ILSIBI^^IRlf

Gift of
NEW HAVEN PUBLIC LIBRARY
1929

r rmiriiiiiiiii 

UMVERSAL PRONOUNCING
GAZETTEEK:

CONTAINING

TOPOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND OTHER INFORMATION, OF ALL THE MORIS
IMPORTANT PLACES IN THE KNOWN WORLD, FROM THE
MOST RECENT AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES.

BY THOMAS BALDWIN,
ASSISTED BY SEVERAL OTHER GENaiEMEIr.f'

TO V^HlOfl IS, ADDED ^L ! ' fi'" ' ",/ V d O H-J

AN APPENDIX,

y."^ ?

CONTAINTN& MORE THAN TEN THOUSAJID' ABDITIONAL NAMES, CHIEFLY 03" THK SaiALI
TOWNS AND VILLAGES, ETC., OF^HE UWITKD STATES AND OF MEXICO.

NINW-EDITIDN.

A SUPPLEMENT,
GIVING THE PRONUNCIATION OF NEAR TWO THOUSAND NAMES, BESIDES THOSE
PRONOUNCED IN THE ORIGINAL WORK : FORMING IN ITSELF A COM
PLETE VOCABULARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL PRONUNCIATION.

PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO.
1850.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by
THOMAS BALDWIN,
in the clerk's office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the
"^ Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

B. M. DUSENBERY, STERBOTYPBK.
C. SHERMAN, PRINTER.

ADYERTISEMENT TO THE EIGHTH EDITION.

The extraordinary and increasing favour with which the Universal
Pronouncing Gazetteer has been received, has induced the authors to
prepare, at great labour and expense, a new edi-hon, intended to
supply what has been felt by all, as a serious defect in the former
editions of the work ; namely, its want of fidness with respect to the
number of names. When the first edition of the Gazetteer was pre
pared, it was absolutely impossible for the authors to obtain any
reliable information respecting a multitude of foreign names, of which,
therefore, if they gave any pronunciation at all, they must give one
based on the most vague and uncertain conjecture. They were
reduced to the alternative of choosing between the defect of incom
pleteness and that of inaccuracy. There was of course no roora for
hesitation. They believed that to ascertain and fix the pronunciation
of a few hundred difficult names would be a greater service to the
cause of education, than to give the pronunciation of ten times the
number at random, or upon mere conjecture. They were sensible,
moreover, that without accuracy they could not hope to inspire that
confidence which is so essential to the permanent reputation and
success of a work of this kind.
In the four years which have elapsed since tha first publication of
the work, many new sources of information have been opened, not
to mention the assistance which greater experience, and the habit of
investigating everything which could throw any light upon the sub
ject of geographical orthoepy, must necessarily confer. Availing
themselyes of these new facilities, the authors have at length under-
3

IV ,#tDTERTISEMENT TO THE EIGHTH EDITION.
takeiuto remedy, as far as possible, the unavoidable deficiences occur-
jing in the former editions of the Gazetteer.
A Supplement has been added, giving the pronunciation of fiom
1500 to 2000 additional names. For the convenience of reference,
all the difficult names contained in the (Jazetteer, and those now
added for the first, are given together in the Supplement, each in its
alphabetical place. Hence, as a mere pronovmcing vocabulary, the
Supplenient will be found to be complete in itself.
It should be observed that the Appendix hEis been added chiefly
for the purpose of giving the small towns, &c., of the United States.
The pronunciation of the names, in this portion of the work, has
rarely been given, partly because the larger number of them can
readily be pronounced by any one who knows how to read, and
partly on account of the insuperable difficulties inherent in the task
itself. (See Preface to the Supplement, p. 649-50.) It has been the
aim of the authors to concentrate, in the Appendix, a large amount of
information, into the smallest possible compass. By the employment
of small-sized type and a few additional abbreviations, they have
generally been able to condense the notice of the smaUer places into
a single line, so that, without greatiy increasing the size of the work,
there has been a most important and extensive addition to its matter.

JB@° If tie inquirer seeks the pronunciation of any difficult name, let
him look for it in the Supplement, -where it will be found if it occurs m
the book at all. If he ia desirous of obtaining any other information re
specting the town, river, &c., and should not find a brief notice in the
Supplement, he must refer to the body of the -work — ^unless the name
has an asterisk prefixed, in whioh case he will find it in the Appendix.
B®" The attention pf teachers is particularly in-rited to the Table at
the end of the Introduction, exhibiting the diversity whioh prevails in
the mode of writing geographical names ; — also to the List of geographi-
oal names most frequently mispronounoed, at the end of the Supplement.

PREFACE.

In oifermg to the public a book like the present, which, as
respects some of its more important characteristics, is quite
new, the authors feel themselves called upon to explain briefly
the object and nature of the work, as well as the motives
which induced them to undertake it.
They had themselves often felt the want of a geographical
dictionary, to which they might refer for the prommciation of
the names, as well as for the description, of places. They
were also convinced by the concurrent testimony of a number
of teachers of the highest respectability and of great experi
ence, that the want of such a work was extensively felt ; the
absence of any standard of geographical pronunciation, ren
dering it extremely diflicult to determine the proper mode of
pronouncing many names which are found in the eleinentary
works used in our schools. On inquiring more particularly
among persons of different classes and occupations, they were
led to the belief that a pronouncing gazetteer, if properly
executed, -would be generaUy acceptable to the community.
To fix upon the most eligible system of prommciation, was
a point of the highest importance, but it did not appear to be
one of extraordinary difficulty. They determined, in accord
ance -with what they believfed to be the prevailing sense of the
more intelHgent, and the prevailing practice of the better
educated, to give the pronunciation of all geographical names,
ds nearly as possible, as they are pronounced by the well
educated people of the respective countries to which they

vm PREFACE.
belong, ¦with the exception of those well known foreign names
which appear to have acquired a fixed English pronunciation,
as Paris, Naples, &c. In these cases, it has been their aim to
give the Enghsh pronunciation according to the usage of the
best speakers: at the same time the pronunciation of the
people of the country has been added, for the satisfaction of
those who might feel any curiosity on the subject. Thus they
have given Par'-is,as the proper mode for an Englishman or
an American to pronotmce this name, at the same time adding
the name as spoken by the French, which might be written
Par-ree : and so -with respect to most other well known names
in foreign countries.
It is admitted that cases not unfrequently occur, in which it
is impossible to convey, -with any great degree of precision,
the native pronunciation of other countries by means of Eng
hsh letters ; but something is undoubtedly gained by such an
approximation to the true sound, as would enable one more
readily to understand, and to be understood by, those who are
familiar -with the names of places as spoken by the inhabitants
themselves. Some have indeed maintained the propriety of pronovmcing
foreign names as they are written, giving to every letter its
proper English sound. But this system appears to be attended
with greater difficulties than any other, since diflerent persons
would difl'er with regard to the proper English sotmd of many
letters or combinations of letters. Thus the- river Seine might
be pronounced seen or sane ; — we have heard those, we think,
unacquainted with French, more frequently call it seen, and it
is doubtful whether, even among the better educated, there is
one in fifty who could say without some reflection, to which
pronunciation the scale of analogy would incline. A few
probably would call it sine, and others might pronounce the
final e.
This one instance out of a multitude may perhaps serve to

PREFACE. IX
show the endless diversity and confusion into which such a
system, or rather want of system, must of necessity lead.
But this is not all ; there are innumerable cases wherein it is
very difficult, if not impossible, to pronounce the names of
other countries according to the Enghsh sound of the letters,
e. g., CZERNIGOW, CsONGRAD, SzEGEDIN, LjUSNE, &C., while
there is no difficulty whatever, in pronouncing them according
to the native sound. Many instances also occur, in which the
English manner of pronotmcing names, though not difficult, is
far less euphonious than that of the inhabitants of the country
to which such names belong. Minho (meen'-yo,) a river, and
Batalha (ba-tal'-ya,) a town of Portugal, and Bacchiglione
(bak-keel-yo'-na,) a river of Italy, may serve as examples.
As a further confirmation of the propriety of the system
which we have adopted, it may be remarked that it agrees (as
win be seen from the first part of the Introduction,) -with the
mode of pronunciation generally employed by all our most
distinguished poets.
Nothing in their mental culture is perhaps so important to
be taught early to children, as a habit of correct pronuncia
tion. It need not occupy any additional time, since a faulty
pronunciation is no more easily learned in the first instance,
than a correct one, but when once acquired it can be changed
only with the greatest difficulty. Erroneous habits, — as those
engaged in the business of education well know — are far more
difficult to eradicate than erroneous opimons. In order, how
ever, to teach pupils to pronounce correctly, a system, of
prommciation is indispensable.
Most persons who have reflected at all upon the subject,
will doubtless admit, that it is highly diesirable that there
should be some fixed mode of pronouncing geographic names,
as weU as ordinary Enghsh words, in which all should at
least generally agree. If this be conceded, and the scholar
be required to conform to a system at all, it appears clear,

PREFACE.

that that system should be preferred, which, -without placing
any serious (hfficulty in the way of the learner, approaches
most nearly to the usage of those, who, whether natives or
travellers, seem entitled, by their superior knowledge of places,
to determine the proper manner of speaking their names. It
may be remarked that the recently increased facilities of com
munication, and consequent increase of intercourse between
diflPerent parts of the world, render an acquaintance with the
native geographical names of other countries, at the present
time, additionally important.
Particular pains have been taken in the present work, -with
the European, and the better known of the Asiatic languages,
not only to give the accent correctly, but also to notice all
important peculiarities of pronunciation. In performing this,
it has been our anxious aim to consult, in every instance, the
very best authorities in each of the diSierent languages. We
flatter ourselves that in this aim we have been singularly suc
cessful ; and esteem ourselves most fortunate in being able to
cite in our hst of authorities, the names of so many gentlemen
of distinguished reputation in their respective departments.
In our Introduction we have thought it proper to state
the general principles of pronunciation of each of the more
important European languages, as well as to explain the mode
of writmg and pronouncmg the geographical names of Asia,
Africa, &c. With respect to the four great languages of conti
nental Europe, viz : the French, German, Itahan, and Spanish,
it seemed requisite to treat the subject somewhat more fully,
both on account of their intrinsic importance, and because it
has been found convenient to employ them as standards of
comparison, to which other languages less known might be
referred. It may be proper to state, that in the present work the
adjective, and the appellation of the inhabitants, derived from

PREFACE. XI
the names of countries, cities, &c., have been added, whenever
these appeared to be sanctioned by common usage, or by the
authority of some writer of estabhshed reputation. Thus from
Denmark are derived the adjective Danish, and the noun
Dane designating the inhabitant of the country ; — frora Swe
den, Swedish and Swede ; &c. In most instances the adjective
and inhabitant are expressed by the same word, as Algerine,
JVeapolitan, &c. These have never been given, that we are
aware of, in any former gazetteer, and it is hoped they will
form no unimportant addition to the value of the present work,
at least as a school book. While we have dictionaries of almost
every description, and adapted to every stage of intellectual
development, to which the pupil may refer for the definition,
correct spelling, and pronunciation, of ordinary Enghsh words,
it is somewhat remarkable, that there has hitherto been no
work of any authority which one might consult respecting the
proper mode of spelling and pronouncing this numerous class
of words, the use of which, with the progress of geographical
knowledge, is daily becoming more extensive.
It may be further stated, that the ancient Greek or Roman
names of places on the old continent, and occasionally their
signification, have been carefully given from the best authori
ties. This we trust will be found useful and interesting, not
only to the classical scholar, but likewise to the ordinary
reader, more especially as in many instances it points out the
derivation of the present name, and at the same time, perhaps,
associates it -with some important historical or topographical
fact, as in the case of Tripoli, Trapani, Maestricht,
Utrecht, &c. We have also given the sign^cation of modern
foreign names, or those of foreign origin, whenever it seemed
that this would teach or impress any useful fact, as Porto
Bello, i. e.," beautiful port ;" Bombay, i.e., " good harbour ;"
Innspruck, (originally Innsbriicke) i. e., the " Bridge of the
Inn," &c.

xu preface.

Independently of the advantage, whatever it may be,
resultmg from this work, considered merely as a system of
orthoepy, another may be mentioned, which, it is hoped, will
be found not an unimportant one, viz : Su£h a pronouncing
gazetteer would dispel the perplexity and error into which
the learner is constantly liable to fall, in consequence of the
diversity which prevails in the mode of spelling many
foreign, especially oriental, names. There is a town of
some note in Upper Egypt, which is usuaUy speUed in our
gazetteers after the French manner, Ahoutige, while on some
of our maps it is written Ahootish, which is the English
mode of expressing the same sotmd. Ahootizh, however,
would represent it more exactly. Is it probable that any
mere English scholar, however well educated, would know,
unless he were expressly taught, that by these two words
was indicated one and the same place ? or that Tchemigoff,
and Czernigow, are but diflerent speUings of the same name,
and represent, in fact, the same sound ? We find the capital
of Afghanistan frequently spelled in three different ways,
usually Cabul, according to the German, Italian, and Portu
guese, more seldom Cabool, after the English, and Cabotd,
after the French mode. Oorfa, an important to-wn of
Asiatic Turkey, is often written in works of the highest
character, Urfa, and Ourfa, the first being the Enghsh, the
second the Italian or German, and the last the French mode
Innumerable instances of a similar kind might be adduced.
As might be expected, this diversity in spelling geo
graphical names frequently leads to important errors. In
some of our gazetteers we find the same name introduced
t-wice, the authors naturally supposing the different spellino-s
to represent the names of different places. We may cite a
single instance, which occurs in one of our most popular
geographical dictionaries. Schirvan (more properly Schir-
wan,) the German, and Shirvan, the English spelling of the

preface. Xlll
name of a Persian province, are given under different heads,
as designating two distinct territories. It happens, also —
probably in consequence of a discrepancy in the works from
which the compilation was made — that the boundaries, as
well as the latitude and longitude, are laid down differently,
so that it is impossible that any one should know, without
referring to some other work, that Schirvan and Shirvan, are
properly one and the same name.
I* -will be seen, from the fifteenth section of our Introduc
tion, that the plan which we have pursued, precludes the
possibihty of any mistakes of this Mnd, ^t the same time that
it furnishes an easy clue to the labyrinth of perplexity, into
which the various modes of writing the same geographical
names, must, of necessity, lead the inexperienced reader.
With regard to the descriptive, statistical and historical
portions of this gazetteer, it may be remarked, that we have
endeavoured to consult, on every subject, the best authorities
with which we are acquainted. We have aimed to make, as
far as practicable, Balbi's celebrated Abrege de Geographie
(last edition — 1842,) a production of unequalled merit, the
basis of our work. We have, also, dra-wn largely from the
geographical department of the Penny Cyclopaedia, which, at
least, so far as regards the correctness of the information it
conveys, is unquestionably the best work on geography in
the English language. McCuUoch's New Geographical Dic
tionary, Malte Brim's Geography, and the Edinburgh Gaz
etteer, have hkewise been extensively consulted.
In a work so hmited as the present, when so much must
be omitted, and so httle, comparatively speaking, could be
mserted, it has been a point of the highest importance to
make a judicious selection of matter. Without claiming to
have made such a selection, we may, as an act of justice to
ourselves, affirm, that it has been our sincere endeavour, to
2

XIV preface.
comprise the greatest possible amount of useful information
in a small compass ; and should it appear that some impor
tant subjects are omitted, while to others of less consequence,
a place has been given in our dictionary, we doubt not that
the candid reader -wUl bear in mind, that there must always
be some diSerence of judgment in matters of this kind, and
that even among the most intelhgent and enlightened, per
haps no two indi-viduals can be found, who wiU assign to a
number of different subjects, the same relative importance.
It vsdll be seen that a smaller proportion of names belonging
to our own country, is inserted in this work, than is usual in
gazetteers published in the United States. We admit that,
generally speaking, it is more important to possess information
about places in our o-wn country, than those in distant parts
of the globe, but as in this instance the great object has been
to give the pronunciation of geographical names, it seemed
proper, in a book of so lunited a compass, to prefer the
difficult names of foreign countries, to those of our o-wn
which might be readily pronounced without the aid of a
dictionary.

AUTHORITIES.

To the foUowmg gentlemen we are chiefly indebted for our
information respecting the pronunciation of the names of
places in foreign countries, as well as for the general princi
ples of pronunciation of the different foreign languages noticed
in our Introduction. Justice, however, requires us to state
(hstinctly, that these gentlemen are in nowise responsible for
any errors that may occur in our gazetteer ; it being impossi
ble in a work hke the present (in which the names of each
country are scattered through the entire volume), to avail our
selves of the benefit which might result from their revision.
George R. Gliddon, Esq., )  . . 
„ . ,„ ', , „'. > arabia and egypt.
Formerly United States consul for Cairo. \ <
Dr. a. Bouenonville, ) j.^^^^^^.
Graduate of the University of Copenhagen. S
M. Felix Deouin, i
Formerly professor of rhetoric in the University of ^ FRANCE.
France. \
Prof. C. MiNNlGERODB,
Professor of ancient languages in William and
Mary College, Va.
J. 0. OehlschlSger,
Professor of modern languages in Philadelphia.
G. a. Perdicaris, Esq.,
Formerly United States consul at Athens.
C. S. BtJXTON, Esq., ^HODOSTAN.

A'

Many years an officer in the British service in India,
L. S. De Bibort. humoart.
John MoIntyre, Esq. Ireland.
PlERO MaEONCBLLI, ¦)
Professor of Italian in New York. 1
G. C. L. Abate Minichini, f
professor ol modern languages in Philadelphia. ^
2*

XVI

authorities.

John C. Dblpeat, Esq.
John C. Zimmerman, Esq.,
Consul of the Netherlands at New Vork.
A. B, Engstboh, Esq.,
Josiah Harlan, Esq.,
Nearly twenty years a resident of that country.
Henrv Kalussovtski,
Formerly professor in St. Paul's College, Long I.
HoRATio Hale, Esq.,

NETHERLANDS.

POLAND AND RUSSIA.

V

• PORTUGAL.

¦ SOUTH AMERICA.

POL-TNESIA, AND THB I8L-
•hilologist to theu. States Exploring Expedition, i ^^^ ^^ ^^^ BASTEBl.
W. S. W. RUSCHENBERGER, M. D. gj.^g_
Of the United Slates Navy. '
Chevalier J. C. De Figaniere b Mobao,
Minister Resident of Portugal.
The late Marmaduke Burrough, M. D.
Dr. William Colbsberrt,
Many years a resident in different parts of that
continent.
Fblix Merino, Esq., ,
Formerly professor of Spanish in the University of ^
Pennsylvania.
Richard Seldener, Esq.,
Consul of Sweden at Philadelphia.
William B. Hodgson, Esq.,
Formerly acting consul al Algiers and lately drago
man or oriental interpreter at Constantinople.

> SWEDEN.

f TURKEY ARD THE BARBAKT
C STATES.

For the pronunciation of names of Great Britain and of the -various
colonies of the British empire, as -well as of the anglicized forms of
-weU-known foreign names, and for other important information of a
more general character, -we cannot forbear to express our great obli
gations to William A. Dobbtn, Esq.j
Formerly an officer in the Brttish service
The Rev. William P. Hinds.
William Peter, Esq.,
Her Britannic Majesty's consul for the State of Pennsylvania.
We should do injustice to our feelings, did we not express oui
warmest thanks to John K. Townsend, Esq., for his valuable inform
ation respecting the names of Oregon and of the Indian tribes west
of the Mississippi, and other subjects noticed in the Appendix.

INTRODUCTION.

It is proposed, in this portion of our work, to set forth more fully
some of the arguments alluded to in the preface, by which the propriety
of our system of pronvmciation is supported, as well ks to explain the
particular method in which this system has been carried out, in the
dictionary before us.
I. It has already been intimated, that not only the present practice
of the best speakers, bnt the usage of our more distinguished poets, is
clearly in favour of the system which we have chosen. If any might
be allowed to pronounce foreign names without regard to the peculiar
sounds of the letters, or to the accents, which prevail in other coun
tries, this privUege might surely be claimed by the poets, who, in the
use even of English words, are considered to enjoy a special license.
It is very evident, however, — as every one who will take the trouble
to examine the works of the better class of them, must admit — that, as
a body, they have neither claimed nor used this privilege. On the
contrary, our more distinguished poets have usually exhibited a classi
cal — we might almost say a punctUious — accuracy, in the employment
of foreign names, whether of places or persons. To illustrate by exam
ples, — Granada,* and Genoa,! we pronounced by all the great poets
•"In Lithuania had he served and Russe;
No Christian man so oft of his degree.
At Algezi'ras, in Granada, he
Had joined the siege;  " — Chaucer.
" The Moorish king rides up and down
Through Granada's royal town " 
" And Granada must be won
And thyself with her undone." — Byron.
" Granada caught it in her Moorish hall,
Galicia bade her children fight or fall." — Scott.
" There was crying in Granada when the sun was going down," 
" Farewell, farewell, Granada, thou city without peer." — Lockhart
t " Signior Baptista may remember me
Near twenty years ago, in Genoa, where
We were lodgers at the Pegasus." — Shakspeare.
2* JO)

20 INTRODUCTION.
who use these names, from Chaucer and Shakspeare dovra to the
present time, with the native accentuation ; that is, Gbanada has the
accent on the penultiraa, and Genoa on the antepenultima, though the
generality of English — or at least of American — speakers, who have
not heard these names pronounced, but merely foUow analogy, or their
own notions of propriety, reverse the accentuation, making Granada
rhyme with Canada, and Genoa with boa.
No poet, perhaps, employs foreign names so frequently as Byron,
and yet — though he often writes very carelessly — it would be difficult,
in all the poetry he has written, to point out half a dozen instances
where he has not conformed to the foreign accentuation, excepting.
always, those few well known names which have acquired an estab
lished English pronunciation, and in these cases he appears invariably
to adopt the pronunciation of the best English speakers. The same
may be said of Scott ; though he writes with great freedom, he
rarely, if ever, violates the strictest rules of geographical pronuncia
tion. In the poetry of Rogers, Southey, Mooeb, Campbell, and
Montgomery, we have met with scarcely a solitary example of
departure from the native accentuation of names, which does not
properly come within the exception above stated. Wordsworth
takes the liberty of changing the accent in a single instance —
Chamouny — but acknowledges the authority of the law by apolo
gizing in a note for its violation, (see Descriptive Sketches of a Tour
among the Alps.) What has already been said respecting the usage
ofthe poets, refers principally to accentuation, which, for the most part,
can be readUy determined by the metre of the poetry. Their manner
of pronouncing the letters of a foreign name, is far less easUy ascer
tained, since it can only be known when the name ends a line in
rhyme, and even then it is often extremely uncertain, as they appear
to consider themselves entitled, in such cases, to much greater license
than in the accentuation of words. Thus we often see associated in
rhyme, words which correspond but very imperfectly in sound, as

** Were Genoa's galleys riding in the port,  "— Byron.
*-How quick they carved their victims and how weD,
Let Saxony, let injured Genoa tell." — Moore.
"That noble haven, where, when Genoa reigned,
A hundred galleys sheltered  " — Rooers.
" My native Genoa, if with tearless eye
Prone inthe dust thy beauteous form I see," — :Montgomkrt

INTRODUCTION. 21
enemy and lie, mourn and hum, &c. Nevertheless, by comparing a
number of examples, and especially by observing the usage of those
poets who are most remarkable for the correctness of their rhymes, we
shall frequently be enabled to ascertain the true pronunciation of a
word or name.
Now it will be found that the system which -we have adopted, is
supported by the practice of the poets in this respect also. In other
words it wfll be found, that whUe foreign names that are in famUiar
use in our own language, have an English pronunciation, those not very
weU known are generally pronounced with the native sound of the
letters, as will be seen from the following passages :
" Not now to while an hour away.
Gone to the falls in Yalonibrel," —
" 'T is Jacqueline ! 't is Jacqueline,"
Her little brother laughing cried,
" I know her by her kirtle green,
She comes along the mountain side."
" De Courcy, lord of Argentiere !
Thy thirst for vengeance sought the snare." — Rogers
. " Winding between Alpine trees ;
Spiry and dark around their house of prayer.
Below the icy bed of bright Argentiere." — Wordsworth.
. ** Sure there never was hero so civil — lie
Saw us safe home to our door in Rue Rivoli" — Moore.
" And though to-morrow's tempest lower,
'Tis calmer than thy heart, young Giaour.^*
"This circurastance may serve to give a notion
Of 'the high talents of this new Vauban,*
But the town ditch below was deep as ocean,
The rampart higher than you 'd wish to hang." — Byron
" For many an age remembered long
Shall live the towers of Hougomont.'f'
And fields of Waterloo." — Scott,
It would be easy to cite a multitude of such examples : but these
wUl perhaps be sufficient to illustrate our position^
*In these names the letter n is similar in sound to Tig. The t at the end of
Hougomont is silent. The rhymes, however, are not quite perfect; the o in the
last syllable of Hougomont should be sounded like o in won't. The latter syllable
of Vavian sounds like iong. — Vauban was a noted French military engineer, who
fiourished in the reign of Louis XIV.

22 INTRODUCTION.
On the Other hand we shall find the poets pronounce foreign names
of some celebrity, such as Nile, Paris, Lyons, Cadiz, Poitiers or
Poictiers, &c., with the English sound of the letters, as may be seen
from these and similar examples :
" Deep in those solitary woods
Where oft the genii of the floods.
Dance round the cradle of their Nile
And hail the new-bom Giant's smile." — MoOEE.
" Oh never talk again to me
Of northern climes and British ladies ;
It has not been your lot to see
Like me, the lovely girl of Cadiz." — Byron.
" And Courtenay's pride and Percy's fame —
Blazed broader yet in after years
At Cressy red and fell Poitiers." — Scott.
 " So the shaft
Of victory mounts high and blood is quaffed
In fields that rival Cressy and Poictiers —
Pride to be washed away by bitter tears." — Wordsworth.
n. Instead of saying that the poets conform to the native accentuatioi
of proper names, except in cases when these are weU known, we
might, perhaps, with more propriety say, that they merely follow the prac
tice of the best speakers, of which their own may generaUy be regarded
as the written representation. With this view ofthe subject, we have
occasionally cited in the body of our work, passages from the poets in
support of the pronunciation there given. These citations, for the
most part, are not intended to be decisive of any doubtfiU question,
but rather to illustrate and confirm what is believed, on other grounds,
to be the correct pronunciation. The supreme tribunal to which we
would on all occasions appeal, is the authority of the best speakers'' in
England and this country. To the former we generaUy give the
preference when the question relates to names belonging to the old
continent — to the latter when it relates to those of America. But
since it is impossible to produce oral evidence in a book, we have
availed ourselves of the authority of the poets, as the only one at our

*By this phrase, we do not mean those who, from their superior knowledge
and judgment on general subjects, may be presumed to be qualified to decide
questions of orthoepy. In order to deserve a place among the best speakers, it is
not enough that one should have what is commonly termed a good education and
good sense, he must have paid particular attention to the subject qf pronunciation,
unless he has been surrounded during the whole period of his education with none
but correct speakers, which is seldom or never the case, at least in this countiy

INTRODUCTION. 23
command, to prove or Ulustrate what we have, in all cases, studiously
endeavoured to learn by actual hearing, from those vfho are considered
best qualified to determine questions of orthoepy.
III. It may be further observed, that all those works (so far as we
are acquainted) which attempt to give the pronunciation of geographi
cal names, show at least a tendency towards the system that we have
adopted. The Penny Cyclopsedia, which gives the accentuation of a
considerable number of proper names, appears always to follow the
native mode. In the list of geographical names appended to Worces
ter's "Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary —
Boston, 1841" — which is certainly onejof the most creditable and suc
cessful attempts towards supplying the deficiency in this important
department of orthoepy that has ever been made — the native pronuncia
tion of names not extensively and familiarly known, is almost invaria
bly given. Stewart's " Compendium of Modern Geography — seventh
edition — Edinburgh,1843," gives the pronunciation of the principal
geographical naraes on the globe, and though the work contains many
errors,* it is evident that it aims generally to conform . to the native
accentuation of the names of other countries, and frequently to the
native sound of the letters. Several other works, of less importance,
exhibit the same general tendency.
rv. There is one difficulty in carrying out the system of geographi
cal pronunciation adopted by us, which it may be proper to notice here,
viz : that of drawing the line between foreign names which are, and
those which ai;e not, well known. With respect to the more obvious
in each division there cannot be the slightest hesitation ; but the two
classes meet and pass into each other by imperceptible gradations, so
that sometimes the question whether they should be pronounced ac
cording to the foreign, or the English mode, can only be settled by arbi
trary decisibn. In these doubtful instances, we have spared no pains
in order to ascertain the prevaUing practice of the best speakers, as
well as the usage of the poets : when these have been found unsatis
factory, nothing has remained for us but to decide according to the best
of our ability. We have, in these cases, usually given both the pro
nunciations, placing that first, which, in our judgment, is to be pre
ferred. • This remark is intended to apply to the pronunciation only. In other respects,
this " Compendium" appears to be an' accurate and highly valuable little work.

24 INTRODUCTION.
V. It should be observed, that though we have endeavoured to give
the native pronunciation of the names of other countries, with minute
accuracy, yet, in accordance with the advice of a number of our most
intelligent and judicious friends, we have been careful to avoid as
much as possible, on all occasions, the use of sounds which cannot
readily be uttered by the mere English scholar — more especially in
the pronunciation of those geographical names which are comnionly
taught in schools.
VI. In those cases where it is impossible to express the sounds of
other languages by means of English letters, we have endeavoured to
employ a mode of indicating those sounds, which, if it does not afflrd
any effectual assistance to the mere English scholar, may at least be
in no danger of embarrassing or leading him astray. Thus we have
represented the sound of the German ch by k, distinguished by being
a small capital. Perhaps a strongly aspirated h — which might be in
dicated by hh — wovUd convey a nearer idea of the German sound, but
it seemed less eligible than the other mode, both because persons might
differ in the pronunciation of it, or, perhaps, be at a loss to pronounce
it at all, and because the established mode of anglicizing the German
ch, seems to be to change its sound to that of k, as in the instances,
Blumenbach, Metternich, &c. The Scotch and Dutch sounds of eft,
so similar to the German, when anglicized assume invariably, if we
mistake not, the sound of k. The ordinary mode of pronouncing the
Greek x tends to the same result. We have not, however, represented
the sound of the German g at the end of a syllable in the same manner
as the ch, though it has precisely the same sound, because it is not
customary to anglicize it by Ar, except in a few instances. Were the
pronunciation of such a word as berg, represented by berK, it would
have the effect to lead the English scholar to pronounce it differently
from the ordinary mode, while he would be in no respect nearer tbe
German than those who pronounce the word according to the English
sound of the letters. Another consideration may, perhaps, be allowed
to have some weight, viz., that though the more approved mode of
German pronunciation requires that ^, when it does not begin a word,
should be pronounced like ch, yet in some parts of Germany it is pro^
nounced in every case like g hard in English. In a similar manner,
and for simUar reasons, we have usually represented the German w by
a W distmguished as a capital, and not by a v, though this is nearer
the sound of the German letter.

INTRODUCTION. 25
VII. With regard to French names, however, a different plan has,
been pursued, both because it is less easy, so to speak, to anglicize
the French letters, and because, from the circumstance of this being far
more studied than any other foreign language, it is much more usual
to adopt all the peculiar sounds of the letters, in pronouncing French
words or names. Even here, however, it will be found that very few,
if any, of those geographical names which are taught in our common
schools, wUl require the use of sounds that cannot readily be pro
nounced by the mere English scholar.
VIII. In giving the pronunciation of the geographical names con
tained in the present work, we have adhered, in the main, to the
method of Walker, not only from a desire to avoid all unnecessary
innovation upon a system which has been so generally received, but
also, because we regard it, on the whole, as superior to any other sys
tem which has hitherto been given to the public* As, however, a
multitude of instances occur, wherein the ordinary spelling of geo
graphical names indicates very nearly the proper manner of pronouncing
them, it has been thought unnecessary, in these cases, to give a differ
ent spelling in order to show the exact pronunciation. At the same
time, that no part of the work might be incomplete, it has been requi
site to assign to some of the letters, sounds, which Walker has not
attributed to them, Thus, in giving the pronunciation of such names as
Boston, Pennsylvania, &c., we have not re-written them, as Walker
would have done — pSn-sll-vi'-n4-i, b6s'-t&n, or bfts-t'n, but merely
given Bos'-ton, Penn-syl-va'-nj-a ; the point under the vowels in the
final syllable of each name, denoting that these have an obscure fecund
like short u, or like e in the word battery ; while the two points under
the I in the latter name indicate that this is to be sounded like e. In
like manner Ber/cs is written Berks — thee in this name approxi
mating the sound of short u. This mode of marking the pronunciation,
is recommended by other considerations than that of brevity. As some
'*' It may not be improper to observe, that with respect to, actual pronunciation
we have difl'ered from Walker in a number of particulars. Thus, we pronounce
Asia, a'-she-a, according to the practice of the best English speakers, though
Walker gives a'-zhe-a as the true pronunciation. (See Principles of Pronunciation,
453.) In a few instances we have departed from his practice in the accentuation
of classical names, e. g., we have, with the sanction of the highest authorities of
the present day, given the name of the ancient capital of Egypt with the accent
on the penultima, thus — Alexandri' A — though Walker accentuates the antepe
nultima, as we do, in pronouncing the modern Alexandria. (See Alexandria,
in the body of this v/ork.)

26 INTRODUCTION.
of our most celebrated orthoepists make a decided distinction between
the sounds of e and a in a syllable ending with r,* it might be deemed
improper to represent the pronunciation of Berks by burks. On the
other hand, were we to foUow the method of Walker in simUar cases,
ind pronounce it bferks, we should be still wider from the mark. The
mode adopted by us wUl, it is hoped, be found sufficiently definite, at
the same time that it obviates both of the difficulties just mentioned.
IX. With a view to simplify as much as possible, we have rejected
Walker's second and third sounds of o (the former being equivalent to oo,
the latter to au), and his third sound of u (corresponding with oo in good,
a sound which we have represented by oof). From the same motive
we have dispensed with the figured vowels, whenever their use has not
appeared to be necessary in order to avoid ambiguity. Thus we write
simply Til'-sit, and not — Tilsit, tU'-sit, — as Walker would have done.
All marks or figures which are not needed, in order to indicate the
exact pronunciation, must tend rather to embarrass than to aid the
learner. X. In the pronunciation of names belonging to England, or to those
countries where the English language is spoken, a ending a syllable
with the accent, should always have its first sound ; in an accented syl
lable before a single r it usually takes the second, and before rr, or any
other consonant, the fourth sound. Accordingly, in giving such names as
Penns-itlva'nia, Sa'bum, Far'mington, Car'roll, Man'chester, it has
been deemed unnecessary to mark the a in the accented syllables, as
scarcely any one in the least acquainted with the principles of English
pronunciation, could mistake its true sound. In all cases which depart
from these simple and general rules, it has been thought best to mark
the sound, as Dil'ton, Mil'wah, Par'is, &c.
XI. The Latin names of foreign countries are nearly always to bb
pronounced with the English sounds ofthe letters. Thus, in Bava'ria,
Bulga'bia, Lusa'tia, and Transylva'nia, the accented a should have
its first sound.

* Walker says that " Derby is pronounced nearly as if written Durby" 
and that "fir, a tree, is perfectly similar [in sound] to the first syllable in fer-
meni,, though often corruptly pronounced like fur, a skin." (See Principles of
Pronunciation, 100 and 109.)
t We have, however, retained his third sound of o, (though precisely similar to
au), in order to indicate the broad sound of the a in such names aa Dalton
Calder, &c., without writing the pronunciation separately. '

INTRODUCTION. 27
Obs. In Prussia and Russia, however, the u instead of being pro
nounced short, as it would unquestionably have been done in ancient
Latin names of this kind, is usually sounded like oo, assuming in these
instances the character of the German or Russian u. In like manner
the first syllable of Bulgaria is to be pronounced bool smd not bul.
Xn. In the anglicized forms of foreign names, and in most well
known names of foreign countries, the same rules of pronunciation,
generaUy speaking, obtain, as in genuine English words, e. g., Spain,
Italy, Naples, &c.
Obs. 1. At tbe same time, we may observe a general tendency to
adopt-those sounds of the English vowels, which approach most nearly
to the foreign sounds : thus the u in the first syllable of Adriatic,
and Paris, has its fourth sound, which is much nearer to the French
and Italian a, than its first sound, though this would probably be given
to these names by the mere English scholar, who should be guided by
analogy solely. In like manner the i in Milan is made short, so as
nearly to correspond to the Italian i, which is like our e.
Obs. 2. In the pronunciation of foreign names that have become
thoroughly anglicized, it is interesting to observe the tendency of our
language, to throw the accent as far as possible frora the termination.
Thus Paris is pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, though
the French appear to place it on the last, and the Germans, who have
not the same aversion to the ultimate accent, that we have, lay the stress
of voice distinctly on the final syllable, thus Par-is'. Hanover, which
might be pronounced with the native accentuation (Hano'ver,) without
the slightest offence to the genius of our tongue,* has become irrecover
ably Han'over. Thus, also, we pronounce Andalu'sia, (in Spanish
Andaluci'a,) Ar'agon (in Spanish Aragon'), &c. So in our own coun
try, the old Niaga'ra has become unalterably fixed as Niag'ara ; and
Huron', though stUl sometimes heard, is fast giving place to Hu'ron.
XIII. It may be observed that with respect to foreign names, not
only in the French, Italian, and other languages that are written in the
Roman letters, but also in Germanf and Greek, (the characters of which
may be readily converted into corresponding Roman letters), it is
generally customary in English to retain the literal spelling, e. g.,
Anspach, (German ^nSpad)), Konigsberg, (German SonigSBcrg).
Chios, (Greek Xms,) &c., excepting a very few well known names, as
Lyons, (French Lyon), Naples, (Italian Napoli,) Munich, (German
?Stund)tn), Dantzic, (German Sanjtg,) Leipsic, (German Cei^-
gtg) ; — we often find, however, the last two names spelled literally
Danzig and Leipzig.
* We have a multitude of words similar in accent, as proTnoter, devotion, &c.
t It is, perhaps, scarcely necessary to remark, that Roman letters are not unfre
quently employed in writing and printing German.
3

28 INTRODUCTION.
1 XIV. On the other hand, names in languages of which the charac
ters cannot be readily converted into Roman letters, or which are bul
little known as written languages, are usually spelled according to
their sound in some well known European tongue. Thus the name of
one of the cities of Persia is written in English, Shooster or Shuster,
in German Schuster, and in French Chouster, precisely the same sound
being expressed by these different spellings.
We find in English works of the highest character, these various
modes of writing oriental and other names, employed indiscriminately.
Thus in McCuUoch's Geographical Dictionary, under the article Shu
ster, we find within the space of eight lines Khuzislan, (Khoozistan),
Karoon and Dezphoul, (Dezfool) ; tbe first name being, as regards
the sound of the vowels, German or Italian, tlie second English, and
the third French. On the map of Persia, published by tbe Society for
the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, naines written according to these
three different modes, occur promiscuously in almost every part.
Even the same name is frequently spelled differently in different parts
of the same work. Thus on the map just mentioned Oorfa is written
" Orfa or Ourfa,^' while on ianother of the same set it is spelled TJrfa.
In the Penny CyclopaBdia, we find Boossa and Boussa, Soodan and
Sudan, Toorkistan and Turkistan, &c. McCuUoch gives Shumla
(Shoomla) under its proper head, but mentioning the town in another
place writes it Schumla: in the same article, Africa, he has both
Soodan ani Sotidsre, each occurring several times: under Mooadore
he gives S/jioero (more properly Sioeera) as the Moorish name of-this
town; afterwards, in enumerating tbe principal fortified and garrison
towns of Morocco, he gives Suira (pronounced Sweera), without so
much as inentioniiig the name of Mogadore. As neither Schumla
nor Suira are to be found in his gazetteer, under their respective heads,
it is scarcely possible that any one unacquainted with the different
modes of writing these naraes, should know \\\mt places are meant by
them, or in what part of his work to look for information respectino-
them. XV. In order to avoid the perplexity and confusion resulting from
the diversity which prevails in the mode of writing oriental names and
others of the same class, we have made it a point always to spell them
after the English manner, except in a few instances where a diflerent
spelling appears to have become thoroughly established by usage.
Accordingly we have given Oorfa, Soodan, Toorkistan, &c. as

INTRODUCTION.

29

the preferable mode of writing such names ; at the same time, under
the heads of Ourfa and Urfa, Soudan and Sudan, and Turkistan,
the reader will find a reference to the names as spelled in the English
manner, to which he must look for a description of those places. By
adopting this plan, it is believed that the correct pronunciation of
oriental names will be taught in the sirhplest and easiest manner; the
perplexity and error into which the prevailing inconsistent mode of
writing such names, has sometimes led even well-informed geogra
phers,* will be avoided ; and the apparent contradictions which are so
often met with in our most popular geographical works, will be ac-
comited for and reconciled.

* The reader may be referred to the case of Scldrvan and Shirvan, already men
tioned in the Preface. There can be little doubt, that tbe practice whieh prevails
among the English, of writing oriental names after the manner of other European
nations, has sometimes led geographers of the highest character into error. Thus
Mantchoo, the name ofa tribe of Tartars, inhabiting the north part ofthe Chinese
empire, is written by some of the most respectable authorities, Manchow. It is pro
bable, that in the first place some English writer or writers, spqlled it Mantchou
after the French manner, and that others supposing it to be English, and wishing
to adopt a mode of spelling less equivocal, wrote it Manckow. It may be, how
ever, that the latter indicatea the true pronunciation, and that the name was
originally written correctly Mantchou, the ou having ils genuine English sound ;
and that some English writer, naturally supposing it to be French, (for many, if
not most of the English, appear to prefer the French mode of spelling such names,
to their own,) without investigating the subject, converted the name, as they
thought, into English, by writing it Mantchoo. As Mantchooria (the country of the
Mantchoos) is rarely visited by Europeans, this question may long remain unde
cided. At present, Mantchoo appears to have become almost universal. In one
of the earlier numbers of the Penny Cyclopaedia, {article CntNA,) we find it written
Manchow, but in other parts of the work Mandshoo, which does not differ mate
rially in sound from Mantchoo. Had the English uniformly adopted the practice
of writing oriental names according to the sounds of ^their own language, it is pro
bable that CiBuii would never have lost its native sound (Ka'-b'l), so far as to be
generally pronounced bythe English and French, Cabool or Caboul, (see Cabool,
in the body ofthis work.) It is true that it was formerly written correctly in Eng
lish works Cabul or Caubul ; but the practice of spelling oriental names according
to the German or Italian mod^, is so common among English writers^ that analogy
would naturally lead us to adopt or confirm that pronunciation of Cabuly which
appears to be now so thoroughly established. Had it been the uniform practice
of English traveUers and geographers to write such names as Surmul, Dezful, (oi
DezpAow?), according tothe sounds of their own tongue, viz., Sootttioo^ a.nd Dezfool,
no English reader would have thought'of pronouncing the u in Cabul like oo. The
erroneous pronunciation of a single name may, perhaps, jus'tly be regarded aa of
little moment, but the embarrassment and error into which the prevailing practice
of English writers on geography, is continually liable to lead both the ignorant and
the learned, appear to us to involve con sideration a of the highest importance to
the interests of geographical science. From a sincere wish to add as much aa
possible to the utility ofthe present work, we have had recourse to the system of
writing oriental names, which has already been explained. Zt may be remarked
that though this system is frequently at variance wilh common usage, it is sane
tioned by the example of the most distinguished French geographers, as well aa
of several EngUsh writers of the highest character.

30 INTRODUCTION.
XVI. In giving the pronunciation of this class of geographical
names, to represent the accent correctly, is the principal difficulty to be
encountered. Those acquainted with French, are aware that this lan
guage has no accent in the sense in which we employ the term. The
same may be said of the Hungarian, and perhaps also of the Arabic,
Turkish, and Persian. At all events, those best acquainted with these
languages, are not unfi:equently at a loss, when they wish to represent
accurately in English, the accentuation of Arabic, Turkish, and Per
sian words. Nevertheless it will be found that here, as in the French
and Hungarian, there is something analogous to our accent, which wiU
generally serve to guide us in marking in English, the accentuation of
names in these languages. The diflerent syllables of oriental names,
however, like those of French words, are not unfrequently pronounced
with a stress of voice so nearly equal, that it has been deemed proper
in a number of instances, to use the secondary accents in order to indi
cate more precisely the true pronunciation. (See Remarks on the
French accent. Section XIX.)
Obs. 1. It may not be improper here to remind the reader, that the
accents which we often see upon oriental names, are by no means to be
understood as always indicating the manner in which an Englishman
should accentuate these names in pronunciation, as they are often
employed to denote some particular sound in the vowels over which
they are placed. Thus some authors place an accent upon a, when
they wish merely to signify that this letter has the clear fiiU sound ofa
in far. In the same manner an accent is placed upon u, in order to
show that it has the Italian or German sound, or in other wcffds, is to be
pronounced like oo.
Obs. 2. The sound of a in several of the oriental languages is often
very broad, approaching nearly to that of au, in English. °Hence we
often see Afghaun instead of Afghan, Cauvery instead of Caveey
sultauji instead of sultan, &c. In writing Nepaul and Bhopaul'
the improper diphthong au appears to be almost universally employed
by the English. The French indicate the same sound, by using a with
a circumflex, e. g., Nepal, Bhopal, &c. This method is, perhaps,
preferable to ours, the sound of & being intermediate between that in
the English word far and that in fall.
Obs. 3. The Arabic article al or el, is often changed in pronuncia
tion, so as to correspond with the initial consonant of the word to which
it is prefixed, thus, El-Rasheeh (Rashid), El-Sham, (the Arabic name
of Syria), and El-Sioot, are pronounced and should be written in Eng
lish, Er-Rasheed, Esh-Sham, Es-Sioot. The vowel sound of the
article also varies considerably, sometimes approaching that of oo
thus the " Country of Dates," is usually pronounced Beled'661 Jer-eed*
So Es-SiooT (or Sioox, without the article,) is sometimes written As-
syout and Osioot.

INTRODUCTION. 31
Obs. 4. Gh in the Arabic and some other oriental tongues, is not
merely a hard g, as in the Italian, nor an aspirate like the German ch,
as in the Irish language, but a harsh guttural, bearing the same rela
tion to the German ch that g bears to k. As it has no equivalent in
any European language, we have not attempted to distinguish it in
pronunciation, having represented it merely by a hard g.
Kh is equivalent to ch in German, and accordingly has been repre
sented by E, distinguished as a small capital.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION OF THE
MORE IMPORTANT EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.
It may perhaps be proper to remark that this brief exposition of the
peculiar sounds ofthe diflerent European languages, has been prepared
solely with reference to the work before us. The object has been two
fold : first, to enable the reader more fully to understand the system
of geographical pronunciation adopted in this gazetteer : secondly, to
furnish some general hints for the proper pronunciation of those
European names which are not found in the present work. Some
explanation of the kind has been deemed indispensable ; and imperfect
as this may be, it is hoped that it wUl be found to answer, in a great
measure, the particular object proposed.
BOHEMIAN.
[See Observation at the end of Section XXV.] «
DANISH. XVII.
1. A is pronounced generally as iil the English word far, though it
frequently approaches tbe sound of a in fat.
2. E at the end of an accented syllable usually has a sound like that
of i in pin ; in other cases it is sometimes like e in met, and sometimes
like e in battery.
3. I is like ee, or like i in pin.
4. O " " the English o.
5. F" " 00.
6. y is equivalent to the French u or ii.
3*

32 INTRODUCTION.
7. Aa sounds like o.
8. Ae " " a in fate.
9. Ie " " ce in English.
10. Oe or o is the same as in German.
11. The consonants b, c, f, h, k, I, m, n, p, q, s, t, x, z, are lUce the
English. 12. D, between two vowels, or at the end of a syllable in which it
follows a vowel, sounds like th in this ; in other situations it is usuaUy
the same as in English.
13. Cr is always hard; at the end of a word it is sounded very
slightly so as to resemble h; e. g. Aalbokg is pronounced nearly
ol'-bor'h. 14. J is like the English y (consonant).
15. R is simUar to the German.
16. V is usuaUy like the English, but it sometimes appears to have
a vowel sound ; thus, havn is pronounced almost houn.
17. W has a sound simUar to the German.
DUTCH.
XVIII.
1. The vowels a, e, i, o, and u, are simUar to the French.
2. y is like long i in English, as in nigh.
Obs. Ij is sometimes made use of instead of y : thus, Ovebyssel is
not unfrequently written Overijssel.
3. Ae is equivalent to 45.
4. Ie sounds like ee in English.
5. Oe " " 00.
6. Oo " " olong.
7. Vi or uy is similar to oi in English, or eu in Germtm.
8. The consonants 6, c,/, h, k, I, m, n, p, q, r, s, (, v, x, z, are simi
lar to the English.
9. D, at the end of a word, is like t ; in other cases it is the same
as in English.
10. G resembles in sound a strongly aspirated h, or the German ch
11. J is equivalent to the English y (consonant).
12. W is like *"ie German.

INTRODUCTION. 33
13. CA is similar to the German ch. (14.) Sch, however, has not,
as in German, tlie sound of the English sh, but the pure sound of s,
followed by the guttural ch, resembling sk in English.
Obs. The Flemish is so closely allied to the Dutch, that it may be
regarded as essentially the same language.
FRENCH. XIX.
1. A, in French, is generally considered to have two sounds ; the
first long, as in the English word far, e. g. in pas; the second short,
almost like a in fat, e. g. in bal. A, circumflexed (a), however, has
a sound broader than the a in pas, being intermediate between that in
far and that in fall. In giving the pronunciation of French names
containing an ft, we have used the same letter, as we have no equiva
lent in English.
Obs. The French a would frequently seem to be intermediate
between its second English sound and that of short «.* However this
may be, the French writers often employ a in spelling oriental names,
wben the English make use of u, e. g. in Cutch (Fr. Catch) ; Pur-
RCCKABAD (Fr. Farrak^kd) ; Muskat (Fr. MaScate).
2; E has three sounds : (1.) close, like a in fale, e. g. in %te ; (2.)
open, nearly as in mef,' but more prolonged, e. g. in proces and t^te ;f
(3.) obscure, as in battery, e. g. in retour, devrait.X
3. I has two sounds ; the first nearly as in the English word fig,
e. g. in il, ami ; the second like ie in field or ee, e. g. in gite.
4. O has three sounds : (1.) nearly as in robe, e. g. in tr6ne ; (2.)
as in rob, e. g. in parole ; (3.) as in lord, e. g. in corps.
Obs. O circumflexed, in French, has a deeper and fuller sound than
o long ya English : in giving the pronunciation of French names con
taining this letter, we have used the same, as no English vowel or
* The late Mr. Du Ponceau, who, though a native Frenchman, was an accom
plished and thorough English scholar, in giving in Englwh the French pronun
ciation Paris, wrote it pur-ree. He remarked, however, that it might be written
par-ree. + In pronouncing this sound, the mouth must be freely opened, whence the
name. t The e in these and similar cases is often scarcely sounded at all, and appears
to pass imperceptibly into e mute : retour and devrait may be pronounced r'toor
and d'vray.

34 INTRODUCTION.
Towels could accurately indicate its sound, e. g. Pinr de D6me, pwe
d'dtme. 5. The sound of the French u has no equivalent in English. It may
be said to be intermediate between ee and oo ; but it can be leamed
from an oral instructor only. In the present work it is represented by
the German ii (or ue).
Obs. U, before n, nasal, has its second English sound nearly, un
being pronounced almost img.
6. y is similar to the French i.
7. Ai is like e or e open.
8. Au " " 6.
9. Ei " " e.
10. Eu is similar to the English u in tub, but the sound is mere pro
longed, nearly resembling u in fur.
Obs. Eu in the different parts of the verb avoir, " to have," always
has the sound of simple u.
11. Ie is like ee in English, or i.
12. Oi usuaUy sounds like toi, e. g. moi is pronounced mtc4 or mwoh.
Oes. Oi was formerly used in the termination of the French verbs,
e. g. avois, avoit, avoient ; also, in the final syllable of a number of
adjectives, as Polonois, "Polish," and Lyonnois, "belonging to
Lyons." The oi in these words, — which are now usually written
avais, avait, avaient, Polonois, Lyonnais, — sounds like ai (or e).
13. Ou sounds like oo in English.
14. B, c,* d, f, k, p, t, V, and z, are the same as in English.
15. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in the English word gap ;
before e, i, and y, it is soft, having the sound of zh, or of s in plea
sure. Gu sounds like g hard ; thus, gue', guide, are pronounced gi,
gheed. 16. H is never pronounced in French so forcibly as m English. Somo
orthoepists say that h has no sound in Prench.t
17. J sounds like soft g in French, or zh in English.
18. L has usually the same sound as in English ; but when it ends a
word, being preceded by i, or when ll follows i, in any situation, il
usually has what is called its liquid sound. This raay be said to
• G, with a cedilla (g), before a, o, and u, sounds like »; thus, ca co ok >ro
pronounced sa, so, su. ¦ a > a . s»> <"<•
t See Bolmar's Fables— Remark on the letter h, page 4.

INTRODUCTION. 35
answer nearly to the sound of Hi in million, the sound of I in such cases
being blended with that of y (consonant) ; e. g. papillon is pronounced
p4*-peer-y6N'; Chantilly, sh4K^-teer-ye', &c. It should, however, be
observed that, according to the present practice of the more polite
French speakers, the sound of I is scarcely heard at all in such words,
so that their pronunciation might rather be indicated thus — p4^-pe^-
yiN'; shiN^-te^-ye'.
19. M and N, when followed by a vowel, or when double, have the
same sound as in English ; but wben at the end of a word (not imme
diately followed by another word beginning with a vowel), or when
followed by another consonant in the middle of a word, tbey have what
is termed the nasal sound, which resetnbles thit of ng, as in long,
pang, &c., but is somewhat softer ;* thus, m and n are nasal in such
words as comparer, coateTrte, but have their natural sound in such as
commune, connu. Melun, before a consonant, or standing by itself,
would be pronounced almost m'lung ; but if foUowed immediately by a
vowel, as in the sentence, Melun a six mille habitans, " Melun has
six thousand inhabitants," the final n is sounded distinctly like nn : the
pronoun sien, when not followed immediately by a vowel, is pronounced
nearly se-ang'; but when it takes the feminine termination, the n
being doubled, has the same sound as in English, so that sienne is pro
nounced se-enn'.
20. M or n, nasal, when preceded by e, usually causes this vowel to
assume the broad sound ofa; thus, dents, sens, are pronounced like the
French words dans and sans, almost as if written in English, dong and
song. 21. In, im, ain, aim, ein, oin, and en preceded immediately by i,
when nasal, have a sound nearly resembling that of ang in the English
word pang. In such cases in, im, ain, aim, ein, and en, are pro
nounced alike, ing ; the o in oin has the sound of our w, so that loin
and soin are pronounced almost Itoing, sw&ng.
22. In om and on, nasal, the o is long, as in won't.
Obs. The French nasal sound is represented in the present work by
N or M distinguished as a small capital, e. g. Chabmont, sho'-m6N';
Quimper, kaM''-paRe'.
23. Q or qu, in French, always sounds like k ; e. g. quel is pro
nounced kel ; qui, kee, &c.
* In uttering this sound? care should be taken not to press the back part of the
tongue against the palate, as is done in pronouncing the English vg.

36 INTRODUCTION.
Obs. Q, in French words, (except when terminal, as in coq and
cinq,) is always followed by u, though it is sometimes employed with
out this letter, in writing certain foreign names. Thus Balbi and
several other authors, both French and English, write Qene for Keneh ;
Qoum for KooM, &c. In such cases, q is used to denote a sound like
that of. A:, but somewhat more guttural.
24. R is like the English, but is trilled more strongly, especiaUy
when it precedes another consonant, or stands at the end of a word, as
in vcRtu, puniR : in similar cases the English r is but very slightly
Bounded. This sound is indicated by a small capital r.
25. S, when single and between two vowels, soimds like z ; in other
cases, it is the sarae as in English.
26. X generally has the same sound as in English, but is sometimes
sounded like s ; e. g. in six, pronounced seece, and BruxeUes (Brussels),
pronounced bru^-sell'; and occasionally like z, as in dixieme, di'-z^-ame'.
27. Ch is like sh in English : th is like t.
28. Gn (the same as in Italian), has a sound which blends that of n
and y (consonant), or in other words is equivalent to the sound of ni in
minion. Thus, AviGNon is pronounced 4^-veen^-y6N'.
Obs. This sound is represented in Spanish by fi, and bears the M,me
relation to n that the liquid I (i) does to the ordinary I. In Hungarian
it is expressed by ny, and in Portuguese by nh.
When it occurs in the middle of a word, we have represented it by
n and y, as in the example above given ; but when it stands at the end
ofa word, as it cannot then be expressed by any letter or combination
of letters in English, it has been indicated by the Spanish fi : accord
ingly the French pronunciation of such names as Cologne and Bou
logne, are thus given — ko^-lon', boo^-loii'.
SILENT LETTERS.
29. The vowel e at the end of a word, when not marked with an
accent, is invariably mute, e. g. in parle, contente,* &c.
30. The French consonants, when occurring at the end of a word
are generally not pronounced, unless they are immediately followed
by a word beginning with a vowel ; e. g. in content, Bordeaux, and
dents. If, however, they are followed by a mute p, or any other vowel,
they must always be articulated, e.g. in contente, dente, &c.

•The particles le, ne, and the pronouns je, me, te, &c„ are perhaps, strictly
speaking, exceptions : but though the e in these words is not always absolutely mute.
It is very often so ; thus, the sentence vous me trouverez Ic meme, is pronounced
voom troov rel mame, the vowel in me and ne being entirely suppressed, and the
consonants attached to the preceding words.

INTRODUCTION.

37

Obs. 1. The letters c, /, I, and r, are, when final, very often pro
nounced ; c. g. in avec, neuf, il, and punir.
Obs. 2. Tbe French articulate the final consonants in almost all
foreign and classical names ; e. g. in Amsterdam (m not nasal), Vbnus,
&c. REMARKS ON THE FRENCH ACCENT.
It may be observed that the French language has no accent in the
Bense in which we employ this term. The marks called accents, that
are placed over the different vowels, serve only to indicate some par
ticular sound of these letters, and not that peculiar impulse of the
voice, which characterizes an accented syllable in the English and most
other European tongues. Thus, the accent over the e in parle serves
to show that this vowel has its first French sound, and at the same time
distinguishes it from parle, another form of the same verb, in which the
e is mute. The circumflex imparts to the vowels over which it is
placed, a longer and deeper sound than ordinary ; e. g. in likte, temp&te,
gite, and apotre.
It is commonly said, that the French pronounce all the syUables ofa
word with an equal stress of voice, but that they seem to an English
ear to accentuate the last, because, in our language, the universal ten
dency is to throw the accent towards the beginning of the word. (See
XII. Obs. 2.) Others, on the contrary, maintain that in pronouncing
words of a number of syUables, the voice of a native French speaker
almost invariably rises and dwells on the last, and that this peculiar
terminal intonation is very analogous, and nearly equivalent, to our
accent. This last opinion appears to us to be not without a real foun
dation. But, however the question may be settled, the fact that the
English, who have leamed the pronunciation of names fi:om hearing
them spoken by the French themselves, almost invariably throw the
accent on the final syllable, furnishes, in our judgment, sufiicient
ground for establishing a general rule on this subject. Accordingly,
in the present work, we have, with very few exceptions, placed the
principal accent on the last syUable of French geographical names ;
at the same time, it bas been thought proper to mark the others with
secondary accents, in order to prevent them from being pronounced too
slightly or indistinctly, as is usually the case with unaccented syllables
in English. The pronunciation of Orleans, for example, has been
thus given— 0E*-li^-4N'.
Obs. Particular care, however, should be taken not to break such

38 INTRODUCTION.
names into as many isolated sounds as there are diflerent syllables ;
but, while pronouncing these syllables with a stress of voice nearly
equal, to let each glide smoothly into that which follows it. It may
be observed, that the French, in uttering short sentences, usually make
the different words run mto each other, as if they were parts of the
same word.
GERMAN. XX.
1. A, in German, usually sounds as in the English wori far, though
sometimes approximating the a in fat.
2. E, when long, sounds like a in fate ; when short, like e in mel:
frequently, however, it has an obscure sound, like e in battery.
3. I, long, sounds like i in marine (or ee in English) ; i, short, Uke
i in pit.
4. O, long, is like that in no ; o, short, like that in on.
5. U, long, is like oo in cuckoo ; u, short, like oo in good.
6. Y sounds like the German i.
7. Ae, or a, is similar to the German e, or to the English a in fate.
8. Oe, or 6, nearly resembles the eu in French, but has no paraUel
sound in English ; the sound in our language nearest to it is that of e
in her, or u in fur ;t\ie German poets often rhyme it with e (ior 6).
9. Ve, or ii, is like the French u.
10. Au is equivalent to the English ou in our.
11. Au and eu resemble in sound the English oi, as in oil.
12. Ei and ey have the sound of i in mine, as pronounced by the
Americans (the English draw the corners of the mouth farther back).
13. Ai is similar to the preceding, but somewhat broader.
Obs. It may be observed, that ai and au, in German, as well as in
several other languages, are proper diphthongs, the vowels preserving
their distinct and proper sound ; tlius, ai is equivalent to 4'-e, and au
to 4'-oo, in English. ^-'
14. Ui sounds like oo-e.
15. Ie is equivalent to ee in English.
16. The consonants/, k, I, m, n, p, q, t, and x, are pronounced as in
English. 17. B and d, at the beginning of a word, have the same sound as in
English; at the end ofa word, b is pronounced like ;>, and d like t.

INTRODUCTION. 39
18. C, before a, o, and «, sounds like k; before e, i, and y, like ts.
19. Ch has a sound unknown in our language, and which, conse
quently, can be learned from an oral instructor only. It somewhat
resembles that of our h, with a strong aspiration ; after a, o, and u, it
is guttural ; for example, in the word ach.* When it follows e, i, a, 6, ii,
aw, or eu, it seems to be sounded more in the palate, as in ich.* We
have represented this sound in the present work by k, distinguished as
a small capital.
Obs. Ch, before s, radical, (i. e. forming a part of the root of the
word,) has the sound of A: ; e. g. Ochs is pronounced oks ; Sachsen,
s4k'-s§n, &c.
20. Cf, at the beginning of a word, sounds as in the English word
get. In other situations, it should be pronounced like the German ch.
In some German dialects, however, it is sounded, in aU cases, nearly
like g hard, in English.
21. H is pronounced only when it begins a word.
Obs. 1. When g and h occur in the middle of a compound word,
thoy have the same sound as when they are initial, provided they begin
any part which is a complete word in itself; thus, in the participle
gegeben (given), the latter g has the same sound as the former, because
it begins the verb geben (to give), from which that participle is derived.
It is sounded in like manner in aufgeben (to give up), and vergeben,
(to forgive), &c. H, in similar instances, is pronounced ; e. g. in
gehabt, aufhalten, &c.
Obs. 2. G and h, occurring after a vowel, lengthen its sound ; e. g.
in Tag, Zahl, Floh, &c.
22. J bas the sound ofthe English y (consonant).
23. Q is only used before u, and sounds as in the English word quit.
24. R is pronounced like rr in the English word terror, but some
what more strongly. (See XIX, 24.)
Obs. Care should be taken to pronounce the r, in German, distinctly
and forcibly. In such words as berg and werth, the learner should be
particularly on his guard against aUowing the e to, become like short
u, as in similar words in English. The e, in such ckses, should have
the same sound as in our word merit, so that berg should be pronounced
almost as if written bairg (not burg) ; werth, as Wairt (not Wurt), but
somewhat shorter.

* Those who have no opportunity of acquiring this sound from a German,
might, perhaps, leam it from a Scotchman, as the Scotch ch is essentially the
same with the German, tbough pronounced somewhat more strongly.
4

40 INTRODUCTION.
25. S, at the beginning of a word, or between two vowels, is like
z ; in other cases it is sharp, as in this. Ss is always sharp.
26. Sch Sounds like the English sh; sz like ss.
27. Th is pronounced like t.
28. F sounds like/ in English, except when between two vowels;
it is then usually pronounced like our v.
29. W resembles our v, but in pronouncing it, the upper teeth should
not be allowed to touch the lower lip, as is done in uttering the Eng
lish v. This sound is indicated by a capital w.
30. Z and tz sound like ts.
GREEK (MODERN).
XXL
1. A a (alpha) is like a in far.
2. E e (epsilon) " a in fate.
3. H 57 (eta) " ee in English.
4. I I (iota) " e in me, or i in pin.
5. O 0 (omicron) " o in English.
6. X I) (upsilon) is nearly like the French u (or ii).
7. a a (omega) is like o in English, there being no diffirence
between this and omicron in prose ; in poetry u is longer.
8. At is like a in fate. ,
9. Ei and ot sound like ee in English.
10. Ov is like our oo.

11. B e (beta) is

like v in English.

12. r y (gamma)

" g, hard, as in get.

13. A 5 (delta)

" th in this.

lii. Z ^ (zeta)

" the English z.

15. ® 9 (theta)

" th in thin.

16. K * (kappa)

" k.

17. A >, (lambda)

" I.

18. IVI lA, (mu)

" m.

19. N V (nu)

" n.

20. a i (xi)

" JP.

INTRODUCTION. 41
21. n rt (pi) is usuuUy like the English p; but after ft (m), it is
like 6 ; e. g. £/irtopos is pronounced em'-bo-ros.
22. p p (rho) is similar to the German r.
23. Sos (sigma) is like the English s.
24. T * (tau) is usuaUy like the English t ; after v (ri), however,
it is sounded like d ; e. g. hrb; is pronounced en-dos'.
25. T V (consonant) when before a vowel, or the liquids I, m, n, r,
is like our v ; e. g. wiifiCa is pronounced hj-k-rii'-o, oixoj, kv-los', aKptoi/,
kv'-re-on : in other cases it is like/; e. g. AivxaSla, (Leucadia) is pro
nounced lef-kk-^ae'-k.
26. * f (phi) is equivalent to our/.
27. X X (cbi) is similar to ch in German.
28. ¦*• 4. (psi) is like ps in English.
Obs. Recently it has become the practice to give to all, or nearly
all, the islands, towns, &c., of modern Greece, their ancient names,
and it is probable that, at no distant period, such modern corruptions as
Theaki for Ithaca, Scio for Chios, may be regarded as obsolete. But,
as the modern names are employed in nearly all our books on geogra
phy, and in the writings of theEnglish traveUers and poets, it has been
thought proper in a work like the present, which is intended for popu
lar use, to assign to them their accustomed place.
HUNGARIAN. XXII.
1. A, unaccented, is like o in not ; with an accent (a), it has the
¦sound ofa in far, and is always long; thus. Aba Uj-var, the name of a
town, is pronounced 6h-dh oo-e v44r.
2. E, unaccented, is like e in met ; with an accent (e),* it has a
sound intermediate between e in met and i in pit, but raore prolonged,
3. I, and y when a vowel, are similar to e in me, or i in fig.
4. O, without an accent, is the same as in English ; when accented
(6),* it has a longer and deeper sound.
5. V, without an accent is like 00 in English, with the accent (ii,)*
its sound is fuller and deeper.
* The peculiarity of these sounds cannot be indicated by English letters ; in
giving the pronunciation of Hungarian names, we have merely distinguished thera
as being long.

42 INTRODUCTION. .
6. Oe or o,, and ii, are the same as in German.
7. The consonants 6, d,f, h, k, I, m, n, p, t, v, z, are like the English.
8. C is not used without being joined with some other consonant
CS is sounded like ch in English ; cz like ts.
9. G, except when foUowed by ^' or y, is always hard, as in the Eng
lish word get. Gh sounds like a simple g.
10. J is usually like e in English ; uj is pronounced oo-e. Dj and
gj are equivalent to dy and gy, and tj to ty. (See 16, 17, and 20, of
this Section.)
11. R is like the German ; in Other words, is to be trUled more
strongly than the English.
12. S is like the English sh.
13. Sz is like s sharp, or ss.
14. Ts is equivalent to cs, or ch in English.
15. Tz is like cz, or ts in English.
16. Y, in Hungarian, is nearly always a consonant When it fol
lows d, g, I, n, and t, it seems to be blended with these letters, so as to
form but one consonant sound.
17. Dy and gy are alike. Magyar is pronounced mod-yon.
18. Ly is like l in Spanish, or Hi in the English word miUion.
Vasarhely is pronounced in three syUables — v44-sh44E-hti.
19. Ny is like the Spanish n, or ni in minion. Martony is pro
nounced in two syllables — m44R-ton.
20. Ty approximates the sound of our ch, bearing the same relation
to t, that dy does to d.
21. Zs sounds like the French j, or zh in English.
Obs. The Hungarian language cannot be said to have any accent,
in the sense in which we employ this term : the syllables of words,
however, are distinguished from each other by quantity As quantity
in Latin and Greek is converted into accent by the usag'e of Encrlish
pronunciation, so, in giving Hungarian names which are ordinarily
used in geographical works, we have placed the accent according to
the quantity ; e. g. Csongrad, chon-gr45d'; but when the name is°not
in common use, but is merely given in a parenthesis, the quantity only
of the vowel has been indicated, as this mode of marking the pronun
ciation is more strictly accurate; e.g. Hungary (Hunf. Magyai
Orszag, mod-yoR oR-s4lg). "

INTRODUCTION. 43
ITALIAN. XXIII.
1. A, in Italian, is like the English a in far, though its sound varies
somewhat in different situations.*
2. E has two sounds: (1.) close, as a in fate; (2.) open, like e in
met. 3. I is like e in me, or i in /§¦.
4. O has two sounds; (1.) close, as in note; (2.) open, sirailar to o
in not, but rather broader.
5. fJ is like oo in English.
6. Ai and aa, in Italian, are proper diphthongs. (See XX., 13,
Obs.) Accordingly, Cairo is to be pronounced ki'-ro, and Ausa, ou'-s4,
&c.
7. The consonants b, d, f, I, m, n, p, q, s, t, and v, are similar to tlie
English. Obs. K, w, x, and y, are not used by the Italians, except in spelling
foreign names.
8. C and cc, before a, o, and u, are sounded like k; before e, i, and
y, like ch or tsh.
Obs. Cc should be pronounced more strongly than a single c. This
remark will apply to all double letters, in Italian, as well as in most
other languages.
9. As c, when immediately before a, o, or u, is never pronounced
like ch, in order to express this sound in such cases, the vowel i is
inserted ; thus, cia, do, du, are pronounced c/j4, cho, choa. (See
table at the end of this Section.)
10. Ch is employed to express the sound of k before e and i.
11. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in the English word get;
before e, i, and y, it sounds like the English j ; gia, gio, giu, are pro
nounced _;4, jo, joo. (See table at the end of this Section.)
* Of all the European tongues, the Italian has, probably, been brought to the
greatest degree of perfection. There are, however, a number of niceties in this
fenguage, which, however interesting to a thorough linguist, cannot properly be
noticed in a work like the present. The difficulty of giving a brief, and, at the
same time, a satisfactory exposition of the principles of Italian pronunciation, is
increased by the existence of different dialects in different parts of Italy. It has
been deemed sufficient, in this synopsis, merely to explain those principles of pro
nunciation which appear to be recognized by the Italians generally.
4*

44

INTRODUCTION.

12. Gh is used to express the sound of hard g, before e, and i.
13. Gli has the sound of the liquid I (l), or of Hi in million; thus,
Boglio is pronounced bole'-yo.
14. Gn has the same sound as in French ; or, in other words, is lUte
the Spanish n ; e.g. Bologna is pronounced bo-lone'-yL
15. H is never sounded in Italian.
16. J, at the beginning of a syUable, is like the English y (conso
nant) ; at the end of a word, it is equivalent to ii (Italian). ^
n. R resembles the French, but is trUled somewhat more strongly.
(See XIX., 24).
18. Sc, before e, and i, is like the English sh ; e. g. Scio is pro
nounced Shee'-o.
19. Z commonly has the sound of dz in English ; zz is pronounced
like ts.
The foUowmg table wUl, perhaps, enable the reader more readUy to
understand the mode in which c and ch, g and gh are employed by
the Italians. ca is pronounced k4 ga is pronounced g4
ghe " gk
? ghi " ghe
go " go
gu " goo

che '

ki

chi

ke

CO

ko

cu

' koo

cia

ch4

ce

chi

ci

" che

cio

" cho

ciu

" choo

giagegi gio giu

J4 ji je
jo joo

Obs. It may be observed, that, in consequence of the position of
Italy, and its former extensive and intimate commercial relations with
the Levant, a great number of the geographical names of Greece,
Syria, and Egypt, as well as many of those along the southern shore
of the Mediterranean, are written in the Italian mode, and should be
pronounced according to the principles of this language ; e. g. Corfu,
Tripolizza, Scio, Jaffa, Cairo, &c.

NORWEGIAN. XXIV.

As a written language, the Norwegian may be said to be identical
with the Danish, since not only the grammar, but. with verv few excep

INTRODUCTION. 45
tions, the words of both, are precisely the same. In pronunciation,
however, the Norwegians differ widely from the Danes, while these
again differ coijsiderably among themselves. Under Section XVIL, we
have given the elements of Danish pronunciation, as the language is
spoken by the educated classes in Copenhagen. The principal points
of diflerence between this and the Norwegian, appear to be the follow
ing : (1.) d, in the latter tongue, always has its proper sound, while in
Danish it is often pronounced like the English th ; (2.) g, at the end
of a word, in Norwegian, is to be sounded distinctly as g hard in Eng
lish ; (3.) o, ending a syllable, is pronounced like our oo ; (4.) e, at the
end of a word, always retains its distinct sound ; thus, Odense would
be pronounced oo'-den-seft, and not o'-den-s§/(, as in Danish.
POLISH. XXV.
1. A sounds as a in the English word far.
2. E, without an accent, like e in met ; with an accent (e), like a
in fate. 3. / as in marine.
4. O, unaccented, as in note ; with an accent, like oo, as in good,
or 66. 5. U is like oo in moon.
6. Y resembles e in me, but is more guttural, being similar to t in
pin. 7. The consonants b, d, /, g (always hard), h, k, I, m, n, p, s
(always sharp), t, and z, are essentiaUy the same as in English.
8. C is like the German c, or ts in English ; cz is equivalent to our
ch ; ch is like the German ch.
9. J" is like the German, being equivalent to y (consonant).
10. Ji is like the German.
11. W is similar to the German, resembling our ri.
12. N, with an accent over it (n'), sounds like the Spanish n.
13. 8, marked in a similar raanner (s') has a sound blending that of
s and y (consonant). S'c' has a sound which cannot be given in Eng
lish , its nearest approxiraation in our language is sts.
14. Sz is equivalent to sh in English.
15. Z, with a point over it, is like the French i, or zh in English.

46 INTRODUCTION. ¦*
16. Z, with an accent (z'), is somewhat simUar to the above, but has
no equivalent in our language.
Obs. The sounds ofthe letters in Slavonian, Bohemian, and Illyrian,
correspond, with very slight exceptions, to those of the Polish language.
PORTUGUESE. XXVL
1. The vowels a, e, i, o, u, and y, and the diphthongs ai, ay, au, ei,
and ey, are essentially the same as in Spanish.
2. AO is pronounced almost oung.
3. The consonants 6, d, /, I, m, n, p, s, t, v, and z, are simUar to the
English. 4. C is the same as in French, differing from the English only by
sometimes having the cedilla.
5. Ch is the same as in French ; or, in other words, is like our sh.
6 G and j are the same as in French. (See XIX, 15 and 17.)
7. H, in Portuguese, is always silent. When, however, it follows
I or n, it renders these letters liquid ; thus, filho (son), is pronounced
feel -yo ; senhora (lady), sane-yo'-r4, &c.
8. M, frequently, and n, sometimes, has a nasal sound. Sam, like
SAO, is pronounced almost soung ; alem or alen sounds like 4-leng'.
9. Qu is pronounced as in French, the u in this case not being
sounded. 10. R is Uke the French. (See XIX, 24.)
11. X is sounded like ch in Portuguese, or sh in English.
RUSSIAN.
As the Russians neither employ Roman characters, nor those whicli
can be readily converted into corresponding Roman letters, we have,
in writing the geographical names of Russia, foUowed the mode
adopted with respect to oriental names. (See XIV and XV.)
SPANISH. XXVII.
1. The Spanish a sounds as in the English word /or; e like a m ale,
i like e in mete ; o as in English ; u like oo ; and y like Spanish t.
2. Ai and ay are like long i in English. Au sounds like ott in our.
(See XX, 13, Obs.) Ei and ey are pronounced 4'-e.

INTRODUCTION. 47
3. The consonants / I (single), m, n, p, s, t, and v, are pronounced
nearly as in English.
4. B, at the beginning of a word, sounds as in English ; but when it
occurs between two vowels, its sound resembles that of v, with this dif
ference — V is pronounced with the upper teeth placed against the under
lip, while the sound of the Spanish b is formed by bringing the lips
loosely or feebly into contact. This sound seems to be between that
of V and the English w.
5. C, before a, o, and u, is pronounced as in English ; before e and i,
it has the sound of th in the word thin. In the Catalan dialect it is the
same as in English.
6. Ch has the same sound as in English, except in the dialect of
Catalonia, where it is pronounced like k.
7. D, at the beginning of a word, is sounded nearly as in English,
but is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth,
while in pronouncing the English d, the tongue is raade to touch the
roof of the mouth. At the end ofa syUable, or between two vowels, d,
in Spanish, sounds like the English th in this, but is somewhat softer.
This sound is usually represented, in the present work, by a smaU
capital D.
8. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in English.
9. G, before e and i, and j before every vowel, are pronounced like
a strong guttural h, similar to the German ch in ach. This sound is
indicated by H distinguished as a small capital.
10. Gua and guo sound somewhat like gwi^ gwo, but the g is so
soft that it is scarcely perceived ; so that in these cases the sound of gu
seems to approximate very nearly to that of the English w. Gu, before
e and i, is usually sounded like g hard ; thus, Guiana is pronounced ghe-
4n'-4. When, however, the u is marked with a diceresis ; thus, giii ;
these two letters have the same sound as when before a or o, and con
sequently giii is pronounced gwe or loe. (See table at the end of this
Section.) 11. H, in Spanish, is never pronounced, except in words beginning
with Aae, and then very slightly.
12. Ll (now sometimes written T), has a sound which combines that
of I and y (consonant), and is similar to the liquid I in French ; e. g.
villa or iiila is pronounced veel'-y4 ; Tjlerena, Iy4-r4'-n4.
13. Sf, in a similar m£|.nner, unites the sounds of n and y, and is like
gn in French; thus ^ena is pronounced pane'-j'i.
14. Q, in Spanish, is always foUowed by u. Qit, before a and o, is

48

INTRODUCTION.

sounded as in English ; or, in other words, is equivalent to kw ; before
e and i, it is pronounced like k, unless the u be marked with a diseresis,
in which case it is like kw. (See table at the end ofthis Section.)
15. jB is similar to the French, but is trilled more strongly. (See
XIX., 24.)
16. T is to be pronounced by putting the tip of the tongue against
the upper teeth.
17. Xis usuaUy sounded like the Spanish 7, which letter, according
to the present mode of spelling, has been generaUy substituted for it ;
thus, instead of the old spelling, Ximenes, Xucar, &c., we now see
Jimenes, Jucar, &c. X, before a consonant, or before a vowel
marked with this sign a , is sounded as in English : Example — Exte
rior, Exkminar.
18. Z is to be pronounced like th in thin.
The following table will, perhaps, serve to show more clearly the
manner in which c, g, j, q, x, and z, are used in Spanish.
ca — is pronounced ki cua or qua is pronounced qui
— que " ki cue or qiie " qui
— qui " ke cui or qiii " que
co — " ko cuo or quo " quo
cu — " koo

ga is pronounced gi
gue " gi
gui " ghe
go " go
gu " goo
ja or xa — is pronounced ni
je, xe, or ge " ni
ji, xi, or gi " ne
jo or xo — " HO
ju or xu " Hoo

gua is pronounced gwi or wi
giie " gwi or wi
gui " gwe or we
guo " gwo or wo
za — is pronounced thi
ze or ce " thi
zi or ci " the
zo — " tho
zu — " thoo

Obs. The Spanish language, as spoken in Mexico, differs, in some
points, materially from the true Spanish. Thus, z and c, before e and i,
instead of having the sound of th, are generally pronounced like s.
Among the uneducated classes, ll is universally sounded like y; tlius,
villa is pronounced vee'-y4. It wUl be perceived that this is sim'Uar to
the fashionable pronunciation ofthe Uquid I in French. In most coun
tries of South America, the Spanish tongue is spoken in greater purity,
though the above-mentioned corruptions prevail, in some parts, to a
greater or less extent.

INTRODUCTION. 49
SWEDISH. XXVIII.
1. The vowels a, c, i, a, and 6, are similar to the German.
2. 1 sounds like the English o.
3. O, at the end of a syllable, is like our oo ; in other cases, like o in
not. 4. U appears to blend the sounds of short e and of oo, being some
what simUar to S'-oo. It has been represented, in the present work, by
00 ; this sound being the nearest to it of any in our language.
5. y is the same as in Danish ; or, in other words, is similar to the
French u.
6. The Swedish consonants are for "the most part pronounced hke
the Enghsh, with the exception of j, and g before e, i, d, o, and ii,
which are equivalent to y consonant, and of z, which sounds like ts.
7. Kj sounds like the English ch; thus, Kjoping (written, also,
simply Koping) is pronounced chiip'-ing.

The following Table is intended to exhibit the striking discrepancy in the mode of TTriting tbe same geographical
Karnes, which occins in the works of respectable authors. (See Prtfact, page ziL, and iTitroauelion, page 2a.)
Small icapitals aw used to denote tha mode of spelling which occurs in the Gazetteer, and wbich the authors contfi*
dered lo be the preferable orthography.
Au astcriak denotes that tbe pronunciation of tbe spelling to which it is appended is diOercL </ram tbat of the others,
Bui when a name occurs with two or more diSerent Bpellings, not raarked by an asterisk, it is to be understood ttial
the pronunciation of all these ia essenttallv the same.
Iftbe reader will bear in mind that oo in English, ou in French, and u in Italian and German, have the same sound j
that i in all (he languages of coDtinenlal Europe is sitoilar to c« in English ; that ;. in two-tbirds of the European lan
guages, is like our ^: thatcA in French, and tch in German, is equivalent to our «A,and tbat_; (and £- tiefore e and t) in
French is like our zA— or z in azure — and nearly like the German tch; a clue will be furaisbed to many of the per
plexities with which geographical spelling and pronunciation so much atrauod. Some other difficulties are explained
in the Table by reference to the Introduction; e.g, Habanaj Haoana; Xmgu, Chingu,
(App.) placed after a name, indicates that it is to be found in tbe Appendix.

Abookeer, Aboukir.
Abooshehr, Abuschehr, Abouchehr. "Writ
ten also Bushire (boo-sheer').
Abootizh, Abootish, Abutisch, Aboutij.
Aboutige, Abutige.
Acheen, Atcheen.
Achraouneyn, Oshmooneyn.
Aichstadtj Eichstadt.
Akhmym, Achmira, Ekmim.
Alen tejo, Alem- Te jo.
Amarapoura, Ummerapooka.
Amasera, Amasreh.
Amo.Oj AmUp Amou.
Amoor, Amour, Amur.
Amretsir, Amretseer, Umritseer.
Anadeer, Anadir.
Anatolia. See Natolia.
Andujar, Anduxar.
Angora, *Engoor, *Enguri.
Anzooan, Anzouan, *Anjouan.
Arkeeko, Arkiko.
Argoon, Argoun, Argun.
AsswAN, Assouan, Assuan.
Atcheen, Acheen.
Atfe, Atfib.
AxooM, Axum, Asoum,
Ayasoolook, Ayasalouk, AyaBaliik.
Azof, Azoph, Azov.
Badakhshan, Budukhshan.
Bairout. See Beyroot.
*Balfurosh, Balfroo«h. Balfrouch.
Baschkirs, Bashkeers, (a race of Tartars,
dwelling south of the r. Irtish in Siberia.)
Bassora, Bussora, Basrah, (XIX. 1 Obs.)
Bedouin, Bedoween, Beduin.
Beyroot, Bairout, Beirout, Berut.
Berezof, Berezow, Berezov.
Bermudas, *Berraootbes. [the Euphrates.)
Bir, Beer, (a small town of Asia Minor, on
BiRMA, Burma.
Born 00, Bornou.
Brahmapootra, *Burrampooter.
BtmuKHSHAN, Badakhshan, (XIX. 1 Obs.)
Burma, Birma.
*Burrampooter, Brahmapootra.
Bursa, Boursa, Boorsa, *Brusa.
Bushire. See Abooshehr.
Cabool, Cabul, Caubul, Caboul.
Cachoeira, Caxoeira.
Cairo, *Kahira, *Qahera.
Camanche, Comanche, (App.)
Cambodia, Cambodja, #Camboge.
Campeachy, Campeche.
Candahar, Kandahar. J

t The cases iu which C is interchanged with K are
veiy numarouB, especially ia German, Russian, a^id Asia
tic names.

Canton, *Quangtong, [mirCj Kasbmire.
Cashmere, Cachemir, Kashmeer, Kache-
Catalonia, ^Cataluna.
Catmandoo, Khaimandu, Katmandon.
Caxoeira, Cachoeira.
Caubul. See Cabool.
Celle, Zelle, (XX. 18 and 30.)
Charkow, Kharkow, Kharkof, Kharkov
Chat-el-Arab, Shatt-el-Arab.
Cheboygan, Sheboygan.
Chiekne, Cheyenne, Shienne, (App.)
Chingu, XiNGU, (XXVI. 11.)
CoAHiriLA, Cohahuila, (App.)
Comanche, Camanche, (App.)
Cordova, Cordoba, (XXVII. 4.)
Corunna, *Corufia.
Courland, Koorlasd, Kurland.
Dantzic, Danzig.
Darfooe, Darfur, Darfour, Dar Foot.
Dezfool, Dezphoul, Dezfoul, Dezfal.
Djidda or Djeeda. See Jiddia^
*DouRO, *I>uero.
Dovrefield, Daavrefjeld, Dofrafield.
Drohobicz, Drohovitsch.
Drontheim, Trondliiem, Trondjem.
Dunkirk, Dunkerque.
Ebora, Evora, (XXVII. 4.)
Edinburgh, Edinborough.
Eichstadt, Aichstadt.
*Elatma, Yelatma, lelatma.
Ekaterinbueg, lekaterinbour^.
Elisabetgrad, Yelisavetgrad.
Erzeoom, Erzeroum, Erzrum, Ardzroom,
Arzerum, Arzeroum.
Ferro, *Hierro.
FiEsoLE, *Fesole.
Fiji, Feejee.
Fontarabia, ^Fuenterabia.
Gelders, Guelders.
Gheezeh, Gizeh, *Jizeh.
Ghent, Gent, *Gaiid.
Gloucester, Glosier.
GooLDsHA, Guldscha, Gnuldja, ^Euldsha.
Gottingen, Goettingen, (XX. 8.)
Guelders, Gelders.
Haarlem, Haerlem, Harlem.
Havana, Habana, (XXVII 4 )
Hawaii, Owhyhee. [dostan.
Hindostan, Hindustan, Hindoostan, *Iu-
Hindoo, Hindu.
Himalaya, *Himmaleh.
laroslav, Jaroslaw, Yaroslat.
Indostau. See Hindostan.
Innspkuck, Innsbruck.
Ihkootsk, Irkouisk, Irkutsk.
*Iskenderoon, Scandkroon.
IviSA, Ibiza, (XXVII. 4, 5.)
Jakuisk or lakoutsk. See Yakoutsk.

TABLE OF DIFFERENT SPELLINGS.

Jalisco, Xalisco, (App.)
Janina, Yanina, Joannma.
Jaroslaw. See Yaroslaf.
Jeddo, Yeddo.
Jesso, lesso, Yesso, Yeso.
Jeypooh, Jyepoor, Jypoor.
JiDDAj Djidda, Djeeda.
Jitomir, Zitomir, Zhitomkkr.
JooDPooR, Joudpoor.
JoRULLO, Xorullo, [Russia.)
Jug, Yoog, r. (a branch of the Dwina, in
Kaliira. bee Cairo.
Kalooga, Kalouga, Kalura.
ICamtchatka, Kamtschatna, (See Note, p.
2y2.)
Kharkof. Kharkow, Charkow, Kharkov.
KsARTOOM, Khartum, Khartoum.
Rhiva, Kheeva.
Kief, Kiew, Kieff, Kiev.
KiRMANSHAH, Kirmajishaw.
*KisTNA, Krishna.
Klagenfurth, Clagenfurth.
KoAHOMA, Coahoma.
KooR, Kur, Kour.
KooRLAND, Kurland, Courland.
KooRDisTAN, Kurdistan. Cardiatan.
KooRsK, Koursk, Kursk.
Koorile, Kurile, Kourile.
Kuldsba. See Gooldsha,
KuTAiYEH, Kootaiab, Koutaieh.
La Baca, La Vacca, (App.)
Lancerota, Lanzarota, (XXVII. 5, 18.)
IjEIPsic, Leipzig.
Leyden, Leiden.
Libadia, Livadia.
Lisle, Lille.
Lintz, Linz.
Livadia, Libadia, (XXL 11.)
Lucerne, *Luzern,
Maas, Maese, *Meuse.
Maastricht, Maestricht.
Maelaren, Malaren.
Majorca, *MalVorca.
Manchooria, Mantchooria, Mandshuria.
Maranham, Maranhao.
Maravi, Maravee.
Mardeen, Merdin.
Marmora, Marmara.
Marosch, I\Iaros, (XXII. 12.)
Matareeyeh, Malaria. Mataryeh.
*Mathuea, Muttra, (XIX. 1 Obs.)
Mekinez, Mequinez, Meknaa.
Mergui, Merghi.
Meshed, Meshid, *Mnshed.
Mexico, Megico, Mejico, (XXVII. 0& 17.)
Minho, Mino.
MooRzooK, Mourzouk, Murzuk.
Natolia, *Anatolia, *Anadoli, ^Anatoli.
Nezheen, Nejin, Neschin.
NiZHNEE, Nijni, Nischriei.
Olivenza, Olivenga.
Oorfa, Urfa, Ourfa.
Ooroomeea, Urumiya, *6uTraiah, Urmia.
OoosTiooG, Ustiug, Oustioug.
Otaheite, Tahiti.
Owhyhee, HaWah.
Oshmooneyn, Achmouneyn.
Ouachitaj Washita.
Ouisconsin, Wisconsin.
5

Oural, Ural.
OuHGHEKDJ, Oorghendj, Urghendj, *Iji
ghenz, Urgantz. See Khi/a, Gazetteer.
Petic, Piiic.
Rhine, Rhein, Rhyn.
RoOMELiA, Roumelia, Rumeha.
Room Elee, Rum Hi, Roum III.
Saree, Sari.
ScANDERooN, *Iskenderoon.
Schoa, Shoa, Xoa.
^Schoiien, Skaone. (XXVIII. 2.)
Shoa, Schoa, Xoa (XXVI. 11), #Shwa.
SinoT, Siout, *Osioot, *Esioot.
Sivas, See VAS.
*Sleswick, Slesvig, *SchIeswig.
Siwah, Seewah.
Soodan, Soudan, Sudan.
SooRMooL, Sourraoul, Surmul, (a ssaa3\
town of Persia.)
Sooltaneeyeh, Sultanieh, Soultknia.
SooRABAYA, Surabaya, Sourabaya.
Suez, Sooez, Soueys.
Suabia, Swabia.
Tahiti, Otaheite.
Tajbreez, Tabriz, *Tauris.
Tabareeyeh, Tabarieh.
Tarsoos, TarsoDs, Tarsus.
Tcherkigof, Czernigow, Tchernigoff
Tibet, Thibet.
*Timbuctoo, Tombuctno, Tombooctooj
Tombouctou, *Tenbocto.
Toola, Toula, Tula.
Toorkistan, Turkistan.
Tonkin, Tonquin.
ToRZHoK, Torschok, Torjok.
Trondjem or Trondhiem, Drontheim.
Truxillo, Trujillo.
Torneo, Tornefi, (XXVIII. 2.)
Tver, Twer.
Ural, Oural.
Urfa. See Oorfa.
Urmiah. See Ooroomeea.
UsBECK, Oozbek, Ouzbek.
Viborg, Wiborg.
Vitebsk, Vitepsk, Witebsk.^
Volga, Wolga.
Voronezh, Voronege, Voronej, Woro*
neseh, *Voronetz, Woronetz.
Washita, Ouachitta.
"Wisconsin, Wiskonsan, Ouisconsin.
WQrtemberg, Wirtemberg.
Xalapa, Jalapa.
Xalisco, Jalisco, (App.)
Xeres, Jeres.
Xingu, Chingu, (XXVI. 11.)
Xoa. See Shoa.
Yakootsk, lakoutsk, Jakutsk, Yakutsk,
Yanina. See Janina.
Yarkund, Yarkand,tXIXri Obs.)
Yaroslaf, laroslav, Jaroslaw.
Yeddo, Jeddo.
Yesso, Jesso. ^
Zahara, Sahaea.
Zaragoza, *Saragossa.
Zebu, Cebu, (XXVII. 5 and 18.)
Zelle, Celle, (XX. 18 and 3.)
Zhiiomeer, Jitomir, Schitorair, Zytomir,
*Zitomirz.
Zuyder Zee, Zuider Zee.

EXPLANATION
OF THE
ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, ETC., EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK

Adj.

adjective.

Ala.

Alabama.

Ane.

anciently.

Arab.

Arabic.

Ark.

Arkansas.

B.

Balbi.

cap.

capital.

CO.

county.

Conn.

Connecticut

Dan.

Danish.

Del.

Delaware.

dep.

department.

E.

east.

E.G.

Edinburgh Gazetteer.

Flem.

Flemish.

Pr.

French.

ft.

feet.

Ga.

Georgia.

Ger.

German.

gov.

government or province.

Gr.

Greek.

Hung.

, Hungarian.

i.

island.

inhab.

inhabitant.

111.

Illinois.

Ind.

Indiana.

Int.

Introduction.

Ky.

Kentucky.

La.

Louisiana.

L.

Lake.

Lat.

Latitude.

Lon.

LongTtude.

m.

mile or miles.

M.

McCulloch.

Mass.

Massachusetts.

M.B.

Malte-Brun.

Md.

Maryland.

Me.

Maine.

Mich.

Michigan.

Miss.

MississippL

Mo.

Missouri.

Mt.

Mount or mountain,

N.

north.

N.C.

North Carolina.

N. H.

New Hampshire.

N.J.

New Jersey.

N. Y.

New York.

Norw.

Norwegian.

Pa.

Pennsylvania.

P. C.

Penny CyclopaBdia.

Pop.

population.

Port.

Portuguese.

prov.

province.

pron.

pronunciation.

r.

river.

R. I.

Rhode Island.

Russ.

Russian.

S. C.

South Carolina.

Sp.

Spanish.

sq. m.

square miles.

Sw.

Swedish.

t.

town.

Tenn.

Tennessee.

Turk.

Turkish.

U.S.

United States.

Va.

Virginia.

Vt.

Vermont

w.

west.

1. The vowels a, e, i, o, marked with a point underneath (.a. or^ Ror
e, &c.) hav^ an obscure sound, similar to short u, thus, Mbrton should
be pronounced almost mur'-tiin or mur'-t'n. (See Introduction, VIII.)
2. I with two points underneath sounds like i. (50)

EXPLANATION, ETC. 51
3. 6 has a sound similar to the French eu orjiearly like that of e in
Aer. It may be anglicized by e. (See Introduction, XX., 8.)
,^tJ^ ^^}^^^ "*^ French u, being intermediate between ee and oo
(XlA., 5.)
5. A letter when it has a line underneath, or when italicised, ia
Bilent; e.g. in Walker, Greene, 6b-6A.*
6. tp, small capital, in the pronunciation ofa name, indicates that ita
sound IS similar to th in this.
7. to and k, small capitals, indicate the sound of the German ch or
one similar to it (VI. and XX., 19.)
8. tH, small capital, has a sound nearly similar to the preceding, but
more resembling a strongly aspirated h.
9. 1 (I liquid) is to be pronounced like Hi in million : it blends the
sounds of i and y consonant (XXVH., 12.)
10. M and N, small capitals, are nasal, being similar in sound to ng.
(XIX., 19.)
11. R, small capital, has the sound of rr in terror. (XIX., 24.)
12. V, small capital, indicates the sound ofthe French eu. It is pro
nounced nearly as u in tub or in fur.
13. tw, capital, has a sound similar to our v.
14. Y and ey, at the end of an unaccented sylable, sound like e in me.
15. Ai and ay are considered to be equivalent to a in fate.
16. 4m and aw have the sound of a in fall.
17. ee indicates a sound similar to i in pit or in spirit.
18. Ow, when the o is not marked long (ow), is to be pronounced
like ou in hour.
19. Gh is sometimes employed in pronunciation for g hard.
20. g is to be pronounced more softly than simple s. (XVU. 13
and XXVIL, 10.) i- 6 \ ; ;
21. .s sounds like z.
O" The sounds of the figured vowels are explained at the top of the page,
tn the body of the work. OBSERVATIONS.
1. Every letter, or combination of letters, occurring in the pronunciation
ofa word or name, is to be pronounced with its proper English sound ; e.g.,
ou is to be sounded as in our, sour, &c., and not like oo, as in tour, and
some other words of French origin : g must be hard, as in get, give, &c. ;
ch, as in chill, choose, unless the h be raarked as silent, in which case ch
has the sound of k.
2. In the pronunciation of foreign European names, care should be taken
not to allow 4 to fall into the third or broad sound of this vowel — an error
to which American and English speakers are very prone-i-it would be much
less a. fault, generally speaking, to pronounce it like a in fat. It should,
however, be observed, that a preceding the nasal n in French, is usually
broad, almost like o in not. (See Int XIX., 19, 20, and 21.)
A, in some names, appears to have a sound intermediate between & and a,
• The h, in this and similar instances, is employed in order to enable the learner
more readily to pronounce the vowel short, as in not : were it omitted, thus, ob-o,
the inexperienced pupil might be in danger of pronouncing the o long, as in no,
or indistinctly, as we often hear it in piano.
t It is intended that tbe raere English scholar shall pronounce these letters with
their proper English sound. (See Introduction, VI.)

52 EXPLANATION, ETC.
Thus the a in the penultimate syllable of Ai.abama, is somewhat longer
than in fat, though not so broad as in far. It may be remarked that some
orthoepists assign such a sound to o in certain English words, e.g. in fast.
3. When e and o end a syllable in the pronunciation of a word, they are
always to be pronounced distinctly with their first sound (as in me or no.)
4. E is ra.TeVy figured when occurring in a. syllable with the primary
accent (IX.) ; in other cases e, and also the other vowels, are frequently
thus marked, in order to guard against their being pronounced indistinctly.
5. O marked long (6), though often employed in EngUsh names, in order
to show merely that this letter has its first sound, when it occurs in the pro
nunciation of foreign words or names, always indicates that the sound of the
vowel is to be prolonged. In like manner, 6 indicates that this letter has a
sound like o, in not, to be pronounced distinctly but very short
6. The sound of u before a vowel, in Spanish words, is usually repre
sented by w. Thus nuevo is pronounced nwa'-vo, which is nearly equiva
lent to noo-a'-vo. In Italian, the u before a vowel appears to be sounded
more distinctly : accordingly, we have indicated the pronunction of nuovo,
duomo, .hy noo-o'-vo, doo-o'-mo. In these cases, however, noo-o and doo.o are
to be pronounced almost in one syllable.
7. When two or more geographical names, with the same spelling, occur
in succession, aud the pronunciation ofthe first only is given, it is intended
that all shall be pronounced alike.
9. The pronunciation of a name is distinguished from the name itselij by
its not beginning with a capital. In examples like the following, Brfs'-lau
or hres'-lou, the latter spelling has reference to pronunciation only, while the
former gives the true mode of writing tlie name and the pronunciation at
the same time. Had we written Breslao', bres'-lau or hres'-lou, the same
end \^ould have been attained, but at the expense of brevity.
9. The number of syllables in a word or name is indicated by the hy
phens ; e.g. Smythk not being divided by a hyphen, is to be pronoxmced in one
syllable ; pane'-ya in two : the c, in such syllables as pane, is silent, being only
used to render the preceding a long, as in fate. In some few cases, how
ever, where a name of two or more syllables is necessarily familiar to all,
we have not divided it by hyphens, nor indicated the pronunciation in any
way ; e. g., Henry, William, &c. In Latin names, the accent only has
been marked.
10. When the right or left bank of a river is spoken of, the reader is sup
posed to be looking down the stream, or, in other words, going with the
current. 11. It may be remarked, respecting the adjective and appellation of the
inhabitants, derived from the names of places (see Prefack, pages vi. and vii.),
that if the latter has man for its termination, in the singular, the plural is
often expressed by the adjective ; e. g., singular. Frenchman ; plural, thk
French: singular, Sootchiun; plural, the Scotch, &c. We sometimes
hear also " the Spanish," instead of " the Spaniards ;" bnt such expres
sions are not to be approved.
12. When no date is given, the population of places in this country has
reference to the census of 1840; the population of Great Britain to the
census of 1841, and that of France to the census of 1836.
13. When, immediately after a geographical name, tliere occur one oi
more names beginning with a capital, enclosed in a parenthesis, tliese are
to be imderstood as different modes of writing the first hut if tlie word
enclosed begins with a small letter, it is merely the pronunciation of the
first name.

UNIVERSAL
PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER.

Fite, f Sr, fill, fat ; m^, m^t ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in
good; ou, as in oitr; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
Aa, kk, the name of several small rivers of Europe, in France, the
Netherlands, Switzerland, and Germany.
Aachen. See Aix-la-Chapelle.
Aalborg, ol/-boRg, a t of Denmark ; cap. ofa bishopric of the same
name, in Jutland, on the S. side of the extensive arm of the sea called
Lymfiord. Lat 57° 2' N., Lon. 9° 57' E. Pop. estimated at ahout
9,000. (B.) '
Aar or Aarb, SSr, a r. in the N. part of Switzerland, which rises
near the E. extremity ofthe canton of Berne, and, traversing the lakes
of Brienz and Thun, passes through the cantons of Soleure and Aargau,
and falls into the Rhine, 28 m. E. of Bale. Length, about 170 m. It
becomes navigable at its egress from the lake of Thun.
Aargau, k&Rl-gou, (Fr. Argovie, aa^-go^-ve'; Lat Argo'via), a can
ton in tbe N. part of Switzerland, bordering on the Rhine. Area, 505
sq. m. Pop., in .1836, 182,755. (M.)
Aarhuus, oR'-hooce, a seaport t of Denmark, in Jutland ; cap. of a
bishopric of the same name, on the E. coast Lat 56° 9' 35" N., Lon.
10°14'B. Pop. about 8,000. (B.)
Abakansk, k-bk-kknskl, a t of Siberia, on the Abakan', an affluent of
the Yenisei, in the prov. of Kolyvan, remarkable for the ancient tombs
discovered in its vicinity, which contain ornaments of silver and gold,
and on which are to be seen statues of men from seven to nine feet
high, with carved work of an extraordinary character* It appears that
this country, at present so imperfectly civilized, was once inhabited hy
a people acquainted with writing and other arts. (B.) Lat. ahout 54°
N., Lon. 91° 15' E.
Abancay, kh-kn-mi, a t of Peru, 60 m. W. by S. ftom Cuzco. Lat
13° 40' S., Lon. about 73° W. Pop. about 5,000. (B.)
Abano, 4-bS/-no, a t of Italy, near Padua, noted for its hot sul-
phiu-ous baths. Permanent pop. 2,600. (B.)
5* ^3

54 ABA— ABO
Fite, fkr, fan, fit ; m^ mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nSt; 66, as in good;
Abascia or Abassia, ab-ash'-e-a, a country of Russia, E. of, and bor
dering on, the Black Sea. Adj. and inhab., Abascian or Abassian, ab-
ash'-e-an. Abbeville, kV-viW, a fortified manufacturing town of France, in tho
dep. of Somme, on the r. Somme, 25 m. N. W. of Amiens. Lat 50°
7' N., Lon. 1° 50' E. Pop. 13,843. (M.)
An/-BE-viLLE\ a dist of South Carolina, on the Savannah. Pop.
29,351. Seat of justice, Abbeville.
Au'-isR-BROTH^-ocK, Or Ae'-broath, a seaport t. of Scotland, in For
farshire, 48 ni. N.N. E. of Edinburgh. Lat 56° 34' N., Lon. 2° 32' W.
Pop. 7,218.
Ab^-er-deen', a city of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, consisting of
two parts ; or, more properly, forming two distinct towns.
Old Aberdeen, on the right bank of the Don, was a place of some
importance in the 12th century. It has a university called King's
(yoUege, founded by James IV., in 1494.
New Aberdeen, the cap. of Aberdeenshire, stands on the left bank
of the Dee (which forms its harbour), 91 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh. It
has a universitv named Marischal College, in honour of Earl Marischal,
who founded it", in 1593 or 1594. Lat. 57° 9' N., Lon. 2° 6' W. En
tire population of the burgh, including hoth towns, 63,2$8.
Ab^-er-deen'-shire, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, bordering on tbe
sea. Pop. 192,387.
Abergavenny, ab'-er-gihie, a small t. in England, in Monmouth
shire, 11 m. W. from Monmouth.
Ab^-br-ist/-with (with) or Aberystwith, a seaport t of Wales, Car
diganshire. Lat 52° 24' N., Lon. 4° 5' W. Pop. 4,975.
Ab'-ing-don, a t of England, in Berkshire, on the Thames, 56 m.
W. N. W. of London. Pop. 5,585.
Abo, i'-bo, (Sw. Xbo, 6/-boo), formerly the cap. of Finland, situated
on a promontory, between the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. Pop.,
formerly, 12,500. (P. C.) Lat 60° 27' N., Lon. 22° 17' E. It was
almost utterly destroyed by the dreadful conflagratioi> of 1825, but is
now slowly rising from its ruins. (B.)
Abomey, ab'-o-mi/, a populous t of Africa, cap. of the kintrdom of
Dahomey. Lat. about 7° 30' N., Lon. 1° 45' E. Pop. 24,0C0. (B.)
Ab-oo-kebr/ (Aboukir), a t of Egypt with a castle, 13 m. N. E. of
Alexandria. Lat. 31° 20' N., Lon. 30° 7' E.
Abooshehr, 4-boo-shaih'r', (Abuschehr or Aboushehr, also written
Bushire, boo-sheer/; and Bender or Bunder Boshavir, bo-sh4-veer',) a
seaport t of Persia, on apieninsula in the Persian Gulf, 10 m. W. S W
of Shiraz. Lat 28° 57' N., Lon. 50° 52' E. Pop. formerly estimated
as high as 12,000, and even 15,000, but now reduced by pestilence
war, and other causes, to 1,500. (B.)
Ab-oo-tizh' or Abootish (written usually Aboutij or Abutiire), a t
in Upper Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile, celebrated for its excellent
opium. Lat 27° 5' N., Lon. 31° 20' E.

ABR— ACR 55
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Abrantes, 4-brin'-tSs, a t of Portuguese Estremadura, 74 m. N. E.
of Lisbon. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Abrolhos, i-brole'-yoee dangerous sand-banks and rocks on the
coast of Brazil, in ahout 18° S. Lat., 30° 20' W. Lon.
Abrvd Ba'nya, 6b^-rood' biSn/yo/i^, a small t. of Transylvania,
remarkable for its gold mines. , Lat 46° 28' N., Lon. 22° 10' E.
Abriizzo, l-broot'-so, an extensive territory forming the N. E. portion
of the Neapolitan dominions. It is divided into Abruzzo Ultra (ool'-tr&) .
and Abruzzo Citra (chee'-tr&), or, farther and nearer Abruzzo.
Abuschehr. See Abooshehr.
Abutige. See Abootizh.
Ab-ys-sin'-i-a, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the E. by the Red
Sea, N. by Sennaar, W.. and S. by Sennaar, Kordofan, and barbarous
regions ; about 770 m. long, and 550 broad. The ranges of mountains,
with which it is everywhere intersected, preserve the air cool, and
afford a sufficient supply of water. In consequence of this physical
structure, Abyssinia is exceedingly fertile, and is exempted, in a great
measure, from that sand which dooms so large a portion of Africa to
sterility. The chief alimentary plants are, millet barley, wheat, maize,
and teff.* All travellers concur in praising the fine wheaten bread of
Abyssinia; but it is eaten only by people of rank. TeflF grows on every
soil, and affords the bread which is in universal use.
This once powerful kingdom, which during so many ages preserved
its independence against the efforts of paganism and the sword of Ma
homet is now a prey to anarchy, and completely dismembered. Among
the various kingdoms into which it has been divided, the following are
the principal : The kingdom of Amhara, of Tigre, and of Shoa or
Shwa. These will be spoken of in their respective places. — The
Abyssinians profess Christianity, but their religion is filled with Judai-
cal observances. — Adj. and inhab., Ab-ys-sin'-j-an.
AcAPULco, ic-a-pool'-co, a t. of Mexico, on the coast of the Pacific
Ocean. Its port is the finest in Mexico, and has few equals in tho
world. Lat 16° 50' N., Lon. 99° 49' W. Pop. 4,000. (B.)
Ao'-co-mack\ a county of Virginia, on the E. shore of Chesapeak*
Bay. Pop. 17,096. Seat of justice, Accomack c. h.
Acheen. See Atcheen.
AcHMiM. See Akhmym.
Achmouneyn. See Oshmooneyn.
AcQui. See Aqur.
Acra, i'-kra, or Ac'-cra, a kingdom on the gold coast of Africa,
about 26 m. in length, and from 12 to 20 in breadth. — Also the chief t of
the above kingdom. Lat 5° 30' N., Lon. 0° 15' W. Pop. estimated at
12,000. (B.)
Acre, 4'-k'r or 4/k'r, (Turk, and Arab. Ak'ki,) an ancient city and
seaport of Palestine, in a pashalic of its own name, on a bay of the
*"The teff or iafo is a grain smaller than mustard seed, and well tasted
Blumenbach thinks that it is the same with the Poa Abyssinica." (M. B.)

56 ADA— ADI
Fite, fSr, fill, fit ; mi, m?t ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit ; 66, as in good ;
Mediterranean, in a situation rendered unhealthy by the neighbouring
marshes. It is small, but very populous and well fortified. This
city has been celebrated from remote antiquity. Strabo calls it Ake
(Ax»j). Another appellation is, St Jean D'Acre, which it probably
acquired from the knights of St John, so distinguished for their valour
against the Mahometans. It is 23 m. N. N. W. of Jerusalem. Lat
32° 54' N., Lon. 35° 6' E. Pop. estimated at near 20,000. (B.)
A-dair', a CO. in the S. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r.
Pop. 8,466. Co. t Columbia.
Adair, a co. in the N. part of Mo., near the border of Iowa.
Adalia, i-di/-le-i, or Satalia, a seaport and commercial t of Asiatic
Turkey, on the Mediterranean. Lat 36° 53' N., Lon. 30° 45' E. Pop.
variously estimated from 8,000 to 30,000. (B.)
Ao'-AMg, a CO. in the most westerly part of 111., on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 14,476. Co. t Quincy.
Adams, a co. in the E. part of Ind., a little S. ofthe Maumee r. Pop.
2,264. Co. t Decatur.
Adams, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., on the Mississippi r. Pop.
19,4:34. Co. t Natchez.
Adams, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, on the Ohio r. Pop. 13,183.
Co. t West Union.
Adams, a co. in the S. part of Pa., a little W. ofthe Susquehanna r.
and bordering on Md. Pop. 23,044. Co. t Gettysburg.
Adana, i'-di-ni, a t of Asiatic Turkey in Caramania, on a river
ofthe same name. Lat. 36° 59' N., Lon. .35° 6' E. Pop. estimated by
M. Kinneir at near 30,000 ; but during the heat of summer it is almost
deserted. (B.)
Adda, id'-di, a river of Italy, which runs through the Valtellina into
Lake Como, and joins the Po near Cremona.
Ad'-di-son, a CO. of Vermont, bordering on Lake Champlain. Pop.
23,583. Co. t. Middlebury.
Adel, i-del', a territory of Africa, immediately S. E. of Abyssinia.
Zeila is the chief town.
Aden, iZ-d^n or i'-d§n, a seaport t of Arabia, on a gulf at the N.
extremity of the Indian Ocean, to which it gives its name. The pop.
ofthis place, said to have been 30,000 in the I7th century, had become
reduced a few years since to about 800 (M.), when it was taken pos
session of hy tho British, and made a commercial depot and a station
for the steamers running from Suez to Bombay. It is now represented
as being in a very flourishing state, the pop. being estimated at between
10,000 and 20,000. Lat 12° 45' N., Lon. about 45° E.
Adige, ad'-e-je, * (It. pron. i'-de-ji; Ger. Etsch ; Ane. Ath/esis;) a r.
of N. Italy, which rises in the country ofthe Grisons, on the borders of
Tyrol, and flows into the Gulf of Venice, near tlie mouths ofthe Po. It
is a rapid stream, ahd navigated with difficulty.
- Like him wayworn

-^-^^•-^ •-•-•« ¦» »ij >TVAi(
And lost, who by the foaming Adike,
descending from the Tyrol  ,'
UoGFns's //(rfy, Part fu-st, Vllf.

ADI— ./ET 57
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, • nearly like ng.
Adirbeitzan. See Azerbaijan.
Ad^-I-ron'-dack, a name recently given to a cluster of mountains in
N. Y., S. W. of L. Champlain. The highest summit, IVft Marcy, has
an elevation of about 5,460 feet above the sea.
Adlerberg, i'-dler-b^RG or arl'-b^Ro, one of the largest mountains of
Suabia, properly a branch of the Tyrolese Alps, which separates Suabia
from the Tyrol. '
Ad'-mi-ral-ty, a large island on the W. coast of North America.
Lat 58° N., Lon. about 134° W. Ahout 180 m. in circuit
Adour, id^-ooR', a r. in the S. W. of France, which rises in the
Pyrenees, and runs into the Bay of Biscay near Bayonne.
Adowah, kl-io-vikh or i'-do-vi, the cap. of Tigre, "in Abyssinia, and
the place of the greatest trade in all that country. (B.) Pop. 8,000.
Lat 14° 12' N., Lon. 39° 5' E.
Adramiti, id-ri-mee'-te, (Auc. Adramyt'tium), a t of Natolia, near
the E. extremity of a gulf of th^ same name. L,at 39° 34' N., Lon.
26° 50' E.
Adria, i'-dre-i (Ane. Had'ria or At'ria), a t of Italy, 30 m. S. S. W.
of Venice. It was an important commercial city, and a station for the
Roman fleet under the emperors, but is now greatly reduced, and, in
consequence of the sea having receded, is situated about 20 m. inland.
Lat45°3'N., Lon. 12°4'E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Adrianoplb, ad^-dre-an-o'-p'l, (Ane. Adrianop'olis, i. e. the " city of
Adrian ;" Turk. Ed'ren-Jh^), the second city of European Turkey on the
Maritza, in a rich plain, 135 m. N. W. of Constantinople. It was the
seat of the Turkish dominion in Europe from the year 1366 to 1453,
when the residence of the Sultans was transferred to Constantinople.
Adiianople is the residence of a grand moUah and of a Greek arch
bishop. It contains some interesting Roman antiquities and several
remarkable Moslem buildings, among which may be mentioned the
mosque of Selim II., regarded as the most magnificent edifice of the
kind that has ever been erected. Its dome is said to be even higher
than that of St Sophia's, at Constantinople. Pop. estimated hy Balbi al;
100,000. Lat 41° 41' N., Lon. 26° 40' E.
Ad^-rj-at'-ic Sea, or Gulf of Venice, (Ane. Mare Adriaficum, or
Mare Su'perum,) a great arm ofthe Mediterranean, extending in a N.
W. direction between the coasts of Italy on the W., left, and Albania
and Illyria on the right It lies between 39° 40' and 45° 50' N. Lat,
and 12° 10' and 19° 40' E. Lon. Length about 500 m. ; greatest
breadth 130 m. The Adriatic derives its name from the once important
seaport t. of Adria. .»
M-atJ-AS Sea is that portion of the Mediterranean which lies between
Asia Minor and Greece.
Mroe, kl-ro-e, a Danish island S. of Funen, about 14 m. long, with
an area of 32 sq. m., and above 7000 inhab. (P. C.)
.^t'-na or Et'na, a celebrated volcanic mountain of Sicily, situated
near the S. E. coast. Height 10,873 feet Lat 37° 37' N., Lon. 15"

58 AFG— AGR
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; m^, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit ; 66, as in good ;
Afghanistan, if-gin^-is-tin', called also the Kingdom of Cabool, a
kingdom of S. Asia, between 28° and 36° N.Lat., and 59° and 72° E.Lon.
Bounded on the N. by Toorkistan, E. hy the kingdom of Lahore, S. hy
Beloochistan, and W. hy Persia. Jts actual limits, however, are very
uncertain. The area is estimated by Balbi at near 150,000 sq. m. ;
the pop. at 4,200,000. A large portion of the country is mountainous,
or consists of high table land. In character the Afghans resemble the
Arabs ; they are hospitable, brave, rapacious, and revengeful. Maho-
metanism is the prevailing religion. Cabool is the capital. — Adj. and
inhab. Afghan, af-ghan', or Ap-ghaun'.
Afium-Kara-hissar. See Kara-hissar.
Afragola, if-ri-go'-li, a t of Naples, 5 m. N. E. of the capital,
remarkable for its manufacture of hats. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (B.)
Af/-rj[-ca, one of the. five grand divisions of tbe globe; bounded on
the W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediterranean, E. by the Red Sea
and Indian Ocean, while its S.- touches the great Southern Ocean. Its
most northern point Ras el Kroon, or " Cape Hom," is in about
37° 21' N. Lat ; its most southern. Cape Agulhas (i-gool'-yis), or Cape
Needles, is about 34° 50' S. Lat. The distance between these two
points is nearly 5,000 m. Cape Guardafui, in Lon. 51° 22' E., is the
most eastern point of Africa ; and Cape Verde, in Lon. 17° 32' W., the
most western. The distance between these capes is above 4,500 m. It
contains an area of about 11,650,000 sq. m. (Hassel.) On the whole,
Africa seems to he less liberally supplied witii moisture than either of
the other great divisions of the globe. But while in some parts it baa
immense tracts of burning desert, in others it is marshy and fiooded
with water. In those regions which are exempt from these extremes,
animal and vegetable life appear in remarkable variety and luxuriance.
Of the central portion of this continent, little or nothing is known.
— Adj. and inhab. Af'-ric-an.
Agde, igd (Ane. Agatha), a t. of France, in the dep. of Herault 28
m. S.W. of Montpellier. Lat 43° 19' N., Lon. 3° 28' E. Pop. 7,200.
Agen, i^-zhaN'* (Ane. Agin'num), a t of France ; cap. of the dep.
of Lot and Garonne, on the river Garonne, 75 m. S.E. of Bordeaux.
Lat 44° 12' N., Lon. 0° 37' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.)
Aggershuus, ig/-gers-hoos\ a dist in the S. part of Norway. Chris
tiana is the capital.
Aqnonb, in-yo/-ni, a t of Naples, celebrated for its copper manufac
tures, which are considered the best in the kino-dom Lat 41° 44' N
Lon. 14° 20' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)
Agosta, i-gos'ti, or Augus^-ta, a fortified seaport t of Sicily, on the
E. coast, 12 m. N. of Syracuse. Lat 37° 14' N., Lon. 15° 24' E Pon
estimated at 10,000. (B.)
AGRA,i/-gra,an extensive prov. of Hindostan, bounded on the N. by

• This is a rare exception in which en, not preceded bv i, has the sound of the
French i«. (See Int. XIX, 20 and 21.)

AGR— AIX 51)
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
tbe province of Delhi, S. by Malwah, E. hy Onde and Allahabad, and
W. by Ajmeer, being about 250 m. in length and 180 in breadth. It
lies between 25° 35' and 28° 18' N. Lat.
Agra, called also Ak-.bar-a-bad/, the cap. of the above prov., and
formerly the imperial seat of the Mogul government Three miles
from this city is a superb mausoleum, probably the finest in the world,
built by Shah Jehan, as the cemetery of his favourite wife. It is kept in
excellent order by tfae British government together with its beautiful
garden of trees and flowering shrubs. The town itself is in a ruinous
state. Lat 27° 12' N., Lon. 78° 5' E.
Agram, 6g/-r6m\ an important t. of Croatia, on the r. Save. It is the
residence of the ban or viceroy of Croatia, and has an academy, which
may be regarded as a sort of university. Lat 45° .50' N., Lon. 16° E.
Pop., including that of its environs, 17,000. (B.)
Ahanta, i-hin'ta, a kingdom on the Gold Coast of Africa, extending
from Ancobra to the Chama ; bounded on the W. by ApoUonia, and on
the E. hy the Fantee territories. It is the richest, and in every respect,
the most improved district on this coast. (E. G.) It is now, like the
whole ofthe Gold Coast, subject to tbe kingdom of Ashantee.
Ahmedaead, 4^-med-a-bid', an ancient city and fortress of Hindostan,
in the prov. of Guzerat Lat about 23° N., Lon. 72° 40' E. . Estimated
pop. 100,000. (P. C.)
Ah'-med-nug'-gur, a strongly fortified city of Hindostan, in the prov.
of Aurungabad. Lat 19° 5' N., Lon. 74° 50' E. Pop. about 20,000,
exclusive of the garrison. (M.)
Ajaccio, i-yich'-eho, or Ajazzo, i-yit'-so, the chief t of Corsica,
remarkable for having been the birth place of Napoleon. Lat 41° 55
N., Lon. 8° 44' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Aichstadt. See Eichstadt.
Ajan, i-jin' or S-zhin', the name of the E. coast of Africa from Cape
Guardafui to Magadoxa.
Ain, Sn, a sinall r. in the S. E. part of France, which flows into the
Rhone. Ain, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on Savoy and Swit
zerland. Pop. 346,188. (B.) Capital, Bourg.
Aintab, ine' -tab', a flourishing and well built t of Syria, 60 m. N.
of Aleppo. Pop. ahout 20,000. (B.)
Aisne, ine, a r. in the N. of Prance, which flows into the Oise.
Aisne, a dep. in the N. of France, intersected by the above river.
Pop. .527,095. (B.) Capital, Laon.
Aix, aix, (Ane. A'quse Sex'tise, named from C. Sextius Calvinus, a
Roman proconsul, by whom it was founded, 123 B. C.,) a handsome
archiepiscopal city of Fraiice, formerly cap. of Provence, now in the dep.
ofthe mouths of the Iji,hone, 17 m. N. of Marseilles. It has an acade
mie universitaire, a public library of 80,000 volumes, and other literary
institutions. The name of Aix is a corruption of the Latin Aqum,
which was given to the place on account of its warm medicinal springs.
Lat 43° 32' N., Lon. 5° 27' E. Pop. 23,000. (B.)

60 AIX— ALA
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; m*, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, n6t ; 66, as in good ;
Aix, a small t of Savoy, celebrated for its warm baths, 12 m. N. of
Chambery. Lat. 45° 40' N., Lon. 5° 48' E. Pop. about 2,000.
Aix la Chapelle, aix li shi"-pell', (the Aachen, W-Ken, ofthe Ger
mans, and Aquisgranum of the ancient Romans,) a t of the Prussian
states, in the grand duchy of the Lower Rhine. It was the second
cap. of the empire of Charlemagne, and its name is derived firom his
having built a chapel there, vvhich was frequently resorted to for his
own devotions. Its baths, seven in number, are much celebrated. It
now belongs to Prussia. Distant 25 m. N. E. of Liege. Lat 50° 47'
N., Lon. 6° 5' E. Pop. 37,000. (B.)
x\kerman, i/-kcr-min\ a t. and fortress of European Russia, on the
Black Sea, at the mouth of the Dniester, important on account of ita
port, its commerce, and extensive salt works. Lat 46° 12' N., Lon.
30° 23' E. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (P. C.)
Akhissar, ik'-his-sar', (i. e. " white castle,") a t. of Asiatic Turkey,
on the site of the ancient Thyati'ra. Lat 38° 50' N., Lon. 27° 55' E.
Pop. estimated at 5,000. (M.)
Akhmym or Ekhmim, aK^-meem', (Ane. Chem'mis and Panop'olis,) a
t of Upper Egypt, on the E. bank of the Nile. Lat 26° 40' N., Lon.
31° 50' E. Pop. about 10,000. (B.)
Akshbhr,. ik'-shaih'r', (i. e. " white city,") an archiepiscopal t of
Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, situated on the eastern base of the moun
tain Akshehr, from which the waters descend so as ta form a rivulet
in almost every street. From this town are exported to Smyrna, fine
carpets, wool, wax, gum tragacanth, and galls. Lat about 38°-20'N.,
Lon. 31° 40' E. Kinneir estimates the number of houses at 15,000. (B.)
AL'-A-BAM'-A,*oiieof theU. S., between 30° 10' and 35° N. Lat, and
85° and 88° 30' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Tennessee, E. by
Georgia, S. by Florida, and the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Mississippi;
and divided into 50 counties. t Length from N. to S. about 330 m. ;
greatest breadth from E. to W. about 300 m. Area estimated at above
51,000 sq. m. Pop. 590,756, of whom 335,185 are whites, 2,039 free
coloured persons, and 253,532 slaves. Alabama was admitted into the
Union in 1819. Montgomery is the seat of government
Alabama, a r. in Ala. formed by the union of the Coosa and Talla-
poijsa, and, flowing S. S. W., unites with the Tombigbee, to form the
Mobile r.
Al-ach'-u-a, a CO. in the N. eastern part of Florida, borderino- on tha
Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 2,282. Co. t NewnansviUe.
Aland, i'-land, (Sw. Iland, o'-land,) an island of the Baltic, belong.
ing to Russia, situated near the point of meeting of tlie Gulfs of Both-

• See Observation 2, pages 51 and 52.
t Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour Benton, Bibb, Blount, Butler. Chambers. Chero.
kee, Olair, nt., UlarJte, Cottee, Lonecuh, Coosa, Covington, Dale Dallas De Kalbi
Fayette, Franklin, Greene, Henry, Jackson, Jefferson, Lauderdale, Lawrence
Limestone, Lowndes, Macon, Madison, Marengo, Marion, Marshall Mobile'
Monroe, Montgomery. .Morgan, Perry, Pickens, Pike, Randolph, Russell Shelbv'
Sumter, Talladega, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, Walker, Washington, Wilcox

ALA— ALB 61
ou, as in our ; tli, as in thin ; tu, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
nia and Finland, intersected by the parallel of 60° 20' N. Lat., and the
20th meridian of E. Lon. It is 35 m. long and 23 m. broad, and con
tains about 9,000 inhabitants. (M.)
Alais, k'-W, a t. of France, in the dep. of Gard. It is about 40 m.
N. of Montpellier. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Lat 44° 8' N., Lon. 4° 5' E.
Alashehr, i'-li-shaih'r', (Ane. Philadelphi/a : See Alexandria —
note,) an important trading t of Asiatic Turkey, on one ofthe principal
roads to Smyrna, from which it is distant 85 m. E. Lat 38° 25' N.,
Lon. about 28° 40' E. Pop. estimated at from 15,000 to 18,000. (M.)
Alba, il/-bi, a t of Italy in Piedmont, on the Tanaro r., 32 m. S. S. B.
of Turin. Pop. 7,000. (M.)
Albacete, il-ba-thi'-ti, a t of Spain, in Murcia, remarkable as giving
name to a canal in its vicinity. Lat about 39° N., Lon. 1° 55' W.
Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Alba Julia. See Karlsburg.
Al-ba'-ni-.4,* (pronounced al-bi-nee'i by the modern Greeks ; Turk.
Arnaoodlik or Arnaootleek,) a prov. of European Turkey, extending
along the coast of the Adriatic and Ionian Sea. The limits of this
country are not well defined ; it appears, however,to extend from about
39° to 43° N. Lat A chain of mountains near the 21st degree of E.
Lon. may be considered to form its eastern boundary. It is 130 m. in
length, and from 70 to 90 in breadth. — Adj. and inhab., Al-ba'-nj-an
and AL^BANEgE'. (Turk. Arnaoot, aR'-ni-oot'.)
Albano, il-bi'-no, a t of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, resorted to
on pleasure excursions by the inhabitants of Rome in spring and har
vest It is 14 m. S. S. E. of Rome. Pop. 4,200. (M.)
Alban's (St.), aul'-hanz, a small t of Hertfordshire, England, 20 m.
N. N. W. of London. It derives its name from a magnificent monas
tery founded by Offa, in the eighth century, in honoui; of St. Alban,
reputed the first British martyr. He is said to have suffered in the
time of Diocletian, and to be entombed within the church.
Albany, aul'-ba-ne, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., bordering on the
Hudson r. Entire population 68,593.
Albany, the cap. of the above co., and of the state of New York,
on the W. bank of the Hudson, 160 m. N. of the city of N. York, is,
in point of population, trade, and wealth, the second city in the state.
It is finely situated for commerce, at the head of sloop navigation on
the Hudson, and communicates by canals with L. Erie, L. Ontario, and
L. Champlain. It is also connected by railroads with Utica, Rochester,
and Buffalo, and with the principal towns of Massachusetts. Steamboats
are constantly passing between Albany and NewY<--k. The first
settlement ofthis citv was made about the year 1612. ijat. 42° 39' N.,
Lon. 73° 44' 49" W." Pop. 33,721.
Albany, a r. of North America, which falls into James's Bay, near
52° N. Lat., and 83° W. Lon. This river has communication with a

« See Int. XI.

62 ALB— ALE
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; m^, mJt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt; 66, as in good,
vast chain of small lakes lying in a S. W. direction, to the south end
of L. Winnipeg. There is a fort of the sarae name on the river near
its mouth.
Al'-be-marle', a co. of Virginia, near the centre of the state. Pop.
22,924. Co. t Chariottesville.
Albemarle Sound, on the coast of N. Carolina, in the N. E. part
of the state ; about 60 m. long, and from 4 to 15 wide.
Albuquerque, il-boo-k^R'-ki, a t of Estremadura, Spain. Lat
39° 12' N., Lon. 6° 48' W. Pop. 5,500. (M.)
Al'-by or Albi (Fr. pronunciation, il'-be/,) an archiepiscopal t of
France ; can. of the dep. of Tarn, on the r. Tarn ; is 44 m. N. E. of
Toulouse. Lat 43° 55' N., Lon. 2° 10' E. Pop. 11,800. (B.)
Alcala de Henares, il-ci-li'-di-en-i'-res, a t of New Castile,
Spain, 15 m. E. of Madrid, remarkable for its university, founded in
1499, by Cardinal Ximenes, which was formerly, after Salamanca, the
seminary of the greatest repute throughout Spain. This town was the
birth-place of Cervantes. Lat 40° 27' N., Lon. 3° 25' W. Pop.
5,000. (B.)
Alcala la Real, il-ci-li'-li-ri-il', a t of Andalusia, Spain, 30 m.
S. W. ofJaen. Lat 37° 33' N., Lon. 4° 14' W. Pop. 4,374. (M.)
Aloamo, il/-ci-mo, a t of Sicily, 25 m. S. W. of Palermo. Pop.
about 12,000. (B.)
AlcaiIiz, il-can-yeeth', a t of Arragon, Spain, on the river Guada
lupe. Lat 41° 10' N., Lon. 0° 11' W. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Alcantara, il-cin'-ti-ri, a t. of Estremadura, Spain, remarkable for
a bridge over the Tagus, erected in the time of the emperor Trajan.
Lat. 39° 40' N., Lon. 6° 43' W. Pop. 3,000. (B.)
Alckmaer. See Alkmaar.
Al-co'-n.\ (Negwegon), a co. in the E. N. E. part of Mich., bordering
on L. Huron.
Alcoy, il-co'-e, a t of Valencia, Spain, with flourishing manufac
tures, 20 m. N. of Alicante. Pop. estimated at 18,000. (B.)
Alderney, auV-der-ne, an island in the English channel, belonging
to Great Britain, about 10 m. in circuit and 18 m. N. E. of Guernsey.
Pop. 1,030.
Alem-Tejo, i-l&ng-ti'-zho, or Alewtejo, (i. e. " beyond the Tagus,")
the largest of the provinces of Portugal ; bounded on tlie N. by Estre
madura aud Beira, on the E. by the Spanish frontier, on the S. by
Algarve, and on the W. by the .4tlantic. It is about 150 m. in length,
and nearly the same in breadth.
Alenqon, al-en'-spn,* (Fr. pronunciation, i'-15N^-s6N',) a manufacturing
t. of France ; cap. of the dep. of Orne ; 110 m. S. W. of Paris. Lat.
48° 25' N., Lon. 0° 5' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.)

* This name, so celebrated in the history of England and of France, appears to
have become thoroughly anglicized. Shakspeare and Southey always accentuate
it on the penultima, as here given.

ALE— ALE 63
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
At-Ep'-Po, (Arab. Hi'-leb or Hi/-lep ; Ane. Beros'a ; — not the
Bercea mentioned in the New Testament : this was in Macedonia —
its modern name is Kara Vbria, ki/-ri ver-ee'-a.) A city of Syria, and
cap. of a pashalic of the same name. It was a few years since the
third city of the Ottoman empire, yielding only to Constantinople and
Cairo; but more than one-half of it was laid in ruins hy the earthquake
of 1822. Previously to this dreadful catastrophe, its commerce had
raised it to the first rank among Asiatic cities, and procured for it the
name of the modern Palmyra. Its population, together with that of
its immediate environs, before 1822, is estimated by Balbi to have been
near 200,000. Lat 36° 11' N., Lon. 37° 10' E.— Adj. and inhab.
Aleppine, al-ep-peen'. (Arab. Hi'-leb-ee.)
Alessandria, il-es-sin'-dre-i, a t and, formerly, important fortress
of the Sardinian states; cap. of a prov. of the same name on the
Tanaro, in Upper Italy, 48 m. S. W. of Milan. Lat. 44° 55' N;, Lon.
8° 36 E. Pop. 36,000. (M.)
Aleutian (i-lu'-she-an), or Aleu't.vn Islands, an insular chain in
the North Pacific, stretching from the peninsula of Kamtchatka, in
Asia, to Cape Alaska, in N. America, belonging to the Russian govern
ment of Irkootsk. They are about forty in number, and contain among
them several volcanoes. In 1795 a volcanic island rose from the sea,
which in 1807 was found to be enlarged to about 20 m. in circuit, and
the lava was then flowing down its sides. Aleutian is derived from
the Russian word aleut (or aleoot), signifying a "bold rock." (P. C.)
Al-ex-an-dret'-t.a (called by the Turks Is-ken-der-oon' or Scan-
der-oon'), a seaport of Syria, on the Gulf of Scanderoon, 30 m. N. of
Antioch. Its road is the only one in Syria which affords good anchor
age. The air of the place is very insalubrious, so that it is never
exempt from pestilential fevers. Lat. 36° 36' N., Lon. 36° 10' E.
Al-ex-ak'-dri-a, a co. of Va. Pop. 9,967. See Columbia, Dis
trict or.
Alexandria, a city and port of entry ; cap. ofthe above CO., on the
Potomac, 7 m. S. of Washington. It has a .commodious harbour, suf
ficiently deep for the lirgest ships. Lat 38° 49' N., Lon. 77° 4' W.
Pop. 8,459. , , ,.
Alexandria, (Ane. Alexandria;* called Is-kin-der-ee'-yeh by the
Arabs and Turks,) a large and celebrated city ; the ancient capital of
Egypt ; founded by Alexander the Great, in the year 332 B. C. It is
situated atthe W. extremity of the Egyptian coast, on the borders of
the desert, upon a neck of land between the Mediterranean and L.
Mareotis. It was once the centre of science as -well as of commerce.
Its library, founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus, surpassed all others of
which antiquity could boast Even after its subjection to the Roman

* The accent should be placed upon the penultima of Alexandria whenever
the ancient city is referred to. This accentuation»is supported not only by the
best authorities of the present day, but by the ancient Greek spelling, AAjfavJpBa
(Alexandria). The same maybe said ofthe ancient name of Philadelphia, which
was written by theGieeks $iXa3eX0Eza (Philadelpheia).

64 ALG— ALG
Fite, fSr, fill, fit ; m^, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nftt ; 66, as in gond ;
empire, Alexandria scarcely lost any of its splendour. It was consi
dered second only to Rome, and still engrossed, as it had done before,
the trade of India : goods being brought up the Red Sea, landed at
Berenice, and carried across to the Nile, were conveyed down the river
and through a canal to the city. After it was reduced by Omar, in
640, and subjected to the Saracen yoke, the caliphs transferred the
seat of government to Cairo, and Alexandria was no longer the capital
even of Egypt. The discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, by turning
the commerce of India into a different channel, completed its downfall.
Lat 31° 13' N., Lon. 29° 5.5' E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.)— Adj. and
inhab. Alexan'drian. (Arab. Skin-der-i'-nee.)
Algarve, il-gar'-vi, or Al-gar'-ej-.a, once an independent kingdom,
now the most southern province of Portugal ; bounded on the W. and S.
by the Atlantic, E. by Andalusia, N. by Alem-Tejo. Length, 85 m. ;
greatest breadth, about 30 m.
Algeria. See Algiers.
Alg-ez-i'-r.vs or Algeciras, (Sp. pron. il-ni-thee'-ris,) a town of
Andalusia, Spain, on the Gulf of Gibraltar. Lat 36° 8' N., Lon. 5° 26'
W. Pop. about 9,900. (P. C.)
Algiers, al-jeerz', or Al-geZ-rj-a (Arab. Al-J?z-air,) a territory of
northern Africa, forming one of the principal of the Barbary States,
between 34° and 37° 7' N. Lat., and 8° 40' E. and 2° W. Lon.;
bounded on the N. hy the Mediterranean, E. bv Tunis, S. by the Atlas,
which separates it from the Beled-ool-Jereed, or Country of Dates, and
on the W. by Morocco, from which it is divided by the desert of
Angrab. It comprehends the greater part of the Numidia and Mauri
tania Tingitana of the ancients. In the sixteenth century, the cele
brated corsair, Barbarossa, took possession of Algiers, and became its
ruler. The utmost efforts of the emperor, Charles V., proved abortive
against the power thus founded ; and Algiers, under enterprising chiefs,
became a great naval state, which continued for three centuries the
terror of Christendom. More recently, however, ftom a want of intel
ligence in the rulers, and from not sharing in the rapid improvements
of the European states, she had lost much of her relative importance
and power; and finally, in the year 1830, was conquered by the French
army, under Marshal Bourmont and subjected to the dominion of
France. — Adj. and inhab.ALGERiNE, al-jer-een'.
Algiers, a celebrated city, and cap. of the country of the same
name, is situated on the coast ofthe Mediterranean, upon the declivity
ofa hill, on which the houses rise gradually in the form of an amphi
theatre, and terminate nearly m a point at the summit It is not
above a mile and a half in circuit The largest street is said to be
1200 paces long, and not more than 12 feet wide. The population
previous to the French conquest had been variously e<;timated from
80,000 to 200,000, and even 300,000; but it is probaL tl™t even th^
first estimate was much beyond the truth. According to a census
taken by the French in IB33, the whole number of inhabitants, exclu
Bive ofthe garrison, amounted only to 23,753. (B.) Lat 36° dQ' M
Lon. 3° 25' E. ^ ^ *^ ^^•'

ALH— ALL 65
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Alhama, il-hi'-mi, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 25 in. S. W. of Gra
nada, celebrated for its baths. Pop. 6,300. (B.)
Alicante, il-e-can'-ti, or Al^-i-cant', a seaport and commercial t
of Spain, in Valencia, with a strong citadel. It is 78 m. S. of Valen
cia. Lat 38° 20' N., Lon. 0° 28' W. Pop. 25,000. (B.)
Alicata, i-le-ki'-ta, a fortified t on the S. coast of Sicily, 20 m.
E. S. E. of Girgenti. Lat. 37° 5' N., Lon. 13° 55' E. Pop. 13,465. (M.)
Alkmaar, ilk-mar', a well-built and strongly fortified t. of Holland,
20 m. N. N. W. of Amsterdam. Lat. 52° 38' N., Lon. 4° 45' E. Pop.
about 9,000. (B.)
Allahabad, il'-la-ha-bid', (i. e. " city of God,") an ancient city of
Hindostan; cap. of a prov. of the same name. At the distance of about
two miles ftom tlie town, is situated, at the junction of the rivers
Ganges and Jumna, the celebrated fortress of Allahabad, founded by
the emperor Akbar, in the year 1583, one of the most esteemed places
of Hindoo worship and ablution. Every summer multitudes of pilgrims
resort thither from all parts of India, and, encamping on the sands be
tween the two rivers, perform their purifications and other ceremonies
for nearly two months. This fortress stands in Lat. 25° 27' N., Lon.
81° 50' E., being, hy the course of the Ganges, 820 m. from the sea.
Pop. 20,000. (B.)
Alle, il'-leA, a r. of Prussia, which flows into the Pregel, about 30
m. E. of Konigsberg.
Al^-le-gba'-ny* Mountains, a chain of mountains, stretching from
Maine to the N. part of Georgia. In New England they are less than
100 m. fhim the Atlantic coast, but gradually diverge as they advance
southward, so that near their southern extremity, they are more than
300 m. from the sea. They divide the waters which flow into the
Atlantic from those that flow into the Mississippi. Some writers on
geography describe the Alleghany mountains as commencing in Georgia
and terminating at the Hudson. But there appears to be no sufficient
reason why the Green Mountains of Vermont, and White Mountains
of New Hampshire; should not be included under the same general
appellation with the rest of this chain. Thdy are also sometimes
called the Ap^-pa-la'-chj-an Mountains.
Alleghany, a r. which rises in Pa., and afler making a circuit into
N. Y., returns again into Pa., and, uniting with the Monongahela at
Pittsburg, forms the Ohio.
Alleghany, a co. in the W. part of Pa., sui'rounding the mouth of
the Alleghany r. Pop. 81,235. Co. t Pittsburg.
Alleghany, a co. in the S. W. part of N. Y., bordering on Pa. Pop.
40,97.5. Co. t Angelica.
• We regret to perceive that it is becqming customary, even in works of a
respectable character, to write this name Allegheny. It is difficult to conceive of
any sufficient motive for departing from the ordinary spelling, which gives the true
pronunciation, in order to adopt another, which contradicts the pronunciation.
We are compelled, therefore, to place thia in the Ust of retrograde innovations.
6*

66 ALL— ALP
Fite, fir, fall, fit; mi, mk ; pine or pine, pin; nA, n5t; 66 as in good,
Alleghany, a co. forming the W. extremity of Maryland. Pop.
15,690. Co. t Cumberiand.
Alleghany, a co. in the central part of Virginia, near the source of
James r. Pop. 2,749. Co. t Covington.
Al'-len, a CO. in the S. part of Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee,
a little W. of the Cumberiand r. Pop. 7,329. Co. t Scottsville.
Allen, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ohio, on the Miami Canal.
Pop. 9,079. Co. t Lima.
Allen, a co. in the N. E. part of Indiana, intersected by the Maumee r.
Pop. 5,942. Co. t Fort Wayne.
Allier, kf-ie'-kl, a r. of France, flowing into the Loire, 3 m. below
Nevers. Allier, a dep. in the E. central part of France, intersected by the
above r. Pop. 309,270. (B.) Capital, Moulins.
Al'-lo-a, a seaport of Scotland, in Clackmannan Co., on the N. bank
of the Forth, 27 m. W. N. W. of Edinburgh. The harbour is safe and
commodious. Lat. 56° 7' N., Lon. 3° 46' W. Pop. 5,434.
Almaden, il-mi-den', a t. of Spain, in New Castile, 55 ra. N. of
Cordova. Its mines of quicksilver are regarded as the richest in
Europe. Pop. about 10,000. The mines of Almaden have been long
known, and are supposed to have been wrought by the Romana; a few-
years ago they yielded, annually, about 22,000 quintals of mercury. (B.)
Almansa, il-min'-si, a t of Spain, 60 m. S. W. of Valencia. Pop.
5,000. (M.)
Almeida, il-mi/e-di, one of the strongest fortresses in Portugal,
situated in the prov. of Beira, on the Spanish frontier. Lat 40° 37' N.,
Lon. 6° 52' W. Pop. 1,150. (P. C.)
Almeria, il-mi-ree'-i, a rich maritime t of Spain, in the prov. ot
Granada, near the mouth of the r. Almeria, 77 m. S. E. of Granada,
with a good harbour. Lat 36° 44' N., Lon. 2° 31' W. Pop. 19,000. (R)
Almunecar, il-moo-ni-cir', a small seaport t of Spain, with a good
harbour and a castle, 38 m. S. of Granada. Lat 36° 42' N., Lon.
3° 47' W.
Alnwick or Alnewick, an'-nik, a t of England, in the co. of North-
umberiand, 32 m. N. by W. of Newcastle. At the N. entrance ofthe
town stands Alnwick Castle, a magnificent mansion, belonging to the
duke of Northumberland. Tbe original building is supposed to have
been a stronghold in the time of the Romans. Lat 55° 25' N., Lon.
1°42'W. Pop. 4,945.
Al-pe'-na (Anamickee), a co. in the N. E. part of Mich., bordering
on L. Huron.
Alps, alps, mountains of Europe, which divide Italy from France,
Switzerland, and Germany. Their general form resembles that of a
crescent. Beginning near the mouth of the Var, on the Gulf of Genoa,
they; terminate, after many windings, near the Gulf of Trieste, on the
Adriatic. The highest summit is Mount Blanc. (See Blanc, Mount.)
Alps, Lower, (Fr. Basses-Alpes, hiss ilp,) a dep. near the S. E.

ALP— AMA 67
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
extremity of France, bordering on Italy. Pop. 159,045. (B.) Capital,
I) igne. Alps, Upper, (Fr. Hautes-Alpes, ote zilp,) a dep. in the S. E. part of
France, N. of, and bordering on the preceding. Pop. 131,162. (B.)
Capital, Gap.
Alsace, il^-siss', a former prov. of France, now divided into the
deps. of Upper and Lower Rhine.
Als, ils, usually, though improperly, written Alsen, il'-sen, a fertile
island in the Baltic, lying, between Flineriand the E. coast of Sleswick.
It is about 20 m. long and 8 broad. Pop. about 15,000. (P. C.)
Altai il-ti'-e or il-ti', mountains of Asia, which commence near the
sea of Aral, and terminate at East Cape, on the Pacific Ocean, in the
170th degree of W. Long. They traverse, under different names, an
extent of near 5,000 miles. The highest part ofthe chain is computed
at 11,512 feet (1,800 toises) above the level of the sea. (B.)
Altamaha, aur-ta-ma-hau', a r. of Georgia, formed by the union of
the Oconee and Ocmulgee. It runs S. E., and empties into the sea
about 60 m. S. W. of Savannah. It is navigable for vessels of 30 tons
as far as Milledgeville, on the Oconee branch, about 300 m. from the
sea. Altamura, il-ti-moo'-ri, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Bari. Lat.
40° 47' N., Lon. 16° 33' E. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.)
Altenburg, il'-ten-burg\ (Ger. pron. aV-ten-booRo^) a t of Ger
many ; cap. of the duchy of Saxe-Altenhurg, on the Pleisse, with seve
ral important literary institutions. Lat about 51° N., Lon. 12° 30' E.
Pop. about 12,000. (B.)
Alton, aul'-ton, a flourishing t of III., in Madison CO., on the Missis
sippi, 3 m. above the mouth of the Missouri. In commercial advan
tages, it is second to no other place in the state. Pop. 2,340.
Altona or Altena, il'-ton-i\ a city of Holstein, the second town of
the Danish dominions, as regards industry, commerce, and population ;
on the Elbe, about 2 m. W. of Hamburg. It is a free port, and con
tains a mint, besides several important literary and scientific institu
tions. The Observatory is in Lat 53° 32' 51" N., Lon. 9° 56' 50" E.
Pop. estimated at above 27,000. (B.)
Altorf, iP-tORf, or Altdorf, (i e. " Old Village,") the cap. of the
Swiss canton of Uri, about 2 m. from the S. E. extremity of the lake
of Lucerne. Here the tyrant Gessler proceeded to those indignities
which, through the patriotism of William Tell, laid the foundation of
Swiss independence. Lat 46° 53' N., Lon. 8° 38' E. Pop. about
1,500. (B.)
Altzey or Alzey, ilt'-si, a t. in the grand duchy of Hesse-Darm
stadt 14 m. N. W. of Worms. Pop. 3,600. (B.)
Amager, i'-mi-ger, a small island in the Baltic, lying opposite to
Copenhagen, with which it is. connected by two bridges. It is ahout
9 m. long, and, on an average, 3 broad. It supplies the neighbouring
town with garden vegetables, milk, butter, and cheese. A part of
Copenhagen, called Christiansbavn, is built on this island.

68 AMA— AMB
Fite, fir, fail, fit ; mi, m?t ; pine or pine, pto ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ,
Amalfi, i-mil'-fe, a t. of Naples, 10 m. S. W. of Salerno. It was
quite celebrated in the middle ages, and possessed no inconsiderable
commerce. Present pop. scarcely 3,000. (B.) Lat 40° 38' N., Lon.
14° 35' E.
Amarapoora. See Ummerapoora.
Amasia or Amasieh, i-mi'-see'-a, (Ane. Amasi'a or Amassei'a,) a t
of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the Yesheel (Ye=hil) Ermak, 390 m.
E. of Constantinople. It is an extensive and populous place, but the
streets are narrow and dirty. The greater portion of the houses are
of wood, though many are built' of stone and covered with tiles. The
river here is large and rapid, and the water is raised in buckets by
means of large wheels turned by the stream. These buckets empty
themselves into reservoirs, whence the water is conveyed to the baths
and fountains ofthe city. This town was the birth-place of the famous
geographer, Strabo. Pop. 60,000 or 70,000. (E. G.) Lat 40° 30' N.,
Lon. 36° 25' E.
Amasera, i-mi'-ser-a, or Amasreh, (Ane. Ames'tros,)a t of Asiatic
Turkey, in Natolia, on a point of land projecting into the Black Sea,
150 m. E. N. E. of Constantinople. Lat 41° 46' N., Lon. 32° 24' E.
Am'-a-zon, (Sp. Maranon, mi-rin-yone': called by the Indians Am-is'-
so-na, i. e. " boat destroyer,") a r. of S. America, the largest in the
world, forhied by the union of the Tunguragua and Ucayali. It empties
itself into the Atlantic, under the equinoctial line, atler a course of
more than 4,000 m. The mouth of this river is 180 m. wide, and it
flows into the ocean with such violence that it carries its own waters
unmixed into the sea to the distance of 80 leagues. In the fteshets,
the country, for several hundred miles, is laid under water. This river
is also called the Orellana (o-rel-yi'-ni).
Am-a-zo'-'ni-.\, a region in the central part of S. America, discovered
in 1539, by Francisco Orellana, who sailed down tlie Amazon to the
Atlantic. Observing, as he states, companies of women in arms on its
banks, he called the country Amazonia, and the river Amazon.*
Amberg, im'-h^RG, a t of Bavaria, 32 m. N. of Ratisbon. It has a
castle, arsenal, and mint, and various manufacturing establishments.
Pop. 8,000. (B.) Lat 49° 25' N., Lon. 11° 50' E.
Ambert, iM'-haifi', a t of France, in the dep. of Puy de Dome, on
the Dore, possessing above 100 paper-mills, besides various other
manufactories. Lat 45° 33' N., Lon. 3° 48' E. Pop. 8,016. (M.)
Amboise, iMb^-wiz', (Ane. Amba'cia,) a t of France, in the dep. of
Indre and Loire, 14 m. E. of Toiirs. Lat 47° 24' N., Lon. 0° 58' E.
Pop. 4,695. (M.)
Am-boy', a small t. of Middlesex co., N. J., at the mouth of the
Raritan, about 30 m., in a straight line, S. W. of New York, with an
excellent harbour. It is a port of entry.
Am-bot'-na, an island of Malaisia, intersected by the parallel of
• It is not improbable that the Indian name of the river may have suggested thi«
tooount of the armed women.

AMB— AMI 69
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
3° 40' S. Lat, and the 128th meridian of E. Lon. It is the chief of the
Moluccas, all the others being dependent on its jurisdiction. Length
aboiit 55 m. The vegetable productions are numerous, hut the clove
tree is the principal object of attention. — Adj. and inhab. Am-boy-nk§e'.
Amboyna, tbe cap. of the above, is situated on a large bay, which
divides the island into two unequal peninsulas. It is neat and regularly
built though its streets are unpaved. Lat. 3° 40- S., Lon. 128° 15' E.
Pop. about 7,000. (B.)
Ameland, i'-mel-int\ a small island belonging to Holland, off the
coast of Friesland! Lat 53° 27' N., Lon. about 5° 50' E.
Am-e'-h-.4, a CO. of Va., on the Appomattox r., S. W. of Richmond.
Pop. 10,320. Seat of justice, Amelia c. h.
Amelia, an island on the coast of Florida, about 50 m. N. of St.
Augustine. It is 13 m. long, and 2 broad ; is very fertile, and has an
excellent harbour.
Am-er'-i-c.\, one of the five grand divisions of the globe ; bounded
on the E. by the Atlantic, which separates it from Europe and Africa ;
and on the W. by the Pacific, which separates it from Asia. Towards
the N. its limits are hut imperfectly known. At the S. it termi
nates in a point called Cape Horn. It is more than 9,000 m. long, and,
on an average, about 1^500 broad, and extends from about 35° to 168°
W. Lon., and from 71° N. to 56° S. Lat According to Hassel, it
contains about 16,500,000 sq. m. America is remarkable for the size
and grandeur of its mountains, lakes, and rivers. A range of moun
tains runs from N. to S. through its whole length. This continent is
divided by the isthmus of Panama into North and South America. —
Adj. and inhab. Am-er'-j.-can.
Amersfort or Amersfoort, i'-mers-fort/, a manufacturing and
commercial t of Holland, in the prov. of Utrecht, on the navigable r.
Eem (aim), which flows into the Zuyder Zee, 25 m. E. S. E. of Am
sterdam. Lat 52° 12' N., Lon. 5° 22' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.)
Amhara, im-hi'-ri, a. general division and kingdom of Abyssinia,
comprehending the provinces W. of the Tacazze. Its cap. is Gondar.
— Adj. Amharic, am-hi'-ric.
Am/-berst, a CO. in the central part of Va., N. of, and bordering on,
James river. Pop. 12,576. Seat of justice, Amherst c. h.
Amherst, a township of Hampshire co., Mass., 76 m. W. of Boston,
with a flourishing college, founded in 1821.
Am'-hbrst-burg\ the cap. of Essex co., Upper Canada, on L. Erie,
near the mouth ofthe Detroit r. There is a safe and commodious har
bour, with a good anchorage, in 3J fathoms water." Lat. 42° 5' N.,
Lon. 83° 5- W.
Am'-i-ens, (Fr. pron. i^-me^-aN',) formerly the chief t. of Picardy, and
now the cap. of the dep. of Somme, on the r. Somme, 40 m. from the sea,
and 75 m. N. of Paris. It has a number of literary and scientific institu
tions, and various manufactories. Amiens was the birth-place of Peter
the Hermit and the astronomer Delamljre. Lat 49° 53' N., Lon.
2° 17' E. Pop. 45,000. (B.)

70 AMI— AND
Fite, far, f3,ll, fit ; mi, mit; pine or pine; pin; ni, nit; 66 as in ^ooi.
Amite, am-eet', a co. near the S. W. extremity of Miss., bordering
on La. Pop. 9,511. Co. seat. Liberty.
Amlwch, am'-look, a seaport t of Wales, in the N. E. corner of
Anglesey. There are extensive copper-mines in the vicinity. Pop. of
parish, 6,217.
Am^-mon-oo'-suck, Upper and Lower, two rivers of N. H., rising
in the White Mountains, and flowing into the Connecticut.
Amoo or Amu. See Oxus.
Am-oor' (Amur or Amour), called also the Saghalian, sig-hil'e-an,
a large r. in the B. part of Asia, formed by the union of the Argoon and
Shilka, in about 53° N. Lat. and 121° E. Lon. Its general course is
easterly, and it empties itself into the Gulf of Saghalian, between tlie
Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, in Lat 52" 30' N., Lon. ahout
140° E. Entire length, including the Argoon, its principal branch.
above 2,000 m.
Amretsir, im'-ret-seer', or Um-eit-seer' (the pool of immortality,
an important commercial t. of Hindostan, in Lahore, on the high road
between Cabool and Delhi, Cashmere and the Dekkan. The name is
derived from a sacred basin, immersion in which is supposed by many
tribes ofthe Hindoos to cleanse from all sin. Pop. 100,000. CB 1 Lat
31° 33' N., Lon. 74° 50' E. k , v ^ ; ^u
Am/-ster-dam' (Dutch pron. im^ster-dim'), the largest richest and
most populous city of the Netherlands, situated on the Y. It was, in
former ages, a simple village, meanly built, and inhabited by fisher
men, having first acquired the name of a commercial town about the
year 1370 ; it was encompassed with walls and other fortifications in
1482, and in the 17th century arose to the first rank among the trading
cities of Europe. The river Amstel divides it into the old or eastern,
and new or western towns. Jt is intersected throucrbout by canals,
which cross each other in a thousand different ways. The name is
said to have heen derived ftom Amsteldam, i. e. " dam or dyke of the
Amstel," which was afterwards softened into Amsterdam. Lat 5-^= 22"
N., Lon. 4° 53' E. Pop. above 201,000. (B.)
An-a-dber/ (Anadir), a r. in the E. part of Siberia, which flows into
a gulf of the same name, near 64° N. Lat, and 178° E Lon
Ancona, in-coZ-ni, a seaport t. in the Papai state, and the" cap. of a
oelegation or prov. situated on a point of land running into the Adriatic
&ea. It is the most commercial place in the Papal state. In 1732 it
was declared a free port, and became the rival of Venice Tjit i5i° ^V
N., Lon. 13° 29' E. Pop. about 30,000. (B ) -l^t- 43 38
Andalusia, an-da-lu'-she-a, or Vandalusia, (Sp. Andalucia, in-di-
oo-thee'-a,) a prov. or division of Spain, comprising the four Moorish
N^fvT'M'r b"' ^°lt''f' ^"'."' ^»i Granada, ft is bounded ortho
N. hy La Mancha and Estremadura, E. by Murcia, S. by the Mediter
ranean the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic, and W^ by Portugal
Length, from E. to W 300 m. : greatest breadth, from N. to S, about
150 m. The name, it is supposed, was given to it by the Vanda s who

AND— AND 71
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; tH, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
established themselves here about the beginning of the 5th century.
(P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Andalusian, an-da-Iu'-she-an.
An-d.v-man' Islands, a group on the E. side of the Bay of Bengal,
consisting of four large islands and several small ones. Three of these
are almost contiguous, being separated only by very narrow straits, so
that they are usually regarded as one island, and named the Great
Andaman. The other of the four is called the Little Andaman. The
former, including all its parts, is about 150 m. in length, and 20 in
breadth. The latter, lying 30 m. S. of it is 28 m. long, and 17 broad.
Lat from 10° 30' to 13° 40' N., Lon. about 93° E.
Andelys, Les, laze iNd^-le', a manufacturing t of France, in the
dep. of Eure, on the right side of the Seine, ahout 50 m. N. W. of
Paris. It consists properly of two towns, the Great (Grand), and the
Little (Petit) Andely. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Andernach, in'-der-niK, (Ane. Antunacum,) a small t of Rhenish
Prussia, on the left hank of the Rhine, 10 m. W. N. W. of Coblentz,
with a considerable trade in millstones and trass, a substance which,
when pulverized and mixed with water, becomes as hard as stone.
Andes, an'-diz, (called by the Spaniards Cordillera de los Andes,
koR-deel-yi'-ri di loce in'-d^s,) the southern portion of the mountain
chain which, under various names, extends through the whole length
ofthe American continent. The principal ridge follows, in general,
the windings of the Pacific coast, from which it is distant from 50 to
150 m. The highest peaks of the Andes are the Nevado de Sorata,
the Nevado de lllimani, and Chimborazo. (See Sorata, Illimani, and
Chimborazo.) Andorra, in-dir'-ri, a little republic of Catalonia, Spain, under the
protection of France, intersected by the parallel of 42° 30' N. Lat. and
the meridian of 1° 30' B. Lon. Area, 192 sq. m. Pop. 15,000. (B.)
Andorra, tbe cap. ofthe above, has a pop. of about 2,000.
An'-do-vbr, a t. of Essex Co., Mass., 20 m. in a straight line N. of
Boston, on the railroad which connects this city with Portland, in
Maine. A Theological Seminary, under the direction of the Congre
gationalists, was established here in 1808. It is richly endowed, and
enjoys a high reputation. Phillips' Academy, of this place, is one of
the best endowed and most flourishing institutions of the kind in tha
country. An'-drew, a CO. near the N. W. extremity of Mo.
An'-drews, St., an ancient city of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the
German Ocean, 31 m. N. E. of Edinburgh. The Upiversity of St.
Andrews is the olde.'St in Scotland, having been founded in 1411. It is
attended by about 800 students, and has a library of 40,000 vols. Lat
56° 20' N., Lon. 2° 48' W. Pop. 3,959.
Andro, in'-dro, (Ane. An'dros,) an island ofthe Grecfan Archipelago,
ahout 8 m. ftom the S. E. extremity of Euhosa. It is 25 m. long, and
9 broad, and contains a pop. of about 18,000. (P. C.)
An^-dros-coo'-gin, a r. of Maine, which, rising from Umbagog Lake,

72 AND— ANG
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; m^, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ,

after passing into N. H., returns into Me., and empties itself into the
Kennebeck, about 18 m. from its mouth.
Anduxar or Andujar, in-doo'-niR, a t of Andalusia, Spain, on the
Guadalquivir, 18 m. N. W. of Jaen. Lat about 38° N., Lon. 4° W.
Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Angermanland, ong'-eT-min-lind\ a prov. of Sweden, bordering on
the Gulf of Bothnia.
Angers, an'-jerz or iV-zlii', formerly sometimes written Angiers,
an'-jeerz*, (Ane. Juliom'agus, afterwards Andeca'vi,) a t of France ;
cap. ofthe dep. of Maine and Loire, formerly ofthe prov. of Anjou, on
the Mayenne, 165 m. S. W. of Paris. In the neighbourhood are exten
sive elate quarries, which give employment to 3,000 workmen, and
furnish annually 80,000,000 slates. Lat 47° 28' N., Lon. 0" 33' W
Pop. 35,900. (B.)
Anglesey or Anglesea, an'-g'l-se\ an island and co. of Wales, in
the Irish Sea. It is about 27 m. long, and 17 broad. Pop. 50,890.
AN-Go'-LA,t a country on the W. coast of Africa, extending ftom the
r. Danda, in ahout 8° 20', to the r. Coanza, in 9° 20' S. Lat The name
Angola is often used to comprehend the whole extent of coast from Cape
Lopeiz Gonsalvo, in Lat 0° 44' S., to S. Felipe de Benguela, Lat 12°
14' S. The chief, and almost sole object for which it is visited, is the
trade in slaves. ,
An-go'-r.v or An-goo'-ra, (Ane. Ancy'ra, Turk. En-goor',) a city of
Asiatic Turkey, noted for its manufactures, particularly of shawls,
made from the hair of a species of goat which derives its name ftom
this town. Opium is extensively cultivated in the neighbouring terri
tory. Ancyra was an important place under the Roman empire, and
afterwards fell successively into the possession of the Persians, Arabs,
and Turks. For some time it was the cap. of the Turkish dominion,
but was lost in the celebrated battle fought between Tameriane and
Bajazet, in 1402. Mohamnjed L recovered it in 1415, and since that
period it has always belonged to the Ottoman empire. Lat 39° 52' N,
Lon. 32° 46' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 35,000 or 40,000.
Angostura, in-gos-too'-ri, a t of S. America, in Venezuela, on the
Orinoco, about 240 rn. from its mouth. Lat 8° 8' N., Lon. 63° 55' W
The pop. in 1807 amounted to more than 8,000, but is said at present
not to exceed 3,000. (P. C.)
Angouleme, iN^-goo'-lame', a t. of France: cap. of the dep. of Cha-
rente, on the r. Charente, 65 m. N. E. of Bordeaux. Lat 45° 39' N
Lon. 0° 10' E. Pop. 16,910. (R)
AHGRA, 4n/-gri, the cap. of Terceira, one of the Azores, situated on

* " You men of Angiers, open wide your gates  "
" And lay this Angiers even with the ground."
King John, Act II., Scene 2.
t " Undamped by time the generous instinct glows.
Far as Angola's sands or Zembla's snows."
Rogers' Pleasures of Memory.

ANG— ANS 73
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
an inlet on the S. coast From this situation the town derives its
name, angra signifying " inlet" in Portuguese. It is fortified a:nd well
built Lat. 38° 88' N., Lon. 27° 13' W. Pop. about 13,000. (B.)
Anguilla, in-ghil'-la, (Sp. Anguila, in-ghee'-li,) or Snake Island
(so called fiom its figure), one of the Antilles, ahout 20 m. long, and 6
broad. Lat. 18° 10' about N., Lon. 63° 20' W.
Angus. See Forfarshire.
Anhalt, in'-hilt, an ancient principality of Germany, enclosed
almost on every side by the Prussian territories, being bounded N. by
Brandenburg, E. by Prussian Saxony, S. W. by the county of Mans-
feld, and N. W. by Brunswick, Halberstadt, and Magdeburg. It is
now divided into the duchies Dessau, Bernburg, and Coethen. Between
51° 35' and 52° 6' N. Lat., and 10° 55' and 12° 36' E. Lon.
Anholt, in'holt a small island in the Cattegat, belonging to Den
mark. Lat. about 56° 40' N., Lon. 11° 35' E.
Anjou, an'-joo,* (Fr. iN^-zhoo',) formerly a prov. of France, now dis
tributed among the deps. of Maine and Loire, Sarthe, Mayenne, and
Vienne. Anklam, in'-klim, a small commercial t. of Pomerania, 21 m. S. E.
of Greifswald. Lat 53° 50' N., Lon. 13° 48' E. Pop. 6,286. (P. C.)
An-ko'-ber, a t of Abyssinia ; cap. of the fertile prov. of Efat (Ifat):,
near 10° N. Lat, and 40° E. Lon.
Annaberg, in'-ni-hteG\ a t in the Erzgebirge (ore-mountain district),
in the kingdom of Saxony, 2,800 ft. above the level of the sea, and
about 48 m. S. W. of Dresden. Pop. 5,500. (P. C.)
An-nam. See Cochin China.
An-nap'-o-lis, the cap. of the state of Maryland, and of the co. of
Ann Arundel, on the S. bank of the Severn, 25 m. S. hy E. of Balti
more. It is a port of entry. Lat. 38° 58' 35" N., Lon. 76°' 33' W.
Pop. 2,792.
Annapolis, a t. of Nova Scotia ; the seat of the provincial govern
ment until 1750, when Halifax was founded, and became the cap. of
the prov. Lat 44° 40' N., Lon. 65° 37' W.
Ann Arun'-del, a co. of Maryland, on the W. side of Chesapeake
Bay. Pop. 29,532. Co. t Annapolis. .
An'-ne-cy or inn'-se', a t of Savoy, on the N. hank of L. Annecy, 22
m. N. N.E. of Chambery. It is the principal seat of manufacturing
industry in Savoy. Lat. 45° 54' N., Lon. 6° 10' E. Pop. between
5,000 and 6,000. (P. C.)
An^-no'-nay', a t of France ; the busiest and most populous in the
dep. of Ardeche, 34 m. N. of Privas, celebrated for its manufacture of
paper, which is esteemed the best in France. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Anspach, ins/-piK, or Ansbach, a t of Bavaria ; cap. of a circle of

• This accentuation of Anjou, when anglicized, is sanctioned by the authorhf
of Shakspeare and other poets, as well as by the genius of our language.
"Command in Anjou what your honour pleases."
'• Upon condition I may quietly ^^
Enjoy mine own, the county Maine and Anjou. '
Henrv VI., Part First, Act V., Scene 3d

74 , ANS— ANT
Fite, fir, fall, fat; mi, m§t ; pine or pine, pin; ni, nit; 66 as ingood,
the same name, at the confluence of the Rezat with the Holzbach
(holts'-biK), about 30 m. S. W. of Nuremberg. Lat 49° 20' N., Lon.
10° 28' E. Pop. between 16,000 and 17,000. (P. C.)
An'-son, a CO. of N. C, bordermg on the Yadkin r. and S. C. Pop.
15,077. ' Co. t Wadeshorough.
Antequera, in-ti-kV-ri. a t of Andalusia, Spain, 30 m. N. N. W.
of Malaga. Lat 37° O'N., Lon. 4° 35' W^ Pop. estimated at
20,000. (B.)
Antibes, iN^-teeW, (Ane. Antip'olis,) a fortified t and port of France,
in the dep. of Var, on the Mediterranean, near the frontier of the Sar
dinian dominions. Lat 43° 33' N., Lon. 7° 7 B. Pop. about 5,000.
(P.C.) Anticosti, an-te-cos'-te, an island lying in the mouth of the St
Lawrence, above 12t) m. long, and about 30 m. broad. It is unculti
vated and uninhabited, with the exception of two families, who have
been established here for the purpose of assisting persons cast away on
the coast (P. C.)
Antigua, an-tee'-ga, one ofthe Caribbee Islands, belonging to Eng
land, about 20 m. long, and 12 m. broad. St. John, the cap., is in Lat
17° 10' N., Lon. 61° 57' Vf'. Total pop. of the island, 35,714. (P. C.)
Antilles, an-teel', a name given to certain West India islands.
The Greater Antilles comprehend Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, and Porto
Rico ; the Lesser Antilles, all the Caribbean group, with those lying
along the coast of S. America.
Antioch, an/-te-ok, (Ane. Antiochi'a, Turk. Antakia, in-ti'-kee^-a,)
a decayed city of Syria, on the S. bank of the Orontes, 46 m. W. of
Aleppo. It was founded by Seleucus Nicator, who naraed it Antiochia,
in honour of his father, Antiochus. It became the residence of the
Syrian monarchs, and grew to he one of the largest cities in the world.
Lat 36° 8' N., Lon. 36° 12' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 10,000.
Antioquia, in-te-o-kee'-i, a prov. of New Granada, in the dep. of
Cundinamarca. Also, a small t of this prov.
Antisana, in-te-sa'-ni, a summit of tlie Andes, in Quito, the highest
volcano in the world, having an elevation of 19,130 feet Also, a vil
lage on the side of the above raountain, formerly regarded as the high
est inhabited place On the globe, being 13,450 feet above the levefof
the sea ; but it is now ascertained to be some hundred feet lower than
the highest parts of the mining region, near Potosi. (B.) See 'Thibet.
An'-trim, a CO. forming the N. N. E. extreraity of Ireland. Pop. in
1831, 323,306. (P. C.)
Antrim, a t. of the above co., near the N. E. extremity of Lough
Neagh, and about 15 ra. N. W. of Belfast It was once a place of
great iraportance, but in 1831 had a population of only 2,655. (P. C.)
Antrim (Megissee), a co. in the N. N. W. part of Mich., bordering
on an arm of L. Michigan. °
Ant'-werp, (Dutch, Antwerpen, int'-wfr-pcn, Fr. Anvers, iN'-vaiR',)
a t of Belgium, on tlie right bank of the Scheldt 36 m. N. of Brussels.
It is strongly fortified on the land side, and has a large citadel on the

ANZ— APU 75
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.

S. The commerce of Antwerp is still considerablej though but the
shadow of what it was in the 16th century, when its population
amounted to more than 200,000, and when, if we may believe the con
current testimony of different writers worthy of credit, 500 vessels daily
entered its port and about 2,500 ordinarily lay at anchor there. It is
estimated that this great eraporiura put into circulation every year
500,000,000 florins, and that the annual receipts from the imposts
amounted to 2,000,000. (B.) Lat 51° 14' N., Lon. 4° 22' E. Pop.
in 1831, 77,199. (P.C.)
Anzin, iN~-zaN', a village of France, near Valenciennes, in the dep.
pf Nord, and the seat of the most extensive collieries in the kingdom.
Tbe number of pits amounts to 40, and some of them have been sunk
to the depth of 1,476 feet (450 metres) ; 16,000 workmen are em
ployed here. (B.) Pop. ofthe village, 4,000. (P.C.)
An-zoo-an' (Anzuan or Anjouan), commonly called Jo-han'-na, tho
first in importance, though the second in size, of the Comoro Islands.
The most southern point is in 12° 25' S. Lat. ; the most eastern, 44° 34'
E. Lon. Its circumference is estiraated at frora 70 to 80 miles. The
pop., much reduced of late, was formerly rated at 100,000. (P. C.)
Aosta, i-os'-ti, a t of Piedraont ; cap. of a duchy of the same name,
situated nearly 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, and ahout 65 m.
S. E. of Geneva. Lat 45° 45' N., Lon. 7° 16' E. Pop. 5,500. (P.C.)
Ap/-EN-NiNEg\ the general name for the great mountain systera of
Italy. This chain, beginning near Mount Appio, in the territory of
Genoa, traverses Italy in its whole length. When near the end of its
course, it divides into two branches, one of which runs S. E. towards
the Capo di Leuca, while the other advances S. to the Strait of Mes
sina. Mount .iEtha, which raay justly be regarded as forming a part
of the Apennine system, and Mount Como, in Abruzzo Ultra, are the
highest points of the chain; the forraer having an elevation of about
10,870 feet (1,700 toises), the latter of 9,520 feet (1,489 toises). (B.)
Ap-pa-lach-i-co'-l.\, a r. formed hy the union of th& Chattahoochee
and Flint rivers, in Ga. : it flows through Florida into a bay of its own
name, communicating with the Gulf of Mexico. Length, 70 ra.
Appalachicola, a port of entry of Florida, cap. of Franklin Co., at
the mouth of the above r.
Appenzell, ip*-pSnt-sell',a canton in the E. N. E. part of Switzerland.
Area, 153 sq. m. Pop. 55,000. (B.) — Inhab. Appenzeller, ip'-pent-
sel'-ler. . -
Appenzell, a t of the above canton, on the Sitter, 40 ra. B. by S. of
Ziirich. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) t
Ap'-pling, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ga., S. of, and bordering on the
Altamaha. Pop. 2,0.52. Seat of justice, Appling c. h.
Ap^-po-mat'-tox, a r. in the S. E. part of Va., flowing, into James r.
Apt, ipt, (Lat Ap'ta Ju'lia,) an ancient t. of France, in the dep. of
Vaucluse, about 30 m. E. by S. of Avignon. Lat. 43° 53' N., Lon.
5°25'E. -Pop. 5,433. (M.B.)
Apure, i-poo'-ri, a r. of S. America, in Venezuela, which flows into

76 AQU— ARA
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m*, met ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good,
the Orinoco. Length estiraated at 650 m. It is navigable through
nearly the whole of its course.
Aqui, i'-que, a t of the Sardinian states, 47 m. E. S. E. of Turin,
noted for its warm sulphurous baths. Pop. 6,700. (M.)
Aquila, i'-que-li, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Abruzzo Ultra, .57
m. N. E. of Rome. It is surrounded by walls, which are above 3 m. in
extent, but a great portion of the enclosed space is now occupied by
gardens. This town holds a conspicuous place in history, and was
long considered as the first city ofthe kingdom, after Naples. During
the acme of its prosperity it could muster, it is said, 15,000 armed men
at the sound of the alarra bell. The period of its greatest glory may
be reckoned frora ahout the middle of the 13th, to the beginning ofthe
16th century. Lat. 42° 20' N., Lon. 13° 28' E. Present pop. about
8,000. (B.)
Aquino, i-quee'-no, (Ane. Aqui'num,) a decayed t of Campania, in
the kingdom of Naples. It was a large and populous city in the time
of Strabo; the Vio Latina passed through it. Juvenal, the Roman
poet, was born in or near Aquiiiura. This town suffered greatly from
the invasions of the barbarians, on the fall of tbe Roman empire, and
was at last utterly destroyed, during the wars of the eraperors Conrad
and Manfred against the popes. At present it contains scarcely 1,000
inhabitants. Lat. 41° 33' N., Lon. 1.3° 40' E.
Ar-a'-bi-a, an extensive country in the S.W. part of Asia, bounded
on the N. by Syria and the river Euphrates, E. by the Persian Gulf, S.
by the Indian Ocean, and W. by the Red Sea. Length frora the north
ern extremity, on the Euphrates, to Cape Bahelmandel, about 1,500
m. ; breadth on the southern coast from the Red Sea to the Persian
Gulf, 1,200 ra. ; from Basrah to Suez, 900 m. It is commonly divided
into three parts, Arabia Felix, or happy ; Petrsea, or stony ; and
Deserta, or desert. Arabia Felix borders on the Persian Gulf, the
Indian Ocean, and the S. part of the Red Sea ; Arabia Petnea lies on
the Red Sea, N. of Arabia Felix ; Arabia Deserta includes all the
northern part of the country. Among the Arabians, these names are
not known. They call Arabia Deserta, Nedjed or Nej'd; Arabia Pe
trsea, Hedjaz ; Arabia Felix is divided into Yemen, Hadramaut Oman,
and Lahsa ; which will be treated of under their respective heads.
This vast country contains but two rivers worthy of the name, the
Meidam (mVe-dim'), and the Shah, which descend ftom the plain of
Yemen into the Indian Ocean. All the other streams either entirely
disappear in summer, or descend from the mountains and are dried up
before reaching the sea. (B.) Arabia has long been celebrated for
the abundance of its odoriferous plants. Coffee, of a superior quality,
is cultivated in Yemen. Grapes, maize, wheat, barley, beans of differ
ent kinds, tobacco, &c., are produced in this country. The gum Ara
bic is obtained from an indigenous tree called by naturalists the acacia
vera. Arabia is remarkable in history for having almost uniformly main
tained its independence against the different conquering powers which.

ARA— ARA 77
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
in ancient or modern times, have successively extended their sway over
the neighbouring kingdoms. For this independence it has been chiefiy
indebted to those peculiar means of defence, with which it has been fur
nished by nature. Its vast and parching deserts have stood as a " wall
of tire" against the encroachments of foreigners ; at the same time the
general sterility of the soil has afforded no sufiicient motive for under
taking the conquest of a country, in which so many forraidable, not to
say insurmountable, difiiculties must be encountered. This country is
also remarkable as the birth-place of Mahomet, and the cradle of the
Moslem religion, which, in a few years, extended its dominion over a
large portion of Asia, the northern regions of Africa, and thence over
the greater part of Spain. — Adj. Ar-a'-bj-an, Arabic, ir'-a-hik, and Ara
besque, ar^-a-besk'. — Inhab. Arab, ar'-ab, and Arabian.
Aracan. See Arracan.
Arad, 6r'-6d\ the name of two small towns of Hungary, situated in
a county of the same name.
Old Arad, (Ger. Alt-Arad, ilt i'-rit ; Hung. O' Arad ;) is on the r.
Marosch. Lat. about 46° 10' N., Lon. 21° 20' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
New Arad, (Ger. Neu-Arad, noi i'-rit; Hung. Uj Arad, oo-e 6r-6d ;)
an important fortress, on the opposite side of the Marosch, 2J m. frora
the old town.
Aragon, ir'-a-gon, (Sp. pron. iR-i-gone',) a large prov., forraerly a
kingdom of Spain, bounded on the N. by the Pyrenees, E. by Catalonia
and a part of Valencia, S- by^ Valencia, and W. by Navarre and Old
Castile. Length, frora N. to S., ahout 200 m.; greatest breadth, from
E. to W., about 130 m. — Adj. and inhab. Ar^-.^-gon-esb'.
Araguay, ir-a-gwi', a r. in the central part of Brazil, which flows
into the Tocantins.
Aral (ar'-al). Sea of, a great inland lake of Asia, situated E. of the
Caspian Sea, between the 43d and 47th degrees of N. Lat., and the
58th and 62d of E. Lon. Its length is about 290 m. from N. to S., its
breadth varies from 130 to 250 m. The southern extremity is studded
with innumerable small islands, at the mouth of the r. Amoo ; and frpm
this circumstance it has received the name Aral, which, in the Tartar
language, signifies island. It has no coraraunication with the ocean,
and though it receives several rivers, araong which are the Amoo and
Sihon, the level of this lake is constantly lowering. The waters are
saline, but the exact proportion of salt has not been ascertained. (P. C.)
Aranjuez, i-rin-Hweth', (Lat. A'ra Jo'vis, "altar of Jove,") a t. and
royal palace of Spain, on the Tagus, 25 m. S. by E. from Madrid. It
is the residence ofthe court ordinarily from Easter till the end of June.
Permanent pop. about 4,000. (B.) Lat 40° 2' N., Lon. 3° 36' W.
Ararat, lr/-a-rat\ a celebrated mountain of Armenia, situated to the
S. W. of the t of Erivan, about 5 m. from the river Aras. It rises from
the raidst of a great plain, in two conical peaks, oneof which ascends
far above the limit of eternal snow, its height being about 17,260 feet
above the level of the sea. It does not, however, rise to this great
elevation, immediately from its base, but stands on the table land of
7*

78 ARA— ARD
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mh ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ;
Armenia, which is stated by Ritter to be 7,000 feet above the level of
the sea. The smaller cone is separated from the greater by a plain of
considerable extent, and is much lower. The surrounding people regu
late their agricultural operations by the melting of the snow on the
little Ararat, from the summit of which it entirely disappears in summer.
Aras, ar'-iis, (Ane. Arax'es), a r. of Arraenia, which rises about 20
m. S. of Erzroom, and, flowing easterly, empties itself into the Koor
(Kur). I^ength estimated at above 500 m.
Ar-au-ca'-nj-ans, a nation of Indians of S. America, inhabiting a
country bounded' on the N. by the r. Bio-bio, E. by the great Cordillera
ofthe Andes, S. by Valdivia, and W. by the Pacific Ocean ; extending
along the coast about 180 m., with a breadth, from the sea to the crest
of the Andes, of perhaps 150 m. They are a brave and hardy people,
very jealous of their honour, hospitable, honest, grateful, generous, and
humane; but when not at war, indolent, haughty, and addicted to
intoxication. The Araucanians have sustained an almost uninter
rupted war against the Spaniards from the first invasion in 1537, until
the present tirae. Their independence was formally acknowledged hy
Spain in 1773, and they were allowed to send an ambassador, who
should reside at Santiago de Chili. (P. C.)
Arbe, aR'-bi, an i. in the Gulf of Venice, containing an area of about
29 sq. m., and between 3,000 and 4,000 inhabitants. Also, a small t oa
the above island. Lat 44° 45' N., Lon. 14° 50' E. (P. C.)
Arbroath. See Aberbrothock.
Archangel, ark-ane'-jel, (Russ. pron. iRK-ing'-gel,) a prov. the
most northern and the most extensive of Russia in Europe. Its super
ficial extent is estimated at 300,000 sq. ra. Pop. perhaps 280,000. (P.C.)
Arch.angbl, an archiepiscopal t ; the cap. of the above, on the
Dwina, with a fine harbour, which, however, is ordinarily free from ice
only from July to September. It was the only town in Russia of any
commercial importance, previously to the founding of St. Petersburgh,
in 1703; since which time its trade has diminished, though it is still
the depository of foreign merchandise destined for Siberia. Pop. 19,262.
(B.) Lat. 64° 32' N., Lon. 40° 43' E.
Ar^-cot', a decayed city of Hindostan ; the Mahometan cap. of the
Carnatic. It is a place of great antiquity, and was once an importjint
Indian fortress. Lat 12° -54' N., Lon. 79° 22' E.
Ardeche, aR^-dai<!h', a small r. of France, which flows into the Rhone.
Ardeche, a dep. in the S. E. of France, W. of, and bordering on the
Rhone. Pop. 353,752. (B.) Capital, Privas.
Ardennes, aR^-denn',* (Lat Arduen'na Sil'va,) a celebrated forest
of France, which gives name to the dep. of Ardennes.
• In the works of some of the poets, this name is spelled Arden, in which case
it is to bo accentuated on the former syllable.
" Beyond old Arden, in his sister's home" —
" The warrior who from Arden's fated fount
Drank of the bitter waters of .aversion."
Southey's Joan of Arc, Books I and IV

ARD— ARK 79
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Ardennes, a dep. in the N. of France, bordering on Belgium. Pop.
306,861. (B.) ^ Capital, Mezieres.
Ar'-dr.\b, a small kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Guinea. — Also,
the cap. ofthe above. Lat. near 7° N., Lon. 2° 30f E. Pop. estimated
at 20,000. (B.)
Arequipa, ir-i-kee'-pi, cap. of a prov. of the same name, and, after
Lima, the largest and finest city of Peru, near the r. Quilca (keel'-ki),
about -50 ra. from the sea. It was founded by Pizarro, in 1539. The
houses are built chiefly of stone ; low and very substantial, with a view
to resist the shock of earthquakes. Its manufactures and trade are
considerable. Pop. estimated at above 30,000. (B.)
Arezzo, i-ret'-so, (Lat. Arre'tium,) an ancient and still considerable
t of Tuscany, 40 m. S. E. of Florence. Arretiura was one of the most
wealthy and populous cities of ancient Etruria, and has ever since held
an important place in the history of Italy. Arezzo is remarkable for
having heen the birth-place of many distinguished men, among others,
Guido, the first restorer of modern music, and the celebrated Petrarch.
Lat 43° 28' N., Lon. 11=' 52' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Argentan, aR^-zhiN^-tiN', a t of France, in the dep. of Orne, 23 m.
N. of Alencon. Lat 48° 44' _N., Lon. 0° 1' E. Pop. ahout 6,000. (P. C.)
Argenteuil, aR'-zhaN^-tul', a t of France, in the dep. of Seine and
Oise, on the riirht bank of the Seine. Lat 48° 56' N., Lon. 2° 14' E.
Pop. 4,700. (P. C.)
Argentiere, aR^-zhiN^-te-aiR', a small t of France, in the dep. of
Ardeche, 20 m. S. W. of Privas. It derives its nime frora the mines
of silver (argentum), wrought here in the 12th century. (M.)
Argoon or Argun. See Amoor.
Argostoli, ar-gos'-to-le, the chief t of Cephalonia, with the best
harbour in the island, and considerable commerce. Lat 38° 10' N.,
Lon. 20° 30' E. Pop. ahout 5,000. (B.)
Arg-yle' (often written Argyll)', a shire in the W. of Scotland, bor
dering on the sea. Pop. 97,37l.
Argyro-Castro, ar'-ghe-ro-cas'-tro, (Mod. Gr. Arguro'-kastron,
Turk. Ergree Kastree,) an inland t of Albania. Lat 40° 7' N., Lon.
20° 13' B. Pop. estimated at from 15,000 to 20,000. (P. C.)
Arica, i-ree'-ki, a seaport t of Peru, once a flourishing and popu
lous place, but now a miserable village. It has suffered much from
earthquakes, particularly in 1608. During the wai" of independence,
it was entirely desolated. Present pop. not above 400. (P. C.)
Ariege, i*-re-aizh', a small r. of France, tributary^to the Garonne.
Ariege, a dep. in the S. of France, on the sources of the above r.,
and bordering on Spain. Pop. 260,536. (B.) Capital, Foix.
Ar-kan'-s.js or. Ar'-kan-saw\ a r. of N. America; next to the Mis
souri, the largest affluent of the Mississippi. It rises in the Rpcky
Mountains, and, after a course of more than 2,000 m., flows into the
Mississippi, in Lat 33° 54' N., Lon. 91° 10' W. It is navigable almost
10 its source.
Arkansas, one of the U. S., between 33° and 36° 30' N. Lat, and

80 ARK— ARM
Fite, fir, fall, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good,
89° 50' and 94° 40' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Missouri, E. by
the Mississippi r., which separates it from Tennessee and the state
of Mississippi, S. by Louisiana, and W. by the Indian Territory; and
divided into 41 counties.* Length, frora E. to W., 264 m. ; breadth,
from N. to S., about 240. Area estimated at 54,500 sq. m. Pop.
97,574; of whom 77,174 are whites, 465 free coloured persons, and
19,935 slaves. Arkansas was adraitted into the Union in 1836. Little
Rock is the seat of government.
Arkansas, a co. in the B. part of Arkansas, intersected hy the Ar
kansas r. Pop. 1,346. Co. t. Arkansas.
Ar-kee'-ko (Arkiko), a seaport on the W. coast of the Red Sea.
Though a small and miserable place, it is the point through which all
the maritime intercourse of Abyssinia is carried on. (P. C.) Lat
15° 38' N., Lon. 39° 37' E.
Arles, arlz, (Fr. pron. aal ; Lat. Arela'te,) an ancient t of France,
on the left bank ofthe Rhone, about 50 m. W. N. W. of Marseilles. It
formerly held a conspicuous place among the cities of Europe, but has
fallen greatly to decay. The numerous existing ruins attest its former
magnificence, and constitute its principal claims to our attention. Lat
43° 40' N., Lon. 4° 38' E. Pop. 13,342. (M.)
Armagh, ar^-mi', an inland co. in the N. of Ireland. Pop. in 1831,
220,651. (P. C.)
.Armagh, a city of Ireland, and cap. ofthe above co. In tbe middle
centuries it was celebrated as a place of learning, and, according to
the Irish historians, had, at one tirae, 7,000 students at its college. At
present it possesses several establishments for education, an observa
tory, a lunatic asylum, and a fever hospital. Armagh is the residence
of an English archbishop, who is styled Primate of all Ireland. The
Observatory is in 54° 21' 12" N. Lat, and 6° 38' 52" W. Lon. Pop.
in 1834, 10,764. (M.)
Armagnac, iR^-min^-yik', formerly a county of Gascony. in France ;
now chiefiy comprehended in the dep. of Gers. — Adj. and inhab. Ar
magnac. Ar-me'-ni-.4. (Turk. Erminee'yeh), a country of Asia Minor. It is
not defined by any perraanent natural boundaries. In the course of its
history, we find its limits exposed to continual changes. In its widest
application, it may be said to embrace the country from L. Ooroomeoyeh
(Ourmiah), and the junction of the rivers Koor and Aras, on the E., to
the upper course of the Kizil Ermac, on the W. ; and from the upper
course of the rivers Tchorak and Koor, on the N., to the Taurian
Mountains, in the direction of Beer, Mardeen and Nisibis, on the S.
The country, in general, is mountainous, and, owing to its height

• Arkansas, Benton, Bradley, Carroll, Chicot, Clarke, Conway, Crawford. Crit
tenden, Desha, Francis, St., Franklin, Greene, Hempstead, Hot Spring, Indepen
dence, Izard, Jackson, Jefferson. Johnson, Lafayette, Lawrence, Madison, Marion,
Miller, Mississippi, Monroe, Phillips, Pike, Poinsett, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph
Saline, Scott, Searcy, Sevier, Union, Van Buren, Washington, White

ARM— ARR 81
ou, as in our , th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
above the level of the sea, is colder than might have been expected
from its geographical position. (See Arar.at.) The principal produc
tions are wheat, barley, cotton, hemp, tobacco, and manna, besides va
rious ftuits. Many ofthe Armenians are engaged in trade, and bear a
high character for integrity in their dealings. They form the chief
class of traders in the Persian empire, and are found scattered over
various other parts of the world. Their religion is a species of Chris
tianity. — Adj. and inhab. Ar-me'-nj-an.
Armentieres, aR^-miN^-te-aiR', a t of France, in the dep. of Nord,
near the Belgian frontier, on the Lys, 10 m. N. N. W. of Lille. Lat.
50° 41' N., Lon. 2° 52' E. Pop. 7,700. (M.B.)
Arm'-strong, a co. in the W. part of Pa., N. E. of Pittsburg, and
intersected by the Alleghany r. Pop. 28,365. Co. t Kittaning.
Arn'-hem (supposed to be the Roman Arenacum), a fortified city of
the Netherlands; cap. of Guelderland. It was formerly one ofthe
Hanse towns. Lat 52° N., Lon. 5° 52' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.)
Ar'-no (Lat. Ar'nus), the principal river of Tuscany, rises in the
Apennines, and, passing through Florence and Pisa, flows into the sea,
about 5 m. W. ofthe latter town. Length about 150 ra. It is naviga
ble to Florence.
Arnsberg, aRns'-b§RG, or Arensbero, a t of the Prussian States ;
cap. of a circle of the same name ; the largest of the three circles
which form the prov. of Westphalia. Lat 51° 24' N., Lon. 8° 1' E.
Pop. 3,200. (B.)
Arnstadt, aRn'-stitt, a t of Saxopv, on the Gera, 11m. S. of Erfurt
Lat 50° 49' N., Lon. 10° 57' E. Po"p. about 5,000. (B.)
Ar-oos'-took, a co. forming the N. E. part of Maine. Pop. 9,413.
Co. t Houlton.
Arpino, aR-pee'-no, (Ane. Arpi'num,) a city of Naples, near the con
fines of tlie kingdom, about 60 m. S. E. of Rome. It is celebrated as
the birth-place of Cicero and Marius, to which circumstance it was
once indebted for its preservation. In the wars between the houses of
Anjou and Aragon, for the possession ofthe kingdom of Naples, Arpino
took part with the French against the Aragonese and the Pope. The
pontiff (Pius II.) generously coraraanded Orsini, his, successful captain,
to " spare Arpino for the raeraory of CaUis Marius and Marcus Tullius."
It has manufactories of parchment, leather, paper, and ofthe best cloth
made in the kingdom. Lat 41° 41' N., Lon. 13° 37' E. Pop. esti
mated at above 8,000. (B.)
Ar^-ra-can' or Aracan (called by the natives Rakhaing), a country
of Chin-india, lyino- along the E. shore of the Bay oftBengal, between
17° and 21° 30' N. Lat, and 92° 20' and 94° 30' E. Lon. It formerly
belonged to the Burmese empire, but in 1826 became one of the pos
sessions ofthe East India Company. Its extreme length, from N.N.W.
to S. S. E., is, perhaps, 230 m., and its average breadth about 50 m.
(P. C.)
Arracan, the ancient cap. ofthe above prov., on a small river ofthe
same name. It was once a flourishing and populous city, so that the

82 ARR-ASH
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good,
number of its inhabitants was estiraated at above 100,000, but at pre
sent it does not probably amount to a third of that number. (B.) Lat
20° 43' N., Lon. 93° 25' E.
Ar'-e.an, a mountainous and romantic i. on the W. coast of Scotland,
forming a part of Buteshire. It is more than 20 m. long, and about 12
wide. Pop. 6,241.
Ar'-r.4S (Fr. pron. ir^-ris'), a fortified and iraportant t of France ;
formerly the cap. of Artois, and now of the dep. of Pas de Calais, on
the S. hank of the river Scarpe, which begins here to be navigable,
108 ra. N. by E. of Paris. It was the cap. of the ancient Atreba'tes,
from which it derives its narae, and was a manufacturing t in the time
of St Jerome, about the beginning of the 5th century. Robespierre
was a native of Arras. Lat 50° 17' N., Lon. 2' 46' E. Pop. 23,485. (B.)
Arroe. See .^roe.
Ar'-ta (Ane. Ambra'cia, Turk. Nar'-di), a t of Albania, on a river
of the same name. It was a few years since a flourishing place, with
a populiition estimated at above 9,000, (B.) ; but it suffered greatly in
the struggle for Grecian freedom. Lat 39° 13' N., Lon. 21° 4' E.
Artois, aR^-twi', a former prov. of France, now comprehended in
the dep. of Pas de Calais. It takes its name from the Atreba'tes, a
nation of the ancient Gauls, who inhabited this region, and ftom whose
name Arras is also derived.
Arundel, 2r'-un-del, a t of England, on the Arun, in the co. of Sus
sex, 50 m. S. S. W. of London. Lat. 50° 51' N., Lon. 0° 33' W. Pop.
2,624. Asaph (az'-af) St., an ancient city of Wales, in Flintshire, about 5
m. frora the sea. Pop. of the parish, 3,338.
Ascension, as-sen'-shun, an i. in the S. Atlantic, between Africa and
Brazil. It is 7.i ra. long, and 6 m. wide. It owes its name to the cir
cumstance of its having been discovered on Ascension-dar, in 1501. It
was then barren and entirely uninhabited by men. In IS] 5 the British
took possession of the island, as a military station, and established a
garrison there. Lat of the fort 7° 56' N., Lon. 14° 24 W.
Ascension, a parish in the central part of Louisiana, lying on both
sides ofthe Mississippi. Pop. 6,951. Seat of justice, Donaldsonville.
Asch-af'-fen-burg' or i-shif'-fen-h66RG\ a principality of Germany,
now belonging to Bavaria. — Also, a t in the above principality, 25 m.
S. E. of Frankfort. Lat 50° 1' N., Lon. 9° 7' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B)
Aschersleben, ish^-?rs-li'-b?n, a t of Germany, in a circle of the
same name, 18 ni. S. E. of Halberstadt Lat 51° 46' N., Lon 11° 27
E. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
AscoLi, is'-ko-le, (Lat. As'culura), a t of the Papal State, 15 m.
N, W. of Teramo. It was a place of importance in the time of the
Romans, and we find it often mentioned both in ancient and modern
history. Ascoli is one of the best built and raost pleasant towns in the
Papal State. Lat. 42° 50' N., Lon. 13° 37' E. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.)
Ash-an'-tbb, a powerful kingdom of Africa, on the Gold Coast
founded during the last century, by Sai Tootoo. Little is known to

ASH— ASS 83
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
Europeans respecting the internal geography of this country ; along
the coast, it is considered as extending from the r. Volta, or Aswada,
which separates it from Dahomey on the E., to the r. Assinee on the
W. But its actual extent including the tributary kingdoms, appears
to be somewhat greater. The Ashantees are a brave, and, to a consi
derable degree, may be regarded as a civilized people. Their military
enterprises have been attended with the most wonderful success; anda
multitude of different states, amounting to near fifty, according to ono
writer, have been either incoporated into the empire or reduced to the
condition of tributaries. Even the English, on the coast, were at one
time compelled to purchase, with liberal presents, the peace of this
warlike and powerful nation. — The Ashantees have schools, where the
pupils are taught to read and write Arabic, and appear also to possess
sorae skill in sculpture and other arts. They raanufacture cloths of
cotton, and sometimes of cotton and silk interwoven. Many of these
cloths are of great fineness of texture, and their colour of the highest
brilliancy. They also raake earthenware, tan leather, and work in
iron. The pop, of the empire of the Ashantees is estimated by Balbi
at 3,000,000. The capital is Cooraassie.
Ashe, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of N. C. Pop. 7,467. Co.
t Jeffersonton. Ashtabula, ash^-ti-hu'-la, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ohio,
bordering on Lake Erie. Pop. 23,724. Co. t. Jefferson.
Ash'-ton-under-Lyne, a manufacturing t of Eng. in Lancashire, 64
m. E. of Manchester. It is a well built and rapidly increasing town.
The pop. in 1831 exceeded that in 1821 by more than 5,000, and the
last census gives 7,841 raore than that of 1831. This great increase is
attributed, in part, to the employment of labourers on the SheflSeld
and Manchester railroad. Present pop. 22,678.
Asia, i'-she-a, one of the five grand divisions of the globe, bounded
on the N. by the Black Sea and the Frozen Ocean, E. by the Pacific,
S. by the Indian Ocean, W. by the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, the
Archipelago, the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea, the river Ural, the
Ural Mountains, and lastly, by the river and sea of Kara. The most
northern point of this continent is Northeast Cape, near 78° N. Lat,
and 104° E. Lon. : the most southern is forraed by the extremity ofthe
Malay Peninsula, which extends to ahout 1° 20' N. Lat Cape Baba,
in Asia Minor, in Lat about 39° 30' N., Lon. 26° 5' E., forms its west
ern, and East Cape, in 66° 5' N. Lat. and Lon. 169° 40' W., its eastern
extremity. The extreme length of this continent, from the Isthraus of
Suez to Behring's Strait 's above 7,000 m. ; the greatelt breadth, from
N. to S., about 5,300. The area is estiraated hy Hassel, at about
16,700,000 sq. m. Pop. estimated by Balbi, at above 525,000,000.—
Adj. Asiatic, a*-she-at'-ik, and Asian, a'-she-an (poetical). Inhab.
Asiatic As^-sam', a country of Asia, lying beyond the Ganges, bounded on
the N. by the mountains of Bootan and Thibet, B. by the countries tri
butary to Ava and China, S. by the Garrow Mountains, and W. by
T

84 "ASS— AST
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good ;
Bengal. Of the early history of Assam, little is known. It has raore
recently been under the dominion of the Burraese, till in 1824, when
they were expelled by the English, and it is now a dependent of the
East India Corapany. Present pop. estimated at 200,000. (P. C.)
AssEN, is'-sen, a little t. of Holland ; cap. of the prov. of Drenthe,
15 m. S. of Groningen. Pop. 1,200. (B.)
Assisi, is-see'-se, (Ane. Assi'siura,) a t of Italy, in the Papal State
and prov. of Umbria. Lat 43° 4' N., Lon. 12° 35' E. Pop. estimated
at 4,000. (B.)
Assouan or Assuan. See Asswan.
Assumption, as-surap'-shun, a parish in the central part of Louisiana,
W. of New Orleans. Pop. 7,141. Seat of justice, Assuraption c. h.
Assumption (Sp. Asuncion, i-soon-the-one' ori-soon-se-one'), tbe cap.
of Paraguay, in South America, situated on the E. bank of the r. Para
guay. Lat. 25° 22' S., Lon. 57° 40' W. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.)
As-swAn' (Assuan or Assouan), a small t of Upper Egypt on the right
bank ofthe Nile, remarkable for its commerce, its picturesque situation,
and the monuments of antiquity which are found fn its neighbourhood.
Close to it, on the south, raay be seen the ruins of the town built by the
Arabs, on the site of the ancient Syene. Lat 24° 5' N., Lon. 32° 55'
E. — Adj. and inhab. As-swAn'-eb.
AsTERABAD, is^-ter-i-bid', or Astrabad, a small prov. in the N. E.
part of Persia.— Also the cap. of above. Lat 36° 50' N., Lon. -54° 35'
E. Pop. estiraated at 40,000. (B.)
AsTi, is'-te, (Lat Ast'a,) a t of Piedmont cap. of a prov. ofthe same
name on the N. bank of the Tanaro, on the high road from Turin to
Alexandria. This place has beeh distinguished both in ancient and
modern historv, and is remarkable as being the birth-place of the irreat
Italian poet A'lfieri. Lat 44° 57' N., Lon. 8° 12' E. Pop. -22,000. (P. C.)
AsTORGA, is-toR'-gi, (the Astu'rica Augus'ta of the Romans,) a t of
Spain, in Leon. It was once the capital of Astu'res, and is called by
Pliny a magnificent city. It contains some interesting reraains of anti
quity. Lat 42° 27' N., Lon. 6° 10' W. Pop. 4,000. (M.)
As-To'-Ri-A, a settlement at the mouth of the Columbia r., made by
the American Fur Company, so called from Mr. Astor, of New York.
Lat 46° 14' N., Lon. near 126° W.
As'-tr.a-khan', (Russ. pron. is-tri-Kin',) a t. of Russia, in Europe,
cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an island formed by the Volga at
its entrance into the Caspian Sea. It has a fine citadel, called Krem,
or Kremlin, and numerous churches, with steeples and minarets ; but
the houses are generally ofa mean appearance, and built of wood ; the
streets unpaved, irregular and dirty. Astrakhan is remarkable for its
manufactures as well as its commerce; its harbour is the most fre
quented of any on the Caspian. It is the seat both of an Armenian and
Russian archbishopric. Lat 46° 21' N., Lon. 48° 3' E. Permanent
pop. about 40,000. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab. As'-tra-kh.4n-ese'.
Asturias, is-too'-re-is, a prov. in the N. of Spain'; bounded on the
N. by the Bay of Biscay, E. by Old Castile, S. by Leon and W. by

ATA— ATH 85
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
Galicia. Length, from E. to W., about 150 ra. ; breadth, from N. to S.,
60 m. — Adj. and inhab. Astukian, as-too'-re-an.
Atacama, it-i-ci'-rai, a district of S. America, belonging to Bolivia,
and comprehending all tha country of that republic which lies between
the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is bounded on the N. by the r.
Loa, between 21° and 22° S. Lat., and on the S. by the Salado, near
26° S. Lat ; so that it extends along the coast perhaps 250 m., while
its breadth is from 25 to 40 m. It is divided into the Upper and Lower
country. The latter is in alraost every part an uninhabited desert. No
rain ever falls on this coast, but in some places the soil is occasionally
refreshed by mists and dews. (P. C.)
Atchafalaya, aoh-af-a-li'-a, (an Indian word, signifying " lost wa
ter,") a large bayou in La., which detaches itself from the right bank
of the Red r., near its confluence with the Mississippi; and, after re
ceiving the waters of L. Chetimachqs and the r. Plaquemines, flows
into Atohafalaya Bay. Its whole course is about 200 m.
Atch-ben', or Acheen, a kingdom on the N. W. part of the island
of Sumatra. Also, the chief city of the above kingdora. Lat. 5° 36'
N., Lon. about 95° 20' E. It contains about 8,000 houses, built chiefly
of bamboo. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Atch-in-ese'.
At^-fe', sometimes written Atfih, (Ane. Aphroditop'olis, or "city
of Venus,") a town of Egypt, on the right side of the Nile, 45 m. S. of
Cairo. Lat. 29° 28' N., Lon. 31° 28' E. Pop. about 4,t)00. (B.)
Ath or Aath, iit, a commercial t- of Belgium, in the prov. of Hain
ault on the Dender, 32 m. W. S. W. of Brussels. Lat 50° 42' N., Lon.
3°46'E. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Ath-a-pes/-c6w or Athabasca, the name of a river and lake in the
N. W. part of N. America. The river rises near the Rocky Moun
tains, and flowing, for the raost part, in a northerly direction, falls into
the lake of the same name, by several channels.
Athapescow Lake, also called the Lake of the Hills, is situated
about 170 m. S. E. of the great Slave Lake ; it is nearly 200 m. long,
but its averao-e width is not more than 20 m. Fort Chipewyan, at the
W. S. W. extremity ofthe lake, is in Lat. 58° 42' N., Lon. 111° 18' W.
Ath-boy', a t of Ireland, in Meath, 30 m. N. W. of Dublin.
Ath'-ens, (Lat Athe'nae, Gr. ABiqvai,) a celebrated city of Greece,
the capital of ancient Attica, founded, according to common account,
by Cecrops, about 1550 B. C. It is situated ahout 5 m. from the sea-
coast ; the little river Ilissus flows near the city, on the S. E., and the
Cephisus on the N. W. — Passing over the well-known eipoch in which
Athens was the most powerful and most illustrious of all the Grecian
states, wo shall briefiy mention that it was captured bythe Romans
under Sylla (86 B. C). This was the first time the fortifications of
Athens had been forced by an enemy. After remaining several centu
ries in a state of inglorious repose, it shared the fate of the rest ofthe
empire, in being ravaged and plundered by the barbarians. Soon after
the fall of Constantinople, in 1453, it was completely incorporated with
the Turkish dominions; in which condition it remamed till the lato

so ATH— ATR
I^ite, fir, fill, f it ; m^, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ;
successful struggle for Grecian freedom. Notwithstanding all the
vicissitudes which Athens has undergone, there still remain ample
monuments to attest its former grandeur. The ruins of the teraple of
Theseus, the arch of Hadrian, and the buildings of the Acropolis, espe
cially the Parthenon, may be mentioned as araong the most remarkable.
The walls of this once magnificent city are entirely demolished, but
their foundations have been traced, by late travellers, under the shrubs
which cover the plains. Athens is situated in Lat 37° 58' N., Lon. 23°
46' E. The pop., before the late insurrection which threw off the Turk
ish yoke, was estimated from 12,000 to 15,000, but at the termination
of the war, did not probably amount to a third of the number. (B.) In
1834, it was declared the capital of the new kingdom of Greece, and
it seems likely to recover, in time, some share of its former importance
and prosperity. — Adj. and inhab. Ath-e'-nk-an.
Athens, a t. of Ga., in Clark co., on the Oconee, 92 m. W. N. W. of
Augusta : it is the seat of the University of Georgia.
Amens, a co. in the S. E. part of Ohio. Pop. 19,109.
Athens, a small t of Ohio, cap. of the above co., with a college
called the University of Ohio, founded in 1821.
Athens, New, a small place in Ohio, 18 m. N. W. of Wheeling: it
is the seat of Franklin College.
Ath-lone', a borough of Ireland, on the Shannon, being partly in the
CO. of West Meath, and partly in that of Roscommon, about 70 m. W.
of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 11,406. (P. C.)
Ath'-os, Mount, (It Monte Sacro, Gr. Hagion Oros, i. e. Holy Moun
tain, so called from the number of monasteries, chapels, &c., on its
sides,) a celebrated mountain of Macedonia, on a peninsula W. of the
island of Lemnos, and rising abruptly from the sea to the height of
6,349 feet. Lat 40° 9' N„ Lon. 24° 20' E.
Athy, ath-i', a t of Ireland, in the co. of Kildare, about 38 m. W.S.W.
of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,494. (P. C.)
Atina, i-tee'-ni, an ancient t. of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 10 m.
N. of Aquino. Pop, about 4,000. (B.) It is mentioned under its
present name by Virgil (jEneid. Lib. VII. 630), as at that time an un
portant city.
At-lan'-tic Ocean, that part of the ocean which separates the old
from the new world : it washes the eastern shore of America and the
western shores of Europe and Africa. Its width may be estimated at
3,000 m. The name was given on account of its vicinity to the Atlas
mountains. Atlantic, a co. in the S. E. part of N. J., bordering on the sea. Pop.
8,726. Co. t. May's Landing.
¦ At'-las, a chain of mountains running through the north-western
part of Africa, and separating the cultivated country from the great
desert. The highest sumraits are estimated to be 2,000 toises '^(B.),
or ahout 12,790 English feet above the level of the sea.
Atoot. See Atui.
Atri, i'-tre, (anciently Hat'ria Pice'na,) a t of Naples, in the prov.

ATT— AUG 87
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
of Teramo, ahout 4 m. from the coast of the Adriatic, and 12 m. S. E. of
Teramo. Hatria was once a place of considerable importance, but the
present town is a small and poor place, and partly in ruins.
At'-t.a-l.\, a CO. in the central part of Miss. Pop. 4,303. Co. seat,
Kosciusco. Attigny, it^-teen^-ye', a small t. of France, in the dep. of Ardennes,
on the Aisne, 31 m. N. E. of Rheims, anciently one ofthe sumraer resi
dences ofthe kings of France,
At^-tock', or Attock Benares (ben-i'-rez), a city and fortress on
the E. hank of the Sinde or Indus, belonging to Lahore. Lat 33° 52'
N., Lon. 72° 10' E.
Atui, i-too-i', one of the Sandwich islands, in Lat. 21° 57' N., Lon.
160° W.
Aube, obe, a small r. of France, flowing into tbe Seine.
Aube, a dep. in the N. B. central part of France, intersected by the
above r. and by the Seine. Pop. 2.53,870. (B.) Capital, Troyes.
Au'-BURN, the chief t. of Cayuga co., N. Y., about 170 m. W. of Al
bany, on the outlet of the Owasco lake, a fine streara, with numerous
mill seats. It is incorporated, and contains a theological seminary,
founded hy the Presbyterians in 1821. It is chiefly remarkable for the
state prison established here, and conducted on a peculiar systera of
prison discipline. Pop. 5,626.
Aubusson, 6^-biis^-siN', a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. o
Creuse, on the r. Creuse, 23 m. S.E. ofGueret Pop. above 4,000. (PC;
AccH, 6sh, an archiepiscopal t. of France; cap. of the dep. of Gers,
on the r. Gers. Among its buildings the ancient cathedral deserves to
be raentioned. Lat 43° 38' N., Lon. 35' E. Pop. 10,461. (B.)
AuDB, ode, (Ane. A'tax,) a r. in the S. of France, rising in the Py
renees, and flowing into the Mediterranean.
Aude, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by the above r., and
bordering on the Mediterranean. Pop. 281,088. (B.) Capital, Car-
cassone. AuERBACK, ou'-er-hiK, a t of Saxony, 70 m. W. S. W. of Dresden,
famous for its manufactureof a metallic composition, called Rodeioisch,
which eraploys about 2,500 persons from the neighbouring villages.
Pop. 3,000. (B.)
Anos/-BURG (Ger. pron. ouGs/-b66RG), the cap. of the circle of the
Upper Danube, in Bavaria, at the confluence ofthe Wertach and Lech.
It has numerous scientific and literary institutions, and is distinguished
for its works in gold and jewelry, its manufactures .of clocks and
watches, and of philosophical and mathematical instruments. Lat. 48°
21' N., Lon. 10° 54' E. Pop. 34,000. (B.) The Roman eraperor
Augustus planted a colony here ahout 12 years before the Christian
era, which was called Augus'ta Vindelico'rum. Augsburg appears to
be a contraction of August-burg ; i. e. the " castle of Augustus."
Augusta. See Agosta. '
Au-ous'-TA, the cap. ofthe state of Maine, and of Kennebeck co., on

88 AUG— AUS
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mh ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good;
the r. Kennebec, about 52 m., in a direct line, N. N. E. of Portland.
Lat. 44° 19' N., Lon. 69° 50' W. Pop. 5,314.
Augusta, a t of Ga., on the right bank of the Savannah r., about
80 m., in a straight line, E. of Milledgeville. Lat 83° 28' N., Lon.
81° 54' W. Pop. 6,403.
Augusta, a t. of Ky. ; cap. of Brecken co. It has a college, under
the direction ofthe Methodists, founded in 1825.
Augusta, a co. in the centre of Virginia. Pop. 19,628. Co. t
Staunton. Augustine, St., sent au'-gus-teen', a city and port of entry of Florida ;
cap. of St. Jolin's co., on an inlet about 2 m. from the main ocean. The
harbour is defended by a fort This place is much resorted to during
winter, bv invalids frora the northern states. Lat 29° 48' 30" N., Lon.
81° 3.5' W. Pop. 2,459.
Aurungabad, 6-rung'-ga-bid', a prov. of Hindostan, situated in the
Dekkan. — Also, the cap. of the above, formerly called Gurka, but
becoming a favourite residence of Aurungzebe (pronounced 6-rung-
zeeb'), it received from this circumstance its present name. The
palace of that monarch, now in ruins, covers an extensive space. The
whole city is rapidly falling to decay, hut in 1P2.5 was said still to con-
lain a population of 60,000. (P. C.) Lat 19° 54' N., Lon. 75° 33' E.
Aus'-ter-litz^ (Ger. pron. ous'-tor-lits), a t of Austria, in Moravia,
about 13 ra. B. of Briinn, celebrated for a great victory obtained by
Napoleon over the eraperors of Austria and Russia, in 1805. Pop. about
2,000. (B.)
Australasia. See Oceanica.
Aus-tra'-li-a. (See Int XI.) A terra soraetiraes employed like Aus
tralasia, to designate the fifth grand division of the globe, but more
generally restricted to that portion of Oceanica which is situated imme
diately S. and S. E. of Malaisia, between 1° N. 55° S. Lat, and 110°
and 180° B. Lon., including New Holland, (the Australian continent)
the islands of New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, the Solo
mon Islands, New Britain, New Ireland, Papua or New Guinea, besides
many smaller islands. — Adj. Aus-tra'-li-.vn.
Australian Continent, or New Holland, is situated in the South
Sea, between 10° 30' and 39° N. Lat, and 113° and 153° 20' E. Lon.
Length, from E. to W., about 2,400 m. : greatest breadth, from N. to S.,
near 2,000. Area estimated at 3,500,000 sq. m. New Holland is dis
tinguished from all other parts of the globe by the general character
of its plants and aniraals, as well as hy the nature ofthe country. Per
haps the most remarkable feature of this continent is the total absence
of permanently navigable rivers. The Murray, which, with its differ
ent affluents, is estiraated to drain a surface of 400,000 sq. in., dis
charges its waters into the sea by a mouth so miserably small as to be
overiooked by the first explorers ofthis portion ofthe Australian coast
There are mountains whose summits are covered with perpetual snow
but a very large portion ofthe country appears to be flat land, which is
sometimes marshy and flooded with water, and at other times so parched

AUS— AUX 89
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
as to be a perfect desert The aboriginal inhabitants of this continent
are classed in the same grand division of the human race with the
African negro, but appear to be decidedly inferior both in their piiysical
constitution, and in their intellectual and moral faculties. They are
the only people, of whom we have any knowledge, that go completely
naked. — Inhab. New Hollander, or Australian.
Aus'-tri-a (Ger. Oestreich, ost'-riKe), an empire of Europe, lying
between 42° and 51° N. Lat, and 8° 30' and 26° 50' E. Lon. ; bounded
on the N. W. and N. by Saxony and Prussia, N. E. ind E. by the re
public of Cracow and by the Russian and "Turkish provinces, S. by
Turkey, the Gulf of Venice, the territories of the Pope, Modena,
and Parma, and W. by the Sardinian States, Switzerland, and Ger
many. The length is estiraated at 870, the breadth at 690 m. The
superficial extent according to Balbi, is about 259,300 sq. ra. The pop.
in 1826 was estimated by the same writer at 3"2,000,000. The empire
of Austria is composed ofthe kingdoras of Bohemia, Galicia, Hungary,
Illyria, Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia, and the governments of Lower
and Upper Austria, Styria, Trieste, Tyrol, Transylvania, the Military
Frontier, and Austrian Italy, or the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom,
besides some smaller districts, such as Great and Little Cumania, &c.
These will be treated of under their respective heads. The narae Oest-
rdch, which signifies " eastern erapire," arose frora this territory having
been the eastern part of the dominions of Charlemagne. The area of
Austria at that time scarcely exceeded that of the present archduchy.
Vienna is the capital.— Adj. and inhab. Aus'-trj-an.
Austria, Archduchy of, which constitutes the principal part of the
hereditary dominions of the house of Austria, is bounded on the N. by
Bohemia and Moravia, E. by Hungary, S. by Styria, Illyria, and Tyrol,
and W. by Tyrol and Bavaria. Area about 14,881 sq. m. It is divided
into Lower and Upper Austria. The forraer occupies the eastern, the
latter the western portion ofthe archduchy.
Au-TAu'-G.4, a CO. in the central part of Ala., N. of, and bordering on
the Alabama r. Pop. 14,342. Co. t. Washington.
Autun, 6^-tuN', a city of France, on the r. Arroux, in the dep. of the
Saone and Loire, 164 m. S. E. of Paris. This town existed before the
Roman conquest under the name of Bibrac'te ; after the tirae of Au
gustus, it was cfilled Augustodu'num, of which Autun is a corruption.
A nuraber of interesting ruins may be seen here. Lat. 46° 5'7' N.,
Lon. 4° 18' E. Pop. 10,000.
Auvergne, 6^-vern' or 6^-vaiRn', formerly a prov. qf France, now
divided into the deps. of Cantal and Puy de Dorae. The narae is
derived from the Arverni, an ancient nation who inhabited this part of
Gaul. Auxerre, 6*-saiR', (Ane. Autissiodu'rum,) a city of France : cap. of
the dep. of Yonne, on the r. Yonne, 92 ra. S. E. of Paris. Lat. 47° 48'
N , Lon. 3° 34' E. Pop. 10,989. (B.)
Auxo.NNE, ox^-onn', or Aussonne, 6^-.sonn', a fortified t. of France, in
8*

90 AVA— AVI
Fite, fir, fall, St ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good;
the dep. of Cite d'Or, on the Saone, 19 ra. S- E. of Dijon. Pop, in
1832, about 5,000. (P. C.)
Ava. See Birma.
AvA^LON, i^-vif-loN', a t of France, in the dep. of the Yonne, 120 m.
S. E.' of Paris. Pop. above 5,000. (P. C.)
AvBiRo, i-vi/e-ro, a city of Portugal, in the prov. ef Beira. Lat
40° 38' N., Lon. 8° 38' W. Pop. 4,000. (B.)
AvBLLA, i-vel'-li, a. t. in the kingdom of Naples, 20 m. N. E. of the
capital. Near to it are the ruins of the ancient Abel'la, from which
its name has been derived. Pop. 5,000. (M.)
Avellino, i-vil-lee'-no, a manufacturing and coraraercial t of Naples ;
cap. ofthe prov. of Principato Ultra, 30 m. E. by N. of Naples. Lat
40° 55' N., Lon. 14° 45' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.)
AvENCHES, a^-viNsh', (Lat. Aven'ticum,) a little t of Switzerland,
about 3 m. from the Lake of Morat, and 20 m. W. S. W. of Bern,
remarkable for the Roman antiquities found in its vicinity.
AvERNO, i-veR'-no, (Ane. Aver'nus,) a celebrated lake in the vicinity
of Naples, about 24 m. N. W. of Pozzuoli. It is circular, and about
IJm. in circumference.
AvERSA, i-VBR'-si, a t. in the kingdora of Naples, 12 m. N. by W.
of the capital. It contains a large foundling hospital, and a lunatic
asylum, which ranks among the best establishments of the kind in
Europe. Lat 40° 57' N, Lon. 14° 11' E. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.)
AvESNEs, i*-vain', a fortified t of France, in the dep. of Nord, 123 m.
N. E. of Paris. Pop. about 4,000. (P. C.)
Aveyron, i^-vi^-rta', a r. in the S. of France, flowing into the
Garonne. Aveyron, a dep. in the S. of France, on the above r. Pop. 370,951.
(B.) Capital, Rodez.
AvEzzANo, i-vk-si'-no, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Abruzzo Ultra,
about 20 m. neariy S. of Aquila. Pop. about 6,000. (B.)
Avignon, av-een'-yiN, or i*-veen^-yiN', (Ane. Ave'nio,) a celebrated
city of France; cap. of the dep. of Vaucluse, on the left bank of the
Rhone, just above the mouth of the r. Durance. Avenio was a
very ancient city ; it appears to have been a town of some impor
tance before the Roman conquest, and holds a conspicuous place ia
the history of the raiddle ages. About the year 1308, Pope Clement
v., himself a native of France, removed his court from Rome to Avig
non, which continued to be the papal residence till 1376, when Gre
gory XI. left it to return to Rome. It afterwards became the residence
ofthe anti-popes Clement VIL and Benedict XIIL Lat 43° 57' N.,
Lon. 4° 48' E. Pop. 31,000: in the 14th century it amounted to
100,000. (B.)
AviLA, i'-ve-li,» a t of Old Castile, Spain ; cap. of a prov. of the same
name, with a university. Lat 40° 42' N., Lon. 4° 50' W Pod.
4,000. (B.) ¦ ^

• " Lerma-' the generous,' A vila ' the proud.' "—Rogers' Voyage of Columbus

AVL— AYR 91
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
AvLONA, av-Io/-ni, or Valona, (Ane. Au'lon,) a town of Albania, on a
gulf lo which it gives its name, formed by the celebrated Acrocerau
nian proraontory. Lat 40° 29' N., Lon. 19° 26' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Avon, i'-vgn, the name of several sraall rivers of Great Britain. 'I'he
principal and most interesting is that which rises at a source called
Avon-well, in Northamptonshire, and, flowing by the village of Strat
ford, the birth-place of Shakspeare, empties itself into the Severn, in
Gloucestershire, after a course of about 100 ra.
Av^-OY-ELLEs', a parish of La., on the S. side of the Red r. Pop.
6,616. Seat of justice, Marksville.
Avranches, iv^-raNsh', (Ane. In'gena, afterwards Abrinca'tui and
Abrin'ciS,) a city of France, in the dep. of Manche, 195 m. nearly W.
firom Paris. Lat 48° 41' N., Lon. 1° 25' E. Pop. 7,000. (P. C.)
A-wats'-ka or Av-atch'-ka, a bay on the E. coast of Kamtchatka.
Also the name of a r. which flows into this bay, and of a small village
situated at its mouth.
Awe, Loch, a fresh water lake of Scotland, in the co. of Argyle. It
is about 24 m. long, while its average breadth is only about 1 m.
Ax-oom', written also Axoum and Axum, (Gr. Aiov/n;,) a t. of Abys
sinia; formerly cap. of apowerful kingdom ofthis name, which appears
to have extended its dominions over a great part of Abyssinia, a part
of Arabia, and even to have received tribute from the Byzantine empe
rors. There are at this place several remains of antiquity, which show
that the Axumites were highly skilled in the art of sculpture, and
acquainted also with the Greek language. The town at present con
tains about 600 houses. (B.) Lat 14° 7' N., Lon. between 38° and
39° E.
Ayamonte, i-yi-mon'-ti, a fortified t. of Spain, in the kingdom of
Seville. Lat. 37° 12' N., Lon. 7° 14' W. Pop, 6,347. (P. C.)
Ayasoolook, i'-yi-soo-look', (Fr. spelling Ayasalouk,) a miserable
village of Asia Minor, on the site of the ancient Ephesus, with a mosque,
castle and aqueduct, constructed out of the ruins of that once magnifi
cent city. Here have heen discovered, among other antiquities, the
remains of the great temple of Diana, which is mentioned in the 19th
chapter of the Acts. Lat. 37° 55' N., Lon. 27° 20' E.
Aylesbury, ailz'-ber-re, a t. of Buckinghamshire, England, on the
road from London to Warwick, 38 m. from London. It is a very ancient
place, and is said to have been one of the strongest garrisons of the
Britons, in their struggle against the Saxons. Pop. of the borough,
with q.n area of about .5 sq. ra., 5,429.
Ayr, air, a r. of Scotland, which rises in Ayrshire, and, after a course
of about 30 m. nearly due W, falls into the sea at the t. of Ayr, where
its estuary forms a fine harbour.
Ayr, a sea-port t. of Scotland, cap. of Ayrshire, on the above r.,
near its mouth; 67 m. S. W. of Edinburgh. Entire pop. ofthe parish,
8,264. Ayr'-shjre, a CO. in the S. W. of Scotland, bordering on the sea.
Pop. 164,3567

92 AZE— BAD
Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good;
Azerbaijan, iz-er-bi'-jin\ a prov. in the N. part of Persia, lying
around L. Ooroomeeyeh. Tabreez is the capital.
Az'-OF or Azov, (Ane. Pa/lus Mseo/tis,) a sea of Russia, forming a
part of the boundary between Europe and Asia, and connected with
the Black Sea by the Strait of Yenicale. Its greatest length is ahout
200 ra. ; the breadth varies exceedingly, but perhaps, on an average,
may be estimated at about 70 m. The only considerable river which it
receives is the Don.
Azores, az'-orz,* or az-6rz', (Port Aoores, i-so'-rfs,) called also the
Western Islands, are situated in the Atlantic, about 800 m. W. of Por
tugal. They consist of nine islands, in three distinct groups, lying in
the direction of W. N. W. and E. S. E., and extending about 330 m.
The north-western group contains the small islands of Corvo and
Flores ; the central, Terceira, St George, Pico, Fayal, and Graciosa
the south-eastern, St. Michaei and St Mary. They are included be
tween the parallels of 36° 57' and 40° N. Lat., and the meridians of
25° and 31° 1.5' W. Lon. The several islands will be treated of under
their respective names. As these islands, when first discovered by the
Portuguese, were entirely destitute of huinan inhabitants, as well as
of beasts, they called them Acores (the plural of acor, a hawk or bird
of prey), from the number of this kind of birds found here. — Adj. and
inhab. Az-o'-ri-an.
Ba'-bel-man'-del, (see Int. XII.,) or, more correctly, Bab-el-man-
deb, the strait which connects the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean,
lying between Arabia and Abyssinia. The width of this strait is esti
mated at ahout 16 m.
Bacchiglione, bik-keel-yo'-ni, a r. in the Venetian States, which
rises in the Alps, and, flowing S. E., passes through the t. of Vicenza, .
and afterwards by the walls of Padua, 30 m. below which it enters the
Adriatic at Brondolo. Its entire course is about 90 m.
Bad-ag'-ry, a t on the Slave Coast of Guinea, cap. of a small king
dom of the same name, about 6° 15' N. Lat, and 2° 50' E. Lon. Pop.
estimated at 10,000. (P. C.)
Badajos, bid-a-boce', (Sp. Badajoz, bi-Di-nith'; Lat Pax Angus'
ta,) a fortified t of Spain, cap. of Estremadura, on the Guadiana,
The bridge over the Guadiana, 1,874 feet in length, is one of the finest
in Europe. Lat 38° 52' N., Lon. 6° 48' W. Pop. 13,000. (B.)
• This accentuation, though perhaps not the most prevalent, is sanctioned b)
the general tendency of our language, (see Int. XII., Obs. 2.) as well as by th«
practice of many ofthe best speakers. The second pronunciation may t>e objected
to as being neither native nor English. If we would pronounce like the natives
we must follow the example of Milton, and divide the name into three syllables
(See Paradise Lost, Book IV., line 592.) The authority of Cowper is m favour of
the first pronunciation.

