, and by offering induce ments to other seamen to forego their spirit rations. He has also devised measures for the better pro tection of merchant seamen. As First Commissioner of Works in 1881-4, he effected the restoration of the Tower of London and Westminster Hall. His efforts in the direction of economy in spending public money have been great. His success in defeating an elaborate and costly scheme for removing the Royal Mint, re modelling instead the present budding, alone saved the country upwards of £250,000. He was instru mental also in greatly improving Hyde Park Corner, and in securing additions to Hyde and Regent's Parks. During the Ulness of Mr. Fawcett in 1883, Mr. Shaw-Lefevre acted as Postmaster General, and set in operation the Indian, Colonial, and Foreign Par cels Post system, made arrangements for accelerating the mail services, and carried the scheme for the introduction of sixpenny telegrams. In 1866 he founded the Commons Preservation Society, and has been its chairman, with the excep tion of two short intervals, up to the present time. This society has during its existence been a watchful guardian of public rights, and has been the means of protecting all the commons round London from that practice of filching public land which was so frequent in the past, when no vigilant body existed to see that the people's property was preserved to them. AU this may not, of course, be briUiant statesman ship, but it is pre-eminently useful and valuable, and the nation is indebted to Mr. Shaw-Lefevre for many sensible, wise, and business-Uke reforms. It must be a source of no Uttle satisfaction to a man, when right views have prevailed and become approved by the majority, to be able to look back to the time when they were not so popular, and to reflect that he was sufficiently far-sighted to have seen their truth before the majority of his contemporaries. Many of the views which Mr. Shaw-Lefevre once advocated as the voice of one crying in the wilderness, are now universaUy accepted, and approved by aU parties. Arbitration in national disputes and married women's property rights have already been referred to as quest' ons in regard to which he was in the van, but he was also amongst the first to support the Employer's Liability and Burials Acts. He has also made a special study of the question of Land Law Eeform, and has published several works upon the subject with reference to both England and Ireland, and it is one upon which he is a recognised authority. He carried a motion in the House of Commons in 1879 for establishing peasant proprietors in Ireland. He assisted in framing Mr. Gladstone's Irish Land Act in 1881, as weU as the measure for securing to English tenant farmers compensation for their improvements in 1883. Personally Mr. Shaw-Lefevre is a man stiU in his prime, of slight build and al,ctive appearance, with every prospect of many more years of usefulness be fore him. As a speaker he is, when in good form, fluent and effective, and his speeches are quite free from any trace of political venom. His character is a genial one, and he holds the esteem and friendship of hosts of members belonging to both sides of the House. In fact, it would not be too much to say that in the House of Commons he is universally popular. He resides at 18, Bryanston Square, W., and Old- bury Place, Ightham, Sevenoaks. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 31 Sir George Smyth Baden-Powell, M.P., K.C.M.G., M.A.Oxon., F.R.S.S., LL.D.Toronto, &c. Sir Geoeqe Baden-Powell, although still a man in the prime of Ufe, has had a career of astonishing briUiancy and usefulness. He was born at Oxford on Christmas Eve, 1847, and is the son of the Eev. Baden-Powell, a weU-kuown contributor to The Times, and Essays and Reviews. His mother was a daughter of Admiral W. H. Smyth, K.S.F., a de scendant of the celebrated Captain John Smith, one of those daring sea-adventurers of Queen EHzabeth's reign, who did so much to lay the foundations of .England's empire and supremacy on the sea. He was educated at St. Paul's School and at Marl borough, and graduated, in 1876, at Balliol College, Oxford, winning the Chancellor's prize for the English Essay. Previous to taking up his residence at the University, he had already begun that course of travel and study of foreign countries— more especially the British colonies and dependencies — which have occupied so many years of his busy life. He had visited India, AustraUa, South Africa, and the Continent, and no doubt the experience thus gained was duly utUised in the competition for that Oxford "Blue Ribbon," the Chancellor's prize, the subject being "The Relative Advantages of large and smaU States." It is one of the admirable features of his active life that, whatever he has produced, has always been made to take a form which would render some practical service to the community. Thus, on his return from his first voyage, he published a narrative of his experiences, not, observe, merely to add another to the already immense number of books of travellers' gossip, which, however delightful in themselves, possess only a literary interest, and are often very unreliable in matters of fact, but a serious and valuable con tribution to the general information as to the poUtics, domestic life, industries, and natural history of Australia and New Zealand, calculated to be of use to intending emigrants at home. This was published during his first year at Oxford. The astonishing range and indefatigable nature of his studies wiU be brought out by a recital of the various subjects upon which he is a recognised autho rity. Among other questions, he has taken up those of the relations between the upper and lower Houses of Colonial Legislatures, of the effect of our tariff on the Colonial wine industries, of Colonial defence, and of our commercial treaties with France and Spain. He has found time to advocate Church of England Eeform from within, and in 1887, in an address delivered at Liverpool, he made some admirable suggestions for dealing with such vexed questions as Church patron age, irregularity of clerical stipends, clergy pensions, sale of advowsons, &c. He is an ardent member of the established Church, and enthusiasticaUy supports the scheme for the Church House to commemorate Her Majesty's Jubilee, hoping to see it "become a visible symbol of the unity and of the growing im portance of the Church." His most important writings have been, perhaps, the books entitled " Protection and Bad Times," and " State Aid and State Interference," wherein he sets forth, with lucid argument and clearly marshalled facts, the economical views which profound study and large experience in aU parts of our empire have only served to strengthen. As a political economist, although not identifying himself with any particular school of thought. Sir George is a strong Free Trader, and at the same time his writings are free from prejudice, and he imports no acrimony into his examination of opponents' positions. In "State Aid and State Interference " Sir George deals with the great object lesson in Free and Protected Trade given by two of our Australian colonies, Victoria and New South Wales, the one committed to a system of protective duties, and the other to a policy of Free Trade. There they are, side by side, with almost equal natural advantages, if anything, however, in favour of Victoria ; and the result, after ten years of comparison, is that, as regards the employment of the people, the Free Trade colony has found more work for its manufacturing population than its pro tected sister ; its Customs Eeceipts have steadily and largely increased, whUe in the other colony they have fluctuated with a downward tendency, and its exter nal trade has increased by ten and a-half miUions sterling in ten years, while that of Victoria has not increased by three mUlions. Exports, imports, ship ping, population, all teU the same story. A striking fact, bearing out the truth of the contention of almost aU writers on political economy, that "a high tariff means the accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few," will be found in the Savings Bank average returns for the two colonies. In New South Wales deposits have risen steadily from £45 to £47 per head ; in Victoria they have faUen from £29 to £15. His first post after leaving Oxford was that of Private Secretary to Sir George Bowen, then Governor of Victoria, and naturally he thus gained oppor tunities of studying the questions afterwards dealt with in his books in a way that was open to few. It was at this time that he became alive to the importance of Imperial Unity and Imperial Defence, for Sir George is an enthusiastic beUever in the 32 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. capabiUties for union of this vast scattered Empire of ours, and as a practical and enUghtened states man has done much, and it may be confidently hoped will do yet more, to smooth the path of Imperial Federation, which to so many still seems nothing more than a splendid dream. In 1880 we find him at the West Indies studying upon the spot the actual effect of the Sugar Bounty Sj'stem on West India sugar planting. He received his distinction of C.M.G. for services rendered in 1 882-4 as joint Commissioner with Sir WiUiam Cross- man to inquire into and report on the administration, revenues, and expenditure of the West Indian Colonies. In January, 1885, he was in Bechuana- land assisting Sir Charles Warren. Eeturning to England, he issued an address in the Conservative interest to the electors of the Kirkdale Division of Liverpool, which constituency he has represented since that time, having been returned from the first with a good majority. He is a man of whom as a representative any constituency might feel proud, he has friends in every political camp, and both in religion and politics his sympathies extend far out side that particular party with which he is identified. In 1887 he received his knighthood for services rendered in connection with the affairs of South Africa, and especially Bechuanaland. In the winter of 1887-8 he was appointed joint Commissioner with Sir George Bowen, Q.C, M.P., to arrange the detaUs of the new Constitution of Malta. Undoubtedly, however, the most signal service which he has as yet rendered to his country has been in connection with the Behring Sea Arbitration, the award of which has only been quite recently pub lished. It was after his re-election in 1886 that Sir George again visited Canada and the United States. On the Pacific coast he discerned the first germs of the Behring Sea troubles,- at once bringing it to the notice of the Government and of the public. From that time he never ceased to closely watch the ques tion, and when in June, 1891, Lord Salisbury appointed him British Behring Sea Commissioner, he was despatched with four ships-of-war for several months to the Behring Sea, investigating the details and facts of seal life and seal fishing, and the claims and complaints oi the various interests involved. In December, 1891, he was appointed the British member of the Joint Commission in Washington. Returning to England in April, 1892, in conjunction with Sir Richard Webster and the Foreign and Colo nial Offices, and after August, 1892, with Lord Russell, then Attorney-General, and Sir John Rigby, then Solicitor-General, he assisted in drawing up the British case and counter-case to be placed before the Behring Sea Arbitrators in the spring of 1893, whose decision was announced as recently as August, 1893. Great Britain won her case on aU points, and it is a note worthy fact that this is the first arbitration into which she has entered suppUed with better, far better, infer. mation than her opponent. This information was ac quired in 1891 and 1892 by the Behring Sea Commis sion appointed by Lord SaUsbury, and if the verdict cannot be whoUy claimed as the result of Sir George Baden-PoweU's energetic and enterprising patriotism, he is a man always on the alert to discover and make known something which wiU benefit the community or strengthen the empire, and among the subjects to which he has drawn attention in the House of Com mons has been the advantage of extending the powers of trustees to invest trust funds in Colonial stocks, concerning which he moved a resolution in June, 1888. Again, in July, 1889, he pointed out a decidedly weak spot in our National Defence, in that the Ughthouses, coastguard, and Ufeboat stations situ ated upon the coasts of the United Kingdom are not, in most cases, within even a mUe of electric commu nication with the postal telegraph system. This, even in time of peace, often gives rise to serious inconveni ence, but in time of war, as a moment's thought will show, the consequences might be too unpleasant to contemplate. With characteristic thoroughness Sir George worked out the cost of what he suggested, finding it to require a eapitaloutlay of about £ 1 00, 000, whUe the cost of maintenance would be very smaU. When this comparatively small sum is contrasted with the value of the interests which it would immensely help to protect, it cannot be said to require a moment's hesitation as to the necessity of its adoption. At the time of the passing of the McKinlay Act by the American Legislature, he was one of the first to point out the inevitable stimulus which it would give to Canadian enterprise and independence. As regards Canada, Sir George's views as to its probable absorp tion by the United States and its loyalty to the mother country, are in direct opposition to those of the pessi mistic prophets, both here and on the other side, who regard the one as inevitable, and the other as more than doubtful. Coming from a man of the experience of Sir George, such views are indeed reassuring. As a man. Sir George has pleasant and affable manners, is a fluent and graceful speaker, a keen sportsman, a capital story-teller, and a polished and well-informed conversationalist. He is regarded as one of the most energetic and accomplished members of his party, and there is little doubt that a place wUl be found for him in an oarly Conservative Administra tion. What is more important is that he is an EngUshman and an Imperialist before he is a partisan. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 33 Sir John Pender, G.C.M.G., M.P., F.R.G.S., r.R.S.G., Chevalier Legion d'Honneur, &c. The career of Sir John Pender, viewed either in his capacity as one of the most (if not, perhaps, the mosi) influential promoters of telegraphic and cable com munication throughout the world, or as an old parlia mentary hand, and one who has done good and valuable service in the House of Commons and on the public platform to defend and advance the prin ciples he entertains, is in many ways a remarkable and noteworthy one, and is another and striking instance of Scotch energy and enterprise. John Pender is the son of the late James Pender, Esq., of the Yale of Leven, Dumbartonshire, and was born in 1816. He was educated at the High School, Glasgow, and after a successful career in Manchester, he made ex tension of submarine telegraphy his principal study, and the remarkable growth of the companies over which he presides is an eloquent testimony to his skiU and ability in this direction. On the formation of the first Atlantic Cable Company, Sir John was one of the original three hundred and forty-five contribu tors of £1,000 towards the expenses of the necessary experiments, and, as a director of that company, he shared the failures and disappointments which for eight years baffled aU attempts to bring the scheme to a successful issue. The snapping of the cable of 1865 in mid-ocean, during the now historic voyage of the Great Eastern, proved the financial ruin of the Atlantic Company. Many of the original supporters of the enterprise were dead, many more were utterly discouraged by repeated failures, and, with no hope of assistance from the outside public, the abandon ment of the project was imminent. But fortunately the faith of Sir John Pender and a few others in its ultimate success remained unshaken. Through their efforts the Anglo-American Company was formed, and negotiations were opened with Messrs. Glass, EUiott & Co., and the Gutta Percha Company, for the manufacture of a new cable of greater strength and value than any previous one ; but the latter company, discouraged by previous experience, and unwilling to lay aside its ordinary business for one speculative undertaking, refused to proceed without a guarantee. It was at this crisis that Sir John, with the courage of genius, offered his personal guarantee for a quar ter of a million sterling, and this being accepted, the two manufacturing companies were amalgamated under the name of the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company, with Sir John as chairman. The subsequent history of the enterprise is weU known. Not only was the new cable successfuUy laid, but the broken one was recovered, and by com mon consent Sir John now became the recognised leader in this and aU kindred undertakings. To his energy was due the formation of that great system of Eastern telegraphs which now, under the names of the Eastern and Eastern Extension Telegraph Companies, link together the whole of our Asiatic and Australasian possessions, and through his exer tions the cables of the Eastern and associated compa nies surround the great continent of Africa. Suc cessful as a pioneer. Sir John's sound commercial instincts have stood him in good stead as an organiser and administrator. The encouragement and support which he has ever been ready to extend to inventors and men of science have given him the command of all that is newest and best in apparatus. The com panies which he controls are models of efficiency and management, and while in the highest degree pros perous to their proprietors, they worthily fulfil tlie great mission they were designed to further. A striking instance of the work these cables are some times called upon to perform occurred in connection with the opening of the Colonial and Indian Exhibi tion of 1886, when, on the day following that cere mony, the Viceroy of India, the Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada, and the governors of every British colony and dependency issued, by request of the Prince of Wales, a special gazette, containing a verbatim report of His Royal Highness's address to the Queen, of Her Majesty's reply, and also the late Lord Tennyson's ode. Sir John is a Justice of the Peace for the counties of Kent, Middlesex, Lancaster, Denbigh, ArgyU, and Linlithgow, and a deputy-lieutenant for Lancashire. He is a FeUow of the Imperial Institute and of the Royal Geographical Society of Scotland, as well as of the Royal Societies of England and Scotland, and the Scottish Antiquarian Society. He is Chairman of the Eastern and Eastern E.xten- sion. South African, Brazilian Submarine, African Direct, West African, Direct Spanish, Direct United States, Pacific and European, and European and Azores Cable Companies, and fills that position on the Board of the Globe Telegraph and Trust Com pany, and also the Metropolitan Electric Supply Company, and is a Trustee of the Submarine Cables Trust. Sir John has been the recipient of many high and distinguished honours conferred by the rulers of various European states in recognition of his efforts in the cause and advancement of electrical telegraphy and cable-laying, &c. ; amongst these are the Grand Cordon of the Medjidie, an Ottoman Order of great distinction, and the Grand Cordon of which is the 34 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. highest honour the Sultan of Turkey can confer upon any other than a Turk ; the Knight Commandership of St. Saviour of Greece, and of the Portuguese Orders of the Conception and the Rose, and Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of our Saviour Jesus Christ. Sir John is also an officer of the Legion of Honour. This he was created in 1891 by the French Govern ment. In recent years Sir John has devoted considerable attention to the electric lighting, of London, and is, as we have stated. Chairman of the Metropolitan Elec tric Supply Company, which is the largest and most important undertaking of its kind in England, and last year it was supplying nightly over 160,000 lights ; and Sir John's connection with the company, regard ing his success in his former enterprises, augurs weU for its future. In recognition of Sir John's services to the empire. Her Majesty bestowed upon him in 1888 a Knight Commandership of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, and he has since (in 1892) been promoted to a Grand Cross of the same Order. On the former occasion Lord Derby, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, presided at a complimentary banquet given in his honour. Sir John Pender's parliamentary career commenced and continued up to 1885 as a Liberal, but since that date his sympathies have been with the Liberal Unionist Party as against Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule policy and has been a long and honourable one. While he keenly feels that the integrity of the Empire should be left intact, his motto, " Telegraphs know no PoUtics," has given him considerable at tention and influence on both sides of the House and has secured him the respect of his colleagues in the House of Commons, as a man who will stand or fall upon the merits of what his sense of honesty tells him to be right. In Parliament he has been en abled to safeguard the great mercantile interests of the numerous companies he represents and has done good service to the state and to science. Sir John is a warm advocate of all measures having for their purpose the furthering of technical educa tion. In 1840, Sir John (then Mr. Pender) married Marion, daughter of Mr. James Cearns, who died in the following year; and in 1851, Emma, daughter of Henry Denison, Esq. , of Day brook, Nottingham shire. Lady Pender died in 1890. Sir John was M.P. for Totnes from 1865 to 1866 ; for Wick Burghs (N.B.) 1872 to 1885, and was again returned in 1892. He also contested Linlithgowshire in 1868; Stirling Burghs. 1886; and Govan, 1889. His town house is 18, Arlington Street, S.W. ; and his country seats, Middleton HaU, Linlithgowshire, N.B., and Foots Cray Place, Foots Cray, Kent. Sir John is a member of the Reform, Brooks, Gar rick, and City Clubs. Sir William Cunlilfe Brooks, Bart., M.A., F.S.A., D.L. In the ease of the gentleman whose well-known name heads this sketch, it may truly be said that he has inherited, in a very high degree, the rare busi ness capacity and acumen in dealing with financial matters which characterized both his grandfather and father, together with the high and honourable principles which have made the name of "Brooks's Bank " one of the most respected, in or out of London. The former of these, WiUiam Brooks, with Roger Cunliffe, founded the bank at Blackburn, which has now for more than one hundred years borne their name. In establishing themselves they displayed a considerable amount of courage and determination — starting a bank nowadays is serious work enough, but a century ago it was most hazardous ; not alone in face of the disturbed state of home and foreign politics, but, practicaUy also, because of the incon veniences then attendant on the slow and hazardous transmission of bullion by the King's highway. In due course Mr. William Brooks was succeeded by his son Samuel, the father of the present Baronet ; a man of untiring industry, endowed also with a re markable power of discernment. He succeeded in making judicious selections amongst the Lancashire pioneers of that wealth- producing period of transition from the old hand- loom to the use of steam power. To these he boldly gave ample funds; creating their fortunes and adding to his own. Upon his tomb are these words : "In his great successes he benefited very many." His son, the present Sir WilUam CunUffe Brooks, was born in 1819. He was educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold. Though only twelve years old at the time of his entrance examination, he was placed at once in the upper fifth ; and when, afterwards, he proceeded to St. John's College, Cambridge, he graduated with honours, and in the Mathematical Tripos was 12th Senior Optime. He then " read Law " and was admitted to the Inner Temple; he was called to the Bar in 1847, and " went " the Northern Circuit. Had not duties of another nature been ¦ mapped out for him Sir WilUam might have achieved considerable distinction as an advocate, for his early efforts and successes gave exceUent promise. However, he was destined to go to the head of affairs at the bank, and to the LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 35 bank he went ; and although his personal incUna- tions pointed to a legal career, he threw it up on the express desire of his father, who valued his assis tance ; judging by results, we assume his choice was a wise one, as although he might have made a name at the Bar, yet as a banker he has added wealth, honour, and dignity to an institution already of con siderable renown when he took over its part control. For upwards of fifty years his father and he managed affairs jointly, and it may easily be under stood that he benefited much in his earlier days as a banker from the experience of that father. During the last two decades various proposals have been made to Sir William hoping to induce him to turn the bank into a Joint-Stock Company, but in vain ; it still remains, and is likely long to remain, "Brooks's Old Bank," as although Sir WiUiam has no sons, two of his nephews have by Royal warrant assumed the name of Brooks, and have been made partners. The buUding of new, and the restoration of old, premises, necessitated by the continual growth of business, has developed some interesting specimens of bank architecture, as in the solid safe-like building of the Old Bank at Blackburn — the country-looking dwelling of its young neighbour, Darwen — ^the ad mirable facade of street work in the City of Man chester — the old Cheshire construction of "wood and wattle " at Altrincham. In these efforts, and in the many examples of domestic architecture on his estates in England and Scotland, he has been mainly guided by the skiU of Mr. Truefitt, architect, of London and Worthing. Sir William Brooks married, first, in 1842, Jane Elizabeth, daughter of Ralph Orrell, Esq., of Stock port; this lady died in 1865, leaving two daughters, Amy and Edith, the former married the eleventh Marquis of Huntly, the latter married Lord Francis CecU (second son of the third Marquis of Exeter). Sir WUliam married again, in 1875, Jane, daughter of Colonel Davidson, CB. As a politician his career dates from 1869, when he was returned as Conservative member for East Cheshire and sat for this division till 1885, and for the Altrincham division from 1886 till 1892, when he retired from Parliamentary duties. Twice he was unanimously elected. As a Constitutionalist and a good Conservative he has not confined his labours to the House of Commons, but has always been ready to assist the cause with head, heart, and purse. In the House of Commons he has conscien tiously done his duty, was most popular on aU sides, and devoted himself mainly to promoting measures for sound local government ; he never was an office- seeker nor, what is perhaps equaUy objectionable, a faddist. His town house is 5, Grosvenor Square. His Lancashire residence, Barlow HaU (anciently " Wild- Boar-ley "), shows a roof of Norman work — it has received many additions according to the ideas of suc cessive generations, and is a most charming country house. Following up the great works executed by his father on the Brooks's estates, he has continued to yet further improve them, and has devoted his efforts to the amelioration of the dwellings of the rural population, especially at his Highland home, the Forest of Glen Tana, where, happily, is Ulustrated the thriving population that may be caused by deer forests. Though now half-way between seventy and eighty, he retains his marvellous powers of endurance in the enjoyment of field sports. When he had reached his seventieth year he had the enjoyment of giving, in his lifetime, the sums he had destined in his will to many charitable institutions. Sir Henry Enfleld Roscoe, M.P., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. The subject of this notice is the son of the late Henry Roscoe, Esq., barrister-at-law, and grandson of William Roscoe, of Liverpool, the well-known historian and poet. He was born in 1833, and his scientific education was begun at University CoUege, London, under Graham and WiUiamson, and con tinued under Bunsen at Heidelberg. Sir Henry Roscoe has written considerably on matters connected with elementary, technical, general, and university education ; he has devoted himself during long periods of time — valuable time — to any and every means of furthering the objects and improving the conduct of education. His works as scientific and learned writings are admittedly of a very high order, and, as valuable standard educational works, have been widely adopted not only in this country, but throughout Austria, Hungary, and the German empire. They are to be found in the libraries and laboratories of ' the universities of nearly every nation in Europe, and in the leading centres of learning in the Orient — for they have been translated into most of the languages of both the East and the West. Without giving a detailed list of Sir Henry's educational works, we might notice his "Treatise on Chemistry" (Mac- millan), and his "Lessons in Elementary Chemistry," the ktter of which has run through eight editions. They are perhaps the best known of any of his books. We wUl remind many former students of the debt 36 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. they owe to Sir Henry Roscoe, who has laid bare to the world, or at least to that part of it which is desirous of acquiring knowledge, the mysteries and theory of chemistry, the value in general life of hygiene and of hygienic and scientific methods and appliances, of the two modes of education — the right and the wrong — how the wrong method dwarfs the opportunities and capacities of youth for storing up the treasures of learning, and how the plan as laid down by Sir Henry should be conducted to insure in class and in college the fullest advantage to the student. In Education, May, 1891, was given a brief but well-written "interview" with Sir Henry on these subjects. Owing to his acknowledged position in educational circles Sir Henry was by Lord Lothian (the then Secretary for Scotland) invited to assist in the task of remodelling the Scottish universities. The subject was a tedious and difficult one, and has taken three years of hard work to complete. Better evidence that the former state of affairs at the Universities of Scot land were in sad disorder cannot be adduced than that workers so energetic as Sir Henry Roscoe and his colleagues should take so lengthy a time in re organising them. Acknowleidging the great services Sir Henry has rendered to science generally, and chemistry and methodical education in particular, the degrees of various British and foreign seats of learning and other honours have been conferred upon him ; as, for instance, at the Jubilee meeting on the occasion of its five-hundredth anniversary, the University of Heidelberg granted him its honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine. He is one of the twenty living Englishmen who have been elected Corresponding Members of the French Academy. Sir Henry is also an officer of the Legion of Honour. As regards his British University qualifications he holds the D.C.L. of Oxford, and LL.D. of Cambridge, Dublin, and Montreal. Sir Henry held the appointment of Professor of Chemistry to Owens College, Victoria University, Manchester, from 1857 to 1885. With the foundation and establishment of this university he was intimately concerned. Indeed he may be said to have been the originator of it, for the study of chemistry in its application to industrial pursuits. Pupils of his from thence, who owe their knowledge to his able instruction, are now scattered all over the world holding leading positions as practical and scientific workers. He was President of the Chemical Society of London in 1880, and in 1881 first President of the Society of Chemical Industry, of which important Society he may also be said to have been the founder. Sir Henry is a FeUow of the Royal Society, receiv ing in 1874 the honour of the Royal Medal for his researches on the metal Vanadium, and in 1889 he was President at Manchester of the British Asso ciation, at perhaps the most important gathering of that Association ever held. As a further and more comprehensive recognition of his services, both scientific and otherwise. Her Majesty was pleased to confer the honour of knight hood upon Sir Henry Roscoe in 1884. It is no more our intention here to trace Sir Henry's political career from its practical commencement as the Liberal member for South Manchester in 1885-6 to the present, than when starting this notice did we purpose giving a detailed summary of Sir Henry's educational and scientific work. It is sufficient for our purpose to remind those who are already fami liar in some measure with his record as a scientist, as an educational reformer, and as a demonstrator of new methods, social, general, and particular, that Sir Henry, as a staunch Liberal, is a political foUower of the Gladstonian programme. He stUl represents South Manchester, and holds the entire confidence and regard of his constituents. Sir Henry has sat on various departmental and special committees and commissions; we may mention in particular the committee of the House of Commons on Imperial Grants to University Colleges, on that for the Sanitation of the Palace of Westminster, and lately on the Royal Commission on Secondary Edu cation. Recently, with Lord Sandhurst as Chairman, Sir Henry has completed a work which has thoroughly overhauled and reorganised the system and basis of army examinations. He has closelj'- associated himself with the movement for technical education, having been Secretary to the National Association for the Promotion of Technical and Secondary E iu- cation since its foundation. He is now engaged with Sir J. Lister and other eminent medical men in establishing a British Institute for Hygiene ; the absence of such an institution has long been a crying want in England, but tiU recently no measures for organising such an establishment have been forthcoming. In 1863 Sir Henry Roscoe married Lucy, daughter of the late Edmund Potter, Esq., M.P,, F.R.S., of Cornfield Place, Hatfield, Herts. Sir Henry and Lady Roscoe reside at 10, Bramham Gardens, South Kensington, and at Woodcote Lodge, Horsley, Surrey. Sir Henry is a member of the Athenaeum Club. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Frederick Dixon Dixon-Hartland, Bart., M.P., J.P., CCA., F.S.A., &c. A cadet of an old Gloucestershire family, the sub ject of our present sketch was born on the 1st May, 1832 ; he is the eldest son of the late Mr. Hartland, of The Oaklands, Gloucestershire, the senior partner of the Evesham Old Bank, which had an existence of over a century and a half before it was amalgamated with the Gloucestershire Banking Company. He was educated at Cheltenham College, which he joined on the day of its first opening. After pursuing his studies there for a considerable period he finished them under the Rev. C Pritchard at Clapham, afterwards Professor of Astronomy, Oxford. At the age of twenty he entered the Evesham Bank; and in 1865 came to London and shortly after became a partner in the banking firm of Lacy, Hartland, Woodhridge & Co., which was established iis far back as 1791. He is likewise a partner in the Uxbridge Old Bank, and a director of the London and Midland Bank, chairman of the Don Pedro Gold Mining Company, Limited, a director of the Westminster and General Life Assurance Association, and of the Westminster Fire Office. He married, 16th October, 1867, Grace Amy, daughter of Colonel WUson, K.H., whose death occurred 22nd December, 1892, leaving four daughters. Sir Frederick Dixon-Hartland is most widely known as a politician of high Tory principles and opinions, as one who, when the occasion arose for an action of self-sacrifice did not hesitate to contest an almost hopeless constituency (Hereford) in the interests of the party whose opinions he has so long and so ably advocated ; and, in passing, we may be aUowed to remark that the Conservative party are f uUy alive to the political value of one so thoroughly whole-hearted and deeply versed in statesmancraft as he is. A teUing example of this fact is that after the unseating of the Liberal member, Mr. Ratcliff, for Evesham in 1880, although upwards of fifty aspirants offered to contest the borough in the Con servative interest. Sir Frederick was chosen to stand as the champion of the Conservative cause for his native town. That this election was a severe struggle between the respective supporters of the candidates is evidenced by the fact that upon the declaration of the poll Sir Frederick was found to have lost by only two votes. But a second petition to unseat the victor was lodged, aUeging bribery and corruption, and in due course Mr. Lehmann found himself unseated and had in addition nearly £10,000 expenses to defray, and Mr. Dixon-Hartland was declared duly elected. In the House of Commons Sir F. D. Dixon-Hartland has introduced several measures of great utility ; the reforms in the Theatres Regulations BiU and the laws relating to Bankruptcy are due to his zeal and energy. In 1885 the borough of Evesham was absorbed in the county of Worcester, he was then requested to come forward for the Uxbridge Division, county of Middlesex ; for which he has since been re turned three times. But foUowing the lines of our declared object in placing this work in the hands of our subscribers, we must not pursue his political so much as his pro fessional career, but in the case of Sir F. D. Dixon- Hartland no apology is necessary, his personal and political lines having become so mingled and united that it is difficult to speak of the former without considerable reference to the latter. He is chairman of the Finance Committee of the Middlesex County Council, and was one of the first aldermen of that body, and a Conservator of the River Thames, and one of the governors of Christ's Hospital. Sir F. D. Dixon-Hartland is a keen antiquarian, and his work, ' ' The Genealogical and Chronological History of the Royal Houses of Europe," is admittedly without rival in its particular line, and a work of great accuracy and deep research. Some years before the age when most men, having aspirations in these directions, look to become mem bers. Sir F. D. Dixon-Hartland was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and of the Society of Antiquarians, to both of which institutions he has rendered good service. He is a staunch sup porter of the established Church. Sir F. D. Dixon- Hartland was one of the Founders of the Primrose League, and of this Institution he is Grand Treasurer. He is also very intimately connected with the National Conservative Union, and occupied the chair in 1890 at the annual meeting of the Union at Liverpool. Sir Frederick Dixon-Hartland is a justice of the peace for the counties of Middlesex, London, Gloucester, and Worcester, and one of H.M. Lieu tenants for the City of London. Sir Frederick Dixon-Hartland has many claims on his time and energy, many responsibilities, and cer tainly many honours, and we wiU add that few men more fully merit the confidence of their feUows, and whatever he undertakes is carried through to the utmost limit of thoroughness. Thoroughness and appUcation have always characterized aUke hispubUc, private, and political careers. His town-house is at 14, Chesham Place, 8.W., he is a member of the Carlton, Garrick, and Thames Yacht Clubs. His country seat is Ashley Manor, near Cheltenham. 38 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., D.C.I., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., &c. The present holder of the baronetcy conferred on his great-grandfather in 1806 by George III., is a man with whose name and personality few amongst us, in some one or more ways, are unacquainted. His name is as well known to Londoners as is St. Paul's Cathedral, and not only to us is his name (to use a paradox) strangely familiar, for his efforts in pursuit of scientific knowledge and objects, in parliamentary debate, and on behalf of his fellow-men have found an echo and sympathetic response in lands far remote from our own. To few men in this or in any past age has it been permitted to shine in so many and such diverse phases of life. The career of Sir John Lubbock is one with which much of the history of our times is interwoven, and which must on aU occasions form a fair example for those who shall follow us. Such a work as this would fail sigiiaUy in its declared objects if no bio graphical mention of this great London banker, country gentleman, poUtician, scientist, and humani tarian was made. John, eldest son of Sir John WiUiam Lubbock (third baronet, who died in 1865), was born in London on AprU 30th, 1834. He was educated at first at a private school under the principal, Mr. Waring, afterwards entering Eton .CoUege, and was a school contemporary of Mr. Shaw-Lefevre, Lord Grey de WUton, and Mr. Chitty, Q.O. His application to his studies is well shown by the fact that at the age of fourteen he had passed his lower school examinations and entered the upper division ; he shortly after this quitted the college, and it being decided that he should enter the bank, no university career was offered him. However, judging by results, we may safely assume that his education has not suffered on this account, and side by side with "book-learning" throughout his life he has studied the glorious and ever-varied pages of nature — bird-life, insect-life, the marvels of creation — these have been his loved themes of absorbing interest and admiration. Professionally he has rendered very great and enduring services to the banking interest by the introduction of the country clearing system. For merly, before its establishment, all country cheques had to be sent for clearance to the particular bank upon which they were drawn, thus necessitating separate letters and posting for their convey ance; now, however, all go to the "Country Clearing House," and daily a balance is struck and the difference due to any individual bank is settled by clearing-house cheque on the Bank of England. His connection with the Associated London Bankers as secretary has also been of much value to them, and his efforts in time and labour-saving were most neces sary, as may be imagined by considering the fact that drafts representing one hundred miUions sterling have on a day passed through the general clearing and adjusting department. He instituted also the foundation and scheme of examination, on civU service lines, for banking clerks, and thus improved the personnel of the banks which have adopted it. In one of the most charming parts of beautiful Kent is Down, and here is the famUy estate of Sir John Ijubbock and of his fathers. High Elms is a fine property of some fifteen or sixteen hundred acres. His keen appreciation of scientific discoveries, and his own deep study of the 'ologies, may be said to be hereditary. His father was a fine scholar and a student of great research, and a lover of scholarly pursuits. He was vice-president of the Royal Society, and first vice-chanceUor of the University of London, for which the present baronet has sat as member of Parliament since 1886 in the Liberal Unionist interest. In 1856 he married Ellen, the daughter of the Rev. Peter Hordern, of Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Lanca shire, by whom he had three sons and three daugh ters ; this lady died in 1879. Subsequently, in 1884, he married again. The lady was AUce Augusta Laurentia, daughter of Major-General Augustus Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers, a relation of the family of Stanleys of Alderley. The heir to the Lubbock baronetcy is Mr. John Birkbeok Lubbock, born in 1858. The great banking-house of Robarts, Lubbock & Co. was established as far back as 1750 by the first baronet, and is to-day one of the most important and influential banks in London, or for that matter out of London. We believe that the house was the first of the proprietary banks to issue annual balance- sheets. This system has since been adopted by several other London and provincial banks, and is, we may fairly assume, duly appreciated by the respective clienteles of the firms. Sir John Lubbock commenced his political career by contesting the division of West Kent in 1865 in the Liberal interest; it was, as it is now, a very strong Con servative constituency. The attempt was unsuccessful, but not disheartened he came forward as a candidate for Maidstone, and being successful represented the county borough from 1870 to 1880, when, with Sir Sydney Waterlow, he lost his seat at the election in the last-mentioned year. Prior to his election for Maid- LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 39 stone, however, a committee composed of Huxley, LyeU, Max MiiUer, Tyndall and Darwin, nominated him as candidate for the University of London, but deferring to the chances which the Right Hon. Robert Lowe might expect, if he stood out. Sir John felt himself caUed upon to decline the kindly-meant invitation ; when, however, Sir Robert was raised to the peerage, and he had lost Maidstone, he stood, and was returned unopposed for the University, but later, in 1886, was opposed by Mr. Frederic Harri son, who, however, failed to wrest the seat from him. No less than twenty-one measures which have duly passed through the House of Commons are attributed to him, and we believe this number exceeds the record of any private M.P. in the Reformed House. Of the best known of all "bills" brought in by Sir John Lubbock, and which have now become "Acts," pre-eminently first comes the Bank HoUday Act, which has given to every trade, caUing, and profession those days of recreation when all England is holiday-making at once. There is no measure so good but that bad may be discovered lurking somewhere in it ; no measure so perfect in its practical working that fault of a kind may not be found with it, and naturaUy, like aU things human or of human creation, fault has been found with the Bank Holiday Act in its general workings. It is not our intention here either to laud or to cen sure it, but it suffices to say, that although some abuse it and its practice, to the many thousands of the toilers in our great and over-crowded cities, and to the poor slaves of trade and manufacture, this national and obligatory holiday is little short of a heaven-sent gift, and hearty acknowledgments are due to the kindly brain that conceived the scheme and the honest efforts in and out of Parliament that have made it a fact. Other Acts of great and general utility are due to him, including " The Open Spaces Act," " The Shop Hours Regulation Act," and "Early Closing Act." As a scholar, scientist, and Uterary man, it will suffice to mention that he has written and published his books on "Prehistoric Times," "Origin of CivUisation and the Primitive Condition of Man/' " The Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects," a work on "Ants" and one on "British Wild Flowers," and many other works and essays on subjects of deep research and learning. Work (if we may use the word when trying to illustrate what to him is a keen source of recreation and keen pleasure) of a literary character has occupied him a great deal, and the stj'le of his productions is always of an original and refreshing description ; he has happily a knack of treating even dry subjects from a standpoint and view which is at once novel and entertainingj and withal, showing much hard thought and considera tion. His connection with the various scientific societies which we shall enumerate, clearly shows his standing and position in matters of a geological, antiquarian, and scientific nature, and comment of ours would be quite superfluous. He is a member of the Royal, the Geological, the Geographical, and the Antiquarian Societies, past-president of the Linnean, Ethnological, Anthropological and En tomological Societies. He was also vice-president of the Royal Society, and was elected to preside over the Jubilee Meeting of the British Association in its session at York ; to these various societies he has contributed over one hundred papers and essays. He is (although one would think his time already fully occupied), vice-chancellor of the London Univer sity, and an active Justice of the Peace for Kent : he is also D.C.L. of Oxford, LL.D. of Cambridge, Dublin and Edinburgh, and M.D. of Wursburg Universities, and one of Her Majesty's Lieutenants for the City of London. The bank (Eobarts, Lubbock & Co.) is at 15, Lombard Street, a large and handsome building on the right hand going east. Sir John Lubbock's London residence is 117, PiccadiUy, W., and, as before stated, his family place is at Down, in Kent. He is a member of the Athenaeum, and City Liberal Clubs. Sir Richard Temple, Bart., M.P., G.CS.I., CLE., D.C.L. Oxon, LL.D. Cantab., LL.D. Montreal, J.P. Sie Richaed Temple was born in 1826, and is the son of Richard Temple, Esq., J.P., &c., of the Nash Kempsey, Worcestershire. He is descended from the historic famUy of Temple. His mother was Louisa Rivett Carnae, of the Carnac Uneage, well known in Indian history. He was educated at that famous old school, Rugby, where to the letter he lived the life described in "Tom Brown's Schooldays." Dr. Arnold was head master during the first part of his time, and Dr. Tait (afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury), fiUed that office until he left in 1844, to enter Haileybury Col lege, of which he became the head, taking aU the prizes and medals, and thus acquitting himself with honour at this academy of the East India Company. He received the appointment of covenanted civil servant to the East India Company in 1846, and from this the dates of the numerous incidents and events of his career come fast and frequent. In 1848 he 40 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. commenced his active service in the Indian North- West Provinces, under James Thomason. He pro ceeded in 1850, under Henry and John Lawrence, to tlio Punjab, and in 1852 he drafted the well-known " First Punjab Report." Two years later he was ^['pointed secretary to the Chief Commissioner of the I'unjab, and in 1856 he returned to England on leave. Only a year, however, elapsed, and he was again in the Punjab, where he rejoined Sir John Lawrence at Delhi, and in 1859 he was appointed Commissioner at Lahore, which post he occupied till, in 1860, he was appointed chief assistant to the Finance Minister of India (James Wilson) at Calcutta. In 1861 he was appointed to the special mission sent to Burmah, thence proceeding on similar missions to Hydera bad, Deccan, and Nagpore, and was appointed Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces in 1862. He revisited England in 1865, and upon resuming his post in the Central Provinces was made Com panion of the Order of the Star of India, and in 1867 was appointed Resident at Hyderabad and received the K.CS.I. In 1868 he was appointed Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, and finaUy Finance Minister of India, and again returned to England in 1869. In 1874, he succeeded on the death of his father to the Nash estates in Worcestershire, and was appointed in that year Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal. In 1876 he was created a baronet, and in 1877 was a delegate of the Indian Government to the Madras Presidency on the occasion of the Famine Relief Commission. Then followed his appointment as Governor of Bombay, which responsible post he occupied during the Bombay Famine, and of the despatch of troops from Malta to Afghanistan by the Indian strategic railway at the time of the Afghan War, and was made G.CS.I. In 1880 he resigned the Governorship of Bombay and returned to England, was made a Justice of the Peace for Worcestershire, and received the degree of D.C.L., Oxford. In 1883 he received the LL.D., Cambridge. By pubUc subscription a statue was erected to him by the people of Bombay in 1881, thus gracefully evincing his wide popularity with Indians and Anglo- Indians. In 1883 he was Pre.=;ident of the Social Science Congress at Huddersfield, and in 1884 he, as Presi dent of the Economic Science Section of the British Association, revisited Canada and the States (his first travels there were in 1882). In that year he received the degree of LL.D. of Montreal. He has also during parts of 1882, 1883, and 1885 travelled in Spain, Palestine, Greece and Norway, and one of the residts of these extensive voyagings and tourings was his " CosmopoUtan Essays," published by Chapman. At the General Election, 1880, he stood as the Conservative candidate for East Worcestershire, but was unsuccessful. In 1885 he was elected, and in 1886 re-elected, Member of Parliament for the Southern, or Evesham, Division of Worcestershire, and in 1892 as Member for the Kingston Division of Surrey. He has also been a member of the School Board of London since 1886. He is the author of numerous works, which have attracted considerable attention. In 1880 he wrote "India in 1880," published by Murray. In 1882 appeared "Men and Events of my Time"; 1883, "Oriental Experience"; 1888, "Palestine lUustrated," with chromo-lithographs from his own oil paintings ; 1889, " Life of Lord Lawrence," for Macmillan's series of " English Men of Action " ; 1892, "Life of James Thomason," for the Clarendon Press, Oxford ; 1893, his interesting and instructive work, "life in Parliament," published by Murray. In \V-A% he married, for the first time, Charlotte Frances, daughter of B. Martindale, Esq., who died in 1855; Major Richard Carnac Temple, G.CS.I., &c., chief municipal commissioner at Rangoon, the capital of Burmah, an officer of distinction, is the son of this marriage. In 1871 he again married, the lady being Mary Augusta C. I., daughter of Charles Lindsay, Esq. (a cousin of the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres). Associated as he has been for so many years with Indian affairs and politics, he is very generally conceded to be one of the highest Uving autho rities on matters civU, military, and politic, re specting not only our great Eastern Empire, but as regards the affairs of other Asiatic States which border our territory on the north ; and his contribu tions to the London magazines, together with the valu able official "Reports," Essays, and Articles on Indian and Asiatic International questions which he has written from time to time, have always commanded the most respectful and widespread attention both at home and abroad. He is a man who has been called to the most arduous, difficult, and responsible positions, and during those years that he was Governor of the Central Indian Provinces — -of Deccan, of Bombay, and of Bengal — he governed in aU one hundred and five miUion souls ; and it may with truth be said of him, that however difficult his various posts have been he has discharged his high duties not only to the satisfaction of the home and Indian Governments but has secured the esteem and lasting respect of aU men. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 41 Right Hon. Charles Thomson Ritchie. Me. C T. Ritchie was born at Dundee in 1 838, and is the fourth son of the late Mr. William Ritchie, of Rock HiU, Forfarshire, by his marriage with Miss EUzabeth Thompson. He was educated at the City of London Scihool, and afterwards became a partner in the firm of WiUiam Ritchie & Son, East India merchants ; jute spinners and manu facturers, of Lime Street, E.G. In 1874 Mr. Ritchie was returned for the Tower Hamlets constituency in the Conservative interest. During his Parliamentary career for this constituency he won deserved popularity by his close attention to local industries and interests, and also by his efforts on behalf of the English sugar refiners and the Colonial sugar growers. He was re-elected in 1880, when he polled the enormous number of 11,720 votes. At this period he displayed a busi ness aptitude, an intimate acquaintance with aU puolic affairs, and a practical ability that marked him early for ministerial responsibilities. He held this seat until 1885, when, after the Redistribu tion Bill, he ¦was returned for the St. George's divi sion of the old borough. This seat he retained until 1892, when he was defeated. He contested WalsaU in 1893, and was defeated by 79 votes. When in office he carried through the House of Commons, among others, the Local Government Act of 1888, the Allotments Acts, the PubUc Health (London) Act, and the Housing of the Working Classes Act. The considerable reputa tion he gained for practical ability and conversance with affairs, was greatly instrumental in procuring him the position of Secretary to the Admiralty during Lord Salisbury's first administration. During the brief time he was in office at the Admiralty he obtained the appointment of a Departmental Committee to inquire into the system under which the Dockyards were managed, with special refer ence to shipbuilding. The Committee's recom mendations resulted in a complete change in docl - yard administration, by which shipbuilding has been greatly accelerated, and its cost largely re duced. In 1886, during Lord SaUsbury's second administration, he was appointed President of the Local Government Board and a member of the Cabinet. The appointment did not, in that instance, immediately confer Cabinet rank, but as the new ministry had placed Local Government Eeform pro minently on its programme, it was obvious that the office demanded a minister of exceptional courage and resource — requirements that, to some extent, rendered Mr. Ritchie's appointment more or less a matter of experiment, but which subsequent events abundantly justified. So successful was the new President of the Local Government Board that, in the foUowing year, he was admitted into the Cabinet. As a speaker, Mr. Ritchie makes no pretences to rhetorical flights. He is cool, collected, and ready in debate, and conflnes himself to subjects with which he is fully conversant. He was ap pointed a member of the Royal Commission on Agriculture, a member of the Royal Commission on the Treatment of the Aged Poor, aud a trustee for the administration of the Guinness Fund of £250,000 for the Housing of the Labouring Clas ses. Mr. Ritchie was presented with the Freedom of the Borough of Dundee, when visiting his native town in 1888. He is Governor of the Union Bank of London, and Chairman of Shaw, SavUl & Albion, steamship owners. In 1876 he was appointed Justice of the Peace for the counties of Middlesex and London, and was Major in the 3rd Volunteer BattaUon of the West Surrey Regiment. In 1858 Mr. Ritchie married Margaret, daughter of Thomas Ower, Esq., of Perth, by whom he has nine chUdren. His town residence is Wetherby Lodge, Wetherby Gardens, S.W. ; and country, "Welders," Gerrard's Cross, Bucks, and he is a member of the Carlton, Athenaeum, and City Carlton Clubs. Henry Seton-Karr, J. P., M.P. (M.A.Oxon.). Heney Seton-EIaee was bom in February, 1853, in the province of Belgaum, India, where his father, " George Berkeley Seton-Karr, of the Indian Civil Ser vice, who also held the important post of PoUtical Agent in the Southern Maratta Country during the Indian Mutiny, was collector. For his services as Political Agent during this period of danger and anxiety — services which were largely the means of saving the Southern Maratta Country from the horrors of an insurrection — his father received the highest testimonials from the Governments of Lord Elphinston and Sir George Clark, and had conferred upon him the order of the "Tower and Sword," by the King of Portugal. Henry Seton-Karr, his eldest surviving son, was educated at Harrow and Corpus Christi CoUege, Oxford, where he took an honour degree (Second Class in Law) in 1876. In 1879, he was caUed to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, and practised in the Northern Circuit for two or three years. He is a descendant on his father's side, of the old Border family of the Karrs or Kerrs, of Rox burghshire, and on the death of his uncle in 1884 42 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. (whom his father had predeceased) he became a Roxburghshire laird, and the owner of the estate of KippUaw, which his family, the Karrs of Yair, have owned for over three hundred years. Inheriting as he did all the wandering tendencies of the old Border family to which he belongs, he spent his long vacations whilst an undergraduate at Oxford, and many subsequent summer and autumn holidays, between 1872 and 1891, in a series of sport ing and travelling expeditions, first to Norway, and then to Western America, and Canada, including trips to the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, to North ern Texas, and to the Island of Vancouver. He is still largely interested in a Wyoming cattle ranche, and also in other American enterprises. In 1885 he first entered the political arena. Being connected by descent on his mother's side, and also by marriage, with the families of South- West Lan cashire, where he had spent much of his boyhood and youth, he was asked in that year to contest the Borough of St. Helens as a Conservative. Half-a- century before, his great-uncle. Sir Thomas Birch, Bart., of the Hasles, not far from St. Helens, had sat in the House of Commons as a Whig represen tative for Liverpool during Lord Melbourne's last administration, and had some time acted as Private Secretary to that statesman. In 1885, St. Helens was a new Parliamentary Borough, created under the Reform Act of that year, and then for thefirst time returned its ownParliament- ary representative. Hitherto this Borough had been politically merged in the County Division of South- West Lancashire, and in 1868 had formed part of the arena of the celebrated fight which ended in the defeat of Mr. Gladstone and the return of Mr. Richard Cross (now Lord Cross) for that constituency. Since that date the great extension of Lancashire trade and manufacturing industries, has assisted to transform St. Helens, amongst other similar places, into a great industrial Borough, now boasting over 70,000 inhabitants, mostly artizans, glass and chemi cal workers and miners, whose political tendencies under an extended franchise were considered by many to be mainly Radical. Henry Seton-Karr had as his first opponent a wealthy local manufacturer (Colonel D. Gamble) ; and the issue in 1885 up to the last moment was considered doubtful, the constitu ency containing, amongst other Radical elements, a considerable number of Irish CathoUcs, upon whose votes no Conservative candidate could rely. The result was a victory for Henry Seton-Karr by 57 votes. This seat he has succeeded in holding up to the pre sent time, much to the surprise of many of the poU- ticians acquainted with the district, who had looked upon the Borough as a safe Radical seat. His suc cess was considered to be chiefly due to his personal popularity amongst the Lancashire working-men, and also to the influence of his father-in-law, William Pilkington, of Eoby HaU, Liverpool, who for over thirty years had acted as Chairman of the South- West Lancashire Conservative Association. In 1886, he defeated another local man, A. Sinclair, by 217 votes; and in 1892 he defeated W. R. Kennedy, Q.C. (since made a Judge of the High Court), by 59 votes. He is interested in all labour questions, and may be described as a Tory Democrat. He is also an advocate of State Colonisation ; and has largely interested himself in this subject in Parliament. In 1887 and 1888, he acted as ParUamentary Secre tary to a Voluntary State-Colonisation Committee, composed of members of both Houses of Parliament ; and subsequently sat on the Select Committee Colonisation appointed by the House of Commons in 1888. The recommendations contained in the elaborate report of the Select Committee have been partiaUy adopted by the British Government. In 1890, he explored the San Juan Valley on the west coast of the island of Vancouver, reserved by the Government of British Columbia for the purpose of Crofter Colonisation, and wrote a memorandum of the fishing and agricultural resources of that district for the use of the Scotch Office. The change of Imperial Government in 1892, and the unexpected death of the British Columbian Premier the same year, whilst in London arranging the details of a scheme of Crofter Colonisation to British Columbia, appear to have shelved the question for the present. Whilst at Victoria, British Columbia, in that year, he also had interviews with the Premier of British Columbia, and other ministers of the Provincial Government, on this subject— the then Premier in particular being strongly in favour of State-aided Colonisation as a source of Imperial strength. He is a well-known game shot, and has kiUed almost every species of deer and big game in Norway and North jAmerica during his sporting and travelling expeditions. He is a J.P. for the county of Rox burghshire, and a member of the Royal Scottish Archers, the Queen's Body Guard in Edinburgh. He has been twice married ; first, in 1880, to Edith, second daughter of W. Pilkington, Esq., P.D.L., of Roby Hall, Liverpool, and who died in 1 884 ; and secondly, in 1886, to Jane Jarvie, eldest daughter of W. Thorburn, Esq., of Edinburgh. Mr. Seton-Karr resides at 12, Lower Sloane Street, S.W. He is a member of the Carlton Club and the New Club, Edinburgh. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 43 Field-Marshal Sir Donald M. Stewart, Bart., G.CB., G.CS.I., CLE. One of the most distinguished soldiers of the Vic torian age. Sir Donald Martin Stewart, was born in 1824. He was educated chiefly at the University of Aberdeen, and was gazetted to the Bengal Staff Corps in 1840. In 1854 and 1855 he served with distinction against the hill tribes in the Peshawar district, beiug more than once mentioned in despatches. On the outbreak of the Indian mutiny, inMay, 1857, Sir Donald — then Captain Stewart — was appointed to the command of the volunteers in the AUyghur district. When the lines of communication with the upper provinces were cut, Captain Stewart volunteered to carry despatches from the Government of the North- West Provinces to the officer commanding at Delhi. Having successfully performed the self-imposed duty he was, on his arrival in camp before Delhi, appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant -General, and, in this capacity, served throughout the siege of Delhi with the field-force. Again he received honourable mention in despatches, and was promoted to the brevet rank of Major. As Assistant Adjutant-General, Major Stewart was present at the siege of Lucknow, and served throughout the campaign in Rohilcund. In recogni tion of his services on these occasions he received promotion to the brevet rank of Lieutenant Colonel, with the medal and two clasps. In 1867 and 1868 Colonel Stewart was in command of the Bengal Brigade with the Abyssinian Expedi tion ; he also commanded for some time at ZuUa and Senafe. For services rendered in this campaign ho was given a Companionship of the Bath. In 1877 he reached the rank of Lieutenant- General. In the Afghan Campaign Lieutenant-General Stewart commanded the Candahar column, from November, 1878, to April, 1880, receiving for his services the thanks of Parliament and promotion, in his. order, to K.CB. He was in command of the force which marched from Candahar to Cabul in AprU, 1880, and defeated the Afghans at Ahmed Kheyl and at Oorzoo. Subsequently General Sir Donald Stewart was in command of the army in Northern Afghanistan, and despatched Lord Roberts — then Sir Frederick Roberts — in command of a flying column, to the relief of Candahar ; and carried out the withdrawal of the British army from Cabul and Northern Afghanistan. He then received the thanks of the Government, and was created G.CB. and Baronet. In September, 1880, he was appointed a member of the Council of the Governor-General of India, and, in April of the following year, became Commander- in-Chief in India, in succession to Sir F. Haines. He retained this command until 1885. Since 1885 Sir Donald has been a member of the Indian Council, and in 1894 he reached the highest rank in the British army, being promoted to Field-Marshal. Sir Donald Stewart married, in 1847, Marina, daughter of T. D. Dabine, Commander R.N. He is a member of the Athenaeum and United Service Clubs ; and resides at Harrington Gardens, South Kensington. General Lord Roberts, G.CB., G.CLE., T.C Geneeal Sie Feedeeick Sleigh Robeets, first Lord Roberts, lately Commander-in-Chief in India., is the eldest son of the late General Sir Abraham Roberts, G.CB., and was born in 1832. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst, and Addiscombe, Lord Roberts received his first commission in 1851 as Second Lieutenant in the Bengal ArtiUery. As a Lieutenant he gained his Victoria Cross in 1858 for conspicuous personal bravery in the field. A brief record of the following incident may not bo inappropriate, and would certainly be interesting. Following up the retreating enemy on January 2nd, 1858, Lieutenant Roberts saw in the distance two of the enemy carrying off a standard. Overtaking them at the entrance to a village, he cut down the standard- bearers and took possession of the standard. He also on the same day saved the life of a Sowar. In 1863 Major Roberts took part in the Umbeyla Expedition. In 1868 he served throughout the Abyssinian campaign as Assistant-Quartermaster-General. In this campaign he superintended the re-embarkation of the army, and was selected by Sir Robert Napier as the bearer oi his final despatches. In 1871 and 1872 he was with the Cachar column, in the Looshai Expeditionary Force, as Assistant-Quarter master-General. When the Afghan War broke out Major-General Roberts was appointed Commander of the Kuram Field Force, and subsequently he was transferred to the command of the Army in Afghanistan. In 1879 he occupied Cabul. Towards the end of July, 1880, the troops under General Burrows were repulsed by Ayoob Khan at Maiwand ; the remnant of his forces retired into Kandahar, which place was besieged by Ayoob Khan. With this campaign is associated one of the most briUiant events of modern miUtary histor_jt. The 44 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. little garrison in Candahar was unable to force its way out, when General Roberts conceived the idea of making a forced march to their rescue with a portion of the troops at his disposal. Choosing a force of upwards of nine thousand picked men, and leaving to General Stewart the duty of leading back the rest of the British forces to the Punjaub through the Kyber Pass, he left Cabul, and for three weeks was entirely lost sight of until he appeared before Canda har, and, attacking Ayoob Khan in the rear, inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Afghan forces. For this service General Roberts received the thanks of Par liament and was created a Baronet. He was also presented with the freedom of the City of London on his return to England. In February, 1881, Sir Frederick Roberts was appointed to succeed Sir George CoUey in command of the troops engaged in the Transvaal War, but before he arrived in South Africa to take over the duties of the post, peace had been concluded. He was subsequently appointed a member of the Council of Madras, and was in command of the troops in that Presidency from 1881 to 1885. la October, 1886, he took over the command of the Burmese expedition in succession to the late Sir H. Macpherson. It is a remarkable and a noteworthy fact, that, previous to the Afghan campaign, Lord Roberts had no less than twenty-three times received mention in despatches, and during this war he was eight times thanked by the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief in India. Between 1885 and 1893, he was Commander-in- Chief in India, a position in which he succeeded Field-Marshal Sir Donald Stewart, and in 1892 he was raised to the Peerage. Lord Roberts has been Hon. Colonel of the 2nd London Rifie Volunteers since 1887, and of the 3rd BattaUon Sherwood Foresters since 1888. He was the author of an article which appeared in the Nine teenth Centwij for October, 1882, on the "Present State of the Army." Lord Roberts married, in 1859, Nora, daughter of Capt. Bews, 73rd Regiment. He is a member of the United Service Club. General the Right Hon. Sir Redvers H. Buller, y.C, K.CB., K.CM.G. General the Right Hon. Sie Redvees Heney BuLLEE, who succeeded Viscount Wolseley as Ad jutant-General of the Forces, is the eldest son of the late James Wentworth Buller, Esq., M.P., of Downes, Crediton, Devonshire, and was born in that county in 1839. On May 23rd, 1858, he entered the army as Lieutenant in the 60th Rifles ; became Captain, May 28th, 1870; rose to the rank of Major four years later; Lieutenant-Colonel, November, 1878; Colonel, in 1879; Major-General, in 1884; and full General in 1890, when he took over his present appointment at the Horse Guards. General Buller was present with the 2nd Battalion 60th Rifles throughout the 1860 campaign in China, for which he received a medal with two clasp'^. In 1870 he served with the 1st Battalion of his regiment in the Red River expedition, and, three years later, accom panied Lord Wolseley (then Sir Garnet) to the Gold Coast. He served as Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General, Quartermaster-General, and head of the Intelligence Department in the Ashantee War, of 1873-4, and was present at Essaman and Amoaful ; the engage ments at Jarbinbah Ordahai (in which he was slightly wounded), and the siege and capture of Coomassie. During this campaign he was several times mentioned in despatches, received the brevet rank of Major, a Companionship of the Bath, and medal with clasp. In 1878 and 1879 General Buller served in the Kaffir war, commanding the Frontier Light Horse at Taba- ka-Udoda, and in the operations at Molyneux Path, and against Mamyanyoba's stronghold. In 1879 he was present throughout the Zulu war, and was in command of the cavalry at the engagements at Zeo- bane Mountain and Kambula. He led the recon naissance before Ulundi, and was present at its capture. For these services General Buller was several times mentioned in despatches, thanked in general orders, gained the brevet rank of Lieutenant- Colonel ; the Victoria Cross : C.M.G., and medal with clasp. He was also appointed Aide-de-Camp to the Queen. To quote the official language, he gained the Vic toria Cross "for his gallant conduct at the retreat at Inhloband, on March 28th, 1879, in having assisted, while hotly pursued by Zulus, in rescuing Captain C. D'Arcy, of the Frontier Light Horse, who was retiring on foot ; Colonel Buller carrying him on his horse until he overtook the rear guard. Also for having, on the same day, and in the same circum stances, conveyed to a place of safety Lieutenant C. Everitt, of the Frontier Light Horse, whose horse had been kUled under him. Later on Colonel BuUer, in the same manner, saved a trooper of the Frontier Light Horse, whose horse was completely exhausted, and who otherwise would have been kUled by the Zulus, who were within eighty yards of him." Sir Redvers BuUer served in the Boer war of 1881 as Chief of the Staff to Sir Evelyn Wood, with the local rank of Major-General. He was in charge LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 45 of the Intelligence Department in the Egyptian war, 1882, being present at the action of Kassassin, on September 9th, and at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. For this he received mention in despatches, a medal with clasp, and the Khedive's Star, and was appointed K.C.M.G., and a Knight of the 3rd class of the Order of the Osmanieh. General Buller next served under Sir Gerald Graham, in the Soudan expedition, of 1884, being in command of the First Infantry Brigade, and second in command of the expedition. He was present in the engagements at El-Teb and Temai, was twice mentioned in despatches, received medal and two clasps, and was promoted to Major- General for distinguished service in the field. In the Soudan campaign of 1884 and 1885 he was Chief of the Staff to Lord Wolseley, and when Sir Herbert Stewart was wounded, and Colonel Burnaby kiUed, he took command of the desert column, withdrew it from Gubat to Gakdul, in the face of the enemy, and finaUy defeated them at Abu Klea Wells. For this service he was mentioned in despatches, and made a K.CB. In 1890 Sir Redvers BuUer was appointed Adjutant- General to the Forces, with the temporary rank of General. He married, in 1882, Lady Audrey Jane, daughter of the Marquis Townshend, and widow of the Hon. GrevUle T. Howard. He is a J.P. for Devon, resides at 29, Bruton Street, W., and is a member of the Naval and MiUtary, and Army and Navy Clubs. Lieut.-General Sir Hugh Henry Gough, K.CB., T.C. Another of the gallant soldiers of the Victorian era, Lieutenant-General Sir Hugh Henry Gough, V.C, K.C.B., is the third son of George Gough, Esq., of Ratheman House, County Tipperary, Ire land. Bom in 1833, Lieut.-General Gough entered the army in 1853. He became Lieutenant two years later; Captain and Brevet-Major in 1861 ; Major in 1873 ; Brevet Lieut.-Colonel in March, 1879 ; Lieut.- Colonel in September of the same year ; Major- General in 1887, and Lieut.-General a few years later. Sir Hugh Gough's career has been one of singular activity and brilliancy. He served as Adjutant of Hodson's Horse during the siege of Delhi, when he was wounded ; was in command of a portion of the regiment in the action of Bolundshur, AUyghur, and Agra, at the battle of Cawnpore, and throughout the siege and capture of Lucknow, when he was severely wounded, and had two horses killed under him. For his services during the Mutiny he was, on several occasions, mentioned in despatches for distinguished bravery, and received the thanks of the Governor- General in Council. He also obtained the Brevet of Major, the Victoria Cross, and Medal with three clasps. From the records of the Victoria Cross, we find that Lieutenant Gough gained his V.C at Lucknow, for capturing two guns from a strong force, and for leading his men against guns on another occasion, and being severely wounded each time. We reprint from "Men and Women of the Time," the following account of the incidents: — "Lieut. Gough, when in command of a party of Hodson's Horse, near Alumbagh, on November 12th, 1857, par ticularly distinguished himself by his forward bearing in charging across a swamp and capturing two guns, although they were defended by a vastly superior body of the enemy. On this occasion he had his horse wounded in two places, and his turban cut through by a sword, whilst engaged in combat with three Sepoys. Lieutenant Gough particularly dis tinguished himself also near Jellalabad, Lucknow, on February 25th, 1858, by showing a brUUant example to his regiment, when ordered to charge the enemy's guns ; and, by his gallant and forward conduct, ho enabled his men to effect their object. On this occa sion he engaged himself in a series of single combat, until at last he was disabled by a musket-ball through the leg, while charging two Sepoys with fixed bayonets. Lieutenant Gough on this day had two horses killed under him, a shot through his hel met, and another through his scabbard, besides being severely wounded." In the Abyssinian Campaign of 1868, Sir Hugh Gough commanded the 12th Bengal Cavalry, and was present at the capture of Magdala. For his services he was mentioned in despatches, and received a Companionship of the Bath, and Medal. He was in the Afghan Campaign of 1878-80, being in command of the Cavalry Brigade of the Koorum Force at the capture of the Peiwar Kotal. He pur sued the Afghans over the Shutargardan, was pre sent in the engagement at the Maugior Pass, and throughout the operations in Khost. Sir Hugh served as Brigadier-General of Com munications with the Cabul Field Force in 1879-80, being present at the Charasiab engagement, and in the operations against Cabul, in the winter of 1879. On Lord Roberts' historical march to Candahar, Sir Hugh Gough commanded the Cavalry Brigade. He was made a K.CB., received the Medal with four clasps, and the Bronze Decoration. In 1863 he married Annie Margaret, daughter of E. Eustace and Lady Georgina HiU. 46 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. lieutenant-General Sir John Stokes, K.CB. The name of Sir John Stokes is so well known to aU who have studied the part this country has played in the affairs of the world during the Victorian era, that no introduction is necessary, in shortly relating the principal incidents of his life. He is the son of the late Rev. John Stokes, Vicar of Cobham, Kent, and was born in the year 1825. His early education was gained at a proprietary school at Rochester, after which he went to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, from which he was gazetted to a lieutenancy in the Royal Engineers on the 20th December, 1843. Almost immediately after passing through the usual practical course of MiUtary Engineering at Chatham, he was sent abroad, and saw his first active service during the Caffre War of 1846-7, and was honourably men tioned in despatches. In 1849 he married Henrietta Georgina de ViUiers, second daughter of Charles Maynard, Esq., of Graham's Town. In 1851 he was appointed Deputy-Assistant Quarter-Master General of the field force in Caffraria, and was of consider able service in organising a levy of 4,000 men among the Hottentots. For his services he frequently received the thanks of General Sir Harry Smith, G.C.B. On returning home from the Cape, he was appointed an Instructor in Surveying and Field Works at the R. M. Academy, Woolwich ; and during the Crimean War he was offered, and accepted, the appointment of Chief Engineer to the Anglo-Turkish Contingent, and organised an engineer corps of that force, with which he fortified Kertch during the winter of 1855-6. At the close of the war Lord Panmure, Secretary of State for War, appointed him his Com missioner, with full powers to regulate all questions connected with disbanding the Turkish Contingent. Major Stokes was preparing to leave Constanti nople, when he received through H.M. Ambassador, the offer of the post of Commissioner on the Euro pean Commission of the Danube, constituted under the 16th article of the Treaty of Paris, to be com posed of delegates of each of the Powers signing the Treaty. He accepted the offer, and took up his duties on the meeting of the Commission at Galatz, in Mol davia, in the autumn of 1856, after having visited the river in the gunboat, Wrangler. This Commission was charged with the duty of freeing the mouths of the Danube from aU obstructions to navigation. They found it blocked at the entrance of all its mouths by sandbanks, and only the smallest of the branches, the SuUna, was navigable at its entrance, where there was never more than eleven, and generally not more than eight, feet of water. Ships could only enter the river in ballast. The shipping interest also suffered from the collusion between the pilots and lightermen, and from acts of piracy in the river. The difficulty of this work consisted in the entire absence of authentic records as to the state of the river in by-gone times, and in the difference of views held by the members of the Commission ; England, Aus tria, Sardinia, and Turkey being anxious to effect the great work ; the delegates of Russia and Prussia being by no means hearty, and France playing into the hands of Russia. In 1861 the mouth of the Sulina was opened by means of provisional tentative works, skUfully designed and carried out by the engineer of the Commission, Mr., now Sir Charles, Hartley, which succeeded so well that it was eventually decided to convert them into permanent works, but this was delayed from want of funds. In that year Major Stokes, by his firmness, frustrated a resolute attempt by the Russian and French Commissioners to break up the Commission; and in 1862, by his personal representations to Earl RusseU, then Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, obtained his lordship's active intervention at St. Petersburg to prevent the renewal of such an attempt by the Russian delegate. In 1865 Major Stokes signed, with his coUeagues, the PubUc Act regulating the navigation of the Danube, suppressing all disorders, and fixing the tariff of dues. In 1867 Lieut.-Colonel Stokes prevailed upon the late Earl of Derby — then Lord Stanley — Foreign Secretary, to afford to the Commission the financial help required to complete the Sulina works. In 1868, as Her Majesty's Plenipotentiary under the Great Seal, he signed a Convention under which all the Signatory Powers of the Treaty of Paris, except Russia, guaranteed a loan of £135,000, with which the Danube works were completed in 1871. This Convention was ratified by an Act of Parliament caUed the Danube Works Loan Act. In 1870, when Russia denounced the Black Sea Articles of the Treaty of Paris, Lieut.-Colonel Stokes immediately pressed on H.M. Government the opportunity of securing as compensation the per petuation of European control over the Danube, by the Commission, in which this country is represented. When negotiations were in progress for the assembling of a Congress in London to deal with the Russian abrogation of the Treaty, the Austro- Hungarian Government paid Lieut.-Colonel Stokes the compUment of requesting H.M. Government to send him to Vienna, that they might confer with him on the Danube question, and did not summon their own Commissioner. From Vienna, Colonel Stokes proceeded to London entirely possessed of the views LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 47 of the Austro-Hnngarian Government, and during the London Conference in 1871 was employed by Earl Granville, then Secretary of State, as his inter mediary with the different Ambassadors and Pleni potentiaries on all questions affecting the Danube, and with whom he settled the terms of the Danube Articles of tho Treaty of London of March, 1871. On this occasion he was made a Civil Companion of the Bath. At the end of 1871, the Danube works being com pleted, Colonel Stokes returned to military d^ty. He was shortly afterwards appointed to the command of the Royal Engineers in South W^ales ; but, as his great experience as Commissioner on the Danube pre eminently fitted him to deal with the difficult and critical questions on the Suez Canal with regard to the measurement of tonnage, levying of dues, &c., in 1873, assisted by Sir PhUlip Francis, H.M. Consul General at Constantinople, Colonel Stokes, repre sented England in the International Commission in which twelve nations took part, each being repre sented by one, two, or three members. The Commission met in September, and closed their labours towards the close of December, when H.M. Ambassador at the SubUme Porte, Sir H. EUiott, reported that, "Colonel Stokes' complete mastery of the subject, his tact, and conciliatory disposition, have been freely recognised by all his colleagues." Earl GranvUle conveyed his approbation in the foUowing words: "I have now much pleasure, at the conclusion of the labours of the Commission, in expressing to you the sentiments entertained by Her Majesty's Government of the manner in which the British Representatives have discharged their diffi cult and delicate duties. This Commission laid down the rules for an inter national system of tonnage, and fixed the basis upon which the Suez Canal Company were bound to levy their dues. Had these rules been imposed upon the Company, and had the Company been forced to refund the dues iUegally levied during the previous one and a-half years, the Suez Canal Company, which had carried out such a great work, woiUd have been ruined ; therefore, to avoid this. Colonel Stokes pro posed a compromise under which they were gradually let down from their iUegal position, while they were bound eventually to remain within the strict Umit of their legal rights. This was done by recommending that they should be authorised to levy a surtax, which would gradually decrease as the traffic through the Canal increased ; the acceptance of this compromise to be considered as sufficient satisfaction of the claims on the Company without formaUy pronouncing the action iUegal. This arrangement was approved by all the govern ments, and subsequently Colonel Stokes was desired by H.M. Government to visit and report upon the Suez Canal, which he did in the early part of 1874, returning to England in the same spring. The fierce opposition of M. de Lesseps to the arrangements made in Constantinople, gave rise to constant correspondence in reference to the matter, and Lord Derby, who was the head of the Foreign Office, retained Colonel Stokes in London for the remainder of that year to advise upon all the points of difference which arose, and to keep him near London, he was in the beginning of 1875 removed from his command in South Wales to command the Royal Engineers at Chatham, where he was at hand to give his advice, and continue his commu nications with the Foreign Office. In November, 1875, he was appointed Commandant of the School of Engineering at Chatham, and in the course of that month he was summoned to London to advise on the purchase of the Suez Canal shares by the government of the day. Acting on his advice, Mr. Disraeli decided on the purchase, and Colonel Stokes was then requested to accompany Mr. Cave on his financial mission to Egypt, the War Office giving him leave for that purpose. He was with Mr. Cave for four months, and conducted all the interviews with the Khedive, Ismail Pasha, and his ministers, and, under separate instructions, he concluded a Con vention with M. de Lesseps, under which all the out standing difficulties with reference to the Canal were settled, and M. de Lesseps finaUy accepted the Con stantinople agreement of 1873. The services Colonel Stokes rendered in both these duties were f uUy recog nised by the British Government in the speeches of ministers in Parliament, and in the following despatch from the Secretary of State, Lord Derby : " I have much pleasure in acquainting you that Her Majesty's Government are highly satisfied with the promptitude and ability displayed by you in your negotiations with M. de Lesseps for the settlement of the tonnage dues and for the future management of the Suez Canal." Under the Convention made with M. de Lesseps, the Government were to be repre sented by three Directors on the Board of the Suez Canal Company, and Colonel Stokes was selected for that honour, Mr. C R. WUson, C.B,, and Mr. Standen being his colleagues. In 1877 he was made K.CB. Two years later, difficulty having arisen in connec tion with the harbour works of Alexandria, and the dues to be levied from ships entering the harbour, an International Commission was formed to deal with the subject, and Sir John Stokes was selected by Lord Salisbury to represent this country upon it, being asso- 48 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. ciated with Mr. Eainals, H.M. Consul, at Brest. This Commission sat in Paris, and, in company with its en gineering members. Sir John Stokes visited the princi pal ports of the Mediterranean, and finally Alexandria, with the view to obtaining the fullest information concerning the levying of harbour dues. He also again visited the Suez Canal, and returned to Paris, where the Commission drew up its report. While in Alexandria Sir John Stokes had been instructed to endeavour to bring about the consent of the Egyptian Government to measures for rendering the entrance to the harbour possible by night and day. He suc ceeded in overcoming the repugnance of the Khedive, Tewfik Pasha, and his minister, Eiaz Pasha, to this object, which had so long been opposed by every Egyptian Government, and Sir John Stokes was authorised to form a small International Technical Commission in London to consider the best works for improving the entrance to the harbour. Before leaving Alexandria he also obtained the consent of the commercial body there, to the imposition of dues to be paid by all vessels after the works were com pleted. During 1880, Sir John Stokes assembled this Inter national Commission in London, and their report and recommendations were sent out to Eiaz Pasha in August of that year, unfortunately only to find the Arabi difficulty rampant, and occupying the whole attention of the Egyptian Government. The report, therefore, went into a pigeon hole, and the bom bardment of Alexandria, two years later, caused such loss to the merchants, that they were by no means anxious to revive the question, which, although most important to them, had, tied to it, the condition of paying heavier harbour dues. The report was, how ever, subsequently adopted by the Egyptian Govern ment, and the entrance to the harbour has recently been improved, though not on the larger design of Sir J. Stokes and his colleagues. In 1880 Sir J. Stokes was appointed to serve on the Royal Commission on Tonnage Measurement, of which Mr. C Norwood, M.P., was Chairman. The Commission reported in 1881. In 1 8 8 1 , Sir John Stokes was transferred from Chat ham, and was made Deputy Adjutant-General of the Eoyal Engineers at headquarters. Shortly after taking up these duties he was placed on the War Offlce Committee to examine the question of the Channel Tunnel. The task assigned to that Committee was to indicate in what way the Tunnel, if constructed, could be rendered quite harmless in the event of war. A great variety of methods were suggested, but Sir John Stokes was firmly convinced that the construc tion of the Tunnel would constitute a grave danger to this country, not that he thought an enemy would invade the country through the Tunnel, but because he saw the possibility of a force being landed in time of apparent peace, in the absence of the fleet, which would seize the Dover end of the Tunnel, through which enormous reinforcements could be introduced into this country, which the fleet would then be powerless to prevent. Supported by one member of the committee only. Sir John Stokes announced his intention of adding a minority report to that of the C.jmmittee, explaining his views, and his conviction that aU the modes suggested would probably be ren dered futile, either by carelessness or unwiUingness to destroy the great work at the critical moment. The Committee then consented to introduce a para graph into their report embodying these views. It was on this paragraph that Lord Wolseley, before the Committee of the House of Commons to which it was referred, insisted in his opposition to the scheme. During his tenure of this staff appointment. Sir John Stokes had a large share in the changes in the organisation of the Eoyal Engineers. He had also to make the Engineer arrangements for the expeditions to Egypt in 1882, and up the NUe in 1885. His term of office, during which he became General Officer, expired in July, 1886, and he was placed on the retired Ust in January, 1887. In December of the previous year he again visited Egypt in company with M. Charles Lesseps, in order to inspect the Canal, and to make some important arrangements with the Egyptian Government with regard to the improvements in the Canal which had been sanctioned in the previous year; and in 1887, he was unanimously elected a Vice-President of the Suez Canal Company. In 1890 he received the SUver Medal of the Society of Arts for his paper on " The Danube and its Trade." In 1893 he lost his wife, who had been paralysed for 16 years. She bore him four sons and four daughters, of whom four sons and three daughters survive. In 1893 he was sent to greet the young Khedive, Abbas Helmi Pasha, on behalf of Her Majesty, on his first visit to the Suez Canal. At the close of the Crimean War, Sir John Stokes received the third class of the Order of the Medjidie, and after the International Commission on the Suez Canal Dues, in 1873, received Her Majesty's permis sion to accept the second class of the same Order, conferred by His Majesty the Sultan in recognition of the services rendered to Turkey by the success of that Commission. Sir John Stokes is a member of the United Service Club, an Associate Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and a member of the Society of Arts. LEADING MEN OF LONDON, 49 Lieut.-General The Honourable Sir Andrew Clarke, G.C.M.G., C.B., CLE. Sie Andeew Claeke, the eldest son of the late Colonel Andrew Clarke, R.E., of Belmont, County Donegal, Ireland, who was Governor of Western Australia at the time of his death in 1846, was born in 1824, educated at Woolwich, and obtained a Com mission in the Royal Engineers, passing the exami nation at the head of the Cadets of his year. He was ordered to Ireland as his first MUitary Station in 1845, and at the end of 1846, the terrible famine jear, he was sent to Tasmania, when the follow ing year he saw active service in New Zealand against the Maoris. On the conclusion of the operations, Lieutenant Clarke returned to Tasmania, where he was appointed Aide-de-camp and Private Secretary to Sir WiUiam Denison, the Governor, became a member of the Leg's' ative Council, and succeeded in bringing about an important Conference between the Official and Unofficial Members of the Legislature with respect to the Transportation Question. Although no imme diate result was thus attained, the way was smoothed towards the removal of the ill-feeling which existed on the part of the Colonists towards the Governor and Officials. Alter four years'' service in Tasmania, Captain Clarke was appointed Surveyor-General of Victoria, and entered upon the office at a critical time in the history of the Colony. While holding this position he drafted a Bill in the Legislative Council giving a measure of Local Self-Government to Victoria, anticipating the com plete freedom in local affairs which the colony now enjoys. Victoria owes the initiation of her great railway system to Captain Clarke, whose report has served as the basis of much subsequent legislation. Returned, in 1856, as Member for South Mel bourne in the First Parliament held at Victoria, he was able to carry the railway Bills through the House and to design and put out to contract the two first main lines. In the following year the Government, of which he was a member, was defeated, and re signed office, but returned in a few months, when Captain Clarke, dissenting from their policy, in re gard to the representation of minorities, brought about their defeat. He was requested by the Gover nor, Sir Henry Barkly, to form an Administration, but not being prepared to do so without a dissolu tion, to which the Governor could not accede, he took no further part in political Ufe there. Shortly after wards, in 1859, he was suggested for the office of Governor for Queensland, and his name was sent for the approval of the Cabinet, but owing to a change of Ministry, the nomination was not confirmed. He then returned to England, and was appointed to com mand the Royal Engineers in the Eastern, and later, the Midland district. In 1863, Captain Clarke was sent on a Special Mission to report on the Military and Civil estabUsh- ments on the West Coast of Africa, and was instru mental in settling the Ashantee dispute. On his return he received the important appointment of Director of Works at the Admiralty, a post which he held for ten years, during which period he de signed and executed the docks at Malta and Ber muda, the latter being constructed in England and towed across the Atlantic. He also exteuded the works at Chatham, Portsmouth, Keyham, Devonport, and Cork, at a total expenditure of £6,000,000 spread over a period of ten years. The enormous value of these works to the country has frequently been acknowledged. Regarded at the time as extra vagant in- conception, by persons who were unable to grasp the necessity for anticipating the certain re quirements of the navy, they have rendered possible the rapid shipbuilding which is a powerful factor in the national strength. Great works of this kind, re quiring years for completion, cannot be left till the moment of pressure has arrived, and all honour is due to the man who foresaw and strove to meet the inevitable demands of the British navy. In 1873, Colonel Clarke was offered the post of High Commissioner for the West Coast of Africa, with command of the Naval and MiUtary forces. The difficulty with Ashantee was then becoming acute, and Colonel Clarke advised that he should be the bearer of a letter to the King from the Queen, and that the complaints made against the Fantis should be fully investigated. This policy was not accepted, and the Ashantee war foUowed. Colonel Clarke, who had previously recived a C.B., was at this time made a K.C.M.G., and received the appointment of Governor of the Straits Settlements. His authority in the East was exercised with great ability, and important results were achieved. Piracy may be said to have received a death-blow, trade revived, and the fiag was honoured thoughout the Malay Peninsula. He also established British residents at the various native courts, thus inauo-u- rating the remarkable prosperity which has attended the protected Malay States. In 1875, Sir Andrew, by kindly intervention, was able to avert civil warin Siam, and in the same year he was made Minister of Public Works in India, with a seat on the Council. He superintended the construction of 50 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. public works, bridges, roads, harbours, irrigation, &c., introduced great improvements in the condition of the soldiers' cantonments and supplied special rail way carriages for the transport of invalids to the coast. But his great reform in India was his drastic re duction in the railway rates for the transport of grain. Due solely to this was the creation of the great annual export of wheat from India to Europe. In 1880 he returned to England, having been made Companion of the Indian Empire in 1873, and was appointed Commandant of the School of Mili tary Engineering at Chatham. In 1882 he was pro moted Major-General, and appointed Inspector- General of Fortifications, thus entering upon the crowning period of his long official career. The moment was fraught with important issues. A Royal Commission had just reported upon the insecurity of the Imperial Coaling Stations ; but no action had been taken. Fortifications had fallen into stereotyped lines derived from ages in which every condition differed from those of our own daj'. Sir Andrew Clarke may fairly be said to have revolutionised the system of fortification previously accepted, and to have inaugurated principles which have been widely foUowed in other countries. The present defences of Singapore, which have received warm praise from the most distinguished naval officers, are typical of the new method. While Sir Andrew Clarke thus effectually took in hand the defence of the Colonial stations selected by the Royal Commission, many other results followed from his tenure of office. Administrative changes of a most beneficial character are due to his initiation, and though unable to carry out all that he urged, he has left an ineffaceable mark upon the whole system of national defence. In 1886, he resigned the post of Inspector- General of Fortifications, and, retiring with the ra^k of Lieut.- General, contested Chatham in the Liberal interest against Sir John Gorst, but was defeated. In 1890, he pubUshed a pamphlet on " The Real Significance of the Proposed Barrack Loan," in which he ex pressed his opinion that in time of peace soldiers could be allowed to lead lives differing little from that of ordinary working-men. He was appointed Agent-General for Victoria in London in 1892, At the General Election of 1892, Sir Andrew Clarke again contested Chatham, his opponent being Colonel Lewis Vivian Loyd, but was again defeated, the majority in this instance being reduced to 377. Sir Andrew married, in 1867, Mary, daughter of C. MackiUop, Esq. He resides at 42, Portland Place, W., and is a member of the United Service, Athenaeum, and Marlborough Clubs. Major-General Charles Edmund Webber, CB., R.E., M.InstCE. At an age when most boys are at school, the sub ject of this sketch was, after a course of less than two years at the Royal Military Academy at Wool wich, commissioned, on the 25th April, 1855, in the Corps of Eoyal Engineers. Born in DubUn on the 5th September, 1838, he is descended on the father's side {vide Webber of Leckfield) from the Webbers of West of England Saxon origin, who settled at Cork in the early part of the 16th century, and who have in the interval been landowners in the counties of Cork, Limerick, and Sligo. On his mother's side the origin is purely Celtic : she was the eldest daughter and heiress of the Eev. Thomas Kelly (the O'Ceallaigh) of Kelly- ville, by Elizabeth, daughter of William Tighe (otherwise O'Teighe), of Woodstock, Kilkenny, and Eosana, Wicklow. " The O'Kelly pedigree was jjubiished in 1843 by the Irish Archfeological Society, in a volume of their proceedings entitled The Sistory and Gustorns ofHymany (O'KeUy'e country). By it his grandfather was the forty- second in direct descent from Main Mor, first Chief of Hymany, a.d. 327 to 357 ; the tweuty- fjurth in descent from Taghd Mor O'Ceallaigh, Chief of Hymany, slain at the battle of Clonanf, a.d., 1014; and sur viving male representative of the senior branch, the O'Kellys of Aihleague and Fidane, to which belonged Aedh O'Kelly, the last Chief of Hymany, who died a.d. 1-585." At the age of nineteen he was sent with one of the first portions of the army of relief which crossed the Isthmus of Suez on its way to help to' quell the Indian Mutiny. He landed at Bombay in 1857, and as a Lieu tenant of the 21st Company of Royal Engineers and Assistant Field Engineer, he accompanied Sir Hugh Rose's column through Central India, being present at every action and siege up to, and inclusive of, the capture of Gwalior in July, 1858. At the siege of Jhansie, Lieutenant Webber com manded the ladder party of the only successful assault out of three attempts, on the morning of the 3rJ April, 1858, to carry the walls by escalade. In reference to this, Colonel Stuart, who was in command, in his "Reminiscences," published 1874, writes : — " The gallant sappers under that brave young feUow ¦Webber, who at a running pace carried the ladders whose merits I regret to say have never been recognised as they ought to have been. ... By my despatch he wiU see it was not my fault that the second man up the walls of Jhansie has not been rewarded according to his deserts." For this and for other services he was several times mentioned in despatches and was one of the LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 51 officers who specially received the thanks of the Government of Bombay for distinguished conduct. He continued to serve in Central India during the remainder of 1858, and the first half of 1859, with flying columns operating against Tantia Topee, Maun Singh, and Feroze Shah. After a short term of service in the PubUc Works Department of India, during which time he was temporarily in charge of the Executive En- gineership of the Allahabad District, Lieutenant Webber was sent home, and after being stationed at Brighton, where he married his first wife, the Honourable Alice A. G. Hanbury-Tracy {vide Sudeley), he was appointed, in 1862, to the post of Instructor in Surveying and Military Topography to the Senior Department at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. During his term of office he was largely instrumental in initiating and carrying out important changes in the system of teaching topography, which laid the foundation of the later improvements in this branch of military education. In the summer of 1866, Captain Webber accom panied the headquarters of the Prussian army during the Austro-Prussian War, and reported to the War Office on several of the new methods in the art of war used in that campaign, especially with reference to the use of the field telegraph. Immediately afterwards, he vacated his appoint ment at Woolwich in order to accept one on the staff of the British Commission of the Universal Exhibi tion at Paris, 1867. In this position Captain Webber had charge of the supervision and expenditure in connection with the building works carried out by the Commission in Paris, and was speciaUy in charge, during several months, of a series of tests and experiments, with the apparatus exhibited in connection with heating, cooking, lighting, and ventilating, and, in conjunction with Mr. Rowden, drew up the scientific report of the same. One of the results of this work, as applied to cooking, was the formation, by the Science and Art Department, in the following year of a Committee, of which he was a member, to deal with the subject of national instruction in cookery, from which beginning it may be said, sprang the movement for the instruction in cookery, which has since extended throughout the kingdom. At the close of 1867 Captain Webber was again detached to assist in the preparation by the War Office for the Abyssinian Expedition, and spent some time in Asia Minor in organising and super intending the purchase and transport to Egypt of mules and horses for that war. Owing to the mis carriage of a telegram in Asiatic Turkey, the orders for him to accompany the Royal Engineers destined to take part in the expedition were delayed, and another officer had to be appointed in his place. At the Curragh Camp, when in command of the 28th Company Royal Engineers in 1868 and 1869, he took a leading part in organising and systematising the employment of the labour of soldiers of the line on military building works ; by which not only were those works carried out with large economy to the State, but also the soldier was benefited by gaining an acquaintance with trades that would open employ ment to him in civil life after his discharge from the army. The results of this work subsequently pro vided matter for several Parliamentary returns on the subject. In 1870, when the Government decided to take over the systems of the electric telegraph companies throughout the kingdom, it was decided that a body of Royal Engineers should be simultaneously em ployed in the New Postal Telegraph Department, and the command of this force, consisting of the 22nd and 34th Companies Royal Engineers, was given to Major Webber. The object of this measure, which it devolved on the War Offlce and Post Office to carry into effect, was one for providing, so as to be ready at any mo ment of military emergency, a thoroughly efficient body of engineer officers and soldiers, fully qualified to undertake the entire working and management of telegraphs in time of war. At the moment when the full brunt of the work of the transfer of the telegraphs from several commercial companies to a department of the State feU on the chief officials of the Post Office, the Royal Engineers rendered material aid in the construction of new telegraph lines, and in the renewal of old ones, all over the country. This work was under the super vision of Major Webber and the officers under him, working under the supreme direction of Mr. R. S. Culley, the Chief Engineer of the Postal Tele graphs. In the same year he was appointed one of the six Postal Telegraph Divisional Engineers in the United Kingdom, with a separate district having its headquarters in London, first in the east and then in the south of England, in which aU the engineer ing work of the telegraphs, and some of the manipu lation, were performed by soldiers. During the nine years that he filled the position, many officers and over three hundred non-commis sioned officers and sappers worked and were trained in telegraph duties under him. The reports of the Departmental and Parliamen tary Committees on the results of the transfer of the 52 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. telegraphs to the State each aUuded to this measure as being in every respect highly satisfactory. 'When the Ashanti Expedition was undertaken, a body of telegraphists trained by this means fulfilled aU that had been anticipated of it ; and in each suc cessive war a highly trained body of officers and soldiers have undertaken the military telegraph duties of the army, either independently or by rein forcing the field telegraphs. First in each campaign in South Africa, then in Egypt, and after that in the Soudan. This arrangement, inaugurated under Major Webber, stiU exists under his successors, with ever- increasing dimensions of efficiency and of satisfactory results. During these nine years of incessant and arduous service, scientific engineering being the qualification, the duties of military command were added to those of civU administration, with all the responsibilities devolving on an official in the CivU Service of the State. In the occasional intervals of leave of absence. Major Webber found time to accompany the Mili tary Manoeuvres ot 1872 as Director of Telegraphs, and also to pass the final examination of the Staff CoUege, and quaUfy for appointment to the general staff of the army, by holding staff appointments on the headquarter staffs of the manoeuvres of 1875 and 1876. In 1879 he accompanied Sir Garnet Wolseley to South Africa and worked as Senior Staff Officer of the lines-of-communication during the close of the Zulu campaign, the mUitary occupation of the Trans vaal, and the Secocoeni Expedition. In 1881, after commanding the Royal Engineers at Gosport, and for a time in the Southern District, he succeeded to the command of the Royal Engi neers of the Home District, and eventually, in July, 1885, retired from the army with the rank of Major- General, having completed five and a-half years' service as a full Colonel. In 1882 he accompanied the Expeditionary Force to Egypt as A.A. and A.Q.M. General on the headquarter staff of the army, and was present at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. In 1884 and 1885 he was employed in a similar capacity in the Nile Expedition, and on each occasion was Director of Army Telegraphs ; and was created a Companion of the Bath and 3rd Class of the Order of the Medjidie. The Legion of Honour has been twice conferred on him by the French Government for services at Paris Exhibitions, but each time, being in the army, it had to be declined. Since his retirement he has worked as a Civil Engi neer, and is the only officer of Eoyal Engineers who, after the completion of his career in that corps, haa succeeded in qualifying, and has been elected, to the fuU membership of the Institution of Civil Engineers. As one of the earliest amongst the officers of Royal Engineers to study the practical application of electricity to engineering, his name has ever since 1866 been associated with the advancement and pro gress of the science. Conjointly with the late Sir Francis Bolton he was the founder of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, now the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and for several years was its Treasurer. Since its commencement he has served as a member of the Qouncil, and, in 1882, in the position of Presi dent. In 1878 he served as Juror for Telegraphs at the Paris Exhibition, and in 1881 he was Eoyal Com missioner of the International Electrical Exhibition at Paris, and he has served on the electrical jury of most of the exhibitions since that date. He has been associated with the work of the Society of Arts both as member of council and in the direction of experi ments in warming and ventilating during the year 1872. He had the engineering management of the Anglo-American Brush Electric Light Company in 1885-6, and of the Chelsea Electricity Supply Com pany from its earUest inception up to 1892, and as Chief Engineer of the City of London Electric Light Company, he carried out the greatest part of the public lighting of the City, and he is Adviser and Consulting Engineer for many electrical engineering works. He is also Chairman of the weU-known firm of engineering contractors, Messrs. Dick Kerr & Co., of LeadenhaU Street. He has been a member and Chairman of Com mittee of the Kensington Vestry ; so it may therefore be said that Major-General Webber's association with London has been, with occasional absences on military service, an intimate one for over a period of twenty-four years. He is the author of many pamphlets on military, engineering, and scientific subjects, and is especially an authority on electrical and sanitary engineering. He married, secondly, Sarah Elizabeth, widow of the late R. Stainbank, Esq., and resides at 17, Egerton Gardens, London, S.W. He is a member of Brooks' and of the United Service Club, and of many scientific societies and literary and similar institutions. He has three sons by his first marriage, viz. : Raymond Sudeley, Lieutenant Royal AVelch Fusi- Uers, who served in the Burmah War, 1886, and is now a Bimbashi of the 12th Soudanese ..Regiment at Wady Haifa; Henry O'Kelly, of Dohne, Cape Colony ; and Lionel Hanbury, of Victoria, British Columbia. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 53 Rear-Admiral Lucas, T.C This distinguished naval officer, of whose life and career we have much pleasure in inserting a short notice, will be remembered for aU time as the first man to earn that greatest and most coveted prize of a soldier's, or a sailor's, calling, the Victoria Cross. The annals of the British navy recaU no more gaUant deed than that for which this young officer gained the above-named decoration. Glancing at the records of the Victoria Cross since its institution we find that the name of Lieutenant Lucas is placed fourth on the list. This is accounted for by the fact that though he was the first to earn the distinction he was actuaUy the fourth to receive it at the hands of Her Majesty, his predecessors on that occasion being officers of superior rank. Rear- Admiral Charles Davis Lucas, V.C, son of the late Davis Lucas, Esq., of Druminargole, Co. Cork, is a member of one of the old county families of Ireland, he being descended from the Lucases of Castle Shane, an old English family settled in Ire land, whose estate was erected into a manor by patent of Charles II. in 1683, vide Burke's "Landed Gentry." He was born in 1834 at Druminargole House, and in 1847 joined the Navy as cadet, and served on the Mediterranean Station in H.M.S. Amazon (26 guns. Captain Stopford), Vanguard (80 guns. Captain Rich). In 1849 he joined H.M.S. Bragon (10 guns, Captain W. H. Hall) on the coast of Ireland, which country was then in a very disturbed state, ending in open rebellion, under the leadership of Smith O'Brien, in the suppression of which the Bragon took a very active part. It was during the Bragon's service on the coast of Ireland that her Captain (W. H. Hall), the founder of Sailors' Homes, inaugu rated the first of these valuable institutions in DubUn. In 1850 he proceeded to India in H.M.S. Fox (44 guns), bearing the broad pennant of Commo dore Lambert, and served in that ship during the whole of the second Burmese War, 1852 and 1853 ; landed with storming parties, and assisted at storm ing the stockades at the capture of Rangoon, Dalla, Pegu, Prome, and Meaday. Admiral Lucas also took part in Captain Loch's, R.N., unsuccessful attack on the stronghold of the chieftain Mya Toom — in which Captain Loch being killed, and most of the other senior officers being either killed or severely wounded, the force was obliged to retreat, the command of the rearguard devolving on Admiral Lucas, then a mid shipman of nineteen years of age. The retreat lasted nine hours, during which the rearguard was warmly engaged in keeping back the enemy. This stronghold was afterwards captured by Sir John Cheape — when Mr. Wolseley, the present Field- Marshal Viscount Wolseley — then a subaltern in the 80th Regiment — distinguished himself, and was severely wounded. During the said years 1852-53, Mr. Lucas was almost continually employed in com mand of an armed boat up the river Irrawaddy in a most unhealthy climate. He returned to England in May, 1854, and at once proceeded to the Baltic, without having landed, where he joined H.M.S. Secla, under the command of Captain WUliam Hutcheon HaU (his old Captain in the Bragon), and served in her during all her brilliant services in 1854, including her attacks on the Forts of Hango and Bomarsund. An episode during these services was thus described by the Grand Duke Constantino of Russia : " Of aU the bold and sea manlike operations this of Captain Hall, taking his ship seven miles up a creek of intricate navigation, is the most daring I could have imagined. I cannot but admire such daring, even in an enemy." Mr. Lucas was promoted to Lieutenant for distinguished service in the attack of Bomarsund, in June, 1854, and was complimented by the Commander-in-Chief by signal in presence of the fleet. Upon him de volves the honour of having performed the first act of valour for which the Victoria Cross (V.C) was granted, viz., throwing a live shell overboard, which had been fired into the Hecla, on the 21st June, 1854. He served afterwards on various stations, and was promoted to Commander in 1862, Captain in 1867, Rear- Admiral in 1885. Admiral Lucas has medals for Burma and the Baltic, and has also received a gold medal from the Royal Humane Society. Since his retirement from the Service he has been engaged on the Directorate of the Universal Life Assurance Society, and also on the Board of the Millwall Dock Company, both old and successful enterprises. In 1879 he married Frances RusseU, only child of Admiral Sir WiUiam Hutcheon Hall, K.C.B., F.R.S. (the distinguished Captain of the Hecla, in the Baltic), and his wife, the Hon. Lady HaU, a daughter of Admiral (the sixth) Lord Torrington. Sir WiUiam H. HaU was generally known as " Nemesis Hall," from his brilliant services whilst in command of the Nemesis in China. He com manded her in twenty-one engagements, and was mentioned nine times with distinction in despatches. On his return from China he was at once appointed Commander of the Queen's Yacht, His residence is at 48, PhiUimore Gardens, S.W., and he is a member of the Army and Navy Club. 54 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Admiral The Right Hon. Sir John Dalrymple- Hay, Bart., K.CB., D.C.L., F.R.S., r.R.G.S., &c. Admieal The Right Hon. Sie John Chaeles Dalevmple-Hat, Third Baronet, of Park Place, Wigtonshire, N.B., K.C.B., Hon. D.C.L.(Oxon.), F.R.S., Vice-President of the Institute of Naval Architects, F.R.G.S., is the eldest son of the late Sir James Dalrymple-Hay, Bart., who died in 1861, by his first wife Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Lieut.- General Sir John Shaw Heron Maxwell, Bart., of Springkell. He was born in Edinburgh, llth February, 1821, was educated at home until the end of 1832, his tutor being the Rev. Alexander Forrester, D.D., afterwards Superintendent of Education in the pro vince of Nova Scotia. He was sent to Rugby at Easter, 1833, under Dr. Arnold, and left to join the navy in August, 1834. He was first sent as a volunteer on board H.M.S. Thalia, forty-six guns, bearing the flag of Rear- Admiral Patrick Campbell, C.B., Commander-in-Chief on the Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa. He was appointed a volunteer of the first class in H.M.S. Trincuto, eighteen guns, 24th January, 1834, on the same station, commanded by Henry Joseph Puget, Esq. In February, 1834, he was landed with the seamen and marines commanded by that officer as his Aide-de-Camp for the defence of Port Elizabeth. Thence the Trincuto proceeded to the west coast, and after capturing five slavers returned to Plymouth and was paid off, Mr. Hay being appointed to the Menden, seventy-four guns, in the Channel Squadron in May, 1836. In August he was trans ferred to the Mogene, twenty-six guns, Captain Henry W. Bruce, and served in her on the south-east coast of Amprica, and in the Pacific as Volunteer and Midshipman, tiU her return to England in December, 1839, visiting, in her, the west coast of North and South America, the Marquesa, Sandwich, and Society Islands and Pitcairn's Island. He was then appointed to H.M.S. Benbow, seventy-two guns (Captain Houston Stewart), then in the Mediterranean. He reached that ship at Vourla, in March, 1840, serving on his way to the Benbow, in the Impregnable, one hundred and six guns ; Promethius, steam sloop ; Princess Charlotte, one hundred and ten guns, flag ship of Admiral the Hon. Sir Robert Stopford, G.C.B. ; and the Gorgon, steam frigate. In the Benbow he served as Midshipman till 24th January, 1841, first-class seamanship, and as mate tiU her return to England in June, 1842. He was present in her during the so-caUed sulphur war, in the spring of 1840, and conveyed a Neapolitan prize to Malta, returning to his ship at Naples in H.M.S. Phanix. During the Syrian war he was speciaUy gazetted for gaUantry in the boat attack on Tortosa, and was present in the capture of Beyrout and the bombard ment and capture of St. Jean d'Acre, 3rd November, 1840. He obtained a first-class certificate both in gunnery and navigation at his examination in June, 1842, and in January, 1843, was appointed mate to H.M.S. Spiteful, Commander W. Maitland, in which ship he proceeded to India and China. Thence, in the autumn of 1843, the Spiteful proceeded to Bombay. Mr. Hay was left behind suffering from fever, and when recovered joined H.M.S. Cruizer, Commander Fitzjames, from which ship he was transferred at Trincomalee to H.M.S. Cornwallis, Admiral Sir WiUiam Parker. On the order for the return of that officer to England being given, he was transferred to H.M.S. Vixen, Commander G. Giffard, and went back to China, where, on the 12th August, 1 844, he was transferred as Lieutenant to H.M.S. Bido, Captain Hon. H. Keppel, in place of Lieutenant Wade, killed in action. Subsequently he joined as Junior Lieutenant, H.M.S. Agincourt, seventy-four guns, bearing the flag of the Commander-in-Chief Sir Thomas Cochrane, and in October of that year was appointed his Flag-Lieutenant. He held that appointment for a year during the operations on the coast of Borneo, and, in 1845, was appointed as Junior Lieutenant to his old ship, the Vixen. When that ship was ordered from Hong Kong to England in January, 1846, he was appointed Lieutenant of H.M.S. Vestal, Captain Charles Talbot, and served in her in that rank until 14th August, 1846, when he was promoted as Commander to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Commander W. Maitland, of H.M.S. Spiteful. He was transferred from the Spiteful in October to H.M.S. Wolverine, sixteen gi.ms, and commanded her until Maj', 1847, when she was paid off at Chatham. On the 18th August, 1847, he married the Hon. Eliza Napier, third daughter of WilUam John, eighth Lord Napier of Menchistoun. On the 20th December, 1847, he left Southampton by the overland route to join H.M.S. Columbine in the Canton River as Commander, and served in that ship and station until paid off at Chatham in May, 1850. In January of that year he had been pro moted to be Captain for his services. In December, 1853, he was appointed Captain of H.M.S. Victory, at Portsmouth, and in December, 1854, was appointed Captain of H.M.S. Hannibal, ninety-one guns, bearing the flag of Sir Houston Stewart, second in command of the fleet in the Black LEADING MEN OF LONDON, 55 Sea. He was present at the capture of Kertch, Sebastopol, and Kinburn. Returning to Portsmouth in 1856, he was appointed with his old chief as Flag-Captain in H.M.S. Indus, seventy-eight guns, on the North American and West India station. At the close of 1859 he returned to England. In 1860 he was employed on a Royal Commission to inquire into Greenwich Hospital, and in 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, as Chairman of the Committee to investigate thebestmeans of protecting ironclad ships. In 1862 he was returned M.P. for Wakefield as a Conservative, which he represented untU 1865. He contested Tiverton, January, 1866, unsuc cessfully, but was returned for Stamford in April, in which month he became a Rear-Admiral. In June he was appointed Junior Lord of the Admiralty, which office he held until Mr. Disraeli's resignation in 1869. In 1870 he was placed on the Retired List of the navy. On the formation of Mr. Disraeli's government in 1874, he was offered the post of First Sea Lord, but declined it, as in his opinion it was not proper for an officer on the Retired List to hold that office, since no one placed on the Retired List as incompetent to " serve at sea, ought to com mand those who are employed on active service." The precedent has since been foUowed, the First Sea Lord being always an Admiral on the Active List. Shortly after this he was made a Privy CounciUor. Being beaten at Stamford in 1880, he was returned to represent the Wigtown Burghs, and continued to do so tiU 1885, when they were disfranchised by the Eeform Act and Ee-distribution of Seats. In Parliament he took a leading part in matters concerning the navy. He moved for, and obtained, in 1863, the Committee on Promotion and Eetirementin the Navy, and passed an Act to amend the law of Prize. In 1864 he moved a vote of censure on the govern ment in regard to their conduct of the Ashantee War, which Lord Palmerston only avoided by seven votes in a fuU house. He was Chairman of the Committee with regard to the Gibraltar Shields, and during the Abyssinian War all the transport arrangements and naval pre parations were entrusted to his care. In 1872 he brought in the BiU which became the Explosive Acts. From 1862 to 1874 he was a PubUc Works Loan Commissioner, and, from 1865, at the inception of Eeuter's Agency, he has been a member, and is now Chairman of the Board. Twenty-six years at sea, and twenty-four years in Parliament, compose the fifty which he has devoted to the best of his ability to the public service. Admiral Sir Etiward Augustus Inglefield, Kt., K.CB., D.C.L., r.R.S. Admieal Ingleeield is the son of Admiral Samuel Hood Inglefield, CB., who died whilst commander- in-chief of the China and Indian Station. His son Edward was educated at the Eoyal Naval CoUege at Portsmouth, and entered the navy as a first-class volunteer in 1834. His first voyage to sea was in H.M.S. Bublin, the flagship of Sir Graham Ham mond on the South American Station ; after serving more than a year on that station, he was appointed as a midshipman to H.M.S. Imogene, commanded by Captain Henry Bruce, and sailed round Cape Horn to the Pacific, visiting the Sandwich Islands, Marquesas, and Pitcairn Islands. After five years' absence from England he returned to Portsmouth, when he passed his examination for lieutenant, and was shortly afterwards appointed to H.M.S. Thun derer, and proceeded to the Mediterranean, joining the squadron of Sir Robert Stopford in 1840, when warlike operations were about to commence on the coast of Syria. He was landed with the bluejackets and marines of the squadron in the storming of the forts at Sidon, the capture of Beyrout, and was signal mate of the Thu'aderer at the bombardment of St, Jean d'Acre and other operations on the coast of Syria. His next appointment was as mate on board H.M.S. Illustrious, flagship of Sir Charles Adam, on the North American and West Indian Station. After a short service in the West Indies, he was appointed competent mate to the Pique, and returned to England, when he was nominated as Queen's signal mate on board Her Majesty's yacht Royal George, on the occasion of Her Majesty's first visit to Scotland, in 1842. On Her Majesty's return Mr. Inglefield was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, and soon afterwards joined H.M.S. Samarang, under Sir Edward Belcher, as Assistant Surveyor, on a surveying expedition to China and Borneo. On a voyage to Sarawak the Samarang was stranded on a rock in the river, and it was with great difficulty the ship was floated off, after being for several days submerged. Surveys and magnetic observations were afterwards carried out on the coasts of Borneo, the Majicosema Islands, and China. Lieutenant Inglefield's father having at this time been appointed Commander-in-Chief on the South American Station, the Lieutenant returned to England, after two years' service as a Surveyor, and was appointed Flag-Lieutenant to his father, on Board H.M.S. Vernon, and shortly after saUed for Rio de Janeiro. The war between the Buenos 55 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. xVyres and Monte Video States was at that time being carried on, and the EngUsh and French squadrons were eventuaUy caUed upon to take an active part in protecting EngUsh and French sub jects and merchant ships, and a combined French and EngUsh squadron was sent to the Parana for this purpose. Lieutenant Inglefield was ap pointed as acting commander of H.M.S. Comus, .18 guns, and was present at the attack upon the forts at Punta ObUgado. After a severe action the forts were silenced and the guns captured, the enemy suffering great losses. The chains supported by large merchant vessels, which barred the passage of the river, were cut through by Sir James Hope, and the squadrons then passed up the river, and a few days afterwards attacked and captured some smaUer forts higher up the Parana. For his services on this expedition, Acting Com mander Inglefield was promoted to the rank of Com mander, and shortly afterwards returned to England. His next appointment was as Commander of Her Majesty's brig, Ringdove, then stationed in the China Seas. In the meantime, his father. Admiral Ingle field, as a reward for his services in conducting the war in the River Plate, was appointed Commander- in-Chief on the China and Indian Station, and Com mander Inglefield thus found himself once more serving under his father's fiag. The climate, how ever, undermining the admiral's health, he soon after died on board his flagship at Bombay, a,nd was buried in 1846 in Bombay Cathedral. Commodore Plumridge, who then succeeded to the command of the station — until another admiral should be appointed — ordered the Ringdove to Bombay, and, owing to the invaliding of Captain CampbeU of the Melampus, Commander Inglefield found himself Acting Captain of that ship, and doing duty as Acting Commodore in India ; but a successor to his father having taken command of the station. Commander Inglefield was appointed to take command of a new line of battle-ship named the lleeanee, which had been built of teak at Bombay for the British govern ment. This ship he navigated to England, taking home the wounded and sick from the regiments which had been engaged at the battle of Meeanee. Whilst living on shore on half-pay, Commander Inglefield took charge and arranged the naval department of the great exhibition of 1851. In 1852 Commander Inglefield offered his services to Lady FrankUn, to take command of a schooner, the Isabel, of 149 tons, and 16 horse-power, at his own expense, which she had fitted out to search for Sir John Franklin ; and having obtained permission from the Admiralty, Commander Inglefield took on board ample coals and provisions for a lengthened voyage, intending to explore the northern limits of Baffin Bay. After a very favourable voyage, and ex ploring Whale Sound, and surveying some islands at the entrance, he succeeded in getting 140 mUes further north than any previous voyagers, and was able to report a wide strait at the head of Baffin Bay, opening apparently into the Polar Sea. He was thus able to add nearly 800 mUes of new coastUne to the chart by which he navigated his vessel. But the season advancing, he had to retreat, and after vainly attempting to get through Jones Sound, he reluctantly steered south, but finding that Lancaster Sound was still open, he determined to communicate with the Government Searching Expedition under Sir Edward Belcher, and reaching Beechey Island (Franklin's last-known winter quarters), he delivered mails to the men-of-war six weeks later than they had been received from home ; and, leaving aU the coals and provisions he could spare, sailed for England, and reached the Orkneys just four months after his departure. For the geographical discoveries he made in the Isabel the Royal Geographical Society awarded him their gold medal, and the French Geographical Society their large silver medal. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and the Emperor of the French presented him with a diamond snuff-box. The following year the Admiralty appointed Com mander Inglefield to take command of an expedition of three ships to relieve Sir Elward Belcher's Arctic squadron, and they sailed from Woolwich in June ; the screw steamer Phoenix, the Biligence, and a hired transport for coals and provisions, the Bredalbane. One of Her Majesty's ships, was ordered to accompany the expedition as far as Cape Farewell, but parting .company in a gale they saw nothing of their consort for a day or two before they reached the Cape. At one of the Danish settlements the crew of a whaler in distress was rescued and sent back to England in the Biligence. The Phoenix and Bredalbane arrived safely at Beechey Island, and after landing nearly all the stores from the transports, the latter vessel received a severe nip in the ice, and foundered in thirty fathoms of water. H.M.S. PImnix then returned to England, taking home one of the officers from McClure's ship who had so far performed the north-west passage, and crossed the ice from Mercy Bay to Beechey Island. In the spring of 1853 Commander Inglefield, who had been promoted to the rank of Captain for his Arctic services, was appointed to the command of another expedition of three ships for the purpose of LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 57 reUeving the searching expedition in the Arctic seas, under the command of Sir Edward Belcher. He reached Beechey Island after several fruitless attempts to cross MelviUe Bay, and it was upon one occasion when he had returned to the Waigalz Straits, with very little coal left to complete the voyage, that he discovered a seam of coal on the shores of Disco Island, and was thus enabled to fill up the bunkers of his ship and prosecute the voyage. At Beechey Island he found Sir Edward Belcher and the officers and crews of five ships which had been deserted on the point of returning to England on board the North Star, and, after relieving this over crowded vessel, he sailed for England and reached home without further adventure. The war with Russia having broken out during the absence of Captain Inglefield, he naturally lost no time in applying for a command, and was soon after appointed Captain of H.M.S. Firebrand, and proceeded to the Crimea to take command of that vessel. He was present at various operations in the Black Sea, and part of the time was occupied in blockading Odessa. He was present at the fall of Sebastopol and bombardment of Kinburn, which terminated the war. The following year he was appointed to the command of H.M.S. Majestic, coast guard ship at Liverpool. He served for three years in charge of the Liverpool district, and whilst so employed the duty devolved upon him of seizing certain ships which were built for the confederate States of America during the civU war in that country. On the conclusion of his service at Liverpool he was soon afterwards appointed to H.M.S. Prince Consort, and served as second in command of the Mediterranean squadron under Lord Clarence Paget, and afterwards as second in command of the Channel squadron in the same vessel. On promotion tothe rank of Rear-Admiral in 1871, he was offered and accepted a diplomatic appoint ment as naval attache at Washington, and whilst so occupied visited nearly all the American dockyards and most of the war vessels, especially the turret ships that had been engaged in the civil war. While stiU on this service the First Lord of the Admiralty offered him, by telegraph, the appointment of Admiral-Superintendent of Malta Dockyard, and second in command of the Mediterranean squadron. The Admiral then returned to England to take up this appointment, which he held for nearly five years, vacating the post on promotion to a Vice-Admiral's flag. In 1 878 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the. West Indian and North-American station, and hoisted his flag on board H,M S. Belter ophon at Halifax. It was only on his promotion to the rank of a full Admiral that he returned to England in that ship. The Admiral retired at the usual age of cixty-five, and has been usefully employed since as Chairman of the Fine Arts and Relics Department of the Naval Exhibition. He is the inventor of the Inglefield and Lenox Anchor, used in the German and other foreign navies, and in the Royal Navy on board many of the largest ironclad ships. He received a civil knighthood for his Arctic services, and a good service pension as a Captain. He was made a C.B. in 1869. and a K.CB. during the Jubilee Year. He has received the Order of the Medjidie and five medals for war services, is a younger brother of the Trinity House, and received an Admiral's good service pension of £300 a year in 1894. He is the author of "A Summer Search for Sir John Franklin," and several pamphlets on Ter- restial Magnetism, Maritime Warfare, and Naval Tactics. Admiral Inglefield married, in 1857, Eliza, daugh ter of Edward Johnston, Esq., of Allerton Hall, Liverpool. She died in 1890. He married, secondly, in 1893, Beatrice, the only child of Colonel Hodnett, late commanding 2nd Dorset (54th Regiment). He resides at 99, Queen's Gate, S.W., and is a member of .the United Service and Grosvenor Clubs. Yice- Admiral Philip Howard Colomb. Vice- Admiral Colomb is the son of the late General G. T. Colomb, and Mary, daughter of Sir Abraham Bradley King, Bart., and was born at Knockbrex, in Kirkcudbrightshire, on May 29th, 1831. He was educated privately, and went to sea as a naval cadet in February, 1846, serving in the Tartarus paddle- wheel steamer on the home station, and subsequently on the Sidon paddle-wheel steamer frigate on the coast of Portugal and the Mediterranean, from 1847 to 1849. This ship was employed in compelUng the surrender of the revolutionary forces in Portugal under Count Sa Da Bandiera, and in protecting British interests in the Mediterranean during the revolutionary outbreaks. In 1849 Mr. Colomb joined the Reynard, and took part in the suppression of piracy in Chinese waters, this being the first screw ship that ever appeared in these waters. The Reynard ran on a coral reef and was wrecked in 1851 ; and Admiral Colomb recaUs on this occa sion coming away with a flannel shirt and trousers, one slipper, a straw hat, and half a blanket. He was on his return ai)pointed Midshipman to the 58 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Serpent brig ; and becoming a mate, in this ship, he served through the early part of the Burmese War, assisting at the capture of Rangoon and the imme diate subsequent operations, and returning to China, became Acting-Lieutenant. After passing the neces sary examinations, and being confirmed as a mate, Mr. Colomb was appointed to the Phoenix, Commander (now Admiral Sir Edward) Inglefield, destined for the Arctic regions, in order to relieve the crews of the FrankUn Search Expedition ships (the result of which is detaUed in the " Life of Sir Edward Inglefield "). Mr. Colomb now joined the steam line-of-battle ship, Ajax, but being promoted in a few weeks to the rank of Lieutenant, was appointed to the Hastings. The ship was employed in the general blockade of the Russian ports in the Baltic, and during the bombardment of Sweaborg, was engaged for some hours with the batteries on Sandham Island, which formed the left flank of Russian defences. After taking part in the great naval review of 1856, on the conclusion of peace with Russia, Lieutenant Colomb joined the Royal George, and assisted in conveying home the troops from the Crimea, and then joined the Excellent. He married, in 1857, Eleanor, daughter of Captain Bridges J. Hooke, late of the 34th Eegiment, by whom he has six sons and two daughters. At the close of 1857 Lieutenant Colomb becama Flag-Lieu tenant to Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas S. Pasley, Bart., Admiral Superintendent of Devonport Dockyard. Mr. Colomb was at this time desired to turn his attention to the matter of a new system of signalling, which the Admiralty purchased from an Austrian officer, and was desirous of seeing utilised, which it could not be, until some re-arrangement and improvement of the mechanism was devised. Mr. Colomb invented mechanism for all purposes, having in view the use of the sj'stem, which was a most ingenious one — at sea, in the navy ; on land, in tho army ; and as a means of communication between the shore and ships. However, a series of experi ments convinced him that for naval purposes the system, though thaoreticaUy perfect, was practicaUy unavaUable, and it had to be abandoned. The late Field Marshal, Sir F. Burgoyne, having heard of Mr. Colomb's work, took the matter up, carefully consulted Mr. Colomb, and finally the latter was associated with the Ordnance Select Committee at Woolwich, in order to introduce the system into the army. A signal book was drawn up, and the plan was adopted as the army system of signals. Mr. Colomb at this time devoted himself to a series of experiments resulting in the invention of the Flashing System of Signals. On acquainting the Admiralty with his discovery, he was requested to attend with his apparatus, but violent opposition sprang up in the Board, and re mained as the official attitude towards the system and its author for several years. Nothing daunted, however, Mr. Colomb persevered through aU, and in the autumn of 1861 was ready for official trial at sea. Experiments were made on board the Warrior, the first of the ironclads, and with the Revenge. It was arranged that the new system of high signals should be tried between the two ships, and, by way of standard, an American system was likewise suppUed to each vessel. Two members of the Board of Admiralty embarked on board the Warrior, and the ships put to sea. Every signal made by the Colomb system was clearly read, and none of the American could be deciphered. The Lords of the Admiralty in the Warrior, and the Admiral in the Revenge, hence forth used the Colomb system, and never during the cruise was there any question of its complete power and intelligibility. To Mr. Colomb's astonishment he discovered, some weeks later, that Rear-Admiral Smart and his Flag Captain had not said a word of what had been done, except to assert that on one occasion (which was not the fact) a mistake had been made. The two officers roundly condemned the system, and the Lords of the Admiralty received and passed the report as one not demanding comment. Happily, the Captain of the Warrior praised the system, and stated his beUef in its capacity. Ultimately a committee was appointed, which upset in every particular the hostile reports. After further experiments, the system was adopted in the Channel Squadron, and the Admiralty so far admitted the wrong done as to promote Mr. Colomb to the rank of Commander in 1863. Opposition was still kept up untU 1868, when the new system was officiaUy adopted. It was not, how ever, until Admiral (afterwards Sir Sydney) Dacres became first Sea Lord of the Admiralty in 1871 that the apparatus was supplied to every ship in the navy. The system is now in use in every navy in the world. Admiral Dacres had strongly drawn Commander Colomb's attention to the fact that as Commander of an ironclad steam fleet he was endeavouring to manage it by the system of tactics and the code of tactical orders which had been used by Lord Nelson at Trafalgar. He suggested that Commander Colomb should take up the study of the question, with a view of proposing a remedy, which he felt bound to do. He was appointed to the Admiral's Flag ship, and arranged a complete system of steam-fleet tactics, Lieut, (now Rear-Admiral) H. W. Brent LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 59 being associated with him in aU the concludiu"' arrangements, and in all the general revision of the codes. He and Commander Colomb worked together at the Admiralty until 1867, when every detail was settled and the new codes were issued to the navy. The loss of H.M.S, Amazon by collision led Commanders Colomb and Brent to examine the "Rule of the Road at Sea." They found serious dangers existing in it, aud published a paper dis closing the principal evil, which caused amendments to be made. There were other mischiefs in the Rules, which the subject of this sketch continuaUy attacked, until, as a consequence, an International CouncU assembled at Washington in 1889 and carried the necessary amendments. In 1867 Commander Colomb was attached to the Royal Engineers, at Chatham, for the purpose of completing arrangements to introduce the system of Flashing Signals into the army, and to make it the means of communication between the axmy and the navy. Next year he was appointed to the command of the Bryad sloop on the East India station, in the suppression of the slave-trade. In 1870 he was promoted to the rank of Captain. The system of the Ughting of Her Majesty's ships had been the subject of complaint for some time, and Captain Colomb was requested to examine and report on the question. Having done so, he was asked to undertake an entire revision of the system, and, by the end of 1873, the work of re-lighting the navy had been nearly completed. At the same time he wrote the first "Manual" of naval tactics, which was issued to the Navy by order of the Admiralty. In 1874 hewas selected by Vice-AdmiralA.P.Eyder, Commander-in-Chief in China, as his Flag Captain, in command of H.M.S. Audacious, and he served as such until 1877, when he returned home. At this time he drew up a report, which he submitted to the Admiralty, on the system then in vogue of all ships- of-war being fuUy masted, in the beUef that sail- power thus added to steam-power was a great economy in the expenditure of coal. This Captain Colomb controverted, and subsequently published a paper on the subject, which he read before the United Service Institution. Several Committees were from time to time ap pointed to develop the system of naval tactics, and with these Captain Colomb was always associated till the time of his retirement. In 1877 he won the gold medal given by the Eoyal United Service Institution, for the best essay on " The Best Types of Ships for War Purposes." In 1879 Captain Colomb was appointed to com mand the Thunderer in the Mediterranean, and served there till June, 1881, when he was recaUed to take command of the Stoam Eeserve at Portsmouth. While in the Thunderer he took the opportunity to carry out a considerable series of experiments in mea-^ur- ing the manoeuvring powers of the ship, and was able to show in a report made to the Admiralty in 1881, which was issued to the navy in an abridged form, that the laws governing the movement of a steamship, were more exact than he had ever insisted on, and that the accuracy of her movements was something entirely unexpected even by him. He finished his period of office as Captain of the Steam Reserve by the completion of a new code of regula tions for its management, and, whenever opportunities offered, he carried out manoeuvring experiments with the various classes of ships passing through his hands. Shortly after he was appointed Flag Captain at Ports mouth, in command of H.M.S. Buke of Wellington, and he remained there tiU the 29th of May, 1886, when, having reached the age of fifty-five years, he was compulsorily retired. In 1873 Captain Colomb published a pamphlet exhibiting the fallacy of the ideas embodied in the Orders of Council of 18fi6 and 1870, regarding the promotion and retirement of officers. In 1886 he made a fuU inquiry into the whole system, and pubUshed his results in a work under the title of , " Fif teen Years of Naval Retirement" ; and in 1891 he read a paper on the same subject before the Royal United Service Institution, and as a result, in 1894, a committee sat to inquire into the whole subject. After retirement, he devoted himself to the larger questions of naval defence, and his paper, "On the Naval Def ence of the United Blingdom," published in 1888, created a great stir and was held to embody "The higher policy of Defence." An explanatory and more extended view, entitled "Fixed Fortifications and a Moving Navy," gave rise to even more controversy, and was at first hotly contested by military men. It is now, however, generally admitted in the army as weU as in the navy, and by the public, that the principles enunciated are true. In 1889 he was promoted a Rear-Admiral. In 1890 he published his "Naval Warfare; its Leading Principles HistoricaUy Treated," which was an attempt to show that naval warfare was as strictly governed and Umited by rule as warfare on land. In 1893 he pubUshed his "Essays in Naval Defence." The previous year he became a Vice-Admiral. He is a younger brother of the Trinity House ; a nautical assessor to the House of Lords ; and a member of the United Service and the Athenteum Clubs, to the latter of which he was speciaUy elected in 1893. 60 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Henry Grenfell. Heney Geenfell, Commissioner of Lieutenancy for City of London, J.P., Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia, and Ex-Governor of the Bank of England, was born on April Sth, 1824, and is the second son of Charles Pascoe GrenfeU, M.P. for Preston, and of his wife, Lady Georgiana, eldest daughter of William PhiUp, second Earl of Sefton, and is grandson of Pascoe GrenfeU, of Taplow House, M.P. for Marlow. His school and coUege days were passed at Har row and Christchurch, Oxford, where he spent his time principally in making friends and gaining a general knowledge of the world and its ways. His reading and knowledge, which are large, are due to keeping an uninterrupted touch with English and French literature from his earUest years until now. His 8ur\iving political contemporaries at Oxford are Lords Northbrook, Carlingford, Kimberley and Monk Bretton, with whom he stUl keeps up his intimacy. Before going to Christchurch, contrary to usual custom, he was sent on the grand tour. He was at Constantinople when Sir Stratford Canning came to take up his residence for his great career as Ambassador. He saw Louis Philippe open the Chambers in 1842, and was present at Lord Beacons field's visit to Paris in the early part of 1843. He remained at Oxford only a year and a-half, and then went to London to assist his father in the manage ment of his copper-smelting estabUshment. His first electioneering experiences were at Preston in 1846, when his father was returned, and he became every year afterwards more interested in political events. From his family and personal con nections it is not surprising that he should be a Whig, as every one of those capable of sitting in Parliament, both on his father's and mother's side, have belonged to the Whig party, while, when he married, the same lack of any Tory leaven was to be found in his wife's family. In 1850 he travelled for his health in Italy, and having faUen in at Rome with Mr. Baillie Cochrane, then writing a book in the interest of the violent re actionists, he accompanied him to Naples, where he was just in time to witness the effect of the first im prisonment of Poerio, and the moderate constitutional leaders of that unhappy country. He was also pre sent at the triumphant entry of Pope Pius IX. on his return from exile. The effect upon his mind of all he saw and heard in the reac.ionary camp, led him to very opposite conclusions from those arrived at by his travelUng companion, and he returned to England imbued with a sense of the soundness of the Palmer- stonian view of tiis then state of Europe. Mr. GrenfeU was an original member of the Cosmopolitan Club in the days when it was the bi weekly meeting-place of Harcourt and Maine, Bright and Layard, Morier and Monkton Milnes, Froude and Motley, Thackeray and Trollope, Watts and Tennyson, Higgins and Horace Mansfield, Oliphant and Burton, Dasent and Rawlinson, and of all the rising public men of the day. He also formed part of a set of men and women who were in the habit of meeting at Nuneham, in summer, and at Woburn Abbey in winter. He was present at Woburn in 1851 when Lord John Russell abruptly dismissed Lord Palmerston, and also in the foUowing year, when Lords John Russell, Clarendon, Aberdeen, and the Duke of Newcastle organised the scheme for the coalition of the Whigs and Peelites, ending in the Aberdeen Government. In 1852 he took a journey in Spain, and witnessed the Levee of Queen Isabella at Aranjuez on her convalescence after the birth of her child, and after an attempt had been made upon her Ufe. In 1864 he made a six months' tour in the United States, and came back fully convinced that the passions aroused between the North and the South were caused by the slavery question, and that, sooner or later, civil war must ensue. In 1855 Mr. Grenfell began to pubUsh papers on political subjects, and, having written some pungent pamphlets on the conduct of the Crimean War, was offered by Lord Panmure his Private Secre taryship, at which post he remained tiU the Ministry was turned out in 1858. This gave him an insight into the interior working of the Government machine, with all its efficiencies and deficiencies. For three years he was engaged wholly in military business, the practical part of which he was only acquainted with to that extent which may be learnt by attending to his militia duties. These he never neglected, since for twenty years of his life he took his hoUdays in the militia training. On the return of Lord Palmerston to power in 1859, Lord GranviUe offered him his Secretaryship, which he accepted for three days, but on Sir Charles Wood offering him a like post at the India Office he took it in preference. For two years he was immersed in Indian busi ness and in reading on Indian subjects. During that period every wheel, every spring, and every lever of the works of the Indian Government were taken out and replaced, and it may be said that, with the excep tion of the Minister himself and the Governor- General, no one had a greater opportunity of seeing with how much common sense the world is governed on the largest scale than Mr. Grenfell had during that period. In 1861 his elder brother, for many years M.P. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. GI for Windsor, died in the prime of life, and he gave up politics as a distinct career with deep regret, and went back to the management of his family affairs. In 1862 he was elected, on the death of Mr. John Lewis Ricardo, member for Stoke-upon-Trent, as an advanced Liberal, as far as the then party shibbo leths extended, but remained a personal supporter of Lord Palmerston in questions of foreign policy. In 1865 he was elected a Director of the Bank of England, and in 1866 he was re-elected M.P. lor Stoke. In 1867 he married Alethea Louisa, daughter of H. J. Adeane, at one time M.P. for Cambridgeshire. At the General Election of 1868 he was requested, owing to his family connection with Lord Sefton, to play the somewhat ungrateful part of second candi date to Mr. Gladstone in South- West Lancashire, and he shared his defeat in that district. Since that time he has not held a seat in Parliament. In 1870 he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the regi ment of militia with which he had been connected since the reconstruction of that part of the reserve forces, and commanded it in the autumn manoeuvres at Aldershot, 1870, and on SaUsbury Plain, 1871. In 1874 Mr. Grenfell began to write upon banking legislation, and in a series of letters addressed to The Observer, afterwards published as a pamphlet, he advocated the necessity, since recognised by the lead ing banks of London, of larger reserves being kept by each baiik in proportion to the amount of its deposits. He was elected a member of the Political Economy Club in 1876, of which society he has been Treasurer since 1882. In 1879 he was elected Deputy Governor of the Bank of England, and in that position his studies upon the currency question resulted in his adoption of the views of Wolowski, Cernuschi, and a large number of American, German, and Italian econo mists, in favour of a return to the French system, destroyed in 1872, of fixing the rates between gold and silver in the money of the world. In 1881, after he was elected Governor of the Bank, a Conference was assembled at Paris, in which the English Trea sury made offers to the delegates which, had they been accepted, would have settled the question on bimetallic Unes. These offers comprised a promise, on the part of the Bank of England, to hold its legal proportion of sUver against its notes ; and on the part of the Indian Government that silver should not be demonetised for ten years. These proposals would not have entailed the necessity of legislation, and could have been agreed to by the Government without resort to Parliament. They weie, however, condi tional on the Continental Powers returning to their old bimetallic system. They were refused on the recommendation of Count Bismarck, who laid it down as a sine qud non that England should join absolutely in the arrangement. Since that date Mr. Grenfell has been Vice-President of the Bi- metaUie League, under Mr. Henry Hucks Gibbs, and has worked continuously with him for the pur pose of attracting pubUc attention to that subject. In 1888, Mr. Grenfell was appointed along with Lord Herschell and Mr. Bosanquet, Q.C, on a Royal Commission to inquire into the irregularities which were aUeged to have taken place in the working of the MetropoUtan Board of Works. This inquiry was remarkable for two things. First, that the Report resulted in the constitution of the London County Council. Secondly, that the extraordinary powers granted to this Commission served as a pre cedent for those given to the Commission on the Pigott letters. In 1889 Mr. GrenfeU was delegated by the English BimetaUic League to attend the Congres Monetaire International at Paris, and was called upon to begin the discussion, a duty which would have given him no uneasiness in English, but which, in a foreign tongue, to which, it is crue, he had been all his life accustomed, presented difficulties of no ordinary kind. Since 1889 he has been occu pied with the large affairs connected with the Baring crisis and the Bank of England, in which it may be said he has had to deal with matters almost as important as if he had continued to devote himself to a parliamentary or official career. In 1890 Mr. GrenfeU finally gave up aU connection with his family business, but kept up his other employments and directions in the City of London. He is now a warm supporter of the party led by the Duke of Devonshire and Mr. Chamberlain, but, although con tinuing to take a deep interest in the questions of the day, it cannot be expected that he should take a part in discussing them when the men with whom he was so long connected have either departed or retired, and when the matters to be debated are wholly different from those of his earUer days. Mr. Grenfell has written articles, chiefly on poli tical subjects, in Eraser's Magazine, and on economical ones in The Niyieteenfh Century, besides contributing reviews and papers to various journals. He also joined, in 1886, with Mr. Gibbs in the pubUcationof " The BimetaUic Controversy," a coUection of papers, pamphlets, and speeches on both sides of the ques tion. Mr. GrenfeU is now one of the oldest members of Brooks' and the TraveUers' Clubs. His residence is Bacres, Henley-on-Thames, but he lives generally during the winter at 15, St James's Place, S.W. G2 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Hon. Edward Peirson Thesiger, C.B. The career of the subject of this brief notice is in nowise a sensational one, nor one which has been marked up to the present by events of a remarkable or startling character ; but to discover and write epitomised romances of the histories of men whose lives are fraught throughout with dramatic incident and accident, is more in the province of the play wright than the biographer, and we have no inten tion of trespassing in that domain. Mr. Thesiger has filled ably a responsible and honourable position for many years ; he has the esteem of those who come in contact with him, both in his public and private capacity. He is one of a noble family whose name is interwoven with the history of the reign, and he is a good type of an English gentleman of our age. We have no idea of searching for incidents or events of peculiar interest, no desire to eulogise — such would be dis tasteful and unnecessary — but a few words as to Mr. Thesiger' s life are due to him in a book which treats of the "Leading Men of London." Edward Peirson Thesiger, third son of the first Baron Chelmsford and brother of the present Lord (who, it will be recollected, served in the Crimea, Central India and the Abyssinian wars, and com manded in the Caffre and Zulu campaigns of 1878 and 1879) was born in 1842, He was primarily educated at a private school at Southborough, near Tunbridge Wells, afterwards proceeding to Eton in 1854, leaving the college in 1858; he finished his education with a private tutor at Bonn, on the Rhine, up to 1860. In 1862 he obtained the appointment of clerk in the House of Lords, and in 1866 became also secre tary to his father, Lord Chelmsford, the then Lord Chancellor ; this appointment he held under succes sive Lord Chancellors until 1890, when he was appointed Clerk-Assistant of the Parliaments, which post he stiU holds. His duties in connection with the House of Peers are naturally of an arduous and responsible nature, inasmuch as he has to be in attendance on the House in aU its sittings, and is responsible for the safe and correct keeping of the records. For his official services Her Majesty was pleased to bestow upon him his C.B. In 1869 he married Georgina Mary, third daughter of WiUiam Bruce Stopford Sackville, Esq., of Dray ton House, Northamptonshire, and has four children, three of whom are sons ; the eldest, Arthur Thesiger, was born in 1872. Mr. Thesiger is an ardent lover of music, and an executant on the violin ; he has performed in the orchestra of the Wandering Minstrels since 1862 up to to-day. Politically he is a firm Conservative, but naturaUy his official positions quite preclude his taking an active part in affairs of this description. His town residence is 142, Sloane Street, S.W., and his country place, Woodrough Cottage, near Guildford, Surrey. He is a member of the Junior Carlton Club. , John Henniker Heaton, M.P- Than this weU-known and popular Member of the House of Commons, no one has a better right to be numbered amongst our leading pubUo men of to-day, or a greater claim to be remembered in this biogra phical coUection. Mr. John Henniker Heaton, who is a descendant of the old county family of the Hea- tons, of Heaton, co. Lancaster, is the eldest son of Lieutenant-Colonel Heaton, R.E. Born at Rochester on May 18th, 1848, he was educated at Kent House Grammar School, Eochester, and subsequently at King's CoUege, London. When but sixteen years of age, he went out to AustraUa, and it was while in the Antipodes, doubtless, that he learned to feel the need, and to recognise the blessing, of a cheaper rate of postal communication between the Old Country and her various dependen cies throughout the world. While in Australia, Mr. Henniker Heaton engaged in various occupations, amongst them being sheep-farming and press work. He soon took a prominent place in Australasian public life. As representative of the Government of New South Wales, he went to the Amsterdam Exhi bition of 1883, and, two years later, was appointed by the Governor of Tasmania to represent that colony at the BerUn International Telegraphic Conference, at which he was instrumental in obtaining a substan tial reduction in the cost of cable messages to Aus tralia. Mr. Henniker Heaton entered Parliament in 1 885 as Conservative Member for Canterbury, and at the General Election of the following year was re-elected, unopposed, for the same constituency ; he stUl retains his seat. In 1886, too, he was appointed a Commissioner for the Government of New South Wales, to represent the colony at the Indian and Colonial Exhibition held that year in London. Mr. Henniker Heaton is the author of more than one well-known work, the chief of which is un doubtedly his work of reference on Australia, en titled, " The Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 03 of the Time." Two others are: "The Manners, Customs, Traditions, and AnnihUation of the Abori gines of AustraUa," and "A Short Account of a Canonization at Rome from an Unsectarian Point of View." In Parliament and in public, Mr. Henniker Heaton has warmly advocated, a Universal International Penny Postage system, and a cheaper system of Imperial Telegraph. Speaking recently on this subject at an interview which he gave to a representative of Great Thoughts, he is reported to have said : — " The whole cost of in troducing Imperial Penny Postage would be £75,000 for the first year — about a tenth of the cost of a war ship, or equal to the price paid for a single picture in the National Gallery. This is the ofiicial estimate ; my own calculation is that it could not exceed a third of this amount." It was due entirely to Mr. Henniker Heaton that the postage to India, and to other of the chief colonies, was on July 1st, 1891, reduced to one-half the former rates. * The subject of this brief notice married, in 1883, Eose, only daughter of the late Mr. Samuel Bennett, of Mundarr ah Towers, New South Wales. His resi dence is 36, Eaton Square, S.W., and he is a member of the Carlton, St. Stephen's, and Savage Clubs. Colonel Henry Montague Hozier. Colonel Hozier, who has for many years ably filled the responsible and arduous post of Secretary of Lloyd's with conspicuous success, is the son of a large landed proprietor in Lanarkshire, who was also attached to the Scottish Bar. He was born in that county. Early in life he went to the Continent, where he became well acquainted with the principal European languages, and on his return to England he went to Rugby School, and thence to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He received his Commission in the Royal ArtiUery when quite young, and shortly afterwards was ordered to Pekin with two batteries armed with the first rifled guns adopted in the British service. On the conclusion of the China War he returned to this country, and received a transfer to the 2nd Life Guards as Lieutenant. In 1861 he passed into the Staff CoUege at the head of the list, and two years later he passed out of it with the highest honours. He next took part in the campaign of 1864 between Germany and Denmark, and subsequently received an appointment to the Topographical Staff of the War Office. He served as War Correspondent for The Times during the war of 1866 between Prussia and Austria, and was present during the whole cam paign ; -^vhen peace was established he found a post as Secretary to the Commission on forming a reserve for the army, and afterwards served as Assistant Boundary Commissioner under the Reform Act of 1867. During the latter portion of that year Lieu tenant Hozier acted as Assistant MUitary Secretary to Lord Napier of Magdala, Commander-in-Chief of the British expedition sent to Abyssinia, and served in that capacity throughout the operations in Abys sinia. He was at this time a lieutenant, but imme diately afterwards was promoted to a captaincy in the 3rd Dragoon Guards. In 1870 he received an appointment as Controller at Aldershot, with the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, but on the outbreak of the Franco-German war Colonel Hozier was appointed Assistant Military Attache at the Ger man Headquarters, and as such was a witness of the whole war. Colonel Hozier was reappointed to the War Office Staff on the conclusion of the war, but in 1874 he received the appointment of Secretary of Lloyd's, and thereupon he was removed from the active list. He was at the same period appointed Commander of the Royal Arsenal Auxiliary ArtUlery. As Secretary of Lloyd's, Colonel Hozier has de veloped and introduced many reforms which have worked thoroughly well, and have been of consider able benefit to that gigantic society and the insurance world at large. He is an author of no little repute on military topics, his works including " Seven Weeks' War." " Invasions of England," " Breeding of Horses for Military Purposes," &e. These books have received favourable notice from military critics, and have reached a wide circulation. Colonel Hozier, though not a politician in the strict sense of the term, holds Liberal Unionist opinions. In 1885, before the dissension in the Liberal camp, he contested Woolwich as a Moderate Liberal, but, being defeated, he retired from political warfare, although he seized the opportunity of pro testing against Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule measure for Ireland, looking at the question principally as involving danger to Great Britain from a sepa rated Ireland. He was instrumental in organizino- the Liberal Unionist Party, and became the Hon, Secretary of that association. Colonel Hozier was a good horseman, rode boldly to hounds, and earned considerable fame as a steeple chase-rider. He resides at 87, Wimpole Street, and is a member of the Turf, Cavalry, City, Beefsteak, Junior United Service, and Pratt's Clubs, in London, and New Club, Edinburgh. 64 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Daniel Cooper, Bart., G.C.M.G., Officer of the Order of Leopold of Belgium, F.S.A. This distinguished Australian statesman comes of an old English family in Lancashire, and was born in Bolton in July, 1821, so that he is now in his seventy-third year. He was primarily educated at home, but while yet very young he made what was then the tedious and adventurous voyage to Australia, ond continued his education in a school in the colony of New South Wales. To enable him, however, to have the advantage of a university education, he returned to England, and entered University College, London. In compliance with the desire of his family, who wished him to take up the Law as a profession, he appUed himself lor some two years to it, but his health, which was never very robust, failing, he was obliged to discontinue his studies. As an alterna tive to the Law, a mercantile career was suggested, and, having made a tour of inspection throughout the principal manufacturing centres of the North of England, with a view to the selection of one or other of the great industries there, he finally entered a large mercantile house in Havre, France, in the year 1841. He only remained with the firm for a brief period, when he returned to England, and was taken into the counting-house of his uncle. However, his health again causing anxiety to his friends, it was finaUy decided that he should leave England, and accordingly he, in 1842, again set out for Australia. Directly upon his arrival he entered the Australian branch of his uncle's house, which was then amon"' the most important mercantile institutions in Sydney. The firm being dissolved in 1848, the business came into the hands of Mr. Daniel Cooper and his elder brother, Mr. Thos. Cooper, and was by them suc cessfully carried on till 1852, when the partnership was dissolved, and the business was carried on under the style of D. Cooper & Co. Upon the discovery of gold, Messrs. D. Cooper & Co. were among the first to cater for the shipment of the precious metal, and then commenced a long series of transactions which were highly remunerative to the firm and satisfactory to their clientele. In 1847 Mr. Cooper took his first seat on the board of a limited liabUity or joint stock concern. He was appointed to the Directorate of the Bank of New South Wales, and in 1848 became its President; a position he occupied until 1861, to the unanimous oatisfaction of the bank, his co-directors, and the shareholders. He has been a Director of the London board from 1861 to the present time. In 1849 he was elected to the New South Wales Leaislative Council, which at that time was the only representative body, and legislated, not only for that colony, but for Queensland and Victoria. On the dissolution of the Chamber, Sir Daniel did not seek re-election, owing to bad health and pressure of business. But in 1853 he again came before public notice. As a vacancy occurred in his old con stituency, Sir Daniel was nominated, and was again elected ; and it is worthy here of mention that he was not present at his nomination or at the conse quent proceedings, and, to quote from a con temporary authority, " it would be difficult to con ceive a more thorough expression of confidence on the part of a constituency than was shown by this act of nominating him in his absence." In 1855 the Act was passed which gave New Couth Wales a Parliamentary constitution, modelled on the Unes of the Imperial Parliament. Provisions were made for two houses of delibera tive Assembly, and for a responsible Ministry, and for the life of the successive Parliaments, which was fixed at five years as the utmost duration. In 1856 Sir Daniel Cooper was again elected, and took his seat in the new House of Assembly. The high reputation and personal esteem he had acquired, both as a private individual and as a sound debater, was testified by his election as Speaker, which he also filled when his party was in opposition. The fact that Sir Daniel was, during the whole term of his Speakership, able to command the respect of the House, redounds credit on himself for his ready tact and capacity. The honour of knighthood was conferred upon him in 1857. He resigned the office of Speaker three years later, owing to ill-health, and on his re tirement was the gratified recipient of a vote of thanks from the House, " for his impartial ruling," this evidence of esteem being followed by a banquet, given in his honour by both Houses of the Legisla ture. He was almost immediately afterwards desired to form a Ministry on the resignation of the Forster Government, but he declined, and returned to England and rest. After his return he devoted himself to procuring more advantageous terms for the Australian wool growers, the value of whose exports to England average £15,000,000 annually, and who complained that their interests were neglected by the London merchants. In the end Sir Daniel was successful, and effected a saving of some hundreds of thousands of pounds to the colonies. During the Lancashire cotton famine he con- LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 65 tributed largely towards aUeviating the distress. In 1846 Sir Daniel married Elizabeth, daughter of William HiU, Esq. ; their eldest son is Mr, Daniel Cooper, born 1848, who married in 1886 Harriet, second daughter of Sir James Grant Sutlie, Bart., and niece of the Duke of Roxburghe. In recognition of his services in Australia and in this country. Her Majesty in 1863 conferred on him a baronetcy. During the various international exhibitions in England, in the United States, and on the Continent, Sir Daniel has represented the interests of Great Britain, and for his services was created a K.CM.G. in 1880, and G.C.M.G. in 1888. He was a Member of the Senate of the Sydney University, and is Vice- President of the Society of Arts ; he is also one of the governing body of the Imperial Institute. His Majesty the King of the Belgians conferred upon him the honour of "Officer" of the Order of Leopold of Belgium. Sir Daniel Cooper's town house is 6, De Vere Gardens, W. Albert George Sandeman. In a variety of ways has Mr. Sandeman's name become familiar to great numbers of us, to some as a City man, as the head of a great commer cial house, of whose fame few amongst us are altogether ignorant, as a Director of the Bank of England, and in a variety of other styles. But he is always the same, although his offices are necessarily diverse one from the other in every way, a gentleman and a man of mark. The subject of this notice is the eldest son of the late George Glas Sandeman, Esq., of 15, Hyde Park Gardens, W., and Westfield, Hayling Island, and was born on 21st October, 1833. He commenced his business career at the age of sixteen years by entering the firm of Sandeman, Forster & Co. In 1880 he contested the constituency of Reading in the Conservative interest, and be it said that so powerful an opponent as Mr. Shaw-Lefevre in such a borough as Reading could only defeat him by 219 votes. The firms of which Mr. Sandeman is the principal are Messrs. Geo. G. Sandeman, Sons & Co., London ; Sandeman & Co., Oporto ; Sandeman Brothers, Lisbon ; and Sandeman, Buck & Co., Jerez. To con noisseurs of both ports and sherries the name of Sandeman is not only familiar, but is held in peculiar respect, and is an accepted criterion of quaUty of all consignments bearing the firm's name. But not as a great wine shipper is it here our principal object to speak of Mr. Sandeman ; in that capacity he and his firms are aU too well known to require such mention. Suffice it to say that the house is in the first rank of merchants and shippers at home and in the wine kingdoms of Portugal and Spain. It was established by Mr. George Sandeman in London in 1779. The style of the original firm in London has varied from time to time in former years, but since 1857 it has remained as it is to-day, Geo. G. Sandeman, Sons & Co. The other partners besides Mr. A. G. Sande man are his three brothers, Lieutenant-Colonel George Glas Sandeman, formerly of the 3rd Battalion Black Watch, of Fonab, Pitlochry, and Hayling Island, Hants; Lieutenant- Colonel John Glas Sandeman, the Sub-Officer of H.M. Body-Guard, late of the l&t Royal Dragoons (this gentleman served throughout the Oiimean War with high distinction and honour) ; Mr. Fleetwood Sandeman ; and the eldest son of Mr. A. G. Sandeman, viz., Mr. Walter Albert Sandeman. Mr. Sandeman has Ms time fully occupied. His public posts are ones of importance and responsi bility. Besides the attention that is demanded of him at 20, St. Swithin's Lane, E., he is a Deputy Governor of the Bank of England, a Commissioner of the Lieutenancy of London, and a Commissioner of Income-Tax for the City. He joined the volun teers in order to take command of the Bank of England Company of the CivU Service Rifie Volun teers (now the 5th Battalion of the King's Royal Rifies). He afterwards became Major of the Regi ment, but retired in order to give the Regiment the advantage of getting a professional soldier as Major, in the person of the Hon. Arnold Allan Keppel, now Lord Bury and Lieutenant-Colonel of the Regiment. He is Commander of the Order of Christ in Portugal, and was Sheriff of the county of Surrey in 1872. He was Chairman of the London Dock Company in 1889, when the union between that Company and the East and West India Dock Company became a fact, and has since been designated the London and India Docks Joint Company, and is under the same Chairmanship. Mr. Sandeman has long been connected with the Coaching Club, of which he is a member ; his fine teams of "roans" in fact acquired quite a celebrity. In 1856 Mr. Sandeman married Maria Carlota Perpetua de Moraes Sarmento, daughter of the late Viscompte da Torre de Moncorvo, formerly minister and representative of Portugal at the Court of St. James. His residence is at 32, Grosvenor Street, W. He is a member of the Carlton, Garrick, Union, and WeUington Clubs. 66 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Frederick Young, K.CM.G. Sie Feedeeick Young is the eldest son of the late Mr. George Frederick Young, a London ship owner, who from 1832-8 represented Tynemouth, and from 1851-2, Scarborough, in the House of Com mons. He was born on the 21st June, 1817, at Limehouse, and educated at the Rev. Dr. Burnet's School at Homerton. After leaving school Mr. Frederick Young entered into one of his father's businesses as a copper merchant in connection with shipping, to which for many years he devoted himself. In 1840 he took an active part in obtaining Vic toria Park for the densely populated districts of the eastern Metropolis. It is but fair to say that the project originated with his father, who, in conse quence of a communication made to him by Mr. Joseph Hume, M.P., in June of that year, convened a meeting at his own house, and laid before it the proposal to obtain a park for the district. Resulting from this a committee was formed, and Mr. Frederick Young was requested to act as Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. A memorial to her Majesty on the subject having been drawn up, he obtained thirty thousand signatures to it, and subsequently it was presented to the Queen. During the next three or four years he pressed the matter forward with untiring energy, placing himself in communication with Lord Duncannon and other prominent Government offi cials in reference to the detaUs of the plans which from time to time were formulated. In 1872 Mr. Frederick Young became a member of the Epping Forest Committee, of which for a period of seven years he was Chairman. He was indefatig able in his efforts to preserve this noble playground, attending continuaUy the Houses of Parliament, and interviewing members of both Houses during the time the BiU was before Parliament, until, in 1878, it received the Eoyal Assent. He was also an active member of the Beaumont Trust, created for furthering the social and inteUectual advance ment of the East End of London. The scheme of the promoters of this Trust was embodied in the People's Palace, opened by Her Majesty on May 14th, 1888. But the great work of Sir Frederick's life is that which he has done — and continues to do — in the cause of our Colonies. It was in 1 839 that he commenced his endeavours to bring before English men at home the vast, and constantly increasing, importance of Greater Britain beyond the seas. Early in life he had taken a warm interest in the subject of emigration, and subsequent years have only served to deepen his convictions on this point. In 1869 he published a pamphlet entitled "Trans plantation," and in the following year acted as Chairman of the National Colonial and Emigration League. Sir Frederick Young was one of the earliest FeUows of the Eoyal Colonial Institute (founded 1868), and in 1871 was elected a member of the CouncU. In consequence of the death of the Honorary Secretary, Dr. Eddy, in 1874, he was requested by the Council to undertake the duties of the post, and, from that time untU 1886, he devoted aU his energies to the development of the Institute, as its Honorary Secre tary. In 1886 he became one of the Vice-Presidents, to fill up a vacancy caused by the death of the Eight Hon. W. E. Forster, M.P. ; resigning, in consequence, the Honorary Secretaryship. Sir Frederick Young was one of the earliest advocates of Imperial Federation, and when the Imperial Federation League was founded under the Chairmanship of the Right Hon. W. E. Forster, he was one of the most active of its promoters. In accepting the Chairmanship of the League, Mr. Forster said: " He could not do so without the assis tance of Mr. Young, who, through evil report and good report, and what was worse, no report at aU, stood by the cause of Federation for so many years." As a member of the Executive and other Committees, he has taken a prominent part in its proceedings. Sir Frederick is a Justice of the Peace for Middle sex, the County of London, and the Tower, and a Deputy-Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets. In 1889 he visited South Africa, making a tour through Cape Colony, Natal, and the Transvaal. On his return he embodied his experiences and his opinions in a work entitled, "A Winter Tour in South Africa." He is author also of several works on New Zealand ; "England and her Colonies at the Paris Exhibi tion " ; " The Political Relation of Mother Countries and Colonies " ; "An Address on Imperial Federa tion," and "Emigration to the Colonies." Sir Frederick Young was knighted in 1888 for his services in connection with our Colonies. He married, in 1845, CecUia, daughter of Mr. Thomas Drane, of Torquay; she died in 1873. Sir Frederick is a grandson of Vice-Admiral WilUam Young, who, as Captain of H.M.S. Foudroyatit, was appointed by Admiral Lord Keith to superintend the disembarkation of the troops in the Egyptian expedition on March Sth, 1801, and in whose cabin Sir Ralph Abercombie, the commander of the expedition, who was mortaUy wounded at the Battle of Alexandria on the 21st, died on the 28th of that month. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Right Hon. William Lawies Jackson, M.P, Chairman of the Great Northern RaUway Company. The century that is so rapidly passing a.way to the regions of the past has been essentiaUy one of pro gress ; and in this direction it has witnessed nothing more remarkable than the developments of our great railway system. A distinctive feature in the railway traffic of late years has been the competition amongst our north- going companies — the Great Northern, the Mid land, and the London and North-Western ; and we are continually hearing that one or other of these great sj'stems have accelerated their service by the addition to their stock of engines of greater capacity and speed. So incumbent, indeed, upon the com panies concerned has this become that never a year passes without some advance in this direction taking place ; so much so that we have ceased to place a limit to the possibUities, and view only with a certain stolid approval every fresh development recorded. In the great race to the north the company with which Mr. WUliam Lawies Jackson has been so Ions: connected, first as Director and now as Chairman, has certainly been in no way behind its rivals, and, even as we write this notice, we learn that they have just turned out of their Doneaster works leviathans destined to give a greater impetus to the rate of speed hitherto looked upon as the greatest possible. The route pursued by the Great Northern Company's trains is what is known as the East Coast Route, passing through the old cathedral towns of Peter borough, York, and Durham, and connecting together the great industrial centres of Northumberland and Durham. Though not possibly as attractive as lovers of the picturesque could wish, it is certainly as direct as anyone could desire ; the service of trains is exceUent, and there is nothing wanting in the ordinary comforts of travel that the company can supply. In losing the services of Lord Oolville of Culross as their Chairman, the Directors and Shareholders of the Great Northern Railway have certainly gained in their place those of a gentleman in every way fitted to fill — and fill effectively — the responsible and often times onerous position. A successful business man, Mr. Jackson has shown abilities and administrative powers in a public sphere of action, which should make his period of office a record of prosperity to the company, its Directors, and Shareholders. The Right Hon. William Lawies Jackson, Conser vative member for the Northern Division of Leeds, is the eldest son of the late Mr. William Jackson, of Leeds, and was born at Otley — a suburb practically of that town — in 1840. Mr. Jackson will, therefore, be about fifty-five at the period of writing. He received his education privately, and has been for the greater part of his life closely associated by business connections with the borough which he has now the honour of representing in Parliament. Mr. Jackson's first effort to enter the House of Commons was made in 1876, when he unsuccessfully contested the representation of his native town. Four years later he was again the Conservative candidate for the Borough of Leeds, when he successfully wrested the seat from his opponents, and was the sitting member from April, 1880, until the dissolution five years later. At the General Elections of 1885 and 1886 he was returned for the Northern Division of Leeds. Mr. Jackson first accepted the cares of office in Lord Salisbury's First Administration, when he was appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury, suc ceeding in that capacity Sir Henry Holland. This appointment, which is one of unusual impor tance and responsibiUty, gave Mr. Jackson an oppor tunity of which he was not slow to take advantage. The position was one which called for the exercise of those business capabilities and that financial acumen which the Conservative leader saw personified in the member for the Northern Division of Leeds, and so weU were his expectations reaUsed that when the Conservatives were again returned to power after the elections of 1886, Mr. Jackson returned to the Treasury. On the death of the late Right Hon. W. H. Smith, M.P., involving as it did a vacancy in the Leader ship of the House of Commons and in the office of First Lord of the Treasury, Mr. A. J. Balfour left the post of Chief Secretary for Ireland in order to take up the duties attaching to the dual position, and the vacancy at the Irish Office was offered to, and accepted by, the subject of this notice. This at aU times most difficult post was rendered doubly arduous by the fact that he was caUed upon to succeed so able an administrator as Mr. Balfour had proved himself to be ; yet Mr. Jackson did not show himself wanting in those qualities which wiU amply justify his return to the Cabinet in the next Conservative Administration, let it come when it may. Mr. W. L. Jackson married, in 1860, Grace, daughter of George Tempest, Esq., and is the father of the famous Harrow and Cambridge cricketer Mr. F. S. Jackson. He is a J.P. for the West Riding of Yorkshire, and resides at Allerton HaU, Chapel AUerton, near Leeds. His Clubs are the Carlton and St. Stephen's. 68 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Right Hon. Lord Stalbridge, Chairman of the London and North- Western Bail way Company. If only in virtue of Lord Stalbridge's connection, as Chah-man, with the London and North-Western Railway Company, we are enabled to include him amongst London's Leading Men. At the same time we do not lose sight of the fact that he has further claims to this distinction, not the least being that for five years, from 1880 to 1885, he held the important IJoUtical post of Patronage Secretary to the Treasury, being thus ex officio chief whip of his party. In various other ways, too, he has closely associated himself with the metropolis, its political and social Ufe. Richard de Aquila Grosvenor, first Baron Stal bridge, was raised to a peerage of the United King dom in 1886. He is the youngest son of the second Marquis of Westminster, by his wife. Lady Elizabeth Mary, second, daughter of the first Duke of Suther land, and is, therefore, on the side of both parents connected with several noble families. He was born at Motcombe in 1837, and was edu cated in London at Westminster School, and subse quently at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his M.A. degree in 1858. He entered Parlia ment, in the Liberal interest, as Member for Flint shire, in 1861, and remained uninterruptedly in the House of Commons untU his elevation to the peerage in 1886. For two years, from 1872 to 1874, he was Vice- Chamberlain of the Queen's Household, and, as we have before stated, held for five years an important political office. He is a Privy CounciUor, Hon. Colonel (retired) of the Dorset Yeomanry Cavalry, a Justice of the Peace for Dorset and Flintshire, and a County Councillor for Dorset. In addition to being Chairman of the London and North-Western Railway Company, Lord Stalbridge is a Director of the Alliance Assurance Company, of the Birkenhead Railway Company {ex officio), of the Birmingham Canal Navigations {ex officio), and of the Shropshire Union Railways and Canal Company {ex officio). He married (first), in 1874, the Hon. Beatrice Charlotte EUzabeth Vesey, daughter of the third Viscount de Vesci. The first Lady Stalbridge died in 1876, and, in 1879, he married Eleanor Frances Beatrice Hamilton, daughter of the late Robert Hamilton Stubber, Esq., of Moyne, Queen's County, Ireland. The heir to the title is his son, the Hon. Hugh Grosvenor, who was born in 1880. His country seat is Motcombe House, Shaftesbury, and he has a town residence at 12, Upper Brook Street, Grosvenor Square. He is a meniber of Brooks' and the TraveUers' Clubs. He has seen a good deal of the world, having trave'Ued in Canada and the United States for more than a year and a-half, and was present at the capture of the Taku forts and the Summer Palace near Pekin in 1860. Unlike possibly, in this respect, most of his order. Lord Stalbridge is a sound business man, and his connection with the various companies of which he is Director is no honorary one. He is one of the few who find a real pleasure in hard and persistent labour, or, if he does not, most effectually conceals any disinclination for it. When in town he has a multitude of engagements partaking more or less of a public character, and it is invariably his custom to leave home very early in the morning, as his duties at Euston usuaUy commence before 10 o'clock. Samuel Laing, M.A. Chairman nf the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway. Amongst the sketches of the lives of eminent men contained in this work, few wUl be read with greater or more ready interest than that of Mr. Laing. Samuel Laing is the son of the late Samuel Laing, Esq., of Papdale, Orkney, who served at Corunna under Sir John Moore, a.nd subsequently, on losing his fortune by the failure of the kelp industry, became an author, and wrote " Notes of a TraveUer," " A Residence in Norway," and "The Sea Kings," all known and weU-esteemed works ; and a nephew of Mr. Malcolm Laing, author of a " History of Scotland." Samuel Laing, the younger, was born at Edin burgh, in 1811. After a school course at Kirkwall Grammar School and at Houghton le Spring, he went up to Cambridge, where, in 1832, he graduated Second Wrangler, and was also second Smith's Prizeman. At Cambridge he met Arthur Hallam and Alfred Tennyson — ^both third-year men while he was yet a "freshman" — and though so distin guished in the schools, he rowed in the Lady Margaret boat, and foUowed the Cambridgeshire hounds. He was elected a FeUow of St. John's in 1834, and, as a college tutor, he taught mathematics. Then came his caU to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, in 1837. Ere this, however, Mr. Laing's father had met his reverses, and he found himself cast upon his own resources. His first step in public life was as Private Secretary to Lord Taunton ; then to Mr. Labouchere, at the Board of Trade, which led to his appointment as Secretary of the Railway department of that Board, in which capacity he served under LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 69 Mr. Gladstone and Lord Dalhousie, and gained his first experience of railway work. He was a member of Lord Dalhousie's Railway Commission, and drew up the chief reports on the railway schemes of that time. Had his recommendations been followed, much of the commercial crisis of 1845 would have been averted, as has since been proved. The reports of the Commission having been rejected by Parliament, and the Commission dissolved, Mr. Laing resigned his position at the Board of Trade and returned to practice at the Bar. In the early fifties he entered Parliament as Liberal Member for Wick Burghs, and sat there for more than thirty years in all, first for the Northern Burghs, and afterwards for Orkney and Shetland. He retired at the first General Election after 1880, since, owing to increas ing years and fading strength, he was unable to stand the late nights and increased strain of the House of Commons. While in the House, he took an active part in aU the important financial and political questions of the day. Lord Palmerston made him Financial Secretary to the Treasury, and as such he reformed the CivU Estimates, and was Mr. Glad stone's First Lieutenant in carrying through the French Treaty. In 1859 he went out to India as Finance Minister, and with such success did he carry out his mission that, though he found a deficit of six miUion pounds, in two years he left a surplus without imposing fresh taxes. For many years he has been Chairman of the London, Brighton and South Coast RaUway, his first tenure of the office ending on his appointment as Finance Minister in India. Subsequently, after his return, he again took up the reins of govern ment, at a time when the fortunes of the "London and Brighton " were at their lowest ebb. As Chair man he has been largely instrumental in bringing about many popular innovations. His has been dis tinctly a progressive policy ; he believes in cheap excursions and periodical tickets, and is a staunch upholder of the rights of third-class passengers. He can point with just pride to the fact that the £100 shares of the Company which, when he took office in 1863, were not worth £40, are now quoted at £170 ; and that the aggregate market value of aU the Stocks and Debentures has risen more than £16,000,000 under his administration. In 1844 Mr. Laing published the result of his experience in "A Report on British and Foreign Railways." He gave valuable evidence before a Committee of the Commons upon Railways, and it was largely owing to his suggestions that we are indebted for the convenience of Parliamentary trains at the rate of a penny per mUe. He was the first Chairman of the Crystal Palace Company, and practically, in conjunction with Sir J. Paxton, its founder. Since his retirement from Parliament, Mr. Laing has devoted a good deal of his time to lite rary work. In his "Modern Science and Modern Thought " he has something to say on time, matter, life, miracles, Mr. Gladstone's " Proem of Genesis," and many other subjects which have agitated men's minds in these latter days. Another work, "The Modern Zoroastrian," is in its third edition. The product of later times is his "Problems of the Future," in which he discusses those burning scientific, political, religious and social questions which yet remained unsolved ; while the latest of all his literary contributions, "Human Origins," has been even more successful. These books have gone through a great many editions, and altogether upwards of fifty thousand copies have been sold, of which a great many have gone to the United States and the Colonies. In 1890, both in speeches and pamphlets, he took up the question of "Coercion in Ireland," "The Government and the Irish People," and "Taxation." He readily admits that, long before Mr. Gladstone grappled with the Irish difficulty, he was himself an ardent Home Ruler. In most matters of home politics he is heart and soul with his great chief, and, although with regard to foreign policy his views are not altogether coincident with Mr. Gladstone's, they have preserved, a.nd stiU do preserve, the happiest social relationship. Mr. Laing has aU his life been a keen sportsman, and untU past seventy was well-known in Leicester shire as a good rider with hounds. Like Mr. John Bright, he was also an enthusiastic salmon fisher, and for many years foUowed the sport on the Shannon and other Irish rivers. It was during these visits to Ireland that he gained the personal experience of Irish life, and especiaUy of the land system, which made him a Home Ruler. Mr. Laing has ceased to reside at his old house, HaU Grove, Bagshot, and forthe last five or six years has lived at Brighton. The journey up and down from Brighton getting too long for him, he moved to RockhUls, Sydenham, the former seat of Sir Joseph Paxton, adjoining the Crystal Palace. He married, in 1841, Mary, daughter of Captain J. Cowan, R.N., and has five daughters and two sons living. One of his daughters is Mrs. Edward Kennard, the lady whose cleverly-written sporting novels are widely known and appreciated. His two sons are Cantain Laing, late 14th Hussars, and Mr. Henry Laing, of Messrs. Laing & Cruik.shank, Stock Exchange. 70 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. William Austin, M.A. Me. William Austin, M.A., Barrister, of EUern Mede, Totteridge, Herts, has taken an active part in promoting and directing several undertakings so im portant, connected with London, that his name should find a place in this collection. He was born on the 17th March, 1820, at Wotton- under-Edge, in Gloucestershire, a county with which his famUy have for many generations been connected, and he is the representative of the oldest branch of the name in that county. His paternal grandfather carried on an extensive business as a merchant in the City of London, his transactions being principally with Russia, Spain, and North America, and his father, Edward Austin, Esq., of EUern Croft, Wotton-under-Edge, was also associated in that business. The well-known physician, WiUiam Austin, author of the treatise on fevers, was his great-uncle, as was also Anthony Austin, Colonel of the South Gloucester Militia. His mother was the third daugh ter of David Ricardo, M.P., the political economist, and two of his maternal uncles served as representa tives in ParUament for Worcester and Stroud respectively, voting as independent Liberals, without regard to party or individual interests. Mr. Austin was educated at the school kept by Sir Rowland HiU, of Post Office fame, and his brothers. Afterwards at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he took his degree as Eighth Wrangler in 1842. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in May, 1846; but after having studied in the cham bers of Walter Coulson, afterwards counsel to the Treasury, and fully qualified himself to practice, he declined to do so on account of the state of his health. After a period spent in travel he settled in and near London, and interested himself in many under takings of importance to the general welfare, and in pubUc companies. Among them may be men tioned the MetropoUtan RaUway. An Act of Parlia ment had been obtained for this railway, but there was no money forthcoming to make it, on account of the mismanagement of those first connected with it. In conjunction with Mr. W. A. Wilkinson, M.P., and Mr. Charles Gilpin, M.P,, Mr. Austin took it in hand. They held meetings in different parts of the country to make it known, and finaUy a large public meeting in the City of London, and this induced the Corporation of London to subscribe £200,000 to the share Ust. This example insured the making of the line from Paddington to Moorgate Street. The new undertaking proved a success. The City of London sold their shares at a profit of some £40,000. The MetropoUtan District foUowed, of which Mr. Austin was a Director, and the MetropoUtan and St. John's Wood, of which he was Chairman. These under takings were completed, not without difficulty, owing to the novelty of the design. But the amount of traffic, both passenger and goods, proves their utility. Another undertaking of public benefit, which, in conjunction with Mr. Wilkinson, Mr. Austin rescued from a desperate condition, and carried out, was the Necropolis Company, owning the great cemetery at Brookwood, in Surrey, where 350 acres are already enclosed, and 450 acres reserved for future inter ments, sufficient for all the burials of the MetropoUs as long as the British Empire shaU last. About the year 1850 many of the Metropolitan cemeteries and burial yards were condemned by the Board of Health as dangerous to the population round them. Various schemes were proposed to supply the want, but when the scare passed, Government neglected the matter, and an Act was obtained by private parties for the establishment of this large cemetery (the largest in the world) at a distance from London which would effectually separate the dead from the living. Money was, however, wanting. Messrs. Austin and Wilkin son and the late Sir Thomas Dakin, however, took the matter in hand, being convinced of the utility of the scheme ; they raised sufficient capital, principally among their own friends, paid for the land, and organised and started the enterprise. For several years Mr. Austin devoted great part of his time acting as Deputy-Chairman and Managing Director without any remuneration. He afterwards became Chairman, a position he still occupies. And thus an outlet was afforded for the dead of the Me tropolis where they could not possibly harm the living, for the population at Brookwood is very sparse, and the soU well adapted to the purpose ; and at the same time the practice of burial by railway was for the first time introduced. Mr. Austin has been connected with many other undertakings : the Great Central Gas Consumers' Company as Director, the British Land Company as Director and originator of the scheme, in conjunc tion with the late Richard Cobden, Sir Joshua Walmisley, C Gilpin, and W. A. Wilkinson. The object of this Company was the creating of forty shiUing freeholds, and it had a decided effect on the politics of the time. He is also President of the Sambre and Mouse Railway, Deputy-Chairman of the Rhymney, a most successful railway in Wales, Chairman of three large land companies in America, which have been very Uttle affected by the late depression already mentioned. By making it a rule to have no secrets or reservations from the share- LEADING MEN OF LONDON. n holders or in his statements to the public, he has steered his course through the sometimes troubled waters of company existence for many years with success, and spent a useful Ufe. Mr. Austin has been twice married. First, March, 1863, to Mary Anne Jane, eldest daughter of Francis William Topham, Esq., of Hampstead ; she died 21st May, 1868. He married, secondly, 19th July, 1873, Gertrude Jane, only daughter of WiUiam 0. T. Dobson, Esq., R.A. Wyndham Spencer PortaL The famUy of Portal has for many generations made Hampshire its home, and ranks amongst the best-known famUies of that county. The old Portal family was a noble one of Albigeois which stood firm to the Protestant faith of their fathers. Some were " Capitouls " of Toulouse, fought against the inquisi tion, and led the Albigenses ; others perished in the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day. At the Revoca tion of the Edict of Nantes, Jean Francois de Portal narrowly escaped death. Henri, the son of Jean FranQois de Portal, estabUshed himself in Hampshire and founded the Portal family in that county. He was naturalised on July 18th, 1711, at Winchester, and in the same year, forced by circum stances to obtain a UveUhood, he built a miU for the manufacture of paper at Laverstoke, Hants, the Bank of England granting him the privilege of manufacturing their Note-Paper, which privUege still remains with the subject of our sketch. Mr. W. S. Portal, Chairman of the London and South- Western RaUway Company, with whom we are more immediately concerned, was born at Free- folk Priors, Hants, on July 22nd, 1822, and is the third son of the late John Portal, of Freefolk Priors and Laverstoke House, Hants. He was educated at Harrow, and subsequently at the Royal MUitary College, Sandhurst, from which, in January, 1842, he obtained a commission by examination in the 75th Regiment. Having shortly afterwards resigned his commis sion, Mr. Portal decided to devote himself to an active and useful Ufe, and to acquiring a knowledge of the manufacture of Bank-Note Paper. He was gazetted Cornet in the North Hants Yeomanry in 1842, became Captain eleven years later, and retired in 1865. He has always manifested a warm interest in the social and intellectual advancement of his poorer neighbours. At an early age he rented large quan tities of land and relet it in allotments for the benefit of the industrial classes. He also assisted in emi gration schemes in their earlier and more difficult days. In 1847 he took up Poor Law work, and was soon afterwards elected Chairman of the Whitchurch Union. Some time later he became Chairman also of the Basingstoke Union. A well-founded knowledge of the evils of public house benefit clubs and so-called friendly societies led him to devote time and sub stance to the development of the Hampshire Friendly Society, now numbering upwards of twelve thousand members, of which he has long been President. He was one of the original founders of the Hampshire Reformatory School, and took an active part in the formation and establishment of the Southern Coun ties Education Society, which had for its object the promotion of workmen's clubs, night schools, &c. Whilst he was a visiting justice of Winchester Prison, he learnt much of the misery brought about by drink, and subsequent years only served to deepen his convictions on this subject. His position on the Board of the London and South- Western RaUway has enabled him to advocate total abstinence principles with exceptional advantage. Mr. Portal has been the recipient of several medals. For "services rendered" to the International Exhibi tion of 1851 he received a medal, and in 1855 he obtained a medal (Paris) for Bank-Note Paper. In 1872 he was thanked for services rendered to the London Exhibition, and also, in 1855, for valuable assistance given to another London Exhibition. He was also a member of the Royal Commission of the World's Fair at Chicago, in 1893. In 1857 he contested Winchester in the Liberal interest, and in 1874 he stood for the Borough of Portsmouth. In 1861 he first joined the Directorate of the London and South -Western Railway, with which he has ever since been identified, and in 1 892 he was elected Chairman. At the present time he is a Deputy-Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Hampshire. Mr. Portal married, in 1848, Mary, daughter of the late WiUiam Beach, Esq., of Oakley HaU, Hants, by whom he has seven children. His London address is 4, Albert Hall Mansions, Kensington, and his country seat is at Malshanger, near Basingstoke. His club is the Travellers', Pall MaU. In concluding this biography of a man so well known, by repute at least, to Londoners, a few words of Mr. Portal personaUy may not be uninte resting. Possessed of a fine physique and excellent health, he is typically an English gentleman, gentle and courteous in manner, kindly and considerate in disposition, it is a pleasure and privUege to be brought into contact with him. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Courtenay Edmund Boyle, K.CB., &c. The life of Sir Courtenay Boyle has for very many years past been spent directly in the public service, and he has high important official positions. More particularly is he an accepted authority on Irish affairs, and on events in Ireland and their bearings on the poUtical and social history of England and Ireland in recent times ; his long residence in that country and his official connection with the Vice-regal court afforded him ample opportunity to study the many vexed problems of life and politics in the sister isle. He is the eldest son of the late S. Cavendish Boyle, Esq., and was born in Kingston, Jamaica, October 21st, 1845. His father was at that time Military Secretary to the Governor of the colony, and was a younger son of Admiral the Hon. Sir Courtenay Boyle, second son of the Earl of Cork. He was educated first at Charterhouse, where he was captain of the school and captain of the eleven, during the time Canon Elwyn was head master. Following the old custom, which, unfortunately, no longer obtains at Charter house, he as senior boy gave the Latin Oration on Founder's Day at the last celebration at which W. M. Thackeray was present. From Charterhouse he went to Oxford and entered Christ Church, where he obtained an open studentship in 1863 and took his degree in 1868. He was one of the University Eleven during the years 1865, '66, and '67, and represented his University at tennis in 1866 and 1867. On the appointment of Lord Spencer as Viceroy of Ireland in 1868, when Mr. Gladstone came into office, Sir Courtenay accompanied his lordship to Ireland as one of his private secretaries, and remained in this capacity at the Vice-regal Lodge till 1873. He had an opportunity of watching the passing of the Church of Ireland Act, 1869, and the Land Act, 1870, and avaUed himself of his opportunities of touring over a large part of Ireland and making himself master of the social and political situation and outlook there. He was Inspector of the Local Government Board in 1873, and was instrumental in putting into operation the Public Health Act of 1872, first in Wales and then in the Eastern Counties, and was then appointed under the Local Government Board to the entire charge of the Eastern District. In 1882 Lord Spencer returned to Ireland as Lord- Lieutenant, and Sir Courtenay took up his old duties at the Vice-regal Lodge. We would mention that he was the first official personage who was on the spot directly after the shameful murder of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke, and made the report of the outrage to Lord Spencer. He remained in Ireland during the years 1882-5, witnessing the negotiations which led up to the conviction of the Phoenix Park murderers, and to the suppression of the ' ' Invincibles ' ' and the breaking up of the local criminal bodies which had for their objects the promotion of outrage and murder. In 1885, Sir Courtenay was appointed to accompany the Prince and Princess of Wales on their tour in Ireland ; a better choice of a cicerone to their Royal Highnesses could scarcely have been made, for, beyond his thorough knowledge of the country and aU in it that should be of interest. Sir Courtenay Boyle is the personification of aU that is courtly and courteous ; he is a man of fine scholarly traits as well as brilliant social qualities — a com bination rarely met with in any one individual , — -and, moreover, as his name indicates, he comes from an old Irish noble family of great distinc tion. Who, then, would be better fitted for such an office? In 1886 Sir Thomas (now Lord) Farrer resigned the Secretaryship of the Board of Trade, and was succeeded by Sir Henry Calcraft, who thus vacated the office of Assistaut-Secretary of the Railway Department (Board of Trade), and, on the recom mendation of Mr. Mundella, Sir Courtenay Boyle was appointed to that post. He took part in the preparation of the Railway and Canal Traffic BiU, which, however, did not pass the House during the Sessions of 1886 or 1887, but which, under the guidance of Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, received the assent of Parliament in 1888. This Bill contains provisions for fixing the maxi mum rates of nearly four hundred railways, and, as may weU be imagined, entailed an enormous amount of work on those to whom the task was entrusted, i.e., Lord Balfour of Burleigh and Sir Courtenay Boyle. Sir Courtenay has, we believe, been a frequent contributor to some of the more serious periodicals. Sir Courtenay Boyle was recommended by Sir Michael Hicks-Beach for the K.CB. in 1892; his CB. was conferred on the recommendation of Lord Spencer in 1885. He now holds the position of permanent Secretary to the Board of Trade, having been appointed to that post on the retirement of Sir Henry Calcraft in 1893. In 1876 Sir Courtenay married the Lady Muriel Sarah Campbell, second daughter of the Earl of Cawdor. His residence is 11, GranvUle Place, Portman Square, W. He is a member of Brooks' and the TraveUers' Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Henry George Calcraft, K.CB., &c. It is, of course, a truism that of aU the applied inventions which have marked the world's history, the railway engine and railway transport are the greatest. These have done more for civilisation than anything else that has ever happened, and in no other country has it accomplished more, or created a more radical revolution in trade, manners, and men, than in England, which we may safely assume would to-day be absolutely unrecognisable by a visitant from another planet who may have resided here prior to the commencement of the conquering march of the iron horse on the iron road. Above the particular boards of directors of the various companies of Great Britain, controUing them as they control their systems, is the Railway Depart ment of the Board of Trade, and until recently the gentleman whose name stands at the head of this notice ably filled the post of Secretary. The record of Sir Henry Calcraft' s official life in connection with the Board of Trade, and as an accepted authority on railway matters and economics, would be an interesting chapter in any work devoted to such subjects; but here we can only offer a sketch of his career, and trust that some future publication may deal with the subject more in detail. Sir Henry is the second son of the late Mr. John Hales Calcraft, J.P,, of Rempstone, Dorset, and his wife, the Lady Caroline Montagu, a daughter of the fifth Duke of Manchester. He was born in 1836, and was educated at Winchester by Dr. Crowdy. At the age of sixteen he entered the service of the Board of Trade as a junior clerk under Captain (now Field- Marshal) Sir Linton Simmons, and, by his strict application to his duties and keen, intelligent manner, attracted the notice of Mr. Milner Gibson, who was President of the Board of Trade during Lord Palmerston's 1859 Administration, and who appointed him his private secretary. And more fortunate in some sort than his chief, his appointment was con firmed by three successive Presidents, viz. : the late John Bright, Lord Carlingford, and Lord Norton, then Sir Charles Adderley. He received his apointment as Assistant Secretary to the Railway Department, a position of very con siderable responsibility, in 1874. This he occupied very ably indeed for the ensuing twelve years, and in 1886 he became Permanent Secretary of the RaUway Department on the retirement of Lord Farrer from the post. Sir Courtenay Boyle, a notice of whom wUl be found on another page, succeeded Sir Henry as Assistant Secretary of the Department. For forty-two years, and under no less than nine teen departmental Presidents, Sir Henry served. Among these gentlemen were the following well- known names: Lord Taunton (then Mr. Labouchere), on the recommendation of Lord Granville gave the appointment to Sir Henry ; succeeding Mr. Labou chere came Mr. Henley, Lord OardweU, Lord Stanley of Alderley, Lord Donoughmore, Mr. Milner Gibson, Sir Stafford Northcote, the Duke of Richmond, Lord Harrowby, Lord Norton, Mr. Chamberlain, the late Mr. E. Stanhope, Lord Derby (then Lord Stanley of Preston), Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, and Mr. Mundella. To these, and to a lengthy list of Vice-Presidents, Sir Henry has given his valuable services and advice, which his long experience of matters connected with the departmental affairs of the Board of Trade so well qualified him to do. The connection of the Board of Trade with the various railway companies for pur poses of inspection and control dates back to 1840, when an Act was passed conferring the necessary authority upon the Board. The outside public have, we assume, but a vague idea as to the powers of the Board in this connection, and a brief resume may not be altogether out of place here. It is the duty of the officers of the Board to thoroughly inspect all lines ere they are opened to the public ; to require, at their discretion, screens and gates across level crossings and turnpikes ; to sanction or refuse the plans for new lines ; to control the gauges, to inspect the goods and passenger tariffs, to sanction or refuse to permit any company's bye-laws, to require traffic returns, and to inquire into accidents and their probable cause ; as well as to arbitrate or appoint arbitrators in cases of disj)ute, to sanction new engineering undertakings or direct the abandonment of old works or lines, and in a variety of ways to insure, so far as it is humanly possible, the safety of the travelling pubUc and of railway servants. Such are the main, and there are many other minor duties which devolve upon the Board of Trade. In a word, the Depart ment is the intermediary between the nation, the companies and Parliament, and it may be easily assumed that the position of Secretary to the Depart ment is one of the last importance. We do not propose, however, to go more particularly into the details and workings of the Board ; indeed, our space forbids any such indulgence had we the inclination. But to conclude with a word or two more as to Sir Henry Calcraft. At the Board of Trade his duties were not (although they weU might have been) confined to secre tarial work as regards railways, but also included the statistical statements and reports of a certain section of shipping and shipping matters which the Depart- 74 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. ment also controls. Beyond this, again, as the various Presidents came into " office," it feU to his lot to become a sort of official crammer or coach, and, as may be imagined, these gentlemen were very well aware that they could not possibly do better than avail themselves of his services in this direction ; hence, they acted accordingly. In the construction of the Act of 1873 appointing the Railway Commissioners, Sir Henry took a prominent part, as well as in the preliminary Parlia mentary work on which the joint-stock companies' and bankruptcy legislation was based. He was also instrumental in framing the regulations for electric lighting, with which the Board of Trade had an enormous amount of difficult and intricate work to perform. Sir Henry Calcraft, early in 1893, fell a victim to the demon typhoid, of which he had a serious attack, and on his recovery found that he stood greatly in need of rest from such arduous duties as his secre taryship at the Board of Trade imposed upon him. So he wisely resigned, but it is to be hoped that he will again, and that shortly, find himself able to undertake some post in the various departmental services where his valuable and varied experience will not be lost to the Crown. Sir Henry has never married. He resides at 101, Mount Street, Grosvenor Square, W., and is a member of the Travellers' and Brooks' Clubs. George Carey Foster, B.A., F.R.S., F.C.S., &c.. Professor of Physics in University College, London. Peofessoe Caeet Fostee was born, in 1835, at Sabden, a village in the Clitheroe or northern divi sion of Lancashire; he is a son of the late Mr. George Foster, whose family have for a long time been con nected with the neighbourhood. His earlier education was conducted at private schools; but in 1852 he entered University College, London, and graduated as B.A. in the University of London in 1855. He was for some years assistant in the chemical laboratory at University CoUege, during Professor WiUiamson's time, and afterwards spent two years studying chemistry on the Continent, at Ghent under Kekule, at Paris under Wurtz, and at Heidelberg under Bunsen. In 1862 he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy in the then Anderson's Uni versity of Glasgow. In 1865, however, he returned to London and re-entered University CoUege, as Professor of Physics, and StUl remains there in that capacity. Professor Carey Foster is a Fellow of the Eoyal Society — to which he was elected in 1869 — and has served four times on the Council ; he was a Vice- President of the Society from November, 1891, to November, 1893; he was President of the Physical Society for the years 1876 and 1877. President of the Physical Section of the British Association during the Plymouth Meeting in 1877, and President of the Society of Telegraph Engineers (now the Insti tution of Electrical Engineers) for the year 1881. He has been a member of the Senate of the Uni versity of London since 1885. Professor Foster's published writings have not been numerous. His earliest papers related to organic chemistry, two of the most important being published in conjunction with the late Dr. Mat- thiessen, F.R.S., on the Chemical Constitution of Narcotine. Papers on physics from his pen appear in the Philosophical Magazine, the Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, the Proceedings of the Physical Society, and elsewhere. He is the author of several reports presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, aud has been a member of many important committees of that body, including the Committee on Electrical Standards, of which he has been Chairman since 1880. He contributed many articles, chiefly on the theory of Chemistry, aid on Heat, Magnetism, and Electricity, to the well- known "Dictionary of Chemistry," edited by the late Henry Watts, F.R.S. His article on " Heat," in the third volume of this work, was at the time of its publication in 1863, the most complete treatise on the subject in the EngUsh language. In 1876, on the occasion of the loan collection of Scientific Apparatus at South Kensington, he was appointed to classify and arrange the magnetic and electrical instruments, and he wrote the articles "Electrical Apparatus" and "Magnetic Apparatus" forthe official Hand book of the collection, to which the late Professors Clerk MaxweU, Henry Smith, and W. K. CUfford, and others were also contributors. In 1881 the Lord President of the Council appointed Professor Foster, together with Sir Wil liam Thomson (now Lord Kelvin) and Lord Rayleigh, to be one of the delegates to represent England at the International Congress on Electrical Units then about to meet in Paris, and in this capacity he took part in the proceedings at the important meeting of the Congress in Paris in 1883. He was also a member of the Committee of Advice appointed by the President of the Board of Trade in 1892 in connection with the legalisation of Electrical Units in this country. During his student days at University College he LEADING MEN OF LONDON. was a contemporary of Lord Herschell, Mr. Cozens- Hardy, M.P., Mr. Justice Charles, Professor Michael Foster, of Cambridge, Sir Henry Roscoe, M.P., and other men of note. Pupils of his at the coUege, amongst others, who have attained to celebrity, were Professor Ayrton, a sketch of whose career appears in this volume; Mr. Chattock, Professor of Physics at Bristol; Pro fessor Lodge, of University College, Liverpool; and Mr. J. V. Jones, Principal of the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff. He married Mary Anne Frances, eldest daughter of Mr. Andrew Muir, of Greenock. Professor Foster has four sons and four daughters ; the eldest of the former, George Muir Foster, born in 1870, is, at the time of writing, a medical student at University College. Professor Foster's political inclinations are of a Gladstonian-Liberal character, but he has never actively engaged in politics. His residence is 18, Daleham Gardens, Hampstead, N.W. ; officially his address is University CoUege, London ; he is a member of the Athenseum Club. Sir Henry Trueman Wood, M.A. This gentleman, whose name is familiar in circles of science and art, both in England and America, was born in 1845. His father, William Burton Persse Wood, was a nephew of Sir Matthew Wood, the "Alderman Wood" who was so ardent a sup porter of Queen Caroline, was twice Lord Mayor, and was Member for the City. The elder branch of the family has had some distinguished men in it. Lord ChanceUor Hatherley, Western Wood, long M.P. for the City, and General Sir Evelyn Wood. His mother, Emily Morris, was an Irish lady, and indeed, as his father was on the female side, of Irish extraction. Sir Henry Trueman Wood may also be said to be an Irishman. The Woods, however, originaUy came from Devon. The famUy is said to have been of considerable note and importance in ¦the days gone by, but they lost much of their past jirestige before the commencement of the present century His father died in 1852. From 1858 to 1864 he was at school at Harrow, during the time that Dr. Vaughan and Dr. Butler were head masters. In 1864 he went to Clare College, Cambridge, where (in his second year) he secured a scholarship, and took his B.A. (a second in the classical Tripos), in 1868 ; his M.A. not till some J'ears afterwards in 1885 ; adding the Le Bas Uni- versitj' prize for an English essay in 1869 and 1871. In 1870 he became a clerk in the Patent Office, thinking that an engagement in London would at all events give opportunity for newspaper and other work. As soon as he had a fair amoant of work of this sort he left the Patent Office, but continued to do outside work for it, preparing the abridged descrip tions of inventions which are published in classes. The reputation he has achieved has been chiefly in connection with the Societj' of Arts, Technical Educa tion, and Exhibitions. He first became associated with the Society in 1872, when he undertook the editorship of its Journal. In 1876 he became Assis tant Secretary, and in 1879, succeeded his old friend, Mr. P. Le Neve Foster, as Secretary. The work of the Society has flourished in his hands, and it stands far higher' in public repute now than it did. Financially, it is certainly better off, for its invest ments (other than trust funds), which in 1876 were only £2,300, have since accumulated to more than £16,000. When the City Companies took up the question of Technical Education about 1877, he was asked by a friend on the Court of the Drapers' Company, if he could make any suggestions as to the best way in which the Company could promote the obj eots which they had in view. This led to the first of a good many lunches in the various City halls, at which the subject was discussed, and eventually to his writing one of the series of reports which the Committee of the Companies asked a number of experts to prepare for them. His colleagues were most of them men of eminence — the list included Professor Huxley and Lord Armstrong — and as Sir Henry was then less known than now, their opinions attracted more public attention than his may have done ; but nevertheless, we may say that when the scheme of the Com mittee came to be prepared, it was his report which was adopted as its basis. For the first year of its existence he acted as the Secretary of this Committee, but in 1879 he became Secretary of the Society of Arts, so had to deoUne the offers of various infiuential friends to nominate him as Secretary of the ne w " City and Guilds Institute," and to remain with the Society. The work of the two institutions was manifestly too much for a single individual. The Institute is now a very important body, and he then, and has always, felt a pride in having had a share in its foundation. The Society of Arts has always had a good deal to do with international exhibitions. When he first joined it, Sir Henry (then Mr.) Cole was busy with his not very successful series of annual International Exhibitions at South Kensington. Reports on these were published by the Society, several of which Sir Henry edited, and one he wrote. There were also committee meetings at the Society, and altogether a LEADING MEN OF LONDON. good deal of the work of these exhibitions was carried on at the Society. The non- success of the series made the idea of exhibitions rather unpopular for a time in London, though important ones were held abroad. He made the acquaintance of Sir Philip Cunliffe-Owen in connection with the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876, though neither he nor his Society had very much to do officially with that exhilntion. In 1879, the duty of organizing the visits of artisan reporters to Paris during the exhibition of that year, was entrusted to him. His own experience in exhibition work, however, did not begin till 1883, In the autumn of that year, just after recovering from a serious Ulness. contracted when attending the meeting of the British Association at Southport, Sir PhUip Owen sent for him. On arriving at Sir Philip's office, feeling far from well, he found him with Mr. Ernest Hart, discussing the proposal for a Health Exhibition. A scheme was soon elaborated, which, no doubt, with many improvements and modifications, certainly with many additions, formed the basis of the Health Exhibition of 1884. Sir Henry had a great deal to do with the organization of the exhibi tion, he acted as Secretary to the Committee of Selec tion, and of the Jury Commission, &c. To the Inventions Exhibition he acted in much the same capacity as before, and also prepared, with expert assistance, the rather elaborate scheme of classification which the exhibition required. With the Indian and Colonial E.xhibition of 1886, he was also officially connected, but not in such an important degree as with its two predecessors. His most important work, was, perhaps, editing the re ports. The invitation to take part in the Paris Exhibition in 1889 was not accepted by the British Government, because that exhibition was, at all events in part, a celebration of the events which occurred in 1789. An application by the Consul-General of France to the Society of Arts was declined on the ground that the Society ought not to associate itself with an enter- jnise of which the Government did not approve. Eventually an application was made to the then Lord Mayor, Mr, (now Sir Polydore) De Keyser, asking him to form a committee at the Mansion House to organise the British section, and of this Committee Sir Henry was appointed Secretary. The Com- niitte adopted a scheme which he submitted to them for the raising of funds, by a charge on exhibi tors in proportion to the space occupied by each, and a sum of £30,000 was thus raised and expended. Not a penny of the guarantee fund was called up, and a trifling surj^lus was paid to an English charity in Paris and a French charity in London. For his services during the Paris Exhibition he was created by the French Government an Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1889, and for his general and valuable services to Art, &c.. Her Majesty made him a Knight in 1890. When in the spring of the year the arrangements for the British section at Chicago were under the consideration of the Govern ment, it was suggested that the Society of Arts should be invited to undertake the necessary duties with a grant of £25,000, a good deal less than had been given in the case of previous great exhibitions, it being left to the Society to obtain any further funds which might be necessary by charges on exhibitors. The offer was made to the Society and accepted. The Council of the Society was nominated a Royal Commission for the purpose, and he was appointed Secretary. Later the grant was increased to £50,000, and the idea of charging the exhibitors was abandoned. In 1891 he went over to Chicago to make prelimi nary arrangements for the British section. A second visit foUowed in 1892, and in February, 1893, he went over and remained till October in charge of the section. This time he had the advantage of the Government grant and the prestige of a Royal Com mission, but the work was reaUy more difficult than at Paris in 1889. The strong protectionist policy of the United States Government made English, exhibi tors very reluctant to take part in an American Exhibition. Nevertheless a satisfactory representa tion of British Industries was obtained. His work at the Society of Arts naturally induced him to become a student of science. From 1878 he has been a regular attendant at the British Associa tion. He has long practised photography, and has been for years a Vice-President or member of the Council of the Photographic Society. He has written two books on subjects akin to photography, "Modern Methods of lUustrating Books," 1887; and "Light," one of Whitaker' s Library of Popular Science, 1891. He has also done a fair amount of newspaper work, and has contributed to several of the magazines, amongst others the Nineteenth He is an active member of the Masonic craft, having been Master of two lodges, and Principal of a Chapter. In 1886 he was made an officer of the Grand Lodge of England. He married in 1872, Miss Marian Oliver. Sir Henry and Lady Wood have three children. The eldest son is now at Cambridge. Sir Henry Trueman Wood is a member of the Oxford and Cambridge Club. His residence is 8, CasteUain Road, Maida Vale. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Tl Col. William Thomas Makins, M.A., J.P., D.L. Col. William Thomas Makins is the eldest son of the late Charles Makins, Esq., of Woodhouse, Leeds, who died in 1878 ; his son was born in 1840 at his father's Yorkshire residence. He was educated at Harrow, and was there a contemporary of the Duke of Abercorn, Lords George, and Claud Hamil ton, Sir WiUiam Hart Dyke, the late Right Hon. Edward Stanhope, Mr. Chaplin, and others. From Harrow he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, and was there with several well-known men, amongst others the Hon. CecU Eaikes (late Postmaster-Gene ral), and most of the above. He took his degree in 1861, and subsequently read law, and was called to the Bar (Middle Temple), in 1863, and practised for a few years at the Parliamentary Bar. He was a resident pupil of the Bishop of Ely at Kempsford (Dr. W^oodford) from 1866 to 1808, and doubtless from him derived the strong church prin ciples, which he afterwards evidenced. From his father Col. Makins inherited consider able property, comprising some of the most impor tant sites in Leeds, whereon are now Eussell Street, South Parade, and Infirmary Streets ; some years since, however, he sold his entire Yorkshire inte rests, and purchased his charming up-Thames seat, Eotherfield Court, near Henley-on-Thames. His debut in political Ufe was mainly due to his connection with the Great Eastern Railway Com pany's Directorate, and took place in 1874, when he, with Mr. Baring, of Messrs. Baring Brothers, success fully contested the Southern Division of Essex in the Conservative interest. He had previously, in 1868, contested Kidderminster against the present Sir Thos. Lea, who was successful. He retained the seat he won in 1874 tiU 1885 ; from then tiU 1886 he represented South-East Essex; from 1886 tiU 1892 he sat for the south-west division of the same county, but on the termination of Lord Salisbury's last administration he did not seek re-election. In his attendance at Westminster Col. Makins had a more regular record than the majority of private members can claim, and by his assiduous attention to all matters bearing upon the local interests of his constituency, and on those affecting Church and Educational matters, railway and commercial in terests generally, he secured and merited the con- tiuued confidence of his constituents. He was associated with Mr. Beresford Hope, the late Mr. Tom CoUins, and Mr. Talbot in relation to the Church Defence Measures in the House ; he was also for some years a member of the Council of the English Chureh Union. He several times opposed the Deceased Wife's Sister Bill, on second reading, and on two occasions talked it out, before the closure came into operation. He was strongly opposed to the Public Worship Regulation Bill which was introduced by his own leader. Lord Beaconsfield, but which he considered himself unable to support, and which has since practically been allowed to drop. He was Chairman of the Committee which passed the Thirlemere (Lake) Scheme, and of the Committee on the South London Markets. He sat on the River Thames Bill Committee in 1 878, and gave careful attention to aU Bills deaUng with the rights and privileges of gas and water works companies. Throughout his political life he has proved him self an able debater, a man of sound and conscientious principles, and has always been a consistent suppor ter of Lord Salisbury. Col. Makins is a Magistrate and Deputy Lieutenant for the counties of Essex and Oxford, and received Her Majesty's Commission as a Lieutenant of London in 1877. He is also a member of the Clothworkers' Company. He joined the Cambridge University Volunteer Rifle Corps when an undergraduate in 1859. His first commission, as Lieutenant 1st East York Artillery, dates from 1860 ; Captain in 1864. In 1869 he became Major Commandant of the 1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Lieutenant-Colonel in 1870, and Honorary Colonel in 1874. He passed the School of Officers at Woolwich and Shoeburyness in 1870, and received the Volunteer Decoration in 1893, after 32 years' service. His connection with the two corps to which he has been attached dates from 1860. It is worthy of mention that two batteries of the regiment of artillery volunteers, which Col. Makins commanded, are recruited from the Great Eastern Railway Company's locomotive works. As a City man Col. Makins holds two important Directorships, those of the Great Eastern Railway (of which he is Deputy-Chairman), and at the Board of which he took his seat in 1866, and of the Gas Light and Coke Company (of which he is Governor). With both he has been connected for many years, his asso ciation with the latter also dating from 1866, when he was a Director of the Western Gas Company, and in 1872 he took his seat on the amalgamated Board of that Company with the present Gas Light and Coke Company, which is to-day the greatest lighting and fuel concern in London, or indeed the world. In 1883 another Company was absorbed, viz., the London Gas Company, and further strengthened and augmented its sphere of operations and importance. This Company is incorporated by Charter and has a LEADING MEN OF LONDON. "Court of Directors," and Col Makins, as Chairman, is stylpd the " Governor" of the Company. In 1861 he married Elizabeth, second daughter of Lightly Simpson, Esq. Their eldest son, WiUiam Henry, was a lieutenant in the 13th Hussars, and married, in 1886, Mary Agnes, only daughter of the late Sir Charles Young, Bart, (author of "Jim the Penman," &c.), but died from the effects of an acci dent in 1890. Their second son, Basil (late of the Royal Bucks Yeomanry), is Uke his father a J.P. for Oxfordshire. The youngest son is Navigating Lieutenant of H.M.S. ''Skipjack" His eldest daughter is the wife of Lieutenant Clausen, R.E., Staff CoUege. Col. Makins' town house is No. 1, Lowther Gardens, S.W. He is a member of the Carlton and WeUington and Royal Thames Yacht Clubs. Sir John Robert Heron-Muxwell, Bart. The history of the house of the Maxwells of SpringkeU, and those of Pollock — the Clydesdale MaxweUs — is one that has been written by the old chroniclers of the "Borders " in the old days of cattle raiding and continuous feud between the English and Scottish border families. In these old reports the Maxwell name was ever to be found. The race seems to have had its full share of the roving temperament which characterised the cavaliers, and "little of sport they missed." The first baronet of the house of the Clydesdale Maxwells, Sir John Maxwell, of PoUock, first created in 1630, who was fifth in descent from Sir Her bert MaxweU, was made a Lord of Parliament in 1450, the present baronetage of the Maxwells of Pol lock, is dated 1707. The head of their house held the chieftainship for over four centuries, but ceased to do so in 1865. Then the chieftainship devolved upon the Maxwells of Springkell. In Sir John Heron-MaxweU we find what is a very rare coincidence, a leading London business man, and the chief of an old and honourable Scottish house, for he is the head of the Clydesdale Maxwells, and is also Secretary of the Chancery Lane Branch of the AUiance Assurance Company. The subject of this short notice was born on the 4th June, 1836, andis the seventh baronet of Spring kell. He was educated at Harrow from 1849 to 1852 under Dr. Vaughan, and was there a contem porary of Dr. Butler, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, Duke of Abercorn, Sir WiUiam Hart Dyke, Lord Hard wick. Lord Spencer, Earl Stanhope, Hon. E. C Leigh, Colonel Makins, &c. From Harrow he went to Exeter College, Oxford. Leaving Oxford, he entered the Royal Horse Guards, but ultimately exchanged into the 15th Hus sars. Sir John, as a Captain, however, quitted the service in 1865, and is a member of the Eoyal Archers, the Queen's Body Guard for Scotland. From that date he applied himself to mercantile business in the City of Carlisle, and for some years was Chairman of the School Board in the Parish of Gretna, and in 1885 became Secretary tothe AUiance Company as stated. In 1 866 Sir John Heron-Max well married Caroline Harriette, daughter of Riohard Howard Brooke, of Castle Howard, county Wick low (a beautiful place near the "Meeting of the Waters "). Sir John and Lady Heron-Maxwell have one son, Ivor Walter Heron-MaxweU, born November, 1871, (and who has recently, 1893, taken his degree B.A. Cambridge), and four daughters. The eldest daughter, Maud, married, in 1893, W. Marshall Cazalet, Esq., of Fairlawn, Kent, and the second, Gwendoline, married, in 1889, Richard Bayley Chenevix Trench, Esq. Sir John, during his late residence in the neigh bourhood of Wandsworth, was much interested in political and municipal matters, so much so, that he aUowed himself to be persuaded to stand for the division for the London County Council. The election was run mainly upon party lines, and, judging from the majority Mr. Kimber, M.P., obtained, when last he contested the Parliamentary seat, Sir John should have not only secured it, but have had a handsome majority in hand. However, an unaccountable apathy seemed to have laid hold of the Wandsworth Conser vatives with regard to this election, and it was lost. Sir John was for some time Chairman of the Assess ment Committee of the Wandsworth Union. PoliticaUy Sir John is a staunch Conservative and an ardent upholder of all constitutional rights, privi leges, and customs. He has been a member of the Carlton Club for thirty-six years. He is a Justice of the Peace for the counties of London, Cumberland, and Surrey, and Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Dumfriesshire. Sir John and Lady Maxwell reside at 82, Onslow Gardens, S.W. The family seat is SpringkeU, Eccle- fechan, Dumfriesshire, North Britain. Charles Townshend Murdoch, J.P., D.L. Chaeles Townshend Muedoch is the only son of the late J. G. Murdoch, Esq., of Great Berkhamp- stead, Herts, who was one of the partners of the weU-known bank of Messrs. Ransom, Bouverie & Co., of 1, Pall MaU East, which some four years ago combined with the great Lombard Street house of Barclay, Bevan, Tritton & Co. C T. Murdoch LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 79 was born in 1837, and was educated at Eton; he went to the college in 1849 and left in 1853, and was there a contemporary of Sir Michael Hicks- Beach, Sir John Lubbock, and other well-known men. After Eton, he entered the Rifle Brigade and as a subaltern served in the last winter of the Crimean War, i.e., 1855. Returning after the finish of that campaign, he quitted the service and entered the bank in Pall MaU. His position was that of a pupil and partner's son, and the object, of course, was to acquire a thorough knowledge of banking, the better to fit him to become a partner, which he did about six years later. Since the banks of Barclay & Co. and Ransom, Bouverie & Co. became merged in one, the style has been Barclay, Bevan, Tritton, Bouve rie & Co., its proprietors being Joseph Gurney, Esq., F. A. Bevan, Esq., C T. Murdoch, Esq., Robert Barclay, Esq., Joseph Herbert Tritton, Esq., Lord Kinnaird, Henry Hales Pleydell Bouverie, Esq., Wilfrid A. Bevan, Esq., and Edward Exton Barclay, Esq. These nine partners in combination compose one of the very greatest proprietary banking institutions in the three kingdoms, and few persons, indeed, are altogether unfamiliar with the name of " Barclay's Bank." The bank of Ransom, Bouverie & Co. was founded in 1786, and that of Barclay & Co. certainly prior to 1729 ; the exact date seems to be uncertain. In 1885 Mr. Murdoch consented to stand as the Conservative candidate for Reading, having for his opponent the Right Hon. Shaw-Lefevre, and being successful, he represented the borough in Parliament tiU 1886, when on the Home Rule issue he was again returned, on each occasion scoring over one hundred and twenty majority, which in Reading, a stronghold of Liberalism for a long series of years, was scarcely to be looked for, and was a handsome majority. Mr. Murdoch's career in the House of Commons was a sound and useful one, he sat on various important committees, foremost amongst which was that on the Water Supply of London, and the Hours of Railway Servants. He intro duced the Deputation to the Home Secretary, which attended to protest against Trafalgar Square be ing used for purposes of riotous assembly and mob meetings (this was just after, and in consequence of, the "Riots of '88") and the breaking into the shops of jeweUers and others in South Audley Street and elsewhere. Mr. Murdoch gave his heartiest support to the movement, and did his utmost to secure the prohibition of the square for such unseemly purposes. He is no self-seeker, nor is he a man who loves to speak for the mere sake of speaking; when he had cause the House heard him, and he secured its attention, but he never sought to obstruct the business of the House by raising trivial topics, and is no believer in private legislation ; he is a man of capacity and sound judg ment, and has not been lod away by bias or preju dice. Mr. Murdoch stood again for Reading in 1892 against the present Liberal member, Mr. George WiUiam Palmer, of Messrs. Huntley & Palmer's, of biscuit fame ; both gentlemen had gi-eat local interest, but Mr. Palmer secured a majority of two hundred exactly. Although unsuccessful in this attempt it is highly probable Mr. Murdoch will be put forward at the next election. He is also Chair man of the East Berks Conservative Association and of the Strand Conservative Association. He has been asked to interest himself in the County Council affairs of Berkshire, and to stand for election to that body, but has declined, his responsibilities at the bank, duties heretofore at the House of Commons, and those of a County Magistrate and Deputy Lieutenant for his county, having fully occupied his time. Mr. Murdoch is also a Director of the Great Western Railway, the Imperial Fire Insurance Company, and the London Life Association ; he is a member of the Council of the Banker.s' Institute, and of the Council of the Royal Albert Hall. For many years he has been Chairman of the Great Northern Hospital, which institution, since he has been con nected with it, has grown from a smaU hospital with thirty beds only into one of our leading London hospitals, havingnow accommodation for 150 patients. Mr. Murdoch married, in 1862, Sophia, the daughter of William Speke, Esq., of Jordans, lUminster, and sister of the distinguished African traveller. Captain Speke. All his life Mr. Murdoch has been an ardent cricketer, and even now is a steady bat and quick in the field ; he has a thorough knowledge of the game and is an excellent captain of a team. He is an Eton Rambler and an old member of the M.CC Mr. Murdoch has ridden to hounds ever since he was a boy, and since he has resided in Berk shire he has been one of the best known members of Mr. Garth's hunt, and is also frequently seen with the Queen's and South Berks Hunts, and, in fact, does everything in his power to encourage sport. Mr. Murdoch's seat is Buckhurst, an old house of some historic interest near Wokingham, Berk shire ; his town house is 79, Eccleston Square, W. He is a member of the Carlton and Junior United Service Clubs. so LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Donald Currie, K.CM.G., M.P. Theee are men whose names have become almost household words throughout the length and breadth of our land, and such an one is Sir Donald Currie, K.C.M.G., M.P., head of Messrs. Donald Currie & Co., shipowners, of London and Liverpool; of the Castle Line of steamships between London and South Africa ; and Chairman of the London Shipping Ex change, Limited. Few will gainsay the fact that the Donald Currie Line of steamers is one of the finest in the world. Its boats are known in every quarter of the globe where British merchandise is sought, and it has played no unimportant part in the development of Western civi lisation. On more than one occasion Mr. Gladstone has sought a renewal of health and strength in their ocean steamers as the guest of the head of the firm. Sir Donald Currie is the son of the late Mr. James Currie, of Belfast, and was born in 1825. He passed all the earlier years of his life in the direction of the large shipping enterprises with which he is so closely connected. He has long taken an active interest in all questions affecting South Africa, and has rendered important assistance to the Government on several occasions. In recognition of his services in connection with the settlement of the Diamond Fields dispute, and the Orange Free State Boundary question, he was in 1877 made a C.M.G. Four years later he was awarded a K.C.M.G. for further services in the Zulu War, more particularly with regard to the relief of Ekowe. In 1880 Sir Donald Currie entered upon Parlia mentary life, when he successfuUy contested Perth shire in the Liberal interest. He sat for the county untU 1885, and, on the redistribution of seats, he represented, for one year as a Liberal, the Western Division of Perthshire. He was one of the most notable of those who, on the declaration of Mr. Gladstone's Irish policy, felt compeUed to pass over to the Unionist ranks, and has since continued to sit as a Liberal L'nionist for his old constituency'. He is now a Director of De Beere Consolidated Mines and of the Scottish Widows' Fund Life Assurance Society, a D.L. of Perthshire, and one of Her Majesty's Lieutenants for the City of London. When in town Sir Donald resides at 4, Hyde Park Place, but he is frequently to be found at his beau tiful Highland home, Garth, Aberfeldy, Perthshire. He is a member of the Reform, City Liberal, and City of London Clubs. Lady Currie, to whom he was married in 1851, is the daughter of Mr. John MiUer, of Ardencraig, Bute, and Liverpool. Whether we meet Sir Donald at his place of business or in the crowded lobbies of the House of Commons, one is struck by his quiet and unostentatious demeanour. Yet below the sur face it is not difficult to detect a fund of suppressed energy and earnestness. His political work has been, in the highest sense, valuable alike to his constituents and to his Queen and country. He has no sympathy with what has been aptly termed the "Little Eng land " party, and believes firmly in the extension of the British Empire. He has all the characteristics of our countrymen beyond the Tweed, tempered by his English training and associations. Of Sir Donald Currie it may be truly said that he is one of the pUlars of our commercial greatness. Sir William Henderson, J.P., D.L. To faithfully serve his day and generation is the highest aspiration that any man can set before him in the troublous journey of life ; and when we say of Sir WiUiam Henderson that, throughout his past career, he has accomplished this aim in its highest and best sense, we can pay no higher tribute to the usefulness and nobility of the Ufe which it is now our pleasing duty to record. Bom in 1826, at New Aberdour, in the northern district of Buchan, Sir William is a true Scotsman, a distinction that his personality at once reveals. In 1845, he first went to Aberdeen, and with the "granite city" his fortunes have ever since been closely identified, though in virtue of his connection with the famous Aberdeen Line of steamships and sailing vessels (Messrs. George Thompson & Co., 24, LeadenhaU Street, London), we are enabled to include his name within the pages of this book. Having said this much, we will endeavour to place on record a few of the most important events in the life of the head of one of London's best-known commercial enterprises. Sir William Henderson commenced business with a seat in the North of Scotland Bank, at Fraser burgh. On reaching Aberdeen in 1845, he found employment in the offices of Messrs. George Thomp son & Co., and only five years afterwards became a partner in the firm, marrying, two years later, the daughter of Mr. George Thompson, of Pitmeddon, founder of the firm, and, for nearly five years, Mem ber of Parliament for the City of Aberdeen. And here we may, not inappropriately, give a brief history of the firm of George Thompson & Co. Its records date back to the year 1825, when Mr. George Thompson commenced business in Aberdeen as a ship owner, insurance broker, and timber importer. In 1850 he was joined in partnership by his son-in-law, LEADING MEN OF LONDON 81 then Mr. William Henderson, and four years subse quently they together opened the London house, which was under tho charge of Mr. Henderson. Since that time the partnership has been strength ened by the admission of Mr. George Thompson's sons, Mr. Stephen Thompson, Mr. George Thomp son, and Mr. Cornelius Thompson, and some time afterwards of the same gentleman's grandsons, Mr. George Thompson Henderson, Mr. Stephen Thomp son, and Mr. Alexander Duff Henderson. In 1866, Mr. George Thompson, the founder, retired from the active management of the firm, though he stiU (at upwards of ninety years of age) takes the warmest interest in aU that pertains to its welfare. The history of the Aberdeen Line is one which the owners may contemplate with just pride. Its records have been singularly free from accident of any sort or description, whUe so far as the comfort of its passengers is concerned, the firm is believed to rank second to none in the efforts it makes to secure tliis. The Aberdeen Line owns some of the fastest vessels afioat, such as the celebrated Thermopyle and Patriarch. Writing of the s.s. Australasian, in which ship he made his historical trip to Australia, the late Mr. Froude, in his well-known work of travel, " Oceana," says : '' Half the long deck was appropriated for the cabin passengers' sole use, so that we could have been no better off in a large private yacht. The owners modestly warned me that the ' table ' was inferior to what we should have found on the mail lines. We found, on the contrary, breakfasts and dinners superior to what I have ever met with in any steamer in any part of the world." In the Aberdeen Line s.s. Damascus, Sir Henry B. Loch, now Governor of Cape Colony, and a former Governor of Victoria, saUed from Melbourne to Cape Town, and affords a pleasing account of his voyage. Writing under this head to the owners, he says : " I cannot refrain from writing to say that the passage has been one of very great comfort and pleasure. The accommodation on board this magnificent steamer, as weU as all the arrangements connected with food, &c., have been better than I have ever expe rienced ; and there are few of the most important Unes on which I have not been a very frequent tra- veUer." It behoves us, however, to take up, in a more direct manner, the remaining threads of our narra tive, which must of necessity be of a purely personal nature. Sir WUliam Henderson has given much of a long Ufe to the pubUc service. As one of Aberdeen's most prominent shipowners, he was for a length of time a member of the Harbour Commission ; and for many years he was President of the Aberdeen Chamber of Commerce. Much of his time was also occupied in connection with benevolent and philan thropic institutions. In the civic Ufe of the city he has also borne a prominent part, having for three years, from 1886 — 1889, filled the position of Lord Provost; and during his tenure of the office he was the means of introducing many improvements into the city, while a fund of £30,000 was successfuUy raised at his instigation, for the purpose of enlarging and recon structing the Royal Infirmary, so that this useful and charitable work might serve as a fitting local memorial of Her Majesty's Jubilee. In 1893 he received the well-deserved honour of Knighthood at the hands of the Queen. The Free Church of Scotland owes a heavy debt to one of her warmest adherents. At the age of twenty-sis Sir William Henderson was ordained an Elder of Trinity Church, Aberdeen, and his life bears an eloquent testimony to the sincerity of his convic tions and the faithfulness of his service. For forty- five years he has been an ardent worker in Bible classes and Sunday schools. Before the Education Act made school attendance compulsory, he, and others of his own earnest temperament, conducted evening classes, at which neglected children might gain the elements of secular, as weU as religious education. In Foreign Missions Sir WilUam has always taken a warm interest; on the death of his wife, in 1889, and as a lasting memorial of her interest in the welfare of women of India, he founded a Women's Medical Mission at Nagpore, India, where his daughter, Dr. Agnes EUzabeth Henderson, is now acting as resident Medical Missionary. In concluding this somewhat inadequate sketch of a useful and unpretentious life, we have only to say that Sir WilUam Henderson is a gentleman of kindly and courteous manners and sound business instincts. Of the Aberdeen Line of steam and sailing ships we should Uke to add that, though this is essentially an age of competition, it has never lost anything of its position with the advance of time and scientific knowledge, nor with the present partners to guide the destinies of Messrs. George Thompson & Co. is it ever likely to do so. In the race for supremacy which is so charac teristic of the times in which we live, we can give it no better wish than that its future may be equal to its past. M 82 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir William Henry Wyatt, D.L., J.P., &c. The subject of our sketch is the son of the late Thomas Wyatt, Esq., of WUlenhaU, the family estate situated near Coventry, Warwickshire, and was born in 1823, in Woburn Place, W.C By his long and earnest work in the cause of alleviating the distress which in one form or another is always with us, and furthering the ends of philanthropy, he is worthy of a place in a work of this kind. His earlier education was conducted at a private school at Clapham, the principal of which was Dr. Laing. He left, however, when about thirteen, and studied for some time at Neuwied, in Germany, subsequently spending two years in Paris. This completed his somewhat extended and varied educa tional curriculum. At the age of eighteen he entered the offices of Messrs. Lyall Brothers & Co., of St, Helen's Place, as a clerk. With this firm he remained for three years. In 1844 he married Maria, daughter of Henry Wild, Esq., of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. Lady Wyatt died in February, 1893. From 1848 to 1858 Sir William Wyatt carried on business in Thames Street, City, as an Australian merchant, the style of the firm being Messrs. Kincaid & Wyatt. Sir William has long been connected with the control and directorate of more than one institution of high importance and value to the affiicted, as instance the fact that he is chairman of the Hampstead Small pox Hospital. With regard to this — which we mention first in the list of his public qualifications, it being, in our estimation, one which does him honour and great credit, and shows that he is a man of courage and strong will— we are glad to quote the remarks of the Marylebone Conservative, which are as follows : — " A crowning glory of his parochial heroism it is our cheerful duty to record. Mr. Wyatt courageously undertook the perilous duties of chairman of the Hampstead Small-pox Hospital, where, to his everlasting honour, be it said, he was daily in the wards, where upwards of 2,000 patients were being treated." From the year 1858 Sir WiUiam has been a member of the magistracy for the County of Middlesex, for which he is also a deputy -lieutenant ; his warrant dates from 1866. He is also a J.P. for London. For nearly thirty years he was chairman of the Committee of Visitors of Colney Hatch Asylum, and for several years was chairman of the Visiting Justices in connection with Coldbath Fields Prison. This office he fiUei tiU the control of that, with the other gaols of the country, came under Govern ment in 1877. At the request of Canon Dale, in 1855, Sir WiUiam became churchwarden of St. Pancras, which post practically carried with it the chairmanship of the Directors of the Poor, and of the St. Pancras Vestry. He fiUed these posts most ably for two years, securing the regard and goodwill of his coUeagues, and, at the expiration of that time, re ceived at their hands a hearty and unanimous vote of thanks, and the unprecedented request that he would continue in office. Sir William was un wiUing to do this as there was no precedent for such a course. In 1867, on the passing of the Gathorne-Hardy Poor Law Amendment Act, Sir William became chairman of the St. Pancras Board of Guardians, and for two years devoted his entire time and energies to the duties of this office. Under his administration many and radical reforms were insti tuted in the routine and management of the work house ; order and discipline were introduced, the enfeebled and sick were better cared for, the idle and dissolute were made to work. In 1868 and 1869 The Times referred to these re forms, and published a leader eulogistic of them and their promoters. In connection with the infirmary at Highgate for the sick poor, and the schools at Leavesden, he was mainly instrumental in overcoming the strong opposition and causing the building of these most valuable institutions, and making them what they have long since become — boons to the parish ; in this regard Sir WUUam weU earned the commenda tion bestowed by Florence Nightingale " the Angel of the Crimea." Sir William has always been a quiet and un obtrusive worker amongst the very poor, and has brought happiness to many a sad heart and home, and, indeed, has brought a home to many a homeless one. He is a man who has done good in many ways ; has led a useful life, and has done the best with his opportunities. Her Majesty graciously and specially acknow ledged Sir William's services by the honour of knighthood. In Lord Beaconsfield's letter convey ing Her Majesty's decision, he particularly stated that this honour was conferred in recognition of his distinguished public services. UntU the transfer of many of the duties of the Magistracy to County CouncUs by the Local Government Act in 1888, Sir WiUiam was chair man of the General Purposes Comnuttee for the County of Middlesex, a committee which managed LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 83 aU the financial affairs of that important county, and, on the change above referred to, his brother magis trates presented him with his portrait, painted by the Hon. John Collier, and an iUuminated address expressive of their appreciation of his services to the county. On the handing over of lunatic asylums to the care of the County Councils, the Committee passed and forwarded to the Court of Quarter Sessions a very eulogistic resolution expressive of the value of Sir William Wyatt's long and efficient services, having previously, as individuals, presented him with a very handsome service of plate. Sir W. Wyatt was one of the original members of the Metropolitan Asylums Board, and took an active part in its formation, and in the building of its several asylums and hospitals. Por many years he has been governor of the Chelsea Water-works Company, and chairman of the West Middlesex Water-works, and the high estimation in which these important companies are held, testify in some degree to the exceUence of their management. It is always provocative of pleasurable sensations to recount and to hear of good and kindly actions done, not with the more or less sordid desire for popular praise or notoriety — these do not wake in us sentiments of thankfulness that the suffering, the ignorant, and oppressed have such champions and advocates. The good done by men such as these is purely the outcome of exaggerated self- esteem and a craving for celebrity of any description, and is, after all, only on a par with any other trading transactions, for, with their money, which is given without the nobler sentiment, and with their brains, which work but that their actions may refiect credit and acclamation upon themselves, so far as real humanitarianism and philanthropy is concerned, their labour and their largesse is wasted. It is of the efforts and the work of years — of men who seek no reward beyond the knowledge that they have been able to bring happiness, health, and knowledge to those whose lives are sad, whose acquaintance with the fairer side of existence is vague and unreal. To further enlarge on the beneficial results of Sir William Wyatt's work is needless; but, while disclaiming intention to further dUate on the subject, we, as biographers, exercise our privilege of complimenting Sir WUliam on the nobility of his aspirations and the success which has attended his efforts, and trust that he may be spared for very many years to continue his useful Ufe in a sphere 80 congenial. Sir WUUam Wyatt resides at 88, Regent's Park Road, London, N.W. He is a member of St. Stephen's Club. John Orwell Phillips. John Oewell Phillips, who, after thirty -two years' service, recently resigned his appointment as Secre tary and General Manager of the Gas Light and Coke Company, was born at Sunbury-on-Thames on the 27th December, 1825. His father, Mr. John Phillips, who was engaged in scholastic pursuits, was a refined scholar, but of narrow means, who left behind him a few old classical volumes and an un blemished name, but little else. A large family of daughters rendered it necessary for Mr. John Phillips to lay aside all thoughts of a university education for his only son, who, at the early age of thirteen years — when most boys are thinking of their marbles rather than of work, was withdrawn from the tuition of the Rev. Joseph Sumner Brockhurst, the principal of the Collegiate School at Oamberwell, on receiving the offer of a clerkship in the office of the British Gas Company, at that time the possessors of a large metropoUtan district of supply. Here he remained for nearly four years, acquiring habits of business, and the rudiments of tho duties which he was ultimately destined to fulfil. Young as he then was, he occupied his evenings in giving lessons to lads, sometimes older than himself, ui junior classics. The metropoUtan British Gas Company (which, although under the same management, was distinct from the existing prosperous provincial British Gas Company) collapsed, and young Phillips, being left without resources, sought and obtained employment in the office of Messrs. Bailey, Shaw & Smith, the solicitors of the Duke of Portland. This firm, almost immediately afterwards, became engaged in pa.rliamentary business, a minor branch of which was entrusted to Phillips, who thus became introduced to Messrs. Burke, Pritt, Venables & Co., the eminent parliamentary agents ; from the second partner in which firm (old Mr. George Pritt) he shortly after received the offer of the post of private secretary and confidential clerk, and he commenced his duties in Westminster at the height of the railway mania in 1845. He remained with this firm until 1862, occupying, during the whole of that time, the same room with his principal, with whom he never once had a single wry word, and to whose training and example he always said he owed his subsequent success in life. The secretaryship of the Gas Light and Coke 84 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Company becoming vacant in 1862, he, in response to au advertisement in The Times newspaper, applied for, and was appointed to it out of many candi dates ; and it was at once seen that his great experi ence and intimate knowledge of parliamentary busi ness and parliamentary and official people was likely to become, as in fact it immediately turned out to be, highly beneficial to the Company's interests. To further the aims and progress of his Company has, we may say, been the Ufe-work of Mr. PhiUips. The foUowing tabulated statement strikingly shows the wonderful progress of the Gas Light and Coke Company, progress which has been made during Mr. Phillips's connection with the Company, and which the directors — individually as weU as in a body — have very courteously, but at the same time very truly, been prompt to trace to the policy of boldness and the determined and continued efforts of Mr. John Orwell PhiUips. We derive the foUowing informa tion from a perusal of the pubUshed accounts of the Company. In 1862 the capital expended by the Company was £660,000 ; in 1892 the capital expended was upwards of eleven milUons. In 1862 the income of the Company was £277,500 ; in 1892 the income of the Company was £3,710,000. In 1862 the gas sales were 1,221 miUions of cubic feet ; in 1892 the gas sales were 19,117 miUions of cubic feet. In 1862 the market price of the Company's shares and stocks was 135 per cent.; in 1892 the market price of the Company's shares and stocks was 222 per cent. In 1862 the dividend of the Company was 6 per cent. To-day it is exactly double. We are prevented by the Umit of space which regulates these sketches entering at any detaUed length into Mr. Phillips's long, arduous, and valu able career with the Gas Light and Coke Company ; but we will permit ourselves to quote from a very valuable testimonial letter from the late Mr. R. H. Patterson, one of the metropolitan Gas Referees appointed by the Board of Trade. As to the feeling of regard entertained towards Mr. PhiUips, he says, writing in 1880 — "It certainly was not any gas- making skiU or administrative management (on the part of the old board or staff) which rescued the Chartered Company from its hopeless condition of a dozen years ago. ... It was a wise and bold, indeed audacious, policy of amalgamation which has redeemed the position of the Company by removing competition. And the author and dex terous manipulator of that policy was the Secretary of the Chartered Company — John Orwell PhiUips." No better testimony than this is necessary, we ima gine, to substantiate our remarks as to the high value set upon Mr. Phillips, unless it is found in the hand some way in which the Directorate of the Company passed the resolution granting and conferring on Mr. PhiUips a pension of four-fifths of his salary and making him a member of the Board, on the sudden breakdown of his health, which rendered it imperative on his part to give up such an anxious and active post as the one he had held for thirty-two years. Foremost amongst the valuable services done the Company by Mr. Phillips comes the replacing, by screw colliers of large size, the old creeping sailing ships of 200 tons, which used to bring coal up the Thames to the Gas Company's works, at an average expense for freight of 6s. 6d. per ton, and have been known to be a month on their passage. The freight by screw colliers (ordinarily of 2,000 tons burden) has been reduced to 3s. 3d. per ton, and including loading and discharging, the complete voyage between the Tyne and the Thames and back is now effected in an average of five days. We cannot go into these matters as we would wish to do, but this one instance, of many an adventurous and energetic enterprise undertaken and carried through by Mr. PhilUps will point clearly to a man of strong personality, dominant and energetic, of courage, boldness, and high business capacity ; such he has always proved himself. On relinquishing active duty Mr. Phillips was presented by his brother officers with a testimonial portrait of himself by Mr. H. T. Wells, Royal Academician, and with an iUuminated volume containing an address signed by the whole body. He was also elected by acclamation a member of the Court of Directors of the Company at a general meeting of the proprietors held im mediately afterwards. Mr. PhiUips married the daughter of the late Henry Robinson, Esq., Librarian of the Old India Board of Control, and has one daughter. Mr. PhiUips has long resided at his place at Weybridge, Surrey, but since his health has not been as of yore, his town house, 44, Grosvenor Street, W., has been his general residence, as the duties of a director of the Gas Light and Coke Company entaU his partial attendance two or three days weekly, and the journey and fatigue of raUway travelling is thus avoided. He is one of Her Majesty's Lieutenants for the City of London, a Major in the Railway Engineer and Transport Corps, a Commissioner of Essex Sewers, and a Member of the Conservative, Hurlingham, and Sandown Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 85 Frederick Green, J.P. Few of the great mercantUe houses of the United Kingdom are better known than that which our fathers called " Green's Service." In Tom Taylor's comedy, " The Overland Route," the late Charles Mathews, as Tom Dexter, described how he had been a doctor in one of Green's Indian ships. A private enterprise that can thus weave itself into the vernacular of the day may be considered as almost national. Of the mercantile occupations of this city StUl in existence, not many are older than that car ried on at Blackwall Yard. In the chronicles of the old Blackwall company we read of their building the Globe, the Hector and the Thomas in the year 1612, and later on H.M.S. Bread- nought in 1653, and H.M.S. York in 1654. Then follows a Ust of names of over six hundred craft of various styles. In this lengthy catalogue there are in aU no less than eighty-five " king's ships of war " — "wooden waUs of England" — among which we recognise many famous names — whose white decks were trodden by our national heroes in the early days of the British Navy. We should take peculiar pleasure in summarising the history of BlackwaU Yard if occasion lent itself to the purpose ; for Samuel Pepys, Secretary to the Admiralty, relates in his celebrated " Diary " how on the 15th January, 1661, "he took barge and visited the Docke at BlackwaU"; and Evelyn writes that he accompanied the then Duke of York there in 1662 ; but the space at our disposal permits of no such divergence, and we must confine our remarks more especially to the family and affairs of the present head of the firm, the subject of our bio graphical sketch. Mr. Green's ancestors were for several genera tions prominently connected with Chelsea, where they owned considerable property. For more than a cen tury Green's Brewery was one of the leading institu tions there, and various references to it are made in Faulkner's " History of Chelsea." Before 1682 the Government of the day had purchased from Mr. John Green part of the siie upon which Chelsea Hospital now stands. Thomas Green suc ceeded to the property in 1716; he died in 1740, and was succeeded by his son John, who was an extravagant man, more fond of driving his four-in- hand than of managing his business, it is not sur prising, therefore, to learn that the affairs of the brewery became involved in difficulties and had to be wound up. John died in 1772, and his widow, with her two young chUdren — George and Mary — went to Battersea. George, who was born in 1767, was apprenticed to Mr. Perry, at Blackwall Yard, and in 1796 married his daughter ; he was taken into part nership by Mr. Perry in the following year. George Green had four sons, one of whom, Frede rick, married, in 1844, Elizabeth, the only daughter of the Rev. Joseph Fletcher, D.D., of Stepney. His eldest son, the subject of our sketch, was born at Ley- ton, in Essex, in 1845, and was educated at Harrow. He was there a contemporary of Lord George Hamilton, M.P. ; Sir Matthew White Ridley, M.P. ; the Marquis of Ormonde ; Dr. Davidson, Bishop of Rochester ; the Marquis of Bute ; the Earl of Claren don; Mr. A. G. Murray, Q.C, the late Solicitor- General for Scotland ; Dr. Montgomery, Bishop of Tasmania, and many other well-known men. Leaving Harrow, Mr. Green early entered the offices of his father's firm, established in 1836, as a branch of the old firm at Blackwall, and of which he is now the senior partner. A revolution in the shipping trade of Great Britain was caused by the opening of the Suez Canal. It is not surprising, therefore, to find the firm starting in 1878, in con nection with others, the now weU-known line of Orient steamers, to trade between this country and Australia. As time went on the old firm at BlackwaU and the branch in London found their interests becoming more and more identified, and so to-day we find the two firms very closely united. Associated with Mr. Frederick Green in the Blackwall business is his brother, Mr. Joseph F. Green, who has recently in vented and patented a steam life-boat, which has been adopted by our National Life-Boat Institution ; whUe Mr. Henry Green, a partner in the Blackwall house, was at one time the Member for Poplar ; another partner in both houses, Mr. C E. Green, has, as Captain of the Cambridge Eleven and Master of the Essex Foxhounds, made man}' friends. Mr. Green has more than once been asked to go into pubUc life and try his fortunes at a Parlia mentary election, but has not hitherto seen his way to give the necessary time. He is, however, a magis trate for his native county of Essex, and in 1890 was ])laced on the roll for High Sheriff. In 1879, Mr. Green visited Australia, and has more than once crossed the Atlantic. His travels to Egypt and the Continent of Europe, also, have been exten sive enough to enable him to see something of the manners and customs of people outside our own island. As a sportsman Mr. Green has a worthy record. In his younger days he was a very fair athlete, as numerous cups, won for rowing, rackets, running, &c., sufficiently testify; and to-day he loves a good horse, and is said to be not afraid of an ugly fence 86 LEADING MEN OF LONDON when following the hounds. He has the reputation, too, of being a good game shot. His Essex home, Hainault Lodge, in the centre of what used to be Hainault Forest, now, alas ! a name only, is a fine house of some two centuries old, but modernised within the last few years. It is a building of considerable historic interest, and has some finely wainscoted rooms. In 1868 Mr. Green married Alice, the second daughter of Sir Daniel Cooper, Bart., and has eight children, five of whom are sons. Mrs. Green is well known around Hainault Lodge, for many acts of kindness, and is indeed the " Lady Bountiful " of her own immediate neighbourhood. Alfred F. Yarrow. The head and only member of the firm of Yarrow & Co., Engineers and Torpedo Boat BuUders, Poplar, London, E., was born in the year 1843 in the City of London, and is the son of the late E. W. Yarrow of that city. Mr. Yarrow was educated at the Uni versity College School, London, and entered upon his commercial career at the age of twenty-two. In 1868 he started in business, in conjunction with the late Mr. Hedley, as Marine Engineers, trading under the style of Yarrow & Hedley. Ten years later the partnership was dissolved, and since that time the business has so largely increased that he is now considered to be one of our leading engineers. One of the special features of Mr. Yarrow's vessels was their great speed, and this led to the firm beiug employed in making fast steam launches for the purpose of carrying torpedoes. The first success ful torpedo attack was made during the American Civil War, by Captain Hunter Davidson on the Con federate side, and since then torpedo boats have become recognised vessels of war by aU nations. The first torpedo boat built by Mr. Yarrow was launched in 1870, and from that date he has received contracts for the construction of these vessels from nearly every Government. Mr. Yairow is also celebrated for building shaUow draft steamers, and he was appointed by the War Office to advise the Government as to the best class of boat to be used for the Nile Expedition. Mr, Yarrow's advice and services were accepted by the War Office, and he was given the contract to build the Lotus and the Water Lily, according to his designs. These were the two first boats of this class constructed ; their success residted in four teen more being ordered from his firm. Mr. Yar row has recently built for the British Government the Mosquito and Herald gunboats, on the same plan. His speciality is to build vessels of exceptional character. This is instancad by the fact that the firm is at the present time constructing a torpedo boat forthe French Government, built entirely of aluminium, and also have built lately the two new torpedo boat des troyers for the English Government, the Havock and Hornet. These boats are now in commission, and took part in the naval manoeuvres of 1894. The Hornet, which at the time of its trial was the fastest vessel afloat, realized the unprecedented speed of 27'65 knots per hour, during a continuous run of three hours, carrying thirty tons. As an example of the high opinion the Admiralty have formed of these vessels, we cannot do better than quote the statement made by Sir H. Kay-Shuttleworth in the House of Com mons, on August 14th, 1894: "The Admiralty are glad to recognise that Messrs. Yarrow have been the contractors who have first constructed and com pleted with rapidity for the British Navy vessels of the high speed of the Havock and Hornet. On behalf of the Admiralty, I am happy to express our satis faction at the manner in which the contract has been carried out. We are also ready to acknowledge the value which we attach to the designs of Messrs. Yarrow for the machinery of these vessels. Practical proof has been given of this favourable opinion by our use of certain parts of these designs, as a guide to contractors for some of the other torpedo boat destroyers since ordered." Mr. Yarrow also built two gunboats of the Mosquito class by the order of Lord Salisbury's late Government for the purpose of maintaining his stipulation that the Zambesi should be deemed an international river open to aU nations, aud should not be exclusively under the control of Portugal, who already had six gunboats, built by Mr. Yarrow, on this river. These boats were built in six weeks from the time the order was given, shipped in pieces, and constructed in such a manner that they could be put together with great rapidity. The time required to put one together and get up steam was tested in London, and it was found that the time occupied in putting it together and floating it in the Thames with steam up, was 6f hours. The firm is also build ing a torpedo boat destroyer of the Ha'oock class for the Russian Government, at a guaranteed speed of 29 knots per hour, during three hours' trial, carrying 30 tons. It is ah interesting fact that Mr. Yarrow has built one thousand steam vessels of different types, proba bly the largest number built by any individual firm. Mr. Yarrow married Miss Franklin in 1875. His private residence is at 39, Fitzjohn's Avenue, Hamp stead, and he is a member of the St. Stephen's Club. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 87 Captain Theodore Yivian Samuel Angier. At the head of the firm of Angier Brothers, steam ship owners of Bishopsgate Street Within, is Captain Angier, whose Ufe at the outset was so handicapped, so plucky, and finally proved so successful, that he is entitled to rank as one of the remarkable men in London. Although his name has been connected with the shipping industry in this country since the early years of the century, the Anglers are not of English extraction, but come of an ancient family in France, which was renowned in the days of Norman chivalry ; the town of Angers, in Normandy, being represented as deriving its name from them, and where the oldest branch stiU remains. The other members of the house left France, however, to seek their fortune elsewhere, probably driven to this step during the Huauenot persecutions, one branch going over to Ireland, where they acquired property in DubUn— a street there being still called by their name ; another sailed for America with the Pilgrim Fathers; and a third settled in Essex, of which branch Cap tain Angier is a descendant, his grandfather having Uved on landed property there. This property, how ever, was mortgaged, and Captain Angier's father and two uncles -were compeUed to make a Uving for themselves, and commenced business. Samuel Haynes (Captain Angier's father), after serving his apprenticeship with a shipping firm, established hiuself in 1834 as S. H. Angier & Co., in the shipping business. In 1856 he joined the firm of Dixon & Harris, which became Dixon, Harris & Angier, of the Coal Exchange. This partnership ended by effluxion of time, he resumed his department on his own account under the style of S. H. Angier & Co., tiU his death in 1869. Captain Angier was born in the year 1814 in Lon don, and was educated at RossaU School, Lancashire, and subsequently went to King's College, London. In 1861, he entered the firm of Messrs. Davison, Son & Lindley, Average Adjusters, as apprentice, where he served his time, after which his father sent him to gain experience and information on an exten sive trip round Southern Europe, visiting France, Italy, and Turkey ; Constantinople and the principal ports on the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, where the firm had agents, being in turn included in his travels, which extended over three years. He re turned to London in 1866, when he joined his father's office, and by his great industry and perseverance, coupled with the thorough insight into the business he had already obtained, he soon took a lead in the firm. Three years later, in 1869, his father died ; and it was from this period that Captain Angier's difficul ties commenced, as previous to his father's death he had not been taken into partnership, and the entire goodwiU of the business, and indeed everything, had been left to his step-mother, who wanted a larger sum of money for the goodwill than he could afford, or considered reasonable Consequently he was compelled to commence afresh, which he did by starting a shipping business on his own account. In addition to the check he had sustained in his business career, he was handicapped in having thrown upon him the care of his two brothers and sisters. With his brother Athelstan he now started the firm of Angier Brothers. Alter a few years of persistent study of engineering and shipbuilding, together with the experience they gained in the management of the steamers of owners for whom they acted as agents, they commenced to build their own vessels, of which they at different times have constructed a considerable number, carry ing out all the specifications themselves. A number of these they have kept for trading purposes on their own account, but they have sold several as weU. The extent of the business of Angier Brothers at the present date is amply shown by the fact that they have agencies all over the world, as they are represented in North and South America, Canada, India, China, Australia, the Black Sea, the Danube, and the Mediterranean. Captain Angier is of an adventurous spirit, he is a free lance ; for, thinking no field too wide, he has never kept to one Une, but has extended his trading all over the world — it having proved more profitable in the end than tying the ships to special Unes. In addition to having the spirit of a sailor. Captain Angier, had it been fated otherwise, would have made a keen soldier. He holds a commission, and is senior squadron leader in the Duke of Cambridge's Hussars (Middlesex Yeomanry). He has competed on several occasions at the Military Tournament, and has carried off prizes for sword and lance exercises ; besides this he has taken part in point-to-point steeplechases, and has twice come in a winner ; he is, it is needless to say, a good judge of a horse, and has had a slight experience in horse racing. As an oarsman and a gymnast he was fairly success ful, as far as his business aUowed him to follow the sport, gaining a number of cups for his skill on the water, and proving himself handy with his fists. Captain Angier married, in 1876, the daughter of Captain Josiah WUson, E.N., who, after his retire ment from active service, was in command of five coastguard districts on the west coast of Ireland. He is a Director of the British Steamship Owners' 88 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Association; of the Empire Steamship Assurance Association, Limited ; of the London Shipping Exchange, Limited ; London Underwriting Associa tion, Limited; the Mutual Assurance Association, Limited; the National Assurance Association, Limited ; the United Kingdom Steamship Assurance Association, Limited ; and of the West of England Assurance Association, Limited ; and wUl be chair man this year of the General Shipping Owners' Society of London. He is also on the Committee of Lloyds and the Shipping Federation. Captain Angier is a member of the Badminton, Junior Athenseum, Sandown, and Senior and Junior Con stitutional Clubs. His private residence is Walsingham House, PiccadiUy, and the New Club, Brighton. Daniel King. The subject of this article, the senior of the firm of BuUard, King & Co., Ship-owners and Mer chants, 14, St. Mary Axe, London, E.C. ; and King & Sons, Durban, Port Natal, is a native of Southwold, SuffoUi. He was born in 1819, and after receiving the educa tion usual at that period, having, as so frequently is the case with lads brought up on the coast, acquired a taste for a maritime life, he went off to sea. He served amidst many hardships in various vessels and voyages, passing through aU the different grades of service, and obtaining that practical knowledge of seamanship and matters of detaU which have since often been found useful by him in his business. He early became master of a smaU vessel trading between England, the Mediterranean, and Morocco, and in this position, as the result of his energy and business capacity, fortune so favoured him that after a few years he was enabled to retire from it to stay on shore and assume the management of a shipowning venture. In 1854 he joined the late Mr. Samuel BuUard, who had just commenced business as a ship agent in London, and they together started the now well- known firm of "BuUard, King & Co.," which has thus been in existence forty years. For some time the attention of the firm was mainly directed to short continental sailing trades, especially to Morocco and Northern Africa, with which Mr. King having been previously engaged, he was weU acquainted, and had secured the confidence of shippers, both Moors and Jews, many of whom remember even to the present day Mr. King and the fine handy little schooners of his fleet. Later on, perceiving an opening for trade expan sion, with prophetic instinct the flrm commenced a line of vessels to South Africa, then emerging into notice as a field for emigration and development; and devoting their efforts more particularly to the new colony of Natal, became among the earUest pioneers of the extensive trade done with that portion of the world. The fleet of saiUng vessels, so in augurated and built suitably for the special needs of the Colony, were regarded as second to none owned in the port of London, for their good quaUties and complete adaptation for the services required, and commanded the support of both merchants and pas sengers untU more modem ideas and requirements necessitated a change. In consequence, the " direct line of steamers" was established in 1879, beginning with the Pongola, and from thence onwards gradually the steamers of this Une have taken the place of the old sailing ships, and, by meeting the advancing needs, have maintained the reputation of the firm and, despite considerable opposition, retained the suffrages of the commercial community interested, both here and abroad, and have largely assisted also in the growth of the colony. Mr, King was one of the Founders and original Directors of the " Sceptre Life Association," and stiU retains his seat at the Board. He was also on the directorate of several other companies, and actively engaged thereon when he was seized with severe iUness in 1890, which necessitated his reUnquish- ment of aU except the " Sceptre." His geniality and business acumen, combined with straightforwardness and acknowledged integrity, have brought him much esteem and confidence, and, as a result, during his busy life Mr. King has been importuned on several occasions to aUow himself to be put in nomination for election on various public bodies, but his tastes have not been drawn that way; and beUeving also that with existing engagements he could not do justice to any further duties, he has felt himself unable to comply with the wishes of his many friends. For many years he has been a highly esteemed and prominent member of the Free Metho dist denomination and an acceptable lay preacher, and much time and thought have been given by him to advancing its interests in connection with its dif ferent undertakings. In politics — in which, however, he has not exhibited much interest — he is a Liberal Unionist. Mr. King married, in 1845, Sarah, the daughter of John Eawling, Esq., of Wisbeach, by whom he has had a famUy of eight children. His two sons, Daniel and Edwin John, are in the firm managing the busi ness. He resides at Clapton, and is a member of the St. George's Club. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 89 John Carlisle. In recording the lives of London's famous ship owners, we venture to divide them into two classes, namely, the older and the younger generation. Prominent types of the former are Sir Donald Currie, M.P., and Sir WilUam Henderson (Messrs. Geo. Thompson & Co.), while of the latter we can find no better or more able representative than Mr. John Carlisle, founder of the firm of Carlisle & Co., and manager of the Blue Star Line of steamers. Mr. Carlisle is about forty ; yet in a marvellously short time he has piloted his firm through the shoals and quicksands which beset the path of every newly- estabUshed enterprise, and has placed it in the first rank amongst the large shipping businesses of the century, as we shall hope to prove by the facts which we have ventured to incorporate in the Ufe-history of the subject of our sketch. Mr. Carlisle was born at Ballymena, in the County of Antrim, Ireland, in the year 1854, and was educated at the Eoyal Academical Institution, Belfast. His career has been a varied one. In 1871 he entered the shipbuUding yard of Messrs. Harland & Wolff, at Belfast, where he remained till 1876, after which he again took up studies in civU engineering at the Queen's College, Belfast. Two years later he joined the staff of Mr. Charles Menzies HoUand, civU engineer, of Chester, and was with him during the construction of the Derry Central Eailway, designed to join the southern portion of the County Derry with the seaport of Coleraine. On these important works he was Mr. Holland's representative for four years. On relinquishing this appointment, Mr. Carlisle decided to come to London, and entered the shipping offices in LeadenhaU Street, where the agency of Messrs. Lamport & Holt's line of steamers to the BrazUs and the Argentine Republic was conducted. After remaining there for about four years, he commenced business on his own responsibility, and as a result the firm of Carlisle & Co. was founded at the close of 1883, their offices then, as now, occupy ing an imposing position in LeadenhaU Street. Under the able direction of Mr. John Carlisle, with, the hearty co-operation of his brother, Mr. Henry Montgomery Carlisle, this business has been built up and expanded until, as we have before stated, it has become one of the largest private ship- owning firms in the metropolis. In support of the foregoing statement we give the foUowing facts, which furnish a striking exemplifica tion of the energy and enterprise of this flrm. The fleet of steamers managed by Messrs. Carlisle & Co. have a registered tonnage of nearly 50,000 tons, and the capital represented by this fleet amounts to more than half-a-million sterling. It is an interesting fact, and one which aptly Ulustrates our point, that the steamers belonging to this firm, if berthed end to end, would form an imposing line over a mile in length. Mr. Carlisle dates his first suc3ess, after entering business for himself, from the period of the Soudan War, when he placed at the service of the Government a large number of transport and despatch vessels for the campaign. He is a Director of several important marine insur ance associations, and takes an active interest in all movements connected with the shipping interest. The technical knowledge which Mr. Carlisle ac quired, both in the shipbuilding yard and on railway works, has been most valuable to him in the estab lishment and organization of the extensive business he has built up. Turning to more personal matters, we may men tion that Mr. Carlisle's father was Professor of English Literature at the Royal Academical Insti tution, Belfast, for over twenty years. He was a keen reformer of the system of corporal punishment, so fiagrant in educational establishments at that period, and he was fortunate, before his death, in giving con vincin g proof s, in the growing success of that Institution during his office, that education could be better administered without the free use of the lash. The Royal Academical Institution has occupied one of the first positions in Ireland. He married Catherine Montgomery, fourth daughter of Alexander Montgomery, of Killead, Co. Antrim, in 1852. They had a family of six chil dren, their second son being the subject of this sketch. The late Mr. John Carlisle's father, a branch of the Cumberland family, held property in County Down, in the north of Ireland, about the middle of the last century. Mr. Carlisle is a grand-nephew of the late Dr. Henry Montgomery, LL.D., of Belfast, who was one of the piUars of the Unitarian Church in Ire land, and took a leading part in the Catholic Emancipation of Ireland, and in defeating the attempts of Daniel O'ConneU to embroil the Ulster Loyalists in his revolutionary movement of 1831. The famous letter written by Dr. Montgomery to O'ConneU in the early part of 1831, and before the latter's arrest, is given in the "Life of Mont gomery," written by the Rev. J. A. Crozier, and pubUshed in London in 1875. As might be expected from his antecedents and associations, Mr. Carlisle is a firm Unionist, believ ing that England's greatness can be better main- N 90 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. tained >>y closer federation of the Empire than by its disintegration as foreshadowed by the Home Rule movement. He married, in 1882, a daughter of the late Mr. Charles HoUand, of Liverpool, a member of a junior branch of the old Cheshire famUy of Knuts- ford, who was intimately associated with Cobden and Bright in the great reforms of that period, and was one of the first Liverpool merchants to open up important commercial relations with South America. Mr. Carhsle is a keen sportsman and a great lover of horses : he is fortunate in possessing a fine team, and with this spends part of his summer holiday in coaching. His beautiful home, Ashburton House, occupies one of the finest positions on Putney Heath. It is an old-fashioned Elizabethan mansion, built after the style of Hampton Court Palace, for Lord Ashburton. Mr. Carlisle is a member of the Reform Club. Colonel John Thomas North. Ant work of reference or research containing the lives of the most successful and prominent men of London would naturaUy be incomplete without the biography, however short, of Colonel North, univer sally known as " The Nitrate King." He was born in Leeds, and at the conclusion of his school days he entered the house of John Fowler & Co., Engineers, of Leeds. After a short experi ence at home, becoming imbued with the energy for which, in after years, he became so remarkable, he determined to try his fortune abroad, and finding that the prospects in South America presented a fair prospect of large remuneration he settled in Chili as an Engineer, attaching himself to the Car- rizal Railway. He did not, however, remain long in this position, as having been offered the position of Manager for a Nitrate Offioina near Pisagua, he accepted the post, and retained it for some time, but eventually set up as a Contractor in Pisagua, and constructor of Nitrate Officinas. The routine life, however, of a Contractor did not afford sufficient scope for a man possessed of such wonderful capacity for work as Colonel North has proved himself to have, and accordingly he devised a number of schemes, among theih being a plan to supply fresh water to the province of Tarpaca by tank steamers and condensers. With this scheme originated the Tarapaca Water Company, which has since become greatly enlarged. The road that led to fortune, however, with Colonel North was through the war between ChUi and Peru, when the people of the latter country converted their interests in the nitrate deposits within their boundary into bonds; and, on the continued success of the former country, it was generally believed and feared that the fields would be confiscated, and the bonds unrecognised by Chili. Colonel North, however, stood almost alone in the belief that that would not prove to be the case, and he accordingly secured the bonds at a remarkably low price, and at the conclusion of the war found himself in possession of vast nitrate fields. He also secured a large sum of money through the seizure by Chili of a number of lannaks which had been employed by Colonel North for the loading of ships at Pisagua. At the conclusion of the war Chili handed him over as indemnity the deposits of guano lying on an island, and which proved of great pecuniary value. Since that date. Colonel North appears to have been endowed with the touch of Midas, everything he deals in prospers. The nitrate fields are situated in North Chili between the Andes and the sea. In the raw state nitrate of soda is only found between 19 deg. and 27 deg. of South latitude, and the region where it is discovered is a rainless desert 2,000 feet above the sea-level. Colonel North subsequently returned to England, and settled down at Eltham, where he built a magnifi cent mansion, Avery HiU House. In January, 1889, he presented KirkstaU Abbey and grounds attached to Leeds ; besides assisting by large contributions the funds of the Leeds Infirmary and the Yorkshire College of Science. Colonel North was presented with the honorary freedom of the borough on Jan uary 25th, 1889. He has devoted himself to the management of the various Nitrate Companies which he estabUshed, amongst them being the Colorado Nitrate Com pany, Liverpool Nitrate Company, Nitrate Railways Company, Vaccha and Jozpumpa Nitrate Company, Primitive Nitrate Company. He is, in addition, Chairman and a Director of the Aranco Company, Bank of Tarapaca, and London Lagunas Syndicate, and Lagunas Nitrate Company, Limited, North's Navigation CoUieries, and the Ripanji QuicksUver and Silver Mines Company. The first steamer speciaUy designed for the Nitrate trade was launched on January 25th last, by Messrs. Short Brothers, of Pallion, near Sunderland. The vessel was named the Colonel J. T. North, after the subject of this sketch, andis intended to run between this country and ChiU. It was built to the order of the Nitrate Producers' Steam Shipping Company, of London. Colonel North, owing to absence from Eng land, was unable to be present at the inauguration banquet, but was represented by his brother, Mr. Gamble North. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 91 William Maunder Crocker, F.R.G.S. When the page of history has to be written it wiU contain nothing more romantic than the introduction of British influence in the Island of Borneo, in the Indian Archipelago. First came the heroic enterprise of Sir James Brooke in Sarawak, which resulted, under his successor, Sir Charles Brooke, in the formation of a flourishing colony. Sarawak and her ruler are now recognised as independent by several European Powers, and the country has been placed under the protection of Great Britain. Then came the grant of a Royal Charter to the British North Borneo Company, for the purpose of founding a colony in the northern part of the Island of Borneo, which has been attended with such success that this part of the country is now also protected by Great Britain as an independent State. These two enterprises have resulted in bringing over seventy thousand square miles of country within the sphere of British influence, without costing the EngUsh taxpayer anything, as Sir James Brooke, and the British North Borneo Company, have had to fight their way in the midst of adverse elements, with their own resources, and at their own cost and peril. The subject of this memoir has played such an important part in both these enterprises that his services deserve to be placed on record. Mr. WiUiam Maunder Crocker, was born near Okehampton, in Devonshire, in 1843, and although his parents were not in affluent circumstances, he comes of a good Devonshire stock, of which it is " Crooter, Curwys, and Copplestone, "When the Conqueror came, were all at home." He was educated at a private school in Plymouth, and early in 1864 made the acquaintance of Sir James Brooke, who gave him an appointment in the Sarawak service, just after the country was crippled by the Chinese insurrection, with the significant remark, " You get into the same boat with the Government, and sink or swim with it." Mr. Crocker soon became one of Sir Charles Brooke's most trusty advisers. He remained in the service sixteen years, during which time he held the offices of Treasurer, Auditor, and Police Magistrate, and finally as Resident, when the Rajah conferred upon him the title, " The Honourable the Resident of the 1st Division," which embraced the Capital and the two rivers Lunduand Sadong. He also administered the government of the country during the absence of the Rajah, in 1879-80, for which he received the thanks of His Highness in council. The present prosperity of Sarawak is largely due to his instru mentality in introducing Chinese and Gambler pepper-planters. Mr. Crocker, on his return to England, in 1880, read a paper on Sarawak, and presented a map of the country, which had taken him many years to compile, to the Royal Geographical Society, for which he was elected a FeUow. In 1881 Mr. Crocker entered the service of the British North Borneo Company, and helped to in augurate a system of government on the principle which had proved so successful in Sarawak, viz., to rule for the people and with the people, and to teach them the rights of free men under the restraints of government. In 1887, whilst the Court of Directors were select ing a new Governor, Mr. W. M. Crocker was appointed Acting-Governor of the Colony, and he arrived in Sandakan on the Oth of April, in Lord Brassey's yacht, the Sunbeam. To the value of his work in Borneo, the Consular Report, issued by the Foreign Office, for the year 1888, gives the following eloquent testimony : — "In March, Mr. Charles Vandeleur Creagh assumed the Governorship of the Country, in succes sion to Mr. William Maunder Crocker, who returned to England to resume the position of General Manager of the British North Borneo Company. During his (Mr. Crocker's) year of office the country made more rapid strides to prosperity than during any similar period previously. ' Taking over the reins of government at a time of comparative dulness, Mr. Crocker was mainly the means of inducing a con siderable infiux of European capital, and left the country, having gained the goodwiU of Europeans and natives alike." On leaving the colony he was also the recipient of an address and testimonial from the officials and residents of British North Borneo, both of which must have given him very great plea sure and satisfaction. In March, 1888, Mr. Crocker returned to England to resume the position of General Manager to the Company, which appointment he still holds. He is a keen sportsman, being very fond of hunt ing, shooting, and golf — devoted to the wilds of his na.tive county, Dartmoor and Exmoor, especially the latter, where he spends many happy holidays in pursuit of his favourite sport. Mr. Crocker was married at St. George's, Hanover Square, in 1878, to Eleanor Jane Burton, oldest daughter of the late Captain Peter Gapper, of Eastern House, Bath. He has a family of five sons, and resides at Cottenham Lodge, Wimbledon. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Joseph Henry Collins, F.G.S., F.I.Inst. Me. Collins, Vice-President of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, &c., &c., was born in London on March 16th, 1841. His early education was gained at Ripley School, in Derbyshire, and it was from early association with the fossiUferous hills of Crich and the " Blue John " Caves of Matlock that' his thoughts were directed to the study of geology and mineralogy. He commenced his active ¦ career as an apprentice of Mr. R. Underwood, at that time a well-known decorative sculptor, with whom he remained until his twenty-first year, after which he continued to labour at this profession. Mr. Collins had the opportunity of attending several courses of lectures by the eminent scientists, Ramsay, Huxley, Tyndall, Smyth, and Willis, at the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street ; he also had the advantage of studying under Professor Hoffman at the Royal College of Chemistry ; and in 1868 he was successful in carrying off one of the royal exhibitions at the Royal School of Mines, his partners that year being Mr. Archibald Liversidge, now Professor of Mineralogy in the University of New South Wales, and Mr. W. J. Sollas, Pro fessor of Geology and Mineralogy in Trinity College, Dublin. In 1868 Mr. CoUins accepted the appointment of Lecturer and Assistant Secretary to the Miners' Association of Cornwall and Devon, which was offered to him through Mr. Robert Hunt, F.R.S., who was for many years the keeper of the Mining Records, and who acted on the recommendation of Major-General Donnelly, R,E., the chief of the Science Department, South Kensington. He immediately took up his quarters in Truro. He shortly afterwards became Secretary of the Eoyal CornwaU Polytechnic Society, and an active member of the Royal Institution of CornwaU, and of the Royal Geological Society of CornwaU. In 1872 Mr. Collins acted as one of the local secre taries in connection with the visit of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers to CornwaU. The foUowing year he commenced to practise as a consulting mining engineer, and shortly afterwards was ap pointed PubUc Analyst for the County of CornwaU, and for most of the Cornish boroughs, when, finding his duties multiplying too fast, he was obUged to resign the secretaryship of the CornwaU Polytechnic Society, and the lectureship which he held in con nection with the Miners' Association of CornwaU and Devon. Some few years later, in 1880, he accepted the post of chief chemist and metallurgist to the Rio Tinto Company, Spain, where he remained until ill-health, due to the climate of Rio Tinto, caused him to send in his resignation in 1884, in which year he returned to London, and resumed practice as a consulting, mining and metallurgical engineer. He has since that year travelled extensively in the United States, Canada, Mexico, India, and Burmah, besides visiting many mines in Spain, Hungary, Sweden, and Norway in his professional capacity. Mr. CoUins's best known works comprise his Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Bevon, w^hich he pubUshed when lecturer to the Miners' Association in CornwaU in 1871. The circulation of this work, which was dedicatedi to Robert Were Fox, F.R.S., &c., "the discoverer of the elec tricity of the mineral lodes of CornwaU, and of many Cornish minerals," has been very gratifying, and it is one of the recognised handbooks to the study of British mineralogy. His translation of M. Leon Moissenet's Rich Parts of the Lodes of Cornwall is another weU known work, and his papers on " The Geology of Central and West Cornwall,'" on "Cor nish Tin Stones and Tin Capels," on "The Hens- barrow Granite District and the China, Clay Indus try," "The Geology of the Rio Tinto Mines," and on " The Origin and Development of the Ore Deposits of the West of England," are all well known to stu dents. For the last-mentioned work ho was recently awarded the Henwood gold medal by the Council of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. Besides the works enumerated above, he has written several text books on Mineralogy, and on the elementary princi ples of mining, which have received considerable attention both in this country, in the Colonies, and in the United States. Mr. Collins was elected a FeUow of the Geological Society of London in 1869, on the proposition of the late Sir Warington Smyth, and was received by the late Sir Roderick Murchison. He was one of the original founders of the Mineralogioal Society of Great Britain and Ireland in 1876, and was elected hon. member of the Imperial Mineralogioal Society of St. Petersburg in 1882. He is an hon. associate of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, and a member of the Society of Arts, the Society of Chemical Industry, the London Chamber of Com merce, and the Mining Association and the Institute of Cornwall. He is ably assisted in his profession by three of his sons who are in partnership with him, viz., Henry Francis, A.R.S.M., Assoc.M.Inst.CE. ; Arthur Launcelot, F.G.S., and George Ernest. His second son, the Rev. W. B. Collins, M.A., is one of the Pro fessors at King's College. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 93 The Hon. James Byng. As the oldest railway Chairman and Director in the United Kingdom, and one of the most respected men in the City of London, it is with pleasure we are enabled to include in this work the biography of the Hon. James Byng. Mr. Byng was born in 1818, and is the third son of Vice-Admiral (the sixth) Viscount Torring ton — a distinguished officer who commanded the Naval Brigade at the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope in 1806, and Frances Harriet, fourth daughter of Admiral Sir Robert Barlow, G.C.B., one of the most distinguished Naval officers of his time ; who, as Captain of the Pegasus frigate, com manded the " repeating ship " to Lord Howe on the "Glorious first of June," 1794; as Captain of the Phoebe frigate captured the French frigate, Neriede, of equal force, in single action, in 1797 ; and in 1801, still in command of the Phcebe, captured the French frigate, Africaine, of superior force, after a most obstinate resistance, in which the French ship lost her Captain, the gallant Com modore Saulnier, and 200 officers and men killed and 143 wounded. The Phcebe had only one man kiUed and eleven wounded. Captain Robert Barlow was knighted for this action. The Byngs of Kent are a family of ancient ori gin, and their gallant conduct by sea and land has obtained for them a Viscounty and an Earl dom (Torrington and Strafford). Admiral Sir George Byng, whose briUiant victory over the Spanish Fleet off Cape Passaro in 1718, annihilated the navy of Spain and forced that country to a peace, was created Viscount Torrington in 1721. The unfortunate Admiral John Byng, whose execution in 1756 was a disgrace to this country, was Lord Torrington's fourth son. Sir John Byng, G.CB., was a Field-Marshal in the Army, whose gaUant conduct in many a Penin sular battle, and particularly at Waterloo, obtained for him twice the thanks of Parliament, and eventu aUy the Viscounty of Enfield and Earldom of Straf ford. The Hon. James Byng, the subject of this bio graphy, was educated for the Navy, and, in 1831, he joined the flagship of Admiral Sir John Beresford, Bart., but meeting with a severe accident, which incapacitated him from following the profession of his choice, he studied for the Bar, and was called at the Middle Temple in 1852, but has not practised. In 1855, Mr. Byng was appointed Chairman of the South-Eastern RaUway, and in 1858 the Charing Cross Railway was promoted and brought before the Board by Sir John Hawkshaw. There being a difference of opinion at the Board on account of the great expense of the undertaking, Mr. Byng con sulted the eminent engineer, Mr. Rendall, and it was his opinion that, should the South-Eastern Eail way get a station at Charing Or oss, it would be the flnest position in London, but that the cost would be very great. The Board agreed (by the casting vote of Mr. Byng) to recommend the proprietors to sub scribe £300,000 to its construction. Mr. Byng was the promoter of the Mid-Kent Railway, completed and opened in 1868, which brought Tunbridge Wells and Hastings into direct communication with London. This was also a costly work. The contractor failing at the Sevenoaks Tunnel, it was very ably completed by the present Engineer of the Company, Mr. Brady. The Charing Cross Hotel was also promoted and organised by Mr. Byng, and has been a great success, and highly lucrative to the South-Eastern Railway Company. The Cannon Street Hotel, also promoted by him, has supplied a great want in the City as a place for pubUc meetings. It, as well as the Charing Cross Hotel, was designed by Mr. Middleton Barry, and built by the firm of Lucas Brothers in a very short time. The beautiful Eleanor monument, in the court of the railway station at Charing Cross, was erected at the desire of Mr. Middleton Barry. In 1866 he resigned the Chairmanship of the South-Eastern Company, but was re-elected in 1894. Mr. Byng has been a Director and Trustee of the Phoenix Fire Insurance since 1864, an old and highly successful Company in the City of London. He has also been a Director of the Universal Life Society since 1860, and is now Chairman. This Society was inaugurated in 1834, under the auspices of the principal Directors of the Honourable East India Company — notably Sir Henry WiUock, who was its first Chairman — for insuring English lives in India, It has been very successful, and most ably managed for the last thirty-one years by the well- known Actuary, Mr. Frederick Hendricks. In 1856, Mr. Byng married Caroline Louisa, second daughter of the late WUUam Cook, Esq., of Royden HaU, in Kent, a gentleman of high honour and integrity, weU known in the City of London. He is Deputy-Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Kent and Sussex. His seat is at Great Culverden, Tunbridge Wells, and he is a member of the Athenseum and City Carl ton Clubs. 94 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Colonel F. H. Rich, R.E. Colonel Rich, who, until his retirement from the public service in December, 1891, held the important post of Senior Inspector of Railways of the Board of Trade, is the son of the late Captain Rich, R.A., of Woodlands Castle, ConneU, Co. Limerick. He was born in Limerick, and was educated in France and Germany. Electing to enter the Military Service, he was sent to the Royal MUitary Academy, Woolwich, where he took first place, and obtained a Commission in the Royal Engineers. After a time of service at Chatham, he was first stationed at Woolwich, then at Dover, Plymouth, in Ireland, and was ordered to Canada in 1846, at the time of the anticipated outbreak of hostUities with the United States of America in connection with the Oregon Boundary Question. He assisted in the addi tions and alterations of the works and citadel of Quebec. In the foUowing spring, the dispute be tween England and the United States having been satisfactorily settled. Lieutenant Rich was ordered to the West Indies. He remained there four years, returning to this country in 1851, when he was again quartered in Ireland until 1859. During that time, there were carried out in Ireland, under his super vision, several important military undertakings. In 1852 he superintended the raUway works, through the barracks and fort of Athlone, and in 1856 he buUt the Camp on the Curragh of KUdare, and was appointed to the command of the Royal Engineers of that district. Captain Rich was very favourably spoken of in the House of Commons in connection with the Curragh Camp, the cost of the construction of which was so smaU in comparison with that of Aldershot. In 1 859 he was again ordered to Canada, and offered the staff appointment of Assistant to the Commanding Royal Engineer ; but he did not go, as he was selected by the Commander-in-Chief to go to Malta to assume the Royal Engineer executive duties at that station. He was only a Captain at the time, but was never theless sent out in place of a Lieut.-Colonel. When only a few weeks in Malta the Colonel commanding the Royal Engineers there returned to England, and the responsible command was assigned to Captain Rich, who remained at Malta as Commanding Royal Bngmeer, untU he accepted the appointment of RaUway Inspector at the Board of Trade in 1861, when he returned to England. He was then ap pointed a member of the Committee that met to con sider the question of coast defences, and was ap pointed an examiner for the Whitworth Scholar ships. Very extensive works in connection with altering and reforming and re-arming the fortifications of Malta were carried out under his directions. Barracks at St. George's Bay were planned and built, and he was requested to report on the Cassolani Stores, which the Admiralty had bought for £60,000 some years before, but which were reported by the Admi ralty Engineers as so badly built as to be dangerous to use as stores, and with respect to which questions had been asked in the House of Commons, relative to that year's estimates. On Captain Rich's report being received by the Admiralty, the question asked in Parliament was replied to, Ministers stating that the sum of £5,000 per annum, which had been inserted in the estimates for storage accommodation at Malta, was struck out. A very large sum of money to construct a canal from the Grand to the Quarantine Harbour at Malta, which scheme had been opposed by Captain Rich, while Commanding Engineer, was authorised after he returned to England, but on a strong report from him to the Inspector-General of Fortifications and the War Minister, the works were stopped after they had been commenced, and have not been carried out since. Captain Rich pointed out the great detriment the canal would be to the forti fications of Malta, and, further, that the naval authorities did not advocate its construction. Captain Rich was offered the command of the Royal Engineers in the Madras Presidency, soon after he joined the Board of Trade, but he decUned it, and was subsequently offered the Staff appoint ment in London of Assistant to the Inspector-General of Fortifications. This position he also declined. He retired from the Royal Engineers as a Colonel in 1873. WhUe at the Board of Trade the great im provements in railway rolUng-stock, permanent- way, stations, interlocking and improvements of points and signals, working the lines on the block system, have each and aU been introduced, the railway com panies being continually urged by the railway officers of the Board of Trade to make these im provements, and the result of their introduction is, that the United Kingdom is ahead of all other countries in the matter of speed and safety of rail way travelling. Colonel Rich, since his connection with the Board of Trade, has served on a War Office Committee for the mobilisation of the Army. He was also appointed by the Privy Council to proceed to the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, where he acted as a judge of engineering matters, and was requested by the Secretary of State for War, during the Egyptian campaign, to go to Berlin to report on matters con nected with the Suakim-Berber RaUway, when the LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 95 plant that had been sent out to Egypt was declared to be unsuited for the purpose of continuing the raU way. In 1891 he was requested to proceed to Turkey with Captain Harvey of the General Post Office to examine the railways, and report on the fitness and capabUities of a new route for the Indian mails, vi& Belgium, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Servia, and Salonica, where it was proposed to embark the mails in the Peninsular and Oriental Company's steamers. He was placed in communication with aU the above- named Governments for this purpose, and reported generaUy on the route. Colonel Rich retired from the Civil Service on the 31st December, 1891. Since that date he has been asked to go to the Chicago Exhibition as a judge, but was obUged to decline, and was also requested to go to Jamaica as arbiter to settle some disputed matters between the island Government and the railway people, but he respectfully decUned this also. Colonel Rich resides at 17, Queen's Gate Terrace, S.W. His country seat is Woodlands, Castle Con neU, CO. Limerick. He is a member of the Army and Navy Club. Major Francis Arthur Marindin, C.M.G., &c. The subject of this notice was born at Weymouth in 1838, and is the second son of the Rev. S. Marindin, of Chesterton, Shropshire, Rector of Buck- horn Weston, Dorsetshire, formerly an officer in the 2nd Life Guards, and of Isabella, eldest daughter of Andrew ColvUe, of Ochiltree, by Louisa, daughter of the first Lord Auckland. Major Marindin is descended from an old Huguenot family who left France directly after the massacre of St. Bartholomew (about 1580). His preparatory education was accomplished under the guidance of the Rev. J. Addison of Weymouth, and he then went to Eton, where he was a pupil of the Rev. E. Balston, D.D., after wards headmaster of the college. As the army had been selected for his profession he finished by enter ing the Woolwich Royal Military Academy. In 1854 he obtained a Second Lieutenancy in the Royal Engineers ; having passed his Woolwich courses and examination at the head of his batch of competitors. He joined his regiment at Chat ham and was quartered, at different dates, in Turkey, and at Aldershot, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Pembroke Dock, Chatham, Dover and Harwich. Sir WUliam Stevenson, K.C.B., who was Governor of Mauritius, gave him an appointment on his staff in 1860, in which year he married Sir William's only daughter. WhUe on a cruise round the depen dencies of Mauritius in H.M.S. Lijnx, he was with a whole boat's crew upset, and very nearly lost — but for his being a strong and expert swimmer. He has always had a great fondness for every description of athletics, and has given the various branches much substantial encouragement, having been for sixteen years President of the FootbaU Association. He was for several years stroke of the regimental boat; he founded and played in the Royal En gineers' footbaU team ; was a good cricketer who often helped to uphold the prowess of the Engineers' eleven, and is also a capital horseman and whip. In 1861 he, with the late Colonel Middleton, went on a mission to King Radama II. of Madagascar, who ascended the throne on the death of his mother, the notorious Queen Ranavalona, whose persecutions of Christians form a very black page of history, when Major Marindin had some excellent sport, a tour into the interior of Madagascar. He obtained his com pany in 1861, and took charge of the pontoon troop at Aldershot in 1864, was appointed to the Adju tancy of the corps in 1866, and Brigade- Major in 1869. He retired from the service in October, 1879, being then Senior Major of the regiment. Upon the retirement of Sir H. Tyler, M.P., in 1877, he was offered and accepted, the position of Inspecting Officer of RaUways to the Board of Trade, which post he stiU most ably fills. In May, June and July, 1887, he was in Egypt, engaged on a tour of inspection of the State Railwaj's — a very difficult undertaking at that time of the year ; for his services in this matter he was created a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Among other important duties, outside the ordinary work of an Inspecting Officer of Railways, upon which Major Marindin has been employed at the Board of Trade, may be mentioned the holding of public inquiries in connection with gas, water, and electric lighting provisional orders, and with the running of workmen's trains ; the periodical inspec tion of the Forth Bridge throughout its construction, and the settlement of the areas of the different electric lighting companies in the metropolis, in dealing with which question Major Marindin held in 1889 a public inquiry lasting for twenty-one days. In 1893 Major Marindin, under the will of his maternal uncle, Mr. Eden Colvile, the representative in the female line of the extinct peerage of Colvile of Ochiltree, inherited the old family estate of Craig- flower and Crombie in Fife. Major Marindin's offices are at 8, Richmond Terrace, Whitehall, and his residences are 22, Sussex VUlas, Kensington, W., and Craigflower, Fife. 96 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Charles Grey Mott, J.P., &c. Beyond the inevitable pessimistic few whose mission in life would seem to be finding fault with everything and everyone, there is, we assume, no man of weight or authority who will not readily admit that the scheme of the City and South London Electric Railway was conceived and brought forward into the range of things practical, with a great amount of courage, enterprise, and high engineering skiU. Perhaps the most conspicuous amongst the many able men who were interested in the undertaking, is Mr, Charles Grey Mott, the Chairman of the Com- jmny, for to him is attributable the electrical system by which the trains are worked. At first it was arranged to work them by the endless cable system, as in vogue in the United States of America and elsewhere ; but Mr. Mott con ceived the idea of using electricity instead, and he straightway, with the energy that has characterised him throughout his Ufe, associated himself with a number of leading electricians, and eventuaUy made the South London Electric Railway a fact. It is unnecessary here to enter into the various changes and innovations which he created in this and in other undertakings, but sufficient to say that, although in many cases he had much deep-rooted prejudice to battle against, and although the schemes proposed by him were often of a very radical nature, in the great majority of instances they have been adopted ; this is proof enough, we infer, that the mind that conceived these new ideas was backed by arguments whose soundness was evident, and oratory which rendered these arguments convincing. We feel sure that a brief outUne of Mr. Mott's life wiU receive the attention of our readers. Charles Grey Mott was born at Loughborough, Leicestershire, in 1832, and is the youngest son of the late Mr. Julius Mott of that town. He went to the Proprietary School at Leicester until the age of fifteen, and from thence to the Royal Agricultural CoUege at Cirencester, completing his education at the Liverpool CoUege at the time the Rev. J. W. Coney- beare and Dr. Howson, the late Dean of Chester, were Principals of that College. In 1850 he entered a West Indian merchant's office in Liverpool as clerk, in which capacity he remained for about five years. From 1855 to 1880 he carried on business as a coal merchant and coUiery proprietor in Birken head. During his long residence there Mr. Mott took an active part in municipal affairs. He was elected in 1867 Chairman of the Birkenhead Improvement Commissioners, which was then the governing body of the town. In 1868 he joined the board of the Great Western Railway, and he remains a Director of this Company up to to-day. During his long and eventful career, Mr. Mott has filled a variety of responsible public positions, the duties of which he has discharged with credit to himself and satisfaction to the public generally ; but it may truly be said of him that he was never a place-seeker — the office, in this case, sought the man. Mr. Mott's experiences have generally and more particularly been in railway matters, and not only his interests, but his personal inclinations have always gone in this direction, and in his leisure time he has made a thorough study of aU subjects dealing directly with raUway construction and man agement. He has been chairman of several English and foreign railways, but beyond these has never connected himself with limited companies, and the only general board he is attached to now is that of the Peruvian Corporation, which also is mainly a railway concern. That Mr. Mott has long been a very busy man is evident from the positions of great responsibiUty he has filled — a glance at the " Directory of Directors" gives us a very good inkling as to these. He is Chairman of the Midland Uruguay RaUway and the North-Western of Uruguay Eailway Companies, Limited, and of the City and South London Electric Railway ; a Director of the Great Western and the Peruvian Corporation ; an ex-officio Director of the Bala and Festiniog RaUway, the Birkenhead RaUway, the Abbotsbury RaUway, and the Princestown Rail way Companies. The tastefuUy arranged grounds which have nriw become so familiar to the travelUng pubUc through out England, and which stand out as an oasis in the wilderness of rails, forming a delightful picture to the eye, are due to him, as with a view to encourag ing station masters to keep their depots clean and neat, and the platform gardens bright and gay with flowers, Mr. Mott, in 1871, offered at his own ex pense annual premiums for the best kept gardens and stations on the northern division of the Great Western RaUway. The success of the premiums was so heartily appreciated that the Directors decided to extend them over the whole of the Company's system, and they have recently been adopted jointly by the London and North-Western and Great West ern RaUway, as well as by several of the other rail way companies. In the year 1887, Mr. Mott entered into negotia tions with the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board which resulted in the construction of the Liverpool LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 97 Overhead Eailway, which was opened by Lord Salisbury in 1893, and is distinctly one of the most wonderful triumphs of the reign. This Une is worked by. a system of electrical motors, and runs along the "line of docks," as a passenger railway, for a distance of six miles. To Mr. Mott also must be ascribed all the credit of introducing milk into railway refreshment rooms. For twelve years he tried to induce the contractors and the various companies to keep milk, as he had so often noticed ladies, and more particularly chil dren, on arriving wanted refreshment of this kind, and none was available ; however, after agitating for this period he at last got it introduced at Crewe Station, on the North-Western system, and to-day there is not a station throughout the length and breadth of the three kingdoms, boasting a refresh ment room, where it is not procurable. He has also interested himself considerably in forwarding the objects of literary societies, and is the principal founder of the Birkenhead Literary and Scientific Society, which has existed since 1857, and is now a large and flourishing association. The North Middle sex Literary Society, though of much more recent birth, owes much to Mr. Mott's fostering care, and promises to equal in importance its Birkenhead compeer. Mr. Mott married, in 1857, Sophia, daughter of Mr. Samuel Thornely, of Liverpool. Their family consists of two sons and three daughters. Harrow Weald Lodge, Stanmore, is a beautiful and most comfortable house, and forms the happy country home of a very busy London man. Although he has had considerable pressure put upon him by his many friends to enter political life, Mr. Mott, having so many other weighty matters claiming his attention, has found it necessary to decUne. This is a matter of regret, as his large ex perience and practical knowledge would render him of great utiUty in aU matters touching domestic legislation. He is a justice of the peace for Birkenhead, and a member of the Devonshire and City of London Clubs ; his political sympathies are Liberal Unionist. With a kindly, sensitive, and very modest manner Mr. Mott combines rare business capacity, acumen, courtesy, and thoughtfulness of others. Edward Woods, Past-President of the Institu tion of Civil Engineers. With but slight comment we introduce a short sketch of the Ufe and work of Mr. Edward Woods. We purpose confining our remarks rather closely to the line of actual and accompUshed facts as regards the work of this eminent engineer, and not to enlarge in any way upon any of his various undertakings. To do so were unnecessary, and a recital of the important posts Mr. Woods has from time to time occupied, and the important English, Continental, and South American raUways, and other public works which, under his supervision and direc tion, have been constructed, is amply sufficient to warrant mention of him amongst the leading men of London. Mr. Woods has founded for himself a reputation in the front rank of the great engineers of the day, and has become a consulting authority on points as to the nicest technicalities and on important projected engineering undertakings. We should be strangely losing sight of our avowed purposes in publishing this work did we omit to include a short biographical notice of Mr. Woods. Edward Woods was born in Lombard Street, City, in 1814. His father was Mr. Samuel Woods, who was a London merchant. His early education was conducted at Dr. Cogan's school at Higham HiU — the same, by -the -bye, where the late Lord Beaconsfield received his earlier scholastic training at a somewhat earlier date. Leaving Dr. Cogan's on the retirement of that gentleman, he went to Dr. Schwabe's school at Stamford HiU. He later underwent an extended course of physical studies at Bristol, up to 1832, with the intention of adopting the profession of a civil engineer. It was hoped that, through the influence of a partner in the firm of Messrs. Robert Stephenson & Co., of Newcastle, a friend of his father, he might find an opening in their works. An opportunity did not at the time offer for putting this project into practice, so it was arranged that he should reside for a time with friends of his relatives — the family of the late Mr. John Cropper, of Dingle Bank, a lead ing merchant of Liverpool — in the hope that some opening might occur for obtaining employment on the works of the then recently-opened Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Through the kind influence of Mr. Cropper, a Director of that Railway, aided by that of its Treasurer and Manager, the late Mr. Henry Booth, he fortunately obtained employ ment thereon. Thus in January, 1834, Edward Woods was entrusted with the supervision of half the line, that is, from Liverpool to Newton, under an agree ment at a small salary, which, however, at the expiration of two years was canceUed, and under a new contract he became engineer-in-chief in charge of the line, combining with his duties as a civil 98 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. engineer those of acting-manager of its mechanical departments. This position he held up to the time of the amalgamation of the Liverpool and Manchester with the London and North-Western Railway Com pany, when he started in private practice in Liverpool ; at the same time undertaking the com pletion of lines of railway and works for which Acts of Parliament had been obtained by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company, and which were finally completed in 1852. Those works included the construction of a tunnel of over two miles in length, connecting the Waterloo Docks at the North end of the town (passing under the city, through rock in its upper division and clay in the lower one), and the goods station at its terminus ; the viaduct through the town of Salford, crossing the River Irwell, effecting the connecting link between the Liverpool and Manchester, and Manchester and Leeds RaUways at their joint station in Manchester ; and the Une from Patricroft to connect with the Manchester, Liverpool and Bury Railway. Feeling that in the MetropoUs there would be more scope for him, in 1852 Mr. Woods came to Lon don and established himself in chambers in West minster, as an engineer, especiaUy devoting himself to work directly or indirectly connected with railway construction and development, and gas and water works undertakings. As to his railway work in other parts of this country we may mention the Shrewsbury and Welsh pool line, now run by the London and North- Western Railway, the Horsham and Petworth, with its extension to Midhurst, and Horsham and GuUd- ford lines, and others. His works in South America have been of the first importance in developing the inland and mineral wealth of ChUi and Peru, as instance the Antof agasta Railway, which runs to the slope of the Andes through a magnificent, but tiU its construction en tirely undeveloped, country. Also the Anglo-ChUian RaUway, running from the coast up to the rich nitrate district. This line has a length of fifty-six miles. Mr. Woods also planned and built the pier at Pisco, in ChiU, likewise the piers at MoUendo, Antofagasta, and TocopiUa in ChiU. To the OhUian Government he has been for over fifty years con sulting engineer, and has hence to do with almost every line in the repubUc, both those of the Govern ment and private ones as well. In the Argentine RepubUc he has constructed several important railways, and notably the Central Argentine Railway, 247 miles in length, connecting the River Parana at Rosario with Tucuman and the interior provinces, the Buenos Ayres and Ensenada Port Railway, and the Buenos Ayres, Ensenada, and South Coast Railway. Mr. Woods is responsible for the BUbao River and Cantabrian Railway, which is amongst the most im portant freight-lines in the Iberian peninsula, and opens up some very valuable iron-ore districts. This line has been in operation since 1874. Mr. Woods is the engineer to the Bournemoutli Gas and Water Company, and the Sidmouth Water works — these in England. Abroad, he is consulting engineer for the Monte Video Water-works, for the Rosario Water- works, and for the Panama Water works, as also of the Belgrano Gas-works, near Buenos Ayres. His foreign connections, however, are not limited to Chili, Peru, the Argentine RepubUc, and Spain, for although the undertakings enumerated are in themselves very considerable, he was the engineer of the Hong Kong Gas-works, and for those of Colombo, in Ceylon. So in three of the continents, in an im portant manner, Mr. Woods has created for himself monuments which wiU long endure, and are worthy to commemorate the man whose brain has planned their creation. We wiU not permit our respect for Mr. Woods' genius to betray us into any fulsome and unnecessary eulogism. Such we feel assured he would resent. The best reward for the labours of such a man is practical appreciation of his works, and this in the fuU he has enjoyed. In 1840 Mr. Woods married Miss Mary Dent Goodman, daughter of Thomas Goodman, of Edgbaston. They had five children, the eldest of whom is Mr. Edward Henry Woods, who is also a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, hav ing represented his father as Resident Engineer in the construction of the Central ALrgentine Railway, and now practising in London. Mr. Woods is a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and was President of this institution in 1887. He is attached to the directorate of many very important companies, among which are the fol lowing. He is a director of the Bilbao and Can tabrian Eailway, herein aUuded to ; of the Brush Electrical Engineering Company; of the City of Buenos Ayres Tramways Company ; of the Colombo Gas-works Company ; Great Southern of Spain EaUway Company, Limited ; Hong Kong and China Gas Company, Limited, of which, en passant, Mr. Woods is Chairman ; the North- West Argentine Rail way Company, Limited; and of the SeviUe Tram- LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 69 ways. Limited. Of the last he again figures as Chairman. Mr. Woods entertains strong Conservative opinions as regards political matters, and is a member of the Junior Carlton Club. His residence is 45, Onslow Gardens. William Henry Preece, CB., F.R.S. The owner of this good old Welsh surname (originally Ap Rhys) is in many ways a very remark able man, and one who, in a time when the greatest brain-workers and logicians of the civUised world are bending their minds to the study of electrical appliances and electricity generally, has forged ahead and secured for himself a place of unassailable emi nence amongst them all ; and were we to omit mention of him in this volume, it would not be what it purports to be — a collection of biographical sketches of eminent Londoners who, in their various ways, have constituted themselves ' ' Leading Men of London." WilUam Henry Preece was born in 1834, andis the eldest son of R. M. Preece, Esq., of Carnarvon, North Wales. He was educated at King's CoUege, London. At the age of eighteen years he entered the office of Mr. Edwin Clark, M.I.CE. In the following year, 1853, he was appointed to the Electric and Inter national Telegraph Company, of which he became Superintendent of the Soutliern District in 1856 ; the additional appointment of Engineer of the Channel Islands Telegraph Company he obtained in 1858; and aho, in 1860, Superintendent of the London and South- Western Railway Company, thus holding the unique position of a joint official. He transferred his services to the General Post Office as Divisional Engineer in 1870, was appointed Electrician to the Post Office in 1877, and Engineer- in-Chief and Electrician in 1892 ; such was the pro gress made by Mr. Preece in the thirty-nine years from 1852 to 1892 ; comment here is needless, Mr. Preece has been a most voluminous writer. We find upon enumerating aU that he has given to the world that his essays and works total up to nearly one hundred, a number so great that we cannot enu merate them here ; they deal naturaUy with matters electrical, but some mention of a few of the titles will be sufficient to remind those who have read them of the able scientist who penned them. Among other essays, perhaps, the best known are the following : " On some Phenomenal Effects of Electric Cur rents," " On the Conversion of Radiant Energy into Sonorous Vibrations," "The Effects of Tempera ture on the Electromotive Force and Resistance of Batteries," and on a "New Standard of Illumina tion and the Measurement of Light," &c., &c. In addition to writing, however, many very valuable inventions of an electrical nature for signalling on railways, &c., are attributable to Mr. Preece also. In 1855 he invented a new method of duplex tele graphy; in 1858 a new mode of terminating wires ; in 1862 a method of working miniature signals by electricity to assimilate electric signals with outside signals on railways ; several others followed, and in 1865 he was the inventor of a system of locking signals on railways by means of electricity, and others, aU destined to serve purposes of great pubUc utility, and of a nature designed to insure extra safety to the traveUing pubUc. Mr. Preece holds the appointment of Consulting Electrician to the Home and also to many of the Colonial Governments ; he is a Member of the Insti tution ot Civil Engineers, being elected to this body in 1859 ; a FeUow of the Royal Society, and a Mem ber of the Physical Society, of the Royal Institution, of the Meteorological Society, of the Society of Arts, President of the Society of Electrical Engineers, and a member of the British Institution, and numerous other learned and scientific bodies. He is also a Member of the CouncU of King's CoUege, and is associated with many other public and private insti tutions. Mr. Preece is of a kindly and genial manner ; with him the duties of life are not necessarily of a wearing, but of a pleasurable description. It is good in a man versed in such deep and difficult subjects, to see that he does not consider, as so many clever men seem to do, that he is of a superior order to the rest of mankind ; the faculties of application,, perseverance, and perception clearly characterize WilUam Henry Preece. He was appointed to serve as a Member of the Royal Commission to inquire into the questions of telegraphic communications with Ughthouses and light-vessels round the coasts of the United King dom, in 1892, and is also a Member of the Royal Commission dealing with the World's Fair at Chicago. For his valuable services to electrical science, &c., Her Majesty was pleased to include Mr. Preece in the list of recipients of the New Year's honours (1894), and conferred upon him the Companionship of the Bath. His residence in London is Gothic Lodge, a beautiful place in the style which its name indicates, at Wimbledon ; he is a member of the Arts, Savage, and WhitehaU Clubs, and has a country seat at Pen-y-bryn, Carnarvonshire, North Wales. 