'Those Ausonia claims.

Levantine regions these: the Azores send
Their jessamine." The Ta^i, Book IK.

BAD— BAG 93
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng.
Badakhshan. See Budukhshan.
B.4.DEN, bi'-den, a grand-duchy of Germany, extending along the
right bank of the Rhine, and situated between 47° 30' and 49° 50' N.
Lat, and 7° 30' and 9° 50' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Bavaria
and Hesse-Darmstadt, E. by Wilrtemberg, S. by Switzerland and the
Lake of Constance, and W. hy the Bavarian circle ofthe Rhine and by
France, frora which it is separated by the Rhine. Length near 190 m. ;
greatest breadth about 100. The area is estimated at 5,973 sq. m. Pop.
1,130,000. (B.) Carisruhe is the capital.
Baden (the Ci'vitas Aure'lia Aquen'sis of the Romans), a t. situated
in the centre of the grand-duchy of Baden, celebrated for its warm
mineral springs and baths. Hence originated the name. Bad in German
signifying a " bath." Lat, 48° 46' N. Lon., 8° 15' E. Pop. 4,-20l). (B.)
Baden (Ane. Ther'rate Ce'tiie), a t. in the arch-duchy of Austria,
about 15 ra. S. of Vienna. It is annually visited by raany thousand
strangers, on account of its warra springs and baths. Permanent pop.
about 3,000. (B.)
Baden, a t in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, on the Limmat
(the outlet of the Lake of Zurich), 13 ra. N. W. of Ziirich, celebrated
for the warra mineral springs and baths in its vicinity, known to the
Romans by the name of Ther'mas Helve'ticsB. Pop. 1,700. (B.)
Badenweiler, bi'-den-wi'-ler, a small village in the grand-duchy
of Baden, 5 ra. E. of Brisach, remarkable for the remains of a vast
Roman bathing establishment, arranged for both cold and warm, as well
as vapour-baths. It contains 50 chambers, furnished with all the con
veniences for bathing, and an altar, still existing, dedicated to Diana
Anoba. (B.)
Baeza or Baeca, hk-kl-thk, (Ane. Bea'tia,) a t of Spain, in Jaen.
Lat. 37° 57' N., Lon. 3° 28' W. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
Baffa, bif'-fi, a. small seaport t on the W. coast of the island of
Cyprus, with a castle. Its name is a corruption of the ancient Paphos,
the ruins of which are still to he seen here. - Lat 34° 54' N., Lon.
32° 30' E.
Baf'-fin's Bat, a large gulf on the N. E. coast of America, between
that continent and Greenland. It is comprised between the parallels
of 68° and 78° N. Lat. and the meridians of 51° and 80° W. Lon., ex
tending in a N. N. W. direction. It is ahout 780 m. long, and, on an
average, about 280 wide. The name is derived from William Bariin,
by whom it was discovered in 1616.
Bagdad, big-did',* or Bag'-dad, a large and celebrated city of Asia-
* Southey appears always to place the accent on the last sy'' /,le ofthis name,
which accords with the native pronunciation.
" The old man answered, ' To Bagdad I go.' "
"  stands not Bagdai>
Near to the site of ancient Babylon ?"
" At length Bagdad appeared.
The city of his search." — Thalaba, Books IV. and V.

94 BAG— BAH
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good;
tic Turkey, formerly the capital of the empire ofthe Caliphs, and now
ofa pashalic of its own name, situated on both sides ofthe Tigris, about
200 ra. in a direct line above the junction of that river with the Eu
phrates. It stands in a forest of date trees, and is surrounded by a
high and thick wall of brick and raud, which is flanked at regular dis
tances with round embattled towers. The whole wall of the city is
ahout five railes in circumference. The citadel is on the E. bank of the
Tigris and on the N. side of the town. Bagdad was formerly a great
eraporiura of eastern coraraerce ; besides the traffic with its own raanu-
factures, it was the entrepot for the commodities of eastern and west
ern Asia. But its trade has receptly rauch declined. This city was
founded by the Caliph Aboo Jaafer al Mansoor, in the year 763, and
was afterwards greatly improved by the celebrated E[aroon-er-Rasheed
(Harun al Raschid). Little, however, of its ancient magnificence now
remains. Though, to the approaching stranger, its numerous minarets
and domes, seen by glimpses through the date trees, present an inte
resting and even imposing spectacle, the meanness of the buildings
within, miserably disappoints the expectation which the exterior view
may have raised. Lat. 33° 19' N., Lon. 44° 25' E. Pop. estimated at
about 100,000. (B.)
Bagneres db Bigorre, bin^-yaiR'd'he^-goR', (Lat. Vi'cus Aquen'sis,)
a t of France, in the dep. of Upper Pyrenees, celebrated for its warm
springs and great bathing establishment : 16,000 stransers are said to
visit this place annually. Lat. 43° 3' N., Lon. 0° 8' E. Pop. 5,633.
(P C.)
Bagneres de Luchon, bin^-yaiR'd'lii^-shiN', (the A'quse Convena'rum
of the Romans,) a bathing t of France, in the dep. of Upper Garonne.
Lat 42° 47' N., Lon. 0° 34' E. This is a small, but constantly improv
ing place. Pop. in 1826, near 2,000. (P. C.)
Bagnols, hin^-yolef, a t of France, in the dep. of Gard, 26 m. N.X.E.
of Nimes. Lat 44° 9' N., Lon. 4° 35' E. Pop. in 1832, 3,800. (PC.)
— Also a t. in the dep. of Lozere, remarkable for its warm mineral
waters. Lat. 44° 30' N., Lon. 3° 38' E.
Bahama Channel is between Florida and the Bahamas.
B.a-ha'-mas, or LucAYos, loo-ki'-yoce, a chain of low islands, stretch
ing, in a north-westeriy direction, from the N. side of St Domingo to
the coast of E. Florida, and comprised within the parallels of 20° and
27° 40' N. Lat., and the meridians of 68° 40' and 79^ 20' \\". Lon.
They belong to the British crown. Sorae ofthe largest islands, as the
Great Bahama, and Lucayo (now called Abaco), with many smaller
ones, remain without inhabitants. Entire pop. in 1831, 16,788. (P. C.)
Bahar, bi-har', an extensive prov. of Hindostan, lying on both sides
of the Ganges, and bounded on the N. by Nepaul and Bootan, E. by Ben
gal, S. by Gundwana, and W. hy Gundwana, Allahabad and Oude. It
is computed to contain about 50,000 sq. m. It belongs to the presi
dency of Bengal.
Bahar, a t. of the above prov., situated in 25° 13' N. Lat, and 85'
35' E. Lon., with about 5,000 houses. (P. C.)

BAH— BAL 95
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
B.ahia, bi-ee'-i, an iraportant maritime prov. of Brazil, between 9°
and 16° S. Lat, and 37° and 45° W. Lon.
Bahia or San Salvador, sin sil-vi-doRe', an archiepiscopal city of
Brazil; cap. of the above prov., and, next to Rio Janeiro, the most
commercial and most populous town in S. America, is situated on the
strait which leads from the Atlantic to All Saint's Bay (Bahia de Todos
OS Santos), whence both the city and province of Bahia derived their
name. It has one of the finest harbours. in America, and is moreover
the principal fortress of the erapire. The chief scientific and literary
institutions of Bahia are — the School of Surgery, the College, and the
Public Library, with from 60,000 to 70,000 vols. (M.) Lat. 13° S.,
Lon. 38° 30' W. Permanent pop. estimated hy Balbi at about 120,000.
Bahrein. See Lahsa.
Bahrein, bih-rane', a small i. in the Persian Gulf, 27i m. long, and
10 m. across. (P.C.) Lat 26° 14' N., Lon. 50° 36' E. It gives its
name to a group of small islands, noted as the centre of the pearl fish
ery. Total pop. estimated at 60,000. (M.)
Baikal, bi'-kil, a great mountain lake of Asia, situated between 51°
and 56° N. Lat, and between 104° and 110° E. Lon. Its length is
said to he about 400m. ; its mean breadth, between 30 and 40 m. The
superficial extent is estiraated at 14,800 sq. m. This lake is very deep ;
in some places the bottom has not heen reached by a line of a hundred
fathoms. Its surface is ahout 1,793 feet above the level of the sea.
Among other smaller streams, it receives the Selenga and Upper An
gara : the Lower Angara is its only outlet, and, though a very rapid
river, is said not to carry off the tenth part of the mass of waters
brought into it by the other streams.— Adj. Baikalean or Baikalian,
bi-kal'-e-an. Baireuth, bi'-ruth, (Ger. pron. bi'-roit), a well-built t of Bavaria ;
cap. of the circle of the Upper Main, 125 m. N. of Munich. Lat 49°
57' N., Lon. 11° 37' E. Pop. about 13,000. (B.)
Bairout. See Beyroot.
Baja, bi'-yi, (Ane. Bais,) Gulp of, is situated on the S. E. coast of
Naples, between Cape Misenum and Pozzuoli.
^ Ba'-kbr, a CO. in the S. W. part of Ga., intersected by the Flint r.
Pop. 4,226. Co. t Newton.
Bakoo, bi^-koo', or Badku, a walled t. of Asiatic Russia, in the prov.
of Shirvan, situated on the shore of the Caspian. Lat 40° 22' N., Lon.
49° 40' E. Pop. between 3,500 and 4,000. (P. C.)
Bal'-a-ghauts', an extensive district in the S. of India, so called
from its being situated " above the Ghauts." It fornJfe a part of the
presidency of Madras.
Balaruc, biMi^-riik', a village of France, in the dep. of Herault,
celebrated for its warm mineral springs. Lat 43° 28' N., Lon. 3° 41' E.
Bal'-a-sore\ an important seaport of Hindostan, belonging to the
Danes, in the prov. of Orissa. Lat. 21° 32' N., Lon. 86° 56' E. Pop.
estimated at 10,000. (P. C.)
Balaton. See Flatten See.
Bal'-bec or Biil'-bec\ an ancient city of Syria, situa^ )d at the foot of

96 BAL— BAL
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ;
the mountain range called Anti-Libanus. The Greek name of this
city, Heliop'olis, signifies the same as Baalbec ; i. e. " city of the sun."
Only a small part of the town is now inhabited ; it is chiefly interest
ing for its ruins. Lat near 34° N., Lon. 36° E.
BAld'-win, a CO. in the central part of Ga. Pop. 7,250. Co. t. Mil
ledgeville. Baldwin, a co. in the S. part of Ala., E. of, and bordering on the Mo
bile r. Pop. 2,951. Co. t. Blakely.
Bale. See Basel.
Bal-e-ar'-ic Islands (Ane. Balea/res), situated in the Mediterranean
Sea, off the E. coast of Spain. They consist of Majorca, Minorca, and
Iviea, besides the two very small ones of Formentera and Cabrera.
Balfurosh, biP-fur-osh', or Bal^-froosh', the third t of the king
dom of Persia, is situated in the prov. of Mazanderan, about 12 m. from
the S. shore of the Caspian Sea. Lat 36° 33' N., Lon. 52° 45' E. Pop.
estimated at 100,000. (B.)
Balize, bi-leez', (Mex. Sp. Baliza, bi-lee'-si,) a r. of British Hon
duras, Mexico, which flows into the Bay of Honduras. Balize is a
corruption of Waliz, a name given by the Spaniards to this place, from
its having been discovered, and resorted to by an English pirate named
Wallice. Balize, a t. situated at the mouth of the above r. Lat 17° 29' N.,
Lon. 88° 8' W. Pop. in 1833, 3,794. (P. C.)
Balkan, bil-kin', (Ane. Hse'raus,) a chain of raountains in European
Turkey, between Bulgaria and Rumelia, which commences near the
Adriatic, and terminates at the Black Sea.
Balkh, bilK, (Ane. Zarias'pa and Bac'tra,) one of tbe most ancient
and, forraerly, one of the largest and most populous cities of Asia,
situated in the kingdom of Bokhara. Lat 36° 40' N., Lon. 67° 18' E.
Present pop. only ahout 2,000. (B.)
Bal'-lard, a CO. at the W. extremity of Ky., bordering on the Ohior.
Baluna, baf-lin-i', a sraall t. of Ireland, in Mayo CO., 6 m. S. by E.
of Killala.
Bal'-lin-.4s-l6e', a t, of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, 80 m. W. of
Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,140. (P. C.)
Ballston Spa, bills'-ton spi, a village of Saratoga co., N.Y., situated
30 ra. N. of Albany, famous for its mineral springs.
Bal'-ly, or Bali, or Little Java, an i. separated from the E. ex
tremity of Java by a strait called the Strait of Bally. Its length is above
90 m. ; its greatest breadth about 50 m. It is intersected by the pa
rallel of 8° 30' S. Lat., and the meridian of 115° E. Lon.
Bal'-ly-shan'-non, a t of Ireland, in the co. of Donegal, 112 m. N.W.
of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,775. (P. C.)
BAl'-tio, a sea in the N. of Europe, which separates Sweden and the
Danish islands from Germany, Prussia, and Russia, extending from 54°
to 66° N. Lat, and from 10° to 30° E. Lon. It is about 900 m. long
The superficial extent is estimated at above 160,000 sq. m. Towards
the northern extremity it forms two large branches, the Gulf of Both

BAL— BAN 97
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
nia, which runs nearly N., and the Gulf of Finland, extending in an
easterly direction. It is connected with the ocean by the gulf called
Cattegat. BAl'-ti-more, a CO. of Md., on the W. side of the Chesapeake Bay,
N. of the Patapsco r. Entire pop. 134,379.
Baltimore, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of the above co., on
the N. side ofthe Patapsco r., 14m. from its entrance into the Chesapeaka
Bay; about 38m., by the railroad, N.E. of Washington, and 93m. W.S.W.
of Philadelphia. This town is admirably situated hoth for foreign and
internal commerce. It is built round a basin, which affords a secure
and spacious harbour ; and it has coraraunication by railroads not only
with Philadelphia and Washington, but with Winchester, Annapolis,
Cumberland, Frederick City, ifork, Lancaster, and Harrisburg. Among
the remarkable buildings of Baltimore may be noticed the Washington
Monument, on the sumrait of which stands a colossal statue of Wash
ington, at a height of 163 feet frora the ground. This city is the seat
of a medical school, called the University of Maryland ; and of St
Mary's College, a flourishing institution under the direction of the
Roman Catholics. It is also the residence of a Catholic archbishop.
jill strangers agree in extolling the agreeable society of Baltimore,
ivhich is said to resemble, more than any other of our cities, the gay
aud polished capitals of Europe. Lat 39° 17° N., Lon. 76° 37° W.
Pop. 102,313.— Inhab. BAl-ti-mo'-re-an.
BAl-ting-glass,' a small t of Ireland, in the co. of Wicklow, 83 m.
S. W. of Dublin.
Bam-bar'-r.},, an extensive country in the interior of N. Africa, the
exact boundaries of which are not known. On the N. it borders on the
Great Desert ; and it extends to 5° W. Lon.
Bamberg, bim'-beRo, an archiepiscopal t of Bavaria, on the Regnitz,
about 3 m. above its influx into the Main, and 30 m. W. of Baireuth.
Besides its raedical and surgical schools, it has a lyceUm, in which a
complete course of divinitv and philosophy is given. Lat, 49° 56' N.,
Lon. 11° E. Pop. 21,000' (B.)
Bam' -book', a country of Africa, extending between 12° and 14° N.
Lat., and 8° and 11° W. Lon., containing mines of gold, silver, and
iron. It is esteemed one of the richest gold regions on the globe. The
inhabitants are Mandingoes.
Ban'-ca, an i. near the N. coast of Sumatra, between 1° 30' and 3° 8'
f!. Lat, and 105° 9' and 106° 51' E. Lon. Its greatest length is 135 m. ;
its breadth, 65 m. Banca owes its iraportance to its inexhaustible tin
mines, first discovered about the year 1710.
Ban'-da Islands, a group of small islands in the eastern seas, be
tween 4° 20' and 4° 40' S. Lat and 129° 40' and 130° 10' E. Lon.
Banff, sometimes written and always pronounced Bamff, the cap.
of Banffshire, Scotland, on the Doveron, 39 ra. N. N. W. of Aberdeen.
Pop. of the burgh and parish, 3,202.
Banffshire, bamf-shir, a co. in the N. of Scotland, bordering on
Moray Frith. Pop. 49,679.
9

98 BAN— BAR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good;
Bangalore, bang'-ga-lore', an important fortified t of Hindostan," in
Mysore. Lat 12° 57' N. Lon., 77° 36' E. Pop. estimated at 60,000.
(P- C.)
Bang'-kok', the present cap. of Siam, situated on both sides of the
r. Meinam, about 30 ra. from its mouth. Both banks of the river are
lined with floating houses for the whole length of the town, amounting
to 3 or 4 miles. Towards the river, these houses have covered pkt-
forms, where the various productions of China and of the country are
exposed for sale; so that this portion of Bang-kok may be called a float
ing bazaar. The greatest number of the inhabitants are Chinese and
their descendants. The houses, with few exceptions, are built of wood.
Lat about 13° 30' N., Lon. 100° 30' E. Pop. estimated at 90,000. (B.)
Bangor, bang'-gor, a city in Caernarvonshire, Wales, near tbe
N. entrance of Menai Strait, 9 m. N. E. of Caernarvon. Pop. 7,2.32.
Ban'-gor, a city of Me., cap. of the co. of Penobscot, on the W. bank
of r. Penobscot, 30 m. in a straight line N. of Castine. It has a theo
logical seminary, established in 1816. Pop. 8,627.
Bann, a r. of Ireland, which rises in the co. of Down, and flowing
N.W. through Lough Neagh, enters the North Sea about 4 m. N. W.
of Coleraine, after a course of near 80 m. .
Ban'-nock-burn', a village of Scotland, in the co. of Stirling, 29 m.
W. N: W. from Edinburgh, celebrated for a great victory gained by
Robert Bruce over Edward H. of England, in 1314. Pop. 2,206.
Ban' -tam', a t of Java, in a prov. of the same name, on the N. E.
coast of the island. Lat 6° 2' S., Lon. 106° 9' E. It was formerly a
great and populous city, hut is now falling in ruins and almost deserted
on account of the putrid miasmas which prevail here. (B.)
Ban'-trv, a t of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, at the head of an ex
tensive bay to which it gives its narae. This bay contains three har
bours, one near its entrance, secure and spacious, with water sufiiciently
deep for the largest ships. Pop. 4,275. (P. C.)
Bapaume, hi'-pome', an ancient t of France, in the dep. of Pas de
Calais, 94 ra. N. N. E. of Paris. Lat 50° 6' N., Lon. 2° 52' E. Pop.
in 1832, 3,071. (P. C.)
Bar-ba'-do.?, or Barbadoes, the most eastern of the Caribbee
islands, belonging to the English, who established a colony here in
1624. It is about 20 m. long and 10 m. broad. Area 166 sq. m. Entire
pop. in 1830, 91,887. (P. C.) Bridgetown, the cap., is situated on
Cariisle Bay, at the S. W. end of the island. Lat. 13° 5° N., Lon. 59°
40' W. — Inhab. Bar-ba'-dj-an.
B.AR-LE-Duo, baR'-leA-dtik', a t in the N. of France, the cap. of the
dep. of Meuse, or the Ornain, (or'-uIn',) a branch ofthe Marne, which
is navigable to this place. It has various manufiictures, but is particu
larly celebrated for its sweetmeats. Lat 48° 47' N., Lon. 5° 10' E.
Pop. 12,383. (B.)
Bar'-b.}.-ry, an extensive country, lying along the N. coast of Africa :
bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Egypt, S. by the Great
Desert, and W. by the Atlantic. It embraces four great states or

BAR— BAR 99
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
divisions, viz., the empire of Morocco and the regencies of Algiers,
Tunis, and 'Tripoli. Barbary appears to have been derived from
Berber, a name by which the Arabs designated the people of this
region before the Saracen conquest Some, however, derive it from
barbarus (barbarian). A more particular description of this country
will he found under tlie names of the respective states.
Bar'-bour, a CO. in the N. part of Va., on the head waters of the
Monongahela. Barbour, a co. in the E. part of Alalsama, bordering on the Chatta^
hoochee r. Pop. 12,024. Co. t. Clayton.
Barbuda, bar-boo'-da, one of the Caribbean isknds, situated 27 m.
N. of Antigua. It is 15 m. long and 8 m. broad, and i as a castle in
17° 38' N. Lat., and 61° 51' VV. Lon.
Barcelona, baR-cel-o'-ni, (Lat. Bar'cino, Gr. TSafxivav, ) a fortified city
and port of Spain, the cap. of Catalonia, on the Medite; ranean, in the
midst of a delightful and highly cultivated country. It is well buiU,
and contains eio'ht colleges, besides several other scienti ic and literary
institutions. Lat 41° 21' N., Lon. 2° 10 E. Pop. 129,000. (B.)—
Adj. and inhab. Bar-cel-o'-ni-.\n.
Barcelona, a t of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, and cap.
of a province of the same name. Lat. 10° 6' N., Lon. 64° 44' W. Pop.
about 5,000. (B.)
Bareilly, bar-i'-le, a t of Delhi, Hindostan, and cap. of a district
of the same name. Lat. 28° 23' N., Lon. 79° 16 E. Pop. above
66,000. (B.)
Bar'-gain-town\ a small village and port of entry of N. J., in At
lantic CO., about 4 m. from Great Egg Harbour.
Bari, bi'-re, (Ane. Ba'rium,) an archiepiscopal t of Naples, the cap.
ofa prov. ofthe same name, with a harbour on the Adriatic. Lat 41°
8' N., Lon. 16° 55' E. Pop. 19,000. (B.)
Barinas. See Varinas.
Barletta, haR-lef-ti, a t of Naples, in the prov. of Bari, on the
coast of the Adriatic, 112 m. E. N. E. of Naples. Lat. 41° 20' N., Lon.
16°18'E. Pop. estiraated at above 18,000. (B.)
Barnaul, bar'-noul', an important mining t. of Russia, in the govern
ment of Tomsk. Lat. 53° 20' N., Lon. 83:° 26' E. Pop. ahout 8,000.
(P C.)
BARNg'-LEY, a t of England, in the co. of York, 13 m. N. of Shefiield.
Pop. of the chapelry, with an area of ahout 6 sq. m., 12,310.
Barn'-st.^-ble, a. CO. of Mass., comprising the whol© peninsula of
Cape Cod, the Elizabeth and some other islands. Pop; 32,548.
Barnstable, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., on a little bay to
Which it gives its name. Lat 41° 42' N., Lon. 70° 19' W. Pop. of
the township, 4,301.
Barn'-sta-ple, a seaport t. of England, in North Devon, 34 m. N. W.
of Exeter. ' Lat 51° 5' N., Lon. 4° 4' W. Pop. 7,902.
Barn'-well, a dist. in the S. W. part of S. C, bordering on the Savan
nah r. Pop. 21,471. Seat of justice, Barnwell c. h.
G

100 BAR— BAT
Fite, fir, fall, fit ; mi, mf t ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good ;
Baroach, bi-roch', a city of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of same name
in the prov. of Guzerat on the Nerbudda r., 25 m. from its mouth. Lat
21° 46' N., Lon. 73° 14' E. Pop. in 1812, 32,716. (P. C.)
Ba-ro'-da, a fi>rtified city of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the same
name, in the prov. of Guzerat. Lat 22° 21' N., Lon. 73° 23' E. Pop.
estimated at above 100,000. (B.)
Barreoes, bar'-raizh', a village of France, in the dep. of the Upper
Pyrenees, celebrated for its warm mineral springs. It is 4,259 feet
above the level of the sea. Lat 42° 53' N., Lon. 0"' 4' E.
Bar'-ren, a CO. in the S. central part of Ky. Pop. 17,288. Co. t
Glasgow. Bar'-r6w, a r. in the S. E. of Ireland, which flows into St. George's
Channel. Bar'-ry, a CO. in the south-westerly part of Mich., a little N. of the
Kalamazoo r. Pop. 1078. Co. t Hastings.
Barry, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Mo., bordering on Ark.
Pop. 4,795.
Bae-thol'-o-mew, a co. iu the S. central part of Ind. Pop. 10,046.
Co. t Columbus.
Basel, bi'-zel, (Fr. Bale or Basle, bil,) a canton in the N. of Switzer
land, bordering on the Rhine. Area 185 sq.m. Pop. in 1826, 54,000. (B.)
Basel or Bale, the largest t. of Switzerland, cap. ofa division ofthe
above Canton, on the Rhine, by which it is divided into two parts. It
has a university, which is by far the oldest in Switzerland, having heen
founded in 1460, and several other important literary institutions. Lat
47° 34' N., Lon. 7° 35' E. Pop. including the suburbs, 22,204. (B.)
Bassano, bis-si'-no, a manufacturing and trading t of Austrian Italy,
in the prov. of Vicenza, on the E. bank of the Brenta, 24 m. N. by W.
of Padua. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Basseterre, biss'-taiR', the cap. of St Christopher's, in the West
Indies, situated on the S. side of the island. Lat 17° 19' N., Lon,
62° 49' W.— Also, a t on the W. side of Guadaloupe. Lat 15° 59' N.,
Lon. 61° 45' W,
Bassora, bis/-so-ri, or Basra, a fortified city of Asiatic Turkey,
situated On the right hank of the Shatt-el-Arab. Lat 30° 25' N., Lon.
47° 35' E. Pop. estimated at about 60,000. (B.)
Bastia, bis-tee'-i, the largest and most coraraercial t of the island
of Corsica, of which it was formerly tlie cap. ; on the B. coast Lat
42° 41' N., Lon. 9° 26' B. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.)
Ba-ta'-vi-a. (See Int XI.) A city and seaport of Java, on the N.
coast It is the cap. of all the Dutch possessions in the East Indies,
and the first commercial t of all Oceanica. (B ) Lat 6° 12' S
Lon. 106° 53' E. Pop. in 1824, 53,861. (P. C.)
Batavia, the cap. of Genesee co., N. Y., on the Albany and Bufialf
railroad, 30 m. W. S. W. of Rochester. Pop. ofthe township, 4,219.
Bates, a co. in the W. part of Mo., bordering ¦on the Indian Ter
ritory. Bath, the chief city of Somersetshire, and one ofthe most beautiful

BAT— BAY 101
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
towns in England, on the Avon, about 108 m. from London. It has
long been celebrated for its hot mineral springs, which attract hither
multitudes of strangers. This place appears to have been known to the
Romans under the name of Aquas CaJidffi. An interesting collection
of Roman remains, found in this town and its vicinity, is deposited in
the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution. Lat. 51° 22' 32" N., Lon.
2° 21' 30" W. Pop. 38,304.
Bath, a port of entry, in Lincoln co.. Me., on the Kennebec, 16 m.
from the sea. Pop. of the township, 5,141. Lat 43° 54' N., Lon.
69° 47' W.
Bath, a co. in the central part of Va. Pop. 4,300. Co. t Bath.
Bath, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Licking r.
Pop. 9,763. Co. t Owingsville.
Baton Rouge (baf -on roozh), East, a parish of La., on the left side of
the Miss. Pop. 8,138. Seat of justice. Baton Rouge.
Baton Rouge, seat of justice of the above co., and cap. of the state
of La., is on the IMiss. R., about 90 m. W. N. W of New Orleans.
Battaglia or La Battaglia, li bit-til'-yi, a t. of Austrian Italy,
10 m. S. by W. of Padua, celebrated for its sulphurous baths. Perma
nent pop., 2,700. (B.)
Bautzen, bout'-sen, a t of Saxony, situated on the Spree; cap of the
circle of Upper Lusktia. Lat. 51° 12' N., Lon. 14° 25' E. Pop. about
12,000. (B.)
B.v-va'-ri-a (Ger. Baiern, bi'-ern), a kingdom of Germany, consisting
of two distinct portions. The one situated to the E. ofthe Rhine, con
stituting above seven-eighths ofthe whole kingdom, and commonly called
the territory of the Danube and the Main, extends from 47° 18' to 50°
41' N. Lat, and from about 9° to 13° 46' E. Lon., and is bounded on the
N. and N. W. by the principalities of Reuss and the states of Ducal
Saxony, N. E. by the kingdom of Saxony, E. by Bohemia and Austria,
S. by Tyrol and Vorarlberg, W. by Wurtemberg, Baden, Hesse Darm
stadt, and Hesse Cassel. The other portion of the Bavarian dominions,
the territory of the Rhinr, is situated on the W. bank of that river,
and is corapletely disjoined from the preceding by the territories of
Baden and Hesse Darmstadt It extends from 48° 57' to 49° 50' N.
Lat, and from 7° 6' to 8° 31' E. Lon. The total area of Bavaria is
29,493 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 4,187,390. (P. C) Munich is the capi-
tal.^Adj. and inhab. Ba-va'-R](-.4N.
Bayazid, hi'-a-zeed', a t of Armenia, at the base of Mount Ararat.
Lat 39° 28' N., Lon. 44° 13' E. Pop. estimated at abova 15,000. (B.)
Bayeux, bi'-yuA', a t of France, in the dep. of Calvados, 17 m. W.
by N. of Caen. Lat 49° 17' N., Lon. 0° 42' W. Pop. in 1832, 9,954.
(P C.)
Bayonne, bi^-yonn', a fortified and commercial t of France, in the
dep. of Lower Pyrenees and Landes, at the junction of the Adour and
Nive, 2 or 3 m. above their entrance into the Bay of Biscay. The
weapon called bayonet derived its name from this town, where it was
first made. Lat. 43° 29' N., Lon. 1° 28' W. Pop. 14,000. (B.)
9*

102 BAY— BEE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good.
Bayou, bi'-oo, or more usually bi'-o, a terra confined chiefly to the
state of Louisiana, signifying properly any stream which is derived
from some other streara, or from a lake ; in other words, any stream
which is not fed by fountains. The word is supposed to be a corruption
of the French boyau — a derivation which is rendered more probable by
the prevalent pronunciation, bi'-o.
Bearn, bi'-aR', formerly a prov. of France, now forming a part of the
dep. of Lower Pyrenees.
Beaufort, bu'-furt a co. in the E. part of N. C, intersected by tbe
Pamlico r. Pop. 12,225. Co, t Washington.
Beaufort, a dist. forming the S. extremity of S. C. Pop. 35,794.
Seat of justice, Coosa watchie.
Beaufort, a port of entry ; cap. of Carteret CO., N. C, on the Atlan
tic coast, with a good harbour. Lat about 34° .50' N., Lon. 76° 50' W.
Pop. 1,100.
Beaufort, a port of entry of S. C, in the dist. of Beaufort, on a small
arm of the sea called Port Royal r.
Beauley, bo'-le, a small r. of Scotland, in Inverness-shire, flowing
into Murray Frith. — Also a village at the mouth of the above r.
Beaumaris, bo-mi'-ris, a small t of Wales ; cap. of the co. of An
glesea, on a bay to which it gives its name, 3i m. from Bangor. Pop.
2,299. Beaune, bone, a t. of France, in the dep. of Cite d'Or, famous for
its wine. Lat. 47° 2' N., Lon. 4° 50' E. Pop. in 1«32, 9,272. (P. C.)
Beauvais, bo^-vi/, (Ane. Bellov'acum, and CiEsarom'agus,) a t of
France; the cap. of the dep. of Oise, 41 ra. N. bv W. of Paris. Lat
49° 26' N., Lon. 2° 5' E. Pop. above 13,000. (B.)
Beaver, a co. in the W. of Pa., bordering on Ohio, and intersected
by the Ohio r. Pop. 29,368. Co. t Beaver.
Beo'-oles, a t of England, in the co. of Suffolk, 93 m. N. E. of Lon
don. Pop. of the parish, 4,086.
Bed'-ford, a t. of England ; cap. of Bedfordshire, on the r. Ouse,
48 m. N. N. W. of London. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above
3 sq.m., 9,178.
Bedford, a co. in the S. part of Pa., bordering on Md. Pop. 29,335.
Co. t Bedford.
Bedford, a co. in the S. central part of Va., borderino- on James r.
Pop. 20,203. Co. t Liberty.
Bedford, a co. in the S. central part of Tenn. Pop. 20,546. Co. t
Shelbyville. Bed'-pord-shire, an inland co. of England, N. N. W. of London,
Pop. 107,936.
Bedouin, bid'-66-in, or Bed'-o-ween\ (Arab. Bed'-J-wee'.) The
Bedouins are tribes of wandering Arabs, dispersed over Arabia, Egypt,
end Barbary.
Bee'-der, a t. of Hindostan ; cap. of a prov. of the same name, now
much decayed, and chiefly interesting for its magnificent ruins. Lat
17° 55' N., Lon. 77° 34' E.

BEH— BEL 103
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; w, nearly like ng.

Be'-hring's Strait, a strait which connects the Pacific with the
Polar Ocean, situated between Asia and America. In the narrowest
part it is about 50 ra. wide. Lat between 65° 30' and 66° 30' N., Lon.
between 168° and 170° W.
Beira. See- Bey ra.
Beja, bi'-zhi, an ancient t. of Portugal, in Alentejo; cap. ofa dist
of the same name. Lat 38° 5' N., Lon. 7° 40' W. Pop. about
5,00;). (B.)
Be'-j.^-poor', forraerly written Visiapour, a considerable prov. of
Hindostan, lying between 15° and 18° N. Lat., and 73° and 76° E.
Lon. — Also, a t, the forraer cap. ofthe above prov., now in ruins.
Beith, heeth, a small t. of Ayrshire, Scotland, 8 m. N. of Irvine.
Bel-ed'-el-Jer-eed' (often written Beled-el-Jerid, or -Djeryd),
usually pronounced bel-ed'-ool-jer-eed', "the country of dates," a name
given to n region of N. Africa, lying S. and E. of the Atlas Moun
tains. Bel-fast', a seaport, the principal t ofthe N. of Ireland, on the bay
of Carrickfergus, about 88 m. N. by E. of Dublin. It has a college and
several other institutions for'the promotion of learning. Belfast has
increased very rapidly during the last half century. The census of
1831 gave a pop. greater than that of 1821 by more than 16,000. Lat
54° 36' N., Lon. 5° 56' W. Pop. 53,313. (P. C.)
Belfast, a port of entry ; cap. of Waldo co.. Me., at the mouth of
the Penobscot Pop. of the township, 4,180.
Belfort, biP-foR', raore usually Befort, bi^-fou', a t. of France, in
the dep. of Upper Rhine. Lat 47° 39' N., Lon. 6° 50' E. Pop. in 1832,
4,537. (P. C.)
Belgium, bel'-je-ura, (Fr. La Belgique, li bef-zheek',*) a kingdom
of Europe, situated between 49° 32' and 51° 28' N. Lat., and between
2° 36' and 6° 6' B. Lon., bounded on the N. by the prov. of Limburg,
North Brabant, and Zealand, E. by the grand-duchy of Luxemburg
and that of the Lower Rhine, S. and S. W. by Prance, and N. W. by
the North Sea. Its length- is 170 m. ; its greatest breadth 110 m.
Area estimated at 11,000 sq. ra. Pop. in 1830, 4,064,235. (P. C.) The
territory which forms the present kingdom of Belgium, previously to
1830, belonged to the crown of Holland. In the month of August of
that year, a revolution began at Brussels, which resulted in establish
ing the independence of Belgium as a limited monarchy. The choice
of the national representatives fell upon prince Leopold, of Saxe Co-
burg, who ascended the throne in July, 1831. — Belgium is divided into
9 provinces ; viz., Antwerp, Brabant (South), East and West Flanders,
Hainault, Liege, Liraburg, Luxemburg, and Namur. — Adj. and inhab.
Bel'-gi-an. • It may be proper to observe, that French is spoken by the educated Belgians
generally. 'The language of the lower classes is, for the most part, either Flemish,
or a corrupt dialect of the French.

104 BEL— BEN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, p!n ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ;
Bel' -grade'* (Lat. Singidu'num, Turk. Bil-griid), an ancient, fortified
t of European Turkey, cap. of the principality of Servia, at the junc
tion ofthe Save and Danube, on the right bank of both of these rivers.
It is one of the strongest places in Europe, and has long been renowned
in the military annals of Turkey. Belgrade is the principal entrepot
between Constantinople and Salonica on the one side, and Vienna and
Pesth on the other. Lat. 44° 50' N., Lon. 20° 32' E. Pop. estimated
at about 30,000. (B.)
Bel'-knap, a CO. in the S. central part of N. H., on L. Winnipisseo-
gee. Pop. 17,988. Co. t Guilford.
Bel-lin-zo'-n.4, a small t of Switzerland, cap. of the Canton of Ti
cino, on the r. 'Ticino, 14 m. N. of Lugano. Pop. 13,000. (B.)
Belluno, bM-loo'-no, a t of Austrian Italy, 55 ra. N. N.E. of Padua.
Lat. 46° 10' N., Lon. 12°, 20' E. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.)
Bbl-mont', a CO. in the E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r.
Pop. 30,901. Co. t St Clairsville.
. Beloochistan,' bel-oo'-chis-tin',! a country in the S. of Asia, border-
on the Indian Ocean, between 24° 50' and 30° 40' N. Lat, and 47° .50-
and 69° 10' E. Lon. Area estiraated at 150,000 sq. m. Pop. 2,000,000.
(B.) A large portion of this country is mountainous or desert It
is estimated that less than one-tenth of the whole is fit for pasture,
and that not one-hundredth part is actually under cultivation. Few
portions of it can be said to be well watered, as nearly all the streams,
none of which are very large, become dry during the heat of summer.
The Beloochees are for the most part pastoral in their mode of life,
though some of them are engaged in agriculture. In character, they
are hospitable, and generally faithful to their promises, but avaricious,
rapacious, and revengeful. The prevailing religion is Mahometanism.
The government is a confederacy of several small territories, each
having its own chief All the others recognise the supremacy of him
who resides at Kelat. — Adj. and inliab. Bel-oo'-chee.
Benares, ben-i'-riz, a large city of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the
same narae, on the N. bank of the Ganges'. It is celebrated as having
been in ancient tiraes the seat of Brahminical leaming, and hence has
been styled the Athens of India. It may also lie regarded as tho
Hindoo Rome, or the ecclesiastical metropolis of this vast country.
The farae for sanctity which it possesses, draws hither annually a mul
titude of pilgriras frora different parts of India. Lat 25° 18' N., Lon.
83° 1' E. Pop. estimated at above 630,000. (B.)
• " In that day of desolation.
Lady, I was captive made.
Bleeding for my Christian nation.
By the walls of high Belgrade." — Campbell.
tWe are informed, on good authority, that the native pronunciation of tni»
name is bel-oo'-khis-tan', but general usage appears to have affixed to the ch its soft
sound ; even the French pronounce the name in this manner. Balbi writei' it Bt.
Unitchistan.

BEN— BER 105
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Benevento, ben-i-ven'-to (Lat. Beneven'tum), an archiepiscopal t,
of Italy, belonging to the Papal State, though situated within the limits
of the kingdom of Naples. This town held an important rank in the
middle ages, when it was the seat of a dukedom. After the time of
Charlemagne, the duchy of Benevento maintained itself, for a consi
derable period, as an independent stale, and its dukes assumed the title
of princes. Lat 41° 7' N., Lon. 14° 43' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.)
Ben-gAl', a large prov. of Hindostan, between 21° and 27° N. Lat
nnd 86° and 93° B. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Nepaul and Bootan, E.
by the Burmese empire, S. by the Bay of Bengal and Orissa, and W.
by Bahar. Its length, from E. to W., may be estiraated at 350 m., its
average breadth at near 300 ra. Area estimated at 97,244 sq. m. 'The
soil of Bengal is very fertile, and the country is intersected in every
direction by navigable streams; among others, the Ganges and Brah
mapootra. The annual inundations occasioned by the swelling of the
rivers in the rainy season, leave a deposh; of decayed vegetable matter,
and thus renew the productiveness of the soil. This province is the
seat of the supreme government in British India. Pop. in 18"22, esti
mated at 23,358,750. (P. C.) Capital, Calcutta.— Adj. Ben'-gA-lese'
and Ben-gAl'-eb. Inhab. Bengalese.
Benguela, ben-gi'-li, a district on the W. coast of Africa, S. of
Angola. Benin, btn-een', a kingdom-on the W. coast of Africa, in Nigritia. —
A r. of this country, flowing into a gulf of the sarae name. — Also, a t ;
the cap. ofthe kingdora of Benin. Pop. estiraated at 15,000. (B.)
Ben'-ning-ton, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Vt. Pop.
16,872. Co. towns, Bennington and Manchester.
Bensheim, bens'-hime, a small t of Hesse Darmstadt, 8 m. S. of
Darmstadt Pop. 4,000. (B.)
Bentheim, bent'-hime, a small district of Germany, comprised within
the limits of Hanover, with a t ofthe same name.
Ben'-ton, a CO. in the N. E. part of Alabama, bordering on Ga. Pop.
14,260. Co. t Jacksonville.
Benton, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ark. Pop. 2,2"28.
Co. t Osage.
Benton, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., W. of, and bordering on
the Tennessee r. Pop. 4,772.
Benton, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ind., bordering on 111.
Benton, a co. in the S. W. central part of Mo., intersected by the
Osage r. Pop. 4,205. Seat of justice, Benton c. h. '
Berar, bi-rar', a-prov. in the S. of Hindostan, betwe^ 17° and 23°
N. Lat, and 75° and 81° E. Lon.
Berat, ber-it', an iraportant t of European Turkey, in Albania.
Lat 40° 48' N., Lon. 19° 52' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Beresina or Berezina, bir-ez-ee'-na, a r. of Russia, flowing into the
Dnieper, Ber-ez-of' (Berezow), a srball t. of Siberia; cap. of a ciicle of the
same name. Lat. 63° 56' N., Lon. about 67° E. Pop. about 1,500. (P. C.)

106 BER— BER
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mtt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, not ; 66 as in good;
Bergamo, bin'-gi-mo, (Ane. Ber'gomura,) a t of Austrian Italy, in
a prov. of the same narae, 27 m. N. E. of Milan. It possesses several
scientific and literary institutions ; araong others, a public library of
45,000 vols. Lat 45° 42' N., Lon. 9° 40' E. Pop. 32,000. (B.)
Bergen, hiRo-'-en, an ancient and commercial t of Norway, situated
on a bay of the North Sea. Lat. 60° 24' N., Lon. 5° 21' E. Pop.
21,000. (B.)
Berg'-en, a CO. in the N. E. part of N. J., bordering on the Hudson r.
Pop.' 13,223. Co. t Hackensack.
Berg-op-Zoom, bcRo' op zome', (Berg on the Zoom,) sometimes
incorrectly written Bergen-op-Zoorara fortified t of Holland, in N. Bra
bant, on the little river Zoora, and near the E. branch of the Scheldt
19 m. N. by W. of Antwerp. Pop. about 6,000. (B.)
Bergues, bfRg, a fortified t of France, in the dep. of Nord, about
5 m. S. E. of Dunkerque. Lat 50° .58' N., Lon. 2° 24' E. Pop. in
1832, 5,962. (P. C.)
Behic'-ley, a CO. in the N. E. part of Va., on the Potomac r. Pop.
10,972. Co. t Martinsburg.
Berks, a co. in the S. B. part of Pa., intersected by the SchuylkilL
Pop.'64,.569. Co. t Reading.
BerkZ-shire, formerly written, and still often pronounced Barkshire,
an inland co. of England, S. of, and bordering on the Thames. Pop.
161,147. Berkshire, a co. forraing the western extremity of Mass. Pop.
41,745. Co. t Lennox.
Ber'-lin (Ger. pron. biR-leen'), the cap. of the Prussian dominions,
and, next to Vienna, the largest and finest city of Germany, situated
on the banks of the Spree, in the prov. of Brandenburg. The part
called New Town (Neu Sladt, noi' st-itt), is built with great regular
ity. The streets are wide, and adorned with a raultitude of magnifi
cent buildings, both public and private. The royal palace is one ofthe
finest in Europe. Berlin is celebrated as a seat of literature, science,
and the arts ; among the raultitude of institutions for the promotion of
which, may be named — the University, founded in 1810, which is one
ofthe first in Europe; it has 12') professors, and about 1,700 students:
the Royal Library, containing more than 400,000 vols., besides manu
scripts : and the new Museum, with a superb collection of paintings,
coins, and other works of art. In trade, extent, and population, it sur
passes every other city of the Prussian dominions. The old Observa
tory is in 52° 31' 13" N. Lat, and 13' 23' 52 " E. Lon. Pop. above
240;000. (B.) *^
Berlin, a t of Conn., in Hartford co., 11 m. S. of Hartford, remark-
able for its tin manufactures. Pop. of tho township, 3,411.
Bermudas, b?r-moo'-daz,* or Sommers' Islands, are situated in the

• This name, in Shakspeare's time, appears to have been pronounced after the
Spanish mode, Bermoothes, ns \ye find it thus written in the TemvcsL Act I
Scene 8. (See Inl, XXVII., 7.) ^

BER— BEV 107
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
N. Atlantic, 645 m. N.E. of Atwood's Keys, the nearest of the W. India
Islands, and 580 m. from Cape Hatteras, in North Carolina. These
islands are very nuraerous : the principal are St. George's, St. David's,
Long Island (or Bermuda), Somerset, and Ireland. They belong to
Great Britain. The climate of the Bermudas is that of perpetual
spring. The name is derived from the supposed discoverer, Bermudez,
a Spaniard who is said to have touched here in 1522. Wreck Hill, the
western part of the group, is in 32° 15' N. Lat, and 64° 50' W. Lon.
Total pop. in 1832, 12,228. (P. C.)— Inhab. Bermudian, ber-moo'-
de-an. Bern or Berne (Ger. and Fr. pron. bfRu), the most populous and
next to the largest canton of Switzerland, is situated in the central
part of this country. Area 2,577 gq. m. Pop. in 1831, 380,000. (P. C.)
—Adj. and inhab. Ber-nese'.
Bern, the cap. of the above, on a peninsula forraed by the r. Aar.
Its trade is considerable, and it possesses several good establishments
for education, with a richly endowed museum of natural history, and
a public library of 30,000 volumes. Lat. 46° 57' N., Lon. 7° 25' E.
Pop. of the town, with its environs, 20,000. (B.)
Bern'--\rd, St., a mountain pass between Switzerland and Italy, on
which the celebrated Hospice or monastery of St. Bernard stands, at
the height of ahout 7,963 feet, being the most elevated fixed habitation
in Europe, and close upon the limits of perpetual snow. Above it, tre
mendous rocks rise to the height of 4,240 feet, or about 12,200 feet
above the level of the sea.
Bernard, St., a parish in the S. E. part of La., bordering on Lake
Borgne. Pop. 3,237.
Ber'-ri-en, a CO. forming the S. W. extremity ofthe state of Mich.,
lying on L. Michigan. Pop. ,5,011. Co. t St. Joseph.
Ber-tie', a CO. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on the Roanoke.
Pop." 12,175. Co. t. Windsor.
Berwick, usually pronounced ber'-rick,a seaport and garrison t of the
CO. of Northumberland, Eng., on the road from London to Edinburgh, on
the N. bank of the Tweed, about half a mile from its mouth, and 48 m.
E. by S. from Edinburgh. Lat. 55° 46' N., Lon. about 2° W. Pop. of
the parish, including an area of 8 sq. m., 8,484.
Berwickshire, bt-r'-rik-shir, a co. forming the S.'E. extremity of
Scotland. Pop. 34,438.
Besanqon, hez-iN^-siN' or b'ziN^-siN', (the Vesan'tii of the Romans,) a
very ancient fortified t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Doubs, on the r.
Doubs, 205m. S. B. of Paris. Its trade and manufactures are consi
derable : it possesses a number of establishments for education, and is
the seat of an archbishopric. Lat. 47° 14' N., Lon. 6° 3' B. Pop.
29,000. (B.)
Bes^-S-A-ra'-bi-.\, or hes^-si-ri'-be-i, a prov. forming the S. W. extre
mity of the Russian empire, lying between the Pruth and Dniester,
between 44° 45 and 48° 40' N. Lat, and 26° 10' and 30° 25' B. Lon.
Bev'-el-and (Dutch pron. hi'v§lint,) a dist. of Holland, including

108 BEV— BIL
Fite, fir, fall, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good;
two islands called N. and S. Beveland, situated in the great estuary of
the Scheldt.
Bev'-e-ren (Dutch pron. hi'-ver-en), a t of Belgium, 7 m. Vv'. of
Antwerp. Pop. near 6,000. (B.)
Bev'-er-ley, a t. of England, cap. of the E. riding of Yorkshire, 28 m.
E. by S. of York. Entire pop. of the town and liberties, 8,671.
Bev'-er-ly, a. t of Essex CO., Mass., 16 m. N. N. B. of Boston. Pop.
of the township, 4,689.
Bewd'-ley, a t of England, in the co. of Worcester, 13 m. N. by W.
of Worcester. Pop. 3,400.
Beyra or Beira, bVe-ri, a prov. of Portugal ; bounded on the N. by
the r. Douro, which separates it frora the provinces Entre Douro e Min
ho and Tras os Monies, E. by Spain, S. by the provinces of Algarve
and Estremadura, and W. by the Atlantic. Length from N. to S., 130 m.;
breadth, from E. to W., about 110 m.
Beyroot or Bairout, hi'-root, (Turk. pron. bi-root; that of the
Arabs corresponds with the English, as already given : Gr. Bjjprrof,
Lat. Ber'ylus,) a very ancient city of Syria, in the pashalic of Acre, on
the Mediterranean, once celebrated for its school of jurisprudence. It
now possesses few traces of its former splendor. Lat. 33° 49i' N., Lon.
35° 27' B. Pop. estimated at 6,000. (P. C.)
Bhat^-gong' or b'hit^-gong', a t. of Nepaul, about 6 ra. S. E. of Kat-
mandoo, celebrated as a seat of Brahminical learning.
Bhopal. See Bopaul.
Bburt^-poor' or b'hurt'-poor', a t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Agra;
cap. ofa dist. ofthe same name. Lat. 27° 12' N., Lon. 77° 30' E.
Bi-al'-ys-tok, an elegantly built t. of Western Russia ; cap. of a
prov. ofthe sarae name. Lat. .53° 7' N., Lon. 23° 18' E. Pop. above
6,000. (P. C.)
Bibb, a co. in the central part of Ga., intersected by the Ocmulo-ee.
Pop. 9,802. Co. t. Macon.
Bibb, a co. in the central part of Ala., intersected by the Cahawba.
Pop. 8,284. Co. t. Centreville.
Bid'-b-ford or Biddeford, a seaport t. of Devonshire, England, 36m.
N. by W. from Exeter. Lat 51° 2' N., Lon. 4° 12' W. Pop. 4,830.
Bielefeld, bee'-le/!-felt\ a manufacturing t of Prussia, in West
phalia. Lat. 52° 2' N., Lon. 8° 29' B. Pop. 5,200. (B.)
Big-Black River, a r. in the state of Miss., flowing into the Missis
sippi. Big Horn River, rising in the Rocky Mountains, flows into the
Yellow Stone.
Bilbao, bil-bi'-o, often written and pronounced in English Bil/-bo-a,
a t in the N. of Spain ; cap. of Biscay. Lat 43° 15' N., Lon. 2° 56'
W. Pop, about 15,000. (B,)
Bills'-ton, a manufacturing t, of England, in Staffordshire, 107 m.
N. W. from London. Pop. ofthe township and chapelry, with an area
of about 4sq. m., 20,181.

BIN— BIR 109
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Bing'-en, a t of Hesse-Darmstadt on the left bank of the Rhine.
Lat 49° 55' N., Lon. 7° 51' E. Pop. 4,100. (B.)
Bing'-b.\m-ton, or Chenango Point, the cap. of Btoorae co., N. Y.,
on the New York and Erie Railroad, 20 ra. E. of Owego, and con
nected by the Chenango, wilh the Erie, Canal. Pop, of the township,
5,46.5. Bio-Bio, bee'-o-bee-o, a r, of Chili, which falls into the Pacific in 36°
50' S. Lat.
Birket-el-Keroon, more properly Birket-el-Koorn, beeR'-ket-el-
JiOORu' (i. e. the " lake of the horn," so named from ks peculiar shape) ;
11 considerable lake of Middle Egypt, bounding the prov. of Faioom on
the N. W., and situated between 29° 35' and '29° 15' N. Lat, and 30°
10' and 30° 40' E. Lon. Its length, following the curve, is rather more
than 30 ra. ; its greatest breadth, 6 or 7 m. It is the Lake Moeris of
*Jie ancients.
Birket-el-Marioot, beeR'-ket-el-m-i-re-oot', (the Lake Mareo'tis of
the ancients,) a lake in the N. E. part of Lower Egypt S. E. of Alex
andria. It had become entirely dry wilhin the last three centuries, but
as the bottom is several feet below the level of the sea, the English, in
1801, in order to circumscribe the operations of the French, cut across
the narrow isthmus which separated the basin from the lake of Aboo
keer (Aboukir), when the sea-water flowed in, and covered an extent
of 30m. in length, and 15 in breadth. This isthmus has since been
restored by Mehemet Aii.
Bir'-m.\, Burma, or Brah'-ma, called also the kingdom of Ava, ah em
pire of Chin-India, in the S. E. of Asia. Ils exact boundaries on the N.
and E. are not known. On the S. it extends about 240 m. along the gulf
of Martahan ; the country of Arracan bounds it on the W. The Bir-
man empire consists of Birma proper, Pegoo, Martahan, and the Birman
Lao. The climate is said not to exhibit the extremes of heat and cold
which are found in India, and is supposed, therefore, to be more healthy
to the European constitution. It varies, however, greatly in different
parts of the country. The soil produces almost every kind of grain
and vegetables, as well as the different tropical fruits ; the pine apple
is said to grow here spontaneously. The Birmans are much less civil
ized than the Hindoos. In religion they are Boodhisls ; neither Ma
hometanism nor Christianity has made any progress among them. The
government is an absolute despotism, their sovereign being the lord of
the life and property of all his subjects. — Adj. and inhab. Bir'man and
Bir-mese', or Burmese.
BiR'-MiNG-BAM,.a large t. of England, in Warwickshire, 98 m. N. W.
of London. It has increased astonishingly within a c' i-,ury, and has
become the" principal hardware manufacturing town of G. Britain. By
means of canals and railways it is connected with all the more im
portant places of the kingdom, and thus enjoys every facility for trade,
and is enabled to distribute the productions of its industry to all parts
of the globe. Lat. 52° 29' N., Lon. 1° 52' W. - Pop. 182,922.
10

110 BIR— BLA
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mit ; pne or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good.
Birr or Par'-sons-town\ a t. of Ireland, in Kings co. Lat. 53° 7' N.
Lon! 7° 51' W. Pop. in 1831, 6,.594. (P. C.)
Bis'-CAY, (Sp. Biscaya, bis-ki'-i or Viscaya,) a sraall prov. in the N.
of Spain, lying on the Bay of Biscay. Adj. and inhab. Bis-cay'-an.
Biscay, Bay of, is that portion of the Atlantic Ocean which washes the
northern coasts of Spain, and divides them from the western coasts of
France. Black Mountain, near the N. W. extremity of N. C, remarkable
as being the most elevated point of the Appalachian system, and the
highest mountain-surarait in the United States, E. ofthe Rocky Moun
tains. Height, 6,476 ft. Lat. about 36° 10' N., Lon. 81° 40' W.
Black River, a r. in the northern part of N. Y., which flows into
L, Ontario, near Sackett's Harbour. Its whole length is about 120 m.
Black Rock, a village of Erie co., N. Y., on Lake Erie, at the com
mencement of the Niagara r., 2 m. from Buffalo. Pop. of the township,
.3,625. Black Sea,* called also the Eu'-xine, (Ane. Pon'tus Euxi'nus; Turk.
Kd'-ri' Deng/-is,) lies between 40° 50' and 46° 40' N. Lat, and 27° 20'
and 41° 50' E. Lon., and divides the southern provinces of European
Russia frora Natolia. It communicates with the Mediterranean hy the
Bosporus, the Sea of Marmora, and the Hellespont Throughout its
whole extent there is but one small island. This is uninhabited, and
lies in 45° 15' N. Lat, at a considerable distance from the western
shore. The waters ofthis sea are much less saline than those ofthe ocean.
Their specific gravity, compared with that of fresh water, is 1142 to
1000. The water of the Atlantic is 1288. This difference is probably
owing to the great quantity of ftesh water which the numerous rivers
pour into the Euxine frora the surrounding country. The waters ofthe
Baltic, however, are considerably less saline than those of tlie Black
Sea, their specific gravity being not above 1042. (P. C.)
Black Warrior, a r. of Alabama, which flows intotbe Tombigbee.
It is navigable for steamboats to Tuscaloosa, nearly 500 ra. by water,
frora Mobile.
Black'-ford, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ind., a little S. E. of the
Wabash and Erie canal. Pop. 1,'226.
Bla'-den, a CO. in the S. E. part of N. C, intersected by the Cape
Fear r. Pop. 8,022. Co. t Elizabethtown.
Blanc, Mount, (Fr. Mont Blanc, miN bliN, i. e. " white mountain,")
• The name Black Sea is said to have been given by the Turks, who, being
accustomed only to the navigation of the Archipelago, where the numerous
islands and their convenient ports, olTered many places of refuge in case of dan
ger, found the traversing such an open expanse of water very perilous, and accord
ingly expressed their fears by the epithet " black" (kara). Partly on the same
account, and partly because the shores of this sea were occupied by b.irbarou8
nations, the ancient Greeks first called it a\svoi, (axenos,) ;'. e. " inhospitable;" but
afterwards, when they had become better acquainted with the art of navigation,
and had established numerous colonies on the shores, they changed the name to
tifevos or cvfcmof, (euxenos or euxeinos,) !. e. "hospitable."

BLA— BOG 111
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
the highest mountain in Europe, situated in the kingdora of Sardinia, on
the boundary line between Savoy and Piedmont The highest point is
2460 toises, or 15,533 English feet above the level of the sea. (B.)
Lat. about 45° 50' N., Lon. 6° 50' E.
Blan'-co Cape, on the W. coast of Africa, in 20° 46' 26" N. Lat,
and 17° 4' 10" W. Lon., is the W. extreraity of a rocky ridge extend
ing into the Sahara, called the While Mounla:ins.
Blan'-ken-burg" or blin'-ken-b66RG\ a principality in the N. of Ger
many, belonging to the dukes of Brunswick. — Also the chief t. of the
above. Lat. 51° 47' N., Lon. 10° 57' E. Pop. 3,200. (P. C.)
Bled'-sob, a CO. in the E. central part of Tenn., W. of the 'Tennes
see r. Pop. 5,676. Co. t. Pikeville.
Bleiberg, bli'-beRQ, i. e. " lead raountain," a village of the Austrian
empire, on the Drave, in Carinthia, with one of the richest lead mines
in Europe. Pop. including that of the environs, near 4,000. (B.)
Blenheim, blen'-im, (Ger. pron. blen'-hime,) a village of Bavaria on
the Danube, where, in 1704, Marlborough and Prince Eugene gained a
great victory over the French and Bavarian forces under Marshal Tal-
lard. Blois, Bloi, or, more correct'iy, blwi, an important city of France, on
the Loire, cap. of the dep. of Loir-et-Cher. Here is an ancient aque
duct cut in the rock, supposed to have been made by the Romans, which
is still used for supplying the town with water. Lat 47° 35' N., Lon.
1° 20' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.)
Blount, a co. in the northern part of Ala., S. of the Tennessee r.
Pop. 5,570. Co. t Blountsville.
Blount, a co. in the E, part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 11,745.
Co. t. Marysville.
Blue Mountains, the eastern range of the Alleghanies, extending
frora the highlands, on the Hudson, to N. C, where it joins the main
range. In Va. it is called the Blue Ridge.
Bo'-bbr, a r. of Prussian Silesia, flowing into the Oder, at Krossen.
Length about 140 m.
Bocage, bo^-kizh', a dist. of France, in the forraer prov. of Normandy,
now situated in the dep. of Calvados. The inhabitants are distinguished
by their small stature, and are remarkable for the patriarchal simpli
city of their mode of life, for industry, and for attachraent to their na
tive soil. Capital, Vire.
BtEUF, bif, the name of a bayou in La., which communicates witn
the Red r. and the Atchafalaya. (See Bayou.)
BoDENSBE. See Constance, Lake.
Bod'-min. a t. of England, in the co. of Cornwall, about 210 m
W. S. W. of London. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above 4
sq. m., 4,205.
Bog, sometimes written Boro (Ane. Hyp'anis), a r. in the S. part of
European Russia, flowing into the Dnieper. Length about 470 m.
Bo'-glj-poor', a t. of Hindostan ; cap. of a dist. of the same name,

112 BOG— BOK
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, rnit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good i
on the right bank of the Ganges. It is the seat of a celebrated Maho
metan college. Lat. 25° 13' N., Lon. about 87° E. Pop. 30,000. (B.)
Bogota or Santa Fe de Bogota, sin'-ti fi di bo-go-ti', an archiepis
copal t. of S.America, forraerly the cap. ofthe Spanish vice-royalty of N.
Granada, at present the metropolis of the republic of this narae, situated
9 or 10 m. distant frora the sraall r. of Bogota, at the foot of two lofty
mountains, at an elevation of about 8,640 feet above the level of the
sea. It was founded by Quesade, in 1538. Like many other towns
built by the Spaniards in America, Bogota presents the figure of a
cross, of which the principal square and church form the centre. Aa
this place is subject to frequent earthquakes, most of the houses con
sist of one or two stories only. Bogota has three colleges ; and twenty-
six churches, the interior of which is resplendent with gold.- It also
contains nine monasteries, and three nunneries. Lat. 4° 36' N., Lon.
74° 13' W. Pop. estimated at 40,000. (B.)
Bo-he'-mh-a (Ger. Bohmen, bo'-men, or Boheim, bo'-hime), derivea
its name from the ancient Boii, who occupied the country about tha
sources ofthe Elbe and Moldau. It now constitutes a kingdom belong
ing to the empire of Austria, comprising Bohemia Proper, the margra-
yiate of Moravia, and a small portion of Upper Silesia. Bohemia Proper
occupies an irregular quadrangle in the S. E. of Germany, between
48° 33' and 51° 5'N. Lat, and 12° and 16° 46' E. Lon., and is bounded
on the N. W. and N. by Saxony, N. E. by Prussian Silesia, S. E. and
S. by Moravia and Austria, and S. W. by Bavaria. Ic contains about
20,000 sq. ra. Pop. about 3,932,000. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab. Bo-
he'-mi-an. Bois-LE-Duc, bwi^-leA-diik', a fortified manufacturing t. of Holland ;
cap. of North Brabant! Lat. 51° 42' N., Lon. 5° 16 E. Pop. esti
mated at 13,000. (B.)
BojADOR, boj^-a-dore', (Port. pron. bozb-i-doRe',) a cape on the W.
coast of Africa. Lat. 26° 12' N., Lon. 14° 27' W.
Bokhara, hn-Ki'-ri, or Bu-kha'-ri-a, (Ane. Sogdia'na and Tran-
Boxia'na,) called, also, Usbekhistan, ooz-beK^-is-tin', a country in Cen
tral Asia, between 36° and 42° N. Lat, and 62° and 72° E. Lon. It is
bounded on the N. by an extensive desert called Kizil Koom, and on
the S. by Budukhshan and Afghanistan. The climate of Bokhara ia
regular and constant, and the soil produces a great variety of vegeta
bles and fruits proper to the temperate latitudes. Area estimated at
90,000 sq. m. Pop. 2,500,000. (B.) The prevailing languages are
the Persian and Turkish. The former is spoken by the better edu
cated generally. The governraent is despotic, but as it is regu
lated on the laws of the Koran, the authority of the sovereign, in
some measure, is controlled by the priests and lawyers. 'The khan of
Bokhara is the most powerful of tho princes of Toorkistan, and main
tains a standing army of about 25,000 men, of which not more than
4,000 are infantry. — Adj. and inhab. Bokharian, bo-Ki'-re-an, and
Bu-kha'-rji-an ; also Bokharese, bo^-Ki-rese'. (M.)
Bokhara, the cap. of the khanat of the same name, and the mos'

BOL— BOL 113
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
commercial t of Central Asia, is situated in a rich plain, surrounded
by gardens and trees. It is the centre of communication between seve
ral countries, and carries on, by raeans of caravans, an active trade
with Russia, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, India, and China. Bokhara
is a celebrated seat of Mahometan learning. It is computed that about
10,000 persons attend the different schools and colleges of this city at
one tirae. Lat. 39° 48' N., Lon. 64° 26' E. Pop. estimated at above
100,000. (B.)
Bol'-bec', a manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine,
110 m. N. W. of Paris. Il has increased astonishingly within the last
20 years. Lat 49° 35' N., Lon. 0° 28' E. Pop. above 8,000. (B.)
Bon or Bo'-LEB, a flourishing manufacturing t of Asiatic Turkey.
Lat. 40° 42' N., Lon. 31° 44' E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.)
Bol'-i-v.ar, a CO. in the W. part of Miss., bordering on the Missis
sippi r. Pop. 1,356. Co. t. Bolivar.
fio-Liv'-i-A, or bo-lee'-ve-i, a republic of S. America, situated be
tween about 10° and 25° 40' S. Lat, and 57° and 70° 44' W. Lon.,
bounded on the N. E. and E. by Brazil and Paraguay, S. by Buenos
Ayres and Chili, W. and N. W. by the Pacific and by Peru. Length
about 1,100 m.; greatest breadth, 800 m. Area estimated at about
400,000 sq. m. No recent census of Bolivia having been taken, the
pop. is variously estimated from 630,000 to 1,300,000. Balbi gives the
latter number. This republic dates from the battle of Ayacucho (i-yi-
koo'-cho), 1824, in which the patriots, under Sucre, completely defeated
the royalists. The new republic was named Bolivia, in honour of
General Bolivar. The seat of government is Chuquisaca, formerly
called La Plata. — Adj. and inhab. Bo-liv'-i-an.
Bologna, bo-lone'-yi, (Lat Bono'nia,) a city of Italy, in the Papal
State, next to Rome in population and iraportance, 26 m. S. S. W. of
Ferrara, with which it is connected by a canal (Naviglio, ni-veel'-yo),
navigable for large boats. From Ferrara, by means of the Po, Adige,
and intermediate canals, the water communication extends to Venice.
This town is one of great antiquity. It was the principal city of the
Etruscans north of the Appenines, and was then called Felsina. Af
terwards the Romans changed its name to Bononia. Bologna abounds
in churches, most of which are rich in paintings. It is also remarka
ble for its public institutions for the promotion of literature, science, and
the fine arts. The university of Bologna is the oldest, and still one of
the principal in Italy. There is a public library, containing 83,000
vols. Lat 44° 30' N., Lon. 11° Si' E. Pop. above 71,000. (B.)—
Adj. BoLOGNESE, bo^-lo-neze', and Bolognian, bo-lo'-ne-an. — Inhab.
BOLOGNESE. Bolsena, bol-si/-ni, a lake of Italy, in the Papal State, about 50 ra.
N. N. W. of Rome. Its form is nearly oval, and it covers an area of
about 70 sq. m. Near the northern bank stands the t of Bolsena, with
about 1,500 inhabitants.
Bol'-ton-le-Moors', a manufacturing and coraraercial t of England,
in Lancashire, 11 m. N. W. of Manchester. This town has increased
IC*

114 BOM— BOO
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, pit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good;
very rapidly in population and importance within the last half century.
By means of canals and railways, it is connected with all the more
imporiant places of the kingdora. The weavers of Bolton probably
produce a greater variety of fabrics, than those of any other single town
in England. The institutions for education are numerous. Lat 53°.
33' N., Lon. 3° 34' W. Pop., including Great and Little Bolton, with
an area of above 3sq. m., 49,763.
Bom-bay', an i. on the W. coast of Hindostan, a little more than
8 ra. long, from N. to S., and ahout 3 m. in its greatest breadth. Its
harbour is unequalled for safety, throughout the British empire in India,
and hence the narae Bom Bahia* (good harbour), given to it by the
Portuguese, which is now corrupted into Borabay. (P. C.) The town
of Bombay is situated at the S. E. extremity of the island, and is tole
rably well built It is second only lo Calcutta in commercial impor
tance. Bombay possesses several institutions for the promotion of
knowledge, araong which is a fine observatory. Lat 18° 57' N., Lon.
70° 40' E. The perraanent pop. in 1816 amounted to about 162,000. (B.)
Bombay is the seat of one of the three presidencies into which the
British empire in India is divided. Together with the presidency of
Madras, it is subordinate to the governor-general of India, whose resi
dence is at Calcutta. The territory under the immediate jurisdiction
of the governor and council of Bombay, is situated between the 14th
and 24th degrees of N. Lat, and the 7ist and 77th degrees of E. Lon.
Bo'-NA (Ane. Hip'po Re'gius), a seaport t of Algiers. Lat 36° 53'
N., Lon. 7° 47' E.
Bo'-NA Vis'-TA, or Boa Vista, ho'i vis'-ti, the most easterly of the
Cape de Verde Islands, about 16 m.' in length. There is a little town
of the same name on the W. side of the island, in 16° 9'N. Lat and
22° .58' E.Lon.
Bond, a co, in the S. central part of 111., W. of Vandalia. Pop. 2,333.
Bonifacio, ho-ne-fi'-cho, a fortified t on the S. extremity of the
island of Corsica, with a good harbour. Lat 41° 23' N., Lon. 9° 9' R
Pop. about 3,000. (P. C.)
Bonn (the Bonna of the Bomans), a t belonging to Prussia, in the
circle ofthe Lower Rhine, on the left bank ofthe Rhine. At the head
of its numerous literary institutions, stands the University, one of me
most celebrated in Germany. Lat 50° 42' N., Lon. 7° 4' E. Pop
above 12,000. (B.)
Boom, home, a t of Belgium, 10 m. S. of Antwerp. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Boone, a co. in the N. of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 10,034.
Co. t Burlington.
BooNE, a CO. in the central part of Ind. Pop. 8,121. Co. t Lebanon.
Boone, a co. in the N. part of 111., bordering on Wisconsin. Pop.
1,705. * More correctly Boa Dalda, pronounced bo'-a bah-ee'-a. It should be remarked
that bahia, being a feminine noun, cannot properly have the masculine adjective
bom prefixed to it. — Bahia signifies strictly a "bay," or "natural harbour."

BOO— BOR 115
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
Boone, a co. in the central part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri.
Pop. 13,561. Co. t Columbia.
Bootan, boo-tin', or Bhootan, the name of a tract of country lying
N. E. of Hindostan. Ils exact limits do not appear to be ascertained.
On the N. it is bounded by Thibet, on the S. by Bengal and Bahar. —
Inhab. Boo-tee'-a, sometimes written Botiva.
Bo-paul', written also Bhopal, a small independent principalitv in
the central part of India, between 22° 32' and 23° 45' N. Lat, and 76°
2' and 78° .52' E. Lon.— Also, the cap. ofthe above. Lat. 23° 17° N.,
Lon. 77° 27' E.
Borcette. See Burscheid.
Bordeaux, boR' -do',* or hor'-do, formerly written Bourdeaux, booR'-
do', (Gr. Boijp5i7a>.a, Lat Burdigfala,)an ancient and celebrated city
of France ; cap. of the dep. of Gironde, and one of the finest, most com
mercial, and most populous towns in the kingdom, on the W. hank of
the Garonne, 310 m. S. W. of Paris. The city is connected with its
suburb La Baslide (la bis^-teed'), on the other side of the river, by a
bridge 532 yards in length, resting on 17 arches, and constituting one
of tlie noblest structures ofthe kind that exist Burdigala was an im
portant place as far back as the middle or latter end ofthe foirrth century,
when it was made the capital of the Gallic province Aquitania Secunda.
Even at that time it had a great reputation as a seat of learning. At
present it is distinguished among the towns of France, not only by the
extent and variety of its manufactures, and its active commerce, but
also by its literary and scientific institutions, and its nuraerous and ira
portant establishments for public instruction, among which there is an
academie universitaire, and a public library of 110,000 vols. Bordeaux
is the seat of an archbishopric. Lat 44° 50' N., Lon. 0° 33' W. Pop.
110,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Bordelais or Bordelois, bor^-d'li' ;
feminine, Bordelaise, bor'-d'laze'.
BoRQNE, a lake or rather bay in the S. E. part of La., connected
wilh L. Pontchartrain hy the Rigolets, and communicating on the E.
with the Gulf of Mexico. Length about 60 m. : greatest breadth 26 m.
Bor'-ne-o, the largest island ofthe globe, with the exception of New
HoIland,siluated between about 4° S. and 7° N.Lat, and 119° 30'andl09°
30' E. Lon. Its greatest length is about 850 m. ; its breadth about 680 m.
• The accent is usually placed on the last syllable ofthis name, in ordinary dis
course. But the poets, we believe, almost invariably accentuate the penultima.
This is evidently the mode in which Shakspeare pronounced Bordeaux. Scott,
whose authority may have more weight, as being more modern!, follows his
example. " — England's hope and France's f^ar,
Victor of Cressy and Poitier,
In Bordeaux dying lay."
Lines on the Black Prince. Rob Roy.
"That venison free and Bordeaux wine
Might serve the archery to dine." Lady of the Lake, Canto V.

116 BOR— BOS
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good,
The area is estimated at 286,000 sq. m. Our knowledge of this island
is limited, for the most, part to the shores. The climate, as far as it
is known, is very hot and moist and is particularly destructive to Eu
ropeans. Borneo is divided into a great number of small states. Some
of these are subject to the sultan of the Tooloo Islands ; others to the
Dutch, who have possessions on the westem, southern, and eastern
coasts. Most of them, however, appear lo be independent. The com
mercial intercourse of Borneo with China, is much more extensive than
with Europe. Among European nations, the Dutoh, who exercise
authority over one-third of the coast, carry on the most active com
merce, exporting pepper, gold, and other products. Borneo produces a
great variety of vegetables and trees common to tropical countries. It
also contains rich gold and diamond mines.
' Born'-holm, an i; in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark, 90 m. E. of
Zealand. It is about 26 m. long, and 12 wide. Area estimated al
216 sq.m.
Bor-noo', (Bornou,) a kingdom in the N. central part of Africa, be
tween 10° and 15° N. Lat, and 12° and 18° E. Lon.— Adj. and inhab.
BoR^-NOO-EgE'. Borodino, bor-o-dee'-no, a village of Russia, about 70 ra. W. of Mos
cow, the scene ofa desperate battle between the French and Russiaus,
in 1812. Lat. 55° 33' N., Lon. 35° 40' E.
Bosna-SeraI, bos'-ni-ser-i', or Serajevo, ser-i-yi'-vo, a manufac
turing and commercial city of European Turkey, on the Migliazza
(meel-^yit'-si) or Miliaska, near ils junction with the Bosna. It is
considered the cap. of Bosnia, although the pasha has for the last
few years resided at Trawnik. Lat. 43° 54' N., Lon. IS° 26' E. Pop.
about 70,000. (B.)
Bos'-Ni-.A, (called Bos'-ni by the Turks,) tbe most westerly eyalel
or prov. of European Turkey, derives its name from the r. Bosna, an
affluent of the Save, by which it is intersected. It is bounded on the
N. W. and N. by Croatia and Slavonia, E. by Servia, and S. and W.
by Albania and Dalraatia. Area variously estiraated from 16,000 to
22,000 sq.m. — Adj. and inhab. Bos'-ni-an and Bos'-ni-ak: the latter is
more properly applied to that portion of the inhabitants of Bosnia who
are descended from the orginal Slavonic nation tliat established itself
here during the decline of the Roman erapire.
Bos'-por-us, commonly bul incorrectly written Bosphorus, the strait
between the Euxine and the Sea of Marmora, called also the Channel
of Constantinople. It is about Im. or 14 m. wide, and 20m. long.
BosRAH. See Bassora.
Bos'-ton, a port of entry, cap. of Mass., and the lai^est city in Nen
England, is situated in Suffolk co., on a peninsula 2 ra. long and about
1 m. wide, at the W. side of Massachusetts Bay. Its harbour is one of
the best in the United States. It has always a suSicient depth of watei
for the largest vessels, and is accessible at all seasons of the year
The Middlesex canal, 30 m. in length, connects this harbour witk
the Merrimack. Besides the advantages which Boston possesses foi

BOS— BOU 117
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
maritime trade, it comraunicates, by raeans of railroads, with all the
principal places in Mass., and wilh most of the important towns in the
adjoining states. It is the second commercial city of the United
States. The tonnage of this port, in 1843, amounted to 210,324. The
total value of the imports, for the same year, was $20,662,567, and
of the exports, !S7,365,712. It is probable that the araount of imports
and exports, during the present year (1844), will he much greater.
The number and excellence of her institutions for education, and the
zeal and success with which literature and science are cultivated by
her citizens, appear fully to justify the distinguished reputation which
Boston enjoys, as a seat of learning. Among the numerous literary
establishments of this city, may be mentioned the Athenseum, with a
library of 34,000 vols. Lat of the State House, 42° 21' 22" N., Lon.
71° 4' 9" W. Pop. 93,383.— Inhab. Bos-to'-ni-an.
Boston, a seaport I. of England, in Lincolnshire, about 100 m. N. of
London. Lat 53° N., Lon. 0° 2' W. Pop. of the town and parish,
with an area of above 8 sq. m., 12,942.*
Bot-a-ny Bay, situated on the E. coast of New Holland, was named
by Cook, frora the great quantity of plants found there. Near it is
Sydney, the chief town of the colony of convicts from Great Britain.
See Sydney.
Botetourt, bot'-e-tprt a co. in the S. central part of Virginia, W.
of the Blue Ridge. Pop. 11,679. Co. t Fincaslle.
Both'-nj-a, a country in the N. of Europe, formerly divided into E.
and W. Bothnia ; but the prov. called E. Bothnia has been ceded to Rus
sia, and now forms a part of the government of Uleiborg. S. Bothnia
extends frora about 63° 30' to 68° N. Lat. On the S. E. it borders on
the Gulf of Bothnia. — Adj. Both'-nj-.an and Both'-nic.
Bothnia, Gulf of, the most northern part of the Baltic Sea, extends
from 60° to near 66° N. Lat Its whole length is perhaps 450 m.
Botz'-en, (It. Bolzano, bol-si'-no,) a t of Tyrol, '32 m. N. by E. of
Trent. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Bouches du Rhone. See Mouths of the Rhone.
Boulogne, boo-lone',(Fr. pron. boo^-loii': Ane. Gesoriacum, afterwards
Bono'nia or Bolo'nia,) a seaport t of France, in the dep. of Pas de Ca
lais, 138 ra. N. by W. of Paris. It contains, araong other institutions,
a public library of above 22,000 vols. Lat 50° 44' N., Lon. 1° 35' E.
Pop. 26,000. (B.)
Bourbon, boor'-bon, (Fr. pron. booR^-biN',) an i. belonging to France,
situated in the Indian Ocean, E. of Madagascar. The t, of St Denis,
at the N. W. extreraity, is in 20° 51' S. Lat, and 55° 30' B. Lon. This
island is nearly 50 ra. long, from S. E. to N. W., and about 35 m. wide.
The soil is very fertile in the vicinity of the coast but the interior is
decidedly sterile. A large portion of the island is mountainous ; one
• McCulloch gives the population of this town, witbout mentioning the area
included.

118 BOU— BRA
File, far, fill, fit ; mi, mtt ; p'.ne or pine, pin; n^nit; 66 as in ffooJ,
of the peaks rises to the height of near 9,600 ft. above the level of the
sea. Pop. in 1822, about 68,000. (P. C.) See Mauritius.
Bour'-bpn, a CO. in the N. part of Ky., N. B. of Lexington. Pop.
14,478. Co. t Paris.
Bourbon Lancy, booR^-biN' IJn^-sc', a small t of France, in the dep.
of Sadneand Loire, celebrated for its warra mineral springs and baths.
This place was known to the Romans under the name of Aquse Nisi-
nei. Lat. 46° 37' N., Lon. 3° 46' E.
Bourbon l'Archambault, booR^-siN'-laR'-shim^-bo', a t of France,
in the dep. of Allier, which appears to have been known for its warm
mineral waters, to the Romans, under the name of Aquas Bormonis. It
is a place of considerable resort during the months of summer. Lat
46° 36' N., Lon. 3° 1' E. Pop. about 3,000. (P. C.)
Bourbon Vendee, booR^-biN'viN^-di/, a t of France, cap. of the dep.
of Vendue. Lat 46° 41' N., Lon. 1° 29' W. Pop. 4,000. (B.)
Bourdeaux. See Bordeaux.
BouRBONNE-LEs-B AINS, booR^-bonu' li^-bis', a t of France, in the dep.
of Upper Marne, remarkable for its hot mineral springs and for the
military hospital established here. Lat. 47° 57' K, Lon. 5° 46' K Pop.
4,000. (B.)
Bourg, booR, a t of France, cap. of the <lep. of Ain, 50 ra. by the
road N. N. E. of Lyons. Lat 46° 13' N., Lon. 5° 12' E. Pop. 9,000.
(B.) Bourges, booRzh, (Ane. Avar'icum, afterwards Bitu-'iges,) an archi
episcopal t of France, cap. of the dep. of Cher, 125 m. due S. from
Paris. This city may vie, in antiquity and ancient importance, wilh
almost any in France. If was, in the time of Caasar, the capital of the
Bituriges, and one of the finest cities in Gaul. At present it is chieflj
reraarkable as a seat of learning. Besides other institutions for educa
tion, of less importance, it possesses an academie universitaire and a
royal college. Lat 47° 5' N., Lon. 2° %y E. Pop. '20,000. (B.)
Bourgogne. See Burgundy.
Boyle, a co. in the E. central part of Ky., a little S. W. of Ken
tucky r.
Brabant, bri'-bant* (Dutch pron. bri'-bint) The duchy of this name
was formeriy one of the most important provinces in the Netherlands.
It was divided into Dutch (now North) and Spanish or Austrian (South)
Brabant. In the revolution of 1830, the S. portion joined in the revolt,
and has since formed a part of the kingdom of Belgium ; while N.
Brabant still continues a province of Holland. Brussels is the capitaj
of South, and Bois-le-Duc, of North Brabant
Brack'-en, a CO. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio, and
E. of Licking r. Pop. 7,053. Co. t Augusta.
• We sometimes hear this name accentuated on the latter syllable, by respecta
ble speakers ; but the authority of the poets, as well as the native pronunciation,
is against this practice.

BRA— BRA 119
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Brad'-ford, a CO. in the N. part of Pa., bordering on N. Y., and in
tersected by the Susquehanna. Pop. 32,769. Co. t. Towanda.
Bradford, a manufacturing t of England, in the W. riding of York
shire, 10 ra. nearly W. from Leeds. Pop. 34,560.
Bradford, Great, a t of Wiltshire, England, near the Kennet and
Avon canal, about 90 m. W. of London. Total pop. of the parish,
10,563 ; that of the town is about one-third of the whole.
Brad'-lby, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ark., bordering on La.
Bradley, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Ga. Pop.
7,385. Braga, bri'-g-i, (the Brac'ara Augus'ta of the Romans,) a t. of Por
tugal, in the prov. of Minho, about 15 m. from the sea. Lat. 41° 33' N.
Lon. 8° 23' W. Pop. above 14,0U0. (B.)
Brah'-m.a-poot'-ra, one of the largest rivers of Asia, rises in the
mountains N. of the Birman empire, and E. of Assam, and, after hav
ing traversed the kingdom of Assam and eastern Bengal, and received
several tributaries, among them a branch of the Ganges, it takes the
name of Megna, and finally joins the Ganges a little below Luckipoor,
in Lat 22° 45' N., Lon. 90° 40' E. Yet, though their streams appear
to unite, the great body of their waters continues separate, and forms
two currents, even after they have reached the sea. 'The whole length
of the Bralimapootra is estimated at 1,500 rn.
Bran'-den-burg, (Ger. pron. bran'-den-b66RG\) a prov. of the king
dom of Prussia, extending from 51° 48'' to 53° 37' N. Lat, and 10° 50'
to 16° 12' E. Lon. The area is about 1.5,330 sq. m.
Branch, a co. in the S. part of Mich., bordering on Ind. Pop. 5,715.
Co. t Branch.
Brah'-dy-wine Creek, a stream in the S. E. part of Pa., flowing
into the Christiana, below Wilmington. A noted battle was fought on
its banks, between the British and Americans, in 1777.
Braunseerg, brouns'-beRG, a t of Prussia, 36 m. S. W. of Konigsberg.
It contains a college, a lyceura with the faculties of theology and phi
losophy, and several other irislilutions. Pop. 7,300. (B.)
Brax'-ton, a CO. in the N. W., or N. W. central part of Va., a little
N. E. of the Kanawha r. Pop. 2,575. Seat of justice, Braxton c. h.
Brazil, or braz-il', or bri-zeel', a vast empire in the E. part of S.
America, extending from about 5° N. to 34° S. Lat, and fi-om about
35° to 73° W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. W. and N. by Ecuador, Vene
zuela, Guiana ; N. E., E., and S. E. by the Atlantic, and S. W. and W. hy
Monte Video, La Plata, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. Its vast extent
brings it in contact with all the countries of S. America, except Pata
gonia, Chili, and New Granada. The area has been estimated at
3,000,000 sq.m. Pop. 5,000,000. (B.) As might be supposed, the
vegetable productions ofa country of so great extent, lying within such
latitudes, and, for the most part plentifully supplied wilh water, are
extremely abundant and various. Nor does animal life appear in less
variety and luxuriance. Many of the Brazilian birds are remarkable
for the brilliancy of their plumage ; the insects, for their size and the

120 BRA— BRE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ;
beauty of their colours, especially the butterflies. The mineral wealth
of this country is considerable, but limited to a few articles, of which
the chief are gold, diamonds, topazes, iron, and salt. Brazil was for
merly a colony belonging to the crown of Portugal. But on the 12th
of October, 1822, it was declared an independent state, and Pedro, the
son of the king of Portugal, whom his father had appointed regent of
Brazil, yielding to the torrent of public opinion, adopted the title of
emperor, and, on the 1st of December, was crowned. Soon after, the
Portuguese troops, who had been stationed in the towns of Bahia, Ma
ranham and Para, were compelled to sail for Europe, and the indepen
dence of the new empire was established, with scarcely any loss of
blood. The government of Brazil is a limited monarchy. The cap. ia
Rio Janeiro. — Adj. and inhab. Brazilian, bra-zil'-yiin.
Braz'-os, a r. of Texas, which flows into the Gulf of Mexico, in
about 28° 50' N. Lat, and 95° 20' W. Lon. The entire length, fol
lowing its windings, is estimated at near 1,000 m.
Brazza, brit/-si, an i. in the Adriatic, belonging to Austria, inter
sected by the parallel of 43° 15' N. Lat, and the meridian of 16° 30
B. Lon. It is neariy 30 m. long, and frora 6 to 9 broad. Pop. 15,000.
(E. G.)
Breathitt, hreth'-it a co. in the E. part of Ky., on the head waters
of the Kentucky r. Pop. 2,19.5.
Brechin, broK'-in, a t of Scotland, in Forfersbire, about 34 m. S.W.
of Aberdeen. Pop. 3,951.
Breck'-bn-ridge, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Ky., bordering on the
Ohio. Pop. 8,944. Co. t Hardinshurg.
Brec'-on or Breck'-nock-shire, an inland co. in the S. of Wales.
Pop. 55,603.
Brecon or Brecknock, a t of Wales; cap. of Brecknockshire,
situated on the r. Usk, 167 ra. W. N. W. of London. Pop. 5,701.
Breda, bri-di', a fortified t of Holland, in N. Brabant on the Aa,
with a royal railitary academy. Lat 51° 35' N., Lon. 4° 47' E. Pop.
ahout 9,000. (B.)
Breisach, bri'-ziK, (Fr. Brisach, bre'-zak',) an ancient and impor
tant fortress of Germany, belonging at present to the grand-duchy of
Baden, on the Rhine, 12 ra. W. of Freiburg. Lat 48° 2' N., Lon. 7°
35' E. Pop. above 3,000. (B.)
Brem'-bn (Ger. pron. bri'-m?n). The free Hanseatic state of, in
the N. W. of Germany, intersected by the Weser, is situated between
53° 1' and 53° 11' N. Lat, and 8° 35' and 9° E. Lon. Area about 67 sq.m.
As an independent power it forms one of the 38 constituent members of
the German confederation. Pop. in 1823, 55,4.53. (P.C.) The city of
Bremen, the cap. of the above state, is situated on the Weser. and
divided by it into two unequal parts, the larger, called the Old Town
(Alt-stadt), is on the right ; the other, called the New Town (Neu-
stadt), on the left bank of the river. Its commerce is very extensive.
Aniong the various literary and scientific institutions of Bremen, ths
observatory of Dr. Olbers, from which he discovered the two planets,

BRE— BRI 121
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Pallas and Vesta, deserves to be particularly mentioned. Lat 53° 4'
36" N., Lon. 8° 48' 58" E. Pop. about 41,.500. (P. C.)
Brenta, bren'-ti, a r. in the N. of Italy, which rises in the moun
tains of Tyrol, and flows into the Adriatic, near Venice. Its whole
course is nearly 100 ra.
Brescia, bresh'e-i, or bresh'-i, (Ane. Brix'ia,) a manufacturing and
commercial t of Austrian Italy; cap. ofa prov. of the same name. It
is a bustling, lively, well-built town, with many fine edifices. The
churches are adorned with numerous paintings by great masters, prin
cipally of the Venetian school. Next to Rome, Brescia has the great
est number of fountains of any town in Italy. Its manufactures of cut
lery and fire-arms deserve particular notice. Lat. 45° 32' N., Lon. 10°
13' E. Pop. 34,000. (B.)
Bres'-lau or hres'-lou, a large manufacturing and commercial t
of Prussia; cap. of the prov. of Silesia, at the confluence ofthe Ohlau
(o'-lou), with the Oder. It has, among many other literary and scien
tific institutions, a fine university, founded in 1702, containing a library
of above 100,000 vols. Lat. 51° 7' N,, Lon. 17° 5' E. Pop. upwards
of 90,000. (B.)
Brest (Fr. pron. the same as the English), the most iraportant naval
port of France, in the dep. of Finistere, situated on a bay called tho
Road of Brest Lat 48° 23' N., Lon. 4° 29' W. Pop. 30,000. (B.)
Bretagne, bre-tiii', (usually naraed by the English, Brit'tany,) an old
prov. in the W. part of France, now divided into the five deps. of Ille
and Vilaine, Lower Loire, Cotes du Nord, Morbihan, and Finistere. —
Adj. and inhab. Breton, brif-on.
Breton, Cape. See Cape Breton.
Brianqon, bre^-iN^-siN', a small t of France, in the dep. of the Up
per Alps, situated on the Durance, near its source. Fortified as it is,
both by nature and art, Briangon may be regarded as one of the
strongest fortresses in the_ world. One of the forts, comprised within
its system of fortifications, is situated 1,229 toises, or 7,860 English ft.,
above the level of the sea, and, next to the Hospice of St Bernard, is
probably the most elevated habitation in Europe. Lat. 44° 54' N., Lon.
6°38'E. Bridge'-north, a t of England, in Shropshire, situated on the Se
vern, 118 m. N. W. of London. Pop. 5,770.
BRiDGE'-p6RTi a city and seaport of Conn., in Fairfield co., situated
on Long Island Sound, 17^ m. S. W. of New Haven. It is a neatly-
built, flourishing town, with a good harbour. Pop. 3,294
Bridge'-town, a small t. and port of entry ; cap. of Cumberland co.,
N. J., on Cohansey creek, about 10 m., in a straight line, from the light
house at its mouth, and 35 m. S. from Philadelphia.
Bridgetown. See Barbadoes.
Bridgb'-wA-ter, a t of England, in Somersetshire, on the r. Parrel,
29 m. S. W. of Bristol. It is remarkable as the birth-place of Admiral
Blake. Pop. 9,899.
Bridlington or Brelltnoton, commonly pronounced Bur'-ling-ton,
a t. of England, in the E. Riding of Yorkshire, situated about a mile
11

122 BRI— BRI
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good;
from the sea^coast and 32 ra. N. of Hull. Lat .54° 7' N., Lon. 0° 13'
W. Pop. of the township, including Bridlington-Quay, with an area of
above 4 sq. m,, 5,162.
Brid'-port, a t of England, in Dorsetshire, ahout 135 m. nearly
W. S. W. from London. Pop. 4,787.
Brieg, breeo, a manufacturing and commercial t of Prussian Sile
sia, about 26 m. S. E. of Breslau. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
Briel, breel, a fortified seaport t of Holland, with a commodious
harbour. It was the birth-place of the Admirals Van Tromp and Dewit
Lat 51° 54' N,, Lon. 4° 10' E. Pop. 4,195. (P. C.)
Brieux or BaiEuc (Saint), sis^-bre'-uA', a t of France; cap. ofthe
dep. of Cotes du Nord, situated near the coast of the Channel, on a small
bay of the same name. It possesses several public institutions, and a
library of 24,000 vols. Lat 48° 31' N., Lon. 2° 43' W. Pop. 11,382. (B.)
Brighthelmstone, commonly written and pronounced Brisb'-ton,
a seaport t and fashionable watering-place of England, in the co. of
Sussex, 46 ra. S. of London. This town contains many fine, and some
magnificent edifices. Its suspension, or chain-pier, which extends into
the sea to the distance of 1,136 ft., is justly an object of general admi
ration. The pop. of Brighton has increased with astonishing rapidity
during the present century. In 1801 it was 7,339; in 1841, 46,661;
but during summer the residents amount sometimes to near double that
number. Brindisi, brin'-de-se, (Gr. Bfstvrseiov, Lat Brundi'sium or Brundu'-
sium,) a coraraercial t. of Naples, in the prov. of Terra d'Otranto, well
known in Roman history for its capacious and safe harbour, which was
the chief port of einbarkalion from Italv to Greece. It is the seat of
an archbishopric. Lat. 40° 38' N., Loii. 18° E. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
Brioude, bre^-ood', a small t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Loire.
Near it there is a magnificent bridge, over the r. Allier, of about 180
ft. span, supposed lo have been built hy the Romans. Brioude was
the birth-place of the illustrious La Fayette. Lat. 45° 17' N., Lon.
3° 24' B. Pop. 5,052. (P. C.)
Bris'-tol, a manufacturing and commercial city and seaport in the
W. of England, on the Avon, about 7ra. above its entrance into the
Bristol Channel, and 103 m. W. of London. Together with its sub
urbs, Bristol forras a little county of itself, which, however, is now
usually regarded as a part of Gloucestershire. In the old portion of
the city, the streets are irregular and narrow, and the houses present
a gloomy appearance; hut the newer parts are well built and have
many, fine edifices, especially the western quarter of the town, or rather
of the suburbs, called Clifton, which is the principal resort of the gentry.
Here is a warm mineral spring (the Hotwell), celebrated in consump
tive cases. The scenery around Clifton is exquisitely heautifu'.. The
erection of a great suspension bridge over the Avon, at Clifton, was
commenced several years ago, but it is still unfinished. The span is to
be 700 ft., the height 240 ft. ; so that vessels ofthe largest size may pass
beneath with outspread sails. Of tho numerous institutions for educa-

BRI— BRO 123
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
tron of this city, we may mentron the Bristol College, founded in 1830,
and the Bristol Medical School, established on its present efficient scale
in 1834. Bristol appears to have been a place of importance in the
5th century. The name seeras to be derived from Bricstow, an old
Saxon name of this city, which may be literally translated " breach
place ;" i. e. the place or town of the breach or chasm through which
the Avon finds a passage to the sea. The ancient British name was
Caer Odor, the " city of the breach." Lat. 51° 27' N., Lon. 2° 35' W.
Pop., including the hundred of Barton Regis with a total area of
about 16 sq.m., 122,296.
Bristol, a co. in the S. E. part of Mass., bordering on Buzzard's
Bay. Pop. 60,164. Co. towns. New Bedford and Taunton.
Bristol, a co. of R. I., bordering on Narragansett Bay. Pop. 6,476.
Bristol, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., on the E. side of
Narragansett Say, 14 m. in a straight line S. S. E. of Providence. Pop.
of the township, 3,490.
Bristol Channel. See Severn.
Britain. See Great Britain.
Brittany. See Bretagne.
Brix'-ham, a seaport I. of England, in Devonshire, situated on the
S. side of Torbay, 22 ra. S. of Exeter. Lat, 50° 24' N,, Lon. 3° 30'
W. Pop. of parish, 5,684.
Broad River, a r. which rises in N. C, aijd, flowing in a southerly
direction, unites with the Saluda in S. C, to forra the Congaree.
Brock'-en, one of tbe Hartz Mis., in Germany, near Halberstadt.
Bro'-dy, an imporiant trading t of Galicia. Lat. 50° 7' N., Lon.
25° 18' E. Pop. above 22,000, five-sixths of whom are Jews. (B.)
Broek, br66k, a village of N. Holland, 6 m. N. of Amsterdam, fa
mous for its neatness and cleanliness, and for the wealth of its inha
bitants, the nuraber of whom amounts to about 1,200. (P. C.)
Bromberg, brora'-biRG, a t. of Prussia, in a circle ofthe same name.
Lat. 53° 7' N., Lon. about 18° E. Pop. 6,-500. (B.)
Bromley, brum'-le, a small t of England, in the co. of Kent, 10 m.
S. S. E. of London.
Bron'-do-lo, a small t. of Austrian Italy, at the mouth of the rivers
Brenta and Bacchiglione, 16 m. S. of Venice.
Brooke, a co. forming the N. N. W. extremity of Va., and bordering
on the Ohio. Pop. 7,948. Co. t Wellsburg.
Brook'-lyn, a finely-built city of Kings co.. Long I., opposite to New
York, and separated from it by the East River, is the third town in
point of population in the slate of N. Y. It may properly be regarded
as one of the suburbs of the metropolis, with which it has communica
tion by means of steamboats plying'constantly at four different ferries.
The U. S. Navy Yard is situated in the N. part of the town. Pop.
36,233. Broome, a co. in the S. part of N. Y., intersected by the E. branch
of the Susquehanna, and bordering on Pa. Pop. 22,338. Co. t Bing-
hainton.

124 BRO— BRU
Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, mit; pine or pine, pin; ni, nit; 66 aBingood;
Brown, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, Jiordering on the Ohio r. Pop.
22,715. Co. t Georgetown.
Brown, a co. in the S. central part of Ind. Pop. 2,364.
Brown, a co. in the W. part of 111., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop,
4,183. Brown, a co. forraing the E. N. E. extremity of Wisconsin. Pop.
2,107. Bruchsal, brooK'-sil, a t of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden,
12 m. N. B. of Carisruhe. Lat 49° 7' N., Lon. 8° 26' E. Pop. above
7,0110. (B.)
Bruges, bru'-jez, (Fr. pron. bruzh, Dutch, Brugge, bnig'-gefe,) an
ancient fortified city of Belgium, the cap. of W. Flanders, situated
ahout 6 m. from the sea, and 5.5 m. N. W. from Brussels. Its name,
Brugge, is derived from the number of bridges which cross the canals.
From four lo five hundred years ago, this city was the principal em
porium of Europe ; at present, it exhibits but the shadow of its former
glory. Still, its commerce, manufactures, and public institutions, give
ita distinguished rank araong the towns of Belgium. Lat. 51° 12' N.,
Lon. 3° 13' E. Pop. 41,914. (P. C.)
BrDnn, (native name Brno, i. e. " ford,") an archiepiscopal t, the cap.
of Moravia, situated in the centre of a circle of its own name, near
the confluence ofthe Schwarza and Zwiltawa, (which run on each side
of it,) and ahout 70 ra. N. of Vienna. Its woollen manufactures are
considered the most important in the erapire. Briinn has a nuraber of
literary and scientific institutions, and several handsome edifices. Lat
49° 12' N., Lon. 16° 36' E. Pop. 40,000. (B.)
Bruns'-wick (Ger. Braunschweig, broun'-shwie.) Two distinct so
vereignties have sprung from the house of Brunswick. The possessions
of the elder line are confined to the grand-duchy of Brunswick-Wol-
fenbiittel. The younger possesses Hanover, and is called the Bruns-
wick-LUneburg, or the Hanoverian line.
The duchy of Brunswick consists principally of three large uncon
nected districts, lying in the N. W. part of Germany, between about
51° 35' and 52° 32' N. Lat, and 9° 20' and 11° 7' E. Lon. Area
about 1,525 sq. m. Pop. 242,000. (B.)
Brunswick, the cap. of the above, situated on both sides of the r.
Ocker, a branch ofthe Aller. Araong its institutions for education, we
may mention the Collegium Carolinum, and the College of Anatomy
and Surgery. Lat. 52° 16' N., Lon. 10° 32' E. Pop.°abont 36,000.
(B.) Brunswick, a t of Cumberland co.. Me., on the Androscoggin,
ahout 25 m. N. E. of Portland. It is the seat of Bowdoin (bo'-d?n)
College, a flourishing institution, which was founded in 1794, and derives
its name from the Hon. James Bowdoin, by whom it was munificently
endowed. Lat 43° 53' N., Lon. 69° 55' W. Pop. of the township,
4,259. (B.)
Brunswick, a co. in the S. part of Va., N. E. of the Roanoke, and
bordering on N. C. Pop. 14,346. Co. t. Lawrenceville.

BRU— BUD 125
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
Brunswick, a co. forraing the S. extremity of N, C, bordering on
the sea. Pop. 5,265. Co. t Smithville.
Brusa. See Bursa.
Brus'-sels, (Dutch Brus'-sel, Fr. BruxeUes, brii^-sell',) the cap. of
Belgium, situated in S. Brabant, on the little r. Sonne, an affluent of
the Scheldt about 23 m. S. of Antwerp. It is surrounded by a brick
wall, with eight gates. The origin of Brussels dates as far back as
the 7th century. In 1044, it was enclosed with walls, and has since held
an important rank among the towns of the Low Countries. Previously
to the revolution of 1830, Brussels was the cap. of the Austrian Ne
therlands; and, after the separation of Belgium from Holland, towards
which this town had made the first moveraent, it became the seat of
government of the new kingdom. Among the public edifices of Brus
sels, we may mention the H6tel de Ville, one of the finest Gothic
buildings in the Netherlands, the tower of which is stated to be 364 ft.
high. Among the numerous literary and scientific institutions, may
be cited the Academy of Science and Belles-lettres, the Royal Society
of Fine Arts, and the High School of Commerce and Industry. The
Observatory stands in Lat. 50° 51' 11" N., Lon. 4° 22' 15" E. Pop. in
1829,106,000. (B.)
Bry'-an, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the r. Ogeechee
and the sea. Pop. 3,182. Co. t Bryan c. h.
Brzesc or Brzesc-Litewsky, bzhesls lil-ev'-ske, a fortified com
mercial t of European Russia, in the prov. of Grodno, on the Bug r.,
where there is a celebrated synagogue of the Jews. Lat. 52° 6' N.,
Lon. 23° 35' E.
Buc-han'-an, a CO. in the N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the Mis
souri r.. Pop. 6,237.
Buchanan, one of the most north-westerly counties of Iowa.
Bucharia. See Bokhara.
Bu'-cho-rest\ or, more correctly, Boo'-ki-resht', i. e. " the city of
enjoyment" an important commercial I. of European Turkey, the cap.
of Waiiachia, on the E. bank of the Dumbovitza, in the midst ofa fer
tile and delightfiil country. The town itself, however, does not by
any means justify its name, being composed, for the raost part, of miser
able brick or mud cabins, and withal very dirty. Buchorest is the seat
of a Greek archbishopric. Lat 44° 26' N., Lon. 26° 8' E. Pop. esti
mated from 60,000 to 80,000. (M.)
Buck'-ing-bam, the cap. of Buckinghamshire, on the Ouse, 50 ra.
N.W. of London, Pop of the entire parish, 4,054.
Buckingham, a co. in the S. central part of Va,, bordering on Jaraes r.
Pop. 18,786. Seat of justice, Buckingham c. h,
Buok'-ing-ham-shirb, or the co, of Bucks, a co. in the S. central part
of England, N.'W. of London. Pop. 155,983.
Bucks, a CO. in the S. E. part of Pa,, bordering on the Delaware.
Pop. 48,107. Co. t Doylestown.
Bu'-bA, (Hun. pron. boa-d6A, Ger. O'-fen, Slav. Budin, boo/-deen,)
an ancient city, the cap. of Hungary, situated nearly in the centre of
11*

126 BUD— BUL
Fite, fir. fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good;
this kingdom, on the rig:ht bank of the Danube, and connected with
Pesth, on the opposite side of the river, by a bridge of boats, 3,800 fl,
in length. It is said to derive its name from Buda, a brother of Attila,
who made this town his residence, and much enlarged it The trade
of Buda consists principally in the wines produced by the vineyards of
the neighbouring country. The Royal Observatory, situated 516 ft
above the level of the Mediterranean, and 300 ft. above the waters of
the Danube, at this place, is in 47° 29' 12" N. Lat, and 19° 3' E. Lon.
Pop. above 33,000. (B.)
Budukhshan, bud'-UK-shin', (Badakhshan,) one of the principalities
into which Toorkistan is divided, between 36° and 38° N. Lat, and
69° and 73° B. Lon. The ruby mines, so often alluded to by the Per
sian poets, are in this country, at a place called Gharan (gi-rin'). The
inhabitants of Budukhshan speak the Persian language. Their religion
is Mahometanism.
BuDWEis, bood'-Wice, a manufacturing and commercial t of Bohe
mia ; the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated on the" Moldau,
and connected by a railway with Linz, in Upper Austria. Lat. 48°
69' N., Lon. 14° 58' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)
Buenos Ayres, commonly pronounced bo'-nosi'-riz(Sp. pron. bw^-
noce-i'-ris,) a city of S. America ; cap. of the republic of La Plata, on
the S. bank of the estuary of the r. La Plata. It is one of the most
important conlmercial towns, as well as one of the principal seats of
civilization and learning on the American continent. (B.) It is, in
general, regularly and handsomely built, and is defended by a castle,
the walls of which are mounted with cannon. The literary and scien
tific institutions of Buenos Ayres are numerous and respectable ; the
University, in particular, enjoys a distinguished reputation, both on ac
count of its plan of instruction, and the number and talent of its pro
fessors. Il has a. library of 20,000 vols. This place was founded by
the Spaniards, in 1535. The narae Buenos Ayres (good air), was given
bv its founder, Mendoza, and is justified by the healthiness of tbe cli
mate. Lat. 34° 86' S., Lon. 58° 10' W. Pop. estimated al 80,000. (B.)
Buf'-fa-lo\ a city and port of entry of N. Y. ; cap. of Erie co., situ
ated at the E. end of L. Erie, near the commencement of the Niagara
r., and at the mouth of Buffalo Creek. The growth ofthis town has
been very rapid. In 1810 the pop. was only 1,508 ; in 1840 it amounted
to 18,213. This increase raay be attributed chiefly to its position.
Situated at the termination of the Erie Canal, and of the Albany and
Buffalo Railroad, it has, necessarily, becorae the great entrepdt for the
merchandise of the east, and the agricultural productions of the west
Buffalo is the port whence persons going to the northern part of the
western slates ordinarily embark upon the lakes. Lat. 42° 53' N., Lon.
78° 55' VV.
Bug, boog, a sraall r. of Poland, flowing into the Vistula.
Bulgaria, bool-gi'-re-a, a large prov. of European Turkey, bounded
on the N. by Waiiachia, E. by the Black Sea, S. by Rumelia, and W
by Servia. Length above 300 m.; greatest breadth perhaps 100 m

BUL— BUR 127
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
The Bulgarians are descended from a Slavonic horde who established
themselves here in the 7lh century. The present race have laid aside
the military character of their ancestors, and are represented as hospi
table and benevolent : the woraan are said to be handsome, industrious,
and neatly dressed. — Adj. and inhab. Bulgarian, bool-gi'-re-an.
Bullitt, bool'-it, a co. in the N. part of Ky., S. of Louisville. Pop.
6,334. Co. I. Shepherdsville.
Bullock, b661'-luk, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the r.
Ogeechee. Pop. 3,102. Co. t. Statesborough.
Buncombe, bunk'-um, a co. in the W. part of N. C, bordering on
Tenn. Pop. 10,084. Co. t Ashville.
Bunker Hill, a hill in Charlestown, a suburb of Boston, faraous for
the batlle fought in its vicinity, June 17, 1775. A magnificent monu
ment has recently been erected here in commeraoration of that event
It consists of an obelisk of granite, 30 ft. square at the base, and 221 ft.
in height From its summit is obtained one of the finest and most ex
tensive views in the United States.
Burd'-vvAn', a t. of Bengal ; cap. ofa dist. ofthe same narae. Lat.
28° 15' N., Lon. 87° 57' B. Pop. 54,000. (B.)
Bureau, bu'-ro, a co. in the N. part of 111., bordering on Illinois r.
Pop. 3,067.
Burg, booRO, a manufacturing I. of Prussian Saxony, surrounded by
a wall, with five gates, about 65 ra. S. W. of Berlin. Pop. above
12,000. (B.)
Burgos, booR'-goce, an ancient archiepiscopal city of Spain, situated
136 ra. N. of Madrid. It is nominally the cap. of Old Castile, bul since
the seat of royalty was transferred to Madrid, by Charles V., in the
beginning of the 16th century, its prosperity has greatly declined, and
the pop. has dwindled to less than one-third of its former number. Lat.
42° 21' N., Lon. 3° 43' W. Pop. l-2i0«0. (B.)
Bur'-gun-dy, (Fr. Bourgogne, booR*-goii',) an old prov. of France,
now principally divided among the departments of Sadne and Loire,
Cote d'Or, and Yonne. — Inhab. Bur-gun'-dj-an.
Burke, a co. in the W. part of N. C, lying on hoth sides ofthe Ca
tawba. Pop. 15,799. Co. t Morganlown.
Burke, a co. in the E. part of Ga., between the rivers Ogeechee and
Savannah. Pop. 13,176. Co. t Waynesborough.
Burlington (England). See Bridlington.
Bur'-ling-ton, a port of entry, the most coraraercial t of Vt, cap.
of Chittenden co., on L. Charaplain, a few iniles S. ofthe raouth ofthe
Onion r. It is the seat ofthe University of Vermont, foiinded in 1791.
Lat. 44° 27' N., Lon. 73° 10' W. Pop. of the township, 4,271.
Bur'-ling-ton, a co. of N. J., stretching across the state, from the
Delaware to the Atlantic. Pop. 32,831. Co. t Mount Holly.
Burlington, a t of N. J., in the above co., situated on the left bank
of the Delaware, 12 m. below Trenton. Lat 40° 5' N., Lon. 74° 52' W.
Pop. about 2,600.
Burma. See Birma.

128 BUR— BYZ
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good;
Burn'-ley, a t of Lancashire, England, 40 m. E. N. E. of Liverpool.
Pop. 10,699.
BuRRAMPOOTER. See Brahmapootra.
Bursa, boor'-si, or BausA, broo'-si, (Ane. Pru'sa,) a flourishing manu
facturing and commercial t. of Asiatic Turkey, once the cap. of Bilhy-
nia, beautifully situated at the foot of Mount Olympus, in Asia Minor.
It is abundantly supplied with the purest water, so that every house
has its ov.'n fountain. Most of the streets are very clean, and well
paved. The most remarkable edifices in the place, are the thermal
baths ; the mineral waters which supply them, range in temperature
from 167° to 190° Fahrenheit Bursa is the residence of a Greek me
tropolitan and an Armenian archbishop. Lat 40° 11' N., Lon. 29° 1'2'E.
Pop. 100,000. (B.)
Burscheid, booit'-shite, (Fr. Bor^-cette',) a t of the Prussian states,
in the immediate vicinity of Aix-la-Chapelle, reraarkable for its warm
springs and baths. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Burs'-lem, a t of Staffordshire, England, 2J m. N. N. E. of Newcas
tle, with extensive potteries. Pop. of the township, 12,631.
Bury, ber'-re, a manufacturing t. of England, in Lancashire, 9 m.
N. N. W. of Manchester. Pop. of the township, including an area of
near 4 sq. m., 20,710.
Bury St. Edmund's, a t of England, in the co. of Suffolk, 62 m.
N. E. by N. from London. The name is derived from Edmund, king of
East Anglia, who was, in 870, cruelly put to death by the Danes, then
pagans. His remains were deposited in the monastery of this place.
Pop. of the borough, including an area of near .5sq. m., 12,538.
Bushire. See Abooshehr.
Bute, an i. of Scotland, in the Frith of Clyde, 16 m. long and
5 wide. Bute'-shire, a co. in the S. W. part of Scotland, consisting of the
islands of Bute, Arran, Inchmarnock, and the Cumbraes. Pop. 15,740.
But'-ler, a CO. in the W. part of Pa., N. of Pittsburg. Pop. 22,373.
Co. t. Butler.
Butler, a co. in the S. part of Ala. Pop. 8,685. Co. t Greenville
Butler, a eo. in the W. part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop
3,898. Co. t Morgantown.
Butler, a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, intersected by tlie Great
Miami r., and bordering on Ind. Pop. 28,173. Co. t Harailton.
But'-ter-mere, a beautiful lake of England, in the co. of Cumber
land, about li m. long, and 4 m. broad.
Butts, a co. in the central part of Ga., W. of and bordering on the
Ocraulgee r. Pop. 5,308. Co. t Jackson.
Bux'-TON, a sraall t of Derbyshire, England, 20 m. S. of Manchester,
celebrated for its warra raineral springs and baths. It is visited by
from 12,000 to 14,000 persons annually. (P. C.)
Buz'-zard's Bay, on the S. coast of Mass., is situated between the
countries of Bristol and Barnstable.
Byzantium, biz-an'-she-um, (Gr. Bv^arfi.ov or 'Bvaavtwii,) an ancient

CAB— CAD 129
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
city on the site of the modern Constantinople. (See Constantinople.)
— Adj. and inhab. Byz-an'-tine, and Bvzantian, biz-an'-she-an.*
C.a-bar'-ras, a CO. in the S. W. part of N. C, between the rivers
Catawba and Yadkin. Pop. 9,259, Co. t Concord.
Cab'-ell, a CO. in the W. part of Va., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop.
8,163. Seat of justice, Cabell c. h.
Cab-ooi/jT (Cabul or Caubul), an important city of Asia, the cap.
of Afghanistan, situated on the Cabool r., in a large, well-watered
plain, and surrounded with beautiful gardens. The town, though not
large, is handsome and compact ; the houses are mostly built of wood,
to avoid the consequences of the frequent earthquakes. It is surrounded
with walls, and strongly fortified. Lat. 34° 26' N., Lin. 69° 5' B.
Pop. formerly estimated at 80,000, bul it does not probably at present
amount to more than 60,000. (B.)
Cabool or Cabul, a r. of Afghanistan, flowirig into the Indus.
Caceres, ki'-thi-res. (Lat. Cas'traCfficil'ia,) an ancient t of Spain, in
Estremadura. Lat 39° 25' N., Lon. 6° 15' W. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Cachoeira. See Caxoeira.
Cad'-do, a parish forming the N. W. extremity of La. Pop. 5,282.
Cadiz, ci'-diz, (Sp. pron. ki'-Dith,) the principal commercial city of
Spain, situated in the prov. of Andalusia, on the S.W. coast It stands on
a tongue of land, projecting from the island of Leon. This town waa
founded by the Phcenicians, many centuries before the Christian era ;
the exact time is not known. It was called by them Gadir or Gadeira,
which was afterwards changed to Gades by the Romans, under whora
it became a municipium, or free town, and one of the richest provin
cial cities in the empire. Nature and art have combined to render this
place one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Lat. 36° 31' N., Lon.
* These are sometimes employed to designate an inhabitant of the modern
Turkish capital. The eastern Roman empire, the seat of which was at Constan
tinople, is frequently called the Byzantine empire.
tThe French write this name Caboul, while the Germans, Italians, Spaniards,
and Portuguese, write it Cabul, but pronounce the latter syllable bool, Neverthe
less, we are assured, on the best authority, that the native inhabitants write and
pronounce it without any vowel between the b and I, which might be represented
in English thus — Kab'l. The European pronunciatioUj however, seems unaltera
bly fixed; and we ought, perhaps, to acquiesce the more willingly because the ori
ginal name could not be restored without some loss of euphony.
Moore writes the name Caubul, but accentuates the last syllable.
 " Pomegranates full " '
Of melting sweetness, and the pears
And sunniest apples that Caubul
In all its thousand gardens bears." — XaZZa Rookh.
Rogei^ adopts the same accentuation.
"From Alexandria southward to Sennaar,
And eastward through Damascus, and Cabul,
And Samatcand, to thy great wall, Cathay."
Italy, Part Second, X

130 CAB- CAH
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good;
6° 17' W. Pop. estiraated at -53,000. (B.)— Inhab. Gad' -j-ta'-nj-.j,n!
(Borrow.) Caen, kiN, a t of PVance ; cap. of the dep. of Calvados, situated on
the Orne, 127 m. W. by N. of Paris. Among its numerous scientific
and literary institutions, we may mention the Academie Vniversilaire,
the Royal College, and the Public Library, containing 40,000 vols.
Lat. 49° 11' N., Lon. 0° 22' W. Pop. 39,000. (B.)
Caermarthen, ker-mar'-THen, a t of Wales, cap. of Caermarth en-
shire, is about 190 m. nearly W. from London. There is here a Pres
byterian college, for tbe education of young men for the ministry.
Caermarthen forms a little co. of itself, of which the entire pop. is
9,526. Lat. 51° 51' N., Lon. 4° 19' W.
Caermarthenshirb, ker-mar'-THcn-shir, a co. of S. Wales, on a
bay of the sarae name. Pop. 106,326.
Caer-nar'-von, a t of Wales ; the cap. of Caernarvonshire. Lat
53° 9' N., Lon.'4° 14' W.
Caer-nar'-von-shihe, a co. in the N. W. part of Wales, bordering
on the sea, and the Menai Strait. Pop. 81,093.
Caf-fra'-rh-.a or Caf'-fre-land, a name given by Europeans, to a
country in the S. E. part of Africa, extending about 600 m. along the
coast from the Great Key r. to Lagoa Bay. 'rhe name is derived from
the Arabic word Kafir, which signifies " unbeliever." Tfais country is
occupied by four principal nations, originally of one stock. One of
these, the Zoolas or Vatvahs, are a fine athletic race, and very war
like, and have overpowered, dispersed,- or destroyed all the surrounding
tribes, frora King George's r. to Port Natal, a tract of above 300 m. in
length, from N. to S. The Caffres acknowledge the existence of a
Supreme Being, but have no form of worship. Some Iribes are indus
trious, and cultivate millet, beans, pumpkins, sweet potatoes or yam?,
maize and tobacco. The complexion of the Caffres varies fixira a cop
per hue to a deep black. Their nose is arched : they have thick lips
and curly hair, but less woolly lhan the negroes. The Caflfre women
are considered to be among the handsomest in Africa. — Adj. and inhab.
Caf'-fre. Caoliari, kil'-yi-re, (Ane. Cal'aris), a fortified archiepiscopal city,
the chief port of Sardinia, and cap. of the vice-royalty of Sardinia, is
situated in the S. part of the island, on a bay of the same name. It
has a fine harbour, and an extensive commerce : also a universitv,
with the four faculties of theology, law, medicine, philosophy and belles-
lettres. Lat. 39° 13' N., Lon. 9° 7' E. Pop. in 1825, 27,300. (P. C.)
Ca-haw'-b.4, a r. of Ala., which flows into the Alabama r. At its
influx is situated the town of Cahawba, the former cap. of the state.
Cahir or Cahbr, Kah'-hcr or kare, a t of Ireland, in tlie co. of Tip
perary, on the Suir, 40 ra. N. E. of Cork. Pop. in 1*31, 3,408. (P. C.)
Cahors, ki'-OR', (Divona Cadurcorum,) a city of France; cap. ofthe
dep. of Lot, on the right bank of the r. Lot. This town is very an
cient; it was the cap. of the Cadurci, under the Romans, and after
wards ofthe prov. of Querci, which name, as well as Cahors, is derived

CAI— CAL 131
ou, as in ourf th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
from Cadurci, Many ancient ruins are found in it and ils vicinity. Lat.
44° 25' N., Lon. 1° 27' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.)
Caicos (ki'-koce) Islands, one of the groups coipprehended under
the general name of Bahamas, situated between 21° and 22° N. Lat,
and 71° and 73° W. Lon.
Cairo, ki'-ro, a celebrated city, tjie metropolis of modern Egypt
situated about half a raile frora the -right bank of the Nile, and about
100 m. in a straight line from the entrance of the E. branch into the
Mediterranean. The Arabs formerly called it El-Kahita, el-ki'-he^ri,
i. e. " the victorious," but Musr (or Misr) is the name by which it is
now commonly known among the natives. The streets of Cairo are
winding, narrow, and unpaved. The houses, not being lighted except
from windows opening on the courts in the interior, present, from the
street, the appearance of prisons. But, though the exterior of the
houses is gloomy, many of thera exhibit, within, conveniences and
luxuries suitable to the climate. Here everything is arranged with
a view to coolness ; the floor is inlaid with marble and coloured earth-
enware^and fountains spring up into marble basins. The commerce of
this city is very extensive. Through it the productions of Asia and
the East Indies, and partly also those of Europe, are transmitted into
the vast regions of interior Africa. Boolak (boo'-lik'), the principal
port of Cairo, is on the right bank of the Nile, N. N. W. of tbe metro
polis. Pop. estimated at above 18,000. (B.) "rhe other port Old Cairo,
is situated on the Nile, S. S. W. of New or Great Cairo. The Egyp
tian capital is in ahouf; 30° 3' N. Laf., and 31° 18' E. Lon. Pop. esti
mated at 330,000, previously to the recent ravages of the cholera and
plague; but, al present, it probably does not exceed 270,000. (B.) —
Adj. and inhab. Cairine, ki-reen'. (Arab. Mus/-ree,)
Caith'-ness, a co. occupying the N. N. E. extremity of Scotland.
Pop. 36,343.
Ca-la'-bri--*., or k-i-la'-bre-i, a territory of the kingdom of Naples,
occupying the southern extremity of Italy. It extends from 37° 56'
to about 40° N. Lat, and is divided into Calabria Citra (chee'-tri),
which forms the N., and Calabria Ultra (ool'-tri), the S. part of the
territory. — Adj. and inhab. C.4-la'-br];-an.
Calahorra, ki-li-or'-ri, (Ane. Calagur'ris,) a t of Spain, in Old Cas-
tjle, remarkable for the rUins which attest its ancient splendour. Ca-
lagurris was the birth-place of Quintilian. Lat. 42° 15' N., Lon. 2° W.
Pop. 4,000. (B.)
Calais, kal'-is, (Fr. pron. k-i'-li',) a fortified peaport t of France, in
the dep. of Pas-de-Calais, situated on the Pas-de-Calaie or Strait of
Dover, 150 m. nearly N. from Paris. A steamboat runs, daily from this
place to Dover, which is about 25 m. distant Calais was taken by
Edward III. in 1347, and remained in the possession ofthe English till
1558. Lat 50° 58' N., Lon. 1° 51' E. Pop. in 1832, 10,437. (P. C.)
Calais, Strait of. See Pas-de-Calais.
Calatayud, ki-14-li-yooD', a t of Aragon, Spain. Lat 41° 25' N.,
Lon. 1° 36' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.) I

132 CAL— CAL
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good;
Calcasieu, kil'-ka~shu\ or kul'-ka-shu', as it is commonly pro
nounced, a r. in the W. part of La., which, after flowing through a
lake of ihe same name, enipties itself into the Gulf of Mexico. The
lake is about 30 m. in length, and 10 m. in breadth.
Calcasieu, a parish forming the S. W. extreraity of La. Pop. 2,057.
Cal-cut'-ta, the cap. of Bengal, and the seal of the supreme gov
ernment in British India, is situated on the B. side of the Hoogly, an
arm of the Ganges, about 100 m. from the sea. In the beginning of
the last century, Calcutta was only an insignificant village, and a
great part of its present site was completely covered with jungle. The
spot appears not to have been wisely chosen, as it is surrounded by
a marshy and unhealthy country; and, though something has been
done to remedy the evil, by draining the water off the surface, near
the town, and by clearing away the surrounding jungle, the air is
still far from being salubrious. The city may be considered as con
sisting of two distinct parls ; that portion which is inhabited by the
Hindoos and Mahometans of the lower classes, is, in general, badly
built, with narrow and dirty streets, the dwellings being, forthe most
part mud hovels, and the walls frequently consisting of mats and bam
boos; while that quarter where the English and other Europeans reside,
presents a very different aspect. This is finely, and even magnificently
built, so that the houses are said to resemble palaces. The citadel,
called Fort William, stands on the bank ofthe Hoogly, about a quarter
ofa mile below the city. The Europeans of Calcutta have established
a number of literary and scientific institutions; among others, a Ma
hometan, a Sanscrit, and an Anglo-Indian college. About one-third of
the native inhabitants of this town are Mahometans, and nearly all tbe
remainder Hindoos. The number of Christians, in IS'22. was stated to
be 13,138. The commerce of Calcutta is very extensive; through it
nearly all the external trade of the prov. of Bengal is carried on. Lat.
22° 34' N., Lon. 88° 26' E. Pop. estimated at 625,000. (P. C.)
Caldas da Raikha, kil'-d-ds di ri-een'-yi, a small t of Portuguese
Estremadura, much resorted lo on account of its warra sulphurous
baths. Lat 39° 22' N., Lon. 9° -5' W. Permanent pop. I,5li0. (B.)
Caldas, signifying " warm baths," is a name given to a number of
other places in Portugal and Spain.
CAl'-der, a small r. of Yorkshire, England, which flows into the
Aire at Castleford, near Pontefract
C.iLD'-wELL, a parish in the N., or N. central part of La., intersected
by the Washita. Pop. 2,017. '
Caldwell, a co. in the W. part of Ky., E. of, and bordering on the
Tennessee r. Pop. 10,365. Co. t Princeton.
Caldwell, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo. Pop. 1,458.
Cal-e-do'-ni-.\, the ancient and poetical name of Scotland. — Adj. and
inhab. Cal-e-do'-nh-an.
Caledonia, a co. in the N. B. part of Vt, bordering on the Connec
ticut r. Pop. 21,891. Co. t Danville.

CAL— CAM 133
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng.
Calhoun, kal-hoon', a co. in the W. part of Florida, bordering ob.
the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 1,142.
Calhoun, a co. in the S. part of Mich., intersected by the Kalama
zoo r. Pop. 10,599. Co. t. Marshall.
Calhoun, a co. in the W. part of 111., situated in the fork formed by
the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. Pop. 1,741. Co. t. Guilford.
Cal'-i-cut', a seaport t of Hindostan, in the prov. of Malabar. Lat.
11° 15' N., Lon. 75° 50' E. It is estimated to contain 5,000 houses.
(P C.)
Cal-h-for'-ni-a, Lower, a peninsula of Mexico, on the Pacific, sepa
rated from the main land by the Gulf of California. Upper California
extends from the extremity of the gulf to the territory of the U, S.
For a more particular description of California, see Appendix.
California, Gulf of, on the W. coast of Mexico, extends from about
23° 30' lo 3'2° N. Lat. Its length is above 700 m. ; its breadth varies
from abont 40 to 150 ra.
Callao, kil-li'-o or kil-yi'-o, on the coast of Peru, is the seaport
of Liraa, from which it is 7 ra. distant by a good level road. It is the
best fortress and the raost convenient and safest port in Peru. Lat 12°
S' S., Lon. 77° 14' W. Before the war of independence, it had a pop.
of 4,000. (B.)
Cal'-l.j.-way, a CO. in the S. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ten
nessee r. Pop. 9,794. Co. t Wadeshorough.
Callaway, a co. in the E. central part of Mo., bordering on the r.
Missouri. Pop. 11,765. Co. t Pulton.
Calmar, kil'-mir, or Kalmar, a commercial t of Sweden, in the
ancient prov. of Smiland. Lat. about 56° 40' N., Lon. 16° 26' E. Pop.
5,000. (B.)
Calne, kin, a t of England, in Wiltshire, 83 m. W. of London. Pop.
2,483. Caltagirone, kil-tl-je-ro'-ni, a manufacturing and trading t in the
interior of Sicily. Lat 37° 14' N., Lon. 14° 32' E. Pop. estimated at
ahout 20,000. (B.)
Caltanisetta, kil-ti-ne-set'-ti, an iraportant inland t of Sicily. Lat.
about 37° 26' N., Lon. 14° 4' E. Pop. 16,000. (B.)
Cal'-u-mef', a CO. in the B. part of Wisconsin, bordering on L. Win
nebago. Pop. 275.
Calvados, kil-vi'-dis or k-iP-vi^-dos', a dep. in the N. of France,
bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 501,77.5. (B.) Capital,
Caen. Cal'-vert, a CO. in the S. central part of Md., between the r. Patux
ent and the Chesapeake. Pop. 9,229. Co. t Prince Frederick.
Cam, a small r. of England, which flows by Cambridge, and falls
into the Ouse.
Cam-bay', an ancient t on the N. W. coast of Hindostan, on a
gulf of the same name. Lat. 22° 21' N., Lon. 72° 48' E.
Cam-bo'-di-a, Cam-bo'-dja or Cam-boge', an extensive country of
Asia, in Chin-india, a part of which is now subject to Cochin China,
12

134 CAM— CAM
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66 as in good :
the remainder to the Siamese. The Chinese call it Kan-phu-tche, from
which the European narae is derived.
Cambodia, called also Meinam-Kong, a large r. of S. Asia, flowing
into the China Sea. Il is navigable for the largest vessels, 40 leagues
from its mouth. Length estimated at 1,700 m.
Cam-boge' or Cambodia, one ofthe chief cities of Cambodia, situated
on the r. Meinara-Eong, above 150 m. from the sea. Lat 12° 30' N.,
Lon. 105° 4' E.
Cam'-bray or Cambrai, (Fr. pron. kiM^-bri', Lat Camaricum,) a forti
fied commercial t of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the E. bank ofthe
Escaut or Scheldt, with a college and a school of anatomy. Lat 50°
10' N., Lon. 3° 14' E. Pop. 17,000. (B.)
Cam'-bri-a, a CO. in the S. W. central part of Pa., near the sources
of the Juniata. Pop. 11,250. Co. t Ebensburg.
Cambridge, kame'-brij, (Lat Canta'bria,) the cap. of Cambridgeshire,
England, on the r. Cam, about 48 m. N. by E. from London, is the seat of
an ancient and celebrated university. This consists of 17 colleges, 4 of
which are termed halls. The observatory is in Lat .5"2° 12' 52" N. Lon.
0° 5'53"B. Pop. including that ofthe university, 24,453. — A student
at the university is called a Can'-tab, which is evidently an abbrevia
tion of Cantabrian, derived frora the Latin name of Cambridge.
Cambridge, a t of Middlesex co., Mass., about 3 m. W. N. W. of
Boston, the seat of Harvard University, which is the oldest and most
richly endowed collegiate institution in the U. S. It was founded in
1638, has numerous professors, and contains a librarv of 61,000 vols.
In connexion wilh the collegiate department there are schools of law
and medicine, and a theological seminary. Lat. 42° 22' 21" N., Lon.
71° r 38" W. Pop. 8,409.
Cambridgeshire, kame'-brij-shir, a co. in the E. part of England,
N. of London. Pop. 164,459.
Cam'-den, a CO. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on Va. Pop.
5,663. Co. t. New Lebanon.
Camden, a co. forraing the S.S. B. extremity of Ga ., bordering on the
sea and St. Mary's r. Pop. 6,075. Co. t Jeffersonton.
Campagna di Roma, kim-pin'-yi de ro'-mi, a prov. of Italy, in the
S. part of the Papal State, nearly corresponding in limits with the an
cient Latium.
Campbell, kam'-el, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on James r.
Pop. 21,030. Seat of justice, Campbell c. h.
Campbell, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., intersected by the
Chattahoochee r. Pop. 5,370. Co. t Campbellton.
Campbell, a co in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on the Clinch r.
and Ky. Pop. 6,149. Co, t. Jacksborough.
Campbell, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohior. Pop.
5,214. Co. t Newport
Campbelltown, kam'-el-town, a seaport of Scotland, in Argyleshire,
65 m. W. by S. from Glasgow. Pop. 5,028.
Campeachy, kam-pee'-che, (Mex. Campeche, kim-pi'-chi,) a forU-

CAM— CAN 135
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
fied t of Yucatan, Mexico, on a bay of the same name. Lat. 20° N.,
Lon. 90° 30' W. Pop. 18,000. (P. C.)
Campo-Basso, kim'-po-bis'-so, an important commercial and manu
facturing t of Naples ; cap. of the prov. of Molise (mo-lee'-si). The
best cutlery made in the kingdom is produced here. Lat. 41° 37' N.,
Lon. 14° 27' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Can'-a-d.a, an extensive country of N. America, belonging to Great
Britain, extending from 64° 15' to near 91° W. Lon. Its southern ex
tremity (the S. point of Pelee Island, in Lake Erie), is in about 41°
45' N. Lat. On the N. its liraits are not defined. It is usual to con
sider all the territory N. of the great lakes, which is drained by the
rivers that fall into the St, Lawrence, as belonging to Canada. It ia
bounded on the N. by the British possessions round Hudson's Bay and
by Labrador, E. by the Gulf of St Lawrence, S. by New Brunswick
and the United States, and W. by the British territories, between
which and Canada the liraits do not appear to be accurately defined.
Canada was formerly divided into Upper and Lower, hut the two pro
vinces were united in 1841, by an act of the British parliaraent. As,
however, this country has been so long known by the naraes of the
former provinces, it raay not be improper to give these a passing
notice. Upper Canada (now called Canada West) is situated on the
right of the r. Ottawa, by which it is separated from Lower Canada,
and extends westward along the chain ofthe great lakes. Area vaguely
estimated at 140,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1835, 336,461. Capital, Toronto.
Lower Canada (Canada East) lies chiefiy on the left of the Ottawa, and
extends on both sides of the St. Lawrence, to its mouth, in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence. Area estimated at 200,000 sq. ra. Pop. in 1830, 511,917.
(M.) More than three-fourths of the inhabitants of Lower Canada are
of French descent, and French is the prevailing language. Quebec
¦was formerly the capital of this province and of all the British posses
sions in N. America. The entire pop. of Canada, according to the re
cent census, is about 1,300,000. Montreal is the present seat of go
vernment. — Adj. and inhab. Can-a'-dj-an.
Can^-a-jo-har'-ie (-har'-re), the cap. of Montgoraery co., N. Y., on
the Erie Canal, 50 m. W. of Albany. Pop. of the township, 5,146.
Can^-an-dai'-gua, a beautiful village of N. Y. ; cap. of Ontario co.,
208 m. W. of Albany. It is situated near the N. extremity of a lake
of the same narae, which is about 17 m. long. Pop. of the township,
5,652. Can'-a-ra, a prov. on the W. coast of Hindostan, between 12° and
15° N. Lat', and 74° and 76° E. Lon.
Ca-na'-rjes (Sp. Canarias, ki-ni'-re-is), a group of islands belonging
to Spain, in the Atlantic, lying off the coast of Africa, between 27° 40'
and 29° 30' N. Lat, and 13° 30' and 18° 20' W. Lon. The principal
islands are Canary, Tenerifl'e, Palma, Ferro, Gomera, Fuertaventura,
and Lanzarote, which will be treated of under their respective names.
-^Inhab. Ca-na'-ri-an.
Canary, Grand, (Sp.Gran Canaria, grin ki-ni'-re-i,) the second in

136 CAN— CAN
Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, mit; pine or pine, pin; ni, nit; 6^ dB in good,
point of size and population of the group of islands to which it gives ila
name.* It is intersected by the 28th parallel of N. Lat, and the me
ridian of 15° 30' W. Lon. 'ihe form is nearly circular. Length 33 m.;
greatest breadth, 30 m. Area about 800 sq. m. Pop. in 1835, 64,040.
(P. C.)
Can'-D-A-har' or Kandahar, a city, forraerly the cap. of Afghanistan,
and now ofa kingdom or prov. of its own name. It is regularly built
and is one of the finest towns in Asia. Lat. 32° 10' N., Lon. 66° 30' E.
Pop. 100,000. (B.)
Can'-di--\ or Crete (Ane. Cre',ta), one of the largest islands in the
Mediterranean, situated S. E. of the Morea, between 35° 55' and 36° 42'
N. Lat, and 23° 30' and 26° 20' E. Lon. Length about 160 m. ; greatest
breadth, near 40 m. A ridge of hills runs through the whole length
of the island, near the middle of which Mount Ida rises far above the
rest, to the height of about 7,800 ft. Pop. estimated at 300,000.
(P. C.) — Candia, the capital, is still a strong place, though much
decayed, compared with what it was under the Venetians. It is the
seat of a Greek archbishopric. Lat 35° 16' N., Lon. 25° 18' E. Pop.
12,000. (M.) Adj. and inhab. Can'-di-ot' and Can'-di-an.
Can-e'-.\, pronounced by the Turks Hi-nee'-a, a t. in the i. of Candia,
on the site of the ancient Cydo'nia. Lat. 35° 23' N., Lon. 24° 2' E.
Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.)
Cannes, kinn, a small commercial t of France, in the dep. of Var,
on the Mediterranean, 16 m. N. E. of Frejus. Pop. in 1832, 3,720.
(P C.)
Can'-non, a CO. near the centre of Tenn. Pop. 7,193.
Can'-ons-burg\ a t. of Pa., in Washington co., the seat of Jefferson
College, which was incorporated in 1802.
Cantal, kiN^-til', a dep. in the S. central part of France, bordering
on the r. Dordogne. Pop. 262,117. (B.) Capital, Aurillac.
Canterbury, kan'-ter-ber^-re, a city of Kent and the metropolitan
see of all England, on the Stour, 56 m. from London. Lat 51° 17
N., Lon. 1° 5' E. Pop. including an area of 5sq. m., 15,435.
Cantire. See Cantyre.
Can^-ton', a city of China, in the prov. of Quang-tong, of whicli
Canton is a European corruption. It is situated on the Choo-kiang
(ke-ang'), or Pearl River, 32 ra. from ils mouth. Like other Chinese
towns, it is divided into two distinct parts, separated by a wall, called
the Chinese or Old City, and the Tartar or New City. The streets of
Canton are paved, and ordinarily very clean, hut very narrow. Tho
houses have but one story, and are built mostly of brick, "rhis town is
remarkable for having been, till recently, the only emporium of mari
time commerce in China, to which Europeans were admitted. It is
» Several works on geography, of high character, describe this island as the
largest of the Canaries. The epithet Grand may have been given to it, beforo
the relative size of the difi'erent islands was accurately known. Teneriffe exceeds
it in superficial extent by nearly 150 sq. m., and in population by above 16,000.

CAN— CAP 137
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
still the principal port for foreign trade. Lat. 23° 8' N., Lon. 113° 2'
E. Pop. estimated at 500,000. (B.)
Can-tyre' or Can-tire'"* sometimes written also Kintyrb, a penin
sula in the S. W. part of Scotland, forming the southern extremity of
Argyleshire. Cape Breton, kape bril'-on, an i. of British N. America, E. of Nova
Scotia, between 45° 27' and 47° 4' N. Lat, and 59° 45' and 61° 38' W.
Lon. Its length is about 100m.; its greatest breadth, 85 m. The
area is about 3,125 sq. m. Pop. in 1827, 18,700. (P. C.)
Cape Coast Castle, a t. and fortress of Africa ; the cap. of the Bri
tish possessions on the Gold Coast Lat 5° 6' N., Lon. 1° 14' W.
Pop. estimated at 8,000. (B.)
Cape Cod, a peninsula of Mass., on the S. side of Massachusetts
Bay. It lies S. and E. ofa bay of the same narae.
Cape Fear, the S. extremity of Smith's Island, situated at the mouth
of Cape Fear r.
Cape Fear River, the largest and most important r. in N. C, rises
in the N. part of the slate, and, flowing south-easterly, falls into the
Atlantic, in ahout 33° 55 N. Lat, and 78° 5 W, Lon. Its whole
length is near 300 m. It is navigable for steamboats lo Fayetteville,
about 90 m.
Cai'b Girardeau (je^-rar-do'), a co, in the S. E. part of Mo., border
ing on the Mississippi r. Pop. 9,359. Co. t Jackson.
Cape of Good Hope, at the S. extremity of Africa, was discovered
in 1493, hy Diaz, the Portuguese navigator, who called it Cabo Tor
mentoso, or Cape of Storms. On his return home, the king of Portu
gal gave il the name of Cape of Good Hope, as an omen that the Por
tuguese had now a fair prospect of reaching India, the great object of
their maritime expeditions. It is in Lat 34° 22' S. — A colony in S.
Africa takes its name from the above cape. , It belonged originally to
the Dutch, but was formally ceded to Great Britain in 1815. The cli
mate of this region is subject to great extremes ; though the country is
deluged with rains during the cold season, in the hot months nearly all
the springs are dried up. The rivers are two shallow, or their current
is two rapid for purposes of navigation. Nearly two-thirds ofthe Innd
is destitute of vegetation, during the greater part of the year. The
country, however, contains spots of extraordinary fertility. The prin
cipal productions are wheat, barley, and wine. Cape Town, the cap.
of the colony, founded by the Dutch, in 1650, is situated on Table Bay,
and has a castle of considerable strength. Lat. 33° 55' S., Lon. 18°
21' E. Pop. in 1834, 19,387. (P. C.)
Cape Hai'-tj-en, (Fr. Cap Haitien, kip i-te-iN',) once an import
ant seaport t of St. Domingo, the cap. of the former kingdom of Haiti.
It was entirely destroyed. May 7, 1842, by an earthquake, in which
* " Lest, rounding wild Cantire, they meet
The southern foeman's watchful fleet," —
Scott's Lord of the Isles. Canto IV.
12*

138 CAP— CAR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, rait ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good;
7,000 persons are supposed to have perished ; but it has since been par
tially rebuilt. Lat 19° 46' N., Lon. 72° 16' W. Pop. formerly esti- -
mated at near 10,000. (B.)
Cape Horn, a cape regarded as the S. extremity of America. Il is,
however, not a part of tlie continent, but the most southern point of a
small island belongino- to the group comraonly called Terra del Fuego.
Lat 55° 58' 30" S., Lon. 67° 21' W.
Cape May, a co. forming the S. extremity of N. J. Pop. 5,324
Seat of justiQe, Cape May c. h.
Cape Pal'-m.4S, a cape of W. Africa, on the coast of Guinea, near 4°
20' N. Lat, and 7° 40' W. Lon. Here is a missionary station.
Cape Verd Islands (Ilhas Verdas, eel' -yis veR'-dis), so called by the
Portuguese, because the sea to the W. of them is covered with gulf-
weed, so as to present some resemblance to extensive meadows. This
group iis about 300 m. frora the W. coast of Africa, between 14° 17' and
17° 19 N. Lat, and 22° 10' and 25° 30' W. Lon. There are 14 islands ;
9 of them are inhabited, of which Sara-Tiago, S. Nicolao, Boa Vista, and
S. Antao are the raost important They belong to Portugal.
Cape Vin'-cent, a village and port of entry of N. Y., in Jefferson
CO., on the, St. Lawrence, near the N. E. extremity of L. Ontario.
Capri, ki'-pre, (Ane. Ca'prese,) a beautiful rocky island in the Medi
terranean, 8 or 9ni. in circuit,- and about 20 m. due S. from Naples.
Among other curiosities, it contains a singular and romantic grotto,
which appears to have been a favourite resort ofthe emperor Tiberius,
who resided a long lime in Capres. This cave can be entered only
from the sea, by a very narrow opening. For a full description of it
we would refer the reader to No. 147 of the Penny Magazine. Lat
40° 32' N., Lon. 14° 14' E. Pop. about 3,000. (P. C.)
Cap'-u-a, or ki'-poo-i, a strongly fortified archiepiscopal t of Naples,
in Terra di Lavoro, situated on the left bank of the Volturno, 15 m.
N. W. of the capital. The modern Capua .does not occupy the sarae
site as the ancient, hut that of a much inferior t, called by the Romans
Casilinum. The ruins of the ancient Capua are to be seen in the
neighbourhood. Lat 41° 7' N., Lon. 14° 11' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.)
Caqueta. See Japura.
Car-ac'-as or k-i-ri'-kis, the cap. of Venezuela, S. America, is dis-
tant 20 ra. by the road, from ils port. La Guayra, on the Caribbean Sea.
In the early part of the present century, the pop. of this t was esti
mated at 50,000; bul the great earthquake of 1S12, in which l'.i,000
persons are said to have perished, and the subsequent war and civil dis
sensions, have so reduced the number of the inhabitants, that it does
not probably, at present, much exceed 30,000. (P. C.^ Lat. 10° 31'
N., Lon. 67° 4' 45" W.
Car-a-ma'-ni-a or Karamania, an extensive territory in tne S. part
of Asiatic Turkey, which reaches from the Gulf of Scanderoon, along
the Mediterranean, to the Gulf of Maori. It is upwards of 400 m. in
length : but the limits do not appear to be accurately defined. Accord
ing to Captain Beaufort, the appellation Caramania is neither used by

CAR— CAR 139
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; u, nearly like ng.
the present inhabitants nor recognized at the seat of government. It
seems to be derived from Karaman, who founded a kingdom here in
the middle ages, which was conquered by the Turks, about 1485, —
Adj. and inhab. Car-.\-ma'-ni-an.
Car'-bon, a CO. in the E. part of Pa., intersected by the r. Lehigh.
It abounds in coal. Co. t. Mauch Chunk.
Carcassonne, kiR^-kis^-sonn', (Lat, Car'caso,) an ancient, manufac
turing and commercial city of France, cap. of the dep. of Aude, on the
r. Aude and the Southern Canal (Canal du Midi), which unites the
Garonne with the Mediterranean. Lat. 43° 13' N., Lon. 2° 22' E. Pop.
17,000. (B.)
Car'-diff or Caerdiff, a commercial t of Wales, formerly the cap.
of Glaraorganshire, situated on a canal of its own name. Lat 51° 28'
N., Lon. 3° 10' W. Pop. 10,077.
Car'-di-gan, a seaport t of Wales, cap. of Cardiganshire. Lat 52°
5' N., Lon. 4° 38' W. Pop. 2,925.
Car'-di-gan-shire, a co. of S. Wales, bordering on Cardigan Bay.
Pop. 63,766.'
Car^-ib-be'-.\n Sea, that part ofthe Atlantic which lies between the
principal W. India Islands and S. America. i
Car'-ib-bee^ Islands, are a series of small islands, extending from
Porto Rico to Trinidad, which is included. The narae is derived from
the Car'-ibs or Car'-ih-bees\ a tribe of S. Araerican aborigines, who,
when Colurabus discovered Araerica, were in possession of the sraaller
W. India Islands; from which, however, they have heen nearly extir
pated by the Europeans.
Car-in'-thi-a, (Ger. Karnthen, kaiRn'-ten,) a country in the S. part
ofthe Austrian empire, intersected by the r. Drave. It is about 120 m.
in length, and 40 ra. in breadth. — Adj. and inhab. Car-in'-thj-an.
Carlisle, kar-lile', an ancient city and port of England, cap. of Cum
berland CO., on the little r. Eden, 260 ra. N. N. W. from London. It is
connected, by a ship canal, with Bowness (bo-ness') on Solway Frith,
by which vessels of 100 tons can come up to the town. It communi
cates also wilh Newcastle by a railroad. Pop., including an area of
10 sq.m., 23,012.
Carlisle, a t of Pa., the cap. of Cumberland co., and the seat of
Dickinson College, founded in 1783. Pop. 4,351.
Car'-l6w, an inland co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster. Pop.
in 1831, 81,649. (P. C.)
Carlow, a t of Ireland, cap. of the above CO., 43m.''S. S. W. of
Dublin. Pop. 10,612. (P. C.)
Carlowitz or Karlowitz, kar'-lo-vits, (Hung. Karlovacz, kaR-Io-
viils,) an archiepiscopal t ofthe Austrian erapire, in the military fron
tiers of Slavonia. Lat. 45° 12' N., Lon. 20° 3' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
Carlsbad or Karlsbad, kaRls'-bit a t of Bohemia, celebrated for its
warm springs and baths, said to have been founded about the year 1370,
by Charles IV., whence its name, which signifies " Charles's bath."
Lat 50° 13' N, Lon. 12° 52' E. Permanent pop. about 2,600. (B.)

140 CAR— CAR
Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, m't; pine or pine, ph ; ni, nit; 66 as in good,
Carlscrona, karls-kroo'-nd, frequently written in English Carls-
croon, a fortified seaport t. of Sweden ; cap. of the district (or lan) of
Blekingen (blek'-ing-cn), remarkable for its admirably built citadel,- its
extensive dry-docks, and ils fine harbour, which is the station of the
Swedish navy. Lat 56° 10' N., Lon. 1.5° 30' E. Pop. 12,000. (R)
Carlsruhe or Karlsruhe, kaRls'-roo, the cap. of the grand-duchy
of Baden, Germany, situated about 4 ra. frora the E. bank of the Rhine.
It has flourishing manufactures and considerable commerce. Among
its numerous literary institutions is a public library of 70,000 vols.
Lat 49° N., Lon. 8° 27' E. Pop. above 20,000. (B.)
Car-nat'-ic, a prov. in the S. of Hindostan, between 8° and 16° N.
Lat, and 77° and 81° E. Lon. It borders on the Bay of Bengal, and
extends along the coast 560 m.
Car-ni-o'-l.\ (Ger. Krain, krine), formerly a duchy in the S. partof
the Austrian empire, N. B. of, and bordering on the Gulf of Venice.^
Adj. Car-ni-o'-l.\n and Car'-nic. — Inhab. Carniolan.
Carolina, kar-o-li'-na, the name of a colonial settlement in N. Ame
rica, made by the English, about the raiddle of the 17lh century. North
and South Carolina originally constituted but one colony ; they were,
however, divided in 1729, and since the Revolution have formed two
separate states. — Inhab. Car-o-lin'-i-.\n.
North Carolina extends from 33° 50' to 36° 30' N. Lat, and from
75° 25' to 84° 30' W. Lon. It is bounded on the N. by Virginia, E.
and S. E. by the Atlantic, S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and W.
by Tennessee, and divided into 74 counties.* E.ictreme length, mea
suring frora Cape Hatteras on the E., about .500 ra. ; greatest breadth,
180 m. The area is estimated at 50,000 sq. m. Pop. 753,419, of whom
484,870 are whites, 22,732 free coloured persons, and 245,817 slaves.
Raleigh is the seat of government
South Carolina extends from 32° to 35° 8 N. Lat, and from 73°
24' to 83° 30' W. Lon. It is bounded on the N. and N. E. by North
Carolina, S. E. by the Atlantic, S. W. and \V. by Georgia, and divided
into 29 districts.! Length about 260 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S.,
215 ra. Area estimated at 33,000 sq.m. Pop. 594,398, of whom
*An8on, Ashe, Beaufort, Bertie, Bladen, Brunswick, Buncombe. Burke, Cabarras,
Caldwell, Camden, C.-ineret, Caswell, Catawba, Chatham, Cherokee, Chowan,
Cleveland, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Currituck, Davidson, Davie, Duplin,
Edgecombe, Franklin, Gates, Granville, Greene, Guilford, Halifax, Haywood,
Henderson, Hertford, Hyde, Iredell, Johnson, Jones, Lenoir, Lincoln, Macon,
Martin, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Moore, jVash, New Hanover,
Northampton, Onslow, Orange, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Person, Pitt, Randolph *
Richmond, Robeson, Rockingham, Rowan, Rutherford. Sampson, Stanly, Stokes
Surry, Tyrrel, Union, Wake, Warren, Washington, Wayne. Wilkes, Yaiicey.
t Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Chester, Chesterfield,
Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield. Pairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry Ker.
shaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough. Newberry Orange
burg, Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, VV'illlamsburg York

CAR— CAR 141
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
259,084 are whites, 8,276 free coloured persons, and 327,038 slaves.
Colurabia is the capital,
Caroline, a co. in the E. part of Md., bordering on Del. Pop. 7,806.
Co. t. Denton.
Caroline, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Rappahan
nock. Pop. 17,813. Co. t Bowling Green.
Car-pa'-thj-an Mountains, a chain which bounds Hungary on the
N. W.,N., and'N.E., and Transylvania on the N. E., E., and S.E.
Mount Ruska (roos'-ki), in that branch of the chain, which separates
the above countries, is the highest of the Carpathian system, and has
an elevation of 1,550 toises, or 9,913 English ft. (B.)
Carpentras, kaR^-piN^-lris', a walled city of France, in the dep. of
Vaucluse. Lat 44° 3' N., Lon. 5° 4' E. Pop. 6,294. (P.C.)
Carrara, kir-ra'-ra, a sraall t and territory in the N. of Italy, bor
dering on the Mediterranean, which belongs at present to the Duke of
Modena. It is iraportant on account of ils extensive and valuable mar
ble quarries.
Car'-rick-on-Suir (-shore), a t of Ireland, situated on the r. Suir,
partly in the co. of Tipperary, and partly in that of Waterford, about
85 m. S. S. W. from Dublin. Pop. 9,626. (P. C.)
Car'-rick-fer'-gus, the cap. ofthe co. of Antrim, Ireland, on the W.
side of the liule bay called Belfast Lough, 9 m. N. N. E. of Belfast
This town, together with its liberties, forms what is called the county
of the town of Carrickfergus. The castle stands on a rocky penin
sula, whence the narae, which signifies the "rock of Fergus" — an
Irish king, who was drowned there. Pop. of the co. in 1831, 8,706.
(P C.)
Car'-roll, a CO. in the B. part of N. H., bordering on Me. Pop.
19,973. Co. t. Ossipee.
Carroll, a co. in the N. part of Md ., bordering on Pa. Pop. 17,241.
Co. t Westminster.
Carroll, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., bordering on N. C.
Carroll, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on Ala. and the r,
Chattahoochee. Pop. 5,252. Co. t. Carrolllon.
Carroll, a co. in the N.W. central part of Miss., on the Yalabusha r.
Pop. 10,481. Co. seat, Carrolllon.
Carroll, a parish forming the N. E. extremity of La. Pop. 4,237.
Carroll, a co. in the N. W. part of Ark., bordering on Mo. Pop.
2,844. Co. t Carrolllon.
Carroll, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little W. «f the Ten
nessee r. Pop. 12,362. Co. t. Huntingdon.
Carroll, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop.
3,966. Carroll, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Sandy and
Beaver Canal. Pop. 18,018. Co. t Carrolllon.
Carroll, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ind., intersected by the
Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 7,819. Co. t Delplii.

142 CAR— CAS
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in gooa ;
Carroll, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the r. Mis
souri. Pop. 2,423. Co. t Carrollton.
Cartagena, kar-ta-je'-na, (Sp. pron. kaR-ti-ni'-ni, Ane. Cartha/go
No'va,) a fortified seaport t. of Spain, in Murcia, with one of the finest
harbours on the Mediterranean. Lat 37° 36' N., Lon. 1° W. Pop.
estimated at 37,000. (B.)
Cartagena, a seaport in the republic of New Granada, on the north
ern coast of S. America, with one of the safest and raost convenient
harbours in all America. The entrance is so narrow that only one
vessel can come in al a time. A is defended by two strong castles.
Araong the institutions for education, may he mentioned a university, a
school of navigation, and a college. Its commerce is considerable,
though less than it was before the war of independence. Lat. 10° 25'
48" N., Lon. 75° 30' W. Pop. about 18,000. (B.)
Carter, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Tenn., bordering on N. C.
Pop. 5,372. Co. t. Elizabethtown.
Carter, o. co. near the N. E. extreraity of Ky. Pop. 2,905. Co. t
Grayson. Car'-tbr-et, a CO. in the S. E. part of N. C, bordering on the sea.
Pop. 6,591. Co. t Beaufort.
Casale, ki-si'-li, a fortified t of the continental Sardinian states ;
cap. ofa prov. ofthe same narae, on the S. bank ofthe Po, 3.5 m. E. of
Turin. Pop. 16,000. (P. C.)
Cas al Maggiore, ki-sil' mid-jo'-ri, a t. of Austrian Italy, on the left
bank of the Po, 20 m. E. S. E. of Cremona. Lat. about 4-5° N., Lon.
10° 26' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
CAg'-BiN* or Kazein (Pers. pron. kis^-been', whence the name is
soraetiraes written Casbebn), a manufacturing and commercial city of
Irak, Persia, situated in the raidst ofa country rendered very fertile by
an extensive system of irrigation, which is carried on by means of sub
terranean aqueducts. The grapes of Casbin are considered to be the
finest in Persia. Lat 36° 12' N., Lon. 49° 33' E. Pop. 60,000. (B.)
Caserta or Caserta Nuova, ki-seR'-ti nwo'-vi, a t of Naples, with
a royal palace, one of the most magnificent in Europe, and a superb
aqueduct 27m. long. It is 17m. N. by E. of Naples. Pop. about
5,000. (B.)
Ca'-sey, a CO. in the central part of Ky., intersected by Green r
Pop. 4,939. Co. t Liberty.
Cash'-el, an ancient city of Ireland, in the co. of Tipperary, 108 m
S. W. of Dublin. It was formerlv the residence of the kings of Mun
ster. Pop. in 1831, 6,971. (P. C.)
** ** And Casbin's luscious grapes of amber hue."
Southey's Thalaba. Book VI.
" With grapes of gold, like those that shine
On Casbin's hills"  — Moore's LaUa Rookh.

CAS— CAS 143
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Cash-mere'* or Kashmire, an extensive valley in the southern part
of Asia, surrounded by high mountains ofthe Himalaya range, between
33° 20' and 35° 40' N. Lat, and 74° 30' and 77° E. Lon. This coun
try is remarkably well watered and productive. As it is 6,000 or 7,0UO
feet above the level of the sea, the climate is cool for the latitude.
Cashmere was not long since in the possession ofthe Afghans, but more
recently formed a part ofthe extensive dominions of Runjeet Sing, the
sovereign of the Seiks. (See Lahore.) The chief t is Sirinagur. —
Adj. and Inhab. Cash-mb'-rh-.^n.
Cas'-pi-.\n Sea (the KaaKta 6a.-Kasaa, of the Greeks), a large inland
sea, situated on the boundary between Europe and Asia, extending
from 47° 20' to 30° 40' N. Lat, and frora 54° 10' to 46° 50' E. Lon.
Its length, following the curve of the sea, is about 900 m. ; its average
breadth ahout 210 m. The waters of this sea are much less salt than
those of the Atlantic. Gmelin estimates the proportion as 1 lo 4.
Though it receives the waters of the Volga and several other rivers of
considerable magnitude, the Caspian has no outlet. The surface of this
sea is stated to be raore than 300 ft. below that ofthe ocean.
Cass, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., intersected by the Etowah r.
Pop. 9,390. Co. t. Cassville.
Cass, a co. in the S. W. part of Mich., bordering on Ind. Pop. 5,710.
Co. t Cassopolis.
Cass, a co. in the N. central part of Ind., intersected by the Wabash
and Erie Canal. Pop. 5,480. Co. t. Logansport
Cass, a co. in the W. central part of 111., bordering on the Illinois r.
Pop. 2,981 . Co. t. Beardstown.
Cas'-sel, at of Gerraany, the cap. ofthe electorate of Hesse-Cassel,
on the Fulda, about 108 m. N. E. of Coblentz. It has numerous institu
tions for the promotion of the arts and sciences, among which we may
mention the Museum, one of the finest buildings in the place, the Ob
servatory, the Academy of Antiquities, the Academy of Painting, Sculp
ture, and Architecture, and the Lyceum. Lat. 51° 18' N., Lon. 9° 30'
E. Pop. above 26,000. (B.)
Castelnaudary, kis^-tir-no^-di'-re', a t of France, in the dep. of
Aude. Lat. about 43° 19' N., Lon. 1° 53' E. Pop. in 1832, 8,471.
(P. C.)
Castbl Vetrano, c^s-tel' vi-tr^^no, a t. of Sicily, remarkable for its
* In familiar discourse, we very often hear thie name accentuated on the first
syllable; e.g. in the phrase^ "a Cashmere shaw]," Cashmere, in such cases,
may be considered simply as an English word, having become thoroughly angli
cized. (See Int. XII., Obs. 2.) When, however, the country itself is spoken of,
the almost mvariable practice of the best speakers, as well as the usage of tha
poets, will, we believe, be found to justify the pronunciation above given.
" Who has not heard of the Vale of Cashmere,
With ita roses the brightestthat earth ever gave ?
Its temples, and grottos, and fountains as clear
As the love-lighted eyes that hang over their wave ?"
— Moore's Lalla RooH.
U

144 CAS— CAT
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mk ; pine or pine, phi ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good ,
manufactures of coral, and for the ruins ofthe ancient Selinus found in
its vicinity. Lat. 37° 40' N., Lon, 12° 46' E. Pop. about 13,000. (R)
Castiglione, cis-teel-yo'-ni, a t of Austrian Italy, about 20 m. N.W.
of Mantua. Pop. above 5,000. (B.)
Castile, kas-teel',^ (Sp. Castilla, kis-teel'-yi,) an ancient kingdom
of Spain, which has been divided into Old Castile (Castilla la Vieja,
li ve-V-Hi), and New Castile (Castilla la Nueva, -nwi'-vi). Old Castile
borders on the Bay of Biscay, and extends in a south-westerly direction
about 250 m. Its greatest breadth is about 110 ra. Burgos is the capi
tal. New Castile is S. of, and borders on the above ; il is about 200 m.
from N. to. S., and 230 ra. from E. to W. Capital, Madrid.— Adj. and
inhab. Castilian, kas-til'-yun.
Castine, kas-teen/, a port of entry of Me., in Hancock co.. on the E.
side of Penobscot Bay, with an excellent harbour. Lat 44° 22' 30"
N., Lon. 68° 45' W. Pop. of the township, 1,188.
Castlebar, kas^-sel-bar', a t of Ireland, the cap. of Mayo co., 128 m.
W. N. W. frora Dublin. Pop. in 1830, 6,373. (P. C.)
Castlbton, kas'-sel-ton, a village of Rutland co., Vt, the seat of the
Verraont Academy of Medicine, founded in 1818. Pop. of the town
ship, 1,769.
Castrbs, kistr, the largest and most important town, though not the
capital, of the French dep. of Tarn. Lat. 43° 37' N., Lon. 2° 15' E.
Pop. 16,000. (B.)
Castro Giovanni, kis'-tro jo-vin'-ne, (Ane. En'na,) a t of Sicily,
nearly in the centre of the i., remarkable for its situation on the sum
mit of an almost inaccessible mountain, more than 4,000 ft above the
sea. Enna was celebrated, in ancient times, as the birth-place of
Ceres, and the site of her most sacred temple. Lat 37° 31' N., Lon.
14° 18' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
Casween. See Casein.
Cas'-well, a CO. in the N. part of N. C, bordering on Va. Pop.
14,693. Co. t Yanceyville.
Cat-V-hoo'-la or Catahoula, a parish in the N. E. part of La., in
tersected by the r. Washita. Pop. 4,955. Co. t Harrisonburg.
Cat-a-lo'-nh-a, (Sp. Cataluna, kit-i-loon'-yi,) a prov. occupying the
E. extremity of Spain, bordering on France and the Mediterranean.
It is about 190 m. in length, and 126 m. in breadth. Capital, Barce
lona. — Adj. and inhab. Cat'--^-l.vn and Cat-alo'-nj-.j^n.
Catania, ki-ti'-ne-i or ka-ti'-ne-a, (Gr. Kararr, Lat Cat'ana,) the
cap. of a prov. of the same name, and the handsomest t in Sicily, is
situated on the sea-coast, S. of Mount jEtna, near its base. Here may
be seen the reraains of an ancient araphitheatre, the largest of which
we have any knowledge. It has a circumference greater, by nearly
one-third, than the famous Coliseum of Rome. (B.) Catania has a
university and several other public institutions. Lat 37° 29' N., Lon.
15° 5' E. Pop. about 40,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Ca-ta'-ni-.an.
Catanzaro, ki-tin-zi'-ro, a t of Naples, in Calabria Ultra. Lat 38°
57' N., Lon. 16° 31' E. Pop. estimated at 11,000. (B.)

CAT— CAY 145
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Cat^-ta-rau'-gus, a co. in the S. W. part of N. Y., bordering on Pa.
Pop. 28,875. Co. t Ellicottsville.
Ca-taw'-ba, a r. which rises in N. C, and flowing into S. C„ takes
the name of Wateree, and joins the Congaree to form the Santee.
Catawba, a co. in the W. part of N. C., on the above river.
Cathay. See China.
Cat-man'-doo or Katmandoo, the cap. of the kingdom of Nepaul, in
Northern Hindostan. It stands at an elevation of 4,784 ft. above the
level of the sea. Lat. 27° 42' N., Lon. ahout 85° E. Pop. estimated
al 20,000. (P. C.)
Cats'-kill, the cap. of Green co., N. Y., situated on the W. side of
the Hudson, 34 m. below Albany, on a creek of the sarae name. Pop.
of the township, 5,339. The inhabitants of the village of Catskill may
perhaps amount to half this number.
Catskill Mountains, a branch of the great chain of the Allegha
nies, situated in the E. part of N. Y., W. of the Hudson. The highest
summit Round Top, is about 3,800 ft. above the level of the sea.
Cat'-te-gat^ or Kattegat, a large gulf which separates Denmark
from Sweden on the north. This name is of Dutch origin, and signi
fies " cat's hole."
Cau'-oas-us, (Gr. Ka/vxatio;,) an extensive mountain system, between
the Black and Caspian Seas. The general direction of the range is
from W. N. W. to S. S. E. The highest summit, Elbrooz, is 2,800
toises, or about 17,908 English ft. above the level of the sea. — Adj.
Caucasian, kau-ki'-she-a.n or kau-kaZ-shun.
Caubul. See Cabool.
Cava, ki'-vi, a t of Naples, 5 m. N. W. of Salerno. Pop. estimated
at 19,000. (B.) Near it is the celebrated Benedictine Convent of La
Trinita, with a fine library.
Cav'-an, an inland co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Ulster. Pop. in
1831, 228,040. (P. C.)
Cavery, sometimes written, and alvvays to be pronounced Cau'-ver-t,
a r. in the S. of Hindostan, which rises aniong the Western Ghauts,
and, fiowing S. easterly, empties itself into the Bay of Bengal, by seve
ral mouths, near Tranquebar. Its whole course is ahout 450 m.
Cax-a-mar'-ca, kin-ni-raaR'-ki, a t of Peru, al the height of 9,363 ft.
above the level of the sea. Lat ahout 7° 9' S., Lon. 78° 3.5' W. Pop.
estimated at 7,000. (B.)
Caxias or Cachias, ki-shee'-is, a t of Brazil, in Maranham. Lat.
4° 52' S., Lon; 43° 25' W.
Caxoeira or Cachoeira, ki-sho-i/e-ra, a t of Brazil, 60 m. N. W. of
Bahia, wilh a flourishing inland trade. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.)
Cayenne, ki-enn', an island, river, and town of S. America, in
French Guiana. The town is situated on the i., in Lat 4° 56' N., Lon.
52°15'W. Pop. about 2,000. (P.C.)
Cay-u'-ga, a CO. in the western part of N. Y., bordering on the Cay
uga Lake and L. Ontario. Pop. 50,338. Co. t. Auburn.
Cayuga Lake, situated in the W. central part of N. Y., is about 38 m.
13

146 CAZ— CEP
Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, mit; pine or pine, pin; n6, n&t; op asing'ooii;
long, and from 1 to 4 broad. Near its N. extremity it is crossed by
a bridge, more than a mile in length. In the summer season, steam
boats ply constantly between this bridge and the town of Ithaca, at the
S. end of the lake.
Caz-bn-o'-vi-a, a village of Madison co., N. Y., 40 ra. W. of Utica.
Pop. of the township, 4,153.
Cecil, sis'-sil, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Md. Pop. 17,232.
Co. t Elkton.
Ce'-dar, a CO. in the E. part of Iowa, intersected by Red Cedar r.
Pop. 1,253.
Cbfalu, chJf-i-loo', a seaport t. of Sicily, on the N. coast. Lat 38°
N., Lon. 14° 5' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.)
Cbl'-e-bes, a large i., of singular shape, in the eastem seas, be
tween 2° N., and 6° S. Lat, and 119° and 125° E. Lon. Its ex
treme length, from N. to S., is near 500 m. Celebes is divided into a
number of small independent states. The inhabitants are included in
the great Malay race, though the dift'erent nations exhibit great diver
sity in character and language. The Bugis (boo'-ghees) are the most
numerous and powerful in the i., and are the most commercial people
in all Oceanica. They have the character of being very fair dealers,
and are said to possess a high degree of enterprise and intelligence.
The Dutch have an extensive establishment which they call the gov
ernment of Macassar, on the S. W. coast of Celebes ; and their mfluence
extends to a great part of the island.
Celle or Zelle, tsel'-leh, a-t of Germany, in Hanover, situated
near the Aller. Lat. 52° 37' N., Lon. 10° 3' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Central America comprehends the countries which, under the
dominion of Spain, were known hythe name ofthe kingdom of Guate
mala. Il forms the central portion ofthe long isthmus which unites N.
and S. America, and extends from about 8° to 17° 30' N. Lat, and
frora 82° to 94° W. Lon. Ils length is estimated at 1,000 m. ; its
breadth varies frora 100 to 300 ra. Area estiraated at lS.5,00Osq.in.
Pop. 1,650,000. (B.) Il is bounded on the N. hy the Mexican stales
of Oaxaca, Chiapa, and Yucatan, and by the Caribbean Sea, E. by this
sea and the territory of New Granada, and S. and S. W. by the Pacific
Ocean. Exclusive of British Honduras, Central America forms a re
public, divided into six sections, as follows :
The Federal District  Capital, New Guatemala.

The state of Guatemala,
" Salvador,
" Honduras,
" Nicaragua,
" Costa Rica,

Old Guatemala-
San Salvador.
Coraayagua.
Leon. San Jose de Costa Rica.

The capital of the Federal District is also the seat of the general
governraent. Centre, a co. occupying the central part of Pa. Pop. 20,492. Co. t
Bellefonte. ^ r r ,
Cbph-.j,-i,o'-nji-^ (It pron. chJf-i-lon'-e-i, Mod. Gr. Ktifxaon'o, kef-4-

CER— CHA 147
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; N, nearly like ng.
lo-nee'-i, Ane. Gr. Ks^aXKrivio., Lat. Cephalle'nia), the largest of the
Ionian Islands, situated near the W. coast of Greece, between 38° 4' and
38° 29' N. Lat, and 20° 20' and 20° 47' E. Lon. Length, from N.N.W.
to S. S. B., 31 ra. Area about 348 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 56,447. (P. C.)
— Adj. and inhab. Cbph-.a.-lo'-ni-an.
Ce-ram' (Port pron. si-roung) or Ser-ang', after Gilolo, the largest
of the Molucca Islands, situated between 2° 50' and 4° S. Lat, and
127° 50' and 131° 10' E. Lon. Its length is 185 m. ; its average
breadth ahout 30 m.
CER^Go, cher'-e-go, (the ancient Cythe'ra ; Gr. Kufljjpa,) one of the
. Ionian Islands, lying S. of the Morea, 25 m. E. of Cape Matapan.
Length about 20 m. ; greatest breadth about 10 m.
Cervera, sJR-vi'-ri, a t of Spain, in Catalonia, 38 m. N. by E. of
Tarragona, with a university. Pop. 6,000. (M.)
Cervia, cht'R'-ve-a, a t of Italy, in the Papal State, on the Adriatic,
about 12 m. S. E. of Ravenna. Pop. estimated at 4,000. (B.)
Cbsena, clii-sV-ni, a t of Italy, in the Papal State, 34 m. N. N. W.
of Urbino. Pop. estiraated at 12,000. (B.)
Cevbnnes, si^-venn', (Ane. Ceven'naor Ceben'na,) a chain of raoun
tains in the S. of France, in the deps. of Lozere, Gard, Upper Loire, and
Ardeche. Ceylon, sil-one' or see'-lon, (called by the natives Sin-ghi'-li ; by
the Portuguese Ceil.\o, sie-loung', of which the English narae Cey
lon is a corruption : Ane. Taprobane,) a large island on the coast of
Hindostan, belonging to Great Britain, between .5° 54' and 9° 50' N.
Lat, and 79° 50' and 8'2° E. Lon. It is separated, on the N. W., from
the continent of India by the Gulf of Manaar. Its length is about
270 m. ; its greatest breadth 145 m. Area 24,664 sq. m . The vegeta
ble and animal productions of Ceylon, for the mosl part, reserable those
of the neighbouring continent. This island contains numerous useful
minerals and valuable gems. Iron is generally diffused. Plumbago
abounds, and is exported in considerable quantities. The inhabitants
of Ceylon are coniposed of the Singhalese, the original possessors of the
island, the Malabars, who came as invaders from the opposite coast,
the Mahometans or Moors, and a small proportion of Europeans and
other foreigners. The pop., according lo the census of 1833, was
1,126,808. (P. C.) Colombo is the capital.— Adj. and inhab. Sin~-
gb-4-lese' or Cingalese, and Ceylonese, sir-o-neze'. The forraer is
more properly applied to the primitive inhabitants, and to that portion
ofthe island which is at present occupied by them; tie latter to the
inhabitants and the island, in general.
Chalons-sur-Marne, shi^-lAs' sur maRu, (Ane. Catalau'ni and Du-
rocalalau'ni,) a t. of France; cap. of the dep. of Marne, on the river
Marne, about 90 ra.E. of Paris. Lat 48° 57' N., Lon. 4° 22' E. Pop.
12,930. (B.)
CnAL0Ns-suR-SA6NE, shi^-16N' silR sone, a t of France, in the dep.
of Saone and Loire, on the Sa6ne, at the termination of the Central
Canal (canal du Centre). It is the most commercial and populous
K

148 CHA-CHA
Fite, fir, fill, fat , mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit ; 66 as ingood,
place in the department Lat. 46° 46' N., Lon. 4° 52' E. Pop.
12,000. (B.)
Chambers, charae/-berz, a co. in the E. part of Ala., bordering on
the Chattahoochee r. Pop. 17,333. Co, t. La Fayette.
Chambbrsburg, chanie'-berz-burg, a thriving t of Pa.; cap. of
Franklin co., 46 ra. S. W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 3,239.
Chambery, sham'-ber-re, or shiM^-^'-re', an archiepiscopal town,
the most important in all Savoy, and the cap. of Savoy proper, is situ
ated ahout 12 m. from the left bank of tbe Rhone. Among its public
institutions we may mention the Royal College, and the Academy of
Sciences, called the Academy of Savoy. Lat 45° 39' N., Lon. 5° 53'
E. Pop. about 11,000. (P.C.)
Chahbly, shara'-ble, or So-rblle', a r. of Lower Canada, which forms
thte outlet of L. Charaplain. Length above 80 m. It is navigable for
river barges through its whole course.
Chamouny, shi'-moo-ne\ sometimes written Chamonix, (Fr. pron.
sha'-moo^-ne',) a celebrated and roraantic valley of Savoy, situated at
the foot of Mont Blanc, and containmg a village of the same name. Lat
45° 56' N., Lon. 6° 47' E.
Champagne, shiM^-pin', a former prov. of France, now divided into
the deps. of Aisne, Ardennes, Aube, Marne, Upper .Marne, and Yonne.
Champaign, shafti-pane', a co. in the W. central part of Ohio. Pop.
16,721. Co. t Urbana.
Champaign, a co. in the E. part of 111., on the sources ofthe Kaskas
kia r. Pop. 1,475. Co. t Urbana.
Champlain, shara^-plane', a. lake of the U. S., lying between New
York and Verraont Length 128 m. ; greatest breadth about 20 m.
The superficial extent is between 600 and 700 sq. m. Its outlet is the
Chambly r.
Chandeleur (shan^-del-oor') Islands are situated ofiT the S. E. coast
of La., and separated from the main land hy Chandeleur Bay.
Chantilly, shiN^-teef-ye' or shiN^-te^-ye' (see Int XIX., 18), a small
t of France, in the dep. of Oise, 23 m. N. of Paris.
Chap'-el Hill, a t of N. C, in Orange co., 27ra. W. N.W. of
Raleigh, the seat ofthe University of North Carolina, founded in 1789.
Charente, shu -RiNl', a r. in the S. W. of France, which flows into
the Bay of Biscay, opposite the i. Oleron. Its whole length Is 184 m.
Charente, a dep. of France, intersected by the above r. Pop.
36.5,126. (B.) Capital, Angouleme.
Cbahentb, Lower (Fr.Charente-Inferieure,shr-riNt' aN^-R^-re -ur'),
a dep. of France, adjoining the above, and bordering on the Bay of
Biscay. Pop. 449,649. (B.) Capital, La Rochelle.
Chariton, char'-re-ton, a co. in the N. part of Mo., bordering on the
r. Missouri. Pop. 4,746. Co. t Keytesville, keets'-vill.
Charkow. See Kh.a.rkof.
Charles, a co. in the S. W, part of Md., bordering on tho Potomac.
Pop. 16,023. Co. t Port Tobacco.

CHA-CHA 149
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like 7ig.
Charles City, a co. in the E. part of Va., N. of, and bordering on
James r. Pop. 4,774. Seat pf justice, Charles City c. h.
Charles River, in Mass., flows into Boston harbour.
Charles, St., a parish in the S. E. part of La., W. of New Orleans,
and bordering on L. Pontchartrain. Pop. 4,700.
Charles, St., a co, in the E part of Mo., on the N. side ofthe Mis
souri r., at its mouth. Pop. 7,911. Co. t St Charles.
Charles'-ton, a dist. of S. C, S. of the Santee r., bordering on thh
sea. Pop. 82,661.
Charleston, a port of entry, and the largest city of S. C. ; cap. of
the above dist, on a tongue of land between the rivers Ashley and
Cooper, which unite iraraediately below the town, and forra a spacious
harbour, coramunicating with the ocean at Sullivan's Island, 7 m. be
low. The town is regularly built, and many of the streets present a
handsome appearance. Charleston is connected with Hamburg, on
the Savannah, by a railroad, 135 m. in length. Among the numerous
charitable establishments of Charleston, may be cited the Orphan Asy
lum, which is amply endowed, and is one of the most reraarkable
buildings in the place. Of the literary institutions, we may mention
the Charleston College, founded in 1795, and the Charleston Library,
which contains about 1 -5,000 vols. The citizens of Charleston are dis
tinguished for their hospitality and refinement, and perhaps no place in
the United States afiijrds more agreeable society. In winter this city
is particularly pleasant as a residence, and is much resorted to by per
sons frora other parts of the Union. Lat. 32° 46' N., Lon. 79° 57'
W. Pop. 29,261.
Charles'-town, a t of Middlesex co., Mass., near Boston, with which
it is connected by three bridges. It may not improperly be regarded as
a suburb of that city. Pop. 11,484. Here is a U. S. navy yard.
Chableville, shaR^-vil', a t of France, in the dep. of Ardennes, in
the iraraediate vicinity of Mezieres. Pop. in 1832, 7,400. (P.C.)
Charlevoix, shar^-le-voi', (Kishkawkee,) a co. of Mich., bordering
on L. Michigan, near its N. extremity.
Charlotte, shar'-lpt, a co. in S. part of Va., bordering on Staunton r-
Pop. 11,595. Seat of justice, Charlotte c. h.
Charlottesville, shar'-lots-vil, a t of Va. ; the cap. of Albemarl»
CO., and the seat of the University of Virginia, founded in 1819. Thit
institution was planned by Jefferson, and is munificently endowed by
the state. Distant 86 ra. W. N, W. of Richraond.
Chartres, sbaRlr, (Lat Au'tricura,) an ancient city of France, tha
cap. ofthe dep. of Eure and Loire, situated on the Eure, 46 m. S. W.
by W. of Paris. Its cathedral is the largest in France, and one of the
most magnificent gothic edifices in Europe. The spire rises to the
height of 378 French ft, or 402 English ft. from the ground. Lat. 48^
27' N., Lon. 1° 29' E, Pop. 14,000. (B.)
Cha-tau'-qde, a co. on L. Erie, forming the S. W. extremity of N-
Y. Pop. 47,975 Co. t. Mayville.
13*

150 CHA— CHE
Fite, fil', fill, fat ; m*, rafet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nil ; 66, as in good ,
Chateauguay, shif-o-gay', a sraall r. which rises in N. Y., and joins
the St. Lawrence in Lower Canada.
Chatbaudun, sh4'-l6'-duN', a t of France, in the dep. of Eure and
Loire, on the r. Loire. Lat. 48° 5' N., Lon. 1° 18' E. Pop. in 1832,
6,461. (P. C.)
Chatbau-Gonthier, shi'-to'-guN'-te'-i', a t of France, in the dep.
of Mayenne, on the r. Mayenne. Lat 47° 50' N., Lon. 0° 41' W.
Pop. in 1832, 6,143. (P. C.)
Chateauroux, shi'-to^-roo', a t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of
Indre, on the r. Indre. Lat. 46° 48' N., Lon. 1° 40' E. Pop. 12,000.
(B.) Chat-bl-Arab. See Shatt-el-Arab.
Chatellerault, shi^-teir-ro', a t of France, in the dep. of Vienne,
on the r. Vienne, celebrated for ils manufactures of cutlery. Lat 46°
50' N., Lon. 0° 32' E. Pop. in 1832, 9,437. (P. C.)
Chat'-h-4m, a t. of England, in Kent, about 30 m. E. by S. from Lon
don. In that part called Brompton (brump'-tpn) are extensive naval and
military establishments, with an immense arsenal, and a dock-yard
neariy a mile in length, and capable of receiving vessels of the largest
size. Pop. of the t, including Brompton, 21,431.
Chatham, a co. in the central part of N. C, on the head streams of
the Cape Fear r. Pop. 16,242. Co. t Pittsborougb.
Chatham, a co. forming the B. extremity of Ga., between the Sa
vannah and Ogeechee rivers, and bordering on the sea. Pop. 19,801.
Co. t Savannah.
I Chat*-ta-hoo'-chee, a r. of Ga., which joins the Flint river, to form
the Appalachicola. Ils whole course is 450 m., and it is navigable for
steamboats about 300 m.
Chat-too'-ga, a CO. near the N. W. extremity of Ga., bordering on
Ala. Pop. 3,438.
Chaudiere, sho^-de^-aiu', a r. of Lower Canada, which joins the St
Lawrence on the right, a few miles above Quebec. Near its moutb
there is a beautiful fall, stated to be more lhan 100 ft in height
Chaumont, sh6^-ra6N', the cap. of the dep. of Upper Marne, in
France, situated on the Marne. Lat 48° 7' N., Lon. 5° 8' E. Pop.
6,000. (B.)
Chaumont, commonly pronounced sho^-mo', a village of N. Y., in Jet
ferson co., on a bay of the same narae, on L. Ontario.
Cheims'-ford, the cap. of the co. of Essex, England, 28 m. N. E.
by E. from London. Entire pop. of the parish, 6,789.
Chelsea, chel'-se, formerly a village, but now constituting a portion
cf the suburbs of London, is situated on the N. bank of the Thames.
Here is the Royal Hospital for invalid soldiers.
Cheltenham, chelt'-num, a beautiful t of England, in Gloucester
shire, 88 m. W. by N. from London, celebrated for its raineral springs.
Pop. ofthe parish, with an area of 6 sq.m., 31,411. The increase,
since 1831, is upwards of 8,000.

CHE— CHE 151
ou, as in our; th, as in thin , th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Chemnitz, Kem'-nits, an imporiant manufacturing t. of Germany,
in Saxony. Lat 50° .50' N., Lon. 1'2° 52' E. Pop. 23,000. (B.)
Chemung, she-raung', a co. in the S. part of N. Y., intersected by the
Tioga r., and bordering on Pa. Pop. 20,732. Co. t. Elraira.
Chenango, she-nang'-go, a co. in the S. central part of N. Y., inter
sected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 40,785. Co. t
Norwich. Chep'-stow, a commercial t and port of England, in Monmouth
shire, on the Wye, 110 in. W. of London. Pop. of the parish, 3,366.
Cher, shaRe, a dep. nearly in the centre of France. Pop. 276,853.
(B.) Capital, Bourges.
Cherbourg, sher'-burg, or shaRe^-booR', a fortified city and seaport of
France, on the N. coast of the dep. of Manche, and one of the princi
pal stations ofthe French navy. Lat. 49° 38' N., Lon. 1° 40' W. Pop.
above 18,000. (B.)
Cher'-o-kee', a CO. forming the W. extremity of N. C. Pop. 3,427.
Cherokee, a co. in the N. part of Ga., intersected by the Etowah r.
Pop. 5,895. Co. t Canton.
Cherokee, a co. in the N. E. part of Ala., bordering on Ga. Pop.
8,773. Cher^-o=kbb.s', a noble and once powerful tribe of Indians, who for
meriy possessed the southern portion ofthe Appalachian mountains and
a large tract of country on both sides of this range. In 1809 their
number amounted to 12,359; hut il had since considerably diminished,
when, al length, in 1838, all the Cherokees who were in Georgia, con
stituting a large majority of those who still remained, were removed lo
the W. of the Mississippi, by the order of the U. S. government. The
Cherokees have been considered the raost civilized of all the American
Indians. They have a written language; the alphabet which was
invented by a native Cherokee, consists of 85 characters. Previously
to their expulsion from Georgia, some of them are said lo have become
excellent and thriving farmers, so as to bear an advantageous compari
son with the most .skilful and industrious of this class, in the south
western stales.
Cherry Valley, a village of Otsego Co., N. Y., 53 m. W. by N. from
Albany. Pop. of township, 3,923.
Cherso, kJR'-so (Ane. Crepea) and Osero, o'-si-ro, (Ane. Absorus,)
two islands in the Adriatic, belonging to Illyria, situated between 44°
28' and 45° 12' N. Lat, and 14° 16' and 14° 32' E. Lon. United area,
95 sq. m. Pop. 14,000. (M.) The two islands are'connected by a
bridge. Ches'-a-peake, a large bay situated in the E. part of Md. and Va.
It is nearly 200 m. in length ; its average breadth is perhaps ahout 18 m.
The Susquehanna enters it at the N. extremity, and the Potomac
about 70 m. from ils junction with the Atlantic.
Chesh'-ire, a CO. in the W. of England, celebrated for the excel
lence of its cheese. The name is an abbreviation of Chester shire, or
county of Chester. Pop. 395,660.

152 CHE— CHI
Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, mJt; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t; 66 asmgood;
Cheshire, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of N. H. Pop. 26,429.
Co. t Keene.
Ches'-tbr, an ancient walled city of England, the co. t of Cheshire,
situated on the Dee, near its mouth. It was probably an important
military station, under the Romans, as a great raany Roraan remains
have been discovered here. The narae is derived from the Latin, Cas
tra, a " carap," and there is reason to conclude that the present fortifica
tions rest upon a Roraan basis. Lat. 5.3° 11' N., Lon. 2° 53' W. Pop.,
including an area of above 4 sq. m., 23,115.
Chester, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., bordering on the Schuylkill
and on Maryland. Pop. .57,515. Co. t Westchester.
Chester, a dist. in the N. part of S. C, on the Catawba r. Pop.
17,747. Seat of justice, Chester c. h.
Chbs'^er-fibld\ a t of Derbyshire, England, 132 m. N. by W. from
London. Pop. of the parish, 6,212.
Chesterfield, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Appo
mattox and James rivers. Pop, 17,148. Seat of justice, Chesterfield
c. h.
Chesterfield, a dist. in the N. E. part of S. C, W. of and border
ing on the Great Pedee r. Pop. 8,574. Seat of justice, Chesterfield
c. h.
Che-sun'-cook, a lake of Maine, communicating with the Penob
scot r.
Che*-tim-ach'-es, or shet^-mish', a lake in the S. part of La., above
30 ra. in length, communicating with the Atchafalaya r.
Cheviot, chiv'-e-pt The Cheviot Hills run from N. E. to S. W.,
and form part of the boundary between Scotland and England. The
highest summit is 2,658 ft. above the sea.
Chiari, ke-i'-re, a t of Austrian Italy. Lat 45° 32' N., Lon. 9° 55
E. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Chiavari, ke-i'-vi-re, a t. of the Sardinian states, in a prov. of the
sarae name. Lat. 44° 21' N, Lon. 9° 23' E. Pop. 9,800. (P. C.)
Chicago, she-kau'-go, a t of 111., the cap. of Cook Co., on L. Michi
gan, at the mouth of a river of the sarae name. It is the most com
mercial and populous town in the stale. Lat 42° N., Lon. 87° 35'
W. Pop. 4,470.
Chic'-a-pee', a r. of Mass., which flows into the Connecticut about
4 ra. above Springfield.
Chich'-es-ter, an ancient walled city of England, the cap. of the
CO. of Sussex, 56 m. S.W. by S. from Londpn. The name is said to
be a contraction of Cissanceaster, the city or castle of Cissa, an Anglo-
Saxon chief who repaired and partly rebuilt it after it had been de
stroyed in a siege. Pop. 8,512.
Chick' -A-SAw' a co. in the N. part of Miss., intersected by the Oktib-
bewha r. Pop. 2,955. Co. seat, Houston.
Chickasaws, a tribe of Indians formeriy inhabiting the northern
part of Miss, and Ala., who have made considerable progress towards
civilization.

CHI— CHI 153
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Chicot, shee'-ko, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ark. Pop.
3,806. Co. t Columbia.
Chiem See, Keem si, a lake in the S.E. part of Bavaria, 45m. E.S.E.
of Munich. It is about 10 ra. in length.
Chieti, ke-i'-te, an archiepiscopal t of Naples, the cap. of Abruzzo
Citra, on the Pescara. Lat. 42° 22' N., Lon. 14° 9' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.)
Chihuahua, che-wi'-wi, a large and handsome t of Mexico, the
cap. ofa slate ofthe same name, with a flourishing railitary academy.
Lat. 28° 37' N., Lon. 105° 4' W. Pop. about 30,000. (B.)
Chili, chil'-le, (Sp. Chile, chee'-li,) one ofthe new republics of S.
America, lying along the coast of the Pacific, between 25° and 42° S.
Lat ; but the archipelago of Chiloe, which belongs to it, extends about
two degrees farther S. It is bounded on the N. by the desert of Ata
cama, which belongs to Bolivia, E. by the republic of La Plata, from
which it is divided by the Andes, and on the S. by Patagonia. But
the southern limit of Chili, properly speaking, is the r. Bio-bio, by
which it is separated from Araucania, which is still independent.
Length near 800 m. ; breadth varying frora 90 to 200 m. Area esti
mated at 130,000 sq.m. Pop. 1,400,000. (B.) The climate ofthe
central part of Chili may, with respect to temperature, be compared to
that of Italy; though it varies rauch in diff'erent districts, it is every
where healthy. This country, however, is subject to strong periodical
gales. In the beginning of the rainy season (May and June), the wind
often blows with great violence frora the N. W. During eight or nine
months it blows from the S., and frequently with great force, espe
cially in autumn, that is from February lo April. The vegetable pro
ductions of Chili do not, for the most part, materially diflier from those
of other countries within similar latitudes ; the extrerae dryness, how
ever, of the air in the northern districts is unfavourable to the sugar
cane and to raost intertropical plants. Probably no country is more
subject to earthquakes than this. In the northern district slight shocks
are felt almost every day ; they occur more frequently along the coast
than in the interior. This republic became independent in 1818. The
cap, is Santiago. — Adj. and inhab. Chil'-j-an. The Spanish appella
tion Chilenos, che-li/-noce, is also eraployed by some English writers
to designate the inhabitants.
Chil'-h-coth'-e, the cap. of Ross co., Ohio, situated pn the Scioto r.
and the Ohio and Erie Canal, 85 ra. E. by N. from Cincinnati. Pop.
3,977. , Chiloe, cheel-o-i', almost chil-way', an i. on the W. coast of S.
America, belonging to Chili, between 41° 48' and 43° aO' S. Lat, and
73° 20' and 74° 30' W. Lon. Ils length is about 120 m. ; its greatest
breadth 60 m. j
Chimborazo, cheem-bo-ri'-so, a mountain in Ecuador, till recently
regarded as the highest in S. America ; but it is now ascertained that
the Nevado de Sorata exceeds it by nearly 4,000 ft. The Chimborazo
is about 3,350 toises, or 21,426 English ft. above the level of the sea.
Ut about 1° 30' S., Lon. 79° 5' W.

154 CHI
Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, mlt; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit; 66 as in ^ooif
Gbj'-NA, an extensive country iu Eastern Asia, bordering on the
Pacific, and constituting the principal portion of the Chinese empire.
It lies between 18° and 41° N. Lat, and 98° and 12i° E. Lon. Ita
length, from S. E. to N. W., is above 1,400 m. ; breadth from 900 to
l,3U0ra. The area is estimated at about 1,298,000 sq.m. On the
northern frontier, China is inclosed by the great wall, about 1,400 long,
and 20 ft. high ; il is believed to have been built about 200 years before
the Christian era. Before the arrival of Europeans, the norther portion
of China was called by the neighbouring nations of central Asia,
Cath-ay', under which name it became known to the Russians, while
the inhabitants of India called the southern part Chin, whence is de
rived the ordinary European name. The Chinese name it Chon-Koo,
or the " centre of the world." The climate of this country differs
greatly from that of Europe within the same latitudes. The mean tem
perature is considerably lower, while the extremes of heat and cold in
the diflerent seasons are much greater. In this respect, the climate'of
China may be considered as bearing a general resemblance to that of
the United States. If the difference in temperature in the same lati
tudes between the E. and W. coast of N. America, is less striking than
between China and the western part of Europe, it may, perhaps, be
attributed to the greater breadth of the eastern continent, in conse
quence of which, those infiuences that cause the western sides of
continents to be warmer than the eastern, manifest themselves in their
fullest force. The gulf streara, also, in all probability contributes
something towards moderating the temperature of our climate, espe
cially along the coast The soil of China is, in general, productive,
and some parts are extremely fertile. The country is watered by nu
merous rivers. The Imperial Canal, a work which excites the admira-
ralion of travellers, comraences in about 30° N. Lat, at Hang-teheoo-
foo, and extending, in a northerly direction, perhaps 700 ra., terrainates
at Lin-tchin-cheoo. Il appears to have been constructed both for the
purpose of internal navigation and of draining, and irrigating some
parts oi; the adjacent country. The vegetable productions of China are
highly interesting ; among thera we may mention a superior species of
orange, which, when ripe, has a deep crimson rind, quite detached
from the fruit; the Nelumbium, a beautiful flower, of which the seeds
resemble, in form and size, acorns without their cups, and have the fla
vour of nuts, while the root is sliced and eaten as fruit ; and the tallow
tree, the Crolon sebiferum, from the seeds of which the vegetable oil
is obtained ; it is like wax, and, in its natural state, is of sno^wy white
ness. ^Silver mines are abundant in China, but are little worked ; gold
is obtained frora the sands of some of the river?, but no gold or silver
money is coined. (M. B.) The government of China is an absolute
despotism. The emperors ofthe present or RIantchoo dynasty, sprung
from a union ofthe eastern Tartars and Mongols, have been in posses
sion ofthe sovereignty since the year 1644. 'Of the population of this
great country, the estimates vary exceedingly. According to a census
vi^hich is stated to have been taken by the Chinese government in 1812,

CHI— CHR 153
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n. nearly like ng.
the entire population of the empire amounted to more than 360,000,000.
Balbi estimates it at 170,000,000.
The Chinese empire comprises, besides China proper, Chinese Tar
tary, including the countries of Mongolia and Mantchooria, Little Bucha
ria, Thibet, and the peninsula of Corea. Peking is the capital of China
proper, and ofthe whole empire. — Adj. and inhab. Chi-nese' and Cath-
ay'-an (poetical).
Chin India, a name given to the region situated between China and
Hindostan, comprehending the Birman empire, the kingdoms of Ton
quin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos, Siam, and the peninsula of Ma
lacca. It is often called the Peninsula beyond the Ganges. Little is
known of these countries, and their political divisions and boundaries
are very uncertain.
Chinchilla, chin-cheel'-yi, a t. of Spain, in the prov. of Murcia. Lat.
38° 56' N., Lon. 1° 47' W. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
Chippenham, chip'-nura, a .small t of Ehgland,- in Wiltshire, 86 m.
W. from London.
Chippewa, chip'-pe-wi\ a large co., forming the N. extremity of
Mich., and bordering on L. Superior. Pop. 534. Co. t. Sault St.
Mary. Chip'-pb-way\ a r. of Wisconsin Territory, flowing into the Mis
sissippi. Chippeways, written also Ojibbeway, a numerous tribe of Indians,
chiefly inhabiting Wisconsin.
CniftuiTOS, che-kee'-toce, a tribe of S. American Indians, inhabiting
the B. part of Bolivia.
Chit'-ten-den, a co. in the N. W. part of Vt, bordering on L. Cham
plain. Pop, 22,977. Co. t. Buriington.
Choc'-taw, a CO. in the N. central partof Miss,, intersected by the
Big Black r. Pop. 6,010. Co. seat, Greensborough.
Choc'-taws, a tribe of Indians, formerly inhabiting the middle por
tion ef Miss., on both sides of the river Yazoo. They have made con
siderable progress towards civilization. •'
CiioLuiA, cho-loo'-li, a t, of Mexico, about 20 m. from Puebla. Lat
19° 2' N., Lon. 98° 15' W. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.)
Chor'-ley, a t of Lancashire, England, 22 m. N. W. from Manches
ter. Pop. of the parish, with an area of above 4 sq. m., 13,139.
Cho-wan', a r. of N. C, formed by the union of the Nottaway, Me
herrin, and Blackwater rivers, which falls into Albemarle Sound.
Chowan, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on fhowan i
and Albemarie Sound. Pop. 6,690. Co. t Edenlon,
Christian, a co. in the S. W. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop.
15,587. Co. t Hopkinsville.
Christian, a co.Tiear the centre of 111. Pop. 1,878.
Christi-an'-.^ Creek, in the S. B. part of Pa., floWs into the Dela
ware, below Wilmington.
Christiania, kris-te-in'-e-i, the cap. of Norway, situated in a prov
ofthe same name, on Christiania Fiord (fe-ord'), a bav which ov'->- '-

156 CHR^-CIR
Fite, fir, tkll, f^t; mi, m6t j pine or pine, pin; nfi, n5t; 66 as mgood
about 60 m. inland. It is the seat of a university, founded in 1811,
which has a library of 10,000 vols., and about 500 students. Lat ofthe
Observatory, 59° 54' 5" N., Lon. 10° 44' 57" E. Pop. above 21,000. (B.)
Christiansand, kris'-te-in-sind\ a t of Norway, situated on the N.
coast of the Skager Rack. Lat 58° 10' N., Lon. 8° 20' E. Pop. in
1826,7,488. (P.C.)
Chuquisaca, choo-ke-si'-ki, formerly called La Plata, the cap. of
Bolivia, situated in a plain at an elevation of 9,300 ft above the sea.
Lat. about 19° S., Lon. 64° 40' W. Pop. 13,000.
Clenpuegos, se-en'-foo-i'-g6s, or fwi'-goce, a flourishing t on the S.
coast of Cuba, on a bay called Xagua (ni'-gwi), which forms one of
the finest harbours in the world. It was founded about the year 1818, and
named in honour of Cienfuegos, who was then captain-general of Cuba.
Lat. about 22° 15' N., Lon. near 81° W. Pop. 3,500.
Cin-cin-nat'-i,* the largest t in Ohio, cap. of Hamilton co., on the
right or N. bank of the Ohio r., 20 ra. above the mouth of the Great
Miami. Since the beginning of the present century, its growth has
heen very rapid. The pop. in 1800 scarcely exceeded 500 ; in 1840 it
amounted to 46,338. 'The city is well built, principally of brick, and
the streets cross each other at right angles. By the Ohio and Missis
sippi rivers, it has connexion with Pittsburg on the one hand, and New
Orleans on the other; it also communicates, by means of canals, with
L. Brie. It has two colleges, the Cincinnati College, founded in 1S19,
and the Woodward College, recently established. Lat 39° 6' N., Lon.
84° 27' W. Distant from Washington, 497 m.
Cinque Ports, sink ports, ports on the S. eastem coast of England,
which, in return for the enjoyment of certain peculiar privileges, were
to furnish a certain nuraber of ships, equipped and manned, to be at the
disposal of the sovereign in any emergency. As their name implies,
there were originally but five ; viz., Dover, Sandwich, Hithe, Romney,
and Hastings. To these, Rye, Winchelsea, and Seaford, were after
wards added.
Cin'-tr.^ or seen' -tri, a small t of Portugal, 15 m. W. N. W. of
Lisbon, celebrated for its fine air and beautiful situation. It is a place
of great resort in summer for the citizens ofthe capital. Many of the
nobility and wealthy merchants have villas in the vicinity of Cmtra.
Pop. about 4,000. (B.)
CiR-cARs', Northern, a large maritime prov. of Hindostan, between
15° and 20° N. Lat, and 80° and 86° B. Lon., extending along the \V.
side of the Bay of Bengal.
GiRCAssiA, sir-kash'-e-a, (Russ. TchfR-kis'-ci,) is situated along the
N. declivity of Mount Caucasus, and comprehends the whole of this
tract, from the Black Sea to the vicinity of the Caspian. It belongs
nominally to Russia. The beauty of the Circassian women is much
celebrated. — Adj. and inhab. Circassian, sir-kash'-e-in.
Cirencester, commonly pronounced sis'-e-t?r, a t of England, in
• This is frequently pronounced, contrary to all principles of correct pronuncia
tion sin-sinat'-lih, au error which cannot be too carefullv avoided.

CIT— CLA 157
ou, as m our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
Gloucestershire, 17 ra. S. E. of Gloucester. Pop. of the parish, with
an area of above 9 sq. m., 6,014.
CiTTADELLA, chit-ti-d el'-li, a t of Austrian Italy. Lat 45°37'N.,
Lon. 11° 50' B. Pop. above 6,000. (B.)
CiuDAD Real, the-oo-niD' ri-il', a t of Spain, in New Castile,
the cap. of La Mancha. Lat. 38° 57' N., Lon. 3° 49' W. ' Pop. about
8,000. (B.)
CiuDAD Rodrigo, the-oo-oiD' roD-ree'-go, a fortified t. of Spain, in
the prov. of Salamanca, Lat. 40° 31' N., Lon. 6° 26' W. Pop. 4,300.
(B.) CiviTA Vecchia, chee'-ve-ti vek'-ke-i, a fortified t. and seaport of
Italy, in the Papal State, 36 ra. N. W. of Rome. Lat. 42° 5' N., Lon.
11° 45' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)
Clack-man'-n.jn-shire, a small co. in the E. part of Scotland, bor
dering on the r. Forth. Pop. 19,1.55.
Clagenfurth or Klagenfurth, kli'-gen-fo6Rt\ a t. bf the Austrian
empire, in Carinthia, the cap. of a circle of the same narae, wilh seve
ral important institutions for education. Lat. 46° 36' N., Lon. 14° 20
E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Clai'-borne, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Big
Black and the Mississippi rivers. Pop. 13,078. Co. seat Port Gibson.
Claiborne, a parish in the N. part of La., bordering on the Red r.
Pop. 6,185. Seat of justice, Russelville.
Claiborne, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Va. and
Ky. Pop. 9,474. Co. t. Tazewell.
Clair, St., a lake between Mich, and Upper Canada, about 27 ra.
long, with a mean breadth of perhaps 15 m. It receives the waters of
L. Huron by the r. St. Clair, and discharges itself into L. Brie by the
Detroit r. The r. St. Clair is about 40 ra. long, J ra. wide, and is navi
gable for large vessels.
Clair, St., a co. in the N. E. central part of Ala., W. of and bor
dering on the Coosa r. Pop. 5,638. Co. t. Ashville.
Clair, St., a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., bordering on the r. and
L. St Clair. Pop. 4,606. Co. t Palmer.
Clair, St., a co. in the S. W. part of 111., on the Kaskaskia and Mis
sissippi rivers. Pop. 13,631. Co. I. Belleville.
Clair, St., a co. in the W. S. W. part of Mo., intersected by the
Osage r.
Clamecy, klim-se', a t of France, in the dep. of Nievre. Lat. 47°
27' N., Lon. 3° 30' E. Pop. about 5,000. (P. C.) >
Clare, a co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster, bordering on the
Atlantic. Pop. in 1831, 258,322. (P. C.)
Clarke, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., intersected by the Shenan
doah. Pop. 6,353.
Clarke, a co. in the N. central part of Ga., on the Oconee r. Pop.
10,522. Co. t Walkinsville.
Clarke, a co. in the S. W. part of Ala., bordering on the Alabama
and Tombigbee rivers. Pop. 8,640. Co. t. Clarkesville.
14

158 CLA— CLE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good;
Clarke, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 2,986.
Co. seat, Quitman.
' Clarke, a co. in the S. part of Ark., intersected by the Washita r.
Pop. 2,309. Co. t. Greenville.
Clarke, a. co. in tbe N. E. central part of Ky., bordering on the
Kentucky r. Pop. 10,802. Co. t. Winchester.
Clarke, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, a little E. of the
Great Miami r. Pop. 16,882. Co. t Springfield.
Clarke, a co. in the S. B. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop.
15,595. Co. t Charlestown.
Clarke, a co. in the E. part of 111., bordering on the Wabash. Pop.
7,453. Co. t. Marshall,
Clarke, a co. forming' the N. E. extremity of Mo. Pop. 2,846. Co.
t. Waterloo. Clarke's River, in Oregon, rises in the Rocky Mountains, and flows
into the Columbia r. Its length is about 460m.
Clausthal or Klausthal, klous'-tiil, a t of Germany, in Hanover,
remarkable for the silver and lead mines in its vicinity. It is the seat
of administration for the mining districts of Hanover. Lat 51° 48' N.,
Lon. 10° 20' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) The mines of Clausthal
yield annually about 160,000 ounces of silver, 2,400 tons of lead and
litharge, and 4 tons of copper. They employ upwards of 2,000 work
men. Clay, a co. in the S. B. part of Ky., on the S. E. fork of the Ken
tucky r. Pop. 4,607. Co. t. Manchester.
Clayj a CO. in the W. part of Ind., intersected by the Eel r., and a
little E. of the Wabash. Pop. 5,567. Co. t Bowling Green.
Clay, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., intersected by the Little Wa
bash. Pop. 3,228. Co. I. Maysville.
Clay, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri
r. Pop. 8,282. Co. t. Liberty.
Clay'-ton, a CO. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippir.
Pop. 1,101.
Clear'-field, a co. in the W. central part of Pa. Pop. 7,834. Co. t
Clearfield. Cler-jmont', a co. in the S.W. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohior.
Pop. 23,106. Co. t Batavia.
Clermont-Ferrand, klaiR^-ra6N' flr^-rin', (Ane. Augustonemelum,
afterwards Clarus Mons,) the cap. of the French dep. of Puy-de-dome,
and formerly, of the prov. of Auvergne. It contains a number of lite
rary and scientific institutions; among which we may mention the
Academic Universitaire and the Royal College. Lat 45° 46' N., Lon,
3°5'E, Pop, 28,000. (B.)
Cleve'-l.\nd, a port of entry of Ohio, the cap. of Cuyahoga co.,_ situ
ated on L, Erie, at the termination of the Ohio canal. Pop. 6,071.
Cleves, (Ger. Kleve, kli'-v?A ; Fr. Cleves, klave,) a walled t of tlie
Prussian, dominions, the cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 51°
47' N., Lon, 6° 7' E. Pop, 7,400. (B.)

CLI— COB 159
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Clifton. See Bristol.
Clinch, a r. of Tenn., which unites wilh the Holston to form the
Tennessee. Clin'ton, a CO. occupying the N. E. extremity of N. Y. Pop. 28,157.
Co. t. Plattsburg.
CIlinton, a CO. in tlie N. central part of Pa., on the W. branch of tha
Susquehanna. Pop. 8,323.
Clinton, a. co. in the S. S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop.
3,863. Clinton, a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, N. E. of Cincinnati. Pop.
15,719. Co. t. Wilmington.
Clinton, a co. in the S. central part of Mich. Pop. 1,614.
Clinton, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ind., a little S. E. ofthe
Wabash and Erie Canal, Pop. 7,508. Co. t Frankfort
Clinton, a co. in the S. W. part of 111., intersected by the Kaskas
kia r. Pop. 3,718. Co. t Cariyle.
Clinton, a co. in the N.,W. part of Mo., a little E. ofthe Missouri r
Pop. 2,724. Co. t Plattsburgb.
Clinton, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 821.
Clinton, a village of N. Y., in Oneida co., about 9 m. W. S. W. Of
Utica. It is the seat of Hamilton College.
Clitheroe, kliTH'-er-6\ a small t of England, in Lancashire, 21 ra
S. E. of Lancaster. Pop. of the township, 6,76.5.
Clogher, klSn'-Hpr, a sraall t of Ireland, in the co. of Tyrone, 22 m.
W. by N. of Arraagh.
Cloghnakilty, kloH^-na-kil'-te, or Clon^-a-kil'-ty, a t of Ireland, in
the CO. of Cork, situated on a bay of the same name. Lat. 51° 38'
N., Lon. 8° 51' W. Pop. in 1831, 3,807. (P. C.)
Clon-mell', the chief t. of the co. of Tipperary, Ireland, situated
on the r. Suir. Lat. 5-2° 19' N., Lon. 7° 43' W. Pop. in 1831, 15,134.
(PC.) Clyde, a r. of Scotland, which rises in the S. part of Lanarkshire,
and, flowing in a north-westerly direction, enters the Frith of Clyde. Its
whole course is upwards of 70 ra. Though the third in raagnitude, it
is, as respects navigation, the most imporiant river of Scotland.
Co-A-Ho'-M.A, a CO. in the N. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Mis
sissippi r. Pop. 1,290.
Cobb, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoochee.
Pop. 7,539. Co. t Marietta.
Cob'-lbntz,* (Ger. Coblenz, k6'-blents ; Fr. Coblence, kd>-bliNce',) a
* We often hear Coblentz accentuated on the last syllable, but this is contrary
to the tendency of our language, (see Int. XIL, Obs. 2,) as -well as to the native
pronuiiciation. Byron is right, as usual —
" By Coblentz, on a rise of gentle ground.
There is a small and simple pyramid." Childe Harold, Canto UI.

160 COB— COD
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, m?t ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good ;
t of the Prussian states, cap. of a circle of the same name, and ofthe
Whole prov, of the Lower Rhine ; situated at the confluence ofthe IMo-
selle and Rhine, whence the city obtnined its ancient narae, Confluens
or Confluentes, of which Coblenz is probably a corruption. This place
is strongly fortified, and is an iraportant military post. (See Ehren-
breitstein.) Lat 50° 21' N., Lon. 7° 30' E. Pop., exclusive of the
military, above 12,000. (B.)
Co'-BURG (Ger. pron. k6'-b66R6) or Saxb-Coburg, the most southern
of the independent principalities of Saxony, forming a part of the duchy
of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, and situated between 50° 9' and 50° 24' N. Lat
and 10° 40' and 11° 15' E. Lon. Its area is about 200 sq. m. Pop.
38,000. (P. C.)
CoBURG, the cap. of the above, is a walled t, and has about 8,000
inhabitants. (B.) Lat 50° 15' N., Lon. 10° 58' E.
Cochabamba, ko^-chi-bim'-bi, a. t of Bolivia, the cap. of a dep. of
the same name. Lat 17° 25' S., Lon. 6.5° 50' W. Pop. estimated at
30,000 (B.) ; by others, at 20,000.
Cochin, ko-cheen', a prov. on the S. W. coast of Hindostan, between
10° 10' and 10° 50' N. Lat.
Co'-chin China, or the erapire of An-nam, is situated in Chin-India,
of vvhich it forras the eastern portion. It extends from 8° 40' to about
23° N. Lat, and from 102° lo 109° 20' E. Lon. Its length, from N. to
S., is about 980 m.; its breadth varies from 100 m. to 300 m. Area
estimated at 147,000 sq. m. The name Cochin China is unknown lo the
inhabitants, having been bestowed by the Portuguese. The natives
call it Drang-Trong, i. e. "the central country." This appellation, how
ever, is restricted to Cochin China Proper ; "Tonkin is called the " ex
ternal country." These two countries are named by the inhabitant"!
An-nam or Anam. Tonkin occupies the nortliern, and Cochin China
Proper the southern region ; the boundary line between them is in
ahout 19° N. Lat. The raost southern portion of Cochin China Proper
once formed a separate country, under the name of Tsiampa, tse-im'-pi
or Chiampa. The empire of An-nam comprehends a part of Cambodja
and several other territories. Little, however, is known respecting
them. The pop. is estimated, by Balbi, at 12,000,000. The inhabit
ants of Cochin China belong to the same race as the Chinese and Mon
gols. They have made some progress in most of the arts of civilized life,
and, in their raode of living and general character, appear to resemble
the Chinese. They are said to excel in naval architecture, and the
lacker-ware made at Tonkin is considered by some as preferable to that
of Japan. Hue is the cap. of Cochin China and of the whole empire.
Adj. and inhab. Cochin Chinese, which, however, should be restricted
to Cochin China Proper. An-nam-bje' or Anamese is the more gene
ral appellative.
Cocke, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 6,992.
Co. t Newport.
CoDOGNo, ko-done'-yo, a t of Austrian Italy, in the prov. of Lodi,

COF— COL 161
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
35 m. S, E. of Milan, noted as a market for tha Parmesan cheese. Pop.
above 8,000. (B.)
Cof'-fee, a CO. in the S. central part of Tenn,, on the head waters
of Duck r. Pop. 8,184.
Cognac, kone^-yik', a t of Franoe, in the dep, of Charente, on the r.
Charente, famous for its manufacture of brandy. Lat 45° 42' N., Lon
0° 19' W.
Coim'-b.a-toor/ or Coimbatore, a prov. in the S. of India, about the
llth degree of N. Lat, S. of, and bordering on Mysore. — Also the cap.
of the above, containing about 2,000 houses. Lat 10° 52' N., Lon.
77° 5' E.
Co-im'-br.a. or ko-eem'-bri, a t of Portugal, in Beira, of which it is
considered the cap., situated on the right side ofthe r. Mondego, about
120 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. It has a richly endowed university, with
the faculties of theology, law, and medicine, besides the academical
department. The lectures are generally gratuitous. The average
number of academical students is said to be about 1,200. The palace
of the university, once the residence of the kings, is one of the finest
buildings in the place. — Conim'brica, the ancient Coirabra, was situated
at some distance from the site of the present town. Lat 40° 12' 30 "
N., Lon. 8° 24' W. Perraanent pop. about 15,000. (B.)
CoiRE, kwiR, (Ger. Chur, koor,) a t. of Switzerland, cap. of the
canton of Grisons, near the right bank of the Rhine. Lat. 46° 51' N.,
Lon. 9° 31' E. Pop. 4,750. (P. C.)
CoLBERG, kol'-bt'RG, a scaport and fortress of Prussia, in Pomerania,
situated on the Persante (p^R-sin'-te/i), about a mile from ils entrance
into the Baltic. Lat 54° 9' N., Lon. 15° 34' E. Pop. nearly 6,000. (B.)
C6l'-ches-ter, a t of England, in the N. E. part ofthe co. of Essex,
51m. N.E. by E. from London. Pop. of the borough and liberties,
17,790 ; that of the town may be estimated at ahout 14,000.
Cole, a co. in the central part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r.
Pop. 9,286. Co. t. Jeff'erson city.
Coles, a co. in the E. part of 111., intersected by the Kaskaskia r.
Pop. 9,616. Co. t Charleston.
Colleton, a dist. in the S. E. part of S. C, intersected by the
Edisto r. Pop. 25,548. Seat of justice, Walterborough.
CoL-LUMp'-TpN, a small t. of England, in Devonshire, 11 m. N. N. E.
of Exeter.
Colne, a r. of England, in Hertfordshire, which flows into the
Thames. Cologne, ko-lone', (Fr. pron. ko^-lon', Ger. Koln,) an archbishopric
of Rhenish Prussia, the cap. ofa governraent ofthe sarae name, and of
the prov. of the Rhine, situated on the left bank of the Rhine. It is
enclosed by a lofty wall, about 6 ra. in circuit, defended by 83 tow
ers, and surrounded with ramparts and deep ditches, and has 24 gates.
Cologne was a Roman station, and afterwards a colony named Colonia
Claudia Agrippinarsis. From CoZom'o the modern name is derived. Co
logne was formerly one of the most wealthy and powerful cities of the
14*

162 COL— COL
Fite. fir, fill, fit ; mi, mJt ; phie or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66, as in good ;
Hanseatic league, when its pop. amounted to 150,000. It ceased to be
a free town in 1792. A bridge of boats, 1,250 paces in length, con
nects Cologne with Deutz (doits), which is regarded as one of its
suburbs, 'i'he town has been declared a free port, and carries on an
active commerce. Besides other articles, it manufactures, on a very
extensive scale, the aromatic water which bears its name. Lat 50°
5.5' N., Lon. 6° 55' E. Pop., including that of Deutz and the military,
65,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Colognese, kor-o-neze'.
Colombia, ko-lom'-be-i is the name which was adopted by the north
ern countries of S. America in 1819, when New Granada and Vene
zuela united, and established one central government for the purpose
of resisting the power of Spain. In 1629, Venezuela renounced the
union, and constituted itself a separate republic. After the resignation
of Bolivar, in 1830, it again joined New Granada, but this union lasted
only a short time. In November, 1831, a new separation took place : at
the same time it was decided that the forraer prov. of Quito should con
stitute a separate governraent under the name of Ecuador. Thus Co
lombia was divided into the three republics, Venezuela, New Granada,
and Ecuador.
Co-lom'-bo or Columbo, the cap. cf the i. of Ceylon, situated on the
W. coast It is, for the most part, well built, and resembles a European
rather than an Indian town. Though its harbour is very insecure
during some seasons of the year, it is the centre of the foreign com
merce of the whole island. Lat 6° .59' N., Lon. 79° 55' B. Pop., ac
cording lo the census of 1832, 31,519. (P. C.)
Col'-on-sa or Col'-on-say\ a sraall i. on the W. coast of Scotland,
N. of Isla.
Colorado, kof-o-ri'-do, a r. of Mexico, which flows into ihe N. ex
tremity of the Gulf of California. Its length, according to Humboldt
is 230 leagues, or about 640 English miles, but the quantity of water
carried down ils channel, during the dry season, is extreraely small.
It is called Rio Colorado, or Red River, because, owing to the fall of
rains upon a soil of red clay, its waters often assume that colour.
Colorado or Coeu ko-boo', a r. of S. America, in the republic of
La Plata, which flows into the Atlantic, near 40° S. Lat, and 62° W.
Lon. Its length is above 600 m.
Colorado (Texas). See Rio Colorado.
Cp-LUM'-Bi-.\, District of, a tract, 10 m. square, lying on both sides
of the Potomac, 120 m. from its mouth. It is the seat of the federal
government and under the particular jurisdiction of Congress. Thia
district was lill recently divided into two counties. Washington and
Alexandria. It was ceded to the general government bv the states
of Maryland and Virginia, in 1790. Pop. 43,712. Alexandria oily
and county, including the whole of that portion of the District lying
on the riglit side of the Potomac, were retrooeded to A'iroinia, durmg
the Congress of 1845-6.
Columbia, a co. in the E. S. E. part of N. Y., E. of, and bordering on
the Hudson r. Pop. 43,252. Co. t Hudson.
Columbia, a co. in the N. E. central part of Pa., intersected by the
E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 24,267. Co. t Danville.

COL— COM 163
ou, as in our; th, as in tftm ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Columbia, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r.
Pop. 11,356. Co, t. Applingville.
Columbia, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on the Su wanee r.
Pop. 2,102.
Columbia, the cap. of S. C, and seat of justice of the dist. of Rich
land, situated at the confluence of the Broad and Saluda rivers. It is
the seat of the South Carolina College, founded in 1804. Lat 33° 57
N., Lon. 81° 7' W. Pop. 4,340.
Columbia River. See Oregon.
Co-lum-bj-an'-a, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the
Ohio r. Pop. 40,378. Co. t New Lisbon.
Co-lum'-bus, a CO. in the S. part of N. C, bordering on S. C. Pop.
3,941. Co. t Whitesville.
Columbus, the co. t of Franklin co., Ohio, and the cap. ofthe state.
It is situated on the Scioto h, about 100 m., in a straight line, N. E. of
Cincinnati, and 350 m. from Washington. Lat. 39° 57' N., Lon. 83° 3'
W. Pop. 6,048.
Columbus, the cap. of Muscogee co., Ga., situated on the Chattahoo
chee, at the head of steamboat navigation. It is a flourishing and ra
pidly increasing town. The pop. in 1830 was only 1,152; in 1840, it
amounted to 3,114.
CoMAYAGUA, ko-mi-i'-gwi, called also New Valladolid, the cap. of
the slate of Honduras, in Central America. It has a college, and
about 18,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 14° 32' N., Lon. 87° 35' W.
Co'-Mo (Lat. Co'mum), a manufacturing and commercial t of Aus
trian Italy, the cap. ofa prov. of the sarae name, situated at the S. W.
extremity of the Lake of Como, 22 m. N. by W. of Milan. Its cathe
dral, built in the middle ages, is regarded as one ofthe finest churches
in the N. of Italy. Comum was the birth-place ofthe two Plinys. Lat
45° 48' N., Lon. 9° 6' E. Pop., including that ofthe suburbs, 16,000. (B.)
Como, Lago di, li'-go de ko'-mo, or Lake of Como, (Ane. La'rius,) a
lake in the N. of Italy, intersected by the 46th parallel of N. Lat It
is long, narrow, and of very irregular and tortuous shape.
Com'-o-rin' Cape, the S. extreraity of Hindostan. Lat. 8° 4' N.,
Lon. 77° 37' E.
Co'-MORN or KoMORN (Hung. Komarom, ko-mii-rom,) a royal free t.
and fortress of Hungary, the cap. ofa co. ofthe same name, situated on
the i. of Schiilt, at the entrance of the Waag into the Danube. Lat.
47° 45' N., Lon. 18° 8' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
Com'-o-ro Islands are situated in the channel of Mozambique, be
tween 11° 20' and 13° 10' S. Lat, and 43° 10' and 45° 30' E. Lon.
They are four in number, of which Comoro is the largest. The most
important and the only one visited by European vessels, is Anzooan,
which see.
Compiegne, kiM^-pe-ain', a t. of France, in the dep. of Oise, on the
r. Oise, 43m. N.N. E. of Paris, with a magnificent royal chiteau.
Lat. 49° 25' N.. Lon. 2° 47' E. Pop. in 1832, 8,879. (P. C.)
Compostj^a, Santiago de, sin-te-i'-go di kom-po-ati'-li, an archi-
L

164 CON— CON
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good;
episcopal t. of Spain, cap. of Galicia. Its university ranks among the
first in Spain. Lat. 42° 49' N., Lon. 8° 27' W. Pop. 28,000. (B.)
CoNCAN, konk'-kan, a dist. of Hindostan, extending along the Mala
bar coast between 15° 50' and 20° 15' N. Lat, and divided into North
ern and Southern Concan.
Conception, con-sep'-shun, (Sp. Concepcion, kon-thep-the-one',) a t
of Chili, situated about 7 m. from the shores of an extensive bay ofthe
same name. In 1835 the whole town was laid in ruins by an earth
quake. Previously to this catastrophe, the pop. was estimated at above
10,000. (B.) Lat. 36° 49' S., Lon. 73° 5' W.
Concord, kong'-kprd, the seat of justice of Merrimack co., N. H.,
and the cap. ofthe state, is situated on the W. bank ofthe Merrimack r.,
62 ra. N. N. W. of Boston. Lat. 43° 12' 29"N., Lon. 71° 29' VV. Pop.
4,897. Con-cor'-di-a, a parish in the N. E. part of La., bordering on the
Mississippi r. Pop. 9,414. Seat of justice, Concortiia.
Conde, kon'de or kAN'-di', an important fortress on the northern
frontier of France, in the dep. of Nord, situated on the Escaut
(Scheldt), 124 m. N. N. E. of Paris. Lat. 50° 28' N., Lon. 3° 35' E.
Pop. in 1832, 3,498. (P. C.)
Conecuh, ko-nee'-kah, a. co. in the S. part of Ala., intersected by a
river ofthe sarae name, and bordering on Florida. Pop. 8,197. Co. t
Sparta. Congaree, kong'-ga-ree', a r. of S. C, forraed by the union of the
Saluda and Broad rivers, which unites with the Wateree to form the
Santee. CoNGLETON, koug'-g'l-tpn, a t of England, in Cheshire, 30 m. E. of
Chester. Pop., including an area of about 4sq. ra., 9,222.
Congo, kong'-go, a name which, in its most extensive application,
comprehends the whole region lying along the W. coast of Africa,
including Loango, Congo Proper, Angola, and Benguela. Congo Pro
per extends from the r. Congo, in about Lat 6° S., lo the r. Dando, in
Lat. 8° 20' S. Its interior liraits are not known. The climate of this
country, though sometimes very fatal to the European constitution, ap
pears not to be subject to great extremes of temperature. The soil, in
some parts, is represented as very fertile, and produces yams, maize,
sugar-cane, and other tropical plants.
Congo, otherwise called the ZaIre, zi-ee'-ri, a large r. in the S.W.
part of Africa, flowing into the Atlantic, in about 6° S. Lat It was
partially explored by Captain Tuckey in 1816. Its breadth, for some
distance from the sea, is not less llian 6 or 6 m. ; at the mouth, no bot
tom was fpund m the middle of the stream with a line of 160 fathoms.
He ascended it to the distance of about 280 m., and was surprised to
find that it did not receive the water of any other stream in the whole
distance along which the survey extended ; he was inclined to believe
that there inust be sorae under-ground communication, by which itwas
supplied with water.
Connaught, kon'-naut, a prov. in the W. of Ireland, comprising the

CON— CON 165
ou, as in our; th, as n thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
counties of Galway, Mayo, Roscorainon, Leitrim, and Sligo. Pop. in
1831, 1,340,914. (P. C.)
Connecticut, kon-net'-e-kut, the largest r. of New England, rises
on the borders of Canada, and, running S., divides New Harapshire
from Vermont, then passing through Massachusetts and Connecticut,
flows into Long Island Sound. Its whole length is about 400 m. ; it is
navigable for sloops to Hartford, about 50 m.
Connecticut, one of the thirteen original slates of the Union, situ
ated between 41° and 42° 3' N. Lat, and 71° 55' and 73° 50' W. Lon. ;
bounded on the N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode Island, S. by Long
Island Sound, and W. by New York; and divided into 8 counties.* Its
length, from E. to W., is ahout 93 m. ; its greatest breadth, from N. to
S., about 68 m. Area, 4,664 sq. m. Pop. 301,015. The seat of go
vernment is divided between Hartford and New Haven.
Con'-st.4nce, (Ger. Constanz, kon'-slinls ; Lat. Constan'tia,) an an
cient fortified t. in the S. of Germany, belonging to Baden, situated on
the S. bank of the Lake of Constance. It was a very important place
in the middle ages, but is now much decayed. The narae is derived
frora Constantius (father of Constantine the Great), by whpm it is said
to have been founded. Lat 47° 36' N., Lon. 9° 9' E. Pop. 5,.300. (B.)
Constance or Constanz, called also Bodensee, b6'-dpn-si',i. e. the
lake or sea of Bodmann, (an ancient castle on its banks,) a large lake
lying between Switzerland and Germany, extending from 47° 28' to 47°
47' N. Lat, and from 9° 2' to 9° 45' E. Lon. Its length is about 45 m.;
ils greatest breadth about 13 m. Il is 1,283 ft. above the level of the
sea, and ils greatest depth is slated at 964 ft. It was anciently called
La'cus Briganli'nus, from the Brigan'lii who dwelt on its banks. There
was a Roman station near the S. E. extremity of the lake, called Bri-
gantiura or Brigantia ; the raodern name is Bregenz (bri/-g&nts).
Coji-STAN-Ti-so'-PLE, (Turk. Slim-bool' in common language, and
Constantinieh, kon-stin-te-nec'-e^, in documentary writing ; Gr. Kuv-
o-tonvrwoTioMi ; Lat Constantinop'olis; i. e. the " city of Constantine ;")
a great and celebrated city, the iraperial seat of' the Ottoman govern
ment, situated between the Euxine and the Sea of Marmora, on a trian
gular proraontory which projects from Europe into the Bosporus. Its
situation combines the advantages of great strength as a fortress, with
great convenience and security as a seaport and is, at the same time,
healthy and beautifully picturesque. Constantinople is built upon the
site of the ancient Byzantium, having been founded about the year 328,
by Constantine the Great who made it his own residence and the cap.
of the Eastern Empire. It was taken by the Turks, under Mahomet
tl., in 1453, since which time it has been the cap. of the Ottoman
dominions. Among a great number of magnificent edifices wbich this
city contains, the Mosque of St Sophia is perhaps the raost deserving
» Fairfield, Hartford, Litchfield, Middlesex, New Haven, New London, Tol
land, Windham,

166 CON— COP
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
notice. It was a church, founded, more than 13 centuries ago, by the
eraperor Justinian, but afterwards, when the Turks acquired possession
of Constantinople, was converted into a raosque. It is an immenee
building, and will conveniently contain, it is said, 100,000 persons. Its
cupola has served as a model for those which have since been erected
at Venice, Pisa, and Rome. The mosque, however, of the sultan
Ahmed surpasses that of St. Sophia, both in beauty and grandeur, and
is regarded as altogether the most magnificent structure in the Turkish
metropolis. Constantinople is protected on the land side by walls,
which are so lofty, that from the road, which passes under them, the
eye can scarcely catch a glimpse of the mo.=ques and minarets of the
city. On this side there are six gates. The town was formerly de
fended, it is said, by 180 lowers, of which not raore than 120 are now
standing. The harbour of Constantinople, called the port ofthe Golden
Horn, is safe, capacious, and beautiful. It is forraed by an arm of the
Bosporus, which projects on the European shore, between the city and
its suburbs, Galata (gi'-li-li), and Pera (pi'-ri). The Mosque of St.
Sophia is in Lat. 41° 1'27" N., and Lon. 28° .55' 24" E. Pop. esti
mated by Balbi at 600,000. — Adj. and inhab. Con-stan-tj-no-pol'-i-
T.AN, BvzANTiNE, and Byzantian. (See Byzantium.) (Turk. Stim'-
bool-lee'.) Constantinople, Strait of. See Bosporus.
Con'-way or Con'-wy, a r. of Wales, which flows into the Irish Sea,
at Aberconway, in Lat. 53° 18' N., Lon. 3° 50' W.
Conway, a co. in the N. part of Ark., bordering on the Arkansas r.
Pop. 2,892. Co. t Lewisburg.
CoocH Bahar (bi-har'), a principality of Hindostan, occupymg the
N. E. extremity of the prov. of Bengal.
Cook, a co. in the N. E. part of Ilh, bordering on L. Michigan. Pop.
10,-201. Co. t Chicago.
Coo-MAs'-sjE, a large t in the W. of Africa, cap. of the empire of
Ashantee. It is nearly 4 m. in circuit The streets are wide, regular,
and very clean, but the houses are for the most part built of reeds. Lat
6° 51' N., Lon. 1° 42' W. Pop. estimated by the Ashantees at above
100,000, but this is probably an exaggeration. (P. C.)
Cooper, a co. in the W. central part of Mo., bordering on the Mis
souri r. Pop. 10,484. Co. t Booneville.
Coos, a CO. forraing the N. extreraity of N. H. Pop. 9,849. Co. t
Lancaster. Coo'-sa, a i: of Ala., which unites wilh the Tallapoosa to form the
Alabaraa r.
Coo'sA, a CO. in the E. central part of Ala., bordering on the r. Coosa.
Pop. 6,995. Co. t Rockford.
Co-pen-ha'-gen (Dan. Kjbbenhavn, kyo'-ben-houn'; Lat. Haf'nia);
the metropolis of Denmark, is situated partly on the B. coast of the i.
of Zealand, and partly on the N. coast of the i. of Amager. This por
tion is called Christiansbavn (kris'-te-ins-houn'). That on the i. of
Zealand, called Kjobenhavn, or Copenhagen proper, is divided into the

COP— COR 167
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
Old and New Town. The latter, named also Frederikstad, is truly
superb, and may be compared to the raost magnificent portions of the
finest capitals of Europe. Among the multitude of remarkable build
ings which Copenhagen contains, we may cite the royal palace of
Christiansborg, equally extraordinary for ils architecture and its vast
dimensions. It contains a magnificent palace-church, the royal galle
ries of paintings, natural history, &c., and a library of 400,000 vols.
Among the great number of literary and scientific institutions, for
which the Danish capital is distinguished, may be mentioned its cele
brated university, one of the most richly endowed and most flourishing
in Europe. Il is attended on an aVerage by 700 students. Copenha
gen is well fortified, being surrounded by ramparts and ditches, and
defended by 24 bastions, besides outworks, and on the side towards the
sea by a very strong citadel. It has an admirable harbour which is the
great naval station of Denmark, and is capable of containing above 500
ships. Kjobenhavn signifies "buying or trading port;" this place,
however, no longer possesses that commercial distinction which for
merly rendered its name so appropriate. Its general trade has much
declined of late, principally in consequence of Altona being a free port,
which Copenhag'en is not The observatory ofthe university is in Lat
55° 40' 53" N, Lon. 12° 34' 57" E. Pop. above 115,000. (B.)
Co-pi'-AH, a CO. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on Pearl r.
Pop. 8,945. Co. seat, Gallatin.
Co^-PI-A-po', a t. in the N. part of Chili, with rich copper-mines.
Lat 27° 20' S., Lon. 70° 30' W.
Copper Mine River, a r. of N. America, which flows into the Arctic
Ocean, in Lat. 65° 50' N., Lon. near 116° W.
Coquet, kok'-et, a small r. of England, in Northumberland, which
rises on the Scottish border, and flows into the German Ocean, oppo
site a little island of the same name.
CoQuiMBO, ko-keem'-bo, a coraraercial t of Chili, cap, of a prov. of
the same name. It is sometimes called La Serena (li si-ri'-ni). Lat.
29° 55' S., Lon. 71° 19' W. Pop. estiraated frora 7,000 to 12,000, (B.)
Cor-dil'-ler-.\s or koR-deel-yi'-ris, the name given to the Mexican
portion of t|ie great mountain chain which traverses-the American con
tinent from N. to S. The highest summits are Popocatepetl and the
peak of Orizaba, which see.
Cor'-do-va* (Sp. Cordova or Cordoba, koR'-do-vi; Ane. Cor'duba
- '* the regal seat

Of Abdalazis, ancient Cordoba."
 " till they saw
Thc temples and the towers of Cordoba
Shining majestic in the light of eve."
Southey's Roderick. Book V.
'* And strangers were received by thee
Of Cordova the chivalry." Byron.

168 COR— COR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mk ; pine or pine; pin ; n4, n?>t ; 66 as in good ;
and Colo'nia Patri'cia, or siraply Patricia); an ancient and celebrated
city of Spain, in Andalusia, on the N. bank of the Guadalquivier,180 m.
S. S. W. of Madrid. While in the possession of the Moors, from 755
to 1234, it was a distinguished seat of learning, and the terror and ad
miration of Europe. It then contained 300,000 inhabitants. It was
also the centre of an extensive trade, and noted for the preparation of
the goat skins called cordoban.* Since the expulsion of the Moors,
Cordova has fallen into decay, though it still ranks among the impor
tant places of Spain. Corduba was the birth-place of the two Senecas,
and ofthe poet Lucan. Lat. 37° 52' N., Lon. 4° 45' W. Pop. 57,i;00.
(B) — Adj. and inhab. Cor^-do-vese'; and Cor'-du-bese', when the
ancient town is referred to.
Cordova, an important t of S. America, nearly in the centre of the
republic of La Plata ; cap. ofa prov. of its own narae, on the r. Primero
(pre-mi'-ro). It is the centre of an extensive trade. Lat. about 31° 20'
N., Lon. 64° W. Pop. estimated at 15,000. (B.)
Co-re'-a, a large peninsula on the E. coast of Asia, whose sovereign
is tributary to the emperors of China and Japan, hut otherwise inde
pendent. The country subject to the sovereign of Corea extends from
about 34° to 43' N. Lat, and from 124° to 134° E. Lon. Its length,
from N. lo S., is near 630 m. ; the average breadth raay be about 150 m.
Kingkilao (king-ke-li'-o), the cap., is said to be a large city. Lat.
about 37° 15' N., Lon. 127° 25' E.— Adj. and inhab. Co-re'-.vn.
Corfu, kor*-foo' or kor'-fu, (Mod. Gr. Kop^ot, korphoi, pronounced
kor-fee'; Ane. Gr. Kopst-upa; Lat Corey 'ra ;) an i. which lies off' the
coast of Albania, extending from 39° 51' to 39° 21' N. Lat, and 19°
36' to 20° 8' E. Lon. The length is about 38 m. ; greatest breadth
nearly 20 m. The area is about 2"27sq. m.
Corfu, the cap. of the above, as well as of the whole Ionian repub
lic, is situated on a promontory, on the E. side of the island. It is
surrounded with walls, and strongly fortified. This town is the resi
dence of an archbishop, and the seat of a university, first opened in
1824, with the four facufties of theology, law, medicine, and philosophy,
and fourteen professors. The lectures are given in modern Greek.
The harbour of Corfu is one of the best in the Levant Lat. 39° 38'
N., Lon. 19° 56' E. Pop. of the town and suburbs, 15,800. (P.C)
Cor'-inth, (Ane. Corin'thos,) a small t. of Greece, near the isthmus
which connects the Morea with the main continent In the eariy part
ofthe present century, its population and coramerce were considerable,
but il was almost destroyed during the war. A few scattered ruins are
the only relics of that magnificence which was once the admiration of
the civilized worid. Lat. 37° 56' N., Lon. 22° 53' E.— Adj. and inhab.
Cor-in'-thi-.4n. Cork, a co. occupying the S. extreraity of Ireland, in the prov. of
Munster. Pop. in 1831, 703,716. (P. C.)
* This word has been corrupted into our cordwain, whence shoemakers in Eng
land derived their old name of cordwainers, and in France that of cordonniers.

COR— COS 169
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Cork, one ofthe most commercial cities of Ireland, cap. ofthe above
CO., on both sides of the Lee, 4 ra. from its entrance into Cork harbour,
and 138 m. S. W. of Dublin. Lat 51° 54' N., Lon. 8° 30' W. Pop.
in 1831, including the liberties, 107,016. (P. C.)
Corn'-\vj,ll,* a CO. occupying the S. W. extremity of England. Pop.
341.279. — Adj. Cor'-nish; inhab. Cor'-nish-m.^n.
Cor^-o-man'-del, a name applied to the E. coast of Sonthern Hindos
tan, extending from Point Caliraere, in 10° 18' N. Lat, to the mouth of
the r. Krishna, in 1.5° 45' N. Lat.
Corrkze, kor'-raze', a dep. in the S. central part of France, which
derives its name from the r. Correze, a branch of the Vezere, which is
a tributary of the Dordogne. Pop. 302,433. (B.) Tulle is the capital.
Cor'-rib, a L. of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, 22 in. in length, con
taining numerous islands.
Cor'-si-c.\, (Fr. Corse,) an i. in the Mediterranean, between Sardi
nia and the Genoese coast extending from about 41° 21' to 43°,!' N.
Lat, and frora 8° 32' to 9° 34' E. Lon. Its length is 116 ra. ; ils great
est breadth about 51. Area about 3,380 sq. m. Pop. 207,889. (B.)
The i. of Corsica forras one of the departments of France. Ajaccio is
the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Cor'-sj.-c.\n.
Corte, koR'-ti, a t. of Corsica, nearly in the centre of the i., which,
during the short period of Corsican independence, ahout the middle of
the last century, was the seat of government. Lat. 42° 18' N.^ Lon. 9° 9'
E. Pop. in 1832, 3,282. (P. C.)
Cort'-land, a CO. in the central part of N. Y-, S. W. of Utica. Pop.
24,6i)7.' Co. t Corllandville.
CoRTONA, koR-to'-n-d, (Ane. Cor'ytnm,) a t of Italy, iij Tuscany, re
markable for its public and private collections of Etruscan antiquities.
Corytum was one of the principal cities of ancient Etruria. Lat. 43°
17' N., Lon. 11° .59' E. Pop. 3,500. (B.)
Co-run'-n.a (Sp. Coruna, ko-roon'-yi; Ane. Adro'bicum and Coro'-
nium), a fortified commercial and manufacturing t. of Spain, in Galicia,
at the entrance of the Bay of Betanzos, near the N- W. extremity of
the Spanish peninsula. The name is said to be derived from the ancient
columna, or lower of Hercules, which still exists, having been, in 1791,
converted into a light-house. The harbour of Corunna is spacious, and
one of the best in Spain. Lat. 43° 23' N., Lon. 8° 20' W. Pop. about
23,000. (B.)
Cor'-yo, the smallest i. of the Azores, situated near 40° ^. Lat, and
intersected by the 31st meridian of W. Lon. Length only about 5 m.
CosBNZA, ko-sen'-zi, an archiepiscopal t of Naples, the cap. of Cala
bria Citra. Lat. 39° 20' N., Lon. 16° 16' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) ,
CosH-oc'-TON, a CO. in the B. central part of Ohio, intersected by the
Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 21,590. Co. t Coshocton.
• Corrnpted from Comu Gallia, i. e. the " the horn cr extremity of Gaul." In
like manner, Wales (called Galles hythe French) is derived from Gallia; the
Welsh nation being a remnant of the ancient Gauls. See page 232 : note.
15

170 COS— COV
Fite, fir, fill, f3t; mi, mfet; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66 asin^-ooi;
CosLiN, CoESLiN or KosLiN, kos-leen', a walled t. of Prussia, in Po
merania, the cap. of a circle ofthe same name, and of the principality
of Camin (ki-meen'). Lat 54° 13' N., Lon. 16° 12' E. Pop. near
6,000. (B.)
CosNE, k6ne, (Ane. Conda'te,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Nievres,
remarkable for its manufactures in iron. Lat 47° 24' N.; Lon. 2° 56'
E. Pop. in 1832, 5,123. (P. C.)
Cos'-SAOKs, a people inhabiting the southem parts of the Russian
empire, particularly those bordering on Poland, "Turkey and Tartary.
The name is supposed to be derived from the Tartar word Kasak, or
Kaisak, signifying light-armed mercenary horsemen. They are very
wariike, and are extensively employed in the Russian military service.
They are said to be, in general, very honest and hospitable.
Cosseir, kos-sare', a sraall t. of Egypt, on the Red Sea, with exten
sive storehouses, where the caravans which trade with Arabia deposite
their goods. Lat 26° 7' N., Lon. 34° 13' E.
Costarica, kos'-ti-ree'-ki, or "rich coast," the most southerly ofthe
united states of Central America. Its territory borders on New Gra
nada. S. Jose is the capital.
C6te d'Ob, kole doB, a dep. in the E. part of France, intersected by
the r. Saone. Pop. 385,624. (B.) Capital, Dijon.
Cotes du Nord, kole dii noR, (»'. e. literally " coasts of the north,")
a dep. in the N. W. of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop.
605,563. (B.) Capital, St Brieux.
CoTOPAxj, ko-to-pax'-e or ko-to-pi'-ne, a celebrated volcanic moun
tain of S. America, in the territory of Ecuador, neariy 40 m. S. by E.
from Quito. In 1738, the flames rose 900 metres (nearly 3,000 Eng
lish ft.) above the sides of its crater; and, in 1748, its roaring was
heard at Honda, in New Granada, at the distance of near 500 m.
Height 2,950 toises, or 18,868 English ft. (B.) Lat 0° 44' S., Lon.
78° 40' W.
CoTTfius or KoTTBus, kott'-boos, a walled t of Prussia, on the Spree,
cap. of a circle of the same narae. Lat. 51° 45' N., Lon. 14° 22' E.
Pop. 6,600. (B.)
Courland. See Koorland.
CouRTRAY or Courtrai, kooR^-tri', (Flem. Kortryk, kort'-rike,) a
fortified manufacturing t of W. Flanders, cap. of a dist of the same
name, situated on the r. Lys, 25 m. S. of Bruges. This town e.xisted
in the tirae of the Romans, under the name of Cortoriacum. Lat. 50°
.50' N., Lon. 3° 16' B. Pop. nearly 19,000. (B.)
CouTANCE, koo^-tiNce', (Lat. Constan'tia,) a city of France, in tlie
dep. of Manche. This town is said to have been built by the emperor
Constantius, (father of Constantine the Great) and called after his own
name, Constantia, of which Coutance is a corruption. Lat. 49° 3' N.
Lon. 1° 26' W. Pop. in 1832, 8,957. (P. C.)
Coventry, kuv'-en-tre, a city of England, situated within the
limits of Warwickshire, but constituting, with several adjacent vU
lages, a separate county, called the County of the City of Coventry ; tha

COV— CRA 171
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
area of which is above 23 sq. m. The town is situated nearly in the
centre of the kingdom, 10 m. N. N. E. of Warwick. Coventry has been
the seat of two parliaments, one held during the reign of Henry IV.,
in 1404, the other in the time of Henry VI., in 1459. Pop. ofthe city,
with an area of 8 sq. m., 30,743 ; that ofthe co., exclusive of the city,
10,664. Covington, kuv'-ing-ton, a co. in the S. part of Ala., bordering on
Florida. . Pop. 2,435. Co. t Montezuma.
Covington, a co. in the S. part of Miss., a little E. of Pearl r. Pop.
2,717. Co. seat Williamsburg.
Cowes, kouz, a seaport t of England, in the Isle of Wight on the
W. side of the r. Medina, at its mouth, with a safe and commodious
harbour. It is soraetiraes called West Cowes, to distinguish it from a
hamlet on the opposite side of the Medina. Lat. 50° 46' N., Lon. 1° 18'
W. Pop. 4,107.
C,ow-e'-t.\, a CO. in the W, part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoo
chee r. Pop. 10,364. Co. t Newman.
Cracow, kri'-co, a republic of Europe, formerly constituting a part
ofthe kingdom of Poland. Its existence, as an independent slate, dates
from the congress of Vienna, in 181.5, when the three great powers,
Austria, Russia, and Prussia, not being able to agree lo which of thein
it should be assigned, determined to form it into an independent repub
lic, under their joint protection, guaranteeing to it perpetual neutrality
and inviolability of ils territory, except in the case of its affording an
asylum to deserters, or offending against any of the three protecting
powers. It lies on the northern bank of the Vistula, and contains an
area of about 490 sq. m. Pop. 114,000. (B.)
Chacow (Polish, Krakow, kri'-koof ; Lat Craco'via) ; the chief t
of the above, is situated on the Vistula, at its confluence with the
Radeva (ri-di'-vi). This ancient capital of Poland received its name
from Kracus, duke of the Poles and Bohemians, who is said to have
founded it, about the year 700. Formerly the limits of the city were
much more extensive than now, and the pop. amounted to thrice the
present number. The most striking of its ancient monuments is the
cathedral, the finest in Poland. Here the kings of Poland were
crowned, and here are the tombs of most of the Polish monarchs and
heroes ; among others, we may mention those of Sobieski and Kos
ciusko. Lat of the Observatory, 50° 3' 49" N., Lon. 19° 58' 6" E.
Pop. above 25,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Cra-co'-vj-.^n.
Cra'-ven, a CO. in the E. part of N. C, intersected by the Neuse.
Pop. 13,438. Co. t. Newborn. *
Craw'-ford, a CO. in the N. W. part of Pa., bordering on Ohio. Pop.
31,724. Co. t Meadville.
Crawford, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ga., intersected by the
Flint r. Pop. 7,981. Co. t, KnoxviUe.
Crawford, a co. on the western border of Ark., intersected by the
Arkansas r. Pop. 4,266. Seat of justice, Crawford c. h.

172 CRA— CRO
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 56 as in good;
Crawford, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, intersected by the San
dusky r. Pop. 13,152. Co. t Bucyrus.
Crawford (Shawano), a co. in the N. or N. central part of Mich.
Crawford, a co. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r.
Pop. 5,282. Co. t. Fredonia.
Crawford, a co. in the B. part of 111., bordering on the Wabash r.
Pop. 4,422. Co. t Palestine.
Crawford, a co. in the S. B. central part of Mo., intersected by the
Maramec r. Pop. 3,561. Co. t Steelville.
Crawford, a CO., or rather territory, in the N. central part of Wis
consin. Pop. 1,502.
Creek Indians, formerly a numerous and powerftil tribe dwelling m
Ga. and Ala. Their number was much reduced by the war of 1814;
and of those who survived, most have removed beyond the Mississippi.
Some of thera have made considerable progress in civilization.
Crefeld, kri'-fik, a walled t of Gerraany, belonging to Prussia,
the cap. ofa circle ofthe same narae. It is a handsorae and flourishing
place, and has extensive manufactories. Lat. 51° 20' N., Lon. 6° 32' E.
Pop. about 19,000. (P. C.)
CRBMA,kri/-mi, a commercial t of Austrian Italy, 25m. E. S. E. of
Milan. Lat 45° 21' N., Lon. 9° 42' E. Pop. near 9,000. (B.)
Cre-mo'-na (It. pron. kri-rao'-ni), an ancient t of Austrian Italy, the
cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the N. bank of the Po,
and surrounded by walls, flanked with towers. This town was known
to the ancient Romans under its present narae, and is mentioned by
Virgil in his Bucolics (Eclogue IX.) It was the birth-place of the
poet Vida, who flourished during the reign of Leo X. Lat 4.5° 8' N.,
Lon. 10° 2' E. Pop. ahout 27,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Crem'-o-
nbsb'. Creuse, kruz, a dep. in the S. central part of France, deriving its
name from the r. Creuse, a small streara which rises near the S. border,
and, flowing through almost the whole length ofthe dep., fells into the
Vienne. Pop. 276,234. (B.) Capital, Gueret
Creutznach. See Kreuznach.
Crim-e'-\ (Russ. Krim ; Ane. Chersone'sus Tau'rica) ; a four-sided
peninsula in the S. E. part of European Russia, formed by the Black
Sea and the See of Azof, between 44° 22' and 46° 10' N. Lat, and 32°
36' and 36° 30' E. Lon. Its extreme length is above 190 m. ; its great
est breadth about 130. The area is estiraated at 8,600 sq.m. Pop.
estiraated at near 300,000. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Crim-k'-.vn.
Crit'-ten-den, a co, in the E. part of Ark., bordering on the Mis
sissippi r. Pop. 1,561. Co. t Marion.
Crittenden, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio
Croatia, kro-i'-she-a, (called by the natives Horvath Orszag, hoR-
viit OR-siig,) a country of Europe, belonging to the empire of Austria,
and constituting the S. W. division of Hungary. It lies between 44° 5'
and 46° 25' N. Lat, and 14° 20' and 17° 25' E. Lon. The Croatians
are a rude and warlike people, but are said to possess great fidelity

CRO— CUL 173
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; tt, nearly like ng.
towards their sovereign. — Adj. Croatian, kro-i'-she-an. -Inhab. Croa
tian and Cro'-at.
Croix, St. See Santa Cruz.
Croix, St., sent-kroi', or Pas^-s.4-ma-quod'-dy, a r. which forms a
part of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick.
Croix, St., a co. in the N. part of Wisconsin, on a river ofthe same
name, which flows into the Mississippi. Pop. 809.
Crom'-.vr-ty, a CO. of Scotland, formed of several detached portions
within the co. of Ross, which see.
Cromarty, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of the above, on the S. side
of a frith of the same name, about 16 m. N. N. E. of Inverness. Pop.
1,938. Cronstadt, kron'-stilt or KRi)H'-NEN, the largest and most commer
cial t in Transylvania, and the cap. of a co. ofthe same narae. It is
well built and strongly fortified, beino- surrounded with towers, walls,
and ditehes. Lat. 45° 41' N., Lon. 25° 33' E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.)
Cronstadt, a town, fortress, and port of Russia, situated on an island
in the Bay of Cronstadt, about 20 m. W. by N. of St Petersburg. It
is the great naval station of the Russian fleet; and vessels which are
too large to ascend to St. Petersburg, here unload their cargoes, to be
transported in smaller craft. Lat. 60° N., Lon. 29° 49' E. Pop., during
the summer, upwards of 40,000, (P. C.) ; but the town seeras almost
deserted in winter.
Crooked Lake, a small lake in the W. central part of N. Y., situ-
ted in the counties of Steuben and Yates.
Cro'-ton, a r. of N. Y., which rises on the borders of Conn., and,
running south-westerly, falls into that part of the Hudson which is
called the Tappan Sea. The waters ofthis stream have been recently
employed for supplying the city of New York. (See New York.)
Crov'-don, a manufacturing t of England, in the co. of Surrey, 10m.
S. of London. Pop. of tho parish, 13,627.
CsABA, ch6b'-b6A\ a large and flourishing market t. of Hungary,
63 m. S. S. W. of Debreczin. Pop. above 20,000. (B.)
Csongra'd, chon-griid', a t. of Hung-ary, formeriy cap. ofthe county
of this name, 31 m. N. of Szegedin. "Pop. 10,613. (M.)
Cu'-BA (Sp. pron. koo'-bi), the largest of the West India islands, is
situated'between 19° 47' and 23° 9' N. Lat, and 74° and 85° W. Lon.
Length, following the curve of the island, about 790 m. ; greatest
breadth 127 m. The area is computed at 42,212 sq. m. Cuba was dis
covered by Columbus, on his first voyage, in 1493 ; in 1511 the Spaniards
made their first settlement, since which time it has remained in their
possession. Pop. in 1831, 830,000. (P. C.) . Havana is the chief t,
and seat of government — Adj. and inhab. Cu'-ban. (Sp. Cubano, koo-
bi'-no.) Cuenca, kwen'-ki, a walled t. of Spain, in New Castile, tbe cap. of
a prov. of the same narae. Lat. 40° 4' N., Lon. 2° 12' W. Pop.
9,000. (B.)
Culm, k661m, a walled t of West Prussia, cap. of a circle of the
15*

174 CUL— CUM
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good ;
same name, situated near the right bank of the Vistula. Lat 53° 21' N.,
Lon. 18° 25' E. Pop. 5,300. (B.)
Cul'-pep-per, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., on the head waters of
the Rappahannock. Pop. 11,393. Seat of justice, Culpepper c. h.
CuL-Ross', a small t of Scotland, on the N. shore of the Frith of
Forth, 5ra. W. of Dunfermline.
Cumana, koo-mi-ni', a fortified t. of S. America, in the republic of
Venezuela, cap. of the dep. of Maturin. It is situated above a mile
from the sea, at the entrance of the Gulf of Cariaco, with a capacious
and safe harbour. Lat 10° 28' N., Lon. 64° 9' W. Though- it is much
decayed, its pop. still amounts to near 10,000. (B.)
Cu-ma'-n-j.a, Great, (see Int. XI.) or Kumania, (Hung. Nagy Kunsag,
n6dy* koon-shiig,) an independent dist of Hungary, in the prov. " beyond
the Theiss," between 47° and 47° 40' N. Lat, and 20° 30' and 21° 10'
E. Lon. (P. C.) The area is about 424 sq. m. The whole surface is a
low plain, and rendered so swampy by the inundations of the rivers,
that nearly one-half of Cumania is a mere bog. There are here no
large land proprietors or feudal lords, as in most parts of Hungary;
the people have an independent jurisdiction of their own, and send
representatives to the Hungarian diet. The Cumanians are a robust
athletic race, and very fond of rural pursuits, and are altogether a rich,
happy, and independent people. The pop. amounts to about 43,000, of
whom 37,000 are Protestants. Great Cumania contains one market
town, Kardzag-uj-Szallas (koRd-zog-oo-e-siil-liis). Lat. 47° 20' N.,
Lon. 20° 55' E. Pop. 11,100. (P. C.)
Cumania, Little, (Hung. Kis Kunsag, kish koon-shiig,) » dist of
Hungary, in tbe prov. " this side the Theiss." It consists of several
detached portions of land, with an aggregate area of about 1,000 sq. m.,
so that it is more than twice as large as Great Cumania.f Pop. about
53,000. (P. C.) The general character of the country, as well as of
the inhabitants, corresponds with that given under the head of Great
Cumania. Their largest town is Felegyhaza (fi-lidy*-hii-z6A). Lat.
about 46° 43' N., Lon. 19° 54' E. Pop. 12,970. (P. C.)— Adj. and
inhab., relating to both districts, Cu-MA'-Nj.--iN.
Cum'-ber-land (Lat. Cum'bria), a co. in the N. of England, bordering
on Scotland and Solway Frith. Pop. 178,038. — Adj. and inhab. Com'-
BRI-AN. Cumberland, a co. in the S. W. part of Me., borderino- on tlie sea.
Pop. 68,660. Co. t Portland.
Cumberland, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Dela
ware Bay. Pop. 14,374. Co. t Bridgetown.
Cumberland, a co. in the S. part of Pa., bordering on the Susque
hanna r. Pop. 30,953. Co. t. Cariisle.
# See Introduction, XXIt, 16 and 17.
t The origin of the distinctive epithets of Little and Great, as applied to these
districts, la not known. The relative size ofthe two territories may possibly have
changed since the names were first bestowed.

CUM— CUY 175
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Cumberland, a co. in the S. E. central part of Va., on the Appomattox
and Jaraes r. Pop. 10,399. Seal of justice, Curaberland c. h.
Cumberland, a co. in the central part of N. C, intersected by Cape
Fear r. Pop. 15,284. Co. t Fayetteville.
Cumberland, a co.-in the S. part of Ky., intersected by the Cumber
land r., and bordering on Tenn. Pop. 6,090. Co. t Burkesville.
Cumberland Mountains, a chain which extends along the S. E.
border of Kentucky, forming a part of the boundary between that state
and Virginia, and afterwards running across Tennessee, terminates
near its southern border. It divides the slate into two sections, called
E. and W. Tennessee.
Cumberland River rises in the Cumberland Mountains of Ky., and,
passing into Tenn., makes a circuit and, returning into Ky., empties
itself into the Ohio. It is about 600 m. in length, and is navigable for
steamboats of the largest size to Nashville. Small boats can ascend
300 m. furtlier.
Cupar, koo'-per, a t of Scotland, the cap. of Fifeshire. Lat. 56°
19' N., Lon. 3° W. Pop. 3,567.
CuRAgOA comm.only pronounced in English, ku*-ra-so'; (Sp. Curagao,
koo-ri-si'-o) ; an i. in the Caribbean Sea, situated in Lat about 12°
6' N., and Lon. 69° W. Its length is 35 m. ; its greatest breadth 6 ra.
Curagoa was originally settled by the Spaniards, but at present it be
longs to Holland.
CuRiscHE Haff. See Kurischb Haff.
Cur'-ri-tuck, a CO. forming the N. E. extremity of N. C. Pop. 6,703
Co. t Currituck.
Curzola, koord-zo'-li, an i. in the Adriatic, belonging to Dalmatia.
The area is about 231 sq. ra. : the pop. 6,500. Curzola, the chief town,
is in 42° 57' N. Lat, and 16° 50' E. Lon., and has about 1,800 inhabi
tants. (P. C.)
Ci'STRiN or KOsTRiN, kiis-treen', a t and fortress of Prussia, in Bran
denburg, the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated at the con
fluence of the WarlAa and Od.er, and encompassed on all sides by
marshes and water. Pop. 4,700. (B.)
Cutch, a principality in the W. part of Hindostan, between 22° and
25° N. Lat, and 68° and 72° E. Lon., and bordering on a gulf of the
same name.
Cut^-tack', (from the Sanscrit Citik, a " royal residence,") a t. of
Hindostan, in the prov. of Orissa, cap. of a dist. of the same namei
Lat. 20° 25' N., Lon. 85° 51' E. Pop. in 1822, 40,000. (P. C.)
CuxHAVEN, koox^-hi'-fen, a small t of Germany, belonging to the
free city of Hamburg, situated on the left bank of the Elbe, at its
entrance into the German Ocean. It ie chiefly important on account
of its secure and capacious harbour. It has, by means of packets and
BtearaboatC regular coraraunication with England. Lat. 53° 52' N.,
Lon. 8° 43' E. Pop. about 800. (B.)
Cuyahoga, ki-a-ho'-ga, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, bordering on
J., Erie, Pop. 26,506. ' Co. t Cleveland.

176 CUZ— DAC
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, m?t ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, n6t ; 66 as in good ,
Cuzco, koos'-ko, ari ancient t. of S. America, in Peru, about 2.50m.
from the coast of the Pacific. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, it
was the cap. of the extensive empire of the Incas, and is said to have
been built by the founder of the empire, Manco Capac, in the 10th or
llth century of our era. Upon a lofty hill, a little N. of the city, are
the ruins of a great fortress erected by the Incas, for the protection of
their capital. Many parts of it are still in a state of perfect preserva
tion. 'They consist of stones of extraordinary size, placed one upon
another, without cement, but fitted with such nicety as not to admit
the insertion of a knife between them. It would appear that Cuzco
exceeds Arequipa in population, though some of tbe most respectable
geographers call the latter the second town of Peru. It is the seat of
a university. Lat. 13° 33' S., Lon. 72° 4' W. Pop. above 40,000.
(P. C.)
Cy'-prus, (Gr. KvTigos ; Turk, Kib^-ris',) a large i. in the Mediterra
nean, situated near the coasts of Syria and Asia Minor, between 34°
32' and 3.5° 44' N. Lat, and 32° 16' and 34° 41' E. Lon. Its length is
aliout 140 m. ; its greatest breadth about 56 m. In 1571, Cyprus was
wrestpd from the Venetians by the Turks, in whose possession it has
remained ever since. Two-thirds ofthe inhabitants are Christians, who
are cruelly oppressed by their Turkish masters ; under whom, Cyprus,
from being one of the most fertile and beautiful spots in the world, has
been converted almost into a desert. Pop. estimated at above 60,000.
(E. G.) — Adj. and inhab. Cyp'-rj-an and Cyp'-ri-ot^. The former
should be employed only when ancient Cyprus is referred to.
Czernigow. See Tchernigof.
CzERNowiCE, chlK'-no-viV-sih, or Tschernowitz (chfR'-no-Wits',
sometimes iraproperly written Czernorvicz), a t. of Austrian Galicia,
cap. ofa circle ofthe same name, on the Pruth. Lat 48° 15' N., Lon
26° 10' E. Pop. about 7,300. (P. C.)
CziRKNicz or Zirknitz, tseeRk'-nils, a small t of Illyria, near a lake
of the same name about 20 m. in circumference, and intersected by the
parallel of 45° 45' N. Lat, and the meridian of 14° 23' E. Lon. This
lake is reraarkable for the great variation in the height of its waters.
The bottom, which is formed of limestone rock, is full of clefts and fis
sures, through which the water passes at about forty different openings,
into subterraneous channels and caverns, and goes to supply the neigh
bouring streams. Frequently, during the dry season, the bottom ofthe
lake is covered with Inxuriant herbage, which is made into hay. Some
parts are sown wilh millet and buckwheat The depth of the Lake of
Czirknicz, in the deepest part, is only about 56 ft. In Jan., 1834, the
waters left the lake, and did not return till March, 1835 ; an occur
rence which, for the long cessation of the waters, is said to be unpre
cedented. Dac'-ca, a large manufacturing t of Hindostan, formerly the cap. of
Bengal, on a branch of the Ganges, called Booree Gunga or Old Gan
ges. Lat. 23° 44' N., Lon. 90° 29' E. Pop. estimated by HamUton ,

DAD— DAM 1T7
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
at 200,000 ; jiut the Missionary Register, of 1828, slates it at 150,000.
(B.) Dade, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ga. Pop. 1,364.
Dade, a co. occupying the S. B. extremity of Florida. Pop. 446.
Dade, a co. in the S. W. part of Mo., a little S. of the Osage r.
Dahomey or Dahomay, dah'-Ho-mi\* a celebrated and formerly pow
erful kingdom of W. Africa, situated inland frora that partof the coast
of Guinea called the Slave Coast It is separated from the kingdom
of Ashantee on the W. by the r. Volta. — Adj. and inhab. Dah'-o-man.
Dahl, d-dl, a r. of Sweden, which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia, in
Lat about 60° 40' N.
Dale, a co. in the S. E. part of Ala., bordering on Florida, Pop.
7,397. Seat of justice. Dale c. h.
Dalecarlia, di-l?'-kar'-le-i, or Dalarne, di'-lar-ni, a prov. of Swe
den, lying between 60° 55' and 62° 12' N. Lat, and bordering on Nor
way. (P. C.) — Adj. Dal-e-car'-h-an, inhab. Dalecarlian, Dal'-e-
carl\ Dal'-l.js, a CO. in the S. central part of Ala., intersected by the Ala
bama r. Pop. 25,199. Co. t Cahawba.
Dalmatia, dal-mi'-she-a, a kingdora belonging to the crown of Aus
tria, situated between 42° and 45° N. Lat, and 14° 30' and 19° E. Lon. ;
bounded on the N. by Hungary, N. E. and E. by Turkey, and S. W. by
the Adriatic. The area is estimated at 5,098 sq. ra. , Pop. 320,000.
(P. C.) Zara is the seat of government. — Adj. and inhab. Dalmatian,
dal-mi'-she-an. DAl'-ton, a small t of England, in Lancashire, about 18 m. W.N.W.
of Lancaster.
Da-mas'-cus, (Arab. Shim-el-Kebeer, i. e. Damascus the Great,) a
celebrated city of Syria, cap. of a pashalic of the same name, situated
in the fertile plain at the E. base of that chain of mountains called the
Antilibanus Mountains, about 190 m. S. by W. from Aleppo. It isone
of the most ancient towns in the world, tiaving existed in the time of
Abraham (Gen. xiv. and xv.). Besides the title of kebeer (great), that
of sher-eefl (venerable or holy) is sometimes given to itf Its ancient
narae was Damesk. Damascus is celebrated, for the number of its
orchards, and the abundance of exquisite fruits which they produce;
whence the Arabs regard it as one of their four terrestrial paradises.
* " Rash adventurer, bear thee back.
Dread the spell of Dahomay,
Fear the race of Zaharak,
Daughters of tiie burning day."
Scott's Bridal af Triermain, Canto III.
Thia, as we are informed, corresponds to the native accentuation.
t In this and similar cases, the article el is changed in sound to es, so as to cor
respond with the Jnitial letter of the word to which it is prefixed; accordingly,
Sham-el-Shereef is to be pronounced sham-es-sheieef. When Sham is used to
designate the coontry of Syria, the article is usually employed, e. g.. El Sham, pro-
oounced es-sham.

178 DAM— DAN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good;
The streets are well paved and furnished with foot-walks on each side.
The houses, though plain externally, being built of earth or of brick,
often exhibit great magnificence within, and nearly all of them are
refreshed by fountains. Damascus is the residence of a Greek patri
arch. Lat 33° 33' N. ; Lon. 36° 20' E. Pop. estiraated at above
140,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Dam'-as-cbne' (Arab. Shi'-mee).
Dam-i-bt'-t.a, (Arab. Di-mj-it' or Dum-yif ,) a t. of Lower Egypt on
the right bank of one of the principal branches of the Nile, about 6 m.
above its mouth. The narae is derived from Thamiatis, which was
a small town under the Byzantine emperors. After the conquest of
the Saracens, it was surrounded with strong walls, and became one of
the most commercial and wealthy towns of Egypt It was thrice taken
by the Christians in the middle ages, (once by Roger, of Sicily, and
twice by the crusaders,) and as often recovered. At last to prevent
any other attacks from this quarter, the sultans of Egypt razed it to the
ground and removed the inhabitants about 4 m. further inland. Hence
arose New Damietta. This place, though rauch decayed, is one ofthe
best built towns in Egypt; and its manufactures and commerce are
still considerable. Lat 31° 26' N., Lon. 31° 50' E. The pop. is esti-
mated by Balbi at ahout 20,000, though many others make it much
higher. Dam'-pjer's Bay or Shark Bay is situated on the W. coast of New
Holland, near 25° S. Lat, and 114° E. Lon.
Danbury, dan'-ber-re, a t of Conn., in Fairfield co., 29 m. in a
straight line W. by N. of New Haven, noted for its manufacture of
hats. Pop. of the township, 4,311.
Dane, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Wisconsin r.
Pop. 3,114.
Dant'-zic, (Ger. Danzig, d-int'-sio ; Polish, Gdansk,) a city of Prus
sia, the cap. of a large circle of the same name, situated on the left
bank of the principal arm of the Vistula, about 3J m. from the shores
of the Baltic. Dantzic is the seat of a number of literary and scien
tific institutions, aniong which we may mention the academical gymna
sium, with seven professors, and the public library, which contains
30,000 vols. Its manufactures are considerable. It is one of the
strongest fortresses, and is the first emporium of maritime commerce
in the Prussian dominions. Lat. 54° 21' N., Lon. 18° 38' E. Pop.
above 62,000. (B.)
Dan'-ube or Dan'-aw, (Gr. letpof; Lat Danubius and Ister; Ger. Do-
nau, d6'-nou ; Hung. Duna, doo-n6ft ;) a large r. of Europe, second only
to the Volga. It originates on the E. declivity of the Black Forest
(Schwarzwald), about 24 m. from the banks of the Rhine, in 48° 6' N.
Lat, and 8° 9' E., at an elevation of near 3000 ft. above the level of
the sea. Its general course, to near Waitzen, in Hungary, is easleriy ,
from Waitzen to the influx of the Drave (Lat. 45° 33' N., Lon. 18° 58
E.) it is almost due S. ; thence neariy E. by S. till it reaches the 28lh
degree of E. Lon., where it suddenly changes its direction to the N.,
and, after a course of about 90 m., again flows easterly and empties

DAR— DAR 179
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
Itself into the Black Sea, by several mouths. Its whole course is esti-
mated at about 1,770 ra. It is navigable for large ships as far as Silis-
tria ; but there are rapids near New Orsova, where it leaves the Austrian
dominions, which it is irapossible for any vessel to ascend, although
tliose drawing not more than 24 ft. water raay sometimes descend. The
navigation is also impeded in the upper part of its course, by a great
number of rocks, and, lower down, by sand banks. This river is re
markable for its winding course and for the multitude of its islands. A
- The Danube" — '* winds from realm to realm.

And like a serpent shows his glittering back,
Bespotted with innumerable isles."
Wordsworth's Excursion, Book VII.
Dar^-dan-elles'. The Dardanelles are fortifications erected on each
side of the Hellespont, which is called, from them, the Strait of the
Dardanelles. These fortifications originally consisted of four castles,
two on each side of the strait, but, since the beginning of the present
century, they have been improved and increased in number. Some of
the guns are very large ; one of thera takes, for a single charge,
330 lbs. of powder. The narae Dardanelles is in all probability de
rived from Dardanus or Dardania, an ancient town near the Hellespont,
built by Dardanus, the ancestor of Priam.
The Strait of the Dardanelles or Hel'-les-pont\ which con
nects the Sea of Marmora with the iEgean Sea, is above 50 ra. in
length, and from 2 to 10m. in breadth.
Dar'-foor' (Darfur), a country of central Africa, situated between
10° and 16° N. Lat, and between 26° and 30° E. Lon. Its extent and
real boundaries are very imperfectly known. It may be considered as
a large oasis, lying in the S. E. part of Sahara. Poor appears to be the
proper name, as dar, in the native language, signifies country in gene
ral. Darpoor, however, seems to be established by universal usage. —
The inhabitants are negroes ; in religion they are Mahometans. The
government is a despotism. Cobbe is the capital, and has a pop. of
ahout 6,000. (B.)— Inhab. Foor'-i-an (Furian).
Darien fdiZ-re-en), Gulf of, the most southern portion of the Ca
ribbean Sea", between 7° 56' and 10° N. Lat, and 76° and 78° W. Lon.
Darien, a small but flourishing t. and port of entry of Ga., cap. of
Mcintosh CO., on the N. side of the Altamaha, ahout 12 m. from the
sea. Darien, Isthmus of. See Panama. <
Darkb, a CO. in the W. part of Ohio, bordering on Ind. Pop. 13,282.
Co. t Greenville.
Dar'-ling-ton, a t of England, in the co. of Durham, 17 m. S. of
Durham. Pop. including the hamlet of Oxneyfield, 11,033.
Dajiungton, a dist. in the N. E. part of S. C, W. of, and bordering
on the Great Pedee r. Pop. 14,82'2. Seat of justice, Darlington c. h.
Darmstadt, daRm'-stitt, a walled t. of Germany, the cap. ofthe grand-
duchy of Hesse and of the prov. of Starkenburg, is situated on the

180 DAR— DEA
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nd, nJt ; 66 as in good,
banks of the small r. Darm. It contains a number of institutions for
education, and a library of about 100,000 vols. Lat. 49° 56' N., Lon.
8° 35' E. Balbi gives about 20,000 for its pop., but the P. C. states it
at 24,500.
Dart'-mouth, a seaport t. of England, in Devonshire, situated on
the coast at the mouth of the r. Dart, 30 m. S. by W. from Exeter.
Pop. 4,417.
Dar'-war\ a fortified t of Hindostan, in Bejapoor, cap. ofa dist. of
the same name. Lat. 15° 28' N., Lon. 7.5° 8' E.
Dau'-phin, a co; in the S. B. central part of Pa., bordering on the
Susquehanna r. Pop. 30,118. Co. t. Harrisburg.
Dauphine, do^-fe^-ni/, forraerly a prov. of France, bordering on the
S. B. frontier. Il now forras the three deps., Isere, Drome, and the
Upper Alps.
Davids, St., an ancient city of Wales, in the W. extremity of Pem
brokeshire, situated near a rocky proraontory, called St. David's Head,
21 m. N. W. of Pembroke. It was once large and populous, but it now
presents the appearance of a poor village.
Da'-vid-son, a CO. in the W. central part of N. C, bordering on the
Yadkin. Pop. 14,606. Co. t Lexington.
Davidson, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Tenn., intersected by the
Cumberland r. Pop. 30,509. Co. t Nashville.
Da'-vie, a CO. in the N. W. central part of N. C, on the Yadkin.
Pop'. 7,574. Co. t. Mocksville.
I)a'-viess, a CO. in the N. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio and
Green rivers. Pop. 8,.331. Co. t Owensborough.
Daviess, a co. in the S. W. part of Ind., between the E. and W.
forks of the White r. Pop. 6,720. Co. t Washington.
Daviess, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., intersected by a branch of
the Grand r. Pop. 2,736. Co. t Gallatin.
Da'-vis's Strait, between Greenland, on the E., and Cumberland
Island, on the W., unites Baffin's Bay with the Atlantic. In the nar
rowest part it is about 200 m. wide.
Dax, dix, (Ane. A'quse Augus'ta;,) a t of France, in the dep. of
Landes, on the Adour, celebrated for its warm springs, the tempera
ture of which is above 180° Fahrenheit; but they appear to possess no
medicinal virtues. They are sometimes used for washing clothes. In
the middle ages the town was called Civitas Akensis or Aquensis;
i. e. the " city of Aquse," whence the French Ville d'Acqs (town of
Acqs), or simply d'Acqs, d'Ax, or Dax. Lat. 43° 43' N., Lon. 1° 4'
W. Pop. 4,776. (M.)
Day'-ton, a t of Ohio, the cap. of Montgomery co., situated on the
Miami r., 46 m., in a direct line, N. by E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 6,067.
Dead Sea (Ane. La'cus Asphalti'tes ; Arab. Bihr Loot ; i. e. the
"Sea of Lot"); is situated in P.alestine, between 31° 8' and 31° 47'
30" N. Lat, and 35° 25' and 35° 38' 30" E. Lon. Its length is ahout
45 ra. ; its greatest breadth 12 m. The towns of Sodom and Gomorrha
are said to have been on its western bank, where some few ruins occur.

DEA— DEK xSi
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
The waters of the Lake Asphaltites are pungent and bitter. Asphal-
tuni floats upon its surface, and covers the whole extent of its shores.
The Jordan flows into it at its N. extremity, but the lake has no out
let Near the southern portion of the Dead Sea is a low mountain
ridge, about 150 feel high, which is one mass of solid rock-saU, covered
with layers of soft limestone and marl. Several of the streams which
flow into the sea in this part are salt as the saltest brine. It appears
from the researches of a late writer, Russegger, that the Dead Sea is
1,341 French, or 1,429 English feet below the level of the Mediterra
nean ! (P. C.)
Deal, a t and seaport of England, in the co. of Kent, 15 ra. S. E. of
Canterbury. Pop. 6,688.
Dear'-born, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r.
and the state of Ohio. Pop. 19,327. Co. t Lawrenceburg.
Debreczin, di-brets'-in, (Ger. Debretzin,) a royal free t of Upper
Hungary, the cap. ofthe co. of Bihar, and with the exception of Pesth,
the largest t in the kingdom. It is situated in the centre of an exten
sive sandy plain, which being almost destitute of stone, the streets are
unpaved, and the foot-passenger is obliged to wade either through mud
or sand, according to the season of the year, with the aid of a few
planks laid down for crossing the streets. Debreczin is the first manu
facturing town in Hungary ; it is also a place of considerable trade.
More than nineteen-twenlieths of its inhabitants are Protestants. Its
Protestant college, with a library of 20,f00 vols., is the principal insti
tution ofthe kind which the Calvinist); possess in the Austrian empire.
Lat 47° 32' N., Lon. 21° 36' E. Pop. 45,370. (P, C.)
De-ca'-tur, a CO. forraing the S. W. extremity of Ga. Pop, 5,872.
Co. t Bainbridge.
Decatur, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., W. N .W. of Cincinnati.
Pop. 12,171. Co. I. Greensburg.
Deccan. See Dekkan.
Dee, a r. in the N. part of Wales, flowing into the sea, ahout 10 m.
S. W. of Liverpool.
De Kalb, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., on the sources of
the Ocmulgee. Pop. 10,467. Co. t Decatur.
De Kalb, a co. in the N. E. part of Ala., bordering on Ga. Pop.
0^929. De Kalb, a co. in the N. central part of Tenn., bordering' on the
Cumberiand r. Pop. 5,868.
De Kalb, a co. in the N. E. part of Ind., bordering ob Ohio. Pop.
1,968. De Kalb, a co. in the N. part of 111., a little E. of Rock r. Pop.
1,697. Dek'-kan or Deccan (from Daks-hina, i. e. " the south"), was an
ciently understood to comprehend the whole of the peninsula of India
S. of the r. Nerbudda, and the southern boundaries of Bengal and Bahar.
At present it comprises those countries which lie between the limits
just mentioned and the r. Krishna.
16

182 DEL— DEL
Fite, fir, fill, fSt; mi, m6t; pine or pine, pin; ni, n5t; 66 as in ^oorf;
Del'-a-ware, an important r. of the U. S., which rises in N. Y, on
the western declivity of the Catskill Mountains, and afterwards, flow
ing in a general southerly direction, forms the boundaries of the slates
of N. Y. and N. J. on one side, and Pa. and Del. on the other, and emp
ties itself into Delaware Bay, about 40 m. below Philadelphia. Its
whole course is about 300 ra. It is navigable for ships of the largest
size to Philadelphia, and for stearaboats to Trenton.
Delaware Bay, a bay of the U. S., situated between the states of
N. J. and Del. Its entrance is about 20 m. wide, from Cape May to
Cape Henlopen ; its length is above 60 m.
Delaware, the smallest of the U. S., excepting Rhode Island,
bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, E. by the Delaware r.. Bay, and
the Atlantic, S. and W. by Maryland. It lies between 38° 28' and 39°
50' N. Lat, and 75° and 75° 45' W. Lon. Length 96 m.; greatest
breadth 37 ra. Area 2,120 sq. m , Delaware is divided into three coun
ties; viz., Newcastle, Ke&t, and Sussex. Pop. 78,085, of whom 2,605
are slaves, and 16,919 free coloured persons. Dover is the seat of go
vernment. Delaware, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., bordering on the r. Del
aware. Pop. 35,396. Co. t Delhi.
Delaware, a co. occupying the S. E. extremity of Pa., bordering on
the Delaware r. Pop. 19,791. Co. t. Chester.
Delaware, a co. in the centre of Ohio, N. of Columbus. Pop. 22,060.
Co. t Delaware.
Delaware, a co. in the E. part of Ind., on the White r. Pop. 8,843.
Delaware, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, a little W. of the Missis
sippi. Pop. 168.
Dela-wares, a once numerous and powerfiil tribe of Indians, whose
territory occupied a portion of New York, Pennsylvania, and New
Jersey. They are now almost extinct
Delft, an ancient t of S. Holland, situated on the high road between
Rotterdam and the Hague, near the canal of Schie (sKee). It is noted
as the seat ofthe manufacture of a species of pottery, to which it has
given its name. Delft was the birth-place of the celebrated Grotius.
Lat. 5-2° N., Lon. 4° 21' E. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.)
Delhi or Dehli, del'-le, a prov. of Hindostan, lying between 28°
and 31° N. Lat, bounded on the N. by Lahore, E. by Oude and North
ern Hindostan, S. by Ajmeer and Agra, and W. by Ajraeer and
Lahore. Delhi, the cap. of the above, is situated on the Jumna. According
to tradition, it was founded 300 years before the Christian era, by Delu.
It was formeriy much larger than at present ; its pop., at the close of
the 17th century, is said to have amounted to two millions, and the ex
tent of the ruins seeras to justify, in a great degree, this estimate.
Among these ruins, there are a nuraber of beautiful mosques and mag
nificent mausoleras, in good preservation. Lat. 28° 40' N., Lon. 77°
16' E, Pop. estimated at 200,000. (P. C.)
Dbl'-ta, a triangular portion of Lowe Egypt, comprised between

DEL— DER 183
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
the two main branches of the Nile ; so called from its resemblance to
the Greek letter (a) of this name. It is also applied to similar tracts
of country at the mouths of other rivers, as the Ganges, Indus, &c.
Dbl'-vi-no, a t of European Turkey, in Albania, cap. of an inferior
pashalic of the same name. Lat about 39° 55' N., Lon. 20° 10' E. Pop.
estimated, a few years ago, at 8,000. (P. C.)
Dem'-be-a, a large L, of Abyssinia, in a prov. of the same narae. Its
length is about 65 m.
Demarara, dem-er-i'-ra, a r. of S. America, in English Guiana,
which falls into the Atlantic, in about 6° 50' N. Lat, and 58° 7' W.
Lon. Its length is above "200 ra.
Denbigh, den'-be, the cap. of Denbighshire, Wales. Lat 53° 11' N.,
Lon. 3° 24' W. Pop. of the parish, 3,405.
Den'-bh6b-shire, a co. in the N. partof Wales, bordering on the sea.
Pop. 88,866.
Dbn'-der-ab, (Ane. Ten'tyra,) a ruined t in Upper Egypt celebrated
for its temple, wliich is the best preserved and one ofthe most splendid
in all Egypt Here was discovered the celebrated zodiac which led
several of the French savans to suppose that the temple raust have
been erected at a period immensely remote ; not less, according to Du-
puis, than 15,000 years ago! (See Esne.)
Dendermonse, den^-der-m6n'-d§A, or Dbndermond, den^-der-raint',
(Fr. Termonde, tJR'-m6Nd',) a fortified t of Belgium, in the prov. of E.
Flanders, on the Scheldt, 16 m. E. of Ghent. Lat 51° 36' N., Lon. 3°
58' E. Pop. 7,652. (M.)
Denis, Saint, often called, in English, sent den'-ne, (Fr. pron. saN
d'nee,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Seine, about 5ra. N. of Paris. It
dates its rise from the erection of a church over the tomb of St. Denis
(Dionysius), supposed to have been built by Dagobert, in the 7th cen
tury. Pop. in 1832, 9,686. (P. C.)
Den'-mark (Dan. Dan'-e-mark^), a kingdom of Europe, between 53°
20' and 57° 45' N. Lat, and 8° 5' and 12° 46' E. Lon. ; bounded on the
N. by the Skager Rack, N. E, by the Cattegat S. E. by the Baltic, S.
by Liibeck, Hamburg, Mecklenburg and Hanover, and W. by the N.
Sea. It comprises continental Denmark, which may be termed the
north-western peninsula of Germany, and the large islands of Zealand
and Fiinen, besides several smaller ones lying near them. The length of
the continental portion is about 304 m. ; greatest breadth about 106 m.
The entire area of the kipgdom is computed at 21,472 sq.m. Pop.
1,950,000. (B.) Capital, Copenhagen.— Adj. Da'-nish; inhab. Dane.
Deptford, ded'-ford, a t. of England, in the co. of Kent, on the
Thames, 4 m. S. E. of London, remarkable for its fine docks and royal
dock-yard, and its nuraerous buildings for the manufacture and preser
vation of naval stores. Pop. 23,165.
Der^-bend' or d§R'-b5nd', a t ofthe Russian empire, in Georgia, on the
W. coast of the Caspian Sea. It is defended on the W. by a precipi
tous mountain ridge, on the N. and S. by massive stone walls, not less

184 DER— DET
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; m^, m?t ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good ;
than 30 ft. high, and, in many places, 10 ft thick, which are continuous
to the sea. 'There are two large gates, (through which the road passes
along the shore of the Caspian,) that may be shut at pleasure. Hence
the name of the town, which signifies the " shut-up gales." Lat. 42°
12' N., Lon. 48° 20' E. Klaproth supposes it to contain 4,000 families
(B.), but others estimate the population much lower.
Der'-by or dar'-be, (the latter pronunciation was formerly universal,)
the cap. of Derbyshire, England, on the r. Der'- went, an affluent ofthe
Trent, 114 ra. N. N. W. of London. Pop. 32,741!
Derbyshire, der'-be-shir, a co. in the N. central part of England.
Pop. 272,217.
Derr, d^R, a t. of Africa, in Lower Nubia, of which it is regarded
as the capital, on the right bank ofthe Nile. Lat. 22° 47' N., Lon. 32°
20' E. Estiraated pop. 3,000. (B.) In the vicinity are the ruins of an
Egyptian temple, cut in the rock, the construction of which Champol-
lion attributes to Sesostris.
De Ruyter, de-ri'-ter, a township of Madison Co., N. Y.
Desaguadero, des-i-gwi-oi'-ro, i. e. " outlet" a r. of Bolivia, which
forms the only outlet of L. Titicaca. After traversing a long valley of
its own name, it loses itself, by evaporation, in a small lake called Lago
del Desaguadero, or sometimes the L. of UUagas (bol-yi'-gis).
Desha, desh-i', a cO. in the S. E. part of Aik., at the mouth of the
Arkansas r. Pop. 1,598.
Des Moines, de-moin', a r. of Iowa, which flows into the Missis
sippi r.
Des Moines, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Missis
sippi r. Pop. 5,575.
De So'-to, a co. forraing the N. W. extreraity of Miss. Pop. 7,002.
Co. seat, Hernando.
Des'-sau, (Ger. pron. des'-sou,) a t of Germany, the cap. ofthe duchy
of Anhalt-Dessau, on the Mulde, two miles above its junction with the
Elbe. Dessau is well supplied with institutions for public instruction ;
among which, we may mention its college for young ladies, its admira
ble gyranasiura or high-school, and its school for the education of Jews,
which is much celebrated. Lat 51° 48' N., Lon. 12° 17' B. Pop. about
10,000. (B.)
Detmold. See Lippe.
Db-troit', (Fr. Detroit, di'-trwi', i. e. " strait" or " narrow pass
age,") a name given by the French to the river which connects L. St.
Clair with L. Erie, and forms a part of the boundary between Mich.
and Canada. It is 28 ra. long, and is navigable for large vessels.
Detroit, cap. of Wayne co, and formerly of the state of Mich, is situ
ated on the Detroit r,, frora which it takes its name. By its position
on the great chain of lakes, and by means ofthe connecting rivers and
canals, it has a ready communication, by water, with all the more im
portant places in the union. As might be expected, its growth has
recently heen very rapid. Its pop. in 1819, was only 1,110; in 1830,
about double that number ; in 1840, it amounted to 9,102. Detroit was

DEU— DU 185
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. ¦
founded by the French, in 1670, and has ever since been a military
post. It is also a port of entry. Lat. 42° 24' N., Lon. 82° 58' W.
Deutz, doits, (the Tui'tium of the Roraans,) a village on the right
bank of the Rhine, connected, by a bridge of boats, with Cologne, of
which it may be regarded as a suburb. Pop. 3,700. (B.)
Deux-ponts, duB^'pf>N', (Ger. Zweibrticken, tsWi-briik'-kcn,) a t. of
Germany, the cap. formerly of a duchy, now of a bailiwick of the sarae
name, in the Bavarian prov. of the Rliine, about 50 m. W. of Speyer
(Spire). The French name Deux-ponts, and the German ZweibriJck-
EN, signifying "two bridges," are derived from the circurastance of
its old castle beino- situated between two bridges. Lat. 49° 10' N.,
Lon. 7° 20' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)
Deventer or Dewenter, di'-ven-ter, a fortified t of Holland, in
the prov. of Overyssel, on the r. Yssel, about 54 m. E. by S. from Am-
sterdara. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
De-vi'-zes, a t. of England, in Wiltshire, 16ra. E. by S. frora Bath.
Pop. 4,631. ¦
I)Ev'-gN-p6RT\ a fortified seaport t of England, wilh a royal dock
yard, in Devonshire, li m. W. of Plymouth, at the mouth of the river
Tamar. The dock-yard, one of the finest in the world, comprises an
area of 71 acres. Pop.,- including Stone-house parish, 43,532.
Dev'-on-shirb, a co. in the S. W. part of England, bordering on the
English and the Bristol channels. Pop. 533,460.
Db Witt, a co. near the centre of 111. Pop. 3,247.
Dhawalaghiri, da-wora-gher'-re. See Himalayas.
Diarbekir, dee-ar^-bek-eer', or Di-ar'-bekr, a walled t of Asiatic
Turkey, in Mesopotamia, on the right baBk of the Tigris. It was for
merly much more flourishing than at present and carried on an exten
sive commerce with India, through Bagdad, and with Europe, through
Aleppo. Lat about 37° 5.5' N.^Lon. 39° 54' E. Pop. estimated at
above 60,000. (B.)
Dick'-son, a. CO. in the N. N. W. part of Tenn., bordering on the
Cumberland r. Pop. 7,074. Co.-t Charlotte.
Die or Diez, Saint, sbn de^-i', a small t of France, in the dep. of
Vosges. Lat 48° 17' N., Lon. 6° 57' E. Ppp. in 1832, 5,560. (P.C.)
Dieppe, dyepp, orde-epp', a seaport t of France, in the dep. of Lower
Seine, on the coast of the English channel (La Manche), 92 ra. N. W.
of Paris. It has a fine establishment for sea-bathing. Lat 49° 55' N.,
Lon. 1°5'E. Pop. 16,000. (B.)
Diest, deest a t of Belgium, in S. Brabant, 32 m. E. Jif. E.of Brus
sels. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
Dignb, deefi (Ane. Dinia), a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower
Alps, with a college. In its vicinity are warra raineral springs, which
yearly attract to this place many strangers. Lat 44° 5' N., Lon. 6° 14'
E. Pop. 4,000. (B.)
DuoN, de^-zh6N', (Ane. Dibio or Divio,) a t of France, cap. of the
dep. of Cote d'Or, and formerly of the prov. of Burgundy, on the
r. Ouche (oosh), a branch of the Saone, 162 m. S. E. of Paris. Dijon
16*

186 DIL— DOA
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, n6t ; 66, as in good ,
has long been erainent for the cultivation of literature and science. Il
has an academie universitaire, with the faculties of law, science, and
literature ; also a rauseum of painting, and a botanic garden. Lat 47°
19' N., Lon. 5° 2' E. Pop. 26,000. (B.)
Dil'-lino-en, a t of Bavaria, on tbe Danube. Lat 48° 34' N., Lon.
10° 30' E. Pop. 3,300. (B.)
Dinan, de^-niN', a t of France, in the dep. of Cotes du Nord, on the
r. Ranee, at the entrance of the canal of the Ille and Ranee, 200 m.
W. by S. from Paris. Lat. 48° 27' N., Lon. 2° 4' W. Pop. in 1832,
8,044. (P.C.)
DiNANT, de^-niN', or de-nint', an ancient t of Belgium, in the prov.
of Namur, on the Meuse, ahout 12 m. S. by E. of the city of Namur. Its
name is supposed to be derived from a temple dedicated to Diana,
which once stood on this spot. Lat. 50° 15' N., Lon. 4° 54' E. Pop.
about 4,000. (B.)
Dingle, ding'-gle, a seaport t of Ireland, in Kerry co., on a bay of
the same narae. Lat 52° 9' N.. Lon. 10° 16' W. Pop. in 1831, 4,327.
(P C.)
Din-wid'-die, a CO. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on the Appo
mattox r. Pop. 22,558. Seat of justice, Dinwiddie c. h.
Dismal Swamp, a tract of marshy land, between Virginia and North
Carolina. It is about 30 m. long and 10 ra. broad. In the centre is
Drummond's Pond,15 m. in circumference, in about 36° 35' N. Lat, and
76° 30' W. Lon.
DixMUDE, dix^-mlide', (Flem. Dixmuyden, dix-moi'-den or dix-moi'-
deh,) a fortified t of Belgium, in W. Flanders, 20 m. S. W. of Bruofes.
Lat 51° 2' N., Lon. 2° 52' E. Pop. 3,189. (P. C.)
DiziBR, Saint, siN de^-ze-i', a I. of France, in the dep. of Upper
Marne, situated on the r. Marne, which, at this place, beo-ins to be na
vigable. Lat 48° 38' N., Lon. 4° 56' E. Pop. m 1832, 5,957. (P. C.)
Djidda. See Jidda.
Dnieper, nee'-per, (Russ. pron. dnyep'-er, or dne-i'-per; Ane. Borys'-
thenes,) one of the largest rivers of European Russia, which rises in
the N. part of the government of Smolensk, and, flowing in a general
southern direction, unites with the Bog, and forms a large liman (le-min')
or swampy lake at the N. N. W. extremity of the Black Sea, nearly
50 m. long, and from 1 to 6 broad. The whole length of the Dnieper
is perhaps 1,200 m.
Dniester, nees'-ter, (Russ. pron. dnyes'-ter or dne-ice'-ter : Ane.
Ty'ras, afterwards Danas'tris,) an important r. of European Russia.
which commences frora a sraall lake in Austrian Galicia, in about 49°
N. Lat, and 23° E. Lon., and, flowing in a general south-easterly direc
tion, enters the Black Sea by abroad liman (see Dnieper), about 19m.
long and 5 m. wide. Ils whole length is not less than 510 m.
DoAB or DooAB, doo-ib', signifying "two waters," is employed in
Hindostan, to denote any tract of land included between two rivers, and
is equivalent to the Greek Mesopotamia. There are several Doabs in
India, but the dist. to which tlie name is most generally applied, is situ-

DOD— DON 187
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
ated between the Ganges and the Jumna. This tract is above 500 m.
long, and, on an average, about 55 m. broad.
Dodge, a co. in the S. E. part of Wisconsin. Pop, 67.
Dofrafield. See Dovrefield,
Dole, a t of France, in the dep. of Jura, on the r. Doubs and the
canal which connects the Rhone with the Rhine. It has a college and
several other scientific and literary institutions. Lat 47° 7' N., Lon.
5° 28' E. Pop. in 1832, 7,304. (P. C.)
Dolgelly, dol-geth'-le, the largest t of Merionethshire, in Wales.
Lat 52° 44' N., Lon. 3° 51' W. Pop. of the parish, 3,695.
Dol'-l.art, a small gulf, situated in the N. extremity of Holland, at
the mouth of the r. Ems.
Domingo, Saint. See Hayti.
Dominica, dora^-in-ee'-ka, or, more usually, dom^-in-eek', one of the
W.. India Islands belonging to theEnglish. It is intersected hythe
parallel of 15° 18' N. Lat, and the meridian of 61° 28' W. Lon., and
is 28 m. long. The area is computed at 260 sq.m. Pop. in 1833,
18,660. (P.C.)
Don, (Ane. 'Tan'ais; Tartar Doo'-ni ; Calmuck Ton-gool',) a r. of
European Russia, which rises from a small lake in the government of
Toola, in about 54° N. Lat, and, flowing in a general southerly course,
empties itself into the N. E. extremity ofthe Sea of Azoph, by several
mouths. Its whole length is estimated at 900 ra.
Don'-Cos'-s.\cks. The territory ofthe Don-Cossacks is a free coun
try, which acknowledges the Russian sovereign as its chief, but is not
reduced to the condition of a province, or organized as a government,
like other parts of the empire. It lies between 46° 5' and 51° 12' N.
Lat, and 37° 23' and 44° 42' B. Lon. Agriculture, c. 'tile-breeding, the
fisheries, and the cultivation of the vine, constitute t le principal occu
pation of the Don-Cossacks. Their mode of life is in general very
simple and frugal, and the enjoyment of civil freedon has given thera
an independence of mind, which places them far hig ler in the social
scale than the abject Russian. They are proverbial y hospitable and
cheerful, but violent when excited, and, although tbey consider tho
plunder of their eneray lawful in war, theft is almost unknown among
them. Pop. 529,083. (P. C.) New Tcherkask is their capital. Lat.
47° 24' N., Lon. 39° 57' E. Pop. between 11,000 and 12,000. (P. C.)
DoNAGHADEE, dou^-a-Hi-dee', a t of Ireland, in the co. of Down, on
the coast of the Irish Channel, where packets are established for the
conveyance of the mails to and from Port Patrick, in Scotland, which
is 21 m. distant. Lat 54° 38' N., Lon. 5° 34' W. Pop. in 1831, 2,986.
(P C.)
DoNc'-.AS-TER, (Lat Da'num ; Saxon Dona Coaster,) a handsome t.
of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Don, a branch of
the Aire, 32 m. S. by W. of York. Pop. 10,455.
Don^-e-gIl', a CO. in the prov. of Ulster, occupying the N. W. ex
tremity of Ireland. Pop. in 1831, 289,149. (P. C.)

188 DON— DOU
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^ m Jt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ;
Donegal, a t ofthe above co., situated near the head ofa bay of tho
same narae. Lat. 54° 39' N., Lon. 8° 6' W.
Don'-oo-la, a prov. of Upper Nubia, extending along the banks of
the Nile, from about 18° to 19° 30' N. Lat, (P. C.) Its length is ahout
150 ra. ; its breadth raay be considered as extending no farther than the
strip of productive land on each side of the river, which is from 1 m. to
3 m. wide ; beyond this is the desert. The principal town is Mar-ag'-
ga or New Dongola, in Lat. 19° 9' N. Old Dongola is farther S. ; it
was formerly a considerable town, but is now almost deserted.
Dor'-ches-ter, (called by the Romans Durnovaria and Durinum ;
Saxon Dornceaster, probably a corruption of Durini Castra, i. e. the
" Station of Durinum,") a t of England, cap. of Dorsetshire, 112 m, S.
by W. from London. Lat 50°43'N., I.K)n.2° 26' W. Pop., including
an area of 3 sq. m,, 3,249.
Dorchester, a co. in the S. E. part of Md., bordering on the Chesa
peake Bay and state of Del. Pop. 18,843. Co. t. Cambridge.
DoR-DogNE', (Fr. pron. doR^-dofi',) a r. in the S. of Prance, which
rises in the dep. of Puy de Dome, and, flowing in a general westerly
direction, unites wilh the Garonne, at Bourg (Boor), about 15 m. below
Bordeaux, to form the Gironde. Its whole length is nearly 250 m., for
more than 130 of which it is navigable.
Dordogne, a dep. in the S. W. part of France, deriving its name
from the above river, by which it is intersected. Pop. 487,502. (B.)
Capital, Perigueux.
Dordrecht, doRt'-reKt, or Dort, an ancient city of S. Holland, on an
i. formed by the Meuse, 12 ra. S. B. of Rotterdam. It was the birth
place of Gerard Vossius and the brothers Dewit Lat. 51° 49' N.,
Lon. 4° 40' E. Pop. estimated at 17,000. (B.)
Dornoch, dor'-noK, a small t in the N. of Scotland, in the co. of
Sutherland, on a frith of the same name. Lat. 57° 52' N., Lon. 4°
2' W.
Dorpat, doR'-pSt', or Dorpt, a t in the Russian govemment of Li
vonia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Great Embach
(em'-biK), which is navigable from this place to its entrance into the
Peipus. It has several institutions, among which may be cited its
flourishing university, attended by about 580 students, and possessmg
a library of near 60,000 vols. Lat 58° 22' N., Lon. 26° 43' E. Pop.
in 1833, 10,802. (P. C.)
Dor'-sbt-shire, a co. in the S. of Eno-land, bordering on the English
Channel. Pop. 175,043.
DouAi or DouAY, doo^-i', an ancient fortress and commercial t. of
France, in the dep. of Nord, on the r. Scarpe, a branch of the Scheldt
and on a canal, by which it comraunicates vvith the principal places of
the dep. and of the Low Countries. It has an academie universitaire,
a royal college, and several other institutions for education. Lat 50°
21' N., Lon. 3° 4' E. Pop. 19,000. (B.)
Doubs, doobz, a r. in the E. of France, which rises in the dep. to

DOU— DOW 189
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
which it gives its name, and, after a very circuitous course of about
210 ra., falls into the Saone, at Verdun.
Doubs, a dep. in the E. part of France, on the above r., and border
ing on Switzerland. Pop. 276,274. (B.) Capital, Besangon.
Doug'-las, a seaport, and the largest t. in the Isle of Man, on the
S. E." coast! Lat. 54° 10' N., Lon. 4° 26' W. Pop. 8,647.
Douro, doo'-ro, (Port pron. do'-Ro; Sp. Duero, doo--i/-ro; the Du'-
rius ofthe ancient Romans ;) one ofthe principal rivers ofthe Spanish
peninsula, which rises in the N. part of the prov. of Soria, in Old Cas
tile, and flowing, for the mosl part, in a westerly direction, passes
through Portugal, and empties itself into the Atlantic, in about 41° 10'
N. Lat. Its whole course is nearly .500 ra.
Do'-VER (Lat. Du'bris ; Saxon, Dwyr ; Fr. Douvres, doovR) ; a t of
England, and one of the Cinque Ports, situated in the co. of Kent 72 m.
E. S. E. of London. From its proximity to the continent Dover has
long been the usual port of embarkation or landing, for persons going
to, or coming frora France. (See Calais.) Lat. 51° 8' N., Lon. 1° 19'
E. Pop. 13,872.
Dover, the cap. of Strafford co., N. H., on the Coche'co r., an affluent
of the Piscataqua, 12 ra. N. N. W. of Portsmouth. Lat. 43° 13' N.,
Lon. 70° 54' W. Pop. 6,458.
Dover, the cap. of the state of Delaware, on Jones's Creek, about
9 m. from its entrance into Delaware Bay. Lat. 39° 10' N., Lon. 75°
30' W. Pop. 3,790.
Dover, Strait of. See English Channel.
¦ Do'-vre-fi-eld' (Norw. Daavrefield, do^-vre-fyeld'), a ridge of moun
tains in Norway, situated between 6"2° and 63° N. Lat. Commencing
on or near the boundary between Norway and Sweden, it runs south
westerly, and, along with another chain, divides Norway into North
and South. The narae is derived from Daavre (d6'-vreft), a small vil
lage, near 62° N. Lat, and 9° 20' E. Lon., and field or fjeld, a " moun
tain ridge." The appellation of Dovrefield is often incorrectly applied
to the whole chain of raountains which divide Norway frora Sweden.
The highest peak of these mountains, the Skagstols Tind, has an ele
vation of about 8,400 ft. above the level of the sea.
Dowlatabad, dou'-la-ta-bid', a strongly fortified t of Hindostan, in
the prov. of Aurungabad. The fort consists of an enormous insulated
mass of 'granite, standing a mile and a half from any hill, and rising to
the height of 500 ft. The pa.ssage into tbe fort is cul oul of the solid
rock, and can be entered by only one person at a time, in a stooping
posture. From this entrance, the passage, still cut through the rock,
is winding and very narrow, and is obstructed by sevp'-l doors. Al
together, the place is so strong, that a very small numoer of persons
within, might bid defiance to a numerous army. Lat. 19° 54' N., Lon.
75° 5' E.
Down, a oo. in the N. E. part of Ireland, bordering on the sea. Pop.
m 1831, 352,012. (P. C.)

190 DOW— DRO
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m*, mJt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nJt ; 66, as in good;
Down-pat'-rick, a t of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., 72 m. N.
by E. of Dublin. Lat. 54° 19' N., Lon. 5° 43' W. Pop. in 1831, 4,784.
Draguignan, dri^-gheen*-yiN', a t of France, cap. of the dep. of Var,
about 60 m. E. N. E. of Marseilles. Lat 43° 32 N., Lon. 6° 30' E.
Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Drammen, drim'-m?n, a seaport t. of Norway, situated on a broad
and irapetuous r. of the same name, which discharges its waters into
the Gulf of Christiania. It has an extensive trade in timber, and a
greater number of vessels enter its port than any other in Norway. (B.)
Lat. 59° 44' N., Lon. 10° 12' B. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.)
Drave (Lat. Dra'vus ; Ger. Drau, drou ; Slavonian, Drava, dri'-vi);
a r. of the Austrian empire, which rises in the eastern part of Tyrol,
and, flowing south-easterly, falls into the Danube, about 13 m. below
Eszek, in Croatia. Its whole length is near 400 m.
Drenthe, dren'-teh, a small prov. in the B. part of Holland, border
ing on the kingdora of Hanover.
Dres'-den, the cap. ofthe kingdom of Saxony, and one of the hand
somest towns of Europe, is situated on both sides of the Elbe, about
225 m. N. N. W. of Vienna, in the midst of a rich and delightful coun
try. It is divided into three parts; on the left bank of tlie Elbe is
Dresden Proper, or the Old Town (Alt-stadt), and Fredericstown (Frie-
derichs-stadt), separated from it by the Weiseritz (wi'-zer-its), a sraall
stream which flows into the Elbe at this place : the New Town (Neu-
stadl), stands on the right bank of the river, which is here 480 ft. wide.
Among the remarkable buildings which Dresden contains, may be men
tioned the new Catholic church, which is regarded as the finest edifice
in the place, and one of the handsomest churches in Germany. Dres
den is distinguished by the number and character of its institutions for
the promotion of the arts, sciences, and literature. The gallery of
paintings, in this city, is one of the most extensive and most costly in
the world ; and the Royal Public Library contains more than 2"20,000
vols. There is also a college of medicine and surgery, founded in
1816 ; an academy of painting and architecture ; a superb collection
of precious stones, pearls, works in jewelry, &c., which is valued at
nearly a million sterling; and a collection of ancient and modern wea-
pons,'&c. Lat 51° 3' N., Lon. 13° 43' E. Pop. estimated al above
70,000. (B.)
Dreux, dru/j, (Ane. Durocas'ses, afterwards Dro'cae,) a t. of France,
in the dep. of Eure and Loire, 41 ra. W. by S. from Paris. Lat 48°
43' N., Lon. 1° 21' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,166. (P. C.)
Drin, dreen, or Drino, dree'-no, a r. of Albania, which flows into a
gulf of the sarae name, on the S. E. coast of the Adriatic, in Lat 41°
42' N. Its length is about 150 m.
Drogheda, drJh'-ne-dij, a seaport t near the E. coast of Ireland, in
the prov. of Leinster, situated on the Boyne, about 30 m. N. of Dublin.
The town, with its liberties, forms what is called the county of the town
of Drogheda. It was formerly a place of considerable importance, and
many ofthe Irish parliaments were held here, particularly during the

DRO— DUB 191
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; s, neany like ng.
15th century. The pop. of the co., which contains an area of above
9sq,m., was, in 1831, 17,365. (P.C.)
Drohobicz, dro'-ho-bich\ or Dro'-ho-vitsch\ a flourishing t of Aus
trian Galicia, with extensive salt-works. Lat. 49° 22' N., Lon. 23° 35'
E. Pop. in 1826, 11,290. (B.)
Droitwich, droit'-ich, a sraall t. of England, in Worcestershire, 6 m.
N. N. B. of Worcester, iraportant on account of its salt springs. A
canal, 6ra. in length, connects it wilh the Severn.
Drome, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on the Rhone,
and intersected by a small stream of the same name. Pop. 305,499.
(B.) Capital, Valence.
Drontheim, dront'-ira, (Norw. Troniem, tro'-nl-em, and Trondhiem
or Trondjem, IrAnd'-yem,) a city of Norway, formerly cap. of a prov.
ofthe same name, and once the residence of the Norwegian kings, on
the bay of Trondhiem, by which it is almost surrounded. The houses
are chiefly built of wood. Drontheim has a college, a royal academy
of sciences, a public library, &c. Lat 63° 26' N., Lon. 10° 23' E.
Pop. 12,000. (B.)
Dau'-gEs (Arab. Do-rooz'), a people who inhabit the chain of Libanus,
in Syria, being under the government of their own chiefs, and possess
ing a religion peculiar to themselves. Their vernacular tongue ds
Arabic. Little is known of their religion, as raany of its doctrines and
rites are kept profoundly secret. Should anyone of the Druses reveal
the mysteries of his religion, he would incur the penalty of death. All
agree in representing these people as industrious, brave, and hos
pitable. Dub' -LIN, a co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster, and bordering on
the sea. Pop. in 1831, exclusive of the city, 176,012. ¦
Dublin, (Ane. Ebla'na), the chief city of Ireland, forraing, by itself,
a county, called the county ofthe city of Dublin. It is situated on both
sides of the r. Liffey, at its entrance into the Bay of Dublin. This town
may be ranked among the handsomest in the United Kingdom, hoth as
regards the character of its buildings and its situation, which is in a
high degree picturesque. Araong the various scientific and literary
institutions of Dublin, may be mentioned the University, which is one
of the most richly endowed in Europe ; the number of students on the
books in 1838, was about 2,000 : tbe School of Natural Sciences, in
which six diflerent professors give gratuitous lectures on various scien
tific subjects : and the Royal Hibernian Society of painting, sculpture,
and architecture. There are few cities in which charitableinstitutions
are more numerous, or better supported, than in Dublin. Besides the
various establishments for the relief of the sick and indigent, there are
199 charitable schools, in 34 of which the scholars are lodged, hoarded,
clothed, &c. Dublin is the seat of an archbishopric both ofthe church
of Rome and of England. Lat. of the Observatory 53° 23' 13" N., Lon.
6° 20' 30" W. Pop. 204,1.5.5. (P.C.)
Di'BNO, doob'-no, a t of European Russia, in Volhynia, the cap. of a

192 DUB— DUM
Fite, fir, fill, fat; m^, mSt; pine or pine, pin; ni, nit; 66 aaingood;
circle of the same narae. Lat. .50° 25' N., Lon. 25° 40' E. Pop. about
5,700, of which a great number are Jews. (P. C.)
Du-Bois', a CO. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the E. fork of the
White r. Pop. 3,632. Co. t Jasper.
Du BuquE, du book', [oo as in moon,] a co. in the E. part of Iowa,
bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 3,059. Co. t Dubuque.
Duck River, a r. in Tenn., which flows into the Tennessee r. from
the E.
Dud'-ley, a t of England, in Worcestershire, 26 m. N. N. E. of Wor
cester. This town derives ils origin and name from Dodo, a Saxon
prince, who built here a strong castle, about the year 700. The prin
cipal occupation of the inhabitants consists in the smelting and working
of iron ore, with which the whole neighbourhood abounds, as well as
with coal. Pop. 17,077.
DuisBURG, doo'-is-booRG^ a t. belonging to the kingdom of Prussia,
the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated near the right bank of
the Rhine, which once washed -its walls. It is said to derive its name
from the Teutones, who had a carap on this spot ; it was called, by the
Romans, Castrum Deusonis. A forest, in the vicinity, is mentioned
by Tacitus, under the name of Saltus Teutoburgensis. Duisburg baa
Mcenlly been declared a free port Lat. 51° 26' N., Lon. 6° 46' E.
Pop. 4,400. (B.)
IDuke's, a CO. of Mass., comprising Martha's Vineyard and the adja
cent islands. Pop. 3,958. Co. t Edgartown.
DuLCE, Rio, ree'-o dool'-si, or dool'-thi, a r. of S. America, in the re
public of La Plata, which flows into the Lake of Porongos, in about
30° 10' S. Lat, and 62° W. Lon. The narae Dulce (sweet) is given
to it in contradistinction lo the neighbouring salt rivers, the Salado and
Saladillo (which see).
DuLciGNO, dool-cheen'-yo, soraetiraes written Dolcigxo, (Ane. Olcin'-
iura ; Turk. Of-goon') a seaport t of Albania, situated on the coast of
the Adriatic. Lat. 41° 55' N., Lon. 19° 12' E. The pop., according
to Balbi, is about 2,000, but some other writers estimate it much
higher. DuLwicH, dul'-ich, a village of England, in the co. of Surrey, 5m.
S. E. of London, remarkable for a college founded by Edward Allen, a
comedian, in the reign of James I., which was opened in 1619. A costly
collection of pictures was added lo the college in 1810, by the bequest
of the late Sir Francis Bourgeois.
Dum-bar'-ton, a t of Scotland, the cap. of Dumbartonshire, is situ
ated at the confluence of the Leven with the Clyde, 14 m. W. N. W.
of Glasgow. It is defended by a strong castle, which is srarrisoneu.
Pop. 3,782. .' o s
Dum-bae'-ton-shire, a maritime co. in the W. of Scotland, consist
ing of two detached portions. Pop. 44,296.
Dumfries, dum-freece', a co. in the S. W. part of Scotland, border
ing on Solway Frith. Pop. 72,830.
Dumfries, a t. of Scotland, cap. of the above co., and the seat of a

DUN— DUR 19b
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
presbytery and synod, is beautifully situated on the r. Nith, about 9 m.
from its influx into Solway Frith. Pop. 10,069.
Dun-b.ar', a seaport t. of Scotland, in the co. of Haddington, situated
at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, 27 ra. E. by N. of Edinburgh. It
has a secure harbour, which is defended by a battery. The narae sig
nifies the " Castle of Bar," and originated from its having been be
stowed, in the 9lh century, by Kenneth, king of Scotland, on Bar, a
valiant captain who had signalized hiraself in the war against the
Picts. Pop. 3,013.
Dun-dAlk', a seaport t. of Ireland, the cap. of the co. of Louth, on
a bay of the same name, 46 m. N. of Dublin. Pop. 10,078. (M.)
Dun-dee', a seaport t and royal burgh of Scotland, in the shire of
Forfar, situated on the N. side of the Frith of Tay,* about 36 m. N. by E.
of Edinburgh. This town is the chief seat of the British linen raanufac
ture ; the business commenced about the raiddle of last century; frora
which time to the present, its increase has heen astonishing. Lat. 56°
27' N., Lon. 2° 58' W. Pop. 60,553, exceeding that of 1831 by more
than 15,000.
Dunfermeline, dum-fer'-lin, a manufacturing t of Scotland, in Fife
shire, 15 m. N. W. of Edinburgh, and 2i m. N. of the Frith of Forth.
Pop. of the parish, 20,217, of which 7,865 belong to the town.
Dun-gan'-non, a t. of Ireland, in Tyrone co. Lat 54° 31' N., Lon.
6° 46' E.
DuNKELD, ordinarily pronounced dun-kell', a sraall t of Scotland, in
Perthshire, situated on the N. bank of the r. "Tay, about 25 m. W. N. W.
of Dundee. It is said to have been the capital of ancient Caledonia.
Pop. 1,096.
Dun'-kirk, (Fr. Dunkerque, duN^-k^Rk',) a seaport t bf France, in the
dep. of Nord, about 150 m. N. of Paris. It is said to owe its origin to
a chapel founded by St. Eloi, which, from its situation among the sandy
downs ofthe coast, took the name of Dun-kirk, i. e. the "church ofthe
downs." This place was declared a free port in 1816, which has con
siderably increased its commercial prosperity. By means of the canal
of Furnes, it communicates wilh the several canals which intersect
Belgium. Lat. 51° 2' N., Lon. 2° 23' E. Pop. 25,000. (B.)
Du Page, a co. near the N. E. extremity of 111., W. of Chicago. Pop.
3,535. Du'-PLiN, a CO. in the S. E. part of N. C, intersected hy the N. branch
of Cape Fear r. Pop. 11,182. Co. t Kenansville.
Durance, dii^-raNce', (Ane. Druen'tia,) a r. in the S. E. part of
France, which flows into the Rhone a little below Avignon.
Durango, doo-ring'-go, a t. of Mexico, the cap. of a state of the
same name, situated in a wide plain. Lat. about 24° 28' N.-, Lon. 105°
W. Pop. estimated at 2.5,000. (B.)
* The name is not improbably a corruption of Dun-Tay, or the "Castle of the
Tay." Buchanan calls it, in Latin, Taodunum, which is equivalent to Dun-Tay.
17

194 DUR— EAS
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good,
DuRAZzo, doo-rit'-Eo, or Duras, doo-ris', (Ane. Dyrrach'ium,) a t on
the coast of Albania, in European Turkey. Lat 41° 19i' N., Lon. 19°
27' E. Pop. estiraated at 5,000.
DU'-REN, formerly called Mahk-DCren, (the Marcodu'rum ofthe
Romans,) a walled t in the Prussian prov. ofthe Rhine, cap. ofa circle
of the same narae, with flourishing raanufactures. Lat. 50° 46' N.,
Lon. 6° 30' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.)
Dor'-bam, a CO. in the N. E. part of England, bordering on the sea
Pop. 324,284.
Durham, a city of England, the cap. of the above, on the banks of
the r. Wear, 67 ra. N. N. W. of York. It is the seat of » university.
Lat. 54° 46' N., Lon. 1° 34' W. Pop., including an area of 16 sq. m.,
14,151. DuRLACH, d66R/-laK, a t of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden,
cap. of a circle of jts own name, formerly the residence of the Mar-
graves'of Baden, is situated about 4 m. S. E. of Carisruhe. Lat 48°
59' N., Lon. 8° 30' E. Pop. 4,400. (B.)
Dt)s'-SEL-DORp\ a t of Germany, belonging to Prussia, the cap. of a
circle of the same name, and, formerly, ofthe grand-duchy of Berg, is
situated on the right bank of the Rhine, at the point where the Diissel
flows into that river, whence the name Diisseldorf) i. e. " village of the
Diissel." It was raised from the rank ofa village to that ofa munici
pal town, by Adolphus V., duke of Berg, in 1288. It is one of the best
built and handsomest towns on the Rhine, and possesses a number of
literary and scientific institutions, besides a public library, containino-
about 30,000 vols. Lat. 51° 14' N., Lon. 6° 47 E. Pop. above 24,000.
(B.) Dutch'-ess, a CO. in the S. E. part of N. Y, E. of and bordering on
the Hudson r. Pop. 52,398. Co. t Poughkeepsie.
Du-vAl', a CO. in the N. B. part of Florida, bordering on the sea.
Pop. 4,156. Co. t Jacksonville.
Duyveland, doi'-vel-int, a. sraall i. of Holland, forming a part ofthe
prov. of Zealand, E. of Schouwen.
Dwi'-N.A, (Russ. Dzwina or Dzvee'-ni,) a large r. in the N. of Rus
sia, which rises in the governraent of Vologda, and, flowing north
westerly, empties itself into the White sea, below Archangel, by several
mouths. Its whole length is computed at 736 m. ; it is navioable fer
240m. Dy'-er, a CO. in the W. partof Tenn., bordering on the Mississippir.
Pop. 4,484. Co. t. Dyersburg.
Dyl, generally written, and always to be pronounced, Dyle, a r. of
Holland, which flows into the Scheldt, about 9 m. above Antwerp.
Early, §r'-le, a co. in the S, W. part of Ga,, bordering on the Chat-
tahoochie r. Pop, 5,444. Co. t Blakeley.
East Indies. See India.
East'-on, the cap. of Northampton co.. Pa., situated at tbe influx of
the Lehigh r. into the Delaware, opposite to the termination of the

EAS— ECU 195
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, neariy like ng.
Morris canal, about 50 m. in a straight line N. from Philadelphia. Pop.
4,865, East'-p6et, a port of entry of Maine, on the W. side of Passama
quoddy Bay, near its junction with the sea. Lat 44° 54' N., Lon. 66°
56' W. Pop. about 2,000.
East River. See Long Island Sound.
East'-ville, a port of entry of Va., cap. of Northampton co., 85 m. in
a straight line E. by S. from Richraond.
Eat'-on, a CO. in the S. part of Mich., bordering on Grand r. Pop.
2,379. Co. t. Bellevue.
E'-bro, (Sp. pron. i'-bro ; Lat. Ibe'rus,) a r. of Spain, which rises
at the foot of the Aslurian mountains, in Old Castile, and, flowing in a
south-easterly direction, falls into the Mediterranean, .in about 40° 42'
N. Lat, and 0° 52' E. Lon. Its whole course is above 400m.
EccLoo, ek-kl6', a t of E. Flanders, 13 m. N. W. of Ghent Pop
above 7,000. (B.)
BciJA, i'the-Ha, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, situated on the r. Genii
(ni-neel'), a branch of the Guadalquivir, about 40 m. E. N. E. of Seville.
Pop. 34,000. (P.C.)
Ecuador, ek-wi-doRe', (i. e. " Equator," so named from its situation,
being intersected, through its whole length, by the equinoctial line,) one
ofthe three republics which, previously lo 1831, constituted the repub
lic of Colombia. (See Colombia.) It is situated between 1° 36' and
4° 55' S. Lat, and 70° 20' and 81° W. Lon.* ; bounded on the N. by
New Granada, E. by Brazil, S. by Peru, and W. by the Pacific. The
area is calculated at 360,000 sq. ra. The climate of Ecuador, as might
be expected, varies considerably in different regions. In the valley of
Quito the seasons are scarcely distinguishable. The mean temperature
of the day, all the year round, is between 60° and 67°, and that of the
night between 48° and 52° of Fahrenheit. The winds blow continu
ally, but never with great violence. During the whole raorning, till I
or 2 o'clock, the weather is generally delightful, and the sky serene ;
but, after this, the vapours begin lo rise, which are followed by dreadful
tempests of thunder and lightning, with torrents of rain. At sunset,
the weather usually clears up, and the nights are as serene as the
mornings. Sometimes, however, the rain continues several days. The
season between September and May is called the winter, and the re
mainder of the year the summer. "The winter is only distinguished by
a somewhat greater quantity of rain, and the summer by a greater
number of fine days. The valley of Quito has a mean ejevatioh of
about 9,600 ft. above the sea, which may account for the climate being
comparatively so cool. In those parts of Ecuador, which lie near the
sea, the thermometer' ranges much higher. The animal and vegetable
productions of this country do not appear to difl'er from those of the
* The limits of this country appear not to be accurately defined. We have given
the latitudes and longitudes according to the maps published by the Society for
the Diifusion of Useful Knowledge,

196 EDE— EDI
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit ; 66, as in good ;
neighbouring regions of S. America. The most coramon fruit-trees are
cherimoyers,* pine-apples, and papayas. There are also extensive
plantations of sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco, and cocoa. Among the
forest-trees is the cinchona, which yields the Peruvian bark. The pop.
of Ecuador is stated, by Balbi, at 6.30,000. Quito is the capital.
E'-den-ton, a port of entry of N. C, cap. of Chowan co., near the
mouth of the Chowan r., at the head of a small bay to which it gives
its name.
Ed'-foo, (Ane. Apollinop'olis Mag'na,) a sraall t of Upper Egypt,
on the left bank of the Nile, remarkable for its teraple, which is one
of the finest and best preserved in Egypt Lat 25° N., Lon. 32°
52' E.
Ed'tGar, a CO. in the B. part of 111., bordering on Indiana. Pop.
8,225. Co. t Paris.
Ed'-gar-ton. a port of entry of Mass., cap. of Duke's co., on the E.
side of Martha's Vineyard.
Edgecombe, ej'-kum. a co. in the N. E. central part of N. C. inter
sected by the Tar r. Pop. 15,708. Co. t. Tarborough.
Edob'-field. a dist. in the S. W. part of S. C, bordering on the Sa
vannah r. Pop. 32,852. Seat of justice. Edgefield c. h.
Edinburgh, ed'-in-bur^-uA, the metropolis of Scotland, is situated in
the northern part of a co. of the same name, about IJ m. from the
Frith of Forth, and 337 m. N. by W. frora London. Edinburgh is
divided, by a valley, into two parts, the Old and the New Town. The
forraer is irregularly built, the streets are narrow, and some of them
are very dirty. In this part, the houses have sometimes 12 and even 14
stories. The New Town, on the other hand, is built with great regu
larity, wilh wide and handsome streets, and will bear a comparison
with the finest capitals of Europe. Among the remarkable edifices of
Edinburgh, we may mention the palace of Holyrood, tlie ancient resi
dence of the Scottish kings ; and the castle, situated at the westem
extremity of the Old Town, on a rugged rock which rises on three
sides, from a level plain, abruptly, to a height varying from 150 to
200 ft. In some parts, the precipice is perpendicular, and even over
hangs its base. The summit is crowned with military works, which,
contrasted with the siiblime and rocky scenery beneath, give an aspect
to the whole inexpressibly grand and romantic. The castle, with its
works, occupies an area of 7 acres, and is separated from the town by
an open space nearly 300ft. square. Edinburgh has several noble charita
ble institutions, among which may be cited the Royal Infirmary, Heriot's
Hospital, the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Asylum for
the Blind. The multitude of its learned societies, its celebrated uni
versity, orte of the first in Europe, the various and important publica
tions which are continually issuing from its presses, and its numerous
• The cherimoyer is the anona rherimolia of naturalists, a downy-leaved species
of anona, said to bear a great resemblance to the custard-apple of the West
Indies.

EDI— EGY 197
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
periodicals, among which the " Edinburgh Review" is especially dis
tinguished, appear fully to justify the appellation of "the modern
Athens," which has frequently been bestowed upon the Scottish capi
tal. The name of Edinburgh is supposed by some to be derived frora
Edwin, a king of Northuraberland, in the time ofthe Heptarchy. This
derivation is supported by the fact that the town was anciently called
Edwinesburg or Edwinesburch. The castle of Edinburgh was long
called by the name of Castellum or Castrum Puellarum, i. e. the
" maidens' castle," in consequence, it is said, of its having been the
residence of the daughters of the Pictish kings. Lat. of the Observa
tory, 55° 57' 23" N.. Lon. 3° 10' 54" W. Pop. of the city and suburbs,
138,182. Edinburgh or Mid-Lothian, raid-lo'-THe-an, a co. in the S. E. cen
tral part of Scotland, bordering on the Frith of Forth. Entire pop.
22.5,454. Ed'-is-to, a r. of S. C, which flows into the Atlantic, through two
channels, called the S. and N. Edisto inlets. The forraer, which is the
principal one, joins the sea in Lat. 32° 27' N. Edisto Island is situated
between these two arras of the r. Edisto.
Ed'-mond-son, a co. in the S, W. central part of Ky., intersected by
Green r. Pop. 2i914. Co. t Brownsville.
Ed'-wards, a CO. in the S. E. part of III., intersected by the Little
Wabash.' Pop. 3,070. Co. t. Albion.
Ef'-fing-E-AM; a CO. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Ogeechee
and Savannah rivers. Pop. 3.075. Co. t Springfield.
Effingham, a co. in the S. E. central part of 111., intersected by the
Little Wabash. Pop. 1,675. Co. t. Ewihglon.
Eg'-er (Ger. pron. i'-oer), a r. of Bohemia, which flows into the
Elbe. Bger (in Boheraian Cheb, Keh), the third t in point of pop. in the
kingdom of Bohemia, on the right bank of the river ofthe same name.
It contains a gymnasium, and several other institutions for education.
About 3 ra. from this place are some warm mineral springs, and an
establishment for bathing, which are much frequented during summer.
Many thousand bottles ofthe water are annually exported. The cele
brated Wallenstein was assassinated in Eger, in 1634. Lat. 50° 5' N.,
Lon. 12° 24' E. Pop. above 9,000. (B.)
E'-GYPT (Gr. AvyvTttoi; ; Lat. jEgyp'tus ; Hebrew, Mizr or Mizraim ;
Arab. Misr or Musr ; Coptic, Cham or Khem) ; a county occupying
the N. E. part of Africa, situated between 24° 8' and 31*32' N. Lat,
bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, B. hy the little r. El Arish,
on the border of Palestine, the desert of Idumea and the Red Sea, S.
by Nubia, its southern limit, frora the oldest time, having been fixed at
the cataracts of Asswan (Assouan), 'and W. by the Libyan desert. Its
length, from N. to S., is about 520 m. ; its breadth is diffiicult to deter
mine ; if it he considered to extend from the Red Sea to the most west
erly of the oases belonging to Egypt it will amount to between 300
17*

198 EGY
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good;
and 400 m. Egypt maybe regarded as essentially consisting of the
valley of the Nile and the Delta, as these are the only parts, except
the oases, where there is a settled population. Following the windings
ofthe river, the length of the valley of the Nile, from Asswan to the
southern extremity of the Delta, is about 500 m. The breadth varies
considerably, but it is seldora raore than ten miles, and in many places,
especially in Upper Egypt, is not two, including the breadth of the
river, which varies froni 2,000 to 4,000 ft. This valley is bounded on
both sides by a ridge of rocky hills, which rise in some places more
than 1,000 ft. above the level of the river. The cultivable land does
not extend on either side of the Nile to the base of this ridge. Between
the narrow tract, which is fertilized by tbe overflowing of the river, or
by artificial irrigation, and the neighbouring mountains, there is a strip
of drifting sand, which, in many places, appears.to encroach upon the
cultivated ground. The mountain ridges, which enclose the Nile, as
above described, separate near Cairo ; the eastern one leaves the valley
first and, turning ofl' abruptly, runs towards the N. extremity of the
Red' Sea. Afterwards the r. enters a wide and low plain, which, from
its triangular form, received from the Greeks the name of Delta. (See
Delta.) Here the Nile divides into two branches, that of Rosetta and
that of Damiat Anciently the right side of the Delta was formed by
the Pelusiac branch, which detaching itself from the river higher up,
flowed to Pelusium, at the E. extreraity of Lake Menzaleh. This
branch is now, in a great measure, choked up. though it still serves
partly for purposes of irrigation. The river at Rosetta is 1,800 fl:.
wide, and at Damietta (Damiat), about 800. The extreme length of
the Delta, from N. to S., is about 100 ra. ; the distance from Rosetta to
the Damiat mouth is about 84 ra. The Delte, however, must be re
garded as extending in breadth considerably beyond these limits, and
may properly be said to include all that tract below the termination of
the valley of the Nile, which is irrigated by that river, or by the various
canals which are connected with it
Egypt is commonly divided by geographers of the present day into
three regions ; viz., Bahari (bin'-ree), or Maritime, Vostam (vos-ti'-
nee), or Wustanee, or Middle, and Said (si*-eed'), or Upper Egypt
Bahari corresponds with the division ordinarily called Lower I§ypt,
which comprises the whole of the Delta, including Cairo and its envi
rons. Vostani or Middle Egypt is understood to extend from the neigh
bourhood of Cairo to near 27° 30' N. Lat. ; while Said comprehends all
the remainder of the country, as far S. as the cataracts of the Nile.
The entire area of that portion of Egypt which is susceptible of culti
vation, is computed at 17,000 sq.m. The climate of this country,
during the greater part of the year, is salubrious. The exhalations
however, which rise from the soil after the inundations, render the
latter part of autumn less healthy than the other seasons of the year.
Rain is a very uncommon occurrence in Middle and Upper Egypt; the
only supply of water for the animal and vegetable kingdoms which can
be relied on, being derived from the Nile. In Lower Egypt, along the

EHR— EIC 199
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Mediterranean coast, showers are not unfrequent during the winter
season. Without attempting to give even an outline of the history of this
country, the most ancient abode of civilization respecting which we
have any distinct and satisfactory information, and which holds so im
portant a place in the history of all the more powerftil nations of anti
quity, we will raerely state, that Egypt was conquered by'the Saracens,
under tlie caliphate of Omar, about the year 638 ; afterwards, in 1517,
it fell into the hands of the Turks, to whom it was subject, at least
nominally, till the French invasion in 1798. Bonaparte look posses
sion ofthe country, under the pretence of delivering it frora the tyranny
of the Meralooks. These constituted a sort of military aristocracy,
formidable to their Turkish rulers, and most oppressive towards the
common people. After the French were expelled by the English, in
1801; Egypt again carae into the possession of the 'Turks, and again
the Meralooks displayed their insubordination, and exercised their
tyranny. At last the present pasha, Blehemet Aii, contrived to collect
most of the beys, with their principal officers, within the citadel of
Cairo, under pretence of an entertainment where he had them all mas
sacred, in March, 1811. The power of the present ruler, though
founded in perfidy and violence, has, on the whole, been exercised with
justice and wisdom. That ambition and those abilities which have
raised him lo the independent sovereignty of Egypt and the neighbour
ing parts of Asia, have been laudably directed towards the political and
intellectual amelioration of his people. He is said to administer impar
tial justice to all his subjects, without regard to race or religion. He
has established regular judicial courts and a good police, has done
away with torture and other barbarous punishments, and has promoted
instruction, by establishing schools and colleges , for the arts and
sciences, ajid for military and naval tactics. He has endeavoured,
with some success, to remove the prejudices of his subjects against the
arts and learning of Europe, and to introduce the European improve
ments in manufactures and machinery. The govemment of Egypt,
however, is still absolute, in the strictest sense of the word, though the
present pasha has chosen to govern, for the raost part, according to
forras and regulatiofls which he hiraself has established. The pop. is
estimated at 2,000,000. (P. C.) Cairo is the capital. — Adj. and inhab.
Egyptian, e-jip'-shun; (Arab. Mus'-ree.)
Bhbenbreitstein, i'-ren-brite'-stine, an important and celebrated
fortress of Germany, in the Prussian prov. ofthe Lower Rhine, situated
on the right bank of the Rhine, opposite to Coblentz, on the summit of
a rugged and precipitous rock, which rises 772 ft. above the level ofthe
river. At its base stands the little t. of Thal-Ehrenbreitstein (tiil
i^-ren-brite'-stine) ; i. e. the " Ehrenbreitstein of the valley," with a
pop. of 2,400. (B.) Ehrenbreitstein is connected with Coblentz, by a
bridge of boats, and is usually regarded as one of the suburbs of that
city. EichstSdt, iKe'-stfett, a walled t of Bavaria, situated on the Alt-

200 BIL— ELB
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, n6t ; 66 as in good;
mlihl. It is said to have been founded in the middle ofthe eighth cen
tury, by St WiUibald, who, in order to erect the cathedral and the
adjacent dwellings for his clergy, cleared an area covered with oaks;
whence the name of Eichstadt, or Oaktown. Lat. 48° 53' N., Lon.
11° 10' B. Pop. 7,000. (B.)
BiLBNBURG, i'-len-b66BG', a t of Germany, belonging to Prussia,
situated on the Mulde (m661'-deft). Lat 51° 23' N., Lon. 12° 37' E.
Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Eimbeck, irae'-bek, a walled t of Gerraany, in Hanover. Lat. 51°
48' N., Lon. 9° 51' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Eisenach, i'-zen-iK, a walled t of Gerraany, cap. of a principality
of the sarae name, belonging to the grand-duchy of Saxe- Weimar : it
has a gymnasium and several other institutions for education. Lat. 50°
59'N.,Lon. 10°20'E.
BiSENSTADT, i'-zen-stitt^, (Hung. Kis-Mirtony, kish miaR-ton,) a
royal free t. of Hungary, about 26 m. S. E. of Vienna, remarkable for
the handsorae palace of Prince Esterhazy, and for its magnificent
botanic garden, one of the finest in the world. Lat. 47° 50' N., Lon.
16° 32' E. Pop. about 3,000. (B.)
EisLEBEN, iCe'-li-ben, a t of Prussian Saxony, formerly the cap. of
the earldom of Mansfeldj situated about 40 m. Vv^. N. W. of Leipsic.
Luther was born here, in 1483, and died here, in 1546 ; but neither his
parents nor himself had a permanent residence in this place. Lat 51°
33' N., Lon. 11° 32' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.)
Ekatarinburg, 4k-i'-ti-reen-booRg\ (Catharine's burg,) an important
t of Russia, in the government of Perra, founded by Peter the Great in
1723, and naraed in honour of his consort It is on the high road from
Russia into Siberia. In the neighbourhood of this town are situated a
great nuraber of gold mines, which, together with those of the govern
ment of Orenburg, yield a greater quantity of this precious metal than
the mines of any other country in the known world. (B.) Considerable
quantities of platinum are also found in these regions. Ekatarinburg
is fortified and regularly built though the houses are mostly of wood;
it has several literary and scientific institutions, and a number of hand
some stone edifices. Lat 56° 50' N., Lon. 60° 43' E. Pop. about
11,000. (P. C.)
Ekatarinoslaf, fik-i^-ti-reen^-os-liP, an archiepiscopal t of Russia,
cap. of a government of the same name, situated on the right bank
of the Dnieper. The first stone was laid by the empress Catharine II.,
in 1787. Lat. 48° 27' N.,^ Lon. 35° E. Pop. 1'2,000. (P. C.)
Elatma, 41-if-mi, or Yel-il'-mi, a t of European Russia, in the go
vernraent of Tambof, situated on the r. Oka. In its vicinity are exten
sive iron works. Lat. ahout 54° 50' N., Lon. 41° 20. Pop. about
6,000. (P. C)
El'-b-A (the Il'va of the Romans), an i. in the Mediterranean, near
the coast of Tuscany, situated between 4'2° 43' and 42° 52' N. Lat,
and between 10° 6' and 10° 27' E. Lon. Length about 18 m. ; great
est breadth about 10 m. This island is remarkable for having been tha

ELB— ELI 201
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
residence of Napoleon, after his flrst abdication, frora May, 1814, to
February, 1815. Elba belongs to the grand-duchy of Tuscany. The
pop. is about 13,500. (P. C.) Porto Ferrajo (fSr-ri'-o), on the N. coast,
the cap. ofthe island, is a strongly fortified town, and has abput 2,000
inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 42° 49' N., Lon. 10° 20' E.
Elbe (Gerpron.el'-beA; Anc.Al'bis),a r.of Germany, which rises in the
Riesengebirge or Giant Mountains of Bohemia, and, flowing in a gene
ral north-westerly direction, falls into the North Sea, in about Lat. 54°
N., and Lon. 8° 40' E. Its whole length is about 710 m., and it is
navigable about 470 m. The average breadth is computed at 900 ft. ;
near its mouth, however, it is several miles wide.
Elberfeld, el'-ber-f&lt\ the cap. of a circle of the same name, and
one of the mast flourishing manufacturing and coraraercial towns in the
Prussian dominions, is situated on the Wupper, a tributary ofthe Rhine,
25 ra. N. by-E. frora Cologne. Among its public institutions, we may
mention a gyranasiura, a museum, a. societv of the arts and sciences,
&c. Lat. 51° 15' N., Lon. 7° 10' B. In the' raiddle of the last century,
Elberfeld was an insignificant place ; at present it contains a pop. of
ahout 24,200. (P. C.)
El'-bert, a CO. in the N. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r.
Pop. 11,125. Co. t Elberton.
Elbeuf, er-huf, a t of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, on the r.
Seine. Lat. 49° 17' N., Lon. 0° 59' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
El'-bing, a commercial I. of W. Prussia, cap. ofa circle ofthe same
name, is situated on the r. Elbing, about 6 m, S. of its entrance into the
Frische See, and 32 m. E, S. E. of Dantzic. This town was founded
by the Teutonic knighte about the year 1229; and in the 14th and 15th
centuries it was a member of the Hanseatic league. Lat 54° 9' N.,
Lon. 19° 23' E. Pop. above 20,000. (B.)
Elchb, el'-chi, (Ane. Il'ici,) a t of Valencia, Spain. Lat. 38° 15'
N.; Lon. 0° 44' W. Pop. 19,000. (B.)
Elte-phan'-ta, a sraall i, on the W. coast of Hindostan, between
Bombay and the Mahratta shore, remarkable for a colossal image of
an elephant cut out of the solid rock. This image has heen split in
two, apparently by means of gunpowder. At some distance from it, a.
cave has been discovered, which is, in fact, a teraple cut out of the
rock. At what tirae, or by whora these works were executed, is not
known. Elg'-in, a t of Scotland, cap. of Elginshire, situated near the little r.
Lossie, about 5 ra. above its influx into the Gerraan Ocean. Lat. 57°
39'N., Lon. 3°2'2' W. Pop. 3,9U.
ElgZ-in-shire or Morayshire, a co. in the N. E. part of Scotland,
bordering on Moray Frith. Pop. 35,012.
Elisabetgrad, irliz^-i-bk-grid', or Yel-is^-a-vet-grid', a t. of Eu
ropean Russia, in the prov. of Kherson, cap. of a circle of the sarae
name, important on account of its fortificatipns and arsenal. Lat. 48°
30' N., Lon. 32° 28' E. Pop. about 12,000. (P. C)

202 ELI— EMS
Fite fir, fill, fit; mi, mlt; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 asingood;
Elizabeth City, a co. in the E. part of Va., on the Chesapeake Bay,
at the mouth of James r. Pop. 3,706. Co. t. Harapton.
Elizabeth City, a port of entry of N. C, cap. of Pasquotank co., on
Ihe r. Pasquotank, 20 m. from ils mouth. Pop. about 2,t)00.
Elk, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Pa., on the sources of the W.
branch of the Susquehanna.
Elk'-hart, a CO. in the N. part of Ind., bordering on Michigan. Pop.
6,680. Co. t Goshen.
Eixs'-woRTH, a port of entry of Maine, cap. of Hancock co., on
Union r., at the head of tide water, 22 m. in a straight line N. E. of
Castine. El^-sin-ore' or ElsineuS (Dan. Hef-sing-o'-er), an important seaport
t. of Denmark, in the N. E. part of tbe island of Zealand, at the nar
rowest part of the strait between the Cattegat and the Baltic. It is
al this place that the Danish government collects certain dues on every
vessel passing throiigh the sound. Lat 56° 2' N., Lon. 12° 33' E.
Pop. 7,000. (B.)
El'-vas, a. fortified t of Portugal, in Alentejo, about 11 m. W. of
Badajoz,, in Spain. Lat 38° 53' N., Lon. 6° 57 W. Pop. about
10,000. (B.)
E'-LY, a small I. named the City of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, England,
in a fenny district called the Isle of Ely,* 16 m. N. N. E. of Cambridge.
E-man'-u-el, a CO. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Ogeechee r.
Ppp. 3,129. Co. t Swainsborough.
Em'-brun' or iM'-bruN', (Ane. Ebrodu'nura,) a fortified t. of France,
in the dep. of Upper Alps. Before the French revolution, it was the
seat of an archbishopric. Lat. 44° 34' N., Lon. 6° 26' E. Pop. in
1832, 2,392. (P. C.)
Em'-den or Embden, a fortified and walled t of Hanover, a little
below the entrance of the Ems into the Dollart a bay of the German
Ocean, and connected with that river by a canal two miles long,
called the Delf canal. It is the principal commercial place in Hanover.
Among its literary and scientific institutions, mav be mentioned a gym
nasium and a society' of natural history. Lat. 53° 22' N., Lon. 7°' 11'
B. Pop. about 12,500. (P. C.)
Emes.4.. See Homs.
Emmerich, em'-mer-iK, or Emrich, a walled t of Germany, belong
ing lo Prussia, on the Rhine. It was formerly in the Hanseatic league,
and has recently been declared a free port. Lat 51° 50' N., Lon. 6°
15' B. Pop. 5,000, (B.)
Emmet (Tonedagana), a co. at the N. extremity of the southern
peninsula of Mich.
Ems, a r. in the N. W. part of Germany, which flows into the Dollart
Its whole length is estimated at 210 m.
• The name island appears to have formerly been applied to any spot elevated
above the general level of the fens, in this and other parts of England.

ENG— ERF 203
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Bnohien, iN^-ghe^-iN, a t of Belgiura, in the prov. of Hainault, 22 m.
S. W. of Brussels. Pop. near 4,000. (B.)
England, ing'-gland, (originally, Engla-land, i. e. the land of the
Angles, Aengles, or Bugles,) the S. part of the island of Great Britain,
situated between 55° 47' and 49° 574' N. Lat, and between 1° 46' E.
and 5° 42' W. Long. ; bounded on the N. by Scotland, N. E. and B. by
the North Sea, S. by the English Channel, and W. by the Atlantic,
Wales, and the Irish Channel. Its length, from N. to S., from Ber
wick to St. Alban's Head, is about 368 m. ; its greatest breadth, frora
Land's End to the most eastern part of Kent, is about 311m. The
area amounts to 50,387 sq. m. The pop., according to the census of
1841, was 14,995,138. England is divided into 40 counties. The capi
tal is London. (See Great Britain.) — Adj. English, ing'-glish : inhab.
Eng'-lish-man. English Channel, the narrow sea which separates England from
France. It is above 300 ra. long; at ils narrowest part, in the strait of
Dover, it is only about 20 ra. wide; ils greatest breadth is near 140 ra.
Enkhuizen, enk-hoi'-zen, a t of HoUand, on the W. shore of the
Zuyderzee. Lat. .52° 43' N., Lon. 5° 17' B. The inhabitants, amount
ing to 7,000, are engaged, for the most part m the herring fishery. (B.)
En^-nis-cor'-thy, a t of Ireland, in the co. of Wexford, about 60 m.
S. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 5,955. (P. C.)
En^-nis-kil'-len, the cap. of the co. of Fermanagh, in Ireland, situ
ated on an island in the narrow channel which connects the upper and
lower lakes of Lough Erne, 89 ra. N. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831,
6,056. P. C.)
Ens, a r. of Austria, which flows into the Danube.
Ens, the provinces of the, a name sometimes given to the arch
duchy of Austria. (See Austria, Archduchy of.)
Entre Douro b Minho, en'-tri do-ro (or doo'-ro) i meen'-yo, i. e.
" between the Douro and the Minho," a prov. in theN. W. part of Por
tugal, naraed from its situation, being bounded on the N. by the Minho,
and S. by the Douro; length 73m.; greatest breadth 46m. It is
sometimes simply called " the province of the Minho."
Eperies. i-per'-e-es, (Hung. pron. i-p5r-e-esh,) a fortified royal free
t of Upper Hungary, cap. of the circle " on this side of the Theiss and
of the CO. of Saros (shii'-rosh^). In its vicinity is a celebrated opal
mine. Lat 48° 58' N., Lon. 21° 15' B. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Epernay, i^-p^R'-ni/, a handsorae t of France, in the dep. of Marne,
situated on the r. Marne, 73m. E. by N. of Paris. The ancient name
is said to have been Aquae Perennes, which was first corrupted into
Aixperne, and afterwards into Epernay. Pop. in 1832, 5,318. (P. C.)
Ephesus. See Ayasoolook.
ERfURT, eR'-fboRt, a fortified t of Prussian Saxony, cap. of a circle
ofthe same name, and forraerly of Thuringia, situated on the Gera. It
has a number of literary and' scientific institutions, among which we
may mention a Catholic and a Protestant gymnasium, a higb-school for
girls (hohere Tochterschule), a royal academy of sciences, and a public

204 ERI— ERZ
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit ; 66, as in good ;
library of about 50,000 vols. Lat 50° 59' N., Lon. 11° 4' E. Pop!
above 25,000. (B.)
Bright, W-IkI, a narrow lake of Scotland, in Perthshire, about 14 m.
long. E'-rue, a lake of N. Araerica, situated between 41° 25' and 42° 55
N. Lat, and 78° 55' and 83° 34' W. Lon. Its extreme length is ahout
245 ra.; its greatest breadth is near 60 ra. The circumference is com
puted at 658 m. The surface of the lake is 565 ft. above the level of
the sea, and its greatest depth is about 100 ft. It is connected, by the
r. Detroit, wilh L. Huron, and by tbe Niagara, with L. Ontario.
Erie, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Erie. Pop.
62,465. Co. t. Buffalo.
Erie, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Pa., and bordering on
L. Erie. Pop. 31,344.
Erie, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., is situated on L. Erie,
with a good harbour. Pop. 3,412.
Erie, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 12,.599.
Co. t Huron.
Erivan, Sr-e-vin', a fortified t. in the Russian govemment of Georgia,
formerly belonging to Persia, near tbe frontiers of Persia and Turkey,
situated on the Zanga or Zengin, the outlet of Lake Erivan, which
flows into the river Arras. Lat 40° 5' N., Lon. 44° 30' E. Pop. esti
mated al 14,000. (B.)
Erlangen, ^R'-ling-en, a walled t of Bavaria, with a celebrated
protestant university, founded in 1743. There are, connected with this,
an ecclesiastical seminary, a polytechnic school, a fine chemical labo
ratory, a library of above 100,000 vols., besides other literary and sci
entific establishments. The newer portion of Erlangen may vie with
the best-built towns of Germany. Lat. 49° 36' N., Lon. 11° 4'E. Pop.
about 12,000. (B.)
Erlau, Sr'-Iou, (Hung. Eg'-er; Lat. Ag'ria,) a fortified archiepisco
pal t of Upper Hungary, cap of the co. of Heves (hev-esh), is situated
in the midst of a beantifiil and richly-cultivated country, rather more
than 70 ra. N. N. E. of Pesth. Lat 47° 55' N., Lon. 20° 23' E. Pop.
above 17,000. (B.)
Erne, Lough, 16h ern, a L. of Ireland, situated principally in the
CO. of Ferraanagh. It is usually considered as divided into the Upper
and Lower Lake. The two are connected by a narrow channel, per
haps 7 ra. long, which might properly be called the river Erne. "The
lower lake is about 10 ra. long and 5 m. wide ; the other is not above
lira. long.
Erzroom (Erzrum) or Ardz-Room ; i. e. the " land of Rome,"* an
• The name -ivas probably given by the Turks, in contradistinction to other con
quests made near the same time, among nations who had no connexion with
Rome. It will be recollected that the Byzantine empire, from which this part of
Asia was wrested, was originally a portion ofthe great Roman empire; and it ap
pears to have been still regarded in that character by the surrounding nations.

ERZ— ESN 20f
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng.
important commercial t of Turkish Arraenia, cap. of a pashalic of the
same name, situated in an extensive and fertile plain, not far from the
Kara Soo, or W. branch of the Euphrates. In the early part of the pre
sent century, the pop. of this city was estimated at 100,000, but, afler
being occupied by the Russians, a few years ago, it was almost deserted
by its inhabitants. Since its restoration to the Turks, however, it has
been gradually recovering its population and prosperity. Lat. 39° 57'
N., Lon. 41° 15' E.
Erzgebirge, jRls'-ga-beea'-Geh, i. e. '' ore raountains," a chain of
mountains in Germany, which extend along the boundary line between
Bohemia and Saxony. It is rich in metals of almost every kind. Sil
ver is obtained in considerable quantities ; lead and cobalt are abundant.
The tin mines of Saxony, in this region, are the most valuable on the
continent of Europe, and yield annually 140 tons. Arsenic, antimony,
bismuth, manganese, calamine, copper, and mercury, are found here.
Gold, also, occurs, but in very small quantities. The length of the
chain is about 100 m.
Es-cam'-bi-.a, a r. which rises in Ala., and, passing into Florida, joins
tbe Conecuh. The river thus formed, falls into Pensacola Bay. It is
usually called the Escambia, though above the junction the Conecuh is
the principal streara.
Escambia, a co. forming the W. extremity of Florida, bordering on
the above r. Pop. 3,993. Co. t Pensacola.
Escurial, fes-koo-re-il', a small t of Spain, situated in the kingdora
of Toledo, 27 ra. N. W. of Madrid, remarkable for a vast and raagnifi
cent edifice, founded by Philip II., in coramemoralion of the victory
gained over the French, at St Quentin, in 1557. It is laid out in the
form of a gridiron ; tfie royal residence forms the handle, which is at
tached to a- rectangle 640ft. long, and 580 wide; in this part the ave
rage height, to the roof, is 60 ft. At each angle, there is a square
tower, 200 ft. high. The whole number of windows in the establish
ment is not less than 4,000. The Escurial comprises a royal residence,
a mouastary, a college, a rich library, and a noble church, of which the
dome is 330 ft. in height, besides several other minor compar);ments. It
was built in tbe form ofa gridiron, it is said, because St. Lawrence, on
whose anniversary the victory was won, suffered martyrdom on an
instruraent of that kind. Lat. 40° 36' N., Lon. 4° 8' W.
Esne, es'-neA^ or es'-ni', (Ane. Lalop'olis,) a commercial t of Upper
Egypt on the left bank of the Nile, remarkable for its ruins, especially
for those of an ancient temple, wilh a supposed representation of the Zo
diac, which (as the position of the constellations therein figured does
not at all correspond to the present appearance ofthe heavenly bodies)
has led some philosophers to infer, that it must have been constructed
at an extremely remote epoch. One celebrated savant, M. Dupuis,
came to the conclusion that this teraple, as well as that of Denderah,
could not be less than 15,000 years old. It was, however, supposed
that the Zodiac of Esne was the more ancient by several centuries.
But M. ChampoUion, who iS so justly distinguished for having unlocked
18

206 ESQ— EST
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n4, n6t ; 66 as in good;
the raysteries so long concealed in the Egyptian hieroglyphics, consi
ders hiraself authorized, hy a nuraber of facts, to infer that this, on the
contrary, is the newest of all the ancient temples which still exist in
Egypt It is probably not 2,000 years old. Lat 25° 19' 39" N., Lon.
32° 34' 30 " E. Pop. estimated at 4,000. (B.)
Esquimaux, es'-ke-m6\ a nation consisting of various tribes, who
inhabit the northern portions of America. They difl'er greatly from the
other savage tribes of this continent, both in language and personal ap
pearance. In stature they are diminutive, seldom exceeding five feet.
Their faces are broad, and approach more to the rounded form than
those of Europeans. They have high cheek bones, large mouths, and
thick lips. They, are said not to be deficient in mechanical ingenuity.
Es'-SEN, a t. of the Prussian states. Lat. 51° 28' N., Lon. about 7°
E. Pop. 5,300. (B.)
Es'-sEx, a CO. in the E. part of England, N. of, and bordering on the
Thames. Pop. 344,979.
Essex, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Vt. Pop. 4,226. Co. t
Guildhall. Essex, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Mass. Pop. 94,987. Co.
towns, Salem, Newburyport, and Ipswich.
Essex, a co. in the N. B. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Champlain.
Pop. 23,634. Co. t Elizabethtown.
Essex, a co. in the N. B. part of N. J., bordering on the Passaic r.
Pop. 44,621. Co. t Newark.
Essex, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Rappahannock.
Pop. 11,309. Co. t. Tappahannock.
Es-SiooT. See Sioot.
Ess'-LiNG-EN, a manufacturing t of Wiirtemberg, in Germany. Lat
48° 44' N., Lon. 9° 19' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
Es'-TB or es'-li (Ane. Ates'le), a t of Austrian Italy, 15 m. S.W. of
Padua. This little place, the pop. of which does not exceed 9,000, (B.),
is chiefly reraarkable for having given its narae to the house of Este,
whose princes subsequently resided at Ferrara, and acted so conspi
cuous a part in the history of Italy during the middle ages.
Es-THo'-NK-.A, a prov. of European Russia, borderingon tbe Gulf of
Finland, the Baltic, and Lake Peipus. — Adj. and inhab. Es-tho'-nj-an.
Es'-TiLL, a CO. in the E. part of Ky., intersected by the Kentucky r.
Pop. 5,535. Co. t Irvine.
Estremadura, es-tri-mi-doo'-ri, a prov. in the W. part of Spain,
bounded on the N. by Salamanca, E. by New Castile, S. by Andalusia,
and W. by Portugal. Ils length, frora N. to S., is about 180 m. ; its
average breadth about 90 m. Badajoz is the capital. The narae Es
tremadura is said to be derived from the Latin extrema ora (extrerae
region), it being the farthest and latest conquest of Alonzo IX. over the
Moors, in the 13th century. — Adj, and inhab. Es-tre-me'-nj-an. The
Spanish EsTREMEnos, es-tri-mane'-yoce, is also sometimes employed by
English writers to designate the inhabitants.
Estremadura, a prov. of Portugal, bounded on the N. by Beyra, E.

EST— EUR 20/
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
by Beyra and Alentejo, S. by Alentejo, and W. by the Atlantic.
Length, from N. to S. about 140 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W.
85 in. Capital, Lisbon.
Estrem6z, es^-tri-moze', one ofthe strongest fortresses in Portugal,
situated in Alentejo. Lat. 38° 54' N., Lon. 7° 24' W. Pop. about
5,000. (B.)
Eszek, es'-sek. (Ane. Mur'sa or Mur'sia,) a royal free t, the cap. of
Austrian Sclavonia, on the right bank of tbe Drave, a little above its
entrance into the Danube. Mursia was founded in the year 125, by
the eraperor Adrian. The present town is regularly fortified, and has
barracks and casemates, capable, it is said, of lodging 30,000 persons.
Lat. 45° 34' N., Lon. 18° 42' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Etampes, i^-liMp'. a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of
Seine and Oise, 28 ra'. S. W. of Paris. Pop. in 183'2, 8,109. (P. C.)
Etienne, Saint, saNl ^t-e-enn', an important t of France, in the
dep. of Loire. Its increase, of late years, has been very great. The
town owes its prosperity to its situation in the coal district, though the
colliers belong rather lo the neighbourhood, than to the I. itself The
coal is abundant, and of good quality. St Etienne has sorae important
manufactures, especially in hardware. Fire-arms are made here on a
more extensive scale than in any other town in France. Lat. 45° 26^
N., Lon. 4° 23' E. Pop., including that ofthe suburbs, 52,000. (B.)
Et'-o-wAh (generally called Hi'-tow-ah, and soraetiraes written
Hightower), a r. in the N. W. part of Ga., one of the branches of the
Coosa. Eu, vh, a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, 91 ra. N. N. W.
of Paris. In the raiddle ages it was a strong and flourishing place, but
it has since sunk into decay. The massive ruins ofthe walls and towers
still remain. Pop. in 1832, 3,356. (P. C.)
Eupen, oi'-pen, (called Neau, ni*-6', by the French), a flourishing t.
in the Prussian prov. ofthe Lower Rhine. Lat 50° .39' N., Lon. about
6° E. Pop. about 11,300. (P. C.)
Euphrates, u-fri-t^z, (Turk. Frit,) a large r. of W. Asia, which is
formed near 39° N. Lat, and 39° E. Lon., by the union of two rivers,
to both of which the' name of Frat is occasionally applied ; viz., the
Moorid (Murad), or S. branch, and the Kiri Soo (Su), or N. branch of
the Euphrates. The Kara Soo. or the Frat, properly speaking, rises
N. of Erzroom, in about 40° 30' N. Lat, and 41° 30' E. Lon. The
upper portion of the Euphrates has a very circuitous course, but its
general direction is about S. E. It joins the Tigris in pbout 31° N.
•Lat, and 47° B. Lon., to form the Shatt-el-Arab. Its v^hole length is
estiraated at 1,360 m. One of the stearaers in the Euphrates expedi
tion of 1836, 7, and 8, ascended as far as Beer (Bir), about 37° N. Lat,
and 38° E. Lon.
Eure, ure, or ur, a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on
the Seine, and intersected by the Eure, one ofthe tributaries of that r.
Pop. 424,762. (B.) Capita], Evreux.
Eure and Loir (Fr. Eure-et-Loir, UR-i-lwiR), a dep. in the N. W.

208 EURr-EXE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 66, as in good;
central part of France, on the sources ofthe Eure and the Loir, a tribu
tary of the Sarthe. Pop. 285,058. (B.) Capital, Chartres. (
Europe, u'-rup, one of the grand divisions ofthe globe, forming the
north-western part of the old continent, of which it occupies a little
more than two-seventeenths. It is bounded on the N. by the Frozen
Ocean ; the boundary between it and Asia is formed by the r. Kara,
the Uralian Mountains, the r. Ural, the Caspian Sea, Mount Caucasus,
the Black Sea, the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmora, the Strait of the
Dardanelles, and the Grecian Archipelago ; on the S. it is bounded by
the Mediterranean, which separates it from Africa ; and on the W. by
the North Atlantic, which divides it from North America. The most
northern point of the European continent is Cape Nord Kyn, in Lat.
71° 6' N. : Cape North, in 71° 10' N. Lat, comraonly regarded as the
northern extremity of Europe, is on the island Mageroe. The most
southern is the point of Tarifa, in Spain, Lat. 36° 2' N. ; the most east
ern is on the Uralian Mountains. W. of Ekatarinburg, Lon. 60° 20' E.;
and the most western is Cape Roca, in Portugal, Lon. 9° 30' W. Its
extrerae length, frora Cape St. Vincent, in Spain, to the mouth of the
r. Kara, does not rauch exceed 3,000 ra. A line drawn from Cape
Mutapan, in Greece, to Cape Nord Kyn, would measure 2,400 m. The
whole area of this part of the globe is computed at 3,708,871 sq, m. ;
the pop. at 233,884,800. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab. Eu-ro-pe'-.an.
EuTiN, oi-teen', a small t of Germany, in the grand-ducby of Olden
burg, on a lake of the sarae narae. Lat 54° 8' N., Lon. 10° 39' E.
Pop. 2,700. (B.)
Euxine. See Black Sea.
EvEg'-HAM, a t of England, in Worcestershire, 15 m. S. E. of Wor
cester. Pop., including an area of above 3 sq. m., 4,24-5.
Ev'-o-R.A, or i'-vo-ri (Ane. Eb'ora), an archiepiscopal t. of Portugal,
in Alentejo, interesting for ils antiquity and historical reraembrances
Lat. 38° 38' N., Lon. 7° 38' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
BvREUx, Iw^-rvhl (Ane. Mediola'num, afterwards Eburov'ices,) a t
of France, the cap. of the dep. of Eure, 57 m. W. by N. of Paris. L
was anciently the capital of the Aulerci Eburovices, whence it was
afterwards called Eburovices and Ehroicae, from which the present
narae is derived. Here are the reraains of an ancient aqueduct and
some other Roman antiquities. Lat. 49° 2' N., Lon. 1° 7' E. Pop
10,000. (B.)
Ex'-E-TER (Anc. Is'ca), a city of England, the cap. of Devonshire,
situated on the little r. Ex. 44 m. N. E. of Plymouth. Il appears to
have been a Roman station of sorae iraportance. In the reign of Alfred
it was called Exan-cestre (the castle of the Ex), of whichthe present
liame is a corruption. Before the Norman conquest, this place was the
residence of the West Saxon kings. Exeter form's a county of itself.
containing only 1,800 acres. Ltit 50° 44' N., Lon. 3° 32' W. Pop.
31,312. Exeter, a t of N. H., in Rockingham co., 12 m. S. W. of Ports-

EYA— FAL 209
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
mouth, on a river of the sarae name, which flows into the Piscataqua.
Lat. 42° 58' N., Lon. 70° 55' W.
EyaleT; i-yi'-lk, (sometimes written ejalet.) a Turkish name, equiva
lent to a principality, used to designate a pashalic of the raost extensive
kind. Faenza, fi-en'-za, (Anc. Faven'tia) a t of Italy, in the Papal Stale,
19 m. W. S. W. of Ravenna, connected by a naviglio (ni-veel'-yo), or
navigable canal, with the southernmost branch of the Po. Among its
various manufactures, we raay mention a species of coloured and glazed
earthenware, forraerly in great repute, called by the French, Faience,
from the name of this town. Lat 44° 17' 30" N., Lon. 11° 52' B. Pop.
14,000. (B.)
Fahlun. See Falun.
F.i;r6b (fi'-ro, or fa'-ro-e) Islands, a group of small islands, about
200 m, N. W. ofthe Shetland Isles, between 61° and 63° N. Lat, and
6° and 8° W. Lon. There are in all 22, with an aggregate area of
about 494 sq. m. Pop. about 58,000. (P. C.)
FaIoom, f i-oom', a prov. of Egypt, between 29° and 30° N. Lat. ,
bounded on the E. by the Valley of the Nile, and on the N. W. by
Lake Birket-el-Keroon.
Fair'-fax, a CO. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the District
of Columbia. Pop. 9,370. Seat of justice, Fairfax c. h.
Fair'-field, a co. forraing the S. W. extremity of Conn., bordering
on Long Island Sound. Pop. 49,917. Co. towns, Fairfield and Dan
bury. Fairfield, a port of entry and seat of justice of the above co., is
pleasantly situated on Long Island Sound, 21 m. W. S. W. of New
Haven. Pop. 3,294.
Fairfield, a dist. in the N. central part of S. C, bordering on the
Broad and Wateree rivers. Pop. 20,165. Co. t Winnsborough.
Fairfield, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, intersected by the
Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 31,924. Co. t Lancaster.
Falaise, fS^-laze/, a manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of Cal
vados. Lat 48° 53' N., Lon. 0° 14' W. Pop. 9,419. (P. C.)
FAl'-kirk, a t of Stirlingshire, Scotland, 24 ra. W. hy N. of Edin
burgh. Pop. 8,209.
FAlk'-land Islands are situated in the S. Atlantic, between 51° 10'
and 52° 2.5' S. Lat, and 57° 40' and 61° 20' W. Lon. There are two
large ones, and, it is said, above 90 smaller ones. They aje in posses
sion of the English.
Fall River, a port of entry of Mass., in Bristol Co., on Fall r., at its
entrance into an arm of Narragansett Bay.
Fal'-mquth, a seaport t. of Cornwall, England, situated at the raouth
of the r. Fal or Fale, whence it derives its name. Lat. 50° 8' N., Lon.
.5° 3' W. Pop. 4,844.
Fal'-ster, a fertile i. in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark. It lies
18*

210 FAL— PAY
Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, mlt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 aaingood;
B. of Zealand, between 54° 30' and 54° 58' N. Lat. and 11° 45' and
12° 11' E. Lon. It is about 25 m. long and 16 m. wide. Area 177 sq.m.
Pop. about 17,500. (P. C.)
Falun or Fahlun, fi'-loon, a t of Sweden, the cap. of the prov. of
Palecarlia. In the middle of this town is the famous copper-mine of
Falun, which is an iraraense abysg, 1,200 ft. across, and as many in
depth. The daylight from above is sufficient for the operations of the
miners, so that they are not obliged to use lamps or candles, as in other
deep mines. Not only copper, but also silver and gold are obtained
here. Lat 60° 35' N., Lon. 15° 35' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.)
Fano, f^'-np, a seaport t of Italy, on the Adriatic, with an extensive
commerce. Lat 43° 51' N., Lon. 13° B. Pop. 15,000. (B.)
Faro, fa'-ro, a seaport t. at the S. extremity of Portugal, in the
prov. of Algarve. Lat. 36° 59' N., Lon. 7° 51' W. Pop. above 8,000.
(B.) Faro. See F.a;R6E.
Pars or Farsistan, fars^-is-tin', a prov. in the S. W. part of Persia,
bordering on the Persian Gulf. Shiraz is the chief town.
Fauquier, fau-keer', a co. in the N. B. part of Va., W. of Washing
ton. Pop. 21,877. Co. t. Warrenton.
Fayal, f i--il', one of the Azores, intersected by tbe parallel of 38°
35' N. Lat, and the meridian of 28° 40' W. Lon. Il is about 15 m
long, and nearly as broad. Il(s chief town, Horta, sometimes, but im
properly, called Fayal, is in 38° 31' N. Lat, and 28° 42' W. Lon,, and
has near 10,000 inhabitants. (B.)
Fay-ette', a CO. in the S. W. part of Pa., borderino' on Va. Pop.
33,.574. Co. t. Union.
Fayette, a co. in the W. part of Va., on the Great Kanawha r. Pop.
3,924. Seat of justice, Payette c. h.
Favette. a CO. in the N. W. central part of Ga.. on the sources of
Flint r. Pop. 6,191. Co. I. Fayetteville.
Fayette, a co. in the N. W. part of Ala., bordering on Mississippi
Pop. 6,942. Seat of justice. Payette c. h.
Fayette, a co. in the S. W. part of Tenn., bordering on Mississippi.
Pop. 21,501. Co. t. SomerviUe.
FAYB-rTE, a CO. in the N. E. central part of Ky., bordering on the
Kentucky r. Pop. 22,194. Co. t Lexington.
Fayette, a co. in Ohio, S. W. of Columbus. Pop. 10,984. Co. t
Washington. Fayette, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ind., intersected by tbe White
Waaler r. Pop. 9,837. Co. t Connersville.
Fayette, a co. in the S. central part of 111,, intersected by the Kas
kaskia r. Pop. 6,328. Co. t Vandalia.
Fayette, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, a little W. of the Missis
sippi r.
Fay'-ettb-villb\ a flourishing t. of N. C, the cap. of Cumberland
CO., situated on Cape Fear r., near the head of navigation, about 50 ra.
S. by W. of Raleigh. Pop. 4,285.

FAY— FEZ 211
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Fayoum or Fyum, See FaJoom,
Feejee Islands. See Fiji.
Feliciana, fe-lis'-se-an'-a. Bast, a parish in the N. E. part of La.,
bordering on Mississippi. Pop. 11,893. Seat of justice, Jackson.
Feliciana, West, a parish of La., in the N. E. part of La., lying
W. of the above, and bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 10,910. Seat
of justice, St. Francisville.
Fem'-ern, a sraall i. of Denmark, in the Baltic, opposite to the coast
of Holstein, intersected by the parallel of 54° 30' N. Lat. and the
meridian of 11° 10' E. Lon. Pop. 7,600. (E. G.)
Fen'-tress, a CO. in the N. N. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Ken
tucky. Po. 3,550. Co. t Jamestown.
Fere la, li faRe, a fortified t of France, in the dep. of Aisne, on
the Oise, with an ancient school of artillery, and an arsenal. Lat 49°
40' N., Lon. 3° 20' E.
Fer-man'-ash, an inland co. in the N. of Ireland, in the S. W. part
of the prov. of Ulster. Pop. 149,763. (P. C.)
Fermo, feR'-mo, an archiepiscopal t of Italy, in the Papal State,
built near the site of the ancient Firmum, with a university and 7,000
inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 43° 10' N., Lon. 13° 42' E.
Fer-moy', a t and military station of Ireland, in the co. of Cork,
situated on the Blackwater r. Lat. 52° 8' N., Lon. 8° 18' W. Pop.,
including the garrison, 6,976. (P. C.)
Ferrara, fer-ri'-ri, the mosl northern prov. of the Papal State, bor
dering on the Adriatic. Pop. 205,000. (P. C.)
Ferrara, a fortified archiepiscopal t of Italy, the cap. of the above
prov., is situated on an arm of the Po. Among its scientific and lite
rary establishments, the university, with ils library of above 80,000 vols.,
deserves particular mention. Here are reposited the autographs of
Ariosto, Tasso, and Guarini. The first of these celebrated poets was
born in this town. Ferrara was forraerly the residence of the inde
pendent princes of the house of Este, and was one of the most distin
guished seats of literature in Italy. Ils population then exceeded
60,000. Lat 44° 50' N., Lon. 11° 36' E. Present pop. about 24,000.
(B.) Fer'-ro (Sp. Hierro, y?r'-ro), a small i. belonging to the group of
Canaries, wilh an area of about 10 sq. leagues. It is important from
the circurastance that longitudes were formerly reckoned from a meri
dian drawn through its western extremity. At present, however, what
is called the meridian of Ferro, is placed about 30' E. of the island of
Ferro, and 20° W. ofthe meridian of Paris. Lat. of the centre ofthe
island, about 27° 45' N., Lon. 18° 10' W.
Ferrol, fer-role', a seaport t of Spain, in Galicia, on an arm of the
bay of Betanzos. This place is one of the three royal dock-yards of
Spain. The entrance of its harbour, which is one of the finest in Eu
rope, is defended by strong batteries. Lat. 43° 29' 30" N., Lon. 8° 15'
W. Pop. about 13,000. (B.)
Fez or Fas, a kingdom in the N. W. part of Africa, subject to Mo-
o

212 FEZ— FIN
Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66 as ingood,
rocco. Also the cap. of the above, the most important t in the empft-e
of Morocco, situated on a branch ofthe r. Seboo (Sebou). The houses
are mostly of brick ; the streets are paved, but narrow, crooked, and
very dirty. Its schools are much celebrated. The river Seboo is
(lavigable for boats to the neighbourhood of Fez. Lat 34° 6' N., Lon.
5° 1' W. Pop. estimated by Balbi, at 80,000.
Fezzan, fe^-zin', a prov. of N. Africa, belonging to Tripoli, situated
between 24° and 31° N. Lat, and 12° and 18° E. Lon. It consists of
an assemblage of oases, which present the largest population of any
part of the Great Desert Moorzook is the capital. — Inhab. Fez'-
zan-ber'. FicHT^GEBiRGE, fiK'-tel-ga-beeR'-GeS,(i. e. Pine Mountains) an irre
gular raountain mass, situated principally in the N. E. part of Bavaria.
FiESOLE, fyes'-o-li,* (Anc. Fae'sulas,) a small t of Italy, in Tuscany,
4 m. E, of Florence, remarkable for its raagnificent view of the Val
d' Amo, and for its reraains of antiquity.
Fife'-shire, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, between the Frith of
Forth and the Frith of Tay. Popv 140,140.
Fiji, pronounced, and often written, Fee'-jee, but called, by the
natives, Viti, vee'-tee. The Fiji Islands are a group in the Pacific,
situated between 16° and 20° S. Lat and near the 180° meridian ; the
largest is the Sandalwood Island. These islands abound in fruits and
timber. The inhabitants, who are of mixed races, are represented as
perfidious and daring.
Finistere, fin^-is^-taRe', a dep. occupying the W. extremity of
France, lying N. of the Bay of Biscay, 'i'he name is from the Latin
finis terra, which is equivalent to the English " Land's-end." Pop.
546,955. (B.) Capital, Quimper.
Finistere, (Sp. Finistierra, fin-ls-te-er'-ri,) a cape formino' the W.
extremil;y of Spain. Lat 42° 54' N., Lon. 9° 16' W. The name Fi
nistere is French, and should be pronounced like that of the above
department. Pin'-land, a country in the N. W. part of Russia ; bounded on the
S. by the Gulf of Finland, and on the W. by the Gulf of Bothnia. The
Russian government of Finland extends considerably beyond the limits
of Finland proper, and includes a part of Lapland. — Adj. Fin-nish and
Fin'-nic : inhab. Fin, and sometimes Fin'-lan-der.
Finland, Gulp of, an arm of the Baltic, ' wbich extends in an
easleriy direction. It is about 260 ra. long ; its greatest breadth ia
about '75 m, » "And let us from the top of Fiesole,
Whence Galileo's glass, by night observed.
The phases of the moon, look round below.
On Arno's vale —  "
Rogers' Italy. Part First, XXIL
Milton writes it Fksole, See Paradise Lost, Book I., line 289.

FIN— FLO 213
on, as in owr ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Fin'-mark, a prov. occupying the N. extreraity of the Scandinavian
peninsula. Fish River, Great, a r. in the S. E. part of Africa, which flows into
the Indian Ocean, in Lat. about 33° 26' S., Lon. 27° 4' E.
Fiume, fyoo'-rai, a l. and free port of the Austrian erapire, in Illyria,
the cap. of a circle of the same name, is situated at the entrance of the
Fiumara (fyoo-m-i'-ri) into the Gulf of Quarnaro, in the Adriatic.
Lat. 45° 20' N., Lon. 14° 26' E. Pop. above 9,000. (B.)
Flan'-ders, (Fr. Flandre, fliNdr,) a country of Europe, constituting
the western portion of the kingdora of Belgium, and divided into two
provinces. East and West Flanders. The latter borders on the North
Sea. It contained, in 1836, 615,904 inhabitants. Bruges is the chief
town. East Flanders is E. of the above, and bordering on it ; its popu
lation, in 1832, was 742,793. Capital, Ghent — Adj. Flem'-ish, inhab.
Flem'-ing. Flem'-ing, a CO. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Licking r.
Pop. 13,268. Co. t Flemingsburg.
Flens'-burg or Flensborg, flens'-boRg, a seaport t. of Denraark,
situated on an arm of the Baltic, near the centre of the duchy of Sles-
wig. Its raanufactures and coraraerce are raore flourishing than those
of any other town in Jutland. Lat 54° 47' N., Lon. 9° 28' E. Pop.
about 16,000. (B.)
Flint River, a r. of Ga., which unites wilh the Chattahoochee to
forra the Appalachicola. It is about 300 ra. long, and is navigable for
boats about 50 m.
Plint'-shire, a co. occupying the N. E. extremity of Wales, and
bordering on the r. Dee. Pop. 66,919.
Flor'-encb, (It Firenze, fe-ren'-z4, or Fiorenza, fe-o-ren'-zi : Anc.
Floren'tia,) an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, the cap. ofthe grand-duchy of
Tuscany, is situated on both sides of the r. Amo, in the midst of the
delightful and highly cultivated Valdarno (or Val d' Arno, i. e. " Vale
of the Arno"), about 145 m. N. by. W. from Rome, ll is, on the whole,
one of the raost beautiful cities in Europe, though many of the streets
are narrow, and the architecture of several of its palaces reminds one
of the fortresses built in the middle "ages. The churches of Florence
are among the raost raagnificent in Christendom ; Santa Maria del
Fiore, (ain'-ti mi-ree'-i del fe-o'-ri) called also the Duorao,* (doo-o'-
mn,) deserves particular mention. Its dome will bear a comparison
with that of St. Peters, at Rome, and actually served as a model lo
Michael Angelo for erecting the magnificent cupola of that far-faraed
cathedral. The Tuscan capital contains nuraerous institutions for the
promotion of the arts, sciences, and literature, araong which we may
cite the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, the Medical and Surgical
College attached to the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova (noo-o'-vi), and
the gallery of paintings and the library, in the palace Pitti (pit'-te),
• i. e. •• cathedral."

214 FLO— FLO
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66, as in good ,
the residence of the grand-duke. This library contains 70,000 printed
vols, and 1,500 manuscripts; among others, the correspondence of Ma-
chievelli and Galileo. There is another library in the Palazzo Vech-
chio* (pa-lit'-so vek'-ke-o) or the town-house, which was anciently the
seal of the government of the Florentine republic, containing 150,000
printed vols, and 12,000 manuscripta. In the sarae building there is
contained one of the richest existing collections of sculptures, paint
ings, raedals, and other works of art. Florence holds a conspicuous
place in the history of modern Italy. Il was founded by a colony of
soldiers, sent out by Octavius, afterwards the first Roman eraperor. It
does not appear to have attained lo any very great iraportance till in the
early part of the 12th century, when, like the other towns of Tuscany,
it began to govern itself as an independent republic. Soon after it
became distinguished as the principle theatre of the famous contest
between the Guelphs and Ghibelines. It reraained in the enjoyment
of a precarious and turbulent liberty, interrupted occasionally by tem
porary subjection to some ofthe more powerful neighbouring states, till
about the year 1434, when the house of Medici began to exercise the
chief authority in the commonwealth. The republican forms, however,
continued lo be respected during the administration of the first house
of Medici ; but the foreign wars, which desolated Italy in the 16th cen-
tur)', at length effected the fall of the Florentine republic ; and the first
line having become extinct a member ofa lateral branch ofthe Medici
was placed by Charles V. as duke of Florence. The Observatory of
Santo Giovanni (sin'-to jo-vin'-ne) is in 43° 46' 41" N. Lat, and 11° 15'
54" E. Lon. The pop. of Florence, including the whole commune,
amounts to 95,927. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Flor'-en-tine, (It. Fioren-
tino, fe-o-ren-lee'-no).
Flo'-rbs, an i. belonging to the Azorian group, intersected hy the
parallel of 39° 36' N. Lat, and the meridian of 31° 7' W. Lon. It is
about 13 m. long, and 7 ra. wide. Its name is derived from the multi
tude of flowers with which it abounds,
Flores, soraetiraes called En'-de, an i. of Malaisia, situated between
8° and 9° 20' S. Lat, and 119° 30' and 123° E, Lon. It is above 200 m.
long, and about 50 ra. wide. Little is known to Europeans respecting
the aboriginal inhabitants. The coast is mostly colonized by the Bugis
and Malays.
Flour, Saint, saN^ flooR', (rhvming with poor,) a t. of France, in the
dep. of Cantal. Lat. 45° 2' N., Lon. 3° 6' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,813.
(P C.)
Flor'-i-d.a, lately a territory, but admitted during the present session
of Congress (1844--5) into the Union as a sovereign state, is situated
between 24° 40' and 31° N. Lat, and 79° 56' and 87° 46' W. Lon. ;
bounded on the N. by Alabama and Georgia, E. by the Atlantic, and
• Literally, the " old palace."

FLO— FON 215
ou, as in otir; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
S. and W. by the Gulf of Mexico ; it contains 21 counties.* Its length,
from N. to S., from Cape Sable to the raouth of St. Mary's r., is about
400 m. ; breadth of the northern part, 354 m. ; greatest breadth of the
peninsula, 172 m. The area is estimated at 55,000 sq. ra. Pop. 54,477,
of whom 27,943 are whites, 817 free coloured, and 25,717 slaves. Ponce
de Leon discovered this country in 1512, on Palm Sunday (called in
Spanish Pasqua Florida), and from this circumstance bestowed upon it
its present appellation. During a great part of the 16th century, the
name was applied indefinitely lo the S. E. coast of N. America, but
was finally restricted to what now constitutes the stale of Florida.
That portion which lies W. of the r. Appalachicola, was forraerly de-
signaled West Florida ; the reraainder, including the peninsula. East
Florida. Floyd, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., bordering on the Blue
Ridge. Pop. 4,453. Seat of justice, Floyd c. h.
Floyd, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on Alabaraa. Pop.
4,441. Co. t Rorae.
Floyd, a co. near the E. extreraity of Ky., intersected by the W.
Fork of the Sandy r. Pop. 6,302. Co. t Prestonsburg.
Floyd, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r.
Pop. 9,454. Co. t New Albany.
Flush'-ing (Dutch Vlis'-sing-en), a fortified seaport t of Holland,
in the prov. of Zealand, on the S. side ofthe i. of Walcheren, reraark
able for its harbour, its extensive dock-yards, and its fine basins, one of
which is sufiiciently deep to receive the largest ships of war. Lat. 51°
27' N., Lon. 3° 35' E. Pop. above 6,000. (P. C.)
Flu-van'-na, a CO. in the E. central part of Va., bordering on Jaraes r.
Pop. 8,812. Co. t Palmyra.
FoBR, or Fobr'-de, a Danish i. on the W. coast of Sleswick, with an
area of 25 sq. m. and 5,000 inhabitants. (P. C.)
FoGGiA, foj'-ji, an iraportant commercial t of Naples, the cap. of the
prov. of Capitanata, situated in the midst of a vast plain, 78 m . N. E. of
Naples. Lat. 41° 27' N., Lon. 15° 30' E. Pop. about 21,000. (B.)
Poix, fwa, a t of France, the cap. of the dep. of Ariege, and the
ancient residence of the counts of Foix, is situated on the r. Ariege.
Lat 42° 58' N., Lon. 1° 36' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Fond du Lac, a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, at the S. extremity
of L. Winnebago. Pop. 139.
FoNDi, fon'-de, (Anc. Fun'di,) a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Terra
di Lavoro, remarkable for its antiquities. Parts of the ptvement of
the celebrated Appian Way (via Appia), which forms the principal
street of Fondi, are here preserved in their primitive' state. Lat. 41°
21- N., Lon. 13° 25', E. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Fontainebleau, f5N^-tane^-bl6', a t of Frange, in the dep. of Seine
* Alachua, Calljoun, Columbia, Dade, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Ha
milton, Hillsborough, Jackson, Jefferson, St. John's, Leon, Madison, Monroe, Mos
quito, Nassau, Santa Rosa, Walton, Washingtan.

216 FON— FOR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, n5t ; 66 as in good :
and Marne, 35 m. S. S. E. of Paris, situated in the midst of a noble
forest, (called, from the name ofthe town, the Forest of Fontainebleau,)
which occupies an extent of more than 41,000 acres. Here is a mag
nificent royal chiteau, erected by Francis I., and considerably embel
lished by succeeding princes. Lat. 48° 24' N., Lon. 2° 42' E. Pop.
about 8,000. (B.)
Fontarabia, fon^-ta-ri'-be-a, (Sp. Fuenterabia, fwen'-ti-rS-bee'-i,) a
small fortified t of Biscay, in Spain, situated at the mouth of the river
Bid-is-so'-i, which forms a part of the boundary between France and
Spain. It is chiefly interesting on account of its historical associa
tions. Lat. 43° 22' N., Lon. 1° 47' W.— Adj. Fon-ta-ra'-bi-.an.
Fontenay, foNt-ni', the largest and raost coraraercial t in the dep".
of Vendee, in France, is situated on the r. Vendee. Lat. 46° 29' N.,
Lon. 0° 47' W. Pop. in 1832, 6,388. (P. C.)
Poo'-lah (or Foulah). The Foolahs are a nation widely spread along
the W. coast of Africa, occupying the countries N. of C. Palraas as far
as the banks ofthe r. Senegal. Their principal kingdoras are Foota Toro,
Bondoo, Fooladoo, Kaarta Ludaraer, and Casson. The Foolahs, especially
those who inhabit the countries which border on the Moorish territories,
approach nearer to Europeans in their complexion and general features,
than any of the other tribes of W. Africa, except the Moors. Those of
Bondoo are described as being of the middle size, well made, and very
active, wilh hair less short and woolly than that of the negroes. In
speaking of the negro nations, they always rank themselves with
the white people.
Fob'-f.ar, a t of Scotland, cap. of Forfarshire, situated in the great
valley of Strathmore, 15 ra. N. by E. frora Dundee. Lat 56° 39' N.,
Lon. 2° 50' W. Pop. 8,362.
For' -far-shire, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, bordering on the
sea and the Frith or Tay. Pop. 170,520.
FoRLi, foR-lee', (Anc. Fo'rura Liv'ii,) a t of Italy, in the Papal State,
cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat 44° 13' N., Lon. 12° 3'E. Pop.
16,000. (B.)
Formentera, foR-men-ti'-ri, (Anc. Ophiu'sa,) one of the Balearic
islands, lying S. of Ivica, frora which it is separated by a channel 5 m.
broad. Its length is about 14 m.
FoR-Mo'-SA (called, by the Chinese, Tai-wan or Taywan, ti-win'),
a large i. in the Chinese Sea, lying between 21° 50' and 25° 30' N.
Lat, and 120° 20' and 122° E. Lon. Its length is about 250 m.; its
greatest breadth about 70 m. It is important on account of its fine
harbours, its timber, and other productions. On the W. coast is the
Chinese town of Tai-wan ; the eastern part is inhabited by independent
savages. Forsyth, fgr-siTH', a co. in the N. part of Ga., bordering on the Chat
tahoochee. Pop. 5,619. Co. t Cumming.
FoRTAVBNTURA. (See Fuertaventura.)
Forth, a r. of Scotland, which rise.* in the mountains between Loch
Katrine and Loch Lomond, and, flowing in an easterly direction, falls

FOR— FRA 217
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, neariy like ng.
into the Frith of Forth. Its length, following all its sinuosities, is
stated to be above 60 m.
Forth. Frith of. After the r. Forth is joined by the Devon, on the
N. it begins to widen, and gradually assumes the appearance of a bay.
This bay, called the Frith of Forth, is about 50 m. long, and, where
widest is near 15 m. broad.
Fossano, fos-si'-no, a walled t. of Piedmont, situated near the r.
Stura, on the Naviglio Nuovo (ni-veel'yo noo-o'-vo), or new canal,
which connects the Stura with the Po. It has a royal academy of
Belles Lettres. Lat. 44° 36' N., Lon. 7° 51' E. Pop. 12,500. (P. C.)
Fougeres, foo^-zhaRe', a manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of
Ille and Vilaine, 160 m. W. by S. of Paris. Pop. in 1832, 7,446. (P. C.)
Foulah. See Foolah.
Foun'-tain, a CO. in the W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wahasb r.
Pop. 11,218. Co. t Coviugton.
Fourche. See La Fourche.
PowEY, foy, sometimes written Fawey, a sraall r. of England, in
Cornwall, which flows into the sea.
FowEY, a fortified seaport of Cornwall, situated on the above r., near
its mouth. It was anciently a place of much greater importance than
at present Fowey furnished more ships lo the fleet of Edward III.,
when he was besieging Calais, than any other port in England. Lat
50° -20' N., Lon. 4° 37' W. Pop. 1,643.
Pox Islands. See Aleutian Islands.
Foyers, often written, and always pronounced Fv'-ERg, a small r.
of Inverness-shire, in Scotland, which flows into Loch Ness, reraarka
ble for its stupendous fall of 207 ft. in perpendicular height. From the
top of the adjoining rocks to the surface of the water in the abyss be
low the fall, the depth is 470 ft.
FoYLE, Lough, 16h foil, a bay on tbe northern coast of Ireland, about
15 m. long, and 8 ra. wide in the middle, which is connected with the
sea by a strait, less than a mile in breadth. The r. Foyle, which flows
into its southern extremity, is navigable for vessels of 400 tons as far
as Londonderry.
France (Anc. Gal'Iia or Gaul ; Pr. La France, li friNce) ; one of the
largest and most powerful kingdoms of Europe, occupying the W. part
of the continent is situated between 42° 20' and 51° 5' N. Lat, and
4° 49' W. and 8° 16' E. Lon. Bounded on the N. W. and, N. by the
English Channel and the kingdom of Belgium, E. hy Germany, Swit
zerland, and the Sardinian states, S. by the Mediterran^n and the
Pyrenees, which separate it from Spain, and W. by the Bay of Bis
cay and, the Atlantic. Its- extreme length, from S. B. to N. W. is
about 680 ra. ; its greatest breadth, from N. E. to S.W. is about 630 m.
The area is computed at 200,925 sq. m., and if we include the Island of
Corsica, which is now incorporated with France, it will amount to about
204,711. The' entire population, according to the census of 1836,' waa
33,540,908. (B.) France is divided' into 86 departments or prefectures,
which are again divided into 363 sub-prefectures or arrondissements ;
19

218 FRA— FRA
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m Jt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, n6t ; 65, as in good ;
these are still further sub-divided into cantons and communes. Each
department is under the adrainistration of an officer called a prefect (pr&i
fet, pri^-fi/) ; the arrondisseraents are under sub-prefects (sous-prefets,
60o^-pri*-f i/). The government of France is a limited monarchy. The
legislative power belongs to the king, jointly with the two great na
tional assemblies, naraed the Charaber of Peers and the Chamber of
Deputies. The peers are not hereditary, but appointed by the king,
who, however, in choosing them, is under certain restrictions fixed by
law. The deputies are appointed by electors chosen by the people.
Paris is the seat of governraent. The name of France is derived from
the Franks (i. e. freemen), a confederacy of various German nations,
who overran Gaul, on the decline of the Roman power, and who after
wards were united under one head by Clovis, about the beginning of
the 6th century. — Adj. French; inhab. French'-m.an.
France, Isle of, (Pr. He de France, eel deft friNce :) formerly a
prov., is now divided into the deps. Aisne, Oise, Seine, Seine and
Oise, and Seine and Marne. It received its appellation from tbe cir
cumstance of its being alraost surrounded by the rivers which give
name to the above deps., and by some other smaller streams.
France, Isle of. See Mauritius.
Francis, St., a r. whieh rises in the K S. E. part of Mo.,^ and, flow
ing southerly into Ark., joins the Mississippi, near 34° 40' N. Lat.
pRANois, St., a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ark., bordering on the
above r. Pop. 2,499. Co. t Madison.
Francis, St., a co. in the E. S. E. part of Mo., on the sources of the
r. St. Francis. Pop. 3,211. Co. t Farmington.
Fran-cis'-co, St., a large r. of S. America, in Brazil, which rises
near 20° S. Lat, and 47° W. Lon., and, flowing at first south-easterly,
and then easterly, falls into the Atlantic, in about 10" 30' N. Lat, and
36° 20' W. Lon. Length above 1,300 m. It is navigable to Caninde
(ci-neen'-di), more than 150 ra. from ita mouth ; above this point there
are a number of falls, the most considerable of which is said to be 50 ft
in perpendicular height.
Franche Comte, friNsh kiN^-ti', or Upper Burgundy, a forraer prov.
of France, now divided into the deps. of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone.
Pran-co'-ni-.a (Ger. Franken and Frankenland, frink'-en-lind\ i. e.
the " land of the Franks"), formerly a circle of the German empn-e,
intersected by the r. Main. Nearly the whole of it has been trans
ferred by various treaties to the crown of Bavaria.
Franbker, frin'-ek-er, a manufacturing t of Holland, in Friesland,
on the canal from Leeuwarden to Haarlingen, formerly the seat of a
university, which was suppressed some years since, and replaced by
an atheneum, or high school. Lat. 53° 11' N., Lon. 5° 30' E. Pop.
4,200. (P.C.)
Frankenstein, frink'-en-stine\ a walled t of Prussia, the cap. of a
circle of the same name. Lat. 50° 36' N., Lon. 16° 50' E. Pop.
6,500. (B.)
Frankenthal, frink'-en-tiir, a t in the Bavarian circle of the

FRA— FRA 2 IS
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this; u, nearly like ng.
Rhine, 16 ra. N. by W. frora Speyer. A small canal connects it wilh
the Rhine. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Frank'-fort (Ger. Frankfurt frink'-fo6Rt,) on the Main, a cele
brated city of Germany, the cap of a small republic of the sarae narae,
and of the whole Germanic confederation, is situated about 270 m.
W. S. W. from Berlin, and 50 ra. E. by S. from Coblentz. It stands on
the right bank of .the r. Main, across which there is a bridge, connect
ing it with Sachsenhausen (sik'-sen-hou'-zpn), one of its suburbs.
Among the more remarkable edifices of Frankfort, may be mentioned
the ancient cathedral, where the German eraperors wete forraerly
crowned ; and the Rcemer (now usually written Roraer), in which is
contained the Wahlziramer (Wiil'-tsim'-mpr), or Hall of Election,
where the electors were wont to asserable for the purpose of electing
the eraperors of Gerraany : next to the Wahlziraraer, is the Kaisersaal
(ki'-zer-siil^), or Iraperial Hall, in which the emperor, after his elec
tion, held his public dinner. Frankfort possesses a medical institute,
founded in 1763, by the liberality of Dr. Senkenberg, to which is at
tached a botanic garden ; the Senkenberg Society of Naturalists, with
an extensive museum, is united to the above institution : a philosophi
cal society : Stosdel's Institute of the Fine Arts, which contains a choice
collection of paintings : a public library, of 60,000 vols., &c. The ter
ritory of the republic of Frankfort contains an area of about 91 sq. m.
The entire population is estiraated at about 60,000 (B.) ; that of the
town .51,000, if we include the suburb of Sachsenhausen, wilh ita
5,000 inhabitants. Lat 50° 7' 30" N., Lon. 8° 36' B.
Frankfort or Frankfurt on the Oder, a walled t of Prussia, cap.
ofa circle ofthe sarae name, about 48 m. S. E. of Berlin. Il possesses
a gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. Lat. 52° 22'
N., Lon. 14"^ 33' E. Pop. 22,000. (B.)
Frankfort, the cap. ofthe state of Kentucky, and the seat of justice
of Franklin co., is situated on the Kentucky r., 64 ra., in a direct line,
S. by W. from Cincinnati. Therailroad which is to connect Lexington
wilh the Ohio, at Louisville, passes by Frankfort Lat 38° 14' N., Lon.
84° 40' W. Pop. 1,917.
Franklin, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Me., bordering on Canada.
Pop. 20,800. Co. t Farmington.
Franklin, a co. in the N.W. part of Vt, bordering on L. Charaplain
and Canada. Pop. 24,531. Co. t St. Albans.
Franklin, a co. in the N. W. part of Mass., intersected by the Con
necticut r., and bordering on Vt. and N. H. Pop. 28,812. Co. t. Green
field. Franklin, a co. in the N. E. part of N. Y., bordering on Canada.
Pop. 16,518. Co. t Malone.
Franklin, a co. in the S. part of Pa., S. W. of Harrisburg, and bor
dering on Md. Pop. 37,793. Co. t. Chambersburg.
Franklin, a co. in the S. part of Va., on the head waters of the
Staunton r. Pop. 15,832. Co. t. Rocky Mount.

220 FRA— FRE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good;
Franklin, a co. in the N. N. E. part of N. C, intersected by the Tarr.
Pop. 10,980. Co. t. Louisburg.
Franklin, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., on the head waters of the
Savannah. Pop. 9,886. Co. t CarnesvUle.
Franklin, a. co. in Florida, at the mouth ofthe Appalachicola. Pop.
1,030. Co. t Appalachicola.
Franklin, a co. in the N. W. part of Ala., bordering on the state
of Mississippi and the Tennessee r. Pop. 14,270. Co. t. Russellville.
Franklin, a co. in the S. W. extremity of Miss. Pop. 4,775. Co.
seat, Meadville.
Franklin, a port of entry of La., cap. of St Mary's parish, on the
W. side of Bayou Teche.
Franklin, a co. in the N.W. part of Ark., intersected by the Arkan
sas r. Pop. 2,665.
Franklin, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop.
12,033. Co. t Winchester.
Franklin, a co. in the N. part of Ky., intersected by the Kentucky r.
Pop. 9,420. Co. t Frankfort.
Franklin, a co. in the S. central part of Ohio, intersected by the
Scioto r. Pop. 25,949. Co. t Columbus.
Franklin, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop.
13,349. Co. t Brookville.
Franklin, a co. in the S. part of IU., about equidistant from the
Mississippi and Wabash rivers. Pop. 3,682. Co. t Frankfort
Frankfort, a co. in the B. part of Mo., S. of, and bordering on the
Missouri r. Pop. 7,515. Co. t. Union.
Frascati, fris-ki'-te, (Anc. Tus/culum,) a sraall but delightfully
situated I. of Italy, in the Papal State, 12 m. S. B. of Rome. It is much
resorted to in the hot season by tbe nobility of the capital. Permanent
pop. about 4,300. (M.)
Frauenbubg, frou'-en-b66Rg\ a small t of Prussia, remarkable as
containing the tomb of Copernicus, who died here in 1543. Lat 54°
21' N., Lon. 19° 41' E. Pop. 2,000. (B.)
Fraustadt, frou'-stitt, a manufacturing t of Prussia, in the grand-
duchy of Posen, 46 m. S. S. W of Posen. Pop. 5,800. (B.)
Pred'-er-ich, a CO. in the N. part of Md., bordering on Pa. and the
r. Potomac. Pop. 36,405.
Frederick, formerly Fredbricktown, a city of Md., the seat of jus
tice ofthe above co., is 43 ra., in a straight line, N. N. W. of Washing
ton. It is a pleasant and regularly built town ; ita commercial pros
perity will doubtless be considerably promoted by the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad, which passes near it, and with which it is connected.
Lat. 39° 24' N., Lon. 77° 18' W. Pop. 5,182.
Frederick, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., a little to the left of the
Shenandoah r. Pop. 14,242. Co. t Winchester.
Fred'-er-icks-burg, the cap. of Spottsylvania co., Va., situated on
the Rappahannock, about 50 m.. in a straight line, N. of Richmond,

FRE— FRE 221
ou, as in owr ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
wilh which it is connected by a railroad. Lat. 38° 34' N., Lon. 77° 38
W. Pop. 3,974.
Fred'-br-ic-ton, the cap. of New Brunswick, situated on the r, St.
John, at the head of sloop navigation, ft is the seat of the College of
New' Brunswick. Lat 46° 3' N,, Lon. 66° 45' W. Pop. about 3,000.
(P C.)
Freiberg, fri'-biRO, a walled t of Germany, cap. of the Saxon cir
cle of Erzgebirge, or Ore-raountains, and the centre of adrainistration
for the Saxon mines. It is situated near the east branch of the r.
Mulde (m6ol'-deft), about ],'200ft. above the level of the sea. Frei
berg has a mining academy of considerable celebrity, wilh a museura,
which takes its narae frora the illustrious Werner, by whom it was
founded, and a most valuable collection of models relative to the art of
mining. Lat. 50° 55' N., Lon. 13° 19' B. Pop. 12,000. (B.) In 1540
it is said lo have amounted to 40,000. (P. C.)
Frei'-burg orfri'-booRG, an archiepiscopal t of Germany, in the grand-
ducby of Baden, cap. of the circle ofthe Upper Rhine, and the seal of
a celebrated university, is situated about lOO m. S. W. of Carisruhe.
One of the most remarkable objects in this town is the MLinster, or
Cathedral, probably the raost beautiful and perfect specimen of Gothic
architecture in Germany. Freiburg contains a great number of lite
rary and scientific institutions, and several charitable establishraents.
Lat. 48° N., Lon. 7° 53' B. Pop. 15,000. (B.)
Preising, fri'-zing, or Preisingen, fri'-zing-en, a I. of Bavaria, about
20 ra. N. N. E. of Munich, chiefly remarkable on account of its school
for the blind, and other institutions for education. Lat. 48° 24' N., Lon.
11° 4.5' E. Pop. 3,200. (B.)
Freistadt, fri'-stitt, a t. of Upper Austria, imporiant on account of
its position on the railroad which connects Graund wilh Budweis, in
Bohemia. Lat 48° 29' N., Lon. 14° 22' E. Pop. 2,000. (B.)
Frejus, fri^-zbtice', (Anc. Fo'rura Ju'lii,) a t of France, in the dep.
of Var, situated on the coast of the Mediterranean, near the mouth of
the r. Argens (aR^-zhiN'). In the lime of Augustus it was a large and
handsome city, and was then the ordinary station of the Roman fleet
in Gaul. There are some remains of the ancient ramparts, which ap
pear to have enclosed a site five or six times as large as that occupied
by the present town. Two of the Roraan gates still remain, besides
many other ruins. The name, Frejus, is a corruption of Forum Julii ;
in the dictionary of Expilly, published in the middle ofthe last century,
it is spelled Frejuls. Lat. 43° 26' N., Lon. 6° 44' E. Present pop.
about 2.500. In the time of the first Roman emperor it amounted to
100,000. (B.)
French Broad River, one ofthe sources of the Tonessee, rises in.
N. C, and, passing into Tenn., unites with the Holston, a few miles
above KnoxviUe.
Freyburg. See Freiburg.
Freyburg, fri/-b66RG, in French Fribourg, fre^-booR', a canton in
19*

222 FRE— FRI
Fite, fir, fill, fSt; mi, mSt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 aaingood;
the N,W. part of Switzerland, bordering on the L. of Neufchitel. The
area is computed at 588 sq. m. Pop. in 1834, 89,192. (P. C.)
Freyburg or Fribourg, the cap, ofthe above, situated on the Sarina
(si^-reen'), or Saane (sii'-npft), a tributary of the Aar, about 17 m.
S. W. of Bern. A part of the town is buUt upon a steep declivity of
rock, where the roofs of several houses serve as a pavement for the
street above. There is an iron suspension bridge over the Sarine,
885 ft. in length, and 170 ft. above the level of the river. It was
erected in 1834, and is one of the finest in the world. Araong the
scientific and literary institutions of Freyburg, the Lyceum wilh a pro
fessorship of common and civil law; the Gymnasium ; the College of the
Jesuits ; the Public Library ; and the Cabinet of Natura] History ; may
be mentioned. Lat 46° 48' N., Lon. 7° 9' E. Pop. in 1834, 8,535.
(P. C.)
Freystadt. See Freistadt.
Friedland, freed'-land or freet'-lint, a small t in the N. extremity
of Bohemia, frora which the celebrated WallenStein took the title of
duke. Lat. 50° 57' N., Lon. 15° 8' E.— Also, a town of B. Prussia,
on the Alle, reraarkable for a victory gained by Bonaparte over tbe
Russians and Prussians, in 1807, which led to the peace of Tilsit Lat.
54° 26' N., Lon. 21° 1' E.
Friendly or Tonga (tong'-a) Islands, a group in the Pacific, silu-
ted between 18° and 23° S. Lat, and 173° and 176° W. Lon. The
inhabitants belong to the Malayan race. They are represented as an
industrious, ingenious, and brave, but treacherous people. Their num
ber is estimated at 200,000. (P. C.) The narae of these islands was
bestowed by Cook, because the inhabilanta received hira in so friendly
a manner, though it is now known that they intended to kill him, and
seize his vessels.
Friesland, freez'-land, or Vriesland, or Fribsia, free'-zhe-a, a prov.
occupying the N. N. W. extremity of Holland. It is sometimes called,
though not by Hollanders, West Friesland, in order to distinguish it
from East Friesland, in Hanover. The area of Friesland is about 1,030
sq. m. The pop. is estimated at 221,000. (P. C.) Leeuwarden is the
chief town. — Adj. Friesic, free'-zik, and Priesian or Frisian, ftee'-
zhe-an ; inhab. PRjEg'-LAND-ER, and Frisian* or Fribsian.
Friesland, East, or Aurich, ou'-riK, a principality in tlie N. W.
part of Hanover. Emden is the chief town.
Frio, free'-o, a cape on the S. E. coast of Brazil. Lat 22° 54' S.
Lon. 41° 36' W.

* Frisian properly relates to the nation who formerly inhabited this and tha
neighbouring regions, and who are mentioned by Tacitus under the name of
Frisii, They appear to have been a tribe of Germans. Those of their descend
ants who are settled among the small islands on the westem coast of Sleswick,
preserve not only the name of Frisians, but many vestiges of their customs and
dress. The Friesic language, which is quite distinct from the Dutch, in many
points bears a striking resemblance to the English.

FRI— FUN 223
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Frische Happ, frish'-eft biff, i. e. " fresh bay ;" or Frische See
^say), i. e. " fresh sea," an arm of the Baltic, lying between 54° 14'
and 54° 43' N. Lat, and 19° 10' and 20° 30' B. Lon. Its length is near
60 m. ; its greatest breadth is about 13 m. A number of rivers fall into
this Haf^ among which are two arras of the Vistula. It is connected
with the sea by a strait called the Gall, only about 12 ft. deep, and
3,000 ft. wide, and is separated from the Baltic by a strip of land called
the Frische Nehrung (ni'-r66iig). Its name appears to have been
given to it on account of the freshness of its waters — the necessary con
sequence of ita receiving so many considerable streams, while tbe pas
sage by which it comraunicates with the Baltic is so limited that it is
impossible for the salt waters of that sea lo be mingled with the con-
tcnta of the Frische Haff to any considerable extent
Friuli, fre-oo'-le,* (It. pron. free'-oo-le,) the most eastern prov. of
Northern Italy, forming a part of the Venetian territory. Friuli ap
pears to be derived from the ancient Forura Julii, a Roman colony said
to have been founded here by Julius Csesar.
Frome or Frome Selwood, a t of England, in Somersetshire, on the
r. Frome, a branch of the Avon, 93 m. W. by S. from London, Pop.
ofthe parish, with an area of 10 sq. m., 11,849.
Fuertaventura, fw^R^-tl-ven-too'-ri, one of the Canary Islands,
intersected by the parallel of 28° 30' N. Lat, and by the 14th meridian
of W. Lon. It is about 60 ra. long, and contains an area of 79 sq.
leagues. Pop. 13,885. (P. C.)
Fulda, fo61'-di, a t of Gerraany, in Hesse Cassel, cap. of a prov. of
the sarae narae, on the little r. Fulda, a branch of the Weser. It has
a lyceum, and several other establishraents for education. Lat 50° 34'
N., Lon. 9° 44' B. Pop. about 9,000. (B.)
Pulton, fb61'-ton, a co. in the E, or E. central part of N. Y., N. W.
of Albany. Pop. 18,049. Co. t Johnstown.
Fulton, a co. in the N. part of Ind., a little N. of the. Wabash r.
Pop. 1,993. Co. t Rochester.
Fulton, a co. in the N. W. part of 111., bordering on lUinois r. Pop.
13,142. Co. t Lewistown.
FuNCHAL, foon-shil', the dap. of the i. of Madeira, is pleasantly situ
ated on the S. coast, and defended by several forts. Lat. 32° 37' N.,
Lon. 16° 56' W. Pop. estiraated at 20,000. (B.) Ita commerce is ex
tensive, but unfortunately it has no harbour, and ils road is unsafe in
winter. Fun'-dy, Bay or, situated between Nova Scotia and NewiBrunswick,
is about 180 m. long ; its greatest breadth is above 50 m. It is reraark
able for the height to which its tide rises, which sometimes amounts to
70ft. Ft'-NEN (Dan. Fyen, fii'-en), a fertile i. in the Baltic, belonging to

Of glory streams along the Alpine height
Of blue Fkiuli's mountains." — Childe Harold. Canto IV.

224 FUN— GAL
Fite, fir, fiU, fit ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, pta ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good;
Denraark, situated between 5.5° 2' and 55° 40' N. Lat, and 9° 40' and
10° 51' E. Lon. Its length is about 50 m. ; ite greatest breadth near
40. The area is about 1,176sq.m. Pop. about 144,000. (P.C.) Odense
is the capital.
FilNFKiRCHEN, filnf-kecR'-Ken. (Hung. Pecs, paich,) an ancient t in
the S. W. part of Hungary, 105 m. S. by W. from Buda. Lat. 46° 5"
N., Lon. 18° 16' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Furnes, fuRn, a small t. of W. Flanders, situated at the termination
of a canal, to which it gives its name. Lat 51° 4' N., Lon. 2° 40' E,
Pop, in 1830, 4,253. (P. C.)
FuRRUcKABAD, fur^-ruk-a-faid', a t. of Hindostan, cap. ofa dist. of thp
same name, which lies between the Jumna and the Ganges. Lat. 27°
24' N., Lon. 79° 27' E. Pop. estiraated at about 67,000. (B.)
Forth, fiiRt a manufacturing and commercial t of Germany, in
Bavaria, cap. of a circle of the same name, wilh a Jewish university,
about 4 m. N. W. of Nuremburg. Lat 49° 29' N., Lon. 11° 1' E. Pop.
estiraated at 17,000. (B.)
Fyne, Loch, Iok fine, a small bay on the W. coast of Scotland, in
Argyleshire, communicating with the Frith of Clyde.
Gads'-den, a CO. of Florida, E. of and bordering on the Appalachi
cola r. Pop. 5,992. Co. t Quincy.
Gaeta, gi-i'-ti, (Anc. Caieta,) a strongly fortified seaport t of Na
ples, in the prov, of Terra di Lavoro. Lat. 41° 13' N., Lon. 12° 34' E,
Pop., exclusive of the military, 3,000. (B.)
Gaillac, gaft'-yik', a t of France, in the dep. of Tam, situated on
the r. Tarn, 31 ra. N. B. of Toulouse. It is celebrated for ita wines.
Gaillon, gift'-y6N', a t of France, in tbe dep. of Eure, 50 ra. W.N.W.
of Paris, reraarkable for its once magnificent palace, belonging to the
archbishops of Rouen, which is now converted into a prison.
Gaiblooh, gare'-loK, a bay on the W. coast of Ross-shire, Scotland,
which gives name to a parish lying on it
GA-LE'-NA,.a small t near the N. W. extremity of III., the cap. of
Jo Daviess co., reraarkable for the rich lead mines in ita vicinity. The
name is taken from galena, a species of lead ore.
Galicia, gal-ish'-e-a, (Ger. Galizien, gi-lit'-se-en,) the kingdom of,
forms the N. E. portion of the Austrian dominions, being sitnated be
tween 47° and 50° 50' N. Lat, and 18° 54' and 26° 37' E. lon. Its
length, from E. to W., is about 3.50 m.; ita greatest breadth, from N.
to S., near 230 m. The area is computed at 32,949 sq. ra. Pop. about
4,600,000. (P. C.) Lemberg is the capital.— Adj. and inhab. Galician,
gal-ish'-e-an. Galicia, (Sp. pron. gi-lee'-the-i : Anc. Gallte'cia,) a prov. occupying
the N. W. extremity of the Spanish peninsula. Its greatest length,
frora N. to S., is about 125 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., 120 m.
— Adj. and inhab. Gal-le'-gan (from the Spanish Gallego, gil-li'-go)
and Galician,
GAll, Saint, (Fr.pron. siNgill; Ger. Sancte Gallen, sink'-teft-gil'-

GAI^GAN 225
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Ion,) a canton in the N. E. part of Switzerland, bordering on the Rhine
and Lake Constance. Area computed at 780 sq. ra. Pop. in 1831,
165,740. (P.C.)
Gall, St., an important manufacturing and commercial t of Switzer
land, cap. of the above canton, situated about 7 ra. S. W. of Lake Con
stance. Il contains nuraerous literary institutions, Lat, 47° 26' N.,
Lon. 9° 22' E, Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Gal'-la-tin, a CO. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r.
Pop. 4,003. Co. t. Warsaw.
Gallatin, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., bordering on the Ohio and
Wabash rivers. Pop. 10,760. Co. I. Equality.
Gal'-h-a, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r.
Pop. 13,444. Co. t Gallip'-olis.
Gallipoli, gal-lip'-o-le, (Anc. Callip'olis,) an important t of Eu
ropean Turkey, situated at the entrance of the Hellespont about 130 m.
in a direct line, W. by S., from Constantinople. It is interesting in
history, as the first place in Europe where the Turks acquired domi
nion. Lat. 40° 26' N., Lon. 26° 38' E. The pop. is variously esti
mated from 17,000 to 80,000. According to the P. C, it soraewhat
exceeds 20,000.
Gallipoli, a. fortified seaport t of Italy, in Terra di Otranto. Lat.
40° 2' N., Lon. 17° 57' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Gal'-lo-way, a dist in the S. W. of Scotland, comprising the shire
of Wigtown and parts of sorae other shires. The small horses known
by the narae of Galloways, are bred here.
Gal'-ves-ton, the largest t in Texas, situated on an island of ils
own name. Its commerce is represented as very flourishing. Lat. 29°
10' N., Lon. 94° 50' W. Pop. about 5,000.
Galveston Bay, a considerable bay in the S.E. part of Texas, N.
of the island of Galveston.
GliZ-wAY, a CO. in the W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Connaught,
bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, exclusive ofthe co. ofthe town of
Galway, 381,564. (P. C.)
Galway, the co. of the town op, lies in the above, and contains
an area of near 36 sq.m, The town of Galway, which is the cap. of
this, as well as the preceding country, is situated on the outlet of Lough
Corrib, near its entrance into Galway Bay. Its harbour is large, but
not deep. It has a pretty extensive trade ; ils chief manufacture is
flour. Entire pop. of the co. in 1831, 38,120. (P. C.) The pop. of the
town is stated, by the Edinburgh Gazetteer, to be above 15,000.
Gam'-bi-a, a r. of W. Africa, which flows into the Atlantic, between
13° and 14° N. Lat, and near 16° W. Lon, Ils upper course has not
been explored by Europeans, but, from information obtained from the
natives, it is probable that its whole length exceeds 500 ra. It is navi
gable to near Medina (raed-ee'-na), in about 14° W. Lon., a distance,
by water, of perhaps 250 ra. from ils raouth.
Gand. See Ghent.
Ganges, gan'-j^z, (Hindoo Gun'-ga,) a large r. of India, the two

226 GAP— GAR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m6t ; pine or pine, pin ; n4, n5t ; 66 as in good .
principal branches of which rise in the Himalaya Mountains, near 31°
N. Lat, and between 78° 30' and 80° E. Lon. One of these, the Bag-
harel'lee, which is considered the true Ganges, rises from the side of
a mountain 13,800 fl. above the level of the sea. In the first part of
its course it runs south-westerly, but gradually changes towards the
S. B., and, after its union with the Jumna, in about 25° 20' N. Lat,
and 82° E. Lon., it flows easterly, and contmues in this direction lo near
88° E. Lon., when it again changes to the S. E,, and falls into the Bay of
Bengal, by many mouths. The whole length of the Ganges is estimated
at near 1,500 ra. It is navigable, for small boata, almost fo ite source,
during the rainy season, and the greater portion of it is navigable all
the year round, but not for vessels of the same size. Even sorae of the
principal branches are irapassable for large boata jduring six months
of the year. — Adj. Gangetic, gan-jel'-ik.
Gap, gip, a city in the S. E. part of France, cap. of the dep. of
Upper Alps. It had, in the 16th century, more than twice ite
present number of inhabitants. Lat 44° 34' N., Lon. 6° 5' E. Pop.
7,000. (B.)
Gard, gaR, a dep. in the i.. of France, bordering on the Mediterra
nean and the r. Rhone. Pop. 366,259. (B.) Capital, Niraes.
Garda, gaR'-di, Lake of, (Anc. Bena'cus,) the largest lake in Italy,
situated between 45° 26' and 45° 56' N. Lat, and 10° 32' and 10° 50'
E. Lon. Its length is about 35 ra.; ite greatest breadth about 10m.
The r. Mincio forras its outlet. A stearaboat plies between Desenzano
(di-sSn-zi'-no) on its S. coast and Riva (ree/-vi) at ita N. extremity, in
Tyrol. Gardon, gaR^-d6N', a small r. in the S. of France, which intersects
the dep. of Gard, and flows into the Rhone. Over the valley of this
stream is the celebrated Pont du Gard (p6N dii GaR), a magnificent
Roman aqueduct, 895 ft. long, and about 1600;. above the waters ofthe
river, which was constructed for the purpose of supplying the ancient
Neraausus (now Nimes) with water from the fountain of Aure.
Gard'-tner, a flourishing t of Maine, in Kennebeck Co., situated on
the r. Kennebeck, about 8 ra. S. of Augusta. Pop. of the township,
5,042. Garfagnana, gaR-fin-yi'-ni; a highland dist of the nortliern Apen
nines, situated on the borders of &e states of Tuscany, Genoa, and
Modena. Garigliano, gi-reel-yi'-no, a small r. of Naples, which flows into
the Mediterranean, about 10 m. E. of Gaeta.
Gar'-onne' (the Garum'na of the Romans), a r. in the S. W. part of
France, which rises a little beyond the frontier, in the kingdom of
Spain, and, flowing in a north-westerly direction, unites with the Dor
dogne, about 15 m. below Bordeaux, to form the Gironde. Ita length
is about 360 ra. It is navigable above 200 m., though there are many
impediments in the upper part of its course.
Garonne, Upper, (Fr. Haute Garonne, 6te gi^-ronn',) a dep. in tlie

GAR— GEL 227
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; (Jt like 7.
S. of France, intersected by tbe r. Garonne. Pop. 4.54,727, Capital,
Toulouse. Gar'-r.ard, a CO. in the E. central part of Ky., bordering on the r.
Kentucky. Pop. 10,480. Co. t. Lancaster.
Gar'-rows, a mountainous dist. bordering on the N. E. frontier of
Bengal, tributary to the British.
Gas^-co-nade', a r. of Mo., which flows into the Missouri r.
Gasconade, a co. in the E, central part of Mo., intersected by the
above, and bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 5,330. Co. t Mount
Sterling. Gas'-co-ny, (Fr. Gascogne, gis^-coii',) formerly a prov. in the S.W.
part of France, now constituting the deps. of the Upper Pyrenees, Gers,
and Landes, and part of the Lower Pyrenees, Upper Garonne, Lot and
Garonne, and Ariege. — Adj. and inhab. Gas'-con.
Gaspe, gis^-pi', a co. of Lower Canada, surrounding a bay of the
same narae in the Gulf of St Lawrf ice. Lat. of the latter, about 48°
47' N., Lon. 64° 20' W.
Gates, a co. in the N. E. part N. C, bordering on Va. a; 1 the
Chowan r. Pop. 8,161. Co. t G , ville.
Gateshead. See Newcastl- n-Tyne.
Ga'-z.a, an ancient t of Palestine, situated near the borders of the
desert which separates thi) country frora ''igypt about 3ra. from the
Mediterranean. Lat. 31° '.^T N., Lon. 34° 7' E. Pop. between 3,000
and 4,000. (P- C.)
(JrE-Au'-G.A, a CO. Hear the N. E. extremity of Ohio. Pop. 16,297.
Co. t. Chardon.
Geel, gheel, (Dutch pron. Hale,) a t. of Belgiurti, in the prov. of Ant
werp, remarkable for the great number of persons afflicted with in
sanity, who are sent thither from the surrounding country, to hoard in
private farailies. The inhabitants, generally speaking, appear lo pos
sess great skill in the treatment of this malady, which forms the prin
cipal part of their occupation. Lat. 51° 10' N., Lon. 4° 58' E. Pop.
about7,000. (P. C.)
Gefle, yev'-lJ, a seaport t of Sweden, situated at the mouth of a
little stream which flows into the Baltic, important on account of its
commerce, its dock-yards, and the number of ita raerchant vessels. It
is regarded as the third seaport of Sweden. Here is a celebrated
gyranasiura. Lat 60° 40' N., Lon. 17° 8' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
GEiZ-DERg or Guelders, (Dutch, Geldern, nel'-dern,) called also Gel'-
der-land, a prov. in the E. part of HoUand, bordering on the Prussian
dorainions. The area scarcely exceeds 2,000 sq. ra.. Pop. in 1824,
279,226. Capital, Arnliem. "The ancient duchy of Gelders was con- :
siderably larger than the present province. One division of it, called
Upper Gelders, remained subject to Spain after the successful revolt
of the marilirae provinces of the Netherlands; and a part of this, in
cluding the town of Gelders, now belongs to Prussia.
Gelders or Geldern, a sraall t and once an important fortress of
the Prussian dominions, in the circle of Diisseldorf, 48 m. N. W. of
p

228 GEN— GEN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pta ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good;
Cologne. From it the above-mentioned duchy look its narae. Lat 51°
31' N., Lon. 6° 19' E. Pop. 3,600. (B.)
(JtBN^-e-see', a I. which rises in Pa., and, flowing across the W. part
of N. Y., empties itself into L. Ontario. Its whole length is about
125 m.
Genesee, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., a little to the W. of the
above r. Pop. 59,587. Co. t Batavia.
Genesee, a co. in the S. E. central part of Mich., S. of Saginaw
Bay. Pop. 4,268. Co. t Flint
^en^-es-e'-o, the seat of justice of Livingston CO., N. Y., situated on
the r. Genesee, about 25 ra. S. by W. of Rochester.
Qen-e'-v.a, (Ger. Genf, ghenf ; Fr. Geneve, zhen-ave' ; II. Ginevra,
jin-i'-vri,) a celebrated city of Switzerland, the cap. ofa canton ofthe
sarae narae, situated oil both sides of the Rhone, where it issues from
L. Leman. The larger part of tbe town is on the S side, but a por
tion is buUt on an island in the river, which is joined to the two
hanks hy bridges. A sraaller island, at the very point where tho Rhone
issues from the lake, is planted wilh trees, and forras a public prome
nade. A handsome suspension bridge has recently been thrown across
the river. The town is regularly fortified, with ramparte, ditches, and
bastions. As a seat of learning, Geneva holds a distinguished rank
among the European cities. Its academy, or rather university, founded
by Calvin, has the four faculties of theology, law, science, and belles
lettres, with forty professors. The Botanic Garden is considered as the
first establishment of the kind in Switzerland. Our limite will not
perrait us lo mention even the principal among ite numerous literary
and scientific institutions ; yet we may hriefly notice the various collec
tions in the sciences of mineralogy, entomology, botany. &c., especially
the botanical library, and the magnificent herbarium of M. De Can-
doUe, which contains not less than 58,000 different species, and may be
regarded as the finest coUection ofthe kind which has ever heen made.
The manufacturing industry of Geneva is chiefly directed to the con
struction of clocks and watches, and to works in jewelry. It would be
difficult to narae another town of equal size which has produced so many
distinguished persons as Geneva; araong these may be raentioned Saus
sure, Rousseau, Madame de Stael, and Sismondi. Geneva is one of
the oldest cities in Western Europe, and is mentioned under ita present
name, in Ca;sar's Comraentaries on the Gallic' war. (Lib. I., 7 and 8.)
After the reforraalion, it becarae, under the auspices of John Calvin,
one of the principal rallying points of the reformed coraraunion, so as
to be styled by sorae " the Rome of the Protestanta." Much of ita pre
sent moral and intellectual elevation must be ascribed to the strong
impression which Calvin stamped upon it three centuries ago. The 01>
servatory is in 46° 11' 59" N. Lat, and 6° 9'22 ' E. Lon. Pop. in 1834,
27,177. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab. Qen^-e-vese'.
Geneva, Canton of, occupies the S. W. pxtremity of Switzerland.
The area is computed at about 93 sq.m. The entire pop. in 1834

GEN— GEO 229
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Q like j.
amounted to 56,655. (P. C.) This is the smallest canton of the Swiss
confederation. Geneva, Lake of. See Leman,
Ge.neva, tt village of N. Y., beautifully situated at the N, end of
Seneca Lake, Pop, about 3,000.
Genevieve (jen^-e-veev') St., a co, in the E. S, E. part of Mo., bor
dering on the Mississippi. Pop. 3il48, Co, t St. Genevieve.
(^en'-o-.a* (the Gen'ua of the ancient Romans ; It. Geneva, jen'-o-vi ;
Fr. Genes, zliain) ; an archiepiscopal city in the N. W. part of Italy,
forraerly the cap. of the celebrated republic of this narae, situated
at the foot of the Northern Apennines, in the recess of a wide
gulf on the Mediterranean, to whioh it gives its narae. It is strongly
fortified on the land side, being enclosed by a double line of fortifica
tions. Though, in general, irregularly and badly built, it contains
many fine edifices ; the palace Durazzo, and that of Andrew Doria
are among the raost remarkable. Genoa has several important lite
rary and scientific institutions; the University, with its twenty-nine
professors, the Academy of Fine Arts, and the Institution for the Deaf
and Dumb, are perhaps the most deserving notice. The territory of
the old republic now forms a part of the kingdora of Sardinia, under the
name of the duchy of Genoa. The climate of this region i§ healthy,
and the atmosphere remarkably pure. The Genoese are a shrewd,
active, frugal, industrious, and still eminently commercial people. The
town is in Lat. 44° 25' N., Lon. 8° 58' E. Pop. above 80,000. (B.)—
Adj. and inhab. (^en^-o-ese'.
George, Lake, a lake in the E. N. E. part of N. Y., situated between
the counties of Washington and Warren ; it is 33 m. in length, and
about 2 in breadth. Its outlet, which is 3ra. long, flows into Lake
Charaplain. It is studded with sraall islands, and its waters are re
markably pure and transparent: these circumstances, together with
the wild and lofty hills by which il is surrounded, render il alraost un
equalled for picturesque and romantic beauty.
George, St., (Port. Sam Jorge, soung zhoR'-zhi,) an i. of the Azores,
intersected by the parallel of 38° 30' N. Lat, and the 28th meridian
of W. Lon. Length above 30 ra. ; raean breadth only 4 or 5 m.
George'-town, formerly Stabroek (sli'-brook), the cap. of British
Guiana, situated near the raouth of the r. Deraerara. It formerly be
longed to the Dutch. Lat. about 6° 48' N., Lon. 58° 7' W. Pop. about
10,000. (B.)
Georgetown, a dist. in the S. E. part of S. C, inteS'sected by the
Great Pedee r., and bordering on the sea. Pop. 18,274. Co. t George
town. Georgetown, a port of entry, cap. of the above situated on Win-
yaw Bay, at the mouth of the Great Pedee r. Lat. 33° 21' N., Lon,
79° 17' W. Pop. estimated at about 2,000.
* See Introduction, I.
20

230 GEO— GER
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
Georgetown, a t and port of entry of Washington co., in the Dist
of Columbia, situated at the confluence of Rock Creek with the Poto
mac, 24 ra. above the capitol. Pop. 7,312.
Georgia, jor'-je-a, (called by the Russians Grusia, groo'-se-i,) a con
siderable country of Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Cas
pian, and extending from 38° 18' to 43° 52' N. Lat, and from 39° 43
to 50° 14' E. Lon. These, however, are to be understood as the limita
of the Russian prov. of this narae. Georgia Proper is considerably less
extensive. There is sorae diversity araong geographers respecting ils
boundaries ; bul it appears to have included originally neariy the whole
of the southern declivity of the Caucasus, frora the Caspian to the Black
Sea. The origin of the narae is unknown : some derive it from the r.
Koor (Kur), which intersects nearly the whole extent ofthis fine coun
try. The Persians call it Goorgistan. The climate of Georgia is mild
and, in general, very healthy. The Georgian girls, like those of Cir-
cassia, are celebrated for their beauty, though their complexion is said
to be less delicate, and their figure less graceful. This country pro
duces raany excellent fruits, araong which are peaches, apricote, and
figs. The vines are abundant, and ofa good quality ; the wine that is
made frora thera is raostly sent to Persia. The pop. of Georgia Proper
is estimated at 300,000. (M. B.) Capital, Tiflis.— Adj. and inhab.
Geor'-gi-an. Georgia, one of the thirteen original U. S., between 30° 21' and
.35° N. Lat, and 81° and 85° 50' W. Lon ;_ bounded on the N. by
North Carolina and Tennessee, N. B. by South Carolina, E. and S. E.
by the Atlantic, S. by Florida, and W. by Alabaraa; and divided into
93 counties.* Length, frora N. lo S., ahout 300 ra. ; greatest breadth,
from E. to W., near 250 m. The area is estimated at 62,000 sq.m.
Pop. 691,392, of whom 407,695 are whites, 2,753 free coloured, and
280,944 slaves. Milledgeville is the seat of govemment
Gera, gi'-ri, a t of Germany, the seat of government for the Reuss
principalities, which are on the W. border of Saxony. It is also the
seat ofa Protestant consistory. Lat. 50°53'N., Lon. 12° 4' E. Pop.
about 9,000. (B.)
(^er-main'. Saint, (Fr. pron. s4n zhtR^-maN'), a town of France,
in the dep. of Seine and Oise, situated on the left bank of the Seine,
about 14 ra. W. by N. fppra Paris, with which it is connected by a raU-
• Appling, Baker, Baldwin, Bibb, Bryan, Bullock, Burke, Butts. Camden, Camp
bell, Carroll, Cass, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clarke, Cobb, Columbia,
Coweta, Crawford. Dade, Decatur, De Kalb, Dooly, Early, Efiuigham, Elbert,
Emanuel, Fayette, Floyd, Fnrsyth, Franklm, Gilmer, Glynn, Green, Gwinnett, Ha
bersham, Hall, Hancock, Harris, Heard, Henry, Houston, Irwin, Jackson, Jasper,
Jefferson, Jones, Laurens, Lee, Liberty, Lincoln, Lowndes, Lumpkin, Macon,
Madison, Marion, Mc Intosh, Meriwether, Monroe, Montgomery. Morgan, Mur
ray, Muscogee, Newton, Oglethorpe, Paulding, Pike, Pulaski, Putnam, Rabun,
Randolph, Richmond, Scriven, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taliaferro, Tatnall.
Telfair, Thomas, Troup, Twiggs, Union, Upson, Walker, Walton, Ware, Warren,
Washington, Wayne, Wilkes, Wilkinson.