100 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir William John Walter Baynes, Bart. Sie William J. W. Baynes is the eldest son of the late Sir William Baynes, second Baronet, and w-as born on June 4th, 1820, in Lower Berkeley Street, London, W. At an early age he was taken by his parents to Macao, China, where his father was a member of the Hon. East India Company's estabUsh ment, and of which he subsequently rose to be chief. He was brought back to England in 1826, and in the foUowing year accompanied his parents to Geneva. Returning to England he was, in 1828, left in the custody of his grandfather and grandmother. Sir Christopher and Lady Baynes, of St. James's Square, Bath, and for the foUowing four years was a pupil of Mr. Eraser's private school at The Hermi tage, Bath. On his father and mother's final return from China in 1832, he accompanied them to Tiverton, Devonshire, where for about a year he attended the Grammar School of that town. For a short time afterwards he was a boarder at Mr. Scholefield's private school, Canon Place, Brighton, but eventuaUy completed his education at the London University School and College. In earlier years Sir William J. W. Baynes was intended for the army, in which profession he had strong interest, but in 1838, on the invitation of Mr. W. E. Eohinson (afterwards Governor of the Bank of England), who had recently married a relation of Sir WUliam's family, he became an honorary clerk in the Eussian house of Messrs. W. R. Robinson & Co., of 14, Austin Friars, London, E.C On his coming of age in 1841, Sir William Baynes embarked for India, and was among the early traveUers to journey by the overland route through Egypt and the Red Sea, then being organised by Lieut. Waghorn. After a sojourn of ten months in Bombay, studying Eastern business in the office of MacVicar, Burn & Co., and visiting the neighbouring cities and country, he proceeded to Ceylon, making a tour of the principal coffee and sugar estates of that island. Taking advantage of a friend's offer to ac company him in a vessel he had chartered, partly as a yacht, he proceeded to visit Madras, Penang, Malacca, Singapore and Batavia, travelling through the island of Java, and visiting, by special permit of the then acting governor, one of the native Provinces, where he and his friend were escorted and entertained by the chief in person. Re-embarking at Samarang, Sir WiUiam Baynes sailed to ManUa, narrowly escaping shipwreck on a shoal on the way. After a short stay, and visiting the important Spanish Government Tobacco Manufactory of Cheroots, he left for China, and arrived at Macao in the autumn of 1842. Pro ceeding to Hong Kong and Canton, he increased his knowledge of business in the office of MacVicar & Co. — another branch of the house of John MacVicar, of Manchester — making a trip afterwards in the schooner Anglona, one of their opium clippers, up the coast to Ningpo and . Chusan ; beyond which latter island, then in the occupation of British troops, traders were not allowed to go. In 1843 Sir William Baynes returned to Calcutta, where he had again an insight into business in the office of MacVicar, Smith & Co., another branch of the Manchester house. In 1844 he revisited Ceylon for the purpose of in specting and reporting upon certain coffee estates, the property of Messrs. Gregson & Co., of Austin Friars, London. He returned to London in May, 1844, and on the 1st January, 1845, joined the firm of Gregson & Co., East India Merchants, as Junior Partner ; rising tiU he became Senior Partner, and retiring from the firm in 1878. Notwithstanding his attention to business Sir WU liam Baynes has always been a keen sportsman, par ticipating in the sports of the places and countries he has visited. He was a fine rider, and is still a good shot, going yearly to his Scotch moor for his autumn recreation. He was for some years a Captain in the Duke of Manchester's Huntingdon Mounted Volunteers, after learning his cavalry drill with the 18th Hussars at Aldershot. He was on duty as a special constable in Trafalgar Square, on the day of the Chartist gather ing, the 10th April, 1848. Sir WUUam Baynes has since occupied the position of Chairman of the East and West India Dock Com pany, and Chairman of the old Oriental Bank. At the present time he is Chairman of the Atlas Assur ance Company — of which his grandfather, Sir Chris topher Baynes, was one of the original Founders and the first and only President. He is also Deputy- Chairman of the Indemnity Mutual Marine Assurance Company, a Director of the London Joint-Stock Bank, Limited, a Director of the Provincial Bank of Ireland, and a Director of the London and Hanoeatic Bank, Limited. He is a Justice of the Paace for Surrey and the County of London, and a Commis sioner of Income-Tax for the City of London. Sir William Baynes married, in 1845, Margaret, daughter of Daniel Stuart, Esq., of Harley Street, London, and Wykeham Park, Oxon, by whom he has seven sons and one daughter Uving, His residence is Forest Lodge, West HUl, Putney, S.W., and he is a member of the Union and City of London Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 101 Lord Kelvin, F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D. Sie William Thomson, first Baron Kelvin in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, is the eldest son of the late James Thomson, Esq., LL.D., some time Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Academical Institute, Belfast, and subsequently Professor of Mathematics in the University of Glasgow. Lord Kelvin was born in Belfast in June, 1824, was educated in Glasgow University, and at St. Peter's College, Cambridge, where, in 1846, he graduated second Wrangler and first Smith's Prizeman. On leaving Cambridge a year later (1846), Lord Kelvin was appointed Professor of Natural Philo sophy in Glasgow University. In that year also he founded the Cambridge and Bublin Mathematical Jour nal, and became its first Editor, retaining that position for upwards of six years. To this journal he contributed various articles on the mathematical theory of electricity, the best known of which were his articles on "The Elementary Laws of Statical Electricity," and on "The Distribution of Electricity on Spherical Conductors." In 1855 he deUvered the Bakerian Lecture, choos ing as his subject " Electrodynamio Properties of Metals." But probably his best service to the cause of the advancement of electrical science was the inven tion and construction of instruments adapted for the study of atmospheric electricity, and for electric measurement generaUy. His quadrant electrometer has been successfully used at Kew Observatory to indicate and register changes in the electric state of the atmosphere. Lord Kelvin wiU, however, best be remembered in connection with submarine telegraphy, to which he has devoted many years of successful labour. He was the inventor of the Mirror Galvanometer and the Siphon-Recorder, which, by reason of their extreme deUcacy, can be worked by a low battery power, and thus tend to the preservation of the cables, and, by their continuous action, reaUze practical signaUing through cables of great length. To the science of magnetism. Lord Kelvin has made many valuable additions, and also to the in vestigation of the nature of heat. He has given many contributions on the subject of Vortex Motion to the Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. To scientific litera ture generaUy, he has, throughout a long career, been a voluminous and valuable contributor. Worthy of special mention are his papers on " The Mechanical Energies of the Solar System " ; "Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion," in conjunc tion with Joule ; the " Mathematical Theory of Elas ticity"; the "Secular Cooling of the Earth"; the "Rigidity of the Earth" ; the "Age of the Sun's Heat " ; the " Determination of a Ship's place at Sea from Observation of Altitudes " ; and on " Approach caused by Vibration." He received the honour of Knighthood on the suc cessful completion of the Atlantic Cable in 1866, and in the same year was presented with the Freedom of the City of Glasgow. He has received the hon. LL.D. from the Univer sities of Dublin, Cambridge, Edinburgh, and Mon treal, and the D.C.L. from Oxford. Lord Kelvin is a Fellow of the Royal Societies of Edinburgh and London. Of the latter he has, since 1890, been President. In 1866 he delivered the Rede Lecture at Cam bridge ; he was President of the British Association at its meeting in Edinburgh in 1871, and was elected President, for 1872, of the Geological Society of Glasgow. In 1872 he was elected FeUow of St. Peter's Col lege, Cambridge, under a provision in the College statutes which empowers the Master and Fellows to elect to their FeUowship men eminent for science and learning. Abroad he has been the recipient of various dis tinctions. He is a Commander of the Belgian Order of Leopold, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, and Knight of the Prussian Order pour le Merite. In December, 1877, he was elected a Foreign Asso ciate of the Paris Academy of Sciences. In September, 1881, he delivered an address at the York meeting of the British Association, on ' ' The Sources of Energy in Nature available to Man for the Production of Mechanical Effect." Lord Kelvin was appointed one of the British Commissioners for the Electrical Exhibition held in Vienna in August, 1883. In 1872 a volume of his papers on "Electrostatics and Magnetism " was published in London by Mac- miUan. In 1882, 1884, and 1890, three volumes of " Mathematical and Physical Papers" by him were published at Cambridge; and from 1889 to 1894 three volumes of " Popular Lectures and Addresses." He was joint author, with Professor Tait, of a "Treatise on Natural Philosophy" (1867, 1879, and 1883). He has been President five times of the Mathematical and Physical Section of the British Association. He is the inventor of an improved form of the Mariner's Compass, in which complete provisions against disturbance by the ship's magnetism are in troduced ; and of a sounding machine, by means of which soundings may be taken without stopping the ship, in depths up to one hundred fathoms. 102 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Bart., G.CB., F.R.S. Sie H. C Rawlinson, who is a brother of the Eev. George Rawlinson, was born at Chadlington, Oxfordshire, on AprU llth, 1810, and was educated at Ealing School. For about six years, from 1 827-33, he served in the Bombay army, being sent in Novem ber, 1833, to Persia, where, up to December, 1839, he was actively employed in several parts of the country, with the local rank of Major. Sir Henry thoroughly reorganised a portion of the Persian army, held various commissions with the forces of that country, and received from the Shah the Order of the Lion and Sun (first class). The rupture with Persia in 1839 compeUing Sir Henry to quit the country, he proceeded through Soinde to Afghanistan. In June, 1840, he was appointed political agent at Kandahar. Throughout the troubles that foUowed it is impossible to over estimate the value of Sir Henry's services. He was more than once mentioned by General Nott in despatches for his services in the field, receiving, in recognition of these, a Companionship of the Bath. In 1843 Sir Henry Rawlinson was appointed, by the Government of India, political resident in Turkish Arabia, the following year he was made Consul at Bagdad, and in 1850 was promoted to the local rank in Turkey of Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1850 he became Consul-General; but resigning in 1855, returned to England and was appointed a Crown Director of the East India Company. The following year he retired from the Indian service, being made a K.CB, (Civil Division). In 1858 he was appointed a member of the Council of India, but very shortly afterwards went as envoy to the Court of Teheran, with the rank in Persia of Major-General. Sir Henry RawUnson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He is an honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, and LL.D. of Cambridge and Edinburgh ; a Chevalier of the " Order of Merit " in Prussia, and an "Associe Etranger" of the French Institute. He is the author of numerous papers on the anti quities of the East, and on the interpretation of the cuneiform inscriptions of Persia, Assyria, and Babylonia, which have appeared in the journals of the Geographical and Asiatic Societies; also of "England and Russia in the East : a series of papers on the PoUtical and Geographical Condition of Central Asia, " 1875. From February to September, 1858, he sat for Reiga«e in the Liberal interest, and at the general election in July, 1865, was returned for Frome. Sir Henry withdrew from parliamentary Iif e after having represented this borough for three years, being then reappointed a member of the CouncU of India. In March, 1878, he was elected a Trustee of the British Museum in the place of the late Sir David Dundas, and, in May, 1882, was elected a foreign honorary member of the Vienna Imperial Academy of Sciences, in succession to the late Mr. Darwin. He has also received diplomas from many of the Oriental and Antiquarian Societies of Europe and America; is a K.L.S. (first class), and has received the Star of the Durani Empire. During the two visits of the Shah of Persia to England in 1873 and 1889, Sir Henry Rawlinson was appointed to attend upon His Majesty. In 1889 he received the Grand Cross of the Bath (Civil Division), and in 1891 was created a baronet. Sir Henry married, in 1862, Louisa, daughter of the late Henry Seymour, of Knoyle, Wiltshire. Lady Rawlinson died in 1889. Sir Charles Tennant, Bart. Sie Chaeles Tennant, Bart., of St. Rollox, Glasgow, and of the Glen, Peeblesshire, is President of " The United AlkaU Company," which has been formed by the amalgamation of the principal Chemical Works in Great Britain, including his large and well-known establishments for the manufacture of soda and bleach ing powder at St. Rollox and Hebburn-on-Tyne. The former were founded by his grandfather, Charles Tennant, in 1798, who took out the first patent for the combination of chlorine with lime in 1780, and with whose name chloride of lime, the bleaching powder of commerce, will be always associated. Sir Charles is Hon. President of the Union Bank of Scotland, of which his father was an original Director. He has been Chairman from the first of "The Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Company," one of the most successful industrial enterprises in this country. He took a very early interest in the develop ment of the Indian gold-bearing district of Mysore, and is the Chairman of the " Mysore Mine," and also of the " Champion Reef," which adjoins it. Sir Ouarles has not, however, confined his energies to business pursuits, as in 1879 he became Liberal Member for Glasgow, and from 1880 to 1886 he sat for the counties of Peebles and Selkirk, which had never before been represented by a Liberal. In 1886 he was defeated by a Liberal Unionist. In 1892 he con tested Partick, but without success, and has not again sought Parliamentary honours. Sir Charles Tennant has long been a coUector of pictures, and his GaUery of the Reynolds and Gains- LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 103 borough period is a very fine one. He has recently been appointed one of the Trustees of the National Gallery. Sir Charles was created a Baronet in 1885. He married, in 1849, Emma, daughter of Richard Wins- loe, Esq., of Mount Nebo, Somerset, and has three sons and three daughters, the youngest of the former being M.P. for Berwickshire. Lady Tennant died in 1895. Of his daughters, one is married to Lord Ribblesdale, Master of the Buckhounds ; and the youngest, Margot, to the Right Honourable H, H. Asquith, M.P., Secretary of State for the Home Department. Sir Charles' London residence is 40, Grosvenor Square ; Clubs : Brooks' and the Eeform. The Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff, G.CS.I., F.R.S. The distinguished President of the Eoyal His torical Society, Sir M. E. Grant Duff, is the eldest son of the late James Cuninghame Grant Duff, Esq., of Eden, Aberdeenshire, some time British Eesident at Sattara, and author of " The History of the Mahrattas," by his wife Jane Catharine, only daughter of Sir Whitelaw Ainslie, M.D. Mr. M. E. Grant Duff was born at Edinburgh in 1829, and educated at Edinburgh and Balliol CoUege, Oxford, where, in 1850, he took his B.A. degree, and three years later proceeded to that of M.A. Mr. Grant Duff then entered as a student at the Inner Temple, being called to the Bar at that Inn in 1854, after having, in the previous year, gained a certificate of honour and a studentship. In December, 1857, he entered Parliament in the Liberal interest as member for the Elgin Burghs, a constituency he continued to represent in the House of Commons until midsummer, 1881. In December, 1868, he was offered by Mr. Gladstone, and accepted, the position of Under-Secretary of State for India. This office he held untU the outgoing, in February, 1874, of Mr. Gladstone's administration. In May, 1880, on the formation of Mr. Gladstone's next administration, he again took office, this time as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. In the enjoyment of this position he continued untU, on receiving an appointment as Governor of Ma dras, in succession to the late Mr. WiUiam Patrick Adam, he resigned it, together with his seat in Par liament. The period of his tenure of office in India was one of marked advancement in the social and political weU-being of the inhabitants of the vast province of Madras. In 1886 he resigned, being succeeded by Lord Connemara. From 1866 to 1873 Sir M. E. Grant Duff was Lord-Eector of Aberdeen University, and from 1889 to 1893 was President of the Royal Geographical Society. He is the author of several works, amongst them being " Studies in European Politics," "Elgin Speeches," " Notes of an Indian Journey," "Miscel lanies, Political and Literary " (Ernest Renan), and " A Political Survey." He married, in 1859, Anna, only daughter of Edward Webster, Esq., M.A., of North Lodge, Ealing ; resides at York House, Twickenham ; and is a member of Brooks' and the Athenseum Clubs. Sir Williara Henry Flower, K.CB., LL.D., D.C.L., ScD., F.R.S., F.L.S. Sie William Heney Flowee, President of the Zoological Society, is the second son of Mr. E. F. Flower, J.P., of Stratford-on-Avon, where the sub ject of our sketch was born on November 30th, 1831. He was educated, with a view to his future career, at University CoUege, London, and at the Middlesex Hospital. In April, 1854, he entered the Army Medical Service and served through the Crimean campaign as Assis tant Surgeon to the 63rd Regiment, and has the English and Turkish medals, with clasps for Alma, Balaclava, Inkerman, and Sebastopol. Subsequently Sir WUliam settled down in London and was appointed Assistant-Surgeon and Demon strator of Anatomy at Middlesex Hospital. In 1861 he was appointed Conservator of the Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons, and eight years later, in 1869, became Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology at the College. These offices he resigned in 1884 on taking up the appointment of Director of the Natural History De partments of the British Museum, which had then just been removed to the building specially erected for them in CromweU Road, South Kensington. At the Dublin meeting of the British Association, in August, 1878, Professor Flower was President of the Section of Biology ; at the Oxford meeting in 1894, President of the Section of Anthropology ; and at the meeting of the International Medical Congress, held in London in 1881, he was President of the Section of Anatomy. In 1879 he became President of the Zoological Society of London in succession to the late Marquis of Tweeddale, an appointment he still retains. From 1883 to 1885 he was President of the Anthro pological Institute. In November, 1882, Sir WiUiam was awarded one 104 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. of the royal medals of the Royal Society for a series of highly valuable contributions to the morphology and classification of the mammaUa and to anthro pology. He has received the honorary LL.D. from the Universities of Edinburgh and Dublin, the D.C.L. from Durham, and the Sc.D. from Cambridge. In 1887 he was created a C.B., and two years later was elected President of the British Association at the Newcastle-on-Tyne meeting. Professor Flower is the author of numerous me moirs on subjects connected with zoology, anatomy, and anthropology which have appeared in the Trans actions of the Royal, Zoological, and other learned Societies. In 1885 he published "An Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia," which has gone into the third edition; "Diagrams of the Nerves of the Human Bcdy," second edition, 1872 ; and, at various times, Catalogues of the Museum of the Royal CoUege of Surgeons, and articles on scientific sub jects in the ninth edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," which were republished in a connected form, with additions, under the title of "An Intro duction to the Study of Mammals," 1891. He was made a K.C.B. in 1892. In 1858 Sir WUliam Flower married Rosetta, daughter of the late Admiral W. H. Smyth. His private residence is 26, Stanhope Gardens, S.W., and his Club is the Athenaeum. Sir Frederick J. Bramwell, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. Sie Feedeeick Joseph Beamwell, President of the Royal Institution, and a Past President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, is the youngest son of the late Mr. George Bramwell, a London banker, and was born on March 7th, 1818. In his early boyhood days he gave evidence of a keen interest in mechanics, as shown by his persever ing efforts to construct models of the machinery which he had seen in use at St. Katharine's Dock. In 1834 he became apprentice to the weU-known mechanical engineer, Mr. John Hague, with whom he subsequently continued for several years after the termination of his articles, as chief draughtsman, during which time of steady application he gained a thorough and practical insight into the various de tails of his profession. In 1853 Sir Frederick commenced business on his own account as a civU engineer, and, three years later, was elected an Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers. In 1862 he was advanced to fuU membership of the Institution, and in 1867 was elected a member of the Council. In 1884-85 he was chosen to fill the position of President, having previously, in 1874-75, been President of the Insti tution of Mechanical Engineers. On the formation, in 1881, of the present Ordnance Committee, Sir Frederick BramweU was appointed one of the two lay members of that Committee, and on several occa sions has, in the exercise of his professional duties and by request of the Government, served on Com mittees and Commissions appointed for various pur poses. Having for several years previously been a member of the British Association, he was, in 1872, appointed President of Section G. (Mechanical Section), and re- fiUed this office, by special selection, on the occasion of the visit of the Association to Montreal in 1884. Subsequently, for the year commencing with the Bath meeting, in September, 1888, he was elected President of the British Association. In 1873 Sir Frederick was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and five years later served on its CouncU. On the retirement of Sir William Bowman, in 1885, he was appointed Honorary Secretary of the Royal Institution, of which he had for some time previously been manager. In 1888 he was nominated by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales to the position of Chairman of the Execu tive Council of the Inventions Exhibition, which was held in the foUowing year. On the inception of the City and Guilds of London Institute for the advance ment of Technical Education, he was appointed by the Goldsmiths' Company — of which he was at that time the Prime Warden — as one of their representa tives, and was elected Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Institution. In 1881 he received the honour of knighthood, in recognition of his services in the promotion of technical education, and in 1889 was created a baronet. Sir Frederick BramweU is an Hon, D.CL. of Oxford and Durham, and LL.D. of Cambridge. That he is one of the mcst celebrated engineers of his time nobody will dispute. His reputation is indeed world-wide, and he bears a name that, both inside and outside of the profession to which he be longs, is honoured and respected. He married in 1846 Leonora, youngest daughter of the late Mr. J. Frith, and is a member of the Athenseum and Carlton Clubs. His town residence is lA, Hyde Park Gate, and he has a country house at Edenbridge, in Kent. A daughter of Sir Frederick BramweU is married to Professor Victor Horsley, F.R.S., the distinguished surgeon, of Cavendish Square. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 105 Sir Edwin H. Galsworthy, J.P., D.L. Few outsiders, we fancy, have an adequate concep tion of the nature and the amount of the work per formed by the Metropolitan Asylums Board. Nor until we are visited here in the great city by some deadly epidemic, which decimates our population and paralyses our business and social life, do we Lon doners concern ourselves in any way whatever with the workings of this great and useful institution. The subject of our sketch, a man in every way entitled to be numbered amongst London's leading citizens, is the Chairman of the Metropolitan Asylums Board, and for upwards of five-and-twenty years has materially aided in guiding its destinies, without asking, or receiving, the slightest inducement in the shape of pecuniary compensation. Though probably none of us know anything much of the inner workings of the Board, it requires but very slight knowledge indeed to realise that the posi tion of its Chairman is in no sense an honorary one, save in the respect to which we have drawn attention. For the post which he so successfully fills, how ever, Sir Edwin Galsworthy is peculiarly adapted, both by training and education, as weU as by worldly position. The son of a prominent Devonshire mer chant and shipowner, he was born at Devonport in that county on 24th December, 1831. On his father's retirement from active business Ufe in 1834, the family came up to London, where young Galsworthy was in due course entered as a pupU at the City of London School, an institution which shows a long record of successful men who in their early days studied within its walls. In 1847 he was articled for five years to Mr. Nelson, one of the most eminent actuaries of that or any other day, though at the same time he continued his mathematical studies under the late Professor Drew of King's CoUege. Sir Edwin Galsworthy attributes much of his suc cess in life to the taste for real and strenuous work which he acquired at this period of his Ufe. While with Mr. Nelson he would frequently accompany that gentleman home to Hendon after offlce hours, and the two would, more often than not, continue their labours until the small hours of the morning. Thus it was that he gained by far the most valuable portion of his professional education, and thus it was that he became fitted to fill a post which requires abUities and a power of application of no mean order. In due course Mr. Galsworthy became a Fellow and Member of the Council of the Institute of Actuaries, and for many years practised as a Consulting Actuary. In 1848 and 1849 he was busily engaged at the East India House extracting data and preparing a Table of MortaUty of European lives in India, a service which was warmly acknowledged by Mr. Nelson in his report on the Bengal Military Fund, published in 1849. On retiring from active professional practice, Mr. Galsworthy at once entered upon his public life, for which inclination and means amply qualified him. In 1866 he became a member of the Marylebone Vestry, in which district he is a large property owner, and in the following year was elected a Guar dian. In 1872 he became Chairman of the Vestry. Previously, however, in 1868, he had been elected one of the representatives of Marylebone on the Metropolitan Asylums Board. In 1877 he was made Vice-Chairman of the Board, and, in November, 1881, on the death of Dr. Brewer, Mr. Galsworthy became Chairman in his place. In March, 1883, he was unanimously re-elected Chairman for three years, and again for the same period in 1886, 1889, and 1892 respectively. In 1887 Mr. Galsworthy received the weU-deserved honour of Knighthood. Sir Edwin Galsworthy is a Director of the London and Provincial Bank, the San Paulo Railway Com^ pany, the Australian Cities Investment Corporation, of which he is Vice-chairman of the London Board.; the Cadogan and Hans Place Estate, Limited ; the Inns of Court Hotel, and other successful commercial undertakings. He is a Justice of the Peace for the county of London, and J.P. and D.L. for Middlesex. He is a member of the Royal Commission on Vac cination now sitting, and since 1852 has been a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society. When not at the offlces of the Metropolitan Asy lums Board, in Norfolk Street, Strand, Sir Edwin Galsworthy is generally to be found at his charming home at 26, Sussex Place, Regent's Park, where he has gathered round him many evidences of a cul tured taste. He has been twice married and is the father of eight children. The eldest son proceeded to Cambridge, of which University he is M.A. He was articled to Messrs. Cookson & Co., of Lincoln's Inn, and is in practice as a solicitor in the firm of Messrs. J. & E. H. Gals worthy, of Old Jewry Chambers, E.C By political persuasion Sir Edwin is a staunch Unionist, though, as one can well understand, there has been no opportunity in his busy life for anything more than a passive interest in party poUtics. He is a member of the Junior Carlton Club. 106 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Right Hon. Thomas Henry Huxley, P.C, LL.D., Ph.D., D.C.L., M.D., F.CS., F.R.S. Thomas H. Huxley was born at Ealing, in Middlesex, on May 4th, 1825. He entered as a student at the Medical School of Charing Cross Hos pital, and in 1845 took the first examination for the M.B. of London University, which he passed, obtain ing honours in Physiology. In the following year he entered the Royal Naval Medical Seiwice, and was appointed Assis tant-Surgeon to H.M.S, Victory, for service at Haslar Hospital. Subsequently he was appointed Assistant- Surgeon to the Rattlesnake, on board which ship he served for four years — from 1846-1850 — in Austra lian waters. During this period he entered with much earnestness into the study of natural history, the results of which appeared in various memoirs communicated to the Linnean and Royal Societies, and some of which were afterwards embodied in a work entitled " Oceanic Hydrozoa : a Description of the Calycophoridse observed during the Voyage of H.M.S, Rattlesnake" (1859). Late in 1850 Mr. Huxley returned to England, and in 1851 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Three years later, he was appointed Professor of Natural History, including Palaeontology, at the Royal School of Mines, Jermyn Street, St. James's. The same year he was elected FuUerian Professor of Phj'siology to the Royal Institution, and Examiner in Physiology and Comparative Anatomy to the University of London. He accompanied Dr. Tyndall, in 1856, on his first visit to the glaciers of the Alps. In 1858 Professor Huxley was appointed by the Royal Society to deliver the Croonian Lecture, the subject being the "Theory of the Vertebrate Skull " ; and a year later the Ray Society published his work on "Oceanic Hydrozoa," to which reference has already been made. In 1860 he delivered one of the courses of lectures to working men given annu- aUy by the Professors of the School of Mines, and selected for his subject " The Relation of Man to the Lower Animals." This topic was the subject of much discussion at the meetings of the British Asso ciation in that and subsequent years. A summary of the whole controversy was pubUshed in his work entitled, " Evidence as to Man's place in Nature." In 1862 he gave a course of lectures to working men at the same place on Darwin's "Origin of Species," and these were published as lectures "On our Knowledge of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature." In the same year it became his duty, as one of the Secretaries of the Geological Society — in consequence of the absence of the Presi dent — to give the annual address to the Society. In 1 863 he was appointed Professor of Compara tive Anatomy at the Royal CoUege of Surgeons in Lincoln's Inn Fields, a position he retained for seven years. The substance of some of his lectures was published under the title of the " Classification of Animals and the Vertebrate Skull." In 1869 and 1870 he was President of the Geolog ical and Ethnological Societies, and in the latter year presided over the meeting of the British Association, then held at Liverpool. In 1870 Professor Huxley's name was prominently associated with the School Board of London, of which he was elected a member. He strenuously opposed denominational teaching, and particularly that of the Roman CathoUc Church. In January, 1872, he was, however, compeUed by ill-health to retire from the Board. Shortly after this, in December, 1872, Professor Huxley was elected Lord Rector of Aberdeen University, and was installed in February, 1874. In 1873 he was appointed Secretary of the Royal Society, and during the summer sessions of 1875 and 1876 he served as substitute for Professor WyviUe Thompson, in the chair of Natural History at the University of Edin burgh. Mr. Huxley was Reade Lecturer at Cambridge in 1883, and Romanes Lecturer at Oxford in 1894. In 1892 the dignity of a Privy Councillor was conferred upon him. For some years Mr. Huxley was a Fellow of Eton College, and a member of the governing body of the school ; he is a member of the Senate of London University, and a Trustee of the British Museum. He has served on many Government and Royal Commissions, chiefly in connection with Scientific Education, Fisheries, Contagious Diseases, Vivi section, and the Scottish Universities. In 1881 he was appointed, first with Mr. Spencer Walpole, and afterwards alone. Government Inspec tor of Salmon Fisheries — an offlce he retained until 1885, when, owing to the state of his health, he resigned this and many other of his pubUc appoint ments. He is Hon. Ph.D. of Breslau University, an Hon. M.D. of Wiirzburg, and Hon. LL.D. of the Univer sities of Edinburgh, Dublin, and Cambridge. In 1885 Oxford conferred upon him her D.C.L., and a year previously (1884) he was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. He is a correspond ing member of the Academies of Brussels, Berlin, Gottingen, Haarlem, Lisbon, Lyncei (Rome), Munich, St. Petersburg, Philadelphia, and Stockholm; of the Belgian Academy of Medicine, of the Royal LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 107 Irish Academy, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of Ihe Cambridge PhUosophical Society; and Knight of the Swedish Order of the Pole Star. In June, 1879, he was elected a corresponding member in the section of anatomy and zoology by the French Academy of Sciences, in succession to the late Karl E. von Baer. In 1883 he became President of the Royal Society, and in the same year was elected a foreign member of the United States National Academy. He has received the WoUaston Medal of the Geo logical Society (1876) ; the Royal (1852), Copley (1888), and Darwin (1894) Medals of the Royal Society ; and the Hayden Geological Memorial Award of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1893). Professor Huxley is the author of many papers published in the Transactions and Journals of the Royal, the Linnean, the Geological, and the Zoological Societies ; also in the memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. In addition to those already mentioned he has published the foUowing works: — "Lessons in Elementary Phy siology" (1866); "Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews" (1870); "Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals " (1871) ; " Critiques and Addresses" (1873); "American Addresses with a Lecture on the Study of Biology " (1877) ; "Physio graphy : an Introduction to the Study of Nature " (1877); "Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals" (1877) ; " The Crayfish : an Introduction to the Study of Zoology" (1879); "Hume" (1879); an Introduction to the " Science Primers " (1880); and "Science and Culture and other Essays" (1882); "Social Diseases and Worse Remedies" (1891); ' Essays on Controverted Questions" (1892); the Romanes Lecture, " Evolution and Ethics " (1893) ; " Collected Essays," Vols. i. to ix. (1893-4). The Right Hon. Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S. It is with more than ordinary pleasure that w e record the life of one of the most briUiant scientific men of modem times. The Right Hon. Lord Rayleigh is the eldest son of the second Baron Rayleigh, of Witham, Essex. Born in 1842, he was educated privately at Tor quay until, in 1861, he proceeded as a FeUow Com moner to Trinity CoUege, Cambridge. At Cambridge, Lord Rayleigh graduated Senior Wrangler and First Smith's Prizeman. In 1866 he was elected to a Fellowship at Trinity. In the most earnest and thorough manner. Lord Rayleigh took up the study of physics, in connection with which he has published many and varied works. In 1871 and 1872 he contributed to the Philosophi cal Magazine a series of valuable papers on Optics. In these he demonstrated that the blue colouring of the sky is caused by the scattering of light of the shorter wave lengths, by the finer particles suspended in the air. In addition, he proved that the colour of the light and its polarisation could be fully accounted for on the undulatory theory, and also that to explain the observations Fresnel's hypothesis as to the nature of the vibrations and their relation to the plane of polarisation must be assumed, in contradiction of that of Neumann and McOuUagh. In 1873, Lord Rayleigh was elected a FeUow of the Royal Society of London, and in the same year published a series of papers in the Philosophical Maga zine, treating of the various theories relating to vibrations in general. In a remarkable paper on "Resonance," which appeared in the Philosophical Transactions in 1871, he propounded a method of approximately calculating the resistance of conductors of any given form. In the years 1877-78, he published a treatise on the " Theory of Sound," and in 1879 was elected to the Professorship of Experimental Physics in the University of Cambridge. In this post he succeeded Professor Clerk MaxweU, and during the five years he remained at Cambridge he completed the organi sation of the new Cavendish Laboratory, and intro duced a system of practical instruction in experi mental physics. In 1882 Lord Rayleigh was President of Section A of the British Association. In 1885 he became one of the Secretaries of the Royal Society, in succession to Sir George Gabriel Stokes, and, two years later, succeeded the late Professor TyndaU as Professor of Natural PhUosophy at the Royal Institution. During 1892 Lord Rayleigh was a Member of the Electrical Standards Committee of the Board of Trade, He is an Hon. D.C.L. of Oxford, Hon. LL.D. of the McGiU University, Montreal, and of DubUn University. He is also a J.P. and D.L. for Essex, and a Cam bridge Commissioner under the Oxford and Cam bridge Universities Act (1887). At the present moment Lord Rayleigh's name is on everybody's lips as the discoverer — conjointly with Professor Ramsay — of argon. He is brother-in-law to Mr. A. J. Balfour, having married, in 1871, Evelyn Georgina Mary, daughter of the late James Maitland Balfour, Esq., of Whit- tinghame, Prestonkirk. He resides at Terling Place, Witham, Essex, and is a member of the Athenseum Club. 108 LEADING MEN OF LONDON, Professor AVilliam Ramsay, Ph.D., F.R.S. To the subject of this brief biographical notice belongs the distinction of having, in conjunction with Lord Rayleigh, discovered a new constituent part in the air we breathe ; and henceforward into aU our atmospheric calculations must enter a new factor, viz., a gas which we now know by the name of argon. Professor WilUam Ramsay was born at Glasgow on October 2nd, 1852, his father, a civil engineer, afterwards becoming Secretary to the Scottish Union and National Insurance Office, and his mother being the daughter of a weU-known Edinburgh physician, Archibald Robertson, M.D. Professor Ramsay was educated at Glasgow Aca demy, and subsequently at Glasgow University. When nineteen years of age he went to Tubingen for the purpose of studying chemistry under Professor Fittig, now of Strasburg. At Tubingen he gradu ated Ph.D. in 1872. In that year Mr. Ramsay returned to his native town, and, from 1872 to 1874, he served as Chief Assistant to the "Young" Professor of Technical Chemistry in Anderson's College, Glasgow. In 1874 he became Tutorial Assistant to the Chemical Pro fessor in Glasgow University, an appointment he held until 1880. In this year Mr. Ramsay was appointed Professor of Chemistry in University Col lege, Bristol, and in the foUowing year became Principal of the CoUege. For three years — from 1884 to 1887 — he was President of the Bristol Naturalists' Society ; and in 1887 was elected to the position of Professor of Chemistry at University College, London ; since which time Professor Ramsay has Uved in our midst. Since 1872 he has been a Fellow of the German Chemical Society; and, since 1874, has held the same distinction with regard to the Chemical Society of London. Professor Ramsay is one of the original members of the Institute of Chemistry and also of the Society of Chemical Industry. In 1886 he was elected a FeUow of the Physical Society, and two years later of the Royal Society of London. He has been a Vice- President of the Institute of Chemistry, and of the Chemical Society, and a member of Council of the Physical Society, and is an Honorary Member of the "Academie des Sciences de Geneve.'' Professor Ramsay has contributed numerous papers to the Philosophical Transactions, to the Chemical So ciety's Transactions, and to many other British and foreign journals. He is also the author of a Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Professor James Dewar, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.S.E. Peofessoe Dewae, who ranks amongst the leading scientists of the age, was born in 1842 at Kincardine- on-Forth, Scotland. He comes of an old Scottish family, and was educated at Dollar Academy, after wards proceeding to the University of Edinburgh. Having completed his university course with dis tinction, he became assistant to Sir Lyon Playfair, who was at that time Professor of Chemistry in Edin burgh University ; and it was from him that Pro fessor Dewar received his chemical education. He afterwards proceeded to Ghent, where he studied under the celebrated Professor Auguste Kekulie. Professor Dewar has filled many positions of influ ence and importance, both of a public and private character. He held the posts of Lecturer on Chemistry at the Dick Veterinary College, Chemist to the High land and Agricultural Society, Examiner in the Uni versities of London and Edinburgh, Chairman of the Heating and Lighting Jury of the Health Exhibition, and a member of the Executive CouncU of the Inven tions Exhibition. He is now Jacksonian Professor of Natural Experimental Philosophy in Cambridge University, and FuUerian Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Amongst the numerous and valuable papers which have appeared from time to time on scientific subjects from the pen of Professor Dewar, many of them having been read before the members of the Royal Institution, may be mentioned " The Oxidation Pro ducts of Picoline," "Physical Constants of Hydro- genium," "Specific Heat of Carbon at High Tem peratures," " The Physiological Action of Light," " Spectroscopic Investigations," and the " Transfor mation of Chinoline into Aniline." He has invari ably dealt with the abstruse subjects on which he writes in the style most calculated to attract serious attention, and has given his arguments a lucidity not often observable in scientific writings. During the years 1886 and 1887, Professor Dewar gave demonstrations before the Prince and Princess of Wales at the Royal Institution, on the formation of Liquid Oxygen and Air, and the production of tem peratures approaching that of the absolute zero. He is M.A. and a Fellow of St. Peter's CoUege, Cam bridge, and a FeUow of the Royal Society of London and Edinburgh. He is also Vice-President of the Chemical Society. In conjunction with Sir Frederick Abel, Professor Dewar has made valuable inventions with regard to smokeless powder and its application to MiUtary Purposes. He is a member of the Govern ment Committee of Explosives. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 108 Sir Frederick Abel, Bart., K.CB., D.C.L., D.Sc, F.R.S. Sir Feedeeick Augustus Abel is the son of the late John Leopold Abel, and was born in London in 1827. When fourteen years of age, he went to Ham burg to his uncle, A. T. Abel, the mineralogist, and attended classes at the Johanneum. On his return, he attended the Polytechnic Institute, and was one of the first students at the College of Chemistry. For five years Sir Frederick was assistant to Pro fessor Hofmann, and took part in his researches on the Aniline Derivatives, himself pubUshing several papers in the journal of the Chemical Society. In 1849, Sir Frederick Abel organised the instruc tion in practical chemistry of artiUery officers and senior cadets at the Royal Military Academy, Wool wich, and joined the staff of St. Bartholomew's Hospital as Demonstrator of Chemistry. In 1852, he succeeded Faraday as Professor of Chemistry at the Royal MUitary Academy. It was in 1854 that the post of Ordnance Chemist was created, and to this office Sir Frederick Abel was at once appointed, retaining the appointment after it had been merged in that of Chemist to the War Department. In conjunction with the late Sir Charles Wheat- stone, he studied the application of electricity to miUtary purposes, inventing, in 1856, several electric fuses and other appliances of a kindred nature. He is the inventor of the well-known system of testing petroleum which bears his name, and, in this connection, received a most gratifying testimonial from the Miners' National Union, on the conclusion of the labours of the Royal Commission on acci dents in mines, of which he was a member. For seventeen years Sir Frederick Abel was Examiner in Experimental Sciences to the MUitary Education Department. He has served the offices of Foreign Secretary, Treasurer, and President of the Chemical Society ; was President of the Institute of Chemistry, of the Society of Chemical Industry, and of the Institute of Electrical Engineers ; Chair man of the Council of the Society of Arts, and, together with Lord Kelvin, Lord Sudeley, and Sir WiUiam Siemens, was, in 1883, one of the EngUsh Commission at the Vienna Electrical Exhibition. In 1890 he was President of the British Associa tion. At the present time, Sir Frederick Abel is a Warden of the Goldsmiths' Company, and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute for Technical Education. In 1877 the Royal Society of London awarded him the Eoyal Medal for his work : " Contributions to the History of Explosive Agents." After thirty-six years of public service, Sir Fred erick Abel retired from Woolwich in 1888, when he was appointed President of a special Government Committee on Explosives, and, in conjunction with Professor Dewar and Dr. A. Dupre, went into the subject of the application of smokeless explosives to artiUery and small arms. In 1877 he was made a CB., and, six years later, was promoted tothe rank of K.C.B. In May, 1893, he was created a baronet. Sir Frederick Abel was appointed Organising Secretary of the Imperial Institute on its founding in 1887, and is now its Director and Secretary. Sir Edward Bradford, K.C.S.I. Sie Edwaed R. C. Beadfoed is the son of the late Rev. W. M. K. Bradford, Rector of West Meon, Hants, and his wife Mary, daughter of the late Rev. H. C Ridley. Born in 1836, Sir Edward entered the Indian Army in 1853, was promoted Lieutenant two years later. Captain in 1865, Major in 1873, Lieutenant- Colonel in 1879, and fuU Colonel in 1883. He saw service with the 14th Light Dragoons in the Persian campaign from February 21st till June 8th, 1857 ; later on in the same year, in the Jubbul- pore district ; and, afterwards, in 1858, in the North- Western Provinces, when he served with General Michel's force against Tantia Topee. Sir Edward Bradford was present at the action of Scindwha, in the action and subsequent pursuit at Karai, and served in Mayne's Horse, with General Napier's force, from December, 1858, to September in the following year. For these services he gained the medal, and on two occasions was thanked in despatches. He has served the office of Resident First Class and Governor- General's Agent for Rajpootana, and has also fiUed the position of Chief Commissioner in Ajmere. On his return to this country, in 1887, he was ap pointed Secretary in the Political and Secret Depart ment of the India Office, and retained this position untU 1890. Since 1889 he has been A.D.C. to the Queen, and accompanied H.R.H. the late Duke of Clarence and Avondale in the visit he paid to India shortly before his death. In 1890 he succeeded Mr. Monro as Chief Com missioner of the Metropolitan Police. Sir Edward Bradford, who lost one of his arms in a tiger hunt, married, in 1856, Elizabeth A., daugh ter of the late E. Knight, Esq., of Chawton House, Hants. He resides at 58, Eccleston Square, S.W. no LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Joseph Herbert Tritton, F.R.G.S., F.S.S., &c. Theee are not many famUies who can show an unbroken record of eight generations engaged succes sively in the same profession on the same spot of ground ; each succeeding generation carrying on a larger business than its predecessor, and enjoying as great a reputation as those gone before for integrity and uprightness. To a family such as this, belongs the subject of the present memoir — Joseph Herbert Tritton. His great grandfather, John Henton Tritton, entered the banking house of Barclay, Bevan, Tritton & Co., in 1784, on his marriage with John Barclay's daughter, herself a great granddaughter of John Freame, who was one of the founders of the bank in the early years of the last century, and whose son-in- law, Robert Barclay, her grandfather, son of the cele brated "Apologist," and brother of David Barclay, the great merchant of Cheapside (who successively entertained on Lord Mayor's day. Queen Anne, George I., George IL, and George III.), did much to increase it. John Henton Tritton was descended on his mother's side, it is believed, from Benja min Hinton, one of the Goldsmiths who "kept running cashes" in Lombard Street, whose name appears in the " Little London Directory" of 1677, as of the " Flower de Luce in Lombard Street," in which case, not eight but ten or eleven generations of banking ancestors must be adduced. Joseph Herbert Tritton is the son of ¦ the late Joseph Tritton, Esq., also of Barclay, Bevan, Tritton's Bank. He was educated first at Brighton, and later at Rugby under Dr. Temple. On leaving Eugby, Mr. Tritton, senior, gave his son the choice of a Univer sity Ufe or travel ; he chose the latter. Completing his education and his tourings, he entered the bank at 54, Lombard Street, on September 15th, 1862. As we have mentioned elsewhere, Messrs. Barclay's bank is a very old-established one, according to one authority dating back to 1729 or slightly prior to this date, and according to another it has been conducted on the same spot for about two centuries, so he comes of a long line of banking ancestors. During the mayoralty of Sir William McArthur, who recognised the value and utUity of such a repre sentative body as the London Chamber of Commerce, he and Sir WiUiam McArthur, with others, were associated in founding this institution, in which he (Mr. Tritton) has served as Chairman and President, and of which he is now Vice-President. This, from smaU beginnings, has now grown to be a thoroughly representative body of commercial men. Mr. Tritton also took part in the formation of the Institute of Bankers, another prospering enterprise, of which he was President in 1885, and was much congratulated on his inaugural address. He is also Chaimian of the Indo-European Telegraph Company. It is interesting to note that Mr. Joseph Herbert Tritton is now, 1894, the Hon. Secretary of the Lon don Clearing Bankers' Committee, and on him, therefore, devolves the ultimate responsibility of the daily conduct of the Clearing House, of which his an cestor, John Henton Tritton, was one of the founders and first Chairman. Through the Clearing House are settled day by day, without the passing of a single bank-note or coin, by means of debtor or creditor drafts upon the Bank of England, the enor mous transactions represented by cheques and bills payable in London by the clearing bankers. A house such as Barclay's wiU perhaps pass through in one day, upwards of forty thousand separate " articles," the technical banking term for cheques and bills. The Eight Hon. Sir John Lubbock, Mr. Tritton's predecessor in the office of Hon. Sercetary, had done much to enlarge and perfect the clearing system, as is mentioned in his memoir. The daily routine of banking, so inexplicable to the non-business mind, has a sort of fascination for those who are brought up in it, and in whose very nature aptitude is ingrained, for it seems almost an ancestral heritage. It is made up of many apparently trival details, to the mastery of which the early years of the young banker are applied. Thus it was with Mr. J. H. Tritton; and he always says, that, under God, he owes his present position as one of the leading members of the largest private bank, mainly to his capacity for details, and to the endeavour always to know on every subject something more than he might be expected to know. Whether the three cardinal virtues of a successful banker are as has been stated — first, incredulity; second, decision; third, civility — or no, it is certain that these qualities are essential in any man of busi ness, and Mr. J. H. Tritton puts a due value upon them, having seen them practised in their turn by his immediate predecessors. The fascination and charm of banking, consists largely in the insight which it not only permits but requires into other businesses, and Mr. Tritton holds that a successful banker should know something of the business affairs of each of his customers. Such an one is conse quently always learning, and his education is never complete. Another maxim which Mr. Tritton quotes is, that the capacity to make good use of other men's brains is also an ingredient of success ; this ia manifested in one way by the choice of fitting men for leading positions in the office. Mr. Tritton holds Her Majesty's Commission for LEADING MEN OF LONDON 111 the Lieutenancy of the City of London. He has con tributed various articles on commercial and reUgious matters to the Uterature of the day. He is a large-hearted EvangeUcal, and has always endeavoured to do what he could to further the tem poral and spiritual interests of others. He has specially interested himself in the Young Men's Christian Association. PoUticaUy he is a Liberal of the old school, but on the Home Eule issue he has attached himself to the Unionist wing of LiberaUsm. He has never as yet yielded to proposals to contest a seat for ParUament. In 1869 he married Lucy, the eldest daughter of Henry Abel Smith, Esq. (banker of Nottingham), of WUford, Notts. Mr. and Mrs. Tritton reside in town at 36, Queen's Gate Gardens, S.W., and at Lyons HaU, Great Leighs, Essex. He is a member of the following Clubs : Union, Devonshire, National Liberal, and City Liberal. Richard Twining, J.P. Noeth of Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, is the little viUage of Twining, at the junction of the Severn and the Avon, where two meadows lay adjacent to a river, from whence the name of "Twining" is derived. The name is an ancient one. An abbot of Winchcombe Abbey held it during the reigns of Edward TV. and V., and Eichard III., a man of high reputation and of much wisdom. On the dissolution of the monasteries another of the family, Thomas Twining, was amongst those pensioned off from the monastery at Tewkesbury, and from that period down to the seventeenth century the name figured largely in the history of the times. In Wales the name is pronounced Twinning, and so it appears in the indenture of Thomas Twining, who founded the business in the Strand in 1694, but his signature had one 'n' only. With regard to the circumstances that led to Thomas Twining — great-great-grandfather of the present head of the house — in the opening years of the last century, to set up in London, where he first estabUshed himself in St. GUes's, Cripplegate, and founded the business of a tea dealer at Tom's Coffee House, in Devereux Court, Strand — little is known. He was bom in the reign of Charles IL, in the year 1675, and came with his father to London when the wooUen trade spreadto Yorkshire and Worcestershire, and founded the tea business in 1710. In those days the use of tea was very much restricted. The East India Company obtained about seven hundred pounds from the Dutch East India Company, in order to see if it was appreciated in this country. The business of the Twinings has progressed continually, and has descended in a direct line from fathers to sons. Thomas Twining, however, who was born in 1735, and was a son of Daniel, the chief partner in the firm at that time, displayed such an aversion to the busi nes e that he was not forced into it. He was as passionately devoted to literature as he was averse to business, and to gratify his tastes his father sent him to the Eev. Palmer Smythies, of Colchester, where he was prepared for the university, and sub sequently he entered Sidney Sussex CoUege, Cam bridge, where he was elected a foundation scholar in 1756. He took the degree of B.A. in 1760, and M.A. in 1763. He was elected a Fellow of his col lege in 1760, and held several important offices there, and subsequently two Uvings, one in Essex, and the other, the Rectory of St. Mary's, Colchester. He was an author of note, his translation of Aristotle on "Poetry," with notes and two original dissertations, being a standard book. The firm, which was established in the Strand, had subsequently a certain amount of banking business confided to it, which they transacted with such credit to themselves, that to meet the large increase in this branch of the concern, the bank was opened at the time of the first great banking crisis. In 1836 the present banking house, 215, Strand, was buUt, where all that portion of the business was carried on, until it was amalgamated with Lloyd's Bank under the title of " Twining's Branch," in May, 1892. Mr. Richard Twining, the present head of the house, was born on October 27th, 1807, at 34, Nor folk Street, Strand, and was educated at Temple Grove, East Sheen, where he remained for three years. He subsequently went to Rugby in 1818, and finished his education there. Mr. Twining kept up a cordial friendship with the head-master at Rugby and his excellent wife until their death. He entered the house in the Strand in 1822, and became a partner in 1828, when, on the death of his father in 1857, he became the senior partner of the firm. From the " Papers of the Twining Family," which appeared in 1887, and were edited by Mr. Twining, a considerable insight is obtained into the manners and life and travels of his grandfather, his great uncle, the Rev. Thomas Twining, and of his father. His grandfather particularly, between the years 1772 and 1797, traversed the country from John O'Groat's House to the Land's End, and, in addition, visited the Continent on three occasions, taking extended trips through various countries. The trips were car ried out on the earlier home journeys on horseback with a groom, saddle bags, &c,, and in later years in a 112 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. low phaeton with a pair of ponies. His father kept up the taste he inherited in his early days, travelling ex tensively (for those days) between 1800 and 1852, when he paid his last visit to Paris in his eightieth year. Since 1828, when Mr. Twining entered the firm, its prosperity has been steadily maintained, while its fame is undiminished, and of late extensive altera tions and additions have been made, both in the offices and in the warehouses, where the work of packing is carried on under vastly improved con ditions to those existing previously. WhUe engaged in excavations the workmen came upon the remains of ancient weUs which were supposed to have been in use in the time of Queen Elizabeth, and in which clean pure water was found. In 1831, Mr. Twining married Frances Emily, eldest daughter of the late Rev. Edmund Stringf eUow Radcliffe, by whom he had four sons and four daugh ters. His wife died in 1847, and he married in 1 850, Hannah, eldest daughter of the late Rev. Henry North. She died in October, 1881. Mr. Twining has three grandsons in the business with him, to gether with other members of the family. Mr. Twining is also a Director of Lloyd's Bank, Limited, President of the "old" Equitable Assur ance Society, and a Director of the Imperial Fire Insurance Office. Mr, Twining is a Conservative, but has not taken an active interest in politics, except in an indirect way in the interest of the late Rt. Hon. W. H. Smith, who was a personal friend of his. He is a Justice of the Peace forthe County of Middlesex, and for the city of Westminster, and is a member of the City of London and Conservative Clubs. He resides at Newburgh House, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, and at The Lodge, BittesweU, Lutter worth. Thomas Barney. Me. Thomas Baeney was born on January 4th, 1823, at Beaulieu, in the county of Southampton, and is the eldest son of the late Stephen Barney, Esq., of that place, who was a proprietor of mills and salt-works at Beaulieu and Ashlett, near Fawley, Hants. He was educated under the Rev. Charles Waring Saxon, the head-master of the Stepney Grammar School. In 1840 he commenced the serious business of life by entering his father's firm, where he gained a considerable amount of general know ledge in connection with commercial affairs. On the 29th of January, 1844, he was appointed on the staff of the London and Westminster Bank, under the general management of Mr. Gilbart. This was Mr. Barney's first banking appointment, and from that time his name in connection with banking affairs has been closely identified. In the early months of 1848 he was appointed Manager of the Uppingham Branch of the Stamford, Spalding, and Boston Bank on the recommendation of Mr. GUbart. The following year the manage ment of the more important branch at Boston became vacant, and Mr. Barney was offered the post, which he accepted. He ultimately had the supervision of other branches and agencies, and continued to carry on the whole of this work until his retirement from that bank in January, 1865. On his leaving Boston his Lincolnshire friends and neighbours presented him with a handsome testimonial and a numerously signed congratulatory address. In May of the same year Mr. Barney was appointed Manager of "The Birmingham Town and District Bank," succeeding the late Mr. Bassett Smith, who had been Manager of the Bank since its estabUsh ment in 1836. The Dudley and West Bromwich Bank, with its branches and agencies, was amalgamated with The Birmingham Town and District Bank in October, 1874, the name being changed to The Birmingham, Dudley, and District Bank, and Mr. Barney was then appointed General Manager. The Midland Banking Company, Limited, was incorporated with this bank in May, 1881, and in March, 1883, Mr. Barney was invited to join the Board. The Wolverhampton and Staffordshire Banking Company, Limited, was further acquired in 1889, the name of the bank being changed to its present title. The Birmingham District and Counties Bank, Limited. Since Mr. Barney's connection with this bank its progress has been phenomenal, and it is greatly owing to his energy and influence that The Birmingham District and Counties Bank has reached its present standing. Mr. Barney, in addition to his acting as Managing Director of The Birmingham District and Counties Bank, is also a Director of the County Fire Office, and the Provident Life Insurance Company in London. He has been twice married : in 1849, to Emily, only child of Charles Marcer, Esq., of Regent's Park, London, by whom he has two sons and one daughter living; and secondly, in 1881, to Emily Jane, second daughter of Mrs. W. G. Wodehouse, of Powiok, Worcestershire (by her former husband, J. B, Severn, Esq,, of Nottingham), and by whom he has one son and one daughter living. He is a member of the Union Club in Birmingham, and the Constitutional Club in London. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 113 Sir Julian Goldsmid, Bart., M.P., M.A., D.L., J.P., &c. Sie Julian Goldsmid is the third holder of the baronetcy, which was conferred by Her Majesty, in 1841, on his grandfather, Isaac Lyon Goldsmid (in Portugal, Baron De Goldsmid and De Palmeira). The first baronet was in his day a man of consider able note. He was an officer of the BraziUan Order of the Tower and Sword, and of the Order of the Rose of Brazil, and was by royal licence granted permission to assume and use his Portuguese titles in this country. He died in AprU, 1859, and was succeeded by his son, Francis Henry, who was Liberal Member of Parliament for Reading from 1860 to 1878, and was a barrister and Q.C of considerable distinction and prominence. He was for many years treasurer of University College, London. He married his cousin, Louise Sophia, daughter of Aaron Asher Goldsmid, Esq., but left no issue. He died on 27th May, 1878, his nephew, the present baronet, succeeding him. The subject of our sketch was born on October 8th, 1838, and is the eldest son of Frederick David Goldsmid, Esq., of Somerhill, in the county of Kent, his mother being OaroUne, only daughter of Phillip Samuel, Esq., a cousin of his father. Sir Julian's early education was conducted at home, and by private tutors ; specialists, so to speak, on the subject, for the study of which he went to each of them. Owing undoubtedly to this, on his going to University College (Lond.) he was aheady a fair classical and mathematical scholar. At the Univer sity his record was a very high one, and he secured many of the higher as weU as the minor prizes during the five years he remained there. He took his B.A., with fijst-class honours in classics, and was second in honours in animal physiology, in 1859 ; foUowing up this somewhat exceptional record by securing the degree of Master of Arts two years later, being first in the classical examination for that degree. Leaving University CoUege, Sir Julian read Law, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1864, and attached himself to the Oxford Circuit. Sir Julian's father, who represented the ParUa mentary constituency of Honiton, died in 1866, and in his stead Sir Julian was elected. He then quitted the Bar and devoted himseK to politics. In 1868, after the Scotch Reform BiU was passed. Sir Julian lost the seat for Honiton, and contested Mid-Surrey, but the adventure proved unsuccessful to the Liberal cause. However, in 1870, he was re turned for Rochester, successfuUy opposing Mr. C J. Fox, and succeeding the late Sergeant Kingslake, he continued to represent the borough down to 1880. Having been defeated at Rochester, Sir Julian contested Sandwich, the seat becoming vacant on the elevation of Mr. KnatchbuU-Hugessen . (Lord Bra- bourne) to the peerage, but was unsuccessful. He stood for the Metropolitan division of South St. Pancras as a Liberal in 1885. In 1886, however, he adopted Unionist principles, and has continued to represent the constituency up to the time of writing. He is a constant attendant in the House, and gives his careful consideration to all bills, before being in troduced. His valuable services have constantly been availed of as chairman on committees on Private BiUs. He has given a warm and determined advocacy in the House to measures tending to secure more fitting and proper hours for assembly and debate, and the argument embodied in his speech in support of Mr. Heygate's Bill, brought in to secure this end, was of the soundest. He drew a telling comparison between the legislative assembUes of the nations of Europe and our own, pointing out that whereas those of France, Austria, Germany, and Italy transacted all ordinary business, and closed their sittings, between the hours of six and ten, the House of Commons went on to quite indecent and disreputable hours ; and he shared the opinion of many inside and outside the House that the quality of the business done after midnight was poor ; and that, consequently, not only did the Commons by defying Nature's law damage their constitutions, but that the all-important sufferer was the nation. Throughout his Ufe he has been a devoted mountaineer, and was for years one of the most prominent members of the Alpine Club, and there are few heights of note in Switzerland that are quite strange to his foot. It is a very noteworthy fact, and one to be honoured, that so many wealthy Jews do not confine their generosity to their poorer co-religionists, nor to their own institutions only. Lord Rothschild, Sir A. Sassoon, Mr. Leopold de RothschUd, and Sir Julian Goldsmid, are examples of this, and Sir Julian has given gladly and with no niggard hand. He holds several honorary appointments on the boards of control of important charitable institutions, among which may be mentioned the foUowing: He is a member of the Committee of the Consumption Hospital, Brompton, of the Jews' Free School, and of University CoUege Hospital, as weU as President of the Anglo-Jewish Association, &c. In 1868, he married Virginia, eldest daughter of A. PhUUpson, Esq., of Florence, and has eight daughters. His town house is 105, PiccadiUy, W. He is a member of the Reform, Brooks', Athenteum, St. James's, and Turf Clubs. Q Ill LEADING MEN OF LONDON. E. D. Oppert. Me. E. D. Oppeet, the head of the well-known house of E. D. Oppert & Co., of Old Broad Street, comes of an ancient and distinguished famUy, his father having fought at Waterloo under Blucher as a lieutenant of Prussian Dragoons, while his grand father held the honourable position of banker to the Royal Family of Prussia at the commencement of the present century. Mr. Oppert was born at Hamburg, where he gained his education at a private school, and when at the age of seventeen he was sent to this country to acquire a business education. Manchester was the place selected, where he entered the large shipping house of Sir Jacob Behrens & Sons. Here he re mained for several years, and having by dint of industry and steady application acquired a large amount of information, he left retaining the esteem and respect of the house. His next move was to China, where he remained for six years. Whilst in China Mr. Oppert met the late General Gordon, during the progress of the Taeping rebeUion. He retains a vivid recollection of the gaUant hero, and to the influence he exercised over him is probably due the active sympathy and ready aid rendered by Mr. Oppert in the cause of the deserving poor. At the suppression of the rebellion Mr. Oppert returned to England, being one of the first men to set foot in Hankow, after its deliverance. For a long period Mr. Oppert has devoted his attention to English and Indian tramways, and his enterprise and abiUty have secured for many of them the success which otherwise they would not have obtained. In dealing with the reconstruction and reorganisation of these companies it was his invari able custom to inquire into the treatment of the employes, and to decrease their hours of labour. Mr. Oppert has also taken a leading part in the open ing up of Western Australia as a gold-producing country. It is now an acknowledged fact that Mr. Oppert's prediction, made years ago (when Western Australia was an unknown continent), that it would prove to be the most fruitful gold-producing country in the world, is rapidly nearing its fulfilment. In the journaUstic world Mr. Oppert is not unknown, his name having been associated with the Sun news paper as its founder, but he relinquished its owner ship on the advice of his medical attendant, his health having given way under the strain of the direction of a poUtical paper. Until then Mr. Oppert had played an active part in poUtics, in connection with the advanced section of the Radical Party. He has for years advocated the aboUtion of the legislative functions of the House of Lords, Universal Suffrage, and a drastic reform in our Land Laws. He has on more occasions than one had opportunities of entering Parliament, but his many avocations have rendered this up to the present impossible. He prides himself upon the fact that he preached Home Eule from many a political platform long before a Home Eule policy was adopted by Mr. Gladstone, He is a strong supporter of a number of charitable institutions in the MetropoUs, and in conjunction with the late Earl of Derby and Mr. Francis Peek, he founded a society named The Labour Aid Society, having for its object the rescue of women from the sweater. This society has done good and useful work. He was also one of the first to support the London Liberal and Eadical Union on its formation, and works hard in the Liberal cause. Mr. Oppert is a younger brother of Professor Julius Oppert, the eminent Orientalist and decipherer of Assyrian and cuneiform inscriptions, who is not only a member of nearly every English learned society, but one of the Immortals of the French Academy; also of Professor Gustav Oppert, who has played a similar part with regard to Sanskrit, and who for many years held the position of one of the heads of the Education Department in the Madras Presidency. In photography Mr. Oppert takes his chief and pleasantest recreation, and has surrounded himself in his charming country seat at Eyde, Isle of Wight, with choice specimens of his skill in that direc tion. He is well known among his friends as a clever connoisseur of china, of which he has a large and very valuable collection. Between these two hobbies Mr. Oppert devotes the remainder of his leisure hours to the study of scientific and learned pursuits. He is a speaker of no mean order, and whUe outside the House of Commons does good ser vice to the cause he advocates. He resides at 8, Cambridge Terrace, Eegent's Park, and in the Isle of Wight, and is a member of the National Liberal Club. Donald Larnach, F.R.G.S., &c. Mr. Larnach was born in 1817 ; he is a son of the late WiUiam Larnach, Esq., of Newton, Caithness, N.B. Mr. Larnach did not enter any of the public schools, but received his education privately. At the age of seventeen he made the voyage out to New South Wales ; in those early days a very different undertaking from what it is to-day. In the Colony he was engaged in various mercantile pursuits for two or three years, he then in a minor capacity LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 115 entered the Bank of New South Wales ; in 1846, the next we hear of him is that he was made a director of the bank, and very shortly after this, its presi dent. In 1851, on its behalf he went largely into speculations in and purchase of gold (the fruits of the AustraUan diggings), and such was the success attending his undertakings that by 1853 (a period of two years only), he had succeeded in doubUng the capital of the Bank of New South Wales ; thus put ting that institution on the soundest possible financial basis, and making it the important concern it is to day and at the same time evincing his rare capacity for business and for banking in particular. Although associated with other banking houses, Mr. Larnach will be best known through the New South Wales Bank, and as a director of the London Joint Stock Bank. The former of these, which is seventeen years older than the Commercial Bank of Sydney, is by thirty-six years the senior of the AustraUan Joint Stock Bank, which in its turn is many years older than any of the Australasian banks, and Mr. Larnach's connection with the New South Wales Bank is now nearly sixty years old. In 1853, after his successful gold operations, he returned to England and took charge of the London branch of his bank, and was shortly ma.de chairman in London. Another proof of his business qualities and as a financier, is the masterly way in which he has negotiated the various New South Wales loans, the success of which is attributable to his care and judgment. He became a director of the London Joint Stock Bank in 1858, and has continued to take a great interest in it, and has discharged valuable services both at the Board and in the control, on behalf of this bank. In 1845, he married Jane Elizabeth, daughter of WiUiam Walker, Esq, of Sydney, New South Wales, a gentleman of much prominence in the Colony. He was sheriff for the county of Sussex in 1882. Mr. Larnach's life works speak for themselves, comment is unnecessary on the subject of his success, and at the age of seventy-six he can not only look back on a long list of successfiU enterprises and to a career of great use and importance to his feUows, but he has the happy consciousness of enjoying the sincere respect of men of business and of private individuals on both sides of the world, particularly in the colony he has done such good work for, and in the land he has returned to, and where much of his suc cess has been achieved. Mr. Larnach's town residence is 21, Kensington Palace Gardens, and his seat is Brambletye, near East Grinstead, Sussex. George Dunbar Whatman, B.A., J.P. The subject of this sketch, who is well known in the banking world, being a Director of Lloyds' Bank, in the management of which he takes an active and prominent part, is the eldest son of the late William Godfrey Whatman, of 73, Lombard Street, London, who was also a banker, and a grandson of the late James Whatman, of Vinters Park, Maidstone, Kent, in which county the family have been landowners for many centuries, the name even appearing as such in Doomsday Book. He was born on the 21st February, 1846, and re ceived his education at Eton, and subsequently at Exeter CoUege, Oxford, where he took his B.A. de gree in December, 1867. In the following year he entered the eminent Banking House of Bosanquet, Salt & Co., in which firm his father was then a partner, and at his death in 1876 he succeeded to his father's interest in the business. In 1884 (as is elsewhere related in this work), Messrs. Bosanquet, Salt & Co. transferred their busi ness to Lloyds' Bank, Limited, which now occupies the premises formerly occupied by Messrs. Bosan quet, Salt & Co.'s Bank, extensive alterations and enlargements having been made. Mr. Whatman holds a number of important Direc torships. In addition to that of Lloyds', he is Deputy-Chairman of the London Board of the Liver pool, London, and Globe Insurance Company, and is a Director of the Provincial Bank of Ireland, the Bank of British North America, and the Anglo- Foreign Bank ; he is, in addition. Chairman of the United States Brewing Company. Mr. Whatman at one time took a considerable in terest in the Eoyal Veterinary College, of which he is Treasurer, and from 1875 to 1879, he acted as Chair man of the General Purposes Committee of that Institution, a post which, however, he was obUged to resign in the latter year through the pressure of other business. He has never sought publicity in any form, and has taken no part in poUtical Ufe, preferring to spend aU his leisure in country pur suits, rather than in the turmoil and excitement of political life. In 1872 Mr. Whatman married Frances, eldest daughter of the late George Arthur FuUer, Esq., of the Eookery, Dorking, by whom he has one son, Arthur Dunbar. He is a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and London, and Commissioner of Lieutenancy for the City of London. He resides at i, Cranley Gardens, South Kensington, and is a member of White's, the Windham, WeUington, Hurlingham, and Marylebone Clubs. 116 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Francis RaTcnscroft, It is at all times a pleasure to descant upon the merits of those who have risen to fame and prosperity by their own energy, industry, and business acumen, and in the present case praise is justly due to the subject of this sketch, who owes his eminent position in the banking world to his own individual abiUty and accomplishments ; it is, therefore, with gratifica tion that we insert a short sketch of his career in " Leading Men of London." Mr. Francis Eavenscroft, the able Manager of the Birkbeck Bank, Building Society, and Freehold Land Society, was born on the 20th December, in the year 1828, at Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn, London, and is the son of the late Mr. Humphrey Ravenscroft, of the same place. He was educated at a private school at St. Albans, and on the completion of his education he was articled to a solicitor, the late Mr. WiUiam Fisher, of Doughty Street, in whose office he remained seven years. During this period he had the manage ment of an important Chancery suit, which gave him the opportunity of studying the intricacies of the ac counts of a building society in difficulties. The con clusions he arrived at were that the difficulties in question arose from the fact that this particular society was unable to meet withdrawals with promptitude, but in every other respect he formed the opinion that the principles of building societies were excellent, and if managed properly and honestly would prove a great boon to their members. Whilst conducting this Chancery suit, he became thoroughly interested in the working of such societies, and resolved to abandon the profession of the law and to devote his energies to establishing a building society on improved principles, the most notable feature of which was a deposit branch, for the pur pose of accumulating a fund from which withdrawals could be promptly met. About two years after the foundation of the Birk beck, which was then a building society rather than a bank, Mr. Ravenscroft finally relinquished the practice of the law, and took the reins of manage ment entirely into his own hands. The Society practicaUy began its career by dealing with and financing the members of the London Mechanics' Institution, of which body Mr. Ravenscroft was elected a Member of the Committee of Management in 1847, he, at that date, being only eighteen years of age. Many of his feUow-members of this institu tion found the building society a convenient de pository for their savings, and for many years a considerable proportion of the Society's deaUngs was with members of the Institution. The first annual report of the Birkbeck Building Society gives the total number of members as 213, holding 346 shares, upon which the sum of £957 had been subscribed. As regards deposits, the Directors were somewhat astonished to find them selves entrusted with ' ' no less a sum than £601 lis. 4d.," upon which 5 per cent, interest was paid. The forty-third annual report, 1894, shows 69,206 as the number of members and depositors, and 54,392 the number of shares in existence, whUe £5,903,479 is funds and cash. A glance at these figures wiU give a clear idea of the progress of the Birkbeck Bank, BuUding Society, and Freehold Land Society, and their prosperity is largely due to Mr. Ravenscroft' s energy and influ ence. The " run" of 1892 on the Birkbeck is now a matter of history, and the incidents in that great scare are not likely to fade from the memory of the public for many years. Without entering in these pages into the history of the crisis, it may be recaUed that the run was mainly attributable to the stoppage of the London and General Bank, and the subsequent an nouncement of the directors of the Liberator BuUding Society that notices of withdrawal would not be met. The similarity in the nature and objects of the two Institutions was weU understood, and the inference was drawn that what had happened in the case of one might easily happen in the case of the other. The Liberator was a building society and a bank, and the directors of one were directors of the other. The Birkbeok was likewise a building society and a bank, the latter being the deposit branch of the former, and both being managed by the same persons. To Mr. Ravenscroft is probably due the innovation in the law which permitted bankers to produce in a law court certified copies of banking accounts. Here tofore they were compeUed, at considerable incon venience, to drag weighty ledgers into court when so ordered ; and the relaxation in this rule has proved of benefit to them. He is a hard- worker, arrives early at his desk and leaves late, holds a direct and powerful grip over the staff, and apart from his autumn holiday, has never been a day absent from the office. He also looks after the Literary and Scientific Institution ; in fact, keeps a fatherly eye on the whole of the concern. Mr, Ravenscroft married, in 1856, the second daughter of the late Mr. Nicholas Browse, of Totnes, Devon, and has five chUdren. He resides at Birk beck Lodge, Springfield Road, South Hampstead, not far from the Heath, and is a member of the National Liberal Club. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 117 Sir Samuel Montagu, M.P., D.I., J.P. The life story of this gentleman is certainly one of the finest examples of success achieved by the exer cise of unflagging application, energy, and nobUity of character, which the personal histories of our times afford. Born in 1832, in Liverpool, the son of Mr. Louis Samuel, a watchmaker and sUversmith of that city, he was named Montagu Samuel, but this was at a very early age reversed; his father retired from business in 1847, and settled in London, this being the place of his birth. Mr. Samuel Montagu founded the house of Samuel Montagu & Co., foreign bankers, in 1853. The busi ness was carried on first in LeadenhaU Street, and afterwards in Cornhill, where the exchange of coin and foreign dividend bonds, and the various details of the business of a Bureau de Change, formed the greater part of their transactions. Later Mr. Montagu secured the present handsome premises in Old Broad Street, E.C, where the business has since been carried on; it has growm and progressed and is stUl progressing. The general office is fiUed with a busy staff, and there is every indication of a great and flourishing concern being promoted. Twice in every week Mr. Montagu or a member of the firm attends the Royal Exchange, and one of the largest of London businesses in this direction is done by them. Although the style of the house has always been Samuel Montagu & Co., the "Co." represents quite a few men, who are of themselves well known per sonalities in and around the Threadneedle Street centres ; these partners, beyond the subject of this sketch, are EUis A. FrankUn, Stuart Montagu Samuel, Ernest Louis Franklin, and Dennis Edwin Samuel. To quote an authority who recently commented on Mr. Samuel Montagu — "His knowledge of indirect exchanges is remarkable. It is a knowledge which amounts almost to intuition. His quick perception of profit — extricable from the most roundabout exchange operation, involving the conversion and reconversion of foreign currencies — is a marvel and nothing else." Principally to his efforts the Royal Exchange owes its fine glass roof, and consequently the gentlemen who attend the Eoyal Exchange owe much of their comfort to him ; for, as may weU be imagined, it was in the dajs of its open roof one of the most windy, cold, and comfortless corners in the City of London, and he has recently obtained its illumination by electric Ught on dark days. For about twenty years he was connected with the Jewish Board of Guardians. He is a member of the Board of Deputies of the Council of the United Synagogue, and many other important Jewish institutions. He established in 1870, and became president of, the Jewish Working Men's Club, now a very flourishing affair of two thousand members, in the Whiteohapel district. Chiefly through his efforts and bounty the synagogues of St. Petersburgh Place, Bayswater, St. John's Wood, and Brighton came into being. As representative of the Jewish Board of Deputies he went to the Holy City where, in con junction with Sir Nathaniel de RothschUd, M.P. (afterwards Lord Rothschild), he established the first Secular Industrial school. Later, in 1882, by request of the Mansion House Committee, he proceeded to the Russian frontier with the object of forming several committees for relief and assistance for the emigration - of the Russian and the Russian-Polish Jews. In 1884 he visited the Jewish agricultural colonies in the far west of the United States, and in 1886 he visited the principal cities of Poland and Russia, and was ordered by the Russian Government to quit Moscow in twenty-four hours ; reference to this was made in the House of Commons, but deferring to the advice of many influential men, the matter was aUowed to drop, as it was Ukely to render all the harder the lot of the unfortunate Jews throughout the empire of the Tzar, had the incident of the expulsion of Mr. Montagu, a member of the British Parliament, led to a diplomatic note. Of his character Uttle need be said. He is weU known, his energy, andhigh andhonourable principles have reaped their reward, and he has long enjoyed the respect of his feUow-citizens, English, foreign, and Hebrew alike, and of the cosmopolitan crowd that compose so large a circle in the financial world. He is an honour to the race to which he belongs, and an honour to the greatest mercantile and wealthiest community in the world — London. He is member for the Tower Hamlets division in the Liberal interest since 1885. He is a bimetaUist, and an ardent advocate of a system of decimal coinage, weights and measures, for Great Britain. He was a member of the Royal Gold and SUver Commission. He has written many articles and essays on sub jects dealing with coinage, bimetaUism, and finance generaUy. Mr. Montagu married, in 1862, EUen, youngest daughter of Louis Cohen, Esq., a great-niece of Sir Moses Montefiore, Bart., &c. He is a Deputy-Lieu tenant and a Justice of the Peace for London, and an honorary director of the 4 per cent. Industrial Dwellings Company, Limited. His town house is 12, Kensington Palace Gardens, W., and his country seat South Stoneham House, near Southampton. 118 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Colonel Vivian Dering Majendie, CB. Colonel Majendie, Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Explosives, was born at Pipe Grange, near the cathedral city of Lichfield, on the 14th July, 1836, and is the son of Major John Routledge Majendie. Being intended for the scientific branch of the miU tary service, he was sent to the Royal MiUtary Aca demy at Woolwich, and on passing out, in 1854, obtained a commission in the Royal AxtUlery. In the early part of the foUowing year the Crimean War broke out, and yoimg Majendie was sent with a field battery to the seat of action. He served through the whole of the subsequent campaign, including the Siege and Fall of Sebastopol, and, on the declaration of peace, received the Crimean medal with clasp, and the Turkish medal. When the Sepoy Mutiny manifested itself in 1858, his battery was one of those engaged in its sup pression. He was present at the siege and capture of Lucknow, and afterwards at the action at Sirsee. For this service he obtained the Indian medal and clasp. In 1861 Captain Majendie gave up his regi mental service on being appointed Captain Instruc tor in the Royal Laboratory, Woolwich Arsenal, and in that capacity, and as Assistant Superintendent to the Department, he served until 1871, when, in consequence of the serious explosions which fre quently occurred in private factories, and the loss of life resulting therefrom, he was selected by the Home Office to act as adviser on explosives to the Secretary of State, and to carry out inspections in connection with the manufacture of explosives. At that time the law, as relating to this matter, was in a most unsatisfactory state, and it is largely owing to the in fluence and advice of Colonel Majendie, that so much beneflcial legislation on the subject has since taken place. He formed a scheme for amended legislation, and, in 1874, his suggestions were examined by a House of Commons Committee. Subsequently they were embodied in a Bill which, on the 14th June, 1875, passed into law as the Explosives Act, 1875. Under that Act, which extends to the whole of the United Kingdom, he was appointed Chief Inspector of Explosives, and, in 1880, was awarded a CB. in recognition of his services' in connection with the formulation and bringing into operation of the Act. About this period the Chief Inspector of Explo sives was caUed upon to undertake a new class of duties, namely the examination of criminal explo sions, or cases of outrage, and attempted outrage, by the use of explosives. The annual report presented to ParUament by Colonel Majendie in 1885 contains an account of between forty and fifty explosions of this nature which had engaged his attention, or the attention of his coUeagues, during the years 1881-5, During that time some twenty-nine dynamitards were sentenced to various terms of penal servi tude through the instrumentaUty of the Explosives Department of the Home Office, over which he pre sides. Among the more serious cases which were then officiaUy dealt with by Colonel Majendie, may be named the importation from America into Liverpool of ten infernal machines by the vessels Malta and Bavaria in 1881 ; the terrible Glasgow explosions two years later, and, in the same year, the Local Govern ment Board explosions ; the discovery of infernal machines at Liverpool ; the discovery of Whitehead's nitro-glycerine factory at Birmingham ; and the ex plosion on the Metropolitan Underground Eailway. In 1884, the series of discoveries of infernal ma chines at Ludgate HiU, Paddington and Charing Cross Eailway Stations ; the experiments with the dynamite bombs found on Daly, and his subsequent conviction ; the explosions at the Junior Carlton Club, at Sir Watkin Wynn's, and at Scotland Yard ; the attempted destruction of Mr, Hussy's house, near Tralee ; and the London Bridge explosion of that year. In 1885, the explosions at Westminster HaU, the Houses of Parliament, with the Tower of London ex plosion in January, and the Admiralty explosion in March of that year. In these inquiries the Colonel pays a special tribute to the invaluable assistance which he received from his coUeagues, Colonel Ford and Major Cundhill, and also from Dr. Dupre, F.R.S. , the chemical adviser to the Home Office. As the result of a consultation with Colonel Majen die, the Explosive Substances Act, 1883, was passed by the Government of the day, to afford adequate and effective means of dealing with persons suspected of having explosives in their possession for unlawful purposes, and several important convictions have been obtained thereunder. Not the least important part of the Chief Inspector's duty consists in advising precautions for the protec tion of public buildings, &c., against injury by ex plosion, and to precautionary measures suggested by Colonel Majendie, may be attributed the failure of the attempt on London Bridge in 1884, when two dynamitards were blown to pieces. At the time of the celebration of Her Majesty's Jubilee in 1887, it fell to his duty to render Westminster Abbey secure against the introduction of infernal machines, and, acting under his advice, elaborate precautions were LEADING MEN OF LONDON 119 then taken. For this service he received a JubUee medal. In 1886 he acted as the adviser of the Secretary of State in regard to petroleum, and proceeded to the United States and to Canada on a mission in connec tion with this mineral. On this occasion he visited the chief dynamite factories on the Pacific and Atlan tic coasts, and the valuable information there gained he has since turned to good account. A few years ago the Executive Council of the International Exhibition of Mining and Metallurgy appointed him sole juror upon the exhibits of explo sives — a weU-deserved tribute to his wide and un rivaUed knowledge of the subject. It is certainly no exaggeration to say that Colonel Majendie is the highest Uving authority on explosive substances and aU connected therewith. Alfred Milner, CB. The gentleman who to-day occupies the responsible position of Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue holds a high record of briUiant inteUectual achieve ment and distinguished public service. The ques tions are sometimes asked, " What becomes of those who win high University distinction ? and how is it they are heard of so seldom in after life?" Mr. Milner, at least, is one whose subsequent career has borne out the promise foreshadowed by the attain ment of the highest honours which a University can bestow. He was born at Giessen, in Germany, in 1854, of English parents. His father was Mr. Charles Milner, M.D,, and his mother was Mary Ierne, daughter of the late General Ready. His education was rather irregular, owing to the fact that his early youth was spent partly in Germany and partly in England. For three years he was in a German gynanasium or pubUc school, and subsequently he studied for two or three years at King's CoUege, London, of which institution he is an Honorary Fellow. From King's CoUege Mr. Milner went to Oxford in November, 1872, having gained the fijrst Scholarship at BaUiol College. At Oxford he remained five years, from 1873 to 1876, as an undergraduate at BalUol, and during 1877 as a FeUow at New CoUege. His honours include a First Class in " Moderations," and in " Classical Greats," as weU as four University Scholarships, the Hertford, Craven, Derby, and Eldon. Though his education was thus varied, it certainly did not suffer on this account, and it is probable that the experience thus gained, and the benefit of having gone through both an English and a German educa tional curriculum, conferred upon him advantages in the way of riper culture and a profounder knowledge of men and things than would be possessed by those who had gone through only the one or the other. In 1878, he returned to London and settled down to read for the Bar, to which he was duly called in 1881, going on the Midland Circuit. While reading forthe Bar, and stiUmore after he was " caUed," he devoted much time to journalism, which finally ended by his leaving the profession of the law, and accepting a position upon the staff of the Pall Mall Gazette, first under Mr. John Morley, and then under Mr. W. T. Stead, whose assistant editor he was until he left the paper in 1885. Besides his work upon the Pall Mall, Mr. Milner contributed a good deal at various times to other newspapers and periodicals. In 1 885, having severed his connection with the Pall Mall Gazette, he stood for Parliament in the Liberal interest as a candidate for the Harrow division of Middlesex, but was defeated by Mr. Ambrose, Q.C, the present member. At the great split in the Liberal Party in 1886, over the question of Home Rule, he took the Unionist side, and threw himself with characteristic energy into Unionist work in the early days of its organisation. When Mr. Goschen accepted the position of Chan ceUor of the Exchequer in the Conservative Govern ment in 1887, Mr. Milner became his principal Private Secretary. Having displayed marked abiUty for administrative work, and especiaUy for financial administration, he was offered, and accepted, in 1889 the position of Director- General of Accounts in Egypt. In 1890 he was promoted to the post of Under Secretary of State for Finance, which he held under Tewfik Pasha, and for some months under Abbas Pasha. When the Chairmanship of the Board of Inland Revenue feU vacant through the resignation of the late Lord Iddesleigh, the First Lord of the Treasury offered Mr. MUner the position. Though most unwiUing to leave Egypt, where his work deeply interested him, he accepted the offer, and returned to England in July, 1892, to enter upon his new duties. After his return home, he devoted aU his spare time for some months to writing a book embodying his experiences in Egypt and his views as to her political future. It appeared in September, 1892, and has gone through four editions. Among the recipients of Birthday Honours, 1894, Mr. Milner was created a Companion of the Bath. Mr. Milner's tastes have led him to devote him self to the study of political and economic questions, and on such subjects he is a recognised authority. He has traveUed much abroad, especiaUy in Ger many, and is a competent linguist. He is unmarried, and resides at 47, Duke Street, St. James's. He is a member of the Reform and New University Clubs. 120 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Henry Brinley Richards, F.Inst.S. Mr. Brinley Richards' name is familiar to almost every Englishman's ear, through the musical gifts of his talented father, the late Mr. Brinley Richards, a Welshman, who was born in Carmarthen, and with Mr. John Thomas (the harpist), representative musician of Wales. He died in the Jubilee year. His son has also made himself a name in the mu sical and dramatic worlds. The best known of his father's compositions, and that which will live as long as there is an Heir Apparent to the throne, is, of course, "God Bless the Prince of Wales." Mr. Richards has preserved the original manuscript of the music, and also that of the words by George Lindley. These he proposes to offer to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales for his acceptance. World-wide as has been the popularity of the song, and greatly as it has added to the feelings of loyalty to the Royal Family, it has never produced any pecuniary benefit to any of Mr, Richards' family — the anthem having been written before the days of " royalties " — it was sold outright, a harvest of thousands of pounds being reaped by the publishers. Had Mr. Richards Uved he would have received the honour of Knighthood, a distinction which we trust may still be bestowed upon his son as the only living male representative of his name, having no brother and only one sister. He is a grandson of the late Mr. WiUiam Banting, well- known for his works on corpulence, his name indeed in this respect becoming a household word. Mr. Richards was born in Torrington Street, Russell Square, in 1 854 ; he was educated at St. James' CoUege, Clapton, and subsequently at Hanau CoUege, Frank- fort-on-the-Maine, where he acquiredanintimate know ledge of German and French, both of which languages he speaks fluently. His father being averse to his selecting the musical or dramatic profession, although he greatly desired to join the latter, he was, after leaving Germany, introduced by Mr. Banting to Mr. Frederick Huth, in whose firm he remained for several years. Subsequently he was articled in a surveyor's office to Mr, F. Statham Hobson, and on Mr. Hobson retiring from the business, Mr. Richards took the same over, being joined in it by Mr. F. W. Hobson (who was with his brother at the time Mr. Richards joined the firm). Jointly they have carried on the concern for the past fourteen years, and they now represent a number of large estates. Mr. Hobson is an expert valuer of considerable eminence. It is not, however, as head of this firm that Mi. Richards is best known. He has aU his life taken a deep interest in the theatrical profession, and has an extensive knowledge of aU matters appertaining to it. He is a prominent member of The Bons Fr^res Club, in connection with which dinners and smoking concerts are held during the winter months, at the Cafe Royal, where the best talent in London is to be met with, and of which a number of representatives of other professions are honorary members. Several now weU-known artists owe much of their success to the encouragement given them at these meetings ; amongst them being Mr. Albert Chevalier. Mr. Richards has twice occupied the chair at the ban quets given by this club (of which Mr. Leo Thomas is President), and on the last occasion presided over a record night for the club in the way of theatrical and vocal talent. He is also a Director of the Palace Theatre, the Board of which he joined in 1894, which, owing to the new blood infused into it, and under Mr. Morton's able management, has, from being in a very feeble condition, become the most prominent house, and possesses the best company in England, while the audiences are composed of the smartest people in London. Mr. Richards is an amateur actor of no little repute, and has taken part on numerous occa sions in private theatricals. In the business world he is known as a Director of the London Omnibus Carriage Company, which is now a very flourishing concern ranking after the London General and Road Car Companies. He is also connected with the District Railway Company, for whom they run a large number of omnibuses daily. He has also, with Mr. Hobson, been con cerned in several large business transactions, notably in connection with the Royal Palace Hotel, overlook ing Kensington Gardens. This magnificent building, which took seven years to build, cost £250,000. He is also a Director of the GranvUle Hotel, Ramsgate, with Mr. Quartermain East. Mr. Richards is a life governor of most of the sixteen hospitals of London, and possesses, with the rest of the family, a large number of votes (Mr. Banting having made all his sons and daughters and grandchUdren life governors of the following chari table institutions) : Westminster Hospital, St, Mary's, King's College, West London, City of London Truss Society, St. Anne's National Benevolent Institution, London Orphan Asylum, Royal Hospital for Incur ables, British Home for Incurables, Home for Idiots (Earlswood). The Fatherless (Reedham), Orphan Working School, Welsh School for Girls, Queen Charlotte's Hospital, &c. Mr, Richards, who is a Freeman of the City of London, and a member of the Broderers' (or Em broiderers') Company, on the Court of which he will probably soon be, has been asked to stand as Sheriff LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 121 for London, but not having the time or the inclination to devote to the office, had reluctantly to decline. On the other hand, he takes an interest in poUtical matters, and may some day be induced to enter the House of Commons. His father was often requested to do so in the Welsh interest, but preferred to devote all his time to his profession, in which resolve he was largely encouraged by the then Duke of Newcastle, Lord Clarence Paget , and others. In the year 1881 Mr. Richards married Miss NeviU, daughter of Mr. H. W. NevUl, the world- renowned bread manufacturer, whose large business is stUl carried on by his son. Mr. Richards has three children. He has resided in Kensington for over thirty years, and has an enormous circle of friends, and entertains very largely at his charming house, No. 14, Cranley Gardens, South Kensington, where he and his sister have coUected an almost unique coUection of autographs of celebrities (musical and dramatic), and letters from artists and politicians all over the world. He has also a choice coUection of plate presented to his father by Lady Taunton, Lord Paget, and others. Mr. Richards is a first-rate mu sician, the piano being his favourite instrument; he is fond of sport, is an excellent shot, and has frequently foUowed the hounds. He has been a Follow of tho Institute of Surveyors for the past ten years. He is an old member of the Constitutional Club, and also of the New Club, Grafton Street, Bons Freres Club, Sporting Club, Queen's Club, Prince of Wales's Club, and a prominent member of the Committee of the " StroUing Players," whose Orchestral Concerts in London are now so famous. Colonel The Hon. Wellington Patrick Talbot. Colonel Talbot is the ninth son of the second Earl Talbot, his mother being Frances Lambart of Beauparc, co. Meath, Ireland. He was born in 1817, in Dublin Castle, during the Viceroyalty of his father. He was educated at Eton, and evincing a desire to enter the army, he went to tho Royal MiUtary College, Sandhurst, where he remained till 1834, when he obtained his commission in the old 35th Regiment, now the Royal Sussex Regiment. In the year 1837, he procured an exchange on promotion into the 7th Royal Fusiliers, with which regiment he servel at home and abroad, for ten years, and in which he got his company. In 1840, he was appointed Aide-de-Camp to Earl de Grey, the then Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and was sub sequently appointed comptroUer of the vice-regal household in Dublin of his successor, Lord Heytes- bury, a post which he held during the noble lord's Vice-royalty. In 1852, he became private secretary to the 14th Earl of Derby, then prime minister, during his first short ministry, and again in 1858, when he formed his second administration. Having left the regular army. Colonel Talbot suc ceeded to the command of the King's Own Stafford shire Militia, which he commanded for more than twenty years. During the Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny, the regiment was embodied, and having volunteered for foreign service, was stationed in the Ionian Islands at Corfu and Oephalonia, of which latter island he was appointed Resident, where he remained from 1855 to 1857. During the em bodiment of the regiment it supplied 1,200 men to the regular army, greatly owing to the exertions and influ( nee of Colonel Talbot. On his retirement from his office as Resident of Oephalonia, Colonel Talbot was offered the appointment of Lord High Com missioner of the Ionian Islands, in succession to Sir John Young, afterwards Lord Lisgar, but this high appointment he was obliged to decline for private reasons. In 1852, on the death of the Duke of WeUington, a memorial fund was organised, which on the sugges tion of the Prince Consort took the form of providing a foundation school for the orphan sons of officers of the army, and is now named WeUington College. Colonel Talbot was appointed honorary secretary of this college. On the death of Lord Derby, the vice-president, he was elected a governor of the college, and in 1875, on the retirement of the second Duke of Wellington, the then vice-president, he was appointed as his suc cessor, and he still holds that office. Colonel Talbot was at one time magistrate for the counties of Wor cester and Gloucester. In 1860, he married Lady Emma Charlotte Stanley, only daughter of the 14th Earl of Derby, and has had eight children, seven of whom survive. His eldest son is in the Rifle Brigade, and his second son is in the Indian Civil Service. Colonel Talbot is Sergeant-at-Arms in the House of Lords, Vice-Chairman of the governing body of St. John's Foundation Schools, for the education of the sons of the poor clergy ; a member of the managing committee of the Brompton Consumption Hospital ; a Director of the Eagle Life Insurance Company, and the Cadogan and Hans Place Estate Company ; and is a member of the Carlton and Junior Carlton Clubs. His residence is 15, Cromwell Road, S.W., and his country seat Glenhurst, West End, Esher, Surrey. K 122 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Edwin Arnold, M.A., K.CI.E., CS.I., &c. Sie Edwin Aenold, second son of Robert Coles Arnold, Esq., J.P. for Sussex and Kent, was born at Gravesend, Kent, on the 10th June, 1832, and educated first at the King's School, Rochester, then at King's College, London, from which he sub sequently gained a scholarship at University CoUege, Oxford. WhUe at Oxford he obtained the Newdigate Prize for an EngUsh poem on the " Feast of Belshazzar " in 1852, and in the following year was selected to address the late Earl of Derby on his installation as ChanceUor of the University. On leaving Oxford, Mr. Arnold was appointed Second Master at King Edward the Sixth's School, Birmingham, and afterwards he became Principal of the Government Sanskrit College at Poena, Presidency of Bombay, and FeUow of the University of Bombay ; holding these appointments through the Mutiny, until 1861, when he resigned, having twice received the thanks of the Governor in Council. To comment in detail upon Sir Edwin Arnold's contributions to current Uterature, would, with the space at our dis posal, be an absolute impossibility. Suffice it for us to mention some of the better known. He is the author of " Griselda : a Drama," and "Poems, Narrative and Lyrical," together with a valuable work on " Education in India"; and of works entitled, " The Euterpe of Herodotus," — a translation from the Greek text with notes; "The Hitopades 'a," with vocabulary in Sanskrit, EngUsh, and Marathi. He has also written a metrical translation of the Sanskrit work, " Hitopades 'a," under the title of "The Book of Good Counsels"; a " History of the Administration of India under the late Marquis of Dalhousie " ; and, in addition, he has published a popular work on "The Poets of Greece." In 1861, Sir Edwin Arnold joined the editorial staff of the Baily Telegraph, and for that journal he arranged the flrst expedition of Mr. George Smith to Assyria, as well as the first expedition of Mr. H. M. Stanley, who was sent by the proprietors of the Baihj Telegraph, in conjunction with those of the New York Herald, to complete the discoveries of Livingstone in Africa. Sir Edwin is a FeUow of the Royal Asiatic Society and of the Imperial Institute, and Hon. Correspon dent to the Geographical Society of MarseiUes. He published, in 1874, his " Hero and Leander," and in the foUowing year brought out " The Indian Song of Songs." On January 1st, 1877, he was appointed a Com panion of the Star of India, on the occasion of tho proclamation of Her Majesty the Queen as Empress of India. In 1879, Sir Edwin brought out the work with which, perhaps, he is most associated in the popular mind. We refer to " The Light of Asia," a beautiful poem founded on the life and teaching of Buddha, which has since passed through upwards of forty editions in England, and eighty in America. For this he received from the King of Siam the Order of the White Elephant. In 1881, he produced a volume of Oriental verse, entitled "Indian Poetry." He has published more than one translation from the Sanskrit Epic, the Mahabharata ; in 1883, he brought out " Pearls of the Faith, or Islam's Rosary : being the Ninety-nine Beautiful Names of AUah, with Comments in Verse," for which he was decorated with more than one Mahommedan Order. Sir Edwin Arnold has received many decorations both British and Foreign. In 1876, the Sultan con ferred upon him the Second Class of the Imperial Order of the Medjidieh, and, in 1883, the Imperial Order of the Osmanie. In January, 1886, Her Majesty created him Knight Commander of the Indian E jipire. In this year he published " With a Sa'di in the Garden," or " The Book of Love," a work for which he received, from the Shah of Persia, the Order of the Lion and Sun. He is also the author of several works in prose, such as "India Revisited," "Seas and Lands," " Wandering Words," &c. In 1888, he brouujht out a volume under the title of "Poems, National and Non-Oriental," a work which comprised most of his previously published EngUsh poems and many new ones. Sir Edwin Arnold has been twice married : (1) to Katherine Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. T. Bid- dulph ; and (2) to Fannie, grand-niece of the late Dr. Ohanning, of Boston, U.S.A. He is a member of the Northbrook and Royal London Yacht Clubs. Walter Besant, M.A. Who of us, at some time or other, has not read, with sensations of keen delight, some contribution from the pen of this prolific writer ? Mr. Walter Besant is, in some sense, London's historian. He has done for it what no one — save, perhaps, the late Charles Dickens — has ever succeeded in doing, investing its streets and aUeys with a living interest and making the old and time-worn city seem other than the weary and endless wilderness of bricks and mortar that many of us find it. Walter Besant was born at Portsmouth in 1838 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 123 His early education he received at King's CoUege, London, and subsequently he proceeded to Christ's College, Cambridge, where he obtained high honours in the Mathematical Tripos. Abandoning his first idea, that of taking holy orders, Mr. Besant was appointed Senior Professor in the Royal College of Mauritius, in which position he remained until ill-health compelled him to return to England. It was in 1868 that he published his first work, " Studies in Early French Poetry," and this he followed in 1873 by "The French Humourists." For several years then he produced literary work rapidly. In 1878 he brought out " Rabelais," for the "Ancient and Foreign Classics"; a year later "Coligny"; and, in 1881, " Whittington," for the " Plutarch " series. For some time Mr. Besant was Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund; and, in 1871, while acting in this capacity, pubUshed a " History of .Terusalem," in conjunction with the late Professor Palmer, and acted as Editor of a work entitled, " The Survey of Western Palestine." In 1871, he entered into partnership with the late Mr. James Rice, and together they brought out a series of novels which bear their joint names. Alone, Mr. Besant is author of, amongst many other notable works : " The Revolt of Man " ; " The Captain's Room " ; " All Sorts arid Conditions of Men," pubUshed in 1882; " AU in a Garden Fair," brought out in the following year; "Dorothy Foster," 1884; "Uncle Jack," 1885; "ChUdren of Gibeon," 1886; "The World Went Very WeU Then," 1887; "For Faith and Freedom," 1888; "The BeU of St. Paul's," 1889; " Armorel of Lyonesse," 1890; together with two volumes of short stories entitled, " To CaU her Mine " and " The Holy Rose." Together with Mr. Rice he dramatised a couple of plays, one produced at the Court Theatre, being a dramatic version of Ready Money Mortiboy, and the other Such a Good Man, from which they afterwards wrote their story bearing the same name. Of biographical works Mr. Besant has written two, one being a biography of the late Professor Palmer, published in 1883, and the other "The Eulogy of Richard Jefferies," brought out five years later. To Mr. Besant is largely, if not entirely, due the establishment of the Incorporated Society of Authors, a society founded for the protection and assistance of writers generaUy, but particularly of beginners in the paths of literature. He was elected the first Chairman of the Executive Committee, and subsequently was re-elected to the same office in succession to the late Sir Frederick PoUock. This office he finally resigned early in 1892. Mr. Besant married, in 1874, Mary Garratt, daughter of Eustace Foster Barham, of Bridgwater. His home is at Hampstead, and he is a member of the Athonisum, Authors', Savile, and United Uni^ versities Clubs. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, K.CM.G. The Hon. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, a member of an old Irish family, was born in Monaghan in 1816, and is the son of John Duffy, an Irish merchant. Early in life Mr. Duffy entered upon a journalistic career, and became, first, sub-editor of the Bublin Morning Register, and afterwards editor of a Belfast journal. In 1842 he established the Nation in Dublin, in conjunction with Messrs. John Dillon and Thomas Davis. WhUe editing this paper, Mr. Duffy pub lished, under the title of the " BaUad Poetry of Ireland," a book which has run through upwards of forty editions. In 1844 Mr. Duffy, together with Mr. O'Oonnel, was convicted of conspiracy. This conviction was, however, quashed on appeal to the House of Lords. In 1846 he was one of the founders of the Irish Confederation ; and two years later, was tried, with other leaders of the Confederation, for treason-felony. In this case it was found impossible to secure a con viction. The Nation, which had been suppressed, was at this period revised, and Mr. Duffy sought a seat in Parliament. He opposed Sir Thomas RedingtOn, then Under Secretary for Ireland, at New Ross, and was elected member for that borough in July, 1852. Previous to this, however (in 1846), Mr. Duffy had been caUed to the Irish Bar, but he only remained in practice for a very short time. He was one of those who founded the Tenant League, and also, in connection with others, was one of the founders of the Independent Irish Party in the House of Commons, whose policy has been main tained to the present time. In 1856 he resigned his seat in Parliament and went out to Australia. For a short time he was a practising Barrister in Mel bourne, but, ere long, politics again claimed his active services. In 1857 he was appointed Minister of Public Works in the first administration under the Consti tution of Victoria. He was Chairman, in the same year, of a Select Committee in the Legislature appointed to procure the federation of the Australian Colonies, and, subsequently he became Chairman of a 124 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Royal Commission embodied for a like purpose. Mr. Duffy drew up the Reports of both these bodies, and upon these Reports the plan of federation has since been advocated. In 1858 he became Minister of Lands, a post to which he was re-appointed in the third administration in 1862. Following upon a visit of two years to Europe, Mr. Duffy again entered the Victorian Parliament, becoming Prime Minister in 1871. While in this position he was appointed Chairman of a Conference of all the Australian Governments, brought about to procure certain enlargements of their powers, which have since been granted to them by the Imperial Government. Resigning office in 1872, Mr. Duffy was knighted immediately after. He again paid a two-years' visit to Europe, and on his return was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly ; and, on the meeting of the new ParUament in May, 1877, was unanimously chosen Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy is a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. For many years he was Chairman of the Trustees of the National GaUery of Victoria. He finally returned to Europe in 1880, and since then has pubUshed ' ' Young Ireland : a Fragment of Irish History, 1840-50," and "Four Years of Irish History, 1845-49," this being a sequel to "Young Ireland " ; "A Memoir of Thomas Davis," and other works ; and many articles founded upon Colonial and Irish questions in the Contemporwry Review, Nineteenth Century and National Review. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy married (1) Emily, daughter of Francis McLaughlin, of Belfast ; (2) Susan, daughter of PhUip Hughes, of Newry; and (3) Louise, daughter of George HaU, of Rock Ferry, near Liverpool. Andrew Lang, M.A., LL.D. There is a tolerably well-known saying, "Once a journalist, always a journalist," and certain it is that there are few men who, having once tasted of the freedom that to a certain extent is inseparable from a journalist's life, would wiUingly exchange their lot for another; at the same time, it is probably true that more men drift into journalism without any absolute predilection for such a career, than is the case in any other profession under the sun, and this is doubtless owing to the fact that, whereas aU other professions demand a long preliminary training, a literary life may, given the abiUty, be taken up at any time, and, moreover, it offers to the successful man delights such as few other callings can give. One of the most charming and graceful writers of our day, Mr. Andrew Lang, hails from beyond the Tweed. He is a Scotsman whoUy by birth, and partly by education. Born at Selkirk on March 31st, 1844: he was educated at Edinburgh Academy, St, Andrew's University, and subsequently at Balliol CoUege, Oxford, where he gained high classical distinctions, being placed in the first class both in Classical Moderations and in the Final Schools, and in due course proceeded to the M.A. degree. Nor with the end of Undergraduate days did Mr. Lang's connection with Oxford cease, and in 1868 he was elected a FeUow of Merton College. In 1888 hewas appointed to deliver the Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion at the University of St. Andrew's. But it is as a London newspaper man and a prolific writer both in prose and verse that Mr. Lang is best known to the average Euglishman, and his pub lished works and contributions to current Uterature are possibly more widely read and sought after, amongst a certain class of readers, than those of almost any of his contemporaries. In recording something of the career of a man, the best part of whose life has been given up to literary work, it is inevitable that one should refer, more or less in detaU, to his published works ; we, therefore, state that, in 1881, Mr. Lang published in verse his " Ballades in Blue China," followed a year later by •Helen of Troy." In 1884 he brought out "Rhymes k la Mode," and, in- 1837, a work entitled "Myth, Ritual, and Religion." His publications in prose include a translation of the "Odyssey," in conjunction with Professor Butcher; of the "lUad," in coUaboration with Messrs, E. Myers and Walter Leaf; and of " Theo critus," " Aucassin and Nicolette." In 1888 there appeared from his pen " The Gold of Fairnilee"; "Lost Leaders," 1889; "Prince Prigio"; "Blue Fairy Tale Book"; and "Red Fairy Tale Book." In 1890 Mr. Lang, in collaboration with Mr. Rider Haggard, brought out " The World's Desire." He has also written the "Life, Letters, and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote, the First Lord Iddesleigh," a most valuable work of great political, social, and historical interest. Mr. Lang is on the staff of the Baily News, and is a regular contributor to several of the chief maga- adnes. He resides in London, and is a well-known mem her of several clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 125 W. C Heaton-Armstrong, F.R.A.S., J.P., &c. The family of Armstrong was in ancient times settled on the Scottish Border, and, springing from this parent stock, several branches at a very early era became located in the northern counties of Eng land. One, estabUshed at Corby, in Lincolnshire, had continued there for seven descents ; and another, at Tynedale, in Northumberland, for nine genera tions, at the period of the Visitation in 1623. A third scion, Thoroton, in his " History of Notting hamshire," mentions as fixed at Thorpe in that county, as early as the eleventh year of Richard IL, and gives the pedigree, in an uninterrupted succession to the year 1672 ; and Leland, in the first volume of his " Itinerary," speaks of a family of Armstrong settled in Yorkshire, whose representative he calls "a gentleman of many lands." Tradition affirms that the original surname was Fairbairn, and that it was changed to Armstrong on the foUowing occasion : " An ancient king of Scotland, having his horse kUled under him in battle, was immediately re mounted by Fairbairn, his armour-bearer, on his own horse. For this timely assistance the king amply rewarded him with lands on the borders, and to perpetuate the memory of so important a service, as weU as the manner in which it was performed (for Fairbairn took the king by the thigh and set him on the saddle), his royal master gave him the appeUation of Armstrong, and assigned him for crest, ' An armed hand and arm, couped at the thigh, all ppr.' " The Armstrongs of the border were at the head of a numerous and warlike clan, who, upon aU differ ences that arose between the two crowns, made frequent inroads into the northern counties of Eng land, encountering the enemy whenever they met with them, and were occasionaUy assisted by the other neighbouring clans of their alliance. The most famous leader of these adventurous men was — John Armstrong, the laird of Giltknock Hall, in the parish of Canaby and County of Eskdale, a strong castle situated on a promontory washed on three sides by the River Esk, which, being steep and rocky, was scarcely accessible but on the land side, where it was fenced in with a deep ditch. The mansion is still known as the residence of this dis tinguished chieftain, and the spacious ruins that remain, even to the present day, evince how strong a position it must have been in former times. In this fortress John Armstrong maintained sumptuous state and considerable forces, harassing, by continued incursions, the neighbouring counties of England. In 1628 he, at the head of his clan, with 3,000 men of horse, burnt Netherby Castle and defeated the English army speciaUy sent under Lord Dacre to capture him. At length, his power having grown too great for a subject, he became an object of jealousy to the Scottish king (James V.), who levied an army for the avowed purpose of punishing him, and marched at their head to the parish of Elves. There John was summoned to attend the king on his promise of security, and having accordingly obeyed his summons, in violation of the public faith pledged for his personal safety, as observed by Buchanan, he, with many of his retainers, were, by the king's orders, hanged at Carlinrig, two miles to the north of Mosspaul, on the road between Hawick and Lang holm, on the 8th June, 1530. After this execution the family dispersed, and some of them settled in different parts of England, the senior branch in Leicestershire. Mr. W. C Heaton-Armstrong, of King's County, Ireland, and 4, Portland Place, W., the representa tive of the Armstrongs of Farney Castle and Mount Heaton, and the old Border family of which we have spoken, has established himself as one of the leading private Bankers of London. His career has been a bright and successful one, and in his early struggle to lay the foundation of the Bank which bears his name, he was nothing daunted by the fact that since the early part of this century no private Bank has come into existence. He was born in Austria on the 1st September, 1853. His early training was for the sea, and subsequently he voluntarily qualified himself before the Board of Trade as a Master Mariner and Engineer. When the Suez Canal was opened, Mr. Heaton-Armstrong was one of the first to see that the carrying trade of the World would be completely changed thereby, and in some very pertinent and valuable despatches on this subject he prognosticated that the profits made by one of England's most important businesses would beseriously interfered with. Mr. Heaton-Ajmstrong served in several foreign navies, and saw service with the Turks during the Russo-Turkish war. Providence has been generous in her gifts to him, and, judging from his athletic figure, one is not sur prised to hear that once, when enveloped in an over coat he jumped over a cab, and that he has swum from Haslar Beach to the Isle of Wight and also across the Danube. With aU respect to the great Banker, it is quite, impossible to avoid referring to the fact that he has a by no means poor reputation as a pugUist, as evidenced by the trophies he possesses. Mr. Heaton-Armstrong commenced life with cer tain scholastic attainment which might possibly be 126 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. thought but little suited to the busy Banker. He is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and has published some important works deaUng with that science and electricity. He is able to write and speak several languages with great fluency. It must be remembered that Mr. Heaton-Arm strong is, to a certain extent, a self-made man, having accumulated his fortune and made his re putation and business prior to his elder brother's death, which made him heir to the entailed estates and famUy fortune. From the first Mr. Heaton- Armstrong intended to make his bank a great success ; and very soon, to the surprise of his' slower contemporaries, the bank was a big paying concern. Business poured in from aU quarters, and year after year has told the same story — more busi ness, increasing influence, and splendid returns. The house of Armstrong is famous all over the world, agents acting for it wherever civilisation has planted her feet. Within recent years Mr. Arm strong has admitted his cousins, Mr. W. H. Heaton- Armstrong and Mr. G. Heaton-Armstrong, as partners, the conducting of so large a concern being more than one man could possibly carry out. Many important foreign and colonial loans have been issued by this house with the greatest success. Its record is a perfectly clean one — not a single bond offered to the public by Messrs. Armstrong & Co. has defaulted one penny on due payment of interest. Mr. Heaton-Armstrong, like other eminent City men, has taken an interest in poUtics. He contested Tipperary as a Liberal Unionist at a time when there was undoubtedly an element of personal danger in doing so. The result of the contest was a large reduction of the Separatist majority, and an increase of the Loyalist vote of nearly 50 per cent. Mr. Heaton-Armstrong is of Royal descent, his family dating far back into by-gone times. His pedi gree is so ancient and honourable that the following particulars from "Burke's Peerage and Landed Gentry " will be read with interest : — " Heaton-Armstrong, William Charles, Esq., F.R.A.S. (senior representative of the Armstrongs of Farney Castle and Mount Heaton, &c., &c.). Lord of the Manor of Roscrea, King's County; born 1st September, 1853; married 7th September, 1885, the Baroness Bertha MaxmiUana Zois-Edelstein, only sur viving daughter of the fourth Baron Zois-Edelstein, of Austria, and has issue two sons and one daughter. " Mr. Heaton-Armstrong succeeded at his father's death, 29th April, 1891, to the representation of the families of Armstrong (Clan Armstrong, Lairds of Mangerton), of Farney Castle and Mount Heaton, of Mac DonneU of New Hall, and also of the family of Heaton, of Moorhouse, Yorkshire, whose representative (temp. Queen Elizabeth) was Bishop of Ely. "His grandfather, the Right Hon. John Armstrong, M.P., P.C, of Farney Castle and Mount Heaton, born in 1732, succeeded his father in 1767. He married 17th July, 1770. He served in several parUaments for the boroughs of Kilmallock and Fore, and was made a member of the King's Privy CouncU in Ire land on Oth September, 1789. At onetime he raised a troop of horse for the King's service, and main tained them at his own cost, refusing all offers of reward for his services. In consideration of other important services he had done the country, he was twice urged by the Irish Government to take a Baronetcy, which he declined. It was subsequently arranged that he was to be made a peer, under the title of Baron of Dunamace in Ireland, and the patent was lodged at the Hanaper Office, when he died suddenly, before the patent had passed the Great Seal, at Mount Heaton, 12th September, 1791, aged 59. He was buried in the churchyard at BaUycahill, and left issue (by his wife, who survived him and died at Sidmouth, 28th January, 1820, aged 75) one son and one daughter." Mr. Heaton-Armstrong on his mother's side (the Barons Mayr-Melnhof of Austria) is connected with one of the wealthiest families in Austria. On his father's side for many generations his ancestors have been Members of the House of Parliament. One of Mr. Heaton- Armstrong's latest City develop ments has been a thorough reorganisation of the weU-known Cheque Bank, which has made enormous strides since it has come under the magic touch of a clever man. He is the Deputy-Chairman of the new Company. He has refused innumerable offers to join Director ates of railways and other companies ; but, whilst he is a trustee of a large number of undertakings and estates, with the exception of the Cheque Bank, he has not lent his name to any company. To Mr. Heaton-Armstrong belongs the claim to the title of Lord Dunamace. The circumstances of his claim to this are quite romantic. His great-grand father, for distinguished services to the Crown, had a peerage offered to him, which he accepted ; but, unfortunately, whUe the patent was being completed he died. The son was urged by the Government to take the title at the time. Mr. Heaton-Armstrong now thinks that, for family reasons — and being well able to support the dignity of a peerage — he might ask the Crown to grant the dignity. When made, such a reasonable request cannot, certainly, long be refused. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 127 William McKewan. In London or elsewhere, we imagine, there are few men indeed connected with the banking interest who have a more thorough knowledge of both the theory and practice of banking than the gentleman whose name heads this paper. He has attained to a high and responsible position, and has controUed one of the world's greatest banking corporations. He is a man who has led a busy B.nd hard-working life, and one who, as an authority on questions of financial and pubUc economic interest, takes very high rank. We are glad to offer a brief rhume of the career of Mr. McKewan, Director of the London and County Bank. He was born in London on the Oth of March, 1820, his father being a wharfinger of London. He was educated privately at home, and at an early age entered the counting-house of Mr. John Cryder, who was afterwards joined by the late Mr. James Morrison, under the firm-name of Morrison, Cryder & Co., Merchants and Bankers, Broad Street BuUdings. This firm is now extinct. In December, 1839, he entered the London and County Bank as the accountant, and, progressing, he subsequently lejame the chief accountant, then assistant general manager, and in March, 1856, the general manager, at which time the paid-up capital and reserve fund of the bank was £593,230, and its customers' balances and deposits were £4,146,000. He continued in the last office untU January, 1890, when he retired and was appointed a member of the Board of Directors, which position he stiU occupies. At the time of his retirement the paid-up capital, with the reserve fund, had increased to £3,000,000, and the customers' balances, &c., to £33,000,000. The dividends paid to the shareholders since 1879 have never been less than 20 per cent, per annum, and occasionaUy higher ; and during the previous ten years they had ranged from 17 to 20 per cent. He took a prominent and important part in obtain ing a significant modification of the Crossed Cheques Act of 1858 ; was examined as a witness before the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Sir Colman O'Loughlin's Bank Holiday BiU of 1868, and also before the Select Committee, in 1875, on Foreign Loans. He took a prominent part in the formation and establishment of the Institute of Bankers, of which he is a Vice-President. He is also a Vice-President of the City of London CoUege, a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, and of the Imperial Institute, &c. In 1844 Mr. McKewan married Ann, daughter of Mr. John Cox, of the East India CivU Service. She died 13th June, 1893. Henry John Norman, Me. Heney John Noeman is a native of London, having been born at 21, Chester Street, Grosvenor Place, in the year 1834. His father was a partner in the firm of Messrs. Bouverie cfe Co., bankers, of the Haymarket, and subsequently (in 1850) joined the weU-known banking house of Messrs. Jones, Loyd & Co., taking the place of Lord Overstone. The subject of our sketch was educated at Eton (1847) and at Cambridge (1852), but left the Uni versity in 1855, before taking his degree, in order to enter Messrs. Jones, Loyd & Co.'s bank. In the year 1864 this business was absorbed by the London and Westminster Bank, and Mr. Norman then took his seat at the Board of Directors of that great concern, a post which he retains to the present day. In the same year (1864) he entered another field of business activity, becoming a member of the weU-known firm of Bordeaux wine shippers, Messrs. Cunliffe, Dobson & Co., but he retired therefrom in 1876. That portion of his time which he allots to matters of business is applied to the discharge of his functions as a Director of the London and Westminster Bank, while his leisure is devoted to social and Uterary pursuits. Among his distin guished colleagues on the Board of the " London and Westminster," Mr. Norman is held in great esteem, and his counsels in the administration of the bank's affairs all tend to consolidate the prosperity of that influential institution, and to encourage the pursuit of a policy that is at once financiaUy sound in principle, and thoroughly in accordance with the best traditions of banking practice. Although he is now in his sixtieth year, Mr. Nor man is physicaUy still in his prime, having always adhered to those regular and temperate habits of life by which the mens sana in corpore sano is oft- times preserved in defiance of the flight of years. By his inteUectual powers, his scholarly attainments, and his genial and social disposition, Mr. Norman has made many friends and won many admirers. He is a great lover of the country, finding in its repose and quiet the best antidote to the bustle of the great City, and the mental strain of the varied financial operations in which he has, in past years, borne his part with active energy and conspicuous success. He married, in 1866, Anne Hewitt Coote, of an old and respected Irish family. Mr. Norman resides at Gadsden, Hayes, Kent, where he has a charming place, and his town house is 21, Cadogan Square, S.W. 128 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Benjamin Scott Foster MacGeagh, J.P. One of the most influential members of the Com mon Council of the City of London, and connected with the trade of the City for over thirty years, Mr. MacGeagh holds to-day, in as great a degree as any other Uving man, the confidence of the merchants and traders throughout the United King dom. The youngest son of the late Mr. J. MacGeagh, J. P., he was born in 1836, at Cookstown, in the County Tyrone, and was educated at Cookstown Academy, having for one of his schoolfellows. Dr. J. A. Rentoul, the present M.P. for one of the Divisions of County Down. Through his father, Mr. Foster MacGeagh belongs to one of the oldest families in Ireland ; and on the maternal side he is nearly related to the late Right Hon. John Foster, the last Speaker of the Irish House of Commons. It was at Birmingham that Mr. MacGeagh's educa tion was completed, and he did not come to London until the year 1858, when he was twenty-two years of age. For about twelve years he occupied important positions in the City, until, in 1871, he became one of the founders of Foster's Parcels Express Company, of which he is Chairman and principal shareholder. This concern, owing to Mr. MacGeagh's skilful man agement and business capacity, has become the flourishing institution which we know to-day. Originally he had been intended for the legal pro fession, and during these years in London, in spite of his other engagements, he found time to study for the Bar, to which he was duly called, after an exceUent examination. His intention at this time was to pursue a general practice at the Bar, but eventually, circum stances seeming to point in another direction, he decided to devote his time to the practice of special raUway law, and his success therein, during a long experience, has demonstrated the wisdom of this determination. Mr. MacGeagh's chambers are at 2, Mitre Court BuUdings, Temple, E.C, and his legal education has been of the greatest possible service to him, enabling him to grapple with, and master, such involved and technical subjects as the Law of Railway Rates, which he has made his principal legal study, and upon which he is one of the leading authorities, in such a way as would have been weU-nigh impossible if he had not been already a Barrister-at-Law. He has also been able, through this qualification, to render most useful services as Chairman of the Law and City Courts Committee, and of the Local Government and Taxation Committee of the Corporation of London. He is also Standing Counsel to the United Kingdom Commercial TraveUers' Association. That his com mercial career has been a success financially, it is hardly necessary to say ; but it is gratifying to point out that his enterprise and energy have also conferred upon the trading community of England the benefits of accelerated delivery of goods, with greatly reduced rates of carriage. The combined results of his practical business experience and legal knowledge were embodied in a book published a short time ago in collaboration with Mr. H. C Richards, Barrister-at-Law, enti tled, "A Popular Manual of the Law of Railway Rates," which is stated in the preface to be the " outcome of numerous enquiries which have been directed to us for information upon various points raised by the new or revised classification of merchandise traffic, and revised schedules of maxi mum rates and charges proposed to be charged by the railway companies under the Eailway and Canal Traffic Act of 1888." The book contains lucid digests of the law governing the questions concerned, scales of charges, forms of application for complaining traders, lists of classification of goods — in short, everything which is required to make it invaluable to those whose goods go down to the country in trains. Mr. MacGeagh has also been identified with a number of other undertakings of no small impor tance, such as the establishment of the Bishopsdown Grove Spa, at Tunbridge Wells, which he afterwards sold to the Hydropathic Company. His fellow-citi zens honoured him with the unique distinction of returning him to the Common Council for two wards at the same time, an event that has not happened before for seven hundred years. In 1889 a vacancy occurred in the Eailway Com mission through the death of Mr. Price, and Mr. MacGeagh offered himself for candidature. A man better qualified to represent his feUow-citizens on the Commission it would be hard to find, and the spontaneity and unanimity with which over one thousand of the largest manufacturers and wholesale firms in England petitioned for his appointment was as remarkable as it was flattering. Mr. MacGeagh is a traveller of wide experience, and has reaUy a deep and far-reaching insight into the life and character of our Continental neighbours. He is, although a Briton born, as f uUy at home on the Paris boulevards as in Threadneedle Street ; but so also is he well acquainted with the life of the poor in such places as Eome, Milan, and St. Peters burg ; and he admitted that in his eagerness for know ledge on this subject, he had occasionally done very hazardous things — as slumming in Milan or Florence is attended by dangers only too weU to be imagined. Switzerland he admires to the verge of adoration ; but, LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 129 we fear, although sensibly impressed with the grandeur and quaintness of the ai chitecture of the Hague and other Dutch towns, and the marvellous wealth of their art treasures, Holland stands poorly in his estimation ; but he has profound respect for tho energy of her people. America, too, has known him, and he has none but pleasant recollections and sincere appreciation for the courtesy he experienced during his sojourning there. Mr. MacGeagh married young, being only twenty years of age. His wife is a niece of the late Sir Francis Collins, and he has two sons, one of whom is a Barrister, whUe the other has taken up the prof ession of medicine. Partly owing to his good constitution and temperate habits, and partly perhaps to his early marriage, Mr. MacGeagh looks much younger than his age, being in appearance a handsome man in the prime of life. For many years ho resided at Coombe House, Kingston Hill, Surrey, for which county he belongs to the Commission of the Peace. Here he had the honour of receiving the Prince and Princess of Wales, and a host of royalty, among his guKsts, and many well-known Americans whom he had previously met during his extensive travels in the United States — with others, the erstwhile Eail way King, " Aderondack " Morgan. Here also, some years ago. Lady Archibald CampbeU and her com pany of "Pastoral Players" gave those charming entertainments which attracted so much notice at the time. Mr. MacGeagh contested North Aberdeen in 1885, as a candidate for ParUamentary honours in the Conservative interest ; he is also one of the founders and original members of the Junior Constitutional Club, Piccadilly, as well as of other well-known Clubs. He has, it may be hoped, many years still before him, and can hardly fail to add more dis tinctions to those he already possesses, or to find fresh outlets for his energies and abilities. The Hon. Ashley Ponsonby, D.L., J.P. The Hon. Ashley Ponsonby was born in St. James's Square, on the 24th of June, 1831, His father, then known as the Hon. William Spencer Ponsonby, third son of the third Earl of Bess- borough, was, in 1838, created Lord de Mauley. His mother was Lady Barbara Ashley Cooper, daughter and heiress of the fifth Earl of Shaftesbury. Mr. Ponsonby was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, and doubtless owes his versa tility and conversational brilliancy to these celebrated schools of learning, as well as to the extensive tra veUing which he was able to enjoy at an age when the mind is particularly receptive. A varied expe rience of life, an excellent memory, and a keen sense of humour combine to make Mr. Ponsonby one of the pleasantest companions and most popular of raconteurs in the world to which he belongs. In the August of 1850 he went into the Grenadier Guards, and served with his regiment in the Crimea with the rank of Captain. In 1852 he entered Par Uament, having contested Cirencester as an advanced Liberal, and is said to have been the first and only Liberal who sat for Cirencester previous to the pas sing of the Redistribution Bill. In 1857 he lost his seat, but won it again in 1859. He also contested Stroud and Cirencester at later dates. Mr. Ponsonbj- has completely identified himself with the Home Rule Party ; and has several times visited Ireland, either in his private capacity or as a member of the Northern Deputation, which went on a tour of inspection there some years ago. Mr. Ashley Ponsonby was, for many years. Chair man of the Westminster Committee of Works, and was elected by an overwhelming majority in 1892 to serve on the London County Council for Central Finsbury in the Progressive interest. In 1867 he sat under the Presidency of the Prince of Wales, in conjunction with the late Cardinal Manning, the Earls of Warwick and Cadogan, Sir Coutts Lindsay, and others, on a Committee of Se lection of English Works of Art, appointed to choose the best examples of Early English Art throughout the country, to be sent to the French Exhibition. Mr. Ponsonby's especial part in this work was in the department of old English plate and china, of which no finer judge exists. The late l^ord de Mauley was among those who subscribed to place the first submarine telegraph cable between Dover and Calais, and Mr. Ponsonby was a Director on the Companies which were formed to work the telegraph cables between England and the Continent of Europe, until the rights lapsed to the Government. Mr, Ponsonby is married to a daughter of the late Lord Henry Gordon, fourth son of the ninth Marquis of Huntley. Mrs. Ponsonby was a Maid of Honour to the Queen. They have two sons, Mr. and Mrs. Ponsonby reside at 9, Fiance's Gardens, S.W. ; their country seat is Heatherfield, Ascot, Berks. The Hon. Ashley Ponsonhy, vvho is a J.P, for Bprks, Gloucester, Middlesex, Westminster, and the County of London, is a Freeman of the City of Lon don, and a member of the Coachmakers' and Har- nessmakers' Guild. He is a member of the foUow ing Clubs : Brooks', Athenaeum, TraveUers', Army and Navy, and National Liberal. s 130 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. George Wreford. Of yeoman ancestry, the Senior Official Receiver in Bankruptcy comes of an old Devonshire stock, whose unbroken records have been traced in that county for four hundred years. For many gene rations his branch of the Wreford family were settled in the parish of Morchard Bishop, North Devon, but in the early days of the present century his grand father migrated to Exeter, where his father, the late William Wreford, was bom, in 1812. George Wreford, the second son of William Wre ford, was born at St. David's, Exeter, on the 3rd February, 1843, and received his education chiefiy at Hele's Foundation and Mansion House Schools, Exeter. He was admitted a pupil at the former school, then under the head-mastership of the late Emanuel Dommett, in 1854, when he was eleven years of age ; and in the course of the next three years he succeeded in attaining to the premier posi tion in that school. On leaving Hele's Foundation School, in 1857, he became, for a short time, a pupil at Mansion House School, Exeter, conducted by the late James Temple- ton, M.A., who was very successful in passing pupils at the Oxford Local Examinations, inaugurated about this time chiefiy through the exertions of the vener able Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bart, (father of the present Minister of Education), Dr, Temple, the pre sent Bishop of London, Professor Max MiiUer, and other leading Oxford men of that day. In January, 1858, at the comparatively early age of fifteen, George Wreford left school, having been appointed to a seat at a Clerk's desk in the Office of the Official Assignee of the Exeter District Court of Bankruptcy, upon the recommendation of the Regis trar of the Court, the late Mr. John Carew, an old friend of his father. Unlike many another boy simUarly placed, George Wreford did not allow the calls of business life to interfere with his educational advancement. Before and after business hours he was to be found reading hard for such examinations as were open to him. With such success was his work attended that, in 1860, he passed the Senior Oxford Local Exainina- tion, being placed first in all England in the honour lists. On this success the then Under-Secretary of State for India, the late Mr. Herman Merivale, C.B., brother of the late Dean Merivale, of Ely, offered young Wreford an appointment out in the East ; he, however, preferred to remain in England. In 1862 a Civil Service nomination was placed at his disposal by the Exeter Committee of the Oxford Local E.\ami- nations, which enabled him to compete for a Clerk ship in the Education Department of the Privy Council Office, and, without any special preparation, he succeeded in obtaining the post from a long list of competitors. Two years later— having just completed his twenty- second year — he was offered and accepted the Chief Clerkship in his old office at Exeter, and remained there untU the Bankruptcy Act of 1869 abolished the Country District Courts of Bankruptcy. Subsequently, in 1870, Mr. Wreford commenced business on his own account in Exeter as a Public Accountant and Bankruptcy Trustee, in which capa cities he found his official knowledge of immense service to him, and soon established a substantial practice. At this period he interested himself in helping to establish the Society of Accountants, which is now incorporated with the Institute of Chartered Accountants. And his sympathy with his old profession is evidenced by the fact that he has, within the last two years, been elected a Fellow of the Society of Accountants and Auditors. In 1872, upon the recommendation of Mr. Biggs Andrews, Q.C, the last Commissioner of Bankrupts at Exeter, Mr. Wreford was oft'ered by Mr. Mans field Parkyns an appointment in the office of the ControUer in Bankruptcy in London, which he ac cepted, carrying with him, on his removal from Exeter, the good wishes of his many friends among the legal and commercial community of that city. In the Controller's office he remained for eleven years, and as a result of practical experience of and earnest research in bankruptcy matters, he was able to pub lish, in 1875, a useful brochure on the subject of " Bankruptcy Legislation." Owing to the unsatis factory state of the law bearing upon the subject at this time, prizes for the best treatises on bankruptcy were offered for public competition by Sir Henry Peek, Bart. Mr. Wreford gained a second prize for his essay, and in a subsequent compotition, for the best epitome of the prize essays, he secured the first prize. Further bankruptcy legislation in 1883 abolished the office of ControUer in Bankruptcy in London, the duties being taken over by the Board of Trade, which, in January, 1884, under the presidency of Mr. Cham berlain, appointed Mr. Wreford A-sistant Official Eeceiver under the Bankruptcy Act of 1883. For this appointment he was to some extent indebted to the warm recommendation of the late Mr. Samuel Morley, M.P., with whom he had been associated, in his (Mr. Morley's) efforts to secure an amendment of the Bankruptcy Laws. A few months after commencing his duties under LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 131 the 1883 Act, Mr. Wreford became Senior Assistant Receiver, and remained as such untU the retirement of the late Sir Robert Harding, in 1890, when the office of Chief Official Receiver was abolished, and in its stead four Official Receivers were appointed. Mr. W^reford then became Senior Official Receiver, and in this position remains. Undeterred by the prospect of having to undergo the prestaibed examinations, Mr. Wreford, on being appointed to the Senior position in his department, determined to qualify for the Bar, and accordingly entered himself as a student at Gray's Inn. After keeping the requisite number of terms at this Inn he, when upwards of fifty years of age, passed the necessary public examination in Roman and English Law, prescribed by the Council of Legal Education, and was, in November, 1893, duly "called" to the Bar by the Honourable Society of Gray's Inn. As Official Receiver he has had to deal with many prominent and sensational estate cases. Quite re cently there have faUen to his lot those of the late Marquis of Ailesbury, Barker's Bank, Horatio Bot- tomley, and Jabez Balfour. That in these cases, as well as in a multitude of others, Mr. Wreford has given satisfaction requires no assertion on our part. At Bankruptcy BuUdings he is essentially a popular man, and to those who, like us, have had the plea sure of meeting him, his popularity requires no explanation. As evidence of that popularity we cull the following extract from a recent issue of the Iiicorporated Accountants'' Journal : " While being a staunch supporter of his depart ment, Mr. Wreford possesses in the highest degree the respect and regard not only of our own profes sion, but also of both branches of the legal profes sion practising in the Bankruptcy Division of the High Court of Justice." His leisure hours are devoted largely to literary matters and antiquarian research. He is a member of the British Record Society, and others of a kindred nature. Although he has now for upwards of twenty years been domiciled in London, he stiU retains his attach ment for his native county of Devon — a county noted for the clannishness of its sons. He has for several years past been an active Member of the Executive Committee of "Devonians in London" — a society formed in 1888 for the purpose of bringing together Devonshiremen in London at an annual dinner. He also some three or four years ago established, and has since acted as Honorary Secretary of, a Social Devonian Club in London. By these means he has kept himself in constant touch with his fellow-county- men, with whom he is a persona grata. Mr. Wreford married, in 1864, Susan Annie, elder daughter of the late Mr. Robert Churchward, of Exeter, whoso ancestors were settled in the parish of Stoke Gabriel, Devon, for several centuries. Mr. and Mrs. Y/"reford are the parents of six children, four sone and two daughters, all of whom, except the youngest son, have attained their majority. At present two of them, a son and daughter, reside with their parents at their home, at Shortlands, near Bromley, in Kent. The subject of the foregoing sketch owes his official advancement from humble beginnings to his present important position in the Civil Service, not to power ful patronage or brilliancy of natural gifts, but to a plodding perseverance and a determination to dis charge zealously and efficiently, and at the same time with uniform courtesy to the public, the duties of the various offlces he has held. R. A. Germaine, M.A. Mr. Robert Aethue Germaine, M.A., was born in London, in June, 1854, His early education was gained at University College School, in Go\Ver Street, which he entered in 1863 ; leaving, in 1871, as Head of the School. His course was a distinguished one, carrying off, as he did, amongst a number of prizes, the HoUoway Exhibition, and obtaining an Andrew's Entrance Exhibition to University CoUege, London, in 1871. He gained another Exhibition in the following year, and matriculated at the University of London, taking the third place in the Honour List, and securing the Exhibition of £15 for two years. In 1873 he passed the Intermediate Examina tion in Arts at the London CJniversit}' in the First Division, and took first-class honours in French, with the prize of £10. He next secured an open Mathe matical Scholarship at Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1874, in which year he entered that coUege. Three years later he was nominated to a Hulmeian Exhibition of £165 per annum, one of the most valuable in the University of Oxford. In 1878 he graduated in Honours, aud took his M.A, degree in 1882. Then returning to the London University, he took his B.A. degree in the first division, and first- class honours in Frei.ch in the same year. Mr. Germaine is a fiuent linguist, speaking several modern languages perfectly. Both at school and college he was a noted athlete. At the former he carried off several cups for long distance running, and was Fives Champion two years in succession. He was President of the school Debating Society, and obtained the prize for im promptu speaking ; and whUe at Oxford he was a 132 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. member of the O.xford Union Society, of which he was Secretary and Treasurer, and was elected President in 1878. He was also President of the Oxford University Chess Club, and on three occa sions represented Oxford against Cambridge. He was well known at the North London and Ken sington Parliaments as an able debater. In both of these he occupied posts in the Conservative Cabinet. In 1885 Mr. Germaine contested the Hoxton Division as a Constitutionalist, with the warm approval of the Conservative leaders, among whom was the late Lord Iddesleigh, whose acquaintance he made during his Presidency of the Oxford Union Society, when Lord Iddesleigh, then Sir Stafford Northcote, laid the foundation-stone of the new Debating HaU in 1878. Mr. Germaine's candidature was unsuccessful in 1885, but he polled as many as 2,047 votes, a higher number than it was believed possible for a Conserva tive to secure for that Division ; his opponent being Professor Stuart, who succeeded in carrying the seat by a majority of 1,037. This defeat to a man of Mr. Germaine's determination and tremendous energy only acted as an incentive to try again. There are few Oxonians who knew him between 1874 and 1881, who did not expect that they would hear of him again in the political arena. They did not think it likely that he would lie down under the defeat; and in 1886 he was the champion of the Unionist Party, and only lost the seat by 245 votes. Mr. Germaine is not a " stick-in-the-mud " Tory. He favours a reform of the House of Lords, the extension of local government, the equalisation of the rates of London, shorter hours for shop assis tants, and an improved system of land transfer. He is opposed to placing any duties on raw mate rials and on the food of the people, but advocates a duty on all articles of luxury and manufactured articles from countries refusing admission to English goods on fair and equal terms. He also insists on the importance of national defence, and is of strong opinion that no action is more important, or would conduce more to an increase of universal prosperity, than the confederation of our colonies and the mother country into one grand British Empire ; and among matters of less importance he desires to see the estabUshment of a Court of Criminal Appeal, the reform of the Divorce Laws, a readjustment of the Income Tax Acts, whereby industrial earnings should be taxed at a lower rate than those derived from investment. Mr. Germaine acted as Honorary Secretary of the Metropolitan Division of the National Union of Con servative Associations in 1887 and 1888, and in the latter year he was elected senior Vice-Chairman o2 the Association. He was the founder of the United Club and was elected Chairman. The object of the club is to provide volunteer speakers to assist the Conservative cause. This club has since been amah gamated with the Constitutional Union, the name of " United Club " being adopted by the amalgamated body. Mr. Germaine was for several years Vice- Chairman of this body, and in that capacity presided over a great dinner held in St. James's Hall on November 21st, 1892, at which speeches were made by Lord Halsbury, Mr. Goschen, and a number of Peers and M.P.'s. In 1888 Mr. Germaine was a candidate for the London School Board for Hacknoy. He made a splendid fight, and though he failed to win the seat, the result, in such a Radical stronghold, was most encouraging. In the following January he won a seat in the London County Council for Fulham. He soon took a prominent part in the debates of the County Council, and particularly distinguished himself by his advocacy of a preference for British over foreign labour in the distribution of contracts, and by his opposition to the Music Hall policy of Mr. McDougall and his supporters. In 1893, when the County Council elections resulted in the general defeat of Conservative candidates, Mr. Germaine was amongst the unsuccessful at Fulham. In 1891, at the urgent request of the Conservative party, he made a plucky attempt to wrest the repre sentation of Northampton from the Radical Party on the death of Mr. Bradlaugh. Though a recog nised forlorn hope, he succeeded in poUing no less than 3,723 votes, a larger number than that polled by either of the Conservative candidates at the General Election in December, 1892. We have no doubt that his services to his party will, as soon as he desires it, be rewarded with a seat in Parliament, where his energy, ability, and eloquence will soon make him one of the leading men in the House of Commons. For the present, however, he is obliged to devote himself to a large and increasing practice at the Bar, which, in the case of a busy junior, leaves little time nowadays for the hard and almost incessant work of a conscientious Meniber of Parlia ment. In 1883 he married the youngest daughter of the late John Z, Laurence, F,E.C.S., M.B., the distin guished oculist. Mr. Germaine is a member of the St. Stephen's Club ; he resides at 101, Harley Street, W., and his chambers are at 1, Temple Gardens, E.C LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 133 T. Morgan Hai-vey. It is a remarljable fact that public services of the most arduous and valuable nature are frequently performed by our busiest men — men whose exacting avocations in business or private life might well justify them in seeking a repose that is never to be found in the poUtical arena of these times. A striking instance in point is presented in the case of Mr. T. Morgan Harvey, who is intimately associated with the affairs of a great business (Messrs. Harvey, Greeuacre & Co., South African merchants), and who yet has found opportunity to make his mark in public life. He contested the St. Albans Division of Herts at the General Election of 1892 in the Liberal interest. Viscount Giimston, the Conservative candidate, had been returned unopposed in 1886, and when the great issue of Home Rule eventually came pre eminently to the front in 1892 it was felt by the Liberals of this division that the time had arrived for putting a strong candidate into the field. Their choice feU upon Mr. T. Morgan Harvey, and he, in consenting to stand for this constituency, dis played a sjiirit of self-denial that is not often shown under similar conditions. A Cornishman by birth, he has important interests in CornwaU, and had practically a " sure thing" in a Cornish seat, but he abandoned this for the uncertainties of the St. Albans contest. No fewer than 2,573 " good men and true " were found ready to follow Mr. Harvey to the poU, and to support him against the Conservative champions. It was a case of carrying the war into the enemies' country, and though the eagle of victory failed in the end to rest upon the Liberal banners, the party scored a moral triumph by achieving much more than anyone might have expected from a know ledge of the state of political feeling in the county. Mr. Harvey has the gift of clear and convincing oratory, and his speeches carry much more weight with them than is found in the average run of elec tioneering utterances. His views on vexed questions — social as well as political — are never shrouded in uncertainty or vagueness, but are stated with lucidity and straightforwardness. Although a follower of Mr. Gladstone, Mr. T. Morgan Harvey maintains his own right to independence of thought and free dom of action, and, to quote his own words, he has declared that he " would no more think of pledging himself to support any bill that he had not seen than he would think of signing a bill of exchange, the figures of which had not been disclosed to him." Mr. T. Morgan Harvey is widely known in the financial world, and his business undertakings are largely identified with the banking interest. He is on the Board of Directors of the City Bank. UntU lately he was chairman of the South African Section of the Chamber of Commerce, his knowledge gained in South Africa over a long period of resi dence there, rendering him of great value in this capacity. His sound qualities as a business man have brought him both wealth and reputation. He resides at New Barnet, and is universally respected in the neighbourhood as a liberal sup porter of all deserving objects. His benefactions to local and national charities have been great without being ostentatious, and while he is liberal to muni ficence in matters that enlist his sympathy, he is always judicious and discriminating. Mr. T. Morgan Harvey is a prominent Wesleyan, and among the many public and commercial offices he has filled may be mentioned the treasurership of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, in which post he succeeded Sir William McArthur. His intellectual powers are of a high order, and his business acumen, ready wit, fluency of thought and language, and geniality of manner are well known to those who have inter course with him. These qualities of mind and cha racter, coupled with his remarkable industry and assiduity in every undertaking in which he engages, command the respect and admiration of an extensive circle of friends. In a marked degree Mr. T. Morgan Harvey possesses that genius which has been defined as the "capacity for taking infinite pains"; and whether it be in business, in politics, or in any other sphere of activity in which he finds himself, he is an earnest and untiring worker, and a manifest believer in Catherall's specification of the three things that will insure prosperity : ¦' Appropriate exertion, feasible exertion, and uncommon exertion." George Lidgett, L.C.C, &c. It affords us considerable satisfaction to be able to introduce into this woik an account, albeit a brief one, of the career of Mr. George Lidgett, head of the well known city house of ship owners and shipping insurance brokers. The firm, an old- established concern, has always filled a high place amongst its compeers in the City of London, and is regarded with confidence and esteem. Its establish ment dates back some fifty odd years ; it was founded by the late Mr. John Lidgett, father of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Lidgett, senior, was formerly a ship master of HuU ; he married Anne Jacob, daughter of John Hyett, Esq., of Gloucester, and George, born November, 1831, in St. George' s-in- the-East, was their second son. Mr. Lidgett was educated at the City of London 134 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. School, and afterwards graduated at the Uni versity of London, where he took his degree in 1853 ; so it wiU be observed that by birth, early training, education, business, and life-long residence, he has an unquestionable claim to be considered a Londoner. On completing his education, Mr. Lidgett with his brother, Mr. John Jacob Lidgett, entered the firm of their father, upon which the style became John Lidgett & Sons, which, with the exception of some five years in its early existence (when it was Messrs. Lidgett & Shepherd), it has remained till to-day. The extent and value of the operations of the house is well evinced by the fact that at various periods they have controlled and owned as many as twenty ships. Their business for the decade 1850 to 60 was that of Australian loading brokers, but up to the first of these dates, and since the latter, it has been of a more general character. Mr. Lidgett was Chairman of the General Ship owners' Society for the year 1883-4, when he con tributed an article to the Contemporary Review, in which he stated the position of the ship owners in their strife with Mr. Chamberlain and the Board of Trade. He is a member of Lloyd's Classification Committee, which, it is weU known, is the largest and most influential classification (of ships) associa tion in the world — dealing for purposes of insurance, rating, and general classification, not only with British vessels but with those of foreign countries as well. Mr. Lidgett is a Director of the Star Life Office, of which his father was a founder and an original director. He has for years been a member of the Marine Board, of the Seamen's Hospital Committee, and the Sailors' Home ; also of the Training Ship Worcester from its establishment. And now the Lord Chancellor has placed his name as a Magistrate in the Commissicn of the Peace for the County of London, while to complete his metro politan qualifications we may mention that he is a Freeman of the City, and a member of the Spec tacle Makers Company. The firm of Lidgett & Sons is sufficiently well known to render any more detaUed account of it superfluous. Mr. Lidgett was put forward by the Greenwich Liberal Association, and was elected for Greenwich at the first election of the London County CouncU in 1889, and was re-elected at the last election. His work on the council, in connection with others who desired to see a more refined style of entertain ment in the music-haUs of London, is weU known ; he has not fiinched in this respect, but has co operated heartily with Messrs. McDougall, Charring- ton, Beachcroft, and Leon: These gentlemen have all had to contend with much opposition and with much prejudice, their aims have been criticised and ridiculed, but there can be small doubt that the influence they have brought to bear through the London County CouncU on the proprietors and managers of the various music-halls and other places of public entertainment, has borne good fruit and has had an elevating effect. He also serves on the Bridges and Improvemeuts Committees, and on that of the Lunatic Asylums. He is a strong advo cate for the institution of free libraries, and has agitated and worked to secure one for Green wich, and shortly, it is hoped, his efforts in this direction may be successful. Mr. Lidgett was an ardent supporter of the Black waU Tunnel scheme in the council. He has been invited on various occasions to contest Greenwich, Hull, and Plymouth for parliamentary honours. These invitations, however, for the first-mentioned borough, have come at inopportune times, and he has found himself unable to comply with the wishes of his friends ; but he did stand for Plymouth as a Glad stonian Liberal in 1891 with Mr. Harrison, Vice- Chairman of the London County Council, having for opponents Sir William Pearce and Sir Edward Clarke, Q.O. The venture was unsuccessful, and the Conser vative candidates were returned ; their majority, how ever, as compared with the former figures was greatly reduced, the combined votes for the Conservatives being only 220 ahead of Mr. Lidgett and Mr. Harrison ; before that the Conservative majority had touched four figures. There is reason to hope that Mr. Lidgett may again be induced to seek the con fidence and votes of either Plymouth or Hull, but should Greenwich again be open to him the chances of success are many, as his local influence and popularity are great. NaturaUy, like other men, Mr. Lidgett can only claim the confldence of those electors who share his opinions on matters political, but as a man who has served the borough of Greenwich wcU for years, and who is widely known and respected, he wiU find friends in the Conservative camp. For over thirty-five years he has been a Wesleyan lay preacher, and has associated himself with the various benevolent undertakings of his church. Mr. Lidgett married, in 1855, Sarah Anne, daughter of the Rev. John Scott, principal of the Wesleyan Training CoUege, Westminster, and has a family of six ; his son, John Augustine lidgett, was born in 1871, and is in the firm. Mr. Lidgett's residence is Grove Lodge, Black heath, where he has resided for forty years; his offices are 6, Lime Street Square, E.C LEADING MEN OF LONDON 135 Thomas Wilde Powpll. Mr. Thomas W. Powell, of the firm of Heseltine, PoweU & Co., Stockbrokers, 1, Drapers' Gardens, London, E.C, was born in the year 1818 at Leeds, Yorks. He is the son of the late Mr. James PoweU, who for 32 years was the chief clerk of the Old Bank, Leeds ; his ancestors were inhabitants for centuries of the quiet viUage of Bramham, near Tad- caster, a village with which ancestors of the first Lord Truro and Judge Bovill were connected. Mr, T. W, PoweU was educated at the Leeds Grammar School, and was originally intended for the law. Hewas articled in 1834 in the offlce of Messrs. Atkinson, Dibb & Bolland, a well-known firm of Solicitors in Leeds, but having a taste for financial matters he ceased to practise as a Solicitor, and became a Stockbroker in that town in 1845. In 1851 he came to London, and entered the firm of Marten & Heseltine, Stockbrokers. This house was founded in the year 1825 by Mr. Charles Marten, the father-in-law of the subject of this sketch, and also brother to the late Mr. George Marten, who was tor many years the senior partner in the firm of Marten, Thomas & Hollams, Solicitors, of Mincing Lane. In 1845, Mr. Edward Heseltine had entered into partnership with Mr. C Marten, and in 1851 it was agreed that Mr. T. W. Powell should be ad mitted into the firm, but very soon afterwards Mr. C Marten died. The business was then carried on by Mr. E, Heseltine and Mr, Powell, under the style of Heseltine & PoweU, tUl 1866, when Mr, E. Heseltine's son, Mr. J. P. Heseltine, joined the firm, and the title was changed to Heseltine, Powell & Co. Mr. Edward Heseltine died in 1872. In 1875 Mr. Evelyn Heseltine was admitted a partner, and in 1885 Mr. E. L. Heseltine also. In 1891, Mr. T. E. Powell, son of Mr. T. W. PoweU, became a member of the firm. Besides his ordinary business Mr. PoweU has been connected with several limited companies, and at present is Director of two Indian Tea Companies and one Ceylon Company ; and of Powells Tillery Steam Coal Company (Monmouthshire), Limited ; he has long been connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and for many years has been that Com pany's London correspondent ; he was prominently engaged in the Erie Railroad foreclosure and recon struction in 1876 to 1878, and in 1880, at the request of Messrs. McCalmont, Brothers k Co., he visited Philadelphia, on the serious errand of examining and reporting to them upon the management and politj' of Mr. Franklin B. Gowen, the then President of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company. In 1852 Mr. Powell married the eldest daughter of the late Mr. Charles Marten, who was the son of Mr. Robert Humphrey Marten, a man well known in the City in his day. Mr. Powell's residence is at Piccards Rough, Guildford. GranviUe F. R. Farquhar. Mr. Granville Farquhar, whose great business capacity and steady perseverance has placed him at the head of the very old-established Stock-broking house of Steer, Lawford & Co., 3, Drapers' Gardens, Throgmorton Street, is the fourth son of .Sir Walter Rockliffe Farquhar, the third baronet — the creation dating from 1796 — ^who mirried Lady Mary, daugh ter of the sixth Duke of Beaufort. Mr. Farquhar was born in London, in June, 1849, and was educated at Eton, after which he proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford, and on leaving the Uni versity, he selected the life of a Land Agent in Ireland, but after some years of work there, during which he was connected with the estates of the Marquis of Bath, in the county of Monoghan, and those of the Marquis of Lansdowne, in the King's and Queen's Counties, he determined to forsake that profession, which even twenty years ago in Ireland presented comparatively few inducements, and to carve out his own road to fortune in London. Accordingly, he came to the Metropolis in 1874, and preferring the possibilities of acquiring great wealth on the Stock Exchange to the more or less beaten track of a career in the ancient banking house of Herries, Farquhar & Co., in which his father and elder brother are partners, he entered the house of which he is now the senior partner, and gradually worked his way up to the position he holds. The firm of Steer, Lawford & Co. is second to none in reputation in the financial world. It has the record of attaining to its high position by tho strictest integrity and business capacity of the members, and is believed to have a longer term of existence than any other house on the Stock Exchange. Amongst many other interesting papers in tho pigeon-holes of the firm, they have a unique posiession in the daily quoted Prices of all Stocks from the year 1744. Mr. Farquhar, though not up to this an active politician, is, nevertheless, Uke most members of his profession, a staunch Conservative. He is a keen sportsman, and when not in business is devoted to all country pursuits. He is a Director of the Guardian Fire and Life Assurance Company, and a Trustee of the General and Commercial Investment Trust, Limited. He is unmarried, and is a member of the Tui'f , the Carlton, and St. James's Clubs. 136 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir James Whitehead, B-irt., D.L., J.P., F.S.A. Sir James "Whitehead, born in 1834, at Bram- hall, Sedbergh, Yorkshire, is the youngest son of tho late Mr. James Whitehead, of Appleby, Westmore land, and was educated at the Appleby Grammar School. He commenced his commercial career in London in 1860, in the woollen trade. In 1879 he took an active part in founding the Rowland Hill Benevolent Fund for aged and distressed Post Office servants, of which he is a Trustee. In 1880 Sir James was invited to contest the Western Division of Kent, but, owing to ill-health he declined. In 1881 he retired from business, and in the foUowing year a requisition, signed by the majority of the electors of the Ward of Cheap, was presented to him, and, without a contest, he was unanimously elected Alderman of that ward. In 1884-5 he was elected Sheriff of London and Middlesex. In 1885 he visited Brussels in connection with the acquisition of the Congo Free State by Belgium, and he was decorated by King Leopold with the Knight Officership of the Order of Leopold. He was also decorated in the same year by the King of Servia, who conferred on him the honour of Knight Commander of the Order of Takovo, for assistance rendered to the Servian Minister in this country in connection with the proposed Balkan Federation, of which he was a warm advocate. In 1885 he was appointed Master of the Fanmakers' Company, Chair man of the Visiting Justices of HoUoway Prison, and also one of the Visitors of the City of London Asylum at Stone. In 1884 he was invited to stand for North Westmoreland in the Liberal interest ; he accepted the invitation, and contested this constituency both in 1885 and 1886, but was defeated at both elections by the Hon. W. Lowther, who won by a small majority. During his career. Sir James has visited the majority of the European countries, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, &c. In September, 1888, he was elected Lord Mayor of London, and, instead of a " show " on November Oth, he substituted a State procession and entertained ten thousand poor people. At the banquet in the evening he delivered a powerful speech on the State of the Navy, which undoubtedly influenced the Government proposals. Sir James gave magnificent banquets on many occasions, notably on the de parture of Mr. Phelps, the American Minister, from England, and also when the Duke of York took up his Freedom and the Marquis of Dufferin was presented with the Freedom of the City of London. At his suggestion the Corporation of the City enter tained the Shah of Persia on his visit to England, Sir James being decorated wifh the Persian Order of the Lion and Sun. During the French Exhibi tion he raised a fund to send to Paris representa tive mechanics to examine and report on the ex hibits of their different trades for the instruction of their fellow- workmen. He also visited the Exhibi tion by special invitation, and was entertained by the late President Carnot and the President of the Municipal Council. For his services connected with this Exhibition, he was decorated with the Com mandership of the Legion of Honour. At this time he showed great interest in the Pasteur Institute, and w^as the cause of many poor persons being sent to M. Pasteur for treatment. In 1889 he -svas Chairman of the London Committee of the Royal Agricultural Society, and was presented with the Society's gold medal. In the same year he was presented with the Freedom of the Fruiterers' Company for his strenuous endeavours towards the restoration of orchards in our homesteads and cottage gardens, and was made Master of the Fruiterers' Company, in which capacity he organised a great Fruit Show in the Guildhall. In 1889 Sir James raised a large sum for the relief of the starving Chinese — in fact, the amount coUected was larger than any raised previously for any foreign country, with only one exception, that after the capitulation of Paris in 1872. For this service he was presented with a magnificent Gold Tablet of Honour by the Viceroy of the two Kiang provinces of China. He organised a penny-a-week collection in workshops, factories, &c., in aid of the Hospital Saturday Fund, and also raised a sum of £42.000 to meet the deficiency in the equipment of the Metro politan Volunteers. ParUament afterwards took up the question, and through his initiative the whole of the Volunteer army was thoroughly equipped for active service. In 1889 Sir Jaines established an association to guard the interests of agriculture and commerce in the revision of railway rates, and a BiU deaUng with the question on his lines was passed by Parliament in 1894. During the great Dock Strike of September, 1889, he formed a committee of mediators — consisting of Cardinal Manning, the Bishop of London, Mr. Sydney Buxton, and himself — which was able to bring the strike to a close. His mayoralty was extraordinary in many respects ; his energy in education and philan thropic matters never abated, and when the year of his office expired he was created a baronet by Her Majesty in recognition " of highly valuable services during an eventful mayoralty." He was also de corated by the King of Servia with the Grand Cordon of St. Sava. In March, 1890, he was invited to con test Leicester at the next election, and in 1892 was LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 137 returned without opposition. During his representa tion of that borough in ParUament (from which he retired in 1894), he took an active part on behalf of the trading and agricultural communities in the struggle concerning railway rates, as well as in other important commercial t^uestions. In 1890-91 he served the office of High Sheriff of the new County of London, and in May, 1891, organised a conversazione and exhibition in the GuildhaU in aid of the Rowland Hill Benevolent Fund, and a joint appeal by the Baroness Burdett Coutts, Mr. Lidder- dale, the Governor of the Bank of England, and himself, resulted in £23,000 being added to the fund. Sir James is one of Her Majesty's lieutenants for the City of London, a Deputy-Lieutenant for the County of Westmoreland, and a Justice of the Peace for Kent, Westmoreland, and the County of London. He is a Governor of Queen Anne's Bounty, and of Christ's, Bethlehem, and St. Bartholomew's Hos pitals. He is a Fellow of the Society of Antiqua rians, and of the Royal Historical, Royal Statistical, and other learned societies. He is an ardent educa tionalist, especially in regard to technical, agricul tural, and higher commercial education. In 1860 he married Mercy, fourth daughter of the late Thomas Hinds, Esq., of Bank House, St. Neot's, Hunts, by whom he has six chUdren, He is a member of the Reform and City Liberal Clubs. Sir William Henry Wills, Bart. Sir William Heney Wills was born in Bristol on September 1st, 1830, and comes of a good old Nonconformist stock, being the youngest and only surviving son of the late Mr. W. D. WUls, who, with his brother. Mr. H. 0. WiUs, succeeded the original " H. 0.," and founded the firm of W. D. and H. 0. Wills, which has been so designated since the commencement of the piesent century. Sir WiUiam was educated at IMill Hill School, matricu lated at London University, and selected the Bar as his profession. A severe illness caused him to abandon his intention, and he entered his father's business at Bristol, with which his name has since been so closely identified. He was already familiar with the business, possessing a thorough knowledge of the growth and treatment of tobacco. This know ledge has been of great service, not only to his own business, but to the trade generally, for whose benefit he has ardently worked. In 1893 the firm of W. D. and H. 0. Wills was converted into a Limited Com pany — Sir William being Chairman, with a Board of eight Directors, aU members of the family. The business of W. D. and H. 0. WiUs has made enormous strides within the last ten years. This is evidenced by the fact that last year alone they paid to the Revenue a sum not far short of £1,000,000. The total duty on the tobacco industry of Great Britain and Ireland is about £10,000,000, and there are some four hundred manufacturers in this country ; by comparing these figures some idea may be ob tained as to the magnitude of the trade of which Sir W. H, WiUs is the head. In 1865 he lost his father, under distressing cir cumstances, Mr. Wills being killed on Snow Hill, E.C, by an omnibus. Since then he has had a large share in the control of the firm's extensive business, introducing into it a profit-sharing system with his employes, which, so far, has worked most satisfactorily for both parties. Sir W. H. Wills entered public life through the Bristol Chamber of Commerce, and in 1877 was elected High Sheriff for that city. To the tobacco manufacturers who take an interest in the work for the general good of their trade, his efforts as Chair man of the Tobacco Section of the London Chamber of Commerce are stiU remembered. In 1878 he greatly helped the opposition to Lord Iddesleigh's increase of the tobacco duty. He has founded a modern language scholarship of £50 a year foi Bristol Grammar Schoolboys, and has also presented the school with an organ, which cost £1,100. His last gift to his native city is a bronze statue of Edmund Burke, once Member of Parliament for Bristol. In 1866 he was made a Justice of the Peace for Bristol, and later on a Magistrate and Deputy- Lieutenant for Somersetshire. In 1880 he entered Parliament for Coventry, defeating the Conservative candidate, Mr. Henry Eaton, by a large majority. He represented that city until 1885, in which year a General Election occurred. He then contested South- East Essex, but unsuccessfuUy. In 1889 he was requested by the Liberal party to stand for South Bristol, where his firm's works are situated, and where also he was chiefiy instrumental in providmg a Town Hall and a Liberal Club, his opponent being Sir Edward HiU, but unfortunately lost, though he had the satisfaction of polling a thousand more votes than his predecessor. Sir WiUiam Henry WiUs is married to Elisabeth, youngest daughter of the late Mr. John Stancomb, of Trowbridge, a well-known WUtshire gentleman, and is a member of the Great Western Railway Board. His town house is 25, Hyde Park Gardens, W,, and his country seats are Blagdon, R,S.O,, Somerset, and East Court, S. Lawrence-on-Sea, Thanet. He is a member of the Reform and National Liberal Clubs. 138 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Walter Gilbey, Bart. Sie Walter Gilbey was born at Bishop Stortford, Hertfordshire, on May 2nd, 1831, and is the fifth son of the late Mr. Henry Gilbey, of that town. He was educated at Bishop Stortford Grammar School, after wards entering the office of his cousin, the late Mr. Parkes, an estate agent at Tring, and to some extent his knowledge of agriculture and horse-breeding may be attributed to the experience he there acquired. On the outbreak of war he went to the Crimea as a civil servant of the Crown, and, on his return after the war, he started the business of W. & A. Gilbey with his brother, the late Alfred Gilbey. From a smaU beginning the firm has risen to be the largest of its kind in the kingdom. To accom modate the gigantic proportions of its trading it occupies the extensive premises in Oxford Street, known as the " Pantheon." The firm also have very large stores at Camden Town, a distiUery in Scotland, and a large vineyard, the Chateau Loudenne, in the Medoc (France) . Some idea of the magnitude of their business may be realised from the fact that they have agents in every town of the kingdom, and also many places abroad. When residing at Hargrave Park, Stanstead, Essex, Sir Walter first displayed the great love he had always cherished for country pursuits, and did much to extend the popularity of the Jersey breed of cattle. But his special interest has been centred in horses, and an opportunity to gratify his tastes was given him when he obtained possession of Elsenham Hall. The extensive and well-arranged paddocks form one of the features of this charming property. Sir Walter Gilbey was one of the first to acknow ledge the importance which the breeding of first-class cattle must assume as a result of the altered condi tions of modern British agriculture, and the active interest he took in schemes for benefiting the agri cultural industry is acknowledged on all sides. It is twenty-five years ago since Sir Walter ad dressed, a meeting of farmers in Essex, and pointed out the great loss incurred by this country through purchasing from foreign countries horses which could be bred at home. In January, 1877, Sir Walter. formed a small company amongst his friends for the purpose of purchasing two shire stalUons, which undertaking proved very successful. He then started his own widely-known stud of shire, hackney and thoroughbred horses at Elsenham Hall. On tho estabUshment of the Old English Cart Horse Society, which is now called the Shire Horse Society, Sir Walter gave it very liberal support, and it is chiefly owing to his energy and influence that the society is at present so successful. Through his instrumentality the breed of English cart horses has improved wonderfully during the last few years ; and, in 1883, when the Elsenham stud had won the challenge cup and gold medal at the London Shire Horse Show, the Duke of Cambridge, on presenting the prizes to Sir Walter, thanked him, and added that ' ' By the services he had rendered to an enter prise which had faUen away, he had performed a national service." In 1888 he published a small book entitled, " The Old EngUsh War Horse, or the Great Horse as it Appears at Intervals in Contemporary Coins and Pictures during the Centuries of its Development into the Shire Horse." This work contains informa tion of great value to breeders. Sir Walter also considerably assisted the Hackney Horse Society, and, at the end of 1893, he gave 5,000 guineas for "Danegelt," the most celebrated hackney stallion in the world, in order to prevent his going abroad. In 1881 he was appointed on the council of the Royal Agricultural Society, and, in 1889, was elected Governor. He is also a member of the council of the Farmers' Club, the British Dairj' Farmers' Associa tion, the Smithfield Club, the Royal CoUege of Veterinary Surgeons, and is Chairman of the Royal Agricultural HaU Company. In 1883 he was elected President of the Shire Horse Society. In 1889 he occupied a similar position in the Hunters' Improve ment Society, and in 1887 he became President of the Hackney Horse Society. He is also founder and Chairman of the Cart Horse Parade Society, whose parade on Whit Monday in Regent's Park is of so much interest to the pubUc, and has done so much to improve the condition and treatment of our metro politan heavy van horses. The Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution has also greatly profited from his influence. Since 1887 he has issued annuaUy an appeal, through the press, on behalf of this society, resulting, in seven years, in an addition of £41,091 to the funds of the institution. In 1889 Sir Walter was presented, in commemora tion of his multifarious services, with two portraits of himself and wife, painted by W. Q. Orchardson, R.A. The presentation was made by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, on March 3rd, 1891, at the Royal Agricul tural HaU, and the large gathering was presided over by the Duke of Portland, then Master of the Horse. In 1893 Sir Walter was created a baronet. He married EUen, daughter of John Parish, of Bishop Stortford, by whom he has eight children. His town residence is Cambridge House, Regent's Park. He is a member of the Devonshire and City Liberal Clubs, and J.P. for the County of Essex. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 139 Sir James Richmond Cotton. It is always a pleasurable duty to the biographer to have to record a Ufe, or periods of a Ufe, of success, and particiUarly so when that success has been secured and firmly estabUshed by a life of high honour, grand abilities, and universal esteem — such has been the Ufe of Sir Richmond Cotton . His aims throughout his career have been of the loftiest and purest — no seekings for seK-aggrandisement have suUied a reputation which London has proudly honored. Dur ing his long and busy Ufe, Sir Richmond Cotton has borne with credit and distinction the burden of many positions of pubUc responsibility. Whenever he has appealed to the suffrages of his feUow-citizens, they have never failed to show the confidence and esteem in which he is held among them, first by send ing him to Parliament as a representative for the City, and later by honouring him with the highest position which it is in the power of the City to bestow, that of chief magistrate. The first pubUc position which he occupied in con nection with the Corporation of London was that of Chairman of the Associated City Guilds, which he retained for a period of seventeen years. For seven years he was also Chairman of the City Police Com mittee. He was elected Alderman of Lime Street Ward in 1866, and continued to represent it until 1888, when he became Alderman of the Ward of Bridge Street Without, and retired from the repre sentation of this Ward in 1892. He was made Sheriff of London and Middlesex in 1869, and became Lord Mayor in 1876. He was very active in the promotion of the Lan cashire and Cheshire Operative Relief Fund during the great cotton famine, and was chosen one of the trustees. Through the agency of this fund as much as £520,000 was received and distributed. He has long been a member of the Thames Conservancy Board, and is now one of the trustees. He is also a governor of Queen Anne's Bounty, and one of Her Majesty's Lieutenants for the City of London. He was one of the first members of the London School Board, being elected in 1870, and continuing to sit untU 1880. During the years 1874-85, he was senior M.P. (Conservative) for the City of London. In 1892 he received the honour of knighthood for his many distinguished services^ and in the same year was created City Chamberlain, a position he still holds. He is a Justice of the Peace for London and Hertfordshire, and a member of the Carlton and Princes (Brighton) Clubs. Hewas born in 1822, and married in 1846. The firm of which he is a partner is Messrs. CulverweU, Brooks, & Co., of 27, St. Mary Axe, E.G., which under his control and guidance has become one of the largest firms of brokers in the City of London. He resides at 21, Adelaide Terrace, Brighton, and 24, The Boltons, London, S.W. The many proofs of public confidence and the civic honours which he has received form a long record such as few can point to, but in addition to his popularity among his fellow-citizens, Sir Rich mond has succeeded in winning popularity from a very much larger constituency in a totally different field. He has been the author of several literary works, some of which have been extensively printed. As far back as 1847, he published a lecture on poetry which was largely read. In 1860 he published a booklet entitled, " Smash: a Sketch of the Times." This may be described as a commercial aUegory, setting forth the story of the f aU of the great house of Finance, Work, & Co., in the fearful commercial panic of 1857, and the causes which had led up to it. In 1865 appeared another volume from his pen, entitled "Poetry and Life." This was followed in 1876 by " Imagination and other Poems," dedicated to Thomas Carlyle, Charles Dickens, and Lord Lytton. It had an extensive sale, and went through several editions. Few can realise who have not tried how difficult it is to secure the attention of the pubUc at the present day by the production of poetry, even though it be of considerable merit, and we are not guilty of one word of exaggeration when we say that Sir Richmond Cotton himself possesses that gift of imagination about which he has written, as well as sound vigorous sense, delicate poetic feeling, and a keen sympathy for the poor and unfortunate. We trust we are in no way indiscreet in remark ing on a work that has not yet reached the public eye, and as to the publication of which no announce ments have as yet been made, but knowing the lofty aspirations of Sir Richmond Cotton, and the purity of his desires to further all that is of art or artistic, we are looking forward with some impatience to other works from his pen. As a public speaker Sir Richmond Cotton has met with his mead of praise ; he is clear, lucid, and con vincing, and the courtesy of his manner never fails to secure him an attentive audience. The London press was at one in its comments on his happily conceived address to Sir John Gilbert on his being presented with the Freedom of the City, which, by-the-bye, was the first occasion of a public ceremony of this nature during Sir Richmond Cotton's Chamberlainship, and to such an able ex ponent of art as Sir John Gilbert, from such a lover of art and of the beautiful as Sir Richmond Cotton, his words were most apropos. 140 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir William Thomas Charley, Q.C, D.C.L., y.D. Sie William Charley, is a cadet of a fine old Irish family, and was born in 1833, being the youngest of the six children of the late Matthew Charley, Esq., of Finaghy House, and Woodbourne, Co. Antrim. He was educated in the first instance at Elstree Grammar School, under the late Rev. L. J. Bernays, M.A., FeUow of St. John's CoUege, Oxford. At the end of the first year (1848), Mr. Bernays presented his pupU with a special prize for "great diligence, proficiency, and good conduct," and next year he became one of the three Monitors, and even tually head of the school, which was (and is) a pre paratory school for Harrow. The Very Rev. Dean Vaughan, Master of the Temple, who was then Head Mastfer of Harrow, examined the school ; and showed his interest in Mr. Bernays' former pupil, by attending him assiduously while suffering from typhoid fever at 5, Crown Office Row, Temple, about twenty years ago. After winning several prizes, including the " judicious " Hooker's works for a first prize in Divinity, being now sixteen, so too old to go to Harrow, he was placed with the late Rev. Francis W. Sims, M.A,, Curate of Lee, Kent, and remained for two years at Belmont HiU, and carried off aU the Greek and Latin prizes. It was decided, in 1852, that he should proceed direct to Oxford. Mr. Charley spent five years in residence at St. John's CoUege, from 1852 to the end of 1856. As an athlete he earned a fair record. He was an average cricketer and a good aU-round man at most other sports, canoeing on the Isis, however, being his favourite recreation. As an oarsman, too, he won a handsome tankard in the coUege fours. He graduated B.A. in 1856 with honours, and was admitted a student of the Inner Temple. His incli nations, however, did not point to his adoption of the legal profession, but rather to the Church. Indeed he went so far as to qualify for Ordination by attend ing the lectures of the late Bishop of Chester (Dr. Jacobson), then Regius Professor of Divinity, and those of Dr. Ogilvy, Regius Professor of Pastoral Theology. In 1863, however, his ideas changed and his bent seems to have been, towards the law, as he entered the chambers of Mr. E. P. Wolstenholme, the eminent conveyancer. This he did, acting upon the advice of the late Earl (then Sir Hugh) Cairns, a famUy friend and M.P. for Mr. Charley's native citj', Belfast. He acquired a thorough knowledge of his profession, remaining with Mr. Wolsten holme an entire year, and so laid the foundation of that knowledge of real property law which has since resulted in his valuable and weU-known work on the Real Property Acts of 1874-75 and 1877. He attended the classes of the Readers of the Inns of Court with great assiduity; and, in 1864, obtained the first certificate of honour of the first class ; and, in 1865, the exhibition, in five subjects (Real Property, Roman Law, Equity, Common Law, and Constitu tional History), awarded by the Council of Legal Education. He read in these subjects with the now eminent Queen's Counsel, Recorder of Saffron Wal den, and sometime M.P. for Colchester, Mr. William WUlis, between whom and the subject of this sketch, although of opposite politics and religious persua sions, a warm friendship has ever since existed. Mr. WUlis has frequently practised, as defending counsel, before his former pupU, at the Central Crim inal Court. At his caU to the Bar on the 9th of June, 1865, Mr. Charley stood at the head of the students, and made the accustomed speech to the Chairman of the Bench, in the ParUament Chamber of the Inner Temple. In 1861, whUst still a student, Mr. Charley was appointed to a Lieutenancy in the 20th Middlesex Rifies, and in due course took every successive grade, and is to-day Hon. Colonel of his regiment (now designated the Srd Volunteer Battalion Royal Fusi liers, City of London Regiment). He also joined the Inns of Courts Rifles— "DevU's Own "— m 1860, as honorary member of that corps. Mr. Charley attached himself to the Northern Cir cuit, being proposed as a member by the late Mr. Edward James, Q.C, M,P. for Manchester. He eventuaUy became a pupil of the weU-known Special Pleader, Mr. T. H. Baylis, Q.C An enduring friendship sprung up between instructor and pupil, and Mr. Charley has had the gratification of seeing Mr. Baylis appointed Judge of the Passage Court at Liverpool, a court exactly analogous to the Lord Mayor's Court of London. In addition to going Cir cuit, Mr. Charley attended, first the Liverpool Sessions, presided over by the late Recorder of Liverpool, Mr. AspinaU, Q.C, and afterwards the Salford Hundred Quarter Sessions, presided over by the late Chairman, Mr. Higgin, Q.C, and the Bolton Sessions, presided over by the Recorder, Mr. Pope, Q.C. (aU these three eminent counsel giving Mr. Charley most satisfactory testimonials, when he was a candidate for the office of Common Serjeant, as also did Mr. Willis, Mr. Wolstenholme, and Mr. Baylis, his three former tutors). On Circuit, Mr. Charley prosecuted in many important cases, and was also " assigned" as counsel in murder cases. In 1867 he first entered on a poUtical career in LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 141 connection with Mr, Disraeli's Eeform BUl of that year; and when the platform, on which the late Alderman Sir Robert N. Fowler, M.P., was seated as Chairman, was stormed by the Reform League (who obtained admission by forged tickets), Mr. Charley rushed at and captured the flagstaff of the banner car ried by the first member of the League who ascended the platform ; and stUl preserves it as a trophy. In the same year came the assault upon the Irish Church, of which he was a devoted son, and when a Libera- tionist lecturer, Mr. Mason Jones, delivered a lecture against that Church in St. James's HaU, Mr. Charley challenged him to a reply. Both chairman and lecturer declined the chaUenge, but the reply-lecture was deUvered by Mr. Charley a fortnight later at the Store Street Music Hall, with Sir Robert Fow ler in the chair, to a numerous audience, who cheered the lecturer heartUy. He addressed in 1867 about 60,000 persons in defence of the Irish Church. On one occasion he spoke at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester, which was thronged by an enthusiastic audience of 5,000 people. Mr. Birley (brother of Mr. Birley, M.P.) happened to be present. The Salford working men wanted some one who could lead and inspirit them, and Mr. Birley suggested the name of Mr. Charley. Mr. Cawley was pointed out as a suitable representative of the middle classes, being next in rotation for the Mayoralty of Salford. For four months Mr. Charley addressed meetings in various Church Schools in Salford defending the Irish Church. EventuaUy he and Mr. Cawley were unanimously chosen as the Conservative candidates, the contest was a sharp and severe one, but the con stitutional side had the victory. Shortly after Mr. Charley's election he took the de grees of B.C.L. and D.C.L., by special grace, atOxford. His speeches in Parliament will be found scattered over seventy volumes of Hansard's "Parliament ary Debates." He delivered his maiden speech on the night of the 16th March, 1869 (vide the Times report), it was "received with cheers.'" It was a very characteristic effort of oratory, and typical of the man who uttered it, being animated by a high and noble sentiment to defend the poor, the over worked, and helpless, and its tenor is embraced in the resolution which he moved on that occasion — " That in the opinion of this House the hours of toil of the women and children employed in print works ought to be assimilated to the hours of toil of women and children employed in factories." In the course of his speech, he, as Lord John Manners put it, very ably brought tlie subject before them. In 1 874, Mr. Charley, with his old coUeague, Mr. Cawley, were again re-elected for the "Royal Borough." In Parliament he did good and sound work, and supported in and out of the House, aU measures of a practical phUanthropic nature ; he was able to introduce valuable amendments into the law relating to offences against women. His greatest legislative achievement, however, was the preservation of the AppeUate Jurisdiction of the House of Lords, which, undoubtedly, but for him, would have been abolished. Mr. Charley also attained to great prominence through the publication of his celebrated work on "the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts, 1873 and 1875." The most important incident in the public life of Mr. Charley was his election to the highly re sponsible position of Common Serjeant, on the llth of AprU, 1878, by the Court of Common Council of the City of London. There were seventeen candidates, many of them Queen's Counsel and Members of Par liament, but Mr. Charley was selected by a majority of nearly two to one. In the year 1880, Mr. Charley received the honour of knighthood, and in the same year was made a Q.C Not even his bitterest opponent has been able to allege that there has been any miscarriage of justice before him. He kept a strong hand over jurors, witnesses, and counsel, with a single eye to eliciting the truth ; and showed no favouritism to any, how ever distinguished their position might be at the Bar (and many of the most distinguished members of the legal profession practised before him). He fiUed this position, and gained the respect and admiration of aU who came in contact with him. Sir WiUiam retired after fifteen years' service on a pension of £1,500 a year. He is a Past-Master of the Loriners' Company, and one of Her Majesty's Lieutenants for the City of London. In 1890 he married Clara, daughter of F. G. Har- hood, Esq., of Kirby Park, West Kirby, Cheshire. The occasion of the marriage was made a festive one, and a very graceful presentation was made him by some thirty leading members of the Bar who had practised before him at the Central Criminal Court, of a very choice and beautiful silver salver and claret jug. Nine of the ten High Officers also tendered their felicitations, and a greatly valued souvenir. Sir William has a daughter named Novel, who was born on Christmas Day, 1890. Sir WiUiam and Lady Charley reside in a charming residence, overlooking St. James's Park, in Queen Anne's Mansions, S.W. Sir WiUiam is a member of the Carlton, Conservative, and Manchester Con servative Clubs. 142 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Joseph Cockfield Dimsdale. Sherife of London (1893-4). It is with very considerable pleasure that we intro duce a short notice of the life of this eminent London banker and civic dignitary, whose family has long been connected with the metropolis, while he has personally, from his business position, his birth, residence, and connections, a very good claim to be considered a leading man of London, and thus has a right to find a place in this work. Mr. Dimsdale has only lately taken upon himself civic honours and responsibilities, but in assuming them, we are sure that, if assiduous care and hard work can secure an iota of good to the City, or one hour's relief to the deserving, Mr. Dimsdale can be relied upon to devote his energies and time to that purpose, and his efforts wUl doubtless prove felicitous in their results to his fellow-citizens. Born weU within earshot of the peal of Bow Bells, in the heart of the City, in January, 1849, Mr. Dimsdale can lay an undeniable claim to be a "Citizen of the Capital of the World," and this is no mean title. He received his education at that most famous of all our pubUc schools — Eton, beauti ful Eton ! — with its grand old college, the playing fields, and the river, ever a subject of pride to the old Etonian. At an early age he entered the banking-house of Messrs. Dimsdale, Fowler, Barnard, & Dimsdales, whose offices are at 50, Cornhill, and with which his family have so long and creditably been connected. There he made himself master of every detaU in connection with the business, commencing with the most rudimentary principles of banking, and rising grade by grade until he was capable of taking direction of the house. All pains were taken with him, and in justice we must add that he took all pains to become what he is — not only one of the chiefs in a great firm, but an earnest worker and a sound man of business. So far back as 1870 Mr. Dimsdale became a partner in the bank, and, at the present time, he is not only connected with the Banking department, but also with the Insurance interests, while in addition to the management of these departments he is also connected with many highly important undertakings, for the name of Dimsdale is one promoters are glad to secure for their prospectuses, and investors know that it is one that has never been lent to a scheme that does not commend itself for its genuineness and fair financial and commercial prospects ; but since his civic duties have commenced Mr. Dimsdale has felt himself unable to devote the necessary time demanded by a conscientious dis charge of the performance of the duties of all his avocations. He has accordingly been compeUed to withdraw his name from the directorate of many undertakings, thereby sacrificing the pecuniary benefits attaching to his position as director of the various companies he was connected with. It is a public-spirited service that we feel justified in com menting upon. Alderman Dimsdale was elected by the Livery to serve as one of the Sheriffs of the City of London during Lord Mayor KniU's term of office, 1893-4. A man of high culture and inclinations, strong opinions and determination, an able logician and just reasoner, Mr. Dimsdale stands before us at the commencement of his civic career as a fixed planet. He is a man to look up to, and one whose hard work and sound judgment wiU not fail the city that has honoured him. His political principles are in true accord with the great traditions of the City of London, that most Conservative of all places. He is a staunch ConstitutionaUst and a strong supporter of the Church. Although greatly opposed to RadicaUsm, it must not be supposed that he is by any means a man who is filled with the bigotry of the old unprogressive Toryism. Mr. Dimsdale resides in Lancaster Street, Lan caster Gate, W., and is a member of the Carlton, City Carlton, and Conservative Clubs. He married Beatrice Eliza Bower, only daughter of Robert Hunt Holdsworth, Esq., late of Messrs. Gonzalez, Byass & Co., the eminent sherry shippers, of Xeres, in 1873, and has three chUdren ; their son, John Holdsworth Dimsdale, who was born in 1874, and was educated at Eton, is now learning banking ; a daughter, named Beatrice Holdsworth, born July, 1878 ; and an infant daughter, bom 1893. The subject of our sketch is one of Her Majesty's Lieutenants for the City, a Past Master of the Grocers' Company, Manager of the London Orphan Asylum, a Member of the House Committee, London Hospital, a Director of the Standard Life Office, Treasurer , of the Herts and Essex Benevolent Society, London Fever Hospital, Small Pox Hos pital, Royal Humane Society, Member of the Royal Geographical Society, and of the Institute of Bankers. He is also an Arbitrator on Banking in the Chamber of Arbitration. Mr. Dimsdale has not sought publicity in any form, and were it not for the notoriety which attaches to the high offices he holds, he would of his own accord be unknown outside his own business sphere. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 143 Sir John Voce Moore. John Voce Moore was born in Stockport, Cheshire, in 1825 ; his father having been for many years estab lished in Stockport as a wholesale tea and coffee merchant. His education was conducted privately by T. R. Potter, Esq., The Hermitage, at Wymeswold, one of the first and best known schools in Leicester shire, excepting Rugby, where he secured during his term the first prize in every subject, and thus acquitted himself with high credit. His first London experiences may be said to date back to 1844, when, upon the invitation of the late Mr, James Peek (the father of the present Sir Henry Peek, Bart.), he came to the metropolis and entered the establishment of Messrs. Peek Brothers & Co., in Eastcheap, where, to use the technical phrase then in vogue, he was kindly permitted by the firm to " have the run of the house." He shortly after wards was associated with one of the principal tea estabUshments in the City, and after some nine years purchased the business with which he has been so long and honourably associated, and which, dating from 1823, is the oldest tea establishment of its kind in the City of London, and has for a long period been so successfully conducted at 35, King WUUam Street, City, under the title or firm of Moore Brothers. The Alderman has eight sons, seven of whom take an active share in the work and responsibiUties of the business, and consequently relieve Mr. Moore of much that would otherwise interfere with his aldermanic and pubUc duties. In 1870, upon the proposition of Mr. Edward Colman, senior, of the well-known firm, J. & J. Col man, Cannon Street, Mr. J. V. Moore was elected as one of the representatives for the Oandlewick Ward at the Court of Common CouncU, in 1871, which position he retained uninterruptedly untU, in 1889, on the death of Su- Thomas Dakin, he was unani mously elected alderman of the Ward he has been so long associated with. From the commencement he entered heartily into his duties as an alderman, and by industry and conscientious despatch of his functions he commanded the respect and consideration of his feUow-corporators. He was elected to the chairman ship of the Committee of General Purposes in 1875 ; this was his first, but other chairs quickly followed, amongst others, that of the Library Committee, some three years later. When only a junior, he proposed the resolution in which he recommended the Court of Aldermen to place on record their high appreciation of the courage and mettle of those celebrated explo rers Livingstone and Stanley; this, just after the discovery by Stanley of the former. The resolution was eagerly acted upon. The Alderman, however, achieved a pubUc reputa tion, more particularly by reason of the energy he brought to bear upon the performance of the duties that devolved upon him, as a member of the Sewers Commission. It was, in the first place, on his initia tive that the Commission in the year 1882 passed a resolution to the effect that the Commission " become the undertakers for the supply of electricity, under the provisions of the Electric Lighting Act, 1882, and do apply for a provisional order or Ucense." The restrictions of the Electric Lighting Act, 1882, prevented this from being carried out, but it was, nevertheless, the striking of the first note. Then, again, it was on his proposition, nearly twenty years ago, that the Court of Common Council charged the Commissioners of Sewers and the Local Government and Taxation Committee with the responsibility of considering whether it was desirable that any, and if any, what, alterations should be made in the Adulte ration of Food Act. That action led to the appoint ment of a Government inspector to inspect aU teas that enter the bonded warehouses. To this is entirely attributable the fact that no adulterated teas, and no teas that are unfit for human consumption, ever have an opportunity now of passing the Customs for use in this country. He also, jointly with the Medical Officer of Health, bestowed much labour and attention in considering the clauses dealing with the adulteration of food and drugs generally, some of the recommendations that were made being after wards adopted by the Home Secretary and embodied in the Act. The reward for his services as a corpo rator came to him in the year 1886, when he was elected as the chairman of the Sewers Commission. In 1893, he made what has been, we regret to say, an unsuccessful attempt to obtain magisterial honours, but was just barely defeated by ex-Lord Mayor Sir Stewart KniU, Bart. Taken and viewed in either his capacity as a public man, a commercial man, or as a private individual, his character is one worthy of noting. His keen capacity for genuine work, and steadfast application, are the attributes to which he owes his success and the position he has gained ; he is a man of great scope and power of grasp on subjects of even a dry and uninteresting nature ; his efforts in Ufe have not been directed to mere self-advancement, but he has done his best for his feUows and has the satisfaction of knowing that he has not either spared work, thought, or self. Mr. Alderman Moore's residence is 28, RusseU Square, W.C. 144 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Coghlan McLean McHardy, J.P. Me. McHardy, eldest surving son of Admiral J, B. B, McHardy by his wife Horatia, daughter of Admiral Pasco, is a lineal descendant of a French gentleman, who was in the suite of King John of France, while imprisoned in London, during the reign of Edward III,, the name of " Hardie," or McHardie having originated as foUows : — Edward III. paid a visit to the Palace of the Savoy, in which the same time David II. of Scotland was con fined, and was about to be released on the payment of a ransom, in 1357. Edward III. ordered a cup of wine to be given to the worthiest, whereupon it was handed to the King of Scotland. The attendant on the French king, incensed that the honour was not bestowed upon the King of France, struck the cup-bearer. His master reproved him saying, " Tout hardie," and David II. , in admiration of the fidelity and courage of the courtier, said : "II sera deshormais Hardie " ; thus he received the name of " Hardie." He ac companied King David when the latter returned to Scotland, and received as a grant the Lands and Forest of Corgarff, in the County of Aberdeen, en closed by the river Don on the north, and Dee on the south. This grant was confirmed by charter and letters patent under the Royal Seal, in 1388. Some of the clan subsequently moved down the vaUey of the Dee, while many located themselves in the upper part of the valley of the Gairn, one of its tributaries, and others traveUed eastwards along the vaUey of the Don. Some of the latter went to Caithness with the daughters of Lord Forbes, when they married into the Caithness family in the six teenth century. Others took part in the Irish re- belUon of 1643, having gone thither with Lord Forbes, who was charged with its suppression. The McHardys subsequently aUied themselves with the Mclntoshes, some of them having an alias of Mcin tosh, and most of the McHardys of Braemar, went out in the rising of 1745, under the Mclntoshes. There also sprang up a relationship with the Macleods. The McHardys of Corgarff, marched to CuUoden, under Forbes of Shellater, into whose hands Corgarff had passed, and after the battle they were pursued by English Cavalry, but escaped by concealing themselves under the arch of a bridge. In the opening years of the present century, there were from twenty-five to thirty famiUes of McHardys in Corgi'aff, since when the number has been considerably diminished, by many of them settling abroad, and moving to various parts of England and Scotland. Mr. McHardy was bom at Ryde, Isle of Wight, on June 22nd, 1838. His early education was gained under the direction of the Rev. Dr. Bell, at Brentwood, Essex, untU he was eleven years of age, when he was obliged to discontinue his studies, owing to ill health. After two years' rest he at tended the Royal Naval School, New Cross, where he remained until 1854. During the Crimean War, Mr. McHardy entered the Admiralty as a temporary clerk, when he was sixteen years of age. The store department, in common with other branches of the Admiralty, was at that time undergoing great pressure, a pressure which was prolonged and in creased by the subsequent operations in India and China, and by the radical change effected in the building and equipment of ships of war by the introduction of armour plating. Mr. McHardy's energy led to his appointment, in 1862, as Private Secretary to the Controller of the Navy, followed the next year by his special promotion, which resulted in his appointment as Chief Clerk in 1869. When Private Secretary to the Controller, he formulated a scheme for the entire reorganisation of the staff of that De partment. His proposal was adopted in its entirety, and proved eminently satisfactory in the results. Mr. McHardy arranged and classified the extensive and valuable collection of Naval Models, in the possession of the Admiralty, so that their value, both as a unique collection, and also for educational purposes was largely enhanced. The collection was subsequently removed, under his direction, first to South Kensington, and afterwards to the Museum of the Royal Naval CoUege, at Greenwich. For his services in this matter, Mr. McHardy received a graceful acknowledgment from the Admiralty, on his relinquishing the charge of the Museum, in February, 1875, expressing satisfaction with the skiU he had shown in arranging the models, and the care and pains he had bestowed on them. Mr. McHardy was in charge of the Naval Sec tion of the Great Exhibition of London, 1862, and of Paris, 1867, for his services in connection with which he received the thanks of the Government. He also served as a Juror at the Vienna Exhibition of 1873, when he also received the thanks of the Austrian Government. Through Mr. McHardy's exertions in 1863, the copying press was intro duced into the Admiralty, and other departments, in face of strong opposition at the time, and proved of enormous public benefit. In the same year he elaborated a plan, which was adopted by Sir Edward Reed, as the basis of that on which the School of Naval Architecture was founded. In 1868 a complete revision of the existing ar rangements for carrying on the clerical work in the LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 145 Controller's and other allied departments was effected, based on Mr. McHardy's proposals, he having been speciaUy selected to assist in organising the changes. In 1869 the condition of affairs in regard to Naval Stores, both at the Admiralty and the Dockyards, being eminently unsatisfactory, he was entrusted with the reorganisation and supervision of the De partment, and was appointed Superintendent of Stores. From the latter date until 1876, he was engaged in the simplification of the work of that Department, and in reducing the stores, which were uselessly large at home and abroad, being cumbered with value less and obsolete articles, and generaUy in introduc ing business principles into the Department. In 1876 his services were recognised by his appoint ment, as Director of Stores, with an advance in salary. In consequence of Ul health, Mr. McHardy was compeUed to retire. A fareweU letter addressed to him by the Secretary of the Admiralty, dated March 1st, 1889, expressed their Lordships regret at the cause of his retirement, and recorded their sense of the able manner in which he had conducted the duties of Director of Stores, and that to his efforts the present efficient system of Store maintenance is largely due. Mr. McHardy served on a number of important committees, dealing with Naval questions, and gave evidence before Parliamentary Committees, from 1868 to 1888. Together with Mr. Bosanquet and others he helped to inaugurate the " Charity Organisation Society." From 1866 to 1877, he commanded a troop in the Middlesex Yeomany Cavalry. He introduced certain changes in the Declaration Form for Income Tax, Licenses, &c., which were adopted. In 1875 he compiled a work, with Uthographic coloured designs of the Flags of all Nations, giving particulars of the regulations as to the occasions on which, and the persons by whom, they might be used, for which he received the thanks of the Admiralty. Mr. McHardy was elected a member of the Society of Arts in 1879, and served on the Committee appointed to improve the sanitary conditions of houses and towns, &c., which was instrumental in bringing about the present improvement in sanita tion. In the same year he was elected on the Com mittee of Management of the " Royal Eye Hospital," and in 1880 went on the Committee of the Cab- mens' Shelter Fund. On February 27th, 1880, he was elected a member of the CouncU of the Royal Albert HaU, and was nominated by the Prince of Wales as one of the four Vice-Presidents of the Council for the years 1884 to 1887, and subsequently by the Duke of Edinburgh for 1888 and 1889. In 1882 he started a company for the introduction of the electric light on co-operative principles at South Kensington, for household purposes, but was prevented by the action of the Swan-Edison Com pany from carrying it out. The tunnel from South Kensington Station to the Imperial Institute Road, is due to Mr. McHardy, who had intended con structing an electric railway to the Albert Hall, and from thence to Paddington, but having been opposed by the District Railway Company, the scheme fell through. In 1884 he was a member of the Committee for the International Health Exhibition, and in 1891 a member of the Committee for the Royal Naval Exhi bition. He has served as a Director of a number of important Companies ; is Chairman of the St. Pauli Breweries Company, and the Harvey Steel Company of Great Britain ; and is Trustee for the Debenture Holders of the Mersina, Tarsus and Adana Railway Company, and of the Storm Cloud Gold Mining Company. Mr. McHardy married, on July 28th, 1864, Amelia (Amy), second daughter, and co-heiress of the Rev. John Peacock Byde, of Ware Park, Hertfordshire. Mrs. McHardy was the last of that race of influential and large landed proprietors who held property in that county for many centuries. She was grand daughter of Mr. Thomas Hope Byde, who was High Sheriff of Hertfordshire in 1827, and his great-great grandfather. Sir Thomas Byde, was knighted by Charles II. in 1661. Mrs. McHardy was noted for her charm of manner and beauty of features ; she was a great reader, a clever writer, and a frequent con tributor to many English and foreign periodicals. Her " Brief Arguments of the Eleven Shakesperean Plays," were written for the book which was pub lished by the Committee for the Shakespeare Festival, held in the Royal Albert Hall, in May, 1884. She succumbed on December 28th, 1891, to illness foUow ing on a severe attack of influenza, deeply regretted by all who knew her, leaving two daughters, Maud Clementine Cater, and Lilian Amy Byde. Mr. McHardy is a member of the Devonshire, the HurUngham, the Galleries, and the New Clubs, and a J.P. for Berkshire. The arms are — Gu. a Dexter Hand, fessways, coup'd, holding a dagger, point downwards, in pale Arg., and in chief two spur- roweUs Or. The crest is an arm in armour, em- bowed in hand a Scimitar, all ppr. The mottoes are "Tout Hardi," or "Sera deshormais Hardi." The war cry of the McHardys is " Cairn-na- Cuimhne," and the Tartan, blue ground, green checks, white and red Unes. Residence, 1, Gren- vUle Place, S.W. 146 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Major-General Francis John Moberly, R.E., &c. Vloe-Cliairmau of the School Board for London. Francis John Mobeely is the son of the late Colonel Henry Moberly, E.I.C, of the Madras Army. He was educated at the Grammar School, Kensing ton, there gaining a nomination to Addiscombe, and also by competitive examination at the MUitary Col lege, a commission in the Royal Engineers. During the years 1846 to 1878 he served in India, principally in the southern provinces, obtain ing his Lieutenancy in 1844, his Company in 1858, Lieutenant-Colonelcy in 1864, and fuU Colonelcy in 1869. Was appointed Assistant Engineer in the department of Public Works in 1847. As District Engineer, in 1854, he controUed 3,000 square miles; and as Superintending Engineer, 1858 to 1878, 20,000 mUes. The work of the Anglo-Indian Corps of Royal Engineers, to which he belonged, lay in carrying out works of the greatest magnitude and importance, amidst an Oriental and semi-barbarous population filled with apathy and fanaticism. Under circum stances of difficulty, easUy imagined, they constructed military roads, bridges, mountain passes, barracks, hospitals, municipal and public buildings, aqueducts, and works of the last importance for purposes of irrigation, locomotion, and of telegraphic communi cation. It is worthy of mention that one of these, an irrigation and drainage undertaking, was of such magnitude that it involved the initial expenditure of a million sterling, and has more than once been the means of averting famine in the southern provinces. On arriving in India, General Moberly, with the perseverance that is characteristic of him, set to work to acquire the native languages and dialects, and is now a fluent master of six of these, in four of which he has been officially examined with success. These linguistic acquirements have been of great assistance to him in his communication with the natives. He on several occasions had to supervise their educa tional establishments, and propound theories and sj'stems for their conduct. On his retirement from the army and return to England, General Moberly undertook, in 1879, work as Hon. Secretary of the Charity Organization Society, Holborn Union, Almoner of the S.R.D., and Parochial Almoner of St. Luke's, Old Street, E.G. He has been a Guardian of the Holborn Union for over seven years, and Vestryman of St. Luke's for about the same period, and a Churchwarden for two years. His first election to the School Board for London was in 1885 : he secured 14,123 votes, and stood fourth on the Election List. In the first triennial period he directed his attention more particularly to the works department, and especiaUy to all measures tending to secure instruction for the deaf and dumb and feeble-minded. On his re-election, when he stood sixth on the poll, securing 12,895 votes, and in November, 1888, he was elected Chairman of the Furniture and Re pairs Sub-Committee, and occupied a similar post on the Sub-Committee of the Deaf, Dumb and Blind of the S.M.C. tUl November, 1892, when his third election as one of the members from Marylebone took place, and he secured 17,864 votes, which placed him at the head of the poU. To secure the support necessary to insure the suc cess of any motion or measure, especiaUy when the same entaUs a radical change, or the adoption of any new theory or system, is a very difficult matter. As a pioneer and sympathetic advocate for the instruc tion and care of backward and afflicted children,' no man has done more than General Moberly. When, in 1889, he first brought forward his motion in support of the educational and systematic treatment of these children he met no support or favour. How ever, not by any means deterred by passive opposi tion, he renewed his efforts in 1890, ancl received support from all sides of the Board and of the Educa tion Department. As a practical result of his efforts, there are now in several quarters of London new, schools, or classes belonging to schools of earlier estab lishment, where backward and afflicted chUdren are aught by the most approved and kindly methods all that it is possible to convey to their overshadowed minds. of elementary education and of technical hand-crafts. The new departure in this direction taken by the School Board for London has naturaUy brought General Moberly and his methods into prominence. This, and his position of Vice-Chairman of the Board and Chairman of the Works Committee, entail upon him a great deal of laborious and arduous work, neces sitating the devotion of his entire time and energies to the mighty work for which the London School Board is responsible. Originally General Moberly was known as the silent member of the School Board, but more recent times have discovered to his colleagues the facts that he is not only a thinker but an able debater, and, better still, a methodical and earnest worker. In Madras, in 1847, he married Frances, daughter of Robert Cattley, Esq., of Wandsworth, Surrey. General Moberly has two sons — the eldest, H. J. R. Moberly, a surgeon-major in the army, and Mr. W. F, G. Moberly, who lately had command of the Salisbury column's artiUery in the Matabeleland expedition. General Moberly resides at 50, Suther land Avenue, W. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 147 Sir Walter Sherburne Prideaux. Amongst the foremost of the men, clerks and other wise, of the City Livery Companies, who have earnestly associated themselves of late years with promoting the ends and means of technical education, is Sir Walter Prideaux. But not singly on this score is his an interesting personality. He is a man who has made his mark in life, and has secured for himself a widespread esteem and regard as an honourable gentleman, and one who has ably discharged the duties of an important offlce for many years. Space and opportunity do not permit a very detailed sketch of Sir Walter's career, nor is such perhaps necessary, but we are happy to be able to afford the following notice as to himself and his Company. The subject of this sketch was bom in 1846, and is the eldest son of Walter Prideaux, Esq., of Fair- crouch, near Wadhurst, Sussex, and comes of an old west-country family, reputed to have settled in Corn waU coincidentally with the Norman Conquest of England. He was educated at Eton, going there in 1859 and remaining tiU 1864, and was there a contemporary of Lord Lansdown, Lord Jersey, Lord Rosehery, Lord Randolph ChurchiU, Mr. A. J. Balfour, Lord Morley, Lord Lyttelton, &c. Dr. Goodford and Dr. Balston were respectively head masters between theee dates. At Eton, Sir Walter had a fine all-round record, He was a briUiant cricketer and foot-baUer, being captain of both those elevens, and he was also well known as an excellent performer on the running track. He was president of the Debating Society, and when he left the college was second captain of the Oppidans. We may as weU here say that all his life Sir Walter has been a keen sportsman. His father, Mr. Walter Prideaux, had for manyyears been clerk of the Goldsmiths' Company, and was also a soUcitor. This latter, in fact, is a necessary quaU- fication for the former office, so, on completing his term at Eton, Sir Walter was articled to his father. He passed the Incorporated Law Society's final examination with honours, and was admitted a solicitor in 1870. In 1872 he was appointed assistant- clerk of the Goldsmiths' Company, and on the resignation of his father in 1882, he was appointed clerk of the Company. Sir Walter is a liveryman of the guild. This is not a necessary qualification for the clerk, but the honour was conferred upon him by Special Grant in 1868. In 1891 Sir Walter had the honour of knighthood conferred upon him, "in recognition of the valuable services which " he had " rendered to Her Majesty's Government on various occasions, and more especially in connection with the recent repeal of the duties on gold and silver plate." The Goldsmiths' is one of the most important of the dozen "great City companies," and is, we believe, the only one that now has any active or official con nection with Government or administrative work. It is at Goldsmiths' Hall that the " Tryal of the Pyx" takes place, a very ancient custom which the Gold smiths' Company of London has performed continu ously since the days of Edward I. The object of the trial, or tryal, is for the accurate testing for quality and weight, the various gold and silver coins struck each year by the Royal Mint, and pronouncing them true or otherwise, and of standard value. Beyond . this the Goldsmiths' Company perform without profit to themselves the duties of pubUc assaying of gold and silver plate, jeweUery, &c., and the well- known haU mark is by them impressed. The Com pany are handsome supporters of metropolitan and national charities, and give large sums annually to the London hospitals. Recently a capital sum of £25,000 was spent by them in erecting model dwel lings for the poorer class of artisans in ClerkenweU, to benefit the numerous gold and sUver craftsmen who live and work in this locality ; and in the cause of technical education before aUuded to, in which Sir Walter Prideaux has taken so warm an interest, the benefactions of the Goldsmiths' Company have been and are, very large, for they have contributed no less than £70,000 to the City and GuUds Technical Institute, to which they also give an annual sub scription of £4,000 ; while they have, at their sole cost, founded and endowed their own Technical and Recreative Institute at New Cross, at an expenditure of about a quarter of a million. Since the earliest times the Company has enroUed on its Livery many members of the Eoyal Family, numerous great statesmen, and eminent Englishmen. Since the commencement of this century, amongst the royal personages who have becoihe members of the Company may be mentioned King William IV. in 1827, the late Prince Consort, and H.E.H. the Duke of Cambridge, both in 1840, The Prince of Wales in 1873, the lamented Duke of Clarence and Avondale in 1886, and lastly, the Duke of York in 1893. In 1873 Sir Walter Prideaux married Catharine Mary, eldest daughter of the Rev. J. V. Povah, Minor Canon of St. Paul's Cathedral and Priest-in- Ordinary to Her Majesty. The eldest son of this marriage is Walter Treverbyan Prideaux, born 1874. Sir Walter and Lady Prideaux reside at his official address in Goldsmiths' HaU, Foster Lane, London. 148 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Owen Roberts, M.A., D.C.L., F.S.A. Sie Owen Roberts, was born- in 1835, being the son of the late Owen Roberts, Esq., of Dinas, Carnarvonshire, of which county he is a J.P. ; he is also D.L. for the County of London, and one of Her Majesty's Lieutenants for the City. He was educated at Tarvin HaU, Chester, a school of some note in its time, passing on to Oxford in 1854 as a scholar of Jesus College, and graduating in 1857 in Classical Honours. In 1859 he came out first of sixty-five selected candidates in a competitive examination for a clerkship in the War Office, where he gained valuable official experience ; but on being caUed to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1865, he joined the North Wales Circuit. In the following year, however, he succeeded to the position of Clerk to the Worshipful Company of Clothworkers, which he now holds. Soon afterwards — post hoc, if not propter hoc — the Clothworkers' Company began to display their influence and activity in schemes and projects for extending the benefits of Technical Instruction to Yorkshire and other provincial centres of the textile and dyeing industries, allying them selves for that purpose with the founders of the Yorkshire CoUege, Leeds, and of University CoUege, Bristol. The Company likewise subsidised and took up the Technological Examinations of the Society of Arts, which have since grown to such great proper.. tions and importance under the fostering care of the City and Guilds of London Institute for the advance ment of Technical Education, by whom they have been absorbed and developed. The cause of the higher education of girls and women was also taken in hand betimes by the Clothworkers' Company, together with sundry other movements of "light and leading" in connection with education and philan thropy which may be safely set down in some degree to Mr. (now Sir) Owen Roberts's inspiration and grow ing infiuence with his Court, whose confidence he was steadily gaining. In 1875 — 6, Mr. Owen Roberts, as Clerk to the Clothworkers' Company, co-operating with the Goldsmiths', Fishmongers', Mercers', and other of the London Livery Companies, gave enthusi astic initiation and support to the scheme for bringing about a confederation of the London Guilds in advancing Technical Education on more extended and systematic Unes than had hitherto been attempted. This idea was soon practicaUy realised by the founda tion of the City and Guilds of London Institute, which, if it has not altogether fulfilled the more sanguine and ambitious expectations of its earlier friends, has been the pioneer of that national system of Industrial Education which has become an acknowledged national necessity, and which the County Councils are now striving to co-ordinate and create in the Ught of the valuable experience gained by the City and Guilds Institute. Mr. Owen Roberts was one of the Honorary Secretaries to the Institute from — and, so to speak, before — its commencement to the close of 1886, when he resigned to take his place on the Council and Executive Committee. In 1880 the Freedom and Livery of the Turners' Company was conferred on Sir Frederick Bramwell and Mr. Owen Roberts "in recognition of their services to the cause of Technical Education," of which that enterprising Guild has been such an old and constant friend. On New Year's Day, 1888, Her Majesty signified her intention of conferring the honour of knighthood on Mr. Owen Roberts "in order to mark her sense of the important public services he has rendered in connection with the cause of Technical Education " ; an announcement which was warmly received by the Press, the Pall Mall Gazette describing him as ' ' One of the chief of Uving experts in the art of pouring new wine into old bottles, inasmuch as under his infiuence the Clothworkers' Company had gone far to revive the best traditions of the City Guilds." On the constitution, in 1890, of the Central Governing Body for administering the London Parochial Charity Endowments of about £85,000 per annum, Sir Owen Roberts was appointed Vice- Chairman of the Board, and Chairman of its Estate Committee, throwing himself into the work with characteristic energy. He has also been continuously connected with the Society of Arts as Treasurer and Vice-President for nearly twenty years. In 1893 Sir Owen Roberts was invited to become a member of the Technical Education Board of the London County Council. His interest in the Poly technics which are springing up in and near London is shown by the work which he has found time to do in connection with the Governing Bodies of the Regent Street and Northern (Islington) Polytechnic. He is a Governor and Chairman of the Execu tive Committee of the Central Foundation Schools of London, and is the moving spirit of the Governing Body of St. Dunstan's College, Catford, and of the well-known and valuable University Exhibitions of £100 tenable for three years, annually offered for competition for girls whose parents are resident in the City and County of London. Sir Owen Roberts is likewise a Governor of the Yorkshire CoUege ; a member of the Council of King's CoUege, London ; of SomerviUe Hall, Oxford, and of the Society of Antiquaries. He is also a member of the Distribution Committee of the Hos- LEADING MEN OF LONDON 149 pital Sunday Fund, and Treasurer of the National Home Reading Union. He is a man of great capacity for work, and of undoubted zeal and enthusiasm in everything which he takes in hand, and is fortunate in having excep tional opportunities for promoting objects of public utiUty. He has admirable tact and conciUatory power, and a sympathetic, genial and cheery manner withal, which make him an acceptable coUeague in aU his numerous associations. Sir Owen Roberts has been married three times : (1) 1867, to Jane Margaret, daughter of the late Rowland Stagg, Esq., of Stoke Newington, a partner in the house of J. & R. Morley, 18, Wood Street. She died in 1869, leaving one daughter, Margaret Elizabeth, wife of Robert Jones, Esq., M.D., B.Sc. (London), Claybury Asylum, Woodford Bridge, Essex. (2) 1872, Mary Ann, daughter of the late Richard Porter, Esq., of WhitehaU, Highgate (Foster, Porter & Co., 47, Wood Street). She died in 1878, leaving two daughters, Beatrice Mary and Muriel Lucy. (3) 1881, Louisa, daughter of John Chadwick, Esq., J.P., D.L., Woodville, near Stockport, pro prietor of extensive cotton-spinning miUs at Duken- field, near Manchester (J. Chadwick & Sons). Sir Archibald Geikie, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. Although one of the most ancient of the practised crafts, mining was pursued for many centuries under very primitive circumstances, and but for the study and discoveries of geologists it might even now retain something of its early barbarism ; so judged, either as a merely useful institution or as one of academic and scientific value, it becomes difficult to overestimate the importance of geologists and geology. At the head of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom stands Sir Archibald Geikie as Director- General. He was born in Edinburgh in 1835, and was educated at the famous old Eoj'al High School, and afterwards at Edinburgh University. His first appointment was one on the Geological Survey of Scotland ; this was in 1855. In 1867, when the department to which he was attached was created a separate establishment, he was appointed Director. In 1871 he was elected to the Murchison Professor ship of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Edinburgh, which was founded by the Crown and Sir Eoderick Murchison. When, however, he was appointed to succeed Sir Andrew C. Ramsay, as Director- General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, he relinquished these appointments. Nearly from its commencement he had control of the Survey of Scotland, and many of the maps are attributable to his own hand. He has not only edited the numerous Survey memoirs, but is the author of a number of papers in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. Mention of the numerous scientific works that from time to time have come from his pen will also corroborate our statement that every hour of Sir Archibald's life is made good account of ; amongst other works and essays he has written " The Story of a Boulder," in 1858; "The Life of Professor Edward Forbes " (conjointly with the late Dr. George Wilson), in 1861; "The Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland," in 1863; in 1865, "The Scenery of Scotland, viewed in connection with its Physical Geology" ; in 1871 (coUaborating with the late J. B. Jukes), " A Student's Manual of Geology " ; in 1875, a " Memoir of Sir Roderick Murchison," in two volumes, together with some educational works on " Physical Geography" and "Geology," and a long Ust of others which the space at our dis posal does not permit us to enumerate. His "Text book of Geology " has gone through three editions, and his smaller educational works have been trans lated into many foreign languages. St. Andrew's University conferred upon him the degree of LL.D., February, 1872; a like honour was bestowed by the Edinburgh University at its tercen tenary celebration in April, 1885. He is a D.Sc. of Cambridge and of Dublin. He was Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society from 1889 to 1893, President of the Geological Society in 1891 and 1892, and Presi dent of the British Association in 1892. He has been elected a correspondent of the Institute of France, of the Academy of Science of Berlin, and of many other learned societies at home and abroad. He is a recipient of the Murchison medal of the Geological Society, and twice he has received the McDougal Brisbane medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He is Director of the Museum of Practical Geology, London. In 1871 he married Alice GabrieUe, a daughter of Monsieur Eugene Pignatel, of Lyons. Sir Archibald and Lady Geikie have but one son, who was during his term head of Harrow, and is now at King's College. Sir Archibald Geikie had the honour of knighthood conferred on him by Her Majesty in 1891. His town residence is 10, Chester Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W., and the offices of the Geological Survey at 28, Jermyn Street, S.W. He is a member of the Athenseum Club. 150 LEADING MEN OF LONDON, Sir Philip Magnus. Sie Philip Magnus was born in London, October 7th, 1842, and is the son of Jacob Magnus and Caroline, daughter of Joel Barnett. He was educated from 1848 to 1854 at a pre paratory school in Poland Street, Oxford Street, from 1854 tUl 1858 at University CoUege School, London, on the modern side. In 1858, before he was sixteen years old, he entered the College. At the end of his first session he determined to proceed to a degree at the University of London, for which purpose it was then necessary to pass in Greek, which he had not previously learnt. In September, 1859, he com menced the study of the Greek language, and suc ceeded in a month in learning so much of the Greek grammar as enabled him to enter in October of the same year Professor Maiden's Greek class, where he took part in the translation of the Greek authors with pupUs who had been studying Greek at school for two or three years. He matriculated in the flrst division, corresponding to what is now the Honours division, in January, 1861, taking separate Honours in mathematics. In Jidy of the same year he passed the Intermediate Arts Examination, with Honours in mathematics and English. In June, 1862, he took Professor De Morgan's highest prize in mathe matics, and was elected to a second HolUer Scholar-- ship at University CoUege, but was prevented taking his degree through the serious illness of his elder brother, Laurie Magnus, which ended fatally about the time of the examination. In the following year he graduated B.A. first class, with Honours in phUo- sophy and physiology, and entered upon the course of study for the degree in science. About this time he determined to study for the Jewish ministry. His teachers were the Rev. Professor Marks and the Rev. Dr. Lo-wy. He pursued his Hebrew and theological studies simultaneously with his studies in science. In 1864 he passed both examinations and graduated B.Sc, with first class Honours in philosophy. Among those now living who were contemporaries with Sir PhUip Magnus at University CoUege are Lord Herschell, then secretary of the debating society, Mr. Philbrick, Q.C, Mr. Littler, Q.C, Mr. Bompas, Q.C, Mr. Cozens-Hardy, M.P., who were successive presidents. Sir Albert RoUit, M.P., Mr Edwin Water- house, Mr. Justice Charles, Sir Julian Goldsmid, Bart., M.P., Mr. Busk, Rev. Joseph Estlin Carpenter, Pro fessor Wilkins. In 1865, after the death of Mr. Cook, the head mathematical master of University CoUege School, he took charge of one of the mathematical classes, and was asked to accept the post of mathematical master in that school. At this time his profes sional studies took him to the University of Berlin, where he continued his studies in mathematics, science, and Hebrew. Whilst in Germany he took much interest in the German school system, and was struck with the excellence of the teaching and the completeness of the gradation of schools from the Kin- tergarten to the University. During his residence abroad he spent many hours in different grades of schools in studying their systems, &c. Some of the results of his inquiries he communicated to a society at University College, which he and the late Pro fessor Jevons had formed, and which had a short existence under the name of the Literary and PhUo sophical Society. His paper in his absence was read by Sir Robert Hunter, the present solicitor to the Post Office. On his return from Berlin he took up educational work very energetically, and at the same time lectured occasionally at the West London Synagogue, where he held an appointment, which he resigned in 1880. He lectured on Physics to a class of evening students at University College, at the Westminster Hospital, and temporarUy held the Professorship of Applied Mathematics at the Catholic University CoUege. During this time he read privately -with a large number of students for their degrees. Between 1870 and 1880 he was occupied with many educatioaal schemes. As a member of the annual committee of the University of London he made various proposals for the improvement of the Matriculation Examination, for the examination and inspection of schools, and for the training and registration of teachers, and later on he took an active part in preparing a scheme for the reorganiza tion of the University as a teaching institution. During these years he was frequently employed on behalf of the University in inspecting schools, and the experience he thus acquired proved of great use to him in his subsequent work. His first literary composition was a pamphlet, published in 1873, on "Labourers and Capitalists," in which he advocated the adoption of the principle of co-operation as Ukely gradually to end labour disputes. In 1875 he pub Ushed his "Lessons in Elementary Mechanics," which after having gone through twenty editions, is still a popular school book. Soon after he became, with Professor Foster, F.R.S., joint editor of the London Science Series, published by Longmans, to which series he contributed his book on "Hydrostatics and Pneumatics." In 1879 he undertook the editorship of the Education Library, a series of books devoted to the History and Theory of Education, and later on he LEADING MEN OF LONDON 151 contributed to this series a book under the title of "Industrial Education." Early in 1880 he delivered a short course of lectures at the StockweU Training CoUege on the Educational Systems of Herbert Spencer and Alexander Bain; and during the next few years he contributed a large number of articles and reviews on educational sub jects to different periodicals. In 1877 he joined Dr. WormeU and the late Pro fessor Barff, and Mr. EUis A. Davidson, in the en deavour to bring science teaching -within reach of artisans, and gave some lectures to a class of artisans in the Cowper Street Schools. This attempt was encouraged by some of the City Companies, and in 1879 received a great impulse by the co-operation of Professor Ayrton and Professor Armstrong. To this early effort, however, of Dr. WormeU and his coadjutors may be traced the origin of the now flourishing Finsbury Technical College. In 1880 Sir PhiUp Magnus was elected from among fifty- seven candidates to the post of Organizing Director and Secretary of the City and GuUds of London Institute, which had been established in the previous year by the joint action of several of the livery companies. Into the movement for advancing tech nical education Sir PhiUp now turned all his energies. In furthering these projects, he saw there was a great work to be done. During the year 1880 he attended the International Conference on Education held at Brussels, and in the early autumn he visited some of the chief schools in France. On his return he pubUshed a paper on the Eeole Modile of Brussels, an institution which had been estabUshed to prac ticaUy Ulustrate model methods of primary instruc tion. The subject of Technical Education now began to attract considerable attention. In 1881 he was nominated a member of the Royal Commission appointed to investigate the subject, and during that year and the three subsequent years in intervals gained from his official duties in connection with the City Guilds Institute, he visited, in company with his colleagues, the other members of the Commission, aU the principal schools of every grade, and many of the largest manufacturing con cerns in France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzer land, Belgium, HoUand, and England, and took evidence, which was subsequently pubUshed in the Reports in many of these countries. In 1881 were laid the foundation stones of the Finsbury Tech nical College and the Central Institution, South Kensington, the former by the late Duke of Albany and the latter by the Prince of Wales. In 1882 and 1883, with the valuable help of Professors Armstrong, Ayrton, and Perry, he framed a scheme of instruc tion for the Finsbury College, which has since been adhered to, and on February 19, 1883, he gave the Inaugural Lecture at the opening of the College, of which he had previously been appointed Principal. In 1884 the Report of the Royal Commissioners on Technical Instruction was published, much of the actual writing of which was done during the summer vacations of 1882 and 1883 at the country house of Sir Henry Roscoe, where members of the Commission from time to time met. In the same year the Central Institution, not yet quite complete, was formaUy opened by the Prince of Wales, and in the autumn of that year an International Conference on Education was held under the presidency of the late Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, at which Sir PhUip contributed the opening address to the section on Technical Education. From this time the work of the City Guilds Insti tute continued to increase, and lectures and addresses had to be given in explanation of its objects, and of the Commissioners' Report in different parts of Great Britain and Ireland. In aU this work Su- PhiUp took a large share. We much regret that the space at our disposal is too brief to aUow a more detailed account of Sir Philip's work and career. It has been one of the highest utiUty, and has been marked throughout by motives of the highest character and honesty of pur pose. To aU the tasks he has taken in hand he ha,s given his undivided attention, he has probed deeply the theories of educational training from the simple preparatory school to the university and technical coUege, and as an authority on such matters he is amongst the first. The foregoing and foUowing is merely an outline sketch, and can pretend to no greater qualification, but it may serve to show in what direction and how thoroughly Sir PhUip Magnus has applied his abilities. Sir PhiUp gave evidence before the Select Com mittee on Elementary Education, presided over by Sir Lyon (now Lord) Playfair, and also before the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the working of the Education Acts. He read an able paper before the British Association at Birmingham in 1886 advocating the introduction of manual train ing in elementary schools, and gave the result of experiments he had caused to be tried in different schools. In the foUowing year he again visited the Continent, and embodied in a paper read before the British Association in Manchester the results of his inquiries into the working of foreign schools of commerce. It is gratifying to know that his work and efforts 152 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. to develop and widen the educational training of the youth (which, as Lord Beaconsfield truly said, is the strength and hope of the empire) of England, met reward at the hands of his Sovereign, who knighted him in the summer of 1886 for his educational ser vices. In 1888 the work of the City Guilds Institute had so far developed that it was thought advisable to place each department under a responsible head, and Sir PhUip took charge of the organization of technical classes throughout the country and of the examinations in different branches of Technology. This work soon assumed national importance, and wdth the passing of the Technical Instruction Acts of 1887 to 1890, by which funds for educational pur poses were placed at the disposal of local authorities, it developed very considerably. In 1890 Sir Philip was co-optated a member of the London School Board for the Tower Hamlets division. At this time there were very many reforms in elementary education which Sir Philip was desirous of seeing introduced. In an article he contributed to a new magazine, entitled, "Subjects of the Day," he strongly recom mended Free Education, Practical Teaching, and the Abolition of Payment on Results, as the three changes urgently needed to place elementary education on a satisfactory footing. During his membership of the London School Board these three reforms were effected. The work of the School Board was too arduous to be properly carried on together with his ordinary official duties, and at the election in 1891 he declined to become a candidate. He was desirous, moreover, of devoting his attention to the new Poly technic Institutions, which were being estabUshed under schemes of the Charity Commissioners, the object and purpose of which he described in an article contributed to Good Words in 1888. Sub sequently, on the appointment of the Central Govern ing Body of the City Parochial Foundation, Sir Philip was nominated by the University of London as its representative, and later on this body elected him to represent them on the Technical Education Board of the London County Council appointed to minister the funds placed at its disposal under the Local Taxation Act. As a member of these two bodies he has been - enabled to take a very active part in the direction of the educational work of some of the Polytechnic Institutions. In 1891 he became a Governor of the Borough Road Polytechnic, and he has subsequently been appointed Governor of the Regent Street, Batter- sea, City, and North-West London Institutions. In 1890 he was elected by Convocation to a seat on the Senate of the University of London, and received on that occasion the largest number of votes ever given to any candidate. In the progress of the schemes for' converting the University into a teaching University he had taken a deep interest, acting for several years as chairman of a committee of Convocation, and giving evidence on behalf of Convocation before the Eoyal Commission first appointed, and subsequently on the question of the relation between technical and univer sity teaching before the Gresham Commission. On the question of university extension he had also in terested himself as one of the London representatives of the Joint University Board. During the last few years Sir PhUip has been caUed upon to preside at distributions of prizes in many of the chief centres of industry, and has contributed largely to the current educational Uterature. Although officially connected with the promotion of technical education, he has taken an active part in the solution of some of the chief problems in elementary, secondary, and univer sity education, and has always strongly advocated the importance of general education, including-in- struction in language and literature, mathematics and science, as preUminary to any kind of professional training. In 1893, owing to pressure of work, Sir Philip resigned his membership of the governing body of the Bedford Schools, with which he had been con nected, first as examiner and afterwards as governor since 1878, but he remained an examiner and member of the council of the College of Preceptors, in the work of which institution he has taken an active part for twenty years. As president of the Jews' Deaf and Dumb Home he has constantly urged the adoption of the oral system of teaching deaf mutes, and as member of the council of other institutions he has taken a prominent part in the educational work of his own community. In the year 1870 he married Katie, the only daughter of Mr. E. Emanuel, J.P., of Southsea. She was gifted with high Uterary tastes, and endowed with sound judgment and intelligent sympathy, which proved a considerable help to him in the discharge of his varied duties. Sh PhiUp Magnus has two sons, Laurie, a demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, and Leonard Arthur, a scholar at St. Paul's School; and one daughter, Lucy Amy, married to Mr. F. S. FrankUn, who have two children. Sir PhUip Magnus resides in London at 48, Gloucester Place, W., and in the country at Chil- worth, Surrey. He is a member of the Athenajum and Savage Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 153 Sir Myles Fenton. Sie Myles Fenton, the widely-esteemed General Manager of the South-Eastern Eailway, is a native of Westmoreland, and was born in the historic town of Kendal, in 1830. He is a son of the late Myles Fenton, Esq., of Kendal. Early in life Sir Myles displayed a ^«McAa»< for railway affairs, and, at the age of fifteen, he commenced his career upon the Kendal and Windermere Railway, subsequently entering the office of the Secretary of the East Lancashire RaUway. How rapidly he acquired a grasp of rail way technique, may be understood when we say that, in 1849, at nineteen, he was found assisting in the working of the Great Eastern (then called the "Eastern Counties ") Railway. Soon after this he joined the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire RaUway, and, later on, the London and South western RaUway, and the Rochdale Canal Com pany. In 1855 he returned to the East Lancashire RaUway, taking the post of Secretary, and in that position he helped to bring about the amalgamation of that Une with the Lancashire and Yorkshire Une. This being accomplished, he was appointed Assistant Manager of the combined systems, a post which he occupied until 1862. At that period the Metropolitan Railway had been in course of construction for some time, and a por tion was approaching completion. To initiate the routine work of such a system as this, called for abiUties of a special order, and Sir Myles Fenton was chosen to organise the working of what was, in that day, a peculiarly novel undertaking. No better man could have been selected for this difficult and responsible task, as the rapidity with which the Metropolitan Railway was brought to a state of efficiency amply testifies. Sir Myles continued in the management of this line with credit to himself, and to the complete satisfaction of the shareholders, for a period of seventeen years. EventuaUy, in 1880, he transferred himself to the General Managership of what may be termed the " Royal Route " to and from the Continent. We refer, of course, to the South-Eastern Railway. It would be no easy task to determine what proportion of the success of this splendid system is due to Sir Myles Fenton's efforts ; but, had we the space at our disposal, we could enumerate many features of improvement which have originated in his progressive spirit, and which have been carried out at his suggestion, to the manifest advantage of the line and the satisfaction of those who travel over it. The luxury with which the journey may now be made from London to Paris, for example, has reached its highest development during Sir Myles Fenton's tenure of the office of General Manager. His brilliant qualities as an organiser and admini strator command admiration, while his exceptionally comprehensive experience entitles his opinions to respect. His geniality has won the regard of a wide circle of friends, and he is loyally supported by his staff. Sir Myles holds a commission as Lieutenant- Colonel of the Engineer and Railway Volunteer Staff Corps, and it is noteworthy that nearly two thousand members of his staff have expressed themselves as willing to be enrolled for service when caUed upon. The men engaged upon the Company's fine fleet of Channel steamers have also evinced their readiness and desire to assist in the national defence when required to do so. Within the scope of the profes sion he has followed with such distinction. Sir Myles Fenton's versatility is remarkable, and he has mastered every detail not onlj' of the working and management of railways, but also of their applica tion to purposes of transport in time of national danger. At the close of the year 1888 he gave an able and exhaustive lecture before the Aldershot Military Society on "British Railways and their Capabilities for Home Defence," for which he was highly com plimented by General Sir Archibald Alison. Her Majesty the Queen, ready at aU times to recognise and reward important public services, bestowed upon him a knighthood, the first accorded to a General Manager of a railway. Sir Myles Fenton is a staunch supporter of the St. John's Ambulance Association, and classes of his staff are periodically held to initiate them in the work. In his private life Sir Myles Fenton is fond of the retirement which affords such a grateful relief to the busy routine of his work-a-day duties. He is a lover of nature in her most primitive and undisturbed aspects, and it is at his quaint and deUghtf ul home at South Nutfield that he enjoys the somewhat slender allowance of mental and physical repose that falls to the lot of a railway Manager. Coming, as he does, of an ancient family whose ancestral home was in the heart of one of the loveliest of English counties, he has a keen appreciation of the restful beauties of Surrey scenery that surround him at Ridge Green, He married, in 1883, Charlotte Jane, daughter of George Oakes, Esq., and widow of J. CoUins, Esq. His stepdaughter. Lady Corry, is the wife of Sir WUUam Corry, Bart. Sir Myles is J.P. for the county in which he resides, and is a ChevaUer of the Order of Leopold of Belgium, and of the Legion d'Honneur of Franco. 154 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Henry Oakley. Sir Heney Oakley is the much-esteemed Manager of the Great Northern Railway Company, and has been connected with this first-class railway for the period of forty -foirr years. He was bom on the 12th November, 1823, in the parish of Marylebone, London, and was educated at Dr. Vales' private school, and at HoUand House Grammar School, Ken sington. He was intended lor the profession of an architect, and followed it for two years, but eventu ally joined the CivU Service in 1842, with very promising chances ; but being enthusiastic on rail way affairs in general, which were then rising in importance, he resigned his position in the Civil Service in 1850, and accepted a subordinate post on the Great Northern RaUway. Sh Henry, possessing a very energetic temperament, did not long remain in this minor position, for, within one year of his appointment, he was made Chief Clerk to the Secretary, who was at that time Mr. J. E. Mowatt. In 1854 he was made Assistant Secretary of the Company. In this capacity his natural gifts asserted themselves. Having a good head for figures, he was appointed Accountant to the Company in 1859, which is undoubtedly one of the most difficult posts connected with railway management. At thirty- seven years of age he was unanimously elected Secretary. During his secretariat he had many difficult matters to contend with. The rivalry that existed between the North-Western and Great Northern Eailways, and the great exhibition of 1862, caUed forth his natural abiUties to the utmost. In 1870 Sir Henry succeeded Mr. Seymour Clarke as Manager of the Great Northern Company. He was the only choice of the Directors and Shareholders, and when the election was published aU united in attesting to the wisdom of the selection. The first item of any importance that occurred during Sir Henry's management, was a dispute -with the Mid land RaUway Company, over the coal traffic from Yorkshire and the adjacent counties ; in fact, such bitter rivalry existed between the respective com panies that coal was carried by them at one quarter the ordinary rate. On one point he was very deter mined, this was to increase the speed of the pas senger traffic. To accomplish this object, his efforts, and those of his Locomotive Engineer, Mr. Patrick Stirling, were earnest and continuous, and were eventually crowned with success — the Great Northern Company becoming unrivaUed for speed and punc tuality. It can safely be said that the trip from London to Grantham in 2J hours is the fastest in the world. Sir Henry Oakley's abilities are not entirely absorbed by the Great Northern Company. In ad dition to his appointments in this Company, he is Chairman of the Railway Benevolent Institution, Colonel of the Railway Engineer and Volunteer Staff Corps, and an ardent worker for the St. John's Ambulance Society. Sir Henry's skUl as an arbitrator was evidenced in settUng the dispute between the SOuth-Eastern and Brighton Railways over the Croydon traffic, and the careful judgment he displayed in this matter was gracefuUy acknowledged by the parties to the dis pute. He has been Honorary Secretary of the Eailway Association for many years; in fact, it may be said that for a considerable time he was the moving spirit of this very necessary society, and during the negotia tions between the railway companies and the Board of Trade, he was the chief mediator. In 1891 Her Majesty conferred on him the honour of knighthood. Sir Henry is greatly esteemed by aU classes, and, although at the present time he is seventy years of age, his activity has not, in the slightest degree, abated. Of this his resolute and confident manner, and the record of his work, furnish abundant proof. Sir Henry Oakley married Caroline, daughter of H. P. Thompson, H,E,I.CS., in the year 1851, by whom he had five chUdren, four of whom survive. His private residence is situate at Chester Terrace, Eegent's Park, and he is a member of the Union and WhitehaU Clubs. Henry Lambert. The Ufe of Mr. Lambert — the General Manager of the Grreat Western Eailway — furnishes a practical iUustration of what a man, unaided by any extraneous circumstances, may accomplish by the mere force of his own abilities and application. It should be a lesson fuU of encouragement to our rising genera tion. Mr. H. Lambert was born, in the year 1833, within the sound of Bow BeUs, his parents being greatly respected by aU who knew them. To their excellent training, during his boyhood, there can be no doubt that the high standard of principle which distinguishes his relations with those who are brought in contact with him, is largely due. Mr. Lambert commenced the active business of life in 1846, entering, at that time, the well-known firm of Pickford & Co., Carriers and Eailway Agents, as a junior clerk, in his fourteenth year. Mr. Lambert severed his connection with Messrs. Pickford & Co. in 1850, and entered the ser-vice of the Great Eastern EaUway Company, then under the management of LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 155 Mr. Moseley. After an uneventful period of hard work with the Great Eastern Company, he was offered the position of Goods Manager of the Northampton district of the London and North- Western Eailway, which he accepted. After residing at Northampton for seven months, he was removed to the large London goods station at Camden Town, where for twelve months he had control of the various London and North-Western Company's stations in the London district. He then became a candidate for the position of Goods Superintendent at Padding ton, it having been his wish to enter the service of the Great Western Railway Company. Looked at in the light of subsequent events it may well give one some faith in presentiments. It must, however, be said that, with the qualities possessed by Mr. Lambert, and which he has always brought to bear upon his work, success in any undertaking could only have been a matter of time. In 1865 Mr. Lambertwas appointed Superintendent of the London Goods Depot of the Great Western Railway. On leaving the North-Western Company to take up the duties of his newly-acquired position, he was presented with an Uluminated address and souvenir by those who had been associated with him. During his management of the London Goods Depot of the Great Western Railway, Mr. Lambert was constantly brought under the notice of the late Mr. Grant, and was fortunate in winning the respect and esteem of that gentleman. In 1872, on the death of Mr. Joshua WiUiams, Mr. Lambert was sent to Swansea, where, for nearly four years, he filled the post of Manager for that dis trict. In this capacity he thoroughly earned the esteem of those -with whom he was brought in contact, and, when leaving Swansea, in 1876, was invited to a compUmentary banquet. Returning to London in 1 876, the important London Goods District, previously managed by Mr. Edwards, was given into his charge ; and, on the death of Mr. Grant, in 1879, Mr. Lambert succeeded him as Chief Goods Manager over the whole of the Great Western Company's system. He might now be said to be at the zenith of his ambition ; but, on the death of Mr. Grierson, the General Manager of the Company, in 1887, the Directors unanimously appointed him to the important position which he now fills. Mr. Lam bert's energy, patience, kindness, liberality, and upright conduct have achieved for him a position in the railway world second to none. He takes an active interest in aU charitable associations and societies connected with the service, and in the district where he resides he is a weU-known sup porter of aU good works. During the period of Mr. Lambert's administra tion as General Manager, various important works affecting the interest of the Great, Western Railway have been carried out. Foremost amongst these was the conversion of the broad to narrow gauge in the month of May, 1892. This extensive and far-reaching work was executed in the interval between a Friday night (May 20th) and Sunday night (May 22nd), the ordinary train service west of Exeter having only been disturbed during the Saturday and Sunday. Passenger car riages and merchandise trucks now travel throughout between Penzance in the west and Inverness in the north without interruption of any kind, and the delay and inconvenience of transhipment, involving, in the case of merchandise, damage also, are things of the past. The South Devon section has been doubled throughout, with the exception of a smaU length of tunnel between Dawlish and Teignmouth. The main line between Taplow and Didcot has been quad rupled, and the stations re-erected with all modern improvements, whUe, in addition to various smaU sections, a continuous length of over twenty miles in Cornwall, between Liskeard and St. Austell, has also been doubled. A double loop-Une, suitable for passenger trains, has been constructed and opened in the vicinity of Bristol, enabling trains from the direction of London and also of South Wales, vid the Severn Tunnel, to pass on their way to and from the West of England without interfering with the busy Temple Meads station at Bristol. A service of first- class steamers, with aU modern improvements, has been estabUshed between Weymouth and the Channel Islands, passengers passing direct between train and steamer at Weymouth. The train service on aU the main line routes has been materially improved, while the third-class fares have been abolished, and the highest fare which a third-class passenger now pays, whether by slow or express train — and all trains carrj' first, second, and third-class passengers — does not exceed ono penny per mile. Mr. Lambert was largely concerned in the inquiry into Railway Rates and Charges, and in the legis lation which subsequently resulted from it in the years 1890-1. He gave evidence before Lord Balfour of Burleigh and Sir Courtenay Boyle, extending over six days, and subsequently before the Joint Com mittee of Lords and Commons presided over by His Grace the Duke of Richmond. He was married in the year 1855 to Miss CUfton, of Peckham, by whom he has had a numerous famUy. His private residence is at South Hamp stead, and he is a member of the National Liberal Club. 156 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Abel Penfold. To describe Mr. Penfold as the father of Clacton- on-Sea may appear extravagant to the rising genera tion, but to his keen perception, to his admirable judgment, to his capable management and tireless energy in aU matters relating to its welfare, it is mainly due that Clacton is the place we all know to-day, and not such as it was a quarter of a century ago. He was the pioneer of fortune to the Uttle viUage, and having become acquainted with its charming surroundings, he determined that so far as lay in his power he would bring it within reach of London, and open up the beauties of the sea and country, which, until then, were almost entirely unknown, How he succeeded, after a considerable period of doubt and hard work, Clacton of to-day is the best answer; with its splendid service of steamers, its hotels, its pier, its gas and water compames, &c., in aU of which Mr. Penfold is the guiding hand, and the mainspring of action. Mr. Penfold was born at Oamberwell in the year 1833, his father beluga Kentishman, and his mother of Welsh descent, claiming connection with Morgan, the friend of John Wesley. Their son, Abel, the subject of this sketch, was carefully trained by his mother, who was a Wesleyan, in the highest reli gious principles, and was- also early taught, under her direct supervision, the importance of early attention to habits of industry and careful study. His subsequent education he gained at a private school, where he showed the care with which his home training had been carried out. Leaving school, he was for a few years connected with the upholstery business, but later succeeded to an old- established concern at Woolwich, which he was connected with, and worked diligently at, until 1887, when he retired. Mr. Penfold's connection with Clacton arose in a curious way. About the year 1870, he, among a party of gentlemen, -visited the Uttle viUage, journey ing by one of the Woolwich Steam Packet Company's boats. In those days there was only a short pier, which was quite useless at low water, the steamers being unable to come alongside, and consequently the passengers were compeUed to land by means of smaU row-boats. At low water the pier-head was practically left high and dry. On the particular day in question such was the case, and to effect a land ing the row-boats were eaUed into requisition. The difficulties of getting on terra firma having been satisfaetorUy surmounted, the party found them selves in the centre of a bean-field, while the only human habitations in sight were the residence of the owner of the soil, in the shape of a farmhouse, and the even more humble -^ooden cottages of the labourers. Mr. Penfold's keen eye took in, how ever, that there was a splendid beach, the tide which washed it rising and falUng so little as to be almost imperceptible ; he felt the pure air of sea and country, and it struck him that this was just the site upon which to establish a watering place. He saw that here was virgin soil, with none of the remains of old habitations, with no existing or disused cess pools, or other faulty sanitary arrangements, but with every natural advantage for the foundation of a prosperous community. Perceiving that accommodation for visitors was the first desideratum, where refreshments could be pro cured, he, with others, formed the Clacton Hotel Company, and the Royal Hotel was completed and opened two years later, in 1872. Since that date what changes have taken place in the little old world place. The pier, then about twelve feet in width, has been widened by eighteen feet ; its length in 1870, was only about four hundred feet, at the present time it reaches to one thousand two hundred feet, with a handsome pier-head, whUe passengers from the steamboats are able to land at all seasons, and in all conditions of the tide, while a pavUion has been constructed at a cost of about £10,000. It is hardly to be wondered at that when the public saw, and estimated the tremendous change that had been accomplished, almost by a magic wand, they appreciated the improvements effected, and houses sprang up in aU directions, so that now there are hundreds of beautiful viUas and residences where, in 1870, the bean-field and the wooden huts of the labourers stood. To construct these houses a Land Company was formed, having Mr. Penfold for its present Chairman. This Company, in the first instance, purchased about one hundred and fifty acres of land, and planned and erected the town, and was mainly instrumental in developing its resources. But for this Company, it may safely be said Clacton vould not now be half the size it can boast. The Gas and Water Company, and the HaU Company were also formed, and of each Mr. Penfold was the moving spirit from its inception. Not content to rest, however, until he had com pleted his work, it forced itself upon his mind that London, in comparison with Scotland, was poorly served with steamboats ; and some eight years ago, Clacton being at the time without a steamboat service, he inaugurated the London and Clacton Steamboat Company, so weU known now as the owners of the beautiful " BeUe" steamers, and can LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 157 justly lay claim to having been the first to introduce a faster and better class of saloon steamer on the Thames. Of this Company of splendid boats Mr. Penfold is Chairman, About two years ago the Clacton Local Board came into existence, previous to which the various companies before mentioned were practicaUy re sponsible for the government of the town. Mr. Penfold was a member of the Clacton Sea Defence Commission untU the completion of the sea-wall, when he resigned. He has always taken an active and deep interest in the welfare of the town of his creation, furthering by all the means in his power every step tending to its material and social advancement and weMare. In all matters relatiu"- o to the comfort and happiness of the people he is ever ready to devote his time, his energy, and his purse, advocating the establishment both in Wool wich, where he resides, and in Clacton, of pubUc baths, Ubraries, and other institutions tending to lift the people to a higher level. Mr. Penfold has an inherent aptitude for municipal work ; he is a member of the Woolwich Local Board of Health, Chairman of the Finance and Highway Committee, and a member of the Woolwich Board of Guardians. He was a Director of the Woolwich Equitable Gas Company until the amalgamation with the South Metropolitan Gas Company, Chairman of the " BeUe " Steamers Company, Clacton Land Company, Clacton Gas and Water Company, Clacton Hotel Company, and a Director of the Pier and Hall Companies. In politics, Mr. Penfold is a Liberal Unionist. Although he finds his hands so f uU of social matters, that he has not taken an active part in the political arena of late years, in his younger days he was a keen and active politician. In 1864 he married the only daughter of his father's sister, and had four children, two of whom, daughters, are living. Mr. Penfold resides at 43, The Common, Woolwich, and sometimes at Clacton, where he owns houses and land. Captain Francis Pavy. Englishmen habituaUy lead active lives, and it is now unusual to meet any man of a certain class who has not by personal observation gained experience, not only of his own country, but of other parts of the world. Captain Francis Pavy has done more than the usual amount of travelling, and, possessing a good faculty of observation, has thereby gained a kind of knowledge invaluable to one occupying the position he now fiUs. Captain Pavy was the youngest of a large family, he was born in Wroughton in WUtshire, and, as his father died when he was some six months old, he had none of the advantages that follow from a father's help. When quite a lad he went with hia family to Brussels, and was placed with the English clergyman at Malins, with whom he remained some time, working steadily with the object of entering the army. To this career, however, his mother objected; so on leaving his tutor he began the study of surgery in Bath, which he continued later at the University of Brussels, remaining a student there for nearly two years. It was at this time that the Crimean War began, and, on the Medical Department seeking as sistants, Captain Pavy volunteered, and was at once started off to Scutari, which he reached just after the battle of Inkerman. It would take too long to relate the experiences of the ten months then passed in the neighbourhood of Constantinople and Smyrna. Captain Pavy, even now, cannot without a feeUng of sorrow refer to the sufferings of our soldiers, especially before the advent of Miss Nightingale, to whose thoughtful care Cap tain Pavy owes his own life. On one occasion, sent on board a steamer fUled with wounded from the Crimea, he had to report to the senior medical officer that unless some of the wounded were moved at once they must die, only to receive the reply that nothing could be done for them. On this steamer Captain Pavy was attacked with fever, which com pelled him to return home; and, after travelling in Holland and Germany to regain strength, he once more endeavoured to join the army, and this time with success, being in 1856 gazetted to the 74th Highlanders, then in India. Joining his regiment soon after the Indian Mutiny broke out. Captain Pavy was with Spottiswood's column in Hyderabad, and with Hughes's force at the capture of Kopul, where as ensign he led the storming party which took the citadel and a large number of prisoners. Tried by court-martial, some of these were hung, the chief was blown from a gun, and ninety were shot, ten at a time, a couple of days after the engagement. The punishment was severe, but the rising in the south of India was undoubtedly stopped by the decision with which it was met. The force were thanked in general orders, and Captain Pavy, with others, received the Indian Mutiny medal, which was weU-deserved. The mutiny over. Captain Pavy passed in the Hindostani language, and was immediately offered and accepted an appointment in the Civil Service in the Revenue Survey Department. It may be said that this was the beginning of Captain Pavy's bu.siness career. He rose rapidly in his department, and was moved from 158 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. the Salem district to Guntoor in the Madras Presi dency, and from thence, after a year's service, he went to Kurnool to take charge, having a large staff, both in the field and in the offlce, under his orders. The work was severe, and in 1862 Captain Pavy was compelled, in consequence of Ul-heath, to return to Europe. In 1863 he again returned to India, and found him self gazetted to the Indian Staff Corps, but pref ering, to remain with his regiment, he relinquished his staff appointment and returned to join his regiment at Edinburgh, they having meantime completed their period of foreign service. It would serve no good purpose to foUo-w Captain Pavy in his home service ; it was of the usual kind at that period, and it is not, perhaps, surprising that the work did not satisfy a man of his energjf. At any rate, as soon as he obtained his company. Captain Pavy went on half-pay, and almost immediately took a seat in the office of Messrs. Price, Holyland & Waterhouse, the accountants, which was offered him by his old friend the late Mr. S. Lowell Price, the head of that firm. This was the period of liquidations, and Captain Pavy's time was almost entirely occupied with the legal work pertaining to the winding-up proceed ings of several large companies then in his office. He was also engaged in the investigation of the Brighton Railway Company's affairs, which brought Mr. Samuel Laing back to the chair of that Company. At the end of two years Messrs. Price & Co. offered him a partnership, which was accepted. About this time Captain Pa-vy saw some of the effects of the Franco-German war, as he undertook several im portant business missions to France, which his know ledge of French peculiarly fitted him for. He left Paris by the last train but one before the city was shut off from the rest of the world. He was there again almost at the time of the Prussian entry, and again at the time of the Commune, when the Vendome Column was destroyed and the Hotel de ViUe was burnt — in the interval he paid two visits to Tours — and this is, perhaps, one of the most interesting periods of the Captain's eventful Ufe to talk to him about. In the meantime he had been appointed to the Royal Body Guard (the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms), and sold his cbmmission in the army, thus severing his connection with it once and for aU. The failure of the Albert Life Assurance Company, and the European Life Company, created an amount of interest in the public mind which is stiU not for gotten. Mr. S. L. Price was appointed joint Uqui- dator of both, and Captain Pavy had much to do with the affairs of both these companies. He again pro ceeded to India, and closed the affairs of the Albert Company in the East, collecting and remitting home large sums of money belonging to the society there. On his return his services were again required, and he journeyed to the West Indies, to take over the Island of Sounbero on behalf of the Company, about which there was such long and bitter Utiga- tion. This work done, he started in mid-winter to Canada, to report on the affairs of the Canadian Oil WeUs Corporation. The year in which he took this step was intensely cold, and the mission was very trying, but the work was weU and satisfaetorUy per formed. What has been said wiU show the varied experi ence that Captain Pavy has had ; and it is no wonder that on the formation of the Railway Debenture and Railway Share Trust Companies the Directors were glad to secure his services as Manager. Many changes have occurred in the direction of these com panies, but Captain Pavy has remained, rising from Manager to Managing Director ; then Vice-Chairman and Managing Director ; and, finally, on the retire ment of Mr. S. Laing, taking his place as Chairman. During the twenty-two years of his connection with the Trusts, his name may be said to have become a household word in the City ; his dealings have been largely with the United States, and- he has taken a prominent part in very many of the reorganisations of American raUroads, about whose affairs he pro bably knows as much as any Englishman. He is, besides, connected with several important under takings either as Chairman or Director. He is Chair man of the Alabama, New Orleans, and Texas Pacific RaUway Company, whose affairs he successfully reorganised a few years ago. He is Vice-President of the Westinghouse Electric Company, a Director of the Westinghouse Brake Company from the com mencement of its career, and he is Director also of the Blaenavon Iron and Steel Company, and of the Metropolitan RaUway Company. We think, from the foregoing account of Captain Pa-vy's life, it wiU be allowed that we were justified in stating that his career has been one of diverse experience and constant work. In the City he is well known as a hard worker, a clever and extremely active man. He has had much to do with the con struction of the gigantic tower at Wembly Park, in ad dition to numberless other important undertakings. Captain Pavy is a Justice of the Peace for the County of WUts, and he unsuccessfuUy contested the Tonbridge Division of Kent at the last Election in the Gladstonian interest. He resides at Foley House, Portland Place, and is a member of the Junior, United Service, and other Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 159 Ernest Holmwood. Mb. Eenest Holmwood, partner in the firm of Mare, Hohnwood & Co., Insurance Brokers and Commission Merchants, of 17, Gracechm-ch Street and Lloyd's, the sixth son of the late Mr, Charles Holmwood, for many years a member of Lloyd's, was born in South Kensington on the 12th October, 1862, Educated in England up to the age of thirteen, he was then sent to study German in Stutgart. On his return home, in 1869, he entered Lloyd's, where he sat with his father until, five years later, he joined the firm -with which he is at present connected. The house at that time was chiefly engaged in the Ne-wfoundland trade, but Mr. Holmwood, whose training at Lloyd's had specially fitted him for in surance work, determined to devote himself solely to that branch of the business. Besides building up a very extensive connection in Marine and Fire Insurance, his name is weU kno-wn as one of the first to introduce insurance against burglary and theft, which has proved so successful that his firm alone now issue many thousands of poUcies during the year. Mr. Holmwood is a member of the London Cham ber of Commerce, and is on the Council of the Ship ping Federation. He is also a Director of the Security Company, Limited, and one has only to caU at 17, Gracechurch Street, on any morning during business hours, to be con-vinced that his life must, of necessity, be a busy one. Mr. Holmwood has always been a lover of outdoor exercise and sport. A straight rider, an energetic golfer, his leisure hours have been spent chiefly in the open air. He married, in 1890, Helen Frances Anne, only daughter of the late Henry Martyn Edwards, Esq. , of Leighton Banastre, Parkgate, Cheshire, and now resides at South Kensington. He is a member of the Junior Carlton and Hur Ungham Clubs. Edmund C P. Hull. Me. Hull, the senior partner in the firm of Hull, Blyth & Co., of Fenchurch Avenue, a firm pre-emi nent in connection with coaling stations on the Ame rican Continent, and at the principal ports of caU in the Mediterranean, via the Suez Canal, in the East Indies, as also at the Canary Islands, &c., was born in Bangor, in the North of Ireland, in 1840. His father was the Rev. John Dawson HuU, formerly Domestic Chaplain to the Duchess of Gordon, at Huntly Lodge, Aberdeenshire, and afterwards Vicar of a Uving in Suffolk for a number of years until his retirement. Mr. HuU, who is a brother of Professor Hull, the well-known geologist and scientific writer — his work on the "Coal Fields of Great Britain" being a standard work — was educated at Cheltenham, ana at the conclusion of his school-life he went to Ceylon, being then at an early age. In that island he engaged in coffee-planting for several years, and subsequently followed the same pursuit in Southern India. Before leaving that country, Mr. Hull was for some years in a large mercantile house in Madras, and only returned to England in 1870, after the absence of fifteen years. Being fond of literature, Mr. HuU devoted a con siderable portion of his spare time in India in writing for the press ; and, in 1868, brought out his first work, entitled, ' ' Coffee : its Physiology, History, and Cultivation," published by Higginbotham & Co., of Madras. On his return to England, he wrote "The European in India," published by Henry S. King & Co., which has gone through several editions; and afterwards a second work bearing upon the pursuit to which ten years of his Ufe had been devoted, entitled, "Coffee-Planting in Southern India and Ceylon." After the opening of the Suez Canal, Mr. Hull, seeing the need which woiUd spring up, joined a London firm in connection with the establishment of coaling stations, which were necessitated by the sub stitution of steamers for saUing vessels in the com merce of the world, to which substitution the opening of the Canal had given the final impetus. In 1875, four years later, the firm of HuU, Blyth & Co., was founded by Mr. HuU, and in a few months he was joined by his present partner, Mr. W. M. Blyth. Since that date the operations of the firm have become so extended, that in almost every quarter of the globe coaling stations in connection with Messrs. HuU, Blyth & Co. are to be found. At first the busi ness was confined to the Mediterranean and Eastern ports, but subsequently this chain was continued to the Western Atlantic route, and afterwards was very largely extended along the American Coast, where their ports are Sydney, HaUfax, Boston, New York, PhUadelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, Savannah, Wilmington, Charleston, Pensacola, MobUe, New Orleans, and Galveston. The enumeration of these places wiU show the completeness of the firm's ramifications, and afford an index of the enormous growth of the world's commerce -within recent years. At the American stations Messrs. HuU, Blyth & Co. supply American coals, but to their Eastern sta- 160 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. tions their supplies are shipped from this country, chiefly South Wales. At the present moment the firm contracts with steamship companies for coals in any quantity as may be required, at a fixed price, at almost every port of importance throughout the world. Mr. HuU is a Conservative, and takes a deep interest in political matters ; he works hard for the Conservative party, and has done so for a number of years. He has been President of various Con servative Clubs, and at the present time acts in that capacity in connection with RedhUl, in the Reigate Division of Surrey, where he resides. In the com mercial world he is also known as the Chairman of the Vincent Coal Company, Limited, which is a flourishing concern. He married the eldest daughter of the Rev. A. F. JuUus, Rector, of Norfolk, and has seven daugh ters. He is a member of the Constitutional and Gres ham Clubs. Captain William Norris. Captain William Noreis, head and only partner of the firm of Norris & Joyner, Ship and Insurance Brokers, whose large and prosperous business is carried on at BiUiter House, Billiter Street, London, E.C, and 27, Brazennose Street, Manchester, was born at Eastham's Farm, near Crewkerne, Somerset, in 1831, and is the fourth son of the late Mr. William Norris of that town. He was educated at Mr. Aldridge's Grammar School, Crewkerne, and in November, 1845, was apprenticed to the London Iron Shipping Company, and made his first voyage in the barque Iron Queen, the third iron ship built ; this ship not only being the first he served on but also the first ship he had ever seen. Whilst engaged on this voyage the London Iron Shipping Company was forced to go into Uquidation, and Captain Norris completed his apprenticeship with Messrs. Somes Brothers, of London, in whose employ he remained till within a few months of his being appointed to his first com mand, which occurred in 1 857. During his engage ment with Messrs, Somes Brothers he was employed in conveying convicts and emigrants to Hobart Town and Australia, and also troops to India, duties which he fulfiUed to the entire satisfaction of the Govern ment. At the outbreak of the war with Russia, in 1854, Captain Norris was connected with the transport ser-vice from its commencement untU the finish. In the first instance he was employed in carrying French troops from Calais to the Baltic, and, after the capture of Bomarsund (of which he was an eye-witness), the French troops were re-embarked and conveyed to Cherbourg. In November, 1854, Captain Norris sailed from London and Plymouth for the Crimea with a cargo of stores in the ship Belgravia, and was employed at the Crimea tiU July, 1856, in carrying the sick and wounded from Balaclava to Scutari and in various other ways. Whilst engaH;ed in his first voyage in carrying the sick and wounded the mortality amongst the troops was alarming, as many as eighteen dying in one day from wounds, cholera, and typhoid fever. During the siege of Sebastopol he saw much of the fighting, and was in that city of ruins the day after it fell, and witnessed the blowing up of the dock and the large fort St. Paul. He also had a very good view of the battle of the Tchernaya. Captain Norris is a, good raconteur, and tells many an interest ing tale associated with the stirring incidents of the war. After commanding the ships Parsee and Epsom, which were owned by Messrs. Temperly, Carter & Darke, of London, he was appointed to their ship Weymouth, which he commanded for nearly eight years in the China trade, with the exception of one voyage from London to New Zealand in 1866, when he took out and laid the Cooks Straits Telegraph Cable. In February, 1868, Captain Norris retired from the service, and in the following June he founded the firm of Norris & Joyner. Their chief business as loading brokers was that between London, China and Japan. Previous to the opening of the Suez Canal, the firm worked a large number of sailing ships for all the Treaty ports both in China and Japan, but on the opening of the Suez Canal Messrs. Norris & Joyner started as brokers to the China and Japan line of steamers, the principal owners being Messrs. Watts, Milburn & Co. and Messrs. D. Jenkins & Co., of London, Messrs. Thomson & Co., of Leith, and the China Mutual Steam Navigation Company. In 1887 the name of the Une was altered to the Japan Line, Messrs. D. Jenkins & Co. being the principal owners. On March 12th, 1892, Messrs. Norris & .Toyner dissolved partnership. Captain Norris being now the sole member, but still carrying on the business in the name of the old firm. In January, 1882, Captain Norris married Miss A. H, Carman, second daughter of S, Carman, Esq., of Highbury New Park. His residence is Easthams, Hendon Lane, Finchley. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 161 William Lund. There are few, if any, finer examples -within the covers of this book — embracing the life histories of typical London men — of men who have, by their own exertions, and by their own brain power and indomit able perseverance in the face of gigantic difficulties, raised themselves to the highest positions in their particular caUing in the chief commercial City in the world — than that of Mr. WiUiam Lund, shipowner, of East India Avenue. In the year 1860 he landed at the Commercial Docks without knowing one single soul in the great metropolis, and with but half-a- sovereign in his pocket; fifteen years later he was the managing owner of a splendid fleet of saUing vessels. Mr. Lund is the son of Captain WiUiam Lund, and was born on September 21st, 1837, at Apenrade, a town on the Baltic, at that time in the dukedom of Schleswig, and belonging to Denmark. After the war between Germany and Denmark, in 1848, he was transferred in 1850 to Altona, near Hamburg, to finish his education . There he remained for seven years, until he had learned his business ; and, in 1857, he went for a voyage to sea, visiting Adelaide, Melbourne, and Batavia. This trip lasted for thirteen months ; when he returned home, and was transferred to Norway, where he was placed in control of a shipping business in Christiania, and remained there for two years and a-half. Mr. Lund had no military ambition, and being Uable to be caUed upon to serve in the Danish Army, he availed himself of the power which the law afforded of providing a substitute. This exemption, however, while relieving him from personal participation in a soldier's life, had the effect of considerably Ughtening his pockets, and he was compeUed to work his way to London, where he had to make his own way in the world. Those were the days when trade between this country and the Continent was carried on in small wooden vessels, and Mr. Lund had the good fortune to invent and rig up a new type of sail for one of these ships carrying goods between London and Norway, in return for which the Captain gave him a free passage to England. On his arrival, he entered the services of a firm in Limehouse, where he remained for four weeks, and then joined an English house, and worked with it for ten months, visiting his friends abroad at that period of his service, and leaving a sum of £21 in the keeping of the firm. After three weeks' holiday Mr. Lund returned to England, only to find that the firm had faded, and that his savings had been swal lowed up in the general loss. He was thus again stranded, but on the second occasion he had friends to look to, who did not fail him. With their aid Mr. Lund, in 1861, started the busi ness of sail-making, which stiU forms a branch of his business. This proved so prosperous, through his good management, that, in the year 1865, he em barked in shipowning -with a friend, which was also so successful that in five years they had a fine fleet of sailing ships, trading between this country and Aus tralia and China. So acute a man of business, and one with such clear perception as Mr. Lund possessed, would hardly fail to take advantage of the opening of the Suez Canal, and accordingly it is not surprising to learn that when that event took place he gradually got rid of his sailing vessels, and replaced them with steamships. At the present time he owns a number of steamers, running regularly between London and Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney ; and to his credit must be placed the establishment of the first direct regular cargo service of steamers between Australia and this country. In 1892 Mr. Lund again paid a visit to Australasia, where he noticed an im mense change since he was there in 1857. Towns and cities had sprung up ia place of scattered hamlets, and railways abounded in all directions, which were then not thought of ; hut what struck him most was the independent condition of the working classes, a state of matters which gave him forebodings of the troubles that have since overtaken those colonies The early vicissitudes and difficulties of Mr. Lund's career have not told upon his personal appearance or physique. He scarcely looks his age, 57. Ex ceedingly genial and courteous in manner, as active and businesslike as he was at thirty, fuU of anecdote and information, he is at aU times a delightful com panion. Too much occupied with his own business to have time to spare for Municipal or Parliamentary duties at present, he is, however, like most of our City merchants, a supporter of Lord Salisbury. In 1863 Mr. Lund married an English lady, daughter of WilUam Bush, Esq., CE,, and sister of Captain WiUiam Komptown Bush, R.N., who was then commander of H.M.S. Rinaldo, hut has since retired. She died in 1870, and he married, in 1872, a daughter of Captain Joseph Toynbee, who for years commanded the trooper Hotspur, which in its time carried thousands of troops to India. Mr. Lund is a member of Lloyd's — an Associate of the Institution of Naval Architects — and Vice-Chair man of the General Shipowners' Society of London. He is a Director of the Bank of Adelaide, and of the Wallarah Coal Company of Sydney, of which he is Chairman. He resides at Blackheath, and is a member of the Gresham Club. Y 162 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Ferdinand Marshall Huth, High Sheriff of the County of London. The firm of Frederick Huth & Co., of Tokenhouse Yard, stands at the head of the great merchant banking institutions of this country, and has for many years held the highest place in London. The subject of our sketch, Mr. Ferdinand MarshaU Huth, the present head of the house, is the second son of Charles Frederick Huth, Esq., for many years a Director of the Bank of England, and Frances Caroline, daughter of the late Sir Chapman MarshaU, and is a grandson of the founder of the firm, Frederick Huth, Esq. Mr. Huth was born in 1840, and was educated at Harrow, after leaving which he proceeded to the Continent to study modern languages ; on his return to England he entered the firm, and shortly afterwards became a partner. The establishment of the firm of Frederick Huth & Co. dates from the year 1809; its founder, Fred erick Huth, who was a native of Hanover, was born in the year 1777, and when quite young, entered an important house in Hamburg, doing business at that time with Spain, and was sent by them to their branch house in Corunna, where he succeeded so well, that in the space of a few years he was in a position to establish himself on his own account there, and subsequently married a daughter of Don Antonio Mayfren of that place, but was driven thence in consequence of the hostilities commencing, which culminated in the defeat of the French by the British troops under Sir John Moore. Mr. Huth, at this juncture, transferred the seat of his business operations to this country, and was naturalised a British subject by Act of ParUament. On its estabUshment in this country, the first efforts of the new house were directed to the sale of wool consignments, chiefiy from Spain, as during his sojourn in that country Mr. Huth had formed many valuable connections amongst the owners of flocks, etc. He had also the good fortune to win the esteem and confidence of Queen Christine, wife of Ferdi nand VII. of Spain, and was entrusted by her with the investment of a large portion of her property, which trust Mr. Huth fulfilled to her entire satisfac tion, and for his zeal and interest on her behalf was the recipient of the Queen's gratitude and warmest thanks. This transaction led to the firm becoming financial agents for the Spanish Government, and shortly afterwards an export and import trade was commenced with South America, to facilitate which, branches were established at different places on the West Coast, and a house was opened in Liverpool for the sale of cotton consignments from the United States. At this period also a large business grew up with the Continent of Europe, and at the present date the house of Frederick Huth & Co. has business rela tions in almost every corner of the Globe, and is stUl progressing in the extent of its transactions. Mr. Huth married in 1865, Caroline Locke, daughter of Bonamy Dobree, Esq., of London and Guernsey, and has a son and two daughters. He is a man of cultivated tastes ; shares with other mem bers of his famUy great connoisseurship in pictures and works of art ; he is a lover of music and an amateur of old violins. He is a yachtsman, and the owner of a steam-yacht, the " Cassandra." In politics Mr. Huth is a Conservative, but has not taken any active part in poUtical life. He is High Sheriff this year for the County of London. Mr. Huth is a Director of the London and Westminster Bank, the Australian Mortgage Land and Finance Company, Ltd., Northern Assurance Company, and the Freehold Trust Company of Australia, Ltd. He resides at 44, Upper Grosvenor Street, W., and at Eaglehurst, near Southampton. He is a member of the Royal Yacht Squadron, and of the St. James's and Union Clubs. Joseph Bevan Braithwaite, Junr. Mr. Braithwaite, who is the head of the weU- known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Foster & Braithwaite, of Austin Friars, E.G., is a nephew of the late Mr. Isaac Braithwaite, the former principal of the house, which was established in 1825 by Mr. James Foster, and idtimately became known as Foster & Braithwaite. The latter gentleman died in 1890. The subject of this notice was born in London in the year 1855, and is the son of Mr. J. Bevan Braithwaite, barrister-at-law, of the Middle Temple, and his wife, Martha, daughter of the late J. Ashby GUlett, Esq., banker, of Banbury. Joseph Bevan Braithwaite was educated, first, at the Society of Friends' School at Kendal, and later at the Friends' School, Grove House, Tottenham, N. His education being considered completed, in 1876 he took up a junior position in the offices of his uncle in Austin Friars. Of his family, besides him self and his uncle, since their entrance into the firm of Foster & Braithwaite, there have also been connected with it two sons of the latter, Alfred and Reginald, both of whom are now deceased ; a cousin of Mr. J. B. Braithwaite' 8, Mr. Cecil Braithwaite, is, however, a member of the firm now. Mr. Braithwaite is a member of the Society of Friends, and takes much interest in the Adult School movement. In 1881 Mr. Braithwaite married his cousin Anna, LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 163 daughter of the late Jonathan GUlett, Esq., banker, of Banbury. They have four sons, the eldest of whom, Jonathan Frederick Braithwaite, was born in 1883. He has always taken a deep and active interest in all matters affecting the electrical industry. In 1882 he joined the board of the Anglo-American Brush Electric Light Corporation, now known as the Brush Electrical Engineering Company. On the death of the late Duke of Marlborough, in 1892, Mr. Braithwaite succeeded him as Chairman of the Company, which at its extensive works at Lough borough and at Vienna manufactures every descrip tion of electrical plant and accessories. He is a Director of the Electric and General Investment Company, Limited, and of the Gas, Water, and General Investment Trust, Limited, and also of the City of London Electric Lighting Company, Limited, which is engaged in supplying electricity through out the City of London. The late Duke of Marl borough and Mr. Braithwaite were also associated together in their efforts to secure for the City an improved telephone service. Mr. and Mrs. Braithwaite's residence is 18, High bury New Park, N., where he has now resided for seven years, and which was, we believe, one of the earliest private houses round London fitted throughout with electric light. Alexander Howden. We are happy to be able to give the following short account of the Ufe of the principal of the weU- known firm of ship and insurance brokers, Alex ander Howden & Co., of 138, LeadenhaU Street, E.C Mr. Alexander Howden, the father of the present head of the house, was born in Leith in the opening year of the present century, and in his twentj'- second year he founded the present flrm. Alexander, his eldest son, was born in London on the 30th October, 1825, and was educated at West Ham Grammar School, Essex, a school in union with King's CoUege, London, where he remained until 1 842. On the completion of his education Mr. How den entered his father's office as a clerk, and after ten years' persistent attention to his duties there, he became a partner in 1852, since which time Mr. Howden has applied himself, to use his own charac teristic expression, " steadily to his last," and has, by his ability and shrewdness, made the house what it is to-day, one of the leading firms of ship and insurance brokers in the City of London ; Mr, How den himself being, we believe, one of the oldest, if not the oldest working City shipbroker; his con nection with London and City affairs dating back over half a century. When first Mr. Howden entered business, the entire trade from London was carried on by tho agency of sailing ships, which were in those days built of wood, as iron had not been introduced into the construction of sailing ships. Londo-^ was the port where by far the largest number of ships were built to trade to India, Australia, &c. The trade was carried on at the Upper Docks ; Victoria, Albert, and Tilbury not having been constructed. Trade to the United States from London was carried on by American-built ships, sailing regularly from the St. Katherine's Dock. To India and Australia it was nothing unusual for ships to be thirty days loading, and the splendid ships of Messrs. Wigram & Green loaded regularly in the East India Docks, while the P. & 0. Com pany's steamers sailed from Southampton. Mr. Howden was active in the Russian War in engaging ships for the conveyance of troops to the Crimea, and also in 1847 and 1848, in the importa tion of grain during the Irish famine. The firm have now the agency of important Unes of steamers to Calcutta, Rangoon, Cape Colony, Brazil, Eiver Plate, and elsewhere. Mr. Howden is a member of tlie London Chamber of Commerce, and in addition to his private connec tion with the shipping world, he is Vice-Chairman of the Shipping Exchange, in the foundation of which . he exhibited considerable interest. He is a Director of the London and St. Katherine's Dock Company, and is a member of the London and India Docks Joint Committee, a Director of the General Steam Naviga tion Company, Limited, and Chairman of the Union Lighterage Company. Mr. Howden is also an old and esteemed member and underwriter of Lloyds. He is stiU a regular worker at his business. Although a consistent Liberal in poUtics, Mr. Howden has never felt any anxiety to enter an active poUtical life, nor has he taken any part in mu nicipal affairs. He is fond of a good horse, and may frequently be seen in the park having a morning ride. In 1 863, he married his cousin, Mary Ann Howden, daughter of Mr. David Howden, of Rio de Janeiro, and has three sons and five daughters. The eldest of the former, Alexander, being now a partner in the firm ; his second son is in the shipping business in Manchester. Mr. Howden is a member of the Reform Club, and at Kensington, where he resides, he has taken a considerable interest in parochial matters, and was a member of the Kensington Vestry for several years. His residence is 72, HoUand Park, W. 1G4 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Sir Frederick Wigan, D.L., J.P., HiRh Sheriff of Surrey. Sir Feedeeick Wigan, as senior partner of Messrs. Wigans & Cosier, the very old-established firm of Hop Merchants, of Southwark Street, Borough, a firm which takes first rank amongst the leading mer chants of London — is entitled, for his own personal merits, quite outside his position as the head of that house, to be placed amongst our Leading Men. Sir F. Wigan was born in October, 1827, and is the fifth son of John Alfred Wigan, Esq., J.P., of Clare House, East MaUing, Kent. He was educated under the Rev. Robert Whiston, at Rochester, Kent, and being intended for the legal profession he was articled to a solictor, Mr. John Moxon Clabon, then of MaUing, but now removed to 21, Great George Street, West minster. Having been admitted as a solicitor, Sir F. Wigan read conveyancing with Mr. Henry Thring (now Lord Thring), for a year and a-half, at the end of which time, in consequence of the death of his uncle, Edward Wigan, of the firm of Edward Wigan & Co., Hop Merchants, he gave up the law and entered business, joining Mr. William Robinson White, and his cousins, Edward Wigan and Henry Wigan, sons of E Iward Wigan, deceased, in the hop trade, the title of the firm being " Wigan, White & Wigans." The house carried on business without change for some years, having a very large connection, and with continually improving prospects, which eventually led, by careful and able management and clever control, to its outstripping all its com petitors in the hop trade. In 1861 thefirst change in the personnel of the firm occurred, on the decease of Mr. White, when Mr. Robert Arnold Cosier was admitted as a partner, and the name of the firm was altered to " Wigans & Cosier," Eleven years later, death again removed another partner, Mr, E. Wigan dying in 1872, Mr. Henry Wigan in 1885, and Mr. R. A. Cosier in the succeeding year. Sir F. Wigan married, in 1857, Mary Harriet, only daughter of Joseph Blunt, solicitor. His eldest son, Frederick WiUiam Wigan, who was educated at Eton and Oxford, entered the firm on leaving- the University, and was admitted a partner in the jubilee year. Mr. Eobert Watson Cosier, eldest son of the late partner, who was educated at Harrow, was also admitted at the same time. The latter retired through iU-health in 1893, and died in 1894. Mr. Henry Wigan, son of the late Henry Wigan, who was educated at Eton and Cambridge, was admitted as a partner in 1890, and died in September, 1894, leaving Sir Frederick Wigan and his son, Frederick William Wigan, the only two partners surviving. On the Queen coming to Eichmond to attend the christening of her great-grandson, the son of the Duke and Duchess of York, she was presented with an address by Sir F. Wigan, as High Sheriff of the county. He had previously been informed that Her Majesty would confer on him the honour of knight hood, as being High Sheriff of the county where the royal infant was born. Sir F. Wigan is J.P. forthe County of London, and also J.P. and D.L. for the County of Surrey, and this year holds the office of High Sheriff for Surrey. He resides at Clare Lawn, Upper Sheen, Surrey, and is a member of the foUowing Clubs: Junior Carlton, St. Stephen's, the Magistrates', and Middle sex and Surrey Magistrates'. S. B. Boulton, J. P., A.Inst.CE. Vice-President of the London Chamber of Commerce. The subject of this sketch is the senior partner in the old-established firm of Burt, Boulton & Haywood, of Cannon Street, London, Paris, and Eiga. He is the son of the Eev. Thos. Boulton, and was born in the year 1830. The house of which he is the head, and with which he has been associated for more than forty -five years, is a prosperous and influential one. It is weU-known for its operations and improvements in connection with the preservation of timber from decay, and for its extensive importation of timber. They are also manufacturers of chemical products, and have estab lished a number of factories and depots in England, and also in France, Belgium, and Spain. To secure the perfection of the manufactures which the firm carries on, Mr. Boulton has devoted a great amount of time, and has brought to bear upon the subject a considerable amount of scientific knowledge, Mr. Boulton is an Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and was requested by the Council of that body to read a paper on the causes of the decay of timber, and upon the best method for its preserva tion. This Mr. Boulton did, and, in addition to embodying his own extensive experience, he in cluded in the paper a description and analysis of the various theories with regard to organic decom position ; in this paper he included the famous con troversy between Liebig and Pasteur, and recorded the success of the latter. Mr. Boulton's paper having been discussed before the Institution in 1884, he was awarded the TeKord Medal of the Institution. Mr. Boidton has taken a prominent and practical LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 165 part in the vexed question of the relations between employers and employed, as after the dockers' strike of 1889, he brought the subject before the councU of the London Chamber of Commerce with regard to the advisabUity of instituting an inquiry in order to dis cover the best methods of bringing about improved relations between masters and men. An inquiry was held, which had the best results, as to it is due the estabUshment of the London Labour Conciliation and Arbitration Board. Of this Board Mr. Boulton was appointed Chairman, and under his presidency, and -with the assistance of much self-denying labour on his part, and on that of able representatives both of Labour and Capital, it has succeeded in creating a body of referees for the settlement of labour disputes which has done much useful work in connection with the varied industries of London, and which is steadily acquiring the confidence both of employers and em ployed. He has frequently been called upon to give evidence before Parliamentary Committees with regard to the Chamber of Commerce. He has on various occasions contributed to scientific and pe riodical Uterature, and is also, amongst other works, the author of " The Eussian Empire, its Origin and Development," which was published in 1882. Mr. Boulton is a Liberal Unionist, but has never been induced to take an active part in political Ufe. He is a beUever in an ethical and progressive science of poUtical economy as opposed to the teach ing of socialism. He was appointed Vice-President of the London Chamber of Commerce in 1894. He is a Justice oi the Peace for Herts and Middlesex, and for the borough of West Ham. He is also President for two of the Trading Associations of the United Kingdom which are federated to the London Chamber of Commerce, and has also been elected the first Presi dent of the West Ham Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Boulton is a staunch churchman, and takes a deep interest in aU that concerns the welfare of the church. He resides at Copped HaU, Herts, a man sion which dates from the reign of Henry VII. It was here that Cardinal Manning was born on the 15th July, 1808 ; and the pretty ornamental lake, con sisting of about four and a-half acres, is said to have been laid out by the Cardinal's mother. The estate subsequently passed into the hands of Bulwer Lytton in 1862, and a thatched summer-house is still there, in which it is said he wrote some of his novels. On inheriting Knebworth, he sold Copped Hall, and eventuaUy Mr. Boulton purchased it in 1875. He is a liberal contributor to deserving institutions and charities in his county, and is deservedly popular among rich and poor. He married in 1855, and has seven children. William Edward Chambers, J.P., F.R.G.S. The name of the gentleman who heads this sketch, is a weU-known and widely respected one in the City of London. For over half- a- century he has been a familiar figure on the Corn Exchange, and is at the present time the oldest member, with one exception, of that Institution. Mr. Chambers was born on the 13th of November, 1822, in London, and is the eldest of eight children of the late William and Eliza Chambers. His educa tion was conducted under the late J. B. Reade, of Peckham. In his seventeenth year he entered the counting-house of Messrs. Kingsford & Lay, a firm which in those days stood second to none in the corn trade. With them Mr. Chambers gained much of that knowledge and insight into the business which led to the success he subsequently attained. After twelve years' hard work he felt capable of making efforts on his own behalf, and, in 1852, he severed his con nection with Messrs. Kingsford & Lay. Having spent about a year travelling in Germany and learning the language, and making friends, and laying the founda tion of a business, he started for himself, in connec tion with his brother (who died in 1868), on the Corn Exchange, his office being that in which he StUl directs the firm, viz., 40, Seething Lane, E.C In 1860, he became a Director of the Corn Exchange, which was originally started in Mark Lane, in the year 1747, and has continued to be a Director down to the present time. For a period of nearly thirteen years he has been annually elected Deputy-Chairman of that body, and was Chairman of the Building Committee, which about twenty years ago, under took the superintendence of the construction of the new building, which occupied two years in erection. To Mr. Chambers' able management the fact may be recorded that during that period the enormous busi ness transacted on the Exchange was carried on without a hitch or stoppage for a single market day. For a period of nineteen years Mr, Chambers has also given his services as Director to the new Corn Exchange, which is known as the "London Corn Exchange," In 1886, his health, owing partly to the amount of hard work which he gets through in various ways, broke down so completely that a num ber of eminent London specialists gave but little hope of prolonging his life, and an extended sea voyage was prescribed. This Mr. Chambers took in 1887-88, making a circuit of the globe, and visiting India, Australia, New Zealand, and America, and after nine months returned to London restored in strength, and capable of again taking the lead in the pros perous business he had buUt up. Mr. Chambers has 166 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. also -visited every country in Europe, with the excep tion of Russia and Turkey. In connection with, and in recognition of, his extended travels he was made a FeUow of the Royal Geographical Society. He has been a Director of the prosperous Sutton Water Company from 1880. Mr. Chambers naturaUy availed himself of the opportunity afforded him in visiting Australasia and New Zealand, to enlarge the business of the firm with those colonies. Some of the finest white wheat produced in the world is exported from South Aus tralia and Victoria, and from New Zealand, chiefiy from Christchurch. Much grain of all kinds is also shipped from the above-named colonies ; an average of about nine bushels an acre of wheat is considered a good crop in Australia and Victoria, whUst in New Zealand such a low average would permit of no ab straction for export from the requirements of the country, small as the population is. Mr. Chambers married, in 1860, Mary WeUs Cole, second daughter of Jervis Wells Cole, Esq., of Fenton, Lincolnshire, and has four children, aU of whom are married ; his only son is a partner in the firm. Mr. Chambers has been a Justice of the Peace for Surrey for upwards of fourteen years, and was like wise made a Justice of the Peace for the county of London, three years ago. He is a member of the National Liberal Club, although, since the memorable year 1886, he has transferred his allegiance and his valuable aid to the Liberal Unionist camp. For some time he held the position of Chairman of the Liberal Association at Sutton. On the institution of a Committee of Arbitration for the Corn trade, Mr, Chambers was at once elected a member, and a little later undertook the Hon, Secretaryship, which he retained for six years, receiving two testimonials from the Committee for his efforts on the same. He is also on the Com mittee of the Com Exchange Benevolent Fund. His residence is at Sutton, Surrey, where he has resided since 1868. George Hanbury. The subject of this sketch, the head of the celebrated houfce. Wood, Field & Hanbury, Hop Merchants, is the third son of the late Robert Hanbury, Esq., of Toles, near Ware, Herts, and was born on October 2nd, 1829. He was educated privately, and at eighteen years of age entered the business (Mr, Field being his uncle), on September 14th, 1847. Less than two years later, in July, 1849, he became a partner, and soon took a verj' active part, and by his exertions and strict attention to all the affairs of the firm, he was the means of greatly increasing the trade. Owing to his partner, Mr. Western Wood, becoming Member for the City, the management was greatly thrown on his hands. At that time there was a considerable duty on both foreign and English hops ; this was abolished in 1862. Up to that date very few foreign hops were consumed, whereas now all hops enter free, and when the duty was taken off, the foreign trade increased rapidly. America exported large quanti ties, also Bavaria, and other parts of the Continent ; but the hop crop, being so extremely precarious, did not produce the faU in prices which was antici pated. At the present time California, Washington Territory, Oregon, and other parts of the Pacific, are sending enormous quantities to this country ; and as the hops can be grown there at much less expense than in England, the climate abroad being more favourable to hop-growing, it is not improbable that the industry will eventually cease altogether. This misfortune it ia to be trusted will not occur. When Mr. Hanbury entered the business in 1847, there were no means of communicating with the Provinces except through the post, but now, natur ally, aU transactions are conducted by the telegraph, and with America, the entire business is carried on by means of the cable. Mr. Hanbury still takes an active interest in the business of the firm, the pros perity of which is so well known aU over the mer cantile world. In addition, however, to his own business, and in the midst of an otherwise much occupied life, Mr. Hanbury found time to devote to religious and philanthropic objects. He exhibited a keen interest in many important social move ments, and, on the death of his elder brother Robert, in 1867, Mr. Hanbury took his place as Hon. Secretary to the Reformatory and Refuge Union. He started, in 1863, the North West London Shoeblack Society, in the preliminary arrangements of which, and in the subsequent working, he proved himself a kindly friend and earnest helper of the poor. For over twenty years, and untU a recent date, when his health failed, he was a teacher in the Sunday School to this Society. Mr. Hanbury, also, with others, opened the first Home for Working Boys, and Working Girls, also the Boys' Refuge, at Whitechapel, and the Home for Little Boys at Farningham. He was Chairman for many years of the Female Mission in London, and is still one of the Committee of the London City Mission. He filled the position of Hon. Secretary to the Young Men's Christian Association at the West of London, and stiU holds that of Treasurer and Chairman to the Paddington Green ChUdren' s Hos- LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 167 pital. This institution he started about nine years' ago, and takes the deepest interest in its welfare. Mr. Hanbury was in the habit of giving a great number of Lectures to working men upon different subjects at Paddington and other places. All these highly successful institutions for the succour of the homeless, the suffering, and the poor, and his earnest efforts on behalf of the spiritual welfare of those with whom he comes in contact, are the best answer to the Ufe Mr. Hanbury has led. In the business world he was for some years a Director of the National and Provincial Bank of England, and he is now one of the Trustees to the London Life Assurance Company — one of the largest companies in London. Mr. Hanbury married Miss Trotter in the year 1857. His eldest son is now an active partner in the business. He resides at Blythewood, Maidenhead. Charles Clarence Noakes, J.P. Mr. Chaeles Clarence Noakes, the senior partner of the present firm of Wm. Noakes & Son, of 9, Southwark Street, S.E., Hop-Factors, was born at Ticehurst, in Sussex, on the 2nd April, 1838. He studied at Heidelberg and Vienna, finishing with a short course in Paris. As a preparation for commercial Ufe, he was articled to the firm of Messrs. Temperleys, Carter & Darke, shipbrokers, of London, but shortly before the expiration of his term his health gave way, and he was sent in 1860 for a run through the United States. Sometime before his departure, having taken greut interest in the operations of Garibaldi and the Ita lians' struggle for liberty, he had contemplated join ing Garibaldi's English Legion, but his negotiations with Col. Sykes, Garibaldi's agent in London, were interrupted by the Ulness which caused him to leave home. During his sojourn in America the Civil War broke out, and he was a witness of some of the stirring events of that memorable epoch. He was an eye-witness of the disastrous effects of the battle of BuU's Run, which was one of the most important events of the war, when Washington had a narrow escape of being captured. Two years before this, in 1859, Mr. Noakes had the advantage of passing over the ground occupied by the Une of the French and Italian armies against the Austrians, the battle fields of Montibello, Magenta, and SoKerino being indelibly impressed on his memory. Mr. Noakes has always been fond of travel, and his vacations have generally been spent in this way. In 1883 he and Mrs. Noakes took a somewhat ex tended trip up the NUe, to the Second Cataract. Theirs was the last party to go up into Nubia before what may be called the Gordon campaign commenced, and it was when they were at Wady Haifa that they were surprised by the news of the capture of Dongola, and the rapid advance northwards of the Madhists, which necessitated their somewhat accelerated retreat down the NUe. Their trip was prolonged through Palestine and Syria, making their way home through Asia Minor and Greece. While at Damascus, they were entertained by the late Abel Kadir at his resi dence on the river Abana, just three weeks before his death. In the course of conversation with him, Mr. Noakes recounted the interviews he had had with two other " champions of the people," Lincoln and Garibaldi, and in associating his name with these heroes Abel Kadir received the compliment with much emotion. Mr. Noakes has always been an industrious diary writer, but notwithstanding urgent appeals to pubUsh them, he has persistently refused. This is much to be regretted, as, in addition to the incidents briefly narrated above, a later trip across the American Continent, and up the Pacific Coast to British Columbia, visiting the wonders of the Yellowstone Park and other portions of the Rocky Mountains, the beautiful scenery of California, culminating so grandly with the Yosemite Valley, would have given interesting matter for more than one volume. Mr. Noakes was taken into his father's business on his return from America in 1861, and at the death of his father in 1876, he became its head. This firm had proceeded from the diss dution of the previous partnership of the late Mr. William Noakes and his brother, Mr. J. T. Noakes, who had been continuing the business started in the early part of the present century by the grandfather, William Noakes, late of Ticehurst. Mr. Noakes married, in 1866, Mary Ann, second daughter of the late Joseph Quick, Esq., M.Inst. CE., and has a family of two sons and four daughters. His elder son is now associated with him in the firm, making the fourth generation and the fourth WiUiam in the house. Mr. Noakes, originally a Whig and supporter of Mr. Gladstone, was driven from that aUegiance by Mr. Gladstone's foreign policy; but notwithstanding his now pronounced Conservative tendencies, it was under the Gladstonian Government that he was made a Justice of the Peace for the County of London. He resides at Ringwood, Gatton Point, Redhill, Surrey. He is a member of the Constitutional and St. Stephen's Clubs, and interests himself in aU political movements emanating from those quarters. 