GER— GER 231
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, neariy like ng^; (Jf, Vikej.
road. It was formerly a favourite residence of the French kings. The
forest of St. Germain, in the vicinity, is still a frequent resort of the
royal faraily, with their hunting parlies. To distinguish it from other
places of this name, the town is often called St. Gerraain en laye (iN
li), i. e. " in the lane or passage," probably referring to its position on
one of the roads leading to the forest. Pop. in 1831, 10,671. (P. C.)
German Ocean. See North Sea.
(,iER-MA-NY (Lat Gerraa'nia; Ger. Deutschland, doicji'-lint ; Fr.
AUemagne, ilP-min') ; an extensive country of Europe, situated be
tween 45° 30' and 55° 50' N. Lat, and 4° 45' and 22° 54' E. Lon.
These limits have reference to all the territories comprised in the Ger
manic confederation, including some districte which do not belong lo
Germany Proper ; e. g. Luxemburg, and Friuli. According to the more
strict application of the name, Gerraany is bounded on the N. by the
Baltic, E. by Poland, Galicia, and Hungary, S. by Croatia, Illyria,
Italy, and Switzerland, and W. by France, Belgium, and Holland. Ita
length, from the Netherlands to the E. part of Prussia, is upwards of
700m.; its breadth is very unequal; measuring frora N. to S., ftom
the Baltic to the southern limit of "Tyrol, it amounts to near 600 m.
The area is stated at 284,000 sq.m. Before the French Revolution,
the German empire was divided into nine circles; naraely, those of
Austria, Bavaria, and Suabia, in the S. ; Franconia, Upper Rhine, and
Lower Rhine, in the raiddle ; and Westphalia, Upper Saxony, and Lower
Saxony, in the N. Other countries, however, were considered as forraing
parts of the empire, of which the principal were Bohemia, Silesia, Mora
via, and Lusatia. The present Germanic confederation, as established by
an act ofthe Congress of Vienna, on the 8th of June, 181-5, consists of
thirty-eight independent states. The central point and organ of the
confederation is the Federative Diet, which sits at Frankfort on the
Main. It exercises its authority in a double form : 1st, as a general
assembly, terraed Plenura ; and, 2dly, as a rainor council, called the Fede
rative Diet Ordinary. The Plenura meets only when an aflair relating
to all the confederation is to be decided. It has seventy voles, of which
four belong to Austria, and as many to each of tbe five German king
doms ; the other stales, according to their respective importance, have
three, two or one vote each. The Federative Diet Ordinary possesses
in all seventeen votes, out of which eleven principal states have each a
single vote, and the remaining twenty-seven only six joint votes.
Austria presides in both assemblies, and decides in case of equality.
The objects of the Germanic confederation are mutual 4efence against
a coramon enemy, and the preservation of internal security and peace
among the confederated states, which have no right to declare war on
each other, but must submit their differences to the decision of the
Diet. The following is a list of the states, with the nuraber of votes
which each possesses in the general assembly.
I States having each four votes :

1. Austria,
2. Prussia,
3. Bavaria,

4. Saxony,
5. Hanover,
6. Wiirtemberg.

232

GER

Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m*, raJt ; pine or pine, pto ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good;

10. Holstein and Lauenburg,
11. Luxemburg.

14. Nassau.

II. Stales having each three votes :
7. Baden,
8. The electorate of Hesse,
9. The grand-duchy of Hesse,
III. States having each two votes :
12. Brunswick, I
13. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, I
IV. States having each one vote :
15. Saxe- Weimar, 27. Lichtenstein,
16. Saxe-Coburg, 28. HohenzoUern-Sigmaringen
17. Saxe-Meiningen, 29. Waideck,
18. Saxe-Hildburghausen, 30. Reuss, elder branch,
19. Mecklenburg-Strelilz, 31. Reuss, younger branch,
20. Holstein-Oldenburg, 32. Lippe-Schauenburg,
21. Anhalt-Dessau, 33. Lippe-Detmold,
22. Anhalt-Bernhurg, 34. Hesse-Homburg,
23. Anhalt-Coethen, 3.5. Lubeck,
24. Schwarzhurg-Sondershausen, 36. Frankfort ,
25. Schwarzburg-Rudolsladt 37. Bremen,
26. HohenzoUern-Hechingen, 38. Hamburg.
The following is a list of the Austrian, Prussian, Dutch, and
Danish possessions comprised in the Germanic confederation:
Austrian. — The archduchy of Austria, the duchies of Salzburg,
Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Austrian Pi-iuli, the territory of Trieste,
the county of Tyrol, with Vorarlberg, the kingdom of Bohemia, the
margraviale of Moravia, and Austrian Silesia.
Prussian. — The provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia,
Prussian Saxony, Westphalia, and the provinces of the Rhine.
Dutch. — The grand-duchy of Luxemburg.
Danish. — The duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg.
Nothing is known of the early history of Gerraany, except what we
derive frora the Romans. In the lime of Julius Cassar, the Germans
(Germani) were regarded as the raost formidable and warlike of all
the European barbarians. To this character they appear to have been
indebted for the appellation by which they were known araong the sur
rounding nations. Wehrman, i. e. " war-man," was changed by the
Romans into German, as they probably had no other mode in which
they could indicate more neariy the sound ofthe barbarian name.* In
the early part of the third century the Alemanni Or AUemanni ap
pear as one of the most conspicuous and powerful of the German na-

• It is curious to observe how often w, in a Teutonic language, is changed tc
^in a Romanic. Among many other instances, we may cite the following ; Ger.
wehr, Sp, guerra, Fr. guerre ; Eng. ward, Sp. gvarda, Fr. garde ; Eng. waste, Sp
guastar, Fr. /•ater (originally gasler) ; Eng. looger, Fr. gager ; Eng. warrant, Fr
garantir. (See note to Cornwall, page 169 ; also, Int. XXVII., 10.)

GER— GHE 233
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Q, likey.
tions, if they were not rather a union of various nations, as their name
(AUemannen, all men, or all sorts of men), would seem to iraply.
Though often defeated, the Alleraanni harassed alraost continually the
Roraan frontier on the side of Gerraany, during the decline of the
Western empire. But having, in a sanguinary battle, been utterly
routed by the Franks, under Clodwig, in 496, they were afterwards
united to the Suevi, and with them consolidated into a dukedom, called
the Duchy of AUeniannia. From the AUemanni the French and Spn-
nish naraes of Gerraany, AUemagne and Alemania, are derived. The
Gerraanic erapire dates from the time of Charlemagne, by whom it was
founded, in the latter part of the 8th century. Conrad, the first duke
of Franconia, was elected eraperor about the year 911, from which time
the crown of Germany reraained elective till 1806, when Francis II.
abdicated the iraperial crown of Germany, and declared the dissolution
ofthe Gerraanic _empire. After the dethroneraent of Napoleon, in 1815,
the new system of general government, called the Germanic confedera
tion, was established, as already explained. — Adj. Ger'-m.an and Qer
M-An'-ic ; inhab. German.
Gerona, ni-ro'-ni, a t of Spain, in Catalonia, the cap. of a dist of
the same name, and formerly important on account of ils fortiflcations.
Lat. 42° 2' N., Lon. 2° 47' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
Gers, zhaRe, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by a sraall r. of
the same name, wliich fiows into the Garonne. Pop. 312,882. (B.)
Capital, Auch.
Gex, zhex, a small t of France, near the frontiers of Switzerland,
11 m. N. by W. frora Geneva, in a dist. ofthe same name, which forms
a part of the dep. of Ain.
Ghadamis, gha-da'-mis, or gha-dims', a coraraercial t. of N. Africa,
in an oasis of the same name, which is tributary to Tripoli. It is a
rendezvous for caravans travelling from Tripoli to Timbuctoo. Lat.
about 29° 50' N., Lon. near 11° E.
Ghauts, Mountains of Hindostan, which are usually divided into the
Western and the Eastern Ghauts. The Western Ghauts extend along
the W. coast of Hindostan, from the r. Taply, on which Surat stands,
to about 11° N. Lat, and form the boundary of the table land of tho
Dekkan on the side towards the Indian Ocean. Th6 Eastern Ghauts,
which separate the table land of the Dekkan from the low and level
countiy along the Bay of Bengal,, extend frora about 12° to 18° N.- Lat
To another raountain ridge, which bounds the table land of the Dekkan
on the S., and which has only been explored within the la^ twenty-five
years, the name of Southern Ghauts has recently been applied. The
word Ghaut literally signifies a " mountain pass."
Gheel. See Geel.
Ghee'-zeh (Gizeh or Jizeh), a small t. of Egypt, on the left bank of
the Nile, chiefly reraarkable for ita vicinity to the pyraraids. Lat. 30°
2' N., Lon. 31° 15' B.
Ghent, (Flem. Gent or Gend, nent ; Fr. Gand, giN,) a city of Belgium,
cap. of E. Flanders, situated at the confluence of the Lys with the
20*

234 GHO— GIB
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; m^, m^t ; p'.ne or pine, pin ; nA, n5t ; 66 as in good,
Scheldt, 31 ra. W. S. W. from Antwerp, and 30 m. N. W. from Brus
sels. It is intersected by a great number of navigable canals, through
which it communicates with most of the iraportant towns of the Low
Countries. The Sas-van-Ghent Canal (first opened for use in 18'28),
which runs towards the N. into Zealand, connecte Ghent with the W.
Scheldt, and allows vessels from the sea, drawing 18 ft of water, to
enter the city. In the centre of the town a magnificent basin has
lately been excavated, which is . connected wilh the above canal,
and is capable of containing 400 vessels, of 900 tons each. Ghent
is a handsorae and well-built city, and is surrounded by walls with
seven gates. This town appears to have existed as early as the 5th
century. It was formerly much raore populous than al present Dnring
the reign of the eraperor Charles V., who was born here, Ghent con
tained 175,000 inhabitants (P. C.) Towards the end of the 13th cen
tury, il is said to have exceeded the capital of France, in extent and
population. Besides the University and the College, Ghent possesses a
royal academy of drawing, sculpture, and architecture ; a royal society
of agriculture and botany ; and various other establishmente for the
promotion of literature, science, and the arte. Lat 51° 3' N., Lon.
3° 44' E. Pop. 84,000. (B.)
Ghool-ghoo'-la, a valley in Afghanistan, 30 or 40 m. N. W. of Ca
bool, remarkable for two rude colossal statues, one of a male,'about
120 ft. in height; the other of a female, about 70 ft.
Gibraltar, je-braul'-ter, (Sp. pron. ne-bril-taR': Anc. Cal'pe,) a for
tified rock in the S. extremity of Spain, which is connected with the
continent by an isthraus of low sand, and alraost surrounded by the
waters ofthe Mediterranean, forraing a proraontory, 3 ra. in length,
from N. to S., and from 1,200 to 1,400 ft. in height Towards the S.,
it terminates in what is called Europa Point. In the early part of the
Sth century, an army of Saracens, under the command of Tarif, landed
here, and erected a castle on the shoulder ofthe rock, which was called
by the invaders Gibel-Tarif (i. e. the "mountain of Tarif"), whence,
in all probability, the present name is derived. The ruins of the
Moorish castle are still to be seen. At present, Gibraltar is perhaps
the strongest and most remarkable fortress in the world. Besides other
fortifications, of extraordinary strenglh, there are two excavations,
called gaUeries, wrought in the solid rock, which are sufficiently capa
cious to contain the whole garrison in time of siege. They are nar
row, and extend from two to three iniles in length. Along these
galleries, at intervals of every twelve yards, are port-holes, bearing on
the isthraus and bay. Gibraltar is a free port, and forms a convenient
entrepot for merchandise destined for the neighbouring provinces of
Spain and Africa. The Bay of Gibraltar, lying W. of the promontory,
is commodious, and secure from all the raore dangerous winds. It is
near8ra. in length; its greatest breadth is about 5m.; ita depth, in
the centre, exceeds 100 fathoms. I'he town of Gibraltar is situated
near the foot of the hill, at its N, W. side. Lat. 36° 6' 30" N., Lon.
5° 19' W. Pop. estimated at about 16,000. (P. C.)

GIB— GLA 236
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Q like _;'.
Gibraltar, Strait of, situated between Spain and Africa, and con
necting the Mediterranean with the Atlantic Ocean. In the narrowest
place, its breadth does not exceed 1'2 m. Its length, from Cape Trafal
gar to Europa Point, is near 40 m.
Gib'-son, a CO. in the W. p.irt of Tenn., a little E. of the Missis
sippi r. Pop. 13,689. Co. t Trenton.
Gibson, a co. in the S. W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash
and White rivers. Pop. 8,977. Co. t. Princeton.
Giessen, ghees'-sen, a t of Gerraany, in the grand-ducby of Hesse,
about 33 m. N. of Frankfort on the Main. It has a university, attended
by about 400 studenta. Lat. 50° 34' N., Lon. 8° 34' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.)
Gihon or Jihon. See Oxus.
GijoN, He-Hone', a small t of Spain, on the coast of Asturia, re
markable for ita college or high-school, called the Instituto Asturiano
Lat 43° 35' N., Lon. 5° 45' W.
Gila, Hee'-li, a r. of Mexico, which flows into the Colorado.
(JtiLES, a CO. in the S. W. part of Va., intersected by New River
Pop. 5,307. Co. t Parisburg.
Giles, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 21,494.
Co. I. Pulaski.
GiiZ-MER, a CO. in the N. part of Ga., bordering on Tenn. Pop.
2,536. Co. t EUejay.
GiLOLO, je-lo'-lo, the largest of the Molucca islands, between 1° S.
and 2° 10' N. Lat, and 1'27° and 129° E. Lon. In shape, il somewhat
resembles a bird's foot; consisting of four lobes, of which the northern
is considerably the largest. Its length, from N. to. S., is about 220 m. ;
the greatest breadth ofthe northern lobe is near 50 m. Like the other
Moluccas, il is dependent on the Dutch. (See Moluccas.)
GiRGEH, jeeR'-jeh (written by the French, Djirdjeh), a considerable
t, forraerly the cap. of Upper Egypt, situated on the left bank of the
Nile. Lat. 26° 22' N., Lon. 31° 55' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.)
Girgenti, jeeR-jen'-te (Anc. Agrigen'tum), a t of Sicily, the cap.
of a prov. of the same name, situated near the S. W. coast, about a
mile from the ruins ofthe ancient Agrigenlum. Lat. 37° 19' N., Lon.
13° 34' E. Pop. about 15,000. (B.) On the site of the ancient town,
called, by the present inhabitants, Girgenti Vecchio (vek'-ke-o) or Old
Girgenti, are to be seen a great nuraber of interesting ruins; the tem
ple of Concord, having been converted into a Christian church, is still
almost entire.
Gironde, je-rond', (Fr. pron. zhe^-rAsd'), a r. or estuary of France,
formed by the union of the Garonne and Dordogne, flowing into the
Bay of Biscay. Its length is about 45 m.; its breadth varies from
about 2 to 7 m.
Gironde. a dep. in the S, W. part of France, lying on both sides of
the r. Gironde, and bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 555,809.
(B.) Capital, Bordeaux.
Gizeh. See Gheezeh.
Glad'-win, a CO. in the E. part of Mich., W. of Saginaw Bay.

236 GLA— GRO
Fate, fir, fill, fit; mi, raSt; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit; 66 as in good;
Glam-or'-oan-shjrb, a co. in S. Wales, bordering on the sea. Pop.
171,188. Glar'-us, in Fr. Claris, gli^-reece', a canton in the B. part of Swit
zerland, bordering on the lake of Wallenstadt and the Linth Canal,
which connects the above lake wilh the lake of Zurich. The area is
about 469 sq.ra. Pop. 28,000. (B.)
Glarus, the cap. of the above canton, is situated on the r. Linth,
which flowsinto the lake of Wallenstadt It contains a Protestant col
lege, and about 4,000 inhabilanta, (P. C.) Lat 47° 2' N., Lon. 9°
2'E. Glas'-gow, a city of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, situated on the N.
bank of the Clyde, 43 ra. W_, by S. from Edinburgh. In extent and
population, as well as in comraerce and raanufactures, it is the first
town of Scotland. Three different canals terrainate in Glasgow;
through one of them, the Forth and Clyde Canal, it has comraunica
tion with Falkirk, Grangeraouth and Edinburgh. The town is, in
general, regularly and handsomely built ; the streets are large, clean,
and well paved, and adorned wilh a number of fine edifices, both pub
lic and private. The ancient cathedral stands in the highest part of
the city, and is considered as the finest specimen of Gothic architecture
among the churches of Scotland. Among the various scientific and
literary institutions of Glasgow, we raay mention the University, which
was attended, in 1826-7, by 1,027 studenta; the Hunterian Museum,
with a superb collection of anatomical preparations, and Ihe institu
tion founded by Professor Anderson, of which it is the object to fur
nish, at a very moderate expense, a regular course of instruction, by
popular lectures, to persons not wishing, or not able, to enter any of
the universities. Glasgow exhibits an astonishing augmentation in tbe
number of inhabitants, of late years. The pop. of 1841, which, in
cluding the suburbs, amounted lo 274,324, exceeded that of 1831 by
more than 72,000. In 1780, the town contained only 42,832 inhabi
tants. (B. G.) The Observatory is in Lat. 55° 51' 32" N., Lon. 4°
17' .54" W. (P. C.)
Port-Glasgow is situated in Renfrewshire, on the Frith of Clyde,
ahout 20 ra. below Glasgow. The citizens of the latter town having
experienced great inconvenience frora the want of a seaport, founded
a harbour here in 1668, and afterwards obtained a charter from the
crown, constituting il a free port Pop. 6,973.
Glatz (Polish, Klodz'-ko), a fortified t. of Prussian Silesia, cap. of
a circle of the same name on the Neisse (ni'-cc^). It is surrounded
by a double wall. Lat. .50° 25' N., Lon. 16° 37' E. Pop., exclusive
of the military, 6,400. (B.)
Glauchau, glou'-Kou, a t of Saxony, in the co. of Schonburg,- 6 ra.
N. of Zwickau. Pop. 5,300. (B.)
Glogau, glo'-gou, a circle of Prussian Silesia, S. of Posen.
Ghoss-Glogau, groce'-glo'-gOu (t. e. Great Glogau), the chief town
of the above, is a strong fortress, situated on the Oder. Lat. 51° 40'
N., Lon, 16° 7' E. Pop., exclusive of the garrison, 11,000. (B.)

GLO— GOL 237
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Q, like j.
Glommen, glum'-men, the largest r. of Norway, rises in the high
mountains lo the S. E. of Drontheim, and flows into the Skager-Rack.
It traverses several small lakes in its course.
Gloucester, glos'-t^r, (the Gle'vura ofthe Roraans; Saxon, Gleau
Cester, whence the present narae is derived,) a city in the W. of Eng
land, the cap. of Gloucestershire, is situated on the left bank of the
Severn, 90 m. W. N. W. from London. There are two stone bridges,
each of a single arch, over the two channels of the Severn. Glouces
ter is reraarkable for ita superb cathedral, and for its immense raanu
facture of pins. Which, however, was formerly much more extensive
than at present. Lat 51° 52' N., Lon. 2° 16' W? The city forms a
little CO. of itself, with an area of only 680 acres. Pop. 14,1.52.
Gloucester, a port of entry of Essex co., Mass., on the S. side of
the peninsula of Cape Ann, about 27 ra., in a straight line, N. E. of
Boston. It has a commodious harbour, and carries on extensive fish
eries. Pop. 6,350.
Gloucester, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Dela
ware r. Pop. 25,438. Co. t Woodbury.
Gloucester, a co. in the E. part of Va., at the raouth of York r.
Pop. 10,715. Seat of justice, Gloucester c. h.
Gloucestershire, glos'-ter-shir, a co. in the W. of England, inter
sected by the r. Severn. Pop. 431,383.
GlCckstadt, gliick'-stitt a t and free port of Denraark, cap. of
Holstein (see Kiel), situated on the Elbe. Lat 53° 48' N., Lon. 9° 27
E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.)
Gltnn, a CO. in the S. B. part of Ga., bordering on the r. Altaraaha
and the sea. Pop. 5,302. Co. t Brunswick.
Gmund, gmoont, or GmUn'-dbn, a small t of Upper Austria, import
ant on account of ils salt-works, and the railroad which connects it
with Linz and Budweis.
Gmijnd, graiint, a t of Germany, in Wurtemberg, 28 m. E. of Stutt
gart, wilh an institute for the deaf and durab, and for the blind, and
other establishments for education.
Gnesen, gnV-zen, (Polish, Gniesno, gne-es'-rio,) a t of Prussian
Poland, 30 m. by E. by N. from Posen, considered as the most ancient
town in all Poland. Pop. 5,600. (B.)
Go'-A, the cap. ofthe Portuguese possessions in India, situated in the
prov. of Bejapoor, on an island- forraed by the r. Mandova. The ancient
city is now almost deserted. The new town, which stands 5 ra. nearer
tbe sea, is called Pandjim (pin-jeem'). (P. C.) Lat. 15° 31' N., Lon.
73° 45' E. Pop. estiraated at from 18,000 to 20,000.
Godavery, go-di'-ver-e, a large r. of India, which rises in the
Western Ghauts, and flowing, at first easterly, and afterwards south
easterly, erapties itself into tbe Bay of Bengal, by several mouths. Its
length is estimated at 640 m. ,
Goes, H66ce, a seaport t. of Holland, on the island of S. Beveland,
Lat 51° 30; N., Lon. 3° 53' B. Pop. 4,500. (B.)
Gol-con'-da, an ancient and decayed t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of

238 GOD-GOO
Fite, fir, fiU, fat; m^, mJt; pine orpine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 asin^ooii;
Ilydrabad, celebrated for its diamond mines. It appears, however, that
these mines, mentioned so frequently by geographers as well as others,
have never had an existence. The " diamonds of Golconda" are thus
designated, from having been wrought in this town, which was, for
many centuries, distinguished for ils traffic in those precious stones.
(B.) Golconda is situated a few railes to the W. of the city of Hydra-
bad. Lat. 17° 23' N., Lon. 78° 26' E.
Goldberg, golt'-b^RO, a manufacturing t of Prussian Silesia, Lat
51° 4' N., Lon. 15° 56' B, Pop, 6,400. (B.)
Gold Coast, a part of Guinea, the limits of which are not exactly
defined. In ils most extensive application, the name comprises a mari
time tract extending from the little r. Assinee (about 3° 20' W. Lon.)
to the eastern mouth of the r. Lagos, (4° 20' B. Lon.) That portion,
however, which lies E. of the r. Volta, is often called the Slave Const
Some writers describe the Gold Coast as limited on the W. by Cape
Three Points (ahout 2° 10' W. Lon.) ; others make Cape ApoUonia the
western boundary. Of all parts of Guinea, and indeed of the African
coast, this is the one where European settlements and trade have been
carried to the greatest extent Its name sufficiently indicates the cause.
It appears, however, that the gold for which this region forraerly en
joyed an exaggerated celebrity, was chiefly procured from other por
tions of Africa.
GoLNow, gol'-nov, a t of Prussia, in Pomerania, 18 m. N.E. of Stet
tin. Pop. 3,600. (B.)
Gom-bboon', called, also, Bun'-dbr Ab-bas'-si, a t of Persia, situated
at the entrance bf the Persian Gulf, opposite to tbe far-famed island of
Orrauz. Formerly it carried on an extensive trade, and ita population
is said to have amounted to 30,000 ; it is now reduced to 3,000 or 4,000.
(P. C.) According to Balbi, it is still populous durino- the winter sea
son. Lat about 27° 12' N., Lon. 56° 3' E.
Gomera, go-rai'-ri, one of the Canarv Islands, situated between 2S°
and' 28° 13' N. Lat, and 17° 15' and'l7° 35' W. Lon. It is about
20 m. long, and contains an area of lOJ sq. leaofues. Pop. 11,742.
(P C.)
GoNAlvES, Lbs, li go^-nive', a sraall seaport t of Havti, cap. of the
dep. of Artibonite. Lat. 19° 20' N., Lon. 72° 30' W.
Gon'-dar, a city of Abyssinia, formerly the cap. of the whole empire ;
at present the chief town of the kingdom of Amhara, is situated in a
plain between 20 and 30 m. N. of Lake Dembea. The houses are
mostly covered with straw ; they are isolated, so that the city occupies
a large space in proportion to the number of inhabitants. Lat about
12° 30' N., Lon. 37° 32' E. Pop. 6,000 (B.) ; others, however, have
estimated it much higher, but have probably been deceived by the ex
tent of ground which the town occupies.
Goooh'-l.and, a co. in the E. central part of Va., N. of, and border
ing on James r. Pop. 9,760. Seat of justice, Goochland c. h.
Goold'-sha (Guldscha), called, also, Ili, (ee'-le), an iraportant com
mercial t. of Central Asia, situated in Chinese Toorkistan. It is said

GOO— GOT 239
00, as in our , th, as in thin ; th, as in ihis , h, nearly like ng- ; (f!, like j.
to be well buiU, and to be surrounded by mud walls, with six gates ;
and is estimated to contain 10,000 houses, (B,) Lat. about 43° 30' N.,
Lon. 82° 30' E. , ,
Goom'-tv, a r. of Hindostan, which flows into the Ganges.
Gor'-kum, a fortifled t. of S. Holland, situated on the Merwe. Lat.
51° 50' N., Lou. 4° 58' B. Pop. about 5,000. (B.)
Gor'-litz, a fortified t of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia, situated on the
Neisse (nV-cqhf It has a gymnasium and several other literary and
scientific institutions. Lat. 51° 9' N., Lon. 15° 1' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
GoRTZ (It. Gorizia, go-rid'-se-a), an archiepiscopal t. of the kingdom
of Illyria, cap. ofa large circle of the same name. It has an academi-
«;al gvranasium, a public library, and various other institutions. Lat.
45° 57' N., Lon. 13° 29' E. Pop. 9,700. (P. C.)
Gos'-lar, an ancient t of Hanover, in Hildesheim, celebrated for its
mines of silver, lead, and copper, which are possessed in coraraon by
the king of Hanover, and the duke of Brunswick. Lat 51° 54' N., Lon.
10° 26' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.)
Gos'-port, a fortified seaport t of England, in Harapshire, situated
on the W. side of Portsmouth harbour, 68 m. S. by W. from London.
Pop. ofthe chapelry, 8,862. S. ofthe town stands the Royal Hospital
of Haslar, containing accommodations for more than 2,000 patients.
Gosport. See Norfolk.
Gotha, go'-ti, a handsome t of Gerraany, formerly the cap. of the
duchy of Saxe-Gotha, now of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, is situ-
tcd 78 ra. W. by S. frora. Leipsic. Among ils numerous literary and
scientific institutions, may be raentioned the Gyranafeium, one of the
best in Gerraany ; the National Library, with 60,000, and the Ducal
Library, with 20,000 vols. ; and the celebrated collection of coins, one
of the finest in the world, contained in the palace of Friedenstein (free'-
den-stine), besides various collections in natural history and in the
arte. Pop. 12,000. (B.) The Observatory of Seeherg (sy-beRG), in
the vicinity of Gotha, is in Lat. 50° 56' 5" N., Lon. 10° 44' 6" E.
Gotha, Principality of. See Saxb-Coburg-Gotha.
GoTHEBORG, go'-te-borg, or Got'-ben-burg, an important t of Swe
den, on the Golha-elf (or "Gotha River"), about 3m. from its entrance
into the Cattegat The river widens at this place to near a mile, and
forras an excellent harbour. The Royal Acaderay of Sciences, the
Gyranasiura, and the School of Navigation, may be noticed among the
literary and scientific institutions of Gotheborg. With respect to com
merce, raanufactures, and population, this town is the second in the
kingdom. Lat 57° 42' N., Lon. 11° 58' E, Pop. 27,000. (B.)
Goth'-l.and. (Sw. Golaland, yo'-ti-lind, or Gothland, yot'-lind, the
" land of the Goths ;" Lat. Go'thia); a name forraerly applied to the
southern portion of Sweden, which was divided into East, West, and
South Gothland. None of these appeUations, however, are recognised
in the recent distribution of Sweden into provinces. (E.G.)
Goth'-land, or more properly, Gott'-land, (i. e. " good land,") an
i. in the Baltic, situated between 56° 55' and 58° N. Lat, and 18° IC

240 GOT— GRA
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit ; 65, as in good ;
and 19° 13' E. Iion. It is near 80 m. in length ; ite greatest breadth
is above 30 m. The area is computed at 1,118 sq.m. The pop. in
1833 was estimated at 39,800. (P. C.)
Gottingen or Gcettingen, gef -ting-en, a celebrated city of Germany,
in Hanover, the cap. ofa principality ofthe same narae, situated on the
New Leine QV-neh), a canal derived frora the river Leine, an af
fluent of the Aller. It is chiefly reraarkable for its university, founded
by George II., of England, in 1734, which is justly regarded as one of
the very flrst in Europe, and which contains a library of above 300,000
vols,, considered the richest in the world with respect to modem litera
ture. Among the nuraerous other literary and scientiflc institutions
of Gottingen, we raay mention the Royal Society of Sciences; the Bo
tanic Garden, one of the finest in Europe; the Academical Museum ;
and the Veterinary School. Lat. of the Observatory, 51° 31' 48" N.,
Lon. 9° 56' 37" B. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
Gou'-d.a or How'-di, a t. of Holland, on the Yssel, 12 m. N. E. of
Rotterdam. The church of St. John, of this place, is a handsome edi
fice ; its painted v/indows are esteemed araong the finest in Europe.
Gouda, though not regularly fortified, is surrounded by wide and deep
ditches; and, by means of sluices, the surrounding country can be laid
under water in a few hours. Lat 52° N., Lon. 4° 43' E. Pop. esti
mated at 12,000. (B.)
GoYAZ, go^-yiz', a large prov. in the central part of Brazil, extending
frora about 6° to 21° 40' S. Lat.
GoYAZ, called, also, Vil'-l.a Bo'-.a, the cap. ofthe above, is situated
on the r. Verraelho (veR-mel'-yo), near its source, about 170 m., in a
straight line, from ite entrance into the Arau-uay. Lat about 16° 20'
S., Lon. 50° 30' W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.)
Gozzo, got'-so, (Anc. Gau'dus,) an i. in the Mediterranean, situated
N. W. of Malta, to which it belongs. Il is intersected by the parallel
of 36° N. Lat, and by the meridian of 14° 15' E. Lon. The area is
near 40 sq. ra. Pop. 15,000. Gozzo, the principal town, contains
about 3,000 inhabitants. <P. C.)
Gracias a Dios, gri'-se-is i dee'-oce, a cape on the E. coast of Cen
tral Araerica, Lat, about 14° 55' N., Lon. 83° 12' W.
Graciosa, gri-se-o'-sa, one of the Azores, intersected by the 39lh
parallel of N. Lat, and 28th meridian of W. Lon. It is only about 20 m.
in circumference. Pop. 7,500. (P. C.)
Gradisca, gri-dis'-ki, a small t in Austrian Italy, important on ac
count of its fortifications. Lat. 45° 53' N., Lon. 13° 25' E.
Grjetz. See GrXTZ.
Graf'-tqn, a CO. of N. H., bordering on the Connecticut r. Pop
42,311. Co. towns, Haverhill and Plymouth.
Grammont, gri^-ra6N', a t of E. Flanders, situated on the r. Dender,
18 m. S. S. E. of Ghent Lat. 50° 41' N., Lon. 3° 50' E. Pop. in 1834,
7,349. (P. C.)
Gram'-pi-an Hills, a chain of mountains in Scotland, which
stretches like a raighty wall along the southern front ofthe Highlands,

GRA— GRA 241
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng ; (jJ, like_;.
Tunning from Argyleshire, on the Atlantic, across the island, into Aber
deenshire, on the German Ocean, and then forming another ridge in a
north-westerly direction, extends to the county of Moray, and the bor
ders of Inverness. There appears, hpwever, to be considerable diver
sity among geographers respecting the application of the name Grara
pian. The terra is not used by the natives of that part of Britain. It
is derived frora the Mons Granipius, mentioned by Tacitus in his
Agricola. In ils most extensive application, it appears to comprehend
all the mountain ranges N. ofa line drawn from the Frith of Clyde to
the Frith of Tay, thus including all the higher mountains of Scotland.
Ben Ne'vis, in Inverness-shire, is the highest of the Grampian system,
and of all the mountains in Great Britain, rising 4,368 ft. above the
level of the sea. Ben Mac Dho, situated in the W. part of Aberdeen
shire, is second only to Ben Nevis, having an elevation of 4,305 ft.
above the sea; Ben Cruachan (croo'-Kan), in Argyleshire, S. of Loch
Elive, is 3,669 ft. high. Ben Lo'-mond, in Stirlingshire, is perhaps
the best known of the mountains of Scotland, on account of its forming
the southern extremity of the Highlands. It rises 3,197 ft. above the
level ofthe sea. Ben Ven-u', in Perthshire, extends along the south
ern shores of Loch Katrine, and presents the raost striking features in
the picturesque scenery for which that lake is so reraarkable. Ben
Vorlich (vor'-lis) or Voirlich, in Perthshire, is second only to Ben Venu,
araong all the mountains of Scotland, for wild and variegated scenery.
Gran, grin, (Hung. Esztergom, es-l&R-gom,) an archiepiscopal and
royal free t in the central part of Hungary, cap. of a co. of the same
narae, is situated on the right bank ofthe Danube. At the foot of the
castle, which stands on an island in the river, connected with the town
bv a flying bridge, is an establishment for warm baths. Lat. 47° 47'
N., Lon. 18° 45' E. Pop. about 10,9.50. (P. C.)
Granada, gran-i'-da,* (Sp. pron. gri-ni'-ni,) a kingdom or prov. of
Spain, in Andalusia, bordering on Murcia and the Mediterranean. It
is sometimes called Upper Andalusia.
Granada, an archiepiscopal city of Spain, the cap. of the above, is
situated near the river Genii (ni-neel'), in the midst ofa plain cele
brated for its fertility' and for ils delicious climate. This town was
built by the Saracens, in the 10th century. After the overthrow ofthe
kingdom of Cordova, Granada becarae, in 1238, the cap. of the new
kingdom and the last bulwark of the Moslems in Spain. Towards the
dose of the Moorish dominion, its population amounted to 400,000 (B.),
and, in 1491, its walls were defended against the armies tf Ferdinand
and Isabella, by 100,000- men ; but it was at last reduced, on the second
day ofthe year 1492. The Alhambra, formerly the palace and fortress
of the Moslem kings, an edifice of alraost unequalled magnificence, is
* This accentuation not only corresponds with the Spanish, but is supported by
the usage of nearly all our best poets (see Int. I.); nevertheless, in the "carefully
revised" edition of Stewart's Modern Geography, published al Edinburgh in 1843,
the name is thrice given with the accent on the Iirst syllable,
21

242 GRA— GRA
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, nSt ; 66 as in good ;
justly regarded as the finest existing raonument of Moorish architec
ture. Granada possesses a number of literary institutions, among which
tbe University stands pre-eminent. Lat. 37° 17' N., Lon. 3° 50' W.
Pop. coraputed at 80,000. (B.)
Granaua, New. See New Granada.
Grand Isle, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Vt Pop. 3,883.
Co. t. North Hero.
Grand River. See Ottawa.
Grand River, a r. of Mich., which flows into L. Michigan.
Grand River, a r. which rises in Iowa, and, flowing through the
N. part of Missouri, falls into the r. Missouri.
Granger, grane'-jer, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., between the
Holston and Clinch rivers. Pop. 10,572. Co. t. Rutledge.
Grant, a co. in the N. part of Ky., a little E. of the Kentucky r.
Pop. 4,192. Co. t WiUiamstown.
Grant, a co. in the N. E- central part of Ind., a little S. of the Wa
bash and Erie Canal. Pop. 4,875. Co. t. Marion.
Grant, a co. forraing the S. W. extremity of Wisconsin. Pop. 3,926.
Grant'-h-am, a t of England, in Lincolnshire, about 100 m., in a
straight line, N. by W., from London. Pop. of the parish, 4,683.
Gran'-ville, a co. in the N. part of N. C, bordering on Virginia.
Pop. 18,817. Co. Oxford.
Granville, griN^-vill', an iraportant seaport t of France, in the dep.
of Manche. Lat. 48° 50' N., Lon. 1° 36' W. Pop. in 1832, 7,350.
(P. C.)
Grasse, griss, a t of France, in the dep. of Var, with a college and
some other institutions. Lat 43° 39' N., Lon. 6° 55' E. Pop. in 1832,
7,552. (P. C.)
Gratiot, grash'-e-ot, a co. in the S. central part of Mich.
GrStz, grets, the cap. of Styria, as well as of a circle of its
own name, is situated on the r. Mur (moor), a branch of the Drave,
about 90 ra. S. S. W. of Vienna. This place holds a distinguished
rank araong the towns of Austria, as a seat of literature and science.
Among its institutions may be raentioned the University, attended by
from .300 to 350 students ; the Public Library, one ofthe richest in the
empire; and an institution called the Johanneum, named in honour of
the Archduke John, by whora it was founded in 1811. Lat 47° 4' N.,
Lon. 15° 27 E. Pop. above 40,000. (B.)
Graudenz, grou'-d^nts, a t and fortress of Prussia, situated on the
Vistula, 60 ra. S. of Dantzic. It has a progymnasium and a large
house of correction, serving for the whole of W. Prussia. Pop., ex-
clu.sive of the military and the prisoners, 5,500. (B.)
Gravelines, griv'-leen', a fortified t. of Prance, in the dep. of Nord,
on the r. Aa, near its mouth. Lat .50° 59' N., Lon. 2° 8' E.
Graves, a co. near the W. extremity of Ky., borderino' on Tennes
see. Pop. 7,465. Co. t. Mayfield.
Graves'-end', a t of England, in Kent on the right bank of the
Thames abbut 20 m. E, of London, It is the common landing place

GRA— GRE 243
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; (fr, likey.
for seamen and strangers, in their passage to the metropolis. Here
every outward-bound vessel must come to anchor, to be exarained and
obtain ita clearance ; in like manner, every vessel coming up the river
must be examined by the custom-house officers, a number of whom are
constantly stationed here. Pop. 6,414.
Gray'-son, a CO, in the S, W. part of Va,, intersected by New River,
and bordering on North Carolina. Pop. 9,087. Seat of justice, Gray
son c. h.
Grayson, a co. in the W. central part of Ky., a little N. of Green
River. Pop. 4,461. Co. t Litchfield.
Great Brit'-ain, (Anc. Al'bion, afterwards Britan'nia or Britannia
Major — major, i. e. "greater," being added, in order to distinguish it from
Brittany, which was also sometimes called Britannia or Britannia Minor,
i.e. " Lesser Britain,") the largest island of Europe, containing the coun
tries of England, Wales, and Scotland. Lizard Point, the most southern
part, is in Lat 49° 57' 30" N; Dunnet Head, in Caithness, the most
northern point, in Lat. 58° 41' N. The raost eastern point is Lowest-
oft,,on the coast of Norfolk, 1° 46' E. Lon. The raost western, Aird-
namurchan Point, in the N. part of Argyleshire, Scotland, is in 6° 13'
W. Lon. The distance from Lizard Point to Dunnet Head, is about
608 m. The greatest breadth of the island, frora Land's-end to the
most eastern part of Kent is about 311 ra. Area 83,827 sq. ra. The
pop., according to the census of 1841, araounls to 18,720,394. Great
Britain contains, in all, 84 counties, of which 40 belong to England,*
12 to Wales,t and 32 to Scolland.| Great Britain and Ireland forra
together what is terraed the United Kingdom, of which London is the
capital. The government is a limited hereditary monarchy. The
legislative power is vested in the parliament, consisting of the king,
the house of lords, and the house of commons. The king is regarded
as the fountain of justice and the supreme head of the church. He is
the commander-in-chief of all the forces of tho empire, both on land
and sea. To hira belongs the exclusive prerogative of granting par
dons and of commuting punishments. The house of lords consists of
the teraporal peers of England, who are hereditary, the elective peers
of Scotland and Ireland, the bishops of England, and four Irish lords
* Bedford, Berks, Bucks (or Buckinghamshire), Cambridge, Chester (or Che
shire), Cornwall, Cumberland, Derby, Devon. Dorset, Durham, Essex, Gloucester,
Hereford, Hertford, Huntingdon, Kent, Lancaster (or Lancashire), Leicester,
Lincoln, Middlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Not
tingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop (or Shropshire), Somerset, SSuthampton (or
Hampshire), Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick, Westmoreland, Wilts,
Worcester, York.
tAnglMey, Brecon (or Brecknockshire), Cardigan, Caermarthen, Caernarvon,
Denbigh, Flint, Glamorgan, Merioneth, Montgomery, Pembroke, Radnor.
t Aberdeen, Argyle (or Argyll), Ayr, Banff, Berwick, Bute, Caithness, Clack
mannan. Dumbarton, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Elgin (or Moray). Fife, Forfar, Had
dington, Iiiverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Kirkcudbright, Lanark, Linlithgow, Nairn,
Orkney and Shetland, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Ross and Cromarty, Roxburgh,
Selkirk, Stirling, Sutherland, Wigtown. Q

244 GRE— GRE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m'*, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit ; 66, as in good ,
spiritual. The house of lords is also the supreme court of appeal for
Great Britain and Ireland. The house of coraraons consists of men
elected by the different counties, cities, boroughs, and universities, to
represent them in parliaraent. It is required by law that the candi
dates be possessed of a certain amount of properly, excepting the sons
of peers, and those who are to represent the universities. The number
of members of the house of commons, at present, amounta to 658, of
whora 471 are chosen by England, 29 by Wales, 53 by Scotland, and
105 by Ireland. — Adj. Brit'-ish ; inhab. Brit'-on.
Greece, (Anc. Gr. "EXKas, Hellas ; Lat. Grae'cia,) a country in the
S. B. part of Europe, once distinguished above all others as the seat
of civilization, learning, and the arte. Passing over that period of
Grecian history which was so brilliant and is so well known, we will
merely observe that, after undergoing various vicissitudes, during the
decline ofthe Roman power, Greece at last became permanently inpor-
porated with the Ottoman erapire, on the fall of Constantinople, 1453,
and remained in this condition till 1821, when the last successful strug
gle for Grecian freedom comraenced. After a long and sanguinary
contest, through the interference of England, France, and Russia, the
independence of Greece was at length recognised by the Turkish sultan,
in 1829. The present kingdora of Greece is situated between 36° 23'
and 39° 14' N. Lat, and 20° 43' and 24° 35' E. Lon., including the
island of Negropont The northern boundary ofthe continental portion
extends, in a soraewhat tortuous line, frora the Gulf of Volo, on the E.,
to the Gulf of Arta on the W. A considerable part of it is formed by
the mountain ridge called Othrys. which runs nearly E. and VV., a little
N. of the 39th parallel. All the principal islands of the ^Egean Sea
lying W. of the 26lh meridian of E. Lon., with the exception of Crete,
belong also to the kingdom of Greece. Area estimated al 18,500 sq. m.
Pop. 700,000. (B.) The governraent is a liraited hereditary raonarcby.
under the protection of England, France, and Russia. Athens is the
capital. — Adj. and inhab. Greek and Grecian, gree'-shun.
Green, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois.
Pop. 933.
Green Bay, a large bay on the \V. side of L. Michigan, above 100 m.
long, and from 1.5 m. to 35 m. broad.
Green Mountains, a range which commences in Vt, near the Canada
line, and running S., through the western part of this state, Massachu
setts, and Connecticut, terminates at West Rock, near New Haven.
Those portions situated wilhin Massachusetta and Connecticut are not
usually called by the general name.
Green River, a r. of Ky., which rises in the E. central part of the
state, and, flowing westerly for more than half of ita course, and after
wards in a general north-westerly direction, empties itaelf into the
Ohio r. It is navigable, for boats, ahout 200 m.
Grebn'-bri-er, a r. in the W. part of Va., flowing into New River.
Greenbrier, a co. in the W. part of Va., intersected by the above,
and bordering on New River. Pop, 8,695. Co. t Lewisburg.

GRE— GRE 245
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; (jx, likej.
Greene, a co. in the S. E, part of N. Y., W. of and bordering on the
Hudson r. Pop. 30,446. Co. t Catakill,
Greene, a co, forming the S. W. extremity of Pa. Pop, 19,147. Co.
t, Waynesburg. Greene, a co. in the N. E. central part of Va., bordering on the
Blue Ridge. Pop. 4,232.
Greene, a co. in the E, central part of N. C, a little to the N. of
Neuse River. Pop. 6,595. Co, t. Snow HiU.
Greene, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the
Oconee. Pop. 11,690. Co. t Greensborough.
Greene, a co. in the W. part of Ala., intersected by the Black War
rior, and bordering on the Tombigbee. Pop. 24,024. Co. t. Erie.
Greene, a co. in the S. E. part of Miss., bordering on Alabama. Pop.
1,636. Co. seat, Leakeville.
Greene, a co. near the N. E. extreraity of Ark., bordering on the
St Francis. Pop. 1,586.
Greene, a co. near the E. extremity of Tenn., bordering on North
Carolina and the French Broad r. Pop 16,076. Co. t GreenviUe.
Greene, a co. near the centre of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop.
14,212. Co. t Greensburg.
Greene, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, a little to the E. of
the Miami r. Pop. 17,.5'28. Co. t, Xenia.
Greene, a co. in the W. S, W. part of Ind., intersected by the W.
Fork of the While r. Pop. 8,321. Co. t Bloomfield.
Greene, a co. in the W. part of IU., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop.
11,951. Co. t Carrollton.
Greene, a co. in the S. W. part of Mo. Pop. 5,372. Co. t Spring
field. Grebn'-l.and, (Dan. Gron'-land or Greenland, being the same in signi
fication wilh the English name.) It appears to be now ascertained that
Greenland is not, as wa^ formerly supposed, a peninsula of the new
continent but an insular group, consisting of two or' three large islands,
surrounded by several other sraaller ones. (B.) That portion which is
the best known is situated between Iceland and the Araerican conti
nent The most southern point is Cape Farewell, Lat. 59° 49' N.,
Lon. 43° 54' W. A large portion of the eastern, as well as the whole
northern coast, is still unexplored. The whole country may be re
garded as one enormous mass of rocks ; in raany places it rises close
to the water's edge into precipitous and lofty mountains, crowned with
inaccessible cliffs. The climate, as might be expected. Is extremely
cold, but is considered very healthy. Generally speaking, July is the
only month in which there is no snow. Graah observes that, n the
eastern coast S. of 65° N. Lat, in 1830, the sea every night was co
vered with a crust of new ice, as early as the close of August. He
states, however, that in February, the thermoraeter did not sink lower
than 6° below the zero of Fahrenheit. Vegetation raust, of course, be
very scanty in such a country and climate. It appears that no kind of
grain succeeds here. Potatoes are planted only towards the most
21*

246 GRE— GRE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; ra^, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good,
southern extremity. The only domestic aniraal of the Greenlanders
is the dog, which is used to draw the sledges. Rein-deer, hares, foxes,
and white bears appear to he the only wild animals among quadrupeds.
Land-birds are not numerous, but sea-fowl are exceedingly abundant
as are also many kinds of fish. Greenland belongs to the crown of
Denmark. — Inhab. Grben'-l.and-er.
Green'-ook, an important manufacturing and coraraercial t of Scot
land, in Renfrewshire, on the S. side of the Frith of Clyde, 21 m.W.
by N. from Glasgow. The harbour has sufficient depth of water for
the largest vessels, and good anchorage. Sleamboata run daily from
this town to Belfast in Ireland. Lat 55° 58' N., Lon. 4° 44' W. The
pop., according lo the last census, amounta to 36,135, exceeding that
of 1831 by raore lhan 9,000.
Grbens'-ville, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., intersected by the
Meherrin r., and bordering on N. C. Pop. 6,366. Co. t Hicksford.
Grben'-up, a CO. forming the N. E. extreraity of Ky. Pop. 6,297.
Co. t Greenup..
Green'-ville, a dist. in the N. W. part of S. C, bordering on N. C.
Pop. 17,839. Seat of justice GreenviUe c. h.
Greenwich, grin'-idge, a t. of England, in Kent situated on the
right bank ofthe Tharaes, 5 m. B. S. E, of London. Here is a hospital
for disabled seamen, which is considered one ofthe finest in the world,
containing accommodations for about 3,000 persons. The money re
ceived from visiters and from other sources is appropriated to the sup
port ofa school, in which about 200 of the children of the inmates are
instructed in those branches which relate to a seafaring life. Green
wich is also distinguished as the seat of the Royal Observatory, from
the raeridian of which, English astronoraers and geographers com
pute the longitude. Lat. 51° 28' 39", Lon. 0° 0' Q"° Pop., including
an area of about 3sq. m., 29,7.55.
Greifswalde, grifs^-Wal'-deA, forraerly Gripeswold, a t of Prussia,
in Pomerania, situated near a little bay which projecta from the Baltic
Here is a university, the buildings of which constitute the chief orna
ment of the town. It has thirty professors, and a library of above
32,000 vols. Lat. 54° 4' N., Lon. 13° 33' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Grenada, gren-i'-da, one of the Lesser Antilles, about 20 m. long
and 9 ra. broad. It is intersected by the 12th parallel of N. Lat. and
by the raeridian of 61° 45' W. Lon. Pop. in 1834, 25,422. (P. C.)
Gren'-oble', a fortified city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Isere,
and forraerly of Dauphine, on the r. Isere, 296 ra. S. S.E. of Paris.
This place is faraous for the raanufacture of gloves, which, according
to official documents, amounts to 3,600,000 pair annually. Amoug the
various literary and scientific institutions of Grenoble, raay be raen
tioned the Academie Universitaire, the College Royal, and the Society
of Science and Arts, In the time ofthe Romans this town was known
by the name of Cularo, which was afterwards, in the fourth century,
changed, in honour of the emperor Gratian, to Gratianopolis, of which

GRI— GRU 247
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; 9, likej.
the modern Grenoble is a corruption. Lat, 45° 12' N,, Lon. 5° 44' E.
Pop. 26,000. (B.)
Grindelwald, grin'-del-wilt\ a village of Switzerland, in the can
ton of Berne, situated in a romantic valley of the sarae name, which is
intersected by the parallel of 46° 39' N. Lat, and the 8th raeridian of
E. Lon. In the vicinity is the iraraense glacier of Grindelwald.
Grisons, gre^-z^N', (Ger. Graubilndteh, grou'-biint-en,) the largest*
canton of Switzerland, occupying the S. E. extreraity of that country.
Its greatest length, frora E. to W., is about 87 m. ; its greatest breadth,
from N. to S., is about 54 ra. The area is coraputed at about 3,000
sq. ra. Pop. 96,000. (P. C.) Capital, Coire. Grisons in French sig
nifies "gray," and Graubundten in Gerraan, the "gray allies." The
name originated in the following circumstance. In the year 1424, the
chief inhabitants of this portion of the country, having become weary
ofthe oppression of their feudal lords, met under a large maple, in a
forest near the village of Trons, and entered into a solemn compact to
defend each other's property and persons, and to oblige their lords to
respect the same. This was called the Gray League (Grauhund,
grou'-boonl), from their being dressed in gray frocks. The maple tree
of Trons reraained standing lill near the close of the last century : it
was felled during the French invasion.
Grod'-ho, an ancient t in the S. W. part of European Russia, the
cap. ofa gov. ofthe sarae narae, situated on the Nieraen, 156 ra. N. E.
of Warsaw. The Polish and Lithuanian Diets were forraerly some
times held here. Lat 53°'40'N., Lon. 23°50'E. Pop. above 10,000.
(P.C.) Ghon'-ing-en or nro'-ning-en, a prov. occupying the N. extremity
of Holland, bordering on the kingdora of Hanover and the German
Ocean. The area is 770 sq. ra. Pop. in 1824, 153,860.
Groningen, the cap. of the above, and the raost important town in
the N. of Holland, is situated on the Hun'-se, about 12 m. from its en
trance into the Lauwer Zee (lou'-Wer zay). The great church of St.
Martin is the most remarkable edifice. Among tbe literary and scien
tific institutions of Groningen, the University and the Botanic Garden
may be mentioned. Lat 53° 12' N., Lon. 6° 31' E. Pop. above
24,000. (B.)
Grundy, a co. in the N. E. part of IU., intersected by the Illinois r.
Grundy, a co. in the N. part of Mo., on Grand r.
Gro.ss Wardein, groce'-WaR-dine\ (Hung. Nagy Varad, nody viiR-
6d,) a t of Hungary, on the Koros (ko-rosh), a tributary (*f the Theiss,
with an academy (which is a sort of university), and other literary
institutions. Lat. 47° 2' N., Lon. 21° 53' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.)
GrCnberg, griin'-b^RG, or GrU'-ne-ebbg^ a walled t in the N. part
of Prussian Silesia, the cap. ofa circle ofthe same narae, with flourish-
• Balbi gives 1,938, geographical sq. m. for the area of Grisons, and 1,933 for
that of Berne According to the P. C, Berne has the greater area.

248 GUA— GUA
Fite, fir, fill, fit; m^, mlt; pine or pine, pin; nA, n5t; 66 as ingood ;
ing manufactures. Lat 52° 3' N., Lon. 15° 32' E. Pop. above
9,000. (B.)
Guadalajara or Guadalaxara, gwi'-ni-li-ni'-ri, a manufacturing
t. of Spain, in New Castile, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is
situated on the r. Henares, a branch of the Jaraara, 33m.N. E. hy E.
of Madrid. Pop. 7,000. (B.)
Guadalajara or Guadalaxara, a large and handsome city of Mex
ico, the cap. of the state of Xalisco, situated on the r. Santiago. The
streets are regular and spacious ; there are fourteen squares and twelve
fountains, and raany fine edifices. The town contains several convents,
and a nuraber of churches, araong which the Cathedral is perhaps the
most remarkable, being considered one of the most magnificent in
Mexico. Guadalaxara has a university and several other institutions
for education. Four newspapers were published here in 1826. Lat.
21° 9' N., Lon. 103° 2' W. The pop. is variously estimated; Balbi
gives 45,000, but some rate it as high as 70,000.
Guadaloupe, gau^-da-loop' or gi^-di^-loop', an island, or, raore cor
rectly, two islands, divided frora each other hy a very narrow channel,
belonging to the group of Lesser Antilles. It is from 60 to 70 m. in
length ; ita greatest breadth is about 25 ra. (P. C.) The most import
ant town is Basse Terre, situated near the S. W.'point of the island.
Lat. 15° 59' N., Lon. 61° 45' W.
Guadalquivir, comraonly pronounced in English gauM'l-quiv'-er,
(Sp. proii. gwin-il-ke-veea'; Anc. Bce'tis;) or the " Great River,"* a r.
in the S. of Spain, which rises in the mountains on the N. E. confines of
Granada, and, running in a very circuitous course, falls into the Atlantic,
in about 36° 44' N. Lat, and 6° 20' W. Lon. Ite length is above 300 m.
It is navigable for vessels of 100 tons to Seville.
Guadiana, gau-de-an'-a or gwi-De-i/-ni, (Anc. Anas,) a r. of Spain,
which rises in New Castile, and flowing easleriy into Portugal, and
afterwards forming a part ofthe boundary between Spain and Portugal,
falls into the Atlantic, in about 37° 10' N. Lat, and 7° 14' W. Lon.
GuANAXUATO, gwi-ni-Hwi'-to, a t of Mexico, cap. of a state of the
sarae name, situated on the table land, 6,835 ft. above the level of the
sea, and surrounded hy the richest silver mines in the world, lo which
it owes its origin and present magnificence. These mines from 1766
to 1820 produced not less than 225,935,736 Spanish dollars. Lat 21°
N., Lon. 100° 55' W. The pop. of tliis place was exceedingly reduced
by the war of independence, but at present it is said to araount to
60,000, including that of the suburbs. (B.)
GuANCAVELicA, gwing'-ki-vi-lee'-ki, also written Huancabelica, a
t. of Peru, situated at the height of 12,312 ft. above the level of the sea.

• The name is of Moorish origin. Giiad, which forms the prefix of the names
of so many streams in the S. of Spain, is essentially the same word as Wad or
Wady (see Int. XXVII., 10.), and signifies " river :" al-quivir is merely a ( or
ruption of the Arabic al-kcbeer (or alkebir); i.e. "the treat."

GUA— GUE 249
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Qf, likey.
important on account of its rich raine of mercury. Lat about 12° 5S
S., Lon. 75° 6' W. Pop. near 12,000. (B.)
Guardafui, gwir^-da-fwee', Cape, the raost eastern point of Africa.
GuASTALLA, gwis-til'-li, a fortified t of Italy, in the duchy of Parraa.
Lat. 44° 55- N., Lon. 10° 40' E. Pop. estimated at 6,000. (B.)
Guatemala, gau'-te-mi'-la or gwi-li-rai'-li, forraerly a prov. of
Spanish Araerica, occupying the territory now included in the republic
of Central Araerica. Also, the name of two towns in this republic,
distinguished as Ancient and New Guatemala.
Ak'jient Guatemala, or Guatemala la Antigua, or simply La
Antigua (li-in-tee'-gwi), the cap. of the state of Guatemala, is built
near the site of Old Guatemala (Guatemala la Vieja, — ve-i'-Hi), which
was destroyed in 1541, it is said, by enormous masses of water burst
ing forth frora a neighbouring volcano, called, frora this circumstance,
the Volcano de Agutt (vol-ki'-no di i'-gwi), or the " water volcano."
Guatemala la Antigua has suffered greatly from earthquakes, as well
as from two neighbouring volcanoes. Its pop., however, is still con
siderable, amounting, according to Balbi, to 18,000. Lat. about 14° 26
N., Lon. 90° 23' W.
New Guatemala or Guatemala la Nueva (nwi'-vi), the cap. of the
federal district of Central America, and, provisionally, of the whole
confederation, is situated about 30 ra. E. N. E. of the preceding. The
streeta are regular, crossing each other al right angles, and are 40 ft.
in width. The houses have only one story, on account of the frequent
earthquakes. Guateraala is the residence of an archbishop. It con
tains several literary and scientific institutions, among which we raay
mention the University, the Academy of Fine Arts, and the Public
Library. Lat about 14° 35' N., Lon. 90° 10' W. The pop., including
that ofthe imraediate environs, is computed at about 50,500. (B.)
GuAXACA. See Oaxaca.
Guayaquil, gwi-i-keel', an important seaport t of S. America, in
Ecuauor, and the, cap. of a dep. of the sarae narae, is situated on the
r. Guayaquil, about 40 ra. frora ils entrance into the Pacific. Vessels
of considerable size can readily sail up to the town, at high tide,
which, at the full and change of the moon, rises 24 ft. The harbour
of Guayaquil is the ordinary station for the navy of the republic. Lat.
2° 11' N., Lon. 79° .56' W.' Pop. estimated at 22,000. (B.)
Guayra. See La Guayra.
GuBEN, goo'-ben, a walled t in the Prussian prov. of Brandenburg,
the cap. ofa circle of the sarae narae, is situated on the Neisse (ni'-ceA).
Lat. 51° 57' N., Lon. 14° 44' E. Pop. 7,300. (B.)
Guelderland. See Gelderland.
Gueret, gi^-ri/, the cap. of the dep. of Creuse, in France. It con
tains a college or high-school, and about 4,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat.
46° 10' N., Lon. 1° 50' E.
Guernsey, gern'-ze, an i. off the N. coast of France, subject to the
British crown, intersected by the parallel of 49° 30' N. Lat, and the
meridian of 2° 35' W. Lon. Its shape is triangular ; its length is
about 9 m. Pop. 26,649.

250 GUE— GUN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n4, n5t ; 66, as in good ;
Guernsey, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ohio, a little W. of the Ohio i.
Pop. 27,748. Co. t Cambridge.
Guiana, ge-i'-na, Guyana or Guayana, a name applied to the N. E.
portion of S. America, extending along the coast from the r. Orinoco,
or near it, to the r. Oyapok. It is divided into English, Dutch, and
French Guiana.
English Guiana lies the farthest west and is separated from Dutch
Guiana by the r. Corantyn (ko^-ran-tine'). On the side towards Vene
zuela, the boundary has never been determined : it may perhaps be
considered to lie about midway between the Essequebo (es-se-ki'-bo
— less correctly, Essequibo), and the Orinoco. Pop. in 1834, 96,581.
(M.) Capital, Georgetown.
Dutch G. or Surinam, soo'-re-nara', borders English Guiana on
the E., and is divided frora French Guiana by the r. Maroni (mi-ro-
nee'). Pop. probably 65,000. (M.) Capital, Paramaribo.
French G. or Guiane, ge^-in', lies E. of Dutch Guiana, and ex
tends to the r. Oyapok. Pop. in 1837, 21,648. (M.) Capital, Cayenne.
Guienne, ge^-enn', a former' prov. in the S. W. of France, lying N.
of Gascony, from which it was partly separated by the r. Garonne. It
is now distributed chiefly among the deps. of Aveyron, Dordogne, Lot
Lot and Garonne, Tarn and Garonne, and Gironde. Guienne is sup
posed lo be derived from the ancient Aquitania, the name given to
this country in the tirae of the Romans. In the early periods of the
French monarchy it was called Aquitaine.
Guil'-ford, aco. in IheN.W. centreof N. C. Pop. 19,175. Cat
Greensborough. Guinea, gin'-e, an extensive country on the W. coast of Africa, be
tween 4° and 10° N. Lat, and 5° B. and 13° W. Lon. The interior
is but little known ; the countries along the coast are known to Eu
ropean sailors under six naraes. Sierra Leone, Grain Coast, Ivory
Coast, Gold Coast, Slave Coast, and Benin.
GuiNGAMP, giN' -giN', a manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of
Cotes du Nord. Lat. 48° 34' N., Lon. 3° 8' VV. Pop. in 1832, 6,100.
(P C.)
GuiPuzcoA, ge-poos'-ko-a, (Sp. pron. ge-pooth'-ko-i,) a small prov.
on the N. coast of Spain, bordering on the Bay of Biscay, between 1°
40' and 2° 36' W. Lon., remarkable for ita manufactures in iron. The
metal is obtained frora native ore, of an excellent quality. — Adj. and
inhab. Guipuzcoan, ge-poos'-co-an.
GujERAT. See Guzerat.
Gumbinnbn, g66m-bin'-nen, a t of E. Prussia. Lat. 54° 35' N., Lon.
22° 12' E. Pop. 6,200. (B.)
GuND-wA'-N.A, a former prov. of Hindostan, situated partly in the
present kingdom of Nagpoor.
GCntzburg, giinls'-b66R6, a small t of Bavaria, on the Danube,
with a fine bridge over this river, Lat, 48° 27' N„ Lon. 10° 16' E.
Pop. 3,000, (R)

GUR— HAG 251
ou, as in otir ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like rtg.
Gur^-wAl', a prov. in the N. of Hindostan, bordering on the Hima
laya Mountains.
Gfj'sTROw, giis'-trov, a t of Gerraany, in the grand-ducby of Meck
lenburg-Schwerin. Lat. 53° 47' N., Lon. 12° 18' E. Pop. 8,400. (B.)
Guyana or Guayana. See Guiana.
GuYANDOTT,gi-an-dot', a r. in the W. part of Va., which flows into
the Ohio.
Guz^-br-at', a prov. in the W. of Hindostan, bordering on the sea,
and situated partly between the Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Cutch.
Gwin-nett', a CO. towards the N. part of Ga., bordering on the Chat^
tahoochee r. Pop. 10,804. Co. t. Lawrenceville.
Gyula. See Karlsburg.
Haarlem, Haerlem, or Harlem, hiiR'-lem, a city of the Nether
lands, cap. of North Holland, situated about lira. W. of Amsterdara,
on the navigable river Spaaren (spiir'-en), which runs frora the lake of
Haarlem into the river Y. It is fortified in the old style, and was for
merly considered a place of great strength. Haarlem was a flourishing
manufacturing town in the middle of the 12lh century, and acted an
important part in the wars between the Dutch and Frieslanders. It
attained its highest prosperity in the 17th century, since which tirae it
has greatly declined. Its raanufactures, once araong the most cele
brated in Europe, have fallen into decay. It is still renowned for its
gardens, the flowers from which constitute an important object of com
merce. Haarlem possesses a nuraber of literary and scientific institu
tions, among which are an anatomical theatre, an academy of painting,
sculpture, and architecture, a public library, and a fine botanic garden.
Lat. 52° 23' N., Lon. 4° 38' E. Pop. about 22,000. (B.)
Haarlemmer Meer, hiiR'-lera-mer mair, or the Lake or Haarlem,
situated between the town of Haarlem and Amsterdam, is about 18 m.
Song, and frora 4 lo 7 wide, but is said to be only 6 ft. deep.
Habana. See Havana.
Hab'-er-sh.am, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ga. Pop. 7,961.
Co. t ClarksvUle.
Had'-ding-ton, the cap. of Haddingtonshire, situated about 17 ra. E.
of Edinburgh. Here the celebrated John Knox was born. Pop. 2,786.
Had'-ding-ton-shire or East Lothian (lo'-THe-an), a co. in the E.
part of Scotland, S. of, and bordering on the Frith of Forth. Pop.
35,886. Had-b.a-maut', a prov. of Arabia, situated E. of Yeman, and border
ing on the sea. i
Haerlem. See Haarlem.
Haff, hif, a name used on the Gerraan coast of the Baltic, for an ex
panse of water communicating with the sea, but nearly enclosed by
land. Ha'-gers-town, the cap. of Washington co., Md., 68 m. N. N. W.
of Washington, situated at the termination of the Cumberland Valley

252 HAG— HAL
Fite, fir, fill, f ^t ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good i
Railroad, by which it is connected with Harrisburg. Lat. 39° 37' N.,
Lon. -'7° 35' W. Pop. 7,197; in 1830 it was only 3,371.
Hague, haig, (Dutch, S'Gravenhaag, s'gri'-ven-hiig',) a large and
beautiful town in the Netherlands, the cap. of South Holland, is situ
ated about 3 m. frora the sea ; communicating, hy means of canals, with
all the principal places of the kingdom. It is not regularly fortified,
but surrounded with a moat, with drawbridges over it Many of the
streets are planted with rows of trees, and paved with coloured bricks,
Araong the remarkable buildings may be mentioned, the king's palace,
distinguished rather for ite great dimensions than for the beauty of ita
architecture ; and the palace of the Prince of Orange. The Hague
contains a royal museura, with a gallery of paintings, a royal library,
and various other literary and scientific institutions. This place,
though traversed by a great nuraber of canals, has but little coraraerce,
and its manufactures are not numerous ; ita importance is chiefly owing
to its having been the cap. ofthe Netherlands, and to its still being one
of the residences ofthe king, and the seat of the supreme court of justice
of the kingdom. S'Gravenhaag signifies literally " the count's wood,"
and appears to have owed its origin to g. hunting seat of the counta of
Holland, situated in a wood. This, however, became a palace as early
as 1250, and around it many other houses were soon erected. The
Hague is about 32 ra. S. W. of Amsterdara. Lat. 52° 5' N., Lon. 4°
16' E. Pop. above 55,000. (B.)
Haguenau, ig^-n6', a t in the N. E. part of France, in the dep. of
Lower Rhine, 17 ra. N. of Strasburg. Pop. about 8,000. (M.)
Hajar or Hadjar. See Lahsa.
Hainan, hi'-nan', an iraportant i. in the China Sea, near the S. ex
treraity ofthe prov. of Canton (Quang-tong), to which it belongs, and
frora which it is divided by the channel of tbe Junks, which is only 15
or 16 ra. wide. (P.C.) It lies between 18° 10' and 20° 6' N. Lat,
and 108° 30' and 111° 5' E. Lon. Length about 180 m.; greatest
breadth about 100 m. The area is estimated at above 16,000 sq.m.
Khioong-tcheoo (Ke-oong'-cheoo^), the cap., situated on the N. coast
¦ is said lo contain 200,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) The interior is occu
pied by independent savages.
Hainault, i^-no', (Flem. Henegouwen, hen-e-Hou'-\*'en,) a prov.
in the S. of Belgiura, bordering on France. The area is 1,438 sq. m.
Pop. in 1830, 604,957. (P. C.)
Halberstadt, hil'-ber-stitt\ a t of Gerraany, in the Prussian go
vernraent of Magdeburg, cap. of a circle of the same name. It has a
number of institutions for education, and a superb cathedral, dedicated
to St. Stephen. Lat 51° 54' N., Lon. 11° 4' E. Pop. about 17,000. (B.)
Haleb. See Aleppo.
Hal'-i-fax, a t of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, situated
near the junction of the Rochdale Canal with the r. Calder, 22 ra. N. E.
of Manchester. It ranks next to Leeds and Bradford as a seat of the
woollen and worsted manufactures. Pop. of the borough, including

HAL— HAM 2.53
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
the township of Halifax, and parts of the townships of N. and S. Owram,
26,694. >
Halifax, the cap. of Nova Scotia, situated on Chebucto Bay, with a
harbour spacious, secure, and accessible at all seasons of the year. It
is regularly built, with wide and straight streets, though the houses
are mostly of wood. Ampng the public edifices, the raost remarkable
is the Province Building, said to be the finest structure in British
America. It contains chambers of meeting for the legislative bodies,
the custom-house, the offices of the provincial government, and the supe
rior law courts. Halifax contains a well-appointed naval arsenal, and a
harbour sufficiently large for 1,000 vessels to ride in safety, which is
the ordinary station of the navy in tirae of war. This town has a
college and several other institutions for education. Lat. 44° 40'
N., Lon. 63° 37' W. Pop. in 1833, exclusive of the military, about
18,000. (M.)
Halifax, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on N C. and the
r. Staunton. Pop. 25,936. Seat of justice, Halifax c. h.
Halifax, a co. in the N. N. E. part of N, C, bordering on the Roan
oke. Pop. 16,865. Co. t Halifax.
Hall, a co. in the N. part of Ga., intersected by the Chattahoochee.
Pop. 7,875. Co. t. Gainesville.
Hall, hill, a t of Tyrol, with extensive salt-works. The rock-salt
is brought frora the Salzberg (silts'-bfRo), i. e. " Sall-raountain," which
is 10 ra. distant, and above 5,000 ft. in height Lat. 47° 18' N., Lon.
11° 31' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Hall, Swabian, in the kingdora of Wiirtemberg, forraerly a free
iraperial city, is situated about 34m. N.E. of Stuttgart. It contains
some valuable salt-works, and about 6,500 inhabitants. (B.)
Halle, hil'-leA, the principal t in the government of Mersehurg, in
Prussian Saxony, remarkable for its salt-works and other manufactures,
its comraerce, and especially for its-literary and scientific institutions,
among which, the University stands pre-eminent This has above 40
professors; the number of students fluctuates between 800 and 900; at
one time it amounted lo 1,300. Of the numerous charitable establish
ments of Halle, the Orphan Asylum (Waisenhaus, wi'-zen-house^),
founded by Francke, deserves to be particularly mentioned. The work
men engaged in tbe salt-works are called Hal-lo'-ren (sing. Hallor),
and are a peculiar race, distinguished by their physiognomy, costume,
and customs, supposed to be descended from the aboriginal inhabi
tants. They enjoy many privileges and imraunities. Lat 51° 29' N.,
iKin. 11° 58' B. Pop. of Halle itself, about 17,000 (P. C); including
its iraraediate environs, 26,000. (B.)
Hallowell, hol'-lo-well, a flourishing t of Kennebec, co., Maine, on
the r. Kennebeck, 2 ra. below Angusta. Lat. 44° 17' N., Lon. 69° 50'
W. Pop. of the township, 4,654.
Ham'-burg (Ger. pron. hira'-booRo), the most iraportant emporium,
and, after Vienna and Berlin, the largest city of Germany, situated on
the N. bank of the Elbe, at its confluence with the Alster (il'-ster),
22

254 HAM— HAM
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good ;
about 75 m. from the Gerraan Ocean. The origin of this town is attri
buted to Charlemagne. It had attained to considerable commercial
importance at the beginning of the 12th century. In the 13th, it con
curred in the forraation ofthe Hanseatic league. (See Hanse 'Towns.)
It suftered extremely frora its occupation by the French, during tho
early part of the present century, especially in 1813 and 1814 ; in con
sequence of which, ils population was reduced to ahout 60,000, though
it appears, al the present time, to have entirely recovered from the loss
which it then sustained. Ijike most of the old towns of Germany,
Hamburg is well fortified. The greater part of the city is irregularly
built, and presents but a gloomy appearance, though, in the newer
portion, there are several pleasant streets and fine buildings. The most
remarkable edifice is, perhaps, the church of St. Michael ; it is capable
of accommodating 6,000 persons (M.) ; the steeple is said to be 456 ft.
in height. This city contains a number of literary and scientific insti
tutions, among which are two gymnasia, an anatomical institute, a fine
botanic garden, and a public library, called the City Library, with
nearly 200,000 vols., besides 3,000 raanuscripte. Our limite will not
permit us lo mention even the principal among the multitude of chari
table institutions which Hamburg possesses ; suffice it to say, tbat they
are on the most liberal plan, and managed in the most exemplary man
ner. The city of Haraburg, with ils territory, constitutes a sovereign
state, which is a raeraber ofthe Germanic confederation. The govern
ment is republican. The territory, which contains about 150 sq. ra., is
bounded on the S. by the Elbe, on aU other sides by the Danish posses
sions of Holstein and Lauenburg. The entire pop., in 1826, according
to Balbi, was 148,000. The present pop. of the city is above 122,000.
Lat 55° 33' N., Lon. 9° 59' E.
Hameln, hi'-meln, a t of Germany, in Hanover, on the Weiser, with
a large house of correction. Lat 52° 5' N., Lon. 9° 20' E. Pop.
5,300r (B.)
Ham'-il-ton, a manufacturing t of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, on the
Clyde, 10 m. S. E. of Glasgow. Pop. 8,876.
Hamilton, a co. in the N. E. part of N. Y., on the head waters of
tbe Hudson. Pop. 1,907.
Hamilton, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on Ga. and the
Suwanee. Pop. 1,464. Co. t Miccotown.
Hamilton, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn., bordering on the Ten
nessee r. Pop. 8,17.5. Seat of justice, Harailton c. h.
Hamilton, a co. forraing the S. W. extremity of Ohio. Pop. 80,145.
Co. t Cincinnati.
Hamilton, a co. in the centre of Ind., intersected by the White r.
Pop. 9,8,55, Co. t NoblesvUIe,
Hamilton, a co. in the S. B. part of 111., near the Little Wabash r.
Pop. 3,945. Co. t McLeansboro.
Hamm, himm, a t of the Prussian states, on the Lippe. Lat 51° 41'
N., Lon. 7° 47' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Ham'-mer-smith, a village of England, on the N. bank of the

HAM— HAN 255
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng-.
Thames, near London, with a Catholic boarding-school for young ladies
(nunnery), and a fine suspension bridge over the r. Thames, Pop. of
the parish, 9,888.
Hamp'-den, a CO. in the S. W. part of Mass., intersected by the Con
necticut r. Pop. 37,366. Co. t Springfield.
Hamp'-shire (i. e. the county of Hants), called also Southampton,
a CO. in the S. of England, bordering on the English Channel; it in
cludes the Isle of Wight. Pop. 355,004.
Hampshire, a co. in the W. part of Mass., intersected by the Con
necticut r. Pop. 30,897. Co. t Northampton.
Hampshire, a co. in the N. part of Va., on the Potomac. Pop.
12,295. Co. t Romney.
H.ANAU, hi'-nou, the first manufacturing t in the electorate of Hesse-
Cassel, Germany, and the cap. of a prov. ofthe same name, is situated
on the Kinzig (kint'-sio), near its junction wilh the Main. It is a
flourishing place, and has an extensive trade. Lat 50° 9' N., Lon. 8°
52' E. Pop. estimated at above 13,000. (B.)
Han'-cock, a CO. in the S. E. part of Maine, bordering on the sea.
Pop. 28,646. Co. t EUsworth.
Hancock, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the
Oconee r. Pop. 9,659. Co. t Sparta,
Hancock, a co. in the S, part of Miss., bordering on Pearl r. and
L. Borgne. Pop. 3,367. Co. seal, Shieldsborough.
Hancock, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., E. of Green r. and border
ing on the Ohio. Pop. 2,.581. Co. t Hawesville.
Hancock, a co. in the N.W. part of Ohio, E. of the Miami Canal.
Pop. 9,986. Co. t. Findlay.
Hancock, a co. in the E. central part of Ind., E. of Indianapolis. Pop.
7,.538. Co. t Greenfield.
Hancock, a co. in the W. part of 111., bordering on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 9,946. Co. t Carthage,
Hang-tcheoo (or -tcheou), a large commercial city of China, situ
ated near the raouth of the r. Tsien-tang, with a harbour ; it has for
tifications, with a numerous garrison, and a population which is esti
mated at between 600,000 and 700,000. (B.) Lat. about 30° 10 N.,
Lon. 119° 12' E.
Han'-o-ver, (Ger. Hannover, hin-no'-ver,) a kingdom in the N. W,
of Germany, situated between 51° 18' and 53° 52' N. Lat,, and 6° 48
and 11° 40' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. W. by the German Ocean,
N. and N. E. by the Elbe (which separates it fromUhe territories
of Hamburg, Denmark, and Mecklenburg) and by Mecklenburg, E. and
S. E. by Prussia and Brunswick, S. W, by Hesse-Cassel, Lippe, and the
Prussian territory of Westphalia, and W. hy Holland. It may be re
garded as consisting pr^incipally of three portions, the two larger of
which lie within nearly the same latitudes, and are almost though not
quite, divided from each' other by the grand-duchy of Oldenburg; the
third is much smaller, and is separated froni the more easterly of the
other two by the territory of Brunswick. The whole contains an area

256 HAN— HAN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n4, n5t ; 66 as in good;
of 14,570 sq. m. Total pop. 1,662,.500. (P. C.) The government is a
limited monarchy. — Adj. and inhab. Han-o-ve'-rj-an.
Hanover, the cap. of the above kingdom, and of the principality of
Calenburg, is situated on the r. Leine (li'-neA), which is navigable
from the town to its junction with the Weser. The city consista of
three parts ; the Old Town, the MgidJan New Town, and the New
Town on the left bank of the river. "The walls, with five gates, were
partly levelled in 1780, and laid out in streeta. Among the numerous
scientific and literary institutions of Hanover, may be cited the Lyceum,
and the City Library with 40,000 vols. Lat. 52° 22' N., Lon. 9° 43'
B. Pop. above 28,000. (B.)
Hanover, a t of Grafton co., N. H., the seat of Dartmouth College,
which was founded in 1770, and received ite name from the Earl of
Dartmouth, one of ils principal patrons. It has a library of 16,.500
vols. ; number of students, 340. The New Hampshire Medical School,
founded in 1797, is connected with the above.
Hanover, a co. in the E. part of Va., N. of Richmond. Pop. 14,968.
Seat of justice, Hanover c. h.
Hanse Towns, called also the Hansa and Hanseatic League, a
celebrated commercial confederacy, which derives ite name from
the ancient German word Hanse, signifying an "association for
mutual support." In the middle ages, Haraburg, Lubeck, and after
wards Brunswick, Dantzic, Cologne, Bremen, and a great number of
other towns, entered into an alliance, in order to defend their com
merce against the numerous banditti and pirates, who then infested
Germany and the neighbouring seas. This alliance was termed the
Hanseatic League. The confederated or Hanse towns, were each
bound to contribute towards maintaining ships and soldiers for their
mutual protection, not only against pirates and robbers, bul also against
the encroachments, oppression, or rapacity of the neighbouring nobles
and kings. The number of towns composing the league fluctuated ;
at one time it is said lo have amounted to 85, amono' which were Ber
gen in Norway, Berlin, Konigsberg, and Cracow. This powerful con
federacy formed the first systematic plan of commerce known in the
middle ages. The cities enjoyed in England the privUege of exporting
goods duty free, and in Denmark, of importing them duty free. Their
alliance was coveted, and their hostility feared, by the greatest powers.
Several kings were defeated, and one (Magnus of Sweden) was de
posed by them. Liibeck was the place of assemblage, and was regarded
as the capital of the league, and issued the summons for the regular
assemblies of the deputies from all the cities, which were held once in
three years ; and also for the extraordinary assemblies generally held
once in ten years. The epoch of the dissolution of the confederacy
may be stated at 1630. However, Hambui^, Liibeck, and Bremen,
Piill constitute an association ofa similar character, and, with Frankfort
on the Main, are called the free Hanseatic cities of the Germanic con
federation. — .\dj. Hanse and Han^-se-at'-ic.
Hants. See Hampshire.

HAR— HAR 257
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
Har'-di-man, a CO. in the S. W. part of Tenn,, bordering on Miss.
Pop. 14,563. Co, r. Bolivar.
Har'-din, a CO. in the S. W. part of Tenn,, intersected by the
r. Tennessee, and bordering on Miss, and Ala. Pop. 8,245. Co, t.
Savannah. Hardin, a co. in the N. or N. W. central part of Ky., S. of Louis
ville. Pop, 16,357. Co. t Elizabethtown.
Hardin, a. co. in the N. W. central part of Ohio, on the sources of
the Soiota r. Pop. 4,598. Co. t Kenton.
Hardin, a co. in the S. E. part of IU., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop.
1,378. Hard'-wick, a village and port of entry of Ga., in Bryan co., on the
W. side of the Ogeechee r.
Har'-dt, a CO. in the N. part of Va., intersected by the S. branch of
the Potomac. Pop. 7,622. Co. t Moorfield.
Harfleur, haR^-fluR', a small t of France, in the dep. of Lower
Seine, about 4 ra. E. of Havre de Grace, with which it is connected by
a canal. Har'-ford, a CO. in the N. E. part of Md., W. of, and bordering on
the Susquehanna and Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 17,120. Co. t Bel-Air.
Har'-l.an, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ky,, bordering on Va, Pop.
3,015. Co, t Ml. Pleasant
Har'-ris, a CO. in the VV. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoo
chee T. Pop. 13,933. Co. t Harailton.
Har'-ris-burg, the cap. of the slate of Pa., and seat of justice of
Dauphin co., is situated on the E, bank of the Susquehanna, about 94 m.,
in a straight line, nearly W. from Philadelphia. It stands on the Penn
sylvania Canal, and, by means of various railroads, is connected with
Chambersburg, Hagerstown, Lancaster, York, Baltimore, and Phila
delphia. Lat. 40° 16' N., Lon. 76° 50' VV. Pop. 5,980.
Hab'-ri-son, a CO. in the N. W. part of Va., on the head waters of
the Monongahela. Pop. 17,669. Co. t Clarkeshurg.
Harrison, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Ky., intersected by the Lick
ing r. Pop. 12,472. Co. t Cynthiana.
Harrison, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, a little W. of the Ohio r.
Pop. 20,099. Co. t Cadiz.
Harrison, a co. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop.
12,459. Co. t Corydon.
Har'-row-gate. a village of England, in the W. Riding of York
shire, celebrated for its raineral springs, situated about 26 ra. nearly W.
from York. This place is much resorted to, both on account of its sul
phurous and its chalybeate springs. The former are regarded as the
strongest sulphurous waters in England.
Hart, aco. in the S. W. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r.
Pop. 7,031. Co. t MunfordsviUe.
H.art'-ford, a Co. in the N. part of Conn., intersected by the Con
necticut r. Pop. 55,629.
Hartford, tbe cap. ofthe above co., and one ofthe seats of govern-
22*

258 HAR^HAV
Fite, fir, fill, fit; m^, met; pine or pine, pin; nA, n5t; 66 as in g-ooif;
ment of the state of Conn., is situated on the Connecticut r., at the
head of sloop navigation, in the midst of a beautiful and fertile country.
Araong the institutions of this city, we may mention a retreat for the
insane, a deaf and dumb asylum (regarded as the first institution of
the kind in the U. S.), and the Washington CoUege, founded in 1824.
The State House is in 41° 45' 59 " N. Lat, and 72° 40' 45" W. Lon.
Pop. of the city and township, 12,793; of the city alone, 9,468.
Harvard University. See Cambridge.
Harwich, usually pronounced hir'-ridge, a seaport t of England,
in the co. of Essex, 66 ra. E. N. E. of London, with a good harbour
and a light-house. The narae is derived from two Saxon words, here,
signifying " army," and wic, a " fortification ;" whence it is inferred that
it was once the station of a Saxon army. At present the town appears
to be on the decline. Pop., including an area of 3sq. m., 3,829.
Hasselt, his'selt, a t of Belgiura, in the prov. of Liraburg, 15 m.
W. N. W. of Maestricht. Pop. 7,000. (B.)
Hastings, haste'-ings, an ancient seaport town of England, in the
CO. of Sussex; 54m. S. S.E. from LonSon. It is one of the Cinque
Ports, in importance second only to Dover. In the neighbourhood of
this place, Harold II. was defeated by WUliam the Conqueror, in the
year 1066. Lat. 50° 52' N., Lon. 0° 31' E. Pop. 11,617.
Hav-an'-.a (Sp. pron. i-vi'-ni), the cap. of Cuba, is situated on the N.
coast of the island. Ils harbour, which is very spacious and one ofthe
mosl secure and commodious in the world, communicates with the sea
by a channel rather raore than half a raile in length, and from 300 to
350 yards wide, with a depth varying from 8 to 10 fathoms. This
channel is protected by two strong fortresses, and a series of fortifica
tions along both shores. The harbour itself is surrounded by heights
which shelter it frora every wind. Seen from the entrance ofthe port
Havana presents a beautiful and charming spectacle, but the interior
of the town is far from fulfilling the expectations excited in the travel
ler by the external view. The streeta are narrow, crooked, and gene
rally unpaved ; and, in the rainy season, they are full of mud. The
town is defended by numerous fortifications, which, with the advantage
of its natural position, render it one of the strongest fortresses in the
world. Havana possesses a university, a botanic garden, and various
other literary and scientific institutions. In one of the churches ofthis
town are deposited the remains of Christopher Columbus. Lat 23° 9'
N., Lon. 82° 23' W. The pop., including that of the suburbs, was, in
1827, 112,023. (B.)
Hav'-er-ford-west', chief t of Pembrokeshire, Wales. Lat 51°
47' N., Lon. 4° 56' VV. Pop. 5,941.
Haverhill, commonly pronounced hi'-ver-il, a flourishing and
handsome t of Mass., in Essex co., situated on the N. bank ofthe
Merrimack, at the head of sloop navigation, abont 28 ra., in a straight
line, N. of Boston, and on the railroad which runs frora the Lowel Rail
road to Portland, in Maine. Pop. of the township, 4,336.
Havre de Grace, hiv'r dgA gris, or simply Le Havre, l^/i hiv'r, s

HAV— HAY 259
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
fortified seaport t, and, after Marseilles, the most important commer
cial t. of Prance (B.), is situated on the right bank of the Seine, at its
mouth, in the dep. of Lower Seine, about 110 ra. W. N. W. of Paris.
Before the time of Louis XIL, it was a mere fishing town, with a small
chapel, dedicated to Notre Dame de Grace (our Gracious Lady), and
was hence called Le Havre de Grace, or the " haven of grace." Louis
laid the foundation of the importance of the place, since which time it
has heen gradually advancing to its present distinguished rank among
the towns of France. Le Havre is the principal port of Paris ; it has
regular communication by packets with Southampton, Hamburg, Lisbon,
New York, Vera Cruz, and Bahia. Steamboats ply between Le Havre,
Rouen, and Paris. This place contains a public library, a museum of
natural history, and various other literary and scientific institutions.
Lat. 49° 29' N., Lon. 0° 7' E. Pop. in 1836, 25,618. (P. C.)
Havre de Grace, hav^-er-de-grass', a small t in Hartford co., Md.,
situated at the head of Chesapeake Bay, on the railroad between Phila
delphia and Baltimore, ahout 34 m., in a straight line, E. N. E. of the
latter city.
Hawaii, hi-wi'-ee, also written Owhyhee, the largest of the Sand
wich islands, situated in the Pacific, between 18° 50' and 20° 20' N.
Lat, and 154° 45' and 156° 10' W. Lon. Its length is about 100 m. ;
its greatest breadth, about 90 ra. The pop. is estiraated at 85,000. For
the character and present condition of the inhabitants, see Sandwich
Islands. — ^Adj. and inhab. Hawaiian, hi-wi'-yan.
Haw'-kins, a CO. in the N. E. part of Tenn., intersected by the
Clinch and Holston rivers, and bordering on Va. Pop. 15,035. Co.
t Rogersville. Hayti or Haiti, hi'-te, (Fr. Haiti, i^-e^-te',) called also St. Do
mingo (do-raing'-go) and His-pan-i-o'-l.a, next to Cuba the largest of
the W. India Islands, is situated between 17° 41' and 19° 59' N. Lat.
and 68° 25' and 74° 34' W. Lon. Ils extreme length, from E. lo W.,
is about 410 m. ; its greatest breadth, frora N. lo S., is near 160 ra. The
area is computed at ahout 25,000 sq.ra. The pop. in 1826 was, ac
cording to Balbi, 800,000, but some others estimate it considerably
higher. Hayti is justly considered the most fertile island in the West
Indies. There are several mountain ranges in the interior, the eleva
tion of which has not been ascertained, but it is supposed the highest
summits do not fall short of 8,000 feet This island was discovered
by Columbus, in his first voyage, and from him received the name of
Hispanola (is-pin-yo'-li), i. e. " Little Spain." It was called, afterwards,
St Domingo, from the town of this name, which was one of the first
settlementa made on the island. The name of Haiti was given to it
by Dessalines, after he had expelled the French in 1803. It is said to
be the original Indian name of the island, and to signify " mountain
ous." Hayti, till recently, formed a republic, with a president chosen
for life, and assisted by a legislature, consisting of two houses, a senate
and a house of representatives. But on the expulsion ofthe late presi
dent Boyer, the eastem or Spanish portion ofthe island separated itself

260 HAY— HEL
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mJt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 66, as in good ,
from the former government, and now constitutes the independent re
public of St. Domingo. Port au Prince is the capital of the old, and
St, Domingo, of the new republic. — Adj. and inhab. Hai'-tj-an.
Hay'-wood, a CO. in the W. part of N. C, bordering on Tenn. Pop.
4,975. Co. t Waynesville.
Haywood, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., near the Mississippi r.
Pop. 13,870. Co. t Brownsville.
Hazebkouck, iz^ -brook', a handsome t. of France, in the dep. of
Nord, 135 m. almost due N. from Paris. Lat 50° 43' N., Lon. 2° 32' E.
Pop. 7,674. (P. C.)
Heard, hurd, a co. iu the W. part of Ga., intersecu>d by the Chatta
hoochee, and bordering on Ala. Pop. 5,329. Co. t Franklin.
Hebrides, heb'-rid-fe, or the Western Islands, are scattered in
the Atlantic, along the W. coast of Scotland, between 5.5° 35' and 59°
N. Lat, and 5° and 8° W. Lon. Their whole number amounta to
nearly 200, but raore than one-half are so small or so sterile as not to
be inhabited, — Adj. and inhab. Heb-rid'-e-.an (Scott).
Hechingen, hes'-ing-en, a small t of Germany, cap. of Hohenzol'ern-
Hechingen. Lat. 48° 21' N., Lon. 8° 59' E. Pop. about 3,000. (B.)
Hecla. See Iceland.
Hedjaz, hej'-iz', sometimes written Hedsjaz, a country of Arabia,
extending along the Red Sea, from Mount Sinai to the frontier of
Yemen. Heidelberg, hi'-del-b§RB\ an ancient city in the grand-duchy of
Baden, on the Neckar, in one of the most beautiful portions of Ger
many. Over the river there is a covered stone bridge, 702 tt long,
and 30 ft, wide, which rests upon nine arches. This town has, among
other institutions, a celebrated university, founded in 1386, the oldest
in Germany, except that at Prague. Its library is said to contain
120,000 vols. The pop, of Heidelberg, though at present increasuig,
is rauch less than it was formerly, "Lat 49° 24' N., Lon. 8° 43' E.
Number of inhabitants, about 12,000. (P. C.)
Heilbronn, hile-bronn', a t. of Gerraany, in Wurtemberg, said to
have been founded by Charlemagne, and named by him Heilbronn or
the "spring of health," from a medicinal spring in the vicinity. Ijat
49° 7' N., Lon. 9° 14' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Hel-b'-n.a, St.,* an i. in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1,200 m. W. of
the coast of Africa, chiefly interesting as the place of banishment of
Napoleon, who was confined liere from October, 1815, until his death,
which occurred the 5lh of May, 1821. James Town, the only towr
• Some persons, aiming to be more accurate than ordinary speakers, place tho
accent on the first syllable — Hel'-e-na. This is unquestionably the correct accentu*
ation ofthe name of St. Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great; and though
it is perhaps probable that the island derived its appellation originally from her,
the present pronunciation of ils name is so thoroughly established that it would
be idle to attempt to change it It is perhaps scarcely necessary to corroborate,
by other authority, what is so universally sanctioned by the practice of our best

HEL— HEN 261
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; v, nearly like ng.
and port in St. Helena, is in Lat. 15° 5.5' S., Lon. 5° 49' W. The
whole circumference of the island is about 28 m. Pop., exclusive of
the garrison, about 5,000. (P. C.)
Helena, St., a parish of La., lying a little E. of the Mississippi r.
and bordering on the state of Miss. Pop. 3,525. Seat of justice, St.
Helena. Hel-mund', a considerable r. of Afghanistan, which does not commu
nicate with any sea, ita waters being lost in the sand. (B.)
Hel'-go-land or Hel/-i-go-land, a group of small islands in the
German Ocean, between 30 and 40 miles from the mouth of the Elbe.
They belong to the English.
Hellespont. See Dardanelles.
Helmstbdt, helm'-stto, a t. of Germany, in the duchy of Bruns
wick, formerly the seat of a flourishing university. Lat. 52° 14' N.,
Lon. 11° 1' E. Pop. 6,300, (B.)
Hel'-sing-fors\ the cap. of the Russian government of Finland, is
situated on the N. side ofthe Gulf of Finland. The former University
of Abo was transferred to this place in 1827. It had, in 1839, 22 pro
fessors, and above 400 students. Lat. 60° 10' N., Lon. 25° E. Pop.
about 10,000. (P. C.) Near Helsingfors is the fortress of Sweaborg or
Sveaborg, regarded as the Gibraltar of the Baltic. A great part of
its fortifications are cut in the rock.
Hel-vel'-lyn, a mountain of England, in the co. of Cumberland,
3,055 ft. above the level of the sea.
Helvoetsluys, her-v66t-slois', a small t of S. Holland, situated on
the S. side ofthe island of Voorne, imporiant on account of its fortifica
tions, its dock-yards, and its fine harbour. Lat 51° 49' N., Lon.
4° 8' E.
Hemp'-stead, a co. in the S.W. part of Ark., bordering on the Red r.
Pop. 4,921. Seat of justice, Hempstead c. h.
Hen'-der-son, a co. in the W. partof N. C, bordering on S. C. Pop.
5,129. Henderson, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little W. of the Ten
nessee r. Pop. 11,875. Co. t Lexington.
Henderson, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., intersected by Green r.,
and bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 9,548. Co. t Henderson.
Henderson, a co. in the W. N. W. part of 111., bordering on the
Mississippi r.
speakers; we may, however, be permitted to cite two passages from two distin
guished living poets.
" Arran !* a single-crested Teneriffe,
A St. Helena next in shape and hue.
Varying her crowded peaks and ridgea blue." — ^Wordsworth.
" St. Helena's dungeon keep
Scowls defiance o'er the deep ;
There a hero's relics sleep." — Montgomery.
? See ARRiH.

262 HEN— HER
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n4, nJt ; 66 as in good ;
Hen'-dricks, a co. in the W. central part of Ind., W. of Indianapo
lis. Pop. 11,264. Co. t Danville.
H-EN-Ri'-co, a CO. in the E. part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop.
33,076. Co. t Richmond.
Henry, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on N. C. Pop. 7,335.
Co. t Martinsville.
Henry, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oc
mulgee r. Pop. 11,756; Co. t McDonough.
Henry, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ala. Pop. 5,787. Co. t
Columbia. Henry, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Tennes
see r. Pop. 14,906. Co. t Paris.
Henry, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r.
Pop. 10,015. Co. t. New Castle.
Henry, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ohio, intersected by the
Maumee r. Pop. 2,503. Co. t Damascus.
Henry, a co. in the E. part of Ind., intersected by the Blue r., a
branch ofthe E. fork ofthe While r. Pop. 15,128. Co. t. New Castle.
Henry, a co. in the N. W. part of 111., bordering on Rock r. Pop.
1,260. Henry, a co. in the W. part of Mo,, N. of Osage r.
Henry, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, intersected by Skunk r. Pop.
3,772. Herat, her-it' or her-it'h', a large fortified city of Persia, situated
in the midst of a populous and highly cultivated valley. The streete
are narrow and irregular, and the houses mostly of brick. Herat is the
centre of an extensive commerce, and possesses flourishing manufac
tures. The rose-water made here is held in high estimation. This
town is the capital of the kingdom of Herat which is tributary to the
king of Persia. Lat about 34° 30' N., Lon. 61° 10' E. Pop., including
that of the suburbs, estimated at 100,000. (B.)
Herault, i^-r6', a dep. in the S. of France, bordering on tbe Medi
terranean, and intersected by a small river of the same name. Pop.
3.57.846. Capital, Montpellier.
Herculaneum. See Pompeii.
Heb'-e-ford, an ancient city of England, cap. of Herefordshire, is
situated on the r. Wye, 115 m. W. N. W. of London. Lat 52° 3' N.,
Lon: 2° 43' W. Pop., including the liberties, 10,921.
Her'-b-ford-shire, a co. in the W. of England, borderinff on Wales,
Pop. 113,878. ^
Her'-kim-er, a CO. in the N. E. central part of N. Y., intersected by
the Mohawk r. Pop. 37,477. Co. t Herkimer.
Hermanstadt, h^R'-min-stitt, (Hung. Nagy-Szeben n6dy si-bJn,)
an important t, formerly tbe cap. of Transylvania, is situated about
72 m. S. by E. from Klausenburg. It is the chief t of the Saxon set
tiers in Transylvania, and contains a national museum, two gymnasia,
and several other institutions. Lat 45° 48' N., Lon. 24° 7' E. Pop.
above 18,000. (B.)

HER— HIG 263
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Herrnhut, hcRRn'-hoot a little t in the kingdom of Saxony, founded
by count Zinzendorf, in 1722, remarkable as the earliest and most im
portant settlement of the Moravian brethren.
Hersfeld, h^Rs'-fflt a t of Germany, in the electorate of Hesse-
Cassel, situated on the Fulda. Lat 50° 51' N., Lon. 9° 41' E. Pop.
6,000. (B.)
Hertford, har'-fprd, the cap. of Hertfordshire, England, on the r.
Lea, 21 m. N. of London. Pop., including an area of about 5 sq. m.,
5,450. Hert'-ford, a CO. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on the
Chowan r. ' Pop. 7,484. Co. t Winton.
Hertfordshire, har'-ford-shir, a co. in the S. E. central part of
England, N. of London. Pop. i.57,207.
Hesse-Cas'-sel (Ger. Hessen Cassel, hes'-sen kis/-sel), an electorate
of Germany, consisting of three distinct portions, the largest of which
is situated between 50° 6' and 51° 39' N. Lat, and 8° 25' and 10° 15'
E. Lon. One of the others lies a little to the E., intersected by the
parallel of 50° 45' N. Lat, and by the meridian of 10° 25' E. Lon. ;
the third is farther N., being intersected by a line drawn in 52°
20' N. Lat ; it is surrounded hy Hanover and Lippe. The area of the
whole is 4,350 sq. ra. ; entire pop. in 1835, 700,533. (P. C) The go
vernraent of Hesse-Cassel raay be styled a liraited monarchy, of which
the head still retains the title of elector, although there is now no em
peror of Germany, so that the dignity is merely nominal. Cassel is the
capital. Hesse-Darmstadt, hess daam'-stitt a grand-ducby of Germany,
consisting principally of two large portions, separated from each other
by a long strip of land, belonging to Frankfort and Hesse-Cassel, and
situated between 49° 23' and 50° 50' N. Lat, and 7° 50' and 9° 36' E.
Lon. The area ofthe whole is about 5,000 sq. m. Entire pop. 718,000.
(P. C.) Darmstadt is the capital.
Hbsse-Hom'-burg (Ger. Hessen Homburg, hes'-sen hom'-b66R6), a
landgraviate of Germany, consisting of two portions; viz., the lordship
of Homburg, situated a little to the N. of Frankfort on the Main, and
containing about 750 sq. m., with 8,800 inhabitants ; and the lordship
of Meisenheim (mi'-zen-hime~), lying on the other side of the Rhine,
between the Bavarian territory of the Rhine and the dominions of
Prussia, with an area of I26sq. m., and a pop. of 15,200. (P. C.) Hom
burg is the capital ofthe whole landgraviate, as well as ofthe lordship
of this name. ' '
Hick'-man, a CO. in the W. central part of Tenn., intersected by
Duck r. Pop. 8,618, Co. t. Vernon.
Hickman, a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of Ky. Pop. 8,968.
Co. t Columbus.
Hieu'-LAND, a CO. in the S. part of Ohio, E. of Cincinnati. Pop.
22,269. Co. t Hillsborough.
Higb'-i..ands (coramonly pronounced in Scotland, hee'-landz), a natu
ral divisioB of Scotland, comprehending the country to the N. and

264 HIG— HIN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; rni, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nJ, n5t ; 66 as in good;
N. W., in contradistinction lo the Lowlands, which occupy the S. and
S, E. districts. The appellation of Highlands extends also to the He
brides or Western Isles.
Highlands, a mountainous region of N. Y., lying on both sides ofthe
Hudson, in the cos. of Orange, Putnam, and Dutchess, remarkable for
its picturesque and romantic scenery.
Hightower. See Etowah.
Hildburghausen, hilt'-b66RG-hou'-zen, a t. of Germany, in the
duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, forraerly the cap. of Saxt-
Hildburghausen, is situated on the Werra. Lat. 50° 25' N., Lon. 10°
40' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.)
Hildesheim, hil'-des-hirae\ a t of Gerraany, in Hanover, cap. of a
principality of the sarae name, containing a Roman Catholic and a
Protestant gymnasium, and several other institutions for education.
Lat 52° 9' N., Lon. 9° 56' E. Pop. 13,100. (P. C.)
HiLL.s'-B0-R0UGH, a CO. in the S. part of N. IL, intersected by the
Merrimack, and bordering on Mass. Pop. 42,494 Co. t Amherst.
Hillsborough, a co. in the W. part ofthe peninsula of Ploridst, bor
dering on the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 452.
HiLLg'-DALE, a CO. in the S. of Mich., bordering on Ind. and Ohio.
Pop. 7,240. Co. t Jonesville.
Himalayas, him*-a-li'-az, or Himalaya Mountains, extend along
the N. E. border of Hindostan, and are situated between 27° and 35°
N. Lat, and 73° and 98° E. Lon. The Dhawalaghiri (da-wil'-a-gher'-
re), in about 29° N. Lat, and between 83° and .84° E. Lon., is supposed
to be the highest of the Hiraalayas, and of all the raountains in the
world, having an elevation of 4,390 toises, or above 28,000 English ft.
The Himalayas are also frequently called the Himmaleh (him-mi'-leA)
Mountains. Himalaya is a Sanscrit word, signifying the " abode of
frost or snow." Imaus, the narae under which at least a part of this
vast mountain range appears to have been known to the anciente, had,
according to Pliny, a similar signification.
Hin'-dos-tan', (i. e. in Persian, the " country of the Hindoos"), an
extensive country in the S. of Asia, between 8° 4' and 35° N. Lat, and
67° and 91° E. Lon., extending from Cape Comorin, on the S., to the
Himalaya Mountains on the N., and from the head of the Bay of Ben
gal, on the E., to the western border of the valley of Indus, on the W.
The length, from N. to. S., is near 1,900 m. ; breadth, from E. to W,,
between 1,400 and 1,500 m. The eastern boundary is not definitely
fixed. If, as some propose, we allow the possessions of the East India
Company to determine its extent in that quarter, we shall obviously
violate the natural though somewhat vague distinction between India
Proper and Farther India, since, in that case, we must comprise within
the limits of Hindostan, a considerable part of that region styled " the
Peninsula beyond the Ganges," or " India beyond the Ganges." Malta
Brun, who is justly regarded as one of the highest authorities in ques
tions relating to geography, considers that region " which is watered
by the Ganges and its tributaries," as properly belonging to Hindostan,

HIN 265
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
while he appears to include all the country immediately E. of this, in
that division of Asia which he calls Chin India. It will be perceived
that this is much the sarae as if he had raade the head of the Bay of
Bengal the eastern limit of Hindostan. The area of Hindostan is esti
mated' at above 1,000,000 sq. m. The number _of inhabitants is com
puted to exceed one hundred millions. (E. G.) According to Malte-
Brun, the population of Hindostan is not less than 134,000,000 ; the
P. C. estimates it at between 110,000,000 and 120,000,000. A large
portion of this vast country is subject to the English. The East India
Company shares with the king of Great Britain the sovereignty over
almost all the provinces which corabine to form the Anglo-Indian era
pire. This corapany, without possessing the title, enjoys nearly all the
righte of royalty. Ite authority, however, is dependent on the British
Parliaraent to which the ofiicers of the East India governraent are
directly responsible. The territory, under the administration of the
company, is divided into three governmente, designated as the presi
dency of Bengal, the presidency of Madras, and the presidency of
Bombay, The inhabitants of Hindostan may be divided into three
principal classes, viz.: the aborigines, the Asiatics of foreign extraction,
and the Europeans. The first or Hindoos, strictly speaking, are by far
the most numerous. They are characterized by a multitude of pecu
liar customs and institutions, many of which appear to have been in
existence from the rnost remote antiquity. Of these, one of the most
remarkable is the distinction of caste.* The Hindoo writers recognise
four pure and original castes, viz. : the brah'-mins or priests ; the kshatri-
yas (shal'-re-is) or soldiers, including the princes and sovereigns; the
vaisyas (vi'-se-is), consisting of agriculturists and shepherds ; and the
sudras (soo'-dris) or labourers.> Besides these four original classes,
there are a great number of impure races which have sprung from the
mixture of the pure castes. One of-the best known is that of the pa
riahs (pi'-re-is), who form a very nuraerous class. They are araong the
most abject of all the people of Hindostan, and are often subjected to
the most cruel and degrading servitude. The diflerent races are kept
distinct from each other by the most rigorous laws. No person, what
ever be his merit or genius, can, in any case, rise above the caste in
which he is born, though he may forfeit his birth-right by certain rais-
demeanors and crimes. It is not however, true, as has been frequently
asserted, that every individual is obliged to marry in his own caste.
A man is allowed to choose his wife out of any of the castes beneath
him, but not from those above him. Thus a Brahmin tnay lawfully
marry the daughter ofa Sudra, thoUj^h the, offspring of such a marriage
does not inherit the father's rank, but belongs to one ofthe mixed races.
But a Sudra cannot form a legal marriage with the daughter ofa Brah
min ; and children sprung from such a union are considered far inferior
in rank to those ofa Brahmin and a Sudra woman. The ancient religion
ofthe Hindoos is peculiar, and, in soriie respects, very remarkable ; biit
* From the Portuguese word casta, i. e. " race."
23

266 HIN— HOB
Fite, fir, fill, fSt; m^, mit; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 asingood;
we mtist refer the reader to other sources for information on this point
as our limite will not permit us to enter upon a subject so intricate and
extensive. We may, however, observe, that with the exception ofthe
Brahmins, a majority of whom still adhere to the ancient faith, the
sects into which the Hindoos are at present divided, are of compara
tively modern origin ; and that the various political changes resulting
formerly, frora tfae Mahoraetan, and, more lately, from the European
conquests, by diminishing the authority of the Brahrains, have greatly
contributed to the rise of new systems of belief among the common
people, as well as facilitated the introduction of the religion of
other nations. The number of Mahometans in Hindostan may be
vaguely estimated at about 10,000,000. Most of these are supposed
to be the descendante of Asiatic foreigners. It appears, however, that
many of the Hindoos, without fully embracing the Moslem faith, have
allowed their original doctrines and practices to be considerably modi
fied by it. The two religions in sorae parta are on perfectly friendly
terras, and the people apply frequently to one another's sainta and dei
ties, when their own appear to fail. The European inhabitanta of Hin
dostan may be estiraated at about 2,000,000. They are chiefly the
descendants of Portuguese^ The British, though they are in actual
possession of nearly one-half of the country, and dictate lo more than
three-fourths of it, are said not to exceed 60,000. — Adj. and inhab.
Hin'-doo. Hindustani or Hindostanee, hin-dos-ti'-ne, is an epithet ap
plied to the language adopted after the Mahometan conquest as the
general raeans of coramunication between the Hindoos and Mahomet
ans. It is based on an original Hindoo dialect, wilh which, however,
many Persian and Arabic words have become incorporated.
Hinds, hindz, a co. in the W. part of Miss., between the Pearl and Big
Black rivers. Pop. 19,098. Co. seat Raymond.
Hispaniola. See Hayti.
Ho-ang'-ho^* or whang'-ho', (i. e. the " Yellow River," so named
from the colour which the yellow clay along ite banks gives to ite
waters,) one of the largest rivers of China, which rises near 3.5° N. Lat
and 98° E. Lon., and, after flowing in a very circuitous course, in which
it passes beyond 41° N. Lat, empties iteelf into the Yellow Sea, in
about 33° 50' N. Lat, and 120° 10' E. Lon. Ite length is estimated at
2,400 ra.
Ho'-B.ART Town (commonly pronounced by the coloniste HoV-ar-tgn),
the cap. of the British colony of Van Diemen's Land, is situated on
the estuary ofthe r. Derwent in the S. E. part of the island. Lat 42°
54' S., Lon. 147° 27' E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.)
Ho'-Bo-KEN, in the co. of Bergen, N. J., on the Hudson, opposite to
New York, is chiefly remarkable as a place of resort for the inhabi
tants of that city. * " By Oton-tala, like a sea of stars.
The hundred sources of Hoang-ho burst."
Southey's Tlialaba, Book VI.

HOC— HOL 267
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Hock'-ing, a CO. in the S. part of Ohio, intersected by a river of the
same name, which flows into the Ohio r. Pop. 9,741. Co. t Logan.
HoF. a manufacturing t. of Bavaria, on the r. Saale, near its source.
Lat. 50° 17' N., Lon. 11° 53' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)
HoHENZOLLERN, ho'-en-tsol'-lem, a sovereign principality of Ger
many,, lying on both sides of the Danube, surrounded by Baden and
Wurtemberg, and intersected by the 48th parallel of N. Lat. and the
9th meridian of E. Lon. It is divided into HobenzoUern-Sigmar-
ing'en, and HohenzoUern-Hechingen (hoK'-ing-en), which belong to
two different branches of the house of HohenzoUern. The total area
is 580 sq. ra. Pop. 64,420 ; about two-thirds of whora belong to Hoh
enzoUern-Sigmaringen. (P. C.) Sigmaringen, a little town on the
Dannbe, with a pop. of 1,600 (B.), is the capital of this principality.
Hechingen is the capital of the other division.
Hol'-beach, a small t of England, in Lincolnshire, 90 m. N. of
London. Hol/-l.and, (Dutch pron. hol'-lint ; originally OUant, i. e. " muddy
or marshy land,") a kingdom in the W. of Europe, situated between
50° 45' and 53° 30' N. Lat, and 3° 20' and 7° 8' E. Lon., (not in
cluding the province of Luxemburg ;) bounded on the N. by the North
Sea, E. hy Germany, S. by Belgium, and W. by the North Sea. Ils
greatest lehgth, from N. to S., is about 185 m. ; its greatest breadth,
from E. to W., is ahout 120 m. The area is about 11,000 sq.m.
The pop., in 1839, was 2,.583,271. (P. C.) According to the census
of 1844, it is stated to be 2,953,618. The face of this country
is remarkably flat and low, some parts lying even below tbe level of
the sea, against the inroads of which, they are protected partly by
iraraense dikes or artificial hanks of earth, and partly by sand-hills cast
up by the ocean. Frora this natural peculiarity the name Netherlands,
i. K. " Lowlands," is derived. Holland is divided into twelve pro
vinces ; viz., Brabant (North), Drenthe, Friesland, Gelders, Groningen,
North and South Holland, Limburg, Luxemburg, Overyssel, Utrecht,
and Zealand. The Hague is the ordinary residence of the king and
court — Adj. Dutch ; inhab. Dutch'-m.an or Hol'-l.and-er.
Holland, an important prov. of the above kingdom, bordering on
the North Sea, which has given its narae to the whole country. It
is divided into Norfh and South Holland. Pop. of the forraer, 22,503 ;
of the latter, 503,3.54. (P. C.)
H6LMES, a CO. in the N. W. central part of Miss., bordering on the
Yazoo r. Pop. 9,452. Co. seat, Lexington. *
Holmes, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ohio. Pop. 18,088. Co. t.
Millersburg. Holstein, hol'-stine,' a duchy in the N. of Germany, belonging to
Denraark, situated between 53° 30' and 54° 26' N. Lat, and 8° 46' and
11° 7' E. Lon. Area, 3,250 sq. ra. Pop. in 183.5, 435,596. (P. C.)
Gliickstadt is the capital.
Hol'-ston, a r. which rises in the AUeghany Mountains of Va., and
flowing into Tenn., unites with the Tennessee r.

268 HOL-HOR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66 as in good,
H6i/r, a co. forraing the N. W. extremity of Mo.
Holyhead, hol'-e-hed\ a seaport t. of Wales, situated on a small
island of the same name, at the western extremity of the island
of Anglesey, with which it is connected by a suspension bridge of cast
iron. It is the station of the post-office packete, which sail daily between
this port and Dublin. Lat. 53° 19' N., Lon. 4° 37' W. Pop. 3,869.
Hol'-y-well, a flourishing manufacturing t of Wales, in Flintehire,
situated near the S. side of the estuary of the r. Dee, about 10m. E.
of St Asaph. The machinery belonging to the manufacturing estab
lishments of this place, is for the most part worked by a stream wbich
issues from the Holy Well of St Winifred, once so celebrated for the
healing virtue of ite waters. This spring boils up out of the rock with
violence, as from a cauldron, and is said to discharge above 20 tons of
water in a minute. It was formerly resorted to by a great number of
pilgrims. Pop. of the parish, 10,834.
Homburg. See Hesse-Homburg.
Homs or Hums (Anc. Em'esa), a decayed t of Syria, situated near
the Orontes. Lat 34° 50' N., Lon. 36° 39' B.
Honda, 6n'-di, a t of S. America, in New Granada, situated on
the r. Magdalena. Lat 5° 12' N., Lon. 74° 5.3' W. Pop. estimated ac
above 5,000. (B.)
Honduras, hon-doo'-ris, one of the states of Central America, situ
ated S. of, and bordering on the Bay of Honduras. Coraayagua is the
capital. Honduras, Bay of, is situated on the E. coast of Central America,
between the Cape of Honduras, near 16° N. Lat. and 86° W. Lon., and
Cape Catoche (ki-to'-chi), in about 21° 35' N. Lat, and 87° W. Lon.
HoNPLEUR, 6N^-fluR', R Seaport t of France, in the dep. of Calvados,
situated on the left bank of the Seine, alraost at ite mouth. Lat 49°
25' N., Lon. 0° 14' E. Pop. in 1832, 8,409. (P. C.)
Honiton, hun'-e-tgn, a small t of England, in Devonshire, 16 m. E.
by N. from Exeter. Pop. of the parish, 3,895.
Honolulu. See Oahu.
Hoog'-ly, an imporiant arm of the Ganges, on which Calcutta is
situated. It is navigable for ships only as far as the tide reaches; that
is^ about 30 m. above Calcutta. Near this town, ite breadth is about
three-quarters of a raUe, but at its mouth itamounte to near 10 m.
Hoorn, hoRn, an iraportant seaport t of North Holland, the cap. ofa
dist ofthe same narae, with the best harbour on the Zuyder Zee. Lat
52° 38' N., Lon. 5° 1' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Hop'-KiNS, a CO. in the W. part of Ky., bordering on Green r. Pop. ^
9,171. Co. t Madison ville.
Horn, Cape. See Cape Horn.
Hor'-ry, a dist forraing the E. extreraity of S. C. Pop. 5,-755. Sea
of justice, Gonwayborough.
HoRs'-BAH, a sraall t of England, in Sussex, 33 m. S. by W. from
London. Horta. See Fayal.

HOT— HUD 269
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Hot Spring, a large co. in the W. part of Ark. Pop. 1,907. Co. t
Hot Spring. ,
Hot'-ten-tots, a people of S. Africa, inhabiting the country border
ing on the Cape Colony. They are represented as a raild, timid people,
perfectly harmless, honest, faithful, and capable of strong attachment.
They are a good-natured, and, on the whole, a good-looking race, hav
ing, raany of them, finely-formed foreheads and prominent features.
Their hands and feet are remarkably small, while their limbs are in
general well proportioned. Their great defect, or rather vice, is
indolence, accompanied by its almost inseparable attendants, degrada
tion and filth. The male Hottentots go nearly naked ; the females
wear ah apron attached to a girdle round the waist, which, however,
does not reach to the knees. Their dress is formed ofthe skin of some
animal, commonly of sheep-skin. They lead a wandering life, living
chiefly on the milk of their cattle. Their huts are constructed of mats
stretched over a frame of sticks, in the shape of a bee-hive, and are
easily removed on their pack-oxen, as they migrate frora place to
place. But few, however, of the tribes have preserved their indepen
dence and their original custoras, unaltered by the neighbourhood of
European civilization, and, we raay add, of European vice and cruelty.
The state of servitude to which many of these people were formerly
subjected, particularly by the Dutch colonists, appears to have nearly
deprived them of the little energy and spirit which they derived from
nature, and to have greatly reduced the number of those dwelling
within the limits of the colony. It is, however, proper to state that
slavery was abolished, in this part of the British possessions, by an act
which went into operation on Aujrust 1st, 1834. Some of the Holten-
tote, especially the Griguas or Griquas (gree'-quas), have raade consi
derable progress in civilization, which they owe to the missionaries
established araong them.
HousATONic, hoo^-sa-ton'-ik, a r. which rises in Mass., and, flowing
southward through Conn., falls into Long Island Sound, ahout 14 m.
S. W. of New Haven.
Houston, hews'-ton, a co. in the S. central part of Ga., bordering on
the r. Ocmulgee. Pop. 9,711. Co. t Perry.
Houston, a t, formerly the cap. of Texas, on a small creek which
flows into Galveston Bay. Lat about 30° N., Lon. 95° 30' W. Pop.
4,500. How'-ard, a CO. in the N. central part of Mo„ bordering on the r.
Missouri.' Pop. 13,108. Co. t Fayette.
Hl-d'-ders-field, an important manufacturing t. of England, in the
W. Riding of Yorkshire, 24 m. N. W. of Sheffield. It is situated on
the Huddersfield Canal, by which it is put in coraraunication with all
the principal places of the kingdom. Where this canal passes under
Stanedge Hill, there is a tunnel, which is 5,4.51 yards (above 3 ra.)
in length, and in one place 222 yards below the surface. The raanu
factures of Huddersfield are chiefly in woollen. The pop. of this t in
23*

270 HUD— HUM
Fite, fir, fiU, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66 as in good :
1811 was only 9,671 (E. G.); in 1841 it amounted to 25,068. It
includes an area of about 6 sq. m.
Hud'-son or North River, one of the finest and most important
rivers in the U. S., which rises in the N. E. part of N. Y., and, flowing
nearly due S. in its general course, communicates with the Atlantic,
aboutlO m. below New York. Its whole length is estimated at aboui
300m. It is navigable for the largest ships to tbe city of Hudson,
about 130 m., and for sloops lo Troy, 166 m.
Hudson, a city of N. Y., the cap. of Columbia CO., is situated on the
E. bank of the Hudson, at the head of ship navigation, 130 m. above
New York. Lat 42° 14' N., Lon. 73° 46' W. Pop. 5,672.
Hudson, a co. in the N. E. part of N. J., bordering on the Hudson r.
Pop. 9,483. Co. t Jersey City.
Hudson's Bay, a large bay, extending from the Atlantic westward
nearly into the centre of British N. America, is situated between 51°
and 64° N. Lat, and 76° and 95° 30' W. I^n. Ite length, from S. S. E.
to N. N. W., is nearly 1000 m. ; its greatest breadth, from E. to W.,
about 600 m. It is connected with the Atlantic by Hudson's Strait
which is more than 300 m. long, and in ita narrowest part is perhaps
about 60 ra. wide. The southern part, extending from about 51° to 55°
N. Lat, is called James's Bay.
Huelva, wel'-vi, a seaport t of Spain, in Andalusia, the cap. of a
prov. of the sarae name, is situated on a little bay projecting from the
Atlantic. Lat 37° 15' N., Lon. 6° 49' W. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Huesca, wes'-ci, (Anc. Os'ca,) a t of Spain, in Aragon, cbiefly re
markable for ils university. Lat 42° 6' N., Lon. 0° 19' W. Pop.
9,200. (M.)
Hull, or Kings'-ton-upon-Hull, an important seaport t. of England,
in the E. Riding of Yorkshire, on the N. side of the estuary of the
Humber, where it is joined by the r. Hull, 34ra. S. E. of York. This
town comraunicates, by means of canals and railways, with York, Man
chester, Liverpool, and all the other principal places of England. Its
docks and basins are considered as among the flnest in the kingdom.
It is the great entrepot of the commerce of the N. of England, and of
that which this country carries on wilh the northern parte of Europe.
The prosperity of this place has been greatly increased by the progress
of steam navigation, of which it raay be considered as the second great
centre on the eastern coast Hull forms a co. of itself, which con
tains an area of about 18 sq. m. Lat 53° 45' N., Lon. 0° 20' W. Pop.
ofthe town, 41,629; ofthe co., exclusive ofthe town, 3,544.
HuLST, a sraall fortified t of Holland, in Zealand. Lat 51° 17' N.,
Lon. 4° 3' E.
Hum'-ber, a r. or estuary in the N. E. part of England, formed prin
cipally by the junction of the Ouse and the Trent At ite commence
ment the Humber is rather more than a mile wide, but where it joins
the sea it is above seven miles in breadth. Ite whole length is near
40 m.

HUM— HUR ¦ 271
ou, as in owr ; th, as in thin ; Th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Humphreys, uni'-frc*z,a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., E. of, and
bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 5,195. Co. t. Reynoldsburg.
Hungary, hung'-ga-re, (Hung. Magyar-Orszag, mod-yoR OR-siig ;
Ger. Ungarn, oong'-garn ;) an extensive country of Europe, forraing a
part of the Austrian erapire, situated between 44° 28' and 49° 36'
N. Lat, and 16° and 25° E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. and N. E. hy
Moravia and Galicia, E. by Transylvania, S. by Turkey, Slavonia and
Croatia, and W. by Styria and Austria. Its extreme length, from E.
to W. is about 420 m, ; the greatest breadth, from N. to S., is about
330 m. The area is computed at 78,822 sq. ra. Pop. uncertain, but esti
mated at upwards of 10,000,000. (M.) The kingdora of Hungary
includes, besides Hungary Proper, Slavoniai Croatia, and several dis
tricts of less importance. The governraent is called a liraited mo
narchy, but aristocracy is predominant, and the nobles have great
power, while the great mass of the peasantry are in a state of extreme
degradation. The kingdoin of Hungary formerly included, besides ite
present territories, Transylvania, Dalmatia, and the Military Frontier ;
wbich countries, since their annexation to the crown of Austria, still
go under the general narae of the Hungarian dominions. The name,
Hungary, is derived from the Hunni or Huns, a people of Asiatic
origin, who invaded and took possession ofthe country immediately N.
of the Danube, towards the close of the fourth century, during the reign
ofthe Roman emperor Valens. The present Hungarians, however, are
the descendants of the Magyars, another Asiatic nation, who estab
lished themselves here in the ninth century, whence the country is
called Mag^ar-Orszag, i. e. the " land of the Magyars," — Adj. and
inhab. Hungarian, hung-gi'-re-an.
Hun'-ter-dqn, a co. in the N. W. part of N. J., bordering on the
Delaware' r. Pop. 24,789. Co. t. Flemington.
Hunt'-ing-don, a t. of England, the cap. of Huntingdonshire, is
situated on the r. Ouse, about 60 m. N. of London. Pop. 3,507.
Huntingdon, a co. in the S. central part of Pa., on the head streams
of the Juniata. Pop. 35,484. Co. t Huntmgdon.
Hunt'-ing-don-shire, a co. in the E. central part of England, inter
sected by the r. Ouse. Pop. 58,549.
Hunt'-ing-ton, a co. in the N. E. part of Ind., intersected by the
Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 1,579. Co. t Huntington.
HuNTs'-viLLE, a flourishing t in the N. part of Ala., cap. of Madison
CO., situated at the termination of tbe Huntsville Canal, which comrau
nicates with the Tennessee r., and is about 16 m. long. >.Lat 34° 36'
N., Lon. 86° 57' W. Pop. about 2,500.
Hurd^-war', a t. of Hindostan, celebrated as one of the principal
f laces of Hindoo pilgrimage, and the seat of the greatest fair in India.
t is said that sometimes above a million pilgrims are assembled here at
once. Lat. 29° 57' N., Lon. 78° 2' E.
Hu'-RON, a large lake of N. America, lying between 43° and 46° 15
N. Lat, 'and 80° and 83° 40' W. Lon. Ite length, from S. S. E. to
N.N. W., following the curve, i^ about 280 m. ; its greatest breadth

272 HUR— ICE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good ;
from E. to W., exclusive of Georgian Bay, is near 100 m. Area esti
mated at about 19,000 sq. m. The greatest depth is at least 1000 ft.
Lake Huron is divided into two unequal portions by a long peninsula
and the Manitoulin chain of islands ; the parta to the N. and E. are
called North Channel and Georgian Bay.
Huron, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, near Lake Erie. Pop. 23,933.
Co. t Norwalk.
Huy, hoi, a t of Belgium, on the Meuse, 20 m. S. W. of Liege. Pop.
7,000. (B.)
Hyde, a co. in the E. part of N. C, on Pamlico Sound. Pop. 6,458.
Co. t Lake Landing.
Hyderabad, hi'-der-a-bid', or Hydrabad, a city of Hindostan, the
cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat 17° 22' N., Lon. 78° 35' E.
Pop., including the suburbs, estimated at above 200,000. (B.)
Hyderabad, a fortified t of Hindostan, in Sinde, cap. of a princi
pality of the same name, is situated in the delta of the Indus, about
90 m. from the sea. Lat 25° 22' N., Lon. 68° 41' E. Pop. estimated
at 20,000. (B.)
Hythe, biTH, a t, and one ofthe Cinque Porta, of England, in Kent
situated on the Strait of Dover, about 60 m. E. S. E. of London, and
10 m. W. S. W. of Dover. Pop. 2,265.
Iaroslav. See Yaroslaf,
Ibarra, e-bir'-ri, a t of S. America, in Ecuador, 50 m. N. E. of
Quito. Lat 0° 21' N., Lon. 78° 18' W. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.)
I'-ber-ville, a parish in the S. E. central part of Louisiana, inter
sected by the Mississippi r. Pop. 8,49.5. Seat of justice, Iberville.
Ice'-l.and (Is'-land in the native language), a large i. in the N. Atlan
tic, belonging to Denmark, situated between 63° 30' and 66° 40'N.
Lat, and 16° and 24° 30' W. Lon. Ita extreme length is about 250 m. ;
ite greatest breadth ahout 200 m. The area is vaguely estimated at
40,000 sq. m. The pop. in 1834 was .56,000. (M.) The interior of
Iceland is a dreary desert, without a single inhabitant. One mass of
icy mountains, called, Klofa Jokul (yo'-kul), in the S. E. part of the
island, is said to have an extent of not less than 3000 sq. m. The rocks
and mountains of this country appear to be chiefly of volcanic origin.
Inthe year 1783, a mountain named Skaptar Jokul poured forth an
immense quantity of lava, which destroyed no fewer than 20 villages
and 9,000 people, amounting to more than one-flfth of the then popula
tion of the island. It was estimated that the whole of the lava dis
charged would be sufficient to cover an area of 1,400 sq. m. to the
depth of 150 ft. Hecla, a celebrated volcanic mountain in the S. W.
part of Iceland, about 30 m. from the sea, is 5,530 ft. in height. The
Oerafe Jokul is the loftiest mountain in Iceland, of which any accurate
measurement has been made, having an elevation of 6,650 ft (B.)
Among the most remarkable natural curiosities of this country are the
Geysers (gi'-sQrs) boiling sptin^s, or rather water-volcanoes. One of
these, called the Great Geyser, is said sometimes to project ite contente

ICO— ILL 273
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
to the height of from 100 to 200 ft. The climate of Iceland is said to
be mild, considering the latitude. Dr. Henderson found the winter that
he passed here not severer than the mildest which hc experienced in
Southern Sweden and Denmark. Il appears that corn was once culti
vated to a considerable extent but the inhabitants find it more to their
advantage to attend exclusively to the rearing of cattle. Hay is the
great harvest of Iceland. The common food of the people is butter,
milk, and fish ; fresh meat and rye bread are holy-day fare. I^ish are
very abundant The reindeer, which were at first introduced frora
Norway, have greatly multiplied, and live iu a wild state. Reikiavik
(ri'-ke-a-vik), a little town on the W. coast, is regarded as the cap. of
the island. Although ils permanent population scarcely exceeds 500,
it contains a number of institutions for education, three literary and
scientific societies, and a library of .5,000 vols. In ita immediate vici
nity there is an observatory. — Adj. Ice-lan'-dic ; inhab. Icb'-l.and-er.
ICOLMKILL. See loNA.
Idria, id'-re-i, a t. of the Austrian empire, in Carniola, celebrated
for its mines of quicksilver, which, after those of Almaden, in Spain,
are considered to be the richest in Europe. The mine is rather raore
than 1,000 it. in depth. Lat. 46° N., Lon. 14° 3' E. Pop. .5,000. (B.)
Iekatarinbubg. See Ekatarinburg.
Iglau, ig'-lou, a manufacturing t of the Austrian empire, in Mora
via. Lat49°23'N., Lon. 15°.36'E. Pop. 14,000. (B.)
Igualada, e-gwi-li'-ni, (Anc. A'quiE La'tse,) a t of Spain, in Catalo
nia, 37 m. N. W. of Barcelona. Pop. 7,731. (M.)
Il'-ches-ter, sometimes written Ivelchesteb (Anc. Iscbalis), a lit
tle t. of England, in Soraersetshire, situated on the Yeo or Ivel, 18 ra.
E. of Taunton. It appears to have once been a Very iraportant Roman
station. Ita name signifies the " station of the Ivii."
Ile de France. See France, Isle of.
Ilfracombe, il'-fra-coom\ a seaport t of England, in Devonshire,
situated on the Bristol Channel, 41 m. N. W. of Exeter. Pop. 2,855.
Ille and Vilaine, (Fr. Ille et Vilaine, eel i ve^-lane';) a dep. in the
N. W. part of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 547,249.
(B.) Capital, Rennes.
Illimani, Nevado de, ni-vi'-DO di eel-yi-mi'-ne, a mountain sura-
mil of S. Araerica, in Bolivia, next to the Nevado de Sorata, the most
elevated on the American continent. Lat about 16° 40' N., Lon. 67°
40' W. Height 3,753 toises, or about 24,000 English ft. (B.)
Illinois, ir-lin-oi', one of the U. S., situated between 37° and 42°
30' N. Lat, and 87° 30' and 91° 30' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Wis
consin, E. by Indiana, S. E. and S. by the Ohio r., which sepai-ates it
frora Kentucky, S. W. and W. by the Mississippi r., which divides it
from Missouri and Iowa ; and divided into 94 counties.* Length, from
" Adams, Alexander, Bond, Boone, Brown, Bureau, Calhoun, Carrol, Cass,
Champaign, Christian, Clair, St., Clarke. Clay, Clinton, Coles, Cook, Crawford,
D« Kalb, De Witt, Du Page, Edgar, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, Franklin,

274 ILL— IND
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good;
N. to S'., 387 m. ; greatest breadth about 200. The area is variously
estimated from 55,000 to 59,000 sq. m. Pop. 476,183. Springfield is
the capital. Illinois was admitted into the Union in 1818.
Illinois, a r. of the above state, which rises near Lake Michigan,
and, flowing south-westerly, falls into the Mississippi. The whole
length is about 400 m. It is navigable for boata nearly to ite source.
Il-lyr'-h-a, a kingdom forming a part of the Austrian empire, situ
ated betwee'n 44° 2.5' and 47° 7' N. Lat, and 12° 40' and 15° 45' E.
Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Austria and Styria, E. by Styria and Croa
tia, S. by the Adriatic, and W. by Italy and Tyrol. The area is 10,801
sq. m. Pop. 1,212,753. (M.) Laybach is the capital. — Adj. and inhab.
Il-lyr'-i-an. Imola, e-mo'-li, CAnc. Fo'rum Corne'lii,) a t of Italy, in the Papal
State, 20 m. E. S. E. of Bologna. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Independence, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark., intersected bv the
White r. Pop. 3,669. Co. t Batesville.
Independent Tartary. See Toorkistan.
In'-di-a, the name given by tbe anciente to a country of indefinite
extent, in the S. E. part of Asia. It appears to have included Hindos
tan Proper, the island of Ceylon, and the still undefined region of
Farther India. The name is supposed to be derived from that of the
Indiis, Sind or Hind. — Adj. and inhab. In'-di-an.
The name. Bast Indies, has an application nearly co-extensive with
that of India, though the forraer seeras to be often employed somewhat
loosely to denote, besides the Indian continent not only Ceylon (which
lias always been considered as a part of India), but also many other
islands of the eastern seas, especially those lying near the Asiatic
coast such as Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the group of Japan.
Indian Ocean, is situated between Africa, Asia, and Malaisia. Ita
greatest extent from E. to W., is above 4,000 ra.
In'-di-an'-a, one of the U. S., situated between 37° 50' and 41° 50
N. Lat, and 84° 44' and 88° W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Michi
gan and Lake Michigan, E. by Ohio, S. E. and S. by Kentucky, and
W. by Illinois, and divided into 88 counties*. Length, from N. to S.,
Fulton, Gallatin, Greene, Grundy, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Henderson, Henry,
Iroquois. Jackson, Jasper, Jeflferson, Jersey. Jo Daviess, Johnson, Kane, Kendall,
Knox, Lake, La Salle, Lawrence, Lee, Livingston, Logan, Macon, Macoupin,
Madison, Marquette, Marion, Marshall, Mason, McDonough, McHenry, McLean,
Menard, Mercer, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Ogle, Peoria, Perry, BiaU, Pike,
Pope, Putnam, Randolph, Richland, Rock Island, Sangamon, Schuyler, Scott,
Shelby, Stark, Stephenson, Tazewell, Union, Vermillion, Wabash, Warren,
Washington, Wayne, White, Whiteside, Will, Williamson, Winnebago.
• Adams, Allen, Bartholomew, Benton, Blackford, Boone, Brown, Carroll, Cass,
Clark, Cl.iy, Clinton, Crawford, Daviess, Dearborn, Decatur, De Kalb, Delaware
Dubois, Elkhart, Fayette, Floyd, Fountain, Franklin, Fulton, Gibson, Grant, Greene,
Hamilton, Hancock, Harrison, Hendricks, Henry, Huntington, Jackson, Jasper,
Jay, Jefferson, Jennings, Johnson, Joseph, St., Knox, Kosciusko, La Grange, Lake,
La Porte, Lawrence, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Martin, Miami, Monroe, Mont-
gomory, Morgan, Noble, Orange, Owen, Parke, Perry, Pike, Porter, Posey, Pu

IND— INN 275
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
275 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. lo W., about 150 m. The area is
estimated at 36,000 sq. ra. Pop. 685,866. Indianapolis is the capital.
Indiana was admitted into the Union in 1816.
Indiana, a co, in the W. part of Pa., bordering on Conemaugh creek,
a branch of the Alleghany r. Pop. 20,782. Co. t Indiana,
In^-di-.an-ap'-o-lis, the cap. of Indiana, and seat of justice of Marion
CO., is situated on White r., nearly in the centre of the state. Lat. 39°
55' N., Lon. 86° 5' W. Pop. 2,692.
Ind-oor' or Indore, a city of Hindostan, cap. of a kingdom of the
same narae, in the prov. of Malwah. It has- risen entirely since the
year 1818, on the site of the old town of the same narae, which was
burned to the ground, in 1801, by Sindia, who was at war with Holcar,
the chief of Indoor. Lat 22° 42' N., Lon. 75° 50' E. Present pop.
estimated ftom 60,000 tp 90,000.
Indostan. See Hindostan.
Indre, aNdr, a dep. near the centre of France, intersected by a river
of the same name, which flows into the Loire. Pop. 257,350. (B,)
Capital, Chiteauroux.
Indre and Loire (Pr. Indre et Loire, aNdr i IwiR), a dep. of France,
N. W. of, and bordering on the above. Pop. 304,271. Capital, Tours.
In'-dus or SiNDH (in Sanscrit, Sindhoo), a large r. in the S. of Asia,
which rises on the northern declivity of the Himalaya Mountains, and
flowing, flrst north-westerly, and afterwards south-westerly; empties
iteelf into the Indian Ocean by several raouths, in about 24° N. Lat.
and 68° B. Lon. Its whole length is estiraated at 1,700 m. In conse
quence of the sand-banks which obstruct the different arms of this
river, it is not navigable, in the lower part of its course, except for
very sraall vessels.
Ing'-ham, a CO. in the S. part of Mich., near the sources of Grand r.
Pop. 2,498.
Ingolstadt, ing'-gol-stitt\ a t and iraportant fortress of Gerraany, in
Bavaria, on the Danube, 33 m. S. W. of Ratisbon. Its celebrated uni
versity, founded in 1472, was transferred to Landshut in 1800, but has
since been removed to Munich. Lat. 48° 46' N., Lon. 11° 26' E. Pop.
7,000. (B.)
Inn, a r. which rises in the E. part of Switzerland, flows through
Tyrol, and after forming a part of the boundary between Bavaria, and
Austria, falls into the Danube at Passau.
Innspruck, ins'-pr66k, or Innsbruck, (i, e. Innsbriicke, or the
"bridge of the Inn,") the cap. of Tyrol, situated on- the r. Inn.
Ite situation is highly picturesque. It stands in the midst of a
valley, .the sides of which are forraed by mountains from 6,000 to
8,000 ft. in height. The Inn is crossed by a Wooden bridge, from
which a magnificent prospect is obtained. Innsbruck contains seve-
laski, Putnam, Randolph, Ripley, Rush, Scott, Shelby, Spencer, Stark, Steuben,
Sullivan. Switzerland, Tippecanoe, Union, Vanderburg, Vermilion, Vigo, Wabash,
Warren, Warwick, Washington, Wayne, Wells, White, Whitley.

a76 INV— lOW
Fite, fil, fill, fit ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 65, as in good ;
ral literary and scientific institutions ; among which is a university,
founded in 1672, afterwards abolished, and finally re-established in
1826. Lat. 47° 16' N., Lon. 11° 24' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.)
In-ver-a'-ry, a seaport t of Scotland, cap. of Argyleshire, situated
near the head of Loch Fyne, on the W. coast, 25 m. N. W. of Glasgow.
Pop. 1,233.
Inverkeithino, in^-ver-kee'-THing, a seaport t of Scotland, in Fife
shire, situated on the N. bank of the Frith of Forth, 10 m. N. W. of
Edinburgh. Pop. 1,674.
In^-ver-ness', a seaportt. of Scotland, cap. of Inverness-shire, on the
r. Ness, about a mile above ite influx into Moray Frith. It is the prin
cipal town, as regards manufactures and commerce, in the N. of Scot
land. By means of the Caledonian canal, which connects the North
Sea with the Atlantic, Inverness has an almost direct comraunication
with the latter. Lat. 57° 28' N., Lon. 4° 12' W. Pop. 9,100.
In^-ver-ness'-shire, the largest co. of Scotland, extends across the
island, from the Atlantic to Moray Frith. It also includes the islands
of Skye, Harris, N. and S. Uist, «fcc. Pop. 97,799.
In^-ve-ru'-ry, a t of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, at the confluence
of the Don and Ury, 16 ra. N. W. of Aberdeen, with which town it
communicates by raeans of the Aberdeenshire Canal. Pop. 1,619.
loNA, e-o'-na, or Ic^-olm-kill', (the native name is I, pronounced like
ee, and signifying " island,") one of the Hebrides, situated near the W.
extremity of the island of Mull, intersected by tlie parallel of 56° 22'
N. Lat, and the meridian of 6° 26' W. Lon. Length about 3 m. It
is chiefly interesting on account of ils ruins and historical remem
brances. While western Europe lay buried in ignorance and barbarity,
this island was remarkable as the seat of learning and of the Christian
religion, which was introduced near the middle of the 6th century, by
St. Columba, a native of Ireland. The narae Icolmkill is a contraction
of I-Columb-kill, ii e. the " island of Columba's ceU or monastery," kill
or kil signifying any religious residence.
I-o'-Kji-A, a CO. in the S. W. central part of Mich., intersected by
Grand r. Pop. 1,923. Co. t Ionia.
I-o'-Ni-AN Islands, situated along the S. W. coast of Greece, and
consisting of the seven principal islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante,
Santa Maura, Theaki, Cerigo, and Paxo, form what is termed the Ionian
Republic, or the Republic of Seven Islands. The total area is 1,097
sq. m. ; the entire pop. in 1836 was 204,266. This republic is under the
protection of Great Britain represented by a lord high comraissioner,
who resides at Corfu, and, with the president of the senate (who repre
sents the executive power of the republic), directe the most important
affiiirs of the state. Corfu is the seat of government
I-os'-co (Kanotin), a co. in the E. part of Mich., bordering on Sagi
naw Bay.
I'-o-wa, lately, a territory ofthe U. S., but. raised to the rank of a
sovereign state by an act passed during the recent session of Con
gress (1845-6). The boundary of the state of Iowa, which is fer less

low— IRE 277
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
extensive than the former territory, is as follows : — Beginning in the
middle of the Mississippi, at the mouth of Des Moines r., il extends
up the latter to the N. boundary of Mo., thence westwardly along this
line to the middle of Missouri r., thence up tbe middle of the same
to the mouth of Big Sioux r., according to Nicollet's map, thence up
the Big Sioux liU it is mtersecled by the parallel of 43" 38' N. Lat,
thence eastward along said paraUel lo the middle of the Mississippi,
thence down the middle of this river to the place of beginmng. With
these Umits Iowa extends from about 40" 24' to 43° 38' N. Lat, and
from 90° 20' lo about 97° W. Lon. Length from E. to W. about 300
m.; breadth from N. to S. about 210 m. Iowa is divided into 31
counties.* Pop. oif the territory, in 1840, 43,112.
Iowa, a co. in Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois. Pop. 3,978.
Ips'-wich, a t of England, cap. ofthe co. of Suifolk, on the Orwell,
a branch of the Stour, 63 ra. N. B. of London! Pop. of the borough,
with an area of nearly 11 sq. ra., 2.5,384.
Ipswich, a t and port of entry of Mass., in Essex co., on a r. of its
own name, and on the railroad connecting Boston with Portemouth,
24 m. in a straight line N. E. of the former city. Lat. 42° 41' N., Lon.
70° 46' W. Pop. of the township, 3,000.
Irak .^djemi, e^rik' ij'-eA-me^, an extensive prov. in the N. W.
central part of Persia, nearly corresponding to the Great Media of the
anciente. With the Arabians, Irak signifies Babylonia ; Adjetgii is
their name for the Persians ; the appellation ofthe prov., therefore, sig
nifies " Persian Babylonia." (M. B.)
Ire'-dell, a CO. in the W. part of N. C, E. of, and bordering on the
Catawba r. Pop. 15,685. Co. t Statesville.
Irb'-l.and (Gr. Ii^vr/ ; Lat. Hiber'nia ; Irish, E'-rin), a large i. in the
N. Atlantic, lying W. of Great Britain, from which it is separated by
the North Channel at the N., by the Irish Sea in the middle, and by St.
George's Channel at the S. It is situated between 51° 25' and 55° 23'
N. Lat, and 5° 27' and 10° 30' W. Lon. Ite length, from N. N. E. to
S. S.W., is near 300 m. ; its greatest breadth, from E. N. E. toW. N. W.,
185 m. The area is estimated at 28,800 sq. m . The pop., according
to the census of 1831, was 7,767,401 (P. C.) ; in 1841, it amounted to
8,175,273. (American Almanack.) Formerly, Ireland had a parliament
of its own, which was subordinate to that of Great Britain ; but, in
1800, the two were united, and afterwards received the title of the
Imperial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland, while the two
countries, thus represented in one legislative assembly, were styled the
United Kingdom. Ireland is divided iiito four provinces, viz.: Ulster in
the N., Leinster in the E., Munster in the S., and Connaught in the
W. These are subdivided into counties, of which Ulster contains 9,
*Appanoo8e, Benton, Blackhawk, Buchanan, Cedar, Clayton, Clinton, Davis, De-
Iware, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fayette, Henry, Iowa, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson,
Jones, Keokuk, Kishkeekosh, Lee, Linn, Louisa, Mahaska, Muscatine, Poweshiek,
Scott, Tama, Van Buren, Wapello, Washington.
24

278 IRK— ISE
Fite, fir, fill, flit; mi, mJt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 aaingood:
Leinster 12, Munster 6, and Connaught 5, amounting in all to 32. The
administration ofthe governraent is vested chiefly in the lord-lieutenant
and privy council, who are appointed by the crown. Dublin is the
capital. — Adj. I'-rish, and Hi-ber'-ni-an (poetical) : inhab. I'-rish-M-an
and Hibernian.
Ir-kootsk' (Irkutak), a city of Asiatic Russia, cap. of a government
of the sarae narae, and of E. Siberia, on the Angara, which at this
place is about 1,000 ft. wide. The houses are built chiefly of wood.
Irkootsk contains a number of institutions for education ; it also pos
sesses some important manufacturing establishmenta and an extensive
trade, being the great entrepot for the coraraerce of tbe N. E. of
Asia. Lat. 52° 16' N., Lon. 104° 20' E. Balbi estimates the pop. at
not less than 25,000.
Ir^-o-qiuois', a CO. in the E. part of III., bordering on Ind. Pop. 1,695.
Co. t Montgoraery.
Ir^-r.a-wId'-dy (or Irrawadi) i. e. the " great river,'' a large r. of
Asia, which is supposed to have ita source in Thibet near the E.
extremity of the Himalaya Mountains. Ite general course is S., and
after traversing the whole length of the Birman empire, it empties
itself into the Gulf of Martaban, by several mouths. The entire
length is estimated at 1,200 m. It raay be ascended at all seasons of
the year, by vessels of 200 tons, as far as Ava, near 22° N. Lat and
96° E. Lon., a distance of perhaps 450 m., and, during the rainy season,
several hundred miles further. From the apex of the Delta to some
distance above Ava, the breadth of the Irrawaddy is seldom less than
1 ra., and is soraetiraes 4 in.
Ir-tysh' or Irtish (Russ. pron. ecR-tish'), a r. in the N. W. part of
Asia, which rises in the Chinese empire, and flowing through the lake
Saisan or Dzaisan, falls into the Oby, in the Russian government of
Tobolsk. Its whole length is perhaps 1,500 m.
Ir'-vine, a seaport t of Scotland, in Ayrshire, situated on a r. ofthe
same name, the estuary of which forms ite harbour. It is about 23 m.
S. W. of Glasgow. Pop. of the parish, 5,214.
Ir'-well, a r. of Lancashire, in the N. W. of England, which flows
into the Mersey;
Ir'-win, a CO. in the S. part of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee r.
Pop, 2,038. Co. t Irwinsville.
Ig-A-BEiZ-LA, a CO. near the centre of Mich.
Ischia, is'-ke-i, (Anc. ^Ena'ria, Inar'ime, and Pithecu'sse,) a fertile
and beautiful i. in the Mediterranean, belonging to the kingdom of Na
ples, situated scarcely 8 m. frora the promontory of Misenum. It is
about 7 m. long, and has an area of 21 sq. m. Pop. about 24,000. Ischia,
the principal town, stands on the eastern part of the island, in Lat. 40°
43' N., Lon. 13° 56' E., and contains ahout 3,000 inhabitants. (M.)
IsER or Isar, ee'-zgr, a r. of Bavaria, which rises on the borders of
Tyrol, and, flowing north-easterly, fells into the Danube. Its whole
length is perhaps 150 m.

ISE— ISS 279
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
Isere, e^-zaae', a small r. which rises in Savoy, and, flowing througli
the French dep. of its own narae, falls into the Rhone.'
Isere, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on the Rhone
and the duchy of Savoy. Pop. .573,643. (B.) Capital, Grenoble.
Iserlohn, ee^-zer-lone', a t. of Westphalia, about 45 m. N. E. of Co
logne. In ite vicinity are rich mines of calamine, which furnish the
material for several of its numerous manufactures. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
Isis. See Thames.
IsKENDBROON. See Alexandretta.
Islamabad, is-lim^-a-bid', a t of British India, cap. of the dist of
Chittagong, situated near the E. coast of tbe Bay of Bengal. Lat. 22°
20' N., Lon. 91° 45' E. Pop. 12,000. (M.)
Isla, i'-la, or Islay, i'-li, the raost southern of the Hebrides. It is
about 26 ra. long, and 20 m. broad. This island, together with those
of Jura and Colonsay, belong to Argyleshire, and form the dist. of Isla,
the pop. of which amounta to 18,071.
Isle of France. See France, Isle of, and Mauritius.
Isle of Wight, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on James r.,
near its mouth. Pop. 9,972. Co, t Smithfield.
Isle of Wight. See Wight, Isle of.
I.^-ling-ton, formerly a village of Middlesex co., England, near Lon
don. It is now entirely united with the metropolis.
IsMAlL, is-rai-eel', an- important fortress of Russia, in Bessarabia,
situated on the Kilian arm of the Danube, about 43 m. from the Black
Sea. It was taken from the Turks by Suwarrow, in 1790. Lat. 45°
21' N., Lon. 28° 50' E. Pop. 9,000. (P. C.)
Ispahan, is'-pa-bin', or Isfahan, (commonly pronounced by tbe in-
habitante spi-hoon',) a celebrated city, forraerly the cap. of Persia,
situated on the Zenderood, which is said to be about 600 ft broad at
this place, but which is afterwards lost in the sands of the desert.
Though still a large city, Ispahan has greatly declined since the time
of Abbas the Great, in the 17th century, when its population is said to
have amounted to 700,000. At present, however, it appears to be
rising slowly from its decay. Balbi estimates the number of its inhabi
tants at about 200,000, though many others rate it considerably lower.
It is still considered as the first manufacturing and coraraercial town in
Persia, Araong the interesting structures of Ispahan, we may briefly
notice, the royal palace, which contains wilhin itself several other
remarkable edifices ; and the nuraerous noble bridges built over the
Zenderood, some of which are fallen^nto stately ruins, while others are
stUl almost entire. This city is the seat of several colleges, araong
which, that of the Royal Mosque, which raay he styled a Mahoraetan
university, is especially distinguished. Lat. 32'^ 24' N., Lon. 51° 50' E.
IssoiRB, is^-swiR', a small t of France, in the dep. of Puy de Dome,
]9 m. S. S. E. of Clermont Pop. 5,741. (M.)
IssouDUN, is^-soo'-duN', the most important t in the French dep. of
Indre, 19 m. N. E. of Chiteauroux, Pop. 11,654. (P. C.)

280 IST— ITA
Fite, fir, f iU, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good .
Is'-tri-a, a peninsula of the Austrian empire, in Illyria, formed by
the Gulfs of Trieste and Fiume, bounded on the N. by Carniola.
It'-a-ly (Lat. Ital'ia ; It. pron. e-tiZ-le-i) ; a fertile and beautiful
country of Europe, reraarkable as the seat of the ancient Roman em
pire, and as the nursery of learning and the arts in the middle ages,
is principally formed of a peninsula between the Mediterranean and
the Adriatic, which extends from 37° 56' to about 45° N. Lat, and
from about 9° to 18° 30' E. Lon. In figure it resembles a boot of
which the heel forras the S. E., and the top the N. W. extremity. Ite
length is about 600 ra. ; its greatest breadth (measuring from Ancona
to the little point of land S. W. of the mouth of the river Albegna, il-
bane'-yi), is about 150 m. Besides the above peninsula, Italy includes
a considerable territory N. of it extending as far as 46° 40' N. Lat
Considered according to its natural limits, the northern part of Italy
comprehends all the southern declivity of the Alps, ftom the branch
called the Cottian to that called the Julian Alps. But these national
limits have been modified by political boundaries ; so that at present
this country is considered to extend from the Gulf of Trieste on the E.
to the Rhone on the W. The boundary, however, does not follow thia
river farther S. than about 45° 38' N. Lat Italy then, in the most
extensive application ofthe name, will reach from 37° 56' to 46° 40' N.
Lat, and from about 5° 40' to 18° 30' E. Lon. The greatest breadth
of the northern part measuring nearly frora E. to W., is about 380m.
The total area is estimated at about 100,000 sq.m. The population
may be stated in round numbers at 20,500,000. Italy, with ite depen
dent islands, is distributed, according to Balbi, into 13 political divi
sions ; viz., Austrian Italy, Swiss Italy, the kingdom of Sardinia, the
principality of Monaco, the duchies of Parma, Modena, and Lucca, the
grand-ducby of Tuscany, the republic of San Marino, the Papal State,
the kingdom of the two Sicilies, French Italy (the island of Corsica),
and English Italy (the islands of Malta, Gozzo, &e.) These wUl be
treated of under their respective naraes. — Adj. and inhab. Italian,
e-tal'-yun. Italy, Austrian, comprehends the N. E. portion ofthis country, and
includes what is termed the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, and, ac
cording to sorae geographers, the gov. of Trieste ; but the latter more
pipperly belongs to Illyria, of which kingdom it forms a part Austrian
Italy, in its strictest signification, extends from about 44° 48' lo 46°
40' N. Lat, and from 8° 32' to 13° 44' E. Lon., being bounded on the
N. W. and N. by Switzerland, Tyrol, and Illyria, E. by Illyria and the
Adriatic, S., S. W., and W. by the Papal State, Parraa, Modena, and
the Sardinian territories. Length near 250 m.; greatest breadth
above 120 m. The area is 18,063 sq. m. Pop. about 4,700,000. (M.)
Milan is the seat of government
Italy, Swiss, comprehends that part of Switzerland in which the
Italian is the prevailing language ; namely, the canton of Tessin or
Ticino, and some portions of Grisons and Valais.
Itapicuru, e-ti-pe-koo-roo', a r. in the N. E. part of Brazil, which

ITA— JAC 281
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
rises in about 6° 30' S. Lat, and 46° W. Lon., and, flowing north-east
erly, fells into the Bay of San Jose, at the mouth of the r. Maranham,
near 2° 40' S. Lat., and 44° W. Lon. Length above 400 m.
It-a-wIm'-ba, a CO. in the N. E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop.
5,375." Co. seat, Fulton.
Ithaca. See Theaki.
Ith'-a-oa, a flourishing t of N. Y., cap. of Tomkins co., situated near
the S. extremity of the Cayuga Lake, at the termination ef the Ithaca
and Owego Railroad, about 34 m., in a straight line, S. of Auburn.
During the summer season a steamboat plies daily between this place
and the vUlage of Cayuga, near the N, extremity of the lake.. Pop. of
the township, 5,650.
IviQA, IvizA, or Ibiza, e-vee'-si or e-vee'-thi, (Anc. Ebusus,) one
ofthe Balearic Islands, situated about 46 m. S. W. of the nearest part
of Majorca, between 38° 50' and 39° 7' N. Lat, and 1° 22' and 1° 46'
E, Lon. It is about 25m. long; its greatest breadth is near 14m.
Iviga, tbe cap., situated on the S. E. coast, is fortified, has a good
harbour, and contains a pop. of about 6,600. (P. C.) The two islands
of Iviga and Formentera were anciently called Pityu'sce, a name sup
posed to be derived from the number of pine trees growing on them ;
jttruj (pitus) in Greek signifying a " pine." — Adj. and inhab. Iviqan,
e-vee'-san. Ivory Coast, a part of the coast of Guinea, extending from ApoUo
nia, in about 2° 30' to ahout 7° 30' W. Lon, It owes its narae to the
great quantities of elephants' teeth brought here from the interior of
the continent to be sold to the European traders.
Ivrea, e-vriZ-i, (Anc. Epore'dia,) a t of northern Italy, in the Sar
dinian dominions, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on
the Dora-Baltea (do'-ri bil-ti'-i), a branch ofthe Po, 30 ra. N. by E. of
Turin. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.)
Iz'-ARD, a CO. in the N. part of Ark., bordering on Mo,, and inter
sected by the White r. Pop, 2,244, Seat of justice, Izard c. h.
Jaca, ni'-ki, (Anc. Jac'ca,) a Small t of Spain, in Aragon, important
on account of its fortifications. Lat 42° 3r N., Lon, 0° 32' W. Pop.
3,000. (B.)
Jack'-son, a CO, in the N. W. part of Va., bordering on the Ohio r.
Pop. 4,890. Seat of justice, Jackson c. h.
Jackson, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga,, on the head waters of the
Oconee. Pop. 8,522, Co, t. JelFerson, .
Jagkson, a CO. in the N. part of Florida, W. of, and bordering on the
Apalachicola. Pop. 4,681. Co. t. Mariana.
Jackson, a co. forming the N, E, extremity of Ala. Pop. 15,715.
Co. t. Bellefonte.
Jackson, a co. forming the S, E. extremity of Miss. Pop, 1,965.
Seat of justice, Jackson c. h.
Jackson, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark,, bordering on the White r.
Pop, 1,540. Co. t Litchfield.
24*

282 JAC— JAM
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good;
Jackson, aco. in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on Ky., and inter
sected by the Cumberland r. Pop. 12,872. Co. t Gainesborough.
Jackson, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ohio, a little E. ofthe Scioto r.
Pop. 9,744. Co. t. Jackson.
Jackson, a co. in the S. part of Mich., intersected by the Central
Railroad. Pop. 13,130. Co. t. Jackson.
Jackson, a co. in the S. part of Ind., on the E. fork ofthe White r.
Pop. 8,961. Co. t Brownstown.
Jackson, a co. in the S.W. part of 111. , bordering on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 3,566. Co. t Brownsville.
Jackson, a co. on the western frontier of Mo., bordering on the Mis
souri r. Pop. 7,612. Co. t Independence.
Jackson, a co. in the B. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 1,411. Co. t Bellevue.
Jackson, the cap. ofthe slate of Miss., is a small t. situated in Hinds
CO., on Pearl r. A railroad, 45 m. in length, connecte it with Vicks-
burg. Lat. 32° 23' N., Lon. 90° 8 W.
Jack'-son-ville, the cap. of Morgan co., IU., situated about 31 m.W.
of Springfield, with which town it is connected by a railroad. It
is the seat of the Illinois College, founded in 1829.
Jaen, ni-en', a city of Spain, in Andalusia, the cap. ofa prov. ofthe
same name, is situated on the Jaen, a tributary of the Guadalquivir,
37 m. N. of Granada. Pop. 19,000. (B.)
Jaf'-f.a, or, raore properly, yaP-fa, (Anc. Jop'pa,) a seaport t of Pales
tine, 32 ra. N. W. of Jerusalem. It is said fo have been utterly de
stroyed hy an earthquake in 1837. (B.) From tbe manner in which
Joppa is spoken of in the Bible, it appears to have once been a place
of considerable iraportance. Lat. 32° 3' N., Lon. 34° 46' E. Pop., pre
viously to 1837, frora 4,000 to 5,000. (B.)
Jaf~-n.a.p.a-tam', a fortified t on an island of the same name, which
is situated at the N. extremity of Ceylon. Lat. 9° 36' N., Lon. 50°
9' E.
Jago, St. See Santiago.
JaJk or YaKk. See Ural.
Jamaica, ja-mi'-ka, the largest and most valuable of the British W,
India Islands, is situated between 17° 44' and 18° 30' N. Lat, and 76°
12' and 78° 25' W. Lon. Ils length is about 150 m. ; ite greatest
breadth is near 50 m. The area is estimated variously, but is proba
bly between 4,001) and 5,000 sq. m. As no complete census has ever been
taken, the population is not accurately known. It is, however, esti
mated at near 400,000. In 1834 there were 297,1 8ti negro slaves
(P. C), all of whom were set free on the Ist of August 1838. Spanish
Town is the capital.
James' Bay. See Hudson's Bay.
James City, a co. in the B. part of Va., between Jaraes and York
rivers. Pop. 3,679. Co. t Williamsburg.
James River, a r. in Va., which rises in the Alleghany Mountains,
and flowing easterly, falls into the Chesapeake Bay, a little S. of the

JAM— JAP 283
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
37th parallel of N. Lat Its whole length is estimated at near 600 m.
It is navigable for sloops 120 m. ; for boats, 230 m. farther.
Jambs, St., a parish in the S. E. part of La., N. of, and bordering on
the Mississippi r. Pop. 8,548. Seat of justice, Bringiers.
James'-town, tbe oldest European settlement in the U. S., situated on
James r., in the co. of James City. It was founded in 1608, but is said
to be now entirely deserted.
Janina, yi'-ne-ni,* often written Yanina, forraerly an iraportant t.
of European Turkey, the cap. of Albania, situated on the W. bank of
the lake of the sarae narae, 80 ra. W. by N. from Larissa. Twenty-
five years ago, under the adrainistration of the able, though tyrannical
Aii Pasha, ite population amounted to 40,000 (B), but it is said to be
now reduced to about 12,000. Lat. 39° 47' N., Lon. 21° E.
Jap-an' (called Niph-on' by the Japanese ; Yang-boo, and Je-pen or
Je-poon by the Chinesej), an erapire in the B. part of Asia, consisting
of three large and a great nuraber of smaller islands. It is situated
between the 30th and 48tb parallels of N. Lat, and the 129th and
1.50th meridians of E. Lon. The three principal islands are Niphon
or Nipon, Keooseoo (Kiousiou), and Sitkokf Keooseoo, the most west
ern, is perhaps 200 m. long, with an average breadth of about 80 m. It
is separated by the channel of Boongo, from Sitkokf This island ia
estimated to be about 150 m. in length, and 70 m. in its average
breadth. Niphon is by far the largest and raost important of the Japa
nese islands. It is situated between 33° 30' and 41° 20' N. Lat, and
131° 20' and 142° 30' E. Lon. Ils form is soraewhat curved, and has
been compared to the jaw-bone of an animal. Its length, following the
curve, is nearly 900 m., and its raean breadth is estimated at above
100 ra. Araong the dependencies of Japan is the large island of Yesso
(Jesso), lying N. of Niphon, between 41° and 45° 30' N. Lat, and 140°
and 147° B. Lon. It is above 250 ra. in length, with a raean breadth of
perhaps 100 m. Balbi estimates the area of the Japanese empire at
about 240,000 sq. ra., and the pop. at 25,000,000. All these islands are
very imperfectly known : not even the coasts are laid down with any
degree of correctness. This is -owing partly to natural and partly to
political causes. Nearly all the coasts are very difficult of access,
being surrounded by numerous rocks and islinds, and hy a very shaUow
sea. On the other hand, the Japanese government and laws are less
favourable to intercourse with foreigners than those of any other country
on the globe, China not excepted. The Chinese and the Dutch are the
only foreign nations with whom the Japanese have any commercial in
tercourse. Of the three principal islands which constitute Japan Pro
per, Niphon is the best known. It contains a regular mountain chain,
of which the highest sumrait is said to rise more than 12,000 ft. above
the level of the sea. The climate, in a country extending over so
" "Unseen is Yanina, though not remote." — Childe Harold. Canto II.
t Yang-hoo signifiestthe " workshop of the sun ;" Je-poon, the " country of the
rising run." (M. B.)

284 JAP
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, n&t ; 66, %8 in good ;
many parallels of latitude, must of course vary extremely. As a gene
ral remark, the weather in the Japanese islands may be said to be
exceedingly changeable ; rains are abundant all the year round, hut
especially so in the months of June and July. Violent gales and thun
der-storms are common, and water-spoute are stated to be of frequent
occurrence in tbe adjoining seas. Earthquakes have at difi'erent times
destroyed a great part of the rnost populous towns. Only a few spota
appear to be exempt from these terrible phenomena. Japan abounds in
mineral wealth. Gold appears to be very plentiful in some of the pro
vinces. Copper is extensively worked, and supplies the most important
article of export In no part of the world is agriculture carried to a
higher degree of perfection than in Japan. The raising of rice is the
principal object, but wheat barley, and rye are also cultivated, though
to a much smaller extent. The orchards are stocked witb the fruit-
trees of southern Europe, such as oranges, lemons, figs, chesnute, pears,
peaches, cherries, and grapes. Apples are not mentioned among the
number of Japanese fruits. In their physical character, the people of
Japan reserable the Chinese, belonging to the Mongolian race. Then-
complexion is yellowish ; their hair is black, thick, and shining, and
their eyes are small, oblong, and deeply sunk in the head. In point of
capacity and industry, they appear to be inferior to none of the Asiatic
nations. In education, especially in institutions for the" instruction of
the lower classes, they are perhaps equal to any people on the globe.
Unlike the Chinese, whose unreasonable pride contemns all knowledge
which has not originated with themselves, the Japanese adopt with
willingness, and even avidity, the arts and sciences of Europe ; hut
unhappily, the government seems to do all in ite power to check
this tendency in the people. The higher classes appear generally to
understand the Dutch language, and, through the newspapers of Hol
land, they become acquainted with the important occurrences as they
transpire in Europe. The Japanese have adopted the European method
in the projection and graduation of their maps and charte. They con
struct excellent clocks and watches ; they also make telescopes and
thermometers. Their lacker-ware is superior to that of every other
country, and hence the narae of " Japan," by which this raanufecture is
so generally known. As an evidence ofthe superior Tiivilization ofthe
Japanese, we may adduce the great attention which is paid to female
education, and the general respect shown to that sex — a respect which
is without a parallel among the nations of Asia. In their moral charac
ter, the people of Japan are represented as manly, honest and brave,
and as entertaining a high sense of honour. The prevailing religion is
Boodhism, variously modified by other superstitions. The govem
ment is despotic; but the eraperor himself is considered as subject tn
the laws, which are of long standing and cannot be easily changed.
Yeddo (Jeddo) on the island of Niphon, is the capital. — Adj.'and inhab.
jAP^-AN-EgE'. Japan, Sea op, is situated between the Japanese islands and the E.
coast of Asia, extending from about 34° to 52° N. Lat. (if we include ,

JAP— JAV 285
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
the Gulf of Tartary, at the N. extremity), and from 127° 20' to 142°
E. Lon. Ite length is about 1,400 m. ; greatest breadth above 500 m.
Japura, ni-poo'-ri, (sometimes written Hyapura and Yupura ; called
also, in the upper part of ite course, the Caqueta, ki-kiZ-ti,) a large r.
of S. Araerica, which rises in New Granada, and, flowing south-east
erly into Brazil, empties iteelf into the Amazon, in about 3° 30' S. Lat,
and 75° W. Lon. Ite whole length may he estimated at 1,200 m.
Jaroslaw, yir'-o-sliv\ a manufacturing and commercial t of Austrian
Galicia, situated on the San, a branch of the Vistula, 16 m. N. N. W.
of Przemysl. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Jaroslaw (Russia). See Yaroslaf.
Jas'-per, a CO. near the centre of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee,
Pop. ll,ill. Co. t. MonticeUo.
Jasper, a co. in the S. E. central part of Miss. Pop. 3,958. Co.
seat Paulding.
Jasper, a co. in the N. W. part of Ind., bordering on 111. Pop. 1,267.
Jasper, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., N. W. of Vincennes. Pop.
1,472. Co. t. Newton.
Jasper, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Mo., bordering on the In
dian Territory.
Jassy, yis'-se (Ger. Jasch, yish), a t. of European Turkey, cap. of
Moldavia, situated about 12 m. W. ofthe Pruth, on a small streara
which flows into that river. Before the late war, and the two confla
grations of 1827, its population was estimated at near 40,000 (B.); at
present it is said to amount to scarcely half this number. Jassy pos
sesses considerable trade : il is, moreover, the seat of a Greek archbi
shopric. Lat. 47° 8' N., Lon. 27° 30' B.
Jaszbereny, yiiss-bi-rain, at. of Hungary, about 40 m. E. of Pesth.
Pop. 15,530. (M.)
Jauer, you'-er, a t. of Prussian Silesia, the cap. of a circle of the
same name. Lat 51° 2' N., Lon. 16° 13' E. Pop. 5,400. (B.)
Java, ji'-Vii, a large and fertile i. of Malaisia, situated between 5°
50' and 8° 50' S. Lat, and 10.5° 10' and 114° 30' E. Lon. Its length
is about 660 m.; its greatest breadth is above 130 ra. The island of
Madura (mi-doo^-ra), neal- the N. E. extremity of Java, is comraonly
included with the "latter. It is about 90 m. long,, and 30 m. wide, and
is separated from Java by the Strait of Madura, which, in the narrow
est part is only 1 m. wide. The area of both is estimated at 50,000
sq. m. The pop. in 181-5, amounted to about 4,620,000 (P. C.) ; at pre
sent it probably exceeds 5,000,000. The greatest part ef Java is in
possession ot the Dutch. Batavia is their capital. The S. coast and
the adjacent countries are subject to two native princes, whose dorai
nions occupy about one-fourth of the whole island. Or .. jf these sove
reigns, called Sob-soo-hoo'nin, or emperor, has his residence at Soora-
kerta, a town containing about 105,000 inhabitants (P. C.) ; Yugya-
kerta (or, as some write it, Djokjo-kerta), the capital of the other
prince, or sultan, stands near the southern coast, in about 110° 20' E.
Lon. Pop. 90,000. The native Javanese belong to the Malay race ; -

286 JAY— JEF
Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, met; pine or pine, pin; ni, n6t; 66 aaingood;
in civilization, they are much superior to all other nations of Malaisia. In
some kinds of manufacture, and especially in agriculture, they possess
considerable skill, though they are inferior, in these respecte, to the
Chinese, and perhaps to the Hindoos. Their religion is a mixture of
Mahoraelisni and Boodhisra. Java is extremely well adapted for an
extensive commerce. The island iteelf not only abounds in the various
productions common to the tropics, but the northern coaste, which lie
opposite to the richest countries of Asia, are accessible to vessels all
the year round. Besides this, the Dutch government has made it the
centre of all the trade which Holland carries on with its extensive set
tlements in the Indian Archipelago. Favoured by these circumstances,
the commerce of Java has increased astonishingly wilhin the last few
years. From 1828 to 1837, inclusive, the amount of almost every im
portant article exported, augmented regularly and rapidly ; that of nut
megs and rice was more lhan doubled, that of coflTee trebled, while
there was more than 30 times as rauch indigo, and about 26 times as
much sugar exported in 1837 as in 1828. — Adj. and inhab. Jav^-an-ese'.
Jay, a co. in the E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 3,863. Co.
t Portland. Jean d'Angely, St., saN zhiN diN^-zhi''-le', (Lat. Angeriacum,) an
ancient t of France, in the dep. of Lower Charente. It was, during
the decline of the western Roman empire, the residence of the dukes
of Aquitaine. Lat. 45° 57' N., Lon. 0° 31' W. Pop. 5,34-2. (M.)
Jedburgh, jed'-bur-reA, a t of Scotland, cap. of the co. of Roxburgh,
on the r. Jed, 2 m. above ite junction with the Teviot and 40 m.
S. E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the parish, 5,116.
Jeddo. See Yeddo.
Jef'-fer-son, a co. in the N. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario
and the St. Lawrence. Pop. 60,984. Co. t Watertown.
Jefferson, a co. in the N. W. part of Pa., a little E. of the Alle
ghany r. Pop. 7,253. Co. t. Brookville.
Jefferson, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on tbe Potomac.
Pop. 14,082. Co. t. Charieston.
Jefferson, a co. in the E. part of Ga., intersected by the Ogeechee.
Pop. 7,2.54. Co. t Louisville.
Jefferson, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on the state of
Ga. and the sea. Pop. 5,713. Co. t Monticello.
Jefferson, a co. in the N. centra] part of Ala., on the Black War
rior r. Pop. 7,131. Co. t Elyton.
Jefferson, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Mis
sissippi r. Pop. 11,650. Co. seal, Fayette.
Jefferson, a parish in the S. E. part of La., extending from L. Pont
chartrain to the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 10,470. Seat of justice, La
fayette. Jefferson, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ark., intersected by tho
Arkansas r. Pop. 2,.566. Co. t Pinebluff.
Jefferson, a co. in tlie E. part of Tenn., on the Holston and French
Broad rivers. Pop. 12,076. Co. t Dandridge.

JEF— JEY 287
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Jefferson, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop.
36,346. Co. t Louisville.
Jefferson, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r.
Pop. 25,030. Co. t SteubenvUle.
Jefferson, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r.
Pop. J6,614. Co. t Madison.
Jefferson, a co. in the S. part of IU., S. of Vandalia. Pop. 5,762.
Co. t Mt. Vernon.
Jefferson, a co. in the E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 4,'296. Co. t. Herculaneum.
Jefferson, a co. in the S. E. part of Wisconsin. Pop. 914.
Jefferson, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa. Pop. 2,773. Co. t
Fairfield. Jefferson City, the cap. of the state of Mo., and seat of justice of
Cole CO., is a small town situated on the r. Missouri. Lat. 38° 36' N.,
Lon. 92° 8' W.
Jen'-,a (Ger. pron. yi'-ni) a t of Germany, in the grand-duchy of
Saxe- Weimar, with a celebrated university. It was in the neighbour
hood of this town that the great battle was fought in 1806, between
the French and Prussians, which proved so fatal to the latter. Lat .50°
56' N., Lon. 11° 37' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.)
Jbn'-nings, a CO. in tbe S. E. part of Ind., intersected by the railroad
which runs from Madison to Columbus. Pop. 8,829. Co. t Vernon.
Jer'-sey, an i. in the English Channel, belonging to Great Britain,
situated about 13 m. W. of the coast of France. It is above 12 ra. long,
and has an area of about 6-2 sq. ra., with a pop. of 47,544.
Jersey, a co. in the W. part of 111. , bordering on Illinois r. Pop.
4,535. Co. t Jerseyville.
Je-ru'-s.a-lem (also Kadushah in Heb, ; Gr. Ka8'u'^65 and 'IspocroMifta ;
Lat. Cady'tis and Hierosol'yma ; Arab. El-Kids) ; a celebrated city of
Palestine, remarkable as the ancient capital of Judea, and as the cra
dle of the Christian religion; and in modern times as the second sanc
tuary of Mahometanism, and as the object and principal theatre of the
crusades, which have exercised so extraordinary an influence over
the character and destinies of Europe, is situated on a hUl, 128 m.
S. S. W. of Damascus. It is surrounded by walls of hewn stone,
flanked with towers. The ediflces and localities within are chiefly
interesting for their historical associations ; our narrow liraits will not
permit us lo notice tfaem in detail. Lat. 31° 48' N,, Lon. about 35° 20'
E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. (B.) ,
Jesi, yi/-se, (Anc. M'sis.) a walled t of Central Italy, 16 m. W. S.W.
of Ancona. Pop. about 6,000. (M.)
Jes'-sa-mine, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ky., bordering on the
Kentucky r. Pop. 9,396. Co. t Nicholasville.
Jesso or Yesso. See Japan.
Jeypoor, ji*-poor', also written Jyepoor, a walled city of Hindostan,
the cap. of a principality of the same name, and one of the most regu
larly buUt and handsome towns in all India, is situated in a barren

288 JID— JOL
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, m6t ; pine or pine, pill ; n6, nit ; 66, as in good ;
valley about 150 m. S. W. of Delhi. Lat. 26° 55' N., Lcn. 75° 50 E.
Pop. estimated at 60,000. (M.)
Jid'-d.a or Djidda, the port of Mecca, and one ofthe chief entrepfita
for foreign comraerce, as well as one of the handsomest towns in Ara
bia, is situated in the prov. of Hedjaz, on the coast of the Red Sea,
ahout 55 m. W. of Mecca. The pop. is estimated by Riippell at 40,000
CB.) ; but il is said to vary greatly at diff'erent seasons of the year.
Jidda is fortified, and contains a numerous garrison, dependent on the
viceroy of Egypt
JoANNiNA. See Janina.
Jo Da'-viess, a CO. occupying the N. W. extremity of 111. Pop. 6,180.
Co. t. Galena.
John Baptist, St., a parish in the S. E. part of La., intersected by
the Mississippi, and bordering on the W. extremity of L. Pontchartrain.
Pop. 5,776. Seat of justice. Bonnet Carre.
John, St., or St. John's River (called by the Indians Looshtook, oi
the " long river"), the principal stream in New Brunswick, and, after the
St Lawrence, perhaps the finest in British America, rises from several
sources near the northern border of Maine, and, flowing in a general
south-easterly course, falls into the Bay of Fundy, in about 45° 10' N.
Lat, 66° 3' W. Lon. The whole course is estimated at 380 m. It is
navigable for vessels of 20 tons ahout 200 ra.
John's, St., a city and seaport of New Brunswick, situated on the
N. side of St John's r., near ite mouth. Though not the capital, it is
the largest and most important town in the colony. It is a free port
Lat. 45° 15' N;, Lon. 66° 3' W. Pop. in 1834, 12,835. (M.)
John's, St., the cap, of the i. of Newfoundland, situated on the E.
coast, is fortified, and has a fine harbour. The pop., during winter, is
estimated at from 12,000 lo 15,000 (B.), but in summer it is often not
nearly so great, as then several thousand persons are sometimes absent
on fishing expeditions. Lat ^47° 33' N., Lon. 52° 40' W.
Jobn'-son, a CO. in the E. central part of N. C, intersected by the
Neuse r. Pop. 10,-599. Co. t Smithfield.
Johnson, a co. in the N. W. part of Ark., intersected by the Arkan
sas r. Pop. 3,433. Seal of justice, Johnson c. h.
Johnson, a co. in the S. central part of Ind., on the White r. Pop.
9,3.52. Co. t Franklin.
Johnson, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 2,658.
Co. t Taylorsville.
Johnson, a.co. in the S. part of III., bordering on the Ohio. Pop.
3,626. Co. t Vienna.
Johnson, a co. in the W. part of Mo., S. of Missouri r. Pop. 4,47L
Co. t Warrensburg.
Johnson, a co. in the S. E. of Iowa, intersected by Iowa r. Pop.
1,491. Jobns'-t(jn, a flourishing manufecturing t. of Scotland, in Renfrew
shire, 10 ra. W. by S. from Glasgow. Pop. 5,8-24.
Joliba. See Niger.

JON— JUG 289
ou, as in our ,- th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Jones, a co. in the E. part of N. C, S. ofthe Neuse r. Pop. 4,945.
Co. t Trenton.
Jones, a co. near the centre of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee. Pop.
10,065. Co. t Clinton.
Jones, a co. in the S. E. part of Miss,, intersected by Leaf r. Pop.
1,258. Co. seat BUisville.
Jones, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, intersected by the Wapisipine-
cone r. Pop. 471. Co. t. Edinburg,
Jonkoping or Jonejoping, yon'-cho-ping, a t. of Sweden in Goth
land, the cap. ofa gov. of the same name, situated at the S. extremity
of L. Wetter. Lat 57° 47' N., Lon. 14° 10' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.)
Jood^-poor' or Mar^-war', a state of Hindostan, in Rajpootana, situ
ated between 24° and 28° N. Lat, and 70° 20' and 75"^ 80' E. Lon.
JooDPOOR, the cap. and largest t of the above state, is situated about
100 m. W. of Ajmere. Pop. estimated at about 60,000. (B.)
Jor'-d.an, a celebrated r. of Palestine, which rises in the Anti-Liba
nus, or Mount Hermon, and, flowing S. through the L. of Tiberias,
empties itself into the Dead Sea. Ita length is about 150 m.
Jorullo, HO-rool'-yo, often pronounced Ho-roo'-yo, a recently formed
volcanic mountain of Mexico, about 70 ra. S. W. of Valladolid. In
1759, frora the midst of cultivated fields of sugar cane and indigo, a
mountain arose in one night 1,600 ft. above the previous level of the
plain. Flames are said to have issued frora an extent of raore than
half a square league, while fragments of burning rocks were thrown
up to a prodigious height, and through a thick cloud of ashes, illumined
by volcanic fire, the softened surface ofthe earth was seen to swell like
an agitated sea. The numerous apertures of this volcanic mass, which
is 3 or 4 railes in extent, continue still, it is said, to erait smoke. Lat.
18° 45' N., Lon. 101° 30' W.
Joseph, St., a co. in the S. part of Mich., bordering on Ind., and
intersected by the St. Joseph's r. Pop. 7,068. Co. t Centreville.
Joseph, St., a co. in the N. part of Ind., intersected by St Joseph's
r., bordering on Mich. Pop. 6,425. Co. t South Bend.
Joseph's, St., a r. which rises in the S. part of Mich., and flowing
into Ind., aiterwards returns into Mich., and empties itself into L.
Michigan. — Another small r. of the same narae rises in the S. part of
Mich., near the sources ofthe above, and flowing into Ind., unites with
St Mary's r. to form the Maumee.
Joudpoor. See Joodpoor.
Juan, St. See San Juan.
Ju'-AN Fer-nan'-dez (Sp. pron. Hoo-in' f^R-nin'-deth), a group of
islands in the S. Pacific, situated about 400 m. W. of the coast of
Chili, near 33° 40' S. Lat, and 79° W. Lon. The largest one, called
Juan Fernandez, from the name of the discoverer, is 10 or 12 m. in
length, and perhaps 6 in breadth. It is chiefly remarkable for having
been, in the 17th century, the solitary residence of Alexander Selkirk,
during a period' of more than four years.
Jug'-oer-naut', a t. and celebrated temple of Hindostan, and one of
25

290 JUJ— JUT
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mfet ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, n5t ; 66 as in good ;
the principal places of Hindoo pilgrimage, is situated in the prov. of
Orissa, on the sea-coast, 260 m. S. W. of Calcutta. The tefnple of
Juggernaut is said to be regarded by the natives as the most sacred
religious establishment in all India. Lat 19° 49' N., Lon. 85° 54' E.
Permailent pop. estimated at 30,000. (B.)
JujuY, Hoo-Hwee', a state of S. Araerica, formerly belonging to the
confederation of La Plata, but which is now entirely separated, and
may be regarded as an independent republic. (B.) It is situated on a
river ofthe same name, which flows into the Vermejo, near 23° S. Lat
and 62° W. Lon.
Juliers, zbii^-le-i', (Ger. Jiilich, yoo'-liK,) an ancient t and fortress
of Rhenish Prussia, situated about 23 m. W. of Cologne. Pop., exclu
sive of the military, 2,800. (B.)
Jum'-na, a r. of Hindostan, the principal tributary of the Ganges,
rises on the S.W. declivity of the Hiraalayas, near 31° N. Lat, and
78° 30' E. Lon., and flowing at first in a sontberly, and afterwards
south-easterly direction, joins the Ganges at Allahabad, where its
breadth is quite as great as that of tbe latter river. Ite whole length
is estimated at 780 m.
Jungfrau, yoong'-frou,* (i. e. the " virgin,") or the " Virgin Moun
tain,"!^ a magnificent and lofty mountain of Switzerland, in the canton
of Bern, surrounded by formidable rocks and precipices, in consequence
of which it was formerly deemed inaccessible. Height 2,145 toises,
or 13,719 ft. above, the level of the sea. Lat 46° 33' N., Lon. 7° 57' E.
Ju^-ni-.at/-.a, a r. of Pa., which rises in the S. central part of the
state, and, flowing easterly, falls into the Susquehanna, about 14 m.
above Harrisburg.
Juniata, a co. in the S. central part of Pa., intersected by the above r.
Pop. 11,080. Co. t Mifllin.
Ju'-R.A, an i. of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, lying W. of Argyle
shire, of which county it forms a part It is about 26 m. in length, and
near Ora. in its greatest breadth.
Jura, a mountain chain of Europe, which commences near Geneva,
and runs northward along the frontier of France and Switzerland.
The whole length is perhaps 160 ra., and the average breadth about
30 ra. The culrainaling point of this chain is Le RecuUet (l^r'
kiif-li') in the French dep. of Ain, which is only about 880 toises, or
5,6-28 ft. above the level of the sea.
Jura (Fr. pron. zhii^-ri'), a dep. in the E. of France, bordering on
Switzerland. It derives its name from the Jura Mountains, by which
It is traversed. Pop. 315,355. Capital, Lons-le-Saulnier.
Jut'-land (Dan. Jylland, yiil'-land), a territory of Denraark, which
formerly occupied the whole peninsula, between the Baltic, the Catte-
*'*But I have seen the soaring Jungfrau rear
Her never trodden snow." — Childe Harold, Canto IV.
t"The Virgin Mountain wearing like a queen
A brilliant crown of everlasting snow." — Wordsworth.

KAF— KAL 291
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
gat the Skager Rack, and the North Sea; the N. boundary being
formed by the r. Byder (i'-der). At present, Jutland comprises tho
northern portion ofthe peninsula, extending from 55° 23' to 57° 44' N,
Lat, and from 8° 5' to 10° 57' B, Lon. This province, however, is
sometimes called North Jutland, while the duchy of Sleswick is termed
South Jutland. The length of the whole peninsula is about 240 m. ;
the greatest breadth, 108 ra. The length of North Jutland is above
170 m. Ils area is 9,550 sq.m. Pop. about 5-2.5,900. (P. C.) For
South Jutland, see Sleswick. The name of Jutland is derived from th^
Jutes, a nation who anciently inhabited this country. — Adj. Jut'-land-
ish; inhab. Jut'-l.and-er.
Kaf'-f.a or Feodosia, fa-o-do'-se-i, (Anc. Theodo'sia,) a t. and free
port of Russia, situated on the S. B. shore of the Crimea. Between the
12th and 14lh centuries, when this place was in the possession of the
Genoese, ite comraerce was very extensive, and its inhabitante are said
at one time to have amounted to 80,000 (P. C.) ; but at present it does
not contain the tenth part of that nuraber. It appears, however, to be
slowly rising frora its decay. Lat 4.5° 2' N., Lon. 35° 13' E.
Kahipa. See Cairo.
Kair'-wAn', a large city of Barbary, in the regency of Tunis, for
merly the cap. of the Mahometan dominions in N. Africa, is situated
about'80m. S. of Tunis. Lat 35° 38' N,, Lon. 10° 17' E. Pop. esti
mated by Balbi at about 40,000, but by some other writers as high as
50,000. KaIsarieh, ki-sar-ee'-e^, (Anc. Cassate'a,) a t of Asiatic Turkey,
the ancient cap. of Cappadocia, situated on a branch of the Euphrates,
156 m. S. E. of Angora. Previously to its capture hy the Persian king
Sapor, ahout 260 A. D., it is said to have contained 400,000 inhabi
tants ; but the present pop. is estimated at onlv about 25,000. (B.) Lat.
38° 42' N., Lon. 3.5° 22' E.
Kal^-a-m.a-zoo', a r. in the S. W. part of Mich., which flows into L.
Michigan. Kalamazoo, a co. in the S. W. part of Mich., intersected by the
above river. Pop. 7,.380. Co. t Kalamazoo.
Kalisz, ki'-lish, one of the handsomest towns in Poland, the cap. of
a palatinate of the same name, is situated near the W. frontier of the
Russian dominions, 128 ra. W. by S. frora Warsaw. It is surrounded
by walls flanked with towers, and has five gates. The streets are
broad and well paved, and the houses are generally good. Kalisz is
the seat of nuraerous manufactures, and contains several important
literary and scientific institutions. This city was founded about 655,
and was long the residence of the dukes of Great Poland. Lat. 51°
45' N., Lon. 18° 5' E. Pop. estimated at 1.5,000. (M.)
Kal-oo'-g.a (Kaluga), an important manufacturing and coraraercial t
in the S. central part of European Russia, cap. of a gov., of the same
name, is situated on the Oka, about 100 ra. S. W. of Moscow. Lat 54°
30' N., LoD. 36° 5' E. Pop. in 1836, 32,345. (P. C.)
t

292 KAM— KAN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m&t ; pine or pine, pin ; n5, nSt ; 66 as in good;
Kama, ki'-mi, an important r. in the E.part of European Russia, the
largest of the affluents of the Volga. It rises in the governraent of
Vialka, near 58° N. Lat, and 53° 30' E. Lon., and flowing in a very
circuitous course, at length fells into the Volga, below Kasan, bringinc
with it a volurae of water nearly equal to that of the main river. The
length is estimated at near 500 m. It is said to be raore useful for
navigation than the Volga.
Kamieniec, kim^-yen'-yets\ sometimes written Kaminibtz, an
archieopiscopal t. of Russian Poland, cap. of the gov. of Podolia, on
^m afHuent of the Dniester, about 10 m. from this river. Lat 48° 41'
N., Lon. 27° 1' E. Pop. stated at above 15,000, but this is probably an
exaggeration. (M.)
Kamt-chat'-k.a or Kamtschatka (often pronounced in English kam-
skat'-ka*), a large peninsula near the N. E. extremity of Asia, situated
between the 51st and 62d parallels of N. Lat, and the 155th and 170th
meridians of E. Lon. It is near 800 ra. in length, and about 290 m. in
ite greatest bfeadth ; while the narrowest part of the isthmus is rather
less than 100 m. wide. Cape Lopatka, in 51° 0' 15 " N. Lat, and 156°
42' 30 " E. Lon. forms the S. extremity of Kamtschatka. Prom near
this point, a chain of volca,nic mountains appears to extend through the
whole length of fhe peninsula. The Klwo^-tcbev-skoi' (Kliutschev-
skaja), the most formidable of the active volcanoes, is about 16,000 fl.
in height. Avatchka, another, near Avatchka (or Awateka) Bay,«n
the S. E. coast has an elevation of 9,594 ft. The height of the peak
of Klintchevska is stated by Balbi al 3,134 toises, or about 20,040 Eng
lish ft. The principal inhabitante of this country are the Kamtactia-
dales, who belong lo the Mongolian race. They occupy the S. portion
of the peninsula, as far as 58° N. Lat, and have fixed habitations.
Their chief employment is hunting and fishing; dogs are used to
draw their sledges in winter. The Koriaks, a wandering tribe who
possess the N. part of Kamtskatka, and who are scattered over a con
siderable tract of country between the Sea of Okhotak and the Polar
Sea, travel on sledges drawn by reindeer. Xaratachatka forms a dis
trict of the Russian dominions, of which Petropaulovsk (called also
Awatska or Avatchka) is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Kamt-chat'-
K-JN and Kamt^-ch.a-dalb'.
Kanawha, kan-aw'-wa, (Great,) a r. in the W. part of Va., which
rises in N.C, and, flowing northeriy, empties itself into the Ohio r.,
in about 38° 50' N. Lat. In the upper part of its course, it is some
times called New River.
Kanawha, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., intersected by the above
river. Pop. 13,567. Seat of Justice, Kanawha c. h.
Kandahar. See Candahar.

»Itmaybe remarked, that Kamtschatka is tho German, while Kamtchatka ia
the French spelling. 7ch in French being equivalent to tsch in German, or ch in
English, rt will be perceived that, in either case, ilie name should be pronounced
Kamchatka. '^

KAN— KEI 293
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Kane, a co. near the N. E. extremity of 111. Pop. 6,501.
Kan/-z.as or Kon'-z.as, a r. of the U. S., in the Indian Territory,
which joins the Missouri r. at the western border of the state of Mis
souri. Kara-hissar, ki*-ri'-his-sar', i. e. the " black castle," or Af-ee-oom'
(Afiura), Kara-hissar, the " black castle of opiura," an iraportant raan-
ufacturing t of Asiatic Turkey, reraarkable for the immense quantities
of opium cultivated in its vicinity. Lat 38° 4.5' N., Lon. 30° 43' E.
Pop. estimated at 60,000. (B.)
Karamania, See Caramania,
Karls'-burg, or kaRls'-booRo, (Lat Al'ba-Ju'lia ; Hung.Gyula Fejer-
var, dyoo-l6A fi-yaia-viir,) a fortified t of Transylvania, situated on
the right hank of the Marosch, 32 m. N. W. of Hermanstadt It con
tains a raint, and an observatory : in its vicinity, at the distance of a
few railes, are the richest gold mines in the Austrian empire. Pop.
6,000. (B.)
Kasan or Ki-zin', an archiepiscopal city in tbe E. part of European
Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, is situated about 4 ra. from
the left bank of the Volga. This t. has increased very rapidly of late ;
though destroyed by fire in 1774, and again half burnt down in 181.5,
it bas arisen more flourishing and beautiftU than ever. It is the seat
of numerous manufactures, and the commercial entrepot between Eu
ropean and Asiatic Russia. It contains a university, which was first
opened in 1814, with a library of above 28,000 vols. (M.), and various
other literary and scientific institutions. Lat 55° 48' N., Lon. 49° 21'
E. Pop. in 1833, 57,000. (M.)
Kaschau, kish'-ou, (Hung. Kassa, k6sh-sh6A,) a flourishing manu
facturing and coraraercial t of Hungary, with a royal academy conlaini
ing a library of 10,000 vols., and several other literary and scientific
institutions. Lat. 48° 38' N., Lon. 21° 16' E. Pop. 13,600. (M.)
Kas-kas'-kj-.a, a r. which rises in the E. central part of 111., and
flowing south-westerly, falls into the Mississippi r. a little S. of the
38th parallel of N. Lat. On this river, near ils mouth, is the village
of Kaskaskia, which was founded by the French, in 1683, and is the
oldest settlement in the valley of the Mississippi.
Katmandoo. See Catmandoo,
Katrine, Loch, Iok ki'-trin, a lake of Scotland, in the S, W. part
of Perthshire, 5ra. E. of Loch Loraond, about lOJ m. in length, and
from 11^ m. to 2ra. in breadth. It is surrounded by lof^ raountains,
divided by deep ravines, and exhibite every variety of wild and pic
turesque scenery.
Kecskemet,- kech*-kem^-ait', a t of Hungary, about 50 ra. S. E. of
Pesth. Lat. 46° 54' N., Lon. 19° 43' E. Pop. estiraated at above
34,000. (B.)
Keighlby, usuaUy pronounced keeth'-!e, a t of England, in the W.
Riding of Yorkshire, 16 ra. W. N. W. of Leeds. Pop. 9,25.5.
Keith, keeth, a t of Scotland, 42 m. N. W. of Aberdeen. The
25*

294 KEL— KEN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66, as in good ,
parish, which is partly in Banffshire, and partly in the co. of Elgin,
contains 4,456 inhabitauts.
Kelat, kil-it', or Kel-at'h, the chief t of Beloochistan, situated on
an elevated plain, in about 29° 5'N. Lat, and 65° 45' E. Lon. It is sur
rounded by a mud wall, with bastions, and contains about 20,000 inha
bitants. (P. C.)
Kel'-so, a beautiful t of Scotland, in the co. of Roxburgh, situated
on the Tweed, 38 ra. S. B. of Edinburgh. Over the river there is a
bridge, 494 ft. in length. Pop. 4,594.
Kemp'-ten, a t of Bavaria, situated on tbe lUer, an affluent of the
Danube. Lat 47° 44' N., Lon. 10° 19' E. Pop. about 6,000. (B.)
Ken'-dal or Kirby Kendal, a raanufacturing t. of England, in the
CO. of Westraoreland, situated al the terraination of the Lancaster
canal, 40 ra. S. of Carlisle, and 20 m. N. of Lancaster. Pop. 10,2-25.
Ken'-dall, a CO. in the N. E. part of IU., S. W. of Chicago.
Keneh, ker^-ihl, or Qene, (Anc. Cenep'olis* or Neap'olis,) a t of
Upper Egypt, near the right bank of the Nile, with a celebrated manu
facture of water-jars. Lat 26° 11' N., Lon. 32° 45' E. Pop. esti
mated at 5,000. (B.)
Kbn^-ne-beck', a r. of Maine, which rises from two sources; the
eastern and principal branch originates in Moosehead Lake, and, after
a course of about 20 ra., is joined by the W. branch or Dead r., which
rises near the borders of Canada. After this union, the river flows
nearly due S. in its general direction, and falls into the Atlantic about
25 m. B. of Portland. The whole length is above 200 m. ; it is navi
gable for boats only about 60 m.
Kennebeck, a co. in the S. part of Maine, intersected by the above
river. Pop. 55,823. Co. t Augusta.
Ken^-ne-bunk', a port of entry in York co., Maine, 25 ra. S. W. of
Portland. KENg/-iNG-TON, a parish of England, in the co. of Middlesex, forming
a part of the suburbs of London.
Kensington, a district N.E. of Philadelphia, which forms one ofthe
suburbs of that city.
Kent, a co. in the S. E. part of England, bordering on the sea. Pop.
548,337. ,
Kent, a. co. in the raiddle of R. I., bordering on Conn, and Narragan
set Biay. Pop. 13,083. Co. t East Greenwich.
Kent, the middle co. of Del. ; it extends from the Delaware Bay to
the borders of Md. Pop. 19,872. Co. t Dover.
Kent, a co. in the N. B. part of Md., bordering on tbe state of Del.
and Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 10,842. Co. t Chesterlown. i
Kent, a co. in the W. part of Mich., intersected by Grand r. Pop.
2,587. Co. t Grand Rapids.
• Gr. KoinriToXit. This, as well as Neapolis, signifies " new city." Keneh ap.
pears to be a corruption of Kavvri, " new."

KEN— KHA 295
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Kent'-on, a CO. in the N. N, E. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r.
Pop. 7,816, Co. t. Covington.
Ken-tuck'-y, one of the U. S., situated between 36° 30' and 39° 10
N. Lat, and 82° and 89° 30' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. W. and N.
by the Ohio r., which separates it frora Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, E.
and S. E. by Virginia, S. by Tennessee, and W. by the Mississippi r.,
which divides it from Missouri ; and divided into 9'7 counties.''' Length,
from E. N. E. to W. S. W., about 395m.; greatest breadth, from N.
to S., about 170 m. Tlie area is estimated at 40,000 sq. m. Total
pop. 779,828, of whom 590,-253 are whites, 7,317 free coloured, and
182,253 slaves. Frankfort is the capital. Kentucky originally formed
a part of Virginia. A separation took place, and it was adraitted into
the Union, in 1792. — Inhab. Kbn-tuck'-h-.an.
Kentucky, a r. of the above state, which rises near the borders of
Va., and, flowing in a general north-westerly course, falls into the
Ohio, about 37 m. N. N. W. of Frankfort It is about 200 m. long, and
is navigable for boats about 150 m.
Kerman. See Kirman.
Ker'-ry, a CO. in the S. W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster,
bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 263,126. (P. C.)
Ker-shaw', a dist. in the N. central part of S. C, intersected by the
Wateree r. Pop. 12,281. Seat of justice, Camden.
Keszthely, kest^-hei', a t of Hungary, near the W. end of the
Plalten See ; the seat of a celebrated school of agriculture, called the
Georgicon, founded by Count Festetits. Lat 46° 46' N., Lon. 17° 18'
E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) McCulloch, however, states il at 7,000.
Ketskemet. See Kecskemet.
KIey West, a t and port of entry of Florida, cap. of Monroe Co.,
situated at the W. extremity of an island of ils own name, with a fine
harbour. Khar-kof' (Kharkow), a t, in the S. part of European Russia, cap.
of a gov. of the same name. It contains a flourishing university, erected
in 1803, with a library of 20,000 vols., and several other institutions for
education. Lat. 50° N., Lon. .36° 26' E. Pop. about 18,000. (P. C.)
Khar-toom' (Khartum or Khartoum), a t of Nubia, situated at the
confluence of the White and Blue Nile. Lat 15° 34' N., Lon. 32°
•Adair, Allen, Anderson, Ballard, Barren, Bath, Boone, Bourbon, Boyle,
Breathitt, Brecken, Breckenridge, Bullit, Butler, Caldwell, Calloway, Campbell,
Carrol], Carter, Casey, Christian, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Crittenden, Cumberland,
Daviess, Edmonston, Estill, Fayette, Fleming, Floyd, Franklin, Gallatin, Garrard,
Grant, Graves, GrayBon, Greene, Greenup, Hancock, Hardin, Harlan, Harrison,
Hart, Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Hopkins, Jefferson, Jessamine, Johnson,
Kenton, Knox, La Rue, Laurel, Lawrence, Lewis, Lincoln, Livingston, Logan,
Madison', Marion, Marshall, Mason, McCracken, Meade, Mercer, Monroe, Mont
gomery, Morgan, Muhlenburg, Nelson, Nicholas, Ohio, Oldham, Owsley, Owen,
Pendleton, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Russel, Scott, Shelby, Simpson,
Spencer, Todd, "Trigg, Trimble, Union, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Whitley,
Woodford.

296 KHE— KIB
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; m^, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66, as in good ;
31' E. Though founded but a few years ago, it is said to have a jiop.
of 30,000.
Kherson, K^R-sone', a t in the S. part of Russia, cap. of a gov. of
the sarae narae, on the estuary of the Dnieper. Lat. 46° 38' N., Lon.
32° 40' E. Pop, 14,000. (P. C.)
Khiva, Kheb'-va, or OoroBenj, an independent khanat of Toorkis
tan, in Central Asia, which has of late years established ite supremacy
over a number of the wandering Toorcoman hordes. Its dominion is
believed to extend frora about the 36th to the 44lh degree of N. Lat,
and from the 52d to the 64lh of E. Lon,, but a large portion ofthe sur
face is desert, — Adj. and inhab. Khivan, Kee'-van.
Khiva, the cap. of the above, is situated on a canal derived from the
Amoo, in the midst of a fertile country. Lat about 41° 30' N., Lon.
59° 10' E. Permanent pop. estiraated at 6,000. (B.)
Khoi, Koy, a fortified t. of Persia, in the prov. of Azerbaijan. Lat
about 38° 30' N., Lon. 44° 50' E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.)
Kho-jend', a t. of Central Asia, in Independent Toorkistan. Ac
cording to Balbi, il is estimated to be equal in size to Bokhara, which
is said to contain above 100,000 inhabitants. Lat. about 41° 15' N.,
Lon. 68° 30' E.
Khokand, KO-kind', (or Kho-kin',) a city of Central Asia, the cap. of
a khanat of the sarae name, in Independent Toorkistan on the Syr
Deria (or Sihon). It is estimatedto be equal in size and pop. to Bokhara.
(B.) Khokand is said to contain 500 mosques and 100 schools, and to
be a distinguished seat .of Persian literature. Lat. ahout 41° 40' N.,
Lon. 69° 30' E.
Khoozistan (Khuzislan), Koo'-zis-tin', a prov. in the S. W. part of
Persia, bordering on the Persian Gulf.
Khorassan, K;o^-ris-sin', (i. e. the " region of the sun,"*) a large
prov. in the N. E. part of Persia, bordering on Toorkistan and the king
dom of Cabool.
Kiakhta, ke-iK'-ti, a t of Asiatic Russia, situated on a r. of the
same name, which flows, into the Selenga. It is important as being
the great centre of trade and political intercourse between the Russian
and Chinese empires. Lat 50° 21' N., Lon. 106° 30' E. Pop. 4,862.
(P. C.)
Kid^-der-min'-ster, a manufacturing t of England, in Worcester
shire, 16 m. W. S. W. of Birrainghara. Pop. 14,399.
Ki-ef' (also written Kiew), an ancient t in the southem part of Eu
ropean Russia, the cap. ofa gov. of the sarae narae, is situated on the
Dnieper, a little below the confluence ofthe Desna with that river. It
was the earliest seat of the Christian religion in that part of Europe,
• The origin of the name is prettily suggested by Moore, at the commencement
of the first poem of Lalla Rookh —
" In that delightful Province of the Sun,
The first of Persian lands he shines upon" —

KIE— KIN 297
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
and was for a considerable period the capital of the empire. Among
the remarkable edifices of Kief we may mention the cathedral of St.
Sophia, which is interesting on account of ils antiquity, and is besides
one of the finest churches in Russia. This place has an university
called St Vladimir's, founded in 1834. Kief is also the seat of the
oldest Greek ecclesiastical academy in Russia, founded in 1588, and
attended at present by ahout 1,500 studente. (B.) Lat 50° 27' N.,
Lon. 30° 27' E. Pop. about 40,000. (P. C.)
Kiel, keel, a t of Denraark, in the duchy of Holstein,* on a hay of
the Baltic, called Kielerfiord (kee'-ler-fe-ord'), which forms an excel
lent harbour. Il is surrounded by walls, with five gales. The univer
sity of Kiel, founded in 1665, has a library of 70,000 vols, and is
attended by about 300 students. Lat. 54° 20' N., Lon. 10° 8' E. Pop.
above 8,000. (B.)
Kil-dare', an inland co. in the B, part of Ireland, in the prov. of
Leinster. Pop. in 1831, 108,424. (P. C.)
KiLiA, kee'-le-J, a small t of European Russia, situated on one of the
arms of tbe Danube (called also Kilia), about 8 ra. frora its mouth. —
Adj. Kilian, kee'-le-an.
Kil-ken'-ny, an inland co. in the S. E. part of Ireland, in the prov.
of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, exclusive of the city and its liberties,
169,945. (P. C.)
Kilkenny, a city of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., situated on the
Nore, a branch ofthe Barrow, 62 m. S. W. of Dublin. The t. ai)d ite
liberties, occupying an area of above 37 sq, m., forra what is called the
county ofthe city of Kilkenny. Total pop. in 1831, 23,741. (P. C.)
Kil-lar'-ney, a t in the S. W. part of Ireland, in the co. of Kerry,
celebrated for the beauty of the scenery in ite vicinity, is situated near
a small lake of the same name, 44 m. W. by N. of Cork. Pop. in 1831,
7,910. (P. C.)
Kil-mar'-nock, an important raanufacturing t. of Scotland, in Ayr
shire, situated on the r. Irvine, about 7 m., in a straight line, from its
entrance into the sea, and 56 m. W. S, W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the
parish, 19,956.
Kincardine, king-kar'-din, a seaport t of Scotland, situated in a de
tached portion of Perthshire, 21 m. W. N. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of
the parish in 1841, 2,232, a considerable diminution in the number of
inhabitants having occurred since 1831, owing to the depression of
trade. Kincardineshire, king-kar'-din-shir, or the Mearns; a co. in the
W. of Scotland, situated between Forfarshire and Aberdeenshire, and
Vordering on the German Ocean. Pop, 33,075.
* Both McCulloch and the Penny Cyclopaedia state that Kiel is the capital of
Holstein, while both also agree in asserting in another place that Gluckstadt ia the
capital ofthe duchy! Balbi says nothing of Kiel being the seat of govemment, but
ells us that Gluckstadt is important as being le siege du colUge administratifetju.
liciaire (the seat of the administrative and judiciary college) of Holstein.

298 KIN— KIR
Fite, f^r, fill, fit ; mi, m^t ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nSt ; 66 as in good ;
Kino and Queen, a co. in the E. part of Va., on the Mattapony r.
Pop. 10,862. Seat of justice. King and Queen c. h.
King George, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Poto
mac. Pop. 5,927. Seat of justice. King George c. h.
King William, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Matta
pony. Pop. 9,2.58. Seat of justice. King William c. h.
King's County, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ireland, in the
prov. of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, 144,2-25. (P. C.)
King's County, a co. of N. Y., occupying the W. extremity of Long
Island. Pop. 47,613. Co. t. Brooklyn.
KiNGSTON-ON-HuLL. See Hull.
Kings'-ton-on-Thames, a t of England in the co. of Surrey, situated
on the Tharaes, 12 ra. S. W. of London. It received ite name. King's
town, from ils having been the residence ofthe Saxon monarchs, eight
of whom were crowned here. Pop. of parish, 8,147.
Kingston, formerly the cap. of Upper Canada, and more recently of
Canada, is situated at the N. E. extremity of L. Ontario. It has a
good harbour, and the principal naval dock-yard in the colony. Lat
44° 8' N., Lon. 76^ 40' W. Pop. in 1838, 3,877. (M.)
Kingston, the largest and most commercial t, though not the cap.,
of Jamaica, is situated on the coast, in the S. E. part ofthe island, with
a fine harbour. The pop. is stated to he above 33,000 (P. C), but no
accurate census has ever been taken. Lat 17- 56' N., Lon. 76° 53' VV.
KiN-Ross', a t of Scotland, the cap. of Kinross-shire, situated on the
W. bank of the Loch Levin, 20 m. N. N. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of
the parish, 2,822.
KiN-Ross'-SHiRE, a Small inland co. in the E. of Scotland. Pop. 8,763.
Kir-kAl'-dy or kir-kau'-de, a seaport and manufacturing t of Scot
land, in Fifeshire, situated on the N. side of the Frith of Forth, 12 m.
N. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the parish, 5,275.
Kirkcudbright, kir-koo'-bre, a co. in the S. part of Scotland, bor
dering on Solway Frith. Pop. 41,119.
Kirkcudbright, a seaport t of Scotland, cap. of the above Co., on
the Dee, about 6ra. above its entrance into Solway Frith, and 85 m.
S. S. W. of Edinburgh. Its harbour is esteeraed the best in the S. of
Scotland. Pop. 2,692.
Kirk-wAll', a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of the Orkney Islapds,
situated on the N. E. coast of Mainland or Pomona. Lat 59° N., Lon.
2° .57' W. Pop. 2,205.
Kirman, keer-min', or Kerman (Anc. Caramn'nia), a prov. in the
S. E. part of Persia, bordering on Beloochistan and the Persian Gulf
Kirman or Sirjan, seer-jau', a manufacturing city of Persia, cap. of
the above. Lat. about 30° N., Lon. 56° E. Pop. estimated at
30,000., (B.)^
KiRMANSHAH or KiR^-MAN-SHAVv', a large manufacturing city, cap.
of Persian Koordistan, on the r. Kerah, which flows into the Shat-el-
Arab. It is surrounded by strong brick waUs, with a citadel. Lat.
34° 26' N., Lon. about 47° 30' E. Pop, estimated at about 40,000. (B.)

KIR— KON 299
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
Kirriemuir, ker^-re-raure', a raanufacturing t of Scotland, in For
farshire, 16m. N. of Dundee. Pop. 3,067.
KiSHM or Kish'-ma (Anc. Oarac'ta), the largest i. in the Persian
Gulf, intersected by the 27th parallel of N. Lat, and the 56th meridian
of E. Lon. Length ahout 60 ra. ; breadth 12 m. Pop. estiraated at
5,000. (M.)
Kiz'-iL Ir'-mak, i. e. the " red river," (Turk. pron. kiz^-eel' eeR^-
mik'; Anc. Ha'lys,) the largest and finest r. in Asia Minor, rises
N. E. of Kaisarieh, near the 39th degree of N. Lat, and the 37th of E.
Lon., and flowing at flrst westerly, and afterwjards in a general N. E.
direction, falls into the Black Sea, in about 41° 45' N. Lat, and 36° E.
Lon. Its whole length is estimated at 450 ra.
Klagenfurth. See Clagenfurth.
Klatt.au, klit'-tou, a t of Bohemia, cap. of a circle of the sarae
name, 70 ra. S. W. of Prague. Pop. 5,700. (M.)
Klau'-sen-bur6\ i. e. the " castle of the defile," (Ger. pron. klou'-
zen-booRG ; Hung. Kolozsvar, ko-lozh-vaaR ; Anc, Clau'dia, afterwards
CJaudiop'olis;) the cap. of Transylvania, situated on the r. Szaraos
(sai-raosh), near a mountain defile, whence its name. It is surrounded
by lofty walls, with towers, which divide the city proper, called Ovar,
or " Old Town," froni the Ujvar (oo-e-viir), or " New Town." The
latter, though of small extent, has some handsome streets, and a very
pleasing appearance. Klausenburg possesses a lyceum and several
other important literary institutions. Lat 46° 45' N., Lon. 23° 32' E.
Pop. above 20,000. (B.)
Knox, a co. in the B. part of Tenn., on the Holston r. Pop. 1.5,48.5.
Co. t KnoxviUe.
Knox, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 5,722.
Co. t Barbourville.
Knox, a co. in the E. central part of Ohio, N. B. of Colurabus. Pop.
29,.579. Co. t Mount Vernon.
Knox, a co. in the S. W, part of Ind., between the Wabash and
White r. Pop. 10,657. Co. t Vincennes.
Knox, a co. in the N. W. part of 111., a little W. of the Illinois r.
Pop. 7,060. Co. t KnoxviUe.
KoAHOMA. See Coahoma.
Koenigingrabtz. See KonigingrXtz.
KoLiN, ko-leen', a t of Bohemia, on the Elbe, 34 m. E. of Prague.
Here Frederick II., of Prussia, was defeated with great loss by the
Austrians, in 1755. ^
Komorn. See Comorn.
" Kongsberg, kongs'-heRg, a small t of Norway, about 44 m. W.S.W.
of Christiania, important on account of its silver mines and ils mint
Pop. 4,000. (B.)
Ko'-Ni-BH or KoNiA (Anc. Ico'nium), a t of Asiatic Turkey, the cap.
of a pashalic of the sarae name, formerly the residence of the Seljook
(Seljuk) sultans of Room, is situated in the midst of a fertile and well-

800 KON— KOO
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66, as in good ;
watered plain, about 140 m. S. of Angora. Though at present much
decayed, t^is town is still imporiant on account of ite manufactures, and
its numerous madressas or colleges ; it contains, also, some highly in
teresting remains of antiquity. Lat 37° 50' N., Lon. 32° 45' E. Pop.
estimated at about 30,000. (B.)
KonigingrXtz, ko'-nio-in-grets, or Ko'-nio-grXtz, (Bohemian, Kra-
lowy Hradecs, kri-lo'-ve hri-dets',) a fortified t of Bohemia, the cap. of
a circle of the same name, situated on the Elbe, 63 m. B. by N. of
Prague. Pop., exclusive ofthe military, 6,000. (B.)
Konigsberg, ken'-igs-berg, (Ger. pron. ko'-nfos-b^BG,) a large city
of Gerraany, cap. of Prussia Proper, on the Pregel, near ite entrance
into the Frische Hafil A bar at the raouth of the river prevente ves
sels drawing more than 5 or 6 ft. water from ascending to the city, so
that the port of Konigsberg is properly at PiUau (pU'-lou), situated at
the junction of the Frische Haff' with the Baltic. The impression
which the interior of the town makes on a stranger is not favourable.
The streets, though straight, are, for the most part narrow, dirty, and
badly paved, while the few handsome public or private edifices are
scattered over the whole city. Among the literary and scientific insti
tutions of this town, we may mention the University, founded in 1544,
and attended at present by about 4.50 students. — "The celebrated Kant,
who was born at Konigsberg, in 1724, and died here in 1804, was one of ita
professors ; — and the Observatory, which has of late years attained
great celebrity frora the astronomical observations of Professor Bessel.
There are besides, three gymnasia, wilh nuraerous other schools. The
Observatory is in 54° 42' 50" N. Lat, and 20° 30' 7" E. Lon. Pop.
above 68,(100. (B.)
Koor, written also KuR, (Gr. Kupos, Kuros ; Lat. Cy'rus,) a r. of
W. Asia, which rises in the Turkish dorainions, near 49° 40' N. Lat,
and 42° 40' E. Lon,; and, flowing north-easterly, passes into the Russian
prov. of Georgia, then changes its course, and runs south-easterly to
the Caspian Sea, which it enters by several raouths, near 39° 15' N.
Lat. and 49° E. Lon. Its entire length is about 560 m.
Koordistan or Kurdistan, koor-dis-tin', i. e. the "country ofthe
Koords," an extensive country in the western part of Asia, situated
partly in the Turkish dominions and partly in Persia ; being bounded
on the N. hy Arraenia, E. by Azerbaijan and Irak Adjemi, S. by Khoo
zistan and the pashalic of Bagdad, W. by Algezira or Aljezeereh
(Mesopotaraia) and Diarbekir. Length about 300 ra. ; breadth perhaps
i50 m. The inhabitants are raostly shepherds, though some are em
ployed in agriculture and the mechanic arts. The Persian Koords are
said to be for the most part wandering tribes, while those of Turkey '
have generally flxed habitations. Like their ancestors, the ancient Kar-
dii'chi, the Koords are active, brave, and impatient of control. Though
nominally subject to the Ottoraan or Persian governraent, they appear
to pay but little respect to the orders of their sovereign. Tbe Koord-
ish women, unlike those of most other Asiatic nations, are said to be

KOO— KUR 801
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
treated with much respect whUe raarriage is regarded as a sacred and
indissoluble tie. — Adj. Koor'-dish ; inhab. Koord.
Koorile or Kurile (koo'-ril) Islands,'* a chain of small islands con
necting the peninsula of Karnlchalka wilh the large islands which
form the empire of Japan. They extend in length more th?in 700 ra.
The inhabitante are partly Karatchadales and partly Ainos (i'-noce), a
tribe which appears to belong to the sarae race as the Japanese. —
Inhab. Koo-ril'-h-an.
Koor' -LAND (Courland or Kurland), a prov. in the W. part of Russia,
bordering on the Gulf of Riga. Capital, Millau.
KooRSK (Koursk or Kursk), a. I. in the S. part of European Russia,
the cap. ofa gov. of the sarae narae, with one of the first ecclesiastical
seminaries in the empire. The prov. of Koorsk is remarkable for ils
fertUity, and celebrated for ite fine fruits; among which are melons,
apples, cherries, and various sorts of plums. Watermelons are grown
in the open fields. Lat. of the town, 51° 43' N., Lon, 36° 28' E. Pop.
24,000. (P. C.)
Kor-do-fan', a country S. of Nubia, W. of, and bordering on the Nile.
Kosciusko, kos-se-us'-ko, a co. in the N. part of Ind., on the head
waters of the Tippecanoe r. Pop. 4,170. Co. t Warsaw.
Kos-TRo'-M.A, a manufacturing t in the central part of European
Russia, the cap. of a gov. of the same narae, situated at the confluence
of the r. Kostroraa with the Volga. Lat .57° 46' N., Lon. 41° 13' E.
Pop. about 10,000, (P. C.)
Krasnoyarsk, written also KrasnoIarsk and Krasnojarsk, kris^-
no-yarsk', a sraall but handsorae I. of Asiatic Russia, cap. ofthe gov. of
Yeniseisk, containing several excellent literary irislilutions. It is also
a place of considerable trade. Lat. 56° 1' N., Lon. 92° 21' B. Pop.
about 4,000. (M.)
Krem'-nitz (Hung. Kormecz Banya, koR-mSts biin-yoA), a t of
Hungary, important on account of its rich mines of gold and silver,
and ite mint Lat. 48° 39' N., Lon. 18° 50' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Kreuznach, kroits'-niK, a t of the Prussian states, 18 m. S. W^. of
Meritz. Pop. about 8,000. (B.)
Krish'-n.a or Kist'-na, an iraportant r. of Hindostan, wbich rises in
the W. Ghauts, near 18° N. Lat, and 74° E. Lon., and flowing in a
very tortuous course, falls into the ocean on the Coromandel Coast, by
several mouths, near 16° N. Lat, 81° E. Lon. Its whole length is esti
mated at 700 m.
Kuldsha. See Gooldsha. •
Kur. See Koor.
Kurdistan. See Koordistan.
Kobile. See Koorile.
Kurische Haff, koo'-rish-eft biff", a bay or lagoon in the N. E. part
of Prussia, about 56 m. in length, and 20 m. in its greatest breadth.
* KoOBir.E is supposed lo be derived from Kooroo Milsi, i. e. the " road of
eea-weeds" ijiooroo signifying a '-sea-weed"), which is the name bestowed
by the inhabitants of Yesso upon this insular chain. (M. B.)
26

302 KUR— LAD
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good ;
The strait by which it comrauhicates with the Baltic is only about
1,200 ft. wide. The waters, like those of the Frische Haf^ are fresh,
and from simUar causes. (See Frische Haff.) The narrow strip or
bank of land which separates this Haff" from the Baltic, is called the
Kurische Nehrung.
Kurland. See Koorland.
KuTAiYEH or KooTAiAH, koo^ti'-yaft, (Cotyae'lum,) a t of Asiatic
Turkey, the cap. of the prov. of Natolia or Anatoli Lat. 39° 25'N.,
Lon. 30° 1.5' E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.)
Laaland, lau'-lind, or Lol'-land, a fertUe island belonging to Den
mark, situated in the Baltic, between 54° 38' and 54° 58' N. Lat, and
10° 57' and 11° 52' E. Lon. It is about 36 m. in length, and 18 m. in
its greatest breadth. Area, 460 sq. m. Pop. about 4.5,000. (P. C.)
Lab^-ea-dob^', a vast peninsula in the E. part of British Araerica;
bounded N. by Hudson's Strait E, by the Atlantic, S. by the Gulf of
St. Lawrence and Cahada, and W. by Hudson's Bay. It extends from
about the .50lh to near the 6<3d degree of N. Lat, and from the .56th to
near the 79th of W. Lon. Its extreme length, from E. S. E. to W. N.
W., is about 1,100 m.; ils greatest breadth, from E. to W., 900 m.
Labrador is comraonly described as one of the most dreary and naked
regions of the globe, exhibiting scarcely anything but rocks destitute
of vegetation. But though this be its appearance when seen from the
coast, on penetrating into ihe interior the surface is found lo he thickly
covered with pines, birches, and poplars, while various sorte of deli
cious berries are said lo abound. No country is better supplied with
water ; streams, as well as ponds and ^akes, are extremely numerous.
The native inhabitants of Labrador are liraited chiefly, if not entirely,
to the Esquimaux. The Moravian raissionaries, who formed their first
settlement among them in 175-2, are said to have exercised a very bene
ficial influence upon these degraded people, improving both their moral
and physical condition. The coast of Labrador was discovered in 1496,
by Sebastian Cabot (as is supposed), and was afterwards named Terra
Labrador or "cultivable land," to distinguish it from Greenland.
Lac'-c.a-dives^ or the Laccadive Islands (called hy the natives
Lakaradeevh), a group of islete iu the Indian Ocean, about 75 m. W.
of the coast of Malabar, between 10° and 12° N. Latj and 72= and 74°
30' E. Lon.
Lack^-a-wAn'-nock or Lack'-a-wAn'-n.a, a sraall r. of Pa., which
flows into the Susquehanna, on the left. Nearly the whole course is
within Luzerne co. On its banks are extensive mines of anthracite
coal. Ladakh, li^-diK', a considerable country in the S. central part of
Asia, between Cashmere and Thibet. Ite length, from N. lo S., is
above 200 m.; its average breadth, 1.50 m. (M.) The inhabitants be
long to the sarae race as the Thibetans. They are a very industrious
and frugal people, and well acquainted with the arts of civilized life.
They are said to possess extraordinary skill in agriculture, overcoming.

LAD— LAF 303
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
to a great extent, by industry, art, and the disadvantages of a moun
tainous country and naturally unproductive soil. Ladakh is usually con
sidered as belonging to the erapire of China, but, according to McCul
loch, it never forraed a part of the possessions of that power, though it
was for a tirae a sort of tributary to the Mogul emperor. It afterwards
became subject to Runjeet Singh, but, since his death, there is reason
to believe that the country has recovered ite former independence. The
religion of Ladakh is similar to that of Thibet Boodhism being the
prevailing belief, though Mahometanism is said to have made great pro
gress of late. The government as regards the people, is despotic, but the
rajah has very little real power, being controlled by the lamas or prieste,
by whom he is occasionally deposed. Leh'li, (or Lei) li'-e, the capi
tal of Ladakh, is the centre of an active comraerce, which is carried
on between the other countries of Asia. It is said to contain 1,000
houses (P. C). Lat. about 33° 50' N., Lon. 78° 20' E.
Lad-o'-ga, a L. of Russia, the largest collection of fresh water in
Europe, is situated between 59° 52' and 61° 46' N. Lat, and 29° 50'
and 32° 55' E. Lon. It is about 130 ra. in length; and 75 m. in its
greatest breadth. The area is estiraated at 6,300 sq. ra. It has several
islands, chiefly towards the N. extremity, and is so full of rocks and
quicksands that it is ill adapted to the purposes of navigation.
Lad-rones' (Sp. pron. lin-ro'-nfe) or the L.ad-rone' Islands, called
also the Marianne Islands, a group in the N. Pacific, situated between
13° and 20° 30 N. Lat, and 144° 40' and 146° 20' E. Lon. The prin
cipal island, Guajan, gwi-jin', (Sp. pron. gwi-nin',) called also Guam,
gwim, is about 80 m. in circuraference, and contained, in 1816, a pop.
of 5,389. (P. C.) The aboriginal inhabitants of the Ladrones, who, in
the middle of the 17th century, are said to have amounted to 150,000,
seem to have become alraost extinct on sorae of the islands. Prom
the extensive ruins found on Tinian (tee-ne-in') and Rotta, it appears
evident that these islands were once inhabited by a people well ac
quainted with the arts of civili-zalion. The Ladrones were discovered
by Magellan, in 1521, and called Las Islas de los Ladrones, i. e. the
" islands of the thieves," frora the thievish disposition of the natives.
They were also naraed the Mariana Islands, in honour of the queen
of Philip IV. of Spain.
La Fayette, lar-i-yett', a co. in the N. part of Miss., intersected
by the Tallahatchie r. Pop. 6,531. Co. seat, Oxford.
La Fayette, a parish in the S. part of La., bordering on the Gulf
of Mexico. Pop. '7,841. Seat of justice, Vermillionville. • ?
La Fayette, a co. forming the S. S. W. extremity of Ark. Pop
'2,200. Seat of justice. La Fayette c. h.
La Fayette, a co. in the W. part of Mo., S. of, and bordering on
the r. Missouri. Pop. 6,815. Co. t Lexington.
La Fourche, laP-oorsh', a feayowinLa,, which detaches itself from
the right side of the Mississippi, and, after a course of more than 90 m.,
fells into the Gulf of Mexico, near the E. extremity of Tirabalier Bay.

304 LAP— LAH
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, p3n ; n6, nfit ; 66, as in good;
La Fourche Interior, a parish in the S. part of La., intersected by
the above r. Pop. 7,303. Seat of justice, Thibadauxville.
La Grange, la^-granj, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ind., bor
dering on Mich. Pop. 3,664. Co. t Lima.
La Guayra, li-gwi'-ri, the port of Caraccas, an important commer
cial t of the rep. of Venezuela, in S. America. Lat 10° 36' N., Lon.
67° 7' W. Pop. near 4,000. (B.)
Laguna, li-goo'-ni, the cap. of Tenerifl'e, has an inland situation in
the N. E. part of the island, about 6 m. W. N. W. of Santa Cruz. Pop.
estimated at 8,000. (B.)
La Haye. See Hague.
Lahn, liin, a r. of Germany, flowing into the Rhine, near Coblentz.
Lahore, li-hore', a prov., or rather kingdom, in the N. W. part of
Hindostan, lying between 29° 30' and 34° 40' N. Lat, and 71° and 78°
E. Lon. This territory was till recently governed by Runjeet Singh,
who was completely independent of the British government and the
most powerful of all the native princes of India. His kingdom is geo
graphically divided into two parts : 1st the Punjaub (or Pinj-ib), i. e.
the " five rivers," so named from ite lying among the five great arms
of the Indus ; viz., the Sind or Indus Proper, the Jhylum or Bebul
(Anc. Hydas'pes), the Chenaub or Chenib (Anc. Acesi'nes), the Ravee
(Anc. Hydrao/tes), and the Sutledge (Anc.Hysu'drus), which takes the
narae of Gharra (Anc. Hyph'asis), after having received the Beeas,
which appears to have been considered by the anciente as the upper
portion of the Hyphasis: 2d, Kohistan (ko-bis-tin'), i.e. the "hill
country." The Seiks, now the ruling power in this part of the world,
first appeared as a sect of Hindoo religioniste, about tbe middle of the
15th century ; but, slung by persecution from the Mahometans, they
turned their thoughta to warlike pursuits, and afterwards became a
nation of formidable soldiers. Steel, from being an especial object of
attention, was finally converted into one of their gods. Their suprerae
divinity was denominated by them "All Steel." Owing, however, to
their continual dissensions, they were unable to make head against a
powerful enemy, until the early part of the present century, when
Runjeet Singh, having subdued the other Seik chieftains, established
an independent kingdom, which he ruled with great energy and wis
dom. He maintained an array of 80,000 men, of whom K),000 were
cavalry, disciplined according to the European system. (P. C.) But
since his death, which occurred in 1839, no successor adequate to the
task of government seems to have appeared, and it is not improbable
that this territory will, at no distant period, be incorporated witb the
other British dominions of India.
Lahore, the cap. of the above kingdom, situated on the Ravee, in
the midst of a fertile and well-cultivated plain. This city is one of
high antiquity, and was the residence of the first Mahometan conquei
ors of Hindostan, before they succeeded in establishing themselves iu
the central parts of the peninsula. Though greatly feUen frora its an
cient splendour, it is still a large and populous town, but nearly all the

LAH— LAN 305
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
noble or interesting buildings appear to have been the work ofa former
age. 'The magnificent mosque erected by Aurungzebe has been con
verted into a powder magazine. The private dwelling? present, for the
most part but a mean appearance. Lat. 31° 30' N., Lon. 74° 20' E.
Pop. estimated from 80,000 to 100,000. (B.)
Lahsa or Lacrsa, lin'-si, or Hij'-ar, a prov. of Arabia, extending
along the W. shore ofthe Persian Gulf. That part immediately along
the coast. Is soraetiraes called Bahrein (bah-rane').
Laibach. See Laybach.
Lake, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie.
Pop.. 13,719. Co. t Painesville.
Lake (Aishcura), a co. in the W. part of Midh.
Lake, a co. forraing the N. W. extremity of Ind., and bordering on
L. Michigan. Pop. 1,468.
Lake, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of 111., and bordering on L.
Michigan. Pop. 2,634.
L.ALAND. See Laaland.
Lamego, li-mi'-go, a t of Portugal, in the prov. of Beira, cap. of a
comarca of the sarae name, situated 2 or 3 m. from the S. bank of the
Douro. Lat 41° 13' N., Lon. 7° 43' W. Pop. about 9,000. (B.)
La-moile', a CO. in the N. part of Vt, intersected by a r. ofthe sarae
narae, which flows into L. Champlain. Pop. 10,475. Co. t Hyde Park.
LanaK, li'-ni, or RanaK, one of the smaller of the Sandwich Islands,
near 21° N. Lat, and intersected by the 157lh meridian of W. Lon. It
is near 20 ra. long and 10 broad. Pop. 2,000.
Lan'-ark, a manufacturing t of Scotland, cap. of Lanarkshire, situ
ated U m. from the right bank of the Clyde, and 30 ra. W. S. W. of
Edinburgh, Pop. 4,831.
Lan'-.ark-shire or Clydbs'-dalb, an inland co. in the southern part
of Scotland, intersected by the r. Clyde. Pop. 426,972.
Lanc'-.a-shire, or the County of Lancaster, a co. in the N. W.
part of England, bordering on the sea. Pop. 1,667,054.
Lanc'-as-ter, a seaport t. of England, the cap. of the above CO., on
the r. Lune, about 6 m. from its entrance into Lancaster Bay, and 46 m.
N. by E. of Liverpool. It is situated at the termination of the Lan
caster and Preston junction-railway, while the Lancaster Canal, which
connects Kendal and Liverpool, skirls the town. Over the Lune there
is a noble aqueduct-bridge, of five arches, erected at a cost of 48,000Z.
sterling. Pop. 13,531.
Lancaster, a co. in the S.E. part of Pa., bordering on Md. and the r.
Susquehanna. Pop. 84,203.
Lancaster, a city of Pa., the cap. of the above Co., is situated on a
branch of the Susquehanna, in the raidst of a fertile and highly culti
vated country, about 62 ra., in a straight line, W. of Philadelphia. Lat.
40° 2' 30' N., Lon. 76° 20' 30" W. Pop. 8,417.
Lancaster, a co. in the B. part of Va., at the mouth of the Rappa
hannock. Pop. 4,628. Seat of justice, Lancaster c. h.
26*

306 LAN— LAN
Fite, fir, fill, fSt; mi, mSt; pine or pine, pin; nb, nftt; 66 asingood,
Lancaster, a dist on the N. border of S. C, B. of, and bordering on
the Catawba r. Pop. 9,907. Seat of justice, Lancaster c. h.
Lan-cee-o'-t.a or Lanzarote (Sp. pron. lin-thi-ro'-ti), one of the
Canary Islands, intersected by the 29th paraUel of N. Lat, and the
meridian of 13° 40' W. Lon. It is about 36 m. in length ; its greatest
breadth is about 12 m. Area, 32 sq. leagues. Pop. in 1835, 17,434..
(P. C.)
Lanciano, lin-che-i'-no, an archiepiscopal t of Naples, in the prov.
of Abruzzo Citra, 6 m. from the Adriatic. Its manufactures and com
merce were during the middle ages far more extensive than at present;
but it is still regarded as the principal coraraercial place in all Abruzzo.
Lat. 42° 14' N., Lon. 14° 24' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Landaff. See Llandaff.
Lan'-dau or lin'-dou, a strong fortress of Germany, in the Bavarian
territory ofthe Rhine, celebrated in history for having sustained several
memorable sieges. Lat. 49° 12' N., Lon. 8° 7' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
Landes, liNd, a dep. in the S. W. part of France, bordering on the
Bay of Biscay. Pop. 284,918. (B.) Capital, Mont-de-Marsan.
Lan/-dry, St., a parish in the S.W. central part of La. Pop. 15,233.
Seat of justice, Opelousas.
Lands'-berg (Ger, pron. linte'-h^Ro), a manufacturing and commer
cial t of Brandenburg, Prussia, on the Warthe or War'-ta, a tributary
of the Netze, 38 m. N. E, of Frankfort on the Oder. Lat. 52° 44' N.,
Lon. 15° 14' E. Pop, 9,000. (B.)
Landscrona, linds'-kroo-ni, a strongly fortified t of Sweden, in the
prov.of Skine (Skonen), Lat. 55° 52' N., Lon. 12° 51' E. Pop. esti
mated at above 4,000. (P. C.) ,
Land's End, a proraontory in CornwaU, remarkable as being the
most westerly point of land in England. Lat 50° 4' N., Lon. 5° 42' W.
Landshut, lands'-hoot (Ger. pron. linte'-hoot,) one of the prettiest
and most agreeable towns in the kingdom of Bavaria, on the Iser, in the
midst ofa delightful country, 38 ra. N. E. of Munich. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Langeland, ling'-e-lind, an i. of Denmark, situated in the Baltic,
between Laaland and Fiinen, and intersected by the 55th parallel of
N. Lat, and (.he meridian of 10° 50' E. Lon. Its length is 32 m. ; ite
average breadth only about 2J m. Area, 80 sq. m. Pop. about 17,000.
(M.) Langei«salza, ling'-en-silt'-si, a flourishing little t of Prussia, cap.
of a circle of the same name. Lat. 51° 7' N., Lon. 10° 38' E. Pop.
6,000. (B.)
Langholm, lang'-um, a little t. of Scotland, in Dumfries-shire, 55 m.
S. by E. of Edinburgh.
Langres, liNgr, (Anc. Andematu'nura, afterwards Lin'gones), the
largest t, though not the cap., of the French dep. of Upper Marno,
18 ra. S. S. E. of Chauraont This place was one of great importance
under the Romans. Many antique remains have been found here. It
contains several institutions for education, and a public library of
30,000 vols. (P. C.) Lat. 47° 52' N., Lon. 5° 20' E. Pop. 6,191. (M.)

LAN— LAR 307
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Languedoc, liNg^-ge/t-dok', fortnerlj»an extensive prov. in the S.W
of France, now distributed among the deps. of ATdeche, Aude, Gard
Upper Garonne, Herault, Upper Loire, Lozere, and Tarn,
Lan'-sing, cap, of the state of Michigan, situated in Ingham co.,
about 110 m. W, N. W, of Detroit.
Laon, liN, a fortified t of France, cap. of the dep. of Aisne, 78 m.
N. E. of Paris, with a public library of 12,000 vols., besides other insti
tutions. Lat 49° 34' N., Lon. 3° 37' E. Pop. ,7,826. (B.)
Laos, li'-oce. The country of the Laos comprehends the central por
tion of Chin India, lying between 15° and 24° N. Lat, and 98° and
106 E. Lon. On the S. it borders on Siam and Cochin China, and W.
on the Birman erapire. Little is known with certainty respecting tbe
interior of this country. The Laos seem to. be the original stock of a
nation which is widely dispersed over Farther India. They resemble
the Siamese in the form of Aoii: bodies, in language, and in religion.
Lantohang or.. Lanl-Shang, the chief town, is said to be surrquijded ¦
by a wall of stone, and to contain a garrison of 50,000 men, arid a
splendid court.
Lap-eer/, a CO. in the E. S. E. part of Mich. N. of Detroit. Pop.
4,263. Co. t. Lapeer.
Lap'-l.and, the rnost northerly, country of Europe, occupying the N.
and N. E. parts ofthe Scandinavian peninsula, the N. part of the Rus
sian prov. of Finland, and the N.W. portion of the gov. otArphangel.
Il is difficult to assign ils limits, as they correspond wilh no natural or
political boundaries. It appears that in the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries all the country N. of 64° N. Lat, between the. White Sea
on the E., and the Norwegian Sea on the W., vvas entirely in the pos
session of the Laplanders or Lapps. The people who have given
their name to this region constitute a distinct and remarkable variety
of the human race ; they are of very short stature, seldom exceeding"
in height five feel and two or three inches ; their copper cbmjJleidon
is ralher the result of habitual residence in smoky huts than the cha-
racter.of the race.— Inhab. Lap'-l.and-er and Lapp.
La Porte, lap-6rt/, aco, in the N- W. part of Ind., bordeiing on
Michigan and Lake Michigan., Pop. 8,184.
La Puebla, or La Puebla de los Anoeles, li pweb'-li di loce ing'-
Hel-Ss, (i. e. "the habitation of the angels,) a large and beautiful city
of Mexico, cap. of a stale of the same name, in an elevated' plain re
markable for its fertUity and the salubrity of ils climate. It contains
many fine "buUdings, and is the seat of extensive manufaetures. Lat.
about 19° N., Lon. 98° W. Pop. 70,000. (B,) The state of La Pue
bla borders that of Mexico on the E. Area 21,000 sq.m. Pop. 8?0,000.
Lar-is'-s.a (Turk. Yenishehr, yen'-e-shaih'r', i.e. "New Town"),
an archiepiscopal t. of European Turkey, on the Selembria (Anc. Pe-
ne'us), which is here crossed by a hridge of 10 arches. It is believed
to occupy the same site as the ancient Larissa. Lat. 39° 38' N., Lon.
22° 30' E. , Before the late war the pop. was estimated at 30(000. (B.)
Laristan, lir-is-tin', a prov. in the S. part of Persia, bordering on
the Persian Gulf. Lar, the cap. of the above, though greatly fallen

308 LAB-LAU
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mh ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good;
from its forraer splendour, contains, it is said, above 15,000 inhabit
ants. (B.) Lat about 27° 30' N., Lon. 54° E.
Lar'-ni-ka, a seaport t on the S. E. coast of the i. of Cyprus. Lat
34° 54' 30" N., Lon. 33° 41' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.)
La Salle, \ih-aaV, a co. in the northern part of 111., intersected by
the Illinois r. Pop. 9,348. Co. t Ottawa.
Las'-sa or H'lassa, a city of S. Asia, the cap. of Thibet, on a tribu
tary ofthe Sanpoo (or Dzangbo), in an extensive and fertile plain, sur
rounded by lofty raountains. The great temple of Boodha, which is
likewise the residence of the Dalai Lama, the pontifical sovereign of
Thibet, stands in the W. part of the city, and consista of an extensive
range of square-shaped buildings, crowned in the centre with a gUded
dome. The permanent pop. of Lassa is said to have amounted, in the
beginning of the last century, to 80,000. (B.) The floating pop. is
always very great owing to the multitudes of pUgrims, wbo corae from
the reraotest parts of Asia to visit this sanctuary of Lamaism. Lat
about 29° 30' N., Lon. 91° 40' E.
L.ATAKIA, lit-a-kee'-a, or Ladieia, (Anc. Laodice'a,) a seaport t of
Syria, on the Mediterranean, about 90 m. S. W. of Aleppo. Here are
the reraains of an ancient triuraphal arch, which is still almost entire,
supposed to have been erected in honour of one ofthe early Roman em
perors. Lat 35° 30' N., Lon. 35° 48' E. Pop. estimated at from 5,000
to 10,000. (M.)
Lauban, lou'-bin, a t of Prussian Silesia, cap. of a circle of tbe same
narae. Lat. 51° 6' N., Lon. 15° 18' E. Pop. 5,400. (B.)
Lauenburg, lou'-en-burg^ or lou'-en-b66R<3\ or Saxe-Lauenburg, a
duchy in Gerraany, subject to the kings of Denraark, situated on the
right side of tbe Elbe, between 53° 22' and 53° 48' N. Lat, and 10°
13' and 11° 5' E. Lon. Area, 420 sq. ra. Pop. 37,500. (P. C.)
Lauenburg, a t in the above duchy, on the Elbe, 30 m. S. E. of Ham
burg. Pop. about 3,000. (B.)
Lau'-der-dale\ a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ala. Pop.
14,485. Co. t Florence.
Lauderdale, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop.
5,2.58. Co. seat, Marion.
Lauderdale, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Mis
sissippi. Pop. 3,435.
LauncEston, lins'-tpn, a t of England, in the co. of Cornwall, 20 m.
N. N. W. of Plymouth. Pop. of the parish, 2,460,
Lau'-rel, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ky., a little N. E. ofthe Cumber
land r. Pop, 3,079. Co. t. London.
Lau'-rens, a dist. in the N.W. part of S. C, bordering on the Saluda
r. Pop. 21,584. Seat of justice, Laurensville.
Laurens, a co. in the S.E. central part of Ga., intersected bythe
Oconee. Pop. 5,585. Co. t Dublin.
Lausanne, 16-zann', a city of Switzerland, cap. of the canton of Vaud
30 m. N. E. of Geneva, and about a mile and a half from the N. shore
of L. Leman. Among the literary and scientific institutions of thia

LAV— LAY 309
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
place, we may mention the Academy, which might be termed a uni
versity, the Cantonal Library, with 33,000 vols., and a museum, contain
ing collections in the various sciences. The penitentiary of Lausanne,
established in 1822, is considered one of the flnest in Europe. Lat.
46° 31' N., Lon. 6° 45' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.)
Laval, li'-vil', a manufacturing and coraraercial t. of France, cap.
ofthe dep. of Mayenne, is situated on the r. Mayenne, 150 m. W.S.W.
of Paris. Lat 48° 5' N., Lon, 0° 46' W. Pop. 16,000. (B.)
Lavoro, Terra di, ter'-ri de li-vo'-ro, (literally, the " land of
labour," but signifying, properly, good arable land, or that which is
susceptible of being worked,) a prov, in the W. part of the kingdom of
Naples, bordering on the dominions of the pope and the Mediterranean.
Law'-rence, a CO. in the N. W. part of Ala., bordering on the Ten
nessee r. Pop. 13,313. Co. t Moullon, raole'-ton.
Lawrence, a co. in the S. part of Miss., intersected by the Pearl r.
Pop. 5,920. Co. seat MonticeUo.
Lawrence, a co. in the N. part of Ark., bordering on Mo. Pop. 2,835.
Co. t Jackson.
Lawrence, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop.
7,121. Co. t Lawrenceburg.
Lawrence, a co. in the E. part of Ky,, bordering on Sandy r. Pop.
4,730. Co. t Louisa.
Lawrence, a co. occupying the S. extremity of Ohio. Pop. 13,719.
Co. t Burlington.
Lawrence, a co. in the S. part of Ind., intersected by the E. fork of
the White r. Pop. 11,782. Co. t Bedford.
Lawrence, a co. in tbe S. B. part of 111., bordering on the Wabash.
Pop. 7,092. Co. t. Lawrenceville.
Lawrence, St., one of the largest rivers of N. America, which
issues from L. Ontario, in about 44° 10' N. Lat, and 76° 30' W. Lon.,
and, flowing north-easterly, falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in
about 49° 30' N. Lat, and 64° W. Lon. Viewing this river in con
nexion with the great western lakes, of which it forms the outlet, it
may be said to rise at the sources of the St. Louis, which flows into
L. Superior, Receiving different naraes in different parts of its course,
between L. Superior and Huron, it is called tbe St, Mary ; between L,
Huron and Erie, the St Clair and Detroit ; between L. Erie and Onta
rio, the Niagara ; between L. Ontario and the sea, it takes the name
of St. Lawrence. Its whole length, including the chain of lakes, is
estimated at 2,200 m.
Lawrence, St., a co. in the N. part of N. Y., bordering on the above
river. Pop. 56,706. Co. t Canton.
Laybach or Laibach, li'-bis, (111. Lublana, loob-li'-ni; Anc. Mmo-
na ;) the cap. of the kingdom of Illyria, situated on a navigable river
ofthe same name, which flows into the Save. It contains a lyceum, a
gymnasium, and many other excellent public institutions. Lat. 46° 2'
N , Lon. 14° 47' E. ' Pop. above 10,000. (B.)

310 LEA— LEG
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nJt ; 66, as in good ;
Leake, a co. in the centre part of Miss. Pop. 2,162. Co. seat, Car
thage. Leamington, lem'-ing-tgn, a flourishing t. and watering-pl^ce of
England, in Warwickshire, 2 m. E. of Warwick, and about 80 ra. N.W.
of London. The pop. ofthe parish in 1821 was only 2,183 ; in 1841 it
amounted to 1'2,864. This extraordinary increase is to be ascribed to
the growing celebrity of its mineral waters, and ite many attractions as
a place of fashionable resort
Leb'-a-non, a CO. in the S. E. part of Pa., E. of Harrisburg. Pop.
21,872. ' Co. t Lebanon.
Lecce, let'-chi, a fortified t of Naples, the cap. of tbe prov. Terra
di Otranto, about 22 m. N. N. W. of Otranto. It is one of the best-
built and liveliest towns in the kingdom, with wide streete, a hand
sorae raarket-place, several fine churches, a royal college, and about
14,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat 40° 21' N., Lon. 18° 10' E.
Lee, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Va. Pop. 8,441. Co. t
Jonesville. Lee, a co. in the S. W. part of Ga., intersected bv the Flint r. Pop.
4,520. Co. t. StarkvUle.
Lee, a co. in the N. part of 111., intersected by Rock r. Pop. 2,035.
Lee, a CO. forming the S.E. extremity of Iowa. Pop. 6,093. Co. t
Fort Madison.
Leeds, a celebrated raanufacturing and commercial t of England,
in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Aire, at the termination of the
Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 23 m. W. S. W. of York. Besides the
water coraraunication with Liverpool, already aUuded to, Leeds is con
nected wilh this and most of the other imporiant towns of England, by
means of railways. This town is not only the principal seat of the
woollen manufactures, but it is the great emporium of England for
these articles. Leeds contains a philosophical and literary society, a
public library founded by Priestly, besides other institutions. Lat .53°
47' N., Lon. 1° 32' W. Pop. of the township, 88,741 ; of the borough,
152,054. Leek, a manufacturing t of England, in Staffordshire, 134 m. N.W.
of London. Pop. of Leek and Lowe township, 7,233.
Leeuwarden, li-wiiR'-den, a t of Holland, the cap. of the prov. of
Friesland, situated 32 ra. W. of Groningen, and intersected by nume
rous canals. Lat 53° 12' N., Lon. 5° 45' E. Pop. estimated at above
17,000. (B.) '
Lbg-horn' or leg'-horn, (It Li-voR'-no; Fr. Livourne, le^-vooan',)
R seaport t, the chief emporium of Italy, and one of the principal com
mercial places in Europe, situated in Tuscany, on the Mediterranean,
62 ra. W. S. W. of Florence. It is a neat and, for the most part re
gularly-built city, witb a well-fortified harbour. The N. part of Leg
horn is called Venezia Nuova (v6n-ed'-ze-i noo-o'-vi), or New Venice,
on account of the numerous canals by which it is intersected, and by
means of which, as in Venice, merchandise is conveyed to the very

LEG— LEI 311
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
doors of the store-houses. Lat 43° 33' N., Lon. 10° 17' E. Pop., in
cluding the suburbs, in 1836, 76,397. (M.)
Legnano, Ifn-yi'-no, a fortified t. of Austrian Italy, on the r. Adige.
Lat 45°ll'N.,Lon. 11°19' E. Pop., including ite suburb, Porto-Leg-
nano, near 10,000. (B.)
Leh or LeI. See Lad.akh.
Le'-higb, a r. in the E. part of Pa., which flows into the Delaware.
Lehigh, a co. of Pa., on the above r. Pop. 25,785. Co. t Allentown.
Leicester, les'-t^r, an iraportant manufacturing t of England, cap.
of Leicestershire, 87 ra. N. W. of London. It is connected by a rail
way with the London and Birrainghara line, and with the r. Trent by a
canal. Lat 22° 38' N., Lon. 1° 8' W. Pop. of the borough, wilh an
area of above 6 sq. m., 48,167.
Leicestershire, les/-ter-shir, a co. nearly in the centre of England.
Pop. 215,867.
Leiden. See Leyden.
Leigh, lee, a manufacturing t of England, in Lancashire, 12 m. W.
of Manchester. Pop. of West Leigh and Pennington townships, com
prising the town of Leigh, 6,838.
Leinster, lin'-ster, or leen'-ster, one ofthe four provinces into which
Ireland is divided, occupying the E. portion ofthe island. It comprises
the counties of Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's and Queen's,
Longford, Louth, Meath, West Meath, Wexford, and Wicklow.
Ijeipsic, lipe'-sik, (Ger. Leipzig, lipe'-tsio,) the second city of the
kingdom of Saxony, is situated in a delightful plain, watered by the
r. Pleisse and ite branches, 60 m. W. N. W. of Dresden. Its streets are
irregular and narrow, though well paved, and adorned by numerous fine
edifices, both public and private. Leipsic possesses a raultitude of literary
and scientific institutions, araong which we may name the University,
founded in 1409, one of the most celebrated and flourishing in Europe,
with a library of above 100,000 vols. ; it has 120 professors and teach
ers, and between 1,100 and 1,200 students : the Institute fot the Deaf
and Dumb, which is the oldest establishment of the kind in Europe :
the Academy of Pine Arte, &c. Leipsic is the centre of an extensive
trade, being the most commercial town in the kingdom, and is regarded
as the flrst book emporium in the world. The concentration of the Ger
man book-trade here, has been in fact the principal cause of the cele
brity and wealth of this city. Lat. 51° 20' N., Lon. 12° 22' E. Pop.
in 1837, 47,514. (M.)
Leiria or Leyria, lie-ree'-i,* a small but ancient t of Portugal, in
Estremadura, 72 ra. N. N. E. of Lisbon. Pop. 2,000. (B.) In its vici
nity is the village of Marinha-grande (rai-reen'-yi grin'-di), wilh an
extensive glass manufactory.
Leith, leeth, a seaport t. of Scotland, in the co. of Mid-Lothian, on
• "Sustained by thoughts like these, from mom till eve
He journeyed, and drew near Leyria's walls :" —
Southey's Roderick, Book III.

312 LEI— LEO
Fite, fir, fill, fSt; mi, mit; pine or pine, pin; nA, nSt; 66 as in good.
a river of the same name, at ite entrance into the Frith of Forth, 2 m.
N. by E. of the centre of Edinburgh, with which it is connected by a
small street called Leith Walk. It is irregularly buiU, and Ul paved,
but contains many handsome houses of recent erection. Leith ia
considered as the port of Edinburgh. Pop. 26,433.
Leitmeritz, lite'-mer-its, a t, of Bohemia, cap. of a circle of the
same name, on the Elbe, which is here crossed by a bridge, 843 ft. in
length. The neighbouring country is so. fertile and well cultivated,
that it is called the Bohemian paradise. Lat, 50° 30' N., Lon, 14° 5'
E. Pop. 3,900. (B.) Near Leitmeritz, at the junction of the Eger and
Elbe, is Theresienstadt (ti-ry-ze-en-stitt^), an important fortress.
Leitrim, lee'-trim, a co. in the N. W. part of Ireland, in the prov, of
Connaught, and bordering on Donegal Bay. Pop. in 1831,141,524 (P.C.)
Le'-man (Lat. Lema'nus, or Leman'nus), otherwise called the Lake
OF Geneva, a L. in the W. part of Switzerland, situated 1,150 ft. above
the sea. Its form resembles a crescent. Length, about 50 m ; greatest
breadth, 9 m. ; greatest depth, 906 ft. It is traversed by a steamboat
The ^hone flows through L. Leraan.
Lem'-berg (Ger. pron. lem'-beRG; Polish, Lwow Iwof; Lat Leop'-
olis), a city of the Austrian erapire, the cap. of Galicia, situated on the
Peltew (pel'-tef ), a tributary of the Bug. Ite streete, unlike those of
most Polish towns, are wide, straight, well paved, and clean. Lem
berg is the residence of a Roman Catholic, an Arraenian, and a Greek
archbishop : it contains a university, two gymnasia, and several other
institutions for education. Lat. 49° 52' N,, Lon. 24° 3' E. Pop. above
60,000. (B.)
Lem'-nos or Stal-im'-e-ne (called by the Turks Lim'-no or Lim'-nee),
an i. in the N. paTt of the .^gean Sea, intersected by the parallel of
39° 50' N. Lat, and the raeridian of 25° 10' E. Lon. Ite greatest length
is above 20 ra. Its area is estimated at 147 sq. m. Pop. 8,000. (P. C.)
Le'-n.a (Siberian pron. li-ni'"), tbe principal r. of Eastern Siberia,
rises in the raountains which skirt the N. W. shore of Lake Baikal, in
about 53° N. Lat and 106° E. Lon. It flrst runs northeriy, and then
in a general E. N. E. direction, till it reaches Yakootek; after which i*
flows N. to the Frozen Ocean, which it enters by several mouths, in
about 73° N. Lat. and 127° 30' E. Lon. Near ite termination, the
river is very broad, and several of ite numerous arms (among which
are extensive deltas or islands) present the appearance of wide estua
ries. The whole length ofthe Lena is estiraated at 2,500 m. It is
said to be safely navigable for the greater part of ite course.
Len'-a-wee\ a CO. in the S. E. part of Mich., bordering on Ohio.
Pop. 17,889. Co. t Adrian.
Lenoir, le-nore', a co. in the S. E. central part of N. C, intersected
by the Neuse r. Pop. 7,605. Co. t Kingston.
Lentini, ISn-tee'-ne (Anc. Leon'tiura), a t of Sicily, near a lake of
the same name, 14 m. S. S, W. of Catania. Pop. in 1831, 7,-276. (M.)
Leom'-in-ster, a t of England, in Herefordshire, 11 m. N. of Here
ford. Pop. 3,892.
Lb'on (Sp. pron, li-one'), a prov. of Spain, forming a part of the an-

LEO— LES 313
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
cient kingdora of this name; bounded on the N. by Asturia, E. by Pa-
lencia, S, by Valladolid, Toro, and Zamora, and W, by Galicia. It is
ahout 140 ra. frora E. to W., and above 50 m. from N. to S.
Leon (Anc. Le'gio Sep'tiraa), an old and decayed city of Spain, the
cap. of tbe above prov., and once the residence of the kings of Leon.
Ite cathedral is regarded as the finest in Spain. Lat. 42° 31' N., Lon.
5° 36' W. Pop. 5,500. (B.)
Leon, a regularly built and beautiful t. of Mexico, in the state of
Guanaxuato, 36 m. W. N. W. of Guanaxuato. Pop. estimated at about
6,500. (M.)
Leon, a city of Central Araerica, the forraer cap. of the state of Ni
caragua.* It contains a university, established in 1812. Lat. about
12° 25' N., Lon. 86° 50' W. The pop., a few years ago, araounted to
32,000 ; but the civil contentions within the town have reduced it to
half that number. (P. C.)
Leon, a co. of Florida, extending from Ga. to the Gulf of Mexico.
Pop. 10,713. Co. t Tallahassee.
Leon, Isle of (Sp. Isla de Leon, ees'-li di li-one'), an i, close to the S.
coast of Spain, about 11 m. in length. Cadiz stands on the N. W. ex
tremity, and San Fernando (sin fen-nin'-do), called also Isla de Leon,
in the S. B. part ofthe island, in Lat 36° 28' N ., Lon, 6° 12' W. This
town contains a fine observatory, and about 18,000 inhabitants, (B.) It
appears to have greatly declined frora what it was in the early part
of the present century; its great naval school is said to he quite
deserted. Le-pah'-to (Anc. Naupac'tus), a small seaport t of Greece, on the
gulf to which it has given ils name. Lat 38° 23' N., Lon. 21° 51' E.
Lepanto, Gulf of (Anc. Sinus Corinthiacus or " Bay of Corinth"),
extends from near Patras, eastward, lo within a few miles of the Gulf
of jEgina. It is about 77m. in length, and more than 20 m. in its
greatest breadth. At its narrowest part where it communicates with
the Gulf of Patras, it is scarcely a mile and a half wide. Lepanto has
given its narae to a celebrated naval batlle between the Turks and
Christians, fought on this gulf in 1571, in which the forraer were
utteriy defeated.
Lerida, Ufi'-e-di (Anc. Iler'da), a fortified t of Spain, in Catalonia.
Lat 41° 39' N., Lon. 0° 30' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.)
Lerwick, ler'-rik, the chief t of the Shetland Islands, is situated
on Mainland. Lat 60° II' N., Lon. 1° 10' W. Pop. 2,787.
Lesina, les/-e-ni, (Anc. Pha'rus,) and Lis'-sa (Is'sa), t*o islands in
the Adriatic, belonging to Dalraatia, near 43° N. Lat, and 17° E, Lon.
United area,.260 sq.m. Pop. ahout 14,000. (M.)
Leskbard. See Liskeard.
• Balbi and the Penny Cyclopedia give Leon as the cap. of Nicaragua. McCul
loch, however, calls it the former capital, and states that the seat of government
has been removed to Grenada. The works previously cited, probably refer to a
former date. 27

314 LES— LEY
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, n5t ; 66, as in good ,
Lestwithiel. See Lostwithiel. ^
Leutschau, loit'-shou, (Hung.Locse, l6-chi), a royal free t. of Hun
gary, cap. of the co. of Zips. Lat 48° 57' N., Lon. 20° 33' E. Pop.
in .1837, 5,175. (M.)
Le-vant' (i. e. literally the "rising," but, like the Latin Oriens,
signifying the " East"), a name of French derivation, usually applied
to the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean, extending from the western
part of Greece round to the western border of Egypt. — Adj. and inhab.
Levantine, lev'-an-leen',* (It Levantine, lev-in-tee'-no).
Lewes, lu'-is, a t. of England, in the co. of Sussex, on the Ouse,
43 m. S. of London. Pop. 9,199.
Lew'-is, the largest ofthe Hebrides, is situated about 27 m. W.from
the raainland of Ross-shire, Scotland, between .57° 42' and 58° 33' N.
Lat,^nd 6° 10' and 7° 10' W. Lon. Length, 60 m. ; greatest breadth,
30 ra. Area, including the subsidiary islets, 748 sq. m. The S. part
of Ihe'island, forraing a peninsula, is called the Island of Harris, 'fhis
portion belongs to Inverness-shire ; the reraainder, usually denominated
the Island of Lewis, to Ross-shire. Entire pop. 21,466.
Lewis, a co. in the N. part of N. Y., E. of L. Ontario, intersected
by the Black r. Pop. 17,830. Co. t Martinsburg.
Lewis, a co. in the N. W. part of Va. Pop. 8,151. Co. t Weston.
Lewis, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio. Pop.
6,306. Co. t. Clarkeshurg.
Lewis, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., bordering on the Missooji r.
Pop. 6,040. Co. t Monticello.
Lew'-ish-.am, a village of England, in Kent 5 ra. S. E. of London.
Pop. of the parish, 9,361.
Lew'-is-t6n, a port cf entry of N. Y., in Niagara co., on the Nia
gara r., 7 m. above its entrance into L. Ontario.
Lex'-ing-ton, the cap. of Rockbridge co., Va., and the seat of
Washington College, founded in 1812, situated on a branch of Jaraes r.,
about liO ra. W. by N. frora Richmond.
Lexington, the cap. of Fayette co., and formerly the seat of the
Elate government is the oldest and perhaps the handsomest town in
Kentucky, situated at the E. extremity of the Lexington and Ohio rail
road. Here is the Transylvania University, a fiourishing institution,
founded in 1798. Lexington is also the seat of the State Lunatic
Asylum. Lat. 38° 6' N., Lon. 84° IS' W. Pop. 6,997.
Lexington, a vUlage and township of Middlesex co. Mass., 11 m.
N. W. of Boston. Here the first blood was shed in the Revolutionary
contest, April 19th, 1775.
Leyden, li'-dcn, a celebrated city of the Netherlands, in the prov. of

•he

Perceived it was the Pyrrhic dance so martial.
To which the Levantines are very partial." — Bveon.
Cowper, however, using a poet's license, places the accent on the penultima.
(See Task, Book III,, line 583,)

LIB— LIE 3] 5
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
S. HoUand, 10 m. N. E. of the Hague, It is pleasantly situated on a
branch of the Rhine, in a level part of the country, traversed by nu
merous canals bordered with trees. The town is well buiU, and the
principal streets are broad and well paved. Leyden is chiefly remark
able as a seat of learning. Its university, founded in 1575, is justly
renowned ; it was attended, in 1835, by 647 students ; and possesses a
library of 60,000 vols., and 14,000 manuscripts ; an observatory, a
botanic garden, and other subsidiary institutions. The most remarka
ble event in the history of Leyden is the siege by the Spaniards, in
1573, which it successfully resisted, though 6,000 of its inhabitante
perished by famine and pestilence. To reward the valour of the citi
zens, an offer was made them, either of an exemption from taxes for a
certain nuraber of years, or the foundation of a university. Their
choice is already known. Lat 52° 9' N., Lon. 4° 29' E. Pop. 36,000
(PC.) Li-be'-rx-a, a dist on the W. coast of Africa, lying on both sides of
the r. St. Paul, which falls into the Atlantic in ahout 6° 20' N. Lat,
and 10° 46' W. Lon. A portion of this country was purchased by the
Araerican Colonization Society, in 1821, for the purpose of colonizing
such of the African race as had been, or theroafler should be, raanu-
milted in diff'erent parts of the United Stales.* — Adj. and inhab. Li-be'-
RI-.AN. Liberty, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the sea. Pop.
7,241. Co. t Riceboro.
LiBOURNE, le^-booRn', a t. of France, in the dep. of Gironde, on the
Dordogne, 18 m. E. N. E. of Bordeaux. Il was founded by Edward L,
of England (at that lime duke of Guienne). Pop. in 1831, 8,046. (P. C.)
Lich'-field, a city of England, in Staifordshire, 15 ra. N. of Bir
mingham. The city forms a small co. of itself It was the birth-place
of Dr. Johnson. Pop., including an area of near 5 sq. m., 6,761.
Lichtenstein, liK'-ten-stine\ or Liechtenstein, leeK'-ten-stine^,
Principality of, a small independent state of Gerraany, intersected
by the parallel of 47° 10' N. Lat, and the raeridian of 9° 32' E. Lon.
Il is separated by the Rhine frora the Swiss canton of St Gall. Area,
53 sq. m. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
Lick'-ing, a CO. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, intersected by the
Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 35,096. Co. t. Newark.
Liege, leej, (Fr. pron. le-aizh'; Dutch, Luykor Luik, loik ; Ger. Liit-
tich, liit'-tiK' ;) an iraportant commercial and manufacturing city of
* The most contradictory accounts respecting the-present condition and pros-
. pects of this colony, are to be found in works of a highly respectable character.
McCulloch represents them in a very unfavourable light, while Balbi, who appears
to base his statements on the testimony of impartial observers, says that they are
tolerably prosperous (assez prospere), and that the noble object for which the
colony was established — that of diffusing civiliz.ition and Christianity among the
benighted Africans — has, to a considerable extent, already been attained. If we
tum from fhese works to the publications of our own country, we shall find a
still more striking discrepancy to prevail.

316 LIB- LIM
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mJt ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nSt ; 55 as in good;
Belgium, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the
Meuse, 54 m. E. by S. of Brussels. In ite vicinity are inexhaustible
mines of coal, wbich have been worked since the year 1178. Liege
contains a university, founded in 1817, a college royal, a mining school,
and numerous other institutions for the proraotion of science, literature,
and the arte, Lat, 50° 39' N., Lon. 5° 32' B. Pop. 58,000. (B.)
Liege, a prov. taking ite narae from the above city, in the E. part
of Belgiura, and bordering on the Prussian dominions. Pop. 371,000.
(PC.) Liegnitz, leeo'-nits, a t of Prussian Silesia, tbe cap. of a circle and
gov. of the same name, on the Katzbach (kits'-hiK), a branch of the
Oder. It contains a gyranasiura, a royal equestrian academy, and
other institutions. Lat 51° 12' N., Lon. 16° 12' B. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
Lier, leer, (Fr. Lierre, le-aia',) a manufacturing t. of Belgium,
10 m. S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 13,000. (B.)
Lille or Lisle, leel, an important manufacturing and commercial
city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Nord, situated on the canal of the
Deule (which comraunicates with the Lys), in the raidst ofa fertile and
highly cultivated country. The town is well laid out with nearly
thirty market-places or other open spaces, and most of the streete are
wide. Ils admirable citadel, and other fortifications, render Lille ont
of the strongest cities of Europe. Of literary institutions, there are a
considerable number, including a public library of 20,000 vols, a high
school, &c. Lat 50° 38' N., Lon. 3° 4' E. Pop. 72,005. (B.)
Lima, lee'-rai, an archiepiscopal city of S. America, formerly the
cap. ofthe viceroyalty of Peru, and at present of the dep. of Lima and
of the Peruvian republic. It is situated in a fertile and spacious val
ley, on a small r. called Rimac, which name bas been corrupted by the
Spaniards into Lima. The streets are regular and wide, but they are
very badly paved. In the middle of the town is the Plaza Mayor
(pli'-thi mi-ORe'), or " great square," one of the finest in America, in
which is a large fountain, with a bronze statue of Farae in tbe centra.
Lima possesses a university, founded in 1571, a college of medicine
and surgery, a national library, and several other institutions. Lat
12° 2' 34" S., Lon. 77° 7' W. Pop. 70,000. (B.)
Lim'-burg (Fr. Limbourg, laM^-booR'), a prov. in the E. part of
the Netherlands, bordering on the Prussian dominions, divided since
the revolution of 1830 between Holland and Belgium. Area of the
Belgian prov., 970 sq. m. Pop. 227,000. Area of the part belonging
toHoUand, 530 sq.ra. Pop. 156,000. (P.C.)
Lim'-er-ick, an inland co. in the S.W. part of Ireland, in the prov.
of Munster, bordering on the estuary of the Shannon. Pop., exclusive
of the CO. of the town of Limerick, 248,801. (P. C.)
Limerick, an ancient city of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., on
the S. side of the Shannon. This town is the centre of an extensive
trade, but its manufactures are very liraited. One ofthe most remark
able objects of this place are the hanging gardens, constructed in 1808
by Mr. Roche, which contain a surface of more than an English acre.

LIM— LIN 317
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; K, nearly like ng.
The CO. ofthe city of Liraerick has an area of raore than 41 sq. ra. with
a pop. (in 1831) of 66,554. (P. C.) Pop. of the town and suburbs,
44,100. Lat. 52° 40' N., Lon. 8° 38' W.
Limestone, a co. in the N. part of Ala., bordering on Tenn. Pop.
14,374. Co. t. Athens.
Limoges, le^-mozh', (Anc. Augustori'tura, afterwards Lemov'ices,) a
manufacturing city of France, tbe cap. of the dep. of Upper Vienne,
and formerly of the prov. of Limousin, on the Vienne, 110 m. N. E. of
Bordeaux. It contains an academie universitaire, a royal college or
high school, a school of analoray, and various other literary and scien
tific establishmenta. Lat. 45° 50' N., Lon. 1° 16' E. Pop. 27,000. (B.)
Limousin, le^-moo^-saN', or Limosin, one ofthe former provinces of
France, now comprehended in the deps. of Correze and Upper Vienne.
This name, as well as that of Limoges, is derived from the Lemovices,
a people who inhabited this district in the time ofthe ancient Romans.
LiMoux, le'-moo/, a t. of France, in the dep. of Aude, on the r. Aude,
13 ra. S.S.E. of Carcassonne, Pop, 6,666. (M.)
Lincoln, link'-pn, (Anc. Lin'dum,) a city of England, the cap. of
Lincolnshire, 121 m. N. of London. Its cathedral is esteemed one ofthe
most beautiful in England. Lat. 53° 24' N., Lon. 0° 36' W. Pop.
13,896. Lincoln, aco. in the S. part of Me., intersected by the Kennebeck r,,
and bordering on the sea. Pop, 63,512. Co. t Wiscasset
Lincoln, a co, in the S. W. part of N. C, bordering on the Catawba
and S. C. Pop. 25,160. Co. t Lincolnton.
Lincoln, a co. in the E. N. E, part of Ga., bordering on the Savan
nah r. Pop. 5,895. Co. t Lincolnton.
Lincoln, a co. in tbe S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop.
21,493. Co. t Fayetteville.
Lincoln, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ky., S. of Lexington. Pop.
10,187. Co, t Stanford.
LiNCOLiy, a CO. in the E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi,
above the mouth of the Missouri r. Pop. 7,449. Co. t, Troy.
Lincolnshire, link'-pn-shir, a. co. in the E. part of England, border
ing on the r. Humber and the sea. Pop. 362,602.
Lin-hth'-gow or West Lothian (lo'-THe-an), a co. of Scofland,
lying along the S. side of the Frith of Forth. JPop. 26,872.
Linlithgow, the cap, of the above co., on tbe S. bank of a lake of
the same name, 17 ra. W. by S. of Edinburgh. Pop. 3,872.
Linn, a co. in the N. part of Mo., E. of Grand r. Pop. 2,245.
Linn, a CO. of Iowa, intersected by Red Cedar r. Pop. 1,373. Co. t.
Marion. , '
Lintz or Linz, lints, a beautiful city and fortress ':l the Austrian
empire, cap. of Upper Austria, on the Danube, which is here crossed
by a bridge 280 yards in length. A fine railway (the first ever con
structed in Gerraany) connects it with Budweis, in Boheraia. Lintz
possesses a lyceum, a gymnasium, and various other literary and scien-
27*

318 LIP— LIS
Fite, fir, fiU, tit; mi, mh; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66 asingood;
tific institutions ; it also has some extensive manufactures. Lat. 48°
19' N., Lon. 14° 17' E. Pop. 24,000. (B.)
Lip'-A-RI, or lee'-pi-re lsLANDs,(Anc..^o'lias In'sula3,)a group in the
Mediterranean, off the N. coast of Sicily, consisting of seven principal
islands, besides several islets and rocks. Lipari (Anc. Lip'ara), the
largest intersected by the parallel of 38° 30' N. Lat, and the meridian
of 14° 55' E. Lon, is about 8 m. in length. Pop. 12,-500. (P. C.) Araong
the others, Slrora'boli (Anc Stron'gyle); an insular mountain, nearly
3,000 fl. in height, is remarkable for ite constantly burning volcano,
which serves for a light-house lo the sailors in that sea. The Lipari
islands are evidently of volcanic origin. They were sometimes caUed
Vulcanite by the ancient Romans, from the supposition, probably, that
Vulpan had his workshops here as well as in jElna.
Lippe, lip'-peA, a sraall r. of Germany, which flows into the Rhine
on the right
Lippe-Detmold (-det'-molt), a principality of Germany, on the
sources of the above r., from which circumstance it is supposed to take
its name. It consists of the counties of Lippe and Sternberg, being
situated between 51° 48' and 52° 12' N. Lat, and 8° 35' and 9° 10' E.
Lon. Area, 4.35 sq.m. Pop. 80,000. (PC.) Detmold, the cap.,
situated on the Werra, contains 2,800 inhabitants. (B.) Lat 51° 56'
N., Lon; 8° 50' E.
Lippe-Schauenburg (-shou'-en-booRG or shon'-en-burg), often, though
incorrectly, written Schaumburg, a small principality of Germany, in
tersected by the parallel of 52° 20' N. Lat, and the 9th meridian of E.
Lon. Area, 210 sq. m. Pop. 25,000. BUckeburg (biik'-keA-lwoRG),
the cap., contains 2,100 inhabitants. (B.) Lat 52° 16' N., ton. 9° E.
LiRiA, lee'-re-i, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in the prov. of Valen
cia, 15 ra. N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 12,000. (B.)
Li&'-bqn (Port. Lis-bo'-a : Anc. Orisipo),the cap.of Portugal,on the N.
bank of the Tagus, about 9 m. above ils entrance into the sea. The
river al the W. end of Lisbon is hut little raore than a mile in breadth,
bul opposite to the centre ofthe city it widens considerably, and above
forras a bay several railes in extent, which furnishes a safe and magni
ficent harbour, capable of containing all the fleets of Europe. In the
old portion ofthe town, the streets are irregular, narrow, ill-paved, and
dirty. But in that part which has been rebuUt since the great earth
quake of 1755, the houses are handsome, the streets regular and very
clean. Perhaps the raost reraarkable edifice of Lisbon is tbe palace of
Ajuda (i-zboo'-di), which, when finished, will rank among the finest in
Europe. Araong the nuraerous literary and scientific institutions of
this city, we raay raention the Royal Academy of Sciences, the College
of the Nobles, the Royal Academy of Marine, with an observatory, and
the Royal Military College. The coraraerce of Lisbon, though'much
diminished since the loss of Brazil, is stUl considerable. Among ils
manufactures, those in gold and jewelry are perhaps the most remarka
ble. We may observe, that the want of industry, as well as the igno
rance, of the Portuguese, has been much exaggerated by travellers.

LIS— LIV 319
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
The Observatory is in 38° 42' 24" N. Lat, and 9° 8' 21" W. Lon.
Pop. about 260,000. (B.)
Lifs'-BURN, one of the handsomest towns in the N. of Ireland, in the
eo. of Antrim, 8 ra. S. S. W. of Belfast. Pop. in 1831, 5,745. (P. C.)
LisiEux, le'-ze-u/i', (Anc. Noviom'agus or Noeom'agus, afterwards
Lexov'ii), a manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of Calvados, 93 m.
W. by N. from Paris. Lat. 49° 9' N., Lon. 0° 14' E. Pop. 11,473
(P. C.)
Lis-keard' or Lbs-keard', a small t of England, in Cornwall. Lat.
50° 27' N., Lon. 4° -26 W.
Lisle. See Lille.
Lis-more', a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Waterford, on the Blackwa
ter r., 28 m. E. N. E. of Cork. Bop. in 1831, 2,998. (P. C.)
Lis'-SA (Polish, Leszno, lesh'-no), a manufacturing t of Prussia, on
the borders of SUesiii. Lat 51° 52' N., Lon. 16° 36' E. Pop. 7,500. (B.)
Litch'-field, a co. forming the N.. W. extremity of Conn. Pop.
40,448. Litchfield, the cap. of the above co., situated about 33 m., in a
straight line, N. N. VV. of New Haven. Here is a female seminary of
distinguished reputation. Pop. of the township, 4,038.
Lith-u-a'-ni-a (see Int XL), a country of Europe, which constituted
an independent and powerful stale, from about the year 1206 to 1385,
when it was united wilh Poland, by the raarriage of king Yaguellon
with the Polish queen Hedvige. Olghord, the father of Yaguellon,
and the most powerful of the Lithuanian princes, had extended his
dominions to the banks of the Don and the shores of ihe Black Sea,
and thrice presented himself in triumph before the gales of Moscow.
A great part of these possessions was afterwards lost under the reign
of Casimir III., and of several succeeding princes. The territory
which constituted the duchy of Lithuania, at the lime of the first dis
memberment of Poland, in 1772, now forms the Russian governments
of Vilna, Grodno, Bialystock, Vitepsk, Mohelef, Minsk, and Auguslov
or Augustow. — Adj. and inhab. Lith-u-a'-ni-an.
Little Rock, the cap. of the stale of Arkansas, on the right bank
ofthe Arkansas r. Lat. 34° 40' N., Lon. 83° 10' W. Pop. about 3,000.
Livadia or Libadia,* le-vi-oee'-a, (Anc. Lebade'a,) a t. of Greece,
which, under the Turkish government, gave its name to the prov. in
which it was situated. Before the war of independence, the pop. was
estimated at 10,000 (B.), but it is said to have been entirely ruined in
that contest, "irhe ancient town was remarkable as the Seal of the fa
mous oracle or cavern of Trophonius. Lat. 38° 24' N., Lon. 22° 58' E.
Liv'-er-pool\ a city of England, in Lancashire, and, next to Lon
don, the' greatest commercial emporium of the British empire, is situ
ated on the estuary of Mersey, 3 or 4 m. from the sea. Before the
middle of the last century, the streete of this town were narrow and
inconvenient, and the buildings wholly devoid of archileclual beauty ;
but successive alterations have given it a degree of corarabdiousness
and elegance not to be met with in any other commercial port in Eng-

• See Introduction, XXI. 11.

320 LIV— LLA
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mfit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66 as in good;
land. By means of canals and railways, Liverpool has ready commu
nication with all the more important places in the interior of the coun
try ; a circumstance which, wilh ite proxiraity to Manchester, has
contributed, perhaps not less than ite marilirae trade, to ite extraordi
nary coraraercial prosperity. Among the numerous literary and scien
tific establishments of this city, we may raention the Royal Institution,
founded in 1814, by the celebrated William Roscoe, and containing an
extensive museura of natural history, raany valuable paintings, &c. ;
courses of lectures are given on literature and the various branches of
physical science. Like most ofthe great towns of England, Liverpool
is furnished wilh water and gas, which are distributed to the private
houses. With the exception of London, this town is the most populous
in Great Britain. Its growth has been extremely rapid; in 1700,' ite
pop. was only .5,714; in 1801, it was 77,703; in 1831, 165,2-21 (M.),
and in 1841, it amounted to 223,003. The numbers here given for the
-pop. of 1831 and 1841 refer only to the parish of Liverpool. The
whole borough, with an area of scarcely more than 8 sq. m., contained,
at the last census, 286,487 inhabitants. Lat. 53° 24' N., Lon. 2° 58' W.
Liv'-iNGs-TON, a CO. in the W. part of N. Y., intersected by the Ge
nesee r. Pop. 35,140. Co. t. Genesee.
Livingston, a parish in the E. part of La., on the Amite r. and
Pontchartrain L. Pop. 2,315.
Livingston, a co. in the N. W. of Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio
and Tennessee rivers. Pop; 9,025. Co. t Salera.
Livingston, a co. in the S. B. part of Mich., W. N. W. of Detroit
Pop. 7,430. Co. t Howell.
Livingston, a co. in the N. E. central part of TU., a little S. of the
Illinois r. Pop. 759.
Livingston, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., on tbe Grand r. Pop.
4,325. Li-vo'-Ni-A (Ger. Liefland, leef-lint), a gov. in the W. part of Eu
ropean Russia, between the Gulf of Livonia and Lake Peipus. Capi
tal, Riga. — Adj. and inhab. Lj-vo'-ni-.an.
Livonia, Gulp of, a portion of the Baltic, situated S. of the Gulf of
Finland, between 56° 55' and 57° 30' N. Lat, and 22° and 24° 40' E.
Lon. It is sometimes called the Gulf of Riga.
LivoRNo. See Leghorn.
Lizard Point, a bold headland in the British Channel, on the S.
coast of Cornwall, forming the most southerly part of England. Lat.
49° 57' 30" N., Lon. 5° 11' W.
Ljusne, Ivoos'-ne, a small r. in the N. of Sweden, which flows into
the Gulf of Bothnia, near Lat 61° 10' N.
Lian-daff', a sraall decayed t, of S. Wales, in Glaraorganshire,
27 m, W. of Bristol, only remarkable for being a bishop's see, and for
its ancient cathedral.
Llanelly, lan-eth'-le, a seaport t of S, Wales, in Caermartlienahire,
13 m. S. E. of Caermarthen. Pop. of the borough, 6,818.

LLA— LOP 321
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Llangollen, lan-goth'-len, a t of N. Wales, in Denbighshire, 18 m.
S. S. E. of Denbigh. Pop. of the parish, 4,906.
Llanidloes, lan'-id-less, a t of N. Wales in Montgomeryshire, on
the Severn, near its source, 19 m. W. S. W. of Montgomery. Pop.
2,742. Llanos, lyi'-noce, (i. e. in Spanish the "plains,") a narae applied to
the extensive plains of S. America, particularly to those lying between
the r. Caqueta and the Orinoco, which are comprised chiefly wilhin the
republics of New Grenada and Venezuela.
Llerena, lyi-ri'-ni, a t of Estremadura, Spain. Lat 38° 15' N.,
Lon. 6° 3' W. Pop. 6,495. (M.)
L6, Saint (Fr. pron. sSn 16), a manufacturing t of France, cap, ofthe
dep. of Manche. Among its literary and scientific institutions, there
is a public library of 5,000 vols. Lat 49° 8' N,, Lon, 1° 5' W. Pop.
8,820. (B)
Loango, lo-ang'-go, a kingdom on the W. coast of Africa, lying be
tween the equator and the r. Congo or Zaire, in ahout 6° S. Lat. The
people of this country are very ignorant and superstitious ; the govern
ment is an absolute despotism, Loango, the cap., stands about 3 ra.
from tbe sea. Lat 4° 36' S., Lon, 12° -20' E. Pop. 15,000.
Lock'-port, a flourishing t of N. Y., cap. of Niagara Co., on tbe Erie
Canal, about 60 m. W. of Rochester. It derives ils name from the locks
where the canal descends a terrace called the Mountain Ridge : there
is at this place about 60 ft. lockage. Pop. of township, 9,125.
Lodeve, lo^-dave' (Anc. Lute'va or Lote'va), a manufacturing t of
France, in the dep. of Herault. Lat 43° 44' N., Lon. 3° 19' E. Pop.
11,071. (M.)
Lodi, loZ-de, a t. of Austrian Italy, cap, of a delegation of the same
name, on the Adda, 18 m. S. E. of Milan. It contains a royal lyceum',
two gymnasia, a college or high-school for girls, and otber institutions.
Lodi is memorable, in history as the scene of one of Napoleon's most
briUiant victories, which was gained over the Austrians on the 10th of
May, 1796. Lat. 45° 18' N., Lon. 9° 31' E. Pop. 15,000. (B.)
Lof-fo'-den'* or Lofoden Isles, a group on the coast of Norway,
between 67° 30' and 69° 30' N. Lat, and 11° and 16° 30' E. Lon. It
consista of 5 principal islands. Hindoen, the largest, is ahout 50 ra.
long, with perhaps an average breadth of 25 m. The aggregate pop.
is estimated at between 3,000 and 4,000. (M.) Near the southern
extremity ofthis group is the Maelstrom (male'-strura),f a great whirl-
* We frequently hear this name pronounced with the accent on the first syllable;
bnt the accentuation, as given above, is supported (as we are informed) by the
practice of the people of Sweden and Norway. It is also sanbtioned by the au
thority of one of our most distinguished poets,
" Round the rocks, where loud LoffodeN
Whirls to death the roaring whale ;
Round the halt, where Runic Odin
Howls his war-song to the gale." — Campbell.
t Literally, " mill-stream," so named probably from its whirling like a mill-stone,
and crushing or breaking whatever is thrown into it.

3-22 LOG— LOM
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 66 as in good .-
pool, a mile and a half in diameter, which sometimes draws within
ite vortex ships; as well as whales and other animals, and dashes Ihem
on the rocks beneath. An American captain who visited the Mael
strom, some y^ars since, says there " is evidently a subterranean pas
sage." He adds, " I should not doubt that instant destruction would be
the fate of a dozen of our largest ships, were they drawn in at the same
moment." (Goodrich's Pictorial Geography, page 792.) No satisfac
tory explanation has yet been given of this wonderful phenomenon.
Lo'-G.AN, a CO. in the VV. part of Va., on the Guyandotle. Pop. 4,309.
Seat of justice, Logan c. h.
Logan, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop.
13,615. Co. t RusselvUle.
Logan, a co. in the W. central part of Obio, intersected by the
Miami r. Pop. 14,015. Co. I. Belle Fontaine.
Logan, a co. near the centre of III. Pop. 2,333. Co. t Postville.
LoGRono, lo-grone'-yo, a t of Spain, in Old Castile. Lat. 42° 24'
N., Lon. 2° 28' W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.)
Loir and Cher, IwiR and shaae, (Fr. Loir-et-Cher, IwiR i shaHe,)
a dep. in the N. W. central part of France, intersected hy the rivers
Loir and Cher, the latter of which flows into the Loire; the forraer
into the Sarthe. Pop. 244,043. (B.) Capital, Blois.
Loire, IwiR, (Anc. Li'ger,) a r. which rises in the S. E. partof France,
in the dep. of Ardeche, and flowing, first in a general northerly and
afterwards westerly course, falls into the Bay of Biscay, in about 47°
1.5' N. Lat, and 2° 12' W. Lon. It is the longest i. of France, its
whole length being estimated al 670 m. ; of which about 512 are navi
gable. Loire, a dep. in the E. part of France, intersected by the Loire, and
bordering on Upper Loire. Pop. 412,497. (B.) Capital, Monlbrison.
Loire, Lower (Fr. Loire Inferieure, IwaR aN'-fi^-re^-UR'), a dep. in
the W. part of France, intersected by ihe Loire, and bordering on the
Bay of Biscay, Pop, 470,768. (B.) Capital, Nantes.
Loire, Upper (Fr. Haute-Loire, ole IwSr), a dep. in the S. E. part
of France, intersected by the Loire, near its source. Pop. 295,384. (B.)
Capital, Le Puy.
Loiret, Iwia^-i', a dep. in the N. central part of France, on a little
streara of the sarae name, which flows into the Loire. Pop. 316,189.
(B.) Capital, Orleans.
Loja, lo'-ni, a manufacturing t of Spain, in Andalusia, on the Genii
(Hi-neel'), 26 ra. W, S. W. of Granada. Lat. 37° 10' N., Lon. 4° 18
W. Pop. estiraated at 14,000. (B.)
LoKEREN, lo'-ker-cn, a raanufacturing t of Belgium, in the prov. of
E. Flanders, 12 ra'. E. N. B. of Ghent Pop. 16,000. (B.)
Lom'-b.ar-dy (It. Lombardia, lom-baR-dee'-i), a country in the N. of
Italy, of rather indefinite limits, which derives ite name from the Lon-
gobards or Longobardi, a nation of German extraction, who established
themselves here in the latter part of the 6th century. It includes the
greater part of the basin of the Po, consisting of a vast plain nearly

LOM— LON 328
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng.
200 m. in length, and from 60 m. to 70 ra. in breadth. This territory
now belongs to Austria. (See Italy, Austrian.)
Lo.vioND, Ben. See Grampian Hills.
Lomond, Loch, Iok lo'-raond, the largest lake of Great Britain,* is
situated in Scotland, between the counties of Stirling and Dunbarton.
Its length is about 22 m. ; ite greatest breadth about 5 m. The greatest
depth is about 120 fathoms. The superficial extent is staled to be
45 sq. m.
London, lun'-d'n, (Anc. Londin'ium,) the cap. of the United King
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the most commercial and probably
the most populous city on the globe, is situated on the Thames, about
45 m. above ils entrance into the sea, and 15 m. below the highest tide
way. The greater part of the town stands on a slight elevation, on
the left hank of the r., in the co. of Middlesex; the reraainder, on the
right hank, in the co. of Surrey. London may be considered as con
sisting of five principal portions, viz., Westminster and West-End, in
the VV. part of the city ; the city proper, which forms the central and
most ancient quarter ofthe town ; East-End ; and Southwark. Six noble
bridges cross the Thames ; the Waterloo, the London, the Westmin
ster, the Blackfriars', the Southwark, and the Vauxhall. Of these, the
Waterloo bridge, built of granite, and 1,242 ft. in length, is the largest
and most beautiful. The Southwark bridge, constructed of iron, and
708 ft. in length, is remarkable for the extent of the central arch, which
has a span of 240 ft. The 'Thames is also traversed by a tunnel or sub
terraneous passage, consisting of a brick cylinder or pipe, divided into
two roadways, each 15 ft high, and 12 ft. broad. This tunnel, which
is about 2 m. below the London bridge, has been constructed for the
purpose of uniting the two banks without injury to the shipping inte
rest which could not have been effected by the erection of a bridge.
Among the great nuraber of public edifices which adorn the raetropolis
ofthe British erapire, the most reraarkable are — the palace of St Jaraes,
situated N. of « park of the same name ; since the year 1695, jt has
been the residence ofthe English kings; but notwithstanding the rich
ness and elegance of , the interior, the building being only of brick, and
irregular in ite form, the exterior exhibits none of that magnificence
by which raany other of the palaces of Europe are disting-uisbed : the
Tower, a vast and ancient fortress, founded by Williara the Conqueror,
and forraerly inhabited as a palace by several English sovereigns.
Since the reign of queen Elizabeth, it has been employed as an arsenal,
and a repository for the jewels, records, &c., belonging lothecrown, and
sometimes as a state prison. It should be observed that extensive addi
tions have been made to it at different times, so that the original tower,
which is called the White Tower, at present forms but a sraall part of
this vast edifice. Unhappily, on the 30th of October, 1841, that portion
of the Tower of London, denorainated the Grand Store-house, and
• The largest lake, properly speaking, but not the largest loch — it will be re
collected that the latter term is often applied, in Scotland, to arms of the sea.
w

324 LON
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t ; 66 as in good ;
Small Armoury, with its contente, an inestimable collection of trophies,
antiquities, &c., together wilh nearly 250,000 stand of arras, was re
duced by fire to a raingled heap of ruins : an occurrence the more to
be deplored, because, frora the peculiar character of a large part ofthe
articles destroyed, it is irapossible that they should ever be replaced.
Araong the churches may be mentioned St. Paul's Cathedral, v.'hich
is regarded as the most remarkable work of architecture in Great
Britain, and, as a temple, the most sumptuous and vast that bas ever
been erected in Protestant Christendom ; it was begun in 1675 and
finished in 1710; one architect. Sir Christopher Wren, having super
intended the work from its commencement to ita completion ; the
extreme length of tbe cathedral is 510 ft. ; height from the floor to the
top ofthe cross, 362 ft.-: and Westminster Abbey, one of the finest Go
thic buildings in Europe, in which repose the ashes of many of the
English kings, and others of the royal family, as well as of those who,
by their talents or exploits, have added to the glory of the British
name. — Araong the altnost countless raultitude of institutions for the
proraotion of science, literature, and the arts, of which London can
boast, our liraits will perrait us to notice only a few ofthe raost remark
able. These are: the University of London, founded on a new plan,
excluding theological studies, and adraitting to ite course, without dis
tinction, all those who wish to attend it; this institution was incorpo
rated in 1837: King's College, another university, which excludes
studente not professing with the established church : 'The Royal Society
of London, instituted in the early part of the 17tb century, and incor
porated in 1663, one of the most distinguished as well as one of the
oldest associations of the kind in Europe ; its ohject is the promo
tion of general science : the Royal Institution of Great Britain, incor
porated in 1800 ; it possesses a magnificent cheraical laboratory, an
extensive library, &c. — Professor Davy, afterwards Sir Huraphry Davy,
was connected with this inslitulion, when, in 1807, be raade the disco
very of the composition of the fixed alkalies, a discovery which, viewed
in all ite relations, may he regarded as one of the most important as
well as one ofthe most brilliant, recorded in the annals of science : — the
Linneean Society, incorporated in 1802, with a valuable library and one
ofthe most extensive botanical collections in the world; the East India
Company has recently presented to this society all those invaluable col
lections, which have been made at different tiraes by ite agente in India
(B.): the Zoological Society, incorporated in 18-29, connectSi with which
are the Zoological Gardens, with a menagerie stocked wilh animals
from every region ofthe globe: the Society for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge, founded in 1826, incorporated in 1832; the great ohject of
which is to distribute, among the middling and poorer classes, works on
science, &c., at a low price ; this is in every respect a useful and ad
mirable institution, and possesses among its nuraerous raerabers a large
share of the talent and learning, ns well as some of the most distin
guished names, of Great Britain : The Royal Geographical Society,
founded in 1830; an association whioh, though in ite infancy, has

LON 325
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
already done rauch towards advancing the interests of this iraportant
science. Another institution, of a diff'erent kind, especially deserving
the attention of a stranger in the raetropolis, is the British Aluseura, a
rich and alraost unrivalled coUection of books, raanuscripts, statues,
coins, and otber antiquities, besides specimens in the various depart
ments of natural history. — As regards extent and activity of comraerce,
London is without a rival araong all the cities of the globe. In 1825,
the tonnage of the ships belonging to this port araounted to 876,400 ;
about the sarae tirae, that of all the merchant vessels of France was
only 689,448 (B.); so that the tonnage of the British capital alone
considerably exceeded all that of the third commercial power in the
world! At the same time, the tonnage of New York, which, in this
respect, is the second city on the globe, amounted to only 304,.500 ;
Newcastle, the second port of the United Kingdom, and the third in
the world, had only 193,100 tons. If we compare the value of the
iraporta and exports of the most important coraraercial places in the
world, we shall find that, in this respect, London is far before every
other, while Liverpool holds the second and New York the third rank.
* Where has commerce such a mart.

SoTich, so thronged, so drained, and so supplied.
As London — opulent, enlarged, and still
Increasing London ? Babylon of old
Not more the glory ofthe earth than she,
A more accomplished world's chief glory now,
.  r Now mark a spot or two
Which so much beauty would do well to purge,"
"However iraposing, however wonderful raay be the picture pre
sented to the thoughtless observer, or lo him who contemplates Lon
don only from a distance — when we reflect what multitudes of her citi
zens are condemned to continual labour, wbich does not yield them a
sufficiency of the necessaries of life, bul whose efforts, like those of
Sisyphus, are ever unsuccessful, and yet may never be remitted; and how
many there are who have not the virtue, if they have the ability, to
struggle manfully with want but are supported by a charity which per
haps fear alone inspires, or by those dishonest practices which are the
last resource of the idle, we shall flnd far more cause for abasement
and sorrow, than for pride and exultation." It appears that, in 1838,
there were in London 4,430 pickpockets and coramon thieves known to
the police, 217 burglars and housebreakers, 2,295 vagrants, 2,786 ha
bitual disorderlies (M.), besides various other classes of oflTenders. It
is estiraated that more than 14,000 persons are supported by street
alms; a large portion of these mendicants are araong the worst class
of impostors. "The pop. of London, as will be seen by the following
statement, has increased far more rapidly during the present than the
oast century. The total pop. in 1700 was 674,350 ; in 17.50, 676,250 ;
in 1801, 888,198; in 1831, 1,508,469; in 1841, 1,873,676. St. Paul's
Cathedral, situated nearly in the centre of London, is in 51° 30' 48" N.
Lat,, and 0° 5' 48" W. Lon. — Inhab. Londoner, lun'-don-er.
28

336 LON— LOR
Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, mfet; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; to aaingood,
Londonderry, lun'-don-dSr'-re, a co, in the N. of Ireland, prov. of
Ulster, bordering on the sea. Pop, in 1831, 222,012. (P. C.) ¦
Londonderry, or siraply Derby, a commercial city of Ireland, the
cap, of the above Co., situated on the r. Foyle, about .5 m. above where
it falls into Lough Foyle. Lat. 54° 59' N., Lon. 7° 19' W. Pop. in
1831, 10,130. (P. C.)
Long'-ford, an inland co., near the centre of Ireland, prov. of Lein
ster. Pop. in 1831, 11-2,558. (P. C.)
Longford, the cap. of the above Co., situated on a tributary erf" the
Shannon, 65 ra. W. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,516. (P. C.)
Long Island, an i. on the E. coast of the U. S., forraing a part of
the stale of New York, situated between 40° 33' and 41° 6' N. Lat,
and 72° and 74° 2' W. Lon. Ita length is about 115 m. ; ite greatest
breadth near 20 m. This i. is separated frora the continent by Long
Island Sound, which, near tbe city of New York, is but three-quarters of
a mile wide, and is there called the East River, but,opposite to New
Haven, its breadth is about 25 ra.
Lons-le-Saulnier, 16n leh s6^-ne-i', the cap. of the French dep. of
Jura. Lat. 46° 39' N., Lon. 5° 33' E. Pop. 7,684. (B.)
Loo-Choo (or Lieou-Khieou) Islands, a group in the N. Paciflc, E.
of China, between 26° and 28° N. Lat, and 127° and 129° E. Lon.
They are all sraall, with tbe exception of one called the Great Loo
choo, which is about 70 m, in length, and from 12 to 15 m. in breadth.
These islands are tributary lo China.
Lo-rain', a CO. in the N. part of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop.
18,467. Co. t Elyria,
Lorca, loR'-ki, a t of Spain, in the prov, of Murcia, with manufac
tures of saltpetre, woollen, and linen cloths, &c. Lat 37° 42' N., Lon.
1° 53' W. Pop. stated at 40,366. (B.)
Lo-ret'-to (It Loreto, lo-ri'-lo), a t, of Italy, in the Papal state,
about 3 m. from the Adriatic, and l5 m. S. S. E. of Ancona, celebrated
for its sanctuary of the Virgin Mary, called La Santa Casa, i. e. the
" holy house," said to have been the dwelling of Mary at Nazareth, and
to have been transported, by supernatural power, to Italy, after the
Mahometans had taken possession of Palestine, in the 13th century.
The town is annually visited by nuraerous pilgrims. Lat 43° 27' N.,
Lon. 13° 36' E Pop. about 8,000. (B.)
L'Orient, lo^-re^-iN', or Lorient, a seaport t and fortress of France,
in the dep. of Morbihan, situated at the head of the Bay of Port Louis.
L'Orient is well built with wide and well-paved streete, and raay be
ranked araong the handsomest towns of France. Ite commerce, though
much less than formerly, is still considerable ; and it is the seat of seve
ral literary and scientific institutions, araong which there are, a school
for the special instruction of students destined for the navy ; and an
observatory. Lat. 47° 45' N., Lon. 3° 21' W. Pop. 18,000. (B.)
LoR^ -raine', one of the largest of the former provinces of France,
situated in the JV. E. part of that kingdom, a small portion of which

LOS— LOU 327
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
was ceded to Prussia in 1815 ; the remainder constitutes the depart
ments of Meurthe, Meuse, Moselle, and Vosges.
Lost-with'-iel or Lest-with'-tel, a small t. of England, in Corn
wall, on the Fowey. Lat. 50° 24' N., Lon. 4° 39' W.
Lot, lot a r. in the S. W. part of France, which flows into the Ga
ronne. Ite length is about 220 m., for 70 ra. of which it is navigable.
Lot, a dep. of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 287,003.
(B.) Capital, Cahors.
Lot and Garonne (Fr. Lot-et-Garonne,loti gir^-onn'), a dep. in the
S. W. of France, on tbe rivers from which it takes its name. Pop.
346,000. (B.) Capital, Agen.
Lothian, lo'-THe-an, an extensive and fertile district of Scotland,
lying along tbe S. side of the Frith of Forth, divided into the counties
of East Lothian or Haddington, Mid-Lothian or Edinburgh, and West
Lothian or Linlithgow. (See Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire, and
Linlithgowshire.) Lou'-DON, 0. CO, in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac.
Pop. 20,431. Co. t Leesburg.
Loughborough, luff''-bur-re/t, a manufacturing t. in the central part of
England, in Leicestershire, on a canal wbicb communicates wilh Not
tingham and Leicestershire, 10 m. N. by W. of the latter town. Pop.
of the entire parish, 10,170.
Loughrea, Wn'-ri/, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, on a small
lake of the same narae. Lat .53° 12' N., Lon.' 8° 35' W. Pop. in
1831, 4,007. , (M.)
Loiis, St., sent loo'-is,or loo'-e, the principal t. of Mo., seat of justice
ofa CO. of the same name, and forraerly cap. of tbe state, situated on
the W. bank of the Mississippi, about 18 ra. below the mouth, of the
Missouri. The position of this town, on one of the largest rivers in
the worid, near its union with the Missouri and Illinois, and in the
centre of the most extensive system of internal navigation in America,
is in the highest degree favourable to ils commercial prosperity ; and,
in all probability, it is destined to become, in a few years, one of the
greatest emporiums on tbe New Continent. The growth of St Louis
has been astonishingly rapid: in 1816, the pop. was only ahout 2,000;
in 1830, it was 5,852 ; and in 1840 it araounted to 16,469. This place
is the seat of a Roman Catholic college, called the University of St.
Louis, founded in 1829. Lat. 38° 36' N., Lon. 89° 36' W. The co.
of St. Louis has a pop. of 35,979.
Louis, Saint, (Fr. pron. siN loo'-ee',) a t. of W. Africa, the cap. of the
French possessions in Senegambia, on an island of the same name, in
the Senegal, near its mouth. Lat about 16° N., Lon. 16° 30' W. Pop.
near 6,000. (B.)
Louisa, loo-ee'-za, a co. in the E. central part of Va., N.W. of Rich-
mond. Pop. 15,433. Seat of justice, Louisa c. h.
Louisa, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 1,927. , „ „,
Louisiana, loo'-e-ze-an'-a, one of the U. S., forming the S. W. ex-

328 LOU— LOW
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit ; 66 as in good;
tremity of the Union, situated between 29° and 33° N. Lat, and 88°
50' and 94° 20' W. Lon., bounded on the N. by Arkansas and Missis
sippi, E. by Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, S. by the Gulf of
Mexico, and W. by Texas, and divided into 39 parishes.* Length,
frora, E. to W., about 290 ra. ; breadth, from N. to S., 230. Area, esti
mated at 48,500 sq. m. Pop. 352,411, of whom 158,457 are whites,
25,502 free coloured, and 168,452 slaves. Baton Rouge is the capital.
Louisiana, which originally comprehended, besides the present state,
all the territory N. of Texas between the Mississippi and the Rocky
Mountains, was ceded by the French to the United States, in 1803,
The state was admitted into the Union in 1812.
Louisville, loo'-is-viir, a dily of Ky., cap. of Jeff'erson CO., on the
S. bank of the Ohio. It is the largest town in the state, and, one of
the most flourishing in all the western states. A little above the
city, the Beargrass Creek falls into the Ohio, aflfording a harbour for
steamboate and river craft. The Lexington and Ohio Railroad, when
finished, will connect Louisville with Lexington. The Louisville and
Portland Canal, passing round the falls of the Ohio, is one of the most
imporiant works in the country. It is about 2 m. long, and sufficiently
wide and deep to admit the largest class of steamers. There are four
locks, constructed in the most durable manner, wilh a total lockage of
22 ft. Louisville, besides being one of the most important commercial
places in tbe western country, is the seat of several extensive manu
factures. Lat. 38° 3' N., Lon. 85° 30' W. Pop. 21,210.
Louth, Iouth, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ireland, prov. of Lein
ster, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 107,481. (P. C.)
Louth, a t of England, in Lincolnshire, 127 ra. N. of London. Pop.
of the parish, with an area of 5 sq. m., 8,848.
Louvain, loo-vane', (Fr. pron. loo^-vaN', Flem. Leu'-ven,) a t of Bel
gium, prov. of Brabant, on the Dyle and on the raUway between
Brussels and Liege. Its pop. in the 14th century is said to have
amounted to near 200,000, though it does not now exceed .^6,000. (B.)
Louvain is the seat of a celebrated and flourishing university, founded
in 1426, and attended by about 500 students. Lat. 50° 53' N., Lon. 4°
42' B.
LouviERS, loo^-ve-i', formerly Loviers, a t of France, in the dep.
of Eure, on the r. Eure, 17 m. S. by B. of Rouen. Its manufactures of
woollen cloths and kerseymeres, first introduced in 1681, are the most
iraportant ofthe kind in the kingdom. There are in all upwards of 40
factories. Lat. 49° 12' N., Lon. 1° 9' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
L6w'-ell, a flourishing t of Mass., in the county of Middlesex, on
* Ascension, Assumption, Avoyelles, Baton Rouge, East, Baton Rogue, West,
Bernard, St., Caddo, Calcasieu, Caldwell, Carroll, Catahaula, Charles, St., Clai
borne, Concordia, Feliciana, East, Felicirna, West, Helena, St., Iberville, James,
St., Jefierson; John Baptist, St., Lafayette, Lafourche Interior, Landry, St., Liv
ingston, Madison, Martin's, St., Mary s, St., Natphitoches, Orleans, Plaquemines,
Point Coupee, Rapides, Tammany, St., Tensas, Terre Bonne, Union, Washington,
Washita.

LOW— LUC 329
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
the Merrimack, at the influx ofthe Concord r., about 23 m., in a straight
line, N. N, W. of Boston, remarkable for its extensive cotton manufac
tures. The site on which the town stands had in 1820 only ahout 100
inhabitants ; in 1822 the first cotton-mill was erected ;' in 1830 the pop.
amounted to 6,474; and in 1840 to 20,796! Lowell is situated on the
raUroad which connects Boston with Concord, in New Hampshire. Lat.
42° 39' N., Lon. 71° 19' W.
Lowndes, lounz, a co. in the S. of Ga., bordering on Florida. Pop.
5,574. Co. t Franklinville.
Lowndes, a co. in the S. central part of Ala., bordering on the Ala
bama r. Pop. 19,539. Co. t. Haynesville.
Lowndes, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop.
14,.513. Co. seat, Columbus.
LowosiTZ, lo'-vo-sils, a vUlage of Bohemia, near Leitmeritz, remark
able as the scene of an important victory gained by Frederic the Great
over the Austrians, in 1756.
LoxA. See Loja.
Lozere, lo^-zaRe', a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by the r.
Lot near its source. Pop. 141,733. (B.) Capital, Mende.
Lf)'-BECK, an important commercial city of Germany, formerly the
head of the Hanseatic League, and stUl the cap. of the free Hanseatic
cities ofthe Germanic confederation, is situated on the Trave (tri'-veA),
36 m. N. E. of Hamburg. This town, with its territory, containing an
area of ahout 117 sq. m., constitutes an independent republic, which is
a member of the Gerraanic confederation. Among the edifices of
Liibeck, the Senate-House (Rathhaus, riit'-house), in which the Han
seatic deputies forraerly raet, deserves especially to be raentioned.
Lat. 53° 51' N., Lon. 10° 41' E. Pop. of the town, about 26,000 ; total
pop. of the republic, 46,000. (B.)
Lublin, loob'-lin, a t of Russian Poland, the cap, of a palatinate of
the same name, 97 m, S. E. of Warsaw ; it contains several respectable
literary and scientific institutions. Lat 51° 16' N., Lon. 22° 36' E.
Pop. 12,500. (P. C.)
Lu'-CAS, a CO. in the N. W. part of Ohio, bordering on Mich, and L.
Erie. Pop. 9,382. Co. t Toledo.
Luc'-c.A (It. pron. look'-ki). Duchy of, a small state of Italy, N. of
Tuscany, and bordering on the Mediterranean. It is intersected hy the
44th parallel of N. Lat, and the meridian of 10° 30' E. Lon. Area
about 416 sq.m.
Lucca (Anc. Lu'ca), an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, the- cap. of the
above duchy, situated in a rich plain, near the r. Serchio (siR'-ke-o)
about 12 m. from the sea. This town holds an important place in the
history of modern Italy, and was at one time, with Pisa, the head ofthe
Ghibeline party. Lucca contains a lyceum, which may he regarded as a
university : in the ducal palace there is a gallery of valuable paintings ;
also a library of 25,000 vols. The female seminary of this place is said to
be one of the very best institutions of the kind. Lat. 43° 51' N., Lon.
28*

330 LUC— LUD
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, m^t ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66, as in good ;
10° 31' E. Pop, estimated at 22,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Lucchese,
luk-keze'. Lu-cb'-na (Sp, pron. loo-tha'-ni), a t of Spain, in Andalusia. Lat.
37° 28' N.,'Lon. 4° 28' W. Pop. said lo be 19,716. (M.)
LucERA, loo-chi'-ri, (Anc. Luce'ria,) a t of Naples, in the prov. of
Capitanata. Lat. 41° 29' N-, Lon. 15° 16' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Lu-cerne' (Fr. pron. lii^-seRu'; Ger. Luzern, loot-st Rn') ; a canton in
the N. central part of Switzerland. Area estimated at 657 sq.m.
Pop. in 1836, 123,407. (P. C.)
Lucerne, the cap. of the above, is situated at the W. extremity of
the L. of Lucerne, on both sides of the Reuss, which forms ite outlet.
The town is surrounded by old walls, flanked wilh lowers. Lucerne
contains a lyceum, a gyranasiura, and nuraerous other institutions.
One of the mo^t reraarkable things at this place is the topographic
raap, in relief, constructed by Gen. Pfyffer. This extraordinary work
is 22 ft. long and 13 wide, and represente an extent of 180 sq. leagues,
of which the L. of Lucerne forms the centre; The materials are paste
board, wax, and resin. Gen. Pfyffer is said to have spent more than 10
years in making this topographical raodel. In the vicinity of Lucerne
is the monuraenl erected in 1821 to the raeraory of the Swiss Guards
who died in defence of the Tuileries against the mob of Paris, on the
10th of August, 1792. Ills the image ofa wounded and dying lion of
colossal size, sculptured in the'side of a rock. Lat. 47° 3' N, Lon. 8°
18' E. Pop. 8,150. (P. C.)
Lucerne, Lake of (Ger. Waldstalter See, will'-stet-ter si), situ
ated nearly in the centre of Switzerland, is one of the most picturesque
pieces of water in Europe. It is nearly cruciform, with an addition to
its E. end, called the L. of Uri. Ite entire length is about 25 m., but
tbe breadth of any of its arms is seldora more than 2 or 3 m. The sur
face is 1,380 ft. above the level ofthe sea. The greatest depth is stated
to be near 900 ft.
Lucia lu'-she-a, St., one ofthe British W. India Islands, intersected
by the 14lh parallel of N. Lat, and the 61st meridian of W. Lon. It
is above 30 m. in length, and about 17 in ils greatest breadth, and con
tains an area of about 350 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, 16,116. (P. C.)
Luck'-now', a large t of Hindostan, since 1775 the cap. of Oude, is
situated on the Gooraty r. It consists of three distinct portions : the
ancient, and rauch the largest part of the city is badly built with dirty
and narrow streets; another quarter, which contains the residences
of the king and of the royal family, is comparatively new, and the
houses are constructed and furnished after the English fashion ; the
reraaining portion of the town is built in the oriental style, and has
many fine houses and religious edifices. Lat. 26° 51' N., Lon. 80° 50'
E. Pop. estimated al above 300,000. (B.)
Lud'-low, a t of England, in Shropshire, 24 ra. S. of Shrewsbury,
and 126 m. W. S. W. of London, Pop. 5,064.
Ludwigsburg, lood'-wigs-burg'' or lood'-wios-b66RG\ a handsome t
of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, the cap. ofthe circle ofthe Neckar, with

LUD— LUT 331
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
a lyceum, an arsenal, and a military school. Lat 48° 53' N., Lon. 9°
13' E. Pop., exclusive ofthe railitary, estimated at 7,000. (B.)
Ludwigslust, lood'-WiGS-166st\ or Ludwigsburg, a sraall t of Ger
many, in the grand-ducby of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, about 18 m. S.
of Schwerin: it is the ordinary residence of the grand-duke. Pop.
about 4,000. (B.)
Lugano, loo-gi'-no, one of the principal towns of the Swiss canton
of Tessin, situated on a lake of the sarae name. Lat 4.5° 59' N., Lon.
8° 57' E. Pop. near 4,000. (B.)
Lugano, Lake of (Anc. Cere'sius), is situated partly in the canton of
Tessin and partly in Austrian Italy. Ils forra is very irregular ; the
whole length is perhaps about 20 ra. ; the breadth varies frora a half or
three-quarters of a mile to about 2 rii.
Lugo, loo'-go, (Anc. Lu'cus Augus'ti,) a t. of Spain, in Galicia, on the
Minho, with warra mineral sprinsrs. Ils walls were built by the ancient
Romans. Lat 43° N., Lon. 7° 35' W. Pop. 12,000. (B.)
LuMP'-KiN, a CO. in the N. part of Ga., on the Etowah r. Pop. 5,671.
Co. t. Dahlonega.
Lund, loond, a t of Sweden, in the prov. of Skine, with a celebrated
university, established in 1668, and containing a library of near 40,000
vols. ; the number of students in 1830 was 632; the celebrated Puffen
dorf was appointed professor of law in this institution in 1670; Linneus
was for some time a pupil here. Lat. 55° 42' N., Lon. 13° 13' E. Pop.
4,1-20. (M.)
LflNEBURG, lu'-ne^i-burg\ or lu'-ne^-b66RG\ a t of Germany, in Han
over, tbe cap. ofa prov. of the same name, on the Ilmenau (il'-mon-ou),
with very productive salt works, an active coraraerce, and above 12,000
inhabitante. (B.) Lat 53° 15' N., Lon. 10° 24' E.
LuNEL, lii'-nel', a t in the S. of France, dep. of Herault 14 m. E. N.E.
of Montpellier, famous for its wine. By the canal of Lunel, it commu
nicates wilh tbe Rhone, the Mediterranean, and with the Southern
Canal (Canal du Midi). Pop. 6,021. (M.)
Lu'-NEiv-BURG", a CO. in the S. E. part of Va., on the Meherrin r., near
ite source. Pop. 11,055. Co. t. Lewistown.
LuNEViLLB, lu'-ne-viir, or lii'-n4v'-ill', a t of France, in the dep. of
Meurthe, 16 m. S. E. of Nancy. The treaty of Luneville, between
France and Austria, was signed here in 1801. Lat 48° 37' N., Lon.
6° 29' E. Pop. 12,661. (M.)
Lus.atia, lu-si'-she-a, (Ger. Lausitz, lou'-zits ; Fr. Lusace, Itf -ziss';)
a former margraviale of Gerraany, between 50° 50' and 52° 16' N. Lat,
.and 13° 20' and 1.5° 15' B. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Brandenberg,
E. by Silesia, S. by Boheraia, and W. by Saxony. Area, 4,336 sq. m.
It is now divided into Upper and Lower Lusatia. The whole of the
latter portion, and the half of the former, belong to Prussia: the
remainder, forraing the circle of Upper Lusatia, is possessed hy Sax
ony. (P. C.)
LilTZEN, lut'-sen or liit'-sen, a little t of Prussian Saxony, 12 m.
W. S. W. of Leipsic, remarkable as the scene of two great battles; the

332 LUX— L\M
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mJt ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nht ; 66, as in good ;
first in 1632, between the Swedes, under Gustavus Adolphus, and the
Iraperialists, under Wallenstein, in which the forraer were victorious,
though their king was slain; the other in 1813, between the array of
Napoleon and the allies, encouraged by the presence of the emperor
Alexander and the king of Prussia, in which the French gained a
dearly-bought victory.
Lux'-em-burg' (Fr. Luxembourg, liix^-iM*-booR'), a prov. or grand-
ducby forming the S. E. extremity of the Netherlands, partitioned by
the treaty of April, 1839, between Holland and Belgium ; the E. por
tion, with an area of about 1,000 sq. ra., and a pop. of 160,(X)0, being
assigned to the forraer, and the reraainder, with an area of 1,700 sq. m.,
and a pop. of 168,000, to the latter kingdom. The title of the grand-
duke of Luxemburg, with the right of suff'rage in the Germanic con
federation, is enjoyed by the king of Holland.
Luxemburg, a city of the Netherlands, the cap. of the grand-duchy
of this name, and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, situated
about 116 m. S. E. of Brussels. It is surrounded by strong walls and
deep ditches, with a double line of outworks, in the form ofa heptagon.
As a fortress,, Luxemburg belongs to the Germanic confederation, and
is occupied by their troops. Lat 49° 38' N., Lon. 6° 10' E. Pop.
about 11,000. (B.)
LuxEuiL, liix^-ui/, (Anc. Luxo'vium,) a t. of France, in the dep. of
Upper Saone, remarkable for ite warm mineral springs, which were
resorted to by the Romans. Lat. 47° 50' N., Lon. 6° 2-2' E. Pop.
3,628. (M.)
Luzern. See Lucerne.
Lu-zerne', a, CO. in the N. E. part of Pa., intersected by the E.
branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 44,006. Co. t Wilkes'-bar-re.
Luzon, loo-zone', or Luqon (Sp. pron. loo-thone'), the largest of the
Philippine Islands, situated between 12° '20' and 19° N. Lat, and 119°
30' and 124° 30' E. Lon. Its form is very irregular. The whole
length, following the bend of island, is about 580 m.; the greatest
breadth is about 150 ra. Area estiraated at 50,000 sq. m. The pop. is
stated at 2,264,807. (M.) According to Balbi, the partof Luzon which
is under the government of the Spaniards is divided into 16 provinces.
Manilla or Manila (rai-nee'-li), situated at the head of a considerable
bay in the S. W. part of the island, is the cap. of Luzon, as well as of
all the Spanish possessions in the Philippine Islands. This town is
regularly laid out and sorae portions of it are said to be exceedingly
well built, clean, and handsorae, with broad and well-paved streete.
Balbi estimates its pop. at near 140,000. That portion of Luzon which
is not subject to the Spaniards, is inhabited by independent savages.
(See Philippine Islands.)
Lycoming, li-kom'-ing, a co. in the N. part of Pa., intersected by the
W. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 22,649. Co. t. Williarasport
Lymb-Rbgis, lime re'-jis, a seaport t of England, in Dorsetehire,
somewhat frequented in summer as a watering-place, Lat 50° 43' N.,
Lon. 2° 55' W. Pon. 2,756.

LYM— LYS 333
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Lym^-pi-ord' or lum^-fe-ord', a remarkable arm of the sea, extend
ing from the Cattegat, in about 57° N. Lat, westward to the German
Ocean. Previously to 1825 it was separated from the ocean by a nar
row strip of land, a mile or so in breadth, over which the sea occasion
ally broke; but the communication is now permanent. Its whole
length is perhaps 100 ra. ; the breadth varies frora 1 ra. or less to about
15 ra. The Lymfiord is shallow and of difficult navigation. (P.C.)
Lym'-ino-ton, a seaport t of England, in Hampshire, about 80 ra.
W. S. W. of London. Lat. 50° 41' N., Lon. 1° 32' W. Pop. of the
parish, 3,813.
Lynch'-burg, a flourishincr t. of Va., the cap. of Campbell co., on
Jaraes r., about 90 ra., in a direct line, W. by S. of Richraond. Lat
37° 36' N., Lon. 79° 22' W. Pop. 6,395.
Lynn, a flourishing and pleasant t of Mass., in Essex co., on the sea-
coast about 9ra., in a straight line, N; B. of Boston, chiefly remarkable
for ite extensive manufacture of shoes. It stands on the Eastern Rail
road, which connects Boston wilh Portsmouth, in New Harapshire.
Lat. 42° 23' N, Lon. 70° 57' W. Pop. of the township, 9,369.
Lynn-Regis (re'-jis), a seaport t of^ England, in the oo. of Norfolk,
on the Ouse, near ite mouth. Lat. 5-2° 46' N., Lon. 0° 24' E. Pop.
of the borough, which includes an area of about 4 sq. ra., 16,039.
Lyonnais, le^-on^-ni', or Lyonais, a forraer prOv. of France, deriving
its name from ite cap., the city of Lyons; now divided into the deps. of
Rhone and Loire.
Lv'oNS (Fr. Lyon, le'iN'; Anc. Lugdu'num); the second city of
France, as regards population, wealth, and coraraerce, is situated on the
Rhone, at its junction with the Saone, 275 m. E. N. E. of Bordeaux,
and 245 m. S. S. E. of Paris. Much the greater part of the town is
buUt on the tongue of land between the Saone and the Rhone, which
is ahout 3in. in length, with an average breadth of about 3 furlongs;
Some extensive and iraportant quarters, however, are situated on the
W. or right bank of the Saone. South of the city is a new and hand
sorae suburb, on a tract of land gained by altering the bed ofthe Rhone,
caUed, frora the architect who planned it, the Presqu' Ue Perrache
(presk eel p§r^-rish'), or the " peninsula Perrache." Lyons is the seat
ofa Roman Catholic archbishopric, and a Protestant consistory ; it also
possesses a great number of instilutions for the advancement of litera
ture and science, among which we may narae the Academie Vniversi-
(flire,.the Royal College, the Royal Academy of Science, Belles-lettres,
and Arts, and the Public Library, containing 92,000 Vols., besides
neariy 1.000 raanuscripts. Lyons 'is the greatest manufacturing town
in France; indeed, as regards the manufacture of sUk, it is unequaUed
in Europe. The greater part ofthe silk produced in France is worked
in the looms of this city, besides a large quantity imported from Italy.
Lat. 45° 46' N., Lon. 4° 50' E. Pop. 147,223. (B.)— Adj. and inhab.
Lyonats, le'-o'-ni'; feminine, Lyonaise. le'-o-naze'.
Lys, leece, (Dutch pron. lice,) a small r. wbich rises in France, in
the dep. of Pas-de-Calais, and, flowing north-easterly into Belgium,
-ino the Scheldt at Ghent.

334 MAA— MCL
Fite, fir, fiU, fit ; mi*, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as ih good ;
Maasluys. mii'-slois, or Maaslandsluys, miis'-lint-slois^, a t of
Holland, on an arm of the Maas or Meuse, about 10 ra. W. by N. of
Rotterdara. Lat, 51° 55' N., Lon. 4° 10' E. Pop. near 5,000. (B.)
Maastricht. See Maestricht.
Macao, rai-ci'-O; or raa-kou', a seaport t. and Portuguese settlement
in China, on an i., of the same name, forraing a part of the Chinese
prov. of Quang-tong. ¦ This town is reraarkable as having been the
centre of European trade in the E., during the time that the, Portuguese
had the sway in those seas ; and may be regarded as the cradle of that
extensive commerce which is now concentrated at Canton. Lat 22°
13' N.. Lon. 113° 35' E. Pop. ahout 30,000. (B.)
Mac'-cles-field\ a manufacturing t of England, in Cheshire, 16 m.
S. by E. of Manchester. It is regarded as the centre of the silk ma
nufacture in England : to this branch of industry it is chiefly indebted
for its prosperity, which, however, has received some severe checks
within the last few years. Pop. 24,137.
McCrack'^en, a co. in the W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r.
Pop. 4,745. Co. t Paduca.
McDon'-oubb, a CO. in the W. part of 111., midway between the lUi
nois and Mississippi rivers. Pop, 5,308. Co. t Macomb.
McDow'-BLL, a CO. in the W. part of N. C, on the sources of the
Catawba. Macerata, mi-chi-ri'-ti, a city of Italy, in the Papal state, cap. ofa
prov. of the same name, 21 in. S, by W. of Ancona. It is a neat well-
built town, and has a university, with a library of 20,000 vols., a col
lege, and other literary institutions. Lat 43° 19' N., Lon. 13° 26' E.
Pop. 15,000. (P.C)
McHenry, a CO. near the N. E. extremity of 111., bordering on Wis
consin. Pop. 2,578. Co. t McHenry.
Machias, raatch-i'-as, a sraall t and port of entry of Maine, cap. of
Washington co., on a bay of the same name. Lat 44° 38' N., Lon. 67°
25' W.
Mack'-in-aw', formerly Michilimackinac, mish'-il-e-mack'-in-aw\
a strait which connects L. Huron with L. Michigan. In the narrowest
part it is from 2 m. to 4 m. wide.
Mackinaw or Michilimackinac, a co. of Mich,, N. of and border
ing on L. Michigan. Pop. 923.
Mackinaw, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., situated on the
S. E- extreraity of an island of the sarae name. Lat about 45° 55' N.,
Lon. 84° 40' W.
Mc'-In-tosh\ a CD. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Alta
maha and the sea. Pop. 5,360. Co. t Darien.
Macken'-zie's River, a large r. of N. America, which originates
in the Great Slave Lake, and, flowing north-westerly, empties iteelf
into the Aijctic Ocean, in about 69° N. Lat, and 135° W. Lon. Ita
length is estimated at 1,600 m.
McLean, ra(j,c-lane', a cp. in the N. E, central part of 111., a little E.
of the Illinois r. Pop. 6,565. Co. t Bloomington.

MCM— MAD 335
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
McMiNN, a CO. near the S. E. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 12,719. Co.
t Athens. McNai'-ry, a CO. in the S. W. partof Tenn., bordering on Miss.
Pop. 9,385. Co. t Purdy.
Macomb, ma-koom', a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., bordering on
L. St Clair. Pop. 9,716. Co. t Mt Clemens.
Macon, mi'-kAN', forraerly written Mascon, (Anc. Matis'co,) a t of
France, cap. of tbe dep. of Saone and Loire, on the Sapne. "This is a
very ancient place, and contains several interesting ruins ; among
others, the remains of the temple of Janus and of a triumphal arch.
There is a bridge over the Saone, which some suppose lo have been
built by Csesar. Lat 46° 18' N., Lon. 4° 50' B. Pop. 11,944. (B.)
Ma'-con, a CO. near the W. extremity of N. C, bordering on 'Tenn.
andGa. Pop. 4,869. Co. t Franklin.
Macon, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ga., intersected by Flint r.
Pop. 5,045.
Macon, a co. in the E. S. B. partof Ala., bordering on the Talla
poosa r. Pop. 11,-247. Co. t Tuskegee.
Macon, a co. near the centre of IU., intersected by the Sangamon r.
Pop. 3,039. Co. t Decatur.
Macon, a co. in the N. part of Mo. Pop. 6,034.
Macon, a city of Ga., cap. of Bibb Co., on the Ocraulgee, at the head
of stearaboat navigation, 30 ra. S. W. of Milledgeville. Pop. 3,927.
Macoupin, ma-koo'-pin, a co. in the W. part of IU., S. W. of Spring
field. Pop. 7,826. Co. t Cariinville.
Mac-quAr'-rje, the name of a river and small lake in the E. partof
the Australian continent.
Mad^-a-gas'-c.ar (called by the natives Mad-e-casse' or Mad-e-gasse'),
a large i. in the Indian Ocean, about 240 ra. from the E, coast of Africa,
extending frora about 12° to 25° 40' S. Lat, and from about 43° 10' lo
50° 30' E. Lon. It is 960 m. long, with a breadth varying frora 200 m.
to .360 m. The area is estimated at '2-25,000 sq. ra. Until the cora
raencement of the present century, this Island appears to have been
divided araong a great nuraber of independent tribes, buf, of latter
times, it may be regarded as consisting of the kingdom of Madagascar,
which occupies the larger portion, and several other parts under the
governraent of independent chiefs. The whole pop. is estimated at
between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000. Among the different nations into
which the inhabitants of Madagascar are divided, the Ovahs, who occupy
the interior of the island, are the most deserving of nolicS. They are
the most industrious, powerful, and civilized of all the Madecasses. In
height they are rather above the European standard, portly in their
person, of handsome features, and usually of a copper colour (though
sometimes nearly^ or quite black), with dark and lank hair. The
Madecasses evidently belong to the great Malay race. (B.) The pre
vailing religion is idolatry. The kingdom of Madagascar owes its
origin to the late prince Radama, the chief of the Ovahs; who, in
energy and enlightened policy, resembled Peter the Great This ex-

336 MAD— MAD
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit ; 66 as in good;
traordinary man, after conquering a great part of the island, com
menced the difficult but glorious enterprise of introducing into his
empire the civilization and arts of Europe. He received and protected
the rpissionaries, and promoted the establishment of schools, which, at
the time of his death, had increased to more than 100, and in which
nearly 5,000 chUdren were taught. Several young persons were sent
to Mauritius, and even to England, to receive instruction. Through
the intercession of the English, Radama also abolished the slave trade
in his dominions. He was on the point of seeing his vast projects
crowned with the most brilliant success, when his queen, a second Cly-
temnestra, caused him to be poisoned in July, 1828. She. wiih her
infamous accomplice, succeeded to the throne ; and it is not improbable
that this great kingdora will, ere long, be resolved into ita original ele
ments, if, indeed, this has not already taken place. Since the death of
Radama, Europeans havd had but little if any intercourse wilh Mada
gascar, so that nothing certain is known respecting the present condition
ofthe island. — Adj. and inhab. Mad'-e-casse' or M.AL-GASH'(Malegache).
Maddaloni, mid-di-lo'-ne, a t of Naples, in the prov. of Terra-di-
Lavoro, wilh a royal college, 14 ra. N. N. E. of Naples. Pop. 10,000.
Madeira, raad-ee'-ra, (Port pron. rai-di'e-ri,) an i. in the N. Atlan
tic, between 32° 36' and 32° 53' N. Lat, and 16° 40' and 17° 20' W.
Lon. Il is about 37 ra. in length, and 15 m. in ite greatest breadth.
Area computed at above 300 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 80,000. (P. C.)
This island is a mass of basaltic rock ; of wbich the highest part is
5,450 ft above the sea, and is covered wilh vegetation to ite suramit
The cliffs on all sides are very lofty ; one on the N. coast is above
1,000 ft. in height. The mountain scenery in the interior is bold and
highly romantic. Every part of the island not encumbered with rocks
is extreraely fertile. The cliraate of Madeira is perhaps raore equable
and raild than that of any other country, not within the tropics. The
therraometer seldom falls below 53° in the severest weather, while the
mean temperature ofthe suraraer is between 73° and 74° ; that of winter
is about 63°. The place is considered very healthy, and is much resorted
to by invalids, particularly those suffering frora pulmonary aflfections.
Funchal is the capital.
Madeira, a r. of S. America, the largest afHuent of the Amazon,
into which it falls in ahout 3° 20' S. Lat, and 58° 30' VV. Lon.
Mad'-is-on, a CO. in the central part of N. Y., bordering on the
Oneida L. ' Pop. 40,008. Co. t Morrisville.
Madison, a co. in the N. E. central part of Va., a little S. E. of the
Shenandoah r. Pop. 8,107. Co. t Rladison.
Madison, a co. in the N. B. part of Ga., bordering on Broad r., a
branch of the Savannah. Pop. 4,510. Co. t Danielsville.
Madison, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on Ga. and the
Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 2,644. Co. t Madison.
Madison, a co. in the N. part of Ala., bordering on Tenn. Pop.
25,706. Co. t HuntsvUle.

MAD^MAD 337
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Madison, a co. in the W. central part of Miss,, between the Bif,
Black and Pearl rivers. Pop. 15,530, Co. seat. Canton.
Madison, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ark,, bordering on Mo
Pop, 2,775. Co. t Sevierville.
Madison, a co, in the VV. part of Tenn., midway between the Mis-
elssippi and Tennessee rivers. Pop. 16,530. Co, t Jackson.
Madison, a co. in the E. central part of Ky., S. of, and bordering on
the Kentucky r. Pop. 16,355. Co. t Richmond.
Madison, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, W. of Columbus.
Pop. 9,025. Co. t London.
Madison, a co. in the B. central part of Ind., intersected by the
White r. Pop. 8,874. Co. t. Andersontown.
Madison, a co. in the south-westerly part of 111., bordering on tbe
Mississippi r. Pop. 14,433. Co. t Edwardsville.
Madison, a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., on the St Francis r., near
ite source. Pop. 3,395. Co. t Fredericktown.
Madison, a city of Ind., cap. of Jefferson co., on the Ohio, 85 m., in
a straight line, S. S. E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 3.798.
Mad-ras' or Fort St. Georcjb, tbe cap. of Southern India, situated
on the Coromandel Coast. The position of this town is very unfavoura
ble to maritime commerce, on account of the rapid current which runs
along the coast, and the dangerous surf which beats against the shore.
Fort St George was founded by tbe English in 1639 ; il was soon after
surrounded by a town, which has since become very populous. The
number of inhabitente, in 1822, amounted to 462,(100, of whora nearly
all are natives. The Observatory is in 13° 4' 9" N. Lat, and 80° 15'
56" E. Lon. Madras also gives ite name to the most southerly of the
three presidencies into which the British empire in India is divided,
comprehending the whole of Hindostan, S. of the r. Krishna, besides
some other districts.
Mad-rid' (Sp. pron. mio-RecD', almost miTH-aeeTH'), the cap. of
Spain, is situated nearly in the centre of the Spanish peninsula, in a
sterile plain surrounded by mountains, at an elevation of more than
2,000 ft. above the level of the sea. It is enclosed by a brick wall 20 ft.
high, with 15 gates, which are mostly built of coarse gray granite.
Owing to the sterility ofthe surrounding country, and the total absence
of good houses and pleasure-gardens in the neighbourhood, the exterior
view of the town is any thing but inviting. "The interior, however, is
not devoid of beauty. The houses are well constructed, and the prin
cipal streete are, with few exceptions, wide and handsome. Among
the remarkable edifices of Madrid, we may noticfr the new palace of
the king, which is perhaps the finest royal residence in Europe. It has
four fronts, 470 ft.. in length and 100 ft. high ; and ils interior is deco
rated in a style of costly magnificence. The Spanish capital contains
a great number of literary and scientific establishraents, but they are
said, not generally to have kept pace with the raarch of iraproveraent
in other pans of Europe. There are, however, several institutions
which enjoy a high reputation ; among which we may cite the Spanish
29

338 MAD— MAG
Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, m6t; pine or pine, pin; n4, nSt; 66 aaingood;
Academy (La Academia de la Lengua, i. e. "the Acaderay of the Lan
guage"), founded in 1724, in iraitation of the French Academy, and
intended to be, like that body, the suprerae tribunal in matters of litera
ture : the Museum of Natural History, in which public lectures are
given on various sciences, including raatheraatlcs, and which contains
a splendid collection of rainerals frora the Spanish dorainions in Ame
rica, besides specimens in the other departments of natural history.
There are two extensive libraries open to the public ; one founded "oy
Philip v., in 1712, which contains 150,000 vols., besides a very large
collection of manuscripts, and a museum of medals and antiquities. Lat.
40° 25' N., Lon. 3° 42' W. Pop. in 1825, estimated al 201,000. (B.)
— Adj. and inhab. Mad^-rj-le'-ni-an (Borrow) — Spanish, MADRiLEi«o,
mid-re-lane'-yo. Madura. See Java.
Maelaren. See Malaren.
Maelstrom. See Loffoden.
Mabse. See Meuse.
Maestricht or Maastricht, mis'-triKt (Anc. Trajec'tura ad Mo'-
sam,*) a strongly fortified t, of Holland, cap. of the Dutch part of the
prov. bf Limburg, on the Meuse or Maas, l4 ra. N. by E. of Liege. In
the vicinity is the mountain of St. Peter (Petersberg), remarkable for
its immense stone quarries, which extend over a tract of 1-2 leagues in
circumference, traversed, it is said, by 20,000 passages, which cross
each other in all directions, forming such an intricate labyrinth that it
is dangerous to enter it without an experienced guide. The inhabit
ants of the surrounding country, it is said, have found, in time of war,
a safe refuge in this quarry, both for themselves and their cattle. Some
parts of this mountain are supposed to have been worked -2,000 years
ago. Lat. of the town, 50° 51' N., Lon. 5° 41' E. Pop. 22,000.
(P. C.)
Mag-.a-dox'-a or Mag-.a-dox'-o (Port pron. mig-i-do'-sho : called by
the inhabitante Mik^-i-joo'), a I. on the E. coast of Africa, cap. of a king
dora of the sarae name, of which very little is known to Europeans.
Lat about 2° N., Lon. 4-5° 20' B.
Mag-d.a-le'-na (Sp. pron, mig-di-li'-ni), the principal r. of New
Granada, in S. America. It rises in the little lake Papas (pi'-p?-s),
among the Andes, in about 1° 60' N. Lat. and 76° 30' W. Lon., and, flow
ing northerly, empties itself into the Caribbean Sea, in about 11° 10'
N. Lat. and 74° 45' W. Lon. Its entire length is estimated at above
800 ra. It is navigable as far as Honda, raore lhan 500 m.
Mag'-db-burg^ (Ger. pron. miG'-deA-b66RQ^), a city of Germany, cap.
of the prov. of Prussian Saxony and of a gov. of ite own name, on the
Elbe, 74 m. S.W. of Berlin. This place is very strongly fortified, and
is one of the raost iraportant bulwarks of the Prussian monarchy. It
• Maestricht is supposed to be a corruption of Mosce Trajectum, i. e. the
" bridge or passage of the Meuse," there having been a bridge over the river, at
this place, in very early times.

MAG— MAI 339
ou, as in our ; tli, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
is also the centre of an active commerce, and possesses various and
extensive manufactures. Among the buildings we may mention the
Cathedral, remarkable for ils size ; it has two steeples, 350 ft. in height,
and one of the largest bells in Europe. The literary and scientific
institutions, as well as the charitable establishraents of this town, are
numerous and weU conducted. Lat 52° 8' N., Lon. 11° 39' E. Pop.
50,000. (P. C.)
Magellan, maj-el'-lan,* (Sp. pron. mi-nM-yin',) Strait of, at the
S. extreraity of S. America, between Patagonia and Terra del Fuego.
Its whole length, foUowing ite windings, is more than 300 m, It was
discovered in 1520, by the great Portuguese navigator, Magalhaens
(mig-il-yi'-ens), then in the service of Spain, and called, in honour of
hira, the Strait of Magalhaens. The Spaniards changed the narae to
Magellan, which, in their language, expresses a sound not very differ
ent frora that of tbe Portuguese Magalhaens.
Maggiore, Lago, li'-go raij-jo'-ri, or the " large lake," (Anc. La'cus
Verba'nus ; Ger. Langensee, ling'-en-si/, or " long lake,") next to
Garda the largest lake in Italy, lying partly between Piedmont and
Lombardy, and partly in tbe Swiss canton of Tessin or Ticino. It is
intersected by the 46th parallel of N. Lat. and the meridian of 8° 40'
E. Lon. ; having a length of above 40 ra., with a breadth varying from
1 to 6 m. Ite surface is 578 ft. above the level of the sea ; ils greatest
depth is stated by McCulloch to he not less than 300 fathoms !
Magindanao. See Mindan.ao.
Magnesia. See Manissa.
Mahanuddy, mih'-ha-nud'-de, a r. of Hindostan, which rises in about
21° 30' N. Lat and 81° E. Lon., and, flowing easterly, enters the Bay
of Bengal, by several mouths, in about 20° 10' N. Lat, after a course
of raore than 500 ra.
Mahon, mi-hone' or mi-one', or Port Mahon, a seaport t. near the
E. S. E. extremity of the island of Minorca, remarkable for possessing
one of the flnest and safest harbours in the world. Lat. 39° 51' N.,
Lon. 4° 18' E. Pop. unknown.!
Maid'-stone, a t of England, in Kent, 31 m. E. S. E. of London.
Pop. of the borough, including an area of near 7 sq. m., 18,086.
Main or Mayn, raine, a r. of Gerraany, which rises in the northern
part of Bavaria, and after a very circuitous course, falls into the Rhine,
nearly opposite to Mentz. The whole length is about 230 m. Though
* " From cold Estotiland and south as far
Beneath Magellan." — Milton's Paradise Lost, Book X.
"Gliding through Magelijin's straits.
Where two oceans ope their gates.
What a spectacle awaits !" Montgomery's Voyage round the World.
t McCulloch states the population of Port Mahon at about 19,000, but this is
evidently a mistake. "The P. C. gives 19,000 for the population of the district or
termine of Mahon ; that of the whole island is only about 35,000.
X

340 MAI— MAL
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, n6t ; 56 as in good ,
shaUow, it is of nearly uniform depth, and navigable throughout seven-
eighths of its course.
Maine, mane, one of the forraer provinces of France, now chiefly
distributed among the departments of Sarthe, Mayenne, and Orne.
Maine, one of the U. S., situated between 43° 4' and 47° 30' N. Lat,
and 66° 50' and 71° W. Lon. ; bounded on the E. by New Brunswick,
N. and W. by Canada and New Harapshire, and S. by the Atlantic;
and divided into 13 counties.* Extrerae length, according to the boun
dary established in 1842, about 320 ra.; greatest breadth, from E. to
W., about 200 ra. The area is estiraated at 32,000 sq. ra. ; according
to the forraer boundary il is supposed to have exceeded 35,000 sq. m.
Pop. 501,793, Augusta is the capital, Maine origihally formed a part
of the territory of Massachuselte : it was separated, and becarae an inde
pendent stale in 1820. ^
Maine and Loire (Fr. Maine-et-Loire, mane i IwiR), a dep. in the
W. part of France, on the rivers Mayenne and Loire. Pop. 477,270.
(B.) Capital, Angers.
Main'-l.and, the largest and most southerly of the Shetland Islands,
is about 52 ra. in length, and 20 in its greatest breadth. The form is
very irregular, and the island, for the most part craggy, mountainous,
and barren.
Maj-or'-ca (Sp. Mallorca, mil-yoR'-ci), the largest of the Balearic
Isles, situated in the Mediterranean, between 39° 15' and 40° N. Lat,
and 2° 23' and 3° 32' E. Lon. Il is about 60 m. long, measuring neariy
E. and W. ; ils greatest breadth, from N. to S., is 47 m. Majorca
belongs to Spain, from the nearest part of which it is distant nearly
110 m. This island is very fertile, though the general surface of the
country is hilly. Pop. about 140,000. (P. C.) The cliraate is described
as being exceedingly raild and delightful. Palma is the capital, and
the largest town on the island. Majorca and Minorca were anciently
named Gymnesise; while the epithet of Major, or "the larger," was
given the former, and that of Minor, or " the smaller," lo the latter
island. — Adj. and inhab. Mai-or'-c.an or Mallorquine, maf-lor-keen';
(Sp. Mallorquin, mil-yoR-keep'.)
Mal''-a-bar', a name usually applied to the whole W. coast of Hin
dostan, from Cape Comorin to Bombay ; but strictly speaking, it de
notes only that dist. or prov., with the adjoining coast, in which the Ma-
labaric language is spoken, which does not extend beyond 1-2° 30' N. Lat
— Adj. Mal -a-b.ar'-ic.
Ma-lac'-ca a t of S. Asia, the cap. of a sraall colony of the same
narae, belonging to Great Britain, is situated on the VV. coast of the
Malay peninsula. It was formerly a place of considerable importance,
but since the foundation of Singapore, in 1819, it has sunk into compa
rative insignificance. Lat 2°' 10' N., Lon. 102° 5' E. Pop. in 1822
12,000. (P. C.)
• Aroostook, Cumberland, Franklin, Hancock, Kennebec, Lincoln Oxford, Pe
nobscot, Piscataquis, Somerset, \Valdo, Washington, York,

MAL— MAL , 341
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Malacca, Strait of, is situated between the Malay peninsula and
the island of Sumatra. Ita breadth in some places is less thap 30 m.;
ite whole length is about 600 m.
Mal'-.a-g.a. or rail'-i-gi (Anc. Mal'aca), the principal seaport of the
Spanish prov. of Granada, situated on a bay in the Mediterranean, with
a fine harbour. From the earliest ages, under all the nations who have
possessed it this place has been renowned for its coramerce ; and at
present it is the only flourishing city in Andalusia. (P. C.) Lat. 36°
43' N., Lon. 4° 25' VV. Pop. stated at 52,000. (B.)
Malaisia, mal-a'-she-a, (Fr. Malaisie, rai^-li'-ze',) or the Mala-it
Archipelago, called also the Indian, and sometimes the Eastern Archi
pelago, the most western and raost imporiant of the three great divi
sions of Oceanica, is situated between 1'2° S. and 21° N. Lat, and 95°
and 133° B. Lon. It comprehends the Philippine ?ind Molucca groups,
the large islands of Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and a multitude of
smaller islands. The line which separates Malaisia from Polynesia,
runs VV. of Papua and E. of Gilolo, Mysol, and Coram. (See Ocean
ica.) Malaisia derives ils name from the circurastance that the inha
bitante, for the raost part belong to the great Malay race.-^Adj. Malai-
siAN, mal-a'-she-an.
MiLAREN, miZ-lar-en, a lake of Sweden, about 70 m. in length, which
communicates with the Baltic at Stockholm.
Malay Peninsula, called also the Peninsula opMalacca or Ma
laya (mal-a/-ya), a long and narrow territory in Chin India, forming
the most southern part of the continent of Asia, situated between 1°
15' and about 12° N. Lat, and 98° and 104° 20' E. Lon. It is about
800 m. long, with a breadth varying from 50 to above 180 m. . Area
estiraated at 80,000 sq. m. The soil appears to be, in general, not dis
tinguished for fertility ; but the raineral wealth of this region-is reraark
able. Gold is found in all the rivers, and is also obtained from mines
in quantities sufficient to justify the name of Chersonesus Aurea, or the
" golden peninsula," which the ancients gave to this country. Tin is
also found in abundance. The inhabitants of the peninsula are Siamese
and Malays; the former occupy that portion which is N. of the 5lh or
6lh degree of N. Lat, and the Malays the reraainder. — Adj. Mal-ay'-
AN and Mal-ay'; inhab. Malay.
The Malays, according to Blumenbach, constitute the fourth grand
division of the human race. In form they are short and robust The me-
diura height of the raen raay be 5 ft. 2 inches ; that of the woraen 4 ft.
11 inches. The face is round, the mouth wide, and the teeth, in general,
remarkably fine. These people have great mental activity, and eagerly
apply themselves to coraraerce and navigation. (P. C.) Sorae of thera
appear to have made considerable advancement in civilization, and lobe
weU acquainted with agriculture and the mechanic arts. They have
also made some progress in medicine and in music. The Malays are
spread not only over the islands ofthe Malay Archipelago, Madagasc?(r,
and the southern part of the Asiatic continent but appear also to be
found even in the remotest parts of Polynesia.
29*

342 MAL— MAN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good ;
Mal'-dives orMAL'-DivE Islands (called by the natives Malre-dee'-
va, from Male, the principal island, and deeva, a word signifying
" island"), a chain of sraall islands in the Indian Ocean, extending from
about 1° S. to 7° N. Lat, and situated between 72° 30' and 74° E.
Lon. T}ie whole number is near 700. Total pop. stated al 19,000.
Mal'-l6w, a t of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, 18 m. N. by W. of Cork.
Pop. in 1831, 7,099. (M.)
Malmo, mil'-rao, a fortified seaport t of Sweden, in the prov. of
Skine, the cap. of the dist. of Malraohas (mal'-mo-hooce), situated on
the sound nearly opposite to Copenhagen. Lat .55° 37' N., Lon. 13°
I'E. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Malo, SAiNT,.BiN mi'-lo', a fortified and walled t. of France, in the
Ille and Vilaine, situated on the Channel (La Manche), wilh a harbour
large and safCj but diflicult of access, on account of the narrowness of its
entrance, and of the rocks and shoals which obstruct it. The tide here
is said to be higher than in any other part of the European coast St.
Malo has an active commerce and considerable raanufactures. Lat
48° 39' N., Lon. 2° 1' W. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
MAl-ta (Anc. Mel'ita), an i. in the Mediterranean, belonging to the
English, about 55 m. S. from the nearest part of Sicily, and intersected
by the parallel of 35° 50' N. Lat, and the meridian of 14° 30' E. Lon.
It is about 17 ra. in length, and 9 in ite greatest breadth. Pop. in
1837, 104,521. (P. C.) Valetta is the capital.— Adj. and inhab. Mii/-
TEgE'. MAl^was, a prov. of Hindostan, on the r. Nerhuddab, situated prin
cipally between 22° and 26° N. Lat, and 74° and 80° E. Lon.
Man, Isle of (Anc. Mo'na, Mona'pia, and Monae'da), a. small i. be
longing to Great Britain, in the Irish Sea, about 28 m. from the nearest
part of Cumberland. Length, 35 m.; greatest breadth about 13 m.
Pop. 47,975.— Adj. Manx.
Man-aar', Gulf of, is situated between the Island of Ceylon and
the S. extremity of Hindostan.
Mancha, La, li min'-chi, a prov. of Spain, in the S. part of New
Castile, bordering on Andalusia. — Adj. and inhab. Man-che'-g.an ; (Sp.
Manchego, min-chi/-go.)
Manche, miNsh, a dep. in the N. W. part of Prance, bordering on
the English Channel (called by the French La Manche). Pop. 594,382.
(B.) Capital, St Lo.
Man'-ches-tbr, the great centre ofthe cotton manufacture of Great
Britain, and the principal raanufacturing town in the world, is situated
in Lancashire, on the Irwell, a branch of the Mersey, 31 ra. E. of
Liverpool, and 163 N. N. W. of London. A raultitude of mean-looking
houses, in which the manufacturers lodge, a number of irregular, nar
row, and ill-paved streets, and the continual sraoke whioh rises from so
many steam-engines, render the general aspect of this place rather
repulsive. The newer parts of the town, however, are, for the most
part, of a very different character. The streets are handsome, and
several of the public edifices might be accounted ornaments to any

MAN— MAN 343
ou, as in our; th,as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
capital in the world. Manchester contains two colleges, besides nu
merous other literary institutions. In point of population, it is the
third town in the kingdora. Its growth has been greatly proraoted hy
the different canals which terminate here, and by the railways, through
which it comraunicates with all the principal places in England. In
1773, the pop. of this town was estimated to be less than 23,000 ; in
1801, il was 76,788 ; in 1831, it amounted to 187,022 ; and in 1841, to
24-2,983. The borough includes an area of above 9 sq. ra. Lat. 53°
29' N., Lon. 2° 15' W.
Manchooria. See Mantchooria.
Man'-d.a-vbb\ a seaport t of Hindostan, the raost populous and cora
raercial t. of Cutch, on the S. coast Lat. 22° 50' N., Lon. 69° 27' B.
Pop. in 1818 estiraated at 35,000. (B.)
Man-fre-do'-nj-.a. or rain-fri-do'-ne-i, an archiepiscopal t of Naples,
on a gulf of the Adriatic ofthe sarae narae. Lat 41° 38' N., Lon. 15°
56"E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.)
Mangalore, mang^-ga-lore', a seaport t. of Hindostan, in the prov.
ofCanara. Lat. 12° .52' N., Lon. 74° 54' B. Pop. estimated at above
30,000. (B.)
Manheim or Mannheim, minn'-hirae, a handsorae t of Germany, the
largest in the grand-ducby of Baden, and the cap. of the circle of the
Lower Rhine, is situated on the Rhine, where it is joined by the Nec
kar, 32 m. N, of Carisruhe. It is regularly and handsomely buiU, with
broad streets. The palace ofthe grand-duke is one ofthe finest buUd
ings ofthe kind in Germany. The right wing of this edifice contains
a gallery of pictures, a cabinet of natural history, a collection of anti
quities and of plaster casts of the finest ancient statues, and a library
of 60,000 vols. Manheim has also a gymnasium, an academy of paint
ings and sculpture, and various other institutions. This place is a
free port and has an extensive trade. The observatory is in 49° 29'
14 " N. Lat, and 8° 27' 51" E, Lon. Pop. above 22,000. (B.)
Manilla. See Luzon.
Man-is'-s.a (Anc. Magne'sia), a commercial t of Asia Minor, 25 m.
N. E. of Smyrna. Pop. estiraated at 40,000. (B.)
Manitouwoc, man^-e-too-wok', a co. in the B. part of Wisconsin, bor
dering on L. Michigan. Pop. 235.
Manresa, rain-ri'-si, (Anc. Minorisa,) a manufacturing t of Spain,
in Catalonia, 34 ra. N. W. of Barcelona. Pop. 13,000. (M.)
Mans, Lb, le^ miN, (Anc. Suindinum, afterwards Cenoni^ni,) the cap
of tbe French dep. of Sarthe, and formerly of tbe prov. of Maine, is
situated on the r. Sarthe, 115 m. W. S. W. of Paris. It contains a
public library of 45,000 vols., and several other institutions. Lat 48°
N., Lon. 0° 12' E. Pop. 20,000. (B.)
Mant-choo'-rj-a or Mandshooria, a country in the N. E. part of
Asia, belonging to China, between 41° and 56° N. Lat, and 117° and
140° E. Lon., and bordering on the Sea of Japan. It is chiefly remark
able as the original seat of the present ruling dynasty of China. The-
'jihabitante are Tartars.^Adj. and inhab. Mant'-choo.

344 MAN— MAR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit ; 66, as in good ;
Man'-tu-a (It Mantova, min'-lo-vi), an ancient and celebrated t in
tlje N. of Italy, the cap. of a delegation of the same name, on the
Mincio, 21 m. S. S. W. of Verona. It is nearly surrounded by lakes,
partly natural and partly formed by the damming up of the river. It
is regularly fortified, and is perhaps the strongest bulwark of Austrian
Italy. Among the remarkable buildings of Mantua, we may notice the
Cathedral, one of the finest in Italy, adorned wilh many excellent
paintings; and the Public Library and Museum, containing 80,000
printed vols., besides raany manuscripts, and a sculpture gallery, which
ranks next after those of Rome, Florence, and Naples. That which
perhaps has contributed raore than anything else to the fame of Man
tua, is the circurastance that VirgU was born in the vicinity of this
town, whence he has been called the ¦¦ Mantuan bard." Lat 45° 9' N.,
Lon. 10° 48' E. Pop. 28,000. (B.)
Manzanares, min-lhin-i'-res, a t of Soain. in the prov. of La Man
cha, about 100 m. S. of Madrid. Lat 39° N., Lon. 3° 23' W. Pop.
9,100. (M.)
Maracaybo or Maracaibo, mir-i-ki'-bo, a fortified city of Venezuela,
cap. of the dep. of Zulia, on the W. shore of the strait connecting L.
Maracaybo wilh the sea. Lat. 10° 39' N., Lon. 71° 40' W. Pop.
about 20,000. (B.)
Maracaybo, Lake of, is situated in the N. part of Venezuela, extend
ing frora about 9° to 1 0° 40' N. Lat, and frora about 70= 50' to 72° 10' W.
Lon. Length above 110 m. ; greatest breadth about 80 ra. In ite form
it resembles a decanter. The strait by which it is connected with the
Gulf of Maracaybo is scarcely 5 m. wide.
Mar'-a-nham' or Maranhao, mar^-an-yi'-o, (Port. pron. of both words,
mir-in-yi'-6N,) or San Luis, a seaport t of Brazil, the cap. of a prov.
ofthe sarae narae, is situated on the W. coast of the Lsland of Maran-
hara, with a good harbour. Lat 2° 32' S., Lon. 44° 16' W. Pop. esti
mated at 28,000. (B.)
The Island op Maranham or Maranhao, situated at the moutb ofa
r. of the same name, is about 30 m. in length, and 18 in breadth.
Maravee (Maravi), mi-ri'-ve, a large lake in the interior of Africa
intersected by the 10th paraUel of S. Lat, and the 34tb meridian of E.
Lon. Il is supposed to be above 200 ra. long, but little is known with
certainty respecting it.
Maranon. See Amazon.
Marbella, maR-bel'-yi, (Anc. Salduba,) a seaport t of Spain, in
Andalusia. Lat 36° 31' N., Lon. 4° 53' W. Pop. 4,300. (B.)
Mar'-ble-head, a port of entry of Mass., in Essex co., on a penin
sula projecting into Massachusetts Bay. Lat 42° 30' N., Lon. 70° 51
W. Pop. of the township, 5,575.
Mar'-buro (Ger. pron. maR'-booRo), a t of Hesse-Cassel, Germany,
the cap. of the prov. of Upper Hesse, with a university, founded in
1527, containing a library of 100,000 vols, and attended by ahout 450
students. Lat, 50° 48' N,, Lon. 8° 40' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)

MAR— MAR 345
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Marburg, a t. of the Austrian empire, in Styria, on the Drave. Lat.
46° 35' N., Lon. 15° 43' E. Pop. 4,.578. (M.)
Marche, La, li-maRsh, one of the provinces into which France was
divided before the revolution, now chiefly included in the deps. of
Creuse and Upper Vienne.
Mar-deb.n' (Mardin), a fortified t of Asiatic Turkey, in Mesopota
mia, built on a mountain of limestone. Lat. 37° 20' N., Lon. 40° 35'
E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.)
Mar-en'-go, a vUlage of N. Italy, in the Sardinian states, 34 m. E.
S. E. of Alessandria, memorable for a great victory won by Napoleon
over the Austrians, in 1800.
Marengo, a co. in the W. part of Ala., bordering on the Tombig
bee. Pop. 17,264. Co. t Linden.
Margarita, mar-ga-ree'-ta, an i. off the N. coast of S. Araerica, be
longing to Venezuela. Lat about 11° N. Lon; 64° VV. Length about
45 in. ; greatest breadth above 20 m.
Margate, mar'-get a seaport, watering-place, and one of the pret
tiest towns of England, in Kent, on the Isle of Thanet 65 m. E. by S.
of London. Ils fine baths are said to be frequented by 30,000 or 40,000
persons annually. Pop. of the parish, with an area of near 6 sq. m.,
11,050. Ma'-uj-en-berg^ (Ger. pron. rai-ree'-en-b5RG\ a t in the kingdom of
Saxony, 2,000 ft above the level of the sea, with mines of silver, iron,
tin, and cobalt, and about 4,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Lat 50° 40' N.,
Lon. 13° 5' E.
M.a'-ri-en-burg' (Ger. pron-. rai-ree'-en-booRG'), a t. of W. Prussia,
the cap. of a circle of the same name, is situated on the Nogalh (no'-
giit), an arm of the Vistula, 27 m. S. S. E. of Dantzic. It is chiefly
celebrated as having been the seat ofthe grand-master ofthe Teutonic
Order fi-om 1309 to 1466. The remains ofthe palace ofthe Order are
represented as extremely grand. Lat. 54° 1' N., Lon. 19° 2'E. Pop.
5,600. (B.)
Ma'-ri-en-wer'-der (Ger. pron. mi-ree'-en-wgR'-dor), av/ell-built t
of Prussia, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, 2 or 3 m. from the
right bank of Vistula, and 44 m. S. by E. of Dantzic. Pop. 5,520. (M.)
Marienzell, mi-ree'-en-tsell', or Mariazell, rai-ree'-i-teell', i. e.
the " cell or shrine of [Saint] Mary," a small t of Styria, with a
church and famous statue of the Virgin. It has been called the Loretto
of Austria, being the most celebrated place of pUgrimage in the empire.
It is said to be annually visited by about 100,000 persons. -Distant 56 m.
S. W. from Vienna.
Marigliano, mi-reel-yi'-no, a t of Naples, 12 m. N. E. of the capi
tal. Pop. estimated at 5,000. (M.)
Marino, San. See San-Marino.
Ma'-rh-on, a dist in the B. of S. C, intersected by the Great Pedee,
and bordering on N. C. Pop. 13,932. Seat of justice, Marion c. h.
Marion, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ga., between the Flint and
Chattahoochee rivers. Pop. 4,812. Co. t Tazewell.

346 MAR— MAR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt; pine or pine, pin ; nJ, not ; 66, as in good ;
Marion, a co. in the N. W. part of Ala., bordering on Miss. Pop.
5,847. Co. t Pikeville.
Marion, a co. in the S. part of Miss., intersected by Pearl r., and
bordering on La. Pop. 3,630. Co. seat, Coliirabia.
Marion, a co. in the N. part of Ark., intersected by the White r.,
and bordering on Mo. Pop. 1,325. Co. t YellvUle.
Marion, a co. in the S. S.E. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. and
Ga. Pop. 6,070. Co. t Jasper.
Marion, a co. nearly in the centre of Ky. Pop. 11,032. Co. t Le
banon. Marion, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ohio, on the Scioto. Pop.
14,765. Co. t. Marion.
Marion, a co. in the centre of Ind., intersected by tbe White r. Pop.
16,080. Co. t. Indianapolis.^
Marion, a co. in the S. central part of UL, a little E. ofthe Kaskas
kia r. Pop. 4,742. Co. t Salera.
Marion, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi.
Pop. 9,623. Co. t Palmyra.
Maritza, mi-rit'-si, or Mar-is'-s.a (Anc. He'brus), a r. of European
Turkey, which has ils source in the Balkan Mountains, and flowing
first easterly, and then southerly, empties itself into a small bay of the
Archipelago, called the Gulf of Enos. Ite whole course is above 300 m.
Marl'-bo-roush, a dist forming the N. E. extreraity of S. C. Pop.
8,408. Seat of justice, Marlborough c. b.
Mar'-mo-ra* or Mak'-m.a-ra, Sea of (Anc. Propon'tis), is situated
between Europe and Asia, comraunicating with the Grecian Archipe
lago by the strait of the Dardanelles, and wilh the Black Sea by the
Bosphorus. Its extrerae length is above 160 ra. ; ite greatest breadth
near 50 m. This sea receives its appellation from Marmora (Anc.
Proconne'sus), a small island towards its western extremity, which has
long been celebrated for its marble quarries, whence it is supposed to
derive its narae ; marmor (in the plural marmora) being the Latin word
for " raarble."
Marne, a r. in the N. of France, which flows into the Seine, 2 m.
or 3 ra. above Paris.
Marne, a dep. in the N. of France, intersected by the r. Mam&
Pop. 345,245. (B.) Capital, Chilons-sur-Marne.
Marne, Upper, (Fr. Haute Marne, ole raaan,) a dep. in the N. E.
part of France, intersected by the r. Marne, and bordering on the pr&.
ceding dep. Pop. 255,969. (B.) Capital, Chauraont
Marosch, mi'-rosh, (Hung. Maros, m6r-osh,),a r. ofthe Austrian
empire, which rises in the E. part of Transylvania, and flowing west
erly, falls into the Theiss, opposite to Szegedin, in Hungary. Its length
is above 300 m.
* "And you and I may chance ere morning rise
To find our way to Marmora without boats." — Byron.

MAR— MAR 34T
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
Maros-v.a's.a'rhely, mor'-osh'-vii-shiiR'-hel', or Szekely (si-kei)
Vasarhely, (Ger. Neuraarkt, noi'-maRkl, i. e. " new market,") a royal
free t of Transylvania, on the r. Marosch, 53 ra. N. N. E. of Her-
raansladt It contains a Protestant college, a Roman Catholic gymna
sium, and a noble library of 80,000 vols., which is open to the public.
Lat 46° 31' N., Lon. 24° 31' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Marquesas, mar-kV-sis, sometimes called the MendaAa (men-din'-
yi) Archipelago, frora the name of the discoverer, a group of small
islands in the Pacific, between 7° 50' and 10° 30' S. Lat, and 138° and
141° W. Lon. Nukahiva (noo-ki-hee'-vi), the largest, is about 20 ra.
long, and 12 m. broad.
Marquette, mar-kett', a co. in the central part of Wisconsin, a little
E. of the Wisconsin r. Pop. 18. Co. t Marquette.
Marsala, maa-si'-li, a seaport t at the W. extremity of Sicily, near
tbe site of the ancient LUyboe'ura or Lilybaeum, celebrated for ils
wines, which form an important article of exportation. It has a royal
college, and about 21,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat 37° 48' N., Lon. 12°
27- E.
Marseilles, mar-sailz', (Fr. Marseille, raan^-saii' or maR^-si'e ;* Lat
Massil'ia ; Gr. MaaaaXia,) a large coraraercial city and seaport of
France, the cap of the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone, situated on
the E. side of a sraall bay of the Gulf of Lyons. Its harbour is a fine
basin, about 1,000 yards in length, and extending into the very centre
of the city. Its depth varies from 12 to 24 ft, so that il is exceedingly
well adapted for moderate-sized merchantmen, but not for ships of the
largest dimensions. The trade of Marseilles is very extensive and
rapidly increasing ; and the revenue derived from customs is greatei
than that of any other town in Prance, not even excepting Le Havre.
This city contains, among other instilutions, a royal acaderay, a royal
school of navigation, an acaderay of sciences, belles-lettres and arts, and
a public library of 60,000 vols. Massilia was founded about 600 years
before Christ, by a colony of Greeks, from Phocaea. It was evidently
a place of great importance, in the tirae of Julius Cassar. In tbe raid-
die ages, we find it holding a distinguished place both as a coraraercial
and wariike power. The Marseillais appear to have been actively
engaged in the crusades; and in the third crusade, several armaraents
Bailed frora their port For a short tirae in the early part of the 13lh
century, Marseilles constituted an independent republic. The Observa
tory is in Lat 43° 17' 50" N., Lon. 5° 22' 15" B. The pop. of the whole
comraune, in 1836, was 146,239 (B.), but at present it is said to exceed
170,000. — Adj. and inhab. Marseillais or Marseillois, mar'-sale'-yi'
or raar''-si^-yi/ ; ferainine, Marseillaise, mar'-Sale^-yaze' ; and Mas-
sil'-h-an, when the ancient town is referred to.
Mar'-shall, a CO. near tbe N. W. extreraity of Va., bordering on
the Ohio r.' Pop. 6,937. Co. t. Elizabethtown.

' See Int. XIX., 18.

348 MAR— MAR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, n\it ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good ;
Marshall, a co. in the N. E. part of Ala., intersected by the Ten
nessee r. Pop. 7,553.
Marshall, a co. in the N. part of Miss., bordering on Tennessee.
Pop. 17,526, Co. seat. Holly Springs.
Marshall, a co. in the S. VV. central part of Tenn., on the head
waters of the Duck r. Pop. 14,555.
Marshall, a co. near the W. extremity of Ky., on tbe Tennessee r.
Marshall, a co, in the N, part of Ind., midway between the Wa
bash and Erie Canal and the S. border of Mich.. Pop. 1,651. Co. t
Plymouth. Marshall, a co. in the N. central part of III., intersected by Illi
nois r. Pop. 1,849. Co. t Lacon.
Mar^-ta-ban', a t ofthe Birman empire, formerly the cap. ofa prov
ofthe same name, on the r. Salwin (Than-lyeng), near ite mouth. Lat
16° '28' N., Lon., 97° 40' E. Pop. uncertain.
Marta Santa. See Santa Marta.
Martigues, Lbs, li maa'-teeg', a well-built t. in the S. of France, in
the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone. Lat 43° 23' N., Lon. .5° 2 E.
Pop. in 1831, 5,335. (P. C.)
Mar'-tin, a CO. in the E. part of N. C, bordering on the Roanoke,
Pop. 7,637. Co. t Williamston.
Martin, a co. in the S. part of Ind.. intersected by the E. fork ofthe
While r. Pop. 3,875. Co. t Mt. Pleasant
Martinique, mar'-lin-eek', (Sp. Martinico, maa-te-nee'-ko,) one of
the West India Islands, belonging to the French, intersected by the
parallel of 14° 40' N. Lat. and 61sl meridian of VV. Lon. Length
about 45 ra. ; raean breadth about 12 m. Pop. in 1836, 117,502. (M.)
Fort Royal, in the S. W. part of the island, is the capital. Pop. 7,000.
(B.) The celebrated empress of France, Josephine, was a native of
Martinique. Martins, St., a parish in the S. part of La., W. of, and bordering
on the Atchafalaya r. Pop. 8,674. Seat of justice, St MartinsviUe.
Marwar. See Joodpoor.
Ma'-RY-land, one of the thirteen original U. S., extending frora
about 38° to" 39° 42' N. Lat, and from about 75° to 79° 25' W. Lon. ;
bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Delaware and the Atlantic,
and S. and W. by Virginia ; and divided into 19 counties.* The length,
from E. to VV., according to Tanner's Map, is only about 208 m. ; but
some others make it near 230 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S.,
120 ra. Area estimated from about 9,500 to near 14,000 sq. m. Pop.
469,232; consisting of 317,717 whites, 62,020 free coloured persons,
and 89,495 slaves. Annapolis is the capital — Inhab. Ma'-ry-l.and-br.
Ma'-ry-p6rt, a seaport t. of England, in the co. of Cumberland, on
Solway Frith, 25 m. S. W. of Carlisle. Pop. 5,311.
* Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Calvert, Caroline, Cecil, Charles, Dor
chester, Frederick, Harford, Kent, Mary's, St., Montgomery, Piince George's,
Queen Anne's, Somerset, Talbot, Washington, Worcester.

MAR— MAT 349
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this . n, neariy like ng.
Mary's, St.. a co. of Maryland, occupying the angle between the
Potomac and the Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 13,2'24. Co. t Leon'-ard-
town. Mary's, St., a parish in the S. part of La., at the raouth of the At
chafalaya r. Pop. 8,950. Seat of justice, Franklin.
Mary's, St., a port of entry of Ga., in Camden co., on a r. of ite
5wn name.
Ma'-son, a CO. in the N. W. part of Va., intersected by the Kanawha,
and bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 6,777. Co. t Point Pleasant.
Mason, a co. in the N. B. part of Ky., borderinor on the Ohio r. Pop.
15,719. Co. t Washington. -' = v
Mason (Notipescago), a co. in the W. part of Mich., bordering on
L. Michigan.
Mason, a co. in the W. central part of IU., on the Illinois r., at the
mouth of the Sangamon.
Mas'-s.a-chu'-setts, one of the thirteen original U. S., extending
from 41° 30' to 42° 53' N. Lat, and from about 70° to 73° 30' W. Lon.;
bounded on the N. by New Hampshire and Vermont E. by the Atlantic,
S. hy the Atlantic, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and VV. by New
York; and divided into 14 counties.* Length, from the S. W. extre
mity to the most easterly part of the peninsula of Cape Cod, above
180 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 93 m. Area, 7,800
sq. ra. Pop. 737,699. Boston is the seat of governraent.
Masulipatam, mas-soo'-le-pa-tam', a fortified seaport t of Hindostan,
,in the prov. of the Northern Circars, at the mouth of one of the arms
ofthe Krishna, and the cap. ofa dist ofthe sarae narae ; ils harbour is
the best on the Coromandel Coast This town has long been famous
for the manufacture of chintzes. Lat 16° 11' N-, Lon. 81° 13' B. Pop.
supposed lo he ahout 75,000. (B.)
Mat-an'-zas or mi-tin'-this, a seaport t. of Cuba, second only to Ha
vana in coraraercial importance. Lat 23° 2' N., Lon. 81° 38' W. Pop.
estimated at 20,000. (M.)
Mat-.a-pan', Cape (Anc. Tiena'rium Promonto'riuin), the most south
ern point of Greece. Lat 36° 23' 20" N., Lon. 22° 30' E.
Mataro, ma-ti-ro', a seaport and manufacturing t. of Spain, in Cata
lonia. Lat. 41° 32' N., Lon. 2° 27' E. Pop. estiraated at 13,000. (B.)
Mat-ar-be'-yeb, often written M.ataria Or Mataryeh, (Anc. Heli
op'olis, i. e. the " city ofthe sun,") a village of Lower Egypt remarka
ble for the remains of edifices belonging to the ancieivt On or Hon,
called afterwards Heliopolis, by the Greeks, on account of its magnifi
cent temple, dedicated to tbe sun. Lat 30° 48' N., Lon., 31° 58' E.
Matthews, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on Chesapeake
Bay. Pop. 7,442. Seat of justice, Matthews c. h.
Mathura, mit'-oo-ri, sometimes written, and usually pronounced
Mut'-tr.a, an ancient t. of Hindostan, supposed lo have been the birth-
* Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire,
Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, Plymouth, Sufiblk, Worcester.
30

350 MAT— MAY
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t ; 66 as in good;
place of the deity Krishna, on which account it is highly venerated by
the Hindoos. Lat. 27° 31' N., Lon. 77° 33' E.
Matura, mi-too'-ri, a sraall fortified t, at the S. extreraity of Ceyr
lon, remarkable for a celebrated teraple of Boodha, in ite vicinity. Lat
5° 58' N., Lon. 80° 39' E.
Mauch Chunk, a town or village of Pa., in Carbon co., on the r.
Lehigh, about 70 m. in a straight line N. N. W. of Philadelphia. A
railroad, about 8 m. in length, down an inclined plane, connecte the
coal-mines of Mauch Chunk with the town. The cars, whpn laden
with coal, run the whole distance by tbeir own weight, and require no
other attention than to have their velocity occasionally moderated hy
means of a brake. . They are drawn up by mules, which are rewarded
for their severe labours by being allowed to ride down, in vehicles
made for their especial accommodation. It is a curious fact, that after
having become accustomed to the indulgence of riding, no severity or
persuasion will induce them to walk down the inclined plane.
Maui, mou'-e,. soraetiraes written Mowee, one of the largest ofthe
Sandwich Islands, ahout 2.5 ra. distent frora the N. extreraity of Hawaii,
and intersected by the 21st parallel of N. Lat and the meridian of
156° 30' W. Lon. Length, about 50 ra. ; greatest breadth, 30 m. Pop.
18,000. Lahaina (li-hi'-ni) is the principal town.
Mau-mee', a r. which commences in Indiana, and, flowing through
tbe N. W. part of Ohio, empties itself inlo Maumee Bay, at the VV.
end of L. Erie.
Maumee, a port of entry of Ohio, in Lucas co., on the above r., at
the head of boat navigation.
Maura, S.anta. See Santa Maura.
Maurepas, rao'-re-pi\ a sraall L. in the eastern part of La., VV^ of,
and comraunicating with L. Pontchartrain.
Mauritius, raau-rish'-e-us, or Isle of France, an i. of the Indian
Ocean, intersected by the" 20th parallel of S. Lat and the meridian of
57° 30' B. Lon. Length, near 40 m.; greatest breadth, about 25ffl.
The area is estimated al 700 ra. ; the pop. at 100,000 (P.C); about three-
fourths of whora were originally negro slaves, now free. Port Louis
or Port North West, on the N. W. side of the island, is the capital.
Lat 20° 10° S., Lon. 57° 29' E. Pop. 26,000. (P. C.)
Mauritius, wilh tbe neighbouring island of Bourbon, was discovered
by the Portuguese in 1505, and the whole group was called the Mas-
carenhas (mis-ki-ren'-yis') Islands, from the narae of the discoverer.
The Dutch afterwards took possession of Mauritius, which they named
in honour of Maurice (in Latin Mauritius), the stadtholder of the Ne
therlands. In 1715, it fell inlo the hands of the French, who- caUed
it the Isle de France, but in 1810, il was taken from thera by the Bri
tish, in whose possession it has since remained.
Mau'-hy, a CO. in the S. W. central part of Tenn., intersected hy
Duck r. Pop. 28,186. Co. t Columbia.
Maybnne, mi'-yenn', a dep. in the W. N. W. part of France, inter-

MAY— MEG 351
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
sected by a r, of the sarae narae, which flows into the Loire. Pod.
361,765. (B.) Capital, Laval. '
Mayenne, a manufacturing t of France, in the above dep., on the
r. Mayenne, 18 m. N. N. E. of Laval. Pop. 8,790. (M.)
Mayn. See Main.
May'-o, a CO. in the W, part of Ireland, prov. of Connaught, border
ing on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 367,956. (P. C.)
MAYg'-viLLE, a t of Ky., in Mason co., on the Ohio, ahout 60 m.
N. E. of Lexington. Pop. 2,741.
Mazatsderan, rai-zin'-der-in', usually pronounced, by the Persians,
Mi-zin'-der-oon', a prov. in the N. of Persia, S. of, and bordering on
the Caspian Sea.
Mazzara, mit-si'-ri, (Anc. Mazarum,) a fortified seaport t of Sicily.
on the S. W. coast near the W. extreraity ofthe island. Lat. 37° 40'
N., Lon. 12° 34' E. Pop. estiraated at 8,000. (B.)
Mb.ade, a CO. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop.
5,780. Co. t Brandenburg.
Mbad'-ville, the cap. of Crawford Co., Pa., on French creek, a
branch of the AUeghany r., ahout 32 ra., in a straight line, S. of Erie.
It is the seat of AUeghany College, founded in 1815.
Meath, raeeTH, a co. in the E. part of Ireland, prov. of Leinster,
bordering on the sea. Pop. 176,826. (P. C.)
Meaux, ra6, (Anc. Jatinum, afterwards Meldi,) a t. of France, in
the dep. of ^eine and Marne, on the r. Marne, 25 ra. E. N. E. of Paris.
It contains a rauseUm, a public library of 11,000 vols., and other insti
tutions. Lat. 48° 58' N., Lon. '2° 53' E. Pop. in 1831, 8,481. (P. C.)
Mec'-ca, a celebrated city of Arabia, in the prov. of Hedjaz, reraark
able as being tbe birth-place of Mahoraet, and the great centre or capi
tal of the Moslem religion. It is situated in a sterile valley, in the
midst of mountains, about two days' journey E. of its port Jidda, on
the Red Sea. The most remarkable edifice is the teraple ofthe Kaaba
(kii'-bi) ; a massive structure, forraing an oblong square, 18 paces
long, 14 broad, and nearly 40 ft. high, covered by an iraraense curtain
of black silk, on which is inscribed, in letters of gold, the sentence
which irabodies the essential part of the Mahoraetan's creed : " There
is no god but God ; Mahomet is the prophet of God." The sacred
fountain of Zem-zem— said to be that found by Hagar, when her son
Ishmael was dying of thirst — is enclosed in a substantial square build
ing, with marble basins for ablution, and a room appropriated for pil
grims, who come in crowds to taste, and to be purified h|r, its waters.
Mecca appears to have lost the reputation which il once possessed as a
seat of Mahometan learning. Lat. ahout 21° 30' N., Lon. 40° 15' E.
Pop. uncertain, said to be above 80,000 during the period of pilgrimage
(B.) ; at other times, it raay be between 20,000 and 30,000 — Adj. and
inhab. Meccawee, raek'-ki-wee', sometimes written Mecoaway.
Mechlin, mek'-lin, or Mechblen, mcK'-el-en, (Fr. Malines, rai^-
leen-' ) an archiepiscopal city of Belgiura, in the prov. of Antwerp, on
the Dyle, 14 m. N. N. E. of Brussels, It is regulariy laid out with

352 MEC— MED
Fite, fif, fill, f3t; mi, mit; pine or pine, pin; n6, nJt; 66 aaingoodf
broad, clean, and well-paved streets. The lace manufactured in Mech
lin has long been in high repute, and brings a great price : it is said,
however, that this branch of business has declined of late. The town
has recently acquired additional importance from being' the central
point at wbich several railways in Belgium meet. The archbishop of
Mechlin is the primate of the kingdom. Lat 51° 2' N., Lon. 4° 29
E, Pop. 24,000, (B.)
Meck'-len-burg (Ger. pron. mek'-len-b66aG'), a territory of Ger
many, between 53° 3' and 54° 20' N. Lat, and 10° 40' and ,14° E. Lon.,
and divided into two grand-duchies, viz,, Mecklenburg-Schwerin and
Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Mecklenburg-Schwerin (shw?B-een') constitutes the westem and
much the larger division of the above territory. Area, 4,833 sq. m.
Pop. 482,925. (M,) Schwerin is the capital.
Mecklenburg-Strelitz (strel'-its) is bounded on the W. by the
above, and contains an area of 997 sq. ra. Pop. 89,.528. (M.) Stre-
litz is the capital,
Mecklenburg, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Va., intersected by the
Roanoke, and bordering on N. C. Pop. 20,724. Co. t Boydtown.
Mecklenburg, a co. in the S. S. W. part of N. C, bordering on the
Catawba and S. C. Pop. 18,273. Co. t Chariotte.
Medina, raed-ee'-na, (i. e. the " city," so called by way of eminence,)
one of the cities held sacred by Mahometans, and, next to Mecca, their
principal place of pilgrimage, is situated about 260 m. N. of Mecca,
and about 100 ra. N. E. of ils port Yembo, on the Red Sea. It is not
open, like Mecca, but surrounded wilh walls about 40 ft. bigh,* flanked
by 30 lowers (M.), and is entered by three fine gates. The glory of
Medina, is the possession of the tomb which contains the remains of
the Prophet. We may remark, tbat the story long current in Europe,
of Mahomet's cofiin being suspended in the air by a loadstone, is un
known in the East. Medina has hut little commerce, and scarcely
any manufactures. The inhabitants, too numerous to be supported by
the productions of the sterile country by which they are surrounded,
are said lo be maintained, in a great measure, by the gifts which
are sent or brought to them by the faithful. Pop. estimated at
18,000. (M.)
Me-di'-na, a CO. in the N. part of Ohio, a little VV. of the Ohio and
Erie Canal. Pop. 18,352. Co. t Medina.
Medina Sidonia, med-ee'-ni se-do'-ne-i, an ancient t of Spain, in
Andalusia, 22 ra. B. hy S. of Cadiz, with extensive manufactures of
- earthenware. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Med^-it-er-ra'-nb-.an Sea (Lat Ma're Mediterra'neura: i. e. "mid
land sea," and Ma're Inter'num ; i. e. the " inner or inland sea") ; a large
inland sea, situated between Africa, on the S., and Europe and Asia
on the N., extending from about 30° 20' to 45° 40' N. Lat, and from
• Balbi says " ninety feet high" (hauls de 90 pieds). This, however, is perhaps a
typographical error.

MED— MEL 3,53
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
about 5° 30' W. to 36° E. Lon. It is rather more than 2,200 m. in
length ; its greatest breadth, from Venice to the S. extremity of the
Bay of Sidra, is about 1,100 m. Area estimated at 690,000 sq. m. The
Mediterranean communicates wilh the Atlantic by the Strait of Gib
raltar, with the Black Sea by the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmora,
and the Bosporus. The depth of this sea is very great, it being, in
most places, unfathomable. It is said, however, that between Sicily
and Tunis, the channel is nowhere more lhan 30 fathoms deep. The
Mediterranean, though poetically termed a " lideless sea," is not
strictly so : in the Adriatic, as well as between that sea and the coast
of Africa, the tides rise from 5 to 7 feel, and their infiuence is also felt
more or less along the shores of Sicily and the W. side of the INIorea.
A great number of rivers flow into the Mediterranean, particularly
from the N., and a strong current coraes down through the Dardanelles
from the Black Sea; yet, so rapid is Ihe evaporation, that a constant
influx takes place through the Strait of Gibraltar, in order to preserve
ite equilibrium wilh the Atlantic.
Med'-way, a r. in the S. E. of England, which flows inlo the estuary
ofthe Tharaes, on the right.
Megna. See Brahmapootra.
Mehallet-bl-kebeer (or el-kebir), meh-hil'-let-el-keA-beeR', i. e.
" the great place," an important t of Lower Egypt, though now rauch
decayed, situated on a canal coraraunicating with the E. branch' of the
Nile. Lat. 31° N., Lon. 31° 12' E. Pop. estimated at above 17,000. (B.)
Meigs, megz, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn,, bordering on the Ten
nessee r. Pop. 4,794.
Meigs, a co.in the S. E. part of Ohio, bordering on tbe Ohio r. Pop.
11,4.5-2. Co. t. Chester.
Meinam (mi-nira'). See Cambodia.
Meiningbn, mi'-ning-en, or Meinungen, mi'-noong-en, a small I. of
Gerraany, cap, of the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, on
the Werra. It is regularly laid out, and well built; and contains a
lyceum, a library of 25,000 vols., and other institutions, Lat 50° 35'
N,, Lon. 10° 24' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.)
Meissen, mi'-cen, a raanufacturing I. of the kingdom of Saxony, in
a circle of the sarae name, is situated on both sides of the Elbe, 15 m.
N. W. of' Dresden. The porcelain manufactured at Meissen is said
to rival or surpass that of China in beauty and durability. Pop. .5,000.
(B.) Mek'-i-nez* or Mek'-n.as, also written Mequine^, a large t of Mo
rocco, situated in a beautiful and weU-watered valley, about 35 ra. \V.
by S. from Fez. Among its various manufactures, that of leather is
the raost iraportant. Lat, about 34° N,, Lon. 5° 30' W. Pop. 56,000.
(P, C.)
Mel-rosb', a sraall village of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, remarkable
for the remains of Melrose Abbey, the finest monastic ruin in that
country. It is about 31 m. S. E. of Edinburgh.
30 1*

354 MEL— MEN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 66 as in good ;
Mel'-ton-Mow'-bray (ra6'-bre), a small t of England, in Leicester
shire, 92 m. N, by W. of London. Pop, ofthe parish, ,3,740.
Me-lun' (Fr. pron, m'l'uN'; Anc, Melodu'num); cap. of the French
dep. of Seine and Marne, situated on the Marne, 25 m. S. E. of Paris.
Pop. 6,830, (B,)
Mbiu'-el or raV-mel, a fortified seaport t of E, Prussia, cap. ofa cir
cle of the same name, and the most northern town in the Prussian
dorainions, situated near the N. extreraity of the Kurische Haff, about
50 ra. N. N. W. of Tilsit. It has a large and safe harbour, witb deep
water, and a flourishing commerce. Lat 55° 42' N., Lon, 21° 8' E.
Pop. near 10,000, (B.)
Memel River. See Niemen.
Mem'-ming-en, a commercial and raanufacturing t of Bavaria, 44 m.
S. W, of Augsburg, with a lyceum and several other institutions. Lat.
ahout 48° N., Lon. 10° 12' E. Pop. above 7,000. (B.)
Men-ard', a CO. in the W. central part of 111., intersected by the
Sangamon. Pop. 4,431. Co. t Petersburg.
Mende or miNd, an ancient t of France, the cap. of the dep. of Lo
zere, bn the Lot It is badly buUt, but is weU supplied with water
from numerous public fountains. Lat 44° 31' N., Lon. 3° 30' E. Pop.
5,109. (B.)
Men-do'-za (Sp. pron. m§n-do'-thi), a t of S. America, in the repub
lic of La Plata, cap. of a prov. ofthe sarae name, on the W. side ofthe
L. of Mendoza. Lat. about 32° 50' S., ion. 69° 15' W. Pop. esti
mated by Balbi at 7,000 or 8,000, but some other geographers state it
as high as 20,000.
Menin, me-niN', (Flemish, Meenen, mi'-nen,) a manufacturing t
and fortress of Belgium, in the prov. of W. Flanders, on the Lys, 11 ra.
N. of LUie. Lat 50° 49' N., Lon. 3° 5' B. Pop. 7,909. (P.C.)
Mentz, ments, or Mainz, mints, (Fr. Mayence, mi^-yiNce' ; Anc. Ma-
gontiacura or Moguntiacura,) a fortified city of Gerraany, the cap. ofthe
prov. of Rheinhessen, in Hesse-Darrastadt and formerly ofthe electorate
of its own name, is situated on the W. bank ofthe Rhine, nearly oppo
site lo ita junction with the Main. It is one of the strongest fortresses
of Europe, and the chief bulwark of Gerraany against France. The
village of Kastel or Kassel, on the opposite side of the Rhine, is in
cluded within its systera of fortifications, and is connected with Mentz
by a bridge of boats, about 1,800 ft. in length. The town is old fe-
shioned, ind, on the whole, badly buiU, and the streete, with few
exceptions, are narrow, crooked, and gloomy. Among the remarkable
edifices, we may mention the church of St Ignatius, which is consi
dered a model of beautiful ecclesiastical architecture; and the magnifi
cent grand-ducal palace, forraerly the house of the Teutonic Order.
Mentz is reraarkable for having given to the world the first coraplete
speciraen of a printed book, and for being the centre whence the typo
graphical art has spread itself over the globe. One of the squares of
the city is named in honour of Gutenberg (goo'-ten-berg), the inventor
of the art of printing with moveable types, and a splendid monument

MEN— MER 355
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng.
has recently been erected lo bis raeraory. Araong ils various literary
and scientific institutions, Mentz contains a city library of above 90,000
vols., in which are preserved sorae of the earliest extant speciraens of
printing. The remains of a Roman bridge over the Rhine, and an
aqueduct in the vicinity, araong other monuments, attest the ancient
origin of Mentz. Magontiacum, whence the modern town derives its
name, was founded by Drusus, about 10 years before the Christian era.
Lat .50° N., Lon. 8° 11' E. Pop., exclusive of the garrison (which
amounts to about 6,000), 31,000. (B.)
Menzaleh, men-zi'-leA, a small t. of Lower Egypt, near an exten
sive lagoon to which it gives its name. Lat. 30° 45' N-, Lon. 31° 55'
E. Lake Menzaleh is above 50 m. long, and near 30 m. wide.
Mequinez. See Mekinez.
Mer'-cer, a CO. in the middle part of N. J., bordering on the Dela
ware. Pop. 21,502. Co. t Trenton.
Mercer, a co. in the N. W. part of Pa., bordering on the Ohio. Pop.
32,873. Co. t Mercer.
Mercer, a co. in the S. VV. part of Va., bordering on New r. Pop.
2,233. Mercer, a co. in the E. central part of Ky., bordering on the Ken
tucky r. Pop. 18,720. Co. t. Harrodsburg.
Mercer, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, bordering on Ind. Pop. 8,277.
Co. t St. Mary's.
Mercer, a co. in the N. W. part of IU., bordering on the Missis
sippi. Pop. 2,352. Co. t New Boston.
Merdin. See Mardeen.
Mergui or Merghi, mer-gee', a t of Farther India, cap. of a British
prov. of the same narae, al the mouth of the r. Tenasserira, with a
good harbour. Lat. 12° 30' N., Lon. 98° 35' E. Pop. in 1825, about
8,000. (B.)
Mer'-i-d.a (Anc. Augus'ta Eraer'ita), a decayed t,of Spain, in Estre
madura, on the right bank of the Guadiana, remarkable for its magni
ficent ruins. Among these we may mention a triumphal arch which
has been attributed to Trajan, and a bridge over the Guadiana, one
of the largest in Europe, remarkable for ils solidity and fine preserva
tion. Auguste Emerita was founded by a Roman general, under the
Emperor Augustus: it afterwards became the capital of Lusitania, and
the most magnificent city in Roraan Spain. At the time of the Arab
invasion, it was, according to a Moslera historian, 8 m. in ciipumference,
and garrisoned by 90,000 men. Lat. 38° 51' N., Lon. 6° 15' W. Pop.
about 6,000. (B.)
Merida, the cap. of the Mexican state of Yucatan, situated ahout
50 m. from the sea. Lat. about 20° 50' N., Lon. 89° 40' W. Pop.
28,000. (P.C.)
Merida, a t. of Venezuela, in the dep. of Zulia, the cap. of a prov.
of the same name, with a university. Lat. about 8° 15' N., Lon. 71
14' W. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) y

356 MER— MES
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good ;
Mer'-i-on^-bth-shire, b. CO. in the N. W. part of Wales, bordering
on the sea. Pop. 39,332.
Mbr'-k-wbth'-er, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on the
Flint r., near its source; Pop. 14.132. Co. t Greeneville.
Mer/-bi-mack\ a r. of New England, which rises in the N. central
part of New Harapshire, and, flowing southerly into Massachusetta,
afterwards changes its course to the N. E., and empties iteelf into the
Atlantic about 20 ra. S. of Portsmouth. Its whole length is near
:200 m. The navigation is obstructed, especiaUy in the upper part of
its course, by a nuraber of rapids and falls.
Merrimack or Mar'-a-mbc\ a r. of Mo., which falls into the Missis
sippi about 20 m. below St. Louis.
Merrimack, a co. in the S. central part of N. H., intersected by the
Merrimack r. Pop. 36,253. Co. t. Concord.
Mer'-se-burg^ (Ger. pron. mSn'-seft-booRG'), a manufacturing and
commercial t of Prussian Saxony, the cap. of a gov. of the same
name, on the r. Saale, 18 m. W. of Leipsic. It has a fine cathedral,
with one of the largest organs in Germany. Lat. 51° 22' N., Lon. 12°
E. Pop. above 8,000. (B.)
MER'-gEY, an important r. in the W. N. W. part of England, which
flows inlo the Irish Sea. Ahout 15 m. from ite mouth, it expands into
an estuary, which, at ils broadest part, is about 3 m. wide. The Mer
sey and Irwell have been rendered navigable as far as Manchester.
Merthyr Tydvil or Tydfil, mer'-thir tid'-vil, a t of Wales, in
Glamorganshire, 19 m. N. by W. of Cardiff, with rich mines of coal
and iron ore. It has increased very rapidly within the last few years.
Lat. 51° 44' N., Lon. 2° 20' W. Pop. of the entire parish, 34,977.
Mesh'-ed', often written Mushed, a decayed city of Persia, in Kho
rassan, reraarkable for the raausoleura of Iraira Reza, " the magnificence
of which, with its, silver gates, jewelled doors, rails once of solid gold,
glittering domes and minarets, and handsome arcades, is almost une
qualled in Persia." (M.) This city carries on considerable trade with
the neighbouring towns of central Asia, and has some important manu
factures. Lat. 36° 18' N., Lon. 59° 35' E. Pop. 45,000. It is, how
ever, often doubled by the number of pUgrims who visit the shrine of
Imara Reza. (P. C.)
Mbs^-o-po-ta'-mi-a (Arab. Al Jezira or El-Jez-ee'-rcfe, " the island"),
the narae given by the ancient Greeks to a country of' Asia, which lies
between the Euphrates and Tigris. Ite length, from N W, to S. E.,
is between 600 ra. and 700 m. ; ite greatest breadth is near 200 m.
Mesopotamia signifies literaUy " between the rivers."
Messina, mes-see'-ni, (Anc. Zan'cle and Messe'ne or Messa'na,) a
fortified city of Sicily, cap. ofa prov. ofthe sarae name, near the N. E.
extremity of the island, with the best harbour in tbe kingdora of the
two Sicilies. The port of Messina is forraed by a semicircular strip of
land, which, from its resemblance to a sickle, suggested the original
narae of the town; Zancle (in Greek, ZoyxXj;) signifying a "sickle,"
or " pruning-hook." This city contains several remarkable buildings,

MET— MEX 357
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.

a royal college, and an extensive public library, which is rich in Greek
manuscripte ; it also possesses the most extensive commerce and manu-
feclures of all the towns of Sicily. Lat. 38° 14' N., Lon. 15° 35' E.
Pop. 60,000. (P. C.)
Metz, mete, (Fr. pron. mace ; Anc. Divodu'rura ; afterwards Medio-
mat'rici, and Met'tis or Me'tis,) a city and fortress in the N. B. part of
France, the cap. of the dep. of Moselle, situated on the Moselle, about
80 m. W. N. VV. of Strasburg. The interibr of the town is in general
handsome ; the streets are straight, wide, and well paved. The most
remarkable of the public edifices is perhaps the cathedral, a Gothic
building remarkable for the boldness and lightness of ite architecture.
Ite length is about 387 ft., and the height of the tower near 400 ft. Metz
contains an academie universitaire, a royal college, a royal academy of
letters and arts, a royal practical school of artillery and railitary en
gineering (the finest institution ofthe kind in Europe), a public library
of 31,000 vols., and nuraerous other literary and scientiflc institutions.
Lat 49° 7' N., Lon. 6° 10' E. Pop. 42,793. (B.)
Meurthe, rauRt, a dep. in the N. E. part of France, intersected by
tie r. Moselle. Pop. 424,366. (B.) Capital, Nancy.
Meuse, muze, (Fr. pron. muz ; Dutch, Maas, miis ; Anc. Mo'sa,) a r.
which rises in the N. E. part of France, and, flowing through Belgium
and the southern part of Holland, falls into the N. Sea, in about 51°
56' N. Lat, and 4° 3' E. Lon. Above 40 ra. from its mouth, its waters
unite with those of the Rhine or Whaal, but the stream thus formed
stUl retains the narae of Maas. The entire length of this river is esti
mated at 400 m. It is navigable to Verdun, in France, or about three-
fourths of ite course.
Meuse, a dep. in the N. E. part of France, intersected by the above
r., and bordering on Belgiura. Pop. 317,701. (B.) Capital, Bar-le-Duc.
Mex'-I'CO, (Sp. pron. MSh'ne-ko,) the united states of, a federal
republic of America, situated between 16° 40' and 42° N. Lat, and 86°
40' and 124° 30' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. and E. by the United
States, Texas, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Bay of Honduras ; S. and
W. by British Yucatan, the united states of Central America, and the
Pacific Ocean. Extreme length, from S. E. to N, W., about 2700 m, ;
greatest breadth, from E, to W., near 1,000 m. The area, including
Texas, is estimated by Balbi at about 1,656,000 sq.m., which would
leave above 1,300,000 exclusive of that republic. The Mexican con
federation consisted, a few years since,* of 19 stales aijd the Federal
District besides several territories, with an immense tract of country
which has not been annexed to any of the particular states. The fol
lowing is a list of the states : — Chiapa (che-i'-pi), Yucatan (yoo-ki-
tin'). Tabasco (ti-bis'-ko), Oaxaca (wi-ni'-ki). Vera Cruz (vi'-ri
krooce), Puebla (pweb'-li), Mexico, Michoacan (me''-cho-i-kin'), Xa-

* Owing to the civil dissensions of the Mexicans and to other causes, it appears
to be impossible to obtain any entirely satisfactory information respecting the pre-
tent political condition of this republic. The pop. is probably about 7,000,000.

358 MEX- MEX
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 66, as in good ;
lisco or Jalisco (ni-lees'-ko), Guanaxuato (gwin-i-Hwi'-to), Queretero
(ker-V-ti-ro), San Luis Potosi (sin loo-is' po-tosee'), Zacatecas (si-ka-
ti'-kis), Durango (doo-ring'-go), Occidente (ok-se-den'-li), So-no'-ra
and Cinaloa (se-ni-lo'-i). Chihuahua (che-wi'-wi), Cohahuila (ko-i-
wee'-li), and "Texas (see Texas), Nuevo Leon (nwi'-vo li-one'), Tamau-
lipas (li-mou-lee'-pis). The territories are : — New Mexico, Colima
(ko-lee'-rai), Tlascala (llis-ki'-li), and Upper and Lower California.
The climate of Mexico, as raight be expected in a country of such
vast extent, varies greatly in different parts. In the neighbourhood
ofthe capital, at an elevation of more than 7,000 ft, above the sea,
the thermoraeter rarely falls below the freezing point. The winter
may be corapared lo that of Naples, while in suramer the temperature is
seldom above 75°, in the shade. On the tablcrland of Toluca (S. S.W. of
the city of Mexico), which has an elevation of near 9,000 ft. above the sea,
the air is so cold, during the greater part of the day, that the thermo
meter generally ranges from 42° to 46°, so that even those persons
who have been brought up in northern regions, flnd the climate very
unpleasant (P. C.) In the southern portions of the country, on the
low lands, the cliraate is very hot, as in other intertropical regiotjs.
Huraboldt has asserted, that in this country raay be grown almost all
the vegetable productions, which are found between the equator and
the poles. Maize constitutes the principal food of the lower classes,
and is produced everywhere, even on the highest table-lands, where
wheat will not grow. On the low lands, bananas are extensively cul
tivated, or, to speak more correctly, are produced abundantly, with
scarcely any cultivation. " Humboldt afiirms that half a hectare (about
an acre) of land, planted wilh bananas, will furnish food for raore than
fifty individuals ; whereas the sarae extent of land, if sown wilh wheat
in Europe, would not support raore than two individuals." (M.) But
this facility of obtaining a subsistence, appears to have exerted a most
baneful influence on the character of tbe Mexicans, by fostering impro
vidence and sloth. Mexico is especially reraarkable for ite mineral
wealths Not only gold and silver, but copper, iron, and lead, exist in
abundance. Quicksilver is also found. The carbonate of soda, which
is necessary for the smelting of the silver ore, is collected in several
lakes, where it is found crystellized on the surface, in great abundance.
— Adj. and inhab. Mex'-i-c.an (Sp. Mexicano, mfeh-ne-ki'-no).
Mexico (called by the aborigines Tenochtitlan), the cap. of the
united Mexican states, one of the most beautiful cities in the world,
and, till recently, the largest in Araerica, is situated in the midst of an
elevated plain, surrounded by mountains, at the height of 7,468 ft.
above the level of the sea. The streets are wide, well paved, and
flagged, and cross each other almost uniformly at right angles. The
Great Square (Plaza Mayor, pli'-si mi-yoae') is one of the finest lo
be seen in any metropolis : in ita centre is a colossal statue of Charles
IV. of Spain, said to be superior to any other work of this kind existing
in the New World. The Cathedral, on the N. side of the Great Square,
is regarded as the finest ecclesiastical edifice in America. 'There

MEX— MIC 359
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
are, besides, a number of churches, reraarkable for the magnificence
of their architecture, and the costliness of their paintings, sculpture,
and other decorations. Mexico was formerly inferior to none of the
American cities, as a seat of science and literature ; but, in these as
in most other respects, ils course has been retrograde for several years
past. There is a university, a college of mines, wiih a rich collection
of rainerals, and a number of other institutions, most of which, how
ever, are said to be in a state of decay. Lat. 19° '26' N., Lon. 99° 5'
W. Pop. estimated at 180,000. (B.)
Mexico, Gulf of, on the S. B. coast of N. America, between about 18°
10' and 30° 20' N. Lat, and 81° and 98° W. Lon. Its length, from N. E.
to S. W., is near 1,100 m. ; ite greatest breadth, above 600 m.
Mezieres, mez^-e-aiR', a strongly fortified t. of France, the cap. of
the dep. of Ardennes, on tbe Meuse. Lat 49° 46' N., Lon, 4° 44' E.
Pop. 4,000. (B.)
MiAco, me-i'-ko, or Kee'-o, a large city of the Japanese empire, situ
ated on the island of Niphon, 230 m. W. by S. of Yeddo. It was for
merly the capital of Japan, and is now the residence of the Dairi
(di-ee-roe) or chief priest, and contains a nuraber of reraarkable edi
fices. One of the temples has a colossal image of the god Daiboots, or
the Grand Boodha, made of wood and covered with gilt paper, repre
sented, like the Hindoo idols, sitting on a flower of lotus. The total
height is more than 90 ft., the statue being ahout 80, and the flower above
10 ft. high. The image is 25 ft. (4 toises) between the shoulders, and
is capable of containing several people in the palm of the hand. In a
neighbouring building is suspended the largest bell in the known
world. It is ahout 18 ft. high, and weighs 2,040,000 Dutch pounds, or
ahout 1,000 tons ! (B.) Miaco is the first manufacturing and probably
the first coraraercial town in Japan. Here, also, all the money of the
erapire is coined. Miaco signifies " capital ;" Keeo (or Kio), a " resi
dence." Lat about 34° 30' N., Lon. 136° E. The pop. probably ex
ceeds .500,000. (B.)
Mi-AM'-i, a r. which rises in the N. W. central part of Ohio, and,
flowing south-westerly, joins the Ohio at the S. W. extremity of the
slate, about 20 m. below Cincinnati. lis whole length is probably
150 ra.
Miami, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, intersected by the above r.
Pop. 19,688. Co. t. Troy.
Miami, a co. in the N. central -part of Ind., intersected by the Wa
bash and Erie Canal. Pop. 3,048. Co. t Peru.
Michael, St., (Port Sam Miguel, si'dN (almost soung) me-gel'), the
largest i. of the Azores, intersected by the parallel of 37° 50' N. Lat.
and the meridian of 25° 30' W. Lon. Length above 40 m. ; greatest
breadth, 14 m. Ponte Delgada is the chief town.
Michigan, mish'-e-gan, one of the flve great lakes of N. Araerica
coniiected witb the r. St. Lawrence, situated between 41° 30' and 46°
N. Lat, and 85° 50' and 88° W. Lon. Ils length, following the curve,
is near 350 m. ; its greatest breadth, about 90 m. The surface of this

360 MIC— MID
Fite, fir, fill, tkt; mi, mJt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 asin^oot^;
lake is about 600 ft above the level of the sea ; ita depth is stated to
be 900 ft. Lake Michigan is connected, at ite N. E. extremity, by the
Strait of Mackinaw, wilh Lake Huron.
Michigan, one of the U. S., situated between 41° 40' and 48° N.
Lat, and 82° 10' and 91° W. Lon. It consiste of two great natural
divisions, viz., the lower peninsula, bounded on the W. and N. W. by
Lake Michigan, on the N. E. and E. by Lake Huron, the r. and Lake
St. Clair, the Detroit r. and Lake Erie, and on the S. by Ohio and In
diana ; length, from N. to S., about 290 m. ; greatest breadth, from E.
to W., rather more than 200 m. : and the upper peninsula, situated be
tween the lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan, and bounded on the
S. W. by Wisconsin; ils length is near 330m., with a raean breadth
of 50 or 60 m. The total area is estimated at above 60,000 sq. ra. The
stale is divided into 65 connties.* Pop. 212,267. Lansing is the seat
of government. Michigan was adraitted into the Union in 1836.
Michilimackinac. See Mackinaw.
Mid'-del-burg\ an ancient I. of Holland, in the i. of Walcheren,
cap. ofthe prov. of Zealand. Araong its literary institutions, the Athe
nseum or Acaderay deserves to be mentioned. Lat. 51° 30' N., Lon. 3°
37' E. Pop. 3,500. (M.)
Middlebury, mid'-del-ber-re, the cap. of Addison co., Vt, on Otter
creek, 33 m., in a straight line, S. W. of Montpelier. Pop. of the town
ship, 3,162. Middlebury College, of this place, was founded in 1800.
Mid'-dles-bo^-rouuh, a t and river port of England, in the N. Riding
of Yorkshire, on the Tees, 16 m. E. by N. of Darlington, with which
it is connected by a railway. Pop. 5,463; in 1831, it was only
154. (M.)
Mid'-dle-sbx\ a co. in the S. B. part of England, N. of, and border
ing on the Thames. It comprises within ite limite the greater part of
the metropolis. Pop. 1,-576,636.
Middlesex, a co. in the N. E. part of Mass., bordering on N. H.
Pop. 106,611. Co. towns, Carabridge and Concord.
Middlesex, a co. in tbe S. part of Conn., intersected by the Con
necticut r., and bordering on Long Island Sound. Pop. 24,879. Co. t
Middletown. Middlesex, a co. in the E. part of N. J., on the Raritan r. and bay.
Pop. 21,893. Co. t New Brunswick.
* Alcona (Negwegon), Allegan, Alpena (Anamickee), Antrim (Megissee), Are
nac, Barry, Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Charlevoix (Kishkawkee), Cheboy
gan, Chippewa, Clair St., Clare (Kaykakee), Clinton, Crawford (Shawwano)
Eaton, Emmet (Tonedagana), Genesee, Gladwin, Gratiot, Hilisdale, Ingham,
Ionia, Iosco (Kanotin), Isabella, Jackson, Joseph St,, Kalamazoo, Kalcasca (War-
bassee), Kent, Lake(Aishcum), Lapeer, Leelenaw, Lenawee, Livingston, Macomb,
Manistee, Mason (Notipeskago), Michilimackinac, Midland, Missaukee, Monroe,
Montcalm, Montmorency (Cheonoquet), Necosta, Newaygo, Oakland, Oceana,
Ogemaw, Omeena, Osceola (Unwattin), Oscoda, Ottawa, Otsego (Okkuddo), Presque
Isle, Roscommon (Mickenauk), Saginaw, Shiawassee, Van Buren, Washtenaw,
Wayne, Wexford (KawtawwatieO, Wyandot,

MID— MIL 361
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; tt, nearly like ng.
Middlesex, a co. in the E. part of Va., S. of, and bordering on the
Rappahannock. Pop. 4,392. Co. t. Urbanna.
Mid'-dle-ton, a manufacturing t. of England, in Lancashire, 5m.
N. N. E. of Manchester. Pop., including an area of near 3 sq. m.,
7,740. Mid'-due-town\ a city and port of entry in Middlesex co.. Conn., on
the W. bank of the Connecticut r., about 22 m., in a straight Une, N. E.
of New Haven,with numerous manufactures, of which that of swords and
fire-arras is perhaps the raost remarkable. The Wesleyan University
founded in 1831, is situated in Lat. 41° 33' N., and Lon. 72° 39' W.
Pop. of the city of Middletown, 3,511.
Midland, a co. in the E. part of Mich., bordering on Saginaw Bay.
Mif'-flin, a CO. in the S. central part of Pa., on the Juniata, Pop.
13,092. Co. t Lewistown.
Mil'-an* (It. Milano, me-li'-no ; Lat. Mediola'nura), the principal
city of N. Italy, and the third in 'the Italian peninsula (being inferior
only to Naples and Rome), is situated between the Olona and Lambro,
on the Naviglio Grande (ni-veel'yo grin'-di) or " great canal," which
connecte these rivers with each other, and flows all round the original
town or city proper, of which it marks the boundary. The suburbs
which have been built outside ofthis boundary, occupy more space than
the original city. They are surrounded with a line of ramparte, which
is planted with trees, and serves as a proraenade. Much of the space,
however, between the ramparts and the Naviglio, is occupied by gardens.
Among the number of raagnificent buildings that adorn Milan, the most
remarkable is the Duomo or Cathedral, which, after St. Peter's, at Rome,
is the largest and most sumptuous ecclesiastical edifice in Italy, and
one of the finest in Christendom. The exterior, with ils hundred spires,
and ite three thousand statues of various sizes, looks like a forest of
marble. Milan is distinguished as a centre of learning and the arts ;
and it is said that more books are published here than in all the rest of
Italy put together. Among other institutions, this city contains an
academy of fine arts, one of the most extensive establishraents of the
kind in Europe, and a picture gallery, rich in the choicest productions
of the ancient Italian masters. The library of Brera (briZ-ri) contains
100,000 vols., and is open to the public. Milan is the residence of an
archbishop, of the Austrian viceroy, and of the governor-general of
the Lombard provinces. The Observatory, which is considered the
first in Italy, is in Lat. 45° 28' 1" N., Lon. 9° 11' 48" E. The pop.,
according to Balbi, is above 155,000, and increases rapidly from year
to year. — Adj. and inhab. Mil^-an-e.§b'.
MiLAZzo, me-lit'-so, or Mblazzo, mi-lit'-so, (Anc. My'lae,) a fortifled
seaport t on the N. coast of Sicily, near the N. E. angle of the island,
* All the poets place the accent on the first syllable of this nfvne. Byron and
Moore rhyme it with vUlain. This appears to be the prevailing, if not imiversal
pronunciation, among correct speakers.
31

362 MIL— MIN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, not ; 66 as in good ;
<m the W. side of a sraall bay, to which it gives ite name. Lat. 38°
15' N., Lon. 15° 14' E. Pop. in 1831, 9,206. (M.)
Mil'-ford, a small t of S. Wales, in Pembrokeshire, on the N. side
of an extensive basin or inlet of the sea, called Milford Haven, Lat
51° 43' N., Lon. 5° VV.
Milhau, me^-l6', a t of France, in the dep, of Aveyron, on the Tarn,
Lat 44° 5' N., Lon. 3° 5' E. Pop. 9,437. (M.)
Military Frontier, the narae given to a tract of country extending
along the S. and S. E. frontier of the Austrian erapire, from the Adri
atic to the E. extremity of Transylvania. It is distinguished from the
rest of the empire by having a purely military government. The
object ofthis establishment was originally to secure the frontier
against the inroads of the Turks. All the peasante are soldiers, and
hold their lands from the state as fiefs, on tenure of military and civil
service. In lime of peace, 45,000 men are always under arms, who
feed and clothe theraselves, and perforra their appointed services with
out any expense to the Austrian government. In time of war, they
serve the state in the same manner as the rest of the army, and march
out of the country, if required, and they receive the usual pay. It is
said that, in any extremity, they can muster 200,000 men, and that, by
means of alarm-fires and hells, this immense force can be sumraoned
together, throughout the whole extent of the frontier, in the space of
four hours! (M.)
Mil'-ledge- ville', the seat of justice of Baldwin co., Ga., and the
cap. of the stale, situated on the Oconee, at the head of steamboat
navigation. Lat 33° 7' N., Lon. 83° 20' W. Pop. 2,095.
Miller, a co. in the S. central part of Mo., intersected by the
Osage r. Pop. 2,282. Co. t. Tusciirabia.
MiLO, rae'-lo, (Anc. Me'los,) an i. in the jEgean Sea, about 70 m. B.
of the Morea. It is about 14 m. long, and 8ra. wide. The N. coast
is indented by a deep bay, which forms one of the best and safest har
bours in the Levant The Lat. of this port is 36° 42' N., Lon. 24° 14'
E. Pop. of the island ahout 7,000. (R)
MiL-WAu'-KjE, a CO. in the S. E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on
L. Michigan. Pop. 5,605. Co. t Milwaukie.
Mincio, min'-cho, (Anc. Min'cius,) a r. in the N. of Italy, which has
ils source in the lake of Garda, and, fiowing southerly, passes by Man
tua, and joins the Po, 12 ra. S. B. of that city.
Mindanao, min-da-ni'-o, or Magindanao, (Sp. pron. mi-neen-di-
ni'-o,) the most southern, and, after Luzon, the largest of the Philip
pine Islands, is situated between 5° and 10° N. Lat., and 121° 30' and
126° E. Lon. It appears like two islands, connected with each other
by a narrow isthmus. The eastern portion is above 300 m. in length, from
N. to S., with a mean breadth of 80 or 90 ra.; the western is about 170 m.
long, and, on an average, perhaps 50 ra. broad. The area 1.'= estiraated
at ahout 34,000 sq. ra. The inhabitante appear to be chiefly Malays.
(See Philippine Islands.)
Min'-den, an ancient t and fortress of the Prussian dominions, in

MIN— MIS 363
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
Westphalia, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Weser.
Lat. 52° 18' N., Lon. 8° 53' E. Pop. 8,000,
MiN-Do'-Ro, one of the PhUippine Islands, intersected by the 13th
par. of N, Lat,, and the 121st mer. of E. Lon.. Length 100 m.,
breadth 50 m.
Min*-e-so'ta or Minnesota (originally speUed Minnay-Sotor), a ter
ritory of the United Slates; bounded on the N, by British America,
E, by Lake Superior and Wisconsin, S., S. W,, and W. by Iowa and the
Missouri and White-Earth rivers. Area estimated at 120,000 sq. m.
Minho in Portuguese, and Mino in Spanish, pronounced alike,
meen'-yo (Anc. Min'ius), a r, in the N. W. part of the Spanish penin
sula, which rises in the N. part of Galicia, and, flowing south-westerly,
falls into the Atlantic in about 41° 53' N. Lat, and 8° 47' W. Lon, In
the latter part of its course, it forms a portion of the boundary between
Spain and Portugal.
Min-or'-ca, sometimes written Menorca, (anciently one of the Gym-
nesiae : see Majorca,) one of the Balearic Isles, intersected by the
40th parallel of N. Lat. and the 4th meridian of B. Lon. It is 32 m.
in length, and ahout 13 ra. in ils greatest breadth. Area ahout 300
sq.m. Pop. 35,000. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Minorquine, min-or-
keen', or Min-or'-can.
Minsk, an archiepiscopal t of Russian Poland, the cap. of a gov. of
the same name. Lat 53° 57' N., Lon. 27° 40' B. Pop. stated at
20,000. (P.C.)
MiRAMicHi, mir'-a-me-shee', a r. and bay in the E. part of New
Brunswick, near 47° N. Lat. and 65° W. Lon.
Mirandola, me-rin'-do-li, a fortified t of N. Italy, in the duchy of
Modena. Lat. 44° 50' N., Lon. 11° 7' E. Pop. about 6,000. (B.)
MiRBPOix, mlr'-eA-pwi', or meeR''-pwi', a sraall t of France, in
tbe dep. of Ariege. Lat 43° 5' N., Lon. 1° 52' E. Pop. about
4,000. (M.)
MiSKOLCz, raish-kolts', a large t of Hungary, wilh a Protestant and
a Roman Catholic gyranasiura. Lat 48° 7' N,, Lon. 20° 47' E. Pop.
estimated at ahout 28,000. (B.)
Mis'-sis-sip'-Pi (i. e. the " great water"), a large r. of N. America,
which forms with the Missouri, its principal affluent, the longest river
in the world. It rises from two small lakes, in about 47° 20' N. Lat,
and 95° 30' W. Lon., which are estimated to be about 1,500 ft above
the level of the sea. Its general course is nearly S. ; il enters the
Gulf of Mexico by several mouths, in about 29° N.'Lat, and 89° 20'
W. Lon. The waters ofthe Mississippi, as it advances southward, are
swollen by a number of important tributaries, viz., the Wisconsin, Illi
nois, and Ohio on the left, and the St Peters, Desraoines, Missouri,
Arkansas, and Red River on the right. Below the entrance of the
Ohio, the breadth of the raain river averages about 900 yards, and its
mean depth varies frora 90 to 120 ft. The velocity ofthe stream, below
the mouth of the Missouri, is on average from 60 lo 70 ra. a day. In
the latter part of ils course, however, a nuraber of bayous (see Bayou),
leaving the principal stream, very materially diminish the body of

364 MIS— MIS
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mJt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nit ; 65, as ingood;
water, and the rapidity of the current The length of this mighty
river is about 3,200 m., or, if we measure from the head of the Mis
souri, which may be regarded as ite true source, it will amount to
4,400 m. It is navigable, at all seasons ofthe year, considerably above
its junction with the Missouri, or raore than 2,000 m. above ite raouth.
Mississippi, one of the U. S., situated between the 30th and 35th
degrees of N. Lat, and 88° 10' and 91° 50' W. Lon. ; bounded on the
N. by Tennessee, E. by Alabama, S. by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisi
ana, and W. by Louisiana and Arkansas, from which it is separated by
the Mississippi r. ; and divided into 56 counties.* Length, from N. to
S., about 340 m. ; greatest breadth, frora E. to VV., 184 m. The area
is estimated at 48,000 sq.m. Pop. 375,651; consisting of 179,074
whites, 1,366 free coloured persons, and 195,211 slaves. Jackson is
the capital. Mississippi was adraitted into the Union in 1819. — Inhab.
Mis'-SIS-SIP'-PI-AN. Mississippi, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark., bordering on the Mis
sissippi r. Pop. 1,410.
MissoLONGHi, mis^-so-long'-ge, a fortified t. of Greece, on a bay or
lagoon on the N. side of the Gulf of Patras, which was taken and
destroyed by tbe Turks in 1826, after a long siege. Lord Byron died
here, April 19, 1824. Lat. 38° 23' N., Lon. 21° 28' E.
Missouri, mis-soo'-re, a large r. of N. America, which rises in the
Rocky Mountains, in about 45° N. Lat, and 110° 30' W. Lon., and,
after a very tortuous course of about 3,000 m., falls^into'tfre Mississippi,
in about 38° 50' N. Lat, and 90° 10' W. Lon. It is navigable to the
Great Falls, or about 2,500 m. from ite mouth. The waters of this
riVer are remarkably turbid, from which circurastance, it is said, tbe
name, signifying " mud river," is derived.
Missouri, one of the U. S., situated between 36° and 40° 40' N.
Lat, and 89° and 95° .30' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Iowa, E. by
Illinois and Kentucky, from which it is separated by the Mississippi, S
by Arkansas, and W. by the Indian territory; and divided into 79 coun-
ties.t Greatest extent, from B. to W., about 300 ra. ; from N. to S.,
* Adams, Amite, Attala, Bolivar, Carroll, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Claiborne,
Clarke, Coahoma, Copia, Covington, De Soto, Franklin. Greene, Hancock, Hinds,
Holmes, Itawamba, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jones, Kemper, Lafayette, Lauder
dale, Lawrence, Leake, Lowndes, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Nashoba,
Newton, Noxubee, Octibbeha, Panola, Perry, Pike, Pontotoc, Rankin, Scott,
Simpson, Smith, Tallahatchie, "Tippah, "Tishamingo, Tuncia, Warren, Washington,
Wayne, Wilkinson, Winston, Yalabusha, Yazoo.
t Adair, Andrew, .ludrain, Barry, Bates, Benton, Boone, Buchanan, Caldwell,
Callaway, Cape Girardeau, Carroll, Chariton, Charles St„ Clair St., Clark,
Clay, Clinton, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Dade, Daviess, Francois St, Franklin,
Gasconade, Genevieve St., Greene, Grundy, Henry, Flolt, Howard, Jackson, Jas
per, Jefferson, Johnson, Kinderhook, Lafayette. Lewis, Lincoln, Linn, Livingston
Louis St., Macon, Madison, Marion, Miller, Monroe, Morgan, Montgomery, New
Madrid, Newton, Niangua, Oregon, Osage, Ozark, Perry, Pettis, Platte, Pike, Polk,
Pulaski, Ralls, Randolph, Ray, Ripley, Rives, Saline, Scott, Scotland, Shannon^
Shelby, Stoddard, Taney, Van Buren, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wright.

MIT— MOG 365
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
about 290m, Area estimated at 68,000 sq. m. The pop. in 1840 was
383,702, of whom 323,888 were whites, 1,574 free coloured, and
58,'240 slaves. According to tbe last census (of 1844) it is slated to be
511,937. Jefi'erson City is tbe seat of government. Missouri was
admitted into the Union in 1821.
Mittau, mif-tou, a t. of European Russia, the cap. of the prov. of
Koorland, remarkable for its literary institutions, among which its
gymnasium, with an observatory and a library of 24,000 vols., may be
mentioned, Lat 56° 39' N., Lon. 23° 44 E. Pop. 16,500. (P. C)
Mobile, mo-heel', a r, of Ala., formed by the union of the Tombig
bee and Alabama rivers ; after a course of 4 or 5 miles it divides into
several branches ; the western or main channel is called the Mobile,
the eastern the Tensaw r. They flow S., and terminate in MobUe
Bay, which communicates with the Gulf of Mexico.
Mobile, a co. forming the S. VV. extremity of Ala. Total pop.
18,741. Mobile, a city and port of entry of Ala., cap. of the above co., situ
ated on the W. side of the Mobile r., near its mouth. It is by far the
most considerable town in the state, both as regards population and
coraraerce, and, next to New Orleans and Charleston, is the greatest
market for cotton in the whole country. The situation of this town
was formerly very unhealthy, but it has of late been much improved by
drainage. Lat 30° 40' N., Lon. 88° 11' W. Pop. 12,672.
Mo'-CBA (Arab. pron. mo'-Ki'), a decayed, though still iraportant
seaport t. of Arabia, in Yemen, on the Red Sea. Lat. 13° 16' N., Lon.
43° 10' E. Pop. estimated at from 5,000 lo 7,000. (B. and M.)
Mod'-en-a or mod'-Jn-i* (Anc. Mu'tina), a well-built city of Italy,
cap. ofa duchy of the sarae narae, situated near the right bank of the
Secchia (sek'-ke-i), a tributary ofthe Po, 24 m. W. N. W. of Bologna.
The ducal palace is vast splendid, and richly furnished. It contains
a gallery of paintings, executed by sorae of the most distinguished
Italian masters, and a library of 90,000 printed vols., besides 3,000
manuscripte. There is also a university, a college of nobles, of distin
guished reputation, wilh 28 professors and teachers, and various other
institutions. The Observatory is in Lat. 44° 38' 53" N., Lon. 10° 55'
48" E. Pop. about 27,000. (B.)
The duchy of Modena has an area of ahout 2,000 sq. m. Pop. esti
mated at 403,000. (M.) — Adj. and inhab. Mod'-bn-bsb'.
MoDioA, mod/-e-ki, (Anc. Motyca,) a t. of Sicily, the cap. of a dist.
ofthe same name, near the S. E. extremity ofthe island, Lat 36° 53'
N., Lon. 14° 45' E. Pop. estiraated at 20,000. (B.)
Mog^-a-dore' (called by the Moors Swee'-ra), a fortified t of Mo
rocco, the principal place for raaritime coramerce in the empire, is sitn-
* " If ever you should come to Modena,
¦ Stop at a palace near the Reggio gate."
Rogees' Italy, Part First, XVIII.
31*

366 MOG— MON
Fite, fir, fill, fSt; md, mit; pine or pine, pin; n4, nftt; 66 aaingood;
ated on the Atlantic coast. Lat. 31° 30' N., Lon. 9° 40' W. Pop.
estimated at 10.000. (M.)
Mogul. See Mongolia.
Moha'cs, rao'-hiich', a t. of Hungary, on the Danube, lat 45° 58
N., Lon. 18° 44' B. Pop. 8,300. (M.)
Mo'-HAWK, a r. of N. Y., which rises in Lewis co., and, flowing
south-easterly, falls into the Hudson, about 3 ra. above Troy. Its whole
length is estimated at near 140 m.
Mo-hee'-lbp (often written Mohilew or Moghilev), a commercial t
of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Dnieper.
It is the residence of a Greek and a Roman Catholic archbishop. Lat
53° 54' N., Lon. 30° 25' E. Pop. stated at 21,800. (P. C.)
MoissAC; mwi'-sik', a t of France, in the dep. of Tarn and Garonne,
on the Tarn (which is here navigable), 97 ra. S. E. of Bordeaux. Pop.
6,190. (M.)
Moldau, raol'-dou, a r. of Boheraia, which rises in the Bohmer-wald
Mountains, on the south-western frontier, and, flowing northerly, joins
the Elbe, at Melnik, about 20 ra. N. of Prague. Ita length is estimated
at above 200 ra. It is navigable for hoate to Budweis.
Mol-da'-vi-,a (Turk. Bogh'-din'), a principality nominally included
in European 'Turkey, of which it forms the most northern part, but in
reality under the protection of Russia. (See Wallachia.) — Adj. and
inhab. Mol-da'-vi-.an.
Mol-fet'-ta (Anc. Res/pa), a raanufacturing and coraraercial t and
seaport of Naples, on the Adriatic. Lat 41° 13' N., Lon. 16° 37' E.
Pop. 11,000. (B.)
MoLOKAl, mo'-lo-ki', or MorokaK, one ofthe Sandwich Islands, near
21° 10' N. Lat, and intersected by the 157th raeridian of W. Lon.
Length near 40 ra. ; greatest breadth, about 8 ra. Pop. 3,000.
Mo-Luc'-C.vs or Molucca Isles, a group belonging to the Malay
archipelago, between 5° N. and 9° S. Lat and 125° and 131° E. Lon.
In a more liraited sense, the Moluccas include only the Spice Islands ;
naraely, Araboyna, Banda, Coram, Ternate, Tidore, and Batchian.
Balbi distributes the Moluccas into three groups, as foUows : 1st the
Group of Amboyna, comprising the island of this narae. Coram, Boo-
roo, and the adjacent islets ; 2dly, tbe Group of Banda, consisting of
ten small islands, near 4° 80' N. Lat, and 130° E. Lon. ; and 3dly, the
Group of the Moluccas, properly so called, comprehending the large
island of Gilolo, with the sraaller ones of Batchian, Morty or Mortay,
Mysol, Tidore, Ternate, and numerous others lying immediately around
Gilolo. Alraost all the islands of these difterent groups are dependent
on the Dutch, who carry on an iraportant coraraerce in the various na
tural productions, araong which cloves and nutraegs are almost the only
articles that are sent lo Europe or this country.
MoM-pox' (Sp. pron. mora-poH'), a t. of S. America, in New Granada,
on the Magdalena. Lat 9° 14' N., Lon. 74° 27' W. Pop. estimated
at 10,000. (B.)
Monaco, mon'-i-ko, principality of, a small state of N. Italy, under

MON— MON 367
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
the protection of Sardinia, situated between Nice and Genoa, and bor
dering on the Mediterranean. Area, 51 sq. ra. Pqp. about 7,000. (M.)
Monaco, a little town on the Mediterranean, containing about 1,000
inhabitants, is the capital. Lat. 43° 4-2' N., Lon. 7° 28' B.
MoNAGHAN, raon'-a-Han, an inland co. in the N. of Ireland, in the S.
part of the prov. of Ulster. Pop. in 1831, 195,536. (M.)
MoNAGHAN, a t of Ireland, cap. of the above co., 68 m. N. N. W. of
Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,848. (M.)
MoNDEGO, mon-di'-go, a r. of Portugal, which falls into the Atlantic
near 40° 10' N. Lat, and 8° 50' W. Lon.
MoNDoiiEDO, raon-d6n-yi'-DO, a manufacturing I. of Spain, in Galicia.
Lat 43° 24' N., Lon. 7° 25' VV. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
MoNDOvi, mon-do-vee', a fortified t of N. Italy, in Sardinia, the cap.
of a prov. of the same narae, with manufactures of cloth, silk, and
paper. Lat 44° 28' N., Lon. 7° 59' E. Pop. 15,700. (P. C.)
MoNFERRATO, mon-f?r-r4'-to, a former principality of N. Italy, S. of,
and bordering on the Po, now forraing a part of the Sardinian terri
tories. MoNGHiR, niung-geer', a t of Hindostan, in the prov. of Bahar, some
times called, on account of its extensive manufactures in iron and steel,
the Birmingham of India. Lat 25° 23' N., Lon. 86° 40' E. Pop. pro
bably above 30,000. (B.)
MoN-Go'-Li-A, an extensive country in the N. E. part of Asia, belong
ing to China, between 38° and 53° N. Lat, and 84° and 124° E. Lon. ;
bounded on^the N. by Asiatic Russia, E. by Mantchooria, S. by China
and Thibet; on the W. ils limits do not appear to be known. Indeed,
ils extent towards the S. or E. can be only very vaguely stated. The
length, frora E. lo W., is perhaps 1,700 ra. ; its greatest breadth, from
N. to S., may amount to near 1,000 m. The pop. is loosely estimated
at 2,000,000. (P. C.) — Adj, Mon-go'-li-an, and Mon-gol' or Mon-gul' ;
inhab, Mongol. — The name Mo-gul', though evidently of the same
origin wilh Mongol, is properly restricted to the empire founded in
Hindostan by Baber (a descendant of the great Mongol conqueror,
Tamerlane), about the year 1526.
Mon'-mouth, a CO. in the W. of England, bordering on the Bristol
Channel. 'Pop. 134,35.5.
Monmouth, a t of England, the cap. of the above co., on the Wye,
25 m. N. by VV. of Bristol. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. m.,
5,446. Monmouth, a co. in the E. middle part of N. J.,-^bordering on the
Atlantic. Pop. 32,909. Co. t Freehold.
Mo-non^-ga-he'-la, a r. which rises in the N. part of Va., and, flow
ing into Pa., unites with the Alleghany to fbrm the Ohio.
Mo-non-ga'-li-a, a co. in the N. N. W, part of Va., bordering on Pa.
Pop. 17,368. Co.' t Morgantown.
Mo-Nop'-O-Li, a fortifled seaport t. of Naples, in the prov. of Bari, re
markable for the subterranean dwellings found in its vicinity, which are

368 MON— MON
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n4, n5t ; 66 as in good;
supposed to have been excavated in the remotest antiquity. Lat. 40°
56' N., Lon. 16° 58' E. Pop. in 1833, 15,535. (M.)
Mon-hoe', a CO. in the N. W. part of N. Y., intersected by the Ge
nesee r., and bordering on L. Ontario. Co. t Rochester.
Monroe, a co. in the E. part of Pa., bordering on the Delaware r.
Pop. 9,879. Co. t Stroudsburg.
Monroe, a co. towards the VV. part of Va., on the Greenbrier and
New rivers. Pop. 8,422. Co. t Union.
Monroe, a co. near the centre of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee.
Pop. 16,275. Co. t Forsyth.
Monroe, a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of the peninsula of
Florida. Co. t Key West.
Monroe, a co. in the S. W. part of Ala., intersected by tbe Ala
bama r. Pop. 10,680. Co. t Monroeville. .-
Monroe, a co. in the N. E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop.
9,250. Co. seat, Athens.
Monroe, a co. in the E. part of Ark., intersected by the White r.
Pop. 936. Co. t. Clarendon.
Monroe, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn., on the Tennessee r. Pop.
12,056. Co. t Madisonville.
Monroe, a co. in the S. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 6,526.
Co. t Tompkinsville.
Monroe, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r.
Pop. 18,521. Co. t Woodsfield.
Monroe, a co. forraing the S. E, extreraity of Mich. Pop. 9,922.
Co. t Monroe.
Monroe, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ind., on the W. fork of
the White r. Pop. 10,143. Co. t Bloomington.
Monroe, a co. in the S. W. part of IU., bordering on the Missis
sippi r. Pop. 4,481. Co. t VVaterloo.
Monroe, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., a little W. of the Missis
sippi r. Pop. 9,505. Co. t Paris.
Mons, m6N, (Flemish, Bergen, beR'-Hen,) a strongly fortified city of
Belgium, the cap. of the prov. of Hainault, situated on the Mons and
Conde Canal, 32 ra. S. W. of Brussels. It contains a coUege, a raedi
cal school, and other institutions. Lat 50° 26' N., Lon. 4° E. Pop.
23,000. (B.) '
MoNTAONANA, mou-tin-yi'-ni, a manufecturing and commercial t of
Austrian Italy, 22 m. S. E. of Padua, with a noted college for young
ladies. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Montargis, m6Nt^-aR^-zhe', a t of France, in the dep. of Loiret,
39 ra. E. by N. of Orieans. Pop. 7,757. (M.)
Montauban, m6Nl'-6^-biN', a manufacturing t. of France, the cap. of
the dep. of Tarn and Garonne, is situated on the Tarn, 112 m. E. S. E.
of Bordeaux. It has long been one of the principal seate of the re
formed religion in France ; on account of which, it sufi'ered much
during the reigns of Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. Among ite literary

MON— MON 369
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
institutions, are a Protestant theological seminary, and a public library
of 10,000 vols. Lat 44° 1' N., Lon. 1° 21' E. Pop, 17,531. (B.)
MoNTBRisoN, mAN'-bre'-zAN', the cap. of the French dep, of Loire.
Lat 45° 37' N„ Lon. 4° 4' E, Pop. 6,0-20, (B.)
Montcalm, mont-kim', a co. in the S. W. central part of Mich., a
little N. of Grand r.
Mont-de-Marsan, m6N^ dqh raaR^-siN', the cap. of the French dep.
of Landes, 64 m. S. of Bordeaux. Pop. 3,924. (B.)
Monte- Leone, mon'-ti li-o'-ni, a t. of Naples, in Calabria Ultra.
Lat. 38° 42' N., Lon. 16° 10' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)
MoNTELiMART, mAN'-tef-e^-raaR', an ancient fortified t of France, in
the dep. of Drdme. Lat 44° 33' N., Lon. 4° 44' E. Pop. 6,150. (M.)
Monterey, mon-ti-ray', a t of Mexico, the cap. of the stalie of
Nuevo Leon. Lat. about 25° 45' N., Lon. 100° 25' W. Pop. 15,000.
Monterey (California). . See Appendi.x.
MoN-TE-vi'-DB-o or mon^-ti-vee'-di-o, the cap. of the republic of
Uruguay, in S. America, situated on the left bank of the Rio de la
Plata, which is here 70 ra. wide. This town has suffered greatly in
the recent wars. The pop., which was forraerly estimated at 26,000,
amounts, at present, only lo about 10,000. (B.) Lat. 34° 55' S., Lon.
56° 14' W.
Montgomery, mgnl-gum'-er-e, an inland co. of N. Wales, on the
sources of the Severn. Pop. 69,219. — Also a. small t, cap. of the
above. Lat. 52° 34' N., Lon. 3° 8' W.
Montgomery, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., intersected by the Mo
hawk. Pop. 35,818. Co. t Canajoharie.
Montgomery, a co. in the S.E. part of Pa., intersected by the Schuyl
kill. Pop. 47,-241. Co. t Norristown.
Montgomery, a co. of Md., bordering on the Potomac and the Dis
trict of Colurabia. Pop. 14,669. Co. t. Rockville.
Montgomery, a co. towards the S. W. extreraity of Va., E. of, and
bordering on New r. Pop. 7,405. Co. t Christianshurg.
Montgomery, a co. in the S. W. central part of N. C, B. of, and
bordering on the Yadkin. Pop. 10,780. Co. t Lawrenceville.
Montgomery, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ga., intersected by
the Oconee. Pop. 1,616. Co. t Mt. Vernon.
Montgomery, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ala., on the Tala-
poosa and Alabama rivers. Pop. 24,574. Co. t Montgomery.
Montgomery, the cap. of the above co., and of the stale of Ala.,
is situated on the Alabama r., about 100 ra. S. E» of Tuscaloosa.
Montgomery, a co. in the N. N. W: part of 'Tenn., bordering on
Ky., and intersected by the Cumberland r. Pop 16,927.
Montgomery, a co. in the eastern part of Ky., a little S. W. of
the Licking r. Pop. 9,332. Co. t Mt. Sterling.
Montgomery, a co. in the S, W. part of Ohio, intersected by the
Miami r. Pop, 31,938, Co, t, Dayton.
Montgomery, aco. in the W. part of Ind., a little E. ofthe Wabash r.
Pop. 14,438, Co. t Crawfordsville.

370 MON— MOO
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; n4, n5t ; 66, as in good ;
Montgomery, a co, in the S, central part of 111., S. of Springfield.
Pop. 4,490. Co. t Hillsborough.
Montgomery, a co. in the eastern part of Mo., N. of, and bordering
cn the r. Missouri. Pop. 4,371. Co. t DanviUe.
Montilla, mon-teel'-yi, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 19 ra. S. by E.
of Cordova. Pop. estiraated at 12,800. (M.)
MoNTMARTBE, raAN'-raaRlr', a t of France, in the dep. of Seine, in
the iraraediate vicinity and N. of Paris. Pop. 6,234. (M.)
Mont'-mo-rbn'-ci (Cheonoquet), a co. m the N. E. part of Mich.
Mont-pe'-h-er, a sraall t of Vt, the cap. of the state and the seat
of justice of VVashinglon CO., situated on the Onion r. Lat 44° 17' N.,
Lon. 72° 36' W. Pop. of township, .3,725.
Mont-pbl'-h-er (Fr. pron. mAN'-pH'-le'-i/), an important manufac
turing and coraraercial t in the S. of France, the cap. of the dep. of
Herault is beautifully situated on a hill commanding a view of the
sea, which is about 5ra. distant. Among its numerous literary and
scientific institutions may be mentioned the Academie Vniversilaire,
with a library of 36,000 vols. : the raedical department of this institu
tion enjoys a distinguished reputation: the Royal College: and the
Botanic Garden, the most ancient, and one of the best institutions of
the kind in France. The Observatory is in Lat. 43° 36' 16" N., Lon.
3° 52' 54" B. Pop. 36,000. (B.)
Montreal, niont^-re-aul', (Pr. Montreal, mAN^-ri'-il',) the cap. and
principal eraporiura of Canada, situated on the S. E. side of an i. in
the St. Lawrence, 142 m. S. W. of Quebec. Ita raost remarkable edifice
is the new Roman Catholic Cathedral, opened in 1829; one ofthe
largest churches on the New Continent, and capable of containing
from 10,000 to 12,000 persons. Montreal possesses a college, erected
in 1819, and attended by about 300 students ; an English university,
chartered in 1821 ; and a number of other institutions for education.
Lat. 45° 31' N., Lon. 73° 34' W. Pop. in 1840, including the suburns,
27,297. (M.)
MoNTREALE, mout-ri-i'-li, or, raore properly, Monreale, an archie
piscopal t near the N. coast of Sicily, 7ra. S. W. of Palerrao. Pop.
near 13,000. (B.)
MoNT-RogE', a seaport t. of Scotland, in Forfarshire, 60 m. N. N. E.
of Edinburgh, with a good harbour. This town has long been cele
brated for its schools. It was the first place in Scotland in which
Greek was taught, and has since preserved the character which it so
early (1534) attained. (M.) Pop. 13,402.
Monza, raon'-zi, (Anc. Modi'cia or Modoe'tia), at of Austrian Italy,
on the Lambro, 9 ra. N. N. E. of Milan, remarkable for having been the
cap. of the Lombard kings. The iron crown of Lombardy, and other
relics, are kept in the ancient cathedral, supposed to have been built
in the 7th century. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.)
Mooltan or Moultan, mool-tin', an ancient and decayed city of
Hindostan, in the Punjiub, on the Cheniub. Lat. 30° 9' N., Lon. about
71° 30' E. Pop. 60,000. (B.)