168 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Alex. lawrie. Like others of our most successful City merchants whose career is briefly recorded in these pages, and whose title to be included is derived from their pos session of great business capacity and capability for controUing extensive mercantile operations, Mr. Lawrie in his early days possessed in some degree the desire for mUitary glory and renown which was engendered in so many young men at that time by the noble struggle for Italian independence. Mr. Lawrie, as we know him now, and as he is at his offices at 14, St. Mary Axe, is a man in the prime of Ufe, most courteous and agreeable always. He was born in Edinburgh in 1843, his father being Mr. W. H. Lawrie, a partner in the late flrm of Messrs. Alex. Lawrie & Son, of that City. He was educated by Dr. Douglas, and subsequently went to the old High School of Edinburgh, which has, during the past six centuries, turned out so many good Scotch men, and where he had the advantage of being a pupU under Dr. Leonard Schmitz, and " James Car- michael," possibly one of the best classics ever con nected with that old School. Mr. Lawrie commenced his business career in the office of Messrs. Cowan & Sons ; but a few months afterwards, having been carried away by the relation of the daring exploits of Garibaldi, and, with the war fever on him, he chafed at the prosaic business life from day to day, and, in 1861, although not seventeen, succeeding in enlisting eighty men in the cause which a.ppealed so strongly to the emotions, he was granted a commission in the patriot army. Mr, Lawrie's band of men formed what was known as " The Scotch Company," and was under the command of Earl St. Maur, eldest son of the then Duke of Somerset. On his return to this country Mr. Lawrie sailed for Calcutta, to join the firm of W. H. Smith, Barry & Co., the first tea-agency house established in India, in which he was admitted a partner as soon as he came of age. A difference arose between Mr. Lawrie and the other members of the firm, during the first year of partnership, on a matter which led to his imme diate retirement, and eventually to their insolvency. He then, in conjunction with a friend of his boyhood, Mr. Balmer, established the firm of Balmer, Lawrie & Co. , of Calcutta. A very few weeks after this amal gamation, death intervened and removed his partner, to the great grief of Mr. Lawrie, who although then only in his twenty-second year, had had the mis fortune to have twice dissolved partnership. He returned to England, and in 1878 founded the firm of Alex. Lawrie & Co., London, and was shortly afterwards invited to join the Board of the East and West India Dock Company, and when that company became involved in Chancery, he was appointed the first Receiver and Manager, and to his zeal and ability is largely due the bringing about of the work ing union with the London and St. Ka.therine Dock Company. When this event took place Mr. Lawrie was elected Deputy-Chairman of the East and West India Company, and first Chairman of the Finance Com mittee of the London and India Joint Docks Company. In consequence of continued ill-health, Mr. Lawrie was compelled reluctantly to retire from the arduous responsibility connected with these posts, for which his sound common-sense and business acumen so eminently fitted him. His energetic temperament, however, did not allow him to remain idle, as he acted for some years as Chairman of the Imperial Fire and Life Insurance Company, and is also a Director of the AUiance Marine Company, the City Bank, and of the Bank of Australasia. In 1865 Mr. Lawrie married CeciUa Stuart Bruce, daughter of the late Dr. James Bruce, of London. He has one daughter and four sons, the eldest of whom, Alexander Cecil, became a partner with his father at the early age of twenty-one. Mr. Lawrie has been on several occasions asked to aUow himself to be put forward as a Parlia mentary candidate in the Unionist interest, but he has always steadily declined ; he has also been re quested to take upon himself the duties of a Magi strate, but without avail, his business duties, as he replies, requiring his entire attention. He is a member of the Union, and City of London Clubs. Charles Mortimer, J.P. Mr. Charles Moetimee, of Wigmore, Holmwood, and Woodfield, Streatham, is the eldest son of Mr. Charles Smith Mortimer, of Holmwood and Dorking, by his wife Harriet, daughter of Mr. John Fuller, of Ooulsdon and Croydon, and was bom at Croydon on the 19th AprU, 1837. The records of the Mortimer family date back to the middle of the seventeenth century, when we hear of one John Mortimer, of Eastbourne, who died, leaving issue by his wife Phyllis, three daughters and one son. In 1774, the family removed from Eastbourne, and settled at Lewisham, in Kent, the then head marrying Frances, daughter of John St. Barbe, of Blackheath. Mr. Charles Mortimer was educated at Rugby, where he was a pupil of the present Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Benson). He stood for the London County CouncU in 1889, but unsuccessfully, being LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 160 opposed by the present Deputy- Chairman, Mr. Dickenson. He is a Justice of the Peace for the counties of Surrey and London, was for several years Chairman of the Female Orphan Asylum at Beddington, and one of the Committee of the Blind School, St. George's-in-the-Fields, Southwark. With the world of business Mr. Mortimer pro- serves a sufficiently active connection. He is a Director of the Great Western Railway, of the Northern and Eastern Railway Company, and of the Princetown RaUway Company. Of the Union Assur ance Society he is Deputy-Chairman, and is also a Member of the Superintending Committee of the Railway Clearing House. On the Srd September, 1867, he married Elizabeth Prentis, only surviving chUd of the late Beriah Drew, of Streatham, Lord of the Manor of Leigham, and Justice of the Peace for Surrey. Members of Mr. Mortimer's family have resided in the neighbourhood of Streatham for nearly a century. He is descended from the Mortimers, of Wigmoro Castle, in Herefordshire, of whose history there appeared a most interesting account in Chambers' Journal, of 1st May, 1889. Lieut.-Colonel Bernard Tindal Bosanquet, D.L., J.P. The ancestor of the present family, David Bosan quet, went into business as a Turkey merchant, and his great grandson, Samuel Bosanquet, was a director of the Bank of England, and a governor of the Bank about the year 1790. The banking concern of Bosanquet & Co. was founded at about that period by his eldest son, also named Samuel, who was the grandfather of Lieut.-Colonel Bosanquet. The latter is the son of the late James Whatman Bosanquet, of Claysmore, Enfield, and Merelina, eldest daughter of the late Sir Nicolas Conynghame Tindal, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. He was born on August 6th, 1842, and when ten years of age he was sent to a private school kept by Mr. Thomas Allfree, at Romanoff House, Tunbridge AVells. Mr. AUfree had formerly been a private tutor to the late Czar of Russia, Alexander II. Having been well grounded by Mr. AUfree, he went to Eton in September, 1855, where he remained for six years, leaving in July, 1861; as second oppidan. His career at Eton was a very promising one, carrying off as he did several prizes, the most important being the assistant master's prize, now called the " RusseU Prize." Shortly after leaving Eton he entered the banking firm of Bosanquet, Franks & Co. (which later in 1867 became Bosanquet, Salt & Co.), a firm in which his father was senior partner ; but on his death in 1877 he became the head, and in March, 1884, the business of the firm was taken over by Lloyd's Bank, of which Lieut.-Col. Bosanquet became a director. Shortly after parting with his banking concern to Lloyd's Bank he joined the firm of CulverweU, Brooks & Co., of which his father-in-law. Sir W. J. R. Cotton, formerly M.P. for the City, and, at the time of writing. Chamberlain of the City of London, was the senior partner. The firm of Messrs. Culver weU, Brooks & Co., of 27, St. Mary Axe, is so weU known, and so justly famed as a house which has now been established for almost a century, and which is one of the leading commercial enterprises in London, that it is only necessary to mention it en Their transactions cover every country on the globe, and their sales, which as brokers in colonial and foreign hides, skins, leather, furs, &c., take place every few days, fetch the highest price at the London Public Salerooms. In June, 1864, he was granted a commission as Lieutenant in the 1st Royal Tower Hamlets Militia, now the 7th Battalion of the Rifle Brigade, and he is now Senior Major of his BattaUon, with the hono rary rank of Lieut.-Colonel. Lieut.-Colonel Bosanquet is a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for the County of Middle sex. In 1868 he published a set of Interest Tables on a new principle, giving the rates of interest from ¦J- to 12^ per cent, at intervals of \. This work ministered to a great public want, and was highly commended at the time by the late Professor de Morgan. He has also published other minor works in the form of pamphlets on matters connected with banking. He was for some years chairman of the WeUand Railway Company, of Canada, until it was bought up by the Grand Trunk RaUway in 1884. He is a director of the Positive Government Security Life Assurance Company ; the Union Bank of Spain and England ; chairman of the Agency Land and Finance Company of Australia ; and a trustee of the London Provident Institution. He is also treasurer of the School for the Indigent BUnd, and of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. In 1874 Lieut.-Colonel Bosanquet married Eva Maude, second daughter of Sir W. J. R. Cotton, and has two sons, who are now being educated at Eton. For the last twenty years he has been captain of the Enfleld Cricket Club, and is stiU a keen cricketer. He resides at Claymore, Enfield, and is a member of the Conservative Club. 170 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Colonel Ernest ViUiers. The Ufe of Colonel VUUers is not one that has in it a great degree of the sensational, nor is it one that points in a decided way to any particular course of action ; rather would we conclude from his record, that " Duty done as best he can. Is virtue's goal for honest man." We do not purpose supplying any deUcate spread of sensational matter in recounting the foUowing resume of this gentleman, but rather to offer another example of benefits accruing from the adoption of right Uving and doing. Colonel Ernest ViUiers, a cadet of the Clarendon family, was born in July, 1838, and is the son of the late Hon. Edward Ernest VUUers, and nephew of the Right Hon. Charles Pelham ViUiers, the Father of the House of Commons, who is over ninety-two years. He was educated at Harrow, his term there dating from 1850 to 1853, and finished his educational curriculum under private tutors in Germany during 1855 and 1856. He was gazetted an Ensign in the 43rd Light Infantry, in July, 1857, and for the greater part of the ensuing three years was quartered at Chat ham. In 1860, however, an opportunity of foreign service occurred, and from that date till 1863 he served in the Madras Presidency as A.D.C to Sir WUliam Dennison, the then Governor of Madras. After the latter date he returned home and was for a time at the depot at Winchester. From 1865 to 1870 he officiated as A.D.C to Lord Strathnairn, Commander of the Forces in Ire land, and from 1870 to 1872 fiUed the same position to Lord Spencer during his Vice-Royalty in Ireland. After this, on his return to England, and while still attached to the regular army. Colonel ViUiers was appointed Adjutant of the 2nd Administrative Bat talion of the Kent Volunteers, In 1880, however, as Captain he left the ser vice, and, relinquishing the Adjutancy of the Kent Volunteers, Colonel ViUiers was transferred to the 18th Middlesex Rifie Volunteer Corps as second Lieutenant-Colonel, remaining with his regiment tUl 1886. In the last-mentioned year he assumed com mand of the 1st Surrey Rifles, which position he now holds. In Colonel VUUers we have personified the union of two noble famUies which have written their re cords on the roU of the history of this country. On his father's side he is of the (ViUiers) Lords Clarendon, and on his mother's side of Lord Ravensworth's family ; and alluding to Colonel ViUiers personaUy, we are happy to be able to say (backed by his record) that he is no unworthy scion of so distinguished a lineage. We may conclude this very brief notice by remark ing that Colonel ViUiers is a fine and keen sportsman, and one who, if he would, could show a decent record with big game as well as in our autumn coverts, but perhaps the branch of sport in which he may be said to excel is with the fly, as a disciple of Walton. In City circles his name is not unfamiliar ; he has of late years associated himself with some few directorates of pubUc enterprise, whose record is the best test for their progressiveness and worth; as instance— he is Chairman of the Mint (Birming ham), an institution of world-wide repute, which has a connection with foreign Governments for subsidiary coinage as enjoyed by no other similar institution at home or (so far as we know) abroad; it may be mentioned that beyond the minting of coins the Birmingham Mint also holds patent rights for the manufacture of mint machinery and for brass and copper seamless boiler tubes. Colonel ViUiers is also a Director of the General Steam Navigation Co. Few there are of us who are unfamiliar with thS name, at least, of this company ; he is also on the Directorate of the Edison, Swan Electric Co., Ltd., and is Deputy Chairman of the Mutual Life Assurance Co., and to conclude, he is Chairman of the Ely and Newmarket RaUway Co., which, by-the-bye, al though not a very large or weU-known line, is a very valuable and remunerative property, and which, although in part worked by one of our great com panies, administers for itself. Colonel ViUiers is a man who has seen life under various circumstances at home and abroad ; the proverbial pessimist and objector to the aristocratic idea, would perhaps say, not under very adverse circumstances, but throughout his entire career he has made the most of the oppor tunities afforded him, and has done his duty on every occasion. It suffices to say that we are glad to include in this work a brief notice of Colonel VUUers' life. As an officer he has been active, energetic and hardworking, and in business his record is upright and honourable, as becomes an English gentleman. In July, 1866, Colonel VUUers married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir Alexander Wood. This lady died after the birth of Colonel ViUiers' eldest son, Edward Ernest VUUers, February, 1867. On July 2 Ist, 1869, Colonel ViUiers married Adela-Sarah, daughter of Col. and the late Lady Adela Ibbetson (see Jersey Family — Burke, &c,). Colonel ViUiers' residence is 5, Brechin Place, Gloucester Road, S.W. He is a member of the Travellers', the WeUington, Hyde Park, and Gallery Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 171 Edmund Hannay Watts, J.P. Me, Watts, the senior partner in the firm of Watts, Watts & Co., of 2, Whittington Avenue, LeadenhaU Street, is one of the most successful men in the mer cantile world at the present day. The house which he established has branches in this country at New castle-on-Tyne and Blyth, and, under the title of Watts, Williams & Co., also at Cardiff and Newport ; while abroad its ramifications extend from Paris to MarseUles, Nantes, Barcelona, Valencia, Genoa, Sa- vona, and Turin. Mr. Watts was born at Blyth, in the county of Northumberland, in December, 1830. He attended school at Bedlington, in the same county, until his fifteenth year, when he was apprenticed to the well- known firm of Coal Merchants, Corn Merchants, and Shipbrokers, Messrs. Boldemann, Berries & Co., of Newcastle-on-Tyne. Having served an apprentice ship of six 3'ears to this firm, Mr. Watts returned to his native town, and there commenced business on his own account as a Shipbroker and Shipowner. Success rapidly rewarded his energy and great busi ness capacity, as in 1856, some five years later, he found it desirable to extend his operations, and accordingly he opened an office in Newcastle-on- Tyne, taking into partnership Mr. WiUiam Milburn, the firm being designated by the title, Messrs. Watts, Milburn & Co. This extension and amalgamation proved of such advantage, and the financial pros perity of Mr. Watts became so assured, that in the year 1869 it was decided to make a further extension of the business, when Mr. Watts proceeded to London, and opened a house in conjunction with the New castle and Blyth firms, new blood being taken in in the person of Mr. Albert Bird Ward ; the title of the firm, however, remaining unchanged. After a period of twenty-four years, the partner ship between Mr. Watts and Mr. Milburn was dis solved in 1880 ; but -with the assistance of Mr. Ward, a long period of continued and uninterrupted pro gress and success attended all their operations, the firm being continued at London, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Blyth, as Watts, Ward & Co., untU the end of 1894, when that partnership became dissolved by effluxion of time. During this latter period new houses were opened at Cardiff and Newport, another gentleman, Mr. James WiUiams, joining the firm; stUl, however, under the title of Watts, Ward & Co. This partnership likewise became dissolved at the close of last year by the lapse of time. The last change in the name of the house was recently made, when it became Watts, Watts & Co., at London, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Blyth ; and Watts, WiUiams & Co., at Cardiff, Newport (Mon.), Paris, MarseiUes, Nantes, Barcelona, Valencia, Genoa, Savona, and Turin. That Mr. Watts is an admirable man of business is amply proved by the mere relation of the ever- advancing prosperity of the firm. He does not, how ever, confine his attention to the control of his own immediate business, but is Chairman of the United National Collieries, Limited, a concern which has an output of over 1,000,000 tons of coal per annum. He is also Chairman of the West of England Protecting and Indemnity Association, and of The Britain Steam ship Company, Limited. He is a member of the Committee of Lloyd's Eegister, and a Director of several insurance associations. He is, in addition, a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Ship wrights, a member of the Iron and Steel Institute, and a member of the Institute of Naval Architects. Mr. Watts is, also, extensively interested in blast furnaces and steel works at Middlesborough, in Ken tucky, in the United States of America. To the affairs of all these concerns, Mr, Watts brings the highest capabUity and the most painstaking attention, devoting himself thoroughly and conscientiously to their individual interests. He was twice married; in 1855 to Fanny Ward, daughter of Fenwick John Shadforth, Esq., of Over Dinsdale, Yorkshire ; and in 1882 to Martha, daughter of Joseph Roberts, of Falmouth, Jamaica. Mr. Watts has been an extensive traveUer, having visited Canada, the United States, Mexico, the West Indies, and Egypt, while he is at home in nearly every country in Europe. He was made a Justice of the Peace for the county of Monniouth in 1884. In the political world, Mr. Watts, though a strong Con servative, and although he has been frequently waited upon by deputations from various constituencies, and pressed to come forward as a candidate for Parliamen tary honours, has always declined. This is a resolu tion which, we trust, will in the next few years be altered. He resides at " Devonhurst," Chiswick, and is a member of the Northumberland and Northern Coun ties Club, London. Robert Newman. Mr. Robert Newman, though still a young man, is chief partner in one of the oldest firms in the City of London (if not absolutely the oldest), Messrs. Newman, Hunt & Co., of 39, New Broad Street, with branches in Newfoundland and Oporto. From old documents, now in their possession, it appears that the first grant of land was made to the 172 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. firm at St. John's, Newfoundland, so far back as 1701, and one of their ledgers out ia Newfoundland dates back to 1772. The Oporto house was established in 1735, though in those days it was Holdsworth & Olive. In 1761 it was Holdsworth, Olive & Newman, and in 1812 it became Hunt, Newman, Roop & Co. The Newfoundland branch had always been Robert Newman & Co., until the commencement of this century, when it became Newman & Co., as it is now. Messrs. Newman & Co. had a number of their vessels captured in the French and American War, and on June 1 st, 1813, twenty-two Irishmen, going out to Newfoundland in their brig, Buck, were captured by the American privateer. Governor Plummer, and recaptured by the EngUsh privateer. Sir John Sher- hrooke. They were afterwards placed on board the Shannon, and fought on that vessel against the Chesapeake. The business of Messrs. Newman, Hunt & Co. is almost entirely a barter trade. Their vessels, which sail all over the world, take out goods of every description from England to Newfoundland, which they exchange for fish; and further exchanges in return for wine are made at Oporto. This firm had no inconsiderable amount of trade with the East Coast of Africa (having their headquarters at Zanzibar) long before the country was opened up to anything like the extent that it is now. It was given up fifty years ago owing to the dishonesty of the native dealers. The headquarters of both the Newfoundland and Oporto businesses are in London. The Newman famUy springs from Dartmouth. Some of its members were among the first who went out to Newfoundland. Another member of the famUy, Sir Robert Newman, fought at Inkerman, where he lost his life. Mr. Thomas Holdsworth Newman (father of Mr. Eobert Newman), untU his death in January, 1894, was head of the firm. Amongst other things he was a Director of the Imperial Insurance Company, and a Trustee and Director of the Provident Sa-vings Bank, and J.P. for the county of Devon. His wife (the mother of the subject of our sketch) was the daughter of Mr. Martin Tucker Smith, of Messrs. Smith, Payne, Smith & Co., Bankers, Lombard Street. Mr. Robert Newman was born in London, in 1865, and educated at Winchester. In 1886 he joined the business, and has since been actively engaged in its conduct both in London and in Newfoundland. He is also an officer in the 1st Eoyal Devon Yeomanry, an Auditor of the Imperial Fire Insurance Company, and Director of the Provident Savings Bank. The Oporto branch is managed by a younger brother, Mr. Ealph de Denne Newman. The firm's premises in New Broad Street present features of peculiar interest to lovers of Old London. The broad oak staircase is a relic of bygone days, and the buildings themselves seem to have been designed for private dwellings rather than City offices. This accords weU with the history of Newman, Hunt & Co. Mr. Eobert Newman is the owner of large colonial estates in Newfoundland, but the family seat (now in the possession of Sir Eobert Newman) is Mamhead Park, in Devonshire. He is a bachelor, and has a London residence at 9, Great Cumberland Place, Marble Arch. Cornelius Lea Wilson, D.L., J.P. The subject of our sketch, Mr. C L. Wilson, was born in July, 1815, at Islington, and is the son of the late Alderman and Colonel Samuel Wilson, of Beckenham, by Jemima, daughter of Eichard Lea, Esq., of Beckenham. His father was Queen's Harbinger, and in 1831 was appointed an Alder man of London ; Sheriff of London and Middlesex, 1832; Lord Mayor of London, 1838; a Commis sioner of Lieutenancy for the City of London, 1831; Colonel of the Royal London MiUtia, 1834; and Magistrate for Surrey, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Middlesex, London, and Westminster. He was educated at several private schools, and subsequently at Beckenham, under the Rev. Thomas Dale. For many years Mr. Wilson was a Director of the Regent's Canal Company, Limited, and at the present time he is a Director of the British Plate-glass Insurance Company, Limited, and also of the Crystal Palace District Gas Company, Limited. He is Justice of the Peace for Kent, Westminster, and Middlesex, and a Commissioner of Lieutenancy for the City of London. He is Senior Member of the Court of the Gold smiths' Company, and also of the Weavers' Com- paiy. Mr. Wilson devotes much of his leisure to equine amusements. He is a splendid horseman, and a weU-known whip, and drives his four every day. In 1842 he married Mary Ann, daughter and co-heiress of Isaac WUcox, Esq., of Pembury, Kent, and has issue six children, five of whom survive. His third son, Samuel Henry, was kUled, in 1893, while dri-ving his horse and trap in Exhibition Road, S.W. He resides at The Cedars, High Street, Beckenham, and also has a house in Sussex Place, Brighton. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 173 William Pering Paige. William Peeing Paige was born in 1838 ; he is the eldest son of WilUam Paige, of Paignton. He was educated at a private school in Teign mouth, and at the early age of sixteen went to acquire a practical knowledge of mixed farming with his grandfather, WUliam Paige, of Brixham, Devon. With him he remained for seven years. At the expiration of this term he took an extensive holding at Menheniot, in East CornwaU. In 1865 he married Mary, daughter of Samuel S. Raby, Esq., of Triffle, St. Germans. Mr. and Mrs. Paige have seven children. Their three sons are engaged in the city, each preparing for a commercial life. In 1880 he made what we may caU a prospecting tour through the pro-vinces of Ontario and the Western part of Quebec, and in some of the North eastern states of the Union, his idea being to select a suitable property, and to take his family out to Canada and permanently locate there. His tour does not seem altogether to have been to his satisfaction, so far, at least, as regards the prospects of Canadian farming being a very charming variation to English farming, and, as he pithily puts it, " one may as well work hard in England as work harder in Canada." During his American-Canadian tour, however, two things appear to have impressed Mr. Paige deeply : firstly, the evident pecuniary success which attended the floating and working of the various great tram way or street-ear companies, both in the chief cities of the Dominion and the States ; and, secondly, that the then price of corn in England was bound to fall, and faU very considerably — strange and widely diverse impressions, but ones he has turned to the benefit of himself and co-directors in the public enter prises he has associated himself with. After returning to England he soon decided to leave CornwaU, which he did in 1882, and after looking over farms in several counties settled on one of con siderable size in Essex ; but where in a few years he was convinced that farming in Essex was not suffici ently remunerative to satisfy his ambition. Mr. Paige therefore gave up his holding, and in 1890 removed to " The Chantry," Highbury, his present abode. He had, in consequence of his American tour, become an investor to a considerable extent in vari ous English tramways ; with hia practical knowledge of horses and forage, and in taking more than an ordinary amount of interest as a shareholder in these companies, he soon worked his way to the front, and was elected a Director on several of these useful public conveyance companies. We may mention, en passant, that on all matters of equine lore, as well as on questions relating to fodder, the fluctuations of the corn market, and the value of grain samples, Mr. Paige is an admitted expert. It was due to information of this knowledge coming to the directorates of the following tram way companies that Mr. Paige was elected to the boards of each ; we refer to the South London Tram ways Company, the London, Deptford and Greenwich Tramways Company, the Woolwich and South-East London Tramways Company, and the Croydon Tramways Company. Mr. Paige renders to each one of these companies services of the last import ance — for each he selects the horses ; that is to say, he it is who decides on the purchase or rejection of animals as suitable or the reverse for tramway pur poses — this must not be confounded with the vete rinary examination to which horses are subjected. In addition to this he purchases the corn and general fodder for the companies, in conjunction with the managers, and, as may be weU imagined, has his hands full in studying the Corn Exchange lists and fluctuations of the markets, in selecting horses, in attending board meetings, and doing what he aims at doing, i.e. thoroughly discharging his duties as a director ; and we may say that in Mr. Paige directors generally have a capital example. He has given the best possible proof of his bond fides and right to occupy the posts he does by investing his capital largely in these companies' shares. Mr. Paige is also on the boards of Messrs. Wickens, Pease & Co., Limited, and Harrison, Barber & Co., Limited. In relation to his connection with the latter an amusing incident recently occurred. At a general meeting a shareholder with some acrimony asked the chairman who the new director, Pering Paige, was, and what qualifications he had to sit on the board and to deal with the horses and fodder accounts of the company. The chairman's answer was easy and to the point, as it was Mr. Paige's wide acquaintance with the subjects referred to which had secured him his seat, and nothing else. His interests are prineipaUy in London, but he has a family property in Comworthy, Devon, inherited from his great-grandfather, John Pering— a man, by-the-bye, of more than local interest. He was left in his early days with a large famUy of young brothers and sisters dependent upon him ; but by his energy and forethought did weU for them, and, successful in life himself, died a wealthy man. In 1887, whUe partridge shooting, Mr. Paige was un fortunately hit in the right eye, which was completely destroyed. 174 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. James McGregor. About a quarter of a century ago, Mr. James McGregor, who was then a partner in the firm of Messrs. Allan C. Gow & Co., a well-known and highly-respected firm of shipowners in Glasgow, came to London for the purpose of extending and superintending the business of the firm. On Mr. McGregor's arrival in London, his keen foresight speedily told him that his business was capable of considerable and rapid development. That he was right in his surmises is easily verified by a visit to the offices in East India Avenue. Mr. McGregor was born in the village of Tomin- toul, in the county of Banff. He commenced his education at the school of his native viUage, and continued his studies at Duff Town, where he had as fellow students Field-Marshal Sir Donald Stewart and Lord Mountstephen. After finishing his education he was articled to Mr. James Simpson, a solicitor in Keith. There he remained for some time, with much credit to himself and satisfaction to Mr. Simpson. Being desirous, however, of entering a mercantile office, his inclina tion tending towards an association with the sea, he left Keith, and shortly afterwards entered the offices of his cousin, a shipowner in Dundee. While in this town he devoted his entire attention to gaining a thorough and practical knowledge of office work and shipping matters. At the end of four years he left Dundee, and entered the office of Mr. AUan C Gow, of Glasgow. Here he found ample scope for his energy and industry. By dint of perseverance and resolution he rapidly rose in the estimation of his employer, who, after some years, showed his appreciation of his services by asking him to become a partner in the house of Allan C Gow & Co., which was then doing a large and most successful business, the flourishing condition of which was largely owing to the zeal and ability of Mr. McGregor. He accepted the offer of partnership, and the same day on which he was admitted a partner, Mr. Leonard Gow, a brother of Mr. Allan Gow, was also taken into partnership. The senior mem ber of the house died shortly afterwards, and the business became vested in Mr. McGregor and Mr, Leonard Gow, stiU under the name of Allan Gow & Co. Not long after this change in the constitution of the firm, the opportunity presented itself of their becoming shipowners on a much larger scale than they hitherto had been. Advantage was taken of the opportunity, and within a short time they were 80 successful that they had under their control a fine fleet of saUing vessels trading to the East Indies. The operations of the firm continued to increase steadily year by year, and, after the opening of the Suez Canal, they had buUt up so lucrative a business that they determined to become steamship owners as weU, and accordingly, with the assistance of some friends, they soon acquired a considerable fleet of steamers, and traded them betwixt England, China, and Japan. As opportunity offered they added to their number until they possessed sixteen or seven teen vessels, with a gross tonnage of over sixty thousand tons. This fleet is known as the Glen Line, and the boats were admitted at that time to be the fastest cargo boats in the world, frequently outstripping the mail steamers on their voyages to and from the East. Indeed, it may be said that Mr. McGregor gave an impetus to the buUding of fast cargo steamers, which up to the present time has not ceased. In those days, about the year 1 869, a premium was bestowed on those steamers which made the fastest trips from China to London bearing the new seasons' teas from Hankou, and this honour for several years f eU to the Glen Line of steamers ; and not only from Hankou, but from Fouchou to London and Japan to New York, the steamers of the Glen Line for fast passages carried off the palm. The number of Glen liners had increased so considerably at this period that it was considered advisable that an office should be opened in London, where the steamers were constantly arriving, and it was then arranged that Mr. McGregor should undertake the inauguration of a London house, under the name of McGregor, Gow & Co. Accordingly, the present offices were opened in East India Avenue and Lime Street. The venture proved to be a wise one, and, under Mr. McGregor's active management, the success of the house has been unvarying and complete. As an instance of the go-ahead spirit in which the business is conducted, it may be mentioned that, in spite of the hard times through which shipowners have recently passed, Mr. McGregor's unabated faith in the future of the shipping trade in this country has led him to commence the building of vessels of a larger type, to take the place of the older and less remunerative class of steamers. Apart from his own business, Mr. McGregor has been asked to become a Director of many important public companies, but he has invariably declined the honour, contenting himself with only being associated with those enterprises to which he can give constant LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 175 care and attention ; notably amongst these companies may be mentioned the Merchants' Marine Insurance Company, of which he is Chairman ; and the Indo- China Steam Navigation Company, of which he ia a Director. Mr. McGregor is a member of Lloyds, and an underwriter both in London and Glasgow. He is also a Director of the Caledonian Asylum, that excellent and praiseworthy institution, which so carefully and generously looks after the educa tion and welfare of the orphans of those Scotch soldiers and sailors who have lost their lives in the service of their Queen and country. He is a member of the London and Glasgow Chambers of Commerce, and is also an Associate of the Institution of Naval Architects. Mr. McGregor represented the Glasgow shipowners on Lloyds' register for several years, but finding him self unable to give sufficient attention to the business of this gigantic Corporation, he was most reluctantly compeUed to sever his connection with it. In 1884 he was selected by the Board of Trade to serve on the Royal Commission which was appointed to consider the best means for protecting life and property at sea, and which was presided over with the greatest abiUty by Lord Aberdeen. The Commission con sisted of about twenty members, among them being H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, Sir Charles Butt, Sir John Gorst, Sir William Pearce, Admiral Sir A. Cooper-Key, and others. In politics Mr. McGregor is a Liberal, and has been asked to stand for Parliament, but has hitherto de clined. He is a patron of art, and is known to be an exceUent judge of pictures, and, indeed, has frequently been complimented on that score. Like most of his countrymen he is a keen sports man, and a fiurst-rate shot. He is also a good judge of horses and a skUled farmer, and understands the rearing of cattle. He is a member of the City of London, the Oriental, and the National Liberal Clubs. He is also a Vice-President of the Clan Gregor Society, in which clan he takes a very hearty and sub stantial interest. John T. Matthews. The ship and insurance-broking firm of Messrs. W. Lampleugh & Co., of Sun Court, CornhiU, is sufficiently weU known in City circles and at Lloyd's to obviate the necessity of any explanatory introduc tion as to it, beyond the fact that its establishment by the late Mr. WUUamson Lampleugh (father of Mr. Charles Edward Lampleugh, one of the present partners of the firm) dates back to 1826; the stylo of the firm subsequently became Lampleugh & Horsley, Lampleugh & Morris, and, in 1853, W. Lampleugh & Co., under which style it has ever since been known. The subject of this sketch was born at St. Ives, CornwaU, in 1832, and is the son of Mr. John Matthews, a shipowner of that place; in fact, his family appear to have been connected with shipping interests at St. Ives from a remote date, his grand father — and this carries us hack to the earlier years of the century — was a shipbuilder at St. Ives. John Thomas Matthews was educated at the Wesleyan — now Queen's — CoUege, Taunton, and was among the original pupils at this now weU-known school ; he attended there in 1843, directly after its establish ment. In 1849 he came up to London with the usual view to push his fortunes. Through some influence he secured a berth as a junior in the offices of Messrs. Lampleugh & Co. ; steadily progressing, he remained with the firm for twelve years as a clerk, during which time the business of the house was rapidly increasing, and in 1863 his hard work and application reaped a reward. Mr. WilUamson Lampleugh then retired from active practice in favour of his son, Mr. Charles Edward Lampleugh, and Mr. Matthews, retaining himself only a sleeping interest in the business. He is a man who has earned for himself a good position in the best shipping circles in the City, and has climbed to the head of a house whose reputa tion and record is amongst the foremost in its particular line. Mr. Matthews is a man who dor serves his success, for he has worked hard and honourably for it, and we are glad to allot him a space in this collection of biographies of eminent Londoners. He is a member of Lloyd's, a society so intimately connected with every possible detail of shipping that it would be strange, as a Ship and Insurance Broker, if he were not a member ; but outside this, he has not in any way connected himself with any undertaking of a public character, or associated his name with any enterprise outside the business of his firm. In 1857 he married Emma, daughter of J. Hobson, Esq., brewer, of Grimsby, and has children. PoliticaUy, untU 1886, Mr. Matthews has enter tained Liberal opinions ; since that date he has, however, preferred to attach himself to the Unionist cause, judging that to be the best evidence and continuation of his old Liberalism. Mr. Matthews resides at The Knoll, Lewisham. 176 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Edward Fricker Carey. Me. Edward F. Caeey is the senior member of the house of W. H, Carey & Sons, Ship and Insurance Brokers and General Forwarding Agents, of 34, Mark Lane, London, E.C. The firm was founded, in 1844, by the late Mr. WUliam Henry Carey, the father of the subject of this sketch, at 21, Mark Lane, who was originaUy a partner in the ship-broking house of HaU & Carey, of the Circus Minories, and one of the most respected men in the City of London, and was noted for his strict integrity, and trusted by aU. Mr. Edward F. Carey was born in 1838, at Strat- ford-le-Bow, and was educated privately. During his school days he displayed marked abUity in mechanical drawing, and evinced a taste for archi tectural work. This was fostered by his parents, and he was sent to his uncle, the late Mr. William Wilkinson Whitaker, an architect, of Manchester. Mr. Carey studied architecture there for about five or six months, when he desired to enter upon the same line of business as his father. He accordingly left Manchester for Antwerp, where he entered the office of the late Mr. B. Kennedy, Shipbroker ; but his contemplated stay of twelve months was cut short by a severe iUness, which compeUed him to return to England. When seventeen years of age he entered his father's office. Shortly afterwards, his elder brother, William James, was taken into partnership. By the father's influence, and the energy of the sons, the business of the firm increased so rapidly that new and larger premises became necessary, and in 1860 they removed to 34, Mark Lane. In 1863 Mr. Edward F. Carey was admitted a partner, the firm then becoming W. H. Carey & Sons. The business has, therefore, been located in Mark Lane some half a century. During the great Exhibition of 1862 all the French exhibits brought to this country were shipped vid Dunkerque, aud were landed and delivered at the buUding by Messrs. W. H. Carey & Sons, a work of great responsibUity and labour, the anxiety of which had a serious effect on the health of Mr. W. H. Carey. The Dunkerque Une was founded and worked by the firm as agents to the Screw Steam Shipping Company. They also ran the Rotterdam and HarUnger lines under the same owners. It may be a matter of interest to learn that the old s.s. Sir Robert Peel, built by this Company in 1846, and about 270 tons D.W., was considered at the time to be too large to navigate with safety the Upper Pool. She was chartered to run the mails between Natal and Algoa Bay, and was the first steamer that had been seen at the latter place. On her voyage out she required the assistance of two tugs from the East India Docks to Gravesend for her safe conduct. This fact shows the gigantic strides shipping has made during the last half decade. In the year 1869 the Dunkerque trade as above was taken over by Messrs. W. H. Carey & Sons, who still run a line as owners. During the Franco-German war of 1870 the firm had a large share of the trade connected with the revictualling of Paris after she surrendered. Messrs. W. H. Carey & Sons are agents to the General Steam Navigation Company in the HarUnger and Rotterdam trades, and also do a large business as shipping agents to the Continent and other foreign parts. In 1866 Mr. Carey's father died, an event followed by his brother's death in 1874 ; thus he was left sole partner until a year or two ago, when his nephew, Ernest E. Carey, was admitted into the firm. Mr. Carey's eldest son has for some years past been working with him in his office with a view of entering the firm. Mr. Carey is exceedingly fond of sports and every thing relating thereto. For the past nine years he has been Honorary Treasurer of the Hampstead Cricket Club. Of late he has not taken an active part in cricket, but devotes much attention to lawn- tennis, and stUl plays in the tennis matches. He was an original member and on the Committee of the Hyde Park Tennis Club, where he had the oppor tunity of maeting so many of our first-class players in this covered court. He has only just resigned his membership, having been bitten with the fashionable mania for golf, and hopes to improve in this game, but says he ought to have begun at an earlier age. He is on the various Committees of the Ship- brokers' Benevolent Society and St. Mark's Hospital, City Road, both of which institutions his father assisted in founding, Mr, Carey married in 1865, and has had ten children, nine of whom survive. One of his daughters secured a place among the Royal Academy exhibits of 1894 with her picture, " Christabel." This was her first great success. Another daughter is a Licen tiate of the Royal Academy of Music. Nor is the family unrepresented in the sister branch of litera ture. His sister. Miss Rosa N. Carey, is the writer of those charming novels now so weU known, and the admirers of which are as numerous in America as they are here. Mr. Carey resides at 39, Belsize Avenue, Hamp stead. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Ill Robert Allen Lawther. Than the firm of which Mr. R. A. Lawther is the senior partner, there is none better known in London amongst shipping people of the present day. Messrs. Lawther, Latta & Co., of Billiter Buildings, Billiter Street, possesses in its two somewhat youthful partners men well adapted, in every sense, to carry on the business of the firm in accordance with the advancing spirit of the age in which we are privileged to live, and to bring forward the house which they eo ably represent to the front rank amongst the com mercial enterprises of this vast Metropolis. Judging this to be so from recent developments, we have unfeigned pleasure in inserting this short biographical sketch of Mr. Robert AUen Lawther, and can only regret that our scheme will not aUow us to include his energetic partner Mr. Latta in a like notice. Mr. Lawther, who came originally from Belfast, is the son of Mr. Samuel Lawther, of Mount Vernon, a Belfast shipowner, and was born in Ireland in 1866. Educated at the Royal CoUege of Armagh, he served for five years in the well-known shipbuilding firm of Harland & Wolff, after which he came to London and gained a thorough insight into the routine of ship management with Messrs. Trinder, Anderson &Co. Mr. Lawther has also found time for a journey round the world. The firm of Lawther, Latta & Co. does a large business in the nitrate trade and to it belongs the dis tinction of managing and directing the first steamer ever designed specially for the trade. This vessel, the Colonel J. T. North, so named in honour of the "Nitrate King," was built on behalf of the Nitrate Producers' Steamship Company, Limited, of London, by Messrs. Short Brothers, of Pallion, near Sunder land, and was successfully launched from their yard on Thursday, January 25th, 1 895, in the presence of a large and representative company, which included both Mr. Lawther and Mr. Latta. At a luncheon subsequently given to mark the auspicious occasion, Mr. R. A. Lawther, responding to a toast on behalf of the managers, stated that the Colonel J. T. North was the first steamer that had been built for the company, and had been specially designed and constructed by the builders with a view to running prineipaUy in the nitrate trade between England and Chili, and in consequence of her low consumption of fuel she would be able to successfully compete in a trade which had hitherto been monopo lised by saiUng ships. This event marks the begin ning of a new era in the far-famed nitrate trade, and one with which the firm of Lawther, Latta & Co. must of necessity be closely identified. It is a fact worthy of mention that they now charter on an average about one hundred and fifty ships in the year. Mr. R. A. Lawther was married, on November 30th, 1893, to Miss Rosamund Stewart, daughter of Mr. Eeginald Wykes Marshall, of Castlerigg Manor, Keswick, and granddaughter of the late Mr. John MarshaU of Headingly, the first Member of Parlia ment for Leeds ; the ceremony taking place at St. Saviour's Church, Walton Street, Chelsea. He resides at 7, Sumner Terrace, Onslow Square, and is a member of the Constitutional Club. Elliot Smith. Me. Elliot Smith is the head of one of the oldest and most respected firms of Shipbrokers and Freight Contractors in London — a firm which, since its foundation over thirty-six years ago, has never changed its title or its partners, but by honest, steady enterprise and zealous care, has built up and maintained a position of honour, integrity, and suc cess in the mercantile world. Originally started under the name of Gosman & Smith, it is still known as such at 150, LeadenhaU Street, while Mr. Smith, the subject of this sketch, has been for many years, and we trust for many to come will be, a familiar figure in shipping circles in the City. He is the descendant of an ancient family which flourished in the North of England, and was born in the year 1836. An elementary education having been acquired, he finished his scholastic life at King's College School, where he was in the first class of the B division of Modern Instruction. At the termination of this period of his career he en tered the offices of a firm in London, and subse quently became attached to others in a junior capa city, during which time he acquired considerable experience and information. Amongst others Mr. Smith became employed in the celebrated house of W. S. Lindsay & Co., and in this association he recalls, and is able to narrate, some curious stories in connection with the rush of emigrants to the Australian goldfields in the early days of the dis covery of wealth in that colony. Desiring to feel his feet under him, and being satisfied of his ability to conduct a house of his own, Mr. Smith, in conjunction with Mr. Alexander Gosman, of Fife, who had been a fellow clerk with him, in the year 1858 established the firm which was known by the title of Gosman & Smith. This appeUation has remained unaltered ever since, but unfortunately Mr, Go -man has been, unable for A A 178 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. some years to take an active part in the conduct of its affairs, owing to continued iU-health. The firm soon became managers of a line of sailing-ships trading chiefiy to Madras, which were caUed the Kingdom Line. The first of these boats was named the Kingdom of Fife. These they con tinued untU sailing-ships were superseded by steam, and for many years they had almost a monopoly of the Madras trade from London, while they were also the carriers of coal to the railways in that presidency to a very great extent. On the opening of the Suez Canal the firm came to the front. They were one of the first to send steamers through the Canal to India, commencing to do so in the year 1870; and on looking at the old rates of freight in Mr. Smith's offices, it is curious to compare those exi-ting before that date with the rates current now. He was one of the first to send large vessels to load at Middles- borough. Of late years Mr. Smith has devoted his attention more especially to freight contracting, prineipaUy for the Indian State railways, and he is equally popular with the officials, the large manufacturers who make the material, and the shipowners (mostly on the north-east coast) who supply him with the tonnage for what is popularly known as Smith's Mixture, as he is in social circles, where he is a great favourite. In poUtics Mr. Smith has always been a Con servative, and took an active part in the various associations connected with the cause in Hampstead, where he lived for nearly a quarter of a century. He has recently removed to Findhom, South Nor- \^'ood HUl. He belongs to Lloyd's, the Baltic, and the Shipping Exchange, and is also a member of the General Shipowners' Society and the Gresham Club. Mr. Smith married, in 1862, Annie, daughter of the late Richard Thomas Pugh, Esq. (a gentleman who was well known and respected in the City, and one of the original Directors of the Prudential A.ssu- rance Company), by whom he has a famUy. Augustus C Scovell, J.P. Me. Augustus C Scovell was born in the year 1840, and is the third son of the late George Scovell, of Grosvenor Place, London. He was educated at Harrow, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A, in 1862. Having finished his course at the University, and having determined to enter upon a commercial career, in the year 1863 he commenced business by joining the firm of H. & G. Scovell, wharf and dock pro prietors, London and Dublin, from which he has recently retired. Mr. ScoveU has devoted considerable time and attention to public and parochial work, especially in respect to the Poor Law. having been for many years Chairman of the St. Olaves Board of Guardians. In 1882 he joined the Metropolitan Asylums Board, and at the present time he is Chaimian of the General Purposes Committee, and Chairman of the Ambulance Committee. He has been Chairman of the latter Committee ever since it was formed. The ambulance service was established to remove persons suffering from infectious diseases to the different board hospitals — wherever the patient may wish to go — entirely superseding the necessity of public vehi cles carrying infectious cases, and thus ridding the Metropolis of a most fertile source of danger. This service is in operation not only in the streets of London, but also on the river Thames, where well- appointed steamers are constantly employed in the conveyance of patients suffering from small-pox to the floating hospitals moored in Long Reach, about sixteen miles below London Bridge. The new ambu lance steamer, the Geneva Cross, is the latest specimen of these boats. The after-part of this vessel is con structed after the manner of a saloon deck, and both the upper and lower decks are fitted up as hospitals for patients, and are each divided so as to make two separate wards in each hospital. In front of the engine is an isolated cabin for the conveyance of visitors^friends of patients and others. Mr. Scovell has devoted considerable time and attention to the well-being of these exceUently managed arrange ments, and much praise is due to him for his efforts on behalf of so needful an institution. Mr. ScoveU is Justice of the Peace for London, a member of the London Chamber of Commerce, and a member of the London Labour Conciliation Board, which is presided over by Mr. S. B. Boulton. He has for many years, in addition to the other calls upon his time, been a Governor of St. Olave'a Grammar School, Southwark, and has taken an active part and interest in the management of that ancient endowment. Mr. Scovell is Chairman of the Guarantee Society, and also Chairman of the Securities Insurance Company. In the year 1865 he married Arabella, daughter of Captain Vincent Frederick Kennett, of the Manor House, Dorchester- on-Thame, Oxon, by whom he has six children. His residence is 39, Eccleston Square, London, S.W., and he is a member of the Oxford and Cam bridge and City Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON 179 Henry HodsoU Heath, D.L., J.P., &c. Mr. Heath is, in the main, typical of the business he has for so many years been engaged in. He is a good example of a class of City men, now by no means so numerous as of yove, namely, the old- fashioned private wine merchant. In selecting Mr. Heath for this notice, it is our purpose not to con sider so much the wine merchant as the man. Henry Heath has been in our midst at the head of a very old business-house of honourable repute for a long time. He has filled important positions with regard to companies of public enterprise ; he is a Lieutenant, a County Justice, both for the counties of London and Surrey, and a man who has held the esteem of his fellow-men and citizens, and has stood worthily before them. Henry HodsoU Heath was born in 1823, and is the eldest son of the late Mr. Henry Heath, of Clapham Rise House, and is a cadet of the Oxford family of Heaths. " Tri coots o' th' Heath An o' flaming towtr. Strong in -war . . . Gentle i' tV bower."* So says the queer old chronicler of the family refer ring to them and their arms. On his mother's side he is of the good old Kent stock, the HodsoUs of Wrotham and Sundridge. His grandfather, Mr. James HodsoU, an unbending Tory of the Old School, contested his county division during two ParUaments, from 1770 to 1790. Mr. Heath was educated privately at Clapham. In 1846 he joined with Mr. Nold writt, and succeeded to the old-established business of Messrs. Edward TyrreU & Co., of 39, Great Tower Street, E.C, wine merchants and importers. This business was founded as far back as 1782. Mr. Noldwritt died some two years after the commencement of the partnership, and left Mr. Heath sole proprietor, who carried on the business until 1887, and then retired, leaving the active control of the firm's affairs in the hands of a gentleman since deceased. On his demise, Mr. Heath again emerged from the enjoyable retirement of private life, and once more took up the management of the business. Mr. Heath was one of the Founders and original Directors of the Explosives Company, Limited, and E. C. Powder Company. He is a Governor and Past- Almoner of St. Bartholomew's Hospital ; the second oldest member of the Common Council of the City ; he has been off'ered the Aldermanic gown on two occasions, but has refused the office ; he has been • Bosanquette's " Curiosities of Heraldry." Chairman of the first committees, elected in 18S1, City Lands, Bridge House Estates, and Gresham Library, &c., nine in all, of the Corporation. He was made a Magi-strate for Surrey in 1878, and also for the Metropolitan county, his com mission dating from its incorporation under Mr. Raikes' County CouncUs Act, and finally, he is one of Her Majesty's Lieutenants for the City, and a Commissioner of Income Tax for the City of London. In 1854 he married Eleanor, youngest daughter of the late John Hepburn, Esq., of Grove Park, Cam- berweU, a direct descendant of the family of Hep- burns, of Liddesdale, Scotland. They have a family of nine. William Frederick Heath, the eldest son, born 1856, is a well-known dealer on the London Stock Exchange. Reginald Hepburn Heath, the second, is a civU engineer, holding an important appointment under the India B. B. & C I. Railway. Perhaps the best known of his sons is the third, Herbert, of athletic fame. He was one of the best gentlemen long distance runners of the day, having carried off the cross-country championships of the southern counties, and also the national cross-coun try championships, two years in succession, 1892-3, after which he resigned. He is the winner of thirty- nine athletic medals, and several challenge cups and other trophies adorn " The Rylands " sideboard. This gentleman has recently adopted tea-planting as his profession, in Ceylon. Mr. Heath entertains a poor opinion of the wine trade, so far as the future prospects of the old private merchants go, and spreads what one may call alarmist forebodings. He has, however, had enough of sound heavy business to answer his personal needs, and so his lamentations must not be understood to apply to particular cases. He admits that the remark of the late baron Nathan Rothschild as to the merits of match-selling, when recommending a particularlj' aristocratic parent what to do with his hopeful son, " that it was a fine business if one had sufficient of it" would apply equally to the private wine merchants ; it is not the quality but the quantity which has f aUen off so alarmingly. Mr. Heath is a firm and ardent admirer of Mr. Gladstone, and in particular of his Irish policy. He is a man well quaUfied for, but has never been sufficiently conscious of his own qualifications to take up a public or political role, Mr. and Mrs. Heath reside at "The Rylands," Norwood, Surrey, one of the most charming residences in that lovely neighbourhood. He is a member of the National Liberal Club, and twice Master of the Founders' Company. 180 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Miller Arthur. Colonel Arthur, the subject of this notice, is a son of the late James Arthur, of Farniskey, County Antrim. His life is typical of the lives of service men who are above aU else military men. He is an Irishman, and a cadet of two well-lcnown houses, who have for generations supplied distinguished men to the services of the State. On his father's side he is of the Arthurs of Clare and Limerick ; a f amUy weU known in those counties for four centuries. On his mother's side he is of the Kennedys of Ayrshire ; one of whom, the Honourable James Kennedy, younger son of David, Earl of Cossilis, deemed it prudent — for reasons which may be con jectured — to take leave of Scotland for a time, after the battle of Sherrif Muir in 1715. He crossed over to Ireland and made for Antrim Castle, where he was kindly treated, and concealed by his friend, Lord Masserene. He subsequently acquired considerable property in Antrim, and Down, which was retained in the family for several generations. His grandson, David Kennedy, of Glenariff, near Enshendall, County Antrim, was the maternal grandfather of Colonel Arthur. Colonel Arthur's paternal grand father, Capt.ain James Arthur, of the old 100th Regiment — which subsequently became the 92nd Highlanders — was of the Limerick branch of the Arthur family. This officer was actively employed in our early Indian wars, in which he suffered great hardships. In the first Mysore war he was severely wounded and left on the field, where he was made prisoner and carried to Seringapatam, and confined in the same dungeon with the late General Sir David Baird. During their imprisonment, they and others were most crueUy treated, and many disappeared whose fate was never afterwards ascertained. At the termination of the war, the old 100th Regiment was temporarily disbanded, when Captain Arthur was placed on half pay. Some time afterwards Earl O'Neill, then Lord Lieutenant of Antrim, offered Captain Arthur a company in the Antrim Militia, which he accepted. The service rendered by the Antrim regiment, in the suppression of the rebellion of 1798, is a matter of history. In these services, including Vinegar HiU, Captain Arthur played an active part. He served with the Antrim regiment until his early death, which took place at Cavan in 1803. At Cavan a memorial to his memory, which is StUl in existence, was erected by Lord O'Neill and the officers of his regiment. Throughout his military career. Colonel Arthur sei-ved continuously in the Eleventh North Devon regiment — its old designation. He received his first commission without purchase ; but purchased hia Lieutenancy in August, 1858, and a Captaincy in January, 1864. His subsequent commissions were obtained without purchase. He was promoted to a brevet majority in 1877, and to a regimental majority in 1878. He was thus for the exception ally long period of fourteen years a regimental captain, although for the greater part of that period — until purchase was abolished — in the Ust of officers for promotion by purchase. During his active career Colonel Arthur was a good deal employed in the discharge of duties usually delegated to officers of much higher rank, and entrusted only to those of superior acquirements, and known capacity and ability. As a very junior sub altern he was selected for the Adjutancy of his regiment, an appointment which he held untU dis- qualitied by promotion six years afterwards. When the late Lord WiUiam Poulet commanded the first Brigade at Aldershot, Colonel Arthur, then a sub altern, was frequently selected by that distinguished officer for the performance of the duties of Brigade Major. He was as a junior Captain appointed Deputy Judge Advocate-General in Ireland, and Town Major of Dublin, and was acting in the latter capacity when his regiment was ordered to India, where by the rules of the service then in force he had to accompany it. Shortly after his arrival in India, he was appointed Musketry Instructor of his battalion, an appointment which he held for three years. During these years he quite revolutionised previously conceived notions as to possible figures of merit. Before the end of the third year the corps had more than doubled its original figure. His zeal, efficiency, and exceptional success in this appointment eUcited the strongly expressed commendation of Colonel Gordon, at that time head of the department in India, and of his Excellency Lord Napier of Magdala, the then Com mander-in-Chief in that country. When municipal institutions were first conceded to Oudh, Colonel Arthur — then a Captain — was elected the first military representative at Fyzabad. Early in 1870, Colonel Arthur — on the recommen dation of Lord WUliam Poulet, then Adjutant- General of the Army; Colonel, now Lt.-Gen. Gordon, and Col. Thesiger, now General Lord Chelmsford, G.C.B. — was appointed officiating District Inspector of Musketry at Rawal Pindee, the duties of which embraced aU the military stations in the Punjab. In the same year he was confirmed in that appointment with the rank of Assistant Adjutant-General on the Staff, and posted to Agra. From Agra he was, at the suggestion of General Travers, V.C, removed to the head-quarters of the division at LEADING MEN OF LONDON 181 Meerut. In 1873, the duty of preparing a Volunteer Code for India was delegated to him. On this duty he was employed at Army Head-Quarters at Simla for about two months. At its termination he received the thanks of Lord Napier of Magdala, the Com mander-in-Chief, and also the warm approval of Lord Chelmsford and General W. Gordon, of the Head-Quarter Staff. The Indian Volunteer force, now 26,000 strong, is still governed by this code. In 1876, when serving on the General Staff in India, he met with an accident on duty, which necessitated his return to England. As the result of that accident, he was, in 1879, placed on half pay. He was subsequently advised that his injuries would preclude his ever resuming the active duties of his profession, in consequence of which he applied for, and obtained, retirement on fuU pay, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. During the iUness consequent on his accident. Colonel Arthur received warm expressions of sympathy and esteem from several officers under and with whom he had served. Among them may be mentioned Lord WUliam Poulet, Generals Travers, V.C, Sir A. Hardinge, K.CB., Sir M. Dillon, K.CB., and W. Gordon, CLE. When Colonel Arthur was about to leave India, Lord Napier of Magdala officiaUy conveyed to him through his military secretary, his regret at the pss of what he termed "his valuable services," and the expression of a hope that his health might be sufficiently restored to admit of his future employment on the Staff ; nor did he confine himself to this. Unsolicited he brought what he considered to be Colonel Arthur's strong claims specially to the notice of the Commander-in-Chief at the Horse Guards, and very strongly commended him to the favourable consideration of his Royal Highness. Fortunately the accident which necessitated Colonel Arthur's retirement from the Army in no-wise im paired his mental powers. For many years he had contributed to current periodical Uterature — ^mainly on mUitary, but frequently on other subjects. Shortly after his retirement he was offered, and accepted, the editorship of the United Service Magatine, in which for some years he advocated, at some risk to himself, the adoption of measures, some of which were at the time pronounced Utopian. However, he has had the satisfaction of seeing aU these measures adopted. As an Irishman, he naturally takes an interest in Irish questions. Like most well-informed Irishmen, he deprecates as suicidal, as certain ruin to Ireland and a grave danger to England, Mr. Gladstone's policy in connection with his country. On this sub ject he has contributed to the press many articles and letters, all of which bear the impress of accurate information, and exceptional ability. Although his style is vigorous, he studiously avoids offensive per sonalities, or the attribution of motives. Perhaps the chief characteristics of our subject are, an infinite faculty for painstaking, and careful exe cution of anything he undertakes, and possibly this was the reason why some of his friends wished him to aspire to parUamentary honours. Although not void of honourable ambition, the beacon of West minster has at the present day no aUurements for Colonel Arthur. Had a parliamentary career pre sented itself in his younger days, when parliament was a greater attraction than it is now, he might have yielded to temptation ; but he feels, to use his own language, that he is "beaten by time." He is fond of the society of a friend, and is a genial host. He has seen much of the world, and has profited by what he has seen. Judging by his interesting conver sation and weU-informed writings, he has been not only an extensive, but a very observant voj'ager. Until his accident he had never been absent from the service companies of his regiment, unless on short leave of absence, during the time his name had been on its roUs. He served with it in the various parts of the world in which it had been employed during that time, including the Australian Colonies and India ; added to which he would appear, with the single exception of Russia, to have visited and seen a good deal of every country in Europe. Although as the result of his accident he requires the aid of a stick in walking, his healthy appearance and cheer ful conversation would appear to justify the hope that he may be spared for many years to enjoy his well-earned rest. He is a director of the Star Assurance Society, the Northern Petroleum Tank Steam Ship Company; a member of the Senior Army and Navy, the Royal Societies, and the Junior Conservative Clubs, and (ff the Royal United Service Institution. He is also a member of the governing bodies of several benevolent institutions. When quartered in Australia Colonel Arthur married EUzabeth Martha, daughter of John Pugh, of Hereford. He has had seven children, only two of whom, Margaret Emily, and Agnes Mona, are alive. The latter is married to Charles S. Hunting, of Eachwick Hall, Northumberland ; EUzabeth Jane married Major Lewis, formerly of the Eleventh Regiment, and subsequently of the Bengal Staff Corps. She died in India of typhoid fever shortly after her marriage. His address is Glenariff, Victoria Road, Clapham Common, S.W., and Army and Navy Club. 182 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Colonel Francis C Maude, T.C, CB. FR.iNcis Cornwallis Maude was born on the 28th October, 1828, at Sussex Place, Regent's Park, and is the eldest son (by first marriage) of Captain the Hon, Francis Maude, R.N,, who, curiously enough, -n-as the fourteenth son by the third marriage of his father. He was educated at Blackheath Proprietary Si-hool, at an army crammer's, and the Royal MUitary Academy, Woolwich, from whence he gained a commission in the Royal Ajtillory in October, 1847. Lieutenant Maude joined his battery at Woolwich, and, on the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion in 1848, he accompanied a demi-battery of his regiment to Liver pool, where they were quartered in the cotton-sheds, and subsequently went into camp at Everton. From there they were sent to Ireland, being stationed suc cessively at Corlc Harbour, Duncannon Fort, DubUn and Waterford. In 1854 Mr. Maude went out to India on sick leave. On his return he was promotpd to Captain, after seven years' service, served at Pur- fleet, and was sent out, in 1855, in command of his battery to Trincomalee, in Ceylon, where he remained two years. On the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny he went with the artillery to Calcutta, where they stayed for a few days, and were sent to form part of Havelock's Artillery. Captain Maude was then Senior Officer, and, in the beginning of the campaign, had command of Havelock's Artillery. The first action took place on the 12th Julj^, 1857, and Havelock's column arrived in Cawnpore, after a battle before that citj', a few hours after the massacre of the women and children. At this period the troops were decimated by cholera, the heat being intense. On the 25th September, 1857, he took part, under Outram and Havelock, in the desperate entry into Lucknow, on which occasion the force lost nearly a third of its numbers ; an event almost unprecedented in history, on the victorious side. For two months they were shut up in the Resi dency at Lucknow until relieved by Lord Clyde (thea Sir Colin CampbeU). Subsequently, for three or four months, they remained outside Lucknow until Clyde was strong enough to take the city. At the siege and capture of Lucknow in March and April, 1858, it is needless to say Maude was present. He was out in what was known as "the cold weather campaign" of December, 1858, going afterwards to Calcutta. Three times was Colonel Maude recom mended for the Victoria Cross, once by the unanimous vote of the men of his battery. As Colonel-in-Comniand of the cantonment at Dacca he went through another cholera epidemic. Though ranking Lieutenant-Colonel in the army hewas only then promoted to First Captain of Artillery, and f eU to a battery at Plymouth, which was speedily ordered to Corfu in 1861. There they stayed for three years, until the islands were given up to Greece by Mr. Gladstone. After serving for two years at Malta, and suffering a good deal from Malta fever. Colonel Maude went on half-pay. Visiting Spain on leave he saw Siemen's Patent for making ice, at Cordova, and on his return to Malta he invested £2,000 in it. The works then established are stiU going on, and make aU the ice used in Malta. After leaving the army he settled for a time in London, and conceived the idea of forming a Free Labour League in opposition to the Trade Unions. In eighteen months they obtained some 17,000 sig natures, and fought no less than twenty-six pitched battles with trade unions. In conjunction with Cardinal Manning, Ruskin, the Marquis of Westminster, and Lord Brassey, Colonel Maude was oije of the promoters of the Charity Organisation Society. In 1869 he started the Emigrant and Colonists' Corporation, with the Duke of Manchester, Captain Bedford Pim, R.N., and Mr, Edward Jenkins, author of "Jinks' Baby." They secured for their purpose a block of land in New Zealand. Colonel Maude purchased, in 1870, some six hun dred acres of Free Grant Land, in Canada, which he farmed for three years. He then returned to Eng land and Uved at Southsea, being Chairman of the Co-operative Stores there. From 1875 to 1876 he lived in France, and in July of the latter year Lord Derby appointed him Consul-General at Warsaw, where he stayed until 1886, retiring then on a pen sion. In February, 1888, he went out to Madagascar on behalf of the Madagascar Forest Cojupany, and remained there five years, partly in connection with that Company, and partly as MiUtary and Political adviser to the Hova Government. He came back to England in February, 1893. Colonel Maude married, in 1860, the only daughter of the acting Chief Justice of Ceylon, by whom he has four children living, viz., a son, who obtained his commission from the ranks and is now a Lieu tenant in the 19th (Princess of Wales's Own York shire Regiment), and three unmarried daughters. To contemporary literature he frequently contributes over the signatures of "Victoria Cross," " Vazaha," &c., &c., and is the author of a weU-known book on the Indian Mutinj'. He is a member of the Cobden, Primrose, and Junior Conservative Clubs; also of the Carlyle Society. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 183 Major Francis Ignatius Ricavde-Seaver, F.R.S. Edin., F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. CE., &c. If such a th'ng could be ever accurately ascertained, it would probably astonish those who have never had their attention drawn to the subject, to find in how many cases the prosperity and development of countries not under the British flag is largely due to the energy and administrative abilities of dis tinguished fellow-countrymen of ours who have lent their services to those countries. It is no boast to say that our Anglo-Saxon race — so called more for convenience than accuracy — possesses almost the monopoly of the secret of organising a new country. This is pre-eminently the case with the Argentine RepubUc. To British genius and to British gold are owing whatever prosperity and whatever stand ing it possesses to-day, and from the same sources will come any further development to which it may attain. One of the gentlemen who has largely helped to this result is Major Ricarde-Seaver. He was born in December, 1836, at Hand Park, Rush, County Dublin, and was educated partly with a private tutor and partly at a private school. He was originaUy intended for the law, but finding it was not most suited to his tastes and capabilities, and that his bent lay in the direction of the natural sciences, he abandoned law and devoted his whole time to geology, mineralogy, electricity, and mining engineering. In 1856, having completed his studies, he started for Chili, where he joined a scientific mission under the late Professor David Forbes, F.R.S., the well- known geologist. The object of this mission was to determine certain geological facts and to study the various interesting formations of the Andes. The range of these observations extended over the southern part of the Republic of Chili, northward through Bolivia, and into Peru. Many geological sections — some over three hundred miles in length — through the Andes from the Pacific coast to La Paz, the capital of Bolivia, and further north through the valley of Sorata, were carefully worked out. Most of the results of the expedition are recorded in the pro ceedings of the Geological and other learned societies of Great Britain, At the conclusion of this mission Major Ricarde-Seaver returned to Valparaiso, where he was appointed Government Assay er to the district, a post which he occupied until 1862, when the Government of the Ao-gentine RepubUc offered him the important position of Inspector- General of Mines. He entered upon his duties in April, 1862, and continued in the service for a period of twelve years. He was mainly instrumental also in develop ing the railroad and telegraph systems of the country. When he first came there were not fifty miles of railway laid down, and scarcely any telegraphs. When he left it in 1874, there were some 1,500 miles of railroad in active operation, and over 3,000 miles in course of con struction, besides 8,000 miles of telegraph in constant regular use. All this was not accomplished without immense labour, and involved several missions to Europe on behalf of his Government on the part of Major Ricarde-Seaver, to make financial and other arrangements. In those days it was often most diffi cult to raise a loan on behalf of Argentina, with its un known resources and limited credit. Major Ricarde- Seaver determined to return to Europe, and upon resigning his post, his Government specially created for him a Consular position in Great Britain, in re cognition of his long and valuable services. During the Paraguayan war in 1863, he held the military rank of Major in the Argentine Service, which title he retains in this country owing to his Consular position. He has also been active as an author and a journalist. Among his works have been — "A Mining Journey across the Great Andes '' (1863), " The Mineral and other Resources of the Argentine Republic " (1870), besides works in the Spanish language published in Buenos Ayres. From 1886 to 1892 he was in Paris, and edited the Journal des Mines et des Chemins de Fer, and since then he has acted as special correspondent in South Africa to the Times newspaper and Pall Mall Gazette. Among the many marks of distinction which he has received are the foUowing : — Knight Com mandership of the Royal and Military Order of Christ, from the King of Portugal ; and the Com mandership of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Isabella the Catholic, from the late King of Spain. He was created an Officer of the French Academy by the French Government, and is a Knight Officer of the Imperial Order of the Rose of Brazil. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, an associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers, a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, and a member of the Eoyal Institution of Great Britain and Athenseum Club. In 1878 he married H.S.H. Princess Doiia Maria Luisa de Looz-et-Corswarem, who, through her grandmother, an Infanta of Spain, was related to the Bourbons. She died in 1881, and in 1890 he married again — the Marquise De VUUers de la Laurencie-Charras of the Chateau de Charras, France. He assumed in 1891, by royal Ueence, his mother's name of Seaver in addition to Elcarde, which was his father's. 184 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Honourable Magnus Mowat. Me. Magnus Mowat was born at Fraserburgh, Scotland, in May, 1841. He left the parish school, where his education was conducted under the care of the Rev. W- Woodman, at the age of fifteen, and entered the service of the Bank of Scotland at Fraserburgh for a short time. He next studied law at Edinburgh till about twenty-one, and afterwards proceeded to London in the service of Messrs. Finlay, Campbell & Co. He was sent out to India in 1866 to the corresponding firm, Messrs. Eitchie, Steuart & Co., of Bombay, and became a partner in that house in 1876. His abilities and energy were bound to bring him to the front, and in 1877 we find him a Justice of the Peace, and Deputy Chairman of the Bombay Chamber of Commerce, Chairman in 1878, to which position he was re elected in 1879. In 1878 he became also a director of the Bank of Bombay, of which he was after wards President. Before his return to the old country he received a flattering resolution of thanks from his colleagues on the Board for the care and judgment with which he had assisted the Bank at a critical period. In 1879 he was president of the Bombay Committee in connection with the Melbourne International Exhibition, the success of which was partly due to his exertions. Sir Richard Temple, then Governor of the Presidency, conferred upon him the honour of membership of the Legis lative Council, and he flUed this position until 1880. Among the important official positions which he held at Bombay was that of trusteeship of the Port, and he was appointed by the Chamber of Commerce, along with Messrs. Bythell and Kitt- redge, as a sub-committee to value the foreshore properties, which were ultimately purchased at the prices recommended by them. He had been very active in endeavouring to promote legislation deal ing with the Port Trust, and succeeded in getting his recommendation embodied in the new Port Trust Bill, that the flve trustees should be elected by the Chamber of Commerce; and, as already mentioned, he was elected one of the first. This proved that the Chamber appreciated his efforts to obtain popular representation in dealing with this important question which affdcts so largely the prosperity of the trading community of Bombay. It is a pretty generally accepted fact that busy men have the most leisure, but until one actually sees a record of some of the manifestations of the dUigence and energy of a busy man like Mr, Mowat, it is diffi cult to realise aU that can be accomplished by a single individual. As far back as 1862 a literary work was issued by him for circulation among his numerous friends. In 1875 an essay was published by him deaUng with the question of gold as a basis of currency. It attracted some notice in the press and else where, and his views and prognostications have been fully borne out by subsequent events. He also found time to assist in the preparation of a paper for the Indian Famine Commission with reference to the question of public works. His views were set forth with great ability and were quoted by the late Mr. John Bright in his great speech on India at WiUis's Rooms. He has presided and spoken at innumerable meetings on subjects connected with the prosperity of Bombay. Previously to leaving for England he presided at the last St. Andrew's dinner, in November, 1879, one of the most successful ban quets of the kind ever held in the city. Mr. Mowat returned to England in 1880, tem porarily divesting himself of the positions which he was holding in India up to that time, and took charge of the Liverpool house of his firm, and was elected a member of the Council of the Chamber of Commerce of that city, and Deputy Chairman of the East India and China Trade Section. To what ever business he had put his hand, whether public or private, he devoted all his energy and care, and few men actively engaged in business have found time for so much labour for public objects as he. Moreover, it had aU been done with the greatest disinterestedness and public spirit. In 1882 he again went to the East for eighteen months, and during that short stay was the Chairman of the Bombay Committee of the International Ex hibition held at Calcutta. His labours in this con nection were rewarded by a medal and a resolution of thanks for his services. He returned to London in 1884, and has found time to take up various commercial questions con nected with the metropolis, especiaUy those affect ing the East, as well .as to attend to the business of the house with which he is connected. He married in 1873, Jane, the daughter of the late James Stod- art, Esq., J. P., of Muiryfield Grange, Banffshire, and has a family of three sons. He resides at Pitmain Lodge, Granville Park, Blackheath, enjoying a robust health, which is quite at variance with com monly accepted ideas about Anglo-Indians. Mr. Mowat is a director of several joint stock companies in the city of London, and perhaps may some day yield to the solicitations of his friends to enter political life. It is certain that his wide ex perience and proved administrative capabUities would make him a valuable representative. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 185 W. J. Carruthers Wain, A.I.CE. The subject of this sketch is probably the best- known man in the tramway world, not only as the President of the Tramways Institute, but also as a Director of several tramway companies and a tramway expert. He was born in the year 1856 in London, and is descended from one of our oldest Border families, the Carruthers of Mouswald, whose banner and arms may be seen with those of other clans in a room in Sir Walter Scott's house at Abbotsford, round which rims the inscription : " Here be the arms of the clans which kopit the Scottish borders. They were worthy in their tyme and God did them defend." His ancestors were Barons of Mouswald, and formerly large landowners in Dumfriesshire. In the early days of his life Mr. Carruthers Wain was taken to Canada, where he was educated. He was originaUy destined for the church, but pending decisive arrangements he returned to England and was appointed to a clerkship on the London, Brigh ton and South Coast Railway. During his connec tion with this raUway he mastered the various branches of administration so rapidly that at the age of twenty-six he was appointed to the Assistant- Secretaryship, the second most important post in the gift of the Directorate. About this time the Secre tary was taken iU, and Mr. Carruthers Wain was compeUed to act in his place, and successfuUy con ducted its compUcated affairs during a short, but critical, period. On resigning his post in the Brighton Company, he turned his attention to financial matters, and subse quently became Managing Director of the Birming ham Central Tramways Company. The progress of this Company under the superintendence of himself and coUeagues is instanced by the fact that for the nine months preceding his appointment the total profits amounted to £14,000, whereas the succeeding year they were £30,000, subsequently increasing to £45,000. The Croydon Tramways Company was the next Mr. Wain was connected with. Again under his able management the receipts increased largely, and the expenses considerably diminished. The profits would probably have been much higher if the charges for the repair of permanent way were not so large, tramway companies being heavily penalised in this respect. Mr. Carruthers Wain has accomplished many good services for tramway shareholders. The South Staffordshire Tramways Company was long kept out of liquidation and utter ruin entirely by his efforts. One of the first things he had to contend with when he took it in hand was to pay a debt of £100,000 incurred by his predecessors, but he contrived so well as to be able to pay its debenture interest with something over, and he successfully negotiated for the fitting up on the system of nine miles of electric tramway which was lately opened. The North Staffordshire and the Deptford and Greenwich Tramway Companies were in a similar position to the above. A biU of £14,000 was due in a month when he took up the management of the former Company. By personally pledging his credit he was able to pull this Company through the crisis. For the last six years in succession he has been elected President of the Tramways Institute. Mr. Wain was practically the founder and originator of this valuable institute, which exists for the protec tion and advancement of tramway interests, and to secure amendments to Acts of Parliament, &c. Mr. Wain is the recipient of many addresses, ser vices of plate, china, and other valuables presented to him by shareholders and tramway employes, he taking the greatest interest in their welfare and being a supporter of aU their benefit societies. In 1890 he undertook a journey across the Atlantic to acquire the latest information as to new methods. He is well known as an expert witness on rail way and tramway questions, and secured single- handed the rejection of the Government Departments (Transfer of Power) BiU of 1889 by the Select Com mittee. He is an adviser to several Corporations, and has been invited by the Government (1894) to represent the great tramways interests at the Con ference on Light Railways, and is on the Committee. Mr. Wain is an Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers, a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, a member of the Royal Society of Arts, and a member of the British Economic Association. He is a Managing Director of the Birmingham Central Tramways Company, Limited, a Director of Waterloo House and Swan & Edgar, Limited, and Chairman of the Croydon Tramways Company, the London, Deptford and Greenwich Tramways Com pany, the North Staffordshire Tramways Company, and the South Staffordshire Tramways Company. In politics he is a very Uberal-minded Conservative, and was, in 1891, the accepted Unionist candidate for Mid Lanark, but had to retire from the contest on account of illness. He shortly intends to contest another seat, when we trust he will be successful. He is a member of the Thatched House, Junior Constitutional, Birmingham Conservative, and Glas gow Imperial Union Clubs. B B LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Colonel Ben Hay Martindale, CB. Late E,E, Assoc. Inst. Civil Engineers. Colonel Maetindale has passed, or rather is passing, through a somewhat unusual career, as the foUowing epitome of it wiU serve to show. He was born in London on the 1st October, 1824, his forebears having migrated to the south from Martindale in Westmoreland, and was educated, after some preparatory schools, at Rugby from 1837 to 1840 inclusive, in Doctor Arnold's time, leaving not long before the lamented death of that eminent man. His private tutors were Lee, afterwards Bishop of Manchester, and Cotton, afterwards Bishop of Calcutta. In January, 1841, he joined the Royal MUitary Academy, Woolwich, as a gentleman cadet, and obtained his commission in the Royal Engineers in June, 1843. After going through the then usual course at Chatham and a few months' service at Woolwich, he was ordered to Gibraltar in the autumn of 1844, and thence in 1846 to the Ionian Islands. At both places considerable fortification works were in progress, upon which he had the good fortune to be employed under distinguished officers of the Corps. Upon his return home in 1852 he was ordered as executive officer to Dover, about the time that Sir John Burgoyne's famous letter on the defence of England became public. This led to a considerable revision and increase of the works at Dover, under the Commanding Engineer, Colonel Streatfield. In 1856 certain officers of the Royal Engineers were ordered to the War Office in London to be employed upon designs for the defence of Great Britain, of whom he was the second, the late General Westmacott being the first. In the spring of 1857, however, the Colonial Office having requested General Sir J. Burgoyne, then Inspector- General of Fortifications, to recommend an officer to administer the public works in New South Wales, where responsible government had been recently introduced, he accepted the appointment. Under various acts of the colony he held the appointment of Commissioner of railways, Superintendent of electric telegraphs, and Commissioner of roads from 1857 to 1861, and, in addition, of Under-Secretary for public works from 1859 to 1861. The work was very hard, but he had excellent officers in the various departments under his control, who did the colony good service, aided as they always were by the experienced counsel of that very able Governor and Engineer, Sir W. Denison, R.E. Early in 1861 he resigned the service of the colony and returned home, and was again employed at the War Office, first in the barrack department under Sir Douglas Galton, K.C.B., then Captain Gallon, E,E,, and from 1862 to 1868 as Superintendent of the Barrack Department, one of the then principal officers of the War Office. From 1866 to 1868 he was also a member of the Army Sanitary Committee. In 1868, on the formation of the Control Department, he was ordered as deputy- controller to inaugurate the system at Aldershot, and in the spring of 1869 to Canada for a similar duty. WhUe in that capacity the Fenian raid upon Canada and the Eed River Expedition took place, and subsequently the with drawal of the British forces from Canada, General Hamilton, R.E,, and Colonel Martindale being the two last British officers to leave. These duties brought him into communication with the Admiralty through the Director of Transports, then Captain Mends, R.N., from whom he received some very flattering letters in recognition of such services as he was enabled to render. Subsequently he received the honour of the Companionship of the Bath. From Canada he was ordered to Halifax as deputy- controller, and upon returning to England on sick leave in 1872 to Dover. In 1873 he left the Army, after thirty years' service, and became general manager of the London and St. Katharine Docks Company. This position he held until the end of 1888 when the union for working purposes of that company with the East and West India Docks Com pany under Act of ParUament necessitated fresh arrangements, and Colonel Martindale was placed on the superannuated list. Shortly afterwards one of the Court of the London and St. Katharine Docks Company, Mr. T. L. Devitt, in an extremely hand some manner, resigned his seat in his favour, and he has since continued to be a director of that company and one of its representatives on the London and India Docks Joint Committee. Colonel Martindale is also a director of the City of London Electric Lighting Company, Limited, and of two minor companies. He entirely deprecates any claim to be included among distinguished men ; but he thinks it possible that a lesson may be learnt from his career, empha sizing the value of the training of a pubUc school, and of the Corps of Royal Engineers, to fit a man for a not altogether useless life. He married in 1848 Mary EUzabeth Knocker, daughter of Thomas Knocker of Dover, Kent, by whom he has three sons and four daughters now living. Colonel and Mrs. Martindale reside at Overfield, Bickley, Kent. His City address is 109, LeadenhaU Street. He is a member of the United Service Club. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 187 George Wilkinson Drabble. Me. Geoeoe Wilkinson Deabble— one of the leaders of South American commercial affairs in London — was born at Sheffield, on AprU 24th, 1824, and is a son of the late James J. Drabble, of that town. He was educated at the Sheffield Grammar School, which he left in 1840, and then entered his father's firm, Drabble Brothers & Co., merchants. After completing his commercial education at Sheffield, London, and Manchester, Mr. Drabble, in conjunc tion with his elder brother, estabUshed the firm of Drabble Brothers in 1847, going himself to the River Plate to open the branch house in Monte Video. He resided in Buenos Ayres as head of the firm from 1847 to 1869, when he returned to take up his residence in London, his eldest son, Mr. Charles W. Drabble, taking his place in Buenos Ayres. During his sojourn in the Argentine Republic he filled the important post of Director of the State Provincial Bank, then in the zenith of its power, and, in fact, at that time the only bank in Buenos Ayres. He was also elected Alderman for the ward of Socorro, where he had built his residential house. During the cholera scourge, which raged in the Argentine RepubUc in 1865 and 1866, Mr. Drabble was elected with two others to take charge of the city of Buenos Ayres — ^to form a committee, and use all precautionary measures to arrest the spread of the disease, and also to provide means for burying the dead, &c. This dreadful period was very trying to him and his two coUeagues, and subsequently one of them died from the epidemic. At this time the first pipes were laid down for the supply of pure water for the city, and this was the commencement of the present magnificent works. As Alderman, Mr. Drabble also urged the establish ing of tramways, and published a book showing the advantages of the system as evidenced by the tramways of the United States of America. In 1853, Mr. Drabble proposed to his supporters the purchase of land for sheep farming, which was the foundation of the present River Plate Estante Company, now owning large properties in the Uruguay Republic, and which has proved a most successful enterprise. In the year 1862 he associated himself with Mr. Armstrong — the weU known Buenos Ayres banker — and Mr. Green ; together they acquired from Mr. Lumb the concession he was trying to obtain from the Government for the Buenos Ayres Great Southern Railway, and by their united efforts were greatly instrumental in overcoming the difficulties in starting this now powerful Company. Mr. Drabble has always been an ardent supporter of this Company, of which he is a Director. Since taking up his residence in London, he has retained his connection with the River Plate. One of his first efforts was the starting of the City of Buenos Ayres Tramway Company, the first tramway laid down in that city, which by its success verified the statements he had made in his book published some years earlier, urging the desirabiUty of the tramway system. Recognising the great importance to general commerce, at the request of Mr. Madero, the well known Concessionaire of the Buenos Ayres Port Works, he associated himself with Sir Edward Thornton and the late Mr. Gilmour in raising tha capital necessary for the construction of these im portant works. Mr. Drabble still remains Chairman of the Trustees of this Company. At the request of Messrs. Baring — previous to the unfortunate event of the year 1890 — he joined the Board of the Buenos Ayres Water and Drainage Company. Afterwards the works were taken back by the Government, and the Company was liquidated. In 1884 Mr. Drabble was associated in the re organisation of the Campana RaUway of Buenos Ayres — now known as the Buenos Ayres and Rosario Railway Company — obtaining a concession for its extension, first to Rosario and afterwards to Tucu man. Subsequently he negotiated, with others, the purchase of the Western Railway from the Government of the province of Buenos Ayres. A Company was formed in London which now exists as the Buenos Ayres Western Railway. Of these, Mr. Drabble is respectively Director and Chairman. As far back as 1872, he was associated with the first railway laid down in the Uruguay Republic. This railway was at first a native company, but was acquired by Mr. Drabble and his colleagues, as it was found impossible to exercise a supervision suffi cient to secure its proper working. After great difficulty it was transformed to the present English Company in 1876, and the result soon proved entirely satisfactory. For many years he was Chairman of this Company, but through pressure of other engage ments was forced to resign. On the decease of his successor he was urged, and successfully, to resume the Chairmanship ; a position he still retains. In 1869 Mr. Drabble was elected a Director of the London and River Plate Bank, and in 1871 he was elected Chairman, which responsible post he has since fiUed. The successful career of this Bank is widely known, and at this date is considered one of the soundest foreign banks in the kingdom. The River Plate Fresh Meat Company is the most unsuccessful Company with which he has been con nected. Although apparently favoured by many 188 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. intrinsic advantages it has not responded, to the disappointment of every one interested. As Mr. Drabble has always retained his connec tion with the still existing firm of Drabble Brothers, of Manchester and Buenos Ayres — as senior partner till 1869, and afterwards as their confidential adviser — it is evident that he must be considered one of the active men connected with the River Plate trade. He is also Chairman of the Central Uruguay Eastern Extension Railway, the Central Uruguay Northern Extension Railway Company, and the Central Uruguay Railway Company of Monte Video. In 1857 Mr. Drabble married Miss White, of Buenos Ayres, and has five children. His residence is 1, Pembridge Square, W. William Digby, CLE. It is with considerable pleasure that we find our selves enabled to record a few of the salient features of so successful and distinguished a career as that of Mr. WiUiam Digby, at the present time senior partner in the firm of Messrs. William Hutchinson & Co. To many of our readers, probably, the name is a famiUar one. In his earlier years, and indeed until quite recently, Mr. Digby was a journalist. His life has been one of singular brilliancy, and he has devoted himself to the truest and best side of jour nalism. After a sojourn of many years in the far East, he is to-day probably one of the highest living authorities in London on India, and Indian life. Willia,m Digby is the son of the late William Digby, and was born at Wisbech, in Cambridgeshire, on May 1st, 1849. Early in life he entered upon his journalistic career on East Anglian papers. He then wenttoljewes as Chief Reporter on the Sussex Adver tiser. In 1871 Mr, Digby left this country for Ceylon, to take over the duties of sub-editor on the Ceylon Observer. It wa.s whilst there that he sent home, in 1875, his weU-known article on "A Home Rule Experiment in Ceylon," published in the Fortnightly Review. He was Honorary Secretary of the Total Abstinence Society of Ceylon, and the originator of a Petition, with 33,000 signatures, which brought about important restrictions in the consumption and sale of intoxicating liquors. He also, as a layman, preached what has been described as "the first Temperance Sermon in Asia." At Colombo, too, he originated an agitation against the Revenue Farming System and Food Taxes, writing a pamphlet, entitled, " The Food Taxes of Ceylon," for the information and guidance of the Cobden Club. For this service the Club, in March, 1876, elected him an Honorary Member. Resulting from this agitation, a Committee of Inquhy was appointed, foUowed by the passing of an Ordinance abolishing the Farming System, though the food-taxes were stiU retained. About this time Mr, Digby commenced to contri bute a 'series of articles to the Calcutta Review, which resulted in an offer of the Editorship being made to him. Non-residence in Calcutta compeUed him to decline this proposition. Whilst connected with the Ceylon Observer, Mr. Digby produced six volumes of " The Ceylon Hansard." Coming on to later years, we find that in 1877 Mr. Digby took over the Editorial duties of the Madras Times, and established in Madras a Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. In July and August of that year the terrible famine in Southern India was at its height, and it fell to Mr. Digby to initiate the movement for its alleviation. His letter to The Times on the subject will be fresh in the minds of most of us. Writing as one who had intimate personal knowledge of the intense sufferings of the famine-stricken people, his letter was a startling revelation to people in this country, and the sensation it created wiU not readUy be forgotten. To Mr. Digby's appeal to the mother country it was owing that the Indian Government awoke from its apparent apathy. The Viceroy (the late Earl of Lytton) pro ceeded to Madras, and large public works were commenced, to provide work for the people. The Lord Mayor of London (Sir Thomas White), in response to Mr. Digby's appeal, opened the Mansion House Fund. Mr. Digby was appointed Honorary Secretary of the Executive and General Committees in India for the receipt and disbursement of the £800,000 subscribed. With such success did he perform his onerous duties, that the actual per centage of the expenses attending the forwarding and disbursement of the money sent out to India was less than three-quarters of one per cent., or, in other words, out of every sovereign subscribed, nineteen shiUings and tenpence reached those for whom it was given. These figures are so strikingly clear that any enlargement upon them would be superfiuous ; suffice it to say, that, the famine being over, and the work of relief ended, Mr. Digby declined to accept one penny from the charity for his services, though he might well have done so without loss of self-respect. On this decision of his becoming known, the mem bers of the Committee subscribed a purse of 2,745 rupees, for presentation to their Secretary, and the Viceroy of India sought and obtained for him the distinction of a Companionship of the Order of the Indian Empire. In this connection we believe we are right in saying that he was the youngest man (then twenty-nine years) in the world who has received an Indian decoration, and certainly he was LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 189 the first working journalist ever decorated by the Indian Government. While in Madras he was nomi nated by the Government for a seat on the Municipal CouncU of that city; and a movement was set on foot by the Indian residents to secure for him tho position of President of that body, but his departure from India prevented the fruition of their hopes. For the Madras Times Mr. Digby wrote nearly 1,200 leading articles on various subjects; while, shortly after the famine, he brought out two volumes, entitled, " The Famine Campaign in Southern India." Shortly before leaving Madras he published " Forty Years of Official and Unofficial Life in a Crown Colony " (two volumes), being the life of Sir Riohard F. Morgan, Chief Justice of Ceylon. He saUed for England in August, 1879, amidst universal expressions of regret from press and public. He next accepted the Editorship of the Liverpool and Southport Baily News, in which capacity he did good service for the Liberal party during the 1880 election campaign, which witnessed Mr. Gladstone's return to power. He left Southport to become Editor of the Western Baily Mercury, Plymouth. In 1882 he came to London to take up the duties of Secretary of the National Liberal Club, then in course of formation, and on its successful establish ment Mr. Gladstone paid a flattering tribute to Mr. Digby's powers as an organiser. In 1885 he unsuc cessfuUy contested North Paddington in the Liberal interest; and, in 1892, he opposed Sir Albert RoUit for South Islington, also unsuccessfully. On resigning the Secretaryship of the National Liberal Club, in 1888, he founded the Indian Political Agency, and was appointed Agent in England of the Indian National Congress. The foUowing year he was appointed Secretary of the British Committee of the Indian National Congress. Mr. Digby is representative in England of several Indian papers and London Correspondent of others. He was, for three years. Editor of India, the organ of the Indian National Congress, and Honorary Secretary of the Bradlaugh Memorial Committee. Reginald Dalby- Welch. The subject of this sketch has acquired much popiUarity in the City, for his admirable and elabo rate Classification of Capitalists in the United Kingdom, in which work he is represented as Managing Director of Dalby- Welch & Co., Limited. Mr. Dalby- Welch was born in 1837, at Gloucester, and after receiving a fair education, started life as clerk to Mr. J. C Symons, Barrister-at-Law, In spector of Schools, and author of several legal, edu cational, and astronomical works. A few years later he entered the services of the Great Western Rail way Company, in the General Mileage Department ; but, finding the work uncongenial, he relinquished it, and accepted the Secretaryship to an eminent firm, which he retained for many years. In 1871 he left this firm for an engagement in the Statistical work of the Census, an appointment held under the Lords of the Treasury, in which capacity he acquired the confidence of that department, and gained considerable distinction for his abiUty, a proof of which was that, in 1881, his valuable services were again secured by the Treasury. Ultimately he became interested in Joint-Stock enterprise, and started the System of Classification, which must always be identified with his name. The Com pany, of which he is Managing Director, was incorporated in the commencement of 1889, but the work which Mr. Dalby- Welch had taken in hand was of such a tedious and intricate character, that the progress was not rapid until the autumn of the same year. The first balance account, however, issued by the Company showed a sufficient profit to provide a dividend of 10 per cent, on both the ordinary and preference shares. The compiling, classifying, collating, entering, and other details connected with the work inaugurated by Mr. Dalby- Welch, is performed solely by young ladies, and over one hundred are generally en gaged in the task. There is the female secretary, correspondent, accountant, cashier, shorthand writer, typist, entering clerks, and writers, many of them being selected for special efficiency. The system adopted by Mr. Dalby- Welch has proved a great boon to promoters, the names pur chased by the Company, amounting to upwards of 600,000, have been reduced, after careful eUmination, to 250,000, and may be regarded as the cream of the investing pubUc ; while the removal of all duplicates ensures a large saving in postage, besides sparing the pubUc the annoyance of recei-ving more than one prospectus or other matter. Although not an active politician, Mr, Dalby- Welch holds strong Conservative views, and at one time he took a prominent part in the Conservative Association at Kennington. Throughout his career his imaginative mind has evidenced an aptitude for work of very varied kinds, and among the diverse occupations to which he has applied himself it may be mentioned that he has, without any tuition, obtained some distinction in organ building, one of his instru ments being in the church at Pylle. He is known as an expert in handwriting, and is an extensive autograph collector. He is a member of the Society of Arts, and resides at Riverside Lodge, Kingston. 