MOO— MOR 371
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Moore, a co. in the S. central part of N. C, W. of Cape Fear r.
Pop. 7,988. Co. t Carthage.
Moorshedabad, moor'-she-da-bad', a large but badly built city of
Hindostan, in Bengal, of which, previously lo the British conquest, it
was the capital. It stands on one of the arras of the Ganges, 115 ra.
N. of Calcutta. Pop. estiraated at 165,000. (B.)
Moor-zook', a walled t of N. Africa, the cap. of Fezzan. Lat 25°
54' N., Lon. ahout 14° 30' E.
Moose-Head Lake, the principal source of the Kennebeck r., in
Maine, and the largest lake in the state, situated between the counties
of Somerset and Piscataquis. Its forra is very irregular. The length
is above 35 ra. ; the breadth varies from about 2 m. to 6 or 7 m.
MoRAVA, rao-ri'-vi, (Morawa,) a i. in the N. part of European Tur
key, which faUs into the Danube.
Mo-ra'-vi-.a (Ger. Mahren, mi'-ren), an important prov. of the Aus
trian empire, between 48° 40' and 50° 25' N. Lat, and 15° 10' and
about 19° B. Lon. Length, near 180 m.; greatest breadth, above 100 m.
Area estiraated at 10,240 sq.ra. Pop. 2,143,052. (M.) Briinn is the
capital. — Adj. and inhab. Mo-ba'-vj-an.
Moray, pronounced, and often written, Mur'-ray. (See Elgin.)
Moray Frith (Anc. .(Estuariura Vararis), a bay on the E. coast of
Scotland, between Ross-shire and Elginshire.
Morbihan, raoa'-be'-iN', a dep. in the W. of France, N. of, and bor
dering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 449,743. Capital, Vannes.
Mo-re'-a,* the, (Anc. Peloponne'sus,) a peninsula forming the S.
extreraity of continental Greece. Its length is near 160 ra. ; ils
breadth about 100 ra. Area estimated at 8,800 sq. m. In shape, it is
supposed to resemble a mulberry leaf' The name Morea was given to
this peninsula by the Italians, from the quantity of mulberries (in their
language "more") which it produces. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Mo'-
re-ot'. Mor'-gan, a CO. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac.
Pop. 4,253. Co. t Bath.
Morgan, a co. in the N. B. central part of Ga., bordering on the
Oconee. Pop. 9,121. Co. t Madison.
Morgan, a co. in the N. part of Ala., S. of, and bordering on the
Tennessee r. Pop. 9,841. Co. t Somerville.
Morgan, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Tenn., a little N. of the Ten
nessee r. Pop. 2,660. Co. t Montgoraery.
Morgan, a co. in the B. part of Ky., intersected iy the Licking r.
Pop. 4,60.3. Co. t West Liberty.
Morgan, a co. in the S. B. part of Ohio, intersected by the Mus-
kingura. Pop. 20,852. Co. t. McConnelsville.
Morgan, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ind., intersected by the
White r. Pop. 10,741. Co. t Martinsville.
* " Slow sinks, more lovely ere his race be run.
Along Mokea's hills the setting sun." — Byron.
z

372 MOR— MOR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mJt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good ,
Morgan, a co. in the W. part of IU., E. of, and bordering on the Illi
nois r. Pop. 19,549. Co. t Jacksonville.
Morgan, a co. near the centre of Mo., bordering on the Osage r.
Pop. 4,407. Co, t Versailles.
MoRLAix, moR'-li', a seaport and manufacturing t. of France, in the
dep. of Finistere: il was the birth-place of General Moreau. Lat 48°
35' N., Lon. 3° 52' W. Pop. 7,800. (M.)
Mo-ROc'-cb, EMPIRE OF, (called by the natives Moghrib ul Acsa, mo'-
crib ool ak'-si, i.e. tbe "farthest west;" the Maurita'nia Tingila'na
of the ancient Romans,) is situated in the N. W. of Africa, between
the 28lh and 36th degrees of N. Lat and the 1st and 12lh of W. Lon. ;
bounded on the N. hy the Mediterranean and Strait of Gibraltar, E. by
Algiers, S. by the Sahara, and W. and N. W. by the Atlantic. Length,
from N. E. to S. W., above 700 m. ; greatest breadth, perhaps 300 m.
Area estimated at 175,000 sq. m. Pop. 6,000,000. (B.) The climate
of Morocco is not so betas might be expected from ite position, a cir
cumstance which is chiefly owing to the alternation of sea and land
breezes, and to the influence of the various mountain ranges by which
this country is intersected. The thermometer rarely rises, in the hot
test places, so high as 90° ; and along the sea, it seldom, if ever,
falls below 39° or 40°. The seasons are divided into wet and dry.
The wet season corresponds with our winter, and usually continues,
with slight interruptions, frora October to March. During the dry
season or suraraer, showers are of rare occurrence. The fruita of
this country, and the vegetable productions generally, are, with slight
exceptions, like those of Southern Europe. The prevaUing religion
of Morocco is Mahoraetanisra. Araong all the followers ofthe prophet,
the Moors are said to be raost bigoted. The government is an absolute
despotism, the sultan being the head of both church and state, and
having unlimited power over the property and lives of his subjects. —
Adj. Moor'-ish and Moresque, mo-resk'; inhab. Moor and Mo'-
ghkeb-in (Arab. Mo'-ghra-bee* ; in the plural, Mo^-ghaR'-bi'. — See
Int. XVI., Obs. 4).
Morocco (Arab. Mi-riksh'), a large though decayed city of Africa,
the cap. of the above empire, situated near the r. Tensift, about 110 m.
from the Atlantic. It is surrounded by a strong wall, 30 ft. high and
near 6 ra. in circuit. The area enclosed contains several large gardens
and open spaces. The most reraarkable building is the sultan's palace,
which occupies an oblong space on the outside of the raain wall, about
1,500 yards in length, and 600 in breadth ; which includes, besides the
sultan's residence, a number of gardens and detached pavilions. The
most important branch of industry in Morocco is the manufacture of
leather. The tanners possess the art of tanning the skins of lions and
panthers, and giving thera a jsnow-white colour, with the softness of
sUk. (P.C.) Their bright colours are considered iniraitable in Europe.
Lat. 31*= 37' N., Lon, 7° 36' W. Pop. probably between 50,000 and
60,000. (B,)

MOR— MOS 373
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
• Mor'-ris, a CO. in the N. part of N. J., intersected by the Morris
Canal. Pop. 25,844. Co. t Morristown.
Mos'-cow (Russ. Mos-kwi'), a large city of European Russia, the cap.
ofa prov. ofthe sarae name, and formerly the seat ofthe imperial govern
ment, is situated in the midst of a fertUe and highly cultivated country,
on the r. Moskwa, ahout 380 m. S, E, of St, Petersburg. The view of
the city from a distance has excited the admiration of all travellers.
The innuraerable towers, sorae wilh cupolas, either gilt or painted
green, others rising in tbe forra of rainarets, and the many gardens and
trees intermixed with houses, give the city quite an Oriental appear
ance. Since, however, the conflagration of 1812, the aspect of Moscow
has been considerably changed, and it is becoming more and more like
the capitals of western Europe. Among the remarkable buildings, may
be mentioned the Kremlin, the old residence of the czars, which has
been repaired since the attempte of the French to blow it up in 1812,
and still retains its ancient irregularity and grandeur : the Great Hall
for exercising the troops in bad weather, which is ahout 560 ft. long,
180 ft. wide, and 50 ft. high ; the ceiling of such vast extent has not a
single pillar to support it : and the building of the Foundling Hospital, re
garded as the handsomest and most extensive ofthe kind in Europe, The
ancient capital of Russia possesses a great number of literary and scienti
fic institutions, among which we raay notice the University, the first in the
empire for the nuraber of its professors and students ; its library, partly
destroyed in 1812, has been restored, and contained in 1835 about
45,000 volumes (M.) : the Anatomical Museum, one ofthe most exten
sive in the world : the Imperial Society of Naturalists; and the Society
of Amateurs of Russian History and Antiquities. Moscow is the great
entrepot for the internal coraraerce of European Russia : it is also the
residence of two archbishops. Lat. 55° 46' N., Lon. 35° 33' E. Pop.
soraewhat uncertain ; Balbi estiraates it al not less than 250,000.
Mo-5Elle' (Ger. Mosel, rao'-zel ; Anc. Mosel'la or " Little, Meuse") ;
a r. which rises in the raountains between the deps. of Vosges and Up
per Rhine, in France, and, flowing northerly, crosses the French fron
tier, and, passing through the Prussian territory, joins the Rhine at
Coblentz. Ite whole course is about 280 ra., for 170 of which it is navi
gable. Moselle, a dep. in the N. E. of France, intersected by the above r.,
and bordering on the grand-ducby of Luxeraburg and the Prussian ter
ritories. Pop. 427,250. (P. C.) Capital, Metz.
Mosk'-wa (Russ. pron. mos-kWi'), a r. in the central part of Eu
ropean Russia, which flows into the Oka.
Mosquito, mos-kee'-to, a co. in the E. part of Florida, bordering on
the Atlantic. Pop. 73. Co. t New Smyrna.
Mo'-suL or Moo'-sul, a decayed city of Asiatic Turkey, in the pasha-
lik of Bagdad, on the W. bank of the Tigris. A bridge of boats con
nects the town with the E. side of the river, where some mounds are
supposed to mark the site of the ancient Nineveh. The manufactures
32

374 MOU— MUN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, n5t ; 66 as in good ;
in cdtton, for which Mosul was once so celebrated,* have greatly de
clined, though they are still extensive. Lat 36° 21' N., Lon. about
43° E. Pop. probably above 60,000. (B.)
Moulins, moo^-liN', a commercial and manufacturing t of France,
the cap. of the dep. of Allier, on the r. Allier (here crossed by a fine
stone bridge, above 700 ft. in length), 165 m. S. S. E. of Paris. It pos
sesses a royal college, a public library of 20,000 vols, and some other
institutions. Lat. 46° 34' N., Lon. 3° 19' E. Pop. 14,502. (B.)
Mourzouk. See Moorzook.
Mozambique, rao'-zara-beek', (called by the natives Mis-im-beek',)
a seaport t of E. Africa, the cap. of a Portuguese colony of tbe same
name. Lat. 14° 49' S., Lon. 40° 45' E. Pop. unknown.
Mub'-lbn-burg\ a co. in the W. part of Ky., bordering on Green r.
Pop. 6,964. Co. t GreenviUe.
MflHLHAusBN, mule'-hou'-zeu, a walled t in Prussian Saxony, on the
Unstrut, with numerous manufactures and an active commerce. Lat,
51° 13' N., Lon. 10° 29' E. Pop. near 12,000. (P. C.)
MuHLHAusEN, mule^-hou'-zeu, (Fr. Mulhouse, miil'-ooze',) a manufac
turing and coraraercial t of Prance, in the dep. of Upper Rhine, on the
111, a tributary ofthe Rhine. It is the great centre ofthe manufacture
of printed cottons and silks, so mueh esteeraed for their brUliant and
indelible colours. This business is carried here to a higher degree of
perfection, and conducted on a more extensive scale than in any other
place in the world. The raanufactures of Muhlbausen and ite irarae
diate vicinity, occupy near 60,000 workraen, the annual value of whose
productions is estiraated at 50,000,000 francs. (B.) Lat 47° 47' N.,
Lon. 7° 21' B. The present pop., according to Balbi, araounte to raore
than 24,000, having quadrupled itself since the coramencement of the
present century.
MfJHLHBiM, miile'-hirae, a raanufacturing t of the Prussian states,
on the Ruhr (roor), an affluent of the Rhine. Lat. 51° '26' N., Lon.
6° 53' E. Pop. 6,400. (B.)
Mull, one of the Hebrides, forraing a part of Argyleshire, and sepa
rated frora the raain land of Scotland by a channel called the Sound of
Mull. It is about 35 m. in length and 14 in ils greatest breadth, con
taining an area of about 300 sq. m.
Mul'-lin-gar', the cap. of the co. of Westraealh, Ireland, situated
44 m. W. by N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,295. (M.)
MDn'-den, a manufacturing and commercial t of Gerraany, in Hano
ver, at the confluence of the Fulda and Werra, whose united strearas
here take the narae of Weser. Lat 51° 26' N., Lon. 9° 38' E. Pop
5,300. (B.)
Mu'-nich (Ger. Miinchen, mun'-nen), a city of Bavaria, the cap. of
the circle ofthe Isar, and ofthe whole kingdora, is situated on the Isar,
225 in. W. of Vienna. This town has been greatly improved and en
larged since the beginning of the present centnry, and now ranks
• From the nama ofthis town, the word muslin has been derived.

MUN— MUR 375
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
araong the handsomest in Gerraany. New and splendid streets ara
seen extending in all directions, adorned with elegant houses and mag
niflcent public buUdings. The king's palace, when the important
alterations undertaken by the reigning sovereign shall have been com
pleted, will probably be the richest and most beautiful royal residence
in the Germanic erapire. As a seal of learning and the arts, Munich
stands in the first rank of European cities. Among the most remarka
ble institutions, we raay name the University, forraerly established at
Ingolstadt whence it was reraoved, in 1800, to Landshut, and in 1827
transferred to the Bavarian capital ; there are 58 ordinary and 10 ex
traordinary professors, and between 1,300 and 1,400 students ; tbe
University library contains 105,000 vols. : the Public Library, with
400,000 printed vols, and 8,500 raanuscripts : the Royal Acaderay of
Ans : and the Military Academy. Munich is greatly indebted to the
taste and liberality of the present sovereign, Ludwig I., not only for
the recent improvement in the buildings and general appearance ofthe
city, but especially for ite distinguished reputation as a seat of the fine
arte. I'he magnificent collections in painting and sculpture, deposited
in the Pinacolheca, " picture-repository," and the Glyplothepa, " sculp
ture-repository," are regarded as the chief glory of the Bavarian capi
tal, and raay rank among the finest establishments of the kind in the
world. The observatory of Munich, one of the best in Europe, is in
Lat. 48° 8' 45" N.. Lon. 11° 36' 37" E. Pop. about 100,000. (B.)
Mun'-ster (Ger. Miin'-ster), a city of the Prussian dorainions, the
cap. ofa circle of the sarae narae, and of the whole prov. of Westpha
lia, is situated on the Aa, a tributary of the Ems, with which river it
also coraraunicates by a canal. It was formerly strongly fortified, but
in 1765 the fortifications were destroyed, and the ramparts planted
wilh linden trees and converted inlo a promenade. Munster has an
acaderay, attended by 350 students, with a faculty of philosophy, and
one of theology (for the Roraan Catholics) ; and a gymnasium, attended
by neariy 400 students, with a library of 25,000 vols. • Lat. 51° 58' N.,
Lon. 7° 36' E. Pop. 21,000. (B.)
Mun'-steb, one of the four provinces into which Ireland is divided,
occupying the S. W. portion of the island, comprising the counties of
Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary and VVaterford.
Murcia, mur'-she-a, (Sp. pron. mooR'-the-S,) a prOv. and formerly
a kingdom in the S. E. of Spain, bordering on Andalusia and the Medi
terranean. Extreme length, from N. to S., about 130 m.; greatest
breadth, from E. to W., near 110 ra. — Adj. and inhab. Murcian, raur'-
she-an ; (Sp. Murciano, mooR-the-i'-no.)
Murcia, a city of Spain, the cap. of the above prov., situated in a
beautiful and fertile valley, watered by the r. Segura (s6g-oo'-ri), about
26 m., in a straight line, from the sea. It is the seat of several col
leges and other instilutions. The silk manufactures of this place are
eaid to have formerly employed 16,000 hands, but now only 400. The
inhabitants ofthe capital, like those of the province generally, are de
scribed as slothful, gloomy, and reserved, on which account Murcia ia

376 MUR-NAG
Fite, fir, fill, f3t; m^, mJt; pine or pine, pin; n6, nSt; 66 as in g-ooc?;
said to be one of the dullest cities in Spain. Lat 38° N., Lon. 1° 14'
W. Pop. 36,000. (B.)
MuR'-FREEg-Bo- ROUGH, a Small t of Tenn., the seat of justice of
Rutherford co,, and formerly the cap, of the state, situated 32 m., in a
straight line, S. E. of Nashville.
Murray. See Elgin.
Mur'-ray, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on Tenn. Pop.
4,695. Co. t Springplace.
Murray Frith. See Moray Frith.
MuRviBDBo, raooR-ve-i'-dro, (Anc. Sagun'tum, aft,erwards Murve-
tum or Mu'ri Vel'eres, i. e. " old walls,") a t of Spain, in the prov. of
Valencia, chiefly interesting on account of its antiquities. Lat 39° 41'
N., Lon. 0° 17' W. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
Mus-cat', a -fortified seaport t of Arabia, the cap. of the prov. of
Oraan, iraportant as the great entrepot for the merchandise brought
through the Persian Gulf from India to Persia and Arabia, and as the
centre ofthe trade in pearls, which are found in such abundance in the
Persian Gulf Lat. about 23° 30' N., Lon. 58° 39' E. Pop. ordinarily
estiraated at about 12,000 (B.), though some rate it much higher. The
iraim (or sacerdotal prince) of Muscat is an independent sovereign,
possessing, besides the little state of Muscat the island of Zanzibar, of
Africa, and sorae territory on the opposite coast.
' Muscatine, raus^-ka-teen', a cO. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on
the Mississippi. Pop. 1,942. Co. t Blooraington.
Mus-co'-GEE (g hard), a co. in the W. part of Georgia, bordering on
the Chattahoochee. Pop. 11,699. Co. t Colurabus.
Muskingum, raus-king'-gum, a r. in the S. E. part of Ohio, which
flows into the Ohio r. It is navigable for boats about 100 ra.
Muskingum, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, intersected by
the above river. Pop. 38,749. Co. t Zanesville.
Musselburgh, raus'-sel-bur^-refe, a seaport t of Scotland, in Edin-
burgshire, on the Frith of Forth, at the raouth of the Esk, 5 m. E. of
Edinburgh. Pop. 6,331.
Mysore, mi-sore', a large prov. in the S. of Hindostan, belonging to
the presidency of Madras, between 11° 30' and 1.5° N. Lat, and 74°
45' and 78° 40' E. Lon. Pop. estiraated at 2,500,000. (M.)
Mysore, the cap. of the above, occupies a considerable space ot
ground, which is enclosed by a wall. Lat 12° 19' N., Lon. 76° 42' E.
Pop. probably above 50,000. (B.)
Naas, nice, a t of Ireland, in the co. of Kildare, 18 m. S. W. of
Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,808.
Nag-poor', a large but badly built city of Hindostan, in the prov. of
Gundwana, the cap. of a kingdom of the same name. Lat 21° 9' N.,
Lon. 79° 10' E. Pop. in 1825, 115,000. (B.)
Nagy Enyed, nody (alraost nodge — see Int XXII., 16 and 17) en^-
yed', a large village of Transylvania, near the right bank of the Ma
rosch, remarkable for its Protestant college, wbich is regarded as tha

NAG— NAN 377
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
first institution of the kind in that country. Lat 46° 18' N., Lon. 23°
41' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
Nagy Ka'roly, n6dy kii'-rol\ a t. in the E. part of Hungary, 37 m.
E. by N. of Debreczin, Pop. above 11,000. (P. C.)
Nagy Szombath. See Tyrnau.
Nagy Varad. See Gross- Wardein.
Nairn'-shire, a co. of Scotland, S, of, and bordering on Moray Frith.
Pop. 9,217.
Nairn, the cap. of the above, is a seaport t at the raouth of a small
river of the same name, which flows into Moray Frith. Pop. 2,672.
Na'-mur (Fr. pron. ni'-miiR'; Flem. Namen, ni'-raen) ; a prov. in
the S. E. part of Belgium, bordering on France. Area, 1,413 sq. m.
Pop. 212,725. (P. C.)
Namur (Lat. Naraur'cura), the cap. of the above prov., situated at
the confluence of the Sambre and the Meuse. It is regarded as the
strongest fortress in Belgium, and is the seat of various raanufactures,
particularly of arms and cutlery. Lat. 50° 28' N., Lon. 4° 51' E. Pop.
19,000. (B.)
Nancy (Fr. pron. niN'-se'), a t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of
Meurthe, and formerly of Lorraine, near the r. Meurthe, 30 m. S. of
Metz. It bas an academie universitaire, a royal college, a rich mu
seura, a public library of 23,000 vols., and other institutions. Lat. 48°
42' N., Lon. 6° 10' E. Pop. 30,000. (B.)
Nangasaki, nang'-ga-si'-ke, a seaport t of Japan, on the island of
Keoo-seoo (Kiu-siu), the only place in the empire which is open to Eu
ropeans. The streets are narrow and ¦winding ; but the numerous tem
ples render the appearance of the town picturesque to those approach
ing frora a distance. Lat. 32° 46' N., Lon. 129° 52' E. Pop. variously
estiraated frora 15,000 or 18,000 (P. C), to 60,000 or 70,000 (M.)
This great difference may perhaps be accounted for by the occasional
influx of foreigners.
Nan-kin' or Nan-kino' called also Kiang Ning, a large city of China,
formeriy the cap. of the empire, situated near the right bank of the river
Yang-tee-kjang, about 120 ra. from its, raouth. It is enclosed by walls,
nearly 20 m. in circuit, composed of limestone, cemented by sunburnt
clay. The city has declined much, both in size and splendour, since the
end ofthe 13th century, when Kublai-Khan reraoved the imperial resi
dence to Pekin. At that lime. Nankin was the largest town on the globe.
The streets ofthis city, though not so wide as those of Pekin, are regu
lar and generally handsorae, clean, well-paved, and bordered with well-
furnished shops. The most remarkable edifice is the famous porcelain
tower, an octagonal building, above 200 ft high : each side of the base
is 40 ft. long. There are 9 stories, of equal height ; at the termination
of each, a roof, built in *he Chinese fashion, projects some feet on the
outside, and under it is a passage round the lower. At the projecting
corners of these roofs. <>mall bells are fastened, which sound with the
slightest breeze. Tbe material of which the walls are constructed is
fiaid to te a kind of white brick, made of fine clay. Nearly the whole
32*

378 NAN— NAP
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good ;
of the interior is gilded. Nankin is connected by canals with the
Yang-tse-Kiang ; it carries on an active commerce, and is the seat of
numerous manufactures. It is also distinguished as a centre of learn
ing and the arts. Lat 32° 5'N., Lon. 118° 47' E. The pop., which ia
said to have once been 4,000,000, is at present estimated by Balbi at
about 500,000.
Nan'-se-monp\ a CO. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on N. C.
Pop. 10,795. Co. t Suffolk.
Nantes (Fr. pron. niNt : Anc. Condevic'num ; afterwards Namne'-
tes), a city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Lower Loire, delightfully
situated on the N. bank of the Loire, 210 m.W. S. W. of Paris. It is, for
the most pari, well built, and contains about 20 places or squares.
Among ils various literary and scientific institutions, this town possesses
a royal college, a school of medicine, a museura of antiquities, a valu
able cabinet of natural history, a public library of 30,000 vols., &c.
Nantes is one of the raost coraraercial places in France, and is the
seat of nuraerous raanufactures. Lat. 47° 13' N., Lon. 1° 32' W. Pop.
75,150. (B.)
N,an-tuck'-bt, an i. in the Atlantic, belonging to Massachusetts, from
the main land of which it is distant about 20 ra. It is about 16 ra. in
length, with a mean breadth of 4 or 5 m. Il forms the co. of Kan-
tucket which has a pop. of 9,012.
Nantucket, a port of entry, cap. of the above, is situated on the N.
side of the i., with a good harbour. Lat. 41° 17' N., Lon. 70° 6' VV.
Nant'-wich, a t. of England, in Cheshire, 18 ra. S. E. of Chester.
Pop. 5,489.
Na'-ple.s (II. Napoli, ni'-po-le: Anc. Parthen'ope and Neap'olis), an
archiepiscopal city and seaport of Italy, the cap. ofa kingdora to which
it gives ils name, is situated on the N. side of a small bay of the Me
diterranean, called the Gulf of Naples, 118 m. S. E. of Rome. It con
tains but few buildings deserving admiration for their architecture;
they are generally either disproportionate in their parte, or overloaded
with ornaments. The houses of Naples are flat-roofed and covered
with a kind of stucco, which becomes indurated on exposure to the
atmosphere. Mosl of thera have balconies in front, raaking the streets,
which are generally narrow, appear still narrower. Tlie raost remark
able edifices are : the royal palace (La Reggia, li red'-ji), a large mass
of buildings, constructed al different tiraes ; the new palace has a front
nearly 400 ft. in length, with three orders of (lillars, one above the
other, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian ; the apartraents are adorned with
valuable paintings of the old Italian masters: the Palazzo degli Studj
Puhlici (pi-lit'-so dJl-ye stoo'-de-e, poob'-le-che), erected in the early
part of the 17lh century, originally intended and used for a university,
but afterwards, in 1790, converted into a great national rauseum ; this,
called Museo Borhonico (moo-si'-o boR-bon'-e-ko), is said lo be unrival
led in its coUection of various antiquities ; it contains also the Royal
Library of 150,000 vols., which is open to the public. Naples possesses
a great number of instithtions for education, among which we may cite

NAP— NAT 379
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
the University, founded in 12-24, and attended at present by about 1,500
students : the Lyceum del Salvatore : an establishment for unrolling and
decypbering the manuscripts found at Herculaneum, and other ancient
towns : a botanic garden, one of the richest in Italy : and a " Royal
House for the Poor," where nearly 6,000 children are taught the differ
ent arts and trades, at the expense of the government. Naples is cele
brated for ils delicious cliraate and for the beauty of the surrounding
country. The Observatory is in Lat. 40° 51' 46" N., Lon. 14° 15' 4"
E. Pop. in 1835, exclusive of the garrison and non-resident foreigners,
850,000. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab. Ne'-a-pol'-j-tan.
Naples, kingdom of, otlierwise called the Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies, a stale comprising the S. portion of Italy, with Sicily and
the adjacent islands, situated between 86° 30' and 43° N., Lat. and 11°
50' and 18° 80' E. Lon. The length of the peninsular portion, follow
ing the curve, is near 390Tn. ; the breadth varies from about 13 m. to
above 138 ra. Area of the whole kingdom estiraated at 42,000 sq. m.
Pop. 7,420,000. (B.) The kingdora of Naples is divided into 22 pro
vinces, or intendencies, 15 belonging to the peninsula, and 7 to SicUy.
The gov. is norainally a liraited raonarcby, but approaches very nearly
to a despotism. The reigning family is a branch of the house of Bour
bon. Nar-bonne' (Anc. Nar'bo Mar'tius), a city of France, in the dep. of
Aude, 6 or 7 m. from the Mediterranean, on a canal which coraraunicates
with this sea and the r. Aude. It is surrounded by a wall flanked with
towers, and entered by four gates. A Roraan colony was planted here
ahout 116 years before the Christian era. Narbo is afterwards raen
tioned by Cicero and Strabo as one of the raost iraportant cities of
Gaul. Several fragraents of Roraan architecture raay be seen here,
incorporated in the walls of the town, and a number of inscriptions
exist in excellent preservation. The pop. of Narbonne, which in the
raiddle ages araounted to more lhan 40,000, is now only 10,000. (B.)
Lat 43° 11' N., Lon. 3° B.
Nash, a co. in the N. N. E. part of N. C, intersected by Tar r. Pop.
9,947. Ca t Nashville.
Nash-o'-ba, a CO. in the E. central part of Miss., intersected by
Pearl r. Pop. 2,437. Co. seat, Philadelphia.
Nash'-ville, the largest t in Tenn., the cap. of Davidson co. and of
the state, is situated on the S. bank of the Cumberland r., which is
navigable for stearaboats lo this place. Il is the centre of an active
trade. Tbe University of Nashville, founded in 1806, is the principal
literary establishment. Lat. 36° 9' N., Lon. 86° 49' W. Pop. 6,929.
Nas'-sau (Ger. pron. nis'-sou). Duchy of, a state of Gerraany, be
tween 49° 55' and 50° 50' N. Lat, and 7° 31' and 8° 35' E. Lon.
The area is variously estiraated, but is probably about 1,900 sq. m.
Pop. in 1838, 379,272. (P. C.) The capital is Wisbaden.
Nassau (usually pronounced Nas-sau'), a co. forraing the N. E. ex
treraity of Florida. Pop. 1,892. Co. t Fernandina.
Natch'-ez, a port of entry and the principal t. of Miss., on the Mis-

SSO NAT— NAX
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mJt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 65, as in good ;
sissippi r., near the S. W. extremity of the state. It is the centre of
an extensive commerce, but the insalubrity of the climate has some
what retarded ite growth. Lat. 31° 34' N., Lon. 91° 25' W. Pop.
4,800. Natch^-I-toch'-E6, sometimes pronounced nak'-e-tush', a parish in
the W. part of La., on the Red r. Pop. 14,350. Capital, Natchi
toches. Nat-o'-h-a, An^-a-to'-h-a or An-a-do'-h, (from the Greek avaroi^,
i. e. the " rising or east" being equivalent to the PVench word levant,)
a part of Asiatic Turkey, now generally considered as synonymous
with the Asia Minor of the ancients. Natolia or Anadoli, in a more
restricted sense, is employed to denote an extensive province, occupy
ing the W. and N. W. portions of Asia Minor.
Naum'-burg (Ger. pron. noum'-booRG), a flourishing t. of Prussian
Saxony, on the Saale, near ite junction with the Unstrut It is the
seat of the suprerae tribunal for the governmente of Mersehurg and
Erfurt. Lat 51° 9' N., Lon. 11° 40' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
Nau'-ph-.a or Napoli di Romania, ni'-po-le de ro-mi-nee'-i, a sea
port t. of Greece, in the E. part of the Morea, on a bay of the same
name. The ancient Nauplia was the port and arsenal of Argos, during
the flourishing period of Grecian history, hut was almost or quite de
serted in the time of the early Roman emperors. Under the Byzan
tine sovereigns it revived, and afterwards became the chief settleraent
of the Venetians in the Morea, until it was taken by the sultan Soly
man, in 1537. Its situation, so picturesque and so advantageous for
coraraerce and defence, caused it to be chosen, after the war of inde
pendence, for the capital of Greece ; but, in 1834, the seat of govern
ment was transferred to Athens. Lat. 37° 34' N., Lon. 22° 47' B.
Pop. probably near 12,000. (B.)
Nav'-an, a t. of Ireland, at the confluence of the rivers Blackwater
and Boyne, 26 ra. N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, including tht
suburbs, about 6,000. (M.)
Navarfno, nav-a-ree'-no, or Neooastro, ni'-o-kis'-tro, a small t. and
fortress of Greece, in tbe S.W. part of the Morea, on a bay of tbe sarae
name, reraarkable as the scene of a great naval contest, October 20th,
1827, between the corabined fleet of the French, English, and Russians,
under Adrairal Codrington, and the Turco-Egyptian fleet coraraanded
by Ibrahim Pasha. Tbe allies gained a coraplete victory, which esta
blished the independence of Greece.
Nav-arrb' (Sp. pron. Navarra, ni-var'-ri), a prov. and formerly a
kingdom of Spain, bounded on the N. by France, S. B. by Aragon, S.W.
by Old Castile, and W. by the Basque provinces or Biscay. Length
from N. to S., about 80 m.; greatest breadth, frora E. to W., 64m.
Pamplona is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Nav'-.ar-rb§e'.
Navigators' Islands, a group in the Pacific, between 13° and 15°
S. Lat, and 169° and 173° W. Lon.
Naxia, nax-ee'-ij, (Anc. Nax'os), a Grecian i., the raost fertile of the
Cyclades, intersected by the 37th parallel of N. Lat. and the meridian

NEA— NES 381
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; s, nearly like ng.
of '25° 30' E. Lon. Length, 21 m. ; greatest breadth, 15 ra. Pop. esti
mated at 10,000. (P. C.) The chief town, called also Naxia, is on
the N. W. side of the island. Pop. 4,000. (M.)
Neagh, Lough, 16h ni, the largest lake in the United Kingdom, is
situated in the N. E. part of Ireland, about 90 ra. N. of Dublin. Its
forra reserables a parallelogram. Length about 20 m. ; greatest breadth,
rather more than 10 m. ; greatest depth, about 100 ft.
Neok'-ar, a r. in the S. W. of Gerraany, which flows through Wiir
temberg and Baden, and joins the Rhine at Manheim.
Ne-cos'-t.a, a CO. in the W. central part of Mich.
Nedjd, nej'd, or Nedj'-ed, an extensive prov. occupying the central
part of Arabia, inhabited chiefly by wandering tribes of Bedouins.
Nbg'-ro-pont^ or Eg'-ri-po (Anc. Eubos'a), a large i. near the E.
coast of continental Greece, between 37° 57' and 39° 4' N. Lat. and
22° 57' and 24° 35' E. Lon. It is ahout 110 m. long, and frora 3 or 4
to 26 m. wide. The channel (Anc. Euri'pus) which separates this
island from the main land varies from 40 yards to about 14 ra. in
breadth. On the narrowest part is situated Egripos or Negropont (Anc.
Chal'cis), the chief town of the island. Lat. 38° 30' N., Lon. 23° 54'
E. Pop., before the war of independence, estiraated at 16,000. (B.)
Neisse, ni'-ce^, a well-built t. and fortress of Prussian Silesia, the
cap. of a principality of the sarae narae, which belongs partly to Prus
sia and partly lo Austria. The town is situated on the r. Neisse, a branch
of the Oder, and is regarded as one of the most important fortresses in
the Prussian dominions. In case of a siege, the adjacent country can he
laid under water. It contains, besides other manufactories, a powder-
mUl and a royal manufactory of arras. Lat 50° 25' N., Lon. 17° 16'
E. Pop. above 10,000. (B.)
Nel'-son, a CO. in the S. E. central part of Va., bordering on Jaraes r.
Pop. 12,287. Co. t Livingston.
Nelson, a co. in the N. central part of Ky., S.W. of Frankfort. Pop.
13,637. Co. t Bardstown.
Nelson River. See Saskatchawan.
Nenagh, ni'-na, a t. of Tipperary, Ireland, near a r. of the same
name, which flows into the Shannon, 87 m. W. S. W. of Dublin. Pop.
in 183L 8,446. (M.)
Neot's, St., sent neete, or s'n neets. a small I. of England,. in Hun
tingdonshire, on the Ouse, 50 ra. N. by W. of London.
Ne-paul' or Nepal, an independent kingdom of Hindostan, situated
between 26° 30' and 30° 50' N. Lat, and 80° and.88° E. I>on. Length
above 500 m. ; raean breadth about 100 m. Pop, 2,500,000. (B.) The
government is despotic; the prevailing religion is Boodhism. Cat
mandoo is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Nep'-aul-e.se'.
Neb-bud'-dah or Nar-mi'-da, a large r. of Hindostan, which rises in
the prov. of Gundwana, in about 2-2° 40' N. Lat. and 82° E. Lon., and,
flowing westerly, falls into the Gulf of Cambay, in Lat. 21° 36 N., Lon.
72° 50' B., after a course of about 700 m.
Ness, Loch, Iok ness, a lake of Scotland, in Inverness-shire; it is

382 NET— NEU
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, n5t ; 66, as in good ;
about 22 m. long, and from about three-quarters of a mile to near 2 m.
wide. Neth'-bb-l^nds (Dutch, Nederland, nV-der-lint'; Ger. Ni/3derlande,
nee'-der-lin-de/j ; Pr. Pays Bas, pie-bi ; each narae signitying, in its
respective language, " low land or low countries"), the narae formerly
applied lo the whole country which constitutes the territories of Hol
land and Belgium, bul now usually employed to denote the kingdom
of Holland only. In the beginning of the 16lh century, almost the
whole of the Netherlands belonged to the house of Austria ; but Charles
v., eraperor of Germany, united them in 1548 to the crown of Spain.
In consequence of the cruel persecution of the Protestante, during the
reign of his son Philip II., king of Spain, seven of the provinces, viz.
Holland, Gelderland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Overyssel, and Gro
ningen, revolted and forraed the celebrated republic ofthe Seven United
Provinces, which was afterwards generally called Holland, from the
narae of the largest and raost influential province. To these were
afterwards added, by conquest and treaty, other territories, including
Drenthe and N. Brabant. The reraaining provinces, including S. Bra
bant continued united to the Spanish crown till 1706, when, afler the
battle of ^.araUies, they acknowledged as their sovereign Charles VI.,
afterwards emperor of Germany, and were thenceforward known as the
Austrian Netherlands. In the seven Dutch provinces, the house
of Orange obtained the hereditary dignity of Stadtholder, in 1747.
After the fall of Napoleon, in 1813, the Prince, who, during the ascen
dancy of the French influence, had been compelled to live in exile,
was recaUed and governed the country, with the title of "Sovereign
Prince." In 181.5, tbe seven northern and ten southern provinces, after
a separation of 200 years, were again united under the narae of the
kingdora of the Netherlands. This union continued for 15 years, till
the revolt of the Belgians, in 1830. (See Belgium and Holland.)
Neu'-burg (Ger. pron. noi'-booRG), a handsorae t of Bavaria, on the
Danube, 45 m. W. S. W. of Ratisbon. Lat 48° 44' N., Lon. 11° 11
E. Pop. about 6,000. (B.)
Neufchatel, nush''-i-tel', often written Neuchatel (Ger. Neuen-
burg, noi'-en-booRo), a small canton in the N. \V. part of Switzerland,
bordering on France. Area, about 250 sq.m. Pop. in 1837, .5S,616.
(P. C.) Neufchitel is a principality, of which the king of Prussia is
the sovereign prince ; il has, however, a legislative body, seven-eighths
of whom are elected frora the various districte ofthe canton. Neuf-
chitel, the capital, on the N. W. side of the lake ofthe same narae, is
distinguished for ils raanufacturing industry. Pop. about 5,000. (B.)
Neufchatel, Lake of (Ger. Neuenburger-See, noi'-en-booR^-Ger si),
called also the Lake of Yverdun, e^-vW-duN', on the S. E. side of the
above canton, is 25 m. in length, and about 5 ra. in its greatest breadth ;
greatest depth, about 400 ft. The surface is estimated to be 1,320 ft.
above the level of the sea.
Neu-Ruppin. See Ruppin, New.
Nbu'-satz or noi'-sils (Hung, Ujvidek, oo-e-ve-daik), a roytj free t.

NEU— NEW 383
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
of Hungary, on the Danube, opposite to Peterwardein, witb wbich it is
connected by a bridge of boats, 46 ra. N, W, of Belgrade. It is the
centre of an extensive trade. Pop. above 17,000. (B.)
Neuse, a r. of N. C, flowing into the S. W. extreraity of Pamlico
Sound. Length about 300 m. It is navigable for boats 200 m.
Neu'-sohl or noi'-sole (Hung. Beszteroze Banya, b&-t^Rt-si biin-
yoh), a royal free t of Hungary, reraarkable for the copper mines in
ite vicinity. Lat. 48° 40' N., Lon. 19° 3' E. Pop. 10,000.
Neu'-stadt or noi'-slitt (often called Wiener (Wee'-ner) Neustadt,
frora its proximity to Vienna), a handsome, flourishing, and well-forti
fied t of Lower Austria, '27 m. S. by W. of Vienna, wilh which it com
municates by a canal. It is the seat ofa celebrated railitary acaderay,
attended by about 500 pupils, and contains a nuraber of flourishing
manufactures. Lat 47° 48' N., Lon. 16° 13 E. Pop. above 8,000. (B.)
Neustadt (Hung. Nagy-Banya, nody — (almost nodge) htkn-yoh), a t.
cf Hungary, near the N. frontier of Transylvania, remarkable for ils
rich raines of gold, silver, and lead. Lat 47° 39' N., Lon. 23° 82' E.
Pop. above 4,000. (B.)
NEu'-wiED,or noi'-weet a manufacturing tof Prussia, on the Rhine,
7 m. N. N. W. of Coblentz, wilh a gyranasiura, a valuable collection of
Roraan antiquities, and of specimens in natural history, and 5,200
inhabitants, who are cbiefly Moravians.
Ne'-va (Russ. pron. niZ-vi), a r. of Russia, which forras the outlet
of L. Ladoga, and joins the Gulf of Finland, at St Petersburg.
Nevada, La Sierra. See the next artiche.
Nevado, ni-va'-DO, a Spanish word signifying " covered with snow,"
which has been applied lo nuraerous raountain peaks in S. America
and Mexico.
La Sierra Nevada (li se-er'-ri ni-vi'-oi), or the " snow-clad ridge,"
is a chain of mountains in Granada, Spain, which runs due E. and W.,
and is about 60 ra. in length. The peak of Mulahacen (raoo-li-i-lhen'),
near the centre of this chain, in 37° 10' N. Lat, and 3° 28' W. Lon.,
is the highest mountain sumrait in the Spanish peninsula, and, with tho
exception of the Alps, the highest in Europe, having an elevation of
11,658 ft. above the level of the sea. The Sierra Nevada is perpetually
covered with snow above the height of 9,.500ft.
Nevado de Sorata. See Sorata.
Nevers, neA-vaRe', (Anc. Noviodu'nura, afterwards Niver'nura or
Nevir'nura,) a raanufacturing and coraraercial t of France, cap. of the
dep. of Nievre, on the Loire, at the junction of the little r. Nievre,
133 ra. S. by E. of Paris. It contains a royal cannon foundry, and
other extensive manufactures in iron. The crockery made here is re
garded as the best in France. Lat 46° 59' N., Lon. 3° 10' E. Pop.
15,000. (B.)
Nbw'-.abk, a t of England, in Nottinghamshire, on the Trent HO m.
N. hy W. of London. Pop., including an area of about 3 sq. m.,
10,220. Newark, a port of entry of N. J., the cap. of Essex co., and the

384 NEW— NEW
Fite, fir, fiU, f5t; mi, mit; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; oojBmgood^
largest t in the state, is situated on the Passaic, 9 m. W. of New Yorit.
The river is navio-able for sloops of 80 tons to this place ; 4 m. below
the t it falls into Newark Bay. The position of this city is very fai^"''-
able for trade, standing, as it does, on the railroad between New York
and PhUadelphia, and coraraunicating wilh the Delaware at Easton, by
means of the Morris Canal. It is the seat of numerous and flourishing
manufactures, and contained, in 1840, 17,290 inhabitanta, exhibiting an
increase of raore than 6,000 since the census of 1830. Lat. 40° 45' N.,
Lon. 74° 10' W. „
Newark Bay is forraed by the junction of the Passaic and Hacken
sack rivers. It is 6 or 7 ra. long, and above 2 m. wide, communicating
at its S. extremity with Staten Island Sound.
New Bed'-ford, a seaport t and port of entry of Mass., in Bristol
CO., of which it is one of the seate of justice, on an arm of Buzzard's
Bay, about 50 m., in a straight line, S. by E. of Boston. The inhabit
ants of this town own a large amount of shipping, and are very exten
sively engaged in the whale fishery. Lat 41° 38' N., Lon. 70° 56' W.
Pop. 12,087.
New'-bebn, a port of entry of N. C, cap. of Craven co., is situated
at the confluence of the Trent and Neuse, about 100 m. E. S. E. of Ra
leigh, Lat. 85° 20' N., Lon. 77° 5' W. Pop. 3,690.
New'-ber-ry, a dist. in the N. W. central part of S. C, between the
Saluda and Broad rivers. Pop. 18,350. Seat of justice Newberry c. h.
New Bruns'-wick, a prov. of British America, lying on the W. side
of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Length, from N. to S., about 190 m. ;
average breadth estiraated at 150 m. Pop. in 18-34, 119,4-57. (P. C.)
Fredericklon is the capital.
New Brunswick, a t of N. J., the cap. of Middlesex ca, on the
Raritan, where it is crossed by the New York and Philadelphia rail
road, 28 ra., in a straight line, S. W. of New York. With this city it
has daily intercourse, by raeans of steamboats on the Raritan, as well
as by the railroad, while, through the Delaware and Raritan canal, it
has a water comraunication wilh Trenton and Philadelphia. Pop.
8,693. New'-burg, a well-built t of N. Y., in Orange co., on the Hudson,
about 60 ra., by water, frora New York. It is alternately with Goshen
tbe CO. I. Lat 41° 31' N., Lon. 74° 1' W. Pop. 8,933.
Newburyport, nu'-ber-re-p6rt\ a beautiful Land port of entry in
Essex CO., Mass., at the mouth of the Merrimack. It was formerly
very flourishing, but in 1811 a flre destroyed nearly 300 buildings,
frora the eflfecls of which calamity it has never recovered. Lat 42° 46'
N., Lon. 70° 50' W. Pop. 7,161.
Newcastle, nu'-kas-s'l, the raost northern of the three counties of
Del. Pop. 33,120. Co. t Newcastle.
New-c.as'-tle-upon-Tyne, an iraportant coraraercial t and river-port
of England, in Northuraberland, on the N. bank of the Tyne, 10 ra.
frora ils mputh. It is connected with Gateshead, on the opposite side
01 the river, in the co. of Durham, by a handsome stone bridge, with 9

NEW- NEW 38a
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
elliptical arches. This town owes ils importance and prosperity to its
extensive comraerce in coal, which is procured from numerous pits,
situated on hoth sides ofthe Tyne, from wilhin 2 ra. of its raouth to 16
or 18 ra. up the river. Newcastle forras a little county of itself, with
an area of only 2,000 acres. It has neariy doubled in pop. during
the present century. Lat. 50° .58' N., Lon. 1° 37' W. Pop. of the t.
and CO. of Newcastle, 48,860. Gateshead, which is regarded by some
as a suburb of the above, contains about 19,000 inhabitants.
Newcastle-under-Lymb or Lynb,* a t of England, in Staffordshire,
185 ra. N. W. of London. Pop. 9,838.
New England, a narae given to the N. B. portion of the U. S., in
cluding the six states of Maine, New Harapshire, Verraont, Massachu
setta, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The whole area may be esti
mated at about 67,000 sq. m., being rather less than that of Virginia.
Total pop. 2,234,862. The inhabitants of New England are distin.
guished for their intelligence and enterprise. There is probably no
country on the globe, in which the obligations of morality and religion
are more generally respected and obeyed.
New'-fqund-land', a large i. of British America, situated in thfr
Atlantic, S. E. of Labrador, from which it is separated by the Strait of
BeUe Isle, between 46° 40' and 51° 37' N. Lat, and .52° 25' and 59°
15' W. Lon. Ite form approaches that ofa triangle. The length,
measuring nearly N. and S., is about 320 ra.; greatest breadth, near
300 ra. Area estimated at 50,000 sq.m. Pop. fluctuating, in conse
quence of raany persons, who visit the island in the fishing season,
leaving it during winter : according to the census of 1836, it araounted
to 73,705. (P. C.) Little is known of the interior of Newfoundland.
It appears, however, to be generally barren. The inhabitants depend
chiefly on fishing for tbeir subsistence.
New Granada, gri-ni'-di,t (Sp. Nueva Granada, nwi'-vi gri-ni'-
ni,) one of the three republics of S. Araerica, into which, in 1836,
Colombia was divided. (See Colombia.) The boundary line between
Granada and Ecuador, appears not to be exactly settled, but it lies be
tween 1° and 2° N. Lat : towards the N. this republic extends to 12°
30' N. Lat. : it is situated between 69° and 83° W. Lon ; bounded on
the N.-by the Caribbean sea, E. by Venezuela and Brazil, S, by BrazU
and Ecuador, and W. by the Pacific and Central America. The great
est length, from N. to S., is near 800 ra. ; greatest breadth, frora E. to
W., about 650 ra. Area estiraated at 400,000 sq.m. Pop. in 1826,
1,320,000. (B.) There is reason to believe that, in consequence ofthe
unsettled state of the country, it has not materially "increased since that
period. Bogota is the capital.
• It appears from old records that an ancient forest on the borders of Cheshire
was called Lyme or Lime (probably from limes, a " boundary") ; from their prox
imity to which, a number of places are supposed to have received the addition
to their names of under lyme or lyne,
t See note under Granada.
33

886 NEW— NEW
Fite, fir, f iU, fit ; mi, m Jt ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, nSt ; 66 as in good ;
New Guinea. See Papu.a.
New Hamp'-shibe, one of the thirteen original U. S., situated be
tween 42° 40' and 45° 20' N. Lat, and 70° 40' and 72° 30' W. Lon. ,
bounded on the E. by Maine and the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Massachu
setta, W. N. W. and' N. by Vermont and Canada, and divided into 10
counties.* Length, 193 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., S7 m.
Area estimated from 8,000 to near 10,000 sq. m. Pop. 284,574, Con-
cord is the seat of government.
New Han'-o-veb, a co. in the S. part of N. C, intersected by Cap*
Pear r., and bordering on the sea. Pop. 13,312. Co. t. Wilmington.
New Ha-'Ven, a co. in the S. part of Conn., bordering on Long Island
Sound. Pop. ¦48,619.
New Haven, a port of entry, the largest t in Conn., the cap. of the
above, and, alternately with Hartford, the seat ofthe state government
situated at the head ofa small bay, projecting from Long Island Sound,
ahout 34 ra., in a straight line, S. S. VV. of Hartford, wilh which town
it is connected by a railroad. The general appearance of New Haven
is neat, and even elegant. The state-house, built on a Grecian model,
is perhaps the raost reraarkable edifice. This town is the seat of Yale
College, founded in 1700, and one of the most flourishing collegiate
institutions in the whole country. The collection of minerals is said
to be the finest in the United States. The college is in Lat. 41° 18' 30"
N., Lon. 72° 56' 45" W. Pop. of the township of New Haven, 14,390 ;
of the city alone, 12,960.
New Holland. See Australia.
New Jer'-sey, one of the original U. S., between 38° 56' and 41°
20' N. Lat, arid 73° 54' and 75° 83' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N.by the
state of New York, E. by the Hudson r. and Staten Island Sound
(which divide il from New York), and by the Atlantic Ocean, S. and
S. W. by the Atlantic and Delaware Bay, and W. by the states of De
laware and Pennsylvania, frora which it is separated by the r. Dela
ware ; and divided into 18 counties-f Length, 170 ra. ; greatest breadth,
74 ra. At its narrowest part, near the raiddle, it is only 37 m. broad.
Area estiraated at 8,000 sq. m. Pop. 373,306. Trenton is the seat of
governraent. New Kent, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Pamunky
and York rivers. Pop. 6,280. Seat of justice. New Kent c. h.
New Lbb'-a-non, a vUlage of Colurabia co., N. Y., 24 m. E. S. E. of
Albany, remarkable as being one of the principal settleraente of th«
Shakers in the United States. Pop. of the township, 2,536.
New London (lun'-dgn), a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Conn
Pop. 44,463. Co. towns. New London and Norwich.
» Belknap, Carroll, Cheshire, Coos, Grafton, Hillsborough, Merrimack, Rock
ingham Strafford, Sullivan,
t Atlantic, Bergen, Burlington, Cape May, Cumberland, Kssex. Gloucester, Hud
son, Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, Passaic, Salem, Somer
•et. Sussex, Warren.

NEW— NEW 387
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
New London, a city aud port of entry of Connecticut, in the pre
ceding county, of which it is one of the seals of justice, on the
Tharaes, 3 ra. from ils mouth, and 44 ra., in a straight line, E. of New
Haven. Ils harbour is the best in the state. Lat. 41° 22' N., Lon. 72°
9' W. Pop. .5,519.
New Mad'-rid, a co. forraing the S. E. extreraity of Mo. Pop. 4,554.
Co. t New Madrid.
New OR'-LB-.ANg,* a city and port of entry of La., the seat of justice
of the par. of Orleans and the late cap. of the state, is situated on the
left bank of the Mississippi, 105 m. by water, and about 80 m., in a
straight line, from its mouth. The ground on which New Orleans is
built is soft and marshy, and there are no cellars lo any of the build
ings. The streets are straight and regular, generally crossing each other
at right angles. As a place of trade. New Orleans enjoys unequalled
advantages. It is the outport of all the comraerce of the Mississippi
and its tributaries. It is accessible for ships of the largest size, while
its levee is thronged with sraaller vessels of every description. Some
times 50 steamboats may be seen at once. The low situation renders
the air, in the warm season. Very insalubrious: the yellow fever often
commits fearful ravages. But, notwithstanding these drawbacks, the
place is rapidly increasing in wealth and population, its commercial
advantages attracting to it multitudes from every quarter of the globe.
Lat. 29° 58' N., Lon. 90° 7' W. Pop. of the parish of Orieans,
102,193. New'-port, a port of entry of R. I., the cap. of a co. of the same
narae, and one of the seals of the state governraent, is situated near
the moutb of Narragansett Bay, on one of the finest harbours in the
world. It stands on the S. W. side of Rhode Island, about 5m. from
the sea, and 22 m., in a straight line, S. by E., of Providence. The
beauty of its situation, and the salubrity of its cliraate, have raade this
town a place of fashionable resort for persons frora the southern and
middle stales, during the suramer raonths. Lat. 41° 28' N., Lon, 71°
21' W. The pop. of Newport was greater before the Revolution than
at the present tirae, though it is now on the advance : in 1840, it
araounted lo 8,333. Pop. of the co. of Newport 16,874.
New Sarum. See Salisbury.
New'-ton, a CO. in the N. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oc
mulgee, near its source. Pop. 11,628. Co. t Covington.
Newton, a co. in the S. E. central part of Miss., E. of Jackson.
Pop. 2,527. Co. seat Decatur.
Newton, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Slo. Pop. 3,790.
New York, one of the original U. S., between 40° 30' and 4.5° N.
Lat, and 72° and 79° 50' W. Lon. ;' bounded on the N. N. W. and W.
by Canada, the r. St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, the Niagara r.. Lake
Erie, and Pennsylvania ; S. and S. W. by Pennsylvania and New Jer
sey, E. by Connectifiut, Massachusetts, and Vermont. These limits,
* See note to Orleans.
aa

388 NEW— NEW
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m6t ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, nAt ; 66 as in good,
however, do not include Long Island, which extends from near the
S. E. extremity of the continental portion ofthe state, more than 100 m.
in an easterly direction, (See Long Island.) The greatest length of
N. Y., from E. to. W., is 322 in. ; extreme breadth, from N. to S., about
300 ra, Area estimated at 49,000 sq. m. Pop. 2,428,921. The state
is divided into 59 counties.* New '^ork, though not the largest is in
alraost every other respect the leading state in the Union; ite pop.
exceeds that of Pennsylvania (the second of the United States, as re
gards the number of its inhabitants), by more than 70,0,000, and sur
passes the whole pop. of the six New England states, by nearly 200,000.
To New York is due the hoilour of having first undertaken and brought
into successful operation, those extensive internal improvemente which
have since, though on a smaUer scale, been extended to almost every
portion of the Union. Albany is the capital.
New York, the metropolis of the above state, the most populous
city and greatest emporium in the New World, is situated on the
southern extremity of Manhattan island, at the mouth of the Hudson,
about 18 m. from the Atlantic, and 80 m., in a direct line, N. E. of Phi
ladelphia. The city and county of New York have the same limita,
comprising the whole of Manhattan island, which is 134 ra. in length,
and 2 ra. in ils greatest breadth. The densely inhabited portion of the
city is situated on the S. extreraity of the island, extending northward
3 or 4 m. In the old or southern quarter of the town, the streete are
for the raost part narrow and irregular, hut nearly all the northern or
newer part is reraarkable for the regularity and beauty of the streete,
as well as for the elegance of tbe houses. Broadway, the principal
street and one of the finest lo be seen in any city, is 80 ft. wide, and
ahout 3 m. long. Coraraencing at the Battery (an open space planted
with trees at the S. extremity of the island), it extends N. N. B. through
nearly the whole length of the town. It may be corapared to a great
river ; the streets which terrainate in it, and those which it intersects,
being tributaries that supply a constantly increasing throng of people,
and vehicles of every description, as we advance towards ite southern
extremity. Perhaps the most iraportant of these afHuente is Chatham
street, which forms the outlet ofthe Bowery, East Broadway, and seve
ral other considerable streets, and unites with Broadway at the lower
extreraity of the Park. The city contains a number of public squares
or open spaces, adorned wilh trees and resorted to as places of prome
nade; the most reraarkable of which are the Battery (already men
tioned), the Park, a triangular enclosure, situated about three-quarters
* Albany, Alleghany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chatauque, Chemung, Che
nango, Clinton, Columbia, Cordand, Delaware, Dutchess, Erie, Essex, Franklin,
Fulton, Genesee, Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, King's, Lewis, Living
ston, Madison, Monroe, Montgomery, New York, Niagara, Oneida, Onondaga,
Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Oswego, Otsego, Putnam, Queen's, Rensselaer, Rich
mond, Rockland, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Seneca, Steuben, St. Law
rence, Suffolk, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren, Washington, Wayne
Westchester, Wyoming, Yates.

NEW— NEW 389
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
of a mile frora the Battery, raidway between the Hudson and East
River ; it contains the City Hall, the Post Office, and other buildings :
and Washington Square, in the N. W. part of the city. The principal
business of New York is carried on in the lower or southern section of
the town, where along the wharves, in every direction, raay be seen
foreste of masts, and where countless vessels, of every description, and
from every part of the globe, pour their rich tribute into the lap of this
queen of commercial cities. The entire tonnage of this port amounte
to more than 484,000, In this respect it is the second city on the
globe, being inferior only to London, In fact the vessels belonging to
New York nearly equal in tonnage those of Liverpool and Newcastle
Corabined, which, araong all the ports in the worid, rank next to New
York in regard lo tonnage. The total value of exports in 1844, was
S'31,740,919 ; of imports in the same year, $75,778,295 (about two-thirds
ofthe importe ofthe whole U, S,). Amon^ the remarkable public build
ings of New York, may be mentioned the City Hall, situated in the
Park ; it is 216 ft. in length, 105 ft. in breadth, with a front of while
marble : the Merchants' Exchange, in Wall street, a magnificent edi
fice of granite : the Custom House, a vast and costly structure, situated
in the sarae street : the Astor House, on Broadway, opposite to Chat
ham street, an iraraense hotel of granite, containing 390 "rooms: and
Trinity Church, on Broadway, now rebuilding, which may rank araong
the finest raodern speciraens of Gothic architecture. Araong the nu
merous literary and scientific instilutions, we raay cite Colurabia Col
lege, founded in 1754 : the University of New York, founded in 1881 ;
including the faculties of medicine and law : the Society Library, with
nearly 40,000 vols. : the Mercantile Library Association, with above
21,000 vols. : and the Acaderay of Fine Arts. This city also contains
a great nuraber of charitable establishraents; the raost iraportant of
which are the City Hospital ; and the Alras House, which is situated at
Bellevue, near the East River, at some distance above the thickly set
tled portion of the city. New York is plentifully supplied wilh excel
lent water from the Groton River, by means ofthe recently constructed
hydraulic works. The aqueduct, which conveys the water to the re
servoir from which it is distributed to the city, is above 40 ra. in length.
It is an irregular hollow cylinder, formed of hydraulic stone and brick
masonry (except where the water is conveyed across two valleys, and
from the receiving to the distributing reservoirs, in which case iron
pipes are employed): the greatest interior breadth is 7ft. 5 inches;
the gr'eatest height is 8 ft. 54 inches. The total cost of the aqueduct,
from the Croton dam to the distributing reservoir, inclusive, is esti
mated at 9,000,000 of dollars.
The City Hall is in Lat. 40° 42' 40" N., Lon. 74° 1'8" W. The pop.
of the city and county in 1840 was 312,710.
New Zea'-land, an insular group in the Pacific Ocean, between 34°
and 47° S. Lat', and 166° and 179° E, Lon, It consists principally of
two large islands, of which the more southern, called New Munster,
is the larger, being about 520 ra. in length, and 150 m. in its greatest
33*

390 NEZ— NIC
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mJt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nJt ; 66, as in good ,
breadth : the other, named New Ulster, is nearly 500 m. in length, and
200 ra. in its greatest breadth, but ite mean breadth is considerably less
than that of the former. The area of all the islands is estiraated at
86,000 sqi m., and the population at 200,000. (M.) — Inhab. New Zea'-
LAND-ER. Nezh-ben' (Nejin or Neschin), a flonrishing and beautiful t. of Eu
ropean Russia, in the gov. of Tchernigof Lat. 51° 3' N., Lon. 31° 50'
E. Pop. 16,000. (M.)
Ni-Ao'-.A-R.A or ni-ag'-ra (see Int. XIL, Obs. 2), a r. of N. America,
which forms the outlet of L. Erie, and a part of the boundary between
tbe slate of New York and Canada. About 3 m. below its commence
ment, it divides into two arms, which embrace an island, called Grand
Island, 12 m. long, and frora 2 to 7 m. wide. A raile and a half below
Grand Island, the entire waters of the Niagara are precipitated over a
ledge of rocks about 160 ft. in perpendicular height, forming the Nia
gara Falls, the most stupendous cataract on the globe. The entire
breadth of the river at the falls (including Goal Island, which divides
the waters so as to forra two distinct cataracts), is about 1,300 yards,
but a little below it contracte to less than 200 yards in width. The
whole length is about 35 ra.
Niagara, a co. forraing tbe N.W. extremity of N. Y., bordering on
Niagara r. and L. Ontario. Pop. 31,182. Co. t Lockport.
Ni-an'-gua, a CO. in the S. W. central part of Mo.
Nicaragua (nik-ar-i'-gwi), Lake of, situated in the state of the
sarae narae, in Central America, ahout 12 ra. from the nearest part of
the Pacific, and 70 frora the Caribbean Sea, with which it communi
cates through the river San Juan. It is ahout 110 m. in length, and 40
in its greatest breadth.
Nice, nece, (It Nizza, nit'-si ; Anc. Nicae'a ;) a city and seaport of
the Sardinian dorainions, the cap. ofa prov. ofthe same name, is beau
tifully situated near the foot of the Alps, on the Mediterranean, 95 m.
S, W. of Genoa. It is much resorted to by strangers as a winter resi
dence. Lat. 4.3° 41' N., Lon, 7° 17' B. Pop. estimated at near 30,000.
(P C.)
Nicb'-q-las, a CO, in the W. central part of Va., on the r. Kanawha.
Pop. 2,515. Co. t Summersville.
Nicholas, a co. in the N. B. part of Ky., intersected by tlie Lick
ing r. Pop. 8,745, Co. t Carlisle.
Nic^-o-bar' Islands, a group in the Indian Ocean, N. W. of Suma
tra, between 6° 30' and 9° 30' N. Lat, and 93° and 94° 20' E. Lon.,
consisting of two large and a number of smaller islands. The largest
is about 40 m, long, and near 20 m. broad. The great insalubrity of
the climate has prevented any permanent settlementa being made
among the Nicobars by Europeans.
Nic'-o-LAS, Saint (Fr. pron. siN ne^-ko*-li'), a flourishing t. of Bel
giura, 12 m. W. S. W. of Antwerp. Pop. 16,000. (B.)
Ni-cop'-o-n (Anc. Nicop'olis), a fortified t of European Turkey, on

NIC-NIK 391
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
the Danube ; it is the seat of a Greek archbishopric. Lat. 43° 46' N.,
Lon, 24° 53' E. Pop. about 10,000. (B.)
Nh-co'-s](-a, the principal t of Cyprus, situated near the centre of
the island. 'Lat 35° 13' N., Lon, about 33° 40' E. Pop. estimated
frora 12,000 to 16,000. (B.)
Nje'-men (Polish pron. nyem'-en), a r. which rises in the S, W. part
of Russia, near the t of Minsk, and after a very winding course, enters
the Prussian territories, where it takes the narae of Merael (raem'-el),
and finally falls into the Kurische Haff, in about 55° 20' N. Lat, and
21° 20' E. Lon. Its whole length is estiraated at near 400 m. The
Niemen is reraarkable araong the rivers of Europe for ils great and de
structive inundations. At the melting of the snows, in spring, its wa
ters are said soraetiraes to rise, in the short space of 10 or 14 days, 30
ft above the ordinary level.
Nievre, ne-aivr', a dep. in the B. central part of France, intersected
by the Loire. Pop. 297,550. (B.) Capital, Nevers.
Niger, ni'-jer, or Quob'-r.a, in the upper part of its course called
Jol'-i-b.a, a large r. in the W. part of Africa, which rises in about 8°
N. Lat, and 6° W. Lon., and flowing at first north-easterly, then
south-easterly, and afterwards southerly, falls into the Gulf of Guinea
by numerous mouths, in ahout 5° N. Lat, and 6° E. Lon. Its whole
length is estimated at above 2,300 m. The Joliba or upper portion of
the Niger appears lo have been known to the ancients, though they
were probably entirely ignorant of its terraination. Mungo Park, sent
out by the African Association in 1795, was the first European who ex
plored the upper portion of the Niger, but he was unable to throw any
light upon the question as to what became of ils waters. Various hy
potheses had been and were still entertained ; sorae geographers sup
posed that they were lost in the sands in tbe interior of the continent,
or flowing into sorae inland lake were evaporated, like those of the
Desaguadero of Bolivia, in S. Araerica; others adopted an opinion very
prevalent among the natives of Northern Africa, that the Niger flowed
eastward and joined the Nile, being in fact the Nile itself: another
generally received hypothesis, and one which Park himself adopted,
was, that the waters of the mysterious river, a.fter traveUing a long
course through Central and Southern Africa, were finally poured into
the Atlantic, through the estuary of the Congo. But all the doubts
and conjectures respecting the course of this reraarkable stream were
at length set at rest by the brothers Richard and John Lander, who, in
the yeai- 1830, sailed from Boossa (to which place th% Niger had been
previously explored by Park) to the mouth of the river previously
called the Nun, in the Bight of Benin.
Nijni. See Nizhnee.
NikolaKef or NikolaIew, ne^-ko-li'-6f , a t. of European Russia, in
the gov. of Kherson, on the r. Bug (boog), about 20 ra. above its en
trance into the estuary of the Dnieper. Lat 46° 59' N., Lon. 32° I'
B. Pop. 8,500. (M.)

392 NIK— NIM
Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, mfet; pine or pine, pin; n6, nftt; 66 asin^'oorf;
Nik'-ols-burg^ (Ger. pron. ne'-kols-b66RG'), a manufacturing t of
Moravia, 28 m. S. of Briin. Pop. 7,000. (B.)
Nile (Gr. Ntaoj ; Lat Ni'-lus; Arab. Bihr-Nil) ; a great and cele
brated r. in the N. B. part' of Africa, which is formed by the junction
of two strearas (in 1.5° 34' N. Lat, and 32° 31' B. Lon.), of which one,
called the Blue River (Bahr-el-Azrek), rises in Abyssinia, in about 11°
N. Lat, and 36° 55' E. Lon. ; the other, named the White River (Bahr-
el-Abiad), has its sources considerably farther west probably on the
northern declivity of the Mountains of the Moon. 'These branches,
which are sometimes denominated the Blue and White Nile, derive
their names from the colour of their respective waters ; — those of tbe
Bahr-el-Abiad being coloured by a fine white clay which is usually
suspended in them. The Nile, in the upper part of ite course, makes
two extensive circuits, which, together, reserable tbe form ofthe letter
S ; but below the cataracts, its general direction is almost north, with
comparatively few deviations. The whole length of this r., from the
highest sources with which we are acquainted, is estimated at 2,750 m.
The most remarkable phenomena connected with the Nile, are per
haps its annual inundations, to which Egypt may be said to owe ite
existence as a habitable country. The cause of these inundations is
now ascertained to be the periodical rains which fall around the
sources of the river within the tropics. The rise of the NUe com
mences in June, and continues increasing till September. The Delta
then looks like an immense marsh, interspersed with numerous islands,
with villages, townsj and plantations of trees, just above the water.
The inundation having remained stationary for a few days, begins to
subside, and about the end of November most of the fields are left dry,
covered with a fresh layer of rich brown slime : at this tirae the lands
are put under culture. Prom its junction with the Tacaz2e(in 17° 45' N.
Ijat) to its termination, a distance of about 1,350 m., tbe Nile does not
receive a single affluent on either side ; an instance which is without a
parallel in the geography of the globe. This great r. is navigable,
without any obstruction, to the cataracts, or, more properly speaking,
rapids, in Lat. 24° 8' N., which are regarded as constituting the south
ern limit of Egypt. (For further particulars respecting the Nile, see
Egypt.) — Adj. Ni-lot'-ic.
Nimeguen. See Nimwegen.
NImes or Nismes, neem, (Anc. Neraau'sus,) a city in the S. of
Prance, cap. ofthe dep. of Gard, 30 m. N. E. of Montpellier. As a seat
of manufactures and comraerce, it ranks araong the first towns in the
kingdom ; but it is chiefly interesting to the traveller and antiquary
for its striking monuments of ancient grandeur. The Maison Carree
(rai^-z6N' kir^-ri/), i. e. literally the " square house," though it is in
fact a parallelogram, is regarded as an extraordinary specimen of ar
chitectural beauty. This ancient teraple appears to be in good preser
vation, and is now used as a rauseura for objects of antiquity. The
State House at Richraond, in Va., is a copy of the Maison Carree, the
plan and drawings having been sent to Virginia by JeflTerson, when he

NIM— NOL 393
ou, as in our ; th, as in f Ain ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
was the minister of the United States at Paris. Nimes contains an
academie universitaire, a royal college, an extensive public library,
and numerous other institutions. Lat. 43° 50' N,, Lon. 4° 22' E. Pop.
41,194. (B.)
Nimwegen, nim-Wi'-Gen, or more correctly Nymwegbn, nime-wi'-
cen, (supposed to be on the site of the ancient Noviora'agus,) a strongly
fortified t of Holland, in the prov. of Guelderland, on the Waal. Lat.
51° 51' N., Lon. 5° 51' E. Pop. 16,000. (B.)
NiNG-Po (called forraerly Liarapo), a seaport city of China, of the
first rank, situated at tbe confluence of the rivers Kin and Yaoo, near
their entrance inlo the harbour of Chusan, about 200 ra. S. E. of Nan
king. Lat 29° 58' N,, Lon, 120° 18' E. Pop. estimated from 200,000
to 400,000. (M.)
Niort;, ne-oR', a manufacturing and commercial t. of France, cap.
of ?he dep. of the Two Sevres (Deux-Sevres), on the Sevre-Niortaise
(which is navigable from this place), 43 m. W. S. W. of Poitiers. It
contains a college, a public library of 15,000 vols., and several other
institutions. Lat. 46° 18' N., Lon. 0° 19' W. Pop. 18,015. (B.)
Niphon. See Japan.
NiscHNEL See Nizhnee.
Nish^-.a-poor', an ancient city of Persia, in Khorassan, for a long
time the residence of the Seljook sultans. It is surrounded by a mud
wall, but the greater part of the enclosed area is covered with ruins.
In its neighbourhood, about 40 ra. towards the W.N.W., are the
famous Turquoise mines : these gems constitute the only article of
foreign trade, to the inhabitants of Nishapoor. Lat. 36° 8' N., Lon. 58°
55' E. Pop. 8,000. (P.C.)
NivELLBS, ne^-vell', (Flem. Nyvel, ni'-v^l,) a manufacturing t. of
Belgium, in S. Brabant 17 m. S. of Brussels. Pop, 7,000. (B.)
Nizh'-nee (Nijni) Nov'-gotRod', a flourishing manufacturing a.nd
commercial t of European Russia, cap. of a gov. ofthe same name, at
the confluence ofthe Oka with the Volga. Here, at present is held the
great annual fair, which a few years since gave so much importance to
the little town of Makarieff, situated on the Volga, 50 ra. E. S. E. of
Nizhnee Novgorod. The value of goods sold at this fair in 1836,
amounted to 126,514,046 rubles, or above $100,000,000! (P. C). The
fair is attended, as is estiraated, by not less than 800,000 strangers. It
begins on the 1st of July, and continues a raonth of six weeks. Be
tween 4,000 and 5,000 warehouses and booths, presenting, for ten
months ofthe year, the silence ofa desert are exclueivelv appropriated
to the business of the fair. Lat. 56° 20' N., Lon. 44° 28' E. Perraa
nent pop. ahout 25,000. (P. C.)
Noble, a co. near the N.E. extremity of Ind. Pop. 2,702. Co. t.
Augusta. NOcERA, no-chi'-ri, (Anc. Nuce'ria,) a t of Naples, on the Sarno.
Lat 43° 7' N., Lon. 12° 46' B. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)
No'-L.A, an ancient t. of Italy, in the Neapolitan dominions, in a fer-
li!e plain (the Campania Felix of the ancients), 14 m. E. N. E. of Na-

394 NORr -NOii
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66, as in good ;
pies. It contains several interesting remains of antiquity. Pop. about
9,000. (B.)
iSloRD, noR, a dep, forming the N. extremity of France, whence it is
called the dep. du Nord, i. e. " of the north." Pop. 1,026,417. (B.)
Co. t Lille.
NoRDHAusEN, noBt-hou'-zen, a flourishing coraraercial and manufac
turing t of Prussian Saxony. Lat. 51° 31' N., Lon. 10° 47' E. Pop.
10,000. (B.)
Nordlingen, noRl'-ling-en, a flourishing manufacturing t of Bava
ria, on the Eger, Lat, 48° 51' N,, Lon. 10° 28' B. Pop. near 6,000. (B.)
Nor'-folk, a CO. in the E. part of England, bordering on the Wash
and the N. Sea. Pop. 412,664.
Norfolk, a co. in the E. part of Mass., bordering on Massachusetta
Bay and R. I. Co. t. Dedhara.
Norfolk, a co. near the S. B. extremity of Va., bordering on the
Chesapeake and N. C. Pop. 27,569. Co. t Norfolk.
Norfolk, a port of entry, the cap. of the above Co., is situated on
Elizabeth r., 8 ra. from Hampton Roads, in Chesapeake Bay, with a
large, safe, and convenient harbour. Lat 36° 51' N., Lon. 76° 19' W.
Pop, 10,920. On tbe opposite side of the r. is Gosport with a U. S.
Navy Yard and an extensive dry-dock-.
Nor',m.an-dy (Fr. Normandie, hor' -miN -de'), a former prov. of
France, now distributed among the departments of Calvados, Eure
Manche, Orne, and Lower Seine. This country was conquered by the
Normans or Northmen (Danes or Norwegians), near the close of the
9th century, and from them received ite name. — Adj. and inhab. Nor'-
M.AN (Pr. Normand, noR'-miN').
NoRRKOPiNG, noR'-cho-ping, an iraportant manufacturing and com
mercial t of Sweden, on the r. Motala, near ite raouth, in the Baltic,
with a commodious harbour, 85 in. S. W. of Stockholm. Lat 58^ 35
N., Lon. 16° 11' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.)
NoR-THAMp'-TpN, a flourishing raanufacturing and trading t. of Eng
land, cj.p. of Northaraptonshire, on the great N. road and on the r. Nen
60 ra. N. W. of London. Pop. 21,242.
Northampton, a co. in the E. part of Pa., bordering on the Dela
ware r. Pop. 40,996. Co. t Easton.
Northampton, a co. in the S. B. part of Va., E. of the Chesapeake
Bay. Pop. 7,715. Co. t EaslviUe.
Northampton, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on the
Roanoke r. and Va. Pop. 13,369. Co. t. Jackson.
Nor-thamp'-T9n-shirb, a co. in the E. central part of England
lying N. W. of London. Pop. 199,2'28.
North Sea or German Ocean is situated between Great Britain and
the Netherlands, Gerraany, Denraark, and Norway. Il is considered
to extend frora the Strait of Dover to the northernmost of tbe Shetland
Islands. Length, 650 m. ; greatest breadth, about 400 m.
Nor-thum'-bbr-l.and (Lat. Northura'bria), the most northerly co. of

NOR^NOT S95
ou, as in our ,- th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
England, bordering on Scotland and the N. Sea. Pop, 250,278. — Adj.
aud inhab. Nor-thum'-bri-an.
Northumberland, a co. in the E. central partof Pa., on the Susqufe-
hanna. Pop. 20,027. Co. t Sunbury.
Northumberland, a co. in the E. part of Va., at the mouth of the
Potoraac. Pop. 7,9'24. Co. t Heathsville.
North West Territory, a region lying W. and N. W. of Ti. Mi
chigan. This name is now scarcely used ; Wisconsin, which essen
tially coincides with it in limits, having been substituted for it.
Nor'-way (Lat. Norwe'gia ; in Norw. Norge, noR'-gi), a country
in the N. of Europe, comprehending the western portion of the Scandi
navian peninsula, and extending, if we include Norwegian Lapland,
frora 58° to 71° N. Lat, and frora 5° to 31° B. Lon. Ite length is
above 1,000 ra. ; its greatest breadth ahout 250 ra. The area is esti
mated at about 130,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,150,000. (P. C.) Norway for
merly constituted a kingdom of itself, but at present is united to the
crown of Sweden. (See Sweden.) — Adj. and inhab. Nor-we'-gj-an or
nor-wee'-jun. Norwich, nor'-ridge, an important manufacturing city of England,
cap. of the co. of Norfolk, forming also a little co. of itself, is situated
on the r. Wensura, 96 m. N. N. E. of London. This town has been
celebrated for its manufactures of woollens since the era of Henry I.,
when tfie Flemings first settled here and introduced the spinning and
weaving of worsteds. Norwich is especially interesting to the natural
ist, frora its containing the raagnificent botanical museum of Sir James
Edward Sraith (the founder ofthe LinniEan Society of London), which
is one of the richest and best chosen collections of the kind in the
world ; here raay also be seen specimens in other departmente of natu
ral history, collected by Linnaeus hiraself, together wilh sorae of the
unpublished manuscripts of that illustrious naturalist. The co. of Nor
wich has an area of about 9sq. ra., with a pop. of 62,844.
Nor'-wich, a city of Conn., and one of the seats of justice of New
London CO., situated aitbe head of navigation, on the Tharaes, 12 m.
N. of New London. Lat. 41° 33' N., Lon. 72° 7' W. Pop., exclusive
of the township, 4,200.
No'-TO, a t of SicUy, near tbe site of the ancient Nec'tum, 16 m.
S. W. of Syracuse. Pop. about 11,000. (B.)
Not'-ta-way, a r. which rises in the southeastern part of Va., and,
flowing into N. C, contributes to forra the Chowan.
Nottaway, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on the sources of the
above r. Pop. 9,719. Seat of justice, Nottaway c. h.
Not'-ting-B-Am, a handsorae and important manufacturing t. of Eng
land, cap. of Nottinghamshire, on the r. Lene or Leen, about three-
quarters of a raile from its junction with the Trent 108 m. N. N. W.
of London. Connected with the Grand Trunk or "Trent and Mersey
Canal, it has ready comraunication with several of the principal places
in the kingdom. This town is celebrated as the great centre of the
bobbin-net and lace manufacture ; it is also extensively engaged in the

396 NOT— NOV
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 66, as in good ;
hosiery business. Nottingham forms a little county of itself, with an
area of about 4 sq. m., and a pop. of 53,091.
Not'-ting-bam-shibe, a co. in the N. E. central part of England, in
tersected by the Trent Pop. 249,910.
Novara, no-vl'-ri, (Ano. Nova'ria,) a fortified t. of the Sardinian
states, cap. ofa prov. ofthe same name, near the Gogna (gone/-yi), an
afiluent of the Po, 27 m. W. by S. of MUan. Lat 45° 27' N., Lon. 8°
38' E. Pop. 15,300. (P. C.)
Nova Scotia, no'-va sko'-she-a (i. e. " New Scotland"), a British
colony of N. America, between 43° 20' and 46° N. Lat, and 61° and
66° 20' W. Lon. It is surrounded by the sea, except at ite N. W. ex
treraity, where it is connected witb the territory of New Brunswick by an
isthmus about 9 m. wide. Ite length, from Cape Canso on the E., to Cape
St. Mary on the W., is above 260 m. ; ite greatest breadth, measuring
on a line at right angles with the preceding, is about 100 m. Area esti
mated at 15,620 sq. ra. Pop. in 1838, 155,000. (M.) The prov. or
gov. of Nova Scotia comprehends, in addition to the above peninsula,
the i. of Cape Breton.
No'-vA Zem'-bla (a corruption of the Russian narae Novaja Zem-
la, no'-vi-i zem-li' or " new land"), an i. in the Arctic Ocean, between
70° 30' and 77° N. Lat, and 52° and 78° E. Lon. Length, neariy
400 m. ; mean breadth, ahout 50 ra. There appears to be no vegetation
on this island, except lichens and mosses ; but white bears, foxes, wal
ruses, and seals abound. Though several expeditions for this purpose
have been sent out by the Russian govemment, the island has not yet
been fully explored.
Nov' -go-rod' or No'-vo-go-rod' VeiZ-i-kee (i. e. the " Great New
City") an ancient and decayed city of European Russia, cap. of a gov.
of the same narae, is situated on the Volkhof, at ite exit from L. Umen,
100m. S. E. of St Petersburg. This town is one of the most ancient
and was formerly the most important in the Russian erapire, having
been founded, it is said, in the 5th century. In the 9th century, it had
its own prince, and in the 12th, a republic was established here, which
soon becarae very powerful, and extended ite territory, it is said, from
Livoniai on the W. to Siberia on the B., and, if we raay believe the tes-
tiraony of several historians, the pop. of the city at one tirae amounted
to 400,000 1 (B.) In 1477, it was conquered by the grand duke of
Russia, since which time it appears to have graduaUy declined. Its
present pop. does not exceed 10,000. (P. C.) Yet when viewed from
a distance, it has a very striking appearance, owing to ite fine situation
and the gilded domes of its 63 churches, which remain as monuments
of its ancient splendour. Ite commerce and manufactures are still con
siderable. It is the residence of an archbishop. Lat. 58° 32' N., Lon.
31° 16' B.
No'-vi, a pleasant, well-built t of Italy, in the Sardinian territories,
cap. of a prov. of the sarae name, with an active trade. Lat 44° 47'
N., Lon. 8° 48' E. Pop, ahout 10,000. (P. C.)

NOX— OAH 397
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Nox'-u-bee, a CO. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop.
9,975. Co. seat, Macon.
Noyon, n6A'-y6N', (Anc. Noviom'agus Veromanduo'rum,) a small t of
France, in tbe dep. of Oise, on a branch of the r. Oise, once the resi
dence of the court of Charlemagne, and remarkable, in later times, as
the birth-place of John Calvin. Lat. 49° 35' N., Lon. 3° 1' E. Pop.
3,473. (M.)
Nu'-bh-.a (Anc. jEthio'pia?),an extensive country in the N. E. part of
Africa, between Egypt and Abyssinia, and included between the 24th
and lOlh parallels of N. Lat, and the 80th and 89th meridians of E.
Lon. The terra Nubia appears lo be of very vague application. The
natives apply the name Nooba (Nouba) or Wady el Nooba to a compa
ratively small tract between Derr and Dongola, while in Egypt, it is
loosely employed to denote the region of Sennaar and the countries S.
of it. This portion of the African continent, since the conquests made
by his son Israael Pasha, in 1821, may be regarded as forming a part
ofthe extensive dorainions of Meheraet Aii, the vice-roy of Egypt. It
is divided into Lower Nubia or Nubia Proper, extending N. to the
mouth of the r. Tacazze, and Upper Nubia, which includes Shendy,
Halfay (Anc. Mer'oe) and Sennaar. Area and pop. unknown. In the
northern portion of this country, as far S. as 1'7° 30' N. Lat, heavy
rains occasionaUy fall throughout the year; but further S., the rains
are periodical, beginning in the early part of spring, and continuing
about three months, thus producing the annual swelling of the Nile. —
Adj. and inhab. Nu'-bj-an.
Nueces, noo-i'-ses, or nwi'-cfe, a r. of Texas, flowing into a bay
of the same narae, near '27° 30' N. Lat, and 98° W. Lon.
Nu'-rem-berg (Ger. Nilrnberg, nuRu'-b^RG), a city of Bavaria, on a
branch of the Regnitz, 93 ra. N. N. W. of Munich, In the middle
ages, this town, in wealth, comraerce, and manufactures, ranked among
the first cities of Europe. Its pop. was then about 90,000. (B.) Though
many circumstances have contributed to diminish its ancient prosperity,
ite trade and manufacturing industry assign it still a distinguished
rank among the towns of Germany, It is also remarkable for its nu
merous and well conducted public institutions of every kind, araong
which, ite celebrated gymnasium and its polytechnic school may be
particularly mentioned. The world is indebted to Nureraberg for the
invention of watches, of brass, and of the lock for fire-arras, and of sorae
other articles of less importance. Albert Durer, the distinguished
painter, was a native of this town. Lat. 49° 27' N., Lon. 11° 4' E. Pop.
41,000. (P. C.) -
Oahu, woA'-hoo, one of the most important ofthe Saviuwich Islands,
lying about 130 m. N. W. of Hawaii, and intersected by the parallel of
21° 30' N. Lat, and the 158th raeridian of W. Lon. Length, 43 m. ;
greatest breadth, 24 ra. P/op. estiraated at 20,000. Honolulu (bo'-no-
loo'-loo), situated on a hay of the sarae narae, on the S. side of the
island, is the chief town of Oahu, the cap. of the whole group (see
Sandwich Islands), and the great centre of civilization in the Ha-
34

398 OAK— ODE-
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good;
waiian Archipelago. Two newspapers are now printed in this town.
Pop. 8,000.
Oak'-land, a CO. in the S. E. part of Mich., a little N. W. of Detroit
r. Pop. 23,646. Co. t Pontiac.
Oax.aca, wi-hi'-ki, written also Guaxaca, a beautiful city of Mexico,
cap. of a state of the sarae name, on the Rio Verde (ree'-o vfen'-di),
165 m. S. W. of Vera Cruz. Lat. 17° 3' N., Lon. 97° 15' W. Pop.,
including the immediate environs, estimated at 40,000. (B.)
O'-Bi, or, raore properly, Ob, a large r. of Asiatic Russia, rises near
the 50th parallel of N. Lat and the 89th meridian of E. Lon. Ita
course is south-westerly, till its junction with the Irtish, in about 61°
N. Lat and 69° B. Lon., when il changes to the N., and continues in
this direction lo ite terraination in the Gulf of Obi. Lat. 66° 40' N.,
Lon. about 67° E. The whole length, measuring frora the source of
the Irtish, is estiraated at near 3,OO0 m.
O'-Bi-ON, a CO. forming the N. W. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 4,814.
Co. t Troy.
OcAiiA, o-kin'-yi, an ancient t. of New^Jastile, Spain, 34 m. S. by
E. of Madrid. Lat. 39'° 56' N., Lon. 3° 31' W. Pop. stated at about
5,000. (M.)
Oceana, o-she-an'-a, a co. in the W. part of Mich., bordering on L.
Michigan. Pop. -208.
Oceanica, o-she-an'-e-ka, (-Fr. Oceanic, o^-si'-i'-ne',) the name ofthe
fifth division of the globe, which includes the continent of Australia,
and all the islands in the Eastern and Pacific Ocean, between 9.5° E.
and 100° W. Lon., which are not considered, frora their proxiraity, to
belong to the continente of Asia or America. Ite limite are somewhat
indefinite, but it raay be said to be bounded on the N. W. and N. by a
line running through the Strait of Malacca and the China Sea north
eastward (excluding the island of Formosa and the Japan islands), to
the 35th parallel of N. Lat, thence eastward to about the 160th meri
dian of W. Lon., on the N. E. and E. by a line drawn from this raeri
dian due S. E. to the 100th meridian of W. Lon., and thence S. to the
56lh parallel of S. Lat This parallel may be taken for the southern,
and the 9.5lh meridian of E. Lon, for the western boundary of Oceanica.
This grand division of the world is subdivided into three parts, viz.
Malaisia or Western Oceanica, Polynesia or Eastern Oceanica, and
Australia, which see.
Oc-mulg'-ee, a r. of Ga,, which rises in the N. part ofthe state, and,
flowing in a general south-easteriy course, unites with the Oconee to
fbrm the Altamaha, It is navigable for steamboats to Macon,
O-co'-nee, a r. which rises 'in the N, E. part of Ga., and, flowing
S. S. E., unites with the above. It is navigable for steamboats to Mil-
ledgevUle. Odense, o'-den-seA, one of the prettiest towns in the kingdora of
Denmark, on the island of Fiinen, of which it is the capital. It has
several literary instilutions. Ils cathedral is one of the finest in Den
mark. Lat 55° 24' N,, Lon, 10° 24' E, Pop. about 7,000. (B.)

. ODE— OGE 399
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
O'-DER, a large r.of Gerraany, which rises, in theE. part of Moravia,
and, flowing in a general north-westerly course through the Prussian
dorainions, erapties itself into the Stettiner Haff, near Stettin, by
several mouths. Length 460 ra. It is navigable for barges of 40 or
50 tons as high as Breslau, near 51° N. Lat, and 17° E. Lon.
O-DEs'-s.A, a seaport and important commercial t of Southern Rus
sia, in the gov. of Kherson, on the N. W. coast ofthe Black Sea. This
town was a miserable village in 1791, when the empress Catharine
obtained possession of Olchakof (Oczakow). The new town was
begun in 1794, in 1817 it was declared a free port for 30 years,
and Odessa has now become the first coraraercial place on the
Black Sea. Much of tbe prosperity of this city is owing to the
enlightened adrainistration of the Duke of Richelieu, a French erai-
grant nobleraan, who was appointed governor by the eraperor Alex
ander. The town is well built ; the streets al-e broad and straight, but
not paved. The principal institution for education, araong raany, is
the Lyceum, founded by the Dukeof Ricbelieu,and called by his name.
Lat. 46° 30' N., Lon. 30° 45' E. Pop., including the suburbs, in 1837,
63,000. (P. C.)
Oe'-den-burg' or 6'-den-bo6R6\ (Hung. Soprony, sho-pron ; Anc.
Sopro'niura), a royal free t of Hungary, cap. of a palatinate of the
same name, 37 m. S. S. E. of Vienna, long noted for its excellent
wines. Lat. 47° 41' N., Lon. 16° 84' E. . Pop. 12,000. (B.)
Oe'-land or o'-lind, a long and narrow i. in the Baltic, belonging to
Sweden,' between 56° 11' and 57° 22' N. Lat, and 16° 20' and 17° 12'
E. Lon. Length about 85 ra. ; breadth, varying frora 3 to 11 ra. Area
estiraated at 400 sq. m. Pop. al 31,000, (M.)
Oels, els, a t of Prussian Silesia, cap. of a principality of the sarae
name. Lat. 51° 25' N., Lon. 17° 22' E. Pop. 5,300. (B.)
Oer'-e-bro or o'-re-bro, a handsome commercial t of Sweden, cap.
of a dist of the same name. Lat. 59° 17' N., Lon. 15° 13' E. Pop.
4,135. (M.)
Ob'-sel or 6-sel, an i. in the Baltic, belonging to Russia, intersected
by the parallel of .58° 30' N. Lat, and by the 22d and 23d raeridian of
E. Lon. Length ahout 60 ra. ; greatest breadth near 80 ra. Area esti
mated at 1,150 sq.ra. Pop., including the adjacent islands, about
85,000. (M.)
Oettingen, et'-ting-en, (Ger. pron. 6t'-ting-en), a manufacturing t.
of Bavaria, on the Wernilz, an affluent of the Danube. Lat 48° 57'
N., Lon. 10° 36' E. Pop. 3,200. (B.) i
Open. See Buda.
Offenbach, of'-fen-biK', an important manufacturing and commercial
t. of Ger., in the grand-ducby of Hesse-Darmstadt 5 m. B, by S. of
IVankfort. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Oo'-DENg-BURG^ a port pf entry of N. Y., in St Lawrence co., on the
r St Lawrence, at the mouth of the Oswegatchie. Pop. 2,526.
O-gee'-chbe (ohard), a r. in the S. B. part bf Ga., which flows into

400 OGL-OKA.
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; ra^, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good ;
the Atlantic, near 31° 50' N. Lat, and 81° 10 W. Lon. It is navigable
for sloops 30 or 40 m. from its raouth.
O'-GLE, a CO. in the N. part of 111., intersected by Rock r. Pop.
3,479. O'-GLE-THORP, a CO. in the N. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Oconee,
Pop. 10,868. Co. t Lexington.
O-Hi'-o, one ofthe largest rivers in the U. S., formed by the union of
the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, at Pitteburg, in the W. part
of Pa. It flows in a general south-westerly direction, separating Ohio,
Indiana, and Illinois on the right, from Virginia and Kentucky on the
left, and enters the Mississippi in 37° N. Lat, and about 89° 10' W.
Lon. Ils whole length is ahout 950 ra. Ite breadth varies from 400 to
1,40,0 yards. At Cincinnati it is about 800 yards wide, which may be
regarded as the raean breadth. The current is very gentle, and is no
where broken by any considerable falls, except at Louisville, where the
river descends 224 ft- in 2 ra., producing a very rapid current which,
however, boats have frequently ascended. (Morse.) A canal for steam
boats has heen constructed round these rapids. (See Louisville.)
The difference between high and low water on the Ohio, is usuaUy
about 50 ft. and is sometimes 60 ft. When lowest it may be forded in
several places above Louisville.
Ohio, one ofthe U. S., situated between 38° 30' and 42° N. Lat, and
80° 30' and 84° 40' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Michigan and L.
Erie, E. and S. E. by Pennsylvania and Virginia, S. by Kentucky, and
W. by Indiana; and divided inlo 79 counties.* Greatest length, fi-om
E. to W., about 220 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., near 210 m.
Area estimated at 44,000 sq. ra. Pop. 1,519,467. Colurabus is the
seat of governraent, Ohio was adraitted into the Union in 1802.
Ohio, a co. near the N. N. W. extreraity of Va., bordering on the
Ohio r. and Pa. Pop. 13,357. Co. t Wheeling.
Ohio, a co. in the western part of Ky., N. of, and bordering on
Green r. Pop. 6,592. Co. t. Hartford,
Oise (Fr. pron. wiz, almost wize), a r. in the N. of France, which
flpws into the Seine.
Oisfe, a dep. in the N. of France, intersected by the above r. Pen.
398,641. (B.) Capital, Beauvais.
O'-KA, a considerable i-. in the central part of European Russia,
which flows into the Volga. ,
* Adams, Allen, Ashtabula, Athens, Belmont, Brown, Butler, Carroll, Cham
Eaign, Clark, Clermont, Clinton, Columbiana, Coshocton, Crawford, Cuyahoga,
larke, Delaware, Erie, Fairfield, Fayelie, Franklin, Gallia, Geauga, Greene
Guernsey, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Harrison, Henry, Highhind, Hocking,
Holmes, Huron, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Lake, Lawrence, "^Licking. Logan)
Lorain, Lucas, Madison, Marion, Medina, Meigs. Mercer, Miami, Monroe, Mont.
gomery, Morgan, Muskingum, Ottawa, Paulding, Perrv, Pickaway, Pike, Portage,
Preble, Putnam, Richland, Ross, Sandusky, Scioto, Seneca, Shelby, Stark, Sum
mit, Trumbull, Tuscarawas, Union, Van Wert, Warren, Washington, Wayne.
Williams Wood.

OKH— OLO 401
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
O-khotsk' (Russ. pron. o-Hotsk'), a small t of Asiatic Russia, cap.
of a dist of the same name, on tbe N. side of the Sea of Okhotsk, im
portant as the only place by which intercourse is carried on between
Siberia and the Russian dominions in N. America, or between Siberia
and Kamtehatka. Lat 59° 20' N., Lon. 143° 14' E.
Okhotsk, Sea of, a large gulf in the N. E, of Asia, between the
peninsula of Kamtchatka on the E. and the eastern part of Siberia and
the island of Sagbalien on the W. It is separated from the Pacific
Ocean on the S. E, by the chain of KoorUe islands. Extreme length,
above 1,-200 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., rather more than
700 m.
Oktibbeha, ok-tib'-be-haw\ a co. in the E. N. E. part of Miss., a
little W. of the Tombigbee r. Pop. 4,276. Co. seat Starksville.
Ol'-den-burg (Ger. pron. ol'-den-booRG^), Grand-Duchy of, a state
in the N. W. of Germany, consisting (exclusive of some detached por
tions enclosed by the duchv of Holstein) of an oblong territory, between
52° 29' and 53° 43' N. Lat, and 7° 35' and 8° 46' E. Lon. ; bounded
on the N. by tbe German Ocean, E., S., and W. hy the territories of
Hanover. Area, 2,512 sq. m. Pop. 26-5,570. (M.)
Oldenburg, a flourishing t of Germany, cap, of the above grand-
duchy, on the navigable r. Hunle (hoon'-teA), an affluent ofthe Weser.
It contains, among other instilutions for the proraotion of knowledge, a
library of 45,000 vols., and a rich collection of Gerraan antiquities, con
sisting chiefly of those found in the grand-ducby. Lat. 53° 9' N., .Lon.
8° 15' E. Pop, 8,000, (B.)
Old'-ham, a manufacturing t of England, in Lancashire, 7ra. N. E.
of Manchester. The township, with an area of near 7 sq. ra., has a
pop. of 42,595.
Oldham, a co. in the N. part of Ky,, on the Ohio. Pop. 7,380. Co.
t. La Grange,
Oleron, o'-li^-r6N', or Oloron (Anc. Iluro), a t of France, in the
dep. of Lower Pyrenees. Lat 43° IP N,, Lon. 0° 36' E, Pop, 6,620.
(PC.)
0-lin'-da or o-leen'-di, a decayed t on the E. coast of Brazil, in the
immediate vicinity of Pernambuco. Lat. 8° 13' S., Lon. 35° 5' W.
Pop. about 7,000. (B.)
Ol-I-ven'-z.a or Olivenqa (Sp. pron. ol-e-ven'-thi), a fortified t. of
Spain, in Estremadura, about Ora. from the left bank of the Guadiana.
Lat. 38° 42' N., Lon. 6° 55' W. Pop, ahout 10,000. (B.)
Oii'-MtJTZ or OllmxItz, an archiepiscopal t of Meravia (of which it
¦was formerly the cap.), and one of the strongest fortresses in the Aus
trian dorainions, situated between two arras of the r. March. It con
tains a university, with a library of above 50,000 vols., and several
noble public edifices. Lat. 49° 36' N., Lon. 17° 16' E. Pop., including
fhe railitary, 19,000. (B.)
O-LO-NETs' or Olonetz, a gov. in the N. part of European Russia,
bordering on L. Ladoga — Also a small town, the former capital of the
34*

402 OLO— OOJ
Fite, fir, fill, fit; mi, mJt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 aaingood;
above. Lat. 61° N., Lon. 32° 50' E. Petrozavodsk is the present
capital. 0-lot', a t of Spain, in Catalonia, 53 ra. N. N. E. of Barcelona.
Ils vicinity is interesting to the geologist, on account of tbe number of
extinct volcanoes which it contains i the largest, called Santa Marga
rita, has a crater 455 ft deep, and about a mile in circumference.
O'-MER, Saint, (Fr. pron, sSnI o'-raaiR',) a raanufacturing and cora
raercial t, and iraportant fortress of France, in the dep. of Pas de Ca
lais, on the r. Aa, and on the canal of St. Omer, which connects the
town with the Lys. Lat 50° 45' N., Lon. 2° 15' E. Pop. 18,789. (M.)
Omsk, a small but well fortified t. of Siberia, cap. of a prov. of the
sarae narae, on the Irtysh. Lat about 55° N., Lon. 73° 30' E.
OiiATE, 6n-yi'-ti, a t of Spain, in Biscay, 28jn. E. S. E. of Bilbao,
with a university. In its vicinity are extensive iron foundries. Pop.
stated at 12,000. (M.)
O-ne'-g.a (Russ. pron. o-ni'-gi), next to Ladoga, the largest L. in
Europe, is situated in the gov. of Olonets, being intersected by the 61st
and 62d parallels of N. Lat, and by the 35th and 36lh raeridians of E.
Lon. Length, about 140 ra.; greatest breadth, 45m. Ite navigation
is irapeded by sand-hanks.
Oneida, o-ni'-da, a co. in the N. central part of N. Y., intersected by
the Erie Canal. Pop. 85,310. Co. towns, Utica, Rome, and Whites-
boro. Oneida, a L. in the N. central part of N. Y., lying partly within the
above co. Length about 20 m. ; greatest breadth, 6 or 7 ra. The out
let of this lake, called the Oneida r., 16 m. long, flows westerly, and
joins the Seneca to forra the Oswego r.
Onond.aga, on^-on-dau'-ga, a co. in the N. W. central part of N. Y.,
intersected by the Erie Canal, and bordering the Oneida L. Pop.
67,911. Co. I. Syracuse.
Ons'-low, a CO. in the S. E. part of N. C, bordering on the sea.
Pop. 7,527. Seat of justice, Onslow c. h.
On-ta'-ri-o, Lake, the sraallest and most easterly of the five great
lakes which communicate wilh the r. St Lawrence, situated between
43° 10' and 44° 10' N. Lat. and 76° and 80° W. Lon. Length, about
180 ra. ; greatest breadth, 55 m. Area estimated at 5,400 sq. m. The
surface is about 334 ft. below"that of L. Erie, and 231 ft, above the
tidewater in the St Lawrence and Hudson. The greatest depth is
upwards of 600 ft.
Ontario, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., a little S. of the Erie
canal, and bordering on Seneca lake. Pop. 43,501. Co. t Canan
daigua. OojBiN, oo-jane', (Anc. Ozene,) one of the best built cities of Hin
dostan, and forraerly the cap, of the kingdom of Sindhia. It is dis
tinguished for its schools and its observatory, regarded as the first in
the country ; from this the Hindoo geographersi reckon their longi
tudes. Ancient Oojein stood about a mile N. of the modern town.

OOR— ORA 403
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Lat. 23° 11' N., Lon. 75° 51' E. Pop. unknown, but probably near
100,000. (B.)
Oor'-f.a, (Anc. Edes'sa), a fortified t of Asiatic Turkey, 80 m. S. W.
of Diarbekir, iraportant on account of its population as well as ils com
merce and manufactures. Lat about 87° 10' N., Lon. 38° 50' E. Pop.
estimated at 50,000. (B.) McCulloch, however, states it at 30,000.
Oo-roo-mee'-.a (Urumiya; commonly written Ourmiah or Urmia), a
salt lake in the N. of Persia, intersected by the 88lh parallel of N. Lat,
and the 46th meridian of E, Lon. Length, ahout 90 ra. ; greatest
breadth near 40 ra.
OosTERHouT, 6ce'-ter-hout\ a t of HoUand, in N. Brabant, 5 m, N.
B. of Breda, wilh extensive raanufactures of earthenware. Pop. above
6,000. (B.)
Oos^-t](-oog/ Vel'-j-kee (Ustiug Veliki), a coraraercial t of Eu
ropean Russia, at the confluence of the Yoog (Jug), and Sookhona,
which, by their junction, form the Dwina. Lat 60° 45' N., Lon. about
46° 10' E. Pop. 8,000. (M.)
O-por-'to (i. e. o Porto, or " the Port"), an important commercial
city, and seaport of Portugal, is delightfully situated on two hills, near
tbe mouth of the Douro, in the prov. of Minho. Il contains several
institutions for public instruction, among which raay be raentioned the
Acaderay of Navigation and Coramerce, and the School of Surgery and
Anatoray. The well-known red wine, called Port is produced in the
interior of Portugal, and derives its name from being exclusively
shipped at this" city. Lat. 41° 9' N., Lon. 8° 87' W. Pop. about
70,000. (B.)
Op'-peln, a walled t of Prussian SUesia, cap. ofa government ofthe
same name, situated on the Oder. Lat. 50° 36' N., Lon. about 18° E.
Pop. 6,300. (B.)
OR'-ANGE-(Pr. pron. o'-riNzh'; Anc. Arau'sio); a t in the S. E. of
France, in the dep. of Vaucluse, remarkable for the Roman antiquities
found in ite vicinity, araong which there is a splendid triumphal arch,
almost entire, ahout 64 ft. in length and breadth, and rather more in
height In the middle ages, this town was the capital ofa principality,
which, for a considerable period, belonged to the house of Nassau. On
the death of William III. of England, his heir, the king of Prussia,
ceded it to France, hut the title of Prince of Orange is still retained
by the royal faraily of Holland. Lat 44° 8' N., Lon. 4° 48' B. Pop.
5,897. (M.)
Orange, a co. in the B. part of Vt, bordering on the Connecticut r.
Pop. 27,873. Co. t Chelsea.
Orange, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., bordering on N. J. and
the Hudson r. Pop. 50,739. Co. towns, Goshen and Newburg.
Orange, a co. in the E. central part of Va., on a branch of the
Rappahannock. Pop. 9,125. Seat of justice, Orange c. b."
Orange, a co. in the N. part of N. C, on the head waters of Cape
Fear r. Pop. 24,356. Co. t. HiUsborough.

404 ORA— ORE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mJt ; pine or pine; pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as m good;
 ¦  I—
Orange, a co. in the S. part of Ind., a little S. E. of the E. fork of
White r. Pop. 9,602. Co. t Paoli.
Or'-.ange-eurg\ a dist. in the S. central part of S. C, on the Edisto r.
Pop. 18,519. Seat of justice, Orangeburg.
Orebro. See Oerebro.
Or'-e-gqn River or Colu.mbia River, a large r. of N. America,
which rises on the W. declivity of the Rocky Mountains, near 50° N.
Lat and 116° W. Lon., and, flowing in a very circuitous course, falls
inlo the Pacific, in ahout 46° 15' N. Lat, and 124° W. Lon. The
entire length is estiraated at 1,200 m. It is navigable all seasons of
the year, for vessels drawing 12 ft water, to the Cascades, about 150 m.
by water from its mouth.
Oregon Territory, an extensive territory of the U. S., drained by
the above river and its tributaries, and extending from the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. 'The 42d paraUel of X. Lat forms
ils southern limit. The boundary line on the N. was tiU recently a
point in dispute between this country and Great Britain. According
to a treaty between the two nations (ratified July 17, 1846), the N.
boundary of Oregon runs from the Rocky Mountains westward on the
49lh parallel, till it reaches the sea, thence southward and westward
through the Straits of Fuca ; thus giving lo Great Britain the whole
of Vancouver's Island. The navigation of that portion of the Colum
bia river included withki the U. S. teirritory, is lo be free lo the Hud
son's Bay Company and to aU British subjects trading with the same.
The country along the Pacific coast is ferlUe, and the climate remark
ably mUd. The summer^ however, is very dry. From April lo Oc
tober, rain seldom falls m any part of Oregon : during the other
months, the rains are almost incessant in the lower countries. Fur
ther from the sea they are less frequent, and near the Rocky Mount
ains are reduced to a few showers in the spring. The forests, on the
uplands, are remarkable for the siie and prodigious height of the trees.
The most important establishments m this comitry are : Oregon City,
a town with about 300 inhabitants, chiefly Americans, situated at the
falls of the Willamette, an affluent of the Columbia, itr about 45° 25'
N. Lat, and 122" 50' W. Lon. ; and the forts Vancouver and AVaUa-
Walla, on the Columbia, belonging lo the British. Since the explora
tion of the South Pass by Lieutenant (now Captain) Fremont, il is not
necessary, as formerly, lo cross the Rocky Mountams in travelling by
land to Oregon. This pass is situated between 42^ 20' and 42° 40
N. Lat, and near 110° W. Lon. (See Rocky Mountaixs.)
Oregon, a co. in tbe S, part of Mo,, bordering on Ark.
Orfa, See Oorfa.
O-rel' or Or-lof', a flourishing city in the S. central part of Eu
ropean Russia, cap, of a gov. of the same name, on the Oka, It has
an extensive trade in grain, and may be regarded as the great com
mercial entrepdt for the interior of Russia ; it is also the seat of various
manufactures. Lat. 52° 57' N., Lon. 3.5° 57' E. The pop. in 1820
was 20,000 ; in 1830 it was stated at 31,000 (P. C.) ; at present it pro
bably exceeds 40,000.

ORE— ORL 405
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Orellana. See Amazon.
O'-ren-boorg' (Orenburg), an extensive gov. of Russia, situated
partly in Europe and partly in Asia. Oo'-fi (Ufa), the cap., is on a r.
of tbe same narae, in Lat. 54° 42' N., Lon. about 56° E, Pop. 6,000.
(P. C.)
Orenboorg, tbe principal t of the above gov,, situated on the r.
Ural, is regularly built and well fortified. It carries on an extensive
trade wilh Bokhara. Lat 51° 46' N,, Lon. 55° 5' E. Pop. stated at
20,000. (P. C.)
Orihuela, o-re-wi'-li', a city in the Spanish prov, of Valencia, on
the r. Segura, in a fertUe plain, which has been justly styled " the
Garden of Spain." Il contains a university and several other instilu
tions. Lat 38° 8' N., Lon. 1° W. Pop. 26,000. (B.)
O-Ri-No'-co (i. e. the " coiled serpent"), a large r. of S. America, the
sources of which have never been visited by Europeans. As it is usually
laid down on our maps, it strikingly resembles, in ils general course,
tbe forra of a coiled serpent as its name implies. Frora about 4° S.
Lat, and 68° W. Lon., it flows northerly above 200 ra., then north
easterly, and at last almost E,, to the Atlantic, which it enters near 9°
N. Lat, and 61° W. Lon., by a multitude of raouths, called the Canos
(kin'-yoce) or " channels" of the Orinoco. The whole length is esti
mated at near 1,300 ra. The della coraraences ahout 100 ra. frora the
sea. The tides are soraetiraes perceptible as far as Angostura, or about
250 ra. from the mouth of the Orinoco. During the rainy season, which
corresponds to our summer, the river overflows the Llanos (Iyi'-n6s)
or plains wHich lie N. of it to a great extent, presenting a vast expanse
of waters, said sometimes to exceed 150 ra. in breadth. In the upper
part pf ite course, the rise is said to araount to 13 fathoras, which is
somewhat more than the greatest rise on the Ohio.
O-Ris'-SA, a prov. of Hindostan, between the 18lh and 23d degrees
of N. Lat, and bordering on the Bay of Bengal.
Orizaba, o-re-si'-bi, a flourishing t of Mexico, 70 m. W.-S. W. of
Vera Cruz. Pop. between 8,000 and 10,000. (M.) Near it in Lat
19° 2' N., Lon. 97° 15' W., rises the volcanic mountain of Orizaba
(now extinct) to the height of 17,380 ft above the Atlantic.
Obk'-ney Islands (Lat Or'cades), a group belonging to Great Bri
tain, situated near the N. N. E. extremity of Scotland, between 58° 44'
and 59° 24' N. Lat. They are separated from the main land of Scotland
by tbe Pentland Frith, which, in the narrowest part, i%about 6 m. wide.
The group contains in all 6'7 islands or islets, 27 of which are perma
nently inhabited. The largest is Pomona or Mainland. (See Pomona.)
Total area estimated at 440 sq. m. Pop. .30,507.
Orleanais or Orleanois, OR'-li*-in*-i/, one of the former provinces
of France, now distributed araong the departments of Eure and Loir,
Loir and Cher, and Loiret.
Or'-le-ans'* (Fr. pron. OR^-li^-iw'; Ano. Gena'bum, afterwards Aure-
* We often hear this name pronounced in two syllables, with the accent on

406 ORL-ORT
Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, mit; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 65 asingood;
lia'ni, of which Orleans is a corruption) ; a manufacturing and com
mercial city, in the N. central part of France, cap. of the dep. of Loi
ret situated on the right bank of the Loire, 68 m. S. S. W. of Paris,
wilh which il is connected by a raUway. Araong ite numerous literary
institutions, we raay narae the Academie Universitaire, the Royal Col
lege, and the Public Library, containing 25,000 vols. Genabura ap
pears to have been a place of considerable iraportance araong the
ancient Carnutes,^ In retaliation for the massacre of some Romans
residing in the town, it was plundered and bumed by Ceesar (about 50
B. C.) In later times, Orleans has undergone two ofthe raost remark
able sieges recorded in history. The first was during the invasion of
Attila (A. D. 451), in which that hitherto victorious destroyer was suc
cessfully resisted. The other took place in 1428, during the English
invasion, when Joan of Arc, called afterwards the Maid of Orleans,
coraraenced her wonderful career, by delivering the city, with the sig
nal defeat of ite besiegers. Lat 47° 54' N., Lon. 2° 46' E. Pop.
64,000. (B.)
Orleans, a co. in the N. part of Vt, bordering on Canada. Pop.
13,634. Co. t Irasburg.
Orleans, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario.
Pop. 25,127. Co. t Albion.
Orleans, a parish in the S. E. part of La., bordering on the Missis
sippi and L. Pontchartrain. Pop. 102,193. Seatof justice. New Orleans.
Or'-mus'* or Ormuz (Pers. Hor-raooz'), a sraall i. situated at the
entrance of the Persian Gulf, near 27° N. Lat. and 56° 30' E. Lon.
Though now a barren rock, only 12 ra. in circuraference, in the latter
part of the 16lh century, while in the possession of tbe Portuguese, it
contained a town of 40j000 inhabitante, which was one of the wealthi
est and raost iraportant emporiums in all the east. It was taken and
destroyed by Shah Abbas the Great, in 1622.
Orne, a small r. in the N. W. of France, which flows into the Eng
lish Channel.
Orne, a dep. of France, on the sources ofthe above r. Pop. 443,688.
Capital, Alengon.
O-ron'-tes (Arab. El Aasy, ii'-se), a celebrated r. of Syria, whieh
falls into the Mediterranean, in 36° 2' N. Lat, and 35° 57' E. Lon.
Length estimated at 240 ra.
Orthbz or Orthes, OR'-ti', a t in the S. W. of France, in the dep.
the last ; but all our best speakers appear to concur in making it a trisyllable, with
the accent on the first. This is evidently the manner in which Shakspeare pro
nounced Orleans.

¦ This dreadful lord

Retiring from the siege of Orleans."
" Was not the duke of Orleans thy foe ?" — Henry VT. Part I.
• " High on a throne of royal state, which far
Outshone the wealth of Ormds or of tnd, — "
Milton's Paradise Lost, Book II.

ORV— OTS 407
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
of the Lower Pyrenees. Lat. 43° 30' N., Lon. 0° 46' W. Pop.
5,267. (M.)
Orvieto, oR-ve-i'-to, (formerly Urbs Vetus,) a t of Italy, in the
Papal state, on the Paglia (pil'-yi), an aflSuent of the Tiber, 59 m. N.
N. W. of Rome, with a handsome Gothic cathedral. Pop. estimated
at near 8,000. (B.)
O'-sage', a r. which rises in the Indian Territory, near 37° N. Lat.
and 95° W. Lon., and, flowing south-easterly, passes into the stale of
Missouri, and joins the Missouri r. about 10 ra. below Jeflferson City.
Osage, a co. of Mo., at the niouth of the above r.
Os-cb-o'-l.a. (Unwattin), a co. in the W. central part of Mich., inter
sected by Maskego r.
Os'-i-Mo (Anc. Aux'iraura), a t. of Italy, in the Papal state, 9 ra. S. by
W. of Ancona. Lat. 43° 30' N., Lon. 13° 27' E. Pop. about 7,000.
(M.) Osh-moo-neyn' — nJme (Achmouneyn), a large village of Egypt, W.
of the NUe, on the site of the ancient Hermop'olis Mag'na. Lat. 27°
50' N., Lon. ahout 30° 50' E. Pop. estimated at from 4,000 to 10,000.
(B.) In its vicinity are sorae highly interesting remains of antiquity.
Os'-n.a-bbUck' or os'-na-brook^, often called in English, Os'-na-burg',
a commercial t. of Germany, in Hanover, cap. of a prov. of the same
name, on the Hase (hi'-se/(), an afHuent of the Ems. It is surrounded
with a ditch and wall, wilh five gales. The linens called Osnaburgs
derive their name from this place. Lat 5-2° 17' N., Lon. 8° 1' E. Pop.
11,000. (B.)
OssuNA, os-soo'-ni, a manufacturing t of Spain, in Andalusia, 36 m.
E. by S. of Seville. Pop. 15,000. (B.)
Os-tend',* a fortified seaport t of Belgium, in W. Flanders, 14 m.
W. of Bruges, with which city it communicates by a canal of sufiicient
dimensions to allow the largest Indiamen to pass through it. It is also
connected with the principal towns of Belgiura by railways. Lat 51°
14' N., Lon. 2° 55' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
Os-we'-go, a CO. in the N. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario.
Pop. 43,619. Co. towns, Oswego and Pulaski.
Oswego, a flourishing t and port of entry in the above co., situated
oo the S. E. shore of L. Ontario, about 68 m., in a straight line, W. N.
W. of Utica. The Oswego Canal, 38 m. in length, connects it with Sy
racuse, on the Erie Canal. Pop. 4,665.
Otaheite. See Tahiti.
O-tran'-to (Anc. Hydrun'tum), a sraall but once flaurishing t, situ
ated near the S. E. extremity of Italy. Lat. 40° 9' N., Lon. 18° 29' B.
Frora this town, the prov. in which it is situated is called Terra di
(ter'-ri de) Otranto or the " land of Otranto."
Ot-se'-go, a CO. in the S. E. central part of N. Y., on the sources of
the Susquehanna. Pop. 49,628. Co. t Cooperstown.
* " Thy muse ' — ' in bells delighting, finds a friend,
In every chime that jingled from Ostend," — Bvron.

408 OTS— OXF
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66 as in good ;
Otsego (Okkuddo), a co. in the N. part of Mich., E. of Traverse Ba,y.
Ottajano, ot-ti-yi'-no, a t of Naples, at the E. foot of Mt Vesuvius,
12 m. B. ofthe capital. Pop. 15,000. (B.)
Ottawa, ot'-ta-wi^ or of -ta-wi', a co. in the N. N.W. part of Ohio,
bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 2,248.
Ottawa, a co. in the W. part of Mich., bordering on L. Michigan,
and intersected by Grand r. Pop. 496. Co. t. Grand Haven.
Ottawa, a r. of Canada, flowing into the St. Lawrence, near Mon
treal. It forms the boundary between Upper and Lower Canada.
Oude, ood, a prov. and kingdom under the protection of the British,
in the N. of Hindostan, between 25° 30' and 28° 40' N. Lat, and 79°
and 83° E, Lon.
Oitdenardb, ou^-den-iR'-deA, or Oudenaarden, (Fr. Audenarde,
6-den-aRD'), a t. of Belgiura, on the Scheldt 14 m. W. of Ghent. Pop.
5,000. (B.)
OuR.AL. See Ural.
Ourfa. See Oorfa.
Ouse, ooz, a r. in tbe N, E. part of England, which forms the prin
cipal branch of the Humber,
Ouse, Great, a r. in the E. of England, which rises in Northamp
tonshire, and flows into the Wash.
O'-VER-TON, a CO. in the N. part of Tenn., borderinc on Ky. Pop.
9,279. 'Co.'t Monroe.
Oviedo, o-ve-i/-DO, (Lat. Ovelum), a city in the N. W. part of
Spain, cap. of the prov. of Asturias, supposed to have been built near
the middle of the 8th century. During the middle ages, Oviedo was
known throughout Christendom as "the City of the Bishops" (Civitas
Episcoporum), owing, it is said, to the great number of the clergy wbo
look refuge here from the persecutions of the Moors. The ancient
cathedral is a magnificent structure of the pure Gothic style, equalled,
perhaps, by none in the Spanish peninsula. The University, founded
in 1.580, is well endowed, and has a large library. Lat 43° 22' N.,
Lon. 5° 57' W. Pop. ahout 10,000. (B.)
O-we'-go, a floirrishing t in the S. part of N. Y., on the E. branch
of the Susquehanna, and at the junction of the Ithaca and Oweiro
RaUroad (29 ra. long) with the New York and Erie Railroad, abo°ut
84 m., in a direct line, S. W. of Utica. Pop. 5,340.
Ow'-EN, a CO. in the N. part of Ky., E. of, and bordering on Ken
tucky r. Pop. 8,232. Co. t New Liberty.
Owen, a co. in the S. W. central part of Indiana, intersected by the
W. fork of White r. Pop. 8,359. Co. t Spencer.
Owhyhee. See Hawaii.
Ox'-FORD (Lat Oxo'nia), a beautiful city and celebrated seat of
learning of England, the cap. of Oxfordshire, is situated on the Isis, a
branch of the Thames, 53 ra. W. N. W. of London. The date of the
university is unknown ; it is, however, certain that Oxford was a place
of study^ in the reign of Edward the Confessor, if not earlier. The
University of Oxford at present consiste of 19 colleges and 5 halls.

OXF— PAD 409
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
The total number of members on the books in 1841, was 5,515. Among
the diflerent libraries of Oxford, we ought especially to notice the cele
brated Bodleian Library, named in honour of Sir Thoraas Bodley, by
whom it was founded, in 1597. It contains about 800,000 printed vols.,
besides a great number of valuable manuscripts. The Observatory is
in Lat. 51° 45' 40" N., Lon. 1° 15' 2-2 " W. Pop., including the univer
sity, with an area of above 4 sq. m., 23,834. A student at Oxford is
called an Oxo'-ni-an.
Oxford, a co. in the W. part of Maine, bordering on N. H. Pop.
38,339. Co. t Paris.
Ox'-FORD-sHiRE, a CO. in the S. central part of England, on the
Thames.' Pop.' 161,643.
Ox'-us (called by the natives Amoo, ii-moo', or Jb-hoon'), a great r.
of Central Asia, which rises from a mountain lake in 37° 27' N. Lat,
and 78° 40' E. Lon., at an elevation of 15,600 ft above the level ofthe
sea. (M.) Its general direction is north-westerly : il enters the sea of
Aral near 43° 30' N. Lat, and .58° E. Lon., after a course of about
1,300 m. Sir A. Burns crossed it on his way to Bokhara, and found it
upwards of 800 yards in breadth, about 20 ft. in depth, wilh rauddy
waters, and a current of about 34 ra. an hour. (M.)
O-zark', a CO. in the S. part of Mo., bordering on Ark.
Pacific Ocean (soraetiraes, though iraproperly, called the South
Sea), a vast expanse of water, extending from the western shores of
Araerica to the eastern shores of Asia and Australia. Ils most north
ern limit is Behring's Strait, in about 66° N. Lat. : towards the south
ern extreraity, it is divided from the Atlantic by a line drawn from
Cape Horn to the S. pole. It extends frora 120° E. to 70° W. Lon., a
distance of above 11,000 ra. Its extent frora N. lo S., is somewhat less
than 10,000 ra. The Pacific received its narae frora Magellan, the
first European who traversed it, in consequence of the prosperous
weather which he met wilh while navigating its surface. Though
this ocean is subject to violent gales and storms (at least in many parls
of it), it would seem that the winds and water-currents are generally
more regular and uniforra, and in so far less hostile, than those in the
Atlantic. This raay be accounted for by its great extent, whioh pre
vents the regular prevailing winds from being broken by those irregular
currents, calms, and storms wbich the vicinity of a large tract pf land.
especially of raountain land, is so apt to produce.
Paderborn, pi'-der-hoRn\ a commercial t of Prussi*, in Westphalia,
cap. of a circle of the same name. It is an ancient place, tolerably
well built, and surrounded by a wall with five gates. It is said lo have
been for a time the residence of Charlemagne. Lat 51° 44' N., Lon.
8°44'E. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
Pad'-u-a (It. Padova, pi'-do-vi; Anc. Pata'viura), a city and distin
guished seat of learning, in Austrian Italy, cap. of ,a prov. ofthe same
narae, situated on the Bacchiglione (bik-keel-yo'-ni), a sraall r. which
flows into the Adriatic. It is fortified with walls, ditches, and bastions,
35

410 PAG— PAL
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, nit ; 66, as in good ;
. — ^ 
and is above 6 m. in circumference, but is thinly inhabited. At the
head of ils numerous scientific and literary institutions, stands the Uni
versity, one of the most celebrated and most flourishing in Europe. It
was founded in the eariy part of the 13th century, and attained its
greatest popularity during the 1.5th and 16lh centuries, when it was
attended not only by a multitude of slbdente from all parte of Europe,-
but even by some frora Mahometan countries. Ils medical school waa
particularly celebrated. Fallopius, Morgagni, and the great Galileo,
have been among ils professors : Dante, Petrarch, and Tasso have been
of the number of its pupils. The University at present is attended
by 1,000 students, but during ils raost flourishing period, it is said to
have had six tiraes that nuraber : ihere are four faculties ; theology,
law, raedicine, and philosophy, with about 60 professors : tbe botanic
garden, connected v/ith the University, is regarded as the oldest in
Europe : the library contains upwards of 70,000 vols. The clerical
college or serainary is noted for its printing presses, which have long
supplied Italy with school-books and with good editions of other works.
Its library contains above 55,000 Vols. At Padua, Porcellini corapiled
his great Latin Lexicon, upon which he spent 40 years of his life. Pa-
taviura was considered in the Roraan tiraes as one of the oldest towns
in Italy. Il is distinguished as the birth-place of Livy. The Observa
tory is in Lat 45° 24' 2" N., Lon. 11° 52' 18" E. Pop. 51,000. (B.)
— Adj. and inhab. Pad'-u-an.
Page, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Va., intersected by the Shenan
doah r. Pop. 6194.
Pai.?'-ley, a raanufacturing t, the third in Scotland for population
and commercial importance, situated in Renfrewshire, on the White
Cart r., 3 m. above ite junction with the Clyde, and 8 m. W. by S of
Glasgow. Lat. 55° 51' N., Lon. 4° 26' W. The pop. of the parish
of Paisley, in the middle ofthe last century, was about 6,000; in 1801,
it was 31,179; in 1841, ft amounted to 60,487: that of the town alone
to 48426.
Pal'-.a-vvAn', one of the Philippine Islands, extending frora 8° 20' to
11° 30' N. Lat, and frora 117° 30' to 119° 40' E. Lon. Length about
270 ra. Mean breadfb, perhaps 25 m. Little is known ofthe interior.
Palencia, pal-en'-slie-a, (Sp. pron. pi-len'-the-i; .•\nc. Pallan'tia,) a
city of Spain, in Leon, cap. of a prov. of the same narae, on an af
fluent of .the Pisuerga (pe-sw&R'-gi), which Aovto into the Douro. Ite
cathedral is one of the largest and finest in Spain. Lat 4-2° 2' N
Lon. 4° 28' W. Pop. about 11,000. (B.)
Palenque, pi-lenk'-i, or more properly Culhuacan, kool-wi-kin',
an ancient city of Mexico, remarkable for its raagnificent ruins, said to
be the most interesting, and on the largest scale, of any in the New
World. Pal-er'-mo or pi-lte'-mo (Anc. Panor'raus), the principal seaport and
cap. of Sicily, and the second city of the kingdom of the two Sicilies;
is pleasantly situated on the N. coast towards its W. extremity. The
town forms an oblong parallelogram, surrounded by walls, and furnished

PAL— PAN 411
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
with bastions. The royal palace is an old buUding, fortified like a
castle, wilh a magnificent chapel, built by Roger of Sicily, in 1129.
On the sumrait ofthe palace is the observatory where Piazzi discovered,
in 1801, the planet Ceres. Palermo is the see of an archbishop ; and
the seat of a university, founded in 1447, and attended by about 600
studente, with a library of 40,000 volumes. Panorraus appears to have
been a place of considerable consequence in ancient tiraes; the narae
signifying " All-port," may be regarded as indicating ils early com
mercial importance. The observatory is in Lat. 38° 6' 44 " N., Lon.
13° 21' 24" E. Pop. about 168,000. (B.)
PaiZ-es-tine' (Lat Palaasti'na, usually called by the Roraans Judsea),
the narae comraonly applied to the land anciently inhabited by the
Israelites, including the country of the Philistines. Ils precise boun
daries are not well defined. It appears, however, lo have been situated
between 31° and 33° 30' N. Lat, and 34° and 36° 80' E. Lon., being
bounded on the N. and E. by Syria, S. E. and S. by the desert,"and W.
by the Mediterranean. Length, perhaps 180 m. ; greatest breadth about
80 m. Area estimated at 11,000 sq. m. (P. C.)
Palma, pil'-mi, one of the Canary Islands, intersected by the parallel
of 28° 80' N. Lat, and the 18th raeridian of W. Lon. Length about
-26 ra. ; greatest breadth about 16 m. Area 19 sq. leagues. Pop. in
1835, 33,0'89. (P. C.)
Palma, a fortified t, the cap. of Majorca and of all the Balearic Is
lands, is situated on the S. W, coast, on a bay of the same name, which
forms a good harbour. In the ISth century, Palraa was one ofthe chief
trading places in Europe, bul at present its commerce is comparatively
unimportant; Lat. 39° 34' N,, Lon, 2° 44' E. Pop. estimated at
34,000. (B.)
Palmas or Las Palmas, lis pil'-mis, the chief t. of the Grand Ca-
lary, and the cap. of all the Canaries, is situated on the N, E, coast,
Lat. 28° 8' N., Lon. 15° 26' W. Pop, about 9,000. (B.)
Pam'-h-co (called in tbe upper part of its course Tar River), a r. of
N.C, flowing into Paralico Sound, near 35°15'N.Lat. and 76°80'W. Lon.
Pamplona, pim-plo'-ni, or Pampeluna, pim-pi-loo'-ni(Anc. Pompe-
lon or Pompeiop'olis), a fortified t of Spain, cap. ofthe prov. of Navarre,
and forraerly the residence of the Navarrese kings, is situated on the
r. Arga, an afiluent of the Ebro. Lat. 42° 50^ Lon. 1° 42' W. Pop.
15,000. (B.)
Panama, pin-a-mi', a fortifled seaport t of New Granada, cap. of a
prqv, of tbe sarae name, and of the dep. of the IsthmuB (Istmo), situated
on the Bay of Panama. Lat 8° 59 N., Lon, 79° 27° W. Pop. not 10,000,
(B,), but the statements of several other writers make it considerably
above this nuthher.
Panama, Isthmus of, called also the Isthmus of Darien (di'-re-?n),
the narrow neck of land which unites North and South Araerica,
situated between 7° and 9° 30' N Lat, and 77° and 83' W. Lon, The
narrowest part is about 20 ra. E. of Panaraa, between 9° and 9° 30' N
Lat. and near 79° W. Lon., where it is scarcely 30 m. wide.

412 PAN— PAR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, nit ; 66 as in good ;
Pan.ay, pi-ni', one of the Philippine Islands, intersected by the llth
parallel of N. Lat, and the ll'Ttb and 118th meridians of E. Lon.
Length, about 110 m. ; greatest breadth, near 90 m. Its form is almost
an equilateral triangle. It is one of the most important and populous
islands in the whole group. Pop. estiraated, in 1837, at about 406,000.
(P. C.)
Pa'ncsova, piin'-cho'-v6A\ a trading t in the S. E. part of Hungary,
on the Temes (tem'-esh^), near its junction with the Danube, 10 m. El.
N. E. of Belgrade. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Pa-no'-l.a, a CO. in the N. W. part of Miss., intersected by the Tal
lahatchie r. Pop. 4,657. Co. seat Panola.
Pa'pa, pii'-poA, a large t. of Hungary, about 80 m. S. E. of Vienna.
Pop. 14,000. (B.)
Papal State (It, Stato Pontificio, sti'-to pon-te-fee'-che-D, or Stato
della Chiesa,sti'-tod41-li ke-iZ-si, i. e. " stale of the church"), a division
of Italy, comprehending the dominions of the see of Rome, of which the
Pope is tbe raonarch. Il is principally situated between 41° 10' and
45° N. Lat, and 11° and 14° E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by the
Austrian dorainions, N. E. and B. by the Adriatic and kingdom of Na
ples, S. W. by the Mediterranean, and W. and N. W. by Tuscany and
Modena. Ils length is about 270 ra. ; the breadth varies greatly ; in
one part it extends across the Italian peninsula, and is near 140 m.
broad. Area estiraated at 17,200 sq.m. Pop. in 1833, 2,782,036.
(M.) The seat of gov. is at Rorae.
Papua, pap'-oo-a or pi'-poo-i, called also New Guinea, a large i., or
perhaps cluster of islands, in the Eastern seas, between 130° and 150°
E. Lon,, and 0° and 10° S. Lat. Not only ita interior, but even ite coast
line is in many parts unknown. Europeans have little or no coraraer
cial intercourse with this island. The inhabitante consist of two and
perhaps raore classes ; the Papuas, who inhabit the western portion
of the island, received their name frora the Malays, in whose language
it signifies " frizzled hair;" and the Haraforas, who are said to occupy
the interior and eastern coaste.. Both these races appear to live in a
state of great barharisra. The Papuas are said to resemble the Aus
tralians, though they are perhaps rather less degraded.^Adj. Papu.an,
pap'-oo-an. PAba, pi-ri', called forraerly Belem, hi-lW or bi-long', a seaport t
of Brazil, cap, of a prov, of its own narae, is situated on the river or
estuary of Para, forraed hy the union of the Tocantins with the Tagi-
puru (ti-zhe-poo-roo'), the southern arra of the Araazon. Lat 1° 28'
S,, Lon. 48° 22' W. Pop. estiraated at nearly 20,000 (B.), though
soiiie say that the troubles and massacres which occurred in Para, in
1834-5, have greatly reduced tbe number of ite inhabitante.
Paeaguay, par-a-gwi' or par-a-gwi', a r. of S. America, which rises
in Brazil, in about 13° 30' S. Lat., and 56° -20' W. Lon. ; it flows south
erly, separating tbe state of Paraguay from Bolivia and La Plata, and
empties itself into the Parana, in ahout 27° 20' S. Lat, and 58° 40' W.
Lon. Its length is estimated at above 1,100 m. Vessels of 300 ions

PAR— PAR 413
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
may ascend as far as Assumption, and smaller vessels several hun
dred railes wilhin the boundary of Brazil.
Paraguay, an independent state of S. America, situated between
19° and 27° 30 S. Lat, and 54° and 59° W. Lon. ; bounded on the N.
and E. by Brazil, S. by La Plata, and W. by La Plata and Bolivia^
Length, from N. to S., near 600 m.; greatest breadth, about 210 ra. Area
estimated at 90,000 sq. ra. Pop. in 1826, 250,000 (B.), at present it
probably exceeds 300,000. The Guaranis (gwi-ri-nees'), a tribe of
aborigines, constitute the principal portion of the inhabitants. Dr.
Francia, the late dictator, through his wise, though arbitrary govern
ment appears to have succeeded in bringing these people into a raore
perfect state of subordination and civilization, than has ever been
done before with any nation of American aborigines ; and, at the same
time, he has preserved tbe country frora those, dissensions and civil
wars from which the other S. American states have suffered so deeply.
His policy of rigorously excluding from his dominions all foreigners,
without exception, has doubtless contributed greatly not only to pre
serve the tranquillity of the country, but also to consolidate the different
elements of the population inlo one mass, and to forra them inlo a
nation. Little is known with certainty respecting the present condi
tion of this country. Assumption (Asuncion) is the capital.
Parahyba or Paraib.a, pi-ri-ee'-bi, a r. in the S. B. part of Brazil,
which rises ahout 80 m. W. of Rio Janeiro, and after a very circuitous
course of above 500 ra,, falls into tbe Atlantic, about 170 ra. N. E. of
the Brazilian capital, in 21° 40' S. Lat, and near 41° W. Lon.
Paramaribo, par'-a-mar'-e-bo, the cap. of Dutch Guiana, in S. Arae
rica, is situated on tbe r. Surinam, about 20 ra. from ite mouth. Lat.
5° 45' N., Lon. 55° 24' W. Pop. estimated at from 18,000 lo 20,000.
Parana, pi-ri-ni', a large r. of S. Araerica, which rises in the S. E.
part of BrazU, near 22° S. Lat and 45° W. Lon., and, flowing in a gene
ral westerly course, receives the Parana-Iba* (par^-i-ni ee'-bi) in 20°
40' S. Lat, and 52° 20' W. Lon., after which il runs at first southerly,
then westerly, to its junction wilh the Paraguay. On receiving this
great tributary, il again takes a southerly course lo its terraination (Lat.
34° S., Lon. 58° 30' W.), where, by ils union with the Uruguay, it
forms ihe Rio de la Plata. The whole length of tbe Parana raay be
estimaled at 2,000 ra. It is navigable about 750 m. for vessels of 300
tons. Parana-Iba or Paranahyba. See the preceding article.
P.aranahyba, pir-a-ni-ee'-bi, or Parnahiba, pia-ni-ee'-bi, a r. in the
N. E. part of Brazil, which flows inlo the Atlantic, in 2° 50' S. Lat,
and near 42° W. Lon. Length above 700 m. It is navigable above
400 ra. for vessels of from 15 to 40 tons.
* Some geographers call that portion of the river which is above the junction
of the Parana-Iba, the Rii> Grande (ree'-o gran'-da), considering the Parana to be
formed by the union of these two branches.
35*

414 PAR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mh ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66, as in good ;
Paris, pir'-is, (Fr. pron. pi'-re' ; Anc. Lute'tia, afterwards Paris'-
sii ;) a great city and distinguished seat of civilization, learning, and
the arts, the cap. of the dep. of Seine, and of the French monarchy, is
situated on both sides of the r. Seine, about 110 m., in a direct line,
frora its raouth, and 210 in. S. E. of London. The limits of the town
are defined by a wall erected in the reign of Louis XVI., in order to
prevent the introduction of coraraodities without the payment of local
taxes. The outline thus formed, though irregular, approximates to an
oval. Through the wall there are 58* entrances, at each of which is a
toll-house. (M.) Round the walls, on the outer side, is a road planted
with rows of trees, what are terraed the exterior boulevards. The
entire circuit of these boulevards is ratber raore than 15 ra. ; the area
included within the walls is ahout 8,.500 acres, or 13} sq. ra. Paris is,
for the most part irregularly built, with lofty houses and narrow streets :
a few of these, however, are truly magnificent, such as the Rue de la
Paix (ru d'li pi), de Castiglione (deh kis'-tig'-le'-on'), de Rivoli (d're'-
v6r-e'), &c. As in London, the fashionable part of the city is at the
W. end. The more densely inhabited portion of Paris is encircled by
the interior boulevards, between which and the walls, are the suburbs
or faubourgs (fo^-booa'), forming some of the best built quarters of the
town. There are in Paris about 70 places or squares, the principal of
which are — the Place de la Concorde (plis d'li king^-koad'), an open
space W. ofthe garden of the TuUeries, in the centre of which is the
obelisk lately brought from Luxor, in Egypt ; the Place Vendome ; the
Place des Victoires (di vic'-twiR'); the Place du Trone; the Place du
Carrousel (kir'-roo'-zel') ; and the Place Royale. There are several
public gardens, as the garden ofthe Tuileries (twee'-ler-eez), the Lux
embourg, and the Champs Elysees (shiNZ M'-e^-zi'), or " Elysian Fields."
The Champ de Mars (shiN d'raaa), i. e. " Field of Mars," is a very
large oblong enclosure, bordered by a double avenue of trees, for re
viewing troops, horse-racing, &c. Araong the reraarkable buildings of
Paris, we raay raention the Tuileries, a palace of vast diraensions, but
not to be adraired for its architecture ; the Louvre (loovr), formerly a
royal residence, a striking and raagnificent edifice, connected with the
Tuileries by a long gallery, containing a superb collection of pictures,
one ofthe finest in the world: the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, founded
in the llth century, one of the noblest existing specimens of Gothic
architecture : Sainte Genevieve, or the Pantheon, considered by raany
as the finest church in the French raetropolis: and the new church of
Madeleine (raid'-lane') or " Magdalen," an imitation of a Corinthian
temple, regarded as the most iraposing and chaste speciraen of this
kind of architecture which has ever been produced in modern times.
There are in Paris several splendid triumphal arches, of which the Arc
de I'Etoile (aRC dli'-twil') is the most remarkable, being indeed tha
most stupendous structure of the kind ever erected, either in ancient
" Thfl Penny Cyclopsedia states that in 1830 the entrances were reduced to ."iO

PAR— PAR 415
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
or modern limes. It forms a raass, of which the plan i^ 147 ft, by 73 fl.
the height is 162 ft. The efl'ect of ite, extraordinary diraensions is
greatly enhanced by the siraplicity of ils forra, and by ils position ; for,
standing quite separate from any other building, it is seen lo the very
best advantage. Paris is perhaps superior to every other city in the
world, with respect to the number and character of its scifentific and
literary establishments. Of these, our limits wilf permit us lo notice
but a very few. The most remarkable are: the Academie Universi
taire, or the University (date unknown), attended by 7,446 students,
(B.), being the most frequented of any in the world : the CoUege Royale,
which may be regal^ded as equivalent lo a university, attended by near
1,000 students: the Royal Museura of Natural History, the richest
collection of the kind that exists, wilh a menagerie and botanic garden;
tbe lectures on the natural sciences, at the Botanic garden (Jardin des
Plants, zhaR'-daN' di pliNl), are attended by near 3,000 persons : the
Polytechnic School, a distinguished institution, which has been imitated
in several other countries : and the School of Astronomy (at the Royal
O'oservatory), one of the first establishraents of the kind existing in
any country. The following libraries are open to the public : the
King's Library, containing above 500,000 vols., 80,000 raanuscripts,
1,600,000 engravings, and 100,000 medals and coins : tbe Library of
the Arsenal, with 180,000 vols, and 5,000 manuscripts : and the Library
of Sainte Genevieve, wilh 112,000 vols. 'The Library of the Institute
(not public) contains 70,000 vols. There are, in the French capital,
numerous learned societies, al the head of which is the National Insti
tute ; this establishment for a long lime comprehended four depart
ments, called academies, viz., the French Acaderay, (L'Acaderaie
Frangaise, la'-ki'-dera'-e' friN -saze',) the ofiice of which is the regula
tion and iraproveraent of the French language: the Academy of Sci
ences ; Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Leftres ; and the Acaderay
ofthe Fine Arts. A fifth acaderay, ofthe moral and political sciences,
has been added by Louis Philippe, the present king. Araong the mul
titude of charitable institutions in Paris, there are 17 hospitals, 5 of
which ai-e for the military. The Royal Observatory is in Lat 48° 50'
13" N, Lon, 2° 20' 22^' B. Pop. 909,000. (B,)— Adj, and inhab. Pa
risian, par-ish'-un (Fr. Parisien, pi'-re'-ze-iN' (masculine), and Pari
sienne, pi'-re'-ze-enn' (feminine).
Park, a co. in the W. part of Ind,, bordering on the Wabash. Pop.
13,499. Co. t Rockville.
Par'-ma or pifi'-mi. Duchy of, an independent state of Northern
Italy, between 44° 22' and 45° 8' N. Lat and 9° 20' and 10° 37' E. Lon,;
bounded on the N. by the Austrian dorainions, from which it is sepa
rated by the Po, E. by Modena, S. hy the Modenese, Tuscan, and Sardi
nian territories, and W. by the dominions of Sardinia. Its extent from
E. to W., is above 60 m. ; frora N. to S., near 50 ra. Area estiraated at
2,280 sq. ra. Pop. in 1833, 465,673. (M.)— Adj. and inhab. Par'-me-san'.
Parma, the cap of the preceding duchy, situatedin a fine plain, about

416 PAR^PAT
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; ni, n6t ; 66, as in gooi
12 m. S. ofthe Po. It is surrounded by walls, and is rather more than
4 m. in circuraference. The streets are wide and straight but appear
soraewhat dull and deserted. Parraa has a superior school or lyceum,
with the chairs of theology, medicine, and phUosophy, attended by
about 400 students ; a public I ibrary, with 80,000 printed vols, and 4,000
manuscripts ; and several other literary institutions. The Ducal Gal
lery has raany valuable paintings, by some ofthe first Italian raasters:
most of the churches of Parma are adorned with those of Corregio.
The ancient Parma was a town of the Etruscans : it becarae a Roman
colony al the same time as Mutina (now Modena), 18.3 years before
Christ Lat. 44° 48' N., Lon. 10° 27 'E. Pop. about 36,000. (P. C. and
M.) Balbi, however, states it at about 30,000.
Parsonstown. See Birr.
Pascagoula, pas^-ka-goo'-la, a r. in the S. E. part of Miss., which
flows into a hay of the same narae.
Pasco or Cebro Pasco, scr'-ro pis'-ko, a t of Peru, situated
14,278 ft. (P. C.) above the level of the sea, reraarkable for ite silver
mines, which are araong the richest in the world. Lat about 10' 40'
S., Lon. 75° 43' W. Pop. fluctuating, between 12,000 and 16,000.
(P. C.)
Pas-de-Calais, pi^ d' ki^-li', or the " Strait of Calais," a dep. near
the N. extremity of France, bordering on the Strait of Dover. Pop.
664,654. (B.) Capital, Arras.
Pas'-quo-tank', a co. near the N. E. extremity of N. C, bordering
on Albemarle Sound. Pop. 8,514. Co. t. Elizabeth City.
Pas-sa'-ic, a sraall r. in the N. E. part of N. J., flowing into Newark
Bay, Near Paterson it has a perpendicular descent of 50 ft. and a
total fall of 70 ft., affording an iraraense water-power.
Passaic, a co. in the N. part of N. J., bordering on N. Y. Pop.
16,784, Co, t Paterson.
Passau, pis'-sou, a t and iraportant fortress of Bavaria, cap. of the
circle of the Lower Danube, at the confluence of the Inn and the II2
(ills) with the Danube. A handsorae bridge, resting on 7 piers of
granite, crosses the last-naraed river, which is 7.54 ft. wide. Two
suburbs, the one on the right bank of the Inn, and the other on the left
bank of the Ilz, are called respectively Innstadt and Ilzstadt Passau
is in 48° 34' N. Lat, and 13° -28' E. Lon. Pop., including the suburbs,
ahout 10,500. (P. C.)
Pat'-a-go'-ni-.a, an extensive country of S. Araerica, occupying thc
S. extreraity of the continent and extending from 39° to \iear 54° S.
Lat, and from 63° to 75° 40' W. Lon. It is separated on the N. from
the territories of La Plata by the r. Negro; the line which divides it
from ChUi is not accurately determined : on all other sides it is bounded
by the sea. Length, from N. to S., ahout 1,060 m. ; greatest" breadth,
from B. to W,, 600 m. The area is probably above 800,000 sq. m. The
natives of this country are called PataOonians ; a name which they
received from Magellan, on account ofthe supposed magnitude of theu:

PAT— PAV 417
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng-.
feet* wbich, being wrapped up in skins, probably appeared to him
much above their actual size. "I'he Patagonians have in fact compara
tively small feet and hands. About the middle of tbe last century.
Captain Byron met wilh a number of these people, who, if we may
trust his statements,_were not less lhan 8 ft., sorae even exceeding
9 ft. in height II appears, however, to be now generally adraitted
that there has been great exaggeration respedling the stature of the
Patagonians: nevertheless they are, according to the raost authentic
information we possess, the tallest people of whom we have any know
ledge ; tbe average height being probably above 6 ft The plains of
Patagonia appear to be generally sterile, owing partly to the nature of
tlie soil and partly to a deficiency of rain. The cliraate, though cold
in winter, is said to be healthy, and generally pleasant — Adj. and in
hab. Pat^-a-go'-ni-.an.
Pat'-er-son, a fiourishing raanufacturing t of N. J., cap. of Passaic
CO., on t'he Passaic r., near the falls, 17 ra. N. N. W. of N. Y. Pop.
7,596. Pat'-n.a, a large city of British India, cap. of the prov. of Bahar,
situated on the Ganges, near 300 ra. N. W. of Calcutta. Lat. 25° 37'
N., Lon. 85° 15' E. Pop. estimated al above 300,000. (M.)
P.A-TRAs' (Anc. Pat'rae), a seaport t of Greece, on the N. N. W.
coast ofthe Morea. It sufi'ered extremely in the war of independence,
bul appears now to be rapidly recovering its former prosperity. Lat.
38° 14' N., Lon. 21° 47' E. Pop. probably above 8,000. (B.) ;, j
Pat'-rick, a Co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on the Blue Riflge
and N. C. Pop. 8,032. Co. t. Taylorsville.
Pau, po, a t. in the S. W. part of Prance, cap. of the dep. of the
Lower Pyrenees, on a small river called the Gave de Pau (giv d' po),
an affluent of the Adour. Il is regularly laid out and well built As
a pleasant and healthy residence, it is much resorted to by strangers,
especially by the English. It contains an academie universitaire, a
royal college, and otber institutions. Pau is remarkable as the birth
place of Henry IV. of France, and of Bernadolle, the late king of
Sweden, Lat. 43° 18° N., Lon. 0° 22' W. Pop. 11,959. (M.)
Paul'-ding, a CO. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on Ala. Pop.
2,566. Seat of justice, Paulding c. h.
Paulding, a co. near the , N. W. extremity of Ohio, bordering on
Ind. Pop. 1,034-. Co. t Paulding.
P.AViA, pi-vee'-i,f (Anc. Tici'num,) a city and celebrated seat of
learning in Austrian Italy, cap. ofa prov. ofthe sarae ,parae, is, situated
on the Ticino, 19 ra. S. of Milan. At the head of its numerous lite
rary and scientific institutions, stands the University, the first in Italy,
which, among its professors in our own times, can boast of Scarpa,
* Fatagon (pat-a-gone') in Spanish signifies a large foot,
1 '* And now appear as on a phosphor sea,
Numberless barks from Milan, from PavSa."
Rogers' Italy, Part First, VII

418 PAX— PEI
Fite, fir; fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pinei pin ; nb, nbt ; 66 as in good ;
Volta, Configliacchi, and other distingui^ed men. It has three facul
ties, those of law, medicine and philosophy.' It is particularly cele
brated as a school of medicine. 'The University of Pavia was founded
by Charlemagne, and restored in the 14th century by Galeazzo Vis
conti ;* but it owes its present form and institutions to the erapress
Maria Theresa, and her enlightened minister, count Firmian. The
nuraber of students is'about 1,400. Pavia was formerly the residence
of the Lombard kings, and was afterwards the capital of one of the
short-lived Italian republics. Frora its nuraerous public edifices, it was
called " the City ofa Hundred Towers," but ite raagnificence and fame
belong to another age, and it has long been in a state of paralysis and
decay. Lat 45° 11' N., Lon. 9° 10' E. Pop. near 24,000. (B.)— Adj.
and inhab. Pavian, pi-vee'-an.
Pax'-o (Anc. Pax'os), the sraallest of the seven Ionian Islands, situ
ated about 10 m. S. by E. of Corfu. It is scarcely 5 m. long. Pop. in
1836, 5,-287. ^ (M.)
Paz, La, li piz, (Sp. pron. li pith,) an important commercial city of
S. America, in Bolivia, cap. of a dep. of the sarae name, on the E. de
clivity of the Andes, 1-2,170 ft. above the level of the sea, near 16° 80'
S. Lat, and 68° 10' W. Lon. Pop. above 20,000. (P. C.)
Pearl River, a r. which rises in the N. E. central part of Miss.,
and flowing southerly, falls into L. Borgne. Ite length is above 250 m.,
^but its navigation is impeded by drift-wood, shallows, and sand-bars.
Pearl'-ing-ton, a port of entry of Miss., in Hancock co., on the E.
side of Pearl r.
Pee'-blb§, an inland co. in the S. of Scotland. Pop. 10,499. — Also,
a small t, cap. of the above, on the Tweed, 22 ra. S. of Edinburgh.
Pe'-dee', Great, a r. that rises in the N. W. part of N. C, in which
state il is called the Yad'-kin, and flowing in a general south-easterly
direction through S. C, falls into the Atlantic near 33° 10' N. Lat
Near its raouth it is joined by the Little Pedee, and otiier streams,
which form an estuary named 'Winyaw bay. It has a sloop navigation
of 130 ra.
Pegu, pe-goo', a forraer kingdora of Chin-India, now forming the S.
portion of the Birman empire. — Adj. and inhab. Peguan, pe-goo'-an.
Pegu (called Bi-goo' hy the natives), a decayed city ofthe Birman em
pire, the ancient cap. of the above kingdom, on a river of the same name,
an afiluent of the Irrawaddy. Here is the faraous temple of Shoemadoo,
being a pyramid of brick, 381 ft. high, with a base 162 ft. square. It is
surmounted by a sort of umbrella, made of iron, and gilt, nearly 20 ft.
in diameter. Lat. 17° 40' N., Lon. 96° 20' E. The pop. of Pegu is
said to have formerly araounted to 150,000, but the place is now in
ruins, and almost deserted.
PeKpus, pi'e-pooce or Tchood'-sko-b, a large lake in the W. part of
European Russia, between 57° 48' and 59° N. Lat, and 26° 56' and
28° 10' E. Lon. Extreme length, ahout 85 m. ; greatest breadth, 32 m.
The southern portion, which is joined to the rest by a strait not 2 m.
wide, is called the L. of Pskof, being situated principally within that

PEK— PEN 419
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
government. The Peipus communicates with the Gulf of Finland by
the r. Narova or Narva.
Pe'kino' or Pe'kin' (signifying, it is said, ^he " Northern Capital"),
the largest oity of China, and the seat ofthe imperial government, is si
tuated not far from tbe left bank ofthe Pei-Ho (pi-ho/), with which river
it is connected by a narrow canal, about a hundred m. W. N. W. ofthe
Gulf of Petchelee. It is about 19 m. (15,400 toisSS) in circumference,
exclusive of tbe suburbs. Peking is composed of two parts, entirely
distinct from each other, viz. the Iraperial Town (called also the Tar
tar Town, because it was founded by" the present Tartar dynasty, and
because the greater nuraber of the inhabitants are Maiilchoos), con
taining the imperial palace, and the great offices for the adrainistration
of the empire; and the Chinese Town, called likewise the External
Town, from ils being situated without the walls of the principal city.
Though itself enclosed by walls, this is, properly speaking, only a
.suburb. The walls are about 40 ft. high and twenty feel thick at the
base. There are 16 gates, over each of which is a watch-tower 9
stories high, and in each story are port-holes for cannon. The roads
leading to Peking are paved with blocks of granite; the streets of the
city are not paved, but are constantly watered to keep down the dust.
The streets of the Imperial Town are broad, straight and very clean.
The principal ones vary frora 140 to 200 ft. in breadth. (P. C.) The
houses are usually not higher than one story. The wooden colurans in
front ofthe shops are painted red and blue, and are soraetiraes gilt In
raany places arches resembling tbe triuraphal arches of Europe, built
of wood, and richly decorated, cross the streets. These structures are
erected for the purpose of honouring such persons of either sex as have
been distinguished for their virtue, their learning, or for important ser
vices rendered to the slate. The imperial buildings are covered with
yellow tiles, those of the princes with green, and all the other houses
wilh gray tiles. Peking is the seat of the great National College or
University, in which is said to be concentrated all the learning of
China. "The Imperial Library is unquestionably the largest which
exists oul of Europe : it is estimated to contain what is equivalent to at
least 300,000 of our octavo volumes. (B.) In the cabinet of natural
history, belonging to the emperor, the specimens are accorapanied by
representations in painting, which are executed with scrupulous fidelity.
The Iraperial Observatory is in 39° 54' 13" N. Lat;' and 116° 27' 54" E.
Lon. The pop. of Peking is variously estiraated, frora 600,000 or
700,000 to 3,000,000 ; Balbi gives 1,300,000 as the raast probable esti
mate. The garrison is supposed to araount to 80,000.
Pembroke, pera'-brook, a seaport town of Wales, cap. of Pembroke
shire, on the margin of Dounpobl, an inlet on the S. side of MUford
Haven. Lat 51° 40' N., Lon. 4° 53' W.
Pembrokeshire, pem'-brook-shir, a co. occupying the S. W. ex
tremity of Wales. Pop. 88,044.
Pen'-dle-ton, a co. in the N. central part of Va., on the S. branch
of the Potomac. Pop. 6,940. Co. t Franklin.

420 PEN— PEN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine, or pine, pin ; nA, n5t ; 66 as in good ¦
Pendleton, a co. in the N. N, E. part of Kentucky, intersected by
the Licking r., and bordering on the Ohio. Pop, 4,455. Co. t Fal
mouth. Penn'-syl-va'-ni-a, one ofthe thirteen original U, S,, situated between
39° 40' and 42° 16' N. Lat, (almost the whole ofthe northern boundary
runs upon the 42d parallel), and 74° 45' and 80° 30' W. Lon.; bounded on
the N. by L. Erie and New York, E. by Hew York and New Jersey, from
which it is separated by the r. Delaware, S. by Maryland and Virginia,
and W. by Virginia and Ohio ; and divided into 56 couiities.* Length,
frora E. to W., about 300 ra. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., 170 m.;
wilh the exception, however, of tbe most western portion, tbe breadth
is equal in all parts, being rather raore than 150 m. Area estimated
at 46,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,724,033. Pennsylvania is distinguished above
the other states of the Union, by her extraordinary mineral wealth.
Anthracite coal is found in exceeding abundance in the counties of
Schuylkill, Carbon and Luzerne,- in the eastern part of the state. Bitu
minous coal occurs in great quantities in the neighbourhood of Pitts
burg, on the western declivity of the Alleghanies, and in other places.
There are also rich mines of iron ore and extensive quarries of marble.
Harrisburg is the capital. — Inhab. Pen«^-syl-va'-hi-an.
Pe-nob'-scot, the largest r. in Maine, of which the principal branch
rises in the N. W. part ofthe state, and, flowing at first south-easterly,
traverses Chesuncook lake. Afterwards, having received the eastem
branch, it takes a southerly course, and falls into the Atlantic in about
44° N. Lat and 69° W. Lon. Its length is estimated at above 250 m.
It is navigable for large vessels to Bangor, more than 50 m. from the
sea. » .
Penobscot, a co. of Maine, on the above r., extending from near the
Atlantic coast, northward, to the border of Canada. Pop. 45,705. Ca
t Bangor. Pen-ryn', a t, of England, in Cornwall, ll m. N. W. of Falmouth.
Pop. 8,337.
Pen'-sa-oo'-la, a port of entry of Florida, in Escambia co., situated on
Pensacola Bay, 10 ra. frora ite entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Pop.
2,000. Lat. 80° 28' N., Lon. 87° 12' W.
Pen'-za or Pensa, a flourishing t in the S. E. central part of European
Russia, cap. of a gov. of the sarae name, on the Soora (Sura), an afflu
ent of the Volga. Lat 53° 12' N., Lon. about 44° 30' E. Pop. 11,000.
(P C.)
Pen-zance', a seaport t of England, in CornwaU, 8 m. E. by N.of
Land's-end. Pop. 8,578.
• Adams, Alleghany, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Berks, Bradford, Bucks,
Butler, Cambria, Centre, Chester, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Crawford, Cumber
land, Dauphin, Delaware.Elk, Erie, Fayette, rranklin,Greene, Huntingdon, Indiana,
Jefferson, Juniata, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Luzerne, Lycoming, McKean,
Mercer, Mifflin, Monroe, Montgomery, Northampton, Northumberland, Perry,
Philadelphia, Pike, PoUer, Schuylkill, Somerset, Susquehanna, Tioga, Union,
jVenango, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Westmorelaiid, Wyommg, York.

PEO— PER 421
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Pe-o'-ri-.a, a CO. in the N. W. central part of 111., bordering on the
Illinois r. Pop. 6,153. Co. t. Peoria.
Perigueux, p^r'-re^-guA', (Anc. Vesun'na; afterwards Petroco'rii,)
a coraraercial and manufacturing t of France, cap. of the dep. of Dor
dogne, on the Isle (eel), an affluent of the Dordogne. There are a
nuraber of interesting antiquities in its vicinity. Lat 45° ll'"N., Lon.
0° 44' B. Pop. 9,3-29.^ (B.)
Perm (Russ. pron. peRm), a t in the E. part of European Russia, cap.
of a gov. of the sarae narae, on the r. Karaa. Lat. 58'^ 1' N., Lon. 56°
26' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P.C.)
Pernambuco, peR-nim-boo'-ko, called also Cidade do Recife, se-
di'-di do ri-see'-fi, (i. e. tbe " city of the reef," so named from the
extensive reef wbich defends the harbour from the swell of the ocean,)
a flourishing city and seaport of Brazil, cap. ofa prov.' of the same
name, situated on the Atlantic, at the mouth of the r. Capabaribe,
210 m. N. E. of Bahia. It is the third town of Brazil, in coraraercial
iraportance. Lat 8° 4' S., Lon. 34° 50' W. Pop. estimated by Balbi
at 60,000.
Pernau, p^r'-hou, a seaport t of European Russia, on the Gulf of
Riga, at the mouth ofa river of the same name. Lat 58° 22' N., Lon.
24°31'E. Pop. 9,000. (M.)
Perpignan, p§R^-peen''-yiN', a strongly fortified t. of France, cap. of
the dep. of the Eastem Pyrenees, on the r. Thet about 80 m. S. W. of
Montpellier. It possesses a library of 15,000 vols., and other literary
institutions. Lat. 42° 42' N., Lon. 2° 54' E. Pop. 16,733. (M.)
Per-quim'-ans, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, N, of, and bordering
on Albemarle Sound. Pop. 7,346, Co. t Hertford.
Pbr'-by, a CO, in the S, E. central part of Pa,, on the Juniata and
Susquehanna rivers. Pop. 17,096. Co. t Bloomfield.
Perry, a co. in the W. central part of Ala., intersected by the Ca
hawba r. Pop.- 19,086. Co. t Marion.
Perry, a co. in the S. E. part of' Miss., intersected ¦ by Leaf r., a
branch of the Pascagoula. Pop. 1,887. Co. seal, Augpsta.
Perry, a co. in the W. central part of Ark., bordering on the Arkan
sas r.
Perry, a co. in the western part of Tenn., intersected by the Ten
nessee r. Pop. 7,419. Co. t. Perrysburg.
Perry, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., on the sources of the Ken
tucky r. Pop. 3,089. Co. t. Hazard.
Perry, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, between the Hocking
and Muskingum rivers. Pop. 19,344. Co. t. Somerset
Perry, a co. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop
4,6.55. Co. t Rome.
Perry, a co. in the S. W. part of 111., a little E. ofthe Kaskaskia r.
Pop. 3,222. Co. t Pihckneyville.
Perry, a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., opposite to the mouth of Kas
kaskia r. Pop. .5,760. Cd. t. PerrysvUle.
Persia, per'-she-a, (called by the natives Iran ee^-rin' ; Gr. ntpfftj)
86

422 PER— PER
Fite, fir, fin, fit ; mi, mk ; pine or pine, phi ; n4, n6t ; 66, as in good ;
an extensive country in the S. S. W. part of Asia, between 25°
and 40= N. Lat, and 44° and 62° E. Lon. Its political boundaries
have varied greatly at different epochs, sometimes including Armenia,
Georgia, Bokhara, and sometimes reduced to less than its natural li
mits. These are, on the S. the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf; on
the S. W. and W. the Tigris ; on the N. the Aras and the Caspian Sea ;
and on the E. the Indus. The north-eastern limit is not determined by
any natural boundary. At present, however, the territories of Persia
are much raore circumscribed ; the extensive provinces of Afghanistan
and Beloochistan are quite independent, whUe a considerable tract
of land E. of the Tigris is possessed by Turkey. The greatest extent
of Persia (wilh ite present boundaries), from E. to W., may be near
1,000 m. ; from N. lo S., about 800 ra. Area, 450,000 sq. m. Pop.
9,000,000. (B.) The greater part of Persia is an elevated plain, a con
siderable portion of which is desert. Indeed, the whole country, with
slight exceptions, is very sparingly watered; much, however, is done
by irrigation, to overcome this natural defect. Persia has nearly all
the agricultural products of southern Europe, besides several that are
ordinarily found only in the tropics. The religion is Mahometanism ;
the government a military despotism. Teheran is the capital. — ^Adj.
and inhab. Persian, per'-she-an.
Persian Gulf, an extensive arm of the Indian Ocean, situated be
tween Persia and Arabia, and extending from 24° to 30° 10' N. Lat,
and from 48° lo 57° E. Lon. Length about 600 m. ; greatest breadth
near 230 m.
Per'-son, a CO. in the N. part of N. C, on the sources ofthe Neuse,
and bordering on Va. Pop. 9,790. Co. t Roxboro.
Perth, a manufacturing t of Scotland, and once the residence of the
Scottish kings, cap. of Perthshire, is situated on the Tay, 33 m. N. by
W. of Edinburgh. Lat 56° 24' N., Lon. 3° 25' W. Pop. 19,293.
Perth Amboy. See Amboy.
Perth'-shire, a co. in the E.. part of Scotland, bordering- on the
Frith of Tay.' Pop. 137,390.
Peru, pe-roo', (Lat. Peru'via,) a country of S. America, situated be
tween 3° 20' and 22° S. Lat, and 68° and 81° 20' W. Lon. ; bounded
on the N. by Ecuador, E. by Brazil, S. by Bolivia, S.W. and W. by the
Pacific. Length, from N. N. W. lo S. S. E., near l,-500 m. ; greatest
breadth, from E. to W., above 900 m. ; area estimated at 500,000 sq. m.
Pop. 1,700,000. (B.) Il may be observed that tbe narae of Peru was
forraerly applied to a country far raore extensive than the territories of
the present republic ; but the southern portion, called Upper Peru, after
the Spanish power was overthrown in 1824, was forraed inlo an inde
pendent state (in 1825), and received the appellation of Bolivia. The
cliraate of this extensive country varies according to the elevation of
the land, its proxiraity to the sea, and other circurastances. Along the
whole coast S, of Cape Blanco, a. drop of rain never falls ; but for nestrly
five raonths, from June to November, the earth is covered with a fog.
During this period, the ground is constantly moistened and fertUized by

PER— PES 423
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
the dew caused by the condensation of the fog. During this period,
which raay be said to constitute the winter of the lower countries,
the higher regions enjoy fine weather and have their suramer. But
in January, the rains on the mountains commence, and continue about
three raonths. The climate of Peru is not so hot as raight be supposed.
In summer, the weather is delightfully fine, and the heal is moderated
bythe sea and land breezes. The mean annual temperature, according
to Humboldt is 7-2°, the maximum 8'2°, and the minimum 55'', Nearly
all the animals peculiar to S. America are found in Peru, as the jaguar,
the puma, the sloth, the armadillo, the ant-eater, &c. Among the vege
table productions of this country, we may particularly notice tbe cin
chona, the tree or shrub wbich yields the Peruvian bark. This plant,
which is pecular lo S. Araerica, and is raost abundantly found in tha
extensive country forraerly comprehended under the name of Peru, re
quires a teraperalure considerably lower than that which usually pre
vaUs in tropical regions, and is said seldora to grow al a less elevation
than 4,000 ft. above the sea. Peru is particularly noted for its wealth
in silver and gold ; but raany of the raines, which were formeriy very
productive, have either become exhausted, or from other causes are no
longer worked. The government of Peru is a federal republic, resem
bling, in many of its features, that ofthe United Slates. Lima is the
capital, — Adj. and inhab. Pe-ru'-vi-an. (Sp. Peruano, pi-roo-i'-no.)
PerugiA; pi-roo'-ji, (Anc. Peru'sia,) a t of Italy, in the Papal
state, cap. ofa prov. of the sarae name, on a hill not far from the right
hank of the Tiber, 85 m. N. of Rome. It has a university, attended by
300 or 400 students, with a library of 80,000vols. Perusia was an
important city of ancient Etruria, and sorae highly interesting Etruscan
antiquities have been recently found in the present town and its vici
nity. Lat. 43° 7' N., Lon. 12° 22' E. Pop. estiraated at 30,000., (B.
and M.)*
Pesaro, pi'-si-ro, (Anc. Pisau'rum), a seaport t. of Italy, in the
Papal state, on tbe Foglia (fole'-yi), near its entrance into the Adriatic.
Lat. 43° 55' N., Lon. 12° 54' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.)
Peshawer, pesh'-our', a city of Afghanistan, cap. of a prov. of the
same name, and formerly one of the residences of the kings of Cabool, is
situated in the midst of an extensive plain, watered by several branches
of the Cabool r. Lat 84° 6' N., Lon. about 71° 80' B. Pop. estimated
in 1809 at 100,000, but at present it is probably below 70,000. (B.)
Pestb (Hung. pron. pesht), the handsoraest, raost populous, and most
commercial t of Httngary, situated on the left bank ofthe Danube, op
posite to Buda, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats. The
streets are, for the most part, wide and straight and are adorned with
several handsorae public buildings. Though Buda is the residence of
the viceroy and the cap. of the kingdom^ Pesth is the seat of the chief
judicial courts of Hungary. This town possesses a university founded
• The population of Perugia, with its suburbs, ia stated by the P. C. (on the
nuthority of Calmdri) at 16,000.

424 PET— PET
Pite^ fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 65, as in good ;
in 1635, at Tyrnau ; which in 1777 was transferred to Buda, and in
1784 to Pesth. It is one ofthe most richly endowed in Europe, and
possesses a library of 60,000 vols., a cabinet of natural history, and seve
ral other similar establishments. There are 49 professors, and above
1,000 studente. The National Museum of Pesth is one of the most
reraarkable in Europe, as well for ite rich collection of coins and me
dals, as for ite valuable library, which contains, among other works,
nuraerous raanuscripts frora distinguished Hungarian writers. Lat. 47°
30' N., Lon. 19° 4' E. Pop. estiraated by Balbi at above 75,000.
Pe'-ter-bo^-rougb, also written Petebburgh, a small city of Eng
land, in Northamptonshire, 75 m. N. by E. of London. Pop. 6,107.
Pe'-ter-head, a seaport t of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, on the Ger
man Ocean. Lat. 57° 32' N., Lon. 1° 47' W. Pop. 4,586.
Pe'-ters-burg, St. (Russ. Peterburg, pi'-ter-boorg*), the largest
city of the Russian empire, and the seat of the iraperial governraent
situated at the B. extreraity of the Gulf of Finland, where it receives
the r. Neva. The ground on which the city stands is low and swarapy,
and the surrounding country is a raorass and forest except where it has
been ameliorated by industry and art St Petersburg, now regarded
as the mosl magniflcent city in the world, was founded in 1703, hy
Peter the Great but is chiefly indebted for ite beauty and grandeur to
the erapress , Catharine IL Since her time, it has been still further
improved, and at present is altogether unrivalled among the capitals of
Europe for the width and regularity of its streete, the length and mag-^
niflcence ef ils quays, and the elegance of its squares and public build
ings. The streets are from 60 to 120 ft. wide, and appear to be lined
with palaces. Among the multitude of remarkable edifices, we may
narae tbe Cathedral of Kasan : the Church of St. Isaac, buUt entirely
of raarble ; when finished, it will probably be the most beautifiil in the
Russian capital : the Palace of the Hermitage, the favourite residence
of Catharine IL, by whom it was built ; it contains a costly library, a
collection of paintings, and other treasures : and the New Micbailof
(rae-Ki'-lof ) Palace, the residence of the grand-duke Michael. St Pe
tersburg contains several noble raonumenta, at the head of which stands
the raagniflcent equestrian statue of Peter the Great. Tbe Field of
Mars, adorned with a statue of Suvarof (Suwarow), wUl admit of 40,(X)0
or 50,000 men being reviewed in it. Among the literary and scientific
institutions of the Russian metropolis, may be mentioned the Univer
sity, foupded in 1819 : the Academy oi^ Sciences, founded by Peter the
Great, on the plan of Leibnitz, with a library of 100,000 vols. : the
Medico-Chirurgical Academy, founded by Peter the Great, and reor
ganized by Alexander; connected with it are two extensive hospitals:
and the Iraperial Public Library, containing above 400,000 vols. The
hospitals and charitable institutions of all descriptions are numerous
and well supported, the virtue of charity being one of the most promi
nent features of tbe Russian character. St. Petersburg is the greatest
manufacturing city, and has the most extensive foreign trade, rfany iu
the empire. It is the residence of a Roman Catholic archbishop and a

PET— PHI 4iJ5
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Greek metropolitan. The observatory is in 59° 56' 31" N, Lat,, and
'30° 18' 57" E. Lon. ,Pop. in 1889, 476,886 (P. C); deducting the
mUitary and strangers, the number of inhabitante is said not to exceed
380,000. Pe'-ters-burg, a flourishing t and port of entry ip Va,, on the Ap-
poHiatlox, 21 ra. S. by E. of Richraond. It is well buUt and has an
active trade, and considerable manufactures. Lat, 37° 14' N,, Lon. 77°
20' W. Pop. 11,136.
Peterwardein, pe'-ter-war'-dine, (Ger. pron. pi-ter-wiR'-dine,) a
sraall t and important frontier fortress of Slavonia, on the Danube. It
is a place of extraordinary strengtb, both by nature and art, and has
been styled "the Gibraltar of Hungary." Lat. 45° 15' N,, Lon. 19°
55' E, Pop., including the garrison, stated al 6,500. (P, C)
Pet'-tis, a CO. in tbe W, central part of Mo,, a little S. of tbe Mis
souri r. Pop. 2,930. Co. t Georgetown.
Pezenas, pez'-ni', (Anc. Piscenae,) a t in the S, of France, in the
dep, of Herault 24 m. W, S, W. of Montpellier. Pop. 7,490. (M.)
Phil'-a-del/-phi-a, a port of entry, the second city of the United
States, and the metropolis of Pennsylvania, is situated between the
rivers Delaware and SchuylkUl, about 6 ra. above their confluence,
and about 130 ra, in a straight line, N. E. by E. from Washington. It
is laid out with extrerae regularity ; the streets, with scarcely an ex
ception, crossing each other at right angles. The city has an air of
reraarkable neatness, and many of the streets are very handsome,
though there is but little variety in the appearance of the houses.
Among the reraarkable edifices may be mentioned the State House, a
plain brick building, situated in Chesnut street a third of a raile from
the Delaware, reraarkable for containing the hall in which the Decla
ration of Independence was signed : the Custom House, formerly the
United States Bank, situated in the same street, E. of and near the
State House, a marble edifice, built on the model of tbe Parthenon :
the United States Mint built also of marble, in Chesnut street about
midway between the Delaware and Schuylkill ; it is the principal, and
was, until recently, the only place in the Union where coin is struck :
the Girard College, situated about 2 ra, N. W. ofthe centre ofthe city,
a magnificent structure, which, when finished, will, be entirely sur
rounded by Corinthian colurans ; not only the walls and columns, but
even the roof and floors are to be of marble : and the Eastern Peniten
tiary, an establishraent in which the system of solitary confinement has
been resorted to with distingiiished success. In literary and scientific
institutions, Philadelphia, perhaps, ranks higher than any other city in
the United States. The PhUadelphia Library, commenced in 1731, by
Franklin, ,now contains about 50,000 volumes: the American Philo
sophical Society, founded in 1743, has among its members distinguished
men in all parts of the worid ; its library contains 14,000 volumes :
the Academy of Natural Sciences possesses a well chosen scientiflc
library of about 7,000 volumes, and, besides nuraerous specimens in
the other departmente of natural history, the most extensive collection
36"'

426 PHI— PHI
Fite, fir, fiU, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nflt ; 66 as in good ;
of planis in America: the PhUadelphia AthenEeum, foundedin 1814,
has a library of near 8,000 volumes: the Philadelphia Museum
(forraerly Peale's Museum) contains a rich collection of curiosities,
araong which is the skeleton of a mastodon, the most perfect in the
world. PhUadelphia is particularly distinguished as a seat of medical
science : the raedical department of the University of Pennsylvania,
founded in 176.5, and the Jefferson Medical College, founded in 1824,
are justly regarded as the first institutions of the kind in America.
Araong the charitable estahlishraente of this city, we may mention the
Alras House, situated on the W. bank of the Schuylkill, S. W. of the
City Proper, and the Pennsylvania Hospitel, containing an extensive
medical library, and a painting, by West, of Christ healing the Sick,
presented to the institution by the illustrious artist himself. Philadel
phia is the greatest manufacturing town in the Union, and the multi
tude of ignorant and degraded persons who are usually congregated in
such places, has doubtless been an infiuential cause of the riote with
which the city has so frequently of late been afflicted and disgraced.
Philadelphia is abundantly supplied with excellent water from the
SchuylkUl. Water-wheels, turned by the river, are employed lo force
the water up into extensive reservoirs, situated on the top of Pair-
mount, (about 14 m. W. N. W. of the densely inhabited part of the
city,) whence il is distributed to every part of the town. The scenery
around the water-works, including Fairmount with ite six reservoirs,
resembling so raany beautiful lakes, is truly enchanting. The water
supplying the suburbs of Spring Garden and Northern Liberties is
raised frora the river by raeans of steam, a separate system of water-
worlis having recently been constructed. At Fairmount the Schuyl
kill is crossed by a handsome wire suspension-bridge, 843 ft. in length,
the first ofthe kind which has been erected in this country. Philadel
phia contains a navy yard, in which have been built several of the
finest vessels in the United States' navy. Lat. of the High School
Observatory, 39° 57' 8" N., Lon. 75° 10' 29" W. Pop., including the
suburbs, 228^691. — Inhab. Phil^-a-del'-phi-.an.
Philadelphia, a co. of Pa., including the above city, which is ita
seat of justice. Entire pop. 2.58,037.
Phil'-ip-pine Islands, a numerous group, situated in the eastem
seas, between 5° and 19° N. Lat, and 117° and 126° E. Lon. The
principal are Luzon, Mindinao, Panay, Palawan, Saraar, Zebu or Cebu,
and Mindoro, which are noticed under their respective names. The
Philippines were discovered in 1521, by Magellan, (who was killed in
one of the islands,) since which time they have remained in the pos
session of the Spanish, who appear to have settlementeon all the larger
islands. The aboriginal inhabitants consist of two races, tbe Malays,
and a tribe of negroes called Negritos (ni-gree'-toce). The former have,
with some exceptions, subraitted to the sway of the Spaniards, and
erabraced Christianity. They are the proprietors of the soil, and ara
treated by the Spaniards as free subjects. They are said to be wel.
lodged, clothed, and abundantly supplied with food, so that their con-

PHI— PIE 427
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
dition is perhaps superior to that of the peasantry in many parts of Eu
rope. The Negritos inhabit the mountain fastnesses, and are generally
independent. Sorae of thera, however, are said to have embraced
Christianity. The raost iraportant Spanish seltleraents are on the
islands of Luzon and Panay. Much tbe greater part of Mindinao
(the second in size) is inhabited by independent savages, some of
whom are daring pirates. The principal productions of the Philip
pine islands are sugar, indigo, tobacco, and rice. Cocoa of a superior
quality is produced, but not exported, being extensively consumed at
home. Philips, a co. in the E. part of Ark., bordering on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 3,547. Co. t Helena.
Piacenza, pe-i-chen'-zi, (Anc. Placen'tia,) a fortified city of North
ern Italy, in the duchy of Parma, cap. of a duchy of ite own name,
situated near the right bank of the Po. It possesses a public library
of 30,000 volumes, and other institutions. This town holds a conspicu
ous place in ancient and modern history. In 1447, it was taken and
pillaged by the soldiers of the Milanese comraander Sforza, since which
tirae it has never recovered its former prosperity. Lat. 45° 3'N., Lon.
9° 43' E. Pop. about 28,000. (B.)
Pi'-ATT, a CO. in the E. central part of 111. , intersected by the r. San
gamon. Co. t Monticello.
Pic'-AR-DY, (Fr. La Picardie, li-pe^-kaa'-dee',) a forraer prov. of
France, now divided among the deps. of Pas-de-Calais, Somme, Aisne,
and Oise.
Pick'-a-way, a CO. in tbe S. central part of Ohio, intersected by the
Scioto r. ' Pop. 19,725. Co. t Circleville.
Pick' -ens, a dist forming the N. W. extremity of S. C. Pop. 14,856.
Seat of justice, Pickens c. h.
Pickens, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ala., bordering on Miss. Pop.
17,118. Co. t Carrollton.
Pico, pee'-ko, or the " Peak," an i. ofthe Azores, intersected by the
paraUel of 38° 25' N. Lat, and the meridian of 28° 30' W. Lon.
Length about 30 ra. ; greatest breadth 10 ra. Seen 6 or 7 leagues
from the westward, it appears like a steep conical mountain rising
directly frora the sea, whence its narae. The height is estiraated at
7,000 ft.
Piedmont, peed'-raont, (It. Piemonte, pe-i-mon'-ti, i. e. Pie di Monte,
or the " foot of the raountain,") an extensive tract of country in the
N. W. part of Italy, included within the dominions of Sardinia, and
comprising the western portion of the basin of the Po. Its natural
boundaries on the N., W., and S., are forraed by the Alps ; on tbe S. E.
by the Apennines, which skirt the Gulf of Genoa. Its extent, from N.
to S., is about 120 m.; frora B. to W., near 100 ra. — Adj. and inhab.
PlED^-MON-TEgE'. Pierre, Saint, s'nt peer, (Fr. pron. saNpe-ain',) the largest t. on
the island of Martinique, in the W. Indies, situated on the W. coast.
Lat 14° 44' N., Lon. 61° 12' W. Pop. 18,000. (B.)

428 PEK— PIS
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mSt ; pbie or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good ;
Pike, a co. forming the B. N. E. extremity of Pa., and bordermg on
the Delaware r. Pop, 3,832. Co. t Milford.
Pike, a co. in the W. central part of Ga., bordering on Flint r. Pop.
9,176. Co. t Zebulon,
Pike, a co. in the S. E. part of Ala,, a little S, of the Tallapoosa r.
Pop. 10,108. Seat of justice. Pike c. h.
Pike, a co> in the S. part of Miss,, W. of Pearl r,, and bordering on
La. Pop. 6,151. Co. seat, Holmesville.
Pike, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ark., a little N. of Reed r. Pop.
969. Co. t Zebulon.
Pike, » co. forraing the E. extreraity of Ky. Pop. 3,567. Co. t
Piketon. Pike, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, intersected by the Scioto r. Pop.
7,6-26. Co. t Piketon.
Pike, a co. in the, S. W. part of Ind., S. of, and bordering on the
White r. Pop. 4,769. Co. t Petersburg.
Pike, a co. in the W. part of IU., bordering on the Mississippi and
lUinois rivers. Pop. 11,728. Co. t Pittsfield.
Pike, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi.
Pop. 10,646. Co. t. Bowling-Green.
PiLLAu, pil'-lou, a seaport t of Prussia, situated on a point of land at
the entrance of the Frische Haff, 25 m. W. by S. frora Konigsberg, of
which it may be said to he the port: vessels of a large size, which, on
account of the shallowness of the Frische Hafi", cannot ascend to Ko
nigsberg, stop al Pillau, in consequence of which it is a place of con
siderable importance. Lat. 54° 34' N., Lon. 19° 53' E. Pop. scarcely
4,000. (B.)
Pil'-sen, a fortified t of Bohemia, cap. of a circle of the same name,
on the Beraun (bi-roun'), an afHuent of the Moldau, witb an active
trade and numerous manufactures. Lat 49° 45' N., Lon. 13° 23' E.
Pop. 8,000. (B.)
PiNEROLo, pe-ni-rol'-o, (Fr. Pignerol, peen^-yer-oV) a t and for
merly an important fortress of Piedraont, cap. of a prov. of the same
name, situated at the foot of the Alps, 25 m. S. W. of Turin. Pop.
ahout 11,500. (P. C.)
Pisa, pee'-za or pee'-si, (Anc. Pi'sffi,) a decayed archiepiscopal city
of Central Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, in the grand-duchy
of Tuscany, on the Arno, about 8 m. from ite mouth. In the middle
ages this town was the cap. of a celebrated and powerful republic,
when it is said to have possessed a population of 150,000 ; at present,
the number of its inhabitants is not more than about 20,000. (B.)
Araong ite buildings, may be mentioned the famous leaning tower,
called the Belfry (Campanile, kim-pi-nee'-li) ; it is 190 ft in height
and the topmost story overhangs the base, on one side, about 15 ft The
view from the sumrait is alike extensive and beautiful, but when the
spectator looks down towards the base, from the overhanging side, the
effect is terrific The University of Pisa is the first in Tuscany, and
was formerly one of the most i^elebrated in Italy. It is at present atr

PIS— PLA 429
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng
tended by ahout 400 students : its library contains 55,000 vols. The
Observatory is in Lat, 43° 43' 11" N., Lon. 10° 24' 9" E.— Adj. and
mhab. Pisan, pee'-zan.
Piscataqua, pis-kat'-i-qua, a r. of N. England, which forras a part
ofthe boundary between Maine and New Hampshire, and flows into
the Atlantic.
Pis-cat'-a-quis, a co. forming the N. extreraity of Me., and extend
ing S. beyond the centre. Pop. 13,188. Co. t Dover.
PisTOJ.A, pis-lo'-yi, (Anc. Pisto'ria or Pisto'riura,) a well buUt town
of Central Italy, in the grand-ducby of Tuscany, 20 ra. N. W. of Flo
rence. Il possesses various manufactures : those of organs and flre-
arras may be particularly mentioned. Pistols are said to have derived
their narae frora this town. Pop. 12,000. (B.)
Pit-cairn's' Island, a small i. in the Pacific, near 25° S. Lat, and
130° W, Lon.
PiTE.1, pit'-e-o, a sraall r. in the N. of Sweden, which enters the
Gulf of Bothnia, near 65° 10' N, Lat.
Pitt, a co. in the E, part of N. C, intersected by the Tar r. Pop.
11,806. Co. t GreenvUle.
PiTTs'-BURG, the cap, of Alleghany co,, in Pa., and, as regards popu
lation, inanufacttires, and coramerce, the second town in the slate, is
situated at the confluence of the Monongahela and Alleghany rivers
(whose junction forms the Ohio), near 250 ra,, in a straight line, W. by
N, frora Philadelphia. Ils position is very advantageous for trade, aa
it has a ready coraraunication with all the great townson the Ohio and
Mississippi, but it is especially distinguished for its extensive and flour
ishing manufactures in iron, glass, and other articles. The surrounding
country is exceedingly rich in bituminous coal, the constant burning of
which, as fuel, causes a perpetual cloud of black sraoke to hang over
the place. The suburbs, Birmingham and Alleghany, are respectively
situated on the left side ofthe Monongahela, and the right side of the
AUeghany rivers, and coraraunicate with the city by bridges. A con
flagration, alraost without a parallel in the history of our country, has
recently (April 10, 1845) desolated Pittsburg, It is estiraated that
1,100 or 1,200 houses, including nearly all the business portion of the
city, have been consuraed, Lat 40° 32' N., Lon. 80° 2' W. Pop. in
1840, 21,115, or, if we include AUeghany, 81,204,
Pitt-syl-va^-ni-a, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on N. C.
Pop. 26,898. Co. t. Competition.
Plaquemine, plak-raeen', a parish forming the' S«E. enlremity of
La., intersected by the Mississippi r. Pop. 5,060. Seat of justice,
Foi-t Jackson.
PLASENCiA,,pli-sen'-she-a,'(Sp. pron. pli-sen'-the-i,) '- Tortified t of
Spain, in Estreraadura, remarkable for a nuraber of Roraan antiquities,
among which there is a fine aqueduct of 80 arches, which conveys wa
ter to the town. Lat. 40° 7' N., Lon. 5° 55' W. Pop. 7,000. (B.)
Plata, Rio de la, ree'-o dii Ik pW-ti, a large r. or rather estuary of
S. America, formed by the confluence of the rivers Parana and Urn-

430 PLA
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m*, m6t ; pine, or pine, pin ; nA, nSt ; 66 as in good ;
guay. Ite length is about 160 ra. ; its breadth varies frora about 30 to
130 ra. The narae Rio de la Plata, or " river of silver," was given to
it by Sebastian Cabot who first penetrated beyond the junction of the
Parana and Paraguay, in consequence of hij having obtained a consi
derable booty of silver and gold frora the Indians of the adjacent coun
try, whom he defeated : there are no precious metals on its banks.
(E. G.)
Plata, La, li pli'-ti, called also the Argentine Republic (Repub
lica Argentina, ri-poob'-le-ki aR-nen-tee'-ni), a republicof S. America,
situated between 22° and 41° S. Lat, and 5-2° and 72° W. Lon. ;
bounded on the N. by Bolivia, E. by Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, and
the Atlantic, S. by the Atlantic and Patagonia, and W. by Chili and
Bolivia. Greatest length, from N. to S., about 1,300 m. ; mean breadth,
frora E. to W., near 700 ra. Area estimated at above 900,000 sq.m.
Pop. 700,000. (B.) The naraes of the United Provinces of La Plate
are as foUows^Buenos Ayres, Santa Fe, Entre Rios (en'-tri ree'-oce),
Corrientes (cor-re-en'-t6s), Cordova, Santiago del Estero (sin-te-i'-go del
I's-li'-ro), 'Tucuraan (too-koo-min'), Salla, Cataraarca, Rioga (re-o'-gi),
San Luis, Mendoza, San Juan. Owing to the dissensions between
these different slates, il is difficult to say what is tbe present political
condition of this country. Though norainally a republican confedera
tion. La Plata appears to be divided into a nuraber of independent go-
vernraenls, which are, for the raost part ruled by dictators. The coun
try of La Plata is characterized by some striking natural peculiarities.
Between 28° and 80° S. Lat, a desert plain extends frora near the Rio
Dulce, westward, to about the 68lh raeridian of VV. Lon., a distance of
perhaps 280 m. : near its eastern extreraity, it is ahout 60 ra. in breadth,
but farther west il is much broader. Though more than 700 m. from
the Atlantic, the surface of the ground is but a few feet above tbe level
ofthe sea, and is for the most part covered with a thick efflorescence of
salt. Hence this desert has received the narae of the Great Salina
(Gran Salina, grin sa-lee'-ni). The vegetation is limited to a species
of Salsola, frora the ashes of which soda is extracted. The wind from
this desert appears soraetiraes to resemble the sirocco of Africa. In
December, 1825, for several days the wind was so hot in Santiago del
Estero, that it blistered the face and hands even of those who remained
in their houses ; leaves fell scorched from tbe trees ; the bolts, keys,
and locks of tbe doors were so hot that they could not be retained in
the hand ; and the inhabitants seeraed to be threatened with suflbca-
tion. In the Despoblado (des-po-bli'-Do), or " uninhabited" country, an
extensiye and elevated region supposed to be more than 13,000 feet
above the sea, situated on the E. side of the Andes, in the N. W. part
of La Plata and the adjoining territories of Bolivia, a large portion of
the surface of the ground is covered with salt Where this mineral is
so extensively diffused, we need not , be surprised to find, w-hat is ac
tually the case, that the waters of a large number of the rivers and
lakes are saline; especially in the central and western portions of the
country. The vegetable productions of La Plata vary according to the

PLA— PLY 431
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like 7ig.
position ofthe diflerent parts ofthe country. North of the Great Sali
na, they reserable those of tiie intertropical regions ; rice and Indian
corn are produced in the lower valleys, and in the more elevated tracts,
cotton and tobacco are cultivated on a large scale. South of the great
salt desert the agriculture resembles that of southern Europe ; wheat
and Indian corn are the principal crops ; while among the fruit trees
are to be found the orange, peach, apricot pear, apple, fig, and vine.
Platte, a r. which rises on the E. declivity of the Rocky Mountains,
and flows into the Missouri, near 41° N. Lat, and 95° 40' W, Lon.,
after a course of 1,600 m. It is not navigable.
Platte, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Mo., on the Missouri r. Pop.
8,913. Platten-See, plit'-ten si, or Lake Ba'latony (bii'-li-ton') a lake in
tbe W. part of Hungary, intersected by the 47lh parallel of N, Lat,
and the I8th meridian of E. Lon. Length ahout 50 ra. ; greatest
breadth 10 m. Ite waters are said to be fresh at ils S. W. extreraity,
but in otber parts salt.
Platts'-burg, a port of entry of N. Y., cap. of Clinton co., sitiiated
on L. Champlain, at the mouth of the Saranac r. On the lake, near
this town, the British squadron was captured by the Americans, under
Commodore McDonough, Sept 11, 1814.
Plauen, plou'-en, an iraportant manufacturing t in the kingdom of
Saxony, on the Elster, 60 ra. S. by W, of Leipsic. Pop. near 9,000.
(P. C.)
Pleisse, pli'-cefe, a small r. of Saxony, which' joins the Elster near
Leipsic. Plock, plotsk, a t of Poland, the cap. ofa gov, ofthe sarae narae, on
the Vistula. Lat 52° 34' N., Lon. 19° 47' E. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.)
Plym'-outh, a seaport t of England, which, with Devonport forms
the second naval port of Great Britain, is situated in Devonshire, on a
rocky promontory at the N. end of Plymouth Sound, between the estu
aries of the rivers Tamar and Plym. Though many of the streets of
this town are irregular and narrow, it is, on the whole, remarkable for
the neatness, and even elegance of its houses, and contains a number
of very handsorae public buildings. The dock of Plymouth is situated
14 m. W. of this town, at Devonport which was formerly called Ply
mouth Dock. (See Devonport.) 'The harbour, one of the finest in
the world, is double ; consisting ofthe Catwater, formed hy the estuary
of the Plym, and the Hamoaze (ham'-oze), forraed by that of the Ta
mar. The latter is destined to receive the vessels of the royal navy ;
it is four miles in length, and half a mile in breadth ; its average
depth is 9 fathoms at low tide, and the largest ships float close to the
quays. The bay, or arm of the sea, into which these harbours open, is
a spacious and safe asylum for all sorts > of ships in stormy weather.
To defend it from the heavy swell of the sea, which formerly rendered
it very unsafe for anchoring, a stupendous breakwater, about a mile in
length, has heen formed in the middle of the sound. Plymouth was
formeriy called Sutton (i. e. " South Town"), a name which is still re-

432 PLY- POI
Fite, fir, f iU, fit ; mi, m6t ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66, as in good ;
tained by an inlet of tbe sound, Sutton Pool, on which the town is
partly built. Lat 50° 22' N., Lon. 4° 7' 30" W. Pop. 36,527; in
cluding the adjacent towns of Devonport and Stonehouse, it will amount
to 80,059.
Plymouth, a co. in the S, E, part of Mass., bordering on the sea.
Pop. 47,373.
Plymouth, the cap. of the above, is situated on a small bay of tbe
same name, 35 ra,, in a straight line, S. S. E. of Boston. It is remarka
ble as being the place where the first settlers of New England landed,
December 22d, 1620. Lat. of the court-house, 41° 57' 28" N., Lon.
70° 40' 28" W. Pop. of the whole township, 5,281.
Plymouth, a port of entry of N. C, cap. of Washington CO., on the
Roanoke, 8 m. from its mouth,
Po (Anc. Brid'anus and Pa/dus), the largest r. of Italy, rises on the E.
side of Mount Viso, in about 44° 40' N. Lat, and 7° E. Lon. It flows
at first easterly, then northerly, tUl it reaches the point of about 45°
13' N. Lat, and 7° 50' E. Lon., when ite general course becomes and
continues almost due E. After passing, vyith a multitude of windings,
through one of the most fertile plains in the world, it empties iteelf
into the Adriatic by nuraerous mouths, near 45° N. Lat, and 12° 30'
E. Lon. The whole length is estimated at 450 m. 'The principal
channel or mouth, which joins the sea almost under the 45th paraUel,
is called the Maestra (mi-ace'-tri), and is always navigable for mer
chant vessels. Boats of 60 tons can, in all seasons, ascend the river as
high as Creraona, and, except in times of great drought, as &t as
Casale (ki-si'-li), in Piedmont in Lon. 8° 27'''E.
Po'-ca-hon'-tas, a co. in tbe W. central part of Va., on the sources
of the Greenbrier r. Pop. 2,922. Co. t HuntersvUle.
PoDLACHiA, pod-liK'-e-i, a gov. of Poland, N. E. of, and bordering on
the Vistula ; the Bug runs on its N. W. frontier. Capital, Siedlec
Po-Do'-Lj-A, a gov, in the S. part of European Russia, bordering on
Austrian Galicia. Capital, Kamieniec,
Poin'-sett, a CO. in the N. E. part of Ark., on the r. St Francis. Pop.
1,320. Point Qoupee, koo-pee', a parish in La., on tbe Mississippi r. Pop.
7,898. Seat of justice, Point Coupee.
Poitiers or Poictiers, poi-teerz',* (Fr. pwi^-te-i', almost pwi-te-i';
Anc. Lirao'nura or Lemonum, afterwards Picta'vi ;) a city in the W. or
W. central part of France, cap. of the dep. of Vienne, and formerly of
the prov. of Poitqu, situated on an afiluent of the r. Vienne. It is sur
rounded by an ancient wall (sufficientiy large to enclose four or five
times as many houses as are actually contained in the town), with six
gates. Poitiers possesses, araong other literary institutions, an acade
mic universitaire, a royal college, and a public library of 22,000 vols.
This town occupies a conspicuous place in both ancient and modern
* See Introduction I,, page 2S.

POI— POM 433
cu, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
history, but it is especially meraorable for two great battles : the one
occurred in 732, in which the Pranks, under Charles Martel, totally
defeated an iraraense host of invading Saracens ; the other in 1856,
when the army of Edward, the Black Prince; routed a greatly superior
French force, under king John, and took a great number of prisoners,
among whora was the French king himself. Lat 46° 35' N., Lon, 0°
21' E. Pop. 22,000. (B.)
Poitou or Poictou, poi-too', (Fr. pron. pwi'-too',) a former prov. of
France, now divided among the deps, of Vienne, Deux Sevres, Vendee,
Indre-et-Loire, and Charente.
Po'-L.A, a decayed seaport t and once splendid city of Istria, on the
N. E. coast ofthe Adriatic. It is now only reraarkable for ita fine har
bour, wbich was anciently a station for one of the divisions of the
Roraan fleet; and for its nuraerous interesting antiquities, among which
is a vast amphitheatre, not much inferior in magnificence to the Coli
seum of Rome. Lat 44° 52' N., Lon. 18° 50' E. Present pop. about
800. (B.)
Po'-LAND (Polish, Polska, pole'-ski), formerly an independent and
extensive country of Europe, extending from the 48th to the 58th pa
rallel of N. Lat, and from the 15lh to the 33d meridian of B. Lon.,
including a large portion of the present territories of Russia, Prussia,
and Austria. But the existing kingdom of Poland, constituted by the
congress of Vienna, in 1815, and now united with the Russian erapire,
is of comparatively limited diraensions; being situated principally be
tween 50° and 5.5° N. Lat, and 18° and 24° B. Lon. ; bounded on the
W. and N. W. by the dominions of Prussia, N. and E. by the Rus
sian governments of Wilna, Grodno, and Volhynia, and S. by the Aus
trian prov. of Galicia and the republic of Cracow. Area estimated at
about 50,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1826, 3,900,000. (B.)— Adj. Po'-lish;
inhab. Pole, and Po'-lak (now obsolete).
Polk, a co. forming tbe S. E. extremity of Tenn. Pop. S,570.
Polk, a co. in tbe S. W. central part of Mo., a little S. of the Osage
r. Pop. 8,449. Co. t. BoUvar.
Poltava, p41-ti'-vi, (soraetiraes incorrectly written Pultowa,) a t.
in the S. part of European Russia, cap. of a gov. ofthe sarae narae, re
markable for a great battle fought in its vicinity, in 1709, between
Peter the Great and Charles XII. of Sweden, in which the former
gained a complete victory. Lat 49° 33' N,, Lon. 34° 40' E. Pop.
10,000. (P.C.)
Polynesia, pd-e-nee'-she-a, (or Eastern Oceanica,) |i name signify
ing "many islands," applied to one of the three divisions of Oceanica.
It comprises the various isknds or insular groups in the Pacific Ocean,
between 130° E. and 100° W. Lon., with the exception of those ad
jacent to the eastern or western continent, and of those belonging to
Australia, Malaisia, and the Aleutian group. (See Australia and
Malaisia.) — Adj. and inhab. Polynesian, pol-e-nee'-she-an.
Pom'-er-a'-ni-a (Ger. Pom'-raern), an extensive prov. of^ the Prussian
monarchy, lying along the S. coast of the Baltic, between 53° and 54°
37

iU POM— POO
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66, as in good ,
50' N. Lat. and 12° 30' and 18° E. Lon. Capital, Stettin.— Adj. and
inhab. Pom-er-a'-ni-an.
Po-Mo'-NA, or Mainland, the largest of the Orkneys, situated be
tween 58° '53' Rud 59° 10' N. Lat, and 2° 43' and 3° 22' W. Lon.
Length, 24 ra. ; greatest breadth, near 14m. Pop. 16,141.
Pompeii, pom-pi/-ye, an ancient city of Italy, situated near the sea,
15 ra. S. E. of Naples. In the year 79, A.D., it was overwhelmed, to
gether with Herculaneum and some other towns, by an eruption of
Vesuvius, frora the crater of which it is distant about 5 m. For more
than 16, centuries its existence appeared to be unknown, and its name
almost forgotten. But in 1748, some peasante eraployed in cutting a
ditch, raet with the ruins of Pompeii, which soon became an object of
interest and attention. In consequence of the extensive excavations
commenced in 1755, and continued to the present tirae, a great number
of highly interesting antiquities have been brought to light One may,
indeed, at present promenade the streets, and visit the shops, theatres,
and temples of this long-forgotten city. Every thing seeras to be in a
state of extraordinary preservation. Not only statues, medals, jewels,
and neariy every kind of household furniture, have been found almost
unaltered, but even books and paintings may be seen, far less injured
than might have been supposed, when we take into consideration the
violent catastrophe which destroyed the town, and the subsequent lapse
of so many ages. Pompeii not having been buried by lava, but with
tufa, ashes and scorise, the excavations are much more easUy effected
here than at Herculaneum.
Pondicherry, pon'-de-shSr'-re, (Fr. Pondichery, p6N'-de'-shi'-Re',) a
t of Hindostan, and the principal French settlement on the Asiatic
continent is situated on the Coromandel coast, 83 m. S. S.W. of Madras.
It is a handsome and well-built town, and has, ftom the sea, a very im
posing appearance. Lat. 11° 56' N.. Lon. 79° 52' E. Pop. about
40,000. (B.)
Ponta-Delgada, pon'-ti del-gi'-di, the principal t though not the
cap. ofthe Azores, sitnated on the S. side of the island of St Michael.
Lat 37° 40' N., Lon. 25° 50' W. Pop. probably about 16,000. (B.)
Pontch'-ar-train', a lake in the S. E. part of La., communicating,
• by several outleta, called the Rigolets, with L. Borgne. Length, ahout
45 m. ; greatest breadth, 23 ra.
Pontefract, pora'-fret a smaU t of England, in the W. Riding of
Yorkshire, 21 m. S. W. of York. Pop. of the township, 4,669.
Pon'-to-toc', a CO. in the N. part of Miss., on one of the sources of
the Tombigbee. Pop. 4,491. Co. seat, Pontotoc.
Poole, a t forming a littie county of itself, with an area of only 170
acres, in Dorsetshire, England, 97 m. W. S. W. of London. Pop.
6,093. Poo'-nah, a city in the W. part of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the
same name, and forraerly of the Mahratta dorainions, situated about
80 m. S. E. of Bombay. It is well buiU, with wide and generally
handsome streeta, but it has much diminished in population since 1818,

POP— POR 435
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
when it ceased to be the residence ofthe Peishwa or chief of the Mah
ratta confederation, Lat 18° 30' N., Lon, 74° 2' E. Pop. estiraated
in 1819, at 115,000. (B,) The district nf Poonah now forras a portion
of the presidency of Borabay,
PoPAYAN, po-pi-yin', a t of New Granada, cap. ofthe dep. of Cauca,
situated near the source of the river Cauca, It possesses a university,
a mint, and other public establishments. Lat 2° 26' N., Lon. 76° 40'
W. 'The population, greatly diminished since the war, is said not now
to exceed 7,000. (B.)
Pope, a co. in the N. W. or N. W, central part of Ark., bordering
on tbe Arkansas r. Pop. 2,850. Co. t Dwight.
Pope, a co, forraing the S. S. E. extreraity of 111. Pop. 4,094, Co.
t, Golconda, Po-per-ing'-en, (Fr. Poperingue, pop^-er-aN'g',) a flourishing t, of
Belgiura, in W.' Flanders, 7 m. W. of Ypres. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Po-po-cat-.a-petl', a volcanic mountain of Mexico, the most elevated
mountain suramit in North America, among those which have been
measured with any accuracy. Height, 2,771 toises, or 17,723 ft. (B.)
Lat about 19° N., Lon. 98° 33' W.
Port'-age, a CO. in the N. E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Penn
sylvania and Ohio Canal. Pop, 22,965. Co, t, Ravenna.
Portage, a co. in the S, central part of Wisconsin, on the E. side
of the Wisconsin r. Pop, 1,623.
Port-au-Prince, port o prince, (Fr. pron. poRt 6 priNce,) or Port
Republican, a seaport t of Hayti, cap. ofthe dep. of the West and of
the whole Republic, situated on the Gulf of Gonave, with a safe and
convenient harbour. Though the situation is unhealthy, this town is
the most flourishing in the whole island. It possesses a lyceum, a
school of medicine attached to the Hospital, and a great number of
elementary schools. Lat 18° 34' N., Lon. 72° 27' W. Pop. estimated
by Balbi at about 15,000.
Pdr'-ter, a CO. in the N. W. part of Ind., bordering on L. Michigan.
Pop. 2,162. Co. t Valparaiso.
Port Glasgow. See Glasgow.
P6rt'-l.and, a city and port of entry, forraerly the cap. of Maine,
situated on a peninsula in Casco Bay, not far frora the S. W. extreraity
ofthe state. "The harbour is safe, and, though not large, is easy of access,
and is defended by two forts. Portiand is far before every other town
in Maine, in population, wealth and coramerce. It is connected wilh
Portsmouth and Boston by a railroad. Lat. 48° 89' N., Lon. 70° 20' W.
Pop. 15,218.
Portland, a small i. or rather peninsula on the S. coast of England,
belonging to Dorsetshire. It is about 44 in. in length (exclusive of the
Isthmus, consisting ofa narrow ridge of pebbles, about 8 ra. long) ; 2 m.
in its greatest breadth ; and consists of almost one continuous mass of
free-stone, forming the faraous Portiand stone, of which such quantitiea
are exported to the metropolis and other places.
SD

" 436 POR— POR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m Jt ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, n5t ; 66 as in good ;
Port Le'-on, a port of entry of P'lorida, in Leon co., on the Wa
kulla r.
Port Louis. See Mauritius.
Port Mahon. See Mahon.
Porto. See Oporto.
Por'-to Bel'-lo (Sp. Puerto Bello, pw^a'-to bel'-yo, i. e. " beautiful
harbour"), a decayed seaport t. of New Granada, situated on the Carib
bean Sea, on the N. side ofthe isthraus of Panama, now only remarka
ble for ite fine harbour. It was formerly the seat of a celebrated fair,
and a great entrepot for the merchandise and wealth of Spain and Peru.
Lat. 9° 83' N., Lon. 79° 35' W.
PoRTO Rico, p6r'-to ree'-ko, (Sp. Puerto Rico, pwfeR'-to reeZ-ko, i. e.
" rich port,") one of the W. India islands, belonging to Spain, and de
riving its name from its chief town (see next article), the smallest and
most easterly of the Greater Antilles, situated between 17° 50' and 18°
32' N. Lat, and 6-5° 43' and 67° 20' W. Lon. Length near 110 m. ;
greatest breadth about 40 ra. Its forra is almost a parallelogram, the
N. and S. coast-lines running nearly due E. and W. Area, 3,700 sq. m.
Pop. in 1837, 357,086. (P. C.) The soil of Porto Rico is ofthe richest
and most varied description; the different kinds being respectively and
admirably adapted to the cultivation of sugar-cane, coffee, rice, and
cocoa. Porto Rico or San Juan de Porto Rioo, the cap. and largest t of
the above island, and one ofthe strongest fortresses in America, is situ
ated on the N. coast, wilh a deep, secure, and spacious harbour. Lat.
18° 29' N., Lon. 66° 13' W. Pop. estimated at near 30,000. (R)
Portsea. See next article.
Ports'-mouth, a seaport t of Harapshire, England, the principal na
val arsenal, and the grand station ofthe fleet of Great Britain, situated
on the W. side of Portsea Island, 65 ra. S, W. of London. The town
consists of two distinct parts, Portsmouth Proper and Porteea; the lat
ter is much the larger place, and contains the dock-yard, which occu
pies an area of near 120 acres. The harbour, which is unequalled in
Great Britain, has a narrow entrance, not exceeding 2-20 yards in
width, but afterwards it expands into a noble basin, capable of contain
ing the greater part of the British navy, and deep enough to float tiie
largest raen-of-war at any lime of the tide. Portsmouth is well forti
fied, and is one ofthe strongest places in Europe. The Observatory is
in Lat 50° 48' 3" N„ Lon. 1° 5' 58" W. Pop. of the whole borough,
containing an area of near 8 sq, m,, 53,032.
Portsmouth, a port of entry, one of the seate of justice of Rocking
ham CO., N. H., and the largest town in the state, situated on the Pis
cataqua r., about 3 m. from the sea, and communicating with Boston
and Portland by a railroad. Its harbour is one of the best in Araerica,
being completely land-locked, never frozen, and accessible to the
largest ships. It is defended by several forts and batteries, and con
tains a number of islands, on one of which is a United States' navy-
yard. Lat, 43° 5' N„ Lon. 70° 46' W, Pop. 7,887.

POR— POT 437
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Por'-tu-o.al (Port, pron. poR-too-gil'; Anc. Lusila'nia) ; a kingdom
of Europe, occupying the S. W. portion of the Spanish oeninsula, situ
ated between 36° 56' and 4-2° 8' N. Lat, and 6° 13' and 9° 30' W.
Lon. ; bounded on the N. and E. by Spain, and S. and W. by the At
lantic. Length, from N. to S., near 360 m. ; greatest breadth 142 m.
Area, 38,800 sq. m. Pop. 3,530,000. (B.) Portugal is divided into six
provinces ; viz., Entre Douro e Minho, Tras os MonteSj Beira, Estrema
dura, Alentejo, and Algarve, which are treated of under their respective
heads. Lisbon is the seat of government. — Adj. and inhab. Pob^ -tu
guese'. Posen, po'-zen, an archiepiscopal city of Prussia, cap. of a prov. of
the sarae narae, on the WarlAa. It possesses a gyranasiura and seve
ral other literary institutions; and is the centre of an active coramerce.
Lat. 52° 29' N., Lon. 16° 58' E. Pop. above 28,000. (B.)
Po'-gEY, a CO. forming the S. W. extremity of Ind. Pop. 9,683. Co.
t. Mount Vernon.
Po-ten'-za (Anc. Poten'tia), a t of Naples, cap. of the prov. Basili-
cata (bi-sil-e'-ki'-ti). Lat 40° 36' N., Lon. 1.5° 51' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Po-To'-MAC, a large r. of the U. S., which rises in the Alleghany
Mountains, in about 39° 7' N. Lat, and 79° 80' W. Lon., and, flowing
at first north-easterly, and afterwards in a general south-easterly direc
tion, forms, in its whole course, the boundary between Md. and Va, It
falls inlo the Chesapeake Bay, in about 38° N. Lat, and 76° 10' W.
Lon. Length estimated' al 400 ra. It is navigable for the largest ves
sels to Washington, about 120 ra. from its mouth, or near 250 ra. frora
the sea,
Potosi, porto-see' or po-to'-se, a city of Bolivia (forraerly Upper
Peru), celebrated for ils rich sUver mines, situated at the height of
13,265 ft. above the sea, on the W. declivity of the Cerro de Potosi,
near its base. This mountain, which has the shape of a perfect cone,
and rises to an elevation of more than 16,000 fl. above the level of the
sea, seeras to consist entirely of silver ore, of different degrees of rich
ness. The fact that this precious racial existed here was first disco
vered in 1.545, hy an Indian, who, pursuing a llama up the steep decli
vity, caught hold of a shrub, which being torn from tbe soil, exposed a
mass of solid silver at the roots. From 1556 to 1800, the produce of
these mines amounted to the enormous sum of 823,950,508 Spanish
dollars. (P. C.) The greatest produce of a single year was in 1593,
when it amounted to 7,858,893 dollars. Lat 19° 36' S., Lon. about
65° 30' W. Pop. in 1826, about 12,000 (P. C), bufwhen the mines
were in the most flourishing state, tbe town was estiraated to contain
160,000 inhabitants. (B.)
Potosi, San Luis de, sin loo-is/ di po-to-see', a t of Mexico, cap. ofa
state of the sarae name, situated near the sources of the r. Tarapico.
Lat. about 22° N , Lon. 100° 40' W. Pop. estiraated at 20,000. (B.)
Potsdam, pote'-dim, the cap. of a gov. ofthe sarae narae, and, after
Berlin, the handsoraest town in the Prussian dominions, is situated bl-
the Havel (hi'-vQl), an affluent of the Elbe, 17 m, W. S. W. of Beriin.
37*

438 POT— PRE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 66, as in good ;
The beauty of the houses and the magnificent royal palace, have
caused this town to be called the Versailles of Prussia. In the vicinity
ofthe ci1;y is the palace of Sans Souci (siN soo'-ce'), the favourite resi
dence of Frederic the Great. Lat. 52° 26' N., Lon. 13° 2' B. Pop.,
exclusive of the garrison, which varies from 6,000 to 10,000 men,
25,560, (P, C.)
Pot'-ter, a CO. in the N. part of Pa., bordering on N. Y. Pop. 3,371.
Co. t Coudersporl,
PoTTs'-viLLE, a flourishing t, of Pa,, in Schuylkill co., al the termi
nation of the Schuylkill canal, and connected with Reading and Phi
ladelphia by a railroad. It owes its prosperity to the extensive coal
mines in its vicinity. Pop. 4,345.
Poughkeepsie, pp-kip'-se, a flourishing and handsome t of N. Y,,
cap, of Dutchess cc, on the E, side of the Hudson, 75 m. N. of New
York. Lat. 41° 41' N., Lon. 73° 55' W. Pop. 10,006.
PouLTON, pole'-tpn, a small t of England, in Lancashire, 17 m. S. S.
W. of Lancaster.
Powhattan, pou-hat-tan', a co. in the S. E. part of Va., between the
Appomattox and James rivers. Pop. 7,924. Co. t Scotteville.
Pozzuoli, pot-soo-o'-le, a t of Naples, on the sea coast about 6 m.
W. ofthe capital, remarkable for its delightful situation and ite antiqui
ties. Pop. S,000. (B.)
Prague, praig, (Ger. Prag, prio,) an archiepiscopal city, the cap. of
Bohemia, situated on both sides of the Moldau, nearly in the centre of
the kingdom. The two banks of the river are connected by a bridge,
more than 1,800 ft long, which is one of the handsomest in Europe.
The town is surrounded by fortifications, with 8 gates, is generally
well built and contains a great nuraber of fine edifices. There are 48
churches and 68 palaces, besides other iraportant buildings, the efl'ect of
which, when viewed frora a distance, with the coramanding position of
the city, is singularly grand and iraposing. The university of Prague
is the oldest in Germany, having been founded by Charles IV. in 1348.
It has, at present, 53 professors and above 2,000 students. The medi
cal department in particular, is most liberally endowed. The library
ofthe university contains 130,000 volumes and 4,000 rare manuscripte.
The Bohemian National Museum contains a magnificent collection of
specimens in the difi'erent natural sciences. Prague is the seat of
numerous iraportant raanufactures, and the centre of an extensive com
merce. The observatory is in Lat. 50° 5' 18" N., Lon. 14° 25' 28" E.
Pop., including the garrison, above 120,000. (B.)
Pr.ato, pri'-to, a raanufacturing t of Italy, in Tuscany, on an affluent
of the Arno, 10 in. N. W. of Florence. Pop. about 10,000. (B.)
Praya, Porto, por'-to pri'-i, a seaport t, cap. of the Cape Vere
islands, on the S. coast of St Jago (Sam Tiago). Lat. 14° 55' N Lon
23° 3.5' W. Pop. only l,-200. (B.) ^"..i^o..
Pre'-blb, a CO. in the S. W. part of Ohio, borderino- on Ind. Pot
19,482. Co. t Baton. ^

PRE— PRI 439
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Preg'-el or pri'-oel, a r. of E. Prussia, which falls into the Frische
Haff below Konigsberg.
Prenzlow, prents'-lov, a t of Prussia,, in Brandenburg, 28 m. W. S.
W. of Stettin. Pop. 8,800. (B.)
Pres'-burg or Press'-burg (Ger. pron. press'-booRG; Hung. Posony,
po-shoii; Anc. Poso'niura); one ofthe handsoraest towns, and forraerly
the cap. of Hungary, situated on the left bank of the Danube, 34 m. E.
by S. of Vienna. It contains an academy, which is a sort of univer
sity, an archigymnasiura, a library, belonging to Count Appony (ip-poii),
of 50,000 volumes, which is open to the public, and several other im
portant literary instilutions. Lat. 48° 8' N., Lon. 17° 11' E. Pop.
above 41,000. (B.) .
Pres'-ton, an iraportant and flourishing manufacturing t of England,
in Lancashire, 28 m. N. N. E. of Liverpool. The Lancaster Canal,
and the Lancaster and Preston, and other railways, pass through the
town. Pop. in 1831, 33,871, in 1841, 50,131.
Preston, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Va., bordering on Md. and
Pa. Pop. 6,866. Co. t Kingwood.
Prev'-e-s.a or pri'-vi-si,* a decayed seaport t of European Turkey,
in Albania, at the entrance of the Gulf of Arta. Pop. formerly esti
maled at above 8,000. (B.) Lat, 88° 58' N., Lon. 20° 45' E.
Prince Edward, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Va., on the sources of
the Appomattox. Pop. 14,069. Seat of justice. Prince Edward c. h.
Prince Edward's Island, an i. in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, be
longing to Great Britain, between 45° 56' and 47° 5' N. Lat, and
62° and 64° 25' W. Lon. Length ofa curved line passing through its
centre, about 140 ra. ; greatest breadth, 87 m. Pop. about 38,000. (M.)
Prince George, a co. in the S. B- part of Va., S. of, and bordering
on Jaraes river. Pop. 7,175. Seat of justice, Pfince George c. h.
Prince George, a co. in the S. W. part of Md., E. of, and border
ing on the Potomac and District of Colurabia. Pop. 19,539. Co. t.
Upper Marlborough.
Prince William, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the
Potoraac. Pop. 8,144. Co. t Brentsville.
Princess Anne, a co. fornring the S. E. extremity of Va. Pop. 7,285.
Seat of justice. Princess Anne c, h.
Prince'-ton, a t of N. J,, situated partiy in Middlesex and partly in
Somerset co,, 11 m. N. E. of Trenton, It is the seat of a celebrated
college, under the direction of the Presbyterians, founded in 1746, and
styled the College of New Jersey. Lat 40° 21' N.,Lon. 74° 39' W.
Principato, prin-che-pi'-to, a prov. of Najiles, lying E. and S. E. of
the metropolis. It is divided into Principato Citra (chee'-tri), and
Principato Ultra (ool'-tri), or " nearer and farther Principato."
Pbip'-ets or Prip'-bt, (in Polish, Prypec, prip'-ets,) a r. of Russian
* ¦' Remember the moment when Prevesa fell.
The shrieks of the conquered and conqueror's yell."
Childe Harold, Canton.

440 PRO— PRU
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^ mk ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 66, as in good ;
Poland, which rises near 51° 30' N. Lat, and 24° E. Lon., and, flowing
easleriy, falls into the Dnieper, 44 m. N. of Kief.
Provence, pRo'-viNce', one of the former provinces of France, now
divided inlo the deps. of Lower Alps, Upper Alps, Mouths of lha
Rhone, Var, and Vaucluse. Provence is derived from provincia, a
name given by the ancient Roraans to codntries or districte beyond the
limits of Italy vvhich they had brought under their dominion. — Adj. and
inhab. Pbovenqal, pro'-viN'-sil'.
Prov'-k-dence, a manufacturing and coraraercial city and port of en
try, the semi-capital of R. I. is situated at the head of Narragansett
Bay, 42 ra., in a direct line, S. W. of Biston, wilh which city rt is con
nected by a railroad. Its distance frora the sea is 35 m., but the
largest merchant-ships Can corae up to the wharves. It is the largest
town in the slate, and the second in New England. Though irregu
larly built, il contains many flne edifices. The Arcade is considered
to be the handsomest building ofthe kind in the United States^ A line
of stearaboats keeps up a daily coraraunication between Providence and
New York, through Long Island Sound, during the whole of the open
season. Brown University, in this city, a flourishing institution, under
the direction of the Baptists, was founded in 1764. Lat 41° 49' N.,
Lon. 71° 25' W. Pop. 23,171.
Providence County, of which the above city is the seat of justice,
has a pop. of 58,078.
Prussia, proo'-she-a or prush'-e-a, (Ger. Preussen, prois'-sen,) an ira
portant kingdora of Europe, situated between 49° 50' and 55° 52' N.
Lat, and 5° 50' and 22° 54' E. Lon. It consiste principally of two
parts ; the larger of which is bounded on the N. by the Baltic, N. E.
and E. by Russia and Poland, S. by the dorainions of Austria, and W.
by Hesse-Cassel, Brunswick, Hanover, and Mecklenburg, by which
states it is separated from the other principal portion. The latter is
situated on hoth sides of tiie Rhine, and is called Rhenish Prussia
(Rhein-Preussen). It has Hanover on the N., the Netheriands on tho
N. W. and W., and France on the S. W. On the S. and S. B. it bor
ders on the territories of Bavaria, Nassau, and several of the smaller
Gerraan states. Lengtii of tbe larger portion, frora N. N. E. to S. S. W.,
600 ra. ; greatest breadth about 340 m. Area about 90,000 sq. m. Area
ofthe sraaller portion, ahout 17,000 sq. m. Area ofthe whole Prussian
monarchy, including, besides the above, the canton of Neufchatel, in
Switzerland, and several other small detached pieces of territory, about
108,000 sq. m. Total pop., at the end of 1837, 14,154,198. (P. C.)
The governraent of Prussia is a limited monarchy. The royal family
belong to the reformed religion, but all denominations of Christians are
tolerated, and enjoy nearly the sarae rights and privUeges. — Adj. and
inhab. Prus.sian, proo'-shun or prush'-e-an.
Prussia Proper, or the Province of Prussia, an extensive prov.
forming the N. E, portion of the Prussian monarchy. It was formerly
divided into E. and W. Prussia. Area, 24,780 sq. m. Pop. 2,152,8T3,
(P. C.) Capital, Konigsberg.

PRZ— PYR 441
on, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Przemysl, pzhera'-isl, a t of Austrian Galicia, cap. ofa circle ofthe
same name. Lat. 49° 48' N., Lon. 22° 53' E. Pop. 7,800. (P, C)
Pskof (Pskow), a decayed archiepiscopal city of European Russia,
cap. of a gov. bf the same name, on a river which flows inlo L. Pskof.
This town, which holds so conspicuous a place in the history of Rus
sia, has now a pop. of only 12,000. Lat, 57° 48' N,, Lon. 28° 20' E.
Puebla. See La Puebla. '
Puerto Principe, pw^R'-to prin'-se-pi, or Porto del Principe,
i. f . " the Pr.Ttce's Port," an inland I. of Cuba, 350 E. S. E. of Havana.
It has a pop. of 49,000, but its appearance is anything bul inviting,
the streets being narrow, crooked, and extremely dirty. (B.) Nuevitaa
(nwi-vee'-tas), the port of the above town, on the N. coast of Cuba,
appears formerly to have been called Puerto Principe.
Pu-L.As'-Ki, a CO. in the S. S.W. part of Va., intersected by the Great
Kanawha r. Pop, 3,739.
Pulaski, a co. in the S, central part of Ga,, intersected by the Oc
mulgee'. Pop. 5,389. Co. t Hawkinsville.
Pulaski, in the E. central part of Ark;, intersected by the Arkansas
r. Pop. 5,850. Co. t Little Rock.
Pulaski, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., N. of, and bordering on the
Curaberland r. Pop, 9,6'20. Co. t Soraerset
Pulaski, a co. in the N. W. part of Ind., a littie N. W. of the Wa
bash and Erie Canal. Pop. 561.
Pulaski, a co. in the S. central part of Mo,, intersected by the Gas
conade r. Pop. 6,.5-29, Co. t, Waynesville.
Punjab. See Lahore.
Put'-nam, a CO. in the S. E. part of N. Y., E. of, and bordering on
the Hudson. Pop. 12,825. Co. t Carrael.
Putnam, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the
Oconee. Pop. 10,260. Co. t Ealonton.
Putnam, a co. in the N.W. part of Ohio, on the Miami Canal. Pop.
5,189. Co. t Kalida.
Putnam, a co. in tho W. part of Ind., a little E. of the Wabash r.
Pop. 16,848. Co. t Green Castie.
Putnam, a co. in the N. part of III., intersected by the Illinois r.
Pop. 2,131. Co. t Hennepin.
Puy, Le, le/tpwee, a manufacturing t of France, cap. ofthe dep, of
Upper Loire, situated not far from the left bank of the r, Loire. It has
a royal College and sorae other literary institutions. Lat 45° 2' N,,
Lon. 3° 52' E. Pop. 14,738. (B.)
Puy de DAme, pwee d'dorae, a dep, in the S. central part of France,
intersected by the r. Allier, Pop. .589,438. (B.) Capital, Clerraont,
Pyr'-en-ee.s' (Anc, Pyrente'i Mon'tes), a chain of raounla,ins in the
S. W. part of Europe, which extends frora the Mediterranean to the
Bay of Biscav, constituting a natural barrier between France and
Spain. The Pic de Nethou (peek d'ni'-loo') of Mount Maladetta, the
highest suramit in the whole chain, has an elevation of 11,818 ft. above
the level of the sea. Mount Maladetta is in about 42° 87' N. Lat, and
0° 45' E. Lon.
Pyrenees, Eastern (Fr. Pyrenees Orientales, pe'-ri'-ni/ zo^-re^-

442 PYR-QUI
Fite, fir, f iU, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t ; 66 as in good ;
iN'-til'), a dep. forraing the S. extremity of France, bordering on the
Pyrenees and the Med'iterranean. Pop. 164,325. (B.) Capital, Per
pignan. Pyrenees, Lower (Fr. Basses Pyrenees, hiss pe^-Ri^-ni/), a dep.
forraing the S. W. extreraity of France. Pop. 446,398. (B.) Capital,
Pau. Pyrenees, Upper (Fr. Hautes Pyrenees, ote pe^-ri'-ni'), a Jep. in
the S. W. part of France, E. of, and bordering on the above. Pop.
244,170. (B.) Capital, Tarbes.
QuE-BEc' (Fr. Quebec, ki''-bek'), a city and fortress of Canada, for
merly the cap. of the British possessions in America, is situated on the
left bank ofthe St. Lawrence, where il receives the St Charles, about
400 ra. from its mouth. It occupies the extremity of a ridge, termi
nating at the junction of the two rivers, which rises near 340 ft. above
the surface of the water. On the surarait of this proraontory stands the
citadel, and the town extends frora it down to the water's edge. The
coramanding position of the city, together wilh ite vast and beautiful
harbour, presents, at a distance, a picturesque and magnificent view to
the approaching spectator. The town itself, however, is not very at
tractive ; the streets are narrow and irregular, those in the lower por
tions are dirty and confined. Quebec is strongly fortified, and baa
been justly called the Gibraltar of America. Among the numerous
literary institutions of this town, we may narae the French College,
and the Public Library, which contains upwards of 6,000 vols, of valu
able and standard works. Quebec is situated on the St. Lawrence,
above the island of Orleans, where the river suddenly contracts, and is
said to take ils name from Kebec, an Indian word, signifying '• narrow."
Lat 46° 47' 30" N., Lon. 71° 10' W. Pop. above 30,000. (B.)
Qued'-lin-burg^ (Ger. pron. qued'-lin-booRo,'), a t of Prussian
Saxony, on a tributary of the Saale, 32 m. S. W. of Magdeburg. It
was the birth-place of the celebrated Gerraan poet Klopstock. Lat. 51°
48' N., Lon. 11° 8' B. Pop. 13,000. (B.)
Queen Anne, a co. in the N. E. part of Md., E. of, and bordering on
the Chesapeake. Pop. 12,633. Co. t Centreville.
Queen's County, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ireland, prov. of
Leinster, S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1S.3L 145,851. (P.C.)
Queens, a co. of N. Y., on Long Island. Pop. 30,324. Co. t North
Herapstead .
Quen'-tin, Saint, (Fr. pron. sSn kiN'-taN' ; Anc. Augus'ta Veroman
duo'rum,) a manufacturing t in the N. of France, in the dep. of Aisne,
on the r. Somme, Lat 49° 51' N., Lon, 3° 18' E. Pop. 19,892. (M.)
Querbtaro, k^r-i'-ti-ro, one of the handsomest towns of Mexico,
cap, of a state ofthe sarae narae, situated at an elevation of more than
6,000 ft. above the level of the sea. Lat 20° 37' N., Lon. 100° 10' W.
Pop., including the suburbs, between 80,000 and 40,000. (P. C.)
QuiLiMANCY, ke-le-min'-se, a r. of E. Africa, which faUs into the
Indian Ocean near 3° S. Lat
Q.UILIMANE, ke-le-mi'ni, a I. of E. Africa, at the mouth of a river
of its own name (?). Lat. about 18° S,

QUI— RAM 443
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
QuiLLOTA, keel-yo'-li, a t of S. Araerica, in Chili, on a r. of the
same name, reraarkable for its rich raines of copper. Lat. 3-2° .55' S.,
Lon. 71° 15' W.
QuiLOA, kee'-lo-i, forraerly the cap. of a considerable kingdom on
the E. coast of Africa, but now a miserable village. Lat near 9° S.,
Lon. 89° 30' E.
Quimper, kaM^-paRc', or Quimper Corentin (ko'-riN^-taN'), a t in
tbe W, of France, cap. of the dep. Finistere, on the river Odet (o'-di'),
which here becomes navigable, Lat 47° 58' 80" N., Lon, 4° 6' W.
Pop. 9,715. (Br)
Quito, kee'-to, a noted city of S. America, cap, of the republic of
Ecuador, situated 9,500 ft. above the sea. The houses are usually but
one story high, on account of the frequent earthquakes. Quito ranks
high among the Spanish American cities, as a place of education ; ils
university is especially celebrated, Lat 0° 13' S,, Lon. 78° 45' W.
Pop. uncertain ; but il probably amounts lo near 70,000. (B.)
QuoRRA. See Nigbr. :
Raab, riib, (Hung. Gybr, dyoR,) an ancient t. of Hungary, near the
junction of the r. Raab wilh the Danube. It contains, besides otiier
institutions, an academy, which is a sort of university. Pop. 14,000.
(B.) Lat. 47° 41' N., Lon. 17° 40' E,
R.a'-bun, a CO. forming the N. E. extremity of Ga. Pop. 1,912, Co.
t Clayton. Racine, ras-seen', a co. forming the S. E, extremity of Wisconsin.
Pop. 3,475.
Rad'-nor, a CO. in the W. of Wales, on the r. Wyo, near its source.
Pop. 25,356.
Ragusa, ri-goo/-si, or Raugia, ri'-oo-ji, (in Slavonian, Dubrownik,
doo-brov'-nik), a fortified seaport t of Dalraatia, forraerly the cap. of
the republic of this narae, now the cap. of the circle of Ragusa, is situ
ated on a peninsula in the Adriatic. Though this town has greatly
declined from the prosperity wbich it enjoyed in the 16th century, when
it is said to have had a population of 30,000 (P. C), it is still important
on account of ils comraerce and its fortifications. Lat. 42° 39' N..
I^n. 18° 6' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. R-agusanJ
ri-goo'-san. Rajpootana, rij-poo-ti'-na, or Rajasthan, ri '-ja-stin', (i. e. the
' country of princes,") an extensive territory of Hindostan, between
23° 80' and 31° N. Lat, and 70° and 78° E. Lon. The greater part
of this country is divided araong the Rajpoot (rij-poof) princes, who
are under tbe protection of Great Britain.
Raleigh, rau'-le, the cap. of N. C, and the seat of justice of Wake
co.,alitlleW. of Neuse r., iiear the centre ofthe state. Lat. 35°47'N.,
Lon. 78° 48' W. Pop. 2,244.
R&LLg, a CO. in the N. E. or E. N. E. part of Mo., bordering on the
Mississippi r. Pop. 5,670. Co. t New London.
Rams'-oate, a seaport t. and watering-place of England, in Kent, on

444 RAN— RAT
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 65, as in good ;
the E, coast of the i. of Thanet 65 m. E. S. E. of London. Lat 51°
20' N., Lon. 1° 24' E. Pop. 10,909.
Ran'-dolph, a CO. in the N. part of Va,, on the sources of the Mo
nongahela. Pop, 6,208. Co. t Beverly.
Randolph, a co. in the W. central part of N. C, a little E. of the
Yadkin. Pop. 12,875, Co. t'Ashboro.
Randolph, a co. in the S. W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chatta
hoochee r. Pop. 8,276. Co. t Cuthbert.
Randolph, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ala., bordering on Ga. Pop.
4,973. Randolph, a co. in the E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop.
10,684. Co. t Winchester.
Randolph, a co. in the S. W. part of III., bordering on the Missis
sippi, at the mouth of the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 7,944.
Randolph, a co. in the N. central part of Mo., a little N. E. of the
Missouri r. Pop. 7,198. Co. .t Hunteville.
Randolph, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark., bordering on Mo. Pop.
2,196. Rangoon, rang-goon', a I. and river port, and the principal entrepot
for foreign trade in the Birman erapire, is situated in the prov. of Pegu,
on the Rangoon r., one of the arms of the Irrawaddy, about 26 m.
frora the sea. Lat 16° 45' N., Lon. 96° 20' E. Pop. estimated at
14,000. (B.)
Ran'-hin, a CO. in the S. W. central part of Miss., bordering on Pearl
r. Pop. 4,631. Co. I. Brandon.
Rapides, rap-eed', a parish in the N. W. central part of La., inter
sected by the Red r. Pop. 14,182. Co. t Alexandria,
Rap'-P-A-han'-nock, a r. in the E. part of Va., flowing into Chesa
peake Bay. Length estimated at 150 ra. It is navigable, for vessels
drawing 10 ft. water, to Fredericksburg, about 110 m. from its mouth.
Rappahannock, a co. in the N. B. part of Va., on the sources of tbe
above r. Pop. 9,257.
^ Raritan or Rariton, rar'-e-t^n, a r. in the N. part of N. J., flowing
inlo Raritan Bay. Boats of 80 tons can ascend to Brunswick, 17 m.
Raritan Bay, at the mouth of the above r., is situated between Sta
ten Island and Monmouth co., in N. J.
Rastadt, ris'-titt a t of Germany, in the grand-ducby of Baden,
cap. of the circle of the Middle Rhine, on tiie Murg (mooRo), not fer
from the Rhine, 13 ra. S. W. of Carlesruhe. Pop. 5,600. ¦;B.)
Rat'-is-bon', (Ger. Regensburg, ri'-oens-booRG ; Anc. Regi'nura, or
Castra Re'gia, afterwards Augus'ta Tibe'rii,) a noted city of Germany,
in Bavaria, cap. ofthe circle of Regen (ri'-G?n), on the Danube, which
is here crossed by a stone bridge, 1,100 ft. in length ; it is irregularly
built and has ralher a gloomy appearance. The raost reraarkable
building is, perhaps, the Town House, (Rathhaus, riit'-house,) in which
the Gerraan Diet held its assemblies, from 1662 until its dissolution in
1806. Among the various manufactures, that of beer is much eele-.

RAV— REG 445
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
brated. Lat 49° 1' N„ Lon, 12° 6' E. Pop. 26,000. (B.) TheP. C.
gives 21,000.
Rav-en'-n.a or ri-ven'-ni, an archiepiscopal t of Italy, in the Papal
state, cap. of a prov. of the sarae name, situated about 4i ra. frorn tho
Adriatic, and 43 ra. E. S. E. of Bologna. This town, so flourishing in
the tirae of the Roraans, and so populous in the 6lh and 7lh centuries,
when it was the residence of the Exarchs, who governed Italy in the
narae ofthe Byzantine emperors, contains, at present, only about 16,000
inhabitante. (B.) Il is now chiefly reraarkable for its architectural re
mains, and for containing the tomb of the imraortal Dante. Lat. 44°
25'N., Lon. 12° HE.
R.AV, a CO. in the N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 6,.553. Co. t. Richraond.
Reading, red'-ing, a t of England, cap. of Berkshire, on the Kennet,
near its junction with the Thames, 88 m. W. of London. Pop. of the
borough, with an area of about 3 sq. ra., 18,937.
Reading, a flourishing t of Pa., cap. of Berks Co., on the Schuylkill,
about 45 ra. in a direct line W. N. W. of Philadelphia. It is very ad
vantageously situated for trade, being on the Schuylkill Canal, where
it is joined by the Union Canal, and having, besides, coraraunication wilh
Philadelphia and Pottsville, by a good railroad. Pop. 8,410.
Red River, one of the larger affluents ofthe Mississippi, which rises
in the raountains in the N. part of Texas, near 3.5° N. Lat, and 104°
W. Lon., and, flowing at first easterly and afterwards south-easterly,
joins tbe "Great River," in Louisiana, in about 31° N. Lat, and 91°
50' VV. Lon. Its whole length is estimated al above 1,200 m. The
navigation is impeded in several places hy trees, which have floated
down in great numbers and choked up the channel.
Redruth, red'-ruth, a small I. of England, in Cornwall, important
on account of ils extensive copper and tin mines, Lat 50° 14' N.,
Lon. 5° 12' W.
Red Sea, called also the Arabian Gulp, a large inlet or bay, com-
muiiicating with the Indian Ocean by the strait of Babel-Mandel and the
Gulf of Aden, and extending from 12° 40' to 30° N. Lat, and from 32°
20' lo 43° 30' E. Lon. Length, ahout 1,400 m, ; greatest breadth,
above 200 ra.
Ree, ri, a lake in the central part of Ireland, 17 ra. in length, and
perhaps 6 ra. in ils greatest breadth.
Reggio, red'-jo, (Anc. Rhe'giuin,) an archiepiscopal t of Naples,
cap, of Calabria Ultra, at the S. extreraity of the Italian peninsula, on
the strait of Messina. Rhegiura was, at an early period, one of the
most flourishing commercial cities of Magna Grecia, in the S. of Italy,
and is said lo have been founded about 700 years before tbe Christian
erEi. This town has experienced great vicissitudes of fortune, both in
ancient and raodern times. In the 16th century, it Was thrice taken
and pillaged by the Turks. The earthquake of 1793 destroyed Reggio
so completely, that not a single buUding remained entire. It has, how-
38

446 REG— REU
Fite, fir, fill, fat; m^, mSt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 as ingood;
ever, been since rebuilt on a regular plan, and now contains nearly
20,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Lat. 38° 6' N., Lon. 15° 40' B.
Reggio (Anc. Re'giura Lep'idi), a town of N. Italy, in the duchy of
Modena, 16 ra. W. N. W. of Modena. Araong ite literary and scien
tific estahlishraente, is a museum of natural history, which belonged to
the celebrated Spallanzani, who was born near Reggio. This town is
also distinguished as the birth-place of Ariosto, one of the greatest of
the Italian poets. Pop. 17,000. (B.)
Reiohenbbrg, ri'-Ken-hJRG\ a flourishing t of Bohemia, the second
in the kingdom as respects population, situated on the Neisse, near the
N. frontier, with nuraerous important manufactures. Lat. 50° 46' N.,
Lon. 15° 5' E. Pop. near 15,000. (P. C.)
Reims or Rheims, reemz, (Fr. pron. riNz; Anc. Durocorto'rura, after
wards Re'rai ;) an archiepiscopal city of Erance, in the dep. of Marne
(of which, though not the cap., it is by far the largest town), 84 m. E.
hy N. of Paris. It is surrounded wilh old walls and entered by six
gates. One of these, the gate of Mars, consisted forraerly ofa Roman
triumphal arch, which is still standing, though now superseded by a
gate of raodern construction. Araong the remarkable edifices may be
mentioned the Cathedral, one of the largest and most magnificent in
Europe. It was erected chiefiy in the 13th century, since which time
the French kings have, wilh few exceptions, been consecrated here.
Reims possesses extensive manufactures, principally of woollens, or
fabrics of wool combined wilh other materials. Lat. 49° 15' N, Lon.
4° 3' E. Pop. 88,359. (P. C.)
Renaix, r'ni, (Flem. Ron'-se,) a manufacturing t of Belgium, in E.
Flanders, 20m. S.S. W. of Ghent Pop. 12,000. (B.)
Rendsborg, rends'-hoRg, or Rends'-burg, a town and iraportant
fortress of Denraark, on the canal which connecte the Baltic wilh the
North Sea. It has a fine arsenal, and about 8,000 inhabitante. (B.)
Lat. 54° 19' N., Lon. 9° 40 E.
Ren'-frew, a sraall t of Scotiand, cap. of Renfrewshire, 6 m. W. N.
W. of Glasgow.
Ren'-fre w-shire, a co. in the S. W. part of Scotland, bordering on the
river and frith of Clyde. Pop. 155,072.
Rennes, Renn, (Anc, Con'date, afterwards Red'ones,) a commercial
and manufacturing t of France, cap. of the dep. of Ille-et-VUaine, on
the r. Vilaine. Il contains a royal coUege, a public library of 30,000
volumes, with sorae valuable raanuscripts, and nuraerous other literary
and scientific institutions. Lat. 48° 7' N., Lon. 1° 41' W Pop.
30,000. (B.) "^
Rensselaer, ren'-sel-er, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., bordering on
Vt, and Mass, Pop. 60,295. Co. t Troy.
Requena, ri-ki'-ni, a t of Spain, in New Castile, 43 ra. W. N. W.
of Valencia. Pop. 10,893. (M.)
Reus, ri'-ooce, an iraportant manufacturing t. of Spain, in Catalonia,
5 ra. W. by N. of Tarragona. Pop. stated at 24,600. (B.)
Reuss, ruce, (Ger. pron. roiss,) a territory of Germany, between 50°

REU— RHI 447
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
20' and 51° N. Lat, and 11° 30' and 12° 20' E. Lon. ; divided by a
part of the possessions of Saxe-Weimar, into two portions. This terri
tory forras two independent principalities (belonging to two branches
of the house of Reuss) ; viz., Reuss-Greitz and Reuss-Schleitz. The
prince ofthe elder branch resides at Greitz (grites), a town on the Bi
ster, with about 7,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 50° 39' N., Lon. 12° 10'
B. The prince of the younger branch has his residence at Schleitz
(shlites), a littie town, wilh a pop. of about 5,000 (B,), 15 m. W. S.W.
of Greitz.
Reutlingen, roit'-ling-en, a t of Gerraany, in Wiirteraberg, cap. of
thc circle of Schwarzwald (Black Forest), -on a tributary of the Nec
kar, 19 ra. S, of Stuttgart Pop. near 12,000. (P. C)
Rev'-el (Russ. Kol-y-vin'; in Esthonian, Tallin or Tatleen) ; tbe cap.
of the Russian gov. of Estbonia, situated on the S. side of the Gulf of
Finland, ahout 210 ra. W. S. W, of St Petersburg. It is very strongly
fortified, and its harbour is one of the stations for the Russian fleet.
Lat. 59° 27' N„ Lon. 24° 35' E. Pop. 15,000 (P. C), of whom a large
proportion are Germans.
Rhea, ray, a co. in the S. E. central part of Tenn., on the Tennes
see r. Pop. a,985. Co. t Washington.
Rheims. See Reims.
Rhine (Anc. Rhe'nus; Fr. Rhin, raN; Ger. Rhein, rine; Dutch,
Rhyn, rine) ; a celebrated r. of Europe, which has its sources in the
Alps. The principal branch, called by the Germans, the Vorder
Rhein (i. e. fore Rhine), rises a littie N. E. of Mount St. Gothard, in
about 46° 88' N. Lat, and 8° 39' E. Lon. The general course of the
river is northerly, to Mentz, thence nearly N.W., to the borders ofthe
Netherlands, whence it takes a westerly direction, and divides into two
principal branches; the larger of these, called the Waal or Wahal
(wial), joins the Meuse ; the other, which retains the narae of the
Rhyn, falls into the N. Sea, in 52° 13' N. Lat AU that portion ofthe
river which lies within or along the boundary of Switzerland, is called
the Upper Rhine ; frora Bile lo Cologne it is denorainated the Middle
Rhine ; and the remainder ofthe course lo ite mouths, the Lower Rhine.
With respect to length, the Rhine is the fourth river of Europe, but it
holds the first rank as a channel of commerce. Its whole course
amounte tc about 950 m. The Lower Rhine raay be navigated by sea-
vessels of 300 or 400 tons, though flat river-barges are generally used,
on account of the numerous sand-banks. In some parts of the Middle
Rhine, the navigation is greatly irapeded bythe rapidity af the current,
as well as by nuraerous sraall islands and sand-banks, which are subject
to sudden and frequent changes in their forra and position. Stearaboats
have recently been resorted to, with great advantage, in navigating the
Rhine. Near Schaffhausen, on the Upper Rhine, the river, running
through a narrow channel, between lofty rocks, falls over a ledge of
lime-stone, about 70 ft. in height, producing the celebrated " cataract
of the Rhine." — Adj. Rhen'-ish.
Rhine, Province of the, forms the more southern of the two grea*

448 RHI— RHO
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine, or pine, pin ; n6, nftt ; 65 as in good;
divisions of Rhenish Prussia. The prov, of Westphalia (constituting
Ae other division) bounds it on the N, B. Capital, Cologne.
Rhine, Lower (Fr. Bas-Rhin,bir3N), a dep. forming the N. E. ex
tremity of France, and bordering on the Rhine. Pop. 561,859. (B,)
Capital, Strasbourg.
Rhine, Upper (Fr. Haul-Rhine, 6 riN), a dep. on the E. frontier of
France, S, of, and bordering on the above. Pop. 447,019. (B.) Capi
tal, Colmar.
Rhode Island, one of the thirteen original U. S., and the smallest
slate in the Union, extending from 41° 17' to 42° N. Lat, and from
71° 6' lo 71° 52' W. Lon.;. bounded on the N. and E. by Massachu
setts, S. by the Atlantic, and W. by Connecticut and divided into 5
counties.* Length from N. to S., 46 m . ; greatest breadth, from E. to
W., 37 ra. Area, 1,225 sq. m. Pop. 108,830. Providence and New
port are the capitals. — Inhab. Rhode Islander.
Rhode Island, an i. of R. I., in Narragansett Bay, from which tbe
state derives its name. It is near 15 ra. long, witb an area estimated
at 50 sq. ra. Newport is the principal town.
Rhodes (Gr. 'PoSos ; Lat. Rho'dus) ; a fertUe i. near tbe E. ex
treraity of the Mediterranean, belonging to Turkey, intersected by the
36th parallel of N. Lat, and the 28th meridian of E. Lon. Length,
46 ra. ; greatest breadth about 16 m. Pop. estimated at 25,000. (M.)
— ;Adj. and inhab. Rbo'-di-an.
Rhodez or Rodez, ro'-di/, (Anc. Segodu'num, afterwards Rute'ni,)
a t in tbe S. of France, cap. ofthe dep. of Aveyron, on tbe r. Aveyron.
Its cathedral is regarded as one ofthe finest Gothic edifices in France.
Araong its literary institutions, may be mentioned the Royal College,
and the Public Library, containing 15,000 vols. Lat 44° 21' N., Lon.
2° 35' E. Pop. 9,158. (B.)
Rhone (Fr. Rhone; Anc. Rho'danus); a large r. of Europe, which
rises in the central part of Switzerland, in about 46° 35' N. Lat, and
8° 20' E. Lon., and, flowing at first south-westerly, traverses L. Leman ;
afterwards, having received the Saone, its course is almost due S., to
the Mediterranean, which it enters by several mouths, near 43° 25' N.
Lat, and 4° 30' E. Lon. The whole length is estimated at 590 m.
The current of the Rhone and its larger tributaries is so rapid as to he
a great obstacle to navigation with ordinary boate, but the recent intro
duction of steamers has, in a great measure, obviated that difficulty,
and is said to have contributed vastiy to the intiprovement of this portion
of France.
Rhone, a dep. in the S. B. part of France, on the rivers Rhone and
Sa6ne. Pop. 482,024, (B.) Capital, Lyons,
Rhone, MoUths op (Fr. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, boosh dii r6ne), a dep.
in the S, of France, situated, as its name indicates, at the mouths of
the Rhone, Pop. 362,325, (B,) Capital, Marseilles.

• Bristol, Kent, Newport, Providence, Washington,

RIA— RIM 449
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
RiAZAN, re-i-zin', (formerly Per-es-livl',) an archiepiscopal t of
European Russia, cap, ofa gov. ofthe same narae, on an aflluenl ofthe
Oka. Lat, 54° 34' N,, Lon. 39° 20' E, Pop. ahout 9,000. (P. C.)
Rich'-l.and, a dist in the centre of S. C, between tbe Wateree and
Congaree rivers. Pop. 16,397. Co. t Columbia.
Richland, a co. in the N. central part of Ohio, N. by E. of Colum
bus. Pop. 44,582. Co. t Mansfield.
Richland, a co. in the S. E. part of IU., a littie W. ofthe Wabash r,
Richland, a co. in the S. W, part of Wisconsin, on the N, side of
the Wisconsin r,
Rich'-mond, a t of England, in Surrey, 10 m. W. by S, of London.
Pop. of the parish, 7,760.
Richmond, a city and port of entry of Va., the seat of justice of Hen
rico CO., an^ the cap. of the slate, is situated at the bead of tide-water
on James r., near 100 ra., in a straight line, S. by W. of Washington.
It is generally well built, and ite appearance from a distance is striking
and picturesque. This town is very advantageously situated for com
merce. It communicates by railroads wilh the Potomac and Roanoke,
and there is a boat navigation of 220 m. on the James r., above Rich
mond, a canal having been constructed round the falls, just above the
city. Lat. (ofthe capitol) 37° ,32' 17" N., Lon. 77° 27' 28" W. Pop.
in 1830, 16,060; in 1840, 20,153.
Richmond, a co. of N. Y., comprising Staten Island, at the mouth of
the Hudson. Pop. 10,965. Co. t Richmond.
Richmond, a co. in the E. part bf Va., N. E. of, and bordering on
the Rappahannock. Pop. 5,965. Seat of justice, Richmond c. h.
Richmond, a co. on the S. frontier of N. C, E. of, and bordering on
the Yadkin. Pop. 8,909. Co. t Rockingham.
Richmond, a co. in the B. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah.
Pop. 11,932. Co. I. Augusta.
Ri'-G.A or ree'-gi, an important coraraercial t of European Russia,
cap. of Livonia, on the r. Dwina (or Diina), about 9 m. frora ils entrance
into the Gulf of Livonia. The r. is crossed by a handsorae bridge of
boats, about 2,400 ft. long, Araong the publicbuildings, raay be raentioned
the Cathedral of St Peter, the tower of vvhich is 440 ft. in height (M.)
Riga is one of the raost important fortresses of the Russian erapire.
Lat. 56° 57' N., Lon. 24° 8' E. Ppp. near 60,000, of whom more than
one-half are Protestants, being chiefly Germans or their descendants.
Riga, Gulf of. See Livonia, Gulf of.
Rig'-o-let (the diminutive frora rigole, a French wmrd signifying a
" ditch or channel"). The rigolete in La. are channels connecting L.
Pontchartrain with L. Borgne.
Rimini, ree'-me-ne, (Anc. Arira'inura,) a t of Italy, in the Papal
state, on the Adriatic, at tbe raouth of the r. Marecchia (rai-rek'-ke-i),
which is here crossed by a handsorae raarble bridge. It has a public
library of 30,000 vols., and other instilutions, hut is chiefly interesting
on account of its antiquities. Lat. 44° 4' N,, Lon, 12° 83' E. Pop.
13,450. (P.C) 38 't

450 RIO— RIV
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nftt ; 66, as in good;
Ri'-o Co-lor-ad'-o, i. e. " Red River," or simply Colorado, a large
r. of Texas, which falls into Matagorda Bay, near 28° 40' N. Lat, and
96° W. Lon. Length estimated at near 1,000 m.
Ri'-o DEL Norte, called forraerly the Rio Bravo or Rio Bravo del
Norte, (Sp. pron. ree'-o bri'-vo dll noR'-ti,) i. e. the "rapid river of
the North," a large r. of N. Araerica, wbich rises near 41° N. Lat.
and 110 W. Lon., and, flowing in a general south-easterly direction,
falls into the Gulf of Mexico, near 26° N. Lat. and 97° 20' W. Lon.
Through a great part of ils course, it forms the boundary between
Texas and Mexico. Length, above 2,000 m. It is not navigable ta
any extent. This river is frequently called the Rio Grande.
Rio Janeiro, ri'-o jan-ee'-ro, or simply Rio, or more fully, Rio de
Janeiro, (Port. pron. ree'-o di zhin-i'e-ro,) the cap. of tbe empire of
Brazil, as well as of a prov. of ite own name, and the largest and raost
coraraercial city in S. America, situated on a bay of the Atlantic,
which forms, in every respect, one of the best harbours in the world.
This bay is neariy 24m. in length, and 15m. in ita greatest breadth;
and, being surrounded by high hills, is protected from every wind. The
entrance, which is scarcely a mile wide, is defended by several forte.
The town is regularly laid out, but the streete are generally narrow,
and the houses not reraarkable for elegance. Among the literary and
scientiflc institutions of the Brazilian capital, we raay name the Public
Library, containing from 50,000 to 70,000 vols. ; the School of Medi
cine and Surgery, the Botanic Garden, and the Observatory. The
trade of Rio is very extensive, and appears to be stUl rapidly increasing.
The principal export is coffee ; of which the quantity shipped at this
place is said to be nearly equal to all the exports of coflee from all the
other ports in the world. Lat 22° 54' S., Lon. 42° 45' W. Pop. above
200,000 ; about one-half of whom are negro slaves.
RioM, re^-6N', a t. of France, in the dep. of Puy-de-D6rae, 8 ra. N.
by E. of Clerraont. Lat. 45° 53' N., Lon. 3° 4' E. Pop. 11,050. (M.)
Rip'-LEY, a CO. near the S. E. extreraity of Ind., W. of Cincinnati.
Pop. 10.392. Co. t Versailles.
Ripley, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop
2,8.56. Co. t. Van Buren.
Rip'-ON or Rip'-PON, a sraall t of England, in the N. Riding of York
shire, on the Ure, 22 m. N. W. of York. It was formerly celebrated
for its manufacture of spurs, which were in such high repute, that " as
true steel as Ripon-rowels," became a proverbial expression for a man
of fldelity and courage.
Ritch'-ie, a CO. in the N. W. pvt of Va., near the Ohio r.
Rive-de-Gier, reev d'zhe-i', a rapidly-increasing t of France, in
the dep. of Loire, 20 m. S. W. of Lyons. It has extensive manufec-
tures and very productive coal-mines in ite vicinity. Pop. in 1836,
9,040. (M.)
Rives, reevz, (now called Henry,) a co. in the W. part of Mo., on Uie
N. side of Osage r. Pop. 4,726.

ROA— ROC 451
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
Roane, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., on the Tennessee and Clinch
rivers. Pop. 10,948. Co. t Kingston.
Ro'-anne', a t of France, in tbe dep. of Loire, on the r. Loira Lat.
46° 2' N., Lon. 4° 4' B. Pop. 9,334. (M.)
Ro'-.an-oke', a r. which rises in the southern part of Va., and, flowing
in a general south-easterly direction, passes into N. C, and falls into
Alberaarle Sound, near 36° N. Lat, and 76° 40' W. Lon.
Roanoke, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., B. of the Great Kana
wha r. Pop. 5,499.
Rob'-ert-son, a co. on the N. border of Tenn., N. of Nashville. Pop.
13,801. ' Co. t Springfield.
Rob'-e-son, a CO. near the S. extreraity of N. C, bordering on S. C.
Pop. 10,370. Co. t Luraberton.
Roch'-d.ale, a manufacturing \. of England, in Lancashire, on the
Roch, an afBuent of the IrweU, 11 ra. N. N. E. of Manchester. Pop.
about 25,000.
Rocbe'-fqet or rosh^-foR',a fortified I. and naval port of Prance, in the
dep. of Lower Charente, on the r. Charente, about 12 ra. (by water)
from its mouth. The harbour is forraed by the river, which, though
not large, affords at all times sufficient depth of water to float the
largest vessels. The arsenal is one ofthe most extensive and finest in
the kingdora. There is without the town a naval hospital, which ranks
among the raost extensive establishments of the kind in Europe. Lat
45° 56' N., Lon. 0° 58' W. Pop. 14,000. (B.)
. Rochelle, La, li ro' -shell', a fortified seaport t of France, cap. of
the dep. of Lower Charente, on the Atlantic, 93 ra. N. N. W. of Bor
deaux. It is the centre of an extensive coramerce. BocheUe is re
markable in history for the celebrated siege which it underwent during
the reign of Louis XIII., and the ministry of Richelieu, which resulted
in the demolition of the last refuge of the Huguenots, and the ruin of
their parly. The conquest is said lo have cost France 40,000,000
francs. Lat. 46° 9' N., Lon. 1° 10' W. Pop. 15,000. (B.)
Roch'-es-ter, an ancient city of England, in Kent, on the Medway,
28 m. E. by S. frora Ijondoii. Pop., including 4 parishes, 11,743.
Rochester, a flourishing city andport of entry of N. Y., cap. of
Monroe co., on the Genesee r., 7 m. from Lake Ontario. The Erie
Canal, and the Albany and Buffalo Railroad, pass through the town.
Another railroad comraunicates with Port Genesee, on L. Ontario. A
sloop navigation extends frora the lake up the Genesee r. to within 2 ra.
of the city. With, these advantages, Rochester possesses a very ac
tive and extensive trade, of which the iraraense quantities of flour
manufactured in its numerous mills, form, perhaps, the most important
article. The site of Rochester was a wilderness in the early part of
the present century, the first settiement having been raade in 1812; in
1820 the population was only 1,502, hut since the opening of the Brie
canal, in 1824, the town has increased with astonishing rapidity ; in
1830 the population was 9,269, and in 1840 it had amounted to 20,191 ;
and, wilh ite increased facilitibs of intercourse with other important
EE

452 ROC— ROC
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nftt ; 56 as in good ;
places, we may expect that its future advancement will not be less
rapid than the past There are several falls in the Genesee, near
Rochester : the principal one is immediately below the town, where the
river is precipitated over a ledge of rocks ahout 95 ft in perpendicular
height Lat 43° 8' N., Lon. 77° 51' W.
Rock, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on III. Pop.
1,701. Co. t Rockport
Rock River, a r. which rises in Wisconsin, and, flowing southerly
into IU., falls into the Mississippi, near 41°30'N. Lat, and 90° 30
W. Lon.
Rock'-bridge, a co. in the S. W. central part of Va., on the head
waters of Jaraes r. Pop. 14,284. Co. t Lexington. It derives ita
narae from the natural bridge of rock over Cedar creek, in this county.
The bridge, which extends across a fearful chasm, 2(X) ft. in depth, is
about 80 ft. in breadth, and covered witb soil and trees.
RocK-CAs'-TLE, a CO. iu the S. E. central part of Ky., on a river of
the same name, an affluent ofthe Ciimberiand. Pop. 3,409. Co. t
Mount Vernon.
Rock'-ing-jjam, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of N. H. Pop.
45,771. Co. towns, Portemouth and Exeter.
Rockingham, a co. in the N. E. central part of Va., on the head
waters of the Shenandoah. Pop. 17,344. Co. t Harrisonburg.
Rockingham, a co. in the N. N. W. part of N. C, bordering on Va.
Pop. 18,442. Co. t Wentworth.
Rock Island, a co. in the N. W. part of 111., at the mouth of Rock r.
Pop. 2,610. Co. t Stephenson.
Rock Island is also the name of a little island, in the above river,
at ils entrance into the Mississippi.
Rock'-land, a CO. near the S. E. extremity of N. Y., W. of, and
bordering on the Hudson. Pop. 11,975. Co. t Clarkstown.
Rocky Mountains, called also the Chip-pe-wy'-an Mountains, s
chain in the western part of N. America, which comraences in the
N. part of Mexico, and runs, nearly N. N. W., through the whole ex
tent of the continent This chain, though forming a part of the vast
mountain system, which extends through ihe whole length of America,
is not, as was formerly supposed, continuous with the Cordilleras of
Mexico. With a large part of the Rocky Mountains we are but very
imperfectiy acquainted. Mount Brown and Mount Hooper, situated
near .53° N, Lat, and between 115° and 117° W. I,on„ are the highest
of this chain that have yet been measured, the former having an eleva
tion of near 16,000 ft,, the latter of 15,690 ft. (P. C.)* Between 4-2°
and 42° 40' N. Lat, and near 110° W. Lon., there is a break in tiiis
mountain chain, called the South Pass, or Fremont's Pass, through

• The Rev, Mr Parker states, that some of the highest mountain peaks [ne«\
the South Pass?] have been found, by measurement, to be 18,000 ft. above the
level of the sea. (See Parker's " Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky Moui*
tains," page 72.)

ROE— ROM 453
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
which there is an easy road, the ascent and descent being so gradual
that it is scarcely preceived.
Roebmonde, rooR'-raind'-deft, (Fr. Ruremonde, ruRe'-mi^Nd'), a for
tified t of Holland, in tbe prov. of Limburg, on tbe Meuse, where it
is joined by the Roer (rooR). Lat. 51° 12' N., Lon. 5° 59' E. Pop.
4,500. (B.)
Romans, ro'-miN', a t. in the S. of France, in the dep. of Drdrae,
12 ra. N. E. of Valence. Pop. in 1831, 7,677. (P. C.)
Rome (Latin and Italian, Roraa, ro'-rai), the raost celebrated city of
the world, either in ancient or modern tiraes, the cap. of the Papal
state, and the ecclesiastical raetropolis of Catholic Christendora, is
situated chiefly on the E. or left bank of the Tiber, about 16 ra. from
its raouth. It is enclosed by walls which are generally understood lo
occupy the sile of those constructed by Aurelian. They describe a
polygon, of which the longest diaraeter (i. e. from N. W. to S. E.) is
3 ra. The whole circuit is between 14 m. and 15 ra. ; but not half of
the space included is occupied with houses. That portion of the city
which is situated on the left bank of the Tiber, constitutes Rome Pro
per : the other is called Translevere* (trins-tiZ-vi-ri, i. e. " beyond the
Tiber") : in this part are the palace of the Vatican and the church of
St. Peter. These two divisions of the town are connected hy three
bridges. Of the 15 gates of Rorae the Porta del Popolo (por'-ti del
po'-po-lo) on the N., and the Porta Maggiore (raid-jo'-ri) on the E., are
the raost remarkable for their beauty. At the head of the edifices of
modern Rome, stands the celebrated Cathedral of St. Peter, which is not
only the largest and mosl beautiful church Ihathasever been erected, hut
is, without exception, the noblest work of architecture ever produced by
the hands of man.f There is some diversity in the statements of its
dimensions, -given by difterent authors; but, it appears frora the best
authorities lo which we have access, that its length considerably ex
ceeds 600 ft., and that its greatest breadth is near 500 ft. : the height,
from the cross to the floor (which covers an area of nearly 5 acres), is
about 460 ft. Tbe whole expense of constructing this vast edifice is
estiraated at above $60,000,000 ! The work was begun in 1506, and
finished in 1614, with the exception ofthe colonnade, which was added
in 16.55-67. The celebrated dome,! which may be regarded as the
boldest and raost astonishing effort of huraan architecture, was chiefly
constructed by Michael Angelo. Near the great Cathedral is the
palace of the Vatican, containing above 4,000 differen^apartraents ; it
•This name is also, and perhaps most frequently, applied to a subdivision of
Transliberine Rome.
t Byron, apostrophizing this unrivalled structure, says —
" But thou, of temples old, or altars new,
Standest alone^with nothing like to thee.*'
' The vast and wondrous dome.

To wbich Diana's marvel was a cell.*' Childe Harold, Canto IV.

454 ROO— ROS
Fite, fir, fiU, fit ; mi, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
is the largest palace in Europe, but is not remarkable for architectural
beauty. There are in Rorae above 300 churches, many of which are
noble and venerable structures, but there is none which merite_ to be
named by the side of St Peter's. Our limite will not perrait us to
mention even the principal araong the raultitude of magnificent ruins,
which, to the traveller, constitute the great attraction of Rome : we
must not however, leave tbe Colise'um (or Colosseum) witbout a pass
ing notice. This structure, called also the Flavian Amphitheatre, which
was the wonder of ancient Rome, and is now the most august and im
posing ruin in the world, consists of a vast ellipse, 620 ft. in length,
and 513 ft. in its greatest breadth. In tbe centre is an open elliptical
space or arena, about 290 ft in length, and 180 ft in breadth. Around
this arena are the seats of the spectators, which rise, tier above tier,
the higher ones still receding, till they almost reach the top of the
outer wall, which is about 160 ft. in height. This iraraense araphithe
atre is said to have had seate for above 80,000 spectators, and standing
mora for 20,000 raore. Rome possesses a great number of literary in
stitutions, among which we may name the University, one ofthe oldest
in Europe, and the Roman College, founded by the Jesuite, which may
be regarded as another university ; to it are annexed a rich library, a
collection of antiquities, of specimens in natural history, etc. ' The Ob
servatory, connected wilh the Roraan College, is in 41° 53' 52" N. Lat,
and 12° 23' 40 " E. Lon. Pop. above 154,000. (B.)
Roo-me'-h-a or Room'-E-lee' (Rum-Ili), the narae of an eyalet of
European Turkey, coraprehending Albania, Macedonia, and Thessaly.
The pasha of Rooraelia ranks above all the other pashas of Turkey in
Europe. Roos^-tchook' (Ruslchuk or Rutchouk), a fortified city of European
Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the Danube. It is the residence of a Greek
archbishop. Lat. 43° 50' N., Lon. about 26° E. Pop. estimitted at
30,000. (B.)
RosBACH, ros'-biK, a yillage of Prussian Saxony, 16 m. S. of Halle,
celebrated as the scene ofa great victory gained by Frederic the Great
over the French and imperialists, November, 1757.
Ros-com'-mon, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ireland, piwv. of
Connaught on the r. Shannon. Pop. 249,613. (P. C.)
Roscommon, the cap. of the above co., situated 78 m. W. by f*. of
Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,306. (P. C.)
Roscommon (Mickenauk), a co. in tiie N. central part of M'ch.
N. W. of Saginaw Bay,
Roscrea, ros-cri', a t in the S. central part of Ireland, about TV m
W. N, W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 5,512. (M,)
Ro-giET'-TA (Arab. Br Ri-sheed'),oneof the most iraportant townnof
Lower Egypt on the W. branch of the NUe, 36 m. E. N. E. of Ale.>'\n
(Iria. It is said to have been founded by a son of the celebrated I la-
roon-er-Rasheed (Haroun-al-Raschid), in about 875 A.D. The p p..
which was forraerly estiraated at 40,000, is now reduced to about 1;>,I' K).
(B.) Lat 81° 25' N., Lon. 30° 28' E.

ROS— ROU 455
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Ross and Cbom'-ar-ty, two counties in the N. of Scotland, inti
mately connected as respecte situation, and also under the same sheriff.
Their united territory extends from one side of Scotland lo the other,
besides including a part of the island of Lewis. Pop. 78,685.
Ross, a CO. in the S. part of Ohio, intersected by the Scioto r. Pop.
27,460. Co. t Cbillicothe.
Ros'-TOCK, a seaport and important commercial t of N. Gerraany, in
the grand-ducby of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Warnow (Waa'-
nov), ahout 9 m. above its mouth in the Baltic. It was formerly a
member of the Hanseatic League, and for a long tirae ranked next to
Liibeck araong the ports of tbe Baltic. The dukes of Mecklenburg
granted it great privUeges, raany of which it still enjoys, such as the
right of choosing its own raagistrates, of taxing itself, and of coining
money. It is now the largest and most commercial town in the grand-
duchy. It possesses a university, founded in 1419, and attended hy
about 110 students, witb a library of above 80,000 vols. Lat. 54° 5' N.,
Lon. 1-2° 17' E. Pop. about 19,000.^ (B.)
Ro'-TBEN-BURG^ (Ger. proii. ro'-ten-booRo'), a t of Bavaria, on the
Tauber (tou'-ber), an affluent of the Main. Lat. 49° 25' N., Lon. 10°
14' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.)
RoTHERHAM, roTH'-cr-um, a sraall raanufacturing t of England, in
the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 6 m. E. N. E. of Sheffield.
Rothesay, roth'-si, a seaport t of Scotland, cap. of Buteshire, on the
N. E. coast of the island of Bute. Lat. 55° 51' N., Lon. 5° 2,' W.
Pop. 5,789.
Rot'-ter-dam', a celebrated coraraercial t of Holland, next to Am
sterdam the raost iraportant in the kingdom, situated on the N, or right
bank of the Meuse (lilaas), 35 m , S, S. W. of that city. The nuraerous
deep canals by which il is intersected, allow the largest merchantmen
to come into tbe middle of the town, and unload at'the very doors of the
warehouses. Among its scientific and literary institutions, may be
mentioned the Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Public Library.
Rotterdam is reraarkable as the birth-place of the celebrated Erasmus.
The name of this city appears to be derived from a dam of the Rotte
(rot'-teA), a little river which runs through the city, and falls inlo the
Meuse at this place. Lat 51° 55' N., Lon. 4° 39' E. Pop. in 1840,
78,098. (P.C.)
RouBAix, roo'-bi', a manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of Nord,
7 m. N. E. of Lille. Pop. 13,426. (M.)
Rouen, roo'-en, (Fi*. pron. RwiN ; Anc. Rothom'agusior Rotom'agus,
afterwards Rotoraum or Rodoraura); an archiepiscopal and noted city
of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower Seine, and forraerly of the prov.
of Normandy, on the river Seine, 70 m, N. W. of Paris. The river
here is crossed by a bridge of boats, and' another of stone, which con
nect the town with its suburb, St. Sever (sev-aia'). Rouen has been
styled " the Manchester of France," frora its being the great centre of
the cotton manufactures of that country. Among ite literary institu-

456 ROU— RUS
Fite, fir, fiU, fit ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
tions, may be mentioned the Academie Universitaire, the Royal Col
lege, and the Public Library, in the town hall, estimated to contain
ahout 70,000 vols. Lat 49° 26' N., Lon. 1° 6' E. Pop. 92,083. (B.)
RouLERS, roo'-li', a t of Belgium, 26 m. W. S. W. of Ghent. Pop.
9,000. (B.)
Roumelia. See Roomelia.
RovEREDO, ro-vi-rV-do, (Ger. Rovereith, ro'-ver-ite\) a manufactur
ing t of Tyrol, 13 m. S. by W. of Trent Lat. 45° 55' N., Lon. 11° 1'
E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)
RoviGNo, ro-veen'-yo, a seaport and flourishing commercial t of
Austrian Italy, on the Adriatic, 40 m. S. S. W. of Trieste. Pop.
10,000. (R)
RoviGO, ro-vee'-go, a t of Austrian Italy, cap. ofa prov. ofthe same
narae, on the Adigetlo, or "little Adige," an arm of the Adige.
Roxburghshire, rox'-bur-reA-shir, a co. in the S. of Scotland, border
ing on England. Pop. 46,025.
Roxbury, rox'-ber-re, a t or village of Mass., in Norfolk co., on the
Boston and Providence Railroad, 5 ra. S. S. W. of Boston. Pop. ofthe
township, 9,089.
Row-an', a CO. in the W. central part of N. C, on the Yadkin.
Pop. 12,109. Co. t Salisbury.
Rt)'-GEN (g hard), an i. in the Baltic, forraing a part of the Prussian
prov. bf Pomerania, intersected by the parallel of 54° 30' N. Lat, and
the meridian of 13° 30' E. Lon. Area, about 840 sq. ra. It was
forraerly rauch larger, a part of the island, probably one-half, having
heen swallowed up in the middle ages by the sea. Pop. 29,000.
(P C.)
Rum-Ili or Rumelia. See Roomelia.
Ruppin, roop-peey', New, (Ger. Nen-Ruppin, noi r66p-peen',) a t.
of Prussia, on a lake of the same name, 35 m. N. W. of Berlin. Pop.
8,600. (B.)
Ruremonde. See Roermonde.
Rush, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ind., E. by S. of Indianapolis.
Pop. 15,456. Co. t Rushville.
Rus'-sEL, a CO. near the S. W. extremity of Va., bordering on Ky.
Pop. 7,878. Co. t Lebanon.
Russel, a co. in the E. partof Ala., bordering on the Chattahoochee.
Pop. 13,513. Co. t Cusseta.
Russel, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ky,, intersected by the Cum
berland r. Pop. 4,238. Co. I. Jamestown.
Russia, roo'-she-a or rush'-e-a, the most extensive empire, and one
of the most powerful on the globe, coraprehending the N. E. part of
Europe, all the N. part of Asia, and a portion of N. America, situated
between 38° and 78° N. Lat, and between 17° 40' E. and 130° W-
Lon, The length of ils territory; on the Eastern continent is near
6,000 m. ; the greatest breadth is above 2,000. The area of this por
tion, according to Balbi, is more than 7,390,000 sq. m. The population.

RUS— SAA 457
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
in 1826, was estiraated by him at 60,100,000, This vast erapire is
divided into three great parts, viz, European, Asiatic, and American
Russia, European Russia, though not comprising the greatest extent
of territory, surpa.sses tiie others vastly in population and iraportance.
It is situated between 40° 40' and 70° N, Lat, and;.7° 40' and 66° B.
Lon,, and is bounded on the W. by the Baltic and Prussia, on the S.
by the territories of Austria and Turkey, by the Black Sea* and the
Caucasian territories of Russia, which are coraprised wilhin the limits
of Asia. Its boundaries on the B. and N. are the same as those of
Europe. Ite greatest length, from N, to S,, is about 1,900 m,; its
greatest estimaled breadth, frora E, lo W,, is above 1,600 ra. Area,
2,047,600 sq. m. Pop. in 1826, 56,500,000. (B.)* [For an account of
Asiatic Russia, see Siberia.] American Russia comprehends the N.
W. part of N. Araerica, between 54° 40' and 71° 20' N. Lat, and 130°
and 168° W. Lon. Area estiraated at 500,000 sq. ra., including the
Aleutian islands and several other groups. Pop. 50,000. (B.) The
established religion of Russia is the Greek Orthodox, identical with that
ofthe Greeks ofthe Ottoman empire. The governraent is an absolute
and unlimited despotisra. St. Petersburg is the capital of the erapire.
— Adj. Russian, roo'-shun or rush'-un; Inhab. Russian and Russ,
(poetical). RusTCHUK. See Roostchook.
Rutherford, ruTH'-er-ford, a co. in the S. W. part of N. C, border
ing on S. C. Pop. 19,202. Co. t Rutherfordton.
Rutherford, a co. near the centre of Tenn., S. E. of Nashville.
Pop^ 24,282. Co. t. Murfreesborough.
Rutherglen, pron. rug'-len, a t of Scotland, on the Clyde, 2J ra. S.
E. of Glasgow. Pop. 5,628.
Rut'-land, the smallest co. of England, situated on the WeUand r.,
about 80 ill. N. by W. of London. Pop. 21.302.
Rutland, a co. in the W. part of Vt, bordering on Lake Champlain.
Pop. 30,699. Co. t Rutiand.
Ryde, a seaport t and watering-place of England, situated on the
N. B. side of the Isle of Wight. Pop. 5,840.
Rye, a t and cinque port of England, in Sussex, 53 m. S. S. E. of
London. Lat 50° 57' N. ;, Lon. 0° 44' E. Pop. of borough and
parish, 4,031.
Saale, sii'-IeA, a r. in the N. W. central part of Germany, flowing
into the Elbe, near 52° N. Lat, and 12° E. Lon. »
Saalfeld, siil'-f51t, a manufacturing t of Gerraany, in the duchy of
Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, on the Saale. Lat 50° 87' N., Lon.
11°24'E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.)
SAABBRftcK,siiR'-bruk or Saar-brDck'-en, a manufacturing t of Ger-
* Balbi appears not to include in the area and population of Russia in Europe,
those portions of the provinces of Caucasus and Georgia, which belong to this
section of the globe.
39

458 SAA— SAI
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m§t ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good;
many, in the Prussian prov. of the Rhine, on the Saar, an affluent of
the Moselle. The river is crossed by a stone bridge, whence the name
of the town, which signifies " Saar-bridge." Lat 49° 14' N., Lon. about
7** E. Pop., including the suburb of St. John, on the other side of the
Saar, 7,200. (B.)
Saarlouis, sliR-loo'-is, a t and fortress of the Prussian prov. of the
Rhine, on t!he Saar, 12 ra. W. N. W. ofthe above town. Pop., includ
ing the garrison, about 7,000 (P. C), of which 4,400 belong to the town.
Sabine, sab-een', a r. wbich rises in Texas, and flowing, at first south
easterly, then southerly, forras, through a great part of ite course, the
boundary between Texas and Louisiana.
Sack'-ett's Harbour, a t and port of entry of N. Y., in Jefferson
CO., on a bay at the E. extreraity of L. Ontario. Lat 43° 55' N., Lon.
75° 57' W. Pop. ofthe township of Hounsfield, in which it is situated,
4,146. Saco, sau'-ko, a r. which rises in the E. part of N. H., and, flowing
Bouth-easlerly inlo Me., falls into the Atlantic, 14 ra. S. W. of Port
land. Saco, a port of entry of Maine, in York co., situated on the E. side
of the Saco r., 6 m. from its raouth. Pop. 4,408.
Sagg Harbour, a port of entry of N. Y., in Suffolk Co., situated on
a bay of the same name. Pop. 8,500.
Saghahen. See TarakaK.
Sag'-in-aw', a CO. in the eastern part of Mich., on a river and bay of
the same name. Pop. 2,103. Co. t. Saginaw.
Sahara, sa-hi'-ra, also written Zahara, i.e. the "desert" a region
of vast extent which occupies the central parts of N. Africa. It
extends frora the Atlantic, between Cape Noon (Nun), in -23° 46', and
the raouths of the Senegal, in about 16°-30' N. Lat, eastward to the
valley of the Nile. On the N. it is bounded by tbe Barbary states, on
the S. hy the countries watered by the Senegal r. and by Soodan. Of
the actual liraits, however, on the N. and S., very little is known. The
length of the Great Desert, from E. to 'VV., is near 3,000 m. ; the
breadth, frora N. to S., raay vary frora 700 to 1,500 m. The surface
appears to be chiefly composed of sandstone or loose sand : every part
is almost or entirely destitute of vegetation.
SaYd or Saeed. See Egypt.
SaKda, si'-di, (Anc. Si'don,) a seaport t of Palestine, celebrated in
reraote antiquity as one of the greatest eraporiuras on the Mediterra
nean, and as being the parent city of Tyre. Lat. 33° 34' N., Lon. 35°
20' E. Pop. at present estimated at only about 4,000 or 5,000. (M.)
SaJgon, si-gon', or SaI-gong' (called by the natives Looknooee), the
principal commercial t of the empire of An-nam, cap. of the prov. of
Tsiampa, on a r. of ils own narae. Lat 10° 47' N., Lon. about 107°
E. Pop. estiraated by Balbi at 100,000.
Saint Denis. See Denis, St.
Saint Germain. See Germain, St., and so for all the other arti
cles having the prefix of Saint.

SAI— SAL 459
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Saintes, saNt, (Anc. Mediola'num ; afterwards San'tones, a t of
France ; formeriy the cap. of Saintonge, on the r. Charente, which is
here crossed by a stone bridge. Lat. 45° 45' N., Lon. 0° 38' W. Pop.
7,823. (M.) ^
Saintonge, sau'-tiNzh', a former prov. of France, now included in
the departraenls of Lower Charente and Charente. It takes ils name
from the Santones or Sanloni, hy whora it- was ancientiy inhabited.
Sal.adillo, Rio, ree'o si-li-Deel'-yo, i. e. the " Little Salt River,''
the name given lo several small streams of S. America, in La Plata.
Salado, or Rio Salado, ree'-o s'a4i'-Do, i. e. " Salt River," the narae
ofa nuraber of rivers of S. America, in the republic of La Plata. The
principal one rises in the N. W. part of this country, and flowing, at
first south-easterly, and then almost due S,, joins the Parana, near
3-2° 20' S. Lat, and 61° W. Lon. Its whole length is probablv above
1,000 m.
Sal-a-manc'-a or sil-i-raang'-ki, (Anc. Salraan'tica,) a noted city of
Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same narae, on the Torraes (lor'-mfe, — an
affluent of the Douro), here crossed by a handsorae stone bridge of 27
arches, ahout one-half of which is the work of the ancient Romans.
At the head of the literary institutions of this town, stands ils cele
brated university, founded about the year 1200, which, during the 15lh
and 16lh centuries, was regarded as the first in Spain, and one of the
mosl distinguished in Europe, and was attended, it is said, by from
10,000 to, 15,000 students. It has of later times gireally declined, and
is now bul little frequented. Lat 41° 5' N. Lon., 5° 43' W. Pop.
stated at 14,000. (B.)
Sa'-lem, a city and port of entry of Mass., and one of the seats of
justice of Essex co., 13 m. in a straight line N. E. of Boston, situated
on .a tongue of land which projects into the sea. It has a fine rauseum
and an athenseum with above 12,000 vols. Salem is the second town
in. the stale for wealth and coraraerce, and possesses, also, extensive
manufactures. Lat. 42° 31' N., Lon. 70° 54' W. Pop. 15,082.
Salem, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Delaware.
Pop. 16,024. Co. t Salem.
Sal-eb'-no or sa-lfeR'-no, (Anc. Saler'num,) an archiepiscopg.! city of
Naples, plea.santly situated on a gulf ofthe same narae, 28 m. S. B. by
E. of the capital. Lat 40° 40' N., Lon. 14° 46' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
Saline, sal-een', a co. in the S. central part of Ark., on a r. of the
same name, which falls into the Washita. Pop. -2,061. Co. t Benton.
Saline, a co. in the N. W. central part of Mo., bordering on the
Missouri. ' Pop. 5,258. Co. t Jonesborough.
Salisbury, saulz'-ber-re, or NewSa'-rum, a city of England, cap. of
Wiltehire, on the Avon, 75 ra. W. S. W. of London, Pop. 10,086. '
Salonica, sal-o-nee'-ka, (called by the Turks Sel-i-neek'; Anc.
Thessaloni'ca) ; a celebrated city and seaport of European Turkey,
cap, ofa sandjak of the sarae narae, situated at the N. B. extreraity of
the Gulf of Salonica. It is surrounded by high white-washed walls,
with five gates, and defended by a fortress wilh seven towers. Its ap-

460 SAL— SAM
Fite, fir, fill,--f it ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
pearance, when approached frora the sea, is very iraposing, but the
interior presents the irregularity and raany of the deformities common
lo Turkish towns.. There are in Salonica a number of highly interest
ing monuments of antiquity. One of the gates of the city consiste of
an ancient triumphal arch. Salonica holds the second coraraercial rank
araong the towns of European Turkey, being inferior only to Constan
tinople; and is also tbe seat of some iraportant manufactures. Lat. 40°
38' N., Lon. 22° 56' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 70,000.
Salonica, Gulf of (Anc. Si'nus Therma'icus), is situated at the
N. W. extreraity of the .Sgean Sea. Length abont 70 m. ; greatest
breadth above 40 m.
Salop. See Shropshire.
Salt A, sil'-ti, a t of S. America, in La Plata, cap. ofa state of the
same name. Lat 24° 10' S., Lon. 64° 20' W. Pop. estimated at
9,000. (B.) - ,
SAlt'-coats, a seaport t of Scotland, in Ayrshire, on the Frith of
Clyde, 24 ra. S. W. of Glasgow. The narae is derived from the salt
works established for tbe production of salt frora sea-water; but this
business is now nearly abandoned. Pop. 4,238.
Sa-lu'-d.a, a r, of S. C, uniting with the Broad r. to form the Con
garee. Saluzzo, si-lool'-so, a t of the Sardinian states, cap. of a prov, of
the sarae narae, on an affluent of the Po, 84 m. S. S.W. of Turin. Pop.
about 10,000, (P. C)
Salvador, St. See Bahia.
Sal-win' or Sal-wen' (called by the natives Than-Lyeng or Than-
Lweng), a r. in the S. E, part of Asia, which is supposed to rise in
China, near 27° N, Lat, and 99° E, Lon,; flowing southerly, it falls
into the Gulf of Martaban, a little below the town of this name.
Though it brings down a great volume of water, it is not navigable in
the lower part of ils course. The upper portion has not been explored.
Salzburg or Saltz'-burg (Ger. pron. silte'-booRo), an archiepiscopal
city of Upper Austria, cap. of a circle — formerly of a duchy — of the
same name, on the Salza (sill'-si), an affluent ofthe Inn, 70 m. E. S.E.
of Munich. It is surrounded wilh walls and bastions, and has eight
gates. Though irregularly built the town contains several splendid
edifices, chiefly in the Italian style. Salzburff has a lyceum (in the place
of ite former university), with a library of 30,000 vols.^ that belonging
to the Monastery of St, Peter contains 40,000 vols. The duchy or
principality of Salzburg was forraerly governed by archbishops, who
possessed very great privUeges. It was secularized in 1802, and con
verted inlo an electorate of the Gerraan empire, and in 1814 it was
united to Austria. Lat, of the town, 47° 48' N., Lon. 13° 1' E. Pop.
about 14,000. (B,)
Salzwedel, silts'--wi'.dfl,a t, of Prussia, cap, of a circle ofthe same
name, on an affluent of the Elbe. Lat. 52° 51' N., Lon. 11° 17' E.
Pop. above 6,000, (B.)
Sam'-a-rang' (or Sam'-i*-rang'), a seaport and commercial t. on the

SAM— SAN 461
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
N. coast ofthe island of Java. Lat about 7° S., Lon, 110° 25' E. Pop.
estimated at from 36,000 to 38,000. (B,)
Sam-ar', one ofthe PhUippine islands, intersected by the 12lh paral
lel of N. Lat, and the 125th meridian of E, Lon. Length near 150 in,;
greatest breadth about 60 m,
Sam'-ar-oand', a celebrated but now decayed city of Asia, in Inde
pendent Tartary, situated in a fertile valley, about 120 ra, E, of Bok
hara. It was once the capital of the vast erapire of Tamerlane, when
ite pop, is said to have amounted to 150,000. The tomb of that famous
conqueror is still in excellent preservation ; his remains repose under a
lofty dome, the walls of which are superbly adorned wilh jasper and
agate. Lat, 89° 50' N., Lon. about 67° E. Pop. variously estiraated
at frora 10,000 to 80,000, and even 50,000.
Sambob, sim'-bor, a t. of Austrian Galicia, cap. of a circle of the
sarae name, on the Dniester. Lat 49° 32' N., Lon. 23° 17' E. Pop.
9,000. (B.)
Sa'-mos (called by the Turks Soo-sim'), a fertile i. Of the Greek ar
chipelago, belonging to Turkey, intersected by the parallel of 37° 40'
N. Lat. and the 27lh meridian of E. Lon. It is separated from the
coast of Asia Minor by a strait not 2 m. in breadth. Length ahout
80 m. ; greatest breadth 17 ra. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.) Samos contains
several interesting monuments of antiquity ; araong others, some re
raains ofthe great teraple of Juno, who was worshipped with particular
honour in this island, frora its having been (as the Samians maintained)
the place of her birth. — Adj. and inhab. Sa'-mi-an or Sam'-j-ot'.
Samp'-son, a CO. in the S. E. central part of N. C, a little E. of
Cape Fear'r. Pop. 12,157. Co, t Clinton.
Sam-Tiago, soung-te-i'-go, or St. Ja'-go, also written San-Thiago,
the largest ofthe Cape Verde Islands, intersected by the 15lh parallel
of N. Lat, and the meridian of 28° 40' W. Lon. Length 36 m. ;
greatest breadth 18 ra. Pop. above 12,000. (P. C.) Praya is the cap.
of this island and of the whole group.
Sanaa or Sana, si'-ni', a walled city of Arabia, cap, of the prov. of
Yemen Proper, ahout 150 ra. N, N."E. of Mocha. Pop. estimated at
40,000. (M.)
San-dus'-ky, a r. in the N. part of Ohio, which flows into a bay of
the same name, on L. Erie.
Sandusky, a co, in the N. part of Ohio, at the mouth ofthe above r.
Pop. 10,182, Co. t. Lower Sandusky.
Sandusky, a port of entry of Ohio, in Erie co., on the shqre of San
dusky Bay, near ite opening into L. Brie. Pop. 1,200.
Sand'-wich or sand'-widge, one of the original Cinque Ports of
England, in Kent, on the Stour, about 2 m. from its mouth, and 65 ra.
E. by S. of London. Lat 51° 16' 30" N., Lon. 1° 20' E. Pop. only
2,913. Sandwich Islands, one of the Polynesian groups, situated in the
Pacific, between 18° 50' and 22° 20' N. Lat, and 154° 40' and 160°
20' W. Lon. The principal islands are HawaU, Oahu, Atui, Maui,
39*

462 SAN— SAN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good ;
Molokai or Morotai,* Nihau, and Lanai or Ranai,'" which are noticed
under their respective naraes. The natives of the Sandwich Islands
appear lo be a branch of the great Malay race. They are of raiddle
stature, and well forraed, with rauscular limbs and open countenances,
and seera to possess a large share of intelligence and enterprise. When
this group was discovered by Cook, in 1778, the inhabitante were ob
served to have made greater progress in civilization than those of the
other Polynesian islands. Since their conversion to Christianity, in
1819, the American raissionaries have laboured araong them wilh dis
tinguished success. Books and newspapers are now printed in the na
tive language at Honolulu, and even a map of tbe islands has been
engraved at Lahaina, in Maui. Many of the Sandwich Islanders now
dress in the' European fashion ; and vessels built at Honolulu, manned
by natives, traverse the Pacific to the N. W. coast of America, and to
Canton. — Inhab. Sandwich Islander.
Sangamon, sang'-ga-raon', a co. in the centre of III., intersected by a
river of the sarae narae, which flows into the Illinois. Pop. 14,716.
Co. t Springfield.
San'-i-lac', a CO. in the E. S. E. part of Mich., bordering on L. Huron.
San Juan. See Porto Rico.
San Ju'-AN, or Sas Juan de la Frontera (Sp. pron. sin Hoo-in' di
li fron-ti'-ri), i. e. " St Juan ofthe frontier," a t of S. America, in La
Plata, near the Chilian frontier, reraarkable for ite wines, which form
an important article of coraraerce, Lat. 31° 4' S., Lon. 68° 57' W.
Pop. estimaled at 16,000. (B.)
San Marino, sin mi-ree'-no, a little republic of Italy, under the pro
tection of the pope, situated near 43° 55' N. Lat, and" 12° 30' E. Lon.
Area 22 sq. ra. Pop. 7,600. (M.)
Sanquhar, sank'-er, a sraall but ancient t of Scotiand, in Dumfries
shire, on the Nith, 24 ra. N. N. W. of Durafries.
Santa Cruz, san'-la crooce, or St. Croix, sent-croi/,a fertile i. in the
W. Indies, belonging to the Danes, near 80 ra. in length, and ahout 8
m. in ils greatest breadth. Lat. about 17° 40' N., Lon. near 65° W.
Santa Maria, sin'-ti mi-ree'-i, a t of Naples, in the immediate
vicinity of Capua. Pop. estimaled at above 9,000. (B.)
Santa Maria, one of the Azores or Western Islands, intersected by
the 37th parallel of N. Lat, and the meridian of 25° 10' W. Lon.
* It is stated as a curious fact that the inhabitants of both the Sandwich and
Society Islands are incapable of distinguishing between the sounds of Z and r, and
of ( and k. This does not appear to arise so much from a defect in the organs of
speech as of hearing. Il is said that they can niter correctly the sounds of the
letters just named, but that they cannot distinguish them either when spoken by
themselves or by others. It appears that the English missionaries in the Society
Islands first adoptcd the mode of writing names like those above cited with ( and
r; the Americans in the Sandwich Islands have unfortunately had recourse to a dif
ferent orthography, whence arises the diversity of spellinj which we find in the
best works on the Polynesian islands. In connexion with this subject, it may
be remarked, that in other languages t and c or k are sometimes changed for each
other. Thus in Latin, we find nuncius or nuntius: Lutetia. the ancient name of
Paris, appears to have been written also Lucetia (in Greek, AcvKcria, Leuketia),
and Loticia (AuriKm, Lotikia).

SAN— SAP 463
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
Santa Marta, sin'-ti raiR'-ti, a fortified seaport t of New Granada,
on the Caribbean Sea, with a fine harbour. It is a free port Lat. 11°
20' N., Lon. 74° 8' W, Pop. estiraated at 6,000. (B.)
Santa Maura, sin'-ti raou'-ri, (Anc. Leu'cas, or Leuca'dia pro
nounced by the raodern Greeks lef-ki-nee'-i,) one of the Ionian Islands,
intersected by the parallel of 38° 40' N. Lat, and the meridian of 20°
40' E. Lon. Length 22 m. ; greatest breadth 9 m. Area about 180
sq. ra. Pop. in 1886, including the troops, 17,385, (M.)
San'-ta Ro'-g.A, a CO. near the N. W. extremity of Florida, bordering
on Ala.
San-tan'-der (Sp. pron. sin-tin-dain'), an important commercial t
and seaport of Spain, in Old Castile, cap. ofa prov. ofthe same narae,
on tbe S. side of the Bay of Biscay. Lat. 43° 28' N., Lon. 3° 42' W.
The pop., which has considerably increased of late years, may now be
estimaled at 30,000. (P. C.)
Santarem, sin'-ti-rfeN', (almost siN'-ti-reng',) an ancient t. of Portu
gal, on the Tagus, about 50 ra. N. N. E. of Lisbon. It has been the
residence of several of the Portuguese kings, Lat 39° 16' N,, Lon, 8°
38' W. Pop, estiraated at about 8,000. (B.)
San' -tee', a r. of S. C, forraed by the junction of the Congaree and
Wateree. It flows S. E.; and falls into the Atiantic by two mouths,
near 38° 6' N, Lat, and 79° 20' W. Lon. Steamboate ascend to Co
lurabia, on the Congaree branch.
San-Thiago. See Sam-Tiago.
Santiago, See Compostela,
Santiago, sin-te-i'-go, a city of S, America, cap. of the republic of
ChUi, situated in an extensive plain, about 50 m, frora the sea, on an
affluent of the r. Maypu (rai-poo'). It is regularly and generally well
built, and is in fact one of the finest cities in S, America, It contains
an institute, which may he regarded as a university, two high schools
for girls, and other imporiant literary establishments. Lat 38° '25' S.,
Lon. 70° 40' W. Pop. estimated at 60,000. (P. C.)
Santos, sin'-t6s, a seaport and coraraercial t of Brazil, on the i. of
St. Vincent. Lat. 23° 56' S., Lon. about 46° 10' W. Pop. estimated
at 7,000. (M.)
Saone, sone, a j. of France, which rises in the dep. of Vosges, and,
flowing southerly, joins the Rhone at Lyons. Small steamboats ascend
this river as far as Chilons.
Saone, Upper, (Fr. Haute-Sa6ne. ote sone,) a dep. in the E. N. E.
pai-t of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 343,288. (B.) Capi
tal, Vesoul.
Saone and Loire (Fr. Saohe-et-Loire, s6neilwiR), a dep. in the
E. part of France, intersected by the Sadne and Loire. Pbp. 538,507.
(B.) Capital, Micon.
Sap'-tin or Lewis River, a r. of Oregon, which falls into the Co
lumbia, near 46° N, Lat, and 119° 40' W. Lon. Length estimated at
800 m.

464 SARr-SAR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine, or pine, pin ; nb, nbt ; 56 as in good ,-
Sar''-a-gos'-8a (Sp. Zaragoza, thi-ri-go'-thi ; Anc. Salduba ; after
wards Ctesaraugus'ta), an archiepiscopal city of Spain, cap. of Aragon,
on the left bank of the Ebro, which is here crossed by a fine stone
bridge, 600 ft. in length, resting on seven arches. This town formerly
contained a number of edifices, distinguished for their magnificence,
but tbe greater part were much injured in the war with the French in
the early part of the present century. The church of Nuestra Sefiora
del Pilar (nwes'-tri sane-yo'-ri dfel pe-laR'), which is still preserved,
is a superb building; the principal altar, buUt entirely of alabaster, in
the Gothic style, is greatiy admired as a piece of ancient architecture.
Araong the institutions for education, may be mentioned the University,
founded in 1474, now attended by about 1,500 studente. Saragossa
will be ever memorable for the heroic and almost unparaUeled bravery
with which its citizens, under Palafox, resisted the French forces dur
ing the peninsular war, in 1808-9. Having been once compelled to
raise the siege, the enemy returned the ensuing year, with reinforce
ments, and, aided by an epidemic wilhin the city, they at length in
duced the inhabitants to surrender, by granting them honourable terms.
Pop. 43,000. (B.)
S.AR-A-Top' (Saralow), a t of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the
same name, on the right bank ofthe Volga. It is irregularly built and
the houses are mostly of wood. Lat. 51° 81' N., Lon. about 46° E.
Pop. staled at above 41,000. (P. C.)
Sar^-.a-to'-g.a, a CO. in the E. part of N. Y., between and bordering
on the Hudson and Mohawk rivers. Pop. 40,553. Co. t Ballston.
The township of Saratoga, in theE. part ofthis county, on the Hud
son, at the moutb of Fish creek, is meraorable as the scene of the sur
render of Gen. Burgoyne's array to the Americans, under Gen. Gates,
on the 17lh of October, 1777.
Saratoga Springs,^ the principal watering place in the U. S., situ
ated in the above co., 28 ra., in a straight line, N. of Albany. It is an
incorporated village, consisting principally of one fine broad street
adorned with trees, wilh raany large and excellent hotels and boarding
houses. A great quantity of the mineral waters of Saratoga is bottied
and sent to diflfcrenl parts of tbe world. Pop. of the township, 3,384.
Sar-din'-i-a (It Sardegna, saR-dane'-yi ; Fr. Sardaigne, saR'-daSe'),
an important i. in the Mediterranean, forming a part of the Sardinian
slates, between 38° 51' and 41° 17' N. Lat, and 8° 4' and 9° 50' E-
Lon. Its form resembles a parallelogram, the longer sides running
nearly N. and S. Extreme length, about 168 m. ; greatest breadth,
near 90 m. Area estimated at 10,000 sq. m., being a trifle larger than
Sicily, according to the estimate of sorae geographers. Pop. 524,633.
(M.) The island is generaUy fertile, hut exhibite a considerable va
riety of soil : it produces almost all the fruite and vegetables of South
ern Europe. A large portion of the surfiice is hilly and mountainous.
The cliraate varies according to the locality : near the coast the tem
perature seldom, if ever, falls below the freezing point while the sum
mits of the mountains in the interior are often capped with snow in

SARr-SAU 465
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
winter. Sardinia is governed by a viceroy appointed hy the king.
Cagliari is the capital. — Adj. Sar-din'-j-an ; inhab. Sard or Sardi
nian. Sardinian States (It Stall Sardi, sti'-to saR'-de), the name given to
the dominions of the house of Savoy. This kingdom comprehends,
besides the Island of Sardinia, an extensive territory occupying the
N. W. portion of Italy, between 43° 40' and 46° 27' N. Lat, and 5° 38'
and 10° 6' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Switzerland, E. by Austrian
Italy, and the territories of Parma, Tuscany, and Modena, S. by the
Mediterranean, and W. by France. Length, from S. E. to N. W., near
250 m. ; greatest breadth, above 200 m. Il includes the duchy of
Savoy, Piedraont in its more extensive sense, the duchy of Genoa, and
tbe county or province of Nice. Total area of the kingdom, about
29,000 sq.m. Pop. 4,650,368. (M.) Area of the continental portion,
about 19,000 sq. ra. Pop. about 4,100,000. The prevaUing reHgion of
the Sardinian states is Roraan Catholicisra. The governraent is a rao
narcby, hereditary in the raale line ; and though the regal authority is
soraewhat circurascribed by a suprerae council in the Island of Sardi
nia, it is absolute in the continental portion of the kingdom. Turin is
the capital.
Saree, si' -ree' (Sari), an ancient city of Persia, in the prov. of Maz
anderan, a few miles frora the S. shore ofthe Caspian Sea. Lat near
36° 30' N., Lon. 53° 10' E. Pop, estiraated at 30,000. (B.) It is said,
however, to have been recently alraost depopulated by the plague,
Sar'-no, a t of Naples, at the head of a river of the sarae name, 13
m. N. W. of Salerno. Pop, about 10,000. (P. C.)
Sarthe, saBt, a dep. in the N. W. central part of France, intersected
by a r. of the sarae narae, which falls into the Mayenne. Pop. 466,888.
(B.) Capital, Le Mans.
S-a'-ru.m, Old, an ancient and now totally ruined city of England, in
Wiltshire, 2ra. N. of Salisbury or New Sarum. It is interesting, as
aflbrding a striking example ofthe rotten borough system. It sent two
raerabers to the houseof coramons in the tirae of Edward III., and after
its total decay, without having a single house or inhabitant, the pro
prietor of the land, on which it once stood, was stUl perraitted lo exer
cise this important privilege, until the passing of the reform act.
SAS-KATCH'-A-wiN'.alarge r. of British America, rising in the Rocky
Mountains, and flowing inlo L. Winnipeg. The whole length, includ
ing Nelson r. (the outlet of L. Winnipeg),- which raay be regarded as
its lower portion, is estiraated at above 1,500 ra.
Sassari, sis'-si-re, an archiepiscopal t, cap. ofthe N. division ofthe
I. of Sardinia, on a small r. about 8 ra. from the N. W. coast It has
a university, besides-other literary instilutions, and about 20,000 in
habitante. (P. C). Lat 40° 43' N., Lon. 8° 26' E.
Satalieh. See Adalia.
Sauk, a co in the S. W. central part of Wisconsin, on the N. W.
Bide of the Wisconsin river. Pop. 102.
Saumur, so^-miiR', an ancient t. of France, in the dep. of Maine and

466 SAV— SAV
Pile, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nfit ; 66, as in good ;
Loire, on the Loire (which is here crossed by a stone bridge, nearly
900 ft, in length), 28 ra. S. E. of Angers. In the tirae of the Hugue
nots, this town was one of the principal centres of Protestantism in
France; and for a time, commerce, learning, and the arte, flourished
here. But its prosperity fell with the fall of the Huguenot party,
which followed the revocation of the edict of Nantes by Louis XIV.
Saumur was the birth-place of Madame Dacier. Pop. 11,576. (M.)
S.a-van'-n.ab, a r. ofthe U. S., which rises, by several branches, on the
S. frontier of N. Carolina, where this state borders on S. Carolina and
Georgia ; flowing south-easterly, it forms the greater part of the boun
dary between S. C. and Ga., and falls into tbe Atlantic near 32° N.
Lat, and 81° W. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at 600 m. It is
navigable for large vessels to Savannah, for stearaboate of 1.50 tons lo
Augusta (about 250 m. frora tbe sea), and for smaller vessels, 150 m.
further. Savannah, a city and port of entry of Ga., cap. of Chatham co., and
the largest and most commercial town in the state, is situated on the
right bank of the river of the same name, about 15 ra. from its mouth.
The streets are wide and regular, with spacious squares, and many
handsorae buUdings. Lat. 3-2° 5' N., Lon. 81° 8' W. Pop. 11,214.
Save, (Ger. Sau, sou; Anc. Sa'vus,) a r. of the Austrian erapire,
which rises in Illyria, near 46° 80' N. Lat, and 13° 40' E. Lon. Ite
general direction is nearly E. S. E. ; after a course of about 590 m. it
joins the Danl^he, at Belgrade. It is navigable for vessels of from 150
to 200 tons, to the mouth of the Kulha (kool'hi), near 45° 80' N. Lat,
and 16° 20' B. Lon.
Savona, si-vo'-ni, a seaport t of N. Italy, in the Sardinian States!,
on the Mediterranean, '25 ra. S. W. of Genoa. Pop. 15,500. (P. C.)
Sav'-oy* or sav-oi', (It Savoia, si-voi'-i,) a country of N. Italy, with
the title of duchy, between 45° 4' and 46° 25' N. Lat, and 5° 37' and
7° 8' E. Lon. On the N. it borders on L. Leraan, and on the W. it is
partly bounded by the Rhone, which separates it frora France. Area,
4.270 sq. m. Pop. 564,137. (M.) Savoy forms the nucleus of the
Sardinian monarchy. It was governed as early as the 10th century
by its own counts, whose descendants acquired Nice, in 1388, and
Piedmont in 1418. In 1713, Sicily was added lo tbe dominions of the
houseof Savoy, then first recognized as one of the royal houses of
Europe. That island was soon after exchanged for Sardinia, which, al
that time, belonged to Austria. — Inhab. Sav'-oy-ard'.-|-

'* " When the blithe son of Savoy journeying round,
With humble wares and pipe oi' merry sound.
From his green vale and shelter'd cabin hies,
And scales the Alps to visit foreign skies."
Rogers's Pleasures of Memory.
+ We very frequently hear this word pronounced Savoy'ard, but we believe that
the accentuation given above, is generally adopted by the best speakers.
" That stern yet kindly spirit who constrains
The Savoyard to quit his naked rocks."
Wordsworth's Exeurtion, Book I.

SAX— SCA 467
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng.
Saxe-Altenburg — il'-ten-burg', (Ger, Sachsen-Allenburg, sak'-son-
il'-ten-boORG',) a sraall duchy of Gerraany, between 50° 44' and 51° 6
N. Lat, and 11° 20' and 12° 40' E, Lon, It consists of two nearly equal
portions, separated frora each other by the territory of Reuss. Area,
483 sq. ra. Pop. 1-21,590. (P. C.) Altenburg is the capital.
Saxe-Co'-burg-Gotha, (Ger. SachseurCoburg-Gotha, sik'-scn ko'-
booRG go'-ti,) a duChy of Gerraany, consisting chiefiy of two large por
tions, viz. the principalities of Coburg (see Coburg), and Gotha. The
latter is principally between 50° 35' and 51° 6' N. Lat, and 10° 20'
and 11° E. Lon. Area about 590 sq. m. Pop. 96,658. "Total area of
the duchy, about 790 sq. ra. Total pop. near 138,000. (P. C.) Gotha
is the capital.
Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, sax-mi'-ning-en hilt-booRG-hou'-
zen, a duchy of Gerraany, composed of the ancient duchy Meiningen,
the principalities of Hildburghausen and Saalfeld, and some other dis
tricte. Il lies chiefly between 50° 12' and 50° 53' N. Lat, and 10° 7'
and 11° 40' E. Lon. Area about 882 sq. m. Pop. 144,294. (P. C.)
Saxe-Weimar or Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, sax-wi'^raar-i'-zen-iK,
(Ger. Sachsen-Weiraar, sak-sen-wi'-raar,) a grand-ducby of Gerraany,
consisting ofthe two principalities of Weimar and Eisenach, coraposed
of several detached portions, between 50° 25' and 51° 30' N. Lat, and
9° 50' and 1*2° 15' E. Lon. Area about 1,400 sq. ra., of which Eisenach
occupies about 445. Total pop. 245,813. (P. C.) Weimar is the cap
ital. Sax'-o-ny (Ger. Sachsen, sik'-sen), in its largest sense, is used to
designate an extensive country in the N. of Gerraany, stretching frora
tbe XVeser, on the W., lo the frontiers of Poland, on the E. Ite liraits
appear never to have been definitely and permanently settled. It was
formerly considered to include Westphalia. The narae properly de
notes the country of the Saxons ; and as the boundaries of their dorai-
nion often changed wilh the changing tide of conquest, we may readily
understand why the appellation of Saxony has heen so variously and
vaguely applied.
Saxony, Kingdom of, a state in the central part of Germany, be
tween 50° 10' and 51° 28' N. Lat, and 11° 55' and 15° 3' E.Lon. Length
above 140 m. ; greatest breadtii about 75 m. Area 5,788 sq. ra. Pop.
1,652,114. (P. C.) The governraent is an hereditary limited monarchy.
Dresden is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Sax'-on.
Saxony, Prussian, a prov. of the Prussian dominions, consisting of
the Saxon territories forraerly belonging to Prussia,, together with
those which were dismembered from the kingdom of Saxony in 1815.
It is bounded on the N. and N. E. by Brandenburg, E. by Silesia, S. by
the kingdom, of Saxony, and W. by Hesse, Brunswick, and Hanover.
Its form is very irregular : the area falls bul littie short of 10,000
sq. m.
Scan-der-oon', Gulf of, forms the N. E. extremity of the Mediter
ranean. It is near 40 m. long and 30 m. broad.
Scanderoon or Iskenderoom. See Alexandretta.

408 SCA— SCH
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
Scan-di-na'-vi-an Peninsula comprehends the N. W. portion of Eu
rope, between 55° 20' and 71° 6' N. Lat, and 5° and 31° E. Lon. It
is chiefly included between the Baltic, on the E., and the Atlantic, on
the W. and N. W. Length near 1,200 ra. ; breadth about 470 m.
The greater portion of it is covered wilh sterile mountains, and it is in
general thinly inhabited. The appellation is derived from Scandina
via, the ancient name of this country, or at least of tbat portion of it
which was known to the Roraans.
Scania. See SkXnb.
Scar'-bo-roueb, a seaport t of England, in the N. Riding of York
shire, on the N. Sea, 36 m. N. E. of York. Pop. of the borough, with
an area of above 3 sq. m., 10,060.
ScH.AFFHAUSEN, shif-hou'-zeu, (Fr. Schafi"house, shiP-ooz',) the most
northern of the Swiss cantons, situated on tbe N. side of the Rhine.
Area 116 sq, ra. Pop, 31,125. (M.)
Schaffhausen, a walled I, of Switzerland, cap. of the above canton,
on the Rhine, about 50 m. E. by N. of Basle. It posse^es a college,
witb ten professors ; a gyranasiura ; a town library, containing the books
belonging to the celebrated Miiller, a native of this place ; and other
institutions. For the Falls of Schaffhausen, see Rhine.
Schaumburg-Lippe, See Lippe-Schauenbubg,
Scheldt, skelt, (Dutch, Schelde, SKel'-dcA ; Fr. Escaut es'-ko';
Anc, Scal'dis;) a r, that rises in France, in the dep. of Aisne, and,
flowing into Belgiura, with a general N. N. B. course, passes Antwerp,
a few railes below which town it divides into two arms, called the East
and the West Scheldt, Ils length is estiraated at 210 m. Ships of
war can ascend to Antwerp (where the tide rises 12 feet), and small
boate to Carabray, which is only about 20 m. from the source of the
river, Schelestadt, shell-es-tid', (Anc. Elce'bus or Elce'bum.) a raanufac
turing I, of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, on the 111, an affluent
of the Rhine, 26 ra, S. S, W. of Strasburg. The invention of glazing
earthenware is ascribed lo this town. Pop. in 1831, 9,384. (P. C.)
Schemnitz, shera'-nits, (Hung. Selraecz Banya, sWl-mete hiin-yoA,)
an iraportant raining town of Hungary, on a river of the same name,
46 ra. N. by E. of Gran, lis gold and silver mines are considered as
the richest in Hungary. Lat. 48° 27' N., Lon. 18° 50' E. Pop. above
22,000. (B.)
Schenectady, sken-ek'-ta-de, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., inter
sected by the Mohawk r. Pop. 17,387.
Schenectady, a city of N. Y., cap. ofthe above co., 16 m. N. W. of
Albany. Lat 42° 48' N., Lon. 73° 55' W. Pop. 6,784. Schenectady
is the seat of Union College, a flourishing institution, founded in
1795. Schiedam, SKee-dim', a t of S. Holland, on the Schie (sKoe), an
affluent ofthe Meuse or Maas, 3 ra. W. of Rotterdam. Ilhas acquired
a celebrity not very creditable, frora its being the great centre of the

SCH— SCH 469
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
gin manufacture in the kingdom of Holland. Lat. 51* 55' N., Lon. 4°
24' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
ScHiavAN. See Shirvan.
Schleswig. See Sleswick.
Schoa. See Shoa.
Schoharie, sko-har'-re, a co. in the E. S. E. or S. E. central part of
N. Y., W. of Albany. Pop. 32,358. Co. t Schoharie.
Schouwen, sKou'-wen, an i. of Holland, on the right side of the E.
Scheldt at ita mouth, forming a part of the prov. of Zealand.
Schuyler, ski'ler, a co. in the W. part of 111., bordering on the
Illinois r. Pop. 6,972. Co. t. Rushville.
Schuylkill, skool'-kill, a r. which rises in the E. part of Pa., and
flowing south-easterly, falls into the Delaware about 6 m. S. of Phila
delphia. Its whole length is estimaled at 120 ra. It is navigable for
sloops to Philadelphia, but a little above that city there are falls ; yet by
means of lockage, dams, and side-canals, boats may ascend to Port Car
bon, above Pottsville.
Schuylkill, a co. in the E. part of Pa., on the sources of the above
river. Pop. 29,053. Co. t. Orwigsburg.
Schwabach, sbwi'-haK, a thriving manufacturing t of Bavaria, on a
r, of the same narae, an affluent of the Regnitz, 9 m. S. S, W. of Nu
remberg. Pop. ahout 8,000. (B.)
ScHWARZBURG, shwarls'-burg or shwiRts'-booRO, a principality in
the central part of Gerraany, consisting of , two principal portions, the
more southern of which is called the Uppei: County, the more north
ern, the Lower County. The former lies between 50° 34' and 50° 55'
N. Lat, and 10° 50' and 11° 23' E, Lon. The Lower County is situ
ated between 51° 13' and 51° 27' N. Lat, and 10° 32' and 11° 16' E.
Lon, The house of Schwarzburg is now divided into two branches,
Rudolstadt (roo'-dol-stilt), and Sondershausen (son'-ders-hou'-zen),
each of which has a part both of the Upper and the Lower County.
Schwarzburg-Rudolsladt contains an area of 408 sq. ra. Pop, 65,600.
(M.) Rudolstadt, the capital, on the Saale, has a pop, of 4,000. (B.)
Schwarzhurg-Sondershausen, possesses a territory of 360 sq. ra. in ex
tent and about .54,000 inhabitants. (M.) Sondershausen, wilh a pop.
of 3,600 (B.), is the capital.
ScHWEiDNiTZ, shwite'-nits, a fortified t of Prussian SUesia, on the
Weislritz (wice'-trits), an affluent ofthe Oder. Lat. 50° 51' N,, Lon.
16°27'E. Pop, above 9,000. (B.)
Schwerin, shwi-reen', a t, of N. Gerraany, cap.^ of the grand-ducby
of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the W. side of a lake of its own name.
Among the remarkable buildings, we may mention the ducal palace,
containing a fine picture-gaUery and rauseum. Lat. 53° 36' N., Lon.
11° 30' B. Pop. above 13,000, (P. C.)
ScHwiTZ or Schwyz, shwits, a canton in the N. E. central part of
Switzerland, which has given its name to the whole confederation. It
is intersected by the 47th parallel of N. Lat, and the meridian of 8° 50'
E, Lon., and borders on the L. of Lucerne. Area, 341 sq. m. Pop.
40

470 SCI— SCO
Fite. fir, fiU, fit ; mi, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
40,650. (P. C.) Schwitz, the capital, stands about 3 m. N. E. of the
L. of Lucerne, and has a pop. of about 4,000,
Scil'-ly Islands, a group belonging to England, lying about 30 m.
W, by S. from Land's End. There are a great number of islete and
rocks, but only a few islands of any importance ; St Mary's, the largest
contains between 2 and 3 sq, m. The pop. ofthe entire group in 1831
was only 2,465. (M.)
Sci'-o, or shee'-o, (Mod. Gr. Chio (Xto),Hee'-o ; Anc. Chi'os ;)
a fertile and beautiful i. belonging to Turkey, in the JEgean Sea, inter
sected by the parallel of 38° 80' N. Lat, and the 26th meridian of E.
Lon., and separated from Asia Minor by the Strait of Scio, which is
about 5 m. wide. Length about 35 m,; greatest breadth 13 m. In
1820 tbe pop. was estiraated at 100,000, but, in consequence of so many
of the inhabitants having been massacred or carried into slavery, in
the late Greek war, it has been reduced, it is said, to less than 20,000.
(P. C.) The wine of Chios is celebrated as among the best in the Le-
v?ant, and it had the sarae reputation in ancient times. Chios claims
the honour of having given birth to Horaer. — Adj. and inhab. Chiot,
kee'-'ot ; or Chi'-an. when the ancient island is referred to.
Sci-o'-TO, a r. of Ohio, which rises in the S. W. central part of the
stale, and, fiowing at first south-easterly, and afterwards nearly S.,
falls into the Ohio r. at Porteraoulh. It is about 200 ra. long, and is
navigable for boats 180 m.
Scioto, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, at the raouth of the above r.
Pop. 11,192. Co. t Porteraoulh.
Scot'-land, a country occupying the northern portion of the island
of Great Britain, between 54° 38' and 58° 41' N. Lat, and 1° 46' and
6° 13' W. Lon. It is bounded on all sides by the sea, except on the S.,
where it is separated frora England by Solway Frith, the Cheviot hills
and the Tweed. Length, from N. to S., about 280 ra. ; greatest breadth
above 170 m. Area 26,014 sq. ra. Pop. 2,450,764; ofthe islands be
longing to Scotiand, 169,420 ; total, 2,620,184. The kingdom, with
its dependencies, is divided into 32 counties. Before the accession of
James VI. (afterwards Jaraes I. of England), to the English throne, in
1603, Scotland constituted an independent kingdom. Till the Union,
which was consummated in the reign of queen Anne, though under the
same sovereign with England, it still had its own parliament Ac
cording to the Articles of Union, ratified Jan. 16, 1707, the peerage of
Scotland is represented in the house of lords of the United Kingdom by
16 peers, chosen by the whole body of Scotch peers at the commence
ment of each parliament The counties were to be represented by 30
members in the house of commons, and the boroughs by 15 members.
This arrangement continued till 183"2, when the borough representation
received an addition of 8 members, raaking in all 53. "Edinburgh is tiie
capital of Scotland, and was formerly the residence of the "Scottish
kings. — Adj. Scotch or Scot'-tish ; inhab. Scot or Scotch'-man.
Scotland, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., bordering on Iowa.

SCO— SEG 471
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Scott, a co. near the S, W. extremity of Va., bordering on Tenn.
Pop, 7,303, Co. t Estillville.
ScojT, a CO. in the S. central part of Miss., a little E. of Pearl r.
Pop. 1,653. Co. seat, Hillsborough.
Scott, a co. in the W. part of Ark., bordering on the Indian terri
tory. Pop. 1,694. Co. t. Booneville.
Scott, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Ky., E. of Frankfort Pop.
13,668, Co. t Gieorgetown.
ScoTT, a CO. in the S. part of Ind., near the Ohio r. Pop. 4,242. Co.
t Lexington. Scott, a co, in the W. part of 111., E. of, and bordering on the Illi
nois r. Pop. 6,215, Co. t Winchester.
Scott, a co. near the S, E. extremity of Mo., bordering on the Mis
sissippi r. Pop. 5,974. Co. t Benton,
Scott, a co. in the S. E, part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 2,140,
Scriv'-en, a CO, in the E, part of Ga., boi-dering on the Savannah r.
Pop. 4,794. Co. t Jacksonborough.
Scutari, scoo'-la-re, (called by the Turks Is'-koo-daa' ; Anc. Chry-
sop'olis,) a coraraercial t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the Bosporus, opposite
Constantinople, of which il is regarded as a suburb. Pop, estimated at
35,000. (B.)
Scutari CTurk. Is-kan-der-ee'yeh ; Illyrian, Sco'-dra), a town and for
merly an imporiant fortress of European Turkey, in Albania, on a lake
of its own narae. Lat about 42° N., Lon. 19° 30' E. The pop.
which perhaps forraerly amounted to 85,000 or 40,000, cannot at pre
sent, exceed 20,000. (B.)
Sear'-cy, a CO. in the N. part of Ark., a little S. W. of White r.
Pop. 936.
Sebastian, St., sent se-bast'-yun, (Sp. pron, San Sebastian, sin si-
bis-te-in'), a seaport t and fortress. of Spain, cap. of Guipuzcoa, on
a tongue of land which projects inlo the Bay of Biscay. It was burnt
by the BngUsh and Portuguese, in 1813, and has since been rebuUt
on a regular plan, and is now one of the handsomest towns in Spain.
Lat. 43° 19' 30" N. Lon. 1° 58' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Sedan, sed-iN', a fortified t of France, the largest in the dep. of Ar
dennes, on the Meuse, 13 ra. B. S. E. of Mezieres. It baa been noted
for its wooUen raanufactures since the tirae of Louis XIV. Lat. 49°
42' N., Lon. 4° .58' E. Pop. 14.000. (B.)
Seevas, coramonly written Sivas, see' -vis', (Anci Cabi'ra; after
wards Sebas'le,) a t of Asiatic Turkey, cap. of an eyalet of ite own
name. Lat 39° 20' N., Lon. about 37° E. Pop. uncertain: it is said
to contain ahout 6,000 families. (P. C.)
See'-wah (Siwah), the modern name of the oasis of Ammon, once
BO celebrated for its temple and oracle of Jupiter. The town of See
wah is in 29° 12' N. Lat, and 26° 17' E. Lon. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.)
Sego, a city of Africa, cap. of the kingdom of Bambarra, on both

472 SEG— SEN
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; .mi, mlt ; pine, or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good ;
sides of the Joliba, near 13° N. Lat and 5° W. Lon. Pop. estimated
by Park at about 30,000. (P. C.)
Segorbb, si-goR'-bi, (Anc. Segob'riga), a t of Spain, in Valencia, re
markable for its Roraan antiquities. Lat. 39° 54' N., Lon. 0° 30' W.
Pop. about 6,000. (B.)
Se-go'-vi-a (Sp. pron. si-go'-ve-i), an ancient city of Spain, cap. of
a prov. of the same name, situated 48 in. N. N. W. of Madrid. It is
surrounded by thick walls, built by the Moors, and strengthened at in
tervals with turrets. Among ite public buildings may be mentioned
the vast and handsome Cathedral, and the Mint said to be the oldest
place of coinage in the kingdora. Araong other antiquities, there is
an aqueduct, above -2,100 ft. in length, supposed lo have been built by
Trajan. Lat 41° N., Lon. 4° 7' W. Pop. 13,000. (B.)
Seine, sane, (Anc. Seq'uana,) an iraportant r. of France, which rises
in the dep. of Cote d'Or, and, flowing in a general north-westerly
course, falls inlo the English Channel (La Manche), in about 49° 27' N.
Lat, and 0° 4' E. Lon. The whole length is estiraated by Malte Brun
at 470 ra. Vessels of 250 and 300 tons can ascend to Rouen ; the
shifting sands at the mouth of the river impede tbe ascent of larger
vessels. The Seine is navigable for boate drawing 6 ft. water, to Paris,
and for smaller ones as far as Mery (m6r'-re'), in the dep. of Aube.
The course of the river below Paris is extreraely tortuous, so that the
distance to Rouen by water is probably 3 or 4 tiraes as great as it is
in a direct line. Steamboate take two days for the descent and four
for the ascent : those passing between Paris and Havre require nearly
double the time. (P. C.) '^
Seine, a dep. in the N. or N. central part of France, intersected by
the above river. Though the smallest it is tbe most populous depart
ment in the kingdom. Pop. 1,106,891. (B.) Capital, Paris.
Seine, Lower (Fr. Seine Inferieure, sane aN'-fi'-re-ua'), a dep. in
the N. W. part of France, bordering on the Seine and the EngUsh
Channel. Pop. 720,525. (B.) Capital, Rouen.
Seine and Marne (Fr. Seine-et-Mame, sane i maRn), a dep. in tbe
N. central part of France, intersected by the rivers Seine and Marne.
Pop. 325,881. (B.) Capital, Melun.
Seine and Oise (Fr. Seine-et-Oise, sane i wiz-^almost wize), a dep.
in the N. or N. central part of France, on the rivers Seine and Oise.
Pop. 449,582. Capital, Versailles.
Sel'-kirk, an inland co. in the S. E. part of Scotiand, about 80 m.
S. of Edinburgh. Pop. 7,990. Also, a sraall t, cap. of the above, on
the Ettrick, an affluent of the Tweed, 31 m. S. S. E. of Edinburgh.
Sem'-lin, a commercial t ofthe Austrian empire, in Slavonia, on the
Danube, 3 m. N. W. of Belgrade. Pop. above 9,000. (B.)
Sempach, sem'-piK, a little t of Switzerland, in the canton of Lu
cerne, on the E. side of a lake to which it gives ite name, meraorable
for a victory gained in its vicinity in 1386, by a Swiss band of about
1,400 raen, over an Austrian force of nearly three times that number.
Sen'-e-oa, a CO. in the W. central part of N. Y., lying chiefly be-

SEN— SER 473
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
vween the Seneca and Cayuga lakes. Pop. 24,874. Co. towns, Ovid
and Waterloo.
Seneca Lake, a lake in the W. central part of N. Y,, 6 or 7 m. W.
of the Cayuga Lake, about 35 m. long, and from 2 to 4 m. wide.
Steamboats pass up and down it daily in the sumraer season.
Seneca, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, intersected by the Sandusky r.
Pop. 18,128. Co. t Tiffin.
Sen'-e-oAl', a large r. of W. Africa, the sources of which have not
been explored. It is formed by the union ofthe Ba (hi)* Ping and the
Ba Woolima (or Oolema), which takes place near 14° 10' N, Lat, and
10° 30' W. Lon. About 15 ra. below, there is a cataract called the
Feeloo FaUs, said to be 80 ft in height. The general course of the
river is at first N. W., and afterwards W. ; it enters the Atlantic by
two channels, between 16° and 16° 40' N. Lat, and near 16° 30' W. Lon.
It is navigable for vessels drawing 10 or 12 ft water, as far as Podor,
near 15° W. Lon., and for boats several hundred miles further. The
tide is perceptible in the Senegal, for upwards of 60 leagues inland.
(M.) Sen-e-gam'-bi-a, a name given by geographers to a region on the W.
coast of Africa. Originally, it was applied to the countries settled by
Europeans, between the Senegal and Garabia ; hut it is now used to
designate the whole of that part of Africa which is W. of Soodan, and
between the Great Desert and Guinea, lying between the lOlh and 17th
paraUels of N. Lat, and the 6lb and 18lh meridians of W. Lon. — Adj.
Sen-e-gam'-bi-an. Senlis, siN' -lees', (Anc. Augustom'agus, afterwards SUvanec'tes,) a
t of Prance, in the dep. of Oise, on the Nonette, an affluent of the
Marne, 27 m. N.N. E. of Paris. Lat 49° 12' N., Lon. 2° 35' E. Pop.
5,016. (P.C.)
Sennaar, sen-niir', a country in the N. E. part of Africa, belonging
to Egypt, situated at the junction of the two great branches of the Nile,
S. of 16° N. Lat. Ils boundaries are imperfectly known. It was
formerly an independent state, and one of the most powerful in that
part of Africa.
Sens, siN, (Anc. Agen'dicum or Agedin'cum, afterwards Sen'ones,)
a commercial and manufacturing t of France, and the seat of an arch
bishopric, situated in the dep. of Yonne, on the river Yonne. Lat. 48°
12' N., Lon. 3° 17' E. Pop. 9,029. (M.)
Ser'-am-pore' or Serampoor, a t of Hindostan, belonging to the
English, on the river Hoogly, about 12 m. above Calci^ta. Here is a
Protestant missionary station, with a press, in which numerous transla
tions of the Bihle have been printed ; and a college for instructing the
natives in the European and Asiatic languages. Lat. 22° 45' N., Lon.
88° 26' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Till lately, this t belonged to the Danes.
Seres, s§r'-es, an archiepiscopal t of European Turkey, 47 ra. N. E.
• Ba, signifies " water" or " river :" it is probably from the same root as bahr in
/Vrabic, and ab or aub in Persian,
40*

474 SER-SEV
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mtt ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nSt ; 66, as in good;
of Salonica, reraarkable as the centre of the cotton culture in this part
of the Ottoman empire. It has manufactures in cotton and linen, and
carries on an active trade. Lat. 41° 4' N., Lon. 23° 36' E. Pop. esti
mated at 30,000 (B.), which number, however, is reduced to 15,000 in
suraraer, on account of the insalubrity of the situation,
Seringapatam, ser-ing'-ga-pa-tam', a decayed I. and fortress of
Hindostan, formerly the cap. of Mysore, on a sraall i. in the Cauvery.
Lat. 12° 25' N., Lon. 76° 42' B. In ite iraraediate vicinity is a mag
nificent mausoleum, built by Hyder Aii, under which are interred his
remains and those of his son 'rippoo Saib. The pop., which, under
Hyder Aii and Tippoo, was estimated at 1.50,000, was reduced, in 1820,
to less than 10,000. (B.)
Seringham. See 'Trichonopoly".
Servan, Saint, s3n stR'-vaN', a well-built seaport t of France, in
the dep. of Ille and Vilaine, on the Ranee, at its mouth, in the Eno-lish
Channel, a little S, of St. Malo. Lat. 48° 38' N., Lon. 2° VV. Pop.,
including the comraune, 9,948. (M.)
Ser'-vi-.a (Turk. Seerb Vil-i-yel'-ee), a principality in the central
part of Turkey in Europe; bounded on the N. and N. E. by the Aus
trian dorainions and WaUachia, from which it is divided by the Save
.and the Danube, E. hy Bulgaria, S. by Rooraelia, and W. by Bosnia.
Length, frora E. lo W., about 170 ra. ; greatest breadth, frora N. to S.,
near 160 ra. The pop. is vaguely estiraated at between half a million
and a mUlion of inhabitants, who are raostiy of the Greek church. The
Servians enjoy at present a considerable degree of liberty, and possess
the exclusive right of taxing themselves. In return they pay a fixed
araount of tribute yearly to the Ottoman emperor. Belgrade is the
capital. — Adj. and inhab. Ser'-vi-.an.
Setubal, si-loo'-bal, or St. Ubes, ubz, a seaport and commercial t of
Portugal, in the prov. of Estremadura, on a bav of ite own name. Lat
38° 29' N., Lon. 8° 53' VV. Pop. about 15,000. (B.)
Sbv'-as-to'-pol, a fortified seaport t of European Russia, and the
principal station ofthe Russian fleet in the Black Sea, situated on the
W. coast ofthe Crimea. Lat. 44° 36' N., Lon. 83° 30' E. Pop. 10,000,
exclusive of about 30,000 troops, who are eraployed on the fortifications,
or encamped about the town. (P. C.)
Sev'-ern, originally called Hafren, the second r. of England in
magnitude and importance. It rises on the E. side of Mount jPlinlim'-
mon, in Montgomeryshire, Wales, and, flowing at first north-easteriy,
then E., afterwards south-easterly, and al last south-westerly, term-
nates in a wide estuary or bay called the Bristol Channel, after a course
of about 200 m. It is navigable to Welshpool, in the E. part of Mont
gomeryshire, a distance of above 170 m. The Bristol Channel is near
80 ra. in length, and 50 m. in its greatest breadth.
SEviEft, sev-eer', a co. in the VV. part of Ark., bordering on Red r.
and the Indian Territory. Pop. 2,810. Co. t Paraclifta.
Sevier, a co. in the B. part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 6,442.
Co, t. Sevierville,

¦ SEV— SHA 475
ou, as in ow ; th, as in thi7i ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. .
Sev'-ille* or Se-ville' (Sp. Sevilla, si-veel'-yi ; Anc. Ispalis or
Hispalis ; Arab. Ishbeelia) ; an archiepiscopal city of Spain, cap. of a
prov. ofthe same name, on the Guadalquivir, 66 m. N. N. E. of Cadiz,
and about -230 ra. S, S. VV. of Madrid. Araong many remarkable edi
fices which adorn this city, may be mentioned the, Cathedral, a magni
ficent and irilposing structure, said to be the largest church in Spain ;
the belfry of the cathedral is a lofty square tower, having on ils top a
colossal bronze statue of Faith, 14 ft. high, and bearing a flag and palm
branch, which, though of the enormous weight of 3,600 pounds, turns
on a pivot and is so delicately poised as to indicate the slightest varia
tion of the wind, whence the tower has received the narae of Giralda
(ne-ril'-di) or " Weathercock ;" the height of the top of the statue from
the ground is about 330 English feet : and the Alcazar (il-ki'-thar — in
Arabic Al Kisr), the ancient palace of the Moorish kings. The raost
reraarkable of the monuments of antiquity is the Canos de Carmona
(kin'-yoce di kaR-raoZ-ni), a superb aqueduct with 410 arches, built hy
the Romans, and restored by the Moors; it still supplies the city with
water. Seville possesses a university, founded in 1502; a celebrated
school of navigation, called San-Telrao; and raany other establish
ments for education. Lat. 37° 24' N., Lon, 5° 48' W. Pop. about
91,000, (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Sevihan, se-vil'-yun; (Sp. Sevillano,
si-veel-yi'-no.>) Sevrb, saivr, the narae of two sraall rivers in the W. of France, one
of which, the Sevre Nanlaise (naN'-laze'), flows into the Loire, near
Nantes ; the otber, called the Sevre Niorlaise (ne-OR'-taze') passes by
Niort, and falls into the ^ea, 33 m. W. of that town.
Sevres, The Two (Fr, Deux-Sevres, duA saivr), a dep, in the W.
of Prance, which derives its name from the above rivers. Pop. 304,105.
(B.) Capital, Niort
Shan'-non, the largest and most important r. in Ireland ; it rises in
tbe N. W. part ofthe co. of Cavan, and, flowing at first southerly, and
afterwards south-westerly, falls inlo the Atiantic, near 52° 30' N. Lat,
and 10° W, Lon. In its course it traverses several lakes, the principal
of which are Lough AUen, Lough Ree, and Lough Derg. Towards
ils termination, the river widens into an estuary from 1 or 2 to 10 m.
broad. The whole length of the Shannon is about 220 m,, and it is
navigable for 214 m,, or lo within 6 or 7 ra. of ite source ! (M.)
Shannon, a large co, in the south-eastern part of Mo.
ShattI-el-Arab, shit-el-i'-rib, a r. of Persia, formed by the union of
 • 
* " Fair is proud Seville ; let her country boast
Her strength, her wealth, her site of ancient days."
Childe Harold, Canto I.
- Ey what reasoning my poor mind

Was from the old idolatry reclaimed,
None better knows than Seville's mitred chief.
Southey's Roderick, Book XX.
t Shatt or Shat signifies the bank qf a river subject to inundation.

476 SHE— SHI
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good,
the Tigris and Euphrates: it discharges itaelf into the Persian Gulf by
numerous mouths. Length about 180 m.
Shb-boy'-gan, a CO. in the E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on L. Mi
chigan. Pop. 133.
Sheer-ness', a small seaport t, fortress, and royal dockyard of Eng
land, in Kent at the confluence of the Medway and Thames, 37 m. E.
by S. of London,
Shef'-field, an important manufacturing t. of England, in the W.
Riding of Yorkshire, 29 m. S. of Leeds, and 140m. N. N. VV. of Lon
don. It has communication, by railroads and canals, witb all thc prin
cipal towns of England. The Don, which is navigable to within 3 m.
of the town, is connected with it by a side canal. Rich mines of coal
and iron exist in the vicinity, and have given direction to tbe raanufac
turing industry of the place. Cutlery forras the principal branch of
business ; and, in this manufacture, Sheffield stands before every other
town in the British empire. Pop. 68,186.
Shel'-by, a. CO. in the N. central part bf Ala., W. of, and bordering
on the Coosa r. Pop. 6,112. Co. t Columbiana.
Shelby, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 14,721.
Co. t Raleigh.
Shelby, a co, in the N. part of Ky., E. of LouisvUle. Pop. 17,768.
Co. t Shelbyville.
Shelby, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, intersected by the Miami r.
Pop. 12,154. Co, t Sidney.
Shelbyj a CO. in the S. E. central part of Ind., a littie S. E. of India
napolis. Pop. 12,005. Co. t ShelbyvUle.
Shelby, a co. in the S. B. central part of 111., intersected by the
Kaskaskia r. Pop. 6,659. Co. t Shelbyville.
Shelby, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., a little W. of the Missis
sippi r. Pop. 3,056. Co. t Shelbyville.
Shen'-an-do'-ah, a r. in the N. E. part of Va., which flows into the
Potoraac, at Harper's Ferry.
Shenandoah, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., W. pf, and bordering on
the above r. Pop. 11,618. Co. t Woodstock.
Shet'-land, a group of islands, about 120 m. N. E. of the N. extre
mity of Scotland, which, excluding the two detached islands, called
Poula and Fair Isle, lie between 59° 52' and 60° 50' N. Lat, and 0°
45' and 1° 45' W. Lon. Total area estimated at 880 sq.m. Pop,
30,558. Sm-A-wAs'-sEE, a co. in the S. E. central part of Mich., on a r. of
the sarae name, which flows into the Saginaw r. Pop. 2,103. Co. t
Corunna. Shields, South, a seaport t of England, on the Tyne, near its
mouth, about 8 ra. below Newcastie. Pop., including the chapelry of
Wesloe, 28,072.
Shiraz, she'-riz' or shee'-raz, a celebrated but decayed city of Per
sia, formerly the cap. of the empire, situated in a beautiful and fertile

SHI— SIB 477
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
vaUey, a little more than 200 m. S. S. E. of Ispahan. Lat 29° 36' N.,
Lon. 52° 44' E. Pop. probably about 30,000. (B.)
Shirvan, shir'-vin', (Schirvan,) lately a prov. of Persia, now belong
ing to Russia. It borders on Georgia and the Caspian Sea.
Shoa, sho'-i, (or Shwa,) an independent kingdom in the S. part of
Abyssinia. Having suffered less from civil wars, it appears to be more
populous, and better cultivated, than the other parts of that extensive
country. Shoohla (Schurala), shoom'-li, sometimes written Shoomna, a manu
facturing and commercial t. and important fortress of European Tur
key, on the road between Roostchook and Constantinople, about 190 m.
N. N. W. of the latter town. Lat 43° 15' N., Lon. near 27"^ E. Pop.
estimated at from 20,000 to 30,000. (B. and M.)
Shoos'-ter or Shu'-ster, a decayed city of Persia, formerly the
cap. of the prov. of Khoozistan, on the Karoon. Lat. 32° N., Lon.
ahout 49° E. Pop. estiraated at 20,000. (B.)
^Shrewsbury, shroze'-ber-re, or shruze'-ber-re, a t of England, cap.
of Shropshire, on tbe Severn, 138 m. N. W. of London. Pop. of the
borough, including an area of about 23 sq. m., 18,285.
Shrop'-shibe, called otherwise the county of Sa'-lop, a co. in the
W. part of England, intersected by the Severn, and bordering on
Wales. Pop. 239,048.
Shumla. See Shoomla.
Shuster. See Shooster.
Si-.AM' or se^-anV (called, by the Birraese, Yoo'-dri), an extensive
country of ChiuTlndia, between 5° and 20° N. Lat, and about 98° and
104° E. Lon. Ite extent and boundaries, especially towards the N., are
very iraperfectly known : on the W. it borders on the r. Tenasserim
and the British provinces of this narae ; on the S. it is bounded by in
dependent Malacca and the Gulf of Siara. Population estimated at
3,(500,000. (B.) Siara is extremely rich in natural productions. Rice
is particularly abundant, and is exported in large quantities. The
fruits of this country are noted for their richness and exquisite flavour.
Boodhism is the prevailing religion of the Siamese. The govern
ment is an absolute despotisra. Capital, Bangkok. — Adj. and inhab.
Si-.AM-EgE'. Siam, Gulp op, is situ3.ted between the Malay peninsula, on the
W., and Cambodia on the E. Length, about 500 m. ; greatest breadth,
350 ra.
Si-BE'-Ei-A, a vast territory belonging to Russia, and occupying the
whole northern part of the Asiatic continent. It is situated between
47° 30' and 77° 40' N. Lat, and 59° and 190° E. Lon. ; bounded on the
N. by the Frozen Ocean, E. by the Pacific, S. by the C-mese empire
and Independent Tartary, and tV. by Europe. Length, from E. to W.,
about 4,000 ra. ; greatest breadth, frora N. to S., near 2,000 m. Area
estimated at 5,333,000 sq. ra. The pop., including the Circassian pro
vinces, was estimated by Balbi, in 182(5, at 3,600,000.-^Adj. and inhab.
Si-be/ -j-an.

478 SIC— SIL
Fite, fir, f iU, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good ;
. Sicily, sis'-sil-e, (Anc. SicU'ia; It. Sicilia, se-chee'-le-i,) the most
iraportant i. in the Mediterranean, forming a part of the Neapolitan
kingdom, situated between 36° 88' and 38° 19' N. Lat, and 12° 25' and
15° 40' E. Lon. It is separated from tbe S. extremity of Italy by the
Strait (or Faro) of Messina, which, in ita narrowest part is only about
2 ra. wide. Its forra resembles a triangle, whence it was called by the
ancients Trinacria.* Length, a little more than 180 m. ; greatest
breadth, measuring from the N. B. to the S. E. angle of the island,
117 m. Area estimated at 9,900 sq. m. Pop. in 1836,-above 2,000,000.
(P. C.) Sicily has always been noted for ite fertility, and was an
ciently regarded as the granary of Rome. Palermo ia tfae capital.—
Adj. and inhab. Sicilian, se-sil'-yun.
Sid'-mquth, a watering place and small seaport t of England, in
Devonshire, 13 m. E. S. B. of Exeter.
Sjs-en'-n.a, or, , raore properly, Siena, se-en'-i, (Anc. Se/na Ju'lia,
or, siraply Sena,) an archiepiscopal city of Central Italy, in Tus
cany, cap. of a prov. of ita own narae, 30 m. S. by W. of Florence.
Among its public edifices raay be raentioned the (jatbedral, which is
one of the oldest in Italy, and may be regarded as a gallery ofthe fine
arts, being richly adorned with the raost superb productions in sculpt
ture and painting ; the paveraent is a kind of mosaic-work : Siena has
a university, attended by ahout 300 studente, a town library of 50,000
vols., and several other institutions for the proraotion of learning. In
the raiddle ages, Siena viras the capital of a republic which acted a.
conspicuous part in the drama of those limes. In the early part ofthe
14lh century, the pop. of the town and suburbs amounted to 180,000.
(P. C.) Lat. 43° 22' N., Lon. 11° 10' B. Present pop. about 19,000.
(P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Si'-EN-EgE'.
Si-eb'-ra Le-o'-ne (properly Leona), a cape on tbe W. coast of
Africa, near 8° 30' N. Lat : also, an English colony in ite vicinity,
established in 1787. Since the abolition of the slave trade, in 1807,
the slaves captured by the British cruisers have been settled here, and
these now fbrm rauch the largest portion of the population of the
colony. The climate on this part of the African coast is singularly
unhealthy, owing to a combination of extreme humidity with a uni-
forraly high teraperalure. Pop. in 1839, about 42,000. (P. C.) Free
town, the capital, stands on the N. bank of the r. Sierra Leone, near
ils mouth. Lat 8° 30' N., Lon. 13° 15' W. Pop. above 6,000, among
whom are about 120 Europeans. (P. C.)
Sigmaringen. See Hohenzollern.
Silesia, si-lee'-she-a, (Ger. Schlesien, shli'-se-cn ; Polish, Szljsk,
shlftNsk,) a country in the N. E. part of Germany, lying around the
upper portion of the Oder ; hounded on the N. by Posen, E. by Poland,
S. E. by Austrian Galicia, S. by Moravia, and S. W. by Boheraia; now
divided between Austria and Prussia. — Adj. and inhab. Silesian, si-lee'-
she-ij.n. * From rpcii (treis) "three," and axpov (akron), a "point or promontory.'

SIL— SKY 479
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng.
Silesia, Austrian, a territory now forraing a part of the prov, of
Moravia. Area, 1,750 sq. ra. Pop, 430,000, (P.C.)
Silesia, Prussian, an important prov, forming the S. E. portion of
the Prussian monarchy. Area, 15,600 sq. ra. Pop. 2,868,820. (P. C.)
SiL-is'-TRi-A (called Dris'-tri by the Turks), a fortified city of Eu
ropean Turkey, in Bulgaria, cap. of an eyalet of the same name, on
the Danube, 63 m. B. N. B. of Roostchook. Lat. about 44° 10' N., Lon.
27° 10' E. Pop. estiraated at 20,000. (B.)
Simbirsk or Sim-beersk', a t of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of
the sarae name, on the Volga. Lat. 54° 15' N., Lon. 48° 30' E. Pop.
13,500. (P. C)
Sim-pher-o'-pol (Siraferopel) or Akmetchet, a t of European Rus
sia, in the Criraea, cap. of the gov. of Taurida. Lat about 45° N.,
Lon. 34° 4' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.)
Simp'-son, a CO. in the S. central part of Miss., E. of, and bordering
on Peari v. Pop. 3,380. Co. seat Weslville.
Simpson, a co. in the S. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 6,537.
Co, t Franklin.
Sinde, an extensive country in the N. W. part of Hindostan, cora-
prisihg the lower portion and delta of the Indus, situated between 2-3°
and 28° N. Lat, and 67° and 71° E, Lon. It now belongs to the British.
Singapore, sing'-ga-pore', or Singapoor, an iraportant and flourishing
coraraercial settlement belonging to the British, at the S. extremity of^
the Malay peninsula, including the island of Singapore (about 25 m. in
length), and a number of islets in the vicinity. Ite port has been de
clared free. Pop. in 1836, 29,984. (P. C.)
Si-oot' (Siout — Anc. Lycop'olis), also written Es-Sioot, a conside
rable t, regarded as the cap, of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the
Nile. In its vicinity are many interesting reraains of antiquity. Lat.
27° 13' N., Lon. 31° 13' E. Pop. estiraated at from 12 to 20,000. (B.)
Sioux, usually pronounced soo, (Fr. pron. se-oo',) a numerous and
powerful nation of Indians inhabiting the territory between the Mis
sissippi and Missouri rivers.
Sis-To'-v.A or Shtab, a manufacturing and coraraercial t. of European
Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the Danube. Lat. 43° 88' N., Lon. 25° 20' E.
Pop. estimated al 21,000. (B.)
Sivas. See Seevas.
Siwah. See Seewah.
Skag'-er Race (i. e. Skagen Rack,* the " crooked strait of Ska-
gen'"!) the channel wbich connects the Cattegat with Ube North Sea.
Skagen (tbe Skaw) is a cape forming the N. point of Jutland.
SkIne, sko'-ni, a former prov. occupying the S. part of Sweden.
Skib'-ber-een', a thriving t near tbe S. W. extremity of Ireland, in
the CO. of Cork. Lat. 51° 33' N., Lon. 9° 15' VV. Pop. 4,430. (M.)
Skye, an i. of Scotiand, after Lewis the largest of the Hebrides, be
tween 57° 3' and 57° 41' N. Lat, and 5° 36' and 6° 46' W. Lon. It
is about 38 m. in length, and 23 m. in its greatest breadth. Area esli-
• Rack signifies a passage difficult to navigate on account of its sudden bending.
It is probably frora the same root as the Anglo-Saxon Hraca or Raca and tha
German Raehen, signifying " throat"

4S0 SLA— SMY
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, raft ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good;
mated at 587 sq. m. Pop. 23,082. It belongs to the co. of Inverness.
Slav-o'-nj-a or Sclavonia, a prov. of the Austrian empire, between
the r. Save, on the S., and the Danube and Drave, on the N., extending
from about 44° 40' to near 46° N. Lat, and frora 16° 40' to 20° 30' E.
Lon. Area 3,600 sq. m. Pop. 315,000. (M.) The Slavonians (Lat
Sclavi'ni ; Gr. Sx^.aSjjxoi.), appear to have possessed, during the decline
of the Roman empire, the greater portion of E. Europe. The Poles, Bo-
neniians, lUyrians, and Russians are considered to be of Slavonic origin.
— Adj. StAV-o'-Nji-AN, Slav-on'-ic, and Slav'-ic ; inhab. Slavonian.
Sles'-wick (Dan. Slesvig, sles'-vig ; Ger. Schleswig, sbles'-wio), a
duchy belonging lo Denraark, coraprising the S. part of the peninsula
of Jiitiand, between 54° 15' and 55° 30' N. Lat, and 8° 37' and 10°
14' E. Lon. Area 3,450 sq. ra.. Pop. about 340,000. (P. C.)
Sleswick, a seaport t of Denraark, cap. of the above duchy, on an
arm of the sea called the Slie (slee). Lat 54° 81' N., Lon. 9° 34' E.
Pop. about 8,C00. (B.)
SlI'-go, a CO. in the N. W. part of Ireland, prov. of Connaught, bor
dering on the sea. Pop. in I88I, 171,765. (P. C.)
' Sligo, a seaport t of Ireland, cap. of the above county, on a hay
of the same name. Lat. 54° 17' N., Lon. 8° 25' W. Pop. in 1831,
15,152. (P. C.)
Slobode Ukraina, slo'-bo-di oo-kri-ee'-ni, otherwise called Khar
kof, a gov. in the S. part of European Russia, N. of the Sea of Azof.
It derives the prefix of Slobode from ils having been settled, in the 17lh
century, by Cossacks, who founded here five large vUlages — Slo'hodi
signifying a Cossack village. Capital, Kharkof
Sm,?,land, srao'-lind, a forraer prov. occupying the S. E. part of
Sweden, now divided into the districte or lans of Calraar, Wexio, and
Jonkoping. Smith, a co. in tbe S. central part of Miss., a littie E. of Pearl r.
Pop. 1,961. Co. seat, Raleigh.
Smith, a co. in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on Ky. and the Cum
berland r. Pop. 21,179. Co. t Cartilage.
Smo-lensk', soraetiraes written Smolensko, a strongly fortified t of
European Russia, cap. ofa gov. ofthe sarae narae, on the Dnieper. It
is reraarkable as the scene of the first serious conflict between the
French and Russians, in the carapaign of 1812, when it was set on
fire, and two-thirds of il reduced to ruins. Lat 54° 50' N., Lon. ahout
32° E. Pop. above 12,000. (P. C.)
Smyrna, srair'-na, (Turk. Iz-raeer',) an ancient and celebrated city
and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, and the. principal eraporiura of West
ern Asia, situated on the W. coast of Asia Minor, at the extremity ofa
gulf of its own name, which forras a convenient and capacious harbour.
The town, with ils doraes and rainarete, has a fine appearance when
approaching it frora the sea, but a great part of the interior consiste of
mean wooden houses, witb narrow, crooked, dirty, ill-paved streete.
Srayrna is the residence ofa mollah ofthe first class; also, ofa Greek
and an Arraenian archbishop. Lat. 38° 28' N., Lon. 27° 7' E. Pop.
estimated at above 130,000. (B,)— Adj. and inhab. Smyr'-ni-ot.

SMY— SOM 481
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Smythe, a CO. in the S. W. part of Va., on the sources of the Hol
ston r. Pop. 6,522. Co. t Marion.
Snow'-don, a mountain of Wales, in Caernarvonshire, about 10 ra.
S. E. of Caernarvon. It is the highest mountain in Great Britain, S.
of the Scottish border, having an elevation of 3,571 ft. above the sea.
Snow Hill, a port of entry of Md., cap. of Worcester co., on the
Pocoraoke x-, about 90 m. S. B. of Annapolis,
Society Islands, a group in the Pacific, between 16° and 18° S.
Lat, and 148° and 156° W, Lon. Of these islands, Tahiti or Otaheite
is by far the largest and mosl -iraportant. (See Tahiti.) Araong the
others, we may name Raiatea (ri-i-ti'-i), Eimeo or Aimeo (i-mi'-o),
Huahine (hoo'-a-hee'-ni), BorabOra (bo'-ri-bo'-ri) or Bolabola,* and Ta-
haa (li-hii') or Otaha. The inhabitants of these islands appear to be
inferior in raental capacity to the Sandwich Islanders ; but, through the
indefatigable labours of the English missionaries, civilization has made
very considerable progress among them, and most of them have erabraCed
the Christian religion. They can generally read and write. A press
has, for raany years, been actively engaged in supplying thera with
publications in their own language. — Inhab. Society Islander.
So-co'-TR.A. or So-co'-TO^RA (Auc. Dioscoridis Insula), an i. in the
Indian Ocean, E. of Cape Guardafui, intersected by the parallel of 12°
30' N. Lat, and the 54th meridian of B. Lon. Length, about 80 ra. ;
greatest breadth, 25 ra. A large portion of Socotra is desert, though
some parts are covered wilh abundant vegetation. Among other plante
may be mentioned the Aloe Socotrina, yielding the Socotrine aloes of
commerce, which forms the principal export of the island. — Adj. So-co'-
TR.AN, and Soc'-o-trIne ; inhab. Socotran.
SoFALA, so-fi'-li, (supposed by sorae to he the Ophir mentioned in
tbe Scriptures,) a decayed t On the E. coast of Africa, near 20° S, Lat,
once the cap. of a kingdom of the same narae, celebrated for tbe abuh-
dence of gold obtained there. It belongs lo the Portuguese.
Soissons, swis'-sftN', almost swi^-sftN', (Anc. Augus'ta Sues'sionum ;
afterwards Sues/siones), a fortified t of France, in the dep, of Aisne,
on the r, Aisne, Lat 49° 28' N,, Lon, 8° 20' B. Pop. 7,864. (M,)
Soleure, so'-Iur', (Ger. Sololhum, so'-lo-tooRn',) a canton in the N.
N. W. part of Switzerland, intersected by the Aar. Area, 256 sq. ra.
Pop. in 183.5, 62,400. (P. C.)
Soleure or Solothurn (Anc. Salodu'rum), the cap. of the above
canton, is situated on the Aar, 18 ra, N, by B. of Berne, The Cathe
dral of St, Ursus (or Urse), of this place, is regarded^ as the finest
church in Switzerland. The Polish patriot Kosciusko, died at Soleure,
October. 1817, having resided here the last two years of his life. Lat.
47° 12' N., Lon. 7° 8-2' E,
Somerset, sum'-er-set, a co, in th« N. W, part of Maine, bordering
on Canada. Pop. 83,912. Co. t Norridgewock.
• See Sandwich Islands : note.
41

482 ¦ SOM— SOU
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m Jt ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
Somerset, a co. in the N. central part of N. J., on the head waters
of the Raritan. Pop. 17,455. Co. t. Somerville.
Somerset, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Pa., bordering on Md. Pop.
19,650. Co. t Somerset.
Somerset, a co. in the S. E. part of Md., bordering on Del. and the
Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 19,508. Co. t Princess Anne.
Somersetshire, sum'-er-set-shir, a co. in the S.W. part of England,
bordering on the Severn and the Bristol Channel. Pop. 435,982.
Somme, a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the Eng
lish Channel. Pop. 552,706. (B.) Capital, Amiens.
Soodan, soo-din', or Bel-ed' es Soo-din', i. e. the " country of the
blacks," a name eraployed to designate all the countries along the S.
border ofthe Great Desert, from Dar Foor on the E. to Senegambia on
the W., extending from about 25° E. to 10° W. Lon. Ite limite, on
the N. and S., are alraost or entirely unknown.
Soo'-Loo' Islands, a group of sraall islands in the Eastern Seas, be
tween Borneo and Mindinao.
Sool-tan-ee'-yeb (Sultanieh), an ancient city of Persia, once the
cap. of that country, under the sovereigns of therace of Gengis-khan. It
is now alraost or quite deserted, but ils magnificent ruins attest ite for
mer glory. Lat about 36° 30' N., Lon, 48° 30' E.
Soorabaya (Surabaya), soo-ri-bi'-i, one of the principal seaporte of
Java, situated on tiie N. E, coast, at the mouth of a river of ite own
narae. Il is, after Batavia, the raost flourishing and coraraercial town
in the island. Lat. 7° 14' S.. Lon. 112° 41' E. Pop. estimated at
50,000. (B.)
Sophia, so-fee'-a, (in Bulgarian, Triaditza, tre-i-dit'-si,) a large
manufacturing and commercial I. of European Turkey, cap. of a sand-
jack (or inferior pashalic) of its own name, and of the eyalet of Roo-
raeUa, on the Isker, an affluent of the Danube, a.bout 310 ra. W. N.W.
of Constantinople. It is the residence of a Greek metropolitan and
a Catholic archbishop; and possesses a flourishing trade and nuraerous
manufactures. Lat, 42° 37' N., Lon. 23° 26 E. Pop. estiraated at from
80,000 lo 50,000. (B.)
Sorata, Nevado de, ji'i-vi'-Do di so-ri'-ti, a raountain suramit of S.
America, in Bolivia, the highest in the New VV'orld, situated near the
village of Sorata, in about 16° S. Lat. and 68° 40' W. Lon. Height
3,948 toises or 25,250 English ft. (B.) See Nev.ado.
So-bia, so'-re-i (Anc. Numan'tia), a t of Spain, in Old Ostile, cap.
ofa prov. ofthe same narae, 113 m. N. E. of Madrid. Pop. 5,400. (B.)
Sob-ren'-to (Anc. Surren'tum), an archiepiscopal city of Naples, on
the Bay of Naples, 18 m. S. E. of the metropolis, remarkable for the
beauty of ils situation and for being the birth-place of the poet Tasso.
Pop. ahout 5,000. (B.)
Soudan. Sefe Soodan.
Sourabaya. See Soorabaya.
Southampton, suTH-harap'-tgn, an important seaport t. of England,
in Hampshire, on an inlet of the sea called Southarapton Water, 70 m.

sou— SPA 483
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
W. S. W. of London. It forms a little co. of itself, with an area of
only about 8 sq. m. Pop. 27,744.
Southampton. See Hampshire.
Southampton, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on Meherrin and Not
taway rivers, and bordering on N, C. Pop. 14,525. Co. t Jerusalem.
Southwark, suTH'-ark. See London.
South'-w.are, a suburb of PhUadelphia.
Spa, spaw (Fr. and Flem. pron. spi), a little t in the E. part of Bel
gium, 18 ra. S. B. of Liege, celebrated for its medicinal springs and
baths. Permanent pop. 3,600. (B.)
Spain (Sp. Espana, es-pin'-ya; Fr. Espagne, es^-p-in' ; Anc. Hispa'-
nia and Ibe'ria), an extensive and once powerful kingdora, occupying
the greater portion of the peninsula which forras the S. W. extreraity
of Europe, situated between 86° 2 and 43° 47' N. Lat, and 3° 21' E.
and 9° 16' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by the Bay of Biscay and by
France, S. E. hy the Mediterranean, S. by the Mediterranean .and the
Strait of Gibraltar, S. VV. by the Atlantic, and W. and N. W. by Por
tugal and the Atlantic. Length, frora E. N. E. to W. S. W., about
650 ra. ; greatest breadth, from N. lo S., about 520 m. Area, 183,200
sq.ra. Pop. estiraated at 13,900,000. (B.) Spain is soraetiraes divided hy
geographers into 13 parts, viz.: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Biscaya
or Biscay, Catalonia, Estremadura, Galicia, Leon, Murcia, Navarre,
New Castile, Old Castile, and Valencia, corresponding to the former
kingdoras, principalities, &c. It is now divided, according to a royal
decree, issued in 1833, into 49 sraall provinces, which, for the most
part take the name of their respective capitals, Roraan Catholicism
is the religion of Spain. The power of the Spanish sovereigns was
formerly nearly or quite absolute ; but since the adoption of the new
constitution (first promulgated in 1887), the legislative power is vested
in the king and the corles (koa'-tes), which is composed of two legis
lative bodies, chosen by the people, called the senate and the congress
of deputies, Madrid is the capital. — Adj, Span'-ish; inhab. Span
iard, span'-yard.
Spalatro, spi-li'-lro, a seaport, the most populous and commercial
t in Dalmatia, on the Adriatic, opposite the Island of Brazza. It is
chiefly interesting for the ruins of a raagnificent palace, built by the
Roraan eraperor Diocletian, to which he retired after abdicating the
iraperial throne (A. D. 305). This palace was , constructed of a beau
tiful freestone, and is said to have covered an area of 9 acres ! A large
portion of the town of Spalatro has been built out of it§ ruins. Lat
43° 30' N., Lon. 16° 26' B. Pop. about 8,000. (B.)
SpANDAU, spin'-dou, also written Spandow, a,- strongly fortified t
of Prussia, in Brandenburg, at the junction ofthe Havel (hi'-vel) with
the Spree, 7 ra. W. of Beriin. Pop. 7,000. (B.)
Span'-ish Town (or Santiago de la Vega, sin-te-iZ-go dM-ivi'-gi),
the cap.' of Jaraaica, situated in the S. E. part of the island, on the r.
Cobre, about 6 m. from the sea, and 11 m. W. by N. from Kingston.
Pop. about 6,000.

484 SPA— STA
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mftt ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good;
Spab'-tan-burg, a dist, in the N. W.'part of S. C, bprdering on
N. C. Pop. 28,669. Seat of justice, Spartenburg c. h.
Specia. See Spezia.
Spen'-cer, a CO. in the N. part of Ky., S. E. of LouisviUe. Pop. 6,581.
Co. t Taylorsville.
Spencer, a co. in the S. or S.W. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio.
Pop. 6,305. Co. t Rockport.
Spey, sp4, a r. of Scotland, flowing inlo Murray Frith.
Speyer, pronounced and often written Spire (Anc. Noviom'agus,
afterwards Neme'tes), an ancient city of- Bavaria, cap. of the circle of
the Rhine, on the Rhine, at the mouth of the SpeyerbacS. It bas a
collection of Roman and ancient Gerraan antiquities, a lyceum, and
other instilutions. The Observatory is in Lat. 49° 18' 55" N., Lon. 8°
26' 37" E. Pop. ahout 8,000. (B.)
Spezia, sped'-ze-i, (sometimes written Specia,) a seaport t of N.
Italy, in the Sardinian States, on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which
it gives its name, and which forms one of the finest harhours in Europe.
Lat. 44° 5' N., Lon. 9° 51' E. Pop. about 7,000. (P. C.)
Spitz-berg'-en, a group of desolate islands in the Arctic Ocean, being
the northernmost land which has yet been discovered, situated between
the 77th and 81st degrees of N. Lat, and the 10th and 25lh of E.
Lon. Their united area is perhaps equal to half that of Ireland.
Spoleto, spo-li-'to,(Anc. Spole'tum or Spole'tium,) a city of Italy, in
the Papal State, cap. ofa delegation ofthe same name, 60 m. N. by E.
of Rome. In ite vicinity are a nuraber of interestino- antiquities. Lat
42° 45' N., Lon. 12° 86' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)
Spring' -field, a flourishing t. of Mass., cap. of Hampden co., on tne
E. side of the Connecticut r., and on the Boston and Albany Railroad,
about 80 ra., in a straight line, W. by S. frora Bostons It contains a
United Stales arsenal of construction. Pop. ofthe township, 10,945.
Springfield, the cap. of the state of Illinois and of Sangamon ca
Lat. 39° 48' N., Lon. 89° 33' W. Pop. 2,579.
St. See Saint. .
Staf'-ford, a t of England, cap. of Staflbrdshire, 23 m. N. N.W. of
Birrainghara. Pop., including an area of about 4 sq. m., 9,245.
Stafford, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., between the Rappahannock
and Potomac. Pop. 8,454. Co. t Falmouth.
Staf'-ford-shire, a co. in the W. central part of England, inter
sected by the Trent and Mersey Canal. Pop. 510,504.
Stam'-ford, a t of England, in Lincolnshire, 80 m. N. by W. of
London. Entire pop. 6,385.
Stan'-ly, a CO. in the S. part of N. C, on the W. side ofthe Yadkin r.
Starqard, slaR'-garl, a t of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the naviga
ble r. Ihna (ee'-ni), which flows into the Stettiner Haff, 21 m. E. hy S.
of Stettin. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
Stark, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and
Erie Canal. Pop. 34,603. Co. t Canton.
Stark, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ind. Pop. 149.

STA— STO «85
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Stark, a co. in the N. W. central part of III., a little W. of the Illi
nois r. Pop. 1,.573.
Stay anger, stiv-ing'-ger, a seaport t on the S. W. coast of Nor
way. Ita cathedral is regarded as the finest in the kingdom. Lat .58°
58' N., Lon. 5° 57' E. Pop. 3,800. (B.)
Ste'-phen-son, a co. in the N. W. part of 111., bordering on the Wis
consin, Pop. 2,800.
Stettin, stet-teen', an iraportant coraraercial t, river-port, and for
tress of Prussia, cap. of a gov. of the sarae narae, and of the prov. of
Pomerania, on the left bank of the Oder, about 36 m. from the junction
of the Stettiner Haff wilh the Baltic. It has a gymnasium, wilh an ob
servatory, a valuable library, and a number of other literary and scien
tific instilutions. Lat. 53° 24' N., Lon. 14° 36' E. Pop. above 32,000,
Stettiner Haff, stet-tee'-ner haff, a large Ao^ or lagoon in the N.
of Germany, which receives the waters of the Oder, N. of the t of
Stettin. Ite length, exclusive of several small arms, is about 80 m, ;
greatest breadth 12 or 13 ra.
Steu'-ben (often pronounced stu-ben'), a co. in the S. S. W. part of
N. Y., bordering on Pa. Pop. 46,138. Co. I. Bath.
Steuben, a co, forraing the N. B. extremity of Ind. Pop. 2,578. Co.
t Angola. Steu'-ben-villb, a fiourishing t of Ohio, cap. of Jefferson co,, on the
Ohio r,, 35 ra., in a straight line, W. by S. of Pittsburg. Pop. 4,247.
Stew'-art, a CO. in the W. S. W. part of Ga., bordering on the
Chattahoochee. Pop. 12,933. Co. t. Lumpkin.
Stewart, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Tenn., on the Cumberland
and Tennessee r., and bordering on Ky. Pop. 8,587. Co. t Dover.
Steyeb, stire, a flourishing t of Upper Austria, on the Enns, an
affluent of the Danube, remarkable for ils extensive manufactures in
iron, among which we raay particularize fire-arms, sword-blades, and
razors; it is also the centre of an active trade. Lat 48° 3' N., Lon.
14° 25' B. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Stir'-ling, an ancient t of Scotland, cap. of Stirlingshire, on the
Forth, 30 ra. W. N. W. of Edinburgh. Ite situation is in the highest
degree beautiful and roraantic. The view from the castle (once the
residence of the Scottish kings), which stands on an abrupt basaltic
rock, immediately over the river, and about 300 ft. in height is per
haps the most raagnificent in Great Britain. Pop. 8,307.
Stir/-ling-shire, a co. in the central part of Scotiand, extending
from the Frith of Forth to Loch Lomond. Pop. 82,057.
Stock'-holm, the cap., and the most important coraraercial and manu
facturing town of Sweden, on the channel which connects L. Malaren
wilh the Baltic, 24 m. from the latter. It is built partly on the
mainland and partly on a number of islands in the abov(3-mentioned
channel. Ite appearance to one approaching frora the sea, is highly
picturesque and imposing. The harbour, though of difficult entrance,
is capacious and secure. Among the remarkable edifices of the Swe-
41'* GG

486 STO— STR
Fite, fir, f iU, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ,
dish capital, may be mentioned the Royal Palace, which has great archi
tectural beauty, and contains a library, a collection of paintings and
antiquities; and the Church of Riddarholm, which contains the trophies
of Sweden, and in which the Swedish kings and other distinguished
persons are buried. Stockholm possesses an academy of sciences, wilh
an observatory and an extensive library; an academy of belles lettres,
history and antiquities ; a college of mines, with a rich cabinet of
natural history ; and a great nuraber of other literary and scientific in-
stitutions. Lat 59° 20' 31" N., Lon. 18° 3' E. Pop. 83,885. (P. G.)
Stock'-port, an iraportant raanufacturing t of England, in Cheshire,
6 ra. S. B. of Manchester. Pop. of township, 28,431.
Stock'-ton, or Stockton-on-Tees, a seaport t. of England, co. of
Durham, on the Tees, near ite mouth. Lat 54° 84' N., Lon. 1° 18' W.
Pop. of township, 9,825.
Stod'-dard, a CO. in the S. E. part of Mo., E. of, and bordering on
the St Francis r. Pop, 3,153.
Stoke-upon-Tbent, a parish of England, in Staflbrdshire, remarka
ble as the seat of extensive manufactures in earthenware. The town
of Stoke is 14 ra. N, by W. of Stafford.
Stokes, a co. in the N. VV. part of N. C, bordering on Va. Pop.
16,265. Co. t Germantown.
Stone-ha'-vbn, a seaport t of Scotland, cap. of Kincardineshire, on
the Gerraan (Dcean, 14 ra. S. by W. of Aberdeen. Lat 56° 56' N.,
Lon. 2° 12' W. Pop. 8,012.
Sto'-ning-ton, a port of entry of Conn., in New London co,, on a
rocky point of land, which projects into the E. end of Long Island
Sound, ahout 50 miles S. W. of Providence, with which it is connected
by a railroad.
Stour'-bridge, a t of England, in Worcestershire, on the Stour, au
affluent of the Severn, 18 m. iST. N. E. of Worcester. Pop. 7,481.
Strabane, stra-ban', a t of Ireland, in Tyrone Co., 14 m. S. S. V/, of
Londonderry. Pop. 5,147. (M.)
Straf'-ford, a co. in the S. E. part of N. H,, on the Salmon Falls r.,
a branch of the Piscataqua. Pop. 23,166. Co. towns, Do-er and Ro
chester. Stralsund, stril'-soont, a manufacturing and coraraercial t of Prus
sia, in Poraerania, cap. ofa gov. of the same name, on the narrow strait
which separates the i. of Riigen from the continent. The celebrated
fortiflcations of this place have been razed, and the ramparte converted
into public/ walks. (P. C.) Lat. .54° 19' N., Lon. 13° 32' B. Pop.
14,713. (M.)
Stranraer, stran-rawr', a small seaport t of Scotiand, at the S,
extreraity of a sraall bay called Loch Ryan. Lat 54° 54' N., Lon.
5° 2' W.
Stras'-bourg (Fr. pron. Striss^-booR' ; Ger Strassburg, striss'-
booRo; Anc, ArgentOratum); a strongly-fortified city of France, on
ita E. frontier, cap. of the dep. of Lower Rhine, ar.d formerly of Alsace,
on the III, near its confluence with the Rhine, 'fhe principal publie

STR— SUP 487
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
building is the Cathedral of Notre Dame (notr dim), one of the finest
Gothic edifices that exist ; its spire rises to the height of 5(W or per
haps 580 English ft., being tbe highest in the world. Strasbourg is
one of the most iraportant coraraercial and manufacturing towns in
France. It possesses an academie universitaire (before the French
Revolution it had a Protestant university), a royal college, a public
library of 50,000 vols. (P. C), and many other literary and scientiflc
institutions. The coramon language of the citizens of Strasbourg is
German, but French is spoken by the educated classes. The Obser
vatory is in Lat 48° 34' 40" N., Lon. 4° 45' 12" E. Pop. 50,000. (B.)
Strat'-ford-upon-A'-von, a little t of England, in Warwickshire,
on the Avon, 8 m. S. W. of Warwick, celebrated as the birth-place of
Shakspeare. Stuhlweissenburg, stool-wi'-cen-b66RG', (Hung. Szekes Fejervar,
si-kesh fi-yaiR-viR,) a t of Hungary, once the residence of the Hun
garian kings, 35 m. S. W. of Buda. Pop. 13,000. (B.)
Stbtt'-gart or Stuttgard (Ger. pron. sl66l'-gaRt), a city of Ger
raany, cap. of the kingdom of Wiirteraberg, on a little stream called
the Nesenbach (na'-zon-baK') near its confluence with the Neckar. It
has been greatly embellished since the comraenceraent of the present
century. Araong the remarkable buildings, may be mentioned the
new Royal Palace, which is a noble structure, and contains a valua
ble collection of paintings and statues. The Public Royal Library
contains 200,000 vols., among which is a unique collection of 12,000
Bibles, of 4,000 different editions, in 68 languages. (P.C.) Stuttgard
has a gyranasiura, with 80 professors, and numerous other institutions
for education. Lat 48° 46' N., Lon. 9° 11' E. Pop. 40,000. (B.)
Styria, Stiria, stir'e-a (Ger. Sleyermark, sti'er-mark ), a country
iu the S. central part of Europe, intersected by the river Muhr. It
belongs lo Austria. Adj. and. inhab. Styrian or Stirian, slir'e-an.
Suabia, swiZ-be-a, a country in the S. of Germany, which, in the
middle ages, constituted a powerful duchy, when the Suabians were
the richest, most civilized, and most respected of all the nations of
Gerraany. The narae had disappeared from the maps of Germany, hut
a few years ago the king of Bavaria restored the ancient historical
names, and gave that of Suabia to the circle of the Upper Danube.
Suabia is supposed to be derived from the Suevi, an ancient and pow
erful German nation. — Adj. and inhab. Suabian, swi'-be-an.
Sudan. See Soodan.
Suez, soo'-ez (Arab. Soo-ez') Isthmus of, is situated between the N.
extremity of the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, and connects Africa
wilh Asia. Ite breadth, in the narrowest part is ahout 65 ra.
Sup'-poLK, a CO. in the E. part of England, bordering on the German
Ocean. Pop. 315,073.
Suffolk, a co. in the E. part of Mass., on Massachusetts Bay. Pop.
95,778. Co. t Boston.'
Suffolk, a co. of N. Y., occupying the E. portion of Long Island.
Pop. 32,469. Seat of justice, Suffolk c. h.

188 SUI— SUN
File, fir, fill, fat; mi, mit; pine or pine, pin; nft, nftt; 66 aaingood;
SuiB, shure, a r. in the S. E. part of Irelandj fiowing into Waterford
harbour. Sbl'-h-van, a CO. in the W. part of N. H., bordering on the Connec
ticut r. Pop. 20,340. Co. t Newport.
Sullivan, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., bordering on the Dela
ware r. Pop. 15,629, Co. t Monticella
Sullivan, a co. near the N.E. extremity of Tenn., bordering on Va.
Pop. 10,736. ¦ Co, t Blountsville.
Sullivan, a co. in the W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash.
Pop. 8,315. Co. t Merom.
Sumatra, soo-rai'-tra, an important i., the most westerly of the Ma-
laisian group,- and, next to Borneo, the largest in tbe eastern seas, be
tween 5° 50' N. and 6° S. Lat, and 95° 20' and 106° B. Loa Ite
length is above 1,000 ra.; its greatest breadth about 240m. The
area is coraputed at 160,000 sq. m. Population vaguely estiraated at
2,000,000. (M.) The vegetable productions of this island are those
coraraon to tropical countries; rice, pepper, and camphor are the most
important. The quantity of pepper proiduced annually is estimated by
McCulloch at 30,000,000 lbs., which is in fact more than the whole
produce of pepper in all other parts of tbe globe. Sumatra was once
noted for its gold, and a considerable quantity is still exported : it also
conteins rich mines of copper ore, which, however, are but little work
ed. The Dutch have possessions at Padang, Bencoolen, and other parte
of the S.W. coast; but a large portion of the island is independent. —
Adj. and inhab. Sumatran, soo-mi'-tran.
SuMBAWA, Bum-baw'-wa, an i. of Malaisia, between 8° 20' and 9°
20' S. Lat, and 116° 40' and 119° 20' E. Lon. Length ahout 170 m. ;
greatest breadth above 60 m. The Dutch have established some sort
of authority in the eastern districts, but a large portion of the island ia
independent Sum'-mit, a CO. in the N. E. part of Ohio, intersected by the C<iya-
hoga r. Pop. 22,560. Co. t. Akron.
Sum'-ner, a CO. in the N. part of Tenn., between the Cumberland r.
and the border of Ky. Pop. 22,445. Co. t Gallatin.
Sum'-ter, a dist. in the E. central part of S. C, bordering on the
Santee r. Pop. 27,892. Seat of justice, Sumterville c. h.
Sumter, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ga., bordering on Flint r.
Pop. 5,759. Co. t Americus.
Sumter, a co. in the W. part of Ala., between the Tombigbee and
the border of Miss. ' Pop, 29,937. Co, t, Livingston.
Sunbury, sun'-ber-re, a port of entry of Ga., in Liberty co., on the
Medway r., at the head of St Catherine's Sound,
Sun'-da, a term of unknown origin, which has been applied to the
south-western and larger portion of Malaisia. Java, Borneo, Sumatra,
and Celebes, are often called the Greater Sunda Islands : the Lessei
Sunda Islands are situated between 5° and 11° S. Lat, and 114° and
135° E, Lon,, including, besides many other smaller ones, the islands
of Timor, Flores, Sumbawa, Bali, and Timoriaut

SUN— SUS 489
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Sun'-der-land, a commercial t and seaport of England, in the co.
of Durham, on the Wear, at its entrance into the North Sea, and 13 m.
N. E. of Durham, with which town it is connected by a railway. Ship
building is more extensively carried on here than anywhere else in the
kingdom. Lat 54° 55' N., Lon. 1° 21' W. Pop. 17,022.
Superior, Lake, the largest and most westerly of the five great
lakes, which are connected with the St. Lawrence, between 46° 35'
and 49° N. Lat, and 84° 80' and 92° 20' W. Lon. The length, following
the bend of the lake, is about 400 ra. ; greatest breadth, above 160 ra.
Area estimated al 28,000 sq.m. The surface is about 640 ft. above
tbe Atlantic ; the mean depth is stated at 900 ft.. Lake Superior is
probably the largest body of fresh water on the globe,
Surat, soo-rat', a large commercial city of Hindostan, cap. of Gu
zerat on the Taptee, about 20 m, from its entrance into the Gulf of
Cambay. Bombay has deprived it of a large part of that coraraerce for
which it was formerly so celebrated ; but it still carries on a considera
ble trade wilh Arabia, and possesses sorae flourishing manufactures.
Lat 21° 11' N., Lon. 72° 50' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 160,000,
though some writers make it rauch higher.
Surinam. See Guiana, Dutch.
Surinam, soo'-re-nam', a r. of South America, in Dutch Guiana,
flowing into the Atlantic. Length, about 300 m. It is navigable for
large ships ahout 4 leagues from the coast and for river barges above
50 ra. farther.
Sur'-rey, a CO, in tbe S. E. part of England, S. of, and bordering on
the Thames. Pop. 582,678.
Sur'-ry, a CO. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop.
6,480. Seat of justice, Surry c. h.
Surry, a co. in the N. N. W. part of N. C, bordering on Va. Pop.
15,079. Co. t Rockford.
Sus'-que-han'-na, a large r. of the U. S., formed by the union of
two principal branches. The B. branch rises in Otsego Lake, in the
S. E. central part of N. Y., and, flowing in a general south-westerly
course, is joined by the W. branch at Northumberland, about 43 ra. N.
of Harrisburg : their united waters then flow southerly, and faU into
the N. extremity of Chesapeake Bay. Ils whole length may be esti
mated at near 350 ra. The navigation is obstructed in the lower part
of its course by nuraerous rapids.
Susquehanna, a co. in the N. E. part of Pa., on the E. branch of
the above r., and bordering on N. Y. Pop. 21,195. (-!p. t Montrose.
Sus'-sEx, a CO. in the S. E. part of England, bordering on the Eng
lish Channel. Pop. 299,753.
Sussex, a co. forraing the N. E. extremity of N. J. Pop, 21,770.
Co. t Newton.^
Sussex, the southernmost ofthe counties of Del. Pop. 25,093. Co, t
Georgetown. Sussex, a co- in the S. E. part of Va., intersected by the Nottaway r.
Pop. 11,229 Seat of justice, Sussex c. h.

490 SUT— SWI
Fite, fir, fSllI, fit; mi, mSt; pine, or pine, pin; nft, nftt; 66 as ingood.
Suth'-er-l.and, a co. occupying the N. W. extremity of Scotiand,
and extending' across the island to Dornoch Frith. Pop. 24,782.
Su-wA'-NEB, a r. which rises in Ga., and flows through Florida into
the Gulf of Mexico.
Swabia. See Suabia.
Swan'-sea, a seaport t of Wales, in Glamorganshire, on the Bristol
Channel, at the mouth of the Tawe. Lat 51° 37' N., Lon. 3° 55' W.
Pop. 16,78T.
Swe'-den (in Swedish, Swerige, swirf-e-gih), a monarchy in the
N. W. part of Europe, comprising the B. part of the Scandinavian pe
ninsula, situated between 55° 20' and 69° N. Lat, and 11° 10' and 24°
20' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Norway and Russian Lapland, E.
and S. E. by Russia and the Baltic, and W. hy the Cattegat the Ska
ger Rack, and Norway. Length, above 950 ra. ; greatest breadth,
about 260 m. Area estimated at 170,000 sq. ra. Pop. in 1839, 3,109,772.
(P. C.) The mines of Sweden form an iraportant source of national
wealth. Swedish iron is noted for its superior quality. There are
some extensive copper mines ; that al Fahlun is the raost remarkable.
(See Fahlun.) The established religion of Sweden is the Lutheran.
While all sects are tolerated, none bul Lutherans can be promoted to
any employment in the slate. The government is a liraited monarchy,
hereditary in the male line. Sweden and iN'orway, though at present
united under one king, have distinct and separate constitutions. Stock
holm is the capital. — .4dj. Swe'-dish ; inhab. Swede.
SwinemOnde, swee'-n^A-ratin'-deA, (i. e. " Swineraouth,") a small
commercial t and seaport of Prussia, on the Swine(sTVee'-neA), one of
the outlets of the Stetliner-Haff, at ils entrance into the Baltic. Lat
58° .53' N., Lon. 14° 23' E. Pop. 3,600. (B.)
SwiTz'-ER-L.AND (Ger. Schweitz, shwiles; Fr. La Suisse, li swiss;
Anc. Helve'lia), a inouhtainous country in the southern part of Europe,
between 4.5° 48' and 47° 48' N. Lat, and 5° 57' and 10° 30' B. Lon.;
bounded on the N. and E. by Germany, S. by Italy, and W. and N.W.
by France. Length, near 230 ra. ; greatest breadth, above 140 m.
Area, about 15,000 sq. ra. Pop., in 1839, 2,188,395. (P. C.) Switzer
land is a republic, consisting' of 22 confederated states, called cantons,
viz. Aargau (Argovie), Appenzell, Basel (Bale), Bern, Freyburg, Gall,
St, Geneva, Glarus, Grisons, Lucerne, Neufchatel, Schaffhausen,
Schwvz, Solothurn (Soleure), Thurgau, Ticino (Tessin), Unterwalden,
Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, and Zurich. The inhabitante of SwitzerianJ
consist of three classes — Germans, French, and Italians. The former
dwell chiefly in the cantons Ziirich, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwal
den, Glarus, Zug, Appenzell, St Gall, Thurgau, Schaflliausen, and
Aargau, and consliliile about seven-tenths of the entire population.
The French Swiss are found principally in Neufchitel, Geneva, Vaud,
and a part of Soleure, Freyburg, Valais, Bile, and Bern. The Italian
Swiss are far less numerous, and inhabit only Ticino and some parte of
Grisons and Valais. The German language is employed in the genera.
affairs of the confederation and in the government of the particular can
tons, with the exception of Geneva, Neufchilel, Vaud, and Ticino. (B.)

' SWI— SYR 491
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
All the cantons of Switzerland are republics, excepting Neufchitel, in
which the king of Prussia exercises the right of sovereignty. 'The
Swiss confederation has no perraanent capital"; by a federal enactment
of 1815, Zurich, Bern, and Lucerne, are alternately the seat of the
general government — Adj. Swiss; iijhab. Swiss, and sometimes
SWITZZ-ER. Switzerland, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ind. Pop. 9,920.
Co. t Vevay.
Syd'-ney, an iraportant coraraercial t of New Holland, cap. of the
colony of New South Wales, on the S. side of the bay called Port
Jackson, which forras, perhaps, the finest natural basin in the world.
This bay is about 15 ra. long ; the anchorage is everywhere excellent,
and ships are perfectly protected from every wind. Sydney was ori
ginally founded in 1788, as a colony for convicts ; but il appears that
considerably more than half of the present population, which araounted
in 1841 to 29,973, carae free lo the colony, while ahout 7,000, or nearly
one-fourth, have heen born here. Lat. 33° 55' S., Lon. 150° 10' E.
Syr'-.a-cuse (Anc. Syracu'sse ; It. Siracasa, se-ri-ki'-si) ; a cele
brated city and seaport of Sicily, on the E. coast, about 80 ra. S. S. E.
of Catania. Its harbour, once so faraous, is now choked with sand, and
little reraains, except its vast ruins, to reraind the spectator of the
proud metropolis of ancient Sicily, which durst oppose the power of
Athens, of Carthage, and of Rome. The present town is pretty strongly
fortifled, but ite streets are narrow and dirty, and its coramerce reduced
alraost tp nothing. Lat 37° 4' N., Lon. 15° 18' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.)
— Adj. and inhab. Syb'-a-cu'-san.
Syracuse, a flourishing t of N. Y., cap.- of Onondaga co., on the
Erie Canal, where it is joined by the Oswego Canal, about 47 m., in a
straight line, W. of Utica. Near it are the extensive salt-works of
Salina. Pop. ofthe township of Salina, in which it is situated, 11,018.
Syr'-h-.a, a country of rather indeflnite extent, between 30° and 38°
N. Lat, and 84° and 38° or 39° E. Lon., situated at the E. extreraity
ofthe Mediterranean, and forraing a part ofthe Turkish erapire. The
name of Syria (Sufta) was given to this country hy the Greeks and
Romans, and is now unknbwn to the Asiatics. The Arabs call it Bel-
ed' Es-Shim (or simply Es-Sham), i. e. " the country to the left ;" be
cause when in prayer they face the rising sun, it lies lo their left hand.
Though within the temperate zone, Syria exhibits all the cliraates of
the globe. In the Ghor (the valley between the Dead Sea and the Sea
of Tiberias), the raean annual temperature appears to be nSt much lower
than that of the equator. This need not surprise us when we consider
that the lower part of this valley is raore lhan 1,000 ft. below the, level
ofthe sea. (P. C) The Arabic poets have said that tbe " Sanneen (or
Sannin, the southern part of Lebanon) bears winter upon his head,
spring upon his shoulders, auturan in his bosom, while sura.raer lies
sleeping at his feel." Under so various a cliraate, the vegetable pro
ductions, as raight be expected, are extreraely nuraerous, comprising

492 SZA— TAL.
Fite, fir, fill, fSt; mi, mfet; pine or pine, pin; nft, nftt; 66 as ingood.
many of those which belong to the three different zones. — Adj. Ssa'-h-
.^N and Syji'-h-ac ; inhab. Syrian.
SzARVAS, s6B'-v6sh', a commercial t of Hungary, on the Koros (ko'-
rbsh'), an affluent of the Theiss, about 47 m. N. N. E. of Szegedin.
Pop. 14,000, (B.)
Szegedin, sftg'-fed'-een', a royal free t. of Hungary, at the confluence
of the Theiss with the Marosch, about 100 m. S. E. of Pestb. It has
several important manufactures, and an extensive trade. Lat, 46° 17'
N., Lon. 20° 10' E. Pop. 32,000. (B.)
Tab-ar-ee'-ybh, coramonly written Tabarieh (Anc. Tibe'rias), a
small t of Palestine, on the W. shore of the lake, to wbich it gives ite
name. It is said to have been utterly destroyed by the earthquake of
1887. Tabareeyeh, Lake, op (called in Scripture tbe Sea of Galilee or of
Tiberias), is intersected by the parallel of 32° 50' N. Lat, and the me
ridian of 35° 40' E. Lon. Length 14 m. ; greatest breadth 74 m. The
r. Jordan flows through this lake, and falls into the Dead Sea.
Tab-reez' (Tabriz), sometimes called Tauris, a large but decayed
city in the N. of Persia, prov. of Azerbaijan, about 50 m. E. of L. Ooroo
meeyeh. Lat about 88° 10' N.', Lon. 46° 30' E. The population,
which was forraerly estimated at 550,000, is now reduced to 100,(X)0
or 80,000. (B.)
Tacazze, ti-kit'-si, (sometimes written Takatz or Takalze,) a r. of
Abyssinia, which falls into the Nile, near 17° 30' N. Lat
'Tag'-.an-bog', an important commercial t, seaport and fortress of
European Russia, in the gov. of Bkaterinoslaf, on the Sea of Azof, near
ite N. E. extremity. Lat, 47° 13' N;, Lon. 38° 39' E. Pop. about
17,000. (P, C)
Ta'-gus (Sp, Tajo, ti'-HO ; Port Tejo, ti'-zho) ; the largest r. of the
Spanish peninsula : il rises near the VV. frontiers of Aragon, where
that kingdom joins New CastUe, in about 40° 30' N. Lat, and 1° 40'
W. Lon. Flowing in a westerly course, it passes nearly through the
centre of the peninsula, and falls into the Atlantic in 33° 88' N. Lit,
and 9° 20! W. Lon. Its whole length exceeds 550 m. It is navigable
to Abrantes, about 90 m. above Lisbon.
Tahiti, ti-hee'-le, (formerly written Otaheite,) the largest and most
important of the Society Islands, between 17° 30' and 13° S. Lat, and
149° and 149° 40' VV. Lon. Length about 43 m. ; greatest breadtii
about 26 ra. Its forra is remarkable ; it seems as if an island almost
perfectiy circular had been joined to the extreraity of an elliptical one.
The isthraus which connects the two parta is only about 3 or 4 m.
broad. Pop, 8,000, For the character and condition of the inhabitante,
see Society Islands. — Adj. and inhab. Tahitian, ti-hee'-te-an.
Talavera de la Reyna, ti-li-v^-ri di li ri'e-ni, an ancient t of
Spain, in New Castile, on the Tagus, 42 m. W. by N. of "Toledo.
Pop. about 8,000. (B.) ,

TAL— TAR 493
ou, as in onr ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
TAl'-bqt, a CO. of Md., E. of, and bordering on the Chesapeake Bay.
Pop. 12,090. Co. t. Easton.
"Talbot, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on Flint r. Pop.
15,627. Co. t Talbotton.
Taliaferro, tol'-e-v?r, a small co. in the E. part of Ga., on the head
waters ofthe Ogechee. Pop. 5,190. Co. t, Crawfordville.
Tal-l.a-db'-ga, a co. in the E. part of Ala., bordering on the Coosa r.
Pop. 12,587. Co. t Talladega.
"Tal'-l.a-has'-see, the cap. of the state of Florida and seat of justice
of Leon CO. Lat 30° 28' N., Lon. 84° 36' W. Pop. 1,616.
Tal'-l.a-hatch'-he, a co. in the N. W. part of Miss., intersected by a
r. of the same name, a branch of the Yazoo. Pop. 2,985,
Tal-la-poo'-sa, a r, in the E, part of Ala,, which unites with the
Coosa to form the Alabama r.
Tallapoosa, a co. in the E, part of Ala., intersected by the above r.
Pop, 6,444. Co. t. Montreal.
"Tam-bof' (Tambow), a t of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the
same narae, on an affluent of the Oka. Lat 52° 44' N,, Lon. 41° 45
E, Pop. 20,000. (P.C.)
Tam'-ma-ny, St., a parish in tbe E. part of La., on the VV. side of
Pearl-r. Pop. 4,598. Seat of justice, Covington.
T.AMPioo, tim-pee'-ko, called also Pueblo Nuevo, pweb'-lo nwi'-vo,
a small hut flourishing coraraercial t of Mexico, in the slate of Tamau-
lipas, ou the r, Panuco (pi-noo'-ko), near ils entrance into the Gulf of
Mexico. Lat 22° 15' N., Lon. 97° 52' W.
Taney, tau'-ne, a co. in the S. W. part of Mo., bordering on Ark.
Pop. .3,264.
¦Tangier, tan-jeer', (called Tin'jeA by the Moors,) a seaport t and
once important fortress of Fez, on the Strait of Gibraltar. Lat. 35°
48' N.. Lon. 5'? 50' W. Pop. 9,500. (P.C.)
Tan'-jore', a fortified city of Hindostan, cap. of a fertile dist. of the
same name, belonging lo the presidency of Madras. Lat. 10° 48' N.,
Lon. 79° 12' E. Pop. probably not less than 70,000 or 80,000. (P. C.)
Taormina, ti-OR-mee'-ni, (Anc. Taurorae'niura,) a small t of Sicily,
on a high, craggy mountain, near the E. coast of the island, reraarka
ble for its roraantic situation, and for its. antiquities; araong which the
ancient theatre deserves particular raention. Though of a size capa
ble of accomraodating 40,000 spectators, it is principally excavated in
the slope of a raountain, the seats being hewn bul of the rock. Lat.
87° 48' N., Lon. 1.5° 18' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) .
Tapajos. See Topayos.
Tap'-pa-han'-nock, a port of entry of Va., cap. of Essex co., on the
Rappahannock r.
Tab River. See Pamlico.
TarakaI, tar'-ra-ki', coramonly called Sag-hal'-i-en, a large i. on
the E. coast of Asia, extending from 46° to 54° 20' N. Lat Length,
above 600 ra.; breadth, from 25m. to 120m. As it is very rarely
visited by Europeans, little is known respecting il. It is said to be
covered with dense fogs, nearly all the year round. Tbe aboriginal
42

494 TAR-TAY
Fite, fir, fill, fkt; mi,mit; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good ;
inhabitants are called Ainos (i'-nfts), being the same race as the Koo-
rilians. Taranto, ti'-rin-to, (Anc. Taren'tum,) a fortified archiepiscopal
city and seaport of Naples, Cap. of the prov. of Otranto, on the Gulf
of 'Taranto, near its N. extremity, with an excellent harbour. Taren
tum was anciently the principal Greek city on the E. coast of-Italy,
constituting, with its adjoining territory, an independent and powerful
slate. Lat 40° 27' N., Lon. 17° 15' E. Pop. 18,000. (P. C.)
Tarascon, ti'-Ris'-kftN', (Anc. Tarascon or Taruscon, Tagovgxav,)
a walled I. of Prance, in the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone, on the
Rhone, 16 m. E. by S. of Nisraes. Ite castle was formerly the resi
dence of the counts of Provence. Lat 43° 48' N., Lon. 4° 40' E.
Pop. 9,220. (M.)~
Tarazona, tir-i-tho'-ni, (Anc. 'Turiaso,) a t of Spain, in Aragon.
Lat 41° 55' N., Lon. 1° 43' W. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Tarbes, laRb, (Anc. Tur'ba,) the cap. of the French dep. of Upper
Pyrenees, on the Adour. Il is one of the best-built and cleanest towns
in the S. of France. Lat 43° 14' N., Lon. 0° 4' E. Pop. 12,500. (B.)
Tarn, a dep. in the S. of Prance, intersected by a r. of the same
name, which flows inlo the Garonne. Pop. 346,614. (B.) Capital,
Albi. Tarn and Garonne (Pr. Tarne-et-Garonne, taan i gi''-ronn'), a dep.
in the S. or S. W. of France, on the rivers from which it lakes ite
name. Pop. 242,184. (B.) Capital, Montauban.
Tar'-ra-go'-na or tir- ri-go'-ni (Anc. Tar'raco), an archiepiscopal
city and seaport of Spain, in Catalonia, cap. of a prov. of ite own
name, on the Mediterranean, 50 ra. W. by S. of Barcelona. Lat 41°
9' N., Lon. 1° 16' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.)
Tar'-soos' (Anc. Tar'sus), a coraraercial t in the S. E. part of Asia
Minor, about 12 ra. frora the Mediterranean. Tarsus was the birth
place of St. Paul. Lat. 36° 56' N., Lon. 34° .54' B. Pop. estimated
al 80,000 (B.), but sorae other writers rate it much lower.
Tartary. See Toorkistan.
Tat'-n.all, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Altamaha.
Pop. 2,724. Co. t Reidsville.
Taunton, tan'-ton, a t. of England, in Somersetehire, 37 m. S. W.
of Bristol. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. m., 12,066.
¦Taunton, a manufacturing t of Mass., one of the seate of justice of
Bristol CO., on a r. of ite own name, about 31 ra. in a straight line due
S. from Boston, with which city it is connected by a railroad. Pop.
7,645. J' ''
Tau'-rj-da, now usually called Krim, a gov. in the S, part of Europe,
occupying the Crimea and a portion of the adjacent country.
TAURts. See Tabreez.
Tay, the largest r. of Scotiand : it rises on the frontiers of Argyle
shire, a littie N. of Loch Lomond, and, flowing north-easterly, passes
through Loch Tay, and, after making a considerable circuit expands
iteelf into the estuary called the Frith of Tay, and falls inlo tiie sea,

TAZ— TEN 495
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
in about 56° 27' N, Lat, and 2° 45' W. Lon. Length estimated at
110 m. It is navigable for ships of 500 tons to Dundee, and for ves
sels of 100 tons to Perth, about '20 ra, farther.
Tazewell, taz'-wel, a co, in the S, VV, part of Va., bordering on
Ky. Pop. 6,290, Co, t, JeffersonviUe.
Tazewell, a co. in the N. W. central part of 111,, S. E. of, and bor
dering on the Illinois r. Pop, 7,-221, Co, t Treraont
Tchad, a large lake of Africa, in Soodan, intersected by the 13th
parallel of N. Lat and tiie 15lh raeridian of E, Lon. Ils E. and N, E.
shores have never been visited by a European traveller, hut its length
is staled lo he five days' sail. (P. C.)
¦Tcher'-nj-gof' (Czernigow), an archiepiscopal city of Russia, cap,
of a gov. of the same name, on the Desna, an affluent of the Dnieper.
Il was buUt in 10'24, and is accounted the oldest town in European
Russia. Lat 51° 27' N., Lon, 81° 18' E. Pop. estimated at about
7,000. (P.C.)
Teche, tesh, a bayou of La., coramunicating wilh the Atchafalaya.
Tefhs. See Tiflis.
Tehran, teh-rin', or Teheran, (called, by the Persians, Teh-h'rin',)
the modern cap, of Persia, situated in the prov. of Irak Adjemi, in the
midst of a well-cultivated plain, which, however, is destitute of trees.
It is surrounded by a high and strong wall of earth, flanked with nu
merous towers. The streets are narrow, and the houses have generally
a raean appearance, Lat, 35° 40' N., Lon. 51° 23' E, The pop,,
which is rapidly increasing, is estiraated hy Balbi al not less than
130,000 during winter ; in suramer it is considerably less,
Teignmouth, tin'-muth, a small seaport t, and watering-place of
England, on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Teign, 12 ra, S.
of Exeter.
Tel'-pair, a CO, in the S, E. central part of Ga,, intersected by the
Ocraulgee. Pop. 2,763, Co. t Jacksonville,
Temesva'r, tem'-esh'-viiR', (i. e. the "fort of Temes,") a royal free
city of Hungary, cap. of the county of Temes (tem'-feh'), and one of
the handsomest towns and strongest fortresses in the Austrian empire,
on a canal which has comraunication with the Danube. Lat 45° 42'
N., Lon, 21° 20' E, Pop, above 14,000. (B.)
Ten-as'-ser-im, a narae applied to the British possessions in Farther
India, which were acquired frora the Birmans by the peace of 1826.
The Tenasserim provinces constitute a territory extending along the
E. shore of the Bay of Bengal, for about 4.50 ra., betwegn 10° and 17°
N, Lat The climate of this region is said to be remarkably healthy,
and the country very productive.
Ten-er-ifpe' (Sp. Tenerife, ti-ni-ree'-fi), the largest and raost
popolous of the (Canary Islands, between 27° 50' and 28° 40' N. Lat,
and 16° 5' and 17° 5' VV. Lon. Length, 73 ra. ; greatest breadth, near
40 m. Area estiraated at 1,012 sq. ra. Pop. in 1829, 85,000. (P. C.)
The raost reraarkable feature of this island is its celebrated raountain
summit, known as the Peak of Teneriffe, which rises 11,946 ft (P. C.)

496 TEN— TER
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
above the level of the sea. It is an extinct volcano ; but, from some
crevices in the crater, hot watery vapours still issue. These crevices
are called by the natives the nostrils ofthe Peak.-
Ten'-jJes-see' River, the largest affluent of the Ohio, rises in the
W. part of N. C, and, flowing westerly into Tenn., afterwards makes
an extensive circuit through the N. part of Ala., then changing ita
course, runs nearly N. through Tenn. and Ky., and falls into the Ohio,
near 37° N. Lat. and 88° 35' W. Lon. According to raany geogra
phers, the Tennessee is formed by the union of the Clinch and Holston
rivers. "The whole length is estimated at 1,100 m. It is navigable for
steamboats, during high water, to Florence, in Ala., about 260 m.
Tennessee, one of the U. S., between 35° and 36° 40' N. Lat,
and 81° 40' and 90° W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Kentucky and
Virginia, S. E. by N. Carolina, S. by Georgia, Alabama, and Missis
sippi, and W. by the Mississippi T-, which separates it from Arkansas
and Missouri ; and divided into 73 counties.* Length, from E. to W.,
about 430 m. ; greatest breadth, frora N. to S., about 110 ra. Area esti
raated at 45,000 sq. m. Pop. 829,210; of whora 640,627 are whites,
5,524 free coloured persons, and 183,059 slaves. Nashville is the seat
of government. Tennessee was admitted into the Union in 1796.
"Teramo, t6r'-i-rao, a t of Naples, cap. of the prov. of Abruzzo Ul
tra, about 10 m. frora tbe Adriatic. Lat 42° 40' N., Lon. 13° 48' E.
Pop. 9,000. (B.)
"Terceira, tftr-si'e-ri, one of the principal islands of the Azores: it
is intersected by the parallel of 38° 40' N. Lat, and the E. coast is
grazed by the 27th meridian of W. Lon. Length, 24 m.; greatest
breadth, 14 m. Area estimated at 260 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 50,000.
(P. C.) Angra is the chief town.
Termini, teR'-me-ne, (Anc. Ther'rase, i. e. " hot baths,") a fortified
seaport t. of Sicily, on the N. coast, reraarkable for ite hot mineral
springs and baths, and for the ruins of the ancient city of Him'era, in
ita vicinity. Lat. 37° 57' N., Lon. 13° 42' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.)
Terni, tJR'-ne, (Anc. Interam'na,) a t of Italy, in the Papal State,
on the Nera, an affluent of the Tiber, 48 ra. E. by N. from Rome. Pop.
about 6,000. (P. C.) About 4 ra. lo the E., on the Velino (vi-lee'-no),
a streara which flows into the Nera, is a celebrated cascade, called
the Cascata del Marmore (kis-ki'-ti dftl maR'-mo-ri). The water
* Anderson, Bedford, Benton, Bledsoe, Blount, Bradley, Campbell, Cannon,
Carroll, Carter, Claiborne, Cocke, Coffee, Davidson, De ^alhi, Dickson, Dyer,
Fayette, Fentress, Franklin, Gibson, Giles, Granger, Greene, Hamilton, Hardiman,
Hardin, Hawkins, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson,
.'efferson, Johnson, Kno\, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lincoln, Madison, Marion,
Marshall, Maury, McMinn, McNairy, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan
Obion, Overton, Perry, P6\k. Rhea, Roane, Robertson, Rutherford, Sevier, Shelby.
Smith, Stewart, Sullivan, Sumner, Tipton, Van Buren, Warren, Washington,
Wayne, Weakly, White, Williamson, Wilson.

TER— TEX 497
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng.
falls, by three leaps, about 700 ft. (sorae say 750 ft.), producing one of
the most beautiful and roraantic cataracts in the world.*
Ter'-r.a. del Fu-e'-go, more properly Tierra del Fuego, te-6r'-ri
del fwiZ-gOia group of islands at the S. extremity of S. America, sepa
rated from the continent by the Strait of Magellan. The principal
island is about 270 m. in length, and 180 or 190 ra. in its greatest
breadth. The name of Tierra del Fuego, or " land of fire," is sup
posed to have been given to this insular group by the Spaniards, from
their having witnessed here a volcanic eruption. A phenomenon of
this kind was observed, not many years since, by Captain Basil Hall,
whUe on a visit to these islands. Tierra del Fuego is inhabited by
savages, who appear to be in the lowest state of ignorance and bar
barism. They are low in stature, and are of a dark copper or mahogany
colour. Tbe cliraate is cold, but the teraperalure is coraparalively equa
ble. Cloudy weather, rain, and wind prevail throughout the year, and
fine days are rare.
Terracina, tfr-ri-chee'-ni, (Anc. Anx'ur, afterwards Terraci'na),
a seaport t of Italy, in the Papal Slate, 60 ra. S. S. E. of Rorae, remarka
ble for its interesting remains of antiquity.
Terre Bonne (i.e. " good land"), usually pronounced tar bone, a parish
in the S. part of La., bordering on the sea. Pop. 4,410. Seat of jus
tice, Williamsburg.
'Tessin. See 'Ticino.
Tex'-as, a republic of N. America, between 25° 50' and 38° N. Lat,
and 93° 40' and 107 W. Lon. Bounded on the N. E. and S. E. by the
United States and the Gulf of Mexico, and S. W. and-VV. by the Mexi
can states, from which it is separated by the Rio del Norte. Length,
from ite S. to its N. W. extremity, about 1,000 m. ; greatest breadth,
from E. lo W., near 750 ra. Area estiraated at 320,000 sq. m. Pop.
at 250,000, of whom ahout 25,000 are slaves. The soil of 'Texas, espe
cially in the eastern and southern parts, is represented as being re
markably fertile ; vast prairies are found in every section ofthe country,
alternating with tracts of land covered wilh timber. The cliraate of the
low lands is very warra, but is said to be on the whole more salubrious
than that of the southern United States. The Texan year is divided
intp the wet and the dry season. The former lasts from December to
March. Frora April to October little rain falls, though thunder-storms
frequently occur. Texas, as is doubtless known to mostof our readers,
formed, a few years since, in connexion with Coahilila, one of the
Mexican states. In 1835, the Texans declared their independence,
which was finally secured by the battie of San Jacinto (fought April
21st 1836), in which Santa Anna, the Mexican commander-in-chief,
was defeated and taken prisoner. Texas has since been recognised as
an independent state, by the leading powerfe of Europe and Araerica,
nnd though Mexico still refuses to relinquish her claim, it is hot proba-
* See Childe Harold, Canto IV., stanzas 69, 70, and 71 > also the accompanying
42 »

498 TEX— THE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, m6t ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
ble that she will ever he able to reconquer the country. The constitu
tion adopted hy the Texan government is essentially the same wilh
that of the United Slates. 'Texas, however, is an integral and not a
federal republic, resembling in this respect one of our states, though
the chief magistrate is called a president During the last session of
Congress (1844-5), a bill was passed providing for the annexation of
Texas lo the United States ; and, as the Texans appear generally to be
warraly in favour of this measure, there is but little doubt that the
union proposed will be confeumraated at no distant period. Washing
ton, a small fown on the river Brazos, near 30° 20' N. Lat., and 96° 20
W. Lon., is at present the capital of "Texas. — Adj. and inhab. Tex'-an.
Tex'-el, often called Tes'-seo, a small i. off the W. coast of Hol-
landi at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee.
Thames, temz (Anc. Tara'esis), the largest and most important river
of England, rises in Gloucestershire, near Cirencester, by several
branches. The principal one, called the Isis, joins the Churn near
Cricklade, where the united stream first takes the narae of Tharaes ;
though, after the exaraple ofthe literati of Oxford, it is generally called
the Isis till after it passes that city. The general course of the
river is easleriy ; it falls into the German Ocean in about 51° 30' N.
Lat, and 0° 50' E. Lon. The whole length is computed at 210 m. It
is navigable for ships of any burden to Deptford (about 4 m. S. E. of
London), for vessels of 800 tons to Catharine's Docks, near the Tower
of London, and for barges lo the confines of Gloucestershire. The
greatest breadth ofthe Tharaes al London, is rather more than a quar
ter of a mile ; the mean breadth may be 700 or 800 ft.
Than'-et, Isle of, a dist. of England, in the county of Kent sepa
rated from the raainland by the r. Stour.
Theaki or Thiaki, the-i'-ke (Anc. Ith'aca), one of the sraallei
Ionian islands, intersected by the parallel of 38" 25' N. Lat, and the
meridian of 20° 40' E. Lon. Length 14 ra. ; breadth 5 m.
Thebes (The'ba; ; or Dios'polis, i. e. the " city of Jove"), a once
famous but long-ruined city of Upper Egypt capital of the kingdom of
the Pharaohs when in the zenith of tiieir power, situated on both sides of
the Nile. Lat. 25° 43' N., Lon. 82° 39' E. Ite remains of antiquity
are perhaps the mosl magniflcent and imposing to be found on the
globe. (See Penny Cyclopffidia, articles Egypt, Carn.ac, and Luxor;
also, " Wilkinson on the Manners and Customs of the Ancient Esvp-
tians.") Thebes (Gr. ©jySat, thebai, pronounced the'-vi by tbe modern
Greeks ; Turk. Tee'-vi), a t of Greece, situated in a fine plain, about
30 ra. N. N. W. of Athens. A few inscriptions are tiie only vestiges
remaining, lo reraind us ofthe ancient capital of Boeotia. Pop. supposed
not to exceed 5,000. (M.)
Theiss, tice (Hung. Tisza, tee-sofe; Anc. Tibis'cus), a r. of Hun
gary, the principal tributary ofthe Danube. It rises in the Carpathian
Mountains, near 47° 30' N. Lat, and 25° B. Lon., and flowing at first
north-westeriy, then south- westeriy, and afterwards southerly, falls into

THI 499
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
the Danube in about 45° 10' N. Lat, and 2.5° 22' E. Lon. Its whole
course is estiraated at not less than 500' m., for the greatest part of
which il is navigable.
Thibet or Tibet, tib'-et"* or lib-ef (called by the natives T'phoo-p'ho),
an extensive country in the S. E. central part of Asia, of which very
little is known. It appears lo lie between 27° and 36° N. Lat, and
72° and 103° E. Lon., and is bounded on the S. W, by parts of the
Hindoo Koosh and Himalaya Mountains, S. by the Himalayas and the
northern boundaries of Assam, Birma, and the Chinese prov. of Yunnan.
The eastern boundary is very uncertain, and the northern seeras to be
entirely unknown. As far as our information extends, Thibet consiste
almost wholly of table-land, the highest plains of which are more than
10,000 ft. above the level of the sea. "rbe cliraate, as we raight ex
pect in a country so elevated, is generally cold ;t indeed, one of the na
tive appellations of Thibet is said- to signify the "snowy region of the
north." In some of the valleys, however, especially in that of the
Dzangbo (or Sanpoo), it is very warm. During some seasons of the
year the air is excessively dry, so that raeat exposed to il, becomes so
perfectiy desiccated that it may be ground like bread, and may be pre
served in this state for a number of years. It appears also that the
Thibetans in like raanner dry the bodies of their sovereign Lamas,
instead of embalming them. This country produces many ofthe vege
table fruite and trees of Central and Southern Europe. AU our doraes
tic animals are known in Thibet ; besides which there are goals with
a very fine fleece, and those with long fine hair; and argali (the Ovis
ammon), a species of wild sheep, wilh horhs of 100 lbs. weight (P. C.)
The inhabitante of Thibet belong to the Mongolian race. They are
said to be mild and humane, bul not to exhibit the enterprise of their
neighbours either to the N. or S. The art of printing has been prac
tised among thera frora a reraote age, Thibet is reraarkable as the
central seat of Boodhisra, which is found here in its greatest purity.
The priests are called lamas (li'-raas) : the Dalai (di'-li') Lama, or
Grand Lama, who resides at Lassa, is believed to he an incarnation of
the deity in a human form. On the dissolution of this body, he is sup-
* " And spicy rods, such as illume at night
The bowers of Tibet, send forth odorous light.
Like Peris' wands when pointing out the road
For some pure spirit to its blest abode," MooRE'SjioHa Rookh.
+ It appears, however, from the testimony of several respectable travellers, that
some elevated regions of Thibet, which, according to the received theory, should
be buried in everlasting snow, are not only habitable, but teem with animal and
vegetable life. In the most southern portions of this country, the line of perpe
tual congelation (if we follow the general rule on this subject) could not be placed
higher than 12,300 ft. above the sea; and yet, on an elevation of more than 16,000
feet, Captain Gerrard saw horses gallopping about in all directions, and feeding
on the very tops of the heights, while various kinds of birds were soaring in the
lir above them, (See British India, by Murray, Wilson, &c. Harper's edition,
ral, UI,, page 204,) HH

500 THI— THU
Fite, fir, fill, fat; mi, mit; pine or pine, pin; nft, nftt; 66 aaingood;
posed to re-appear in some infant who accordingly passes through the
term of his mortal existence with all the honours ofthe grand lama.-^
Adj, and inhab. Thib'-b-tan.
'Thielt, teelt a t of Belgium, in the province of W. Flanders,
13 ra. S. S. E. of Bruges. It is the chief market for the flax trade of
Flanders. Lat. 51° N., Lon. 3° 20' B. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.)
Thiers, le-aia', a t of France, in the dep. of Puy de Dome, Lat.
45° 51' N., Lon. 3° 33' E. Pop. 6,807. <M.)
Thionville, le'-ftN'-vill', a fortified t of France, in the dep. of Mo
selle, on the r. Moselle, 16 ra. N. of Metz. Pop. 4,201. (M.)
Thom'-as, a CO. in the S. part of Ga., bordering on Florida. Pop.
6,766. Co. t Thoraasville.
Tbom'-as-ton, a t of Me., in Lincoln co., on St George's r., 12 m.
from the sea, and 37- m., in a straight line, S. B. of Augusta. Here is
the Maine Stale Prison. Pop. of township, 6,227.
Thorn, loan, a celebrated fortified t of Prussia, on the Vistula, here
crossed by a long wooden bridge, 50 m. S. S. W. of Marienwerder.
Lat 53° N.„Lon. lS° 86' E. Pop. ahout 11,000, without the military,
or 14,000, including them. (B.) Thorn was the birth-place of Coper
nicus. Three Rivers (Fr. Trois Rivieres, tRwi re'-ve-aiR'), a t of Lower
Canada, cap. of a dist of the same narae, and formerly of aU Canada,
on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the St. Maurice, which here being
divided, by two small islands, into three channels, has given name to
the town. Lat 46° 23' N., Lon. 72° 29' W. Pop. estimated at be
tween 4,000 and 5,000. (M.)
Thun, toon, a small t of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, on the
r. Aar, about a mUe below ils egress from the lake ofthis name, 16 m.
S. S. E. of Berne. Pop. 4,833. (P. C.) The Lake of Thun (called by
the Gerraans Thuner-See, too'-ner si), is about 13 m. in length, and
3 m. in ils greatest breadth.
Thurgau, tooa'-gou, (Fr. Thurgovie, liiR'-go'-ve'; Lat Thurgo'via;)
a canton at the N. B. extremity of Switzerland, bordering on L. Con
stance and the Rhine. Area ahout 270 sq. m. Pop. 84,124. (P. C.)
Frauenfeld, frou'-en-fell\ the cap., situated in a valley near the Thiir
(toor), an affluent of the Rhine, has only about 1,800 inhabitants. (B.)
Thuringia, thu-rin'-je-a, (Ger. Thuringen, tii'-ring-en,) the name of
an extensive tract in the central part of Gerraany, watered by the
rivers Saale and Werra, and including the. Thuringian Forest. Ite
liraits have varied at different tiraes, and the narae is now but little
used, the original Thuringia having becorae incorporated with the ter
ritories of different states. — Adj. Thuringian, thu-rin'-je-an.
Thuringian Forest (Ger. Thuringer W'ald, tii'-ring-er Wilt), a
hilly and woody tract of country in the central part of Germany, form
ing a portion of the ancient Hereynian Forest extending througc
Gotha, Weimar, Coburg, and some other small states.
Thurles, a t of Ireland, co, of Tipperary, on the Suir, 77 m. S. W.
of Dublin. Pop, about 7,000. (M.)

TIB— TIL 501
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Ti'BER (It Tevere, ti'-vi-ri ; Anc, Ti'bris or Ti'heris), a celebrated
r. of Central Italy, which rises in the Tuscan Apennines, and, flow
ing south-easterly to within about 20 m, of Rome, then turns to the
S, W,, and. falls into tbe Mediterranean by two -mouths, 17 ra. below
that city. Its whole length is about 150 ra. It is said to have been
ancientiy navigable for vessels of considerable burden, as far as Rome,
and for small boats nearly to ite source ; but, at present, the naviga
tion is at all times difficult, especially near ils mouth and in the vici
nity of Rome. Its average breadth, in the lower part of ite course, is
about 300 ft.
Tibet, See Thibet.
Ticino, te-chee'-no, (Anc. Tici'nus), a r. in the N. of Italy, which
rises in the S. part of Switzerland, and, flowing northward through
L. Maggiore, falls into the Po, 24 m. S. of Milan, It is navigable lo
L. Maggiore.
Ticino (Fr, Tessin, t&s'-sin'), a canton in the S. E, part of Switzer
land, bordering on Italy. It derives its name from the above river, by
which it is intersected. Area, 1,042 sq. ra. Pop. in 1837, 113,928.
(M.) This is the only Italian canton in the Swiss confederation ; the
inhabitants speak a dialect reserabling the Milanese ; they are all Ro
man Catholics.
Tif'-lis or Teplis, the cap. of the Russian prov.- of Georgia, on the
Koor, about midway between the Black and Caspian seas. The houses
are generally ill built; the streets are crooked and extremely narrow.
The newer portion of the town, however, which is separated from the
old by the ruins of the ancient fortifications, has broader streets, and
buUdings in the European stylcj Tiflis is tbe residence ofa Georgian
metropolitan and an Armenian archbishop, Lat. 41° 41' N., Lon.
ahout 45° E. The pop. is rapidly increasing, and is now probably near
45,000. (P. C.)
Tigre, tee'-gri^, the most powerful and warlike of the three princi
pal kingdoras into which Abyssinia is divided, situated B. of the r. Ta
cazze. Adowa is tbe chief town.
Ti'-GRis, a, large r, of Asia, which rises in Asiatic Turkey, 70 or
80 ra. N.W. of Diarbekir, between 38° and 39° N. Lat, and near 39°
E. Lon. Ils general course is south-easterly, and in about 31° N. Lat.
and near 47° E. Lon,, il unites with the Euphrates, to forra the Shatt-el-
Arab. The whole length of the Tigi-is is estimated at 920 ra. Be
tween Diarbekir and Mosul (near 300 ra.) the river is navigable for
rafts, at certain seasons : below Mosul, it is riavigable*throughoul the
year. Til'-buro, a manufacturing t, of HoUand, in N. Brabant, 14 m, S.W.
of Bois le Due. Lat. 51° 33' N., Lon. 5° 4' B. Pop. 10,000. (B.)
Til'-sit, a t of Prussia, on the Memel, 60 ra. N, E. of Konigsberg.
Here was concluded, July, 1807, the celebrated treaty of peace be
tween France, and Prussia and Russia. Lat 55° 4' N., Lon. 21° 56' E.
Pop. about 12,000. (B.)

502 TIM— TIR
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nfit ; 66, as in good;
TiM-Buc'-Too or ToM-BOOc'-TOO (raore properly Ten-Boctoo), a com
mercial t, cap. of a kingdom of the same name, in the N. W. central
part of Africa, near the S. border of the Great Desert, ahout 8 m. from
the left bank of the Joliba or Niger, Though ite iraportance has rauch
dirainishcd from what it was in the 14th century, when the kingdom
of Timbuctoo was the nucleus of a great empire, it may still be re
garded as the principal centre of coraraerce in this part of Africa,
Lat 17° 10' N., Lon. about 3° W. Pop. estimated from 10,000 to
12,000. (B.)
Ti'-MOR, the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, between 8° 20' and
10° 80' S. Lat, and 123° 20' and 127° 20' E. Lon. Length, near 300 m.,
wilh a mean breadth of about 45 m. Timor is divided among a great
number of petty kingdoms, nearly all of which are dependent on the
Portuguese or Dutch. (B.)
Ti'-mor-laut', one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, intersected by the
8lh parallel of S. Lat, and 131st meridian of B. Lon. It is about 90 m.
in length, and 40 ra. in ite greatest breadth. Scarcely anything is known
of it except that the natives are unfriendly to strangers.
, Ti-o'-GA, a small r. which rises in the N. part of Pa., and, making a
circuit, passes into N. Y., and finally retums into Pa., and joins the E.
branch of the Susquehanna.
Tioga, a co. in the S. part of N. Y., intersected by the E. branch of
the Susquehanna, and bordering on Pa. Pop. 20,527. Co. t Owego.
Tioga, a co. in the N. part of Pa., on the sources of the Tioga r.,
and bordering on N. Y. Pop. 15,498. Co. t Wellsborough.
Tip'-PAH, a CO. in the N. part of Miss., bordering on Tenn. Pop,
9,444. Co. seat Ripley.
Tippecanoe, tip'-pe-ka-noo', a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ind.,
where the Tippecanoe river joins the Wabasb. Pop. 13,724. Co. t
Lafayette. Tip-per-a'-ry, an inland co. in the S. of Ireland, prov. of Munster,
S. B. of, and bordering on the Shannon. Pop. in 1831, 402,564.
(P C)
Tipperary, a t. of Ireland, cap. of the above co., 23 m. S. E. of
Liraerick. Pop, 6,972.
Ti'p'-ton, a CO. near the S, W. extremity of Tenn., bordering on the
Mississippi r. Pop. 6,800. Co. t Covington.
Tir-ee','* written also Tirree, Tiry, and Tyree, an i. on the W.
coast of Scotiand, belonging to Argyleshire, above 12 ra. in length, and
5 m. in its greatest breadth. Lat. 56° 30' N., Lon. 7° W.
Tirlemont, leeRf-mftN', (Plem.Thienen or Tienen, tee'-nen,) a ma
nufacturing t of Belgium, in the prov. of S. Brabant, 11 m. S. E. of
Louvain. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
• " They left Loch-Tua on their lee.
And they wakened the men of the wild Tiree,"
Scott's Lord ofthe Isles, Canto IV.

TIS— TOL 503
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Tishamingo, tish-a-raing'-go, a co. forraing the N. E. extremity of
Miss, Pop. 6,681. Co. seat Jacinto. ^
Titicaca, tit-e-ki'-ki, the largest L. in S. America, situated partly
in Bolivia and partly in Peru, between 15° 20' and 16° 40' N. Lat, and
68° and 71° W. Lon. Length, near 140 m. ; greatest breadth, about
85 ra. The surface of its waters is higher than the Peak of Teneriffe,
being 12,795 ft. above the level ofthe Pacific. (P. C.) In sorae places,
ite depth has been ascertained to be 120 fathoms, but many parte are
probably much deeper.
TivoLi, tee'-vo-le, (Anc. Ti'bnr,) a t of Italy, in the Papal State, on
the Teverone (tfev'-i-ro'-ni — Anc. Anio), 18 ra. E. by N. of Rorae, re
raarkable for its delightful situation and its interesting antiquities.
Pop. ahout 6,000. (B.)
"To-ba'-go (see Int X.), one of the W. India Islands, belonging to
Great Britain^ intersected by the parallel of 11° 10' N. Lat, and the
meridian of 60° 40' W. Lon. Length, 26 m. ; greatest breadth, 7 or
8 m. Pop. 13,700. (M.)
To-bolsk', an archiepiscopal city of Asiatic Russia, cap. of W. Si
beria and of a gov. of its own narae, on the Irtish, .near its junction
wilh the Tobol. The houses are built raostly of wood ; the streets are
generally broad, straight, and paved wilh wood. Lat. 48° 12' N., Lon.
68° 6' B. Pop., exclusive of tbe railitary, 20,000. (P. C.)
Tocantins, lo-can-teens', a large r. of Brazil, which flows into the
estuary of Para. Length estiraated at 1,500 ra.
TocAT, to-kil', a large t of Asiatic Turkey, on the Yesheel Irmak.
Its appearance is said to reserable that of a European city. Lat. about
40° N., Lon. 36° 50' B. Pop. estiraated by Balbi, on the authority
of M. Fontanier, at near 100,000 ; but several other writers make it
much less.
Todd, a co. in the S. W. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop.
9,991. Co. t. Elkton.
ToBPLiTz. "See Toplitz.
To-kay' (Hung. pron. to-koi), a t in the N. E. part of Hungary, at
the confluence of the Bodrog and Theiss, remarkable as the market
for the feinous wine of this name, which is produced in the surround
ing country. Lat 48° 7' N, Lon. 21° 24' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.)
To-le'-do (Sp. pron. to-li'-no; Anc. Tole/tum), a celebrated but de
cayed city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the sarae name, and formerly of
the kingdom of Castile, situated on a hill near the Tagus, 36 m. S. S.
W. of Madrid. It is the seat of a university and the rfesidence of an
archbishop. Thie Cathedral of this place is the largest and one of the
finest in the kingdom. Toledo was formeriy noted for its manufacture
of swords; those now made here are said still to command a high
price- Lat 39° 55' S., Lon. 4° W. Pop. 15,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab.
To-lk'-dan. Tol'-land, a CO. in the N. N. E. part of Conn., bordering on Mass.
Pop. 17,980. Co. t Tolland.
'Toluca, to-loo/-^i, a well-buUt t of the Mexican States, about 10 m.

504 TOM— TOO
File, fir, fill, fit ; ra*, mit ; pine, or pine, pin"; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good ;
N. of the mountain called the Nevado de Toluca (see Nevado), which
has an elevation of 2,372 toises, or about 15,170 English ft. (B.) Lat
19° 16' N., Lon. 99° 21' W. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.)
ToM-Bio'-BEE or Tom-beck'-be, a r. which rises in tbe N. E. part of
Miss., and, flowing southerly into Ala., unites with the Alabama river
to form tbe Mobile. Length estimaled al 4.50 m. It is navigable for
steamboate to Colurabus, in Miss.
ToMp'-KiNS, a CO. in the S. W. central part of N. Y., at the S. ex
tremity of Cayuga Lake. Pop. 37,948. Co. t Ithaca.
Tomsk, a handsome t of Asiatic Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same
narae, on the Tom, an affluent of the Obi. Lat 56° 30' N., Lon. 85°
10' E. Pop. 8,000 or 9,000. (P. C.)
Tonkin or Tonquin, ton-keen', a kingdom in the S. E. part of Asia,
bordering on the gulf of this narae. (See Cochin China.)
Tonkin or Toncjuin, Gulf of, is situated between 18° and 22° N.
Lat, and 106° and 110° E. Lon. Length above 200 m.; greatest
breadth about 170 m.
Too'-L.A (Tula), an iraportant manufacturing t of European Russia,
cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Oopa (Upa), an affluent of the
Oka, 110 ra. S. of Moscow. Its appearance from a distance, owing to
the nuraerous spires and domes, is very imposing ; but the crooked and
ill-paved streets, and the houses built mostly of wood, tend to destroy,
on a nearer view, the favourable irapression which the approaching spec
tator may have received. Toola is reraarkable for its raanufacture of
arras, the raost extensive in the erapire, whence it has been called the
Birmingham of Russia. It employs above 7,000 workmen, producing
annually 70,000 rauskets and 25,000 side-arras. Cutlery of various
kinds is also manufactured here. There are rich mines of iron ore of
an exceUent quality in the vicinity, b.ut the metel employed in the
manufactures is said to be principally, if not exclusively, from Siberia.
Lat 54° 12' N., Lon. 37° E. Pop. 51,000. (P. C.)
Toorkistan, toork'-is-lin' (i. e. the " country of the Turks"), or In
dependent Tartary, is situated in the N. W. central part of Asia, be
tween 35° and 54° N. Lat, and 50° and 82° E. Lon., bounded on the
N. by the Russian dominions, E. and S. E. by the Chinese empire, S.
by Afghanistan and Persia, and W. by the Russian erapire, from which
it is partiy separated by the Caspian Sea. Length, from E. to W., near
1,500 m. ; greatest breadth, frora N. to S., about l,-250 m. Area vague
ly estimated at 1,000,000 sq. ra. A large portion of this extensive
country consiste of elevated table-land, intersected by ridges of moun
tains, some of which appear to be not less than 18,000 ft. above tiie
level of the sea. Deserts ot greater or less extent are found in dif
ferent parts. Toorkistan is divided into a number of independent states
or khanats, which vary greatiy in extent and population. All the
chiefs or khans appear to be possessed of a power more or less arbi
trary. The principal khanats are those of Bokhara, Khiva, and Kho
kand, which are treated of under their respective heads. Mahometan
ism is the prevailing religion of Toorkistan ; it is said that the laws of

TOO— TOU 505
ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
the Koran are more strictly observed here, than in any other Mahome
tan country. (For some further particulars respecting this country, see
Bokhara.) Toor'-ko-mans or toor'-ko-rains', a nation of Tartars, originally in
habiting the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, but who are now spread
not only over Toorkistan, but Persia, Afghanistan, and a considerab.e
portion of Asiatic Turkey. They lead a wandering life and live in
tente. They are said to be excellent horsemen, and to make hardy and
brave soldiers.
Topayos, to-pi'-yfts, written also Tap.ajos, a large r. of Brazil, flow
ing into the Amazon near 2° 20' S. Lat, and 54° 40' W, Lon. Entire
length perhaps 1,000 m. It is navigable for boats the greater part of
ils course.
TbpLiTz, ToEPLiTZ or Teplitz, lep'-lits, a small t of Bohemia, on
the Saubach (sou'-biK), 47 m. N. W. of Prague, noted for ils hot mi
neral springs and baths. Perraanent pop. about 2,600. (B.)
Tor-bay', a spacious basin on tiie S. coast of England, in Devon
shire, which has several tiraes been resorted to as a place of shelter by
the fleets of England.
ToRGAU, toR'-gou, a fortifled t of Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe, 66
m. S. S. W. of Beriin. Pop. 5,800., (B.)
'ToRNEA, pronounced and sometimes written Tor'-ne-o,* a small t.
of European Russia, on the N, W. frontier of the grand-ducfiy of Fin
land, at the mouth of the r. Tornei, which falls into the Gulf of Both
nia. Lat 65° 51' N., Lon. 24° 12' E,
To-ron'-to (formerly York), lately the cap. of Upper Canada, on the
N, shore of L, Ontario, towards its W. extreraity. Lat. 48° 35' N.,
Lon. 79° 20' W, 'The pop, of this city has increased of latter years
with extraordinary rapidity : in 1826, il was only 1,677 ; in 1836, it was
9,6.52, and in 1839, it araounted to 15,000. (P. C)
Tor'-shok' or Tobzhok (Torjok), a I. of European Russia, in the
gov. of Tver. Lat, 57° 2' N., Lon. 85° 8' B. Pop. stated at 15,000.
(P, C)
ToR-To'-LA, one of the Virgin Islands, in the W. Indies, belonging
to Great Britain. Lat 18° 27' N,, Lon. 64° 35' W. Length ahout
12 m.
ToR-To'-s.A (Anc. Derto'sa), a fortifled t. of Spain, in Catalonia, on
the left bank ofthe Ebro, with several interesting remains of antiquity.
Lat 40° 49' N., Lon. 0° 33' E. Pop. about 16,000. (B.)
Tot'-ness, a t of England, in Devonshire, 20 m. S. by*E. of Exeter.
Pop. 3,849.
"Toul, tool, a t of France, in the dep. of Meurthe, on the Moselle,
here crossed by a handsome bridge, 13 m. W. of Nancy. Lat. 48° 40'
32" N., Lon. 5° 5' 3" E. Poo. 7,279. (M.)
Toulon, too'-lon, or loo'-lftN', (Anc. Te'lo Mar'tius), tbe second naval
* "Cold as the rocks on Torneo's hoary brow." — Campbell.
43 .