190 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. The Baron de Bush. William Eenest Baeon de Bush, the senior partner in the firm of W. J. Bush & Co., of ArtiUery Lane, Manufacturing Chemists of world-wide repute, though quite a young man — being only in his thirty-fourth year — has had honour and rewards heaped upon him in recognition of his valuable services in the cause of science. He is the eldest son of the late William John Bush, and was born in theyear 1860. Havingre- ceived his early education at a private school (Thanet College, Margate), he pursued his studies in Germany and London, devoting a vast amount of attention in particular to that of chemistry, in which direction his tastes were more especially inclined. Baron de Bush soon acquired a reputation for abilities of a very high order, and was remarkable for his knowledge of odoriferous principles and ethereal substances. He was selected by Lord Granville as British Juror for chemicals at the Antwerp Exhibition of 1885, and discharged his duties there with conspicuous success, and to the entire satisfaction of all those concerned in the undertaking, and also had the pleasure of receiving a letter of thanks from the foreign office. Later, he was selected as President of the Chemical Section, and representative for England, on the Supreme Jury of the Brussels Exhibition of 1888, where he acquired fresh fame, and added considerably to the reputation he had hitherto been credited with in the worlds of industry and science. That his services were appreciated in the highest quarters is evidenced by the distinguished honour conferred upon him by His Majesty the King of the Belgians, in creating him a ChevaUer of the Kingdom of Belgium, with the Order of Leopold ; while H.R.H. the late Duke of Saxe Coburg-Gotha bestowed upon him the family order of his house, and afterwards created him a Baron, for his services in the cause of science. Baron de Bush undertook the onerous task of Chairman of the forty British Jurors at the Edin burgh International Exhibition of 1890, and at its close was presented by the Executive Commission of the Exhibition with a very elegant, illuminated, and mounted address, as a Uttle souvenir of his connection with the Exhibition, and as a tribute to his distin guished scientific and commercial services generaUy. Baron de Bush is a member of the Salters', the Loriners', the Tinplate-workers', and the Gold and Silver Wire-drawers' Companies. He has been an extensive traveller, and there is scarcely a country in Europe which he has not visited, while he has also traveUed much abroad. The house of W. J. Bush & Co., holds the first place among manufactuiiug chemists in this country. It was founded about half a century ago by Mr WUliam John Bush, father of the Baron, who, having been articled to a medical practitioner, afterwards set up in business as a manufacturing chemist, and subsequently attained to a position of a high eminence in the chemical world. The principal feature of the business is in the distillations of essential oils and essences, in which it is not too much to say that their success and celebrity is world-wide. At Mitcham is situated the largest producing ground of sweel herbs in England, consisting of peppermint, lavender, and roses, grown there to be distilled by Messrs. W. J. Bush & Co. into sweet essences. They have establishments also at Grasse in France, and at Messina in Sicily, whereby they are enabled to manufacture the essential oUs indigenous to the respective soils ; and have, in addition, three distri buting houses in Melbourne, Paris, and New York. Their repertoire is so extensive that it would be impossible to enumerate all their specialities, but it may be said, with truth, that they excel in every department of their trade, and are continually turning up new ground and adding to their successes. The firm are the inventors of the famous soluble and fruit essences, for use in every description of aerated beverage, and for confectionary and other purposes. The medals that have fallen to the lot of the firm, comprising eleven gold medals and highest award at the great Exhibitions of London in 1862 ; Paris, 1867 and 1878; Vienna, 1873; Sydney, 1879; Melbourne, 1880; New Zealand, 1882; Amsterdam, 1883 ; Cal cutta, 1883 and 1884; the Medical and Sanitary Exhibition of 1881 ; Brussels, 1880; and Barcelona, 1888 ; are sufficiently numerous to completely over shadow every other house in the same business. In addition to the offices in Artillery Lane, E.C, they have an immense factory at Ash Grove, Hacknej"-. Baron de Bush is a FeUow of the Royal Society of Literature, of the Royal Statistical, and of the Chemical Society. He is also a member of the Society of Chemical Industry, and of the Society of Arts, and is one of the original members of the Imperial Institute. He takes a hearty interest in music, being a regular subscriber to the Opera, where he is a constant attendant ; Vice-President of the StroUing Players; and has been connected with the formation and support of a number of amateur musical societies. He is a keen sportsman, and is the fortunate proprietor of large preserves in Sussex, where he has a charming residence — Brick Wall, Northiam— to which is attached over four thousand acres, where thousands of pheasants are reared. He resides at 3, Palace Gate, W., and is a member of the Devonshire and Junior Athenseum Clubs. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 191 Charles Townsend Gedye. Me, Chaeles Townsend Gedye, the senior partner of the weU-known firm of Messrs. Dangar, Gedye & Co., merchants, of Sydney, New South Wales, and Messrs. Dangar, Grant & Co., London, is the descen dant of an old Cornish family, formerly resident at Trebersey, in the parish of South Penderwin. We find that one of the family, Eichard, was Sheriff of CornwaU in the year 1 623, and his daugh ter and heiress, Rhadigund, married, in 1611, Sir John Eliot, the celebrated patriot, who was the most eloquent leader of the first three Parliaments of Charles I., and, at his death, was buried in the Tower of London, on November 27th, 1632. The estates remained in the possession of their descen dants until the decease of Sir John Eliot about thirty- five years ago. This gentleman, who was Sheriff of CornwaU in 1776, devised his property to Mr. WiUiam EUot, of Port Eliot, a distant relative of his. The subject of this sketch was born in Devonport, Devon, in 1833, and was educated at the Classical School, Stoke, kept by Mr. G. Cluness, M.A. ; and in 1847, when fourteen years of age, he accompanied his father, who was ordered abroad as the one means of saving his Ufe when seriously iU, to Sydney. On the voyage out Mr. Gedye was the witness of an exciting scene. A mutiny broke out on board, and the Uves of the passengers were in great danger, but fortunately they escaped death. Mr. Gedye entered a large firm in Sydney, and subsequently became in 1870, and is stiU, the senior partner. While abroad, Mr. Gedye held the position of Consul for Sweden and Norway for some years, and was presented to Her Majesty the Queen at the Court of St. James, by the Swedish Ambas sador, the late Count Piper, in June, 1884. While holding that position he received many marks of royal favour from the King of Sweden, by whom he was most cordiaUy received in Stockholm at the Palace. He is a Justice of the Peace for the Colony of New South Wales and for the Colony of Queens land. He was Chairman of the New South Wales Marine Insurance Company, Sydney, and afterwards of the Commercial Union Assurance Company of London. Mr. Gedye was a Director of several other important companies, including the Shale and OU Company, Sydney, the Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Com pany, the London and Australasian Debenture Cor poration, Limited. Mr. Gedye is a life FeUow of the Royal Colonial Institute and a FeUow of the Imperial Institute. He resides at 17, Craven HiU Gardens, Lancaster Gate, W., and is a member of the Union Club, Sydney, of which he is one of the oldest members — since 1868, and of the Raleigh and Grosvenor Clubs, London. William James Harvey, J.P. Me. Haevey, the head of the weU-known firm of merchants, whose offices are at 21, Mincing Lane, is the second son of the late William James Harvey, Esq., J. P., D.L., of Carnousie, Banffshire, where he was born in the year 1846. Mr. Harvey was educated in Edinburgh, and for three years traveUed with a tutor on the Continent, thus having had the advantage of acquiring a thor ough knowledge of many continental languages. On his return to England in 1862, he entered the count ing house of Messrs. H. &D. Sharpe, one of the oldest and most successful firms connected with Portugal. Mr. Harvey remained with this house for three years, during which time he gained an extensive knowledge of the business, after which time he was given a post in the office of Messrs. W. J. & H. Thompson, of 38, Mincing Lane, where he obtained a practical knowledge of the tea trade. Some few years later, in 1867, he joined his uncle, Mr. C J. Barclay, as a partner at 21, Mincing Lane, where his business has been carried on ever since with con siderable success. Mr. Harvey has also gained a thorough knowledge of foreign countries, having in 1868 taken an exten sive trip abroad, visiting the West Indies, the river Plate, and the Brazils, ascending the river Amazon, for upwards of a thousand mUes, and being one of the first to explore the Tapajos, one of its main branches. On his return to England at the end of that year, Mr, Harvey married Mary Esther, the eldest daughter of W. J. Thompson, Esq., of Kipping- ton, Sevenoaks. Since 1868 Mr. Harvey has been largely engaged in the eastern trade, more particularly with China, and when South Africa came to the front some few years ago, he interested himself considerably in the develop ment of that country. He is Chairman and Director of several industrial companies there, and is also Chairman of Joes Reefs United (Sheba) Gold Mining Company, Limited, and is a Director of the African Petroleum Exploration Syndicate, Limited. He is a Justice of the Peace for Banffshire, and resides at the Clocfc House, Epsom, Surrey. He is a member of the Conservative Club, 74, St. James's Street. 192 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. John Scott, J.P. The founder of the well-known house of Scott, Son & Co., 8, Cannon Street, who, though in his eighty-third year, still controls and directs the firm which he laid the foundation of over half -a- century ago, and has lived to see and reap the benefit it derives from being one of the most famous wholesale houses in the world, is one of the best -known and most respected gentlemen in the City of London. Mr. Scott is the third son of the late John Scott, Esq., of Alby Field, Cumberland, and was born on August 31st, 1811. His father farmed property in the parish of Cumrew. The subject of this memoir received his entire education at a small country school in the neighbourhood, and, when only fifteen years of age, was sent to work his own way in the Metropolis, traveUing to London by the old stage coach in the year 1826. Even at that early age Mr. Scott must have developed strong tendencies of that remarkable perseverence and spirit which he sub sequently displayed to so much advantage. On arriving in London he speedily obtained a situation in a small linendraper's in Aldersgate Street. There he remained for two years, after which he entered the house of Messrs. Sewell & Cross, at Compton Street, Soho, which was at that day a large fashion able drapery establishment. In 1832 he entered the wholesale house of Messrs. Varty, Old Change, where, after remaining for eight years, he joined a manufacturer, Mr. R. .Kerr, of Paisley, for the production of the famous Paisley shawls. This step marked an epoch in his life — it was in the year 1840, when Paisley had become famous for its ¦n'onderful fabrics, in imitation of the richest Indian shawls, that they became an indispensable article of di-ess for ladies at that period. Mr. Scott was quick to see the step to fortune, and having already had extensive knowledge of that trade, opened the London house at 32, St, Paul's Churchyard, the firm beiug known as Messrs. Kerr & Scott. In the year 1851 Mr. Scott served as Chairman of the Textile Section at the Exhibition of Works of Industry of all Nations, and the firm received the prize medal and certificate for the magnificent dis play of Paisley goods of their own production. Some years later, during the enlargement and extension of Cannon Street, the firm had to remove from the Churchyard, and temporarily took premises in Paternoster Row, which they vacated in 1854, on the completion of their present magnificent block of warehouses. Mr. Thomas Kilner, who was associated with Mr. Scott from the commencement of the business, joined the firm in 1858, and died in the autumn of 1866. Mr. Kerr only survived him a few months. The firm then became Scott, Son & Co., a title which it has retained ever since, Mr, John Scott, junior, joining his father in the year 1866. Large additions have continuaUy been made to the original premises, which are held in freehold by Mr. Scott, who is besides a large property owner in the City. Although probably the first success of Mr. Scott was due to the great trade he carried on in shawls, the house rapidly became notorious for the excellence of their silks, English and French dress goods, mantles, and travelling-rugs, &c., the addi tion of which to their business necessitated exten sive enlargements in Distaff Lane and Friday Street. The warehouse itself is one of the most magnificent in London, and the trade extends to all parts of the world, Scotch and Yorkshire goods being exported to the Continent, the Colonies, the United States and many other countries. It is pleasant to note that Mr. Scott enjoys excel lent health, and is stiU a regular attendant at his place of business. He is, moreover, an active worker for the Conservative Party, and has been frequently approached to allow himself to be put forward for Parliamentary honours. Mr, Scott, owing to pressure of business life, was unable to accept such proposed candidature, though the gain to the House of Com mons of a man of such splendid determination, great acumen, and immense practical experience in the solving of the pressing mercantile problems of the day, would be of advantage to the whale country. Mr. Scott, however, takes a laudable pride in the recollection that to his energy and zeal in the cause is largely due the fact that, when old Lambeth was split up mto eight seats, the Conservatives secured the entire number but one, at the first elec tion, and did not lose a single seat at the second General Election after the Redistribution of Seats.- He married Amelia Jarvis, daughter of John Jarvis, of Eochester, in the year 1844, and has two sons and six daughters living, his elder son, who commenced business in 1861, has been a partner with his father since 1866. His younger son Alfrtd was educated at Rugby and Balliol College, Oxford, and has been for nearly ten years Vicar of St. Mary's, Paddington Green. Mr. Scott has also been a Director and Chairman of the National Provident Life Assurance Company for many years. He is a Justice of the Peace for Cumberland. His residence is Alby Fi^ld, Bickley, Kent, and his country seat is a beautiful place which was built for a fishing box at Wetheral, Cumberland. He is a member of St. Stephen's Club. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 193 Reuben Vincent Barrow, M.P., J.P., F.R.G.S. The life and successful progress of ]\ir. Barrow is a theme upon which many men having capabiUties and ambition to carve their way to professional celebrity would do well to devote some study. His early aspirations, taken -with their ultimate results, make a fine object-lesson, and give us proof conclu sive of the perseverance, pluck, and steady deter mination which characterise him. We shall en deavour, without prolixity, to sketch such an outline of his career as we hope may be acceptable. Reuben Vincent Barrow was born in the old cathedral city of Exeter, some fifty-six years since ; he was the youngest of six brothers, and it became patent to him, when stiU young, that his future for weal or woe was entirely in his own hands. There was the clay, he must mould it for good or for bad. It was with a pretty clear knowledge of this that, at the Bermondsey Parish School, where he went for preliminary education, he applied himself zea lously to his studies, finishing by obtaining a Queen's first-class scholarship at the British and Foreign Schools, in Borough Road, S,E. His energy and self-reliance became evident at an early age, for in December, 1855, he made the voyage to AustraUa, working his way out as dominie of the emigrant ship, and by keeping the captain's books. Luckier than many a one who has landed in a new country with his future in his hand, Mr. Barrow arrived in port the possessor of a clear £5. He obtained employment with the house of Messrs. W. Peacock & Son, and was the pioneer-traveller in the leather trade in South Australia. Of his Anti podean experiences he has many valuable mementoes and pleasant recoUections. In February, 1861, Mr. Barrow returned home and entered the firm of his father, Messrs, John Barrow & Son, tanners, &c. On the demise of his father, he accepted a partnership offered him by his elder brother, already trading as Samuel Barrow, in January, 1865, and the style of the firm was changed to Samuel Barrow & Brother. It has since become a famiUar and highly-respected house, and one well known and popular throughout the leather trades. StUl continuing the travelling as when in AustraUa he was able very quickly to buUd up the reputation of the new firm and to increase its business by leaps and bounds. Its present ramifications are far-reaching, and it is almost as weU known in the United States, Canada, Australia, and on the Continent of Europe as in England. Beyond the three tanneries at Bermondsey there are extensive branches of works and warehouses at RedhiU, Leicester, and Kettering. Mr. Barrow has been intimately connected with the town of Croydon for many years; his life as a public man commenced and continues there. He has thus identified himself with the borough for which he is a justice of the peace, and a governor of the Whitgift Hospital. In 1883, when Croydon was created a municipal borough and the election for the CouncU took place, Mr. Barrow was returned at the head of the poll, and three weeks later his co-mem bers of the CouncU, many of whom were poUtically opposed to him, evinced their entire confidence in him as a man of honour and capacity by a unani mous vote making him an alderman ; and so duly he became the third Mayor of Croydon. In 1886 he was made a magistrate for London and Surrey. For years Mr. Barrow has studied carefully the questions of moment and public interest ; he is a sound student of political economics and municipal administration, and has thus been able to render services of considerable value to the town both as Mayor and in the Council. His political career may be said to date from '86, when he became President of the Bermondsey Liberal and Radical Association. Some six months after his presidential nomination, when it was neces sary, in consequence of the defeat of the late member. Professor Rogers, to choose a new candidate, he, with five other gentlemen, on the invitation of the Association, propounded his political views, and was elected to stand as the Liberal candidate for Ber mondsey. At the Parliamentary election in 1892 he was successful by a considerable majority, and in his duties to his constituents he is unfailing and most conscientious. With him, to receive the confidence and votes of his constituents, is a matter of serious ness, and must involve much responsibility and work. It is no light matter, or one that should be sought for mere self-advancement. As a speaker he is fluent and convincing, and his recent speeches at Bermondsey have convinced his supporters that their confidence is not misplaced. Within a few weeks of his entry into Parliament he moved and carried a resolution in the House in favour of the "equalisation of rates" throughout London, a matter of the most momentous import, involving the relief of the poorer parts of London to the extent of one to two mUlions per annum at the expense of the more wealthy districts. In 1859 he married Mary, daughter of Mr. Edward Aggett, of Adelaide, South Australia. Mr. Barrow's private residence is Engadine, a beautiful place which he built some twelve years ago at Croydon. CC 194 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Joseph Hicks Buckingham. From Truro to London some fifty years since was a journey requiring much consideration and much preparation ; the " Iron Horse," which was met by the Truro coach at Exeter, was widely different from the monster which hurries up to the metropolis to-day. Three Cornish boys arrived in town about that period by the coach, bringing with them neither fine prospects nor means, but they had pluck, plod ding perseverance, and great capacity for work. They had been friends in early life, started from home within a year or so of each other, on the same journey, for simUar purposes, and have achieved very similar ends. One was Mr. John Thomas, who ultimately became one of the partners in the weU- known Wood Street house of I. & R. Morley ; the second was Mr. George Dixon, who secured a similar position with Messrs. Brettle & Co., of Wood Street ; the third was Mr. J. H. Buckingham, who is the principal of, perhaps, the best-known house for cravat silks and cravat manufacturers in or out of London, and to-day enjoys the distinction of being one of the oldest principals of any of the Wood Street firms. The firm of Messrs. J. H. Buckingham & Co. has attained a world-wide celebrity, and wherever the goddess of style has a shrine in a hosiery shop, or, as our American friends have it, " Gent's Furnishing Store," from Mexico city to St. Petersburg, or from Toronto to Colombo, there are procurable the wares of J. H. Buckingham & Co., and there the firm have active agents who control the modes as to neck- wear and gear of the jeunesse doreo of the particular locality. Having particularly in view the very smaU beginnings of this house, and their seemingly small prospects in their earlier days, we cannot help paying the tribute of admiration to the man whose dominant, far-reaching, adventurous, and persever ing mind has raised his firm to the position of one of the first rank amongst the merchant manufac turers of the City of London, and has secured for himself not only wealth, but the respect and esteem of his co-citizens, and the confidence of the City administrators. J. Hicks Buckingham is the only son of Mr, John Buckingham, manufac turer, of Truro. This gentleman died during the cholera scourge which visited the town in 1833. His son, J. H. Buckingham, was born in October, 1832. He was educated at the Truro Commercial Academy during the time Dr. Davis was Head Master. At the rather exceptionaUy early age of between fourteen and fifteen, he came to London, and was apprenticed to Messrs. Charles and Henry Robinson, of Islington, general and wooUen drapers. The last year or two of his term, however, he passed with Messrs. Hitchcock & Co., sUk mercers, &c., of St. Paul's Churchyard. When twenty-two years of age he became asso ciated with Mr. Slater and Mr. WUson, and entered their firm in Wood Street, which from that time became Slater, Wilson & Buckingham, cravat, silk, &c., manufacturers. Mr. Buckingham brought with him a very small capital, and the firm had their eleven months' experience, and their connection to admit him to a share in, and this was the commence ment of the present business. Mr. Wilson died in 1860, and in 1886 Mr. Slater retired, and the style of the firm was then changed to J. H. Buckingham & Co., which it remains to this day. In 1862 he married Lucy Webster, youngest daughter of Benjamin Halliwell, Esq., of Leeds, his sons, Mr. Joseph Charles and Henry CecU Bucking ham, being the two constituent partners with himself in the Wood Street house. He has one daughter, Emily Josephine, married to Oswald Nettlefold, Esq., of the great screw firm of Messrs. Nettlefolds, of Birmingham. Messrs. Buckingham early discovered the futility of trying to cater for both cheap and high-class trades, and made a first and final choice. They only aim at securing the best class trade in all the multitude of nations and cities where they are represented, and when one considers that their transactions are strictly limited to ties, scarves, and cravats the extent and ramifications of their business is extraordinary. In forming these wide connections Mr. Buckingham has traveUed very considerably in almost all the European States and in America and Canada. He has been proof against the attempts of his friends to pursue a more public life, or to seek parUamentary distinction, although frequentlj' soli cited, also on three occasions when he has been ap proached as to presenting himself for civic honours. Later, possibly, if his business claims are less pres sing, he may be seen in some such capacity, but he is a man who will take up nothing unless he can devote aU the attention, time, and energies to it which the circumstances demand. Mr. Buckingham is a Commissioner of Income Tax, and a member of Her Majesty's Court of Lieutenancy for London. He is a Director of the London and Midland Bank, &c, and was one of the earUer aud most earnest pioneers of the London LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 195 Ragged Schools, and of the Young Men's Christian Association, in which he takes a hearty and genuine interest. He was also one of the first members, and may be said to be one of the first few founders of the London Chamber of Commerce. J. H. Buckingham is a man of strong character, of precise habits and clear perception, a me thodical, practical, business man ; but behind these rather commercial qualifications is an honour able and sympathetic temperament, and a kindly feeling for, and appreciation of, the efforts and aspirations of others, and a quiet, non-self-seeking manner that is highly creditable to him. Politically, and socially as well, the term "Progressive Con servative" fits him, and explains in a phrase his creed of life. He is a member of the Junior Carlton and Junior Constitutional Clubs. For the last twenty-three years Mr. and Mrs. Buckingham have resided at 29, Lancaster Gate, W. Percy Bicknell. In his day there were few better known art patrons and private coUectors than the late Mr. Elhanan Bicknell, father of the gentleman of whom this brief notice is -written. He, Sheepshanks, and Vernon did more to popularise the British School than any other men of their own time or since. He was one of Turner's principal patrons, and his collection, which was sold at Christie's after his death in 1861, and reaUsed nearly £80,000, contained more fine ex amples of the famous master's landscapes than could at that time be found in any other private gaUery. His son, Percy, a younger member of a large famUy, who inherits much of his father's taste, was bom at Heme HiU on the 29th of May, 1836. He was educated first at a private school at Brigh ton, and afterwards at Offenbach, in Germany. Returning home in 1853, he next year entered the offices of a large firm of Colonial brokers in the City with a -view to acquiring business habits, and re mained there tiU 1856. He then joined his father and elder brother, since deceased, in the well-known firm of Langton & Biek- neUs, sperm oU merchants and spermaceti refiners, of Newington Butts, S.E., of which he is now the sole principal. This house, the senior and larger of the two firms alone representing this industry in England, was established during the latter half of the last century by Mr. Langton, a relative of the Bicknell family, who is reputed to have been the inventor of the process of spermaceti refining, though it was dis covered in Germany almost simultaneously. Mr. BickneU has, in a general way, decUned to lend his name and commercial experience to public speculative enterprise. He has, therefore, though often invited to do so, declined to join the boards of any Umited companies, with the one exception of the famous old house of J. C & J. Field, Limited, soap and candle manufacturers, of which Company Mr. Bicknell is Chairman. In 1859 he married Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of George Smith, Esq., of Gurteen, Tipperary, and has five children living, the eldest of whom, Norman Leslie, was born in 1868. In having Mr. BickneU amongst its principal residents, Beckenham is fortunate. He is a generous supporter of the local institutions, charitable and recreative aUke. He has taken an active part in the establishment and management of the Cottage Hospital, acknowledged to be one of the most com plete in the country, and of the well-known and popular cricket club and annual sports. Mr. BickneU has considerable landed interests in Ireland, and it is not surprising to find that so thorough a sportsman has the greatest admiration for the Emerald Isle, and for her lonesome marshes, salmon streams, and coverts, so that his trips across the Irish Sea are frequent. He is a firm advocate of Home Rule for Ireland, and of the Gladstonian programme in its entirety, although as a landed proprietor in Kent, Surrey, and County Tipperary, possessing some haU dozen votes, he carries his political creed so far as to dis believe in the principle of multiple franchise and plural voting. Strong efforts have been made both in Surrey and Kent to induce Mr. BickneU to enter the poUtical arena, but he has always declined, being, as he quaintly puts it, "too selfish to afford the time and undertake the worry." He has, however, for over thirty years worked hard in both counties in support of his convictions and of the various Liberal candi dates. He has also declined to enter municipal Ufe or undertake the responsibilities of a Justice of the Peace, for which his position would appear to especially recommend him. Mr. Bicknell has for many years been a FeUow of the Royal Meteorological and the Entomological Societies. He is on the Court of the Vintners' Company, and is a member of the National Liberal Club. His residences are Foxgrove, Beckenham, Kent, and Gurteen, Sbinrone, Ireland. 196 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. John Paddon. Everyone who knows anything about South African affairs is familiar with the names of Messrs. Hill & Paddon — London, Kimberley, Barkly West, Port EUzabeth; and Messrs. T. W. Beckett & Co., Limited, Pretoria and Johannesburg. These firms are intimately connected with each other, and have acted as pioneers to lay the whole of South Africa open to British enterprise. The subject of this sketch, Mr. John Paddon, was born in the West of England in 1848, and at the age of twenty-one embarked for South Africa. After a brief stay in Port EUzabeth, he started early in 1870 for the diamond fields, which were then beginning to attract attention ; and for a time, and with a con siderable amount of success, he devoted his energies to diamond mining, and formed one of the members of the original Mining Committee who, in July, '71, laid out Kimberley. Entering into partnership with Mr. James A. HiU, nephew of the junior partner of the weU-known firm of Messrs. Savage & HiU, he resolved to commence business, and their first estab lishment was opened at Klip Drift — now Barkly West. It was a modest beginning compared with the enormous developments that have followed it. As the northern province developed the business similarly expanded, and other establishments were opened from time to time. They have now several large and infiuential houses located at Kimberley, Barkly West, Port Elizabeth, Pretoria, and Johannes burg, the two first being carried on under the style of HUl & Paddon, Limited, and those at Pretoria and Johannesburg under the name of T. W. Beckett & Co., Limited. These last two are controUed and managed by another partner, Mr. T. W, Beckett, whose untiring efforts and long experience in the Transvaal have been of the greatest assistance in developing the branches of the business. The stores at Pretoria are among the finest and largest, if not actually the largest, in South Africa, Mr. Paddon became a member of the Griqualand West Legislative CouncU, which position he retained until the annexation of that colony to the Cape. In 1878 he served as a volunteer with the Barkly Rangers in the Griqualand West War, for which he received the officer's medal and clasp. He was also a Justice of the Peace for Barkly West. In 1881 Mr, Paddon returned to England, the magnitude and extensive operations of his business having rendered it necessary to estabUsh a house in London. This was opened at Copthall BuUdings, E.C, but was subsequently removed to Suffolk House, Laurence Pountney Hill, and Mr. Paddon has sinco devoted himself to the conduct, from this centre, of the many ramifications of the house extending over the South African continent. The London house ship aU classes of merchandise required by their various estabUshments at the Cape. Although not contractors in the usual sense of the word, they carry out the construction of railways and bridges, the working of mines, the purchase, sale, and transfer of land, and public works of various kinds. The splendid Barkly Bridge, the farthest bridge north in Cape Colony, is a monument to the courage ous enterprise of the firm. It is the only large bridge of importance in the colony which has been entirely buUt by private enterprise. The Government granted a concession to erect the bridge, extending over three years, but themselves decUned to carry out the work, thinking it too far north to justify the necessary outlay of capital. An attempt was made to form a company, but it fell through when two years and three months of the concession had expired. Messrs. HiU & Paddon then undertook the work on their own responsibility, and the bridge was only com pleted upon the last day of the concession. It was a complete success, and has been of immense service. Since 1881 Mr. Paddon has made three trips to South Africa in the interests of his house. In twenty-four years the firm has achieved a position in the front rank of commercial houses carrying on business between South Africa and Great Britain. The prosperity which has rewarded the sagacity aud enterprise with which it has been conducted is sur prising, even when considered in relation to the rapid growth of many colonial enterprises. No one can say that this signal success has not been de served. The founders of the business are men who know how to avail themselves of opportunities when they offer themselves, and possess astuteness enough to see where openings for profitable business can be made. Mr. Paddon is also connected with large gold- mining interests in South Africa. The sound busi ness principles, activity, and honourable methods by which his business has been brought to its present eminent position afford every prospect that in the future that position wiU be amply strengthened and sustained. He is a member of the Gresham Club, E.C, and the Constitutional Club, Northumberland Avenue. Mr. Paddon resides at St. SidweUs, Sydenham HUl, which he buih for himself, and only completed as recently as 1892. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 197 Arthur Bywater. Me. Arthur Bywatee is senior partner in the house of Bywater, Tanqueray & Phayre, Limited, Merchants and Bankers, of 107, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. ; of Liverpool, Buenos Ayres, and Val paraiso. He was born in the year 1849, at Kennington, London, and is the second son of the late John Bywater, of Leicester. He was educated privately, and at the age of sixteen commenced the serious business of life by entering a firm of shipping agents and merchants, of London, where he acquired a thorough knowledge of commercial affairs. In the year 1876 he started to trade on his own responsibility as a merchant and agent at Queen Victoria Street, E.G., and later on founded the firm of Bywater, Tanqueray & Phayre, Limited, in conjunction with J. T. Tanqueray — a relative of the Bloomsbury dis tiUery firm — and General Sir Robert Phayre, G.CB., the distinguished Indian officer. The great success which has attended their work is chiefly owing to Mr. Bywater's energy and tact. He has travelled through North and South America, his visits proving financially successful for the firm, and also, sociaUy, for himself, he having met with a cordial reception from President Cleveland of the United States, and from the President of the Argentine Republic. He has visited the principal European countries, particularly France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. That the firm has been prosperous is clearly shown by the fact that when business was commenced in 1876 they only employed two clerks in addition to the principals, whereas at the present time the number of employes, including clerks, assistants, and travellers, number something over one hundred. Of late years the firm has opened up a connection in South America, and at the present time the business done with the various principalities there amounts to a very large figure. The firm's travellers are con stantly employed developing new business in South America, and in another ten years Mr. Bywater expects to see his firm unexceUed. Mr. Bywater is an ardent sportsman and athlete, and has a great partiality for the River Thames. He regularly attends the annual Regatta held at Henley, not having missed one for many years. He is a prominent member of the Curriers' Com pany, and politically he embraces the Liberal Unionist cause. In his district the Party has been greatly helped by his influence. In 1874 he married Rose, daughter of the late Mr. W, H. Clinch, of Beckenham, by whom he has three sons. He resides at 5, Tavistock Square, W., and he has a cottage at Henley. George William Paine, F.R.G.S. Mr. George William Paine was born at Chelten ham in March, 1832, his father being Mr. George Gibbs Paine, an architect of that town. Educated at Gloucester Diocesan School and Cheltenham College, of which Dr. Barry — now Bishop Barry, was then Head-master — he pro ceeded to Liverpool in 1846, to learn the wholesale tea trade. Here it was that he first commenced business on his own account as partner in the firm of Cox, Paine & Co. In 1858 Mr. Paine came to London, where he took offices, first at 14, Little Tower Street, and subsequently, on the change of the firm to G. W. Paine & Co., at 24, Rood Lane. He was actively engaged as managing, and latterly sole partner of this house until, in the early part of 1888, he finally retired from business. Since that time he has originated three successful tea-producing companies (two Ceylon and one In dian), of all of which he is Chairman. They are the Bandarapola Ceylon Company, Limited ; the Kelani Valley Tea Association, Limited ; and the Nagam- ally Tea Company, Limited. He is also concerned, as a Director, in the Johannesburg Coal Company, and the Victory Hill Consolidated Gold Mining Company. In poUtics, Mr. Paine is a staunch Conservative, though he has taken no decided part in anj'thing political, beyond being a member of the City Carlton Club and the Primrose League. He is much asso ciated with charitable organisations and church work, and in the neighbourhood of his home has been interested in the building of more than one church, notably Christ Church, Gipsy HiU, buUt in 1868, of which he was first Churchwarden. Cotswold Lodge, Upper Norwood, where Mr. Paine has lived for twenty-five years, is the centre of much good and kindly work, in which all the family equally participate. Mr. Paine has been for five years Vicar's-warden of St. Stephen's Church, South Dulwich. He is Local Representative of the Rochester Diocesan Society ; Treasurer of the Upper Norwood and South Dulwich Charity Organisation Society ; a member of the Committee of the Upper Norwood and Gipsy HiU Provident Dispensary and of the Norwood Cottage Hospital. This latter Institu tion, of which Mr. Paine is also Joint Honorary Secretary, is most successful, and is admirably 198 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. supported by the neighbouring residents. He also started the ' ' Eagle ' ' and ' ' Welcome ' ' Coffee Taverns, which have proved great boons to the working classes of the district. In addition to those already mentioned, Mr. Paine is Ukewise on the Committee of the Upper Norwood Literary and Scientific Society, and is a member of the Board of Management of The British Home for Incurables, which Society has recently erected a large new Home at Streatham at a cost of over £37,000, and which was opened in July, 1894, by T.R.H. the Prince and Princess of Wales. He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and of the Imperial Institute, and a member also of the Society of Arts. In August, 1863, Mr. Paine married Miss Slee, a daughter of Mr. C B. Slee, head of the firm of Messrs. Slee, Slee & Co., Vinegar Makers, of Horselydown, by whom he has seven sons and four daughters. He joined the volunteer movement in its earUest days, serving through aU ranks, from Private to Captain, and as a member of the 1st Kent BattaUon Rifle Volunteers, took part in the reception of H,R,H. the Princess of Wales, when she arrived in England prior to her marriage. He was also present at the first review of the volunteers in Hyde Park before the Queen. Samuel Procter. At the head of Madagascar Merchants in London, stands the firm of Procter Brothers, the largest and oldest house carrying on business with that Island, in which they have over twenty branch establishments. The founder of the firm, Mr. Samuel Procter, was bom in the year 1838, in Manchester, of which city he is a native, his father being Mr. James Procter, of Manchester repute. He was educated at various schools there, and, after leaving them, he joined a weU-known house in Manchester, that of Messrs. Jackson, Brierley & Briggs, who were engaged in extensive foreign trade. In 1862, Mr. Procter left this country, as the representative of that house, and proceeded to Madagascar, and continued in that capacity for them for about two years. After that time, by mutual consent, the business as then con stituted was dissolved, and Mr. Procter took the conduct of it entirely into his own hands. That may be said to have been the foundation of the present business. Mr, Procter devoted himself with assiduity to the extension and management of the house, which of recent years has developed very extensively, and, untU 1875, with the exception of short periodical visits to England he remained in the country supervising the business himself. In 1875, during one of these visits, he decided to open an establishment in London. This enterprise and determination reaped a reward, and at the present time, the house, whose offices are situated at 5, East India Avenue, is, as we have said, the most prosperous of its kind in the City. Mr. Procter's brother, James, joined the firm in 1866, when he went out to Madagascar, and became a partner in the foUowing year; and, after their estabUshment in London, the brothers took it by turns to conduct the business abroad. This consists of general export and import merchants. With regard to the latter, they have devoted most attention to Manchester goods, while at the same time they have imported various classes of goods of British manufacture, and miscellaneous articles from England, France, and Germany. In the exports from Madagascar, may be reckoned almost everything produced in that country, including india-rubber, hydes, fibre, sugar, &c. In the year 1880, Mr. Procter was appointed by the Malagasy Government as their Consul in London, and he has acted in that capacity up to the present time, but owing to the French claim to the fuU pro tectorate over the Island, notwithstanding the refusal of the Malagasy Government to admit their right, and also owing to the action of the British Foreign Office, in 1892, acknowledging the French protectorate, Mr. Procter is no longer recognised by the British Government in that capacity. In 1892, he received a note from Lord Salisbury's Government, stating that they could not acknowledge his Consulship ; and lately he received a note of a more definite character from the Liberal Government, which left him no option but to comply with the intimation, so that, although he still holds the Queen of Madagascar's commission, he is no longer recognised as her representative. Mr. Procter claims that his house understands the requirements of the trade with Madagascar better than any other firm in this country. With one or two slight exceptions, they have confined their operations to that Island, and can thus speak with authority on the subject. He married, in 1870, Mary, daughter of WiUiam Thwaites, Esq., of Manchester, and has three chil dren : a son, who is engaged with the firm, and is at present in Madagascar, and two daughters. Mr. Procter holds Conservative opinions in foreign affairs, but is not an active poUtician ; in home matters, his poUcital opinions are divided between the Liberals and Conservatives. He resides at Streatham HiU. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 199 Alexander MacArthur, D.L., J. P., &c. Alexander MacArthur is one who has applied his energies in the field of commerce with great assiduity over a long course of years, and the reward of his industry has been unquaUfied success. He comes of an ArgyUshire family, who during the last century settled in the north of Ireland, and became possessed of considerable landed property. He was born in Ireland in 1814, and there acquired his education privately, and is a younger son of the late Eev. John MacArthur, of Londonderry, and brother of the late Sir WiUiam MacArthur. He was actively engaged in various capacities untU 1841, when in consequence of his delicate health a voyage to Australia was decided upon. Beneficial results were expected from the fine Australian climate, and a temporary sojourn in the Antipodes was all that was considered necessary, and these expectations were fully reaUsed. As Mr. MacArthur returned to health, so too he seems to have acquired extraordinary energy, and longing for work, and was eager to find some congenial post, where he might exercise this energy. On first arriving in New South Wales he was greatly taken with the Ufe of the colony, and with the colony itself ; especiaUy as his health became quite restored. Not a long time elapsed after his arrival before he established himself in business in Sydney under the style of Alexander MacAjrthur & Co., General Merchants. About this time the great gold discoveries were made, when he was not slow to see the advisability of opening a branch estabUshment in Melbourne, and there is now no mercantile firm in our AustraUan colonies of better repute than the house of Alex ander MacArthur & Co. Shortly after his mar riage with Maria Bowden, the daughter of the Rev. W. B. Boyce, of Sydney, in 1853, he offered him self as a candidate for a seat in the Legislative Assembly, and although very strongly opposed, the contest resulted in his favour by a very substantial majority. As a deputy of the Legislature of New South Wales, he displayed a zeal and honest endeavour to discharge his duties thoroughlj', which won the regard of political friends and opponents alike. His poUtical life, his business life, and his work in the Church, he managed to keep separate, and never aUowed the calls of the one to hinder the operations of the other ; in the latter cause he did good service both -with brains and purse, and threw his whole heart into furthering the ends of all Christian endeavour, especially with regard to the Sunday-school movement, with which from his earliest days in Australia he has been identified. The disso lution of the second House of Assembly (N.8.W.) occurred in 1861, he consequently, with the rest, vacated his seat ; but the suffrages of the electors were now unnecessary, as Mr. MacArthur was nominated by Government a Member of the Legisla tive Council; this is a life appointment, and only subject to residence in the Colony. For a con siderable time before he quitted New South Wales he had been a magistrate and added to his duties as such those of a Member of the Legislative Council, an M.P., Superintendent of an extensive Sunday- school, and a man having upon his hands the con duct of a commercial house rapidly growing more important, and we can fairly imagine that Mr. Mac- Arthur found his hands sufficiently fuU. On the occasion of Sir WUliam MacArthur's trip to Australia, some years since, a banquet was given by the two Houses of ParUament of Sydney, at which Sir John Hay, President of the Legislative Council, took the chair ; the Premier of New South Wales, several of the Ministers, the Speaker of the House of Assembly, the Colonial Secretary, and many members of the Council were present. Courteous and graceful sentiments were expressed by the Chairman, acknowledging the services of Mr. Alex ander MacArthur. He said : "It was not in the capacity of a leading merchant connected with Aus traUa, nor as an Alderman of the City of London, nor of the Lord Mayor of London that was to be, that they entertained him. That was a banquet given to him by the Members of the Parliament of New South Wales, and therefore they entertained him. Sir WilUam was the brother of a man who was a Member for some time of the Legislative Assembly, and also of the Legislative Council of the Colony, in both of which capacities Mr. Alexander MacArthur earned the respect of all who knew him ; and as the brother of a man who occupied the posi tion of one of the leading merchants of Sydney for many years — one, he could say, without fear of contradiction, who was a man respected by aU who knew him." Mr. MacArthur, as chief of the Australian house, opened up extensive branches, in Melbourne and in Auckland, New Zealand; and as wtiU as these opera tions he had entered into a partnership with his brother, Sir WilUam, who had estabUshed the present weU-known London house of Australian merchants and shippers, W. & A. MacArthur, the foundation of which dates back some forty years. On his arrival here in 1862, he took personal control of the film, and under his guidance it has grown and progressed, and to-day its ramifications are 200 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. both extensive and valuable, it being amongst the first firms in the Australian trade. The warm interest he has ever entertained for the well-being of the Colonies, American, Aus tralian, and African, led him to become a zeal ous upholder of the anti-slavery movement, into which he entered most cordially in the days be fore the American war ; this movement was the primary force which prevented the British Govern ment from co-operating with the Emperor Nap oleon III. in assisting the " South" in resisting the "North," and forming a separate republic of its own. His series of papers written in the interests of the Australian Colonies were of great value to the purpose he had in view, that of convincing the British people and Government that the demands of common justice forbade the mother country trans porting more convicts to Australia. He clearly ex plained the evUs which resulted from this system, and that his arguments were logical and popular is certain, for transportation of convicts to Australia has ceased to exist. Mr. MacArthur is a member of the Council of the Royal Colonial Institute, a member of the Committee of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and of the CouncU of the Evangelical Alliance, a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and was one of the original members of the first School Board for London, in 1870, as well as of many literary, learned, and scientific Institutions. And he may be said to have been mainly instrumental in the establishment of the Victoria Institute, a valuable organization having for its aim free philosophical discussion on subjects of Christian and sacred interest. He is a director of the Anglo-Australasian Steam Naviga tion Company, Limited, of the Atlas Investment Company Trust, Limited, of the Campos Syndicate, of the Land Mortgage Bank of Victoria, Limited, of the Star Life Office, New South Wales Mortgage Loan and Agency Company, Limited, and other public companies. As a Member of Parliament for Leicester, 1874 to 1886, his record is written alongside the leaders of his party; his services were honest, his work sub stantial, and his motives honourable. Mr. Mac- Arthur resides at 79, HoUand Park, W. He is a member of the Reform, Devonshire, the National and City Liberal Clubs ; he is a Justice of the Peace for Surrey, and one of Her Majesty's Lieutenants for London. Thomas Steel. A strikikg and weU-known personality is that of Mr. Thomas Steel, of the firm of Webster, Steel and Co., of 5, East India Avenue, E.C. ; a man who, from the knowledge of commercial affairs and business men, gleaned during a long career of professional activity and keen observation, is invaluable. He has made a mark for himself high up on the ladder of commercial fame and in the great world of com merce. From the great opportunities he has had of observing, and from the strong faculty he has of retaining his impressions, his opinion always demands and receives respectful attention, whether expressed on a business or a political topic. Mr. Steel comes of an old Lanarkshire family, and was born in Glasgow in 1842, and was educated there. He entered early upon his commercial career by establishing himself in business in his native city in 1865. Subsequently he extended his operations to Manchester in 1871, and finally settled in London in 1877, in which year he was elected a member of Lloyd's, of which corporation he is stiU a- member. Mr. Steel does not, however, confine his atten tion ¦ to his own business or to his connection with Lloyd's, but devotes a considerable amount of time and attention to the affairs of several companies, being a director, amongst others, of Founders' Stock and Share Trust, Limited ; London and Yorkshire Bank, Limited ; Mutual Trust, Limited ; and the Royal Trans-African Eailway Company, of which he is trustee for the bondholders. He married, in 1874, Janet Graham, daughter of the late Robert Gray Eyre, of Leavenseat ; he has two children — his son, the elder, is now an undergraduate at Cambridge ; the younger is a daughter. The King of Portugal in 1889 graciously con ferred upon him the honour of knighthood, and created him a Knight-Commander of the Portuguese Royal Military Order of Our Lady of the Conception of the ViUa Vicosa, a decoration very rarely be stowed upon foreigners, and carrying with it, in Portugal and her colonies, exceptional privileges. Mr. Thomas Steel has always entertained Con servative opinions, but his Conservatism is not of an entirely political nature, but rather, we would say, enters strongly into his personal disposition, for with him Conservatism is synonymous with beneficial progress. He is now about fifty years of age, but we should, without a knowledge of the fact, hesitate to give him credit for his half century ; certainly time has been kind to him in this respect. Of assured and easy manners, courteous and genial, Mr. Steel has found many friends, and is much esteemed for the traits of high integrity and sound principles, and a ready and sympathetic nature. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 201 which many have cause to be thankful he is endowed with. In perusing such a coUection of biographies as this, the reader is perhaps apt to think the tone of the various histories a trifle eulogistic ; but when he comes to consider the immensitj' of the fleld from which our selections are made, London with its mighty heart, composed of upwards of six miUions of human atoms, it wUl be allowed, that a work having for its object the historic portrait of the Uves of its most eminent citizens, should be able to oEfer its readers sketches of the lives of noble, great, and thoroughly good men of whom it is only possible to speak well, and in terms of commendation, and this, too, with out any stain of suspicion of the desire to flatter. Our main object is to give truthful details and keep to facts ; we are not romance manufacturers, but merely historians in brief. Words of ours wiU not augment or enhance the value of a reputation buUt up by strict honour, integrity, and fair standing before his feUows, so we take a grateful leave of Mr, Thomas Steel, trust ing many years may be spared him to pursue his Ufe of activity and usefulness. Egbert Iveson. It is with pleasure we offer the following brief comments on the career of a man so well known and esteemed as Mr. Egbert Iveson. His ever-courteous manner and spontaneous affability have always marked him out as one with whom it is pleasurable to' have business or personal connections. He was born at Hedon, in Yorkshire, in 1834, and at the age of seventeen commenced his career, in 1851, at the Hull Flax and Cotton Mills, an extensive manufacturing company, where he acquired a practical knowledge of cotton spinning and manufacturing in aU its several branches, and some experience of the company's business. On completion of his engagement with this company in 1856, he proceeded to Manchester, and from that time until the autumn of 1864, filled various positions with houses connected with the cotton trade in that city and in Liverpool. This was a most eventful period, embracing as it did the great monetary crisis of 1857, the American Civil War, and the dire cotton famine, with its attendant miseries, desolating the homes of thousands of willing workers and bringing with it want, starva tion and disease, and causing a panic which shook society. If we were asked to state any period of disaster and utter wretchedness which has occurred during Her Majesty's reign that would eclipse the one just stated, we must own that, if not utterly nonplussed, at least, we should have to take time for ample consideration. The multitude of issues depending on the Civil War, the world-wide and ever-growing ramifications of the cotton industries of this country, and the check that trade generally mu'it receive, mark this oat as a time of horror — when commerce was stagnant, confidence shaken and enterprise most hazardous. Such a visitation of massed calamities may, we trust, be spared the English-speaking race on both sides of the ocean. In 1864, Mr. Iveson had overtures made to him to go out to China, a;id in the autumn of that year he proceeded to Shanghai. Through this engagement he became a partner in the well-known firm of Bower, Hanbury & Co , in the following year. This firm was largely engaged in exporting Chinese cotton to England during the cotton famine, as well as being large exporters of silk to Europe, and importers of cotton and woollen manufactured goods for sale in China. Subsequently, the opening of the Suez Canal, more frequent aud accelerated mail services, and the extension of the telegrajih to Shanghai, wrought a complete change in the trade with China, very greatly facilitating the extension of business, of which the firm was not slow to take advantage as opportunities arose. On the retirement of the senior partners of the firm Mr. Iveson succeeded to the business, andin 1874 the style was changed to Iveson & Co., which it so continues, its business in London and Shanghai being conducted in the most energetic and enterprising manner. During his residence in Shanghai Mr. Iveson always took an active interest in the local affairs of the settlement, and as a member of the Municipal Council, was associated with many of the important improvements which were carried out by that body. He also took an active part in promoting the Shanghai Waterworks Company, which now provides the settle ment with a supply of pure water ; a boon not to be lightly esteemed, and one fully appreciated by oil residents who recollect the former undesirable state of affairs. Mr. Iveson married, in 1887, the younger daughter of Frederick Bower, Esq., of West Dean Park, Sussex. He resides in Hyde Park Squaro, W., and is a member of the City Club. He is a close observer of the social, commercial, and political phenomena of our times ; with great power of discrimination, judgment and forethought, he prefers to concentrate his attention on a business demanding the most skilful guidance, rather than to engage in pubUc or political life. D D 202 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. William Henry Peat. En passant, we would say that we do not intend this work to form a collection of critical commen taries, but a history and a relation of facts ; and when the vastness of the field from which we are able to make our selections is considered, we are sure we shaU be freed from any imputation of a desire to flatter, as it is not a difficult matter to choose only those whose lives are beyond reproach and whose sentiments and aspirations are of a pure and lofty character. We are glad to enrol amidst this coUec tion of biographical sketches a brief account of the career of Mr. WiUiam Henry Peat, who has stood at the head of perhaps one of the most important of all the many large houses of foreign and colonial brokers in the city. It is our aim here to teU shortly the life stories of men who have, by their enterprise and abUities, in pursuance of their respective professions or caUings, or in public life, rendered themselves conspicuous, and who form fltting subjects for a place in such a Aolume as Leading Men of London at the latter end of this century : such an one is Mr. Peat. He was born in Kentish Town, in the house formerly occupied by Theodore Hook, on the Oth January, 1817. On his father's side coming from a very old London family, and on his mother's, tracing back to a Northumberland stock. He was educated privately in London, and when seventeen years of age he entered the house of Mr. Arthur Lewis, the founder of the present firm of Lewis & Peat, to learn the business, for a period of three years, during which time he received no salary, nor did he take a single holiday, but during this term he received every year a handsome present which more than equalled any salary he might under other circumstances have obtained. In a few years he became a partner, Mr. Arthur Lewis retiring in favour of his son, Mr. William Flasket Lewis and Mr , Peat ; the style of the firm then became Lewis & Peat, which it remains to this day. On the death of Mr. W. P. Lewis, at the re quest of Mr. Arthur Lewis, Mr. James MacGregor Mackay was taken into partnership, and for a time the firm was known as Lewis, Peat & Mackay, but upon his lea-ving the firm the old style was resumed. More recently again Mr. Samuel .Figgis became a partner, but he has lately severed his connection and established a business of his own. To-day the firm consists of Mr. Peat and two of his sons, Mr. Arthur Robert Peat and Mr. James Ernest Peat; and Mr. Andrew Devitt and Mr. Stephen Smith Duval. The original premises occu pied by the firm when Mr. Peat entered it in 1834, were at 26, Martin's Lane, Cannon Street, but later they occupied offices at No. 11, Mincing Lane, E.C, afterwards removing to No. 6, Mincing Lane, on Mr. Peat securing the freehold of those premises. The firm do a very large business in foreign and Colonial produce, such as coffee, cocoa, pepper, spices, ivory, tortoise-sheU, mother-of-pearl shells, ostrich feathers, drysalteries and drugs. Mr. Peat is a Director of the Commercial Sale-rooms, London, an important and imposing block of buildings in Mincing Lane, where the Mincing Lane public sales are held, and around which are a large number of fine offices and show-rooms, their property. He is also, and always has been, on the Council of the London Chamber of Commerce ; beyond this he is not connected with any commercial undertakings outside his own firm. In 1842 he married Fanny, youngest daughter of Robert Roxby, Esq., of Durham; Mrs. Peat's death occurred in 1886. They had seven chUdren; but there are now only three sons and two daughters surviving, i.e , Arthur Robert and James Ernest, before mentioned; the latter married Miss Con stance Anne Carson, daughter of Mr. Richard BeU Carson ; and his third son, Alfred Edward, married her sister. Miss EUen Marion Carson. His eldest daughter, Elizabeth Marion, married Mr. Robert Purvis, M.A., D.C.L., who twice unsuccessfully con tested Peterborough, and his youngest daughter, AUce Millicent, married Major-General F. M. Kenyon- Stow. Mr. Peat has been sometimes pressed by his friends to enter political Ufe, but no amount of pressure could get him to do so ; his reply to th^-'ir request that he should come forward for a certain constituency was very characteristic — "My business is enough, I'm not going to be killed outright by ParUamentary worry." At the same time, Mr. Peat entertains very strong convictions on matters political, and is a staunch and very decided Unionist and Constitutionalist. Mr. Peat's residence. South Hayes, is a handsome and most beautifully situated house on Wimbledon Common. He was fortunate enough to secure a long lease of this demesne in 1886, and since then he has resided there. Frankness and kindness of manner before aU other qualities characterize Mr. Peat ; these and his strict appUcation to the great business interests of his house arid his well-known integrity, have placed and maintained him high in the esteem of his fellow- citizens and of aU who have the privUege of his acquaintance. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 203 John Connell. John Connell, the head of the weU-known firm of Australian merchants in the City of London, is the second son of the late Alexander Connell, of Grange Farm, near Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, and though by recent descent, birth, and training a son of Cale donia, he, like many other Scotsmen hailing from the south-western portion of Scotland, comes origi nally from Irish stock. He was born at his father's place in 1825, and was educated at the Russell Aca demy in Kilmarnock. His education completed, and being intended for a commercial career, he obtained his first flve years' practical experience of business in connection with the firm of Brown, Howie & Co., of Kilmar nock, after which he entered the employment of WiUiam MoEwan, Sons & Co., an important firm of sugar refiners and tea importers in Glasgow. Thence he proceeded, in 1845, to fill an engagement in a large tea-distributing house in Dublin; but about this time the fame of our Australian Colonies was agitat ing the minds of men in this country, and Mr. ConneU, on Christmas D.iy, 1848, landed in Mel bourne, to seek fortune under the Southern Cross. His intention on leaving England was to become a squatter, and acquire farming land ; but a short ex perience of up-country life convinced him that his already acquired experience and inclination would find a more congenial field in commerce, and the rush that set in about this time to Australia, consequent upon the discovery of gold, and the opportunity afforded to men of experience to commence business, decided him to estabUsh himself as a merchant in 1853, when he formed the nucleus of the large busi ness that has its centres in London, M Ibourne, and Sydney, and ramifications throughout the Austral asian Colonies, America, and the East Indies. Two years afterwards, he married Annie, daughter of Mr. Thomas BlackaU, of Geelong, who died in 1890. He has surviving six sons, of whom tho eldest, John Alexander, though yet a young man, is Managing Director of John Connell & Co., Limited; and a second, Thomas BlackaU, is associated with the Melbourne branch of the business ; while a third, Ernest, is acquiring a practical knowledge of busi ness in the great house of Joseph Travers & Sons, Limited, of Cannon Street. Of his five daughters three are married, the eldest to Mr. T. L, Corbett, late of the London County Council, and a brothsr of Mr. A. Cameron Corbett, M.P, for Tradeston Division of Glasgow. Mr. T. L. Corbett also aspires to Par liamentary honours, and at the last General Election contested East Tyrone unsuccessfuUy, Another daughter is married to Mr, George Niven, London Manasrer of the Commercial Bank of Australia ; and a third to Mr, David E. MUler. Mr, ConneU's first business establishment was in Swanston Street, Melbourne, where, after ten years of success, Mr, Hogarth was admitted to partnership; and later, in 1866, the business of Mr. Charles Wat son was incorporated. The growing importance of the business necessitated removal into more com modious premises, which, however, were destroyed by fire in 1872, involving the firm and the insurance companies in a loss of £100,000. Mr. Connell was in England at the time, but at once set out for Australia, and soon secured pre mises quite as, if not more, eligible than those the fire destroyed in Flinder's Street. The promp titude with which Mr. Connell, on this and on more than one occasion, threw himself into the breach, and the decision with which he has acted, is charac teristic of the man, and may be said to account in no smaU measure for his success as a business man. PracticaUy the establishment of John ConneU & Co., Sydney, dates from 1888, and although Mr, Connell was head of this firm somewhat earlier, w'hen the style of the firm was Cramsie, Arthur & Co,, it was not until the dissolution of that firm, and the quashing of its title, that John ConneU & Co. came into being, and Mr. Fisher and Mr. Graham are now associated with the subject of our sketch in the management of that branch. The London firm of John Connell & Co. ranks among the first of its kind in the City. It is, as it wore, a central depot for its Antipodean sisters. Its operations are important, valuable, and exten sive. It purchases on this side for the first merchant houses in Victoria and New South Wales, New Zea land, &c., and imports taUow, wool, wheat, oats, and the usual varied colonial produce. The personnel of this house is Mr. Connell and Mr. J. McAuslane. Mr, Connell is a Director (London Board) of the Commercial Bank of Australia, Limited, and is otherwise connected with several important commer cial undertakings. PoliticaUy, Mr, John Connell is an ardent Liberal and an admirer of Mr. Gladstone; actively, how ever, he has never associated himself with political life and strife, but has steadfastly put aside his in clinations to take part in the same, and has stuck carefully to his last, and studied the varied interests of his firms. He is a member and supporter of the English Presbyterian Church. Mr. Connell is a member of the Gresham Club ; his London residence, Bushey Down, is a fine place on Tooting Graveney Common, S.W. 204 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Henry William Dauglish. It is a truism to remark that the foundation of the British Empire is its commerce. Under our very eyes, so to speak, every day fresh streams of business are set flowing which unite the mother country with her colonies more strongly in the bonds of mutual profit and benefit. At the present time one of the greatest of the great rivers of commerce which empty themselves from aU parts of the globe into the imperial metropolis is the wool trade with Australasia and the Cape. This has sprung up almost within the lifetime of one generation, and its importance and enormous growth may be gathered from the fact that while in 1842 the production of colonial wool was onlj' 60,000 bales, at the present day it is over 2.000,000 bales. This is largely due to the success which has crowned the enterprise of introducing the merino sheep at Australia and the Cape. One of the oldest gentlemen connected with the colonial wool trade in London is Mr. H. W. Dauglish. He was born in London on the 2nd of May, 1827. He is of Scotch extraction, and some of his "forbears" distinguished themselves in the American War of Independence, He commenced his education under the care of the late Dr. Alex ander Allen at Hackney, at whose school he studied from 1837 to 1840, after which he went to one of King's CoUege Schools at Islington for two years. His first business experience was gained in the service of Messrs, CockereU & Co., a great East Indian house well known to the last generation, but now almost forgotten, which failed in the awful com mercial crisis of 1847 — that crisis which brought so many large and old-established businesses either to ruin or to its brink. Mr Dauglish was with them for two years, after which he joined the Bank of Austral asia, where he remained until the end of 1849, when he left the bank to estabUsh, in partnership with Mr. White, the business of Dauglish & White, Australian merchants. He was with this firm until 1862, and during this time spent five years in Australia for purposes connected with the business. In 1862 he joined the firm of WiUans, Overbury «& Co., of London, with whom he remained for twenty- one years. In 1883 he became one of the partners of Messrs. Windeler & Co., wool brokers, 20 and 21, BasinghaU Street, E.C, and with this firm he is stiU associated. In 1866 he became a director of the Metropolitan Life Assurance Company, of which he is now the senior director. Messrs. Windeler & Co. act for merchants trading both with Australia and the Cape, and even more largely with other wool producing countries. It will be easily understood that the quantities handled by a firm of first-class brokers is immensely larger than that of any single firm of merchants, however great their turnover may be, and the successful conduct of such a business, with the close study of the markets which it entails, requires abilities of no mean order. Those abiUties Mr. Dauglish un doubtedly possesses, and with his sound judgment and long years of varied experience they have brought him to his present position. His residence is 42, Harewood Square, W. James Dixon. We suppose that there must be few men who have passed through a pubUc school and entered upon a commercial career, who have not sometimes medi tated with a certain sense of injustice when the occasion of a prize-giving, or some such function, has brought them back within the walls of their old school, upon the honours and attentions lavished over such of their old schoolmates or their successors as have distinguished themselves by gaining scholar ships or university prizes. How is it that no word is ever said at these occasions congratulating the school upon old alumni who are out in the world filling, with credit, positions of responsibility and impor tance in commercial life ? For it requires something more than a certain facility for composing Greek verse, more even than a knack of retaining until the examination be over the statistics and information which a coach may have imparted, to equip a man for the battle of com mercial life. Indeed, the whole life of a business man is a continual examination, in which, moreover, the crammer can give no assistance, Nuthing but his own intelligence and abilities can carry him through. As a successful business man, therefore, Mr. James Dixon may be said to confer distinction upon the King's School, Canterbury, where he was educated under the headmastership of Bishop Mitchinson. reaching the sixth form at an early age and hold ing a Senior Scholarship on the Foundation. Born in 1848, he left school in 1865, and entered the office of Messrs. Dumas & Wylie, Lombard Street. In 1866 he joined his father in the great business of which he is now one of the principals. Originally founded in the last century, under the title of Burton & Bentley, the house next became Bentley Harris, & Dixon, and is now Harris & Dixon, 81, Gracechurch Street, E.C. Mr. Dixon married at the age of twenty- three, and has his eldest son now in his office as, assistant. Staying qualities are infinitely superior LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 205 to meteoric brilliance, whether academical or other wise, and Mr. Dixon has been, and is, a hard and diligent worker, while his sound judgment and shrewd intelligence have assisted to bring the busi ness to its present high position. He possesses the true business man's capacity for infinite detail, and there is very little indeed that is done in his large establishment that does not come under his direct personal supervision. He resides near Sevenoaks. In 1884, Mr. Dixon was one of the gentlemen selected to advise with Mr. Joseph Chamberlain at the Board of Trade as to the law affecting Merchant Shipping and Marine Insurance. He is one of the most prominent gentlemen engaged in the Shipping and Coal Trades, and is a Past-President of the Chamber of Shipping of the United Kingdom. He is also a member of the Council of the London Chamber of Commerce, and of the Committee of Lloyd's Register, in both of which bodies he is well known and respected. William Claude Holdsworth Hunt. Eastward ho ! past the old Fire Monument, down into Lower Thames Street with its fishmen and their quaint old market shops, just beyond that gloomy pile, ihe Custom House, we come to Brewer's Quay, where have been for very many years the stores and offices of Messrs, Joseph Barber & Co., one of the oldest and most prominent firms of wharfingers and factors of the provision trade in the Metropolis ; here on the wharf along the river all is hurry and rush, and every indication of the progress of a great business surrounds us. We make our way upstairs and discover a long and truly old-fashioned office, reminding one of Twinings' in the old days ; here aU seem bent on business. Mr. W. C H. Hunt's sanctum is a room overlooking the river, which to-day does not look too murky. Mr. Hunt modestly assures us that really an account of his life, he fears, wiU not read at all sen sationally. But to produce sensational matter is not our object in the.se Biographies; rather, we desire to offer our readprs true lile sketches of the great business men who by their exertions and enterprise have made their names as landmarks in our City. Mr. Hunt has from the start of his business career been connected with his present firm, entering it at the same time as his cousin Mr, R. P. Carew Hunt, who was also son of one of the partners, and whose death occurred in 1890, since which time Mr. W. C Houldsworth Hunt has been managing partner at the offices on Brewer's Quay. He was born at Clapham in September, 1844, and was educated at Westminster School, where he studied from 1857 to 1862, proceeding in 1863 to Exeter CoUege, Oxford. Mr. Hunt has always takesn a great interest in athletics, and especially in rowing. While at school he was selected one of the " eight " to row against Eton College, and was also a member of his College " eight " at the University. In 1864 he entered the office of the business above mentioned, and became a partner in 1871. The firm has a great reputation in the City, and is over one hundred years old. The founder, Mr. Joseph Barber, was Mr. Hunt's grandfather, and died about thirty years ago. When Mr. Hunt first joined the business there were two partners, both members of the family, but to-day he has the sole management. Through his sound judgment and attention to detail the busi ness has prospered exceedingly, and the turnover has largely increased. From time to time he has intro duced improvements and variations to suit the requirements of the times with most satisfactory results. One of the staple businesses in which the house is' engaged is the butter and cheese trade from Holland. In the old days of sailing-ships, the conditions under which this trade was carried on were naturally very widely diverse from the existing state. The firm receive along their quays eight steamers weekly, which ply between Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Har- lingen, and London, and discharge their cargoes here. In addition to the trade in cheese and butter with the Netherlands, Messrs. Joseph Barber & Co. land large consignments of tea and wines. The offices and stores on Brewer's Quay do not altogether monopoUse the entire business of the firm, as they have two branches, one at Coopers Row, Crutched Friars, and another at Tower Hill. Mr. Hunt has been a director of the Metropolitan Life Assurance Association for about eight years. He has been approached with the view to induce him to enter poUtical life, and he has also been pressed to enter municipal life — his friends being desirous that he should become Alderman of the Tower Ward and a member of the Common Council; but the demands of his great business concern are so engrossing that he has felt himself bound to decline the honour in each instance. Mr. Hunt married, in 1869, Emma, daughter of Mr, Frederick Engelhardt, sugar merchant, and he has eight children, the eldest of whom now holds a commission in the Royal ArtUlery. His second son assists his father in the business. His residence is No. 10, Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park, W. 206 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. George W. P. WoodrofFe. The career of Mr. Woodroffe has been a remark ably varied one. He has travelled extensively, and has seen Ufe under many different aspects. One does not often find in the Brigade of Household Cavalry the makings of an Indian merchant, which Mr. Woodroffe eventually became. Nor is it usual to find Eton boys, young English Guardsmen, Re publican American soldiers, and French princes of the House of Orleans — Bourbon, sitting around one camp fire. Yet Mr. Woodroffe joined one of this motley group during the American War with McClel- lan's "Blues" before Fredericksburg. While in contrast with this stirring Ufe, and with all his variety of experience and travel, at the age of twenty- si.x he became a business man, and has now settled down as the head of a great Indian and London house, which he personally directs. He was born in Oxford Square, W., in July, 1842, and is the son of the late Skynner George Wood roffe, of Wichenford Court, Worcestershire, and Rid ware. Staffs. This gentleman was a member of the old Surrey County family of Woodroffes, of Poyle. His wife (mother of our subject) was Emily, daughter of George Rush, of Elsenham HaU, Bishop's Stort ford, and of Farthinghoe Lodge, Brackley. He was educated at private schools, and afterwards at Eton, and was at the coUege from 1854 to 1858, during the time Dr. Goodford and Dr. Hawtrey were respectively headmiister and provost. At Eton he was contemporary with the Duke of St. Albans, Lord Dunmore, Lord Halifax, and flve of the Lubbock family, who have all become men of some note. Leaving Eton he travelled in the North of Europe, and was present at the Coronation of Carl, the late king of Norway and Sweden, and at the festivities in connection therewith. He then went to Trinity College, Cambridge. His time at the University was limited, however, to one year, for in 1860, he obtained his commission in the Royal Horse Guards Blue (at that time commanded by Col. Hugh Smith Baillie). His long leave Mr. Woodroffe turned to the best advantage, in indulging his bent for foreign and colonial voyagings. He has travelled very consider ably through both the Canadas, and visited all the l)rincipal cities of the Dominion ; he entertains a lively regard for the country, her people, and social life. He was with Lcrd Monck, the Governor-General, on his tour of inspection of Canada in 1862. As a British officer on leave he was with the young and gallant northern General, McClellan, and General Burnside, in the American Ci-vU War, during the campaign, before the Battle of Fredericksburg, and on the shores of the Rappahannock River. In 1864 he ran the American blockade from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Wilmington, North Carolina. He then joined the Confederate Head Quarters Staff (of course stiU as an English officer) with General Hood, who was opposed to General Sherman; he was with him and the Southern troops just prior to Sherman's famous march from Atlanta to Savannah in Georgia. He also had the advantage of being with Generals Lee and Longstreet before Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, and at the close of 1864 he returned to England, rejoined his regiment, and resumed the ordinary life of a young guardsman. In May, 1866, he married Alice Maud, second daughter of Henry Townshend, of Caldecote Hall, Nuneaton, Warwickshire. For some months after his marriage Mr. Woodroffe continued to travel on the Continent. He has four children living ; the elder of the sons is William Henry Plukenett Woodroffe, and was born in December, 1871. Clara Alice (Woodroffe), the eldest of the family, has recently married Major Edward Barrington Crake, of the Rifle Brigade. In 1868, Mr. Woodroffe, in conjunction with Mr. Henry Evans Gordon and others, founded the well- known firm of Madras bankers and London and Indian merchants, Messrs. Gordon, Woodroffe &Co,, of Madras, and 1, East India Avenue, E.C, of which he is now the head. In connection with his business Mr. Woodroffe has had occasion to make the voyage to the East twice, and after visiting Madras, found time to spend in Calcutta, Darjeeling, Benares, Lucknow, Agra, Delhi, Jeypoor, Ajmere, Baroda, Ahmedabad, and Bombay on the first trip, making a short stay in Egypt on his return, and on his second of visiting Colombo, and touring in Ceylon generally, and visiting the Neilgherry Hills. Mr. Woodroffe is a man of an observant and pene trating character ; he has been more fortunate than many ; he has had more than ordinary oppor tunities of studying men, manners, and constitutions in three of the globe's quarters, and has profited by his experience, and would be a valuable pubUc man only that he seems to have a distaste for seek ing the confidence of electors, which feeling arises from a too modest estimate of himself and his capaci ties. Although not desiring political life, Mr. Woodroffe is nevertheless a Conservative unit of the most Conservative municipality in Great Britain, i.e., the City of London. He is a member of the Junior Carlton, and Grafton Clubs, and was formerly a member of Boodle's. His residence is Eastcott House, Kingston HiU, Surrey. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 207 Edwsird H. Bayley, M.P. Me. Bayley, the honourable Member for North CamberweU, was born at Accrington in 1841, and is the eldest son of the Rev. Dr. Bayley, of that town and the President of the first Anti-Corn Law Meet ing. He was educated at private establishments in England, France, and Germany, and gained a tho rough knowledge of those languages which are most conducive to knowledge of the world and commercial success. He is also considered a fair musician. He had the advantage of an engineering training in con nection with the great Sheffield firm, Sir J. Brown & Co., Limited, in addition to a sound commercial training and experience in a City office. After this ten years' apprenticeship, he purchased the business known as E. H. Bayley & Co., Limited, Newington Causeway. Mr. Bayley has taken a great interest in parochial work, and was a member of the St. George's Vestry of Southwark for many years. He also took a prominent part in the movement for the improved housing of the poor. As Treasurer of the Southwark Committee, he attended aU the meetings held at the " Farm House " in the Mint, a lodging-house in the heart of the worst rookery in London, and which was described as "Horrible London" in the Baily News, by G. R. Sims. The planting of trees in the streets of Southwark was initiated by Mr. Bayley. Mr. Bayley began his public political career in 1874, when he founded, with the aid of Mr. Schnad- horst, the Southwark Liberal Association. The rules of the Association which he framed have since been accepted as a guide by the majority of the Liberal and Radical associations of the metro polis. During the Bulgarian atrocities Mr. Bayley was again energetic and indefatigable, distinguish ing himself greatly in organising Anti-Turkish Meet ings. In the meantime, Mr. Bayley's letters in the Baily News and other Liberal papers had attracted the notice of Mr. Gladstone, who wrote to Mr. Bayley requesting him to call upon him, Mr. Gladstone sub sequently consenting to attend one of the annual meetings of the Association held at the Bermondsey DrUl Hall, where he delivered his celebrated speech condemning the Berlin Treaty. On Mr. Bayley's retirement from the Hon. Secretaryship, the South wark Liberal Association, in recognition of his services, presented him with a silver salver and a purse of 120 guineas as a donation to the orphanage which he had founded in memorial of his late wife, and which now supports forty orphans. In 1892 he contested North CamberweU in the Liberal interest, defeating his opponent, Mr. J. Richards Kelly, by a majority of 845 votes. Since he has been in ParUament Mr. Bayley has frequently caUed attention in the House of Commons and tho Press to the necessity for life-boat reform. He contends that this service should be under the Government instead of being left, as now, to public charity. He has also called frequent attention in the House to the Colony of Gibraltar, and succeeded in stopping the expenditure of £50,000 in a scheme for boring a tunnel through the rock. Mr. Bayley also brought about the mediation of the Home Secre tary, in the great cab strike of 1894, and has been appointed by the Government a member of the De partmental Committee on the cab trade of London, As regards commercial affairs, Mr. Bayley holds a very prominent position in the City, and has patented many useful contributions to mechanical science. The hydrostatic van, designed by him in 1874, is a great improvement on the old-fashioned water-cart, and has effected a saving in London alone of £10,000 year. In 1887 he greatly interested himself in the sub ject of electrical traction, and is joint patentee of a system which he believes wUl largely supersede horse-power for traction. His many great improvements in the manufacture of fire-escapes have obtained him considerable noto riety, his firm now manufacturing them by thousands. In 1889 he patented an entirely new machine, which is only half the weight of the ordinary fire-escape. His firm was appointed contractors for fire-escapes to the cities of London and Paris. In 1883 he was Chairman of the London Road Oar Company, and was a strong advocate for an in crease in the wages of drivers and conductors. His management was characterised by considerable suc cess, for at the time he joined the Board the Company were losing about £8,000 per annum, and the shares stood at £2 lOs. each, but when he retired they were paying a good dividend, and the shares stood at £9. Mr. Bayley is Chairman of the London Improved Cab Company. He is also a Director of the Equitable Assurance Company of the United States of America. He is a member of a large number of political and philanthropic societies, and Treasurer of the New Church Orphanage. He is also a Past-Master of the Masons' Company, one of the oldest of the City Companies. His private house is at Cliff Lodge, Southfields, Wimbledon, and he is a member of the Reform Club, to which he was elected, ten years ago, on the pro posal of the late Right Hon. John Bright. He is also one of the original members of the National Liberal and City Liberal Clubs. 208 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Captain Thomas Bridges Heathorn. Captain Heathoen was born on the 6th of Sep tember, 1830. He is the second son of the late Joseph Lidwell Heathorn, captain in the defunct E. I. Company's Mercantile Marine, and a member of the Trinity House, who was the third son of Mr. Robert Heathorn, of Maidstone, Kent. Captain Heathorn's elder brother, Lidwell Heathorn, lost his life from the effects of exposure in the second Sikh Campaign. Both he and Captain Heathorn held Commissions in the Bombay Artillery. Captain T. B, Heathorn was intended lor an engineer, but, wishing to join his brother, succeeded, when a student at Putney College, in getting a pre sentation to Addiscome, which he left at the end of 1850 to join his regiment in India. When the Crimean Y/ar broke out, a good know ledge of military surveying and drawing placed, him on the Qnartermaster-General's staff of the Turkish Contingent. In this capacity Captain Heathorn served in that rigorous campaign. When the Russian War ended, and the Mutiny broke out, he returned to India, and landing at Bombay proceeded immediately under orders to join the Rajpootana Field Force, to which the Horse Batterj' he belonged to was attached. He served also as interpreter to H.M.'s 95th Regiment. Tho force moved on to Kotah, took it, and was broken up into smaller columns to intercept Tantia Topee aud Feroz Shah (who had joined forces) from attempting to raise the Rajpoots and the Deccan. Brigadier Park's column was the lucky one and beat the enemy at Chotah Oudepoor. Heathorn, who com manded the guns, was speciaUy recommended in despatches for gallantry and general service. The exposure, want of rest, general and perpetual hard ship of a fiying column's life told heavily on most of the troops, and Captain Heathorn, among many others, was invalided home suffering from fever and dysentery. In 1860, the date of the amalgamation of the old East India Company's ArtiUery with the Royal ArtiUery, he was still in this country, and was then quartered for some time at Sheerness, and for another period at Shoeburyness, until 1866, when, on being ordered to join his battery in India, he failed to pass the Medical Board, and was put on half-pay. For his services in the Crimea he received from the Sultan the fourth-class Medjidee Order and the Turkish War medal; for his Indian services, the Mutiny medal and clasps for Central India. Although greatly debUitated by the effects of the Indian Mutiny Campaign, Captain Heathorn, being the possessor of a tough constitution, which he inherited, it gave him a favourable chance, and he recovered, but, although quite restored to health, unfortunately there was nothing in the way of an Ordnance appointment in this country for an East India Company's officer — so high did the jealousy run at that time against the Indian Artillery, and, indeed, aU other branches of the Company's ser vice. Being debarred from active service. Captain Heathorn, however, did not remain idle, and in 1866, in connection with Messrs. Napier, of Glas gow, Sir Joseph Whitworth, Admiral Halstead, R.N., Mr. Henwood, and others, he completed a Model Turret Fleet, representing an example for every class of vessel then required. This was shown in England, and afterwards in Paris at the Exhibition of 1867. His inventive faculty did not cease here, as he per fected a pivoting system of gun- mounting at any optional point from muzzle to trunnion, which oriai- nated the higher freeboard, and minimum embrasure, now adopted in all ships of war. Many improvements in steering and checking the way of ships in motion, are also the result of his ingenuity, and the "Rudder Motor," a comhination of rudder and propeUer in one, is the product of his active brain. Captain Heathorn, in addition, has a capacity for acquiring a general knowledge of art, music, languages, and mechanics, which appears to have stood him in good stead, and to have brought him success in other paths of life, and good fortune has been his friend. He does everything well, appa rently without an effort, and is thoroughly clear headed, undaunted by difficulty, and full of resource. He is known better by the name of Tommy Heathorn than any other. He is vice-chair man of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, a director of Mason & Barry, Limited, and associated with many scientific enterprises. These sufficiently interest him to prevent his taking any more active part in morcantile Ufe. He is a bachelor, a capital all-round sportsman, and, if one may judge from outside appearances, in comfortable worldly circumstances. Captain Heathorn is considered a sincere friend, and a man likely to bo an awkward enemy. He has a keen wit and a happy temperament, together with a simplicity of manner somewhat Chinese, which disguises a deeper nature than appears on the surface. Politically Captain Heathorn is a loyal Constitu tionalist of the Progressive school, and in matte -s of religious moment his views are broad and tolerant. His residence is 10, Wilton Place, S.W. LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 209 Charles Inglis Thornton. Amongst the names of the ablest of the champions of our "national game," few take precedence of that of the gentleman cricketer whose name heads this brief biographical notice. It is not, however, our mission to deal exclusively with his cricketing experiences — these are already sufficiently well known. In his capacity as one of the Managing Directors of perhaps the most important Company of timber merchants in the City, and as a man of wide reputa tion, we are glad to enrol Mr. Thornton amongst the " Leading Men of London." Charles Inglis Thornton was born on March 20th, 1850, at Llanwarne, Herefordshire; he is the son of the late Rev. Watson Joseph Thornton, Rector of Llanwarne, and nephew of the late Mr. Henry Sykes Thornton, a partner in the well-known firm of Messrs. Williams, Deacons, Thornton & Co., bankers, of Birchin Lane, E.C He was educated at Eton during Dr. Balston's headmastership; he entered the coUege in 1861, and was there a school contemporary of the Earl of Elgin, the Viceroy of India, Mr. Cosmo Bonsor, and Lord Harris ; between the latter and Mr. Thornton a sincere and intimate friendship has existed from their Eton days, enhanced no doubt by the respect each entertains for the other as a briUiant cricketer. From Eton Mr. Thornton went to Trinity College, Cambridge, and there remained his fuU term of four years. He played for four seasons in the University Eleven at Lords, and in this direction acquired glory which he valued more than that appertaining to profound scholarship. The firm of Raffety, Thornton & Co., of 42, Old Broad Street, and formerly of Cannon Street, E.C, was founded in 1871 by Messrs. WUliam John Raffety and Albert Vezey Raffety. In 1876 Mr. Thornton joined the firm, and has remained there ever since. In 1886 the extent and value of their business transactions induced the partners to take steps to convert it into a Limited Liability Company ; this was successfully done, the placing of the shares on the market finding an eager acceptance. As a proof, both of the wisdom of the direct control of the affairs of Raffety, Thornton & Co., and of that of the investors who sunk money in the enterprise, it may be mentioned that annually since its incorporation rmder the Limited Companies Acts it has paid a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. In the interests of his company Mr. Thornton has travelled a very great deal, and has had an oppor tunity of observing men and manners on every side of the inhabited globe. He travelled extensively in India in 1890, and in the Australian colonies in 1891, and made the tour of the world in 1892 ; last year saw him touring both on business and on pleasure in Sweden and Norway, this trip concluding with a visit to St. Petersburg. Mr. Thornton comes of a family of very active politicians ; his grandfather was for many years a member of Parliament, and his cousin, Mr. Percy Thornton, is now Conservative M.P. for Clapham ; he is a Constitutionalist, but has no ambition for a parliamentary career. Mr. Thornton is, pa/r excellence, a great cricketer, and as such has a briUiant record. We cannot do better than conclude our notice of him with a few lines from the columns of the Cricket Field : — ¦ " Since the year 1869, when Mr. Thornton played for the first time in the Cambridge eleven, his name has always been associated with the most extra ordinary feats of hard-hitting, and it is almost certain that no other man has ever equaUed his authenticated performances. He has been in the habit of going in first without pads, even against the fastest bowUng, and very rarely has he worn a glove." More remarkable as a batsman than in any other cricketing qualification, his hitting is phe nomenal, and his judicious knowledge of speed and striking possibilities are well exemplified by the following (his own) words, which refer to his greatest hit : — "It was at Brighton, when I was practising in front of the pavilion. The ball pitched yards and yards over the entrance gates. Mr. Pycroft measured the distance and made it 1 62 yards. The ball, after it pitched, rolled on as far as the Western Road, But my biggest hit in a match was made when I was playing for the Orleans Club against the Australians. That was 152 yards. There could bono doubt about it, because Barrett and WUd were lying down close to where the baU f eU, and the distance was measured with a chain. " The quickest run getting I ever did was during the 1891 season at the Lyric Club — 104 in thirty- eight minutes. Once in a match at the Old Orleans Club, Twickenham, I got 91 out of a total 100 in the first innings, and 49 out of 50 in the second innings." Mr. Thornton is a member of the Orleans Club. and certainly one of the most frequent attendants at Lords during the cricket season. EE 210 LEADING MEN OF LONDON C F. Cory- Wright, J.P. Me. Cory- Wright, who was born in the year 1838, is the head of the large and weU-known firm of Wm. Cory & Son, Coal Importers and Ship Owners, which has been a flourishing business since it was established at the commencement of the present cen tury. He is the second son of the late Lieut, Wm. Wright, of the ^Eifle Brigade, who served in the campaign of 1815, and was severely wounded at Waterloo, and died at Charlton, Kent, in 1879. Mr. Cory- Wright was educated privately, and in his twenty-second year he entered the firm of Wm. Cory & Son, of which he is now senior partner. After eight years' steady application and attention to his duties, Mr. Cory- Wright became junior part ner ; Mr. William Cory, the son of the founder, being at that time the senior, he died on 23rd Feb ruary, 1868, shortly after Mr. Cory- Wright joined the partnership. Mr. Eichard Cory, then succeeded his brother as head of the firm, and controlled the destinies of the house for some years, until he retired in 1881. Since that date the personality of the sub ject of this sketch has been a leading factor in the management of the firm, and it is needless to point out that its prosperity has not diminished, but has continued to increase, while its reputation has been maintained at the high level which its founder and early partners aimed at, ancl succeeded in attaining. The business of this house is unique ; it is one of the oldest firms connected with the coal trade, and it may be said, without contradiction, stands without a rival in London. About two million tons of coal represent the yearly turnover, whUe the firm own an extensive fieet of Steamers, Tugs and Barges. The coals are obtained from the principal coal-fields in Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, and South Wales, and the firm have had built, to their own specifications, Steamships of light draught for the transport of coal from Inland ports. Two Derricks, moored in the Thames, known as Atlas No. 1 and Atlas No. 2, each fitted with the most recent and powerful hydraulic machinery, con stitute the means for unloading Steam CoUiers, and transferring the coal to the barges. Two steamers can be discharged at the same time at each Derrick, and in the Victoria Docks the firm have a depot fitted with similar machinery, where two steam coUiers can also be unloaded at the same time. Another Derrick, Atlas No. 3, will shortly be placed in the Thames off Greenhithe, to facilitate further the discharge of Steam CoUiers. The firm own a fleet of about six hundred barges, which are re quired to take the coals from the steamers and con vey them to aU parts of the Eiver Thames and its branches. The hydraulic cranes on each Derrick, which are kept going day and night, receive their motive power from ten boilers of sixty horse-power each, and the rapidity of unloading is so great that Steamships with from 1,500 tons to 1,800 tons of coals can be discharged of their cargoes in from ten to twelve hours ; and at the depot in the Victoria Docks the work is done with equal rapidity ; at this depOt there is accommodation to store forty thousand tons of coal at one time when required. At Charlton the flrm have an extensive establish ment, where their barges are built and kept in repair ; also engineering works, where the engines and ma chinery of the steam tugs and launches are repaired, as well as the iron and steel barges recently added to their fleet. There is also a shop for making and flnishing barge oars from the rough state in which they are imported, over one thousand pairs being required every year. The flrm have also two coaling hulks on the Thames, conveniently situated, one at Charlton and the other at Gravesend, fltted with machinery for the rapid coaling of steamers and tugs at any hour of the day or night. With a view to improve the size of house coals coming by sea to London, Messrs. William Cory & Son have recently devised a plan for bringing coals direct from the collieries, without transhipment, to the coal merchants' wharves in and about London, and to that end they have had built a number of sea-going lighters of from 300 tons to 400 tons burthen each, of light draught, so that these lighters can go up the canals to the sidings of the collieries direct and take in their cargoes, being afterwards towed out to sea by steam tugs, where they are taken charge of by some of the flrm's steam col liers, who then tow them up to London, thus en- abUng the coal merchants to get their coals without breakage. It is needless to say that there are many hundreds of men employed at the derricks, and on the steamers, tugs, barges, and at the depdts and works; a large number of them having spent the greater part of their lives in the service of the firm, and aU are treated with every kindness and consideration. Mr. Cory- Wright, who assumed the additional surname of Cory in 1888, is of necessity a very busy man ; his time is largely spent in the onerous task of superintending all the manifold requirements of this large business, in which he is ably assisted by his three partners, and it is entirely owing to their effi- LEADING MEN OF LONDON. 211 cient help that he is able to give considerable time to public work. Mr. Cory- Wright is Justice of the Peace for the County of Middlesex, and also for the County of London, and is one of the most active members on the bench at the Highgate Petty Sessions, a frequent attendant at Quarter Sessions at Westminster and Clerkenwell, and in addition gives much time to other magisterial work ; he is also one of the Visiting Justices of H.M. Prison, HoUoway. Mr. Cory- Wright is a County Alderman for Mid dlesex, and Chairman of the Hornsey District Council, where he has been a member for twenty-one years. He also represents the ship-owners of London on the Thames Conservancy Board, where his experi ence should be of great value. He has been, on several occasions, requested to allow himself to be nominated for Parliament in the Conservative interest, the party he supports, but has hitherto decUned through pressure of business affairs. Mr. Cory- Wright married, in 1867, Mima, youngest daughter of the late Sir Hugh Owen, of the Local Government Board, and sister to Sir Hugh Owen, K.C.B., Permanent Secretary to the Local Govern ment Board. Mr. Cory- Wright has two sons and three daughters ; his eldest son, Arthur Cory, who is now a partner in the firm, was born in 1869, and was educated at Harrow and at Merton College, O.xford, where he took his B.A, degree. The younger, Dudley, who is with the firm, and is now in his twenty-third year, was also educated at Harrow, Highgate, and Oxford, and, like his brother, is also a B.A. of Merton College, Oxford. Mr. Cory- Wright's London residence is North wood, Highgate. Sir David Lionel Salomons, Bart., M.A., H.l,., A.LC.E., &c. Sir David Salomons, who succeeded, on the death of his uncle, to the baronetcy, is the son of the late Philip Salomons, Esq., and was born on June 28th, 1851, at Brighton. He had the misfortune to lose both his parents when quite young, but was adopted by his uncle, the late Sir David Salomons, who held the office of Lord Mayor of London in 1855-6, and died in 1873. Having gained as much knowledge as was possible from tutors, he was sent to Caius College, Cam bridge, where he graduated in the Natural Science Tripos. He also studied drawing and painting in order the more perfectly to appreciate art and its difficulties. From his boyhood he evinced a decided tendency towards physical science,- and, not content with the theory, he frequently worked with the men in the workshops, by which means he acquired a thorough practical knowledge of the details of his work, and a clear insight into things mechanical ; and his uncle having provided him with a laboratory, he spent much of his time making experiments in the subjects which interested him most. He contributed papers which he read before the Society of Tele graphic Engineers and Electricians " On Constant Electromotive Force in an Electric Light Circuit." This was delivered on March 12th, 1885. Other papers were read by him on ' ' Electric Light InstaUations and Management of Accumulators," "Photographic Notes and Formulae." These have been reprinted, and have run through several editions. Sir David's workshops are replete with every description of machinery required for rough work, as well as with aU the most delicate scientific instru ments invented in recent years. The machinery is driven by two electric motors. He was awarded a Silver Medal at the Inventions Exhibition and a Gold Medal and diploma at the Birmingham Exhibition of 1689. In 1874 he was caUed to the Bar at the Inner Temple, but never seriously took it up as a pro fession, and in the same year he contested Mid Kent in the Liberal interest, but was defeated ; he was precluded from standing again in 1880 owing to his holding the office of Sheriff and Eeturning Officer, and kept apart from political matters for some time until he consented to stand for St. George's-in-the- East, He is a Justice of the Peace for Kent, Sussex, Middlesex, Westminster, and London, and a Deputy- Lieutenant for Kent. He is a life member of the National Liberal Club, a County CounciUor for Kent, representing one of the Tonbridge Division, and is a FeUow of many learned and scientific societies, including the Eoyal Astronomical Society, the Chemical Society, the Geological Society, and the Eoyal Meteorological Society. He is also an Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers and a Member of the Telegraphic Engineers and Electricians. Sir David is likewise on the Council of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and of the Photographic Society of Great Britain. He has served on the Scientific Committee appointed by the Telegraphic Engineers' Society for settling symbols, and has brought out several inventions. He married Laura, younger daughter of the late Baron de Stern, of Hyde Park Gate. He resides at 49, Grosvenor Street, W., and is a member of the City of London, Grafton, Whitehall, and Savage Clubs. His country seat is Broomhill, Tunbridge WeUs. 212 LEADING MEN OF LONDON. Mitchell Henry, F.R.CS., D.L., J.P. Mr. Mitchell Heney is the youngest son of the late Alexander Henry, Esq., of Woodlands, Crump- sail, formerly Member of Parliament for South Lancashire. He was born in 1826, his mother being Eliza, daughter of Oliver Brush, Esq., of Co. Down — the name being originally De Bros. He was edu cated privately, subsequently studying at University CoUege, London, and, having taken his degree, he entered the Medical Profession, in which he displayed great talent, and held an appointment for manyyears at , St. Bartholomew's Hospital ; and, subsequently, was appointed surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital. In addition, he practised as a Consulting Operative Surgeon in London. During these years he con tributed to medical knowledge, writing many scientific articles. In 1862 his father died, and he found it necessary to associate himself with the extensive business he had left, under the name of A, & S, Henry & Co. About this time he became a candidate for Parlia ment, contesting first Woodstock, and subsequently Manchester, espousing the Liberal side, but was defeated in each instance. In 1871, however, he was elected for Galway County, which was then undivided, having for his colleague the late Sir W. Gregory. Mr.- Henry continued to represent this Constituency for about thirteen years, when he re tired from the representation, and was elected for one of the divisions of Glasgow. He was defeated at the General Election of 1884, when Mr, Gladstone dis solved Parliament, and has not sought re-election since that date. It is not alone, however, in the political world or in that of Medical Science that Mr. Henry is known, as he is an excellent authority on the value of land, and was a member of the Royal Agricultural Com mission of 1879, which sat for three years under the chairmanship of the Duke of Richmond and Gordon. He has paid great attention to agriculture, and especially to the reclamation of land. Having settled down in the extreme west of Ireland, and built Kyle- more Castle, he there reclaimed large quantities of land, which is now very productive. He took a con siderable part in Irish political life, being a follower of the late Mr. Isaac Butt, M.P., in the "Home Government Association," the distinguishing feature of which was that there should never be a revival of a Grattan Parliament in Ireland, which the members of that association thoroughly understood. Mr. Henry maintains that his political views upon Ireland have always been expressed in the formula that "Ireland was an undeveloped estate," and that all its troubles arise from social, not from political, causes. For more than twenty years he urged upon successive Governments the undertaking of such works as railways and