508 TOU— TRA
Pile, fir, fiU, fit; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as ingood;
port of France (Brest being the flrst) in the dep. of Var, with one ofthe
finest harhours on the Mediterranean, 32 ra. E. S. E. of Marseilles.
Among its institutions for education, may be mentioned the Naval
School, with a fine library, and a collection of models of vessels of
every kind. Lat 43° 7' N., Lon. 5° 56' E. Pop. 30,000. (B,)
Toulouse or Thoulouse, too'-looz', (Anc. Tolo'sa or Tholo'sa,) an
archiepiscopal city in the S. of France, cap. of the dep. of Upper Ga
ronne, and formerly of the prov, of Languedoc, on the r. Garonne,
where it is joined by the Southern Canal (Canal du Midi), 132 m, S. E.
of Bordeaux. The r. is crossed by a fine bridge of freestone, resting on
7 arches. Before the Revolution, Toulouse was the seat of one of the
leading French universities, now replaced by an academie universi.
taire : it has also a royal coUege, and two public libraries, the one con
taining 30,000, and the other 24,000 vols. Lat 43° 36' N., Lon. 1°
27' E. Pop, 68,015. (B,)
Touraine, too'-rane', a former prov. of France, now divided be
tween the deps, of Indre and Loire, and Indre,
Tournay, tooR'-ni', (Flem. Doornik, dor'-nik ; Anc, Tur'nacum or
Tor'nacus;) a fortress and iraportant raanufacturing t, of Belgium,
prov. of Hainault on the- Scheldt near the French frontier, 45 m. W.
S, W. of Brussels. Lat. 50° 36- N., Lan, 3° 23' E. Pop. 29,000. (B.)
Tours, tooR, (Anc. Ccesarodu'nura, afterwards Tu'rones,) an archie
piscopal city of France, cap. of the dep. of Indre and Loire, and for
merly of Touraine, on the left bank of the r. Loire, in the midst ofa
fertile and delightful plain, 127 ra. S. W. of Paris. Il coraraunicates
wilh the opposite bank of the Loire by one of the finest stone bridges in
Europe, which is about 1,420 ft. long, and 45 ft. wide, and rests on 15
elliptical arches, each of which has a span of 80 ft. The inhabitante of
Tours are considered to speak belter French lhan those of any other
provincial town in France. Lat 47° 24' N., Lon. 0° 42' E. Pop.
26.669. (B.)
Traf'-al-gar' or traf-al'-g'ar, a cape on the S. \V. coast of Spain,
celebrated for the great naval action fought in ils vicinity, on the 21st
of October, 180.5, between the Eno-lish fleet under Lord Nelson, and the
corabined French and Spanish fleet coraraanded by adrairal Villeneuve.
The English were signally victorious, but their distinguished coraraan
der was slain during the action. Lat 36° 10' N., Lon. 6° W.
Tral-be', a thriving t ot Ireland, cap. of Kerry co., near a bay of ite
own narae, 57 m. W. N. W. of Cork. Pop. in 1831, 9,562, and now
(1842) probably 13,000. (M.)
Trani, tri'-ne, an archiepiscopal t and seaport of Naples, on the
Adriatic. Lat. 41° 17' N., Lon. 16" 26' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.)
Tran'-que-bar', tt seaport t. of Hindostan, belonging to the British,
on the Coromandel coast between the two arras of the Cauvery, 140 m,
S. S. W, of Madras, Lat 11° N,, Lon. 81° 54' E. The pop. may
amount to 12,000, without including that of ite littie territory. (B.) Till
lately (the early part of 1845), Tranquebar belonged to Denraark.
Tran-svl-va'-ni-a (Hung. Erdely Orszag, ^a-dail OR-siig; Ger,
Siebenbiirgen, see'-b^n-biiRo'-en) ; a large prov. forming the raost east

TRA— TRE 507
OU, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
ern portion ofthe Austrian empire, between 45° 12' and 47° 42' N, Lat,
and 22° 15' and 26° 24' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Hungary, N. E.
and E. by the Buckowine and Moldavia, S. by Waiiachia, from which
it is separated by the E. Carpathian Mountains, and W. by Hungary.
Greatest length, frora E. to W., 184 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to
S,, 167m. Area 21,000 sq.m. Pop. about 2,000,000. (M.) The
narae was given by the Hungarians, Transylvania signifying the coun
try " beyond tbe wood," i. e. the extensive woody mountains which se
parate this province frora Hungary, The true Hungarian name, how
ever, Erdely Orszag, signifles "woody, country." The origin of the
German name, Siebenbiirgen, the " seven castles," or " seven bo
roughs," probably refers to some feature ofthe ancient condition ofthe
country with which we are now unacquainted.
Trapani, tri'-pi-ne, (Anc. Drep/anum ; Gr. A^trtowor, i. e. a " scythe,"
the tongue of land on which it is built being curved in the shape of that
instrument ;) a fortifled seaport t of SicUy, cap. of a prov. ofthe same
name, .at the N. W. extreraity of the island, 46 ra. W. of Palerrao.
Drepanum appears to have been an eraporiura from the earliest times,
and the modern town is one of the first coraraercial places in Sicily.
Lat. 38° 2' N., Lon. 12° 31' B. Pop. 24,000. (B.)
Tras os Monies. Iris fts raon'-l&, i. e. " beyond the mountains," a
prov. forming tbe N. E. extremity of Portugal, separated by a chain of
mountains frora the prov. of the Minho, and by the Dpuro from Beira.
Trav'-an-core', a state of Hindostan, subsidiary to tbe British, situ
ated at the S. extremity of that peninsula, between the 8lh and llth
degrees of N. Lat, and the 76th and 78th of E. Lon.
Treb'-i-zond' ('Turk. Ta-ri' -be-soon' ; Anc. Trapezus); a fortified
city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, cap. of an eyalet, on the S, shore of
tbe Black Sea, towards ils.eastern extremity. This town was for a
considerable period the cap. of an erapire founded in the early part of
the 13th century hy a branch of the Coranenian faraily, who had for
several generations held the iraperial sceptre at Constantinople. After
experiencing a variety of fortunes, this empire fell, soon afler the fall
of Constantinople in 1453. Though Trebizond has greatly declined
frora its forraer prosperity, it is still iraportant on account of its raanu
factures, its coramerce, and its population, which Balbi estiraates at
50,000. Lat. 41° 3' N,, Lon, 39° 28' E,
Tremiti, trem'-e-te, a group of sraall islands belonging tp the king
dom of Naples, situated in the Adriatic. Lat about 42° 8' N., Lon, 15°
30' E, ^
Trent (Ger, Trient, tre-ent'; Anc. Triden'tum), a walled t of Tyrol,
o.i the Adige, wbich is heje crossed by a fine bridge, Lat 46° 6' N.,
Lon, 11° 4' E. Pop. near 12,000, (B,)
Trent, one of the principal rivers of England ; it rises on the bor
ders of Cheshire, and flowing at first southerly, then easterly, and in
the latter part of its course northeriy, falls into the estuary of the Hum
ber, 24 m, S. W. of York. Its whole length is estiraated at near 200

508 TBE— TRI
Fite, fir, f iU, fit ; mi, raJt ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
m. ; it is navigable for barges to Burton on Trent (about 117 m.), aud
for vessels of 200 tons to Gainsborough, (near 30 ra.)
Tbent'-on, a t of N. J., the seat of justice of Mercer county, and
cap. of the state, on the left or N. E. bank of the Delaware, at the
head of stearaboat navigation, where the river is joined by the Dela
ware and Raritan Canal, 57 m., in a straight line, N. E. of Philadelphia.
The railroad from N. York to Philadelphia passes through this town.
Lat. 40° 14' N., Lon. 74° 30' W. ? Pop. 4,035.
Treves (Fr. Treves, trave ; Ger. Trier, treer; Anc. Augu'sta Tro-
viro'rura), a city ofthe Prussian dorainions, cap. ofa gov., and formerly
of an electorate of the same narae, on the right bank of tbe MoseUe,
over which there is a stone bridge of 8 arches, 690 ft long. This is
perhaps the most ancient, and was long the most celebrated ofthe Ger
man cities. Constantine the Great and several other emperors, oc
casionaUy resided at Treves. It abounds in interesting antiquities,
ampng which may be mentioned the ruins ofthe palace of Constantine,
and the Roman aqueduct the subterranean portion of wbich is still
pretty well preserved. Treves had forraerly a university which has
been replaced by a gymnasium ; it possesses also a. library of 70,000
vols., and other literary and scientific instilutions. Lat. 49° 47' N.,
Lon. 6° 38' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, 14,000. (B.)
Teeviso, trfev-ee'-zo, (Anc. Tarvi'sium,) a raanufacturing and com
mercial t of Austrian Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, 18 m.
N. N. W. from Venice, Pop. 12,600. (B,)
Tricala, tree'-ki-li, written also Tirh.ala ; (Anc. Tric/ca,) a t of
European Turkey, in Thessaly, 37 m, W. by S. of Larissa. It is the
residence ofa pasha, and of a Greek archbishop. Lat 39° 31' N^., Lon.
21° 48' E. Pop. estiraated at 12,000. (B.)
Trich-in-op'-o-h or Trichinopoly, a large fortified t of Hindostan,
cap. of a dist. of the sarae name, belonging to the presidency of Ma
dras, on the Cauvery, 28 m. W. of Tanjore. Lat about 10° 50' N.,
Lon. 78° 50' E. Pop., including the suburbs, estimated at 80,000.
(P. C.) Near this town is the island of Seringham (ser-ingZ-gum),
forraed by two arras ofthe Cauvery, on which stands one ofthe largest
and mosl magnificent pagodas of Hindostan. The central buUding is
not large, hut is splendidly ornamented with sculpture, gilding, and
precious stones. It is enclosed wilhin seven square walls, each 25 ft
high, and very thick. These walls are about 120 yards from each
other ; the circuraference of the outer one is about 4 m. There are
besides comraon entrances, 20 very large and lofty triangular towers
over as raany gateways, each forraing a highly-ornaraented pagoda.
Tri-este' or tre-es'-ti (Anc. Terges'le), the principal seaport t of
the Austrian erapire, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Adriatic,
near ils N. E, extremity, 73 m. E. by N. of Venice. It has several
iraportant manufactures, among which, that of soap is the most re
markable. Among its institutions for education, the Scientific and
Nautical School, with 16 professors, deserves particular raention. In
1719, the emperor Charles VL declared Trieste a free port; at that

TRI— TRI 509
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
time it contained scarcely 8,000 inhabitants. The privileges of the
piace were afterwards extended by the erapress Maria Theresa, so that
all goods, wilh very few exceptions, can be iraported duty free. The
consequence has been that the population is now above 50,000 (P. C),
and continues annually to increase, and Trieste is the most wealthy
and important coraraercial city in the Austrian dominions. Lat. 45°
38' N., Lon. 13° 47' E.
Trigg, a co. in the S. W. part of Ky., intersected by the Cumber
land river. Pop. 7,716. Co. t Cadiz.
Trim'-ble, a CO. in the N. part of Ky., on the Ohio river. Pop.
4,480. Co. t Bedford.
Trinco.malee, tring'-ko-raa-lee', a small fortified t of Ceylon, on its
N. E. coast with one of the finest harbours in the world. " During the
N. E. monsoon, when all the vessels Off the Coromandel Coast and in
the Bay of Bengal are obliged to put to sea, Trincomalee is their place
of refuge, and a vessel frora Madras can reach it in two days." (M.)
Tein'-k-dad', after Jaraaica, the largest and raost important of the
British 'W. India Islands, is situated between the 10th and llth degrees
of N. Lat, and the 61st and 62d of W. Lon. : its S. W. extremity is'
only about 7 m. from the delta of the Orinoco. The form ofthis island
is singular ; it is almost a parallelogram, but the N. E., N. W., and
S. W. angles, have reraarkable projections ; the last naraed consists of
a tongue of land, about 80 ra. long, and from 2 to 10 or 12 m. broad.
Extrerae length of the island, from S. W. to N. E., 88 m.; greatest length,
frora N. to S., about 50 ra. ; mean breadth, from E. to W., about 35 ra.
Area estiraated at 2,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1834, 48,678. The raost re
raarkable natural feature of Trinidad, is the Pitch Lake, situated in the
S. W. part of the island, ahout a raile and a half in circumference.
The pitch or bitumen at the sides of the lake is perfectly hard and
cold, but towards the middle it becomes graduaUy warmer and softer,
and at last is seen boUing up in a liquid state. Trinidad has several
extinct volcanic craters. Port of Spain, on the W. coast, near its N.
extremity, is the cap. of Trinidad, and one of the finest towns in the
W. Indies. Pop. about 12,000. (P. C.)
Trin'-i-ty, a r. of Texas, flowing into Galveston Bay.
TRip/-o-n.(Anc. Trip'olis*), the most easleriy of the Barbary States,
between 29° and 33° N. Lat, and 10° and 22° E. Lon. ; bounded on
the N. by the Mediterranean, B, by Barca, S, hy Fezzan and the
desert and W. by Tunis. Area, uncertain. Pop. estimated by Balbi
at 660,000; but some other writers rate it as high as 1,500,000, and
even 2,000,000. Tripoli belongs to the Turkish sultan, and is governed
by a bey or pasha, with despotic sway. We may remark that this
country, since the revolution of 1832, has been in a _ry unseUled
state, and our knowledge of ils present political condition is iraperfect
and uncertain.— Adj. and inhab. Tripoline, trip-o-leen' and Trip-Ol'-
I-T.AN. • Under the Romans, the three iJourisliing cities of CEa, Leptis, and Sabrata, con
stituted a kind of federal union, under the name of TripoUs, or the " three cities."
43*

510 TRI— TRU
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; m^, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good;
Tripoli (called by the natives Ta-ri'-bloos or Tarablooa-el-Gharb,
i. e. " I'ripoli of the West ;" Anc. CEa), the cap. of the above state or
regency, on a rocky tongue of land projecting into tbe Mediterranean,
with a harbour defended by several batteries. The town is fortified,
and is entered by two gates. It contains six mosques, of the first
order, some of which are very handsome. The most striking relic
of antiquity is a magnificent triuraphal arch, (erected A. D. 164)
in honour of Aurelius Antoninus and Lucius Verus. Tripoli is one
of the principal entrepots for the coraraerce which is carried on
between Europe and the countries in tbe central part of Africa. Lat.
32° 54' N., Lon. 13° 11' E. Pop. estimated at from 20,000 to 25,000.
(P. C. and B.)
Tripoli (Arab. Ta-ri'-bloos es-Sham, or the "Tripoli of Syria), a
well-built seaport t of Syria, cap. of an eyalet of ite own name, on the
Mediterranean, near 150 m. S. S. W. of Aleppo. Lat 34° 26' N., Lon.
35° 51' E. Pop. estiraated al ahout 16,000. (B.)
Tripolitza or Tripolizza, tre-po-lit'-si, forraerly an important t of
Greece, in the Morea, 22 m. W. by S. of Napoli di Romania. Lat 37°
30' N., Lon. 22° 25' E. The pop,, which appears forraerly to have
araounted to 15,000 or 18,000, is probably at present scarcely 2,000. (B.)
Trois Rivieres, See Three Rivers.
Trondhjem, See Drontheim.
'Trond (or Tron), Saint, saN IrftN, a. t. of Belgiura, prov. of Limburg,
20 ra. W, by S. of Maestricht, with near 8,000 inhabitants, who are
principally engaged in tbe raanufacture of fire-arms. (B.)
Troppau, trop'-pou, the most iraportant t of Austrian Silesia, cap.
of a circle of the same name, 37 ra. N. E. of Olraiitz. It is well built
and has considerable manufactures. Pop. about 12,000. (B.)
Troup, troop, a co. on the W. horder of Ga., intersected by the Chat
tahoochee r. Pop. 15,733. Co. t La Grange.
Trow'-bridge, a manufacturing t of England, in Wiltehire, 21 m.
N. W. of Salisbury. Pop. ofthe parish, with an area of about 3 sq.m.,
11,0.50. Troy, a city of N. Y., cap. of Rensselaer co., on the E. bank of the
Hudson, 6 m. N. of Albany. Its position is highly favourable for trade;
besides the ready coraraunication which it has with the towns on the
Hudson and with the sea, it is connected by the Champlain and Erie
canals with the western lakes and the St Lawrence. Troy is re
gularly laid out, and contains many handsorae public buildings, among
which the Court House and the Episcopal Church deserve particular
mention. Lat. 42° 44' N., Lon. 73° 40' W. Pop. 19,384.
Troyes, trwi, (Anc. Augustoho'na ; afterwards Trecas'ses or Tri-
casses, Tricas'sje, and Tre'cte), a manufecturing city of France, cap.
of the dep. of Aube, on the Seine, 92 m. E. S. E. of Paris. Besides a
number of institutions for education, it possesses a public library, said
to contain 55,000 printed vols, and nearly 5,000 manuscripts. Lat. 48°
18' N., Lon. 4° 5' E. Pop. 25,563. (B.)
Trum'-bull, a CO. in the N. E. part of Ohio, bordering on Pa., and

TRU— TUN 511
ou, as ip our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
intersected by the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal. Pop. 38,107. Co. t.
Warren. Tru'-ro, the handsomest t, in Cornwall, England, on the Fal,
8 m. N. hy E. of Falmouth. Lat. 50° 15' N., Lon. 5° 2' W. Pop.
3,048. Truxillo or Trujillo, troo-neel'-yo, a small t of Spain, in Estre
madura, 134 m. S. W. by W. from Madrid. It was the birth-place of
Pizarro. TRux-uy-LO or troo-heel'-yo, a seaport t of Peru, cap. ofa dep., on a
small r., ahout 2 ra, from the sea. It was founded by Pizarro, in 1533.
Lat 8° 6' N,, Lon. 79° 8' W. Pop, from 12,000 to 14,000. (B.)
Tu'-.AM, a city of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, 105 m. W. by N, of
Dublin. It was, till lately, the seat of a Protestant, as it still is of a
Roman Catholic archbishopric- Lat. 53° 30' N,, Lon, 8° 50' W. Pop.
in 188L 6,883. (P.C.)
TO'-BiNG-EN, the second capital of the kingdom of Wiirtemberg, on
the Neckar, 17 m. S. S. W. of Stuttgart It is chiefly interesting on
account of its university, founded in 1477, by Count Eberhard, who
afterwards became the first duke of Wiirteraberg : Reuchlin and Me-
lancthon were among its, professors. It was formerly exclusively Pro
testant ; but since the University at Elwangen was suppressed, Roman
Catholics have been admitted : it is now the only university in the
kingdom. The number of studente is between 600 and 700. It pos
sesses an extensive library, said to contain 140,000 vols,, a good col
lection in natural history, a botanic garden, an observatory, &c. Lat.
48° 3r N., Lon. 9° 4' E. Pop. 8,000. (B,)
Tuck'-er-ton, a vUlage and port of entry of N. J., in Burlington- co.,
on a creek which flows into Little Egg Harbour.
TucuMAN, too-koo-min', a t of S, America, in the republic of La
Plata, cap. of a slate of ita own narae, meraorable as the place where,
in 1816, the declarajjon ofthe independence of the La Plata provinces
was first promulgated. Lat. 29° 50' S., Lon. 64° 55' W. Pop. esti
mated at from 10,000 to 12,000. (B.)
Tudela, too-di/-li, (Anc. Tutela,) a t of Spain, in Navarre, on the
Ebro, here crossed by a fine bridge of 17 arches, 45 ra, N. W. of Sara
gossa. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Tula. See Toola,
TulNla-mokj;', a t of Ireland, cap. of King's co,, on the Grand
Canal, which connects the Shannon with the sea at Dublin, 50 m. W.
by S, from this city. Pop. in 1831, 6,842. (P. C.)
Tulle, liill, a manufacturing t of France, cap, of the dep. of Cor
reze, on the- r. Correze. Lat, 45° 16' N,, Lon, 2° 54' E. Pop. 9,000.
(B.) Tun'-bridge, also written Tonbridge, a sraall t. of England, on the
Medway, 27 ra, S, E, of London. The watering-place, Tunbridge ^
Wells, is about 5 ra. S. of Tunbridge.
Tunguragua, toong-goo^ri'-gwi, a ,r, of S. America, which rises in
Peru, and afterwards forming a part of the boundary between this re-

512 TUN— TUR
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66„a8 m good ,
public and Ecuador, joins the Ucayuli, to form the Amazon. It is re
garded hy some geographers as the upper portion of that great river.
Tu'-NX-CA, a CO. in the N. W. part of Miss., on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 821. Co. seat Peyton.
'Tu'-Nis (called, by the inhabitante, Too'-nis), a state or regency of
N. Africa, nominally dependent on the Turkish empire, between 33°
and 87° 20' N. Lat, and 8° 80' and 11° 20' E. Lon. ; bounded on the
N. and E. by the Mediterranean, S. by the desert and W. by Algiers.
Length, from N. to S., about 800 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W.,
near 170 ra. Area vaguely estiraated at about 50,000 sq. m. Pop.
1,800,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Tunisine, too'-ne-seen', and Tunisian,
tu-nee'-she-an. Tunis (Anc. Tu'nes or Tune'te), a large and flourishing city, cap,
of the above state, situated near the Mediterranean, on a lagoon, 10 m.
long, and from 8 to 5 ra. broad, which coraraunicates, by a narrow
channel called the Goletta (or " little throat"), with the Bay of Tunis.
It is encircled by a high wall, with six gates, around which there is
another wall enclosing the suburbs, with eleven gates, and about dm.
in circuraference. There are five principal and man3r sraaller mosques.
The houses, according to the custom of Barbary, have generally only
one story, and tbe streets are narrow, crooked, and extremely dirty.
Tunis appears to be the most populous, commercial, and civilized, as
well as most ancient town in all Barbary. Lat. 36° 48' N., Lon. 10°
11' E. Balbi estiraates the pop. at not less than 100,000; the P. C. at
from 180,000 to 200,000.
TuRCOiNG, litR'-kwaN', a. manufacturing t of France, in the dep. of
Nord, near the Belgian frontier, 10 m. N. E. of Lille. Pop. 8,749. (M.)
Tu'-RIN (Pr. pron. lii^-raN'; It. Torino, to-ree'-no ; Anc. Augus'ta
Taurino'rnra) ; an archiepiscopal city of N. Italy, cap. of the Sardinian
Stales, and of a prov. of ite own narae, on the left bank of the Po, at
its junction with the Dora, about 80 ra. W. S. W. af Milan. It is one
of the most regularly-built towns in Europe, especiaUy in that part
which is called Nuovo Torino (noo-o'-vo to-ree'-no), or " New Turin."
Some of the streets are remarkably handsome, reminding one of the
finest parls of Paris. With respect to literary and scientific institn-
tiona, Turin ranks as one of the very first of the Italian cities. The
University, founded in 1405, is the raost frequented in Italy (B.); it has
a library of 112,000 vols., besides about 2,000 raanuscripts. There is
also a military academy; a royal academy of sciences; a. cabinet of
medals, one of the richest in Europe; an Egyptian museum, contain
ing,-^ among many other curiosities, the most extensive and interesting
collection of Egyptian manuscripts that exists ; and raany other similar
establishments. Lat. 45° 4' N, Lon. 7° 40' E. The pop., which at
fhe comraenceraent of the last century was only abont 4'2,000, araount
ed in 1833, including the suburbs, to 119,900. (P. C.)
Tur'-key or Ottoman Empire (in "Turkish, Os'-mftn'-lee' ViT-fi-
yet'-ee\ or the " country of the Osminlees"), an extensive country oc
cupying the S. E. portion of Europe and the W. part of Asia, princi-

TUR— TWI 513
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
pally situated between 30° and 48° N. Lat, and 16° and 48° E, Lon. ;
bounded on the N. by Austria and the Russian empire (from which it is
partially separated by the Black Sea); E. by Persia, S. by Arabia and by
the Mediterranean, and W. by the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and the
Austrian territories. Length, frora N. N.W, to S. S. E,, above 1,800 m, ;
greatest breadth, from N. to S,, perhaps 700 m,^ Balbi estiraates the area
of European Turkey at about 146,900 sq. m., and the pop. at 7,000,000 ;
the area of Asiatic Turkey at about 741,000 sq. ra., and the pop. at
12,500,000, which would give 887,900 sq. miles for the area, and
19,500,000 for the pop, of the whole erapire. The religion of Turkey
is Mahometanism : the Grand Seignior is regarded as the vicegerent
of tbe prophet, and the protector of the Moslem faith. The govern
ment is an absolute despotism, the sultan being under no other restraint
than what the laws of the Koran impose. Constantinople is the capi
tal, — Adj. Turk'-ish or Ot'-to-m.an; inhab, Turk or Ottoman (Turk.
Os'-rain'-lee'). Turkistan. See Toorkistan.
Turn'-hout (-bowl), tt well-built t, of Belgiura, 25 m, E, N. E. of
Antwerp, with flourishing manufactures. Pop, 13,000. (B,)
Tus'-cA-Loo'-sA, a CO. in the W, N. W. part of Ala,, intersected by
tiie Black Warrior r. Pop, 16,583.
Tuscaloosa, cap, of the above Co., and formerly of the slate of Ala,,
is situated on the left bank of the Black Warrior r,, at the head of
steamboat navigation, Lat. 33° 12' N., Lon. 87° 42' W. Pop. about
2,000. Tus'-CA-NY (It, Toscana, tos-ki'-ni ; Anc. Elru'ria), Grand Duchy
OF, a state in the N. and middle part of Italy, between 42° 22' and 44°
30' N. Lat, and 9° 40' and 12° 13' E, Lon, ; bounded (with the excep
tion of some sraall detached portions) on the N.by the territories of
Lucca, Modena, and the Papal State, E. and S, E. by the Papal State,
and S, W. and W. by the Mediterranean. Length, frora N. to S.,
about 130 ra. ; greatest breadth, frora E. to W., above 100 ra. Total
area, including, Elba and sorae other small islands in the Mediterra
nean, 8,432 sq. m. Pop, in 1836, 1,436,780. (P, C) Florence is the
capital, — -Adj. and inhab. Tus'-c.an.
Tus-ca-rA'-was, a co. in the E. part of Ohio; intersected by the Ohio
and Erie Canal. Pop. 25,631. Co. t New Philadelphia.
TuY, twee, (Anc. Ta'dse), a fortifled seaport t of Spain, in Galicia,
on the Mino (Minho), about 16 ra. frora its raouth. Lat. 42° 2' N., Lon.
8° :K' W. Pop. about 6,000. (B.)
Tver (Twer), a commercial I. of European Russia, cap. of a. gov. of
the same narae, on the Volga, and on the high road between Moscow
and St. Petersburg, about 90 m. N. W. of the forraer city. Lat. 56°
52' N, Lon. 35° 57' E. Pop. 24,000. (P.C.)
Tweed, a r. of Great Britain, which forms a part ofthe boundary be
tween England and Scotiand, and falls into the North Sea at Berwick.
TwiGGs, a CO. in the central part of Ga., on tbe E. side of the Oc
mulgee r. Pop. 8,422. Co. t Marion,

514 TYL— UDI
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; me, mfet ; pine, or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good ;
Ty'-ler, 3. CO. in the N. W. part of Va., on the Ohio r. Pop; 6,954.
Co. t. Middleboorn.
Tyne, a r. in the N. of England, falling into the North Sea at Tyne
mouth. It is navigable for vessels of 300 or 400 tons as far as New
castle. Tyne'-mouth or North Shields, a t of England, in Northumber
land, at the mouth of the above r., on ite N. bank, immediately oppo
site lo S. Shields, and 7 m. E. N. E. of Newcastle. Pop. of the town
ship, 11,890.
Tyre (called by the Jews, Tsoor; by the Arabs, Soor ; Gr. Tupoj;
Lat. Ty'rus); a celebrated city and emporium of antiquity, on the S. E.
coast of the Mediterranean. Lat 83° 17' N., Lon. 35° 14' E. A vil
lage of about 1,500 inhabitants now occupies tbe site ofthe town which
was the glory of ancient Phoanicia. 'The immense mound buUt by
Alexander the Great, during the memorable siege of tbe second Tyre,
appears to be the only monuraenl of antiquity which can attract:the
attention of the traveller. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Tyr'-x-an.
Tyree or Tyry. See 'Tibee.
Tyrnau, teeR'-nou (Hung. Nagy Szorabath, n6dy som-b6t), a com
mercial t of Hungary, cap. of the " circle beyond the Danube," 27 m.
N. B. ofPresburg. Pop. above 7,000. (B.)
Tyr'-ol* (Ger. pron. te-role'), a country pf Germany, forming a part
ofthe Austrian dorainions, between 45° 40' and 47" 44' N. Lat, and 9°
32' and 12° 55' E. Lon., bounded on the N. by Bavaria, E. by Austria
and Carintiiia, S. E. and S. by Italy, and W. by Italy and Switzerland.
Greatest length, from E. to W., about 185 ra. ; greatest breadth, from
N. to S., above 1-20 m. Area 11,457 sq. ra. Pop. in 1882, 813,000.
(P. C.) A large portion of this country is mountainous. The Tyrolese,
like the Swiss, are remarkable for their strong attachment to their na
tive land. Trent (Trient) is the chief town. — Adj. Tyr-o-le/-.an and
Tyr-o-lese' ; inhab. Tyrolese.
Tyr-one', an inland co. in the N. of Ireland, prov. of Ulster, W. of,
and bordering on Lough Neagh. Pop. in 1831, 304,468. (P. C.)
Tyr'-rel, a CO. in the E. part of N. C, on the S. side of Albemarle
Sound. Pop. 4,675. Co. t Colurabia.
Ucayali, oo-ki-yi'-le, tt r. of Peru, which joins the Tunguragua to
fbrra the Araazon. According to sorae geographers, it is properly the
Araazon itself
Udine, oo'-de-ni, a walled t of Austrian Italy, cap. of the prov. of
Udine or Friuli, on an elevated plain, ahout 2() m. from tbe Adriatic,
« We sometimes hear this name accentuated in English like the German, but
the pronunciation that we have given appears to have the sanction of the best
speakers, and is supported by the authority of one of our first poets.
 *' like him wayworn
Descending from the Tyrol as night fell," —
Rogers's Italy, Part First, VIIL

UIS— UNI 615
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
on the high road between Venice and Vienna. It is well built, and
contains 20,000 inhabitante. (B.) Lat 46° 3' N., Lon. 13° 15' E.
Uist, ^ist,"" (or more properly fist) the name of two islands of the
Hebrides, off the W. coast of Scotiand, belonging to Inverness-shire.
North Uist is about 16 m. in length, and nearly 13 ra, in ils greatest
breadth. Soutii Uist is above 20 m. in length, and 6 or 7 m. in its
greatest breadth.
U'-KRAiNB (Polish, Ukraina, oo-kri-ee'-ni), a name which has been
ralher indefinitely applied to an extensive and fertUe tract in the S.
part of European Russia, on both sides of the Dnieper, now comprising
the governments of Kief, Podolia, Poltava, and Slobode Ukraina,; the
last is sometim'tes called the gov. of Ukraine. ' ,
UleIborg, oo'-le-6-boRG\ a seaport I. of Russia, in th^ grand-duchy
of Finland, cap. ofa circle of its own name, on the Gulf of Bothnia, at
the mouth of the r. Ulei (oo'-le-6). Lat. 65° N., Lon. about 25° 30' E.
Pop. about 5,000. (M.)
Ulm (Ger. pron. oolra), formerly an important fortress of Wiirtem
berg, on the Danube, where il begins lo be navigable, 45 m. S. E. of
Stuttgart. Its cathedral or Munster, though unfinished, is a fine spe
cimen of ancient Gothic architecture, and one ofthe largest and loftiest
churches in Gerraany. Lat 48° 23' N., Lon, 9° 59' E. Pop. 16,000.
(P. C.)
Ul'tSter, the most northern of the four provinces of Ireland, com
prising the counties of Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Down, Fer
managh, Londonderry, Monaghan, and Tyrone.
Ulster, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., on the W. side ofthe Hud
son r. Pop. 45,822. Co. t Kingston.
UmeX, oo'-me-6, a small r. in the N. of Sweden, which falls inlo the
Gulf of Bothnia, in ahout 68° 40' N. Lat.
Um'-mer-a-poo'-r.a (Amarapoura — see Int. XIX., 1, Ohs.), a decayed
city of Chin India, formerly tbe cap. of the Birman erapire. Lat 21°
55' N„ Lon. 96° 7' E,
UnDERW ALDEN, ScO UntERW ALDEN,
Union, a co. in the central part of Va., on the W. side of the Sus
quehanna r. Pop. 22,787. Co, t New Berlin.
Union, a district in the N. N. W. part of S. C, on the W. side qf
Broad r. Ppp, 18,936. Seal of justice, Unionville.
Union, a CO. on the N- border of Ga. Pop. 8,152, Co, t Blairsville.
Union, a parish on the N. border of La, Pop. 1,888. Seat of jus
tice, Farmersville.
Union, a CO. on the S. horder of Ark. Pop, 2,889. Seat of justice.
Union c. h.
Union, a co. in the N. W, part of Ky., on the Ohio r. Pop. 6,673.
Co. t Morganfield. * " Be mine, so please my liege, dismiss'd
To wake lo arms thp clans of Uist."
Scott's Lord of the Isles, Canto IV.
KK

516 UNI— UNT
File, fir, fill, f5t; mi, mftt; pine or pine, pin; nft, nftt; 66 aaingood;
Union, a co. in the W. central part of Ohio. Pop. 8,422. Co. t
Marysville. tJ«ioN, a CO. in the B. S. E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop.
8,017. Co. t Liberty.
Union, a co. in the S. part of 111., on the Mississippi r. Pop. 5,524.
Co. t Jonesbord.
United States, a federal republic of N. America, between 25° and
49° N. Lat, ahd 66° 50' and 125° W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by
British America, frora whioh it is partially separated by the great
Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, and the r. St. Lawrence,
E. by the British Province ofNew Brunswick and the Atlantic Ocean,
S. by the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican States, and W. by the
Mexican States- and the Pacific Ocean. Greatest length, from E. to
W., above 2,700 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., rather more
than 1,300 m. Area estiraated at above 2,000,000 sq. m. Total pop,
in 1840 (exclusive of the Indians on the unappropriated territory),
17,069,453. The repubUc comprises .30 States, besides the District
of Columbia, the Territories of Minesota and Oregon, the other lands
W. of the Mississippi, which are sliU in the possession of fhe Indians,
and the recently acquired territories of New Mexico and California.
The United Stales may be classed in four great divisions, viz. : I.
The Eastern States (or New England), comprising Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
2. The Middle Statjes — New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela
ware, and Maryland. 3. The Southern States — Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi,
Louisiana, and Texas. 4. The Western States — Arkansas, Tennes
see; Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, lUinois, Indiana, INIissouri, Iowa and
Wisconsin. Each of the 30 states constitutes a republic independent
of the others, with respect lo those affairs which are purely local; but
matters of general interest, sucb as providing for the defence of the
country, and the regulation of its intercourse with foreign nations, fall
wilhin the province of the federal governraent The legislature of this
governraent is vested in a Senate and house of representatives. The
members of the latter are elected every two years by the people; the
senators are appointed by the state legislatures, two being chosen by
each state, for the term of six years. The executive power is in
trusted lo a president who holds his oflice for a term of four years.
The president is commander-in-chief of the array and navy ; and has
the power, in conjunction with the senate, to make treaties, appoint
ambassadors and other public ministers, the judges of the supreme
court, and the various executive officers of the general government
The vice-president presides over the senate, and in case the votes are
equally divided, he is permitted to decide by a casting vote; in the
event of the president's death, he becomes president for'the remainder
of the term. Washington is the seat of governraent
Unterwalden, oon^-ter-wil'-den, a canton in the central partof
Switzerland, S. of, and bordering on L. Lucerne. Area 267 sq. m.

UPS— URI 51?
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; s, nearly like ng.
Pop., in 1835, 23,600. (P. C.) The canton is divided into two dis
tricts, namely. Upper and Lower Unterwalden. Slanz (stinte), ajittle
t. near the L. of Lucerne, with about 2,000 inhabitants, is the cap. of
Lower Unterwalden, and Sarnen, a sraall t of about the sarae size, on
the Aa, at ite egress frora the L. of Sarnen or Sarner-See (saa'-ner si),
is the cap. of Upper Unterwalden.
Up'-sal or Upsala, up-si'-li, an archiepiscopal city of Sweden, cap.
of a prov. of the same name, on the Sala, 87 m. N. by W. of Stock
holm. The most interesting buildings are those ofthe University, and
the Cathedral, which is the largest and most magnificent in Scandi
navia. The University, founded in 1478, is the most celebrated and
flourishing institution of the kind in the N. of Europe : connected with
il is a library of nearly 100,000 vols. The nuraber of students is be
tween 1,000 and 1,500. Many eminent scientific men have been pro
fessors in this university, among whora we may cite the naraes of
Linneus, Scheele, and Berzelius. Lat 59° 52' N., Lon. 17° 39' B. Pop.,
without including the students of the University, about 4,000. (B._
Up'-son, tt CO. in the W. part of Ga., on the E. side of Flint river.
Pop. 9,408. Co. t Thoraaston.
U'-RAL (or Oural, oo-ril') Mountains, a chain in the northern part
of the Eastern Continent, forming a portion of the boundary between
Europe and Asia, between 51° and 70° N. Lat, and 55° and 65° E.
Lon. Their general direction is alraost due N. and S. None of the
suramits of this mountain system appear to be very elevated, the highest
being, according lo the best authorities, between 5,000 and 6,000 ft.
above the level of the sea. These mountains are exceedingly rich in
ores. It is probable that a very small portion of their treasure has yet
been revealed, as most of tbe mines in this legion have been opened
wilhin the last 70 or 80 years, and scarcely a year passes without new
deposites being discovered. — Adj. U-ral'-i-an or oo-ral'-e-an.
Ural (Oural) or YaIk, yi'-ik, a r. which rises on the E. declivity of
the Ural Mountains, near 55° N. Lat, and 59° E. Lon. and flo,\ying
southerly, in ita general course, falls inlo the N. extreraity of the Cas
pian Sea, by several mouths. The length has been estimated at 900
m. It is navigable for large barges to Orsk or Orskaya, near the S.
extremity of the Ural Mountains.
Urbino, ooR-bee'-Ho, (Anc. Urbi'num Horten'se,) an archiepiscopal t
of Italy, in the Papal State, cap. of the prov. of Urbino and Pesaro, 20
m. from the Adriatic. It is surrounded with walls, has several fine
buildings, and is the seat of a university. Urbino is remtrkable as the
birth-place of the immortal Raphael. Lat. 43° 44', Lon. 12° 37' E.
Pop, about 7,000, (B,)
Urfa, See Oorfa.
U'-Ri (Ger. pron. oo'-re), a canton in the E. central part of Switzer
land, bordering on the L. of Lucerne. Area 424 sq.m. Pop. in 1826,
13,000 (B.), in 1836, 13,519. (P. C.)* Altorf is the capital.
* McCulloch states the population at 40,650!
44

518 ORM— UZE
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mk ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good;
Urmiah, See Ooroomeea.
UjjiUGUAY, oo-roo-gwi', a r. of S, Araerica, which rises in the S.
part of Brazil, between 27° and 28° N. Lat, and about 50° W, Lon. ;
flowing at first westerly, and afterwards southerly, it joins the Parana
to form the La Plata. Length estimated at near 1,000 m. Though il
brings down a great quantity of water, it is said to be navigated wilh
difiiculty, on account of its numerous rocks and the rapidity of ite bur-
rent Uruguay, Republic of, or the Eastern Republic of the Uru
guay, (Republica del Uruguay Oriental, ri-poob'-le-ki del oo-roo-gwi'
o-re-Jn-tdl'), called also the Banda Oriental, a republic of S, America,
between 53° and .59' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. and E. by Brazil, S.
by the Atlantic and the r. La Plata, and W. by the r. Uruguay.
Length about 380 m. ; greatest breadth near 800 m. Area estimaled
at 80,000 sq. m. Pop, 70,000. (B,) The territory of this republic
forraerly constituted the principal part of the Banda Oriental, one of
the divisions ofthe vice-royally of Buenos Ayres, whence that name is
still soraetiraes applied to the republic. Montevideo is the capital.
Urumiya. See Ooroomeea.
Ustiug. See Ocstioog.
U'-Ti-OA, a handsome city in the E. central part of N. Y., on the
Erie canal and the Albany and Buffalo railroad, 82 ra., in a straight
line, N.N. W. of Albany. Lat 4.3° 7' N., Lon. 7-5° 13' W. The pop.
of this place, in 1 813, was 1,700 ; in 1820, ahout 3,000 ; in 1830, 8,323 ;
and in 1840, 12,782,
Utrecht, h'-lrekt (Dutch pron, ti'-treKt ; Anc, Trajec'tura,*) a noted
city of Holland, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Rhine, -20 m.
S, S, E, of Amsterdam. It is the seat of a celebrated university,
founded in 1634, and attended by about 600 studente. (M,) This city
is the head-quarters of the Jansenists, who have here an archbishop
and chapter Lat 52° b 31" N., Lon. 5° 7' B. Pop, about 45,000.
(P C)
Utrecht, Province of, is situated in the N, or N. central part of
Holland, bordering on the Zuyder Zee. Pop. 147,681. (P. C.)
Utrera, oo-tri'-ri, a t of Spain, in Andalusia, 15 m. S. by E. of
Seville. Pop. 11,000. (B.)
Uttoxeter, ux'-e-t^r, a small t of England, in Staffordshire, 17 m.
W. by S. of Derby.
Ux'-bridge, a t of England, in Middlesex, on the r. Colne and the
Grand Junction Canal, 15 ra. N. by W. of London. It is remarkable
as having the largest country corn-raarket in the kingdom. Pop.
3,219. Uzes, u'-zace', a t of France, in the dep. of Gard, 12 ra. S. by E, of
Nisraes. Lat 44° 1' N., Lon. 4° 25' E. Pop. 5,986. (M.)
•The name of Utrecht is supposed to be derived from its position, idtra Trajec
tum [Rheni], " beyond the passage of the Rhine."

VAL— VAL 519
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Val-de-PeSas, vSl-di-pane'-yis, .(il e. the "valley of rocks,") a well
buUt t of Spain, in New CastUe, 112 m. S. of Madrid, celebrated for
ite wines. Pop. 8,000. (B.)
Valais, vif -l-i', (Ger. Wallis, wil'-lis,) a large canton, forming the
S. S. W. exlrerailv of Switzerland. Length, 85 ra, ; greatest breadth,
40 m. Area, 1,672 sq. ra. Pop. in 1837, 75,798, (P. C.) Sion, sc'-on',
(in Gerraan, Sit'-ten ; Anc. Sedu'num,) a littie t near the right bank
of the Rhone, with 2,500 inhabitants (B.), is the capital. Lat 46° 14'
N,. Lon. 7° 22' E,— Adj, and inhab. Val'-ai-san'.*
Valdivia, vil-dee'-ve-i, a t of Chili, cap, of a *prov, of the same
name, on an eStuary formed by the confluence of several small rivers,
Ils harbour is one of the best on the W^. coast of S, America, Lat,
39° 53' S,, Lon, 73° 33' W. , Pop. estimated at 5,000, (B,)
Valence, vi'-liNce', (Anc, Valen'lia), a t of France, cap, of the
dep. of Drome, on the Rhoije, (here crossed by a handsorae suspension
bridge,) 60 m~. S, of Lyons. Lat 44° 66' N,, Lon. 4° 53' E. Pop.
10,000. (B.)
Valencia, val-en'-she-a, (Sp. pron. vi-len'-the-i,) fofmerly a king
dom and now a, large province of Spain, in the E. part of the peninsula;
bounded on the N. by Aragon, N. E. by Catalonia, E. and S. E. by the
Mediterranean, and W. by Murcia. Length, above 200 ra. ; greatest
breadth, about 70 ra. Valencia occupies one bf the finest and raost fer
tile portions in the Spanish peninsula. — Adj. and inhab. Valencian,
val-en'-she-an (Sp. Valenciano, vi-lSn'-the-i'-no).
Valencia (Anc. Valen'lia Edetano'rura), an archiepiscopal city of
Spain, cap. '.of the above prov., in a wide and fertile plain, called La
Huerte (li w6R'-li) or "the garden," on the Guadalaviar, about 7m.
above ite entrance into the Mediterranean. It is enclosed by massive
walls, built by the Moors, flanked at intervals with round towers, and
is entered by four gates. Among its remarkable ediflces may be men
tioned the raagnificent Cathedral, regarded as one of the finest in
Spain. Valencia is distinguished as a seat of literature and science.
Ita university; founded in 1411, was formerly considered the best in
Spain, particularly for the study of medicine, and is now the most fre
quented of any in the kingdom ; in 1880, it had nearly 2,500 studente.
"There are also seven colleges, a royal academy of fine arts, and seve
ral other similar institutions. Valencia holds a conspicuous place in
Spanish history. It was taken from the Moors about the year 1090, by
the celebrated Cid ; and though il was reconquered by the Mahometans,
if has since been generally distinguished frora other towns of the sarae
narae, as V.alencia of the Cid (Valencia del Cid). Lat 39° 29' N.,
Lon., 0° 23' E. -Pop. estiraated at about 66,000. (B.)
Valenoi.a, soraetiraes called New Valencia, a flourishing commer
cial t. of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, near the W. extre-
* 'There did she blossom till a Valaisan,
A townsman of Martign5r, won her heart." —
Rogers's Italy, Part First, V.

520 VAL-VAN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mSt ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good,
mity of the lake of Tacarigua (ti-ki-ree'-gwi), and about 20 ra. S. S.E.
of Porto Cabello, on the sea coast. Lat 10° 12' N., Lon. 67° 55' W.
Pop. estiraated at 1.5,000. (B.)
Valenciennes, vil'-liN' -se-enn', (Lat. Valentianse,) a manufacturing
t and fortress of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the Scheldt, 28 m,
S, S, E. of Lille. Lat. 50° 21' N., Lon. 8° 31' B. Pop. 16,679, (M.)
Val'-l.a-do-lid' (Sp. pron. vil-yi-no-leen', almost vil-yi-THO-leeiH';
Anc. Pin'lia), a celebrated though now decayed city of Spain, in Old
CastUe, cap, ofa prov. of its own name, on the Pisuerga (pe-sw^R'-gi),
about 15 m. above ils junction wilh the Douro, and about 100 m. N. N.
W. from Madrid. It has a university, founded in 1346, which was
formerly celebrated as a school of jurisprudence, and is now, with
respect to the number of studente, the second in Spain ; eight col
leges, and a school of the fine arts, besides less important institutions.
Lat 41° 40' N., Lon, 4° 42' W, The pop., which, at the time of its
greatest prosperity, was estimated al above 100,000, is now reduced to
about 21,000. (B,)
Valladolid or Mechoacan, rafeh'-o-i-kin', a city of Mexico, cap.
of the state of Mechoacan, in a fine valley, 140 m. W. by N. of Mexi
co. Lat 19° 42' N., Lon. 100° 52' W. Pop. estimated at 25,000. (B.)
Valparaiso, vil-pir-i'-so, the principal seaport t of Chili, on the
Pacific, 60 ra. N. N. W. of Santiago. It is a very flourishing place,
and one of the raost important commercial towns on the Pacific. The
first printing press in Chili was established here in 1811 ; in 18-26,
twelve newspapers were published in the town, (B.) The harbour of
Valparaiso is protected frora all winds except the north : its entrance
is defended hy three forts and a battery. Lat 33° 2' S,, Lon. 71° 43'
W, Resident pop. in 1834, 25,000. (P. C)
Valtellina, vil-tftl-lee'-ni, a fertile and beautiful vaUey in the N.
of Italy, drained by the r. Adda.
Van, vin, a fortified t of Asiatic Turkey, on the E. side of a lake of
the same narae. Lat about 38° 30' N., Lon. 43° 40" E. Pop. esti
mated by Balbi at 20,000, but by some other writers as bigh as 40,000
or 50,000.
Van, Lake, a salt lake in Asiatic Turkey, principally between 38°
ahd 38° 40' N. Lat, and 42° 30' and 43° 40' E. Lon. Length above
60 m. ; greatest breadth ahout 45 m.
Van Bu'-EEi», a co. in the N. central part of Ark., N. E. from the
Arkansas r. Pop. 1,518. Co. t Clinton.
Van Buren, a co. in tiie E. central part of Tenn., a littie N.W. from
the Tennessee r.
Van Buren, a co. in the S.W. part of Mich., bordering on Lake Mi
chigan. Pop. 1,910.
Van Burbn, a co. on the W. border of Mo., N. of Osage r. Pop.4,693.
Van Buren, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, intersected by Des
Moines r. Pop. 6,146. Co. t. Keosauque.
Van'-der-buro, a co. in the S.W. of Ind., on the Ohio r. Pop. 6,250.
Co. t. EvansvUle.

VAN— VEN 521
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Van Die'-men's Land or Tas-ma'-ni-a, an i. belonging to Great Bri-;
tain, off tiie S. extreraity of New Holland, between 40° 40' and 43° 40'
S. Lat, and 144° 40' and 148° 25' E. Lon, "The island is heart-shaped,
wilh the apex towards the N. W. Length ahout 240 ra. ; greatest
breadth 200 m. The surface is in general hilly or raountainous, but
there appears to be a much larger proportion of good soil than in the
Australian continent The climate appears to be healthy, and the
country seldora suffers from long-continued droughts or from too much
rain, Vannes, vinn, a seaport and coraraercial t, of France, cap. of the
dep, of Morbihan, on the Gulf of Morbihan. Lat, 47° 39' -26" N., Lon.
2° 45' W, Pop, above 10,000, (B.)
Van Wert, a co. in the W. N, W. part of Ohio, S. of the Mau
mee r. Pop. 1,,577. Co. t Van Wert.
Var, a dep. in the S. E. part of Prance, bordering on the Mediterra
nean. Pop. 323,404. (B.) Capital, JJraguignan. '
Varinas, vi-ree'-nis, or Barinas, bi-ree'ruis, a coraraercial t of S.
Araerica, in Venezuela, cap. ofa prov, of the same narae, on an afiluent
of the Apure. Laf. about 7° 40' N., Lon. 70° 20' W. The pop.,
which, before the war of independence, araounted to 10,000, is now re
duced to 8,000. (B.)
Var'-na (Warna)ra fortified seaport I. of European Tprkey, in Bul
garia, bn the Black Sea. Lat. 43° 12' N., Lon. 27° 54' E. Pop. esti
maled at 16,000. (B.)
Vaucluse, vo'-kliize', a dep. in the S. E. part of France, E. of, and
bordering on the Rhone. It is separated from the dep. of the Mouths
of the Rhone by the Durance. Pop. 246,071. (B.) Capital, Avignon.
Vaud, v6, (Ger. Waadt, Wiilt,) a canton forraing the W. N. W! ex
tremity of Switzerland, Area 1,190 sq,m. Pop, about 184,000, (P. C.)
Lausanne is the capital. This canton is also called Pays de Vaud.
Velez-Malaga, vi/-leth mj'-li-gi, a t of • Andalusia, Spain, in a re
markably fertile country, on the r. Velez, 14 m. E, by N. of Malaga.
Pop. estimaled at 14,000. (B.) ^ .
Velletri, vM-li'-tre, (Anc.Velifree), a t of Italy, in the Papal State,
the cap. of a province of the same narae, near tbe Appian Way, 20 ra.
S. E. of Rome, interesting for its remains of antiquily. Pop. about
10,000. (B.) ,1 J r
Venango, ve-ning'-go^ a co. in the N.W, part of Pa., intersected by
the Alleghany r. Pop. 17,900. Co. t Franklin.
Vendee, La, li viN'-di/ or ven-dee', a dep. in the W. S-. W, part of
France, bordering on the Bay of Biscay, Pop, 341,312. (B.) Capital,
Bourbon- Vendee. -The people of this part of France are said to have
been formerly remarkable for the innocence and patriai'chal simplicity
of tbeir lives, as they are distinguished in history for their brave,
though finally unsuccessful resistance of the revolutionary armies, in
1798-6. — Adj. and inhab. Ven-de-'an. ,*
Venezuela, ven'-ez-we'-li, (Sp. pron, v6n-6th-wi'-li), a republic of
R. America, which formerly constituted a part of Colombia, between
41*

522 VEN— VEN
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ;
1° and 12° 30' N, Lat, and 60° and 78° 20' W. Lon. ; bounded on the
N. hy the Caribbean Sea, N. E. by the Atlantic, S, E. by Guiana, S. by
Brazil, and W. hy New Granada. Length, frora B. to W., near 950 m.;
greatest breadth, frora N. lo S., about 660 ra. Area estiraated by Balbi
at 404,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1839, 945,348. (P. C.) The climate of
Venezuela resembles, in the main, that of otber tropical coimtries. The
temperature is high, except in very elevated regions. The year ia
divided into the wet and dry seasons. The wet season, corresponding
lo our sumraer, is called winter, though the heat is then greatest. The
vegetable productions of Venezuela are mostly those which are com
mon lo the tropics — maize, coffee, the cocoa, the plantain tree,* the
yucca, potatoe, sugar, wheat, indfgo, tobacco, and cotton are the princi
pal objects of cultivation. Caraccas is the capital.
Venice, ven'-iss, (II. Venezia, yen-ed'-ze-i,) a celebrated maritime
city of Austrian Ijaly, cap. of E. Lombardy, and forraerly ofa powerful
¦ republic of its own narae, situated ^on a cluster of small islands, in a
shaUow but extensive lagoon, at the N. W. extreraity of the Adriatic.
The appearance of this town, frora whatever side it raay be viewed, ia
striking and singular in the extrerae. Owing to the lowness of the
islands on which it is buUt, it seeras to float. It is divided into two
principal portions by the Great Canal (Canale Maggiore, ki-ni'-li mid-
jo'-ri), a serpentine channel crossed by the Riallo (re-il'-to), the prin
cipal bridge of the city, .and one of the finest in Europe, "rhe various
islets which form the foundations of these two grand divisions, are con
nected by a multitude of bridges, which are intended only for foot-pas
sengers. Almost all the principal houses have on one side a canal and
on the other a cale (ki'-li) or foot-walk. The canals which intersect
every-part of the town, forra the " water streete" of Venice: by raeans
of thera nearly all the intercourse of the place is carried on, and gon
dolas are the universal substitute for carriages and horses. Venice is
reraarkable for the raultitude of ite superb edifices, aniong which we
must not pass unnoticed the celebrated Church of St Mark (the patron
saint of the city), with its 500 colurans of raarble, alabaster, bronze
and verd antique, and its pavements of jasper and porphyry ; over the
entrance, in front ofthe building, are the famous bronze horses, which,
having heen cast, as is supposed, at Corinth, during the period of Gre
cian glory, successively adorned Athens, Rome, and Constantinople.
Venice has, araong other literary and scientific institutions, two royal
g:yranasia ; a lyceura, with a rich cabinet of natural history ; besides the
library of St. Mark, wilh 65,000 vols, and about 5,000 raanuscripte.
Lat 45° 26' N., Lon. 12° 21' E. Pop. 103,000 (B.); in 1789, before
the fall of the repubUc, il araounted to 139,000. (P. C.)— Adj. and
inhab. Venetian, ven-ee'-shun.
• The plaintain tree belongs to the s.nme species as the banana. The fruit has
a farinaceous flesh, in colour resemblmg the finest yellow butter. It sometimes
attains the weight of 60 and even 80 lbs. (P. C.) Some varieties have an exqu..
site flavour, surpassing, it is said, that of the finest kinds of pear.

VEN— VER 523
ou, as- in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Venlqo, vte'-l6', a fortified t. of Holland, prov. of Liraburg, on the
Meuse (Maas). Lat. 51° 22' N., Lon. 6° 10' B. Pop. 5,000. (B.)
Vera Cruz, vi'-ra. crooce, the principal seaport and coraraercial t of
Mexico, cap. of a slate of its own narae, on the S. W. shore of the
Gulf of Mexico. It is enclosed with walls, is regularly built, with
wide and well-paved streets, and contains many excellent houses.
Though its harbour is very imperfect and the town is situated in a
sickly apd barren region, it appears to be gradually advancing in com
mercial iraportance and iff population. Lat 19° 12' N., Lon. 96° 9
W. The pop., before the war which separated Mexico frora Spain,
was estimated at 16,000 ; it was afterwards reduced lo half that num
ber (P. C), but at present is staled to araount lo 15,000. (B.)
Vercelli, vJR-cheV-le, (Anc. Vercel'lse,) an archiepiscopal t. of N.
Italy, in the Sardinian States, cap. of a prov. of the same name, about
40 ra. B. N. E. of Turin. Pop. about 15,000. (P. C.)
Verdun, v^R'-duN', (Anc. Virodu'nura or Verodiynura,) a t and for
tress of France, in the dep. of Meuse, on the Meuse, where it begins
to be navigable. Lat. 49° 9' 31" N., Lon. 5° 22' E. Pop. 9,151. (M.)
Ver-milZ-i-on, a CO. in the W. part of Ind., between the Wabash, on
tiie E., and 111.' on the W. Pop. 8,274. Co. t Newport.
Vermilion, a co. in the E. part of 111. , bordering On Ind. Pop. 9,303.
Co., t Danville.
Ver-mont', one of the U. S., between 42° 40' and 45° N. Lat, and
71° 30' and 73° 30' W. Lon., bounded on the N. by Canada, E. by New
Hampshire, from which it is separated by the Connecticut r., S. by
Massachusetts, and W. by New York ; and divided inlo 14 counties.*
Length, from N. to S., near 160 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W.,
about 90 m. Area variously estimated frora 8,000 lo 10,000 sq. m.
Pop. 291,948. Montpelier is the seat of governraent.
Vb-ro'-na (It pron. vi-ro'-ni), a celebrated city of Austrian Italy,
cap. ofa prov. ofthe sarae narae, and the head-quarters ofthe Austrian
array in Italy, on the Adige, 64 ra. W. of Venice. It is pleasantly
situated, and very well built, and is surrounded by old walls, fianked
with towers. Verona is reraarkable for its interesting historical asso
ciations, and its raonuraents of antiquity, and of the raiddle ages. The
ancient araphitheatre, about 510 fl. in length and 410 in breadth, is,
after the Coliseum of Rorae, the largest existing structure of its kind :
a considerable part of it has fallen into ruins, but it is estimated that,
when entire, it was capable of accommodating 22,000 spectators.
Verona is distinguished for its manufacturing industr3l^ and carries
on a considerable trade. It possesses numerous institutions for educa
tion ; among which are, a lyceum : a royal house for the education of
young ladies, which is one ofthe best establishments ofthe kind : three
gymnasia, and a school of painting and design. Lat, 45° 26' N,, Lon.
11° 1' E. Pop. 47,000 (B.) : the P. C. says it amounts to near 60,000,
* Addison, Bennington, Caledonia, Chittenden, Essex, Franklin, Grand Isle,
Lamoille, Orange, Orleans, Rutland, Washington, Windham, Windsor.

524 VER— VIC
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, m?t ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nft; 66 as ingood ;
but this perhaps is intended to include the mUitary. — Adj. and inhab.
Ver'-o-nebe'. Versailles, ver-sailz', (Fr. pron. v^R'-sil' or veR'-si'e — see Int.
XIX., 18,) a handsome though somewhat decayed t of France, cap. of
the dep. of Seine and Oise, and formerly the principal residence of the
royal court in an undulating plain, 9 m. S. W. of Paris. This place
was a raere village in the tirae of Louis XIIL, who used to hunt in
the neighbouring woods, and built here, about the year 1627; a sraall
hunting seat, which Louis XIV. converted (1661-72) inlo the most
magnificent palace in Europe, and 4he vUlage of VersaiUes grew into
a handsome city of about 8O,0OO inhabitants. (B.) The palace has not
been occupied by the court since 1789, and was falling out of repair,
when his present majesty, Louis Philippe, caused it to be restored and
converledinto an historical rauseura, which is filled with aii immense
collection of statues and paintings, exhibiting the principal personages
and events in the history of the French monarchy, from Clovis lo the
present lime. Lat 48° 48' N., Lon. 2° 8' E. Pop. 28,776. (B.)
Verviers, v^R^-ve-i', a flourishing and important manufacturing t
of Belgiura, 14 ra. E. by S. from Liege. Pop. above 19,000. (B.)
Vesoul, veA-zool', a t of France, cap. of the dep. of Upper Saone.
Lat. 47° 88' N., Lon. 6° 10' E. Pop. ahout 6,000. (B.)
Ve-su'-vi-us (It Vesuvio, vi-soo'-ve-o), a celebrated volcanic moun
tain of S. Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, 10 m. E. S. E. from the
Neapolitan capital. Il is remarkable as the only active volcano of any
consequence at present existing in continental Europe. Lat 40° 48'
40 " N., Lon. 14° 27 E. Height 3,890 ft.
ViATKA, ve-it'-ki, a t of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the sarae
narae, on the r. Vialka, an affluent of the Volga. Lat. 58° 22' N., Lon.
49° 45' B. Pop. 6,890. (M.)
ViBORo (Wiborg), vee'-boRg, an ancient t of Denmark, in the cen
tral part of Jutiand. Lat 56° 27' N., Lon. 9° 26' E. Pop. about
3,000. (B.)
Vi-cEN'-zA (It pron. ve-cben'-zi; Anc. Vicen'tia or Vice'tia), a
manufacturing and commercial city of Austrian Italy, cap. of a prov
ofthe same narae, on the Bacchiglione, 26 ra. E. N. E. of Verona. It is
distinguished by the number of ite edifices, remarkable for their archi
tectural beauty or grandeur, a superiority which it owes to the cele
brated Palladio, who was born in this town. It has a lyceum, with ten
professors : a gymnasium, with fourteen professors, and a town library
of 86,000 vols. Vicenza has long been known for ite sUk manufac
tures, the raost important of the kind in the Venetian States. Lat
45° 32' N., Lon. 11° 33' E. Pop. 31,000. (B.)— Adj. and Inhab. Vi-
CENTiNE, ve^ -sen-teen'.
VicH, vik, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in Catalonia, 36 m. N. of
Barcelona. In its vicinity are mines of copper and coal. Pop. near
13,000. (B.)
Vicks'-burg, a city and port of entry of Miss., cap. of Warren co.,
on the Mississippi r., 54 m. by the raUroad W. from Jackson. Pop. 3,104.

VIE 525
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Vienna, ve-en'-na, (Ger. Wien, ween ; Anc. Vindobo'na,) the largest
city of Germany, cap. ofthe Austrian empire, on the right bank of the
Danube, where it is joined by the small rivers Wien and Alster, 190 m.
E. of Munich. It consists of the interior or old city, and the suburbs.
The old city is nearly circular, and not above three miles in circurafer
ence. It is surrounded by a broad fosse, and a wall from 40 to 50 ft.
high. The houses in the old town are generally high ; the streets are
narrow and crooked, but well-paved and very clean. The places or
squares are irregular, and comparatively small ; in one of them, called
the Josephsplatz, is a colossal equestrian statue of Joseph II., which is
said lo be finely executed. The raost reraarkable public edifice in the
Austrian capital, is the Cathedral dedicated to St. Stephen ; it was
built in the 12th and 13th centuries, and is one of the finest speciraens
of ancient Gerraan architecture ; it has four towers, one of which is
among the loftiest in Europe ; the height is variously staled, from 420
to 480 ft. The Burg (boORg, i. e. " castle"), or imperial palace, is an
iraraense building of irregular construction, hut offering parls of great
architectural beauty and raagnificence ; it contains the iraperial jewel
office, one of tbe richest rauseqms of valuable curiosities in Europe,
with a cabinet of raedals, which far surpasses every other coUection of
the kind ; an extensive cabinet of natural history, &c. The Imperial
Library, connected with the Burg, has above 800,000 printed vols., be
sides 16,000 raanuscripts ; it contains, among other curiosities, the
Tabula Peutingerana, a raap of the Roraan erapire in the fourth cen
tury, one of the raost interesting and precious monuments of ancient
geography extent ; and Tasso's own manuscript of his " Jerusalem Deli
vered :" attached to the library, is a collection of 800,000 engravings,
which was commenced by Prince Eugene, and is now one of the raost
extensive and valuable in Europe. The splendid Palace of the Arch
duke Charles contains an extensive library, with a collection of
180,000 engravings and 15,000 drawings, by old masters. Among the
multitude of literary and scientific establishments belonging - to the
Austrian capital, we raay raention, besides those already adverted to,
the University, founded in 1865, and afterwards greatly extended and
iraproved by Van Swieten, under the patronage of the Erapress Maria
Theresa : it is now one of the principal instilutions of the kind in Eu
rope, and, with respect lo raedicine, the first in Gerraany ; it has 80
professors, and above 2,000 studente, and possesses a library of 100,000
volumes, an observatory, a botanic' garden, and other appendages : the
Josephinum, founded by Joseph II., a medical institutiorffor preparing
surgeons for the army, with very valuable collections : the Imperial
Oriental Academy, and the Acaderay of Fine Arts, of which Prince
Metternich is president As no people are raore dispo"" ', to works of
charity and beneflcence than the Austrians, the hospitals and other
charitable institutions are numerous and well endowed. The Obser
vatory is in Lat 48° 12' 35" N., Lon. 16° 22' 58" E. Pop. in 1840
(including the garrison of 14,000 men), 358,127. (P. C,)— Adj. and
innab. Viennese, ve^-en-neez'.

526 VIE— VIN
Fite, fSr, fill, fit ; mi, mit ; pine, or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good ;
Vienna, a port of entry of Md., in Dorchester co., on the Nanti-
coke r.
Vienne, ve'-enn', (Anc. Vien'na,) a manufacturing t of France, in
the dep, of Isere, on the Rhone, here crossed by a suspension bridge,
16 ra. S, by E. of Lyons. Il appears lo have been forraerly a far raore
imporiant and larger town than at present, and it still retains raany
monuments of its ancient splendour; among which raay be mentioned
a Corinthian temple, reserabling the Maison Caree of Nisraes, but not
so elegant Lat 45° 33' N,, Lon,, 4° 54' E. Pop, 14,000. (M,)
Vienne, a dep. in the W. central part of France, intersected by a r.
of the sarae narae, which flows inlo the Loire. Pop. 288,002. (B.)
Capital, Poitiers.
Vienne, Upper, (Fr. Haute-Vienne, ole ve'-enn',) a dep. in the S.W.
central part of France, on the sources of the r, Vienne. Pop. 298,011.
(B.) Capital, Limoges.
ViGBVANO, ve-jev'-i-no, a t of N. Italy, Sardinian States, near the
right bank of the Ticino, 20 m. S, W. of Milan. Pop. 12,000. (P. C)
Vi'-GO, a CO, in the W. part of Ind., bordering on 111,, and intersected
by the Wabash. Pop, 12,076. Co, t Terre Haute.
ViLLACH, vil'-liK', a sraall, hul formerly iraportant t of Illyria, on the
Drave. Lat. 46° 35' N., Lon. 13° 52' E.
Villa-Real, veel'-yi ri-il', (i. e. "royal town,") a t, and forraerly a
fortress of Spain, about 4 m, from the sea, and 83 ra. N. N. B. of Va
lencia. Pop. estimaled at about 8,000. (M.)
ViLLA-RicA, vil'-li ree'-ki, (i. e. " rich town,") a t of Brazil, cap. of
the prov. Minas Geraes (mee'-nis zhi-ri'-es,) 190 ra, N. N. W, of Rio
Janeiro. The produce of the famous gold mines, to which this town
owes its origin and narae, has greatly diminished, and the population of
the place has been reduced from ahout 30,000 tp 9,000 (B,), hut it ia
still one of the most important raanufacturing and commercial towns
in the interior of BrazU.
ViLLEFRANCHE, veeT-ftiNsb', a t of France, in the dep. of Aveyron,
on the r. Aveyron. Lat 44° 23' N, Lon. 2° '2' E. Pop. 8,147. (M.)
Vincennes, vin-senz', (Fr. pron. vaN'-senn',) a small t. of France,
situated about 8 ra. E. of Paris, reraarkable for its ancient royal castie,
•ivhich is now used as a state prison.
Vincennes, a t of Indiana, cap. of Knox co., on tbe Wabash, ahout
150 tn. frora ils raouth. It was settled by the French, frora Canada, in
the early part of last century, and is one of the oldest towns in the
western stales. Pop, between 2,000 and 3,000.
Vin'-cent, St., one of the W. India Islands, belonging to Great Bri
tain, intersected by the parallel of 13° 20' N. Lat, and the raeridian
of 61° 15' W. Lon. It is 18 ra, long, and 11 m. broad, with an area
of 131 sq. m. Pop,, in 1834, 27,122; of whom, 1,301 were whites.
(P. C) Kingston, near the S, end of tiie island, with about 2,000 in
habitants, is the capital,
Vincent, Cape St,, (the Sacrum Promontorium of the anciente,) a

VIR— VIT 527
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
point of land forming the S, W. extremity of Portugal. Lat. 37° 3"
k, Lon, 9° W.
Vire, veeR, a t of France, in the dep. of Calvados, on a small r. of
ite own name, 35 m. S. W. of Caen. Lat. 48° 61' N., Lon. 0° 55' W.
Pop. 7,200. (M.)
Virgin Islands, a group of small islands, forraing a part of the W.
India Archipelago, between 18° and 18° 50' N. Lat, nnd 64° 10' and
65° 40' W. Lon.
Virginia, ver-jin'-e-a, one of the U. S., between 36° 30' and 89° 40
N. Lat, and 75° and 83° 30' W. Lon. ; (this, however, does not in
clude a narrow strip of land forming the N. N. W. extremity of the
state, and situated between Pa. and the Ohio r.) : bounded on the N. by
Pennsylvania and Maryland, N. E, and E, by Maryland and the Atlantic,
S, by N. Carolina and Tennessee, and W. and N. W. by Kentucky and
Ohio, from the latter of which it is separated by the Chio r. ; and di
vided inlo 124 counties.* It is the largest state in the Union. Great
est length, from E, to W,, 450 ra. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S.,
above 210 ra, : including the strip of land before raentioned, it will
araount to near 280 ra. Area estimated al 70,000 sq, m. Total pop.
1,239,797; of whora, 740,968 are whites; 49,842 free coloured, and
448,987 slaves. Richmond is the seat of government, — Inhab. Virgi
nian, ver-jin'-e-an.
Vis'-TU-L.A (Ger. Weichsel, wike'-sel; Polish, Wisla, Wia'-li), a large r.
of Europe, wbich rises in Austrian Silesia, near the frontier of Galicia,
in about 49° 35' N. Lat, and 19° E. Lon., and flowing, at first north
easterly, then northerly, afterwards westerly, and again north-easterly,
divides iteelf into several branches, discharging a part of ite waters
into the Frische Haff, and a part into the Gulf of Dantzic. Its entire
length is estimated at about 500 ra. : it is navigable, for large barges,
to Cracow, above 300 m. It is connected, by canals, with the rivers
Niemen and Elbe.
Vitebsk or Vitepsk. See Witebsk.
Viterbo, ve-teR'-bo, a well-built city of Central Italy, in the Papal
* Accomack, Albemarle, Alleghany, Amelia,. Amherst, Augusta, Barbour, Bath,
Bedford, Berkeley, Botetourt, Braxton, Brooke, Brunswick, Buckingham, Cabell,
Campbell, Caroline, Carroll, Charles City, Charlotte, Chesterfield, Clarke, Cul
pepper, Cumberland, Dinwiddie, Elizabeth City, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Fayette,
Floyd, Fluvanna, Franklin, Frederick, Giles, Gloucester, Goochland, Grayson,
Greenbrier, Greene, Greensville, Halifax, Hampshire, Hanover, Hardy, Harrison,
Henrico, Henry, Isle of Wight, japkson/ James City, Jefferson, Kanawha, King
George, King William, King and Queen, Lancaster, Lee, Lewis, i,ogan, Loudoun,
Louisa, Lunenburg, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Mathews, Mecklenburg,
Mercer, Middlesex, Monongalia, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Nansemond,
Nelson, New Kent, Nicholas, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Nottaway,
Ohio, Orange, Page, Patrick, Pendleton, Pittsylvania, Pocahontas, Powhattan,
Preston, Princess Anne, Prince Edward, Prince George, Prince William, Pulaski,
Randolph, Rappahannock, Richmond, Ritchie, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Rocking
ham, Russell, Scott, Shenandoah, Smythe, Southampton, Spotsylvania, Stafibrd,
Surry, Sussex, 'Tazewell, Tyler, Warren, Warwick, Washington, Wayne, West
moreland, Wood, Wythe, York.

528 VIT— WAK
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mil ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good ;
State, cap. ofa prov. of the same name, 40 m. N. N.W. of Rome. Pop.
13,000. (B.)
ViTORiA, ve-to'-re-i, sometimes written Vittoria, a manufacturing
and commercial t of Spain, in Biscay, 30 m. S. S. E. of BUbao. Pop.
12,000. (B.)
ViTRE, ve'-tri', a t of France, in the dep. of Ille and Vilaine, 23 m.
E. of Rennes. Pop. 7,899, (M,)
Vizagapatam, ve-zi'-ga-pa-tara', a small seaport t of Hindostan, on
the Coromandel coast. Latl7° 42' N., Lon. 83° 24' E.
Vlad-i-meer' (Vladimir or Wladirair), a decayed city of European
Russia, cap. of a gov. of the sarae narae, 110 m. E. by N. of Moscow.
Lat. .56° 10' N., Lon. 40° 20' E. Pop. estiraated at 7,000. (M.)
Voghera, vo-gi'-ri, a I. of N. Italy, Sardinian States, cap. of a prov.
of the same name. Lat 44° 59' N., Lon. 9° I'E. Pop.'ll,000. (P. C.)
Volga or Wolga, vol'ga (Russ. pron. vol'gi), a large r. rising m
European Russia and flowing into the Caspian Sea. . Length esti
mated at 2100 m.
Vol-hyn'-i-a (Pol. Wolynsk, vo-leensk'), a gov. in the S. W. part
of Eurfapean Ilussia, bordering on the Austrian territories. Zhitomeer
(Jitomir) is the capital.
Vo-log'-da, a commercial t, cap. of an extensive gov. of tbe same
narae, in tbe N. part of European Russia. Lat. 59° 13' N., Lon. 40° 10
E. Pop. 14,000. (P.C.)
Vorarlberg, fore-aRl'-bftRG, a raountainous district of the Austrian
States, bordering on Switzerland and Bavaria. It forms a part of the
gov. of Tyrol.
Vo-ro-nezh' (Voroneje, Voronetz, Woronetz, or Woronesch), a
flourishing coraraercial t of European Russia, cap. of a gov. ofthe same
name, on the r. Voronezh, about 2 m. above ite junction wilh the Don.
Lat. 51° 40' N., Lon. 39° 22' E. The pop. has been variously stated ;
the official accounts of 1841 raake il no less than 43,800. (P. C.)
Vosges, vozh, a dep. in the E. part of France, on the sources of the
Moselle. Pop. 411,034. (B.) Capital, Epinal.
Waal or Whaal. See Rhine.
WA'-BASH, a r. of Ind., which rises in the B. N. E. part ofthe state:
flowing at flrst westerly, and afterwards southerly, it fells into the
Ohio, near 37° 50' N. Lat, and 88° W. Lon. In the latter part of ita
course, it separates Indiana frora Illinois. The whole length is esti
mated at 500 ra., for above 300 of which it is navigable.
Wabash, a co. towards the N. part of Ind., intersected by tbe Wa
bash r. Pop. 2,756. . Co. t Wabash.
Wabash, a co. in the S. E. part of IU., on tbe Wabash r. Pop. 4,240
Co. t "Mount Carmel.
Wake, a co. near the centre of N. C., intersected by the Neuse r.
Pop. 21,118. Co. t Raleigh.
Wake'-field, a well-built t of England, 'in the W. Riding of York
shire, on the Calder, 9 m. S. of Leeds. It was formerly the seat of
extensive woollen manufactures, and is now one of the principal cora

WAL— WAL 529
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
markete in the kingdom. Pop. of the township, with an area of only
680 acres, 14,754.
Walcheren, wil'-Ker-cn, an i. of Holland, between the mouths of
the E. and W. Scheldt, forming a part of the prov. of Zealand : il ia
intersected by the parallel of 51° 80' N. Lat, aJid the meridian of 3°
30' E. Lon, Its form approaches a circle. Length about 12 m. ; great
est breadth 10 ra,
Wal'-deck (Ger. pron. wil'-dJk), a principality in the N. of Ger
many, consisting of two separate parls, Waideck Proper, and the county
of Pyrmont (peeR'-mont). The forraer is situated between 51° 2' and
51° 81' N, Lat, and 8° 81' and 9° 13' E. Lon. Area above 420 sq. ra.
The county of Pyrmont, with an area only about l-20th part as great
as that of Waideck Proper, lies between 80 and 40 ra, farther N., being
intersected by tbe 52d parallel of N. Lat, and the meridian of 9° 15'
E. Lon. Total area 462 sq. m. Pop. 57,000. (P. C.) Corbach is the
capital. W1l'-do, a CO. in the S. part of Me., on Belfast and Penobscot Bays.
Pop. 41,509. Co. t Belfast.
W-Il'-do-bo^-rousb, a port of entry of Me., situated on Muiscongus
Bay, in the E. part of Lincoln CO. Pop. 8,661,
Wales (see Cornwall — note), a principality of Great Britain, oc
cupying the W, S. W. portion of the island, between 51° 22' and 53°
26' N. Lat, and 2° 51' and 5° 20' W. Lon,; hounded on the W, and N, by
the sea, E, by England, and S. by tbe r, Severn and Bristol Channel.
Length, from N. to S., about 135 m, ; greatest breadth, frora E. lo W,,
about 95 ra. Area 7,425 so, ra. Pop. 911,603, (See Great Britain,)
— Adj. Welsh : inhab. Welsh'-man.
WAlk'-er, a CO. forraing the N. W. extremity of Ga. Pop. 6,572:
Co, t Lafayette.
Walker, a co, towards the N, W. part of Ala,, intersected by the
Black Warrior r. Pop. 4,082. Co. t Jasper.
Wallachia, wol-li'-ke-a, (Turk. If^-lik',) a principality in the S. E.
part of Europe, nominally forming a portion of European Turkey, but
in reality under the protection of Russia, extending frora 43° 40' to 44°
40' N. Lat, and 22° 30' to 28° E, Lon.; bounded on the N, Jiy Tran
sylvania and Moldavia, B., S,, and S, W. by the Turkish territories,
frora which it is separated by the Danube, and W. and N. W. by Hun
gary. Length about 280 m. ; greatest breadth, 125 ra. Area esti
mated at 28,000 sq. ra. Pop. estiraated by Balbi, in 1826, at 970,000.
The government of Wallachia, like that of Moldavia, may he styl6d a
liraited monarchy. The princp is elected for life by the aristocracy
and clergy ; it is, however, necessary that his electjon should be ap-
proved'by Russia. The physical and moral condition of both the Wal-
lachians and Moldavians is miserable and degraded, though it is said to
have considerably iraproved since they were released frora the Turkish
yoke. — Adj. and inhab. WAl-la'-cbi-an, and WAl'-lacb.
WALg/-ALL, a thriving t of England, in Staffordshire, 7 m. N.W. of
Birrainghara. Pop. 7,395.
Walt'-ham Abbbt, a small t of England, 12 m. N. N, B, of London.
45

630 WAL— WAR
Fite, fir, f iU, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66, aa in good ;
Waltham, wol'-thum, a sraall t. of Mass,, in Middlesex co,, 10 m,,
in a straight line, W. hy N. of Boston. Pop. 2,504.
WAl'-ton, a CO. in the N. central part of Ga., a littie S. E. of the
Chattahoochee. Pop. 10,209. Co. t Monroe.
Walton, a co. in the W. part of Florida, bordering on Ala. Pop.
1,401. WAl'-worth, a CO. in the S. E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on 111.
Pop. 2,611.'
WAnds'-worth, a large village of England, in Surrey, 5 ra. S. W.
of London. Pop. ofthe parish, with an area of near 3 sq. ra., 7,614.
Wardein or Waradein. See Gross- Wardein.
Ware, a co. in the S, E. part of Ga., bordering on Florida. Pop. 2,323.
Co. t Waresbofo,
WAr'-ren, a CO. in the E. part of N. Y,, bordering on L. George.
Pop. 13,422. Co. t Caldwell.
Warren, a co, in the N, W. part of N. J., bordering on the Dela
ware, Pop. 20,366. Co. t Belvidere.
Warren, a co. in the N. W. part of Pa,, bordering on N. Y., and
intersected by the Alleghany r. Pop, 9,278. Co. t Warren.
Warren, a co, towards the N, E, part of Va., intersected by the
Shenandoah. Pop. 5,627. Co. t Front Royal.
Warren, a co. in the N. part of N. C, intersected hy the Roanoke.
Pop, 12,919. Co. t Warrenton.
Warren, a co. towards the N. B. part of Ga., intersected by the
Georgia Railroad. Pop. 9,789. Co. t Warrenton.
Warren, a co. in the W. part of Miss., bordering on the- Mississippi
and Black Warrior rivers. Pop. 15,820. Co. seat Vicksburg.
Warren, a co. in Tenn., near the raiddle of the state, and S. E. of
Nashville. Pop. 10,808. Co. t McMinnville.
Warren, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ky., on the S. side of
Green r. Pop. 15,446. Co. t Bowling Green.
Warren, a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, intersected by the littie
Miami r. Pop. 23,141. Co. t Lebanon.
Warren, a co. in the W. part of Ind., between the Wabasb, on the
E., and Illinois, on the W. Pop. 5,656. Co. t. Williarasport
Warren, a co. in the W. part of 111., a littie E. ofthe Mississippi r.
Pop. 6,739. Co. t. Monmouth.
Warren, a co. in the E. part of Mo., on the N. side of the Missouri r.
Pop. 4,253. Co. t Warrenton.
War'-saw (Polish, Warszawa, WaR-shi'-vi; Lat Warso'via); the
cap. of Poland, is situated on the left bank ofthe Vistula, nearly in the
centre of the kingdom. The old town was irregularly buUt with nar
row streets ; but since Warsaw has corae into the possession of the
Russians, a large portion of it has been rebuilt and it is now said to be
one of the handsomest cities in Europe. Everything appears to be
done by the Russian government to change its character as a Polish
town. The University was abolished in 1834, and ita library of 150,000
vols, transferred to St. Petersburg. The Academy of Sciences has

WAR— WAS 531
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as m this ; n, neariy like ng.
likewise been dissolved. Lat. 52° 14' N., Lon. 21° 3' E. Present pop.
probably near 150,000. (P. C.)
Warwick, wor'-rik, a t of England, cap. of Warwickshire, on the
Avon, 82 ra. N. W. of London. Ils magnificent castle, the residence
of the Earl of Warwick, is a most interesting monuraenl of ancient
feudal tiraes. Pop., including an area of about 8 sq. ra., 9,775.
Warwick, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on the N. side of James r.
Pop. 1,456. Seat of justice, Warwick c. h.
Warwick, a co. in tbe S. W. part of Ind., on the N. side of the
Ohio r. Pop. 6,321. Co. t. Boonville.
Warwickshire, wor'-rik-shir, a co. in the S. W. central part of
England, N. W. of London. Pop. 401,715.
WAsh'-ing-ton, the cap. of the United Stales, is situated in the cen
tre of the District of Columbia, on the N. E. or left bank of the Polo-
mac, which is here crossed by a wooden bridge, nearly a mile in length.
The plan ofthe city combines regularity with variety, but a very sraall
portion only ofthe original outline has been filled up with buildings, so
that the town presents the appearance ofa nuraber of isolated villages.
The Capitol, containing the Representatives' Hall, the Senate Cham
ber, and other apartraents, is a magnificent buUding, of freestone,
painted white, 352 ft. in length. The Rotunda (so named from its
forra), constructed entirely of raarble, and adorned wilh historical paint
ings and pieces of sculpture, is 96 ft. in diameter, and 96 fl. in height,
to the top of the dorae. The President's House, a handsorae structure
of freestone, has a front 170 ft. in length and two storie,s high, wilh an
Ionic portico. The Navy Yard is on an affluent ofthe Potomac, called
the East Branch, about a mile and a quarter S. E. ofthe Capitol. Pop.
23,364. Lat. of the Capitol, 88° 53' -23" N., Lon. 77° 1' 24" W.
Washington, a co. forraing the S. E. extremity of Maine. Pop.
28,309. Co. t. Machias.
Washington, a co. in the N. central part of Vt Pop. 23,506. Co.
t Montpelier. Washington, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of R. I. Pop.
14,324. Co. t South Kingston. •
Washington, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., bordering on Vt Pop.
41,080. Co. towns, Salera and Sandy HiU.
Washington, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Pa., bordering on Va.
Pop. 41,279. Co. t Washington.
Washington, a co. in the N. part of Md., bordering on the Potomac
and Pa. Pop. 28,850. Co. t Hagerstown.
Washington, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., bordering on Tenn.
Pop. 13,001. Co. t Abingdon.
Washington, a co. in the E. part of N. C, on the S. side of Albe-
mirle Sound. Pop. 4,525. Co. t Plymouth.
Washington, a co. in the E. central part of Ga., on the E. side of
Ihe Oconee r. Pop. 10,565. Co. t Sandersville.
Washington, a co. in the W. part of Florida, on the W. side of the
Appalachicola r. Pop. 859. Co. t Holmes's Valley.

532 WAS— WAY
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, met ; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 66 as in good ;
Washington, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Alabama, bordering on
Miss. Pop. 5,300. Seat of justice, Washington c. h.
Washington, a co. in the W. part of Miss., bordering on the Mia
sissippi r. Pop. 7,287. Co. seat, Princeton.
Washington, a parish forraing the E. N. B. extremity of La. Pop
2,649. Seat of jutetice, Franklinton.
Washington, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ark., a little N. of the
Arkansas r. Pop. 7,148. Co. t. Fayetteville.
Washingtoi*!, a co. near the N. B. extremity of Tenn., bordering oi
N. C. Pop. 11,751. Co. t Jonesborough.
Washington, a co. near the centre of Ky. Pop. 10,596. Co. t
Springfield. Washington, a co. in the S. E. part of Ohio, on the Ohio r. Pop.
20,828. Co. t Marietta.
Washington, a co. in the S. part of Ind., on the E. fork of White r.
Pop. 15,265. Co. t Salem.
Washington, a co. in the S. W. part of IU., intersected by the Kas
kaskia r. Pop. 4,810. Co. t. Nashville.
Washington, a co. in the B. S. B. part of Mo., S. W. of St Louis.
Pop. 7,213. Co. t Potosi.
Washington, a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on L. Mi
chigan. Pop. 348.
Washington, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa. Pop. 1,594.
Washington, a port of entry of N. C, and cap. of Beaufort Co., on
the Tar r., at its entrance into tbe Paralico.
WAsh'-i-tA^ (formerly written Ouachita), a r. which rises in the W.
part of Ark., and flowing, at first south-easterly, then southerly, into
La., falls inlo the Bed r. Some geographers call that portion below
the junction of the Tensas, the Black River.
Washita, a parish in tbe N. part of La., intersected by the Washita
r. Pop. 4,640. Seat of justice, Monroe.
WAsh'-te-naw\ a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., W. of Detroit Pop
23,571. Co. t Ann Arbor.
WA'-TER-FORD, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ireland, bordering on St
George's Channel. Pop. in 1831, 177,054. (M.)
Waterford, a city and seaport of Ireland, cap. of the above co., on
the estuary bf the r. Suir, about 10 ra. frora the sea, and 8"2 ra. S. W.
of Dublin. It forms a co. of itself, wilh an area of about 15 sq. m.
Pop. 28,821 ; of whora 26,377 belong to the city proper. Lat 52° 13'
N., Lon. 7° 10' W.
W.C-TER-Loo' (Dutch pron. w-i'-ter-l6'), a village of Belgiura, in S.
Brabant, 9ra. S. by E. of Brussels, reraarkable as the scene of an im
portant battle, fought June 18, 1815, between the allied array, under
Lord Wellinglop, and the French, under Napoleon; which resulted in
the total defeat ofthe latter, and in the irretrievable overthrow of their
great coraraander.
Wayne, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario.
Pop. 42,057. Co, t. Lyons.

WAY— WES 583
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng.
Wayne, a co. forraing the N. N, E. extremity of Pa. Pop. 11,848.
Co, t, Bethany.
Wayne, a co, in the W. part of Va., bordering on the Ohio r.
Wayne, a co. in the S. E. central part of N. C, intersected by the
Neuse r. Pop. 10,891. Co. t Waynesborough.
Wayne, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., on the S. W. side of the Al
tamaha r. Pop. 1,258; Co. t Waynesville.
Wayne, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop.
2,120. Co. seat, Winchester.
Wayne, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop.
7,705. Co. t Waynesborough.
Wayne, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. and
the Cumberiand r. Pop. 7,899. Co. t Monticello.
Wayne, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, W. of the Ohio and Erie
Canal. Pop. 35,808. Co. t Wooster.
Wayne, a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., on the Detroit r. Pop.
24,173. Co. t Detroit
Wayne, a co. in the E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 23,290.
Co. t Centreville.
Wayne, a co. in the S. E.' part of III., N. W. ofthe Wabash r. Pop.
5,133. Co, t. Fairfield.
Wayne, a co, in the S. E. part of Mo,, bordering on Ark. Pop. 3,403.
Co. t Greenville.
Weakly, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., bordering on Ky. Pop
9,870. Co, t Dresden.
Wbdnesbury, wenz'-ber-re, a manufacturing t of England, in Staf
fordshire, 7m. N.W. of Birrainghara. Pop., including an area of
above 3 sq. m., 11,625.
Weimar, wi'-raar, a city of Germany, cap. of the grand duchy of
Saxe Weimar, situated in a deUghtful valley, on the lira, an afiluent
of the Saale, 136 ra. S. W. of Berlin. Among the literary and scientific
estahlishmeuls ofthis place, may be mentioned the grand ducal library,
containing above 130,000 vols. Lat 50° 59' N., Lon. 11° 21' E. Pop.
12,000. (P. C.)
Wells, a small city of England, in Somersetshire, 17 m, S. W. of
Bath. Pop. about 4,600.
Wells, a co. in the N. E. part of Ind., intersected by the Wabash r.
Pop. 1,822.
Wen'-er or wV-ner, a large lake of Sweden, intersected by the 59th
parallel of N. Lat, and the 13th and 14th meridians of E Lon. Ex
treme length, about 90 m. ; greatest breadth, near 50 m. The r. Gotha
forms ite outlet
Wesel, wi'-zel, or Niedbrwesel, nee'-der-wiZ-zel, a frontier t and
fortress of Rhenish Prussia, at the junction of the Lippe with the
Rhine, 20 m. S, B. of Cleves. Pop., including the mUitary, 18,000.
(B.) We'-ser (Ger. pron. Wi'-zer ; Anc. Visur'gis), a r. of Germany,
45*

534 WES— WEX
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mit; pine or pine, pin ; nft, nftt ; 55, as in good ;
forraed by the union of the Fulda and Werra, falling into the North
Sea near 53° 30' N. Lat, and 8° 30' E. Lon. Length, near 200 m. It
is navigable for boats alraost to its source.
West Bromwich (bruin'-icb), a raanufacturing t of England, in
Staffordshire, 5 m. N. N. W. of Birmingham. Pop. of the parish, in
cluding an area of above 8 sq. m., 26,121 : in 1831, it was only 15,327.
West Ches'-tbr, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., on the E. side of
the Hudson. Pop. 48,686. Co. t Bedford.
West Indies (in'-diz), the narae ofthe archipelago which separates
the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea frora tbe main ocean, situated
between 10°'and 27° N. Lat, and 59° 80' and 85° W. Lon. The W.
India archipelago is divided into three principal groups, the Bahamas,
the Gre.ater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles— -(see Antilles.)
The individual islands, with the exception of Hayti, are owned by dif
ferent European powers. The Spanish possessions are the largest
comprehending more than half the area ofthe archipelago. They are,
Cuba, Porto Rico, and the little islands of Culebra (koo-li'-bra), and
Bique (bee'-ki). The French possess only Guadaloupe and Martinique,
with a few adjacent islets : lo the Danes belong St. John, St. Thomas,
and Santa Cruz: to the Dutch the three little islands of St Bustatius,
Saba, and St 'Martin: lo the Swedes only the sraall island of St
Bartholomew. The English possess all the Bahamas, Jamaica, An
guilla, Barbuda, Antigua, St. Christopher, Nevis, Mouteerrat Domi
nica, St. Lucia, Barbadoes, St. Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, and Trini
dad, besides many smaller islands. — Adj. and inhab. West In'-di-.an.
West^-meath' (-mecTH), a co. in the E. central part of Ireland, prov.
of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, 136,872. (M.)
Westminster. See London.
West'-more-land, a co. near the N. W. extremity of England.
Pop. 56,4.54.
Westmoreland (usually pronounced west-more'-land), a co. in the
S. W. part of Pa., on the AUeghany r. Pop. 42,799. Co. t Greens
burg. Westmoreland, a co. in the E. part of Va,, on the S. side of the
Potomac, Pop. 8,019. Seat of justice, Westraoreland c. h.
West-pha'-h-a (Ger. Westphalen, West'-fi'-len), an extensive prov.
of the Prussian dorainions, lying W. of the Weser, between 50° 40' and
52° 30' N, Lat, and 6° 25' and 9° 23' E. Lon. Area 7,800 sq. m. Pop.
1,828,000. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab. West-pha'-li-an.
Wet'-ter, a lake of Sweden, intersected by the 58th parallel of N.
Lat, and the meridian of 14° 30' E. Lon. Length 80 m. ; greatest
breadth 17 m.
Wex'-ford, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ireland, prov. of Leinster,
bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1841, 202,033. (P. C.)
Wexford, a seaport t of Ireland, cap. of tiie above, on a shallow bay
called Wexford Haven. Lat 52° 22' N., Lon. 6° 24' W. Pop. in
1831, 10,670, (M.)

WEX— WIE 5S5
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Wexford, (Kawtawwabet), a co, in the N, W. part of Michigan,
intersected by the Manistee r.
Weymouth, wi'-mulh, and Melcombe Regis, mel'-kura re'-jis, a
seaport t, or rather two contiguous towns of England, in Dorsetshire,
at the moutb of the little river Wey, 120 m. W. S. W, of London.
This place is rauch resorted to for sea-bathing. Pop. 7,708.
WheelZ-ino, a flourishing t of Va., cap. of Ohio co„ on the Ohio
r., 50 m. S. W. of Pitteburg. Lat 40° 7' N., Lon. 80° 42' W. Pop.
7,885. Whit'-by, a seaport t of England, in the N. Riding of Yorkshu:e, at
the mouth ofthe Esk, 42 m. N. N. E. of York. Pop. 7,383.
White, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ark., on the W. side of
While r. Pop. 929.
White, a co. in the E. central part of Tenn., S. E, of the Curaber
land r. Pop. 10,747. Co. t Sparta.
White, a co, in the N. W. part of Ind., intersected by the Tippe
canoe r. Pop. 1,832, Co. t Monticello.
White, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., on the W. side of the Wabash.
Pop. 7,919. Co. t Carrai.
White River, a r. of Ark., which joins the Mississippi, near the
tnouth of the Arkansas. Ils course is very winding. It is said to be
hoatable for above 500 ra.
White River, a r. of Ind., which falls into the Wabash, about 30
m. below Vinceraies. Length, including the West Fork or principal
branch, probably near 300 m.
White Sea, a large gulf of the Arctic Ocean, between 63° 40' and
68° 40' N. Lat, and 32° and 45° E. Lon. The length is near 500 m.;
the breadth varies from 30 m. to above 100 ra.
White-ha'-ven, a seaport t of England, in Curaberland, iraportant
on account of the coal mines in its vicinity. Lat. 54° 33' N., Lon. 3°
35' W. Pop. 11,854.
White'-side, a co. in the N. W. part of IU., on the Mississippi r.
Pop. 2,514. Co. t Lyndon.
Whit'-ley, a CO. in the S. B. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop.
4,673. Seat of justice, Whitley c. h.
Whitley, a co. in the N. B. part of Ind., N. of the Wabash. Pop.
1,287. Wick'-low, a CO. in the E. part of Ireland, prov. of Leinster, border
ing on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 121,557, (P. C.)
Wjd'-in or ViDiN, a t and important fortress of Bulgaaja, cap. of a
small prov. (Sanjak) of ite own narae, on the Danube, 180 m. S. E. of
Belgrade. Pop. estiraated at frora 20,000 to -25,000. (B.)
WiED or Wied-Neu-Wied. See Neu-Wied.
WiELiczKA, vy61-ich'-ki, a sraall t of Austrian Galieia, 8 ra. S. E. of
Cracow, reraarkable for its faraous salt mine, which is 9,500 ft. (above a
mile and three-quarters) in extent ftom E. to W., 3,600 ft from N. to
S., and 1,220 ft. in depth. (P. C.) This mine is in fact a subterraneat*
city, and conteins several chapels cut out of the salt rock. (B.)
Wiesbaden. See Wisbaden.

536 WIG— WIN
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, plil ; nft, nftt ; 66, as in good ,
Wight, Isle or, (Anc. Vec'-tis,)an i. off the S. coast of England, be
longing to Hampshire. Length 22 m. ; breadth 13 m. Pop. 42,550.
Wig'-ton-shieb, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Scotland.
Pop. 39,195.
Wil'-cox, a CO. in the S. W. central part of Ala., intersected by the
Alabaraa r. Pop. 15,278. Co. t Barboursville.
Wilkes, a co. in the N. W. part of N. C, intersected by the Yad
kin r. Pop. 12,577. Co. t Wilkesboro.
Wilkes, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., a little W. ofthe Savannah.
Pop. 10,148. Co. t Washington.
Wil'-kin-son, a co. near the centre of Ga., on the W. side of the
Oconee. Pop. 6,842. Co. t Irwinton.
Wilkinson, a co. forraing the S. W. extremity of Miss. Pop.
14,193. Co. seat Woodville.
Will, a co. in fhe N. E. part of 111., intersected by the Illinois r.
Pop. 10,167. Co. t Juliet
WiLLiAJls, a CO. forming the N. W. extreraity of Ohio. Pop. 4,465.
Co. t Defiance.
Wil'-hams-burg, a dist. in the E. part of S. C, on the N. E. side
of the Santee r. Pop. 10,327. Seat of justice, Kingstree.
Williamsburg, a flourishing t or rather suburb of New York, ou
the East River, above Brooklyn. Present pop. estiraated at 10,000.
Williamson, a co. in the S. part of IU., midway between the Ohio
and Mississippi rivers. Pop. 4,457. Co. t Bainbridge.
Wil'-ming-ton, a commercial city and port of entry of Del., between
the Christiana and Brandywine creeks, just above their junction, 30 m.
S. W. of Philadelphia. The Christiana is navigable to the town for
vessels drawing 14 ft water. Lat 39° 41' N., Lon. 75° 28' W. Pop.
8,367. Wilmington, an important coraraercial t and port of entry of N. C,
cap. of New Hanover co., on Cape Fear r., 34 m. from ita mouth. Lat
34° 11' N., Lon. 78° 10' W. Pop. 4,744.
Wil'-na or Vilna, a t of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the
sarae narae, and formerly of Lithuania, at the confluence of the Vilenka
and Villa, an affluent of the Niemen, 90 m. N. E. of Grodno. The
University of Wilna was suppressed in 1832, and ita library of 200,000
vols, transferred to St. Petersburg. Lat. 54° 41' N., Lon. 25° 18' E.
Pop. 58,000. (P. C.)
Wil'-sqn, a CO. in the N. central part of Tenn,, on the S. side of
the Cumberland r. Pop. 24,460. Co. t Lebanon.
Wilt'-shire, a co. in the S. W. part of England, W. of London.
Pop, 258,733,
Win'-ches-ter, a city of England, cap, of Hampshire, 63 m. S. W.
of London. Pop., including an area of above 3 sq. m., 10,732.
Winchester, a t of Va., cap. of Frederick co., on a small affluent of
the Potomac. A railroad, 80 ra. long, connecta it with the Baltiraor»
and Ohio Railroad, at Harper's Ferry. Pop. 3,454.

WIN— WIS 537
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Wind'-b-am, a CO. forming the S. E. extremity of Vt Pop. 27,442.
Co. t Fayetteville.
Windham, a co. forming the N, E. extremity of Conn. Pop. 28,080.
Co, t Brooklyn.
Wind'-sqr, a t of England, in Berkshire, on the Thames, 20 m. W.
by S, frora London, remarkable as the site of Windsor Castle, the prin
cipal country Seat of the English sovereigns. Pop., including an area
of above 4 sq. m., 7,786.
Windsor, a co, towards the S. E. part of Vt, on the Connecticut r.
Pop. 40,816. Co. towns, Woodstock and Windsor.
Win-ne-ba'-oo, a co. in the N. part of 111., bordering on Wisconsin.
Pop. 4,609. Co. t Rockford.
Winnebago, a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, on the W, side of
Winnebago L. Pop. 135.
Win'-ni-peg, a large L. of British America, between 50° 30' and 54°
N. Lat, and 95° 80' and 99° 30' W, Lon, Length about 250 m, ;
greatest breadth 70 m. The rivers Nelson and Severn form its out-
lete, and discharge themselves inlo Hudson's Bay.
WiN^-Ni-Pis'-E-o'-GEE (-jc), usually pronounced win*-ne-pis-sok'-ke, a
lake in the B. central part of N. H,, connected by the Winnipiseogee r.
wilh the Merrimack. Length, 22 ra. ; greatest breadth, about 10 m.
Win'-ston, a CO. in the N. B, central part of Miss. Pop. 4,650. Co.
seat, LouisviUe.
Wirtemberg. See WCrtemberg.
Wisbaden, wis^ -bi'-den or Wiesbaden, wees^-bi'-den, (Anc. Matti-
acum 1) a t and celebrated watering-place of Gerraany, cap. of the
duchy of Nassau, on an affluent of the Rhine, 6 m. N. N. W. of Mentz.
Il owes its prosperity, and probably its narae (see Baden), to its warm
mineral springs, which were known to the Roraans, and are called by
Pliny, fontes calidi Mattiaci, or tbe " warra springs of Mattiacura
or Mattiacus." There are 2.5 private bathing establishraents and two
public ones. Wisbaden contains a public library of 60,000 vols,, be
sides other institutions. Perraanent pop, about 1(),000, (P. C.)
Wis'-BY, a seaport t, of Sweden, cap. of the Island of Gottland, situ
ated on the W. coast. In the raiddle ages it was a raeraber of the
Hanseatic League, and one of the most important places of trade in
the N. of Europe, Tbough greatly fallen from ite ancient prosperity,
it is BtUl, accordino' to Balbi, the fourth town, as respects marilirae
trade, in the kingdora of Sweden. Lat. 57° 39' N., Lon, 18° 26' B.
Pop. 4,000. (P.C.) ,
Wis-cAs'-SET, a port of entry of Me,, and one ofthe capitals of Lin
coln CO,, situated at the raouth of Sheepscot r.
Wis-con'sin or Wiskonsin (originally written Ouisconsin), one of
the United Slates, situated between 42° 30' and 47° N. Lat, and 87°
and 93° W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Lakes Superior and Michigan,
E, by Lake Michigan, S, by Illinois, and W, by the Mississippi r, and
Minesota Territory. Extreme length near 370 m., breadth about 250.
Area estimated al 52,000 sq. m, Madison, a littie town in Dane

538 WIS— WOO
Fite, fir, fill, fat ; mi, mil ; pine or pine, pin ; nft. not ; 83 as in good;
CO., between two small lakes, the former capital of the territory, ig
now the seal of the state government. Wisconsin was admitted into
the Union in 1846. For some further particulars respecting this state,
see Appendix, page 647.
Wisconsin, a. r. of the above stale, falling inlo the Mississippi
near 43° N. Lat, and 91° W. Lon. Length estimated at 400 m. ; its
navigation is irapeded by sand-bars.
WisMAR, wis'-mar, a fortified seaport t of Germany, in the grand duchy
of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on a bay of the Baltic, called the Walpich
(wil'-piK), with an excellent harbour. Lat 53° 50' N., Lon. 11° 35'
E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.)
WissEMBOURG, vis^-siM^-hooR', a fortified t of France, in the dep. of
Lower Rhine, on the Bavarian frontier, 88 m. N. by E. from Strasburg.
Wit-epsk' or Vitebsk, a t of European Russia, cap. ofa gov. ofthe
sarae n^iine, on the Dwina, 330 m. S. by W. from St. Petersburg.
Pop. about 14,400. (M.)
Wit'-ten-berg^ (Ger. pron. wil'-en-beRG^), a t of Prussian Saxony,
once the cap. of the electorate of Saxony, on the Elbe. It is interest
ing as the , cradle of the Reformation ; Luther and Melanclhon were
professors in its university, and their remains are deposited in ite ca
thedral. A superb colossal statue of Luther, in bronze, was erected in
the market-place, in 1821. Lat 51° 53' N., Lon. 12° 46' E. Pop. 8,500,
exclusive of the garrison. (P. C.)
Wiveliscomee, wils'-kum, a small t of England, in Somersetehire.
WoLFENBilTTEL, Wol'-fen-blit-tel, a. t. of Germany, in Brunswick,
cap. of a circle of the same narae, on the Ocker, 8 ra. S. of Bruns
wick. It contains a raagnificent ducal library, with near 200,000 vols.
Lat. 52° 9' N., Lon. 10° 32' E. Pop., including the suburbs, about
10,000. (P. C.)
Wolverhampton, w66r-ver-harap'-tpn, a raanufacturing t. of Eng
land, in Staffordshire, 13 ra. N. W. of Birrainghara. Pop. ofthe town
ship, wilh an area of 5 sq. m., 36,382. In the vicinity are extensive
raines of coal and iron ore, lo which the town owes ite prosperity.
Wood, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., on the Ohio r. Pop. 7,923.
Co. t Parkersburg.
Wood, a co. in the N. W. part of Ohio, on the S. E. side of the
Maumee r. Pop. 5,3.57. Co. t Perrysburg.
Wood'-ford, a cp. in the N. E. central part of Ky., on the E. side of
Kentucky r. Pop. 11,740. Co. I. Versailles.
Woodford, a co. in the N. central part of 111., on the E. side of Bli-
nois r. Co. t Woodford.
Woolwich, w66l'-ich, a seaport t of England, in Kent on the S.
side of the Thames, 7 ra. E. of London, iraportant on account of ite dock
yard, arsenal, and other naval and railitary estahlishraente. Pop.
25,785. * Brown, Calumet, Crawford. St. Croix, Dane, Dodge, Fond du Lac, Grant
Green, Iowa, JefFerson, Manitouwoc, Marquette, Milwaukie, Portage, PtacinOt
Richland, Rock, Sauk, Sheboygan, Walworth, Washington, Winnebago.

WOR— WYT 639
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
Worcester, w66s'-ter, a city of England, cap. of Worcestershire,
on the Severn, here crossed by a fine stone bridge, with 5 arches, 100
m. W. N. W. of London. It has extensive manufactures of gloves :
porcelain and fine earthenware are also produced here. Lat. 52° 9'
N., Lon. 2° W. Pop. 25,401.
Worcester, a co. occupying the central part of Mass., and extend
ing across the state. Pop. 9-5,313.
JV'orcester, a flourishing and handsorae t of Mass., cap. of the
above, on the Boston and Albany Railroad, where it is connected with
the Norwich and Worcester RaUroad, and at the terraination of the
Blackstone River Canal, about 40 m„ in a straight line, W. by S. from
Boston. Lat. 42° 16' N., Lon. 71° 48' W. Pop. 7,497,
Worcester, a co. forming tbe S. E, extremity of Md. Pop. 18,377.
Co, t Snow Hill.
Wotton-undbr-Edge, usually pronounced woo'-ton-und'-ridge, a small
t of England, in Gloucestershire, 17 m. S. by W. from Gloucester.
Worms (Ger, pron. WoRms ; Anc. Borhitoraagus, afterwards Van-
giones), a celebrated but decayed city of Germany, in Hesse Darm
stadt, on the left bank of the Rhine, 26 ra. S, S, E, of Mentz. It was
ancientiy one of the residences of the Frankish sovei'eigns. Charle
magne was raarried here. The Lutheran Church, in the market-place,
in which is a painting of Luther before the Diet of Worms, now occu
pies the site of the council-hall in which that Diet was held, Lat, 49°
38' N., Lon. 8° 21' E. Pop. 8,500. (P. C.)
Wrex'-ham, a handsome t of Wales, in Denbighshire, 11 m. S. by
W. frora Chester. Pop. 5,818.
Wright, a co. towards the S. part of Mo., on the head branches of
the Gasconade r.
Wurtemberg, wur'-lem-herg\ (Ger. pron. WiiR'-tera-bfRo^) often
written Wirtemberg, a kingdora of Gerraany, between 47° 35' and
49° 35' N. Lat, and 8° 15' and 10° 30' E. Lon. Length 140 m. ;
greatest breadth 96 m. Area 7,626 sq. ra. Pop. in 1838, 1,649,839.
(M.) The governraent of Wiirteraberg is a liraited monarchy. Stutt
gart is the capital.
WuRZBURG, wurts'-burg, (Ger. pron. WiiRts'-booRG,) an ancient
walled city of Bavaria, cap. of the circle of the Lower Mayn, on the
Mayn, 62 ra. E. S. E. of Frankfort The University of this place,
founded in 1402, is especially distinguished for ils school of raedicine ;
it contains a library of 120,000 vols. (M.) Lat. 49° 46' N., Lon. 9°
56' E. Pop, 25,000, exclusive of the garrison. (P. C.) .
Wycome, wik'-ura, a small t of England, in Buckinghamshire, 27 m.
W. N, W. of London.
Wy-o'-ming, a CO. in the W, part of N, Y., S. W. of Rochester. Co.
t Warsaw. Wyoming, a co. in the N, E, part of Pa., intersected by the E. branch
of the Susquehanna. Co. t. Tunkhannock.
Wythe, with, (th as in thin,) a co. in the S. W. part of Va., inter
sected by the JTew r.

540 XAL— YAZ
Fite, fir, f iU, fit ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; oo as in good ;
Xalapa or Jalapa, ni-li'-pi, (see Int XXVH., 17,) a t of Mexico,
55 m, N. W. of Vera Cruz. Pop. estiraated at 13,000. (M.) The
medicinal herh jalap owes ite narae to this town; it grows abundantly
in the vicinity.
Xeres or Jeres de la Frontera, niZ-ris di li fron-ti'-ri, a t. of
Spain, in Andalusia, 17 m, N, N. E. of Cadiz. It is the great erapo
riura of the wine called Sherry, grown in ite vicinity. Pop. 34,000. (B.)
Xingu or Chingu, shin-goo', (see Int XXVL, 11,) a large r. of Ba-
zU, flowing into the Amazon, near ite moutb. Length estimated at
1,500 m.
Y, pronounced i, an arra of the Zuyder Zee, in Holland.
Yadkin. See Pedee.
Yak-ootsk' (Yakutek), a t of E. Siberia, cap, ofa prov. of the same
narae, on the Lena. Lat. 62° 2' N., Lon. 147° 44' E. Pop. about
4,000. (M.)
Yal^-a-bu'-sha, a co. towards the N. part of Miss., intersected by the
Yalabusha r. Pop. 12,248, Co. seat CoffeevUle.
Yan'-cy, a CO. in the N. W. part of N. C, bordering on Tenn. Pop.
5,962. Co. t Burnsville.
Yang-tse-Kiang (ke-ang'), or " blue river ;" called, also, sometimes,
Ta Kiang, or " great river," the largest i . of China. Its source has
never been visited by Europeans, but according to the stalementa of
sorae Chinese travellers, it appears to rise between 34° and 35° N. Lat,
and 89° and 90° E. Lon. Ite general course is easterly, and it faUs
into the Paciflc in about 32° N. Lat, and 121° E. Lon. Ita breadth in
the last 800 m. of ite course varies from 1 to 3 m. The tide ascends
about 400 ra. : in this part the depth of the river is very great; a Chi
nese proverb says, " the sea has no boundary, and the Ta-Kiang no
bottora." The whole length of the Yang-tee-Kiang is estimated at
above 8,000 m.
Yanina. See Janina.
Yar'-kund', often written Yarkand (see Int. XIX., 1, Obs.), the
chief city of Chinese Toorkistan, on a r. of ite own name. Lat. about
88° 20' N., Lon. 76° 20' E. Pop. estiraated at 50,000. (M.)
Yar'-mouth, a seaport t of England, on the North Sea, partly in
tbe CO. of Norfolk and partiy in that of Suffolk, at the mouth of the
r. Yare, 108 ra. N. E. of London. Il is the principal seat of the Eng
lish herring fishery. Lat. 52° 87' N., Lon. 1° 44' E. Pop. 24,086.
Yarosl.af (Jaroslavl or Jaroslaw), yir^-o-slif , an iraportant coraraer
cial and raanufacturing t of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the
sarae name, on the Volga. Lat 57° 38' N., Lon. 40° 10' B. Pop.
28,500. Yates, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., S. E. of Rochester. Pop.
20,444, Co. t Penn Yan,
Yaz-oo', a r. in the N. W. part of Miss., falling into the Mississippi
r., a little above Vicksburg.

YAZ— YOR 541
ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; m, nearly like ng.
Yazoo, a. co, in the W. part of Miss., between the Yazoo and Big
Black rivers. Pop; 10,480. Co, seat, Benton.
Yed'-do (Jeddo), the chief city of Japan, on the i, of Niphon, on a
bay to which it gives its narae. It is said to be about 20 m. in cir
cumference. Pop, very uncertain : the Japanese writers estimate the
number of houses at 280,000, The pop. is probably not less than
1,300,000, (B,)
Yel/-l6w-stone, a r. of the U. S., which rises in the Rocky Moun
tains, and, flowing north-easterly, falls into the Missouri, near 48° N.
L»l., and 104° W. Lon. It is about 800 yards wide at its moutb.
Length, estimated at 1,100 m. ; for more than 800 ra. of which it is
navigable. (Morse.)
Yem'-en (Anc. Ara'bia Fe'lix), a country occupying the S. W. por
tion of Arabia.
Yenisei, yen'-e-sVe, a large r. of N. Asia, which rises in the Chi
nese empire, near 51° N. Lat, and 98° E. Lon. At first, its course is
W., to near where it leaves the Chinese territories, when it turns to
the N., and continues in a general northerly direction, to the Arctic
Ocean, which it enters by a wide estuary, in about 72° 30' N. Lat,
and 85° E. Lon. Length estimated at 2,600 ra. It is of little use for
purposes of navigation, in consequence of its flowing through a deso
late country, and being frozen over for the greater part of the year.
Yeo'-vil, a sraall t of England, in Somersetshire, on the Yeo or
Ivii, an affluent of the Parrel, 32 m. S. S. W. of Bath, imporiant for
ite manufacture of gloves.
Yesso or Jesso. See Japan.
Yezd, a raanufacturing and coraraercial city iu the E. part of Persia.
Lat ahout 32° 40' N., Lon. 5-5° 40' E. Pop. estiraated at 60,000. (B.)
Yonne, a dep. in the N. B. central part of France, intersected by a
river of the same name, which flows into the Seine. Pop. 3.55,237.
(B.) Capital, Auxerre.
York (Anc. Bbor'acura), a celebrated city of England, cap. of York
shire, on the Ouse, 170 m. N. N. W. of London. Though inferior, in
population and importance, to raany other English towns, York is re
garded, in point of rank, as the second in the kingdora : it is the only
city, besides London, whose chief magistrate takes the title of Lord
Mayor. The most remarkable building of this city is the Minster or
Cathedral, which is regarded as the flnest edifice of the kind in Great
Britain, and one of the finest Gothic structures in Europe : length,
internally, 524^ ft. ; height of the great tower, 234 ft. Ebo|acum was
an important town under the Roraans; several of the emperors tempo
rarily resided, and one (Severus) died here. Several parliaments have
been held in York, the first being that summoned by Henry IL, in 1160.
Lat 53° 58' N., Lon. 1° 5' W. Pop,, including an area Of above 4
sq. m., 28,842.
York, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Maine. Pop. 54,023.
Co. t Alfred.
York, a t and port of entry of Maine, in the above co,, at the mouth
46

542 YOR— ZAC
Fite, fir, fill, fit ; mi, mlt ; pine or pine, pin ; nA, n6t ; 66, as in good ,-
of a r. of ite own name, Lat. 43° 10' N., Lon. 70° 40' W. Pop. of
the township, 3,111,
York, a co, in the S. S. E. part of Pa., bordering on Md. and the
Susquehanna r. Pop. 47,010,
York, a t, of Pa,, cap, of the above co., on the Baltimore and Sus
quehanna raUroad, 24 ra., in a straight line; S. S. B. of Harrisburg.
Lat. 39° 58' N., Lon. 76° 40' W. Pop. 4,779.
York, a r. of Va.; forraed hy the union of the Pamunkey and Mat
tapony, and flowing into the Chesapeake.
York, a co. of Va., on the right side of the above r., at ite mouth.
Pop. 4,720. Co. t. Yorktown.
York, a dist. in the N. part of S. C, on the Catawba r. Pop. 18,383.
Seat of justice, Yorkville.
York'-shire, the largest and raost populous co. of England, lying in
the N. E. part of the kingdora, and bordering on the North Sea. It is
divided into four portions, called Ridings, which, for extent may be
compared to ordinary counties. Pop. 1,591,480.
Yorktown, a port of entry of Va., and cap. of York Co., situated on
the S. side of the York r., near ite mouth. Lat 37° 13' N., Lon. 76°
84' W.
YouGHALL, pronounced yaul, a sraall but ancient t and seaport of
Ireland, near the raouth of Black Water r., 25 m. E. by N. from Cork.
Ypres, eepr, (Flem. Ypern, i'-pern), a fortified manufacturing t of
Belgium, in W. Flanders, 80 m. S. W. of Bruges. It was, in the 14lh
century, far more flourishing than at present, and was formerly famous
for its manufacture of woollen and linen cloths. The fabric caUed
diaper (originally d' Ypres,) derives its narae frora this town. (M.)
Lat. 50° 51' N., Lon. 2° 58' B. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.)
Yssel, i'-cel, a r. in the N. E. part of Holland, flowing into the Zuy
der Zee.
Yu^-ca-tan' or yoo-ki-tin', a peninsula forming the most eastern
part of Mexico, betwteen 16° and 21° 40' N. Lat, and 86° 45' and 91°
W. Lon. It is principally included in the Mexican state of Yucatan.
The southern portion, lying on the Bay of Honduras, is occupied by
an English colony, and is denominated English Yucatan, or British
Honduras. Yverdun, e'-v^R'-duN', a t of Switzeriand, in the canton of Vaud,
at the W. extremity of the lake of Neufchitel, 17 m. N. by W. of
Lausanne. Pop. 3,460. (P. C.)
YvETOT, eev'-to', a t of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, 20 m.
N. W. of Rouen. Pop. 7,928. (M.)
ZaaNdam, ziin-dim', often written Saardam, a t and former cele
brated naval arsenal of Holland, on the Zaan, an affluent of the Y. It
is remarkable for the great number of windmills in ita vicinity. Lat
52° 26' N., Lon. 4° 50' E. Pop. near 12,000. (P. C.)
Zacatecas, sik-i-ti'-kis, a city of Mexico, cap. ofa state ofthe same

ZAH— ZHI 543
ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng.
name. Lat. about 22° 50' N., Lon. 102° 30' W. Pop. estimated at
25,000. (B.)
Zahara. See Sahara.
Zam-o'-r.a or thi-rao'-ri, an ancient city of Spain, cap. ofa prov. of
the same name, on the Douro, 34 m. N. W. of Salaraanca. Pop.
10,000. (B.)
Zanes'-ville, a t of Ohio, cap. of Muskingum co., on the r. Mus
kingum, 48 m. E. of Columbus. Pop. 4,766.
Zangueear, zang'-ge-bar', the name of a region on the E. coast of
Africa, of which very little is known. It appears lo extend from about
4° N. to 17° or 18° S. Lat
Zan'-te (Auc. Zacyn'lhus), one of the Ionian Islands, about 10 m.
frora the W. coast of the Morea. It is about 20 m. long and 10 broad.
Pop. 35,348. (M.)
Zante, the cap. of an archiepiscopal town, is on the B. side of the
island. Lat. 37° 47' N., Lon. 20° 54' 32" E. Pop. about 19,000. (B.)
Zan*-zi-bar', an i. on the E. coast of Africa, belonging to the Imim
of Muscat. Lat. about 6° S., Lon. 39° E,
Zanzibar, the cap. of the above, is said to be a flourishing coraraer
cial town, and has a pop. estiraated at above 10,000, (B,)
Zara, zi'-ri, (Anc. ja'dera,) an archiepiscopal t, cap. of Dalraatia,
on the Adriatic, 150 ra. S. E. of Venice. It is fortified, is the centre
of an active commerce, and has some important raanufactures.. Lat
44° 6' N., Lon. 15° 10' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.)
Zaragoza. See Saragossa.
Zealand, zee'-land, (Dan. Sjteland, sel'-lind, i. e. "sea-land,") the
largest and most imporiant ofthe Danish Islands, situated between 54°
58' and 56° 10' N. Lat, and 10° 50' and 12° 35' E. Lon. Length 80
m. ; greatest breadth about 65 m. Area estiraated at 2,800 sq. ra.
Pop. 400,000. (P. C.)
Zeal.and (Dutch, Zeeland', zi'-lind, i. e. " sea-land"), a prov. in the
W. part of HoUand, situated partly between the two great branches of
the Scheldt and bordering on the sea. Area 580 sq. ra. Pop. 155,593.
(PC.) _
Zebu or Cebu, se-boo', (Sp. pron. thi-hoo',) one of the Philippine
Islands, intersected by the lOlh parallel of N. Lat, and the raeridian of
123° 30' E. Lon. It is above 120 ra. long, and from 10 to 30 m. wide.
Zeitoun, (Zs'i-eow,) zie-toon', a sraall fortified t of Greece, near a
gulf of the same narae. Lat. 38° 58' N., Lon. about 22° 40' E.
Zeitz, taites, a t of Prussian Saxony, on the Elster, 2-2 m. W. S. W.
of Leipsic. Pop. above 7,000. (B.)
Zelle. See Celle.
Zerbst, tsSRbst, a raanufacturing t. of Anhalt-Dessau, formeriy the
residence of the duke of Anhalt-Zerbst, 22 m. S. B. of Magdeburg.
Pop. about 8,000. (B.) ....
Zhit^-o-meer' (Jitomir or Schitorair — in Polish, Zitomirz, zhit-o'-
mesHzh), a t of European Russia, cap. of Volhynia, 75 m. S. W. of
Kief Pop. 17,434. (M.)

544 ZIT— ZYT.
.File, fir, fill, fSt ; mi, mit ; pine or pine, pin ; nb, nftt ; 66 as in good
ZiTTAU, tsit'-tou, a manufacturing and commercial t of Saxony, 50 m,
E. S. B. of Dresden. Pop. 9,000. (B.)
ZoLLVBREiN, tsoll'-fer-ine\ or "Customs-Union," a commercial
league recently formed in Gerraany for the purpose of establishing a
pnform rate of customs. It includes Prussia, Bavaria, Baden, Wiirr
temherg, Saxony, and several smaller states.
Zom'-bor\ a royal free t of Hungary, cap. of the county of Bacs
(hiich), 118 m. S. by B. of Pesth. Pop. estimated at above 18,000. (B.)
Zug, zoog or teoog, a canton in the N. central part of Switzerland,
on a lake of ils own narae. Il is the sraallest state in the confedera
tion. Area 85 sq. ra. Pop. 15,300. (P. C.) Also tbe cap. of the
above, on the N. E. side of the L. of Zug. Pop. about 2,500. (M.)
The L. of Zug is about 9 m. long and 3 wide.
ZtLLicHAu, tsiil'-le-Kou, a manufacturing t of Prussia, near the right
bank of the Oder. Lat. 52° 10' N., Lon. 16° 37' E. Pop. 4,700. (B.)
ZUlpich, Isiil'-piK, (Anc. Tolbiaeum,) a small t of the Prussian
States, 20 ra. S. W. of Cologne, remarkable for its historical associa
tions. Here Clovis, the king ofthe Franks, gained a great victory over
the Alemanni, A. D. 496.
ZBrich, zu'-rik, (Ger. pron. tsij'-riK,) a canton in the N. E. part of
Switzerland, bordering on the Rhine. Area 690 sq. m. Pop. 281,576.
(P)
Zurich (Anc. Tu'ricum), the cap. of the above, is beautifully sitn.
ated on the Limmat at its egress from the L. of Ziirich, 60 m. N. E.
of Bern. It is a distinguished seat of literature and science. Among
its various instilutions, we may name the Academy, which, with the
adrairable Institute of Medicine and Surgery, forras a coraplete univer
sity (B.) ; and the Town Library, with 45,000 vols. Here, also, is a
topographical model in relief, representing the whole of Switzerland ;
il was executed by Miiller, and is regarded as one of the most admira
ble works of its kind. Lat 47° 23'''N., Lon. 8° 31' E. Pop. 14,500.
(P. C.)
Zurich, Lake of, situated principally in the N. part of the canton
of Zurich, is about 24 ra. in length, and frora 1 to 24 ra. in breadth.
Zut'-phen, a fortified t of Holland, on the Yssel. Lat 52° 8' N.,
Lon. 6° 1-2' E. Pop. 11,000. (P. C.)
ZuvDER (or Zuider) Zee, zi'-der zee, (Dutch pron. zoi'-der zay, i. e.
"South Sea,") a bay of the North Sea, in the N. W. part of Holland.
Length ahout 90 m. ; greatest breadth 50 m.
ZwBIBRllCKEN Or ZwEYBRtJCKEN. See DeUX-PONTS.
Zwickau, tswik'-kou, a t ofthe kingdora of Saxony, on tbe Mulde,
58 ra. S. W. of Dresden. Pop. 7,400. (B.)
ZwoLL, a fortified t of Holland, cap. of the prov. of Overyssel, about
60 ra. E. N. E. of Amsterdara. Pop. 18,000. (B.)
Zwor'-nik (Turk. Iz^-vor^-neek',) a t. of European Turkey, in Bos
nia, cap. of an inferior pashalik (sanjak) of its own name. Lat 44°
30' N., Lon. 19° 10' E. Pop. estimated at 14,000. (R)
Zytomir. See Zhitomeer.

COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES.

[Extracted from the American Almanac for 1849.]

Place.

Fouu. Shi. Vols, in
ded. dents. Libmries.

Bowdoin...-  - 
Waterville* 
bartmoutti 
University of Vermont  —
Middlebury 
Norwich University  —
Harvard University  -,. 
Williams  - 
Amherst 
Holy Cross§ 
Brown University*  - 
Yale 
Trinityt  
Wesleyan UniversityJ 
Coiurnbiat 
Union 
Hamilton 
Madison University* 
Genevdf 
University of New Yorlc 
St. John's^ 
St.Paul=s+ 
College of New Jersey 
Rutgers  - 
Burlingtont 
University of Pennsylvania 
Dickinson^  -
Jeff-erson 
Washington 
AlleghanyJ 
Pennsylvania 
Lafayette 
Marshall. : 
Western University of Pennsylvania —
St. Thomas of Villanova^ 
Delaware 
St. John's 
St. Mary-sS 
Mount St. Mary's^ 
St. James'st 
Washington 
GepTgetown§ 
Columbian*. 
WiUiam and Maryf 
Hampden-Sidney 
Washington  - 
University of Virginia 
Randolph-Maconj 
Emory and HenryJ 
Rector* 
Bethany College 
Richmond* 
University of North Carolina 
Davidson 
Walse Forest* 
Charleston 
South Carolina 
Erskine 
Pranltlin 
Oglethorpe 
EraoryJ 
Mercer Umversity* 
Christ College and Episcopal Institutionf
University of Alabama 
La Granget  '
Spring Hill^  ¦¦
Howard* 

Brunswick,Waterville,Hanover, Burlington,Middlebury,Norwich, Cambridge,

Me. do.
N.H. Vt. do.do.
Mass.

WiUiamstown, do.

Amherst, Worcester,Providence,New Haven,
Hartford,Middletown,New York,
Schenectady, Clinton,
Hamilton, Geneva,
New York,
Fordham,
College Point,
Princeton,

dodo.
R.I.
Conn. do.do.
N. Y.
do. do.do.do. do. do.do.
N.J.

New Brunswick, do.

do
Penn. do.
do. do.do. do.do.
do. do.do.
Del. Md. do.
do.

Burlington Philadelphia,Carlisle,Canonsburg,Washington,Meadville, Gettysburg,
Easton, Mercersburg,Pittsburg,Near Phiiada.,
Newark,Annapolis, Baltimore,
Bmmetsburg,Near Hagerst'n, do,
Chestertown, do,
Georgetown, D. C.
Washington, do.
Williamsburg, Va.
Prince Ed. Co., do.
Lexington, do.
Charlottesville, do.
Boydtown, do.
Glade Spring, do.
Taylor Co.,
Bethany,
Richmond, Chapel Hill,
Mecklenburg Co., do
Wake Forest, do.
Charleston, S. C.
Columbia, do.
Abbeville Dist., do.
Athens,Milledgeville,
,Oxford, Penfield,
Montpelier, Tuscaloosa, La Grange,
[Spring Hill,
Marion,

do, do.do.
N.C,

Ga. do. do.
-do. do.
Ala. do.
do^do.

S33784 799
830
,842 783780821693783
.812 819832839
,839 8411 832
.789.838,838 795804785
ie.36 837838
.839.828.831 830
.841

126 75
201 976088
277 177 150117135
379 66
118124
304 179 140 66
151
110 29
2W 76
106 88'
142197105111 818281 11
30
48 71
160126 32 70
8955682581
212145 5560
113
t *^
.147 4424
47
219 88
147 45
107 61 35
98627040

COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES.— Continued.

Name,

Oakland  ,••¦•
Centenaryf  -
St. Charles^ 
Baton Rouge 
TFranklin  - 
Greenville 
Washington 
University of Nashville 
Franklin   ^¦
East Tennessee  - .
Cumberland University 
Jackson 
Union*-- .. -  ¦ 
Transylvania 
St. Joseph's^  
Centre  ¦, 
AugustaJ  ¦ ¦
Geprgetown* 
Bacon 
Western Military Institute. . .
University cf Ohio 
Miami University 
Franklin  ,. .
Western Reserve. 
Kenyonf  - . -
Granville*  - 
Marietta. 
Oberlin Institute 
Cincinnati  - 
Si.Xavier§ 
Woodward 
Ohio Wesleyan University^.
Indiana State University 
Hanover College 
Wabash 
Indiana Asbury UniversityJ.
St. Gabriel's^ 
Franklin 
Illinois 
Shurtleff* 
McKendreeJ 
Knox. 
University of St. Louis^ 
St, Vincent's  - 
Masonic 
Missouri University 
St.CharlesJ 
Fayette 
Michigan University 
St. Philip's^ 
Iowa University. . .'. 

Oakland, Miss.
Jackson, La.
Grand Coleau, do.
Baton Rouge, do.
Opelousas, do.
Greenville, Tenn.
Washington Co.,do.
Nashville, do.
Near Nashville, do.

Place.

KnoxviUe,Lebanon,Columbia,Murfreesboro'Lexington,Bardstown, Danville,
Angusta, Georgetown,
Harrodsburg, Georgetown,
Athens, Oxford,New^ Athens,
Hudson, Gambier,
Granville,Marietta, Oberlin,Cincinnati,Cincinnati,Cincinnati,
Delaware, Bloomington,
South Hanover, do,
Crawfordsville, do.
Greencasile, do.
Vincennes, Franklin,
Jacksonville, Upper Alton,
Lebanon, Galesburg,St. Lonis,

do.
do.do. do.
Ky. do. do.ao.do.
do. do.
Ohio. do.
do.
do. do.
do.do. do.dodo.do.do.
Ind.

do.do.III. do.
do. do.Mo.

Cape Girardeau, do.
Marion Co.,
Columbia,
St. Charles,
Fayette,Ann Arbour,
Near Detroit,
Il^^va City,

do. do.do.do.
Mich. do.
Iowa.

Fous.

Stu

ded.

denta.

18.10

64

1341

49

isrje

ion

I83fc

45

lt39

70

1794

41

1794

42

1806

77

1844

44

180-

81

1844

154

1830

44

1842

70

1798

91

1819

126

1819

130

1B25

51

1B30

120

I83r,

60

1846

164

1R21

6B

180,-

fie

1825

80

1826

71

I82i;

48

l.s.'«

26

18 '3

48

1M^

8S

IMU

84

1M(I

270

IKll

19

1844

31

1827

4h

1,-2!)

:*

183:1

40

1839

268

1S43

60

iKi:

14

1S29

3S

1835

i:i

1P3.')

14

18.37

60

1S:i2

16U

1843

90

18;)1

4.i

IMO

.V2

1S39

60

75

1837

Sil

1S39

30

1846

REMARKS.
The Colleges marked {*) are under the direction of the Baptists; thus (f) Episco
palians; thus (J) Methodists; thus (§) Catholics. "With respect to the Colleges Which
are umr.arked, the prevailing religious influence of those that are in New England is
Congregatioimlism ; of most of the others, PresbyteriMiism.
By students in the above table, except a few of the Colleges in the Southern and
Western Stales, is meant undergraduates, or merabers of the four collegiate classes ; not
including such as are pursuing professional education, or such as are members ofa pre
paratory department.
Some of the Colleges above enumerated, are not in full operation; and scarcely
deserve a place in the Table. According to the census of 1840, there are in the United
States 173 universities or collegt^s, containing 1G,233 students. There are 3,242 acade
mies and grammar schools, containing 164,159 students. It is evident that the difference
between a college and an academy is not very clearly defined, except that the former
has the exclusive fight of granting degrees.
The column of Libraries includes the number of volumes in tlie College Libraries ana
in the Students^ Libraries,

APPENDIX.
ADDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED IN THIS APPENDIX.

A. Augusta.
Al. Albany. _
An. Annapolis
B. Boston.
br. branch.
Ca. Columbia
Cd. Concord.
cr. creek.
Cs. Columbus.

D. Detroit. *
dist. district.
F. Frankfort.
Flor. Florida.
H- Harrisburg.
Hd. Hartford.
Is. Indianapolis.
J. Jackson.
Jef. Jefferson.

M. Milledgeville.
Mtr. Montpelier.
Mont^. Montgomery.
Ne. Nashville.
O. Ohio.
par. parish.
pt. post township.
pv. post village.
R. Richmond.

Rh. Raleigh.
Sd. Springfield.
Susqa. Susquehanna.
T. Tuscaloosa.
tp. township.
Tn. Trenton.
V. village.
Wis. Wisconsin.
Wn. Washington.

inr* See page 50, also Advertisement to the Thihd Edition of the Gazetteer. _rt|
The following list of states and territories will serve to show the order in w^hich the same
name belonging to different places in the several states is repeated in this Appendix.
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, liouisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio
Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Texas.
Thus the Washingtons of Maine will be first given ; then those of New Harapshire, ther.
those of Vermont, &c. By this means, if the inquirer know^s to what state the name he is
in search of belongs, he will be able to find it far more readily, than he could have done
if this arrangement had not been observed.

ADA
Aahonsbtjeg, pv. Centre co. Pa. near Penn's
creek. [S. C. 97 w of Ca.
Abbeville CH. pv. cap. of Abbeville dist.
Abbeville, pv. cap. of Henry co. Ala. on Yat-
Abbetville, pv. Medina co. O. [tayabba cr.
Abbot, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 70 n of A.
Abbottstown, pv. Adams co. Pa. 18 s York.
Aberdeen, pv. Monroe co. Miss, on Tombig
bee river.
Aberdeen, pv. Brown co. O- on Ohio r.
Abingdon, pv. Harford co. Md. 22 e of Bal
timore.
Abingdon, pv. cap. of Wn. co. Va. 300 sw R.
Abington, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 20 sse B.
Abington, pv. Windham co. Conn. 39 e of Hd.
Abington, pt. Montg. co. Pa. 10 n of Phila.
Abington, pt. Wayne co. Ind. 70 e of Is.
Abington Centre, pv. Luzerne co. Pa, 150
NE of Harrisburg. [the Hudson.
Abeam's cr. Columbia co. N.Y- flow^s into
Abse'ctjm, pv. Atlantic co. N.J. 95 s Tn. [R.
AccoMAC, pv. cap, of Areomac co. Va. 193 e
AcQiTACKANONCK, pt. Passaic CO. N.J. 80 NE
AcEA,pv. Greene CO. N.Y. 47sswAl. [of Tn.
Acton, pt. York co. Me. 91 sw of A.
Acton, tp. Windham co. Vt. 90 s of Mtr.
Acton, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 22 nw of B.
AcwpRTH, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 46 w of Cd.
Ada, pt. Kent co. Mich, on Grand r.
Adairsville, pv. Logan co. Ky.
Adams, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 vraw B.
Adams, pt. Jefferson co, N.Y. 162 nw of Al.
Adams, tp. Champaign co. O. [river.
Adams, tp. Coshocton co. O. on Tuscarawas
Adams, tp. Guernsey eo. 0, 5 w of Cambridge.
Adams, tp. Monroe co. O. on Sunfish cr. [r.
Adams, tp. Muskingum co. O. on Muskingum
Adams, pt. Seneca co. O. on Green cr.
Adams, tp.Washington co. O. on Mu-ekingumr
Adams, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 94 sw ofD.
Adams, pi. Decatur co. Ind. 54 sk of Is.

AIR
Adams' Basin, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. oh Erie
canal. [of Harrisburg.
Adamseurg, pv, Westmoreland co. Pa. l§3w
Adam's Mills, pv. Muskingum co. O. on Ohio
canal. [of Lancaster.
Adamstown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. i23 nnb
Adamsville, pv. Marlborough dist. S. C. 114
ene pf Columbia. , [of Ne.
Adamsville, pv. M'Nairy co. Tenn. 139 sw
Adamsville, pv. Cass co. JVIich. on Christiana
river.
Addison, pt. Washington co. Me. 138 e of A.
Addistm, pt. Addison co. Vt. on L. Champlain.
Addison, pt, Steuben eo. N.Y. 18 s of Bath.
Addison, pt. Somerset co. Pa. on the Youghi-
ogheny river.
Addison, pt. Gallia co. O, on Ohio r.
Addison, tp. Oakland co. Mich.
Adelphia, pv. Ross co. O. 67 sw of Cs.
Adrian, pv. cap. of Lenawee co. Mich, on
Raisin river, 67 sw of Detroit.
Agamen'ticus, mt. York co. Me.
Agawam, pv. Hampden co. Ma-ss. on Conn. r.
Aguadilla, ah^gwi-deel'ya, a sea-port near
the NW extremity of Porto Rico.
Agtjas Calientes, ah'gwas cal-e-en'tes, (lite
rally "warm waters"). % handsome t. of
Mexico, in the state of Zacatecas, on the
Rio Grande de Santia*i, about 270 m. nw
of thecity of Mexico. It is remarkable for
its manufactures, its active commerce, and
for the warm springs in its vicinity, whence
' it derives its name. Pop. 20,000.
Aguato, ah- gwi'o, a small t. of Mexico, 150
m. SE of Monterey, important as being; [oi
having been?] the capital of Tamaulipaa
(B.) Pop. about 6,000.
Aid, tp. Lawrence co. O.
Aiken, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. 77 w of Ca.
Air. tp. Bedford co.Pa.
AiRT Grove, p v. Lenoir co. N. C. 88 w of Rh .

MM

ALL

550

AMW

Akron, pv. Ene co. N.Y. 268 w of Al.
Akron, pv. cap. Summit co. O. at the junction
of the Ohio and Erie, and Ohio and Penn
sylvania canals. [wanda cr.
Alabama, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. on Tona-
Alabama, v. Houston co. Texas, on Trinity r.
Alaiedon, pt, Ingham co. Mich. 92 w of D.
Alamq, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich,
Alamo, ah'la-rao, the name of several sraaU
towns in different parts of Mexico and South
Araerica. Alamo in Spanish signifies a
" poplar-tree (populus). The name is said
to have been given to at least some of these
towns on account of the rows of alamos
with which they are adorned.
Alamos, ah'lS.-moce, a t. of Mexico, in Sono-
ra, about 150 m. ese of, Guaymas. Here ia
a. rich silver mine. Pop. said to be 6,000.
Alapaha, al-ap'a-hawS r. Ga. flows into the
Su^vanee river.
Alaqua, al'a-quaw'', r. Flor. flowsinto Choc-
-tawhatchee Bay.
Alaqua, v. Walton co. Flor. on Alaqua r.
Alba, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 143 n of H.
Alban's, St. pt. Somerset co. Me. [of Mtr.
Alban's, St. pv. cap. of Franklin co. Vt. 63 nw
Alban's, St. pv. Hancock co. 111. 100 nw of Sd.
Albany, pt. Oxford co. Me. 18 nw of Paris.
Albany, tp. Carroll co. N.H. 6 n of Cd.
Albany, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Maiden cr.
Albany, tp. Bradford co. Pa. on Towanda or.
Albany, pv. Baker co. Ga. on Flint r.
AJbany, pv. Henry co. Tenn. 106 w of Ne.
Albany, pv. cap. of Clinton co.Ky. 126s of F.
Albany,, pv.Whitesides co. 111. on Miss. r.
AlbioN) pt. Kennebec co. Me. 26 ne of A.
Albion, pv. cap. of Orleans co. N. Y. on the
Erie canal.
Albion, tp. Oswego co. N.Y. on Salmon r,
Albion, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 34 n of Ca.
Albion, pt. Calhoun co. Mich, on Kalanuizoo r.
Albion, pv. Edwards co. 111.
Albdqderque, al-boo-ker'kay, a t. of New
iVIexico, ou the e side of the Rio Grande.
Pop. 6,000. [L. Champlain.
Alburg, aul'burg, pt. Grand Isle -co. Vt. on
Albueg Springs, pv. Grand Isle co. Vt,
Alden, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 22 e of Buffalo,
Aleppo, tp. Greene co. Pa.
Alexander, pt. Wn. co. Me. 25 n of Machias.
Alexander, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. 8 sw Batavia,
Alexander, pt. Athens co. O. [ami canal.
Alexander sviLLE, pv. Montg. co. O. on Mi-
Alexandria, pt. Grafton co.N.H.34kw Cd.
Alexandria, pt. Jef. co. N.Y. on St. Lawrence
river. [Flemington.
Alexandria, tp. Hunterdon co. N. J. 12 ne of
Alexandria, borough, Huntingdon co. Pa.
Alexandria, pv. cap. Rapides par. La. nn Red r.
Alexandria, pv. De Kalb co. Term. 50 e of Ne.
Alexandria, pv. Campbell co. Ky. 85 n of F.
Alexandrian A, pv. Mecklenburg co. N.C.
160 sw of Raleigh. [Green r.
Alford, aul'ferd, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. on
Alfordsville, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 107 sw
Alfred, pt. York co. Me. 24 n York, [of Rh.
Alfred, pi. AUeghany co. N.Y. 12 se Angelica.
Algansee, pt. Branch co. Mich.
Allegan, pv. cap. of Allegan co. Mich, on
Kalamazoo river.
Alleghany, ciiy of Alleghany co. Pn. ou the
right bank of the Alleghany, immediately
opposite Pittsburgi Pop. 10,000.
Alleghany, tp. Armstrong co. Pa.

Alleghany, tp, Huntmgdon co. Pa.
Alleghany, tp. Potter co. Pa.
Alleghany, lp. Somerset co. Pa.
Alleghany, tp. Venango co. Pa, (Jeghany r
Alleghany, tp. Westmoreland co.Pa. on AU
Alleghany, tp. Cambria co. Pa. [of Rh.
Allemance, pv. Guilford co. N. C.69wnw
Allen, pt. Cumberland co. Pa. 18 waw of H.
Allen, tp. Northampton co. Pa.
Allen, t|i. Hillsdale CO. Mich. > [ofCd.
Allenstown, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 10 sa
Allentown, pv. Monmouth co N, J. 12e Tn.
Allentown, boro' (called also Northampton),
cap. Lehigh co. Pa, 87 ene of Harrisburg.
Allentown, pv. Wilcox co. Ala. 110 a of T.
Allison, tp. Clinton co. Pa.
ALLOWiY, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. 183 wnw AJ.
AlloWay's cr. N. J. flows into the Delaware
river, 6 e of Salem. [ofTn.
Allow^aybtown, pv. Salem co. N. J. 60 ssw
Almond, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Canisteor.
Alna, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 20 s of A.
Alps, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 24 e of Al,
Alsace, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Schuylkill r.
AiSTEAD, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 66 w of Cd.
Altamira, al-ta-mee'ra, a decayed town of
Mexieo, in the s part of Tamaulipas, near
Tampico. [pisiogeet
Alton, pt. Belknap co. N. H. on L. Winni-
Alton, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. 200 wnw of Al,
Alton, III. See Gazetteer.
Alvarado, al-var-rah'do, a sea-port on the
HE coast of Mexico, 40 se of Vera Cruz.
Amagansett, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. near thes
Amanda, tp. Hancock co. O. [end of Long I.
Amanda, pt. Fairfield co. O. on Clear cr,
Amanda, lp. Allen co. O. on Auglaize r.
Amber, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y- near Otisco L
Amboy, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 21 b of Oswego
Amboy, tp. Lucas co. O.
Amelia, pv. cap. of Amelia co. Va. 46 sw R.
Amelia Island, Flor, £ of Nassau co. 15 ra.
long and 4 wide, [of Poughkeepsie.
Amenia, pt. and v- Dutchess co. N.Y. 20 ens
Amenia VILLE, V. Dutchess co. N.Y. 25 eke
of Poughkeepsie.
America, pv. Wabash co. Ind. 81 n of Is.
Americus, pv. cap. of Sumter co. Ga. 104 ssw
of Milledgeville.
Ames, pv. ATontsromery co.N.Y. 56 Nwof Al
Amesbury, pt. Essex co. Mass. 44 ne of B.
Amesville, pv. Athens co. O. 64 ss of Qg.
Amherst, pt. Hancock co. Me. [30 s of Cd
Amherst, pv. cap. of Hillsborougn co. N. H
Amherst, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 82 w of B.
Amherst, tp. Erie co. N.Y- 10 ne of Buffalo.
Amherst, pv. cap. of Amherst co. Va. 15 enb
Amherst, pt. Lorain co. O. [of Lynchburg
Amherstbtjrg. See Gazetteer. [paa
Amite, am-eet', r. La. flows into L. Maure-
Amity, pv. Aroostook co. Me. 210 ne of A.
Amity, tp. Alleghany co. N Y. on Genesee r
Amity, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 122 s of Al.
Amity, tp. Erie co. Pa.
Amity, pv. Wn. co. Pa. 10 s of Wti. the cap.
Amity, tp. Berks co. Pa.
Ammonoosuc r. See Gazetteer.
Amoskeag, am^-os-keg', pv. and Falls, Hills
borough CO. NH. on Merrimack river, [r.
Amsterdam, pv. Montg. co.N.Y. on Mohawk
Amsterdam, pv. Botetourt co. Va. 184 w of R.
Amsterdam, pv. Jef. co. O.
Amwell, tp. Hunterdon co. N, J.
Amwell, tp.Washington co. Pa.

ARA

551

ATK

Anahitac (an-i-wack') Mts. n mountain chain
w of the upper portion ofthe Rio del Norte,
and running nearly parallel to it. It may be
rerarded as a branch of the Rocky Mts.
Anahuac, v. Liberty co. Texas, on the e side
of Galveston Bay, , [1^ broad.
Ahastasia is. Flor. on the e coast, 18 long,
Anceam,^. Columbia co.N.Y. 45 sse of Al.
Anderson, pv. cap. of Anderson dist. S. C.
Anderson, lp. Hamilton co. O. on the O. r.
^ Anderson, tp- Rush co. Ind. [39 ne of Is.
- Andersontown, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ind,
Anderson VILLE, pv. Pickens dist. S. C.
Andersonville, pv. Franklin co.Ind. 53 se Ts.
Andes, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 87 sw of Al.
Ah'dover, pt. Oxford co. Me. 60 wsw of A.
Andover, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. ^ nw Cd.
Andover, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 20 sW of Wind-
Andover, pt. Essex eo. Mass. 21 n of B. [sor.
Andover, pv. Tolland co. Conn. 19 e of Hd.
Andover, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 15 se Angeli-
Au.dover, pv. Sussex co. N.J. 64 n Tn. [ca,
Andover, tp. Ashtabula co. O.
Andover, pv. Calhoun co. Mich. 140 w of D.
Andover, pv. Henry co. III. 130 Nbyw Sd. [rus.
Andrews, pv. Richland co. O. 22 s. e. Bucy-
Andeew's, St, bay on the s coast of Flor.
Andrew's, St. sound, Ga. at mouth of Satilla r.
Androscoggin r. See Gazetteer, [geiica cr.
Angelica, pv. cap, Alleghany co. N.Y. on An-
Ahgola, pv. and cap. of Steuben co. Ind.
Ann, St, a sea-port on the n side of Jamaica,
40 NNW of Spanish Town. [ville.
Annapolis, pv. Jef co. 0. 16 nw of Steubsn-
Aiinapolis, a t. near the nw coast of Nova Sco
tia, on a little bay which extends from the
Bay of Fundy opposite the mouth of the r.
St John. [on the Huron r.
Ann arbor, pv. cap. Washtenaw co. Mich.
Anne, St. a r. of Canada E. runs into the St.
Lawrence 50 m, above Quebec.
Annotta Bay, a sea-port on the n side of Ja
maica, 23 N of Kingston.
Anhsburg, tp, Wn. co. Me. on Nanaguagus r.
Annsville, tp. Oneida co. N. Y, 25 nw Utica.
Annsville, v. Dinwiddie co. Va. 57 sw of R.
Anson, pt. Somerset co. Me. 44" ne of A,
Antes, pt. Huntingdon co. Pa,
Anthony's Nose, the name of several eleva
ted peaks in N.Y.
4KTIETAM (an-tee'tum) cr. Wn, co. Md. flows
into the Potomac r.
Antistown, v. Huntingdon co. Pa. [of Cd.
Antrim, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 28 w by s
Antrim, -^tp. Franklm co. Pa. on Coneco-
Antrim, tp. Crawford co. O. [cheague cr.
Antrim, pv.' Guernsey co. O. 91 e of Cs. ,
Antrim, tp. Shia'wassee co. Mich.
Antwerp, pt. Jef co. N.Y. on Cswegatchie r.
Antwerp, pt. Van Buren co. Mich.
AsviLLE, tp. Lebanon co. Pa.
Apollo, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 193 w of H.
App^j-lachicola. See Gazetteer.
Apple r. III. flows into the Mississippi.
Appleton, tp. Waldo co. Me. '[bia co. Ga.
Appling CH. or Applington, cap. of Colum-
AppoQuiNiMiNit r. See Gazetteer.
Aquackanock. See Acquackanonck.
Aqvebogue, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y.
Aquin, ah-kang', (see Introduction XIX. 21
and 23) a sea-poit on the s coast of Hayti,
75 w by s from Port-au-Prince.
Aransas, a sea-port of Texas, ih Refugio co.
oc a neninaiila nailed Tjive Oak Point.

Aransas Bny (otherwise called Aransazuo,
and Aran&aso Bay), on the coast of Texas,
is immediately n of Corpus Christi Bay.
Aransas r. flows into the above.
Ar-ap'a-hoe Indians, a tribe dwelling be
tween the s Fork of the Platte r. and the
head waleis of the Arkansas.
Arcadia, tp. Wayne co. N.Y. 5 w of Lyons.
Archer, pt. Harrison cq O. on Stillwater r,
Arcola, pv. Lake co. O.
Argentine, pt. Genesee co. Mich.
Argyle, tp. Penobscot co. Me.
Argyle, pt. Wn. co. N.Y. 36 n of Al.
Argyle, pt. Cumberland co. N. C. 74 ssw Rh.
Arietta, tp. Hamilton co. N. Y. on Sacan-
daga r.
Ar-is'pe, a t. of Mexico, in Sonora. Lat. 30°
40' N, Lon. 1090 w. Pop. 3,000.
Arkansas Post, pv. and cap. of Ark. eo. Ark.
on Arkansas r.
Arkport, pv. Steuben CO. N.Y. on Canisteor.
Arkwhight, pt. Chautauque co, N.Y.
Arlington, pt.Benningtonco.Vt. onGreenr.
Armada, pt. Macomb co. Mich.
Armagh, pv. Indiana co. Pa.,60 e of Pittsburg,
Armagh, tp. Mifflin co. Pa.
Armstrong, tp. Indiana co.Pa. on Crooked cr
Arneytown, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 15 bb
of Trenton.
ArnoldtowN, pv. Campbell co. Va. 138 w R.
Arrow Rock, pv. Saline co. Mo. on Mo. r.
Asbury, pv. Warren co, N. J.
Ascutney Mt. Windsor co. Vt.
Ash, tp. Monroe co. Mich. [of B.
AsHBURNHAM, pt. Worccstcr CO. Mass. 53 nw
Ashby, pti Middlesex co. Mass. 47NNWof B.
AsHFiELD, pt. Franklin co.Mass. on Westfield
river,
Ashford, pt.Windhamco, Conn.32 e of Hd.
Ashford, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y.
Ashland, pv. Richland co. O, 79 nw of Cs,
Ashport, pv. Lauderdale co. Tenn. on Miss. r.
Ashtabula, v. Ashtabula co. O. on Ashta
bula r. [Conn. r.
AsHUELOT (ash'we-lot) r. N. H. fiows into the
Ashville CH. pv. cap. of Buncombe co.
N. C on Fr. Broad r. [noe cr.
Ashville C H. cap. of St. Clair co. Ala. on Ca-
AsPALAGA, V. Gadsden co. Flor. 35 w Talla
hassee, [w of N. O.
Assumption CH. pv. Assumption par. La, 90
Aston, tp. Delifware co. Pa.
Astoria, pv. Queens co. N. Y, 6 ne N. York,
Astoria, Oregon. See Gazetteer.
Asylum, pt, Bradford co. Pa. on Susqa. 1 .
Atchafalaya. See Gazetteer.
Athens, pt. Somerset co. Me. 50 n of A.
Athens, pt. Windham cd. Yt. 110 s of Mtr.
Athens, pt. Green co. N.Y. on the Hudson r.
Athens (called formerly Tioga Point), v. Brad
ford CO. Pa. on the Susquehanna r.
Athens, Ga. See Gazetteer.
Athens, cap. of Limestone co. Ala. 25 nw of
Huntsville.
Athens, pv- Monroe co. Miss. 175 nw. of J,
Athensjpv. cap. of Izard cO. Ark. on White r.
Athens, pv. cap. M*Minn co.. Tenn. 150 seNo
Athens, Ohio. > See Gazetteer.
Athens, pt. Calhoun 00. Mich. 150 w of D.
Athens, pv, Sangamon co- 111. 14 n of Sd.
Athol, pt. Worcester 00. Mass. 70 wnw B.
Athol, pt. Warren co. N.Y, on the Hudson r-
Atkinson, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 35 hne of
Banuor.

AVE

552

BAR

Atkinspn, pt, Rockingham co, N.H. SSse Cd.
ATLAS, pv. Pike CO. 111. 81 w by s of Sd.
Atsion, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 43 s of Tn.
Attica, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. 260 w of Al.
Attica Centre, pv. of the above township.
Attica, pt. Seneca co. O. 80 n of Cs.
Attleborough, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 12 n Pr.
Attlebonmgh, py. Bucks co. Pa. 20 ne Phila.
Atwater, pt. Portage co. O. 144 se of Cs.
Auburn, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 47 wew B,
Auburn, N.Y, See Gazetteer.
Auburn (Four Corners), pv. Susqa. co. Pa.
Auburn, pv. Macon eo. Ala. 172 se of Tusca-
Auburn, pt. Geauga co. O. 15 ne Cs. [loosa.
Auburn, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 27 NW of D.
Auburn, pv. Sangamon co. III. 15 s by w Sd.
Auburn, pv. Lincoln co. Mo. 84 ene Jef. City.
Auglaize r. O. flows into the Maumee r.
Auglaize, tp. Allen co. O.
Auglaize, tp. Paulding co. O.
Augusta, pt. Oneida co. N-Y. 100 wnw of Al.
Augusta, pv, Sussex co, N. J. 75 n of Tn.
Augusta, pt. Northumberland co. Pa, 65 n H ,
Augusta, Ga, See Gazetteer.
Augusta, cap. of Perry co. Miss, 173 se of J.
Augusta, Ky. See Gazetteer.
Augusta, pt. Carroll co. O. 135 e of Cs.
Augusta, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich.
Augusta, pv. Marion co. Ind. 9 n of Is.
Augusta, pv. Hancock co. Ill, 87 w by s Sd.
Augusta, pv. Des Moines eo. Iowa, on Skunk r
Augustine, St. Flor. See Gazetteer.
Augustine, St. v. Cecil co. Md. 90 ne of An.
Augustine, St. pv. Fulton co. III. 85 nnw Sd.
Adraria, pv. Lumpkin co. Ga. in the gold re
gion.
Aurelius, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 5 w Auburn,
Aurelius, tp. Wn. co. O. 40 se Cs.
Aurelius. tp. Ingham co. Mich.
Aurora,' pt. Hancock co. Me. 116 e of A.
Aurora, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. on Cayuga L.
16 sw of Auburn. ,
Aurora, tp. Erie co. N.Y. 15 se of Buffalo.
Aurora, pv. Callaway co, Ky.
Aurora, pt. Portage co. 0. 25 se of Cleveland.
Aurora, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 87 se of Is.
Aurora, pv. Kane oo. III. on Fox r.
Aurora, pv. Racine oo. Wis. 110 se Madison,
Au Sable r. N Y. flows into L. Champlain.
Au Sable, tp. Clinton co. N.Y. [Sable r.
Au Sable Forks, pv. Essex co. N. Y. on Au
AusTERLiTZ, pt. Columbia co, N.Y. 30 ssw
of Albainy.
Austerlitz, pv. Kent co. Mich, 178 w^Nwof D.
AusTiNBURG, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 200 ne Cs.
Austin, the cap. of Tex,as, and of Travis co,
on the left bank of the Colorado, about 200 m.
from its mouth, and 230 hw^ of Galveston.
The scenery around this city is highly pic
turesque, and the view from the president's
house remarkably fine. Pop. about 1,200.
J? jstin, a CO. in the se central part of Texas,
intersected by the R. Brazos. The soil in
Ihe NE and e portions is very fertile ; to
wards the w and s it is sandy. Capital, San
Felipe de Austin.
AdstintowN) tp. TrumbuU co. O. 160 sE Cs.
Aux Cayes, o-kay, or simply Ca yes, a sea-port
on thii s coast of Hayti, about 106 m. w by
6 from Port-au-Prince. Its pop. is said to
have been formerly 15,000, but it has de
clined of late.
Ava, pv Winnebago to. 111.

Averysboeottgh, pv. Cumberland co. N. C.
on Cape Fear river,
Avery's Gore, tp. Addjson co. Vt. [of MtT.
Avery's Gore, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 57n by w
AvrsTON, pt. Clinton co. III. 100 s of Sd.
AvocA, pv. Steuben co, N.Y.onConhoctonr.
Avon, pt. Franklin co..Me. 50 nw of A.
Avon, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 10 wnw of Hd
Avon, pv. Livingston co. N.Y. i e of Gene
see r, noted for its sulphur springs.
Avon, pt. Jjorain co. 0. 17 w pf .Cleveland.
Avon, pv- Kane co. 111. 198 nne of Sd.
Avon, tp. Oakland co. Mich.
AZALIA, pv. Bartholomew co. Ind, 60 sse Is.
AzTALAN, pt. Jef. CO. Wis. 30 E by s Madison.
Babylon, pv. Suffolk co. N. Y. near South
Bad r. Mien, flows into Saginaw r. [Bay.
Baileysbitrg, pv. Surry co. Va. 66 se of R.
Baileyville, pt. Wn. co. Me. 209 e of A,
Bainbridge, pt. Chenango co, N.Y.
Bainbridge, pv. Lancaster co. Pa, on Susqa. r.
Bainbridge, pv. cap. of Decatur co. Ga, on
Flint nver.
Bainbridge, tp. Geauga co. O- on Chagrin cr.
Bainbridg-e, pt. Ross co. O. 18 sw Chilicothe.
Bainbridge, tp. Berrien co, Mich.
Bainbridge, pv; Putnam co. Ind. 38 w of Is,
Bainbridge, pv. Williamson co. III. 176 s by e
of Springfleld. [Mississippi r.
Bainbridge, v. Cape Girardeau co. Mo. on the
Bairdstown. See Bardstown.
Baiting Hollow, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y.
Baker's r. N. H. flows into Pemigewasset r.
Baker's Falls (or Rapids), on Hudson r,
Washington co. New York.
Bakersfield, pt. Franklin co, Vt. 50 nnw Mtr.
Bakerstown, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 14 from
Pittiiburg.
Bakebsville, pv. Yancey co. N. C.
Bald Eagle r. Pa. flows into the w br. of
the Susquehanna r.
Baid Eagle, tp. Clinton co. Pa.
Bald Head, the sw end of Smith's I. N. C.
Bald Head Cape, at the sw point of Wells
Bay, Maine.
Baldwin, tp. Cumberland co. Me. 40 nw of
Portland.
Baldwin, pv. Hinds co. Miss, on Big Black r.
Baldwins VILLE, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 64
w of Boston. [neca r.
Baldwinsville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. on Se-
Baldwinsville, pv. Scott co. Mo.
Baley, tp. Benton co. Ark.
Ball ards VILLE, pv. Logan co.Va.
Ballardsville, pv. Oldham co. Ky. 30 nw F.
Ballston, pt. Saratoga cn. N.Y. [k Of Al.
Ballston Centre, pv. Saratoga co. N. Y. 25
Ballston Spa. See Gazetteke. ¦ [ky r.
Ballvtlle, tp. Sandusky co. O. on Sandus-
Baltimore, tp. Windsor co. Vt.
Baltimore, hundred, Sussex co. Del. [sw Cs.
Baltimore, pv. Fairfield co. O. on O. canal, 3S
Baltimore, pv. Warren co. Ind. on the Wa
bash, 77 NW of Indianapolis.
Bangor, Mc. See G.azetteer.
Bangor, pt. Franklin co. N,Y. 6 w of Malone
Ban nacks (incorrectly ¦written Boonacks), a
tribe of Indians in the sE part of Oregon.
Bannister r. Halifax co.Va. joins Dan r.
Baptistown, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 33 nnw
of Trenton.
Bar-a-co'a, a sea-port on the n side of Cuba,

BAT

553

BED

remarkable as the earliest Spanish settle
ment in the W. Indies. [Gr. Guyandot r.
Bakboursvtlle,v. cap.of Cabell co. Va. on
Barboursville, pv. Orange co. Va. 80 nw of R.
Barboursville, pv. cap. of Knox co. Ky. on
Cumberland r.
Bardstoavn, also "written Bairdstown, cap.
of Nelson co. Ky. 40 sw of Frankfort.
Bargainto\vn, N. J. See Gazetteer.
Baring, pt. Wn. co. Me. s of St. Croix r.
Barker, lp. Broome co.N.Y. 12 n Bingham-
ton. [of Hd.
Barkhamstead, pt. Litchfield co. Con. 24 nw
Bare River, tp. Jefferson co. AVis.
Barlow, pt. Wn. co. O. 10 w of Marietta.
Barnard, tp. Piscataquis co.Me.
Barnard, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 40 s of Mtr.
Barnardsville^ pv. Roane co. Tenn. 150 e
by s of Nashville, [Hudson.
Bar^ne-gat', pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. on the
Barnegat Bay, N. J. is on the s coast, in Mon
mouth county.
Barnegat, pv. Monmouth co. N.J. 56 se of Tn.
Barkesville, pv. Belmont co. O. 100 e Cs.
Barns view, v. Clarke co. Mo. 2 e of Wiacoii-
da river.
Barnet, pt. Caledonia co, Vt. on the Conn. r.
Barnstable, Mass. See Gazetteer.
Baenstead, pt. Belknap co. N.H. 18 ne Cd.
Barnsville, pv. Pike co- Ga. 65 w of M.
Barnwell, pv. cap. of Barnwell dist. S. C.
100 s by w of Columbia.
Bab'ee, pt. Washington co.Vtr7 s of Mtr.
Barr6, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 65 w of B. ,
Barre, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. ou tlie Erie canal.
Barre, ip. Huntingdon co. Pa.
Barre Centre, pv. Orleans co, N.Y.
Barretsville,' pv. Lumpkin co. Ga. near
Etowah river, [Portsmouth,
Barrington. pt. Stafford co. N. H, 20 nw of
Barrington, pt. Bristol co. R, I.^
Barrington, pt. Yates co. N.Y. on Crooked L.
Barrington, Great, pt. Berkshire co. Ma^.
Barrowdale, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 26 n Ca.
Barry, pt. Schuylkili co. Pa.
Barry, pv. Jackson co. Mich. 85 w of D.
Barry, tp. Barry co. Mich.
DfcRRYTON, cap. of Wn. co. Ala, 133 ssw of
Tuscaloosa,
Bart, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 55 e of H.
Bartholomew^, tp, Jef. co. Ark.
Bartlett, tp. Jef. CO. Pa.
Bartiett, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Saco r.
Babton, pt. Orleans co. Vt. on Barton r.
Barton r, Vt, fiows into L. Memphremagog.
Barton, pt. Tioga, co. N.Y. on the Susqa. r.
Bascobel, pv. Jackson co. Ga. 83 n by w of M.
Ba^n Harbor, pv. Addison co. Vt. on L,
Charaplain, . [e of Tn.
Baskingridge, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 46 n by
Bastrop, a co. in the central part of Texas,
intersected by the Colorado. Soil in_^ge-
neral extremely fertile. Indigo grows in
abuftdance vrithout cultivation.
Bastrop, the cap. of the above, stands on the
left bank of the Colorado, 85 m. se of Aus
tin. Pop. about 400.
Batavia, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
Batavia, pv. cap. Clermont co. 0. 103 sw of Cs.
Batavia, tp. Geauga co. O.
Batavia, pt. Branch co. Mich.
Batesville, cap. of Independence co. Ark. 90
NNE of Little Rock.
Batesville, pv. Guernsey co. O. Ill x of Cs.

Batesville. pv. Bates co. Mo. (formerly Har
mony Missionary Station.)
Bath, Me. See Gazetteer.
Bath, pt. Grafton co. N.H. on the Conn^a*.
Bath, pv. cap. of Steuben co. N.Y. on Con-
hocton river. It contains about 200 housen.
Bath, V. N.Y. on the Hudson, opposite Al.
Here is a sulphur spring of some note.
Bath, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 100 ne of H.
Bath C H. pv. cap. of Bath co. Va. with hot
mineral springs.
Bath, v. Richraond co. Ga. 15 sw of Augusta.
Bath, pv. Beaufort CO. N.C.143E by sof Rh.
Bath, tp. Allen co. O.
Bath, tp. Greene co. O. on Mad r.
Bath, tp. Summit co. 0. 130 ne of Cs.
Bath, pv. Cass co. 111. 48 w by n of Sd.
Bathes, v. Jef. co. Ga. near Reedy cr. [La.
Baton Rouge, pv. cap, E. Baton Rouge par.
Battahatchee r. Ala. and Miss, flows into
the Tombigbee.
Battenville, pv. Wn.co.N.Y. 38NbyEAl.
Battle cr. Mich, a br. of the Kalamazoo r.
Battle Cr. pv. Calhoun co. Mich, U7 w of D.
Battleboro', pv. Edgecomb co. N. C, 66
E by N of Raleigh,
Baughman, tp.Wayne co. O. on Newraan's cr
Baumstown, pv. Berks co. Pn. 60 e by n of H.
Bay, tp. Ottawa co. O. on Sandusky r.
Bayou. See Ga2etteer. [p^r. La,
Bayou Chicot, bi'yoo she'ko, pv. Calcasieu
Bayou Gould, pv. Iberville par. La.
Bazetta, pt. TrumbuU co. 0.5 e of Warren.
Bealsville, pv. Wn. co. Pa. 200 w of H,
Bealsville, pv. Monroe co. O, 127 ese of Cs.
Bear Cr. tp. Columbia co. Pa,
Bear cr. Ala. flows into Tennessee r.
BearCr, tp. Montgomery co. Mo,
Bear r. California, a fresh-water stream flow
ing into Great Salt Lake, [mee r.
Bean or Tiffin's cr. O. flows into Man-
Beardstown^ pv. Cass co. Ill, on 111. r, 48 w
by N of Springfield,
Bearfield, tp. Perry co. O.
Beattystow^n, pv. Warren co. N, J. at the
w foot of Schooley's Mountains.
Beaucoup, bo^coop', pv. Wn. co. III. 126 s Sd.
Beaufort, N. C and S.C, See Gazetteer.
Beaumont, a v. of Texas, cap. of Jef co. ou
the Nechcs, 250 e of Austin. Pop. 200.
Beaver, Big, r. Pa. flows into Ohio r.
Beaver, cap. of Beaver co. Pa. on O. r. 30 be
low Pittsburg.
Beaver, tp. Beaver co. Pa.
Beaver, tp. Crawford co. Pa.
Beaver, tp. Union co. Pa,
Beaver, tp, Venango co. Pa.
Beaver, tp, Columbiana co. O.
Beaver, tp. Guernsey co*^. O,
Beaver, pt. Pike co. O. 73 s of Cs.
Beaver, tp. Boone co. III. [river.
Beaver Cr. tp. Greene co. O. on Little Miami
Beaver Dam, tp. Erie co. Pa.
Beaver Islands, a group near n end L. Mich.
Beaver Meadow, po. Carbon co. Pa. 100 nk
of H. Anthracite of an excellent quality
is found here. [of H.
Beavertown, pv. Union co. Pa, 83 h by w
Beccaria, tp. Clearfield co. Pa,
Becket, pt. Berkshire co, Mass. 118 w of B.
Beddington, tp. Wn, co. Me.
Bedford, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. on Mer
rimack river,
Bedford] pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 15 hw of B,

BEL

554

BER

Bedfcfrd, pv. semi-capital of Westchester co.
N.Y, 45 NNE of New York.
Bedford, lp. Bedford co. Pa.
Bedford^ pv. cap. of Bedford co. Pa. 200 w of
Philadelphia, noted for its medicinal springs.
Bedford, pv. cap. of Trimble co. Ky. 40 sw of
Frankfort.
Bedford, tp. Coshocton co. O, 60 ne of Cs.
Bedford, pt, Cuyahoga co, 0, 12 se of Cleve
land,
Bedford, tp. Meigs co. O. on Shade r. [zoo r.
Buford, pt. Calhoun co. Mich, on Kalama-
Sedford, tp. Monroe co. Mich. [of Is,
Bedford, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Ind. 70 sw
Bedminster, tp. Somerset co. N. J. 8 nw of
Somerville,
Bedminster, tp. Bucks co. Pa.
Beekman, pt. Dutchess 60 N.Y. 14 se Pough
keepsie. |Platt.sburg.
Beekma?itowNj pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 8 n of
Beelersville, pv. Carroll co. Ark. ; 5 m, s
are the White Sulphur Springs.
Belaih, pv, and cap, of Harford co. Md. 25 n
E of Baltimore,
Belair, pv. Lancaster dist, S- C. 90 n of Ca.
Belchertown, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 80
miles w of Boston.
Belfast, Me. See Gazetteer.
Belfast, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Genesee r.
Belfast, tp. Bedtord co. Pa.
Belpord, pv. Nashville co. N. C. 50 e of Rh.
Belgrade, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 11 n of A.
Belgrade, v. Jasper co. Texas, on Sabine r.
Belgrade Mills, pv. Kemiebec co. Me. 17 n
of Augusta, ^
Bell, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [Ga. railroad.
Bell Air, depot, Ga. 10 w of Augusta, on the
Belle r. Mich, flows iuto the St. Clair r.
Belle-fon- taine', pv. cap, of Logan co. O.
70 NW of Columbus.
Bellefontaine, v. St, Louis co. Mo. on Mo. r.
Belle-fonte', pv. cap. of Centre co. Pa. on
Spring creek, 85 nw of Harrisburg.
Bellefonte, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Ala. near
Tennessee r. 166 ne of Tuscaloosa, [n Al.
Belle Isle, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y, 137 w by
Belle-monte', pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 190 sw
of Nashville.
Belleview, pv. Calhoun co. 111, 85 sw of
Springfield,
Belleview, tp.Washington co. Mo.
Belleville, pv. Jef. co. N.Y. 170 nw of Al.
Belleville, pv. Essex co. N. J. on Passaic r.
70 NE of Trenton and 3^ from Newark. It
contains about 200 houses. [Tuscaloosa.
Belleville, pv. Conecuh co. Ala. 150 s by k of
Belleville, cap. of Desha co. Ark. on Ark. r.
Belleville, pv. Richland co. O. 68 Ne of Cs.
Belleville, pv. cap. of St. Clair co. 111. 100 s
by w 01 Springfield.
Bellevue, pv. Huron co. O. 96 N by e of Cs.
Bellevue, pt. Eaton co. Mich. 120 wnw of D.
Bellingham, pt. Norfolk co. Masg. 36 sw B.
Bellona Arsenal, pv. Chesterfield co. Va.
on James river. [Conn. r.
Bellows' Falls, pv. Windham co. Vt. on
Belleport, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. [Ala. r.
Bell's Landing, pv. Monroe co. Ala, on the
Belmont, pt. Waldo co. Me. 37 e by n of A.
Belmont^ tp. Franklin co. N.Y. bn Chateau

guay river.
Jeln

Belmont, pv. Panola co. Misa. 170 n of J. .
T^elmont, pv. Belmont co. O. 109 e of Cs.
Tl.l^»»* -» T- — -• -- -•

ixr:_ £iA .*.

Belpre, pt. Wn. CO. O. on the Ohio r.
Belvidere, bel-ve-deer', pt. Lamoille co. Vl.
45 N of Montpelier. [Del. r. 57 nnw Tn.
Belvidere, pv, cap, of Warren co. N.J. on
Belvidere, tp. Boone co. 111.
Belvidere, pv.Winnebago co. 111,220 NbyESd.
Benedict, pv. Charies co. Md. on Patuxent r.
Benedicta, tp. Aroostook co. Me.
Bengal, tp. Clinton co. Mich.
Bennett's Bayou, tp. Benton co. Ark.
Bennetts VILLE, pv, cap. of Marlborough dist
S.C. 107 NE of Columbia.
Bennington, pv- semi-cap. of Bennington co.
Vt. 37 Ne of Albany, Here the British were
defeated, Aug. 1777, by the Araericaiis un
der Gen. Starke. Pop. of the tp, 3,429.
Bennington, pt, Wyoming eo. N.Y. on Tona-
w^anda creek,
Bennington, pt. Delaw^are co. 0. 40 ne of Ci
Benninp'ton, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich, on
Looking-glass river.
Bensa'lem, tp. Bucks co. Pa, near Bristol.
Benson, pt, Rutland co. Vt, on Lake Cham
plain.
Bentleyville, pv. Wn. co. Pa. on Pigeon cr.
Benton, pt. Yates co, N.Y, 180 w of Al,
Benton, pv. Lumpkin co. Ga. 124 nnw of M.
Benton, pv. cap. of Yazoo co. Miss. 50 nw J
Benton, pv. cap. of Saline co. Ark. 24 sw of
Little Rock.
Benton, tp. Hocking co. O.
Benton, pv. Holmes cn. O, 92 ne of Cs.
Benton, tp. Linn co. Mn.
Benton, tp. Macon co. Mn.
Benton, tp. Newton co. Mo.
Benton, tp. Polk co. Mo,
Benton, pv. cap. of Scott co. Mo. 220 se of
Jefferson City.
Benton, tp. Taney co. Mo,
Benton, tp. Wayne co. Mo.
Benton's Port, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa.
Bentonville, pv. cap. of Polk co. Tenn. 170
SE of Na,shviille. , [of Little Sugar cr.
Bentonville, pv. cap. of Benton co. Ark. 2 s
Berea, pv. Cuyahoga co. 0. 12 sw Cleveland.
Bergen, (s hard) pt. Genesee co. N.Y. 14
NW of Batavia,
Bergen, pv. cap. Hudson co. N, J. 56 ne Tu»
Berkley, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 37. s of B.
Berkley Springs, near the viUage of Bath,
Morgan co. Virginia.
Berkshire, berk'-shir, pt. Franklin co. Vt.
on Missisque river.
Berkshire, pt; Tioga co. N.Y. 13 N Owego.
Berkshire, pt. Delaware co. O, 28 n of Cs.
Berkshire Valley, pv. Morris co. N. J. 12
NW of Morristown,
Berlin, tp. Oxford co. Me. 45 kw of A.
Berlin, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Androsco^in r.
Berlin, pt, Wn. co. Vt. 4 s of Mtr. [cester.
Berlin, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 15 ne of Wor-
Berlin, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 10 s ty w Hd.
Berlin, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y- 26 e of Al.
Berlin, pv. Somerset co. Pa. 140 wby s of H,
Berlin, tp. Wayne co. Pa.
Berlin, pv. Worcester co. Md. 120 se of An.
Berlin, pv. Sumter co. Ala. 86 sw of T.
Berlin, pv. Marsliall co. Tenn. 48 s of Ne.
Berlin, tp. Delaware co. O.
Berlin, tp. Erie co. O.
Berlin, pt. Holmes co. O. 95 ne of Cs.
Berlin, tp. Knox co. O.
Berlin, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 18 sW of Warren.

BEX

655

BLA

Berlin, pv. Sangamon co. 111. 14 w by s of Sd.
Berlin, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis.
Berlin, pv. Scott eo. Iowa,
Bermudian, pv. Adams co. Pa. 19 s by w H.
Ber-na-dotte'j pv. Fulton co. III. 65 nw of
Springfield.
B-ERNARD, tp. Somerset co. N. J. [by n of B.
Bernardston, pt. Franklin co. Mass, 100 w
BERNARr?viLLE, pv. Mcrccr CO. N. J.
Berne, pt. Albany co. N.Y, 23 w of Al,
Berne, tp, Berks co. Pa. on the Schuylkill,
Berne, tp. Athens co. O. on Federal cr.
Berne, tp. Fairfield co. O.
Beunville, pv. Berks co. Pa. 63 EbyN ofH.
Berrien Springs, pv. Berrien co. Mich. 190
sw of Detroit.
Berrysburg, pv- Dauphin co. Pa. 40 n of H.
Bekrysville, pv. Knox co. Ind. 113 sw of Is.
Berrytown, pv. Kent co. Del. 14 s by w of
Dover.
Berryville, v. Scott CO. Miss. 10 s of Hills-
boro' C H.
Bertrand, pt. Berrien co. Mich. 180 w of D.
Berwick, lp. York co. Me. on Salmon Fall r.
Berwick, tp. Adams oo. Pa. 40 sw of H.
Berwick, pv. Columbia co. Pa. on Susqa. r.
Bethab'ara, a Moravian v. Stokes co. N. C.
Betha'nia, Moravian pv- Stokes co. N. C.
lie NW of Raleigh. {ofHd.
IiETHANY, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 46 sw
Bethany, pv- Genesee co. N.Y. 250 w of Al.
Bethany, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 160 ne of H.
Bethany, pv. Brooke co. Va. 350 prw of R.
Bethel, pt. Oxford co. Me. 60 w of A.
Bethel, pt. Windsor co. Vt. on White r.
Bethel, pv. Fairfield co>. Conn. 70 sw of Hd.
Bethel, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. 60 w Newburg.
Bethel, lp. Bedford co. Pa.
Bethel, pt. Berks co. Pa. 50 e of H.
Bethel, tp. Delaware co. Pa. near Chester cr.
Bethel, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. on Swatara cr.
Bethel, pv. Hertford co. N. C. 160 ne of Rh.
Bethel, pv. Glynn co. Ga. 2-30 sE of M.
Bethel, v- Wayne co, Ga. on Turtle r.
Bethel, tp. Miami co. O. on Miami r.
Bethel, tp. Clark co. O. on Mad r.
Bethel, pv, Clermont co. O. 110 sw of Cs.
Bethel, tp .Monroe co. O.
Bethelj tp. Branch co. Mich.
Bethel, tp. St. Clair co. Mich.
Bethel, tp. Posey co. Ind.
Bethlehem, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 88 nw Cd.
Bethlehem, tp, Albany co. N.Y. 5 s of AI.
Bethlehem, pt. Hunterdon co. N. J, 40 k by
'w of Trenton.
Bethlehem, pv- Northampton co. Pa. on the
Leiiigh r. 48 n of Philadelphia. It contains
a celebrated female seminary, conducted by
the Moravians.
Bethlehem, v. Oglethorpe co. Ga. 65 nne M.
Bethlehem, tp. Cfoshocton co. O. on Walhon-
ding river. [fiver.
Bethlehem, pv. Slarke co. O. on Tuscarawas
Bethlehem, pv. Clark co. Ind. on the Ohio r.
Bethlem, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 43 wsw of
Hartford.
Beverly, Mass. See Gazetteer. [of R.
Beverly, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Va. 200 nw
Beverly, pv. Anson co. N. C. 150 sw of Rh,
Bexar* (Sp. pron. ba-naR'), a large co. or
region of Texas, occupying the w central
* This naiue, u we are informed, is usually proDDuuced
by &e TeuDS bar.

portion of the state, being watered by the
head streams of the Colorado, Gsiadalupe.
and Nueces, and their branches The soil
consists for the mosl part of a sandy loam,
and is in general exceedingiy productive.
Capital, San Antonio de Bexar.
Biddeford, tp. York co. Me. on Saco r.
Big Beaver, tp. Beaver co. Pa.
Big Black r. See Gazetteer,
Big Blue r. rises in the Indian Territory, and,
flowing into Mo, falls into the Missouri r.
Big Cr. tp. Crawford co. Ark.
Big Cr. tp. Phillips co. Ark.
Big Cr. tp. Van Buren co. Ark.
Big Cr. tp. Rives cb. Mo.
Big Cr. tp. Van Buren co. Mo. [mung r.
Big Flats, pt. Chemung co. N.Y. on Che-
BiG Hatchy r. Tenn. flows into the Missis
sippi river.
Big Island, pt. Marion co. O, 47 w by n Cs.
Big Lick, tp, Hancock co, O,
Big Prairie, tp. New Madrid co. Mo.
Big R. lp. Jefferspn co. Mo. [Ohio.
Big SANDy r. of Va. and Ky. flows into the
Big Springs, tp. Seneca co. O- [w of Al.
Big Spring Point, pv. Yates co. N. Y. 190
Big Walnut r. an afiluent of the Scioto r. O.
BiLLER'icA, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 sse of
Lowell.
BiLoxi, pv. Harrison CO. Miss, on Biloxi Bay.
Bingham, (bing'-um) pt. Somerset co. Me. on
Kennebec river.
Bingham, pt. Pfitter co. Pa.
Bingham, tp. Clinton co. Mich.
Binghamton, pv. cap. Broome co. N.Y. [cr.
BiRDsALL, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Black
BiRDSviLLE, pv. Burke co. Ga. 74 e of M.
Birmingham, tp. Chester co. Pa.
Birmingham, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 107 NW
of Harrisburg.
Birmingham, tp. Delaware co. Pa.
Biriningbam, a suburb of Pittsburg, on the s
side of Monongahela river.
Birmingham, pv- Erie co. O. on Vermilion r.
Birmingham, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 19 nwD.
BisHoi'sviLLE, pv. Sumter dist. S.C. 87ne Ca.
BisTiNEAU, (bisHe-no') lake, Claiborne par.
La, 35 long and 2 broad.
Black, tp. Posey co. Tnd. [Plattsburg.
Black Brook, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 20 sw of
Black cr. N.Y. flows into Genesee r.
Black Cr. pv, Alleghany co, N.Y. 270 w by a
Black Cr. tp. Mercer co. O. [of Al
Black Feet Indians (Fr. Pieds Noirs, pe^-ai'
nwaR), apowerful and warlike tribe in the
N and w portions of Missouri Territory.
Blackford, pv. cap. of Blackford co. Ind. 80
N£ of Indianapolis.
Black Hawk, pt. Shelby to. Ind. 34 se of Is.
Blackleys VILLE, pv. Wayne co. O. 94 ne Cs.
Black LicK^lp. Indiana co. Pa.
Black r, Windsor eo. Vt. flows into the Con
necticut at Springfield.
Black r. N. Y. See Gazetteer.
Black r. N, C. an affluent of Cape Fear r. [r.
Black r. S. C an afiluent ofthe Great Pede^
Black r. Ark. fiows into the White r.
Black r. O. flows into Lake Erie,
Black r. Micji, flows into Lake Michigan.
Black R. tp. Independence co. Ark.
Black R. tp. Lawrence co Ark,
Black R. pt. Lorain co. O. on Black r.
Black R. tp. St. Francis co. Mo.
Black R. tp. Washington CO. Mo.

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556

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Black R. tp. Wayne co. Mo.
Black Rock, pv. Erie co, N.Y. 2} n Buffalo.
Blackstone r. rises in Mass. and falls into
Providence river, R, I. [of R.
Blacksville, pv. Monongalia co. Va. 300 nw
Black Warrior r. See Gazetteer.
Blackwater r. N.H. flows into Contoocook r
Blackwater r. Va. flows into Nottaway r.
Blackwater, tp. Pettis co. Mo. [ne of Wn.
Bladensburg, pv. Prince George co. Md. 6
Blajrsville, pv. Indiana co. Pa. on Kiski-
minitas river. [of M.
Blairsville, pv. cap. of Union co. Ga. 118 nnw
Blairsvill?, pv. Posey co, Ind. 180 sw of Is.
Blakely, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on Lackawan-
nock river.
Blakely, pv. cap. of Early co. Ga.200 sw of M.
Blakely, pv. cap. of Baldwin co. Ala. on
Tensaw river, opposite to Mobile.
Blanchard, pt. Piscataquis co Me. 70 n of A.
Blanchard, tp, Hancock co. O.
Blanchard, tp. Hardin co. O.
Blanchard, tp. Putnam co, O, [n of Cs.
Blanchard's Bridge, pv. Hancock co. O. 80
Blanford, pt. Hampden co.Mass. llOwof B,
Blauvelt VILLE, pv, Rocklaud co, N,Y, 130
s of Albany.
Bleeker, pt. Fplton co. N.Y.
Blendon, pt. Franklin co. 0. 10 n of Cs.
Blendon Institute, pv. Franklin co. O.
Blenham, tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. [river,
Blisspield, pv. Lenawee co. Mich, on Raisin
Block Island, Newport co. Bl I. 30 sw of
Newport. [kill river.
Blockley, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. on Schnvl-
Bloody Run, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 90 w by s H.
Bloom, tp. Columbia co. Pa. on Susqa. r.
Bloom, tp. Fairfield eo. O.
Bloom, tp, Morgan co, O. on Muskingum r.
Bloom, tp. Sqioto eo. O.
Bloom, tp. Seneca co. 0.86n of Cs.
Bloom, tp. Wood co.,0. [bee r.
Bloomfield, pt., Somerset co. Me. onKerme-
Bloomfield, pt. Essex co, Vt. on the Conn. r.
Bloomfield, pt. Plartford co. Conn. 7 nw Hd.
Bloomfield, pt. and v. Essex co. N. J. 4 n
of New^ark.
Bloomfield, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 240 nw H.
Bloomfield, v. cap. of Perry co. Pa. 24 nw of H.
Bloomfield, pv. Loudon co. Va. 135 n of R.
Bloomfield, pv. Nelson co. Ky. 43 sw of F.
Bloomfield, tp. Jackson co. O.
Bloomfield, pt. Knox co. O. 46 nne of Cs.
Bloomfield, tp. Logan co. O.
Bloomfield, tp. Richland co. O. 60 ne of Cs.
Bloomfield, tp. Trumbull co. 0. 15 n Warren.
Bloomfield, tp. Oakland co. Mich, on a br. of
Bloomfield, lp. La Grange co. Ind. [Rouge r.
Bloomfield, pv, cap. of Greene co. Ind. 74 sw
of Indianapolis.
Bloomfield, pv. Edgar co. III. 128 e by s of Sd.
Bloomfield, pv. cap. of Stoddard co. Mo. 230
SE of Jefferson City.
Bloomingburg, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y.
Bloomingburg, pv. Fayelte co. O. 45 ssw Cs.
Blooming GRove, pt. Orange co. N.Y. [Is.
Bloomington, pv. cap. Monroe co. Ind.49sw
Bloomington, pv. McLean co. III. 73 nne Sd.
Bloomington, tp. Buchanan co. Mo.
Bloomington, pv. cap. of Macon co. Mo. 106
N of Jefferson City.
Bloomington, pv. cap. of Muscatine co. Iowa,
on Mississippi river.

Bloomsburg, pv. Columbia co. Pa. on Susqa. r.
Bloomsburg,pv, Halifax co.Va. HOs bywR,
Bloomsbury, pv. Warren co. N.J. 43 nnw Tn.
Bloomville, pv. Delaware co, N.Y. on tha
w branch ofDelaware river.
Blosbburg, pv, Tioga co. Pa. 130 nw of H.
In its vicinity is a celebrated mine of bitu
minous coal, [100 NE of T.
Blountsville, pv. cap. of Blount co. Ala.
Blountsville, pv. cap. of Sullivan co. Tenn.
280 E by N of Nashville.
Blountsville, pv. Henry co, Ind. 72 e by w Is
Blue Hill, pt. Hancock co. Me. 75 e of A.
Blue Mountain, tp. Izard co. Ark. [teeb,
Bute Ridge. See Blue Mountains, Gazet
Blue R. tp. Hancock co. Ind,
Blue R. tp. Harrison co, Ind. [gura r.
Blue Rock, pt. Muskingum co, O. on Miiskin-
Bluffton, pv. cap. of Wells co. Ind, 107 nhe
of Indianapolis.
Blythe, tp. Marion co. Ark.
Blythe, tp, Caldwell co. Mo.
BoALSBURG, pv. Centre oo. Pa. 84 nw of H,
BoARDMAN, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 170 ne of Cs.
Bodenham, pv, Giles co. Tenn.82s by wNe.
BcEUFr. Ark. and La. fiows into the Washita r.
Boeuf, tp. Franklin co. Mo.
Bceuf Bayou. See Gazetteer.
BoGGs, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [Pearl r.
EoGUE Chito (or Chitto) r. La. flows into
Bohemia cr. Md. fiows^into Elk r.
Bois Blanc Island, L. Huron, se of Macki
naw, 10 ra. long and 3 broad.
Bois d'Arc, tp. Hempstead co. Ark.
Bokes Cr. tp. Logan co. O.
Bolivar, Alleghany co. N.Y. 15 e Angelica.
Bolivar, pv. Robeson co. N.C. 112 s by wRh.
Bolivar, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on Tuscara
was river.
Bolivar, pv. cap. Bolivar co. Jliss. on Miss, r,
Bolivar, pv. cap. of Hardeman co. Tenn. on
Big Hatchee river. [Jefferson City.
Bolivar, pv. cap. of Polk co. Mo. 132 sw of
Bolivar, v. Brazoria co. Texas, on the e bank
of the Brazos.
Bolivar, Galveston co. See Point Bolivar
Bolivia, tp. Jefferson co. Ark.
Bolivia, tp. Gasconade co. Mo.
Bolton, pt. Chittenden co.Vt. 20 nnw^ of Mtr
Bolton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 33 w of B.
Bolton, pt. Tolland co. Coiui. 14 b of Hd.
Bolton, pt. Warren co. N.'i . on Schroon r.
Bombay, pt. Franklin co. N. Y. on Little
Salmon river.
BoNHAM, a little v. of Texas, cap. of Fannin
CO. on Bois d'Arc creek,350 nne of Austin.
Bo-nair', (Sp. Buen Ayre, bwen T'ray, ». «
"good air,") a small island of the West In
dies belonging to the Dutch, 25 Eof Curagoa.
Salt is exported in considerable quantities.
Bon Homme, lp. St. Genevieve co. Mo.
Eon Homme, St. Louis co. Mo.
Bonne Femme, tp. Howard co. Mo.
Bonxet Carre, pv. cap. of St. John Baptist
parish. La. on the Mississippi river,
Boone, tp. Harrison co, Ind.
Bdone, tp. Warwick co. Ind.
Boone, lp. Franklin co. Mo.
Boonesdorough, pv.Wn. co. Md. 90 nw An.
BoonesboroQgh, pv. Madison co. Ky. 53 ss of
Frankfort, on Kentucky river.
Booke Lick, lp, Howard co. Mo. [n Utica.
Booneville, pt. Oneida co.N.Y. on Blackr.30

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557

BRE

Booneville, pv. cap. of Warwick co, Ind. 170
ssw of Indianapolis.
Booneville, pv, cap. of Cooper co. Mo. on the
Missouri river.
Boonville, a flourishing v. of Texas, cap. of
Brazos co. 110 e by n from Austin.
BoOTHBAY, pt, Lincoln co. Me. 40 s by e of A.
Bordentown, borough, Burlington co. N. J.
on the Delaware river.
Borgne, Lake. See Gazetteer.
BoRDLEY, pv. Union co. Ky. 220 ^v by s of F.
Boscawen, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. on the
Merrimack river.
Boston, pt. Erie co. N. Y. 20 sw Buffalo.
Boston, tp. Franklin co. Ark.
Boston, pt. Nelson co. Ky. 66 sw of F.
Boston, pt. Summit co. O. on the Ohio canal.
Boston, pt. Ionia co. Mich, on Grand r.
Boston, a v. of Texas, cap. of Bowie co. 360
ne of Austin, and 5 s of Red r. Pop. 200,
Botetourt Springs, pv. Roanoke co. Va.
180 w by s of Richmond.
Bottle Hill, v. Morris co, N. J. 57 n by e Tn.
Bound Brook, pv. Somerset co. N. J, 33 n by
E of Trenton.
Bourbon, tp. Calloway co. Mo,
BODRXEVILLE, pv. Ross CO. O- 63 s of Cs.
BoiTRNSBURG, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 75 n by
w of Jefferson City.
Bovey, tp. St. Genevieve co. Mo.
BoviNA, pt. Delaware £o. N.Y. on Little De
laware river.
Bow, tp. Merrimack co. N. H. on Mer'k. r.
Bo\VDOiN, bo'den, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 18 ssw
of Augusta. [Kennebec r.
BowDoiNHAM. pt. Lincoln co. Me, on the
Bowen, tp. Madison co. Ark,
BowERsviLLE, pv, Franklin co. Ga. 120 n M.
Bowie, a co. occupying the ne ext. of Texas,
and bordering on Red river, A large por
tion of the surface is covered with timber.
Soil very good. Capital, Boston.
Bowles, tp. Franklin co. Mo. [40 n of R,
Bowling Green, pv. cap. of Caroline co. Va.
Bowling Green, pv. Oglethorpe co. Ga. 63
SNE of Milledgeville. [on Big Barren r.
Bowling Green, pv. cap. of Warren co, Ky,
Bowling Green, lp. Licking co. O,
Bowling Green, lp. Marion co. O, on Scioto r.
Bowling Green, pv. cap. of Clay co. Ind, 60
s by w of Indianapolis.
Bowling Green, lp. Pettis co. Mo. [of B.
Boxborough, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 nw
BoiFoRD, pt. Essex co.Mass. 30 n by e of B.
Boxville, pv. Montg. co. Ga. 130 sse of M.
BoYDSTows, pt. Penobscot co. Me, 100 ne A.
Boydton, pv. cap. of Mecklenburg co. Va.
109 ssw of Richmond.
Boylston, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 40 w of B.
Boylston, tp. Oswego co. N.Y. 140 nw of Al.
BozRAH,/pt, New London co. Conn, on Yan-
tic river. [ese of Hd.
Bozrahville, pv. New London co. Conn. 31
Braceville, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 160 ne of Cs.
Brackabeen, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 45 w Al.
Bradford, tp. Lincoln co. Me.
Bradford, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 90 ne of A.
Bradford, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 25 w Cd.
Bradford, pt. Orange co. Vt. on Conn. r.
Bradford, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Merrimack r.
Bradford, tp. Steuben co. N.Y.
Bradford, lp. M'Kean co. Pa.
Bradford, lp. Lincoln co. Mo.
Bradfordville, pv. Marion co. Ky. 68 s F.

Bradley, tp. Penobscot co. Me. 50 n of Ban •
gor. [Mtr,
Bradleyvale, tp. Caledonia co, Vt. 50 ne of
Brady, tp. Clearfield co. Pa.
Brady, tp. Williaras co. O. on Tiffin's t.
Brady, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich, on Portage r.
Bradyville, pv. Cannon co. Tenn. 56 se Ne.
Beainard's Bridge, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y.
16 NE of Albany,
Braintree, pt. Orange co. Vt. 23 s of Mtr.
Braintree, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 14 s of B.
Braintrem, pt. Luzerne cO. Pa.
Bkalsville, v- Monroe co. O.
Branch, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. [of D.
Branch,pv. cap.ofBranchco. Mich.llO wsw
Branch Port, pv. Yates co. N.Y.
Branchville, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 77 n of Tn.
Brandenburg, pv. cap. of Mead co. Ky. on
the Ohio river, 94 w by s of Frankfort.
Brandon, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 48 sw of Mtr.
Brandon, tp. FrankUn co. N.Y. 10 sw Malone.
Brandon, pv. cap. of Rankin co. Miss. 13 e J.
Brandon, tp. Oakland co. Mich, on the sources
of Flint river.
Brandon VILLE, p v. Prestnn co. Va. 260 nw R.
Brandt, tp. Erie co. N.Y. on L. Erie.
Brandy, lp. Williams co. O. [laware r.
Brandywine cr. Pa. and Del. flows into De-
Brandywine, lp. Chester co. Pa.
B^andy^vine, lp. Hancock co. Ind.
Brandywine, hundred. New Castle co. Del.
Brandywine Mills, pv. Summit co. 0. 140 nb
of Columbus. [Sound.
Branford, pt.N. Haven co.Conn. onLongl.
Brantford, a flourishing town of Canada W,
on Grand river. 20 m. w by s of Hamilton.
Pop. 3,000 nr 4,000.
Brasher Falls, pv, St. Lawrence co. N.Y.
on Deer river. [Conn. r.
Brattleborough, pt. Windham co. Vt. on
Braxton C.H.pv. cap.of Braxton co.Va. on
Etk river.
Brazoria, a co. of Texas^ bordering on the
Gulf of Mexico, and intersected by the
Brazos. Wilh the exception of a strip of
prairie land along the coast, the soil is gene
rally very fertile.
Brazoria, a sea-port and cap. of the above
CO., is situate on the w or right bank of the
Brazos, about 30 m. by water from its
mouth, and 60 w by s* from Galveston.
Pop. 500.
Brazos r. See Gazetteer.
Brazos, a to. in the e central part of Texas,
E of and bordering on the river Brazos,
Soil fertile; well adapted to pasturage.
Capital, Boonville. [on Kentucky r.
Breathitt C.H.pv. cap. of Breathitt co.Ky.
Brecknock, tp. Berks co. Pa.
Brecknock, tp. Lancaster co. Pa,
Bremen, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 40 se of A.
Bremen, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 se of Cs.^
Brenham, a V. of Texas, cap. of Washington
CO, 100 E of Austin, Pop. about 100.
Brentsville C.H.pv. cap. of Pi-ince William
CO. Va. IdO N of Richmond,
Brentwood, pt, Rockingham co, N, H, on
Exeter river.
Brest, pv. Monroe co. Mich. 40 s by w of D
Brewer, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob*
. scot river.
Brewer, tp. Pike co. Ark.
Brewerton, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. on Onei
da river.

BRO

558

BRO

Briewstsr, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on Cape
Cod Bay.
Bricksville, pt. Cuyahoga co. 0. 140 ne Cs.
Bridesburg, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 5 ne of
Philadelphia.
Bridgehampton, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y.
Bridgeport, Conn. See Gazetteer.
Bridgeport, pv. Seneca co. N.Y. on Cayuga
L. at w end Cayuga Bridge, [nongahela r.
Bridgeport, borough, Fayette co. Pa. on Mo-
Bridgeport, pv. Harrison co. Va. on Simpson's
creek.
Bridgeport, pv. Belmont co. O. on Ohio r.
Bridgeport, pv. Marion co. Ind. [son.
Bridgeport, pv. Brown co. Wis. 143 ne Madi-
Bridges, tp. Taney co. Mo. [Pond.
Bridgeton, pt. Cumberland CO. Me, on Long
Bridgetown, N. J. See Gazetteer.
Bridgevillej pv. Sullivan co, N.Y. on Ne-
versink river.
Bridgeville, pv.Warren co. N. J. 60 n by w Tn,
Bridgeville, pv. Sussex co. Del. 38 s Dover.
Bridgeville, pv, Muskingum co. 0, 62 e of Cs.
Bridgewater, pt. Grafton co. N, H. 37 nnw
of Concord. [k of B.
Bridgewater, pt. Plymouth co. Ma.ss. 25 s by
Bridgewater, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 78 s of Mtr.
Bridgewater, pt. Oneida co, N.Y. 15 s of Utica.
Bridgewater, tp. Somerset co. N. J, [miny cr,
Bridgewater, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on Nesha-
Bridgewater, borough, Beaver co. Pa. on Bea-
Bridgewater, pv. Rockingham co. Va. [ver r.
Bridgewater, tp. Williams co. O.
Bridgewater, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich.
Bridport, pt. Addison co.Vt. on L. Cham.-
Brier Cr. pt. Columbia co. Pa. [plain,
Brighton, tp, Somerset co. Me. 57 n of A.
Brighton, tp. Essex co. Vt. 60 ne of Mtr.
Brighton^ pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 5 w of B.
Brighton, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. on Genesee r.
Brighton, pv. Beaver co. Pa. on Big Beaver r.
l?righton, pt. Lorain co. 0. 105 n by e of Cs.
Brighton, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 42 nw D.
Brighton, pv. Macoupin co. III. 12 n of Alton.
Brighton, pv. Washington co. Iowa.
Brighton Centre, pv. Clark co. O. 33 w Cs.
Brightsville, pv. Marlboro' dist. S.C. 117 ne
of Columbia.
Brimfield, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 68 w of B.
Brimfield, pt. Portage co. 0. 10 sw Ravenna.
Bringiers, py. and CH. St. James par. La.
on the Mississippi.
Brinkley VILLE, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 90 ne
of Raleigh.
Bristol, pt., Lincoln co. Me. on the Atlantic,
Bristol, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 30 n of Cd,
Bristol, pt. Addison co. Vt. 50 sw of Mtr,
Bristol, R.I, See Gazetteer.
Bristol, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 17 sw of Hd,
Bristol, pt. Ontario co, N.Y. 9 sw of Canan
daigua.
Bristol, borough, Bucks co. Pa. on Delaware
river, 20 ne of Philadelphia.
Bristol, lp. Philadelphia CO. Pa. onTacony cr.
Bristol, tp. Morgan co. O. on Meigs cr.
Bristol, pt, Lapeer co. Mich. 43 n of D.
Bristol, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. 160 n of Is.
BROADALBIN,pt, Fultou CO. N.Y. 40 NW Al.
Broad r. Ga, a br. of the Savannah.
Broad r. S. C. See Gazetteer.
Broad r. S. C an arm of the sea, between Port
Royal Island and the main land.
Broad Cr. hundred, Sussex co. Del.

!}»».*. Vt,

l...«j-,.j a.  -_  -n.i

Broad Top, tp. Bedford co. Pa. [canal,
Brockport, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. on the Erie
Brockvllle^ pv. Steuben co. Ind. 180 nne of
Indianapolis.
Broken Straw, tp. Warren co. Pa.
Bronson, pt. Huron co, O. 2 s of Norwalk.
Bronx r. Westchester co. N.Y. flows into
East river.
Brookfield, pt. Carroll co. N.H.46KEofCd.
Brookfield, pt. Orange co. Vt. 17 s of Mtr,
Brookfield, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 60 wof B.
Brookfield, pt. Fairfield CO. Conn, 70 sw of Hd.
Brookfield, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 88 w by h Aii
Brookfield, borough, Jefferson co. Pa.
Brookfield, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 170 n of H.
Brookfield, tp, Morgan co. O.
Brookfield, tp. Stark co. O.
Brookfield, v. Stark co. O.
Brookfield, pt. Trumbull co. O.
Brookfield, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis.
Brookhaven, lp. Suffolk co. N.Y.
Brookhaven, pv. Lawrence co. Miss. [Mtr.
Brookline, pt. Windham co. Vt. 110 s of
Brookline, pt. Hillsboro' co. N.H, 50 s of Cd.
Brookline, pt. Norfolk co, Mass. 4 whys of B.
Brookline, pv, Madison co. Ga. 85 n of M,
Brooklyn, pv. cap. of Windham co. Conn.
44 E by N of Hartford,
Brooklyn, pt. Susqa. co. Pa. 170 nne of H,
BrookljTi, pt. Cuyahoga co. 0. 145 nne of Cs.^
Brookneal, pv, Campbell co.Va. on Staunton
Brooks, pt. Waldo co. Me. 45 ne A. [river.
Brookville, pt. Hancock co. Me. 79 ke of A.
Brookville, pv. Jefferson co. Pa.
Brookville, pv. Bracken co. Ky. 65 ne of F.
Brookville, pv. cap. of FrankUn co. Ind. 70
ESE of Indianapolis. [Jefferson City.
Brookville, pv. Marion co. Mo. 120 nne of
Broome, lp. Schoharie co. N.Y. 38 w of Al.
Brothers ValleYj tp. Somerset co. Pa.
Brown, tp. Lyconung co.Pa.
Brown, lp. Mifflin co. Pa.
Browm, tp. Athens co. O. on Racoon cr.
Brown, tp. Carroll co. O. on Sandy cr.
Brow^n, tp. Darke co O.
Brown, tp. Delaware co. O. >
Brown, tp. Franklin co. O.
Brow^n, tp. Knox co. O. on Yellow or.
Brown, tp. Miami co. O.
Brown, tp. Paulding co. O.
Brown, tp. Hancock co. Ind.
Brown, tp. Montgomery co. Ind.
Brown, tp. Washington co. Ind.
Brownfield, pt. Oxford co.Me. TB sw of A.
Brownhelm, pt. Lorain co. O. [top r.
Brownington, pt. Orleans co, Vt. e of Bar-
Brownington, pv. Butler co. Pa. 210 nw of H.
Brownsbuhg, pv. Rockbridge co. Va. on
Maffet's creek.
Brown's Port, pv. Perry co. Tenn. 100 swNe.
Brownstown, pt. Wayne oo. Mich, on Lake
Erie.
Brow^nstown, pv. cap. Jackson co. Ind. 70 s Is.
BRo^^¦NSA^LLE, pt. Piscataquis co.Me. [river.
Brownsville, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y.onRlack
Brownsville, pv. Fayette co. Pa. on Monon-
galiela nver.
Brownsville, pv. Wn. oo. Md. 95 nw of An.
Brownsville, v. Monroe co. Ga. near Ocmul •
gee river. [NofT
Brownsville, pv. Talladega co. Ala. 140 s by
Brownsville, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 20 w of J.
Brownsville, pv. cap. of Edmondson co. Ky.

BUR

559

BYR

Brownsville, pv. Licking co. O. 40 a of Ca.
Brownsville, pv. Union co. Ind. 68 r by s of Is.
Brownsville, pv. cap, of Jackson co. III. 177 s
of Springfield.
Browntown, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 n H.
Brucs, pt. Macomb co. Mich.
Bruceville, pv. Carroll co. Md. 80 nw of An.
Bruington, pv. King and Queen co. Va. 42
NE of Richmond.
Brumfeeldville, pv. Berks co. Pa. 62 enb H,
Brunswick, Me. See Gazetteer.
Brunswick, pt. Essex co. Vt. on Conn. r.
Brunswick, tp. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 4 e Troy.
Brunswick, pv. cap. of Glynn co. Ga. on Tur
tle river.
Brunswick, pt. Medina co. O. 120 ne of Cs,
Brunswick, pv. Chariton co. Mo. on Missouri-
Brush Cr. tp. Washington co. Ark. [river.
Brush Cr. tp. Highland co. O.
Brush Cr. lp. Jefferson co. O.
Brush Cr. tp. Muskingum co, O.
Brush Cr. tp. Scioto co. O.
BrushHill, pv, Dupage co. 111. 188 ne of Sd.
Brutus, tp. Cayuga co. N.Y. 7 n of Auburn.
Brutus, tp. Ingham co. Mich.
Bryan, pv. Williams co. 0. 150 nw of Cs.
Bryansburg, pv. Jefferson co. Ind. 83 se Is.
Bryahtown, pv. Charles co. Md. 70 sw An.
Buchanan, v- Botetourt co. Va. on James r.
Buchanan, tp. Berrien co. Mich, on St. Jo
seph's river. [12 se of Ne.
Buchanans ville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn.
Buck, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [nw of Al.
Buck Bridge, St, Lawrence co. N.Y. 230
Buck Cr. tp. Hancock co. Ind.
Buckeystown, pv. Frederickco. Md. 80nw
of Annapolis.
BucKFiELD, pt. Oxford co.Me. 32 whys of A.
Buckingham, tp. Wayne co. Pa, on the Dela
ware river,
Buckingham, tp. Bucks Co. Pa. 27 n of Phila,
Buckland, tp, Franklin co. Mass. 100 w of B,
Buckland, pv. Prince Williara co. Va, 110 n R,
Buckram, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I,
Bucks, tp, St. Joseph co. Mich, on St. Jos. r.
Bucks, tp. Tuscarawas co, O, [river,
BucKSPORT, tp. Hancock co. Me-, on Penobscot
Bucyrus, pv. cap. of Crawford co. O. on San
dusky river.
BuELLs Lowell, tp. Washington co. O.
Buffalo, tp. Arrastiong co. Pa.
Buffalo, tp. Butler co. Pa.
Buffalo, tp. Perry co. Pa. on Susquehanna r.
Buffalo, borough. Perry co. Pa. on Susqa. r.
Buffalo, tp. Union co. Pa.
Buffalo, tp. Washington co. Pa. 210 w of H.
Buffalo, pv. Cleveland co. N. C
Buffalo, lp. Marion co. Arfc.
Buffalo, tp. Guernsey co. O. 87 e of Cs.
Buffalo, tp. Morgan co. Mo. [angna r.
Buffalo, V. cap. of Niangua co. Mo. 3 w of Ni-
Buffalo, tp. Pike co. Mo.
Buffalo Bayou, a stream of Texas, w^hich
fiows intp an arm of Galveston Bay at
. Lynchburg. [of An.
Bullocktown, pv. Queen Anne co. Md. 64 £
Bull Skin, tp, Fav'ette co. Pa.
Bundysburg. pv. Geauga co. 0. 160 ne of Cs.
Bunker Hill, tp. Ingham co, Mich,
BuRBoisE, tp/ Gasconade co. Mo. [s of Al-
Bur-dett', pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 180 w by
Burke, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 50 ne of Mtr. ¦
BuRKsviLLE. pv. Piiiice Edwaid co. Va. 80
sw of Richmond.

Burkesville, pv. cap. Cumberland co. Ky. on
Cumberland river. [of^An.
BuRKETsviLLE, pv. Frederick co. Md. 92 nw
BurlinghaM, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y.
Burlinghara, pv. Meigs co. O. 66 se of Cs.
Burlington, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 120 ne A.
Burlington, Vt. See Gazetteer, [n of B.
Burlington, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 13 wby
Burlington, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 20 w of Hd
Burlington, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 80 w of Al.
Burlington, N.J. See Gazetteer.
Burlington, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 140 n of H.
Burlington, pv. Hampshire co. Va. 200 nw R.
Burlington, pv. cap. of Boone co. Ky. 62 n
by E of Frankfort. [Ohio r.
Burlington, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. O. on
Burlington, tp. Licking co, O.
Burlington, pt. Calhounco; Mich. 110 wof D.
Burlington, pv, Carroll co, Ind. 53 nnw of
Indianapolis.
Burlington, pv. cap. of Des Moines co, Iowa,
on the Mississippi river.
Burnham, pt. Waldo co. Me. 34 e of A.
Burns, lp. Alleghany co. N.Y,
Burns, tp. Shiaw^assee co. Mich
Burnside, pt. Clearfield co. Pa. 150 NWof H.
BuRRiLvtLLE, pt. Providcncc co, B, I. on
Branch river.
Burr Oak, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. 125 sw D,
BuRRsviLLE, pv. Caroline'co. Md. 70 e of An.
Burton, pt.. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on Alle
ghany nver.
Burton, tp. Luzerne co. Pa.
BuTton, pt. Geauga co. O. 165 ne of Cs.
Bush Cr. tp. Washington co. Ark.
Bush Cr. tp. Scioto co. O.
Bushkill, tp. Northampton co. Pa.
Bushnell's Basin, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. on
the Erie canal.
BusHwicK, tp. King's co. N.Y. 3 e Brooklyn.
Buskirk's Bridge, pv. Wn. co. N.Y. on
Hoosick river.
Busti, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. 320 w of Al.
Bustleton, .pv. Phila. co. Pa. 10 ne of Phila.
BusTON, tp. Luzerne co. Pa.
Butler, tp. Wayne co. N.Y.
Butler, borough, cap. of Butler co. Pa.
Butler, tp. Luzerne co. Pa.
Butler, tp. Columbiana co. O.
Butler, tp. Darke co. D.
Butler, tp. Knox co. O.
Butler, tp. Mercer co. O.
Butler, tp. Montgomery co. O.
Butler, tp. Branch co. Mich. [Cumberland r.
Butler's Landing, pv. Jackson co. Tenn. on
Butter Hill, a high and steep eminence on
the w of Hudson river, at the n entrance of
the Highlands. *
Buttermilk Channel, the passage between
Governor's I. and Long I. in N.Y. harbour.
Buttermilk Falls, N.Y. a picturesque and
beautifulcascadeonthewbankof iheHud-
son river, 2 ra. below West Point, [of Al.
Butternuts, tp. Otsego co, N.Y. 90 w by s
Buxton, tp. York co. Me. 65 sw of A.
Byberry, ip, Philadelphia CO. Pa. 15 ne Phila.
Byfield, pv. Essex co. Mass. 35 n by e of B.
Byram r. Conn, enters Long I. Sound.
Byram, tp. Sussex co. N, J, 8 se of Newton.
Byrd, tp. Brown co. O.
Byrd, tp. Cape Girardeau co. Mo.
Byrhville, pv. Schoharie CO. N.Y. 46 whys
of Albany.
BteoN) tp. Genesee co. N.Y. 10 he Batavi%

CAL

560

CAL

Byron, pv. Shiawassee co. Mich. 72 nw of D.
Byron, pv. Ogle co. III. 180 n of Sd.
Bytown. a flourishing t. of Canada West, on
the right bank of the Ottawa, about 120 m.
above Montreal. At this place, there are
falls in the river between 25 and 30 feet in
height, of which some use is already made
in manufactures. A suspension bridge (the
first which has been constructed in the pro
vince) of 243 feet span, crosses the Ottawa
here. Bytown is the terminus of the Rideau
canal, which extends lo L, Ontario at Kings
ton.
Cabin Point, pv. Surry co. Va. 43 se of R.
Cabot, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 20 ne of Mir.
Caeotville, pv. Hampden co. Mass. on Con
necticut river.
Cache, tp. Green co. Ark.
Cache, tp. Monroe co. Ark.
Caddo, tp. Clark co. Ark.
Caddo Cove, tp. Hot Spring co. Ark,
Cadereita, kad-3,-ra'ta, a small t. of Mexico,
on or near the r. Tigre, below Monterey.
Cadiz, py. cap. of Harrison co. 0. 114 ene Cs.
Cadiz, pv. Trigg co. Ky, on Little r.
Cadiz, pv- Henry co. Ind. 45 ene of Is.
Cadron, tp. Conway co. Ark. [river.
Cadyville, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. on Saranac
CiESAK's Cr. lp. Greene co. O. on Csesar's cr.
Caernarvon, ker-nar'ven, lp. Berks co. Pa.
Caernarvon, tp. Lancaster co. Pa.
Cahaba r. See Cahawba, Gazetteer.
Cahaba, pv. cap. of Dallas co. Ala. on Ala. r,
Cahokia, pv. St. Clair co. 111. on Miss. t.
Cahokia cr. 111. flows into the Mississippi r,
Cahoes or Cahoos. See Cohoes.
Cain, tp. Fountain co. Ind.
Ca Ira, sah e-rah', pv. Cumberland co. Va.
57 w by B of Richmond. [kill.
Cairo, ka'ro, pt. Greene co.N.Y. 10 w Cats-
Cairo, pv. Sumner co. Tenn. on Cumberland r.
Cairo, pv. Alexandria co. III. at the s extre
mity of the state.
Calais, pt. Wn. co. Me. on St. Croix r.
Calais, pt. Washington co. Vt. 10 ne of Mtr.
Calcutta, pv. Columbiana co. O. 160 ne Cs.
Caldwell, pt. Warren co. N.Y. 63 n of Al.
Caldwell, pt, Essex co. N. J. 60 nne of Tn.
Caldwell, pv. Caldw^ell par. La. on Washita r.
Caledonia, pt. Livingston co. N.Y. on Gene
see river.
Caledonia, pv. Moore co. N. C. 85 sw of Rh.
Caledonia, pv. Lowndes co. Miss. 157 ne of J.
Caledonia, pv. Henry co. Tenn. 120 w by n
of Nashville.
Caledonia, pv. Marion co. O. 52 n of Cs.
Caledonia, lp. Shiawassee co. Mich.
Caledonia, pv. Alexander co. III. on the Ohio.
Caledonia, pv. Washington co. Mo. on Big r.
Calhoun, pv. Anderson dist. S. C 115 wnw
of Columbia. [Milledgeville.
Calhoun, pv. I^umpkin co. Gu. 130 nnw of
Calhoun, pv. M'Minn co, Tenn. on Hiwas-
see river.
Calhoun, pv. Henry co. Mo. 117 w Jef, city,
Calhoun, a v. of Victoria co. Texas, on St.
Joseph's Island.
CALIFORNIA, an extensive country in
the western portion of N. Americn, divided
into Lower nnd Upper California.
Lower California, (Sp. California Vieja,
kal-e-foR'Da-& ve-a'sa, i. a. " Old Califor

nia") a peninsula of above 700 m. m lengtK
and 170 m, in its greatest breadth, sepa
rated from the main land by the Gulf of Cali
fornia, The aspect of the greater portion of
this country is in the highest degree forbid
ding ; indeed the whole of this region may
be regarded as one continuous mass of high,
bare and steep rocks, intersected by numerous
ravines. With the exception of two or three
places, il scarcely contains any level ground
w^hich can be called a valley. There is hard
ly any land susceptible of cultivation, except
on the east declivity towards the Gulf of
California. The cUmate is exceedingly dry
and hot. In some parts it does not rain every
year, bnt only al intervals of five or six
years j in other parts it is said that rain never
falls. The vegetation, as might be expected,
is very scaniy , F igs, olives, dates, and viues
are, however, cultivated in the less sterile
portions lo some extent.
Upper or New^ California, (Sp. Alta or
Nueva — nwa'va — California) comprehends
the country which lies w of the Anahuac (an-
§,-wack') Momitains, extending from about
32 lo 42^ N lat, : bounded on the n by Oregon,
E by the great raountain chain of N.America,
s by Chihuahua, Sonora, and Lower Califor
nia, and w bythe Pacific. It is about 700 m.
in extent from n to s, and from 600 to 800
from e to w. Respecting a large part of
this country littie or nothing is known. The
recent explorations of Captain Fremont (of
ihe U. S. Topographical Engineers^ have
given us far more definite end exact infor
mation concerning the interior than we had
before possessed.
On passing inland from the sea, the first
chain of mountains met with is the Coast
Ran^e, which is a continuation of the rocky
highlands which form so large a portion ot
Lovcer California ; further imand is the Sier
ra Nevada (se-er'ra. na-vah'di) or "Snow-
clad ran^e." Both of these mountain chains
run nearly in the direction of the sea-shore :
the former at a distance, varying from 40 to 60
miles, the latter at a distance from 100 to 200
miles from the Pacific. The valley between
them is considered to be the finest part of Ca
lifornia. The whole country between tho
Sierra Nevada and the Pacific is said to be
^vell calculated for settlement, and is probably
desiined at no distant period to contain a large
population. East of Ihe Sierra Nevada, and between this
chain and the Wahsatch Mountains, is situated
the Great Basin of California, bounded on ev
ery side by hills or raountains, and extendii^
700 miles frora n to s, and perhaps 400 from e
lo w. Though only a small part of it has beea
explored, it is known to contain rivers and
lakes, ot^ which none of the waters ever
reach the ocean, being probably taken up by
evaporation, or lost in the sand of the more
arid districts. The whole of this region ap
pears to be more or less sterile, and a lai^e
portion of it is known to be an uninhabitable
desert. On the ne margin of the Great Basin
at an elevalionof above 4000 feet, is the Great
SaU Lake, Ihe waters of which are sailer than
those ofthe sea. (See Great Salt Lake.)
In some of the fertile portions of Culifurnia
wheat (if un excellent quality is now pro
duced in abundance. Indion corn, potatoes,

cam

561

can

beans, peas, &c., grow well. The climate
and soil appear also to be exceedingly well
adapted to the cultivation of grapes.
The raost reraarkable feature of this inle-
restiiig and as yet imperfectly explored ter
ritory is, its vast and almost boundless mine
ral wealth. Not only hns gold been disco
vered in astonishing abundance in many
parts of this coqntry, particula.rly along the
Rio de los Americanos (otherwise called
the American River, or American Fork of
the Sacramento), along the Feather River
(Rio de las Plumas, ree'o da las ploo'mas),
ond along several of the streams which flovi'
into the San JoaqOin ; but aUo rich mines
of silver and mercury are known lo exist in
various places. The new quicksilver mine
at Santa Clara (san'-tah clah'-rah) is said to
yield the richest ore of which we have any
accounts. The chief American settlement in Califor
nia is Nueva Helvetia, in the valley of the
Sacramento river. The principal towns are
Monterey, San Deego, Pueblo de los An
geles, San Francisco, and Santa Barbara.
These will be noticed under their respective

Cal-la-poo'ya Indians, a tribe in Oregon,
dwelling s of the Columbia, and e of the
Willamette river. [of H.
Callensburg, pv. Clarion co. Pa. 190 wnw
Calumet, tp. Pike co. Mo. [L. Winnebago.
Calumet Village, pv. Calumet co. Wis. on
Calvary, ^. Franklin co. Mo.
Calvin, tp. Cass co. Mich.
CamanchEj j>v. cap. of Clinton co. Iowa, on
the Mississippi nver.
Camanche Indians. See Comanckes.
Cambria, pt. Niagara co. N.Y.
Cambria, tp. Canibriaco, Pa.
Cambridge, pt. Somerset co. Me. 60 n of A,
Cambridge, tp. Coos co. N. H. on Androscog
gin river.
Cambridge, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. on Lamoille r.
Cambridge, Mass. See Gazetteer.
Cambridge, pt. Wn. co. N.Y. 34 N by e of Al.
Cambridge, pv. cap. of Dorchester co. Md. 60
sE of Annapolis. [n of Ca.
Cambridge, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 80 w by
Cambridge, pv- Dallaa co. Ala. 84 s by e of T.
Cambridge, pv. cap. of Guernsey co. O. 77 e
of Colurabus.
Cambridge, pt. Lenawee co, Mich. 66 sw D,
Cambridge, pv. Wayne co. Ind, 52 e of Is,
Cambridgeport, plv- Middlesex co, Mass. 2
w of Boston. [Bay.
Camden, pt, Waldo co. Me. on Penobscot
Camden, pi. Oneida co. N.Y- on Fish cr.
Camden, city, Camden co. N.J. on the De
laware river, opposite Philadelpliia,
Camden, pv. Kent co. Del. 3 s of Dover,
Caraden, pv. cap.of Camden co. N.C. on Pas
quotank river! [Wateree r.
Camden, pv. cap. of Kershaw dist. S. C on
Camden, pv. Madisorrco. Miss. 40 NbyE of J.
Camden, pv. cap. of Benton CO. Tenn. 80 wNe.
Camden, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 30 w of F,
Camden, tp. Lorain co. O.
Camden, pv. Preble co'. 0. 100 wswof Cs.
Camden, pt, Hillsdale co, Mich. 120 se of D.

c Tbe habitat of these two uiimali appears to be liiniteJ
fto tbe nortbem port ol tbe mountaioouB rsgioa.

Camden, pv. Carroll co. Ind. 74 n of Is.
Caraden, pv. Schuyler co. 111. 72 wnw of Sd.
Caraden, pv. Ray co. Mo. on Missouri r.
Camel's Rump, one of the highest peaks of
the Green Mts. Vt. 17 w of Montpelier.
Cameron, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. on Canisteo r.
Camillus, pt. Onondaga co.N.Y. 7w Syracuse
Campbell, tp. Steuben co.N.Y. 10 se of Bath.
CampbeU C. H- pv. Campbell co. Va. 125
wsw of Richmond.
Campbell, lp. Warwick co. Ind.
Campbell SBURG, pv. Henry co. Ky. 30 nw of
Frankfort. [w of Ne.
Campbell SVILLE, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 67 s by
Carapbellsville, pv. Greene co.Ky^ 77 ssw of
Frankfort. [on Chattahoochee r.
Campbellton, pv. cap. of Campbell co. Ga.
Campbelltown, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 15 e of
Harrisburg.
Camp Branch, tp. Warren co. Mo.
Camp Creek, tp. Pike co. O. [Cd-
Campton, pt. Grafton co. N. H . 47 n by w of
Camptown, pv. Essex co. N. J. 3 sw bf New
ark, [bee r.
Canaan, pt. Somerset co. Me. on the Kenne-
Canian, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 40 nw of Cd.'
Canaan, pt. Essex co. Vt. on Connecticut r.
Canaan, pt. Litchfield co. Conn, on Housa-
tonic r.
Canaan, pt. Colombia co. N. Y. 24 se of Al.
Canaan, pt, Wayne co. Pa. 160 ne of H.
Canaan, tp, Athens co. O. on Hockhocking r.
Canaan, tp, Madison co, O.
Canaan, tp. Marion co. O.
Canaan, pt. Wayne co. O.
Canaan, tp. Hillsdale co. Mich.
Canaan, pv. Jefferson co. Ind. 84 sse of Is.
Canaan Centre, pv. Columbia co. N. Y. 26
se of Albany. [N.Y. 25 sw of Al.
Canaan Four Corners, pv. Columbia co.
Canadian r. See North Canadian r.
Canadice, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 218 w of Al.
Canajoharie. See Gazetteer.
Canal, pt, Venango co. Pa, 220 nw of H.
Canal Fulton, pv, Tuscarawas co, O. on the
Ohio canal.
Canandaigua, N. Y. See Gazetteer.
Canandaigua, v. Lenawee co. Mich. 17 w of
Adrian. [Ne.
Canasauga, pv. Bradley co, Tenn, 170 se of
Canasto'ta, pv. Madison co. N. Y. on the
Erie canal.
Candia, pt. Rockingham co.N.H. ISsEofCd.
Candor, pt. Tioga co. N. Y. 8 n of Owego,
Candor, pv. Washington co. Pa. 225 w of H.
Caneadea, pt. Alleghany co. N. Y. 10 n of
Angelica.
Cane Hill, pt. Washington co. Ark.
Canfield, pt. TrdmbuU co. O. 160 ne of Cs.
Canisteo, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. on Canisteo r.
Canisteo r. N Y. flows into the Tioga.
Cannonsburg, Pa. See Gazetteer:
Cannouchee (kan-oo'che) r. Ga. the largest
affluent of the Ogeechee.
Cano'ga, pv. Seneca co. N.Y. near Cayuga L.
Canonicut i; R. I. in Narraganset Eaj"..
Canterbury, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. 8 n Cd.
Canterbury, pt. Windham co. Conn. 40 e Hd.
Canterbury, pv. Orange co, N,Y, 1 w of Hud
son river.
Canterbury, pv. Kent co. Del, 8 s of Dover. ,
Canton, pt. Oxford co. Me, on Androscog^
gin river.
Canton, pt. Norfolk co, Mass. 16 a by w of B.

CAR

562

CAT

Canton, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 13 nw of Hd.
Canton, pv. cap. of St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on
Grass river.
Canton, pv. Salem co, N. J. 70 ssw of Tn.
Canton, pt. Bradford co. Pa. on Towanda cr.
Canton, tp. Washington co. Pa.
Canton, pv. cap. of Cherolcee co. Gra. on
Etowah river.
Canton, pv. Wilcox co. Ala. 90 s by e of T.
Canton, pv. cap. of Madison co. Miss. 23 k
by E bf Jackson.
Canton, pv. Lawrence co. Ark.
Canton, pv. Trigg co. Ky. on Cumberland r.
Canton, pv. cap. of Stark co. 0. 120 ne of Cs,
Canton, tp, Wayne co. Mich. ,
Canton, pv.' Washington co. Ind. 97 8 of Is.
Canton, pv. Fulton co. III. 70 nnw of Sd.
Canton Centre, pv. of Canton pt. Conn.
Cantonment Gibson, or Fort Gibson, pv.
and military station in the Indian Ter,, on
Neosho r. near its entrance into Arkansas r.
Cantwell's Bridge, pv. New Castle co.
Del. 24 N by w of Dover,
Canyvtlle, pv. Grayson co.Ky.l/Oswof F.
Cape Cod, Mass. See Gazetteer.
Cape Elizabeth, lp. Me, 6 s of Portland.
Cape Fear, N. C. See Gazetteer.
Cape GirardeaUj pv. Cape Girardeau co.
Mo. on the Mississippi.
Cape Island, pv. Cape May co, N. J. on the
shore of the Atlantic. It is a place of great
resort for the citizens of Philadelphia,
durinj^ the warm season.
Cape May, the s extremity of N. J. [N. J.
Cape May C. H. pv. cap. of Cape JMay co.
Cape Neddock, York co. Me. a barren head
land projecting inlo the Atlantic.
Capeville, pv. Northampton eo. Va. on
' Chesapeake bay near Cape Charles.
Cape_Vincent, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
CARBbNDALE, pv. Luzemc CO. Pa. 160 nne H.
Cae'den-as, a sea-port on the n side of Cuba,
28 m. E of Matanzas. A railroad extends
from this place s to Bemba, 18 ra.
Cardiff, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y.
CardingtonJ pv. Marion co. O. 36 n of Cs.
Carlihville, pv. cap. of Macoupin co. IU.
40 ssw of Springfield.
Carlisle, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 19 nw B.
Carlisle, pt, Schoharie co, N.Y, 36 w of Al.
Carlisle, Pa. See Gazetteer.
Carlisle, pv. Troup co. Ga. 130 w M. [of F,
Carlisle, pv, cap. of Nicholas co, Ky. 53 en's
Carlisle, tp. Lorain co. O.
Carlisle, pv, SuUivan co, Ind. 100 sw of Is.
CiRLTON, pt, Orleans co. N.Y. on L. Ontario.
Carlyle, pv. cap. Clinton co. 111. 95 s of Sd.
Carmel, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 64 ne of A,
Carmel, pv. cap. of Putnam co. N.Y. 100 s Al.
Carmel, pv. St. Joseph co. Ind. 130 n of Is.
Carmel, pt. Eaton co. Mich. [Wabash r.
Carmi, pv. cap. of White co. 111. on Little
Carnesville, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Ga. 110
N of Milledgeville,
Caroline, pt, Tompkins co, N.Y. 12 se Ithaca.
Carondelet, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. ou tlie
Mississippi nver.
Carpenter's Landing, pv. Gloucester co.
N. J. on Mantua cr. 4 s of Woodbury.
Carritunk, pv. Somerset co. Md. 75 sse An.
Carroll, pt. Coos oo. N. H. on nw base of
. the White Mountains.
Carroll, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y.
O&rroU, tp. Cambria co. Pa.

Carroll, tp. Perry co. Pa.
CarroU, tp. Washington co. Pa.
Carroll, tp. York co. Pa.
Carroll, pv. Carroll co. Ind. on the Wabash t.
Carrollsville, pv. Tishamingo cq. Miss. 208
NE of Jackson. [wsw of M
Carrollton, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Ga. 138
Carrollton, p v. cap. of Pickens co. Ala. 42 w T,
Carrollton, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Miss. 90 n J,
Carrollton, pv. cap. of Carroll cq. Ark.
Carrollton, pv. cap, Carroll co. Ky. on Ohior.
Carrollton, pv. cap. of CarroU co. O. [of Sd.
Carrollton, pv. cap. of Greene co. III. 70 st»
Carrollton, pv. Carroll co, M!o. 6 n of Mo. r
Carrollville, pv. Wayne eo. Tenn. 110 sw
of Nashville.
Carsonvillb, pv. Talbot co. Gra. 75 wsw M
Cartersville, pv. Cumberland co. Va. oc
James river.
Carthage, pt. Franklin co.Me.40 Kwof A
Carthage, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Black r
Carthage, v. Monroe co, N.Y. 2 n of Ro
Chester, at the lower falls of the Genesee r
Carthage, pv. cap. of Moof e co. N C. 80 sm
of Raleigh.
Carthage, pv. Tuscaloosa co. Ala, 17 s of T.
Carthage, pv, cap. of Leake co. Miss. 57 ne Jf
Carthage, pv. cap. ofSmith co, Tenn. on Cum
berland river, 52 e of NashviUe. [nati
Carthage, pv., Hamilton co. O. 8 N of Cinciu.
Carthage, tp. Athens co. O.
Carthage, pv. Rash co. Ind. 32 ese of Is.
Carthage, pv. cap. of Hancock co. III. 10*
WNW^ of Springfield,
Carver, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 47 se of B.
Cascade Range, a chain of mountains in lh<
w part of Oregon, running in general nearlj
N and s, at the distance of froai 100 to 20(im
from the Pacific. Il is a contianation of th«
Sierra Nevada of California. Tl|p name it
derived from tbe cascades of the Colombia
which are formed ^here this river breaki
through the Cascade Range.
Casco Bay, on the coast of Me. b of Portland
It contains several hundred islands.
CasevillEjPV. Ulster co. N.Y. 76 ssw.of Aj
Cashtowts, pv. Adams co. Pa. 43 sw of H.
Cashville, pv, Spartanburg dist. S. C
Cass, pt. Hancock co. 0. 100 nw of Cs.
Cass, pt. Ionia co. Mich. 133 wnw of D.
Cass r. Mich fiows into the Saffinaw. [^.T
Cassadaga, a lake and cr. of Caautauqaecu
Cassopolis, pv. cap. of Cass co, Mich, c^
Stone Lake.
Cassville, pv. Oneida co, N.Y. 86 NNWof Al.
CassviUe,,pv. cap. of Cass co. Ga. 140 nw M.
Cassville, pv. Grant co. Wis. on Mississippi r.
Castile, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Genesee r.
Castijsk, Me. See Gazetteer.
Castleman's r. Pa. an affluent of the Yough-
iogheny, [river.
Castleton, pt. Rutland co. Vt. on Castieton
Castieton, pv. Rensselaer co. N. Y. on the
Hudson nver.
Castieton, tp. Richmond co. N. Y, on N end
of Staten Island.
Castor, tp. Madison co. Mo. [of San Antonio.
Castroville, a v. of Bexar co. Texas, 15w
Cat AHOOLA, r. and lake of La. comraunicating
with the Washita.
Catawba r. N. C. See Gazetteer.
Catawba Springs, pv. Lincoln co. N. C. 158
w by s of Raleigli, [quehanna r.
Catawissa, pt. Columbia co. Pa. ou the Suv

CEN

663

CHA

Catav^issa Forge, pv. Columbia eo. Pa. 87
NNE of Harrisburg.
Catharine, St. an important t. of Canada W.
at the junction of the WeUand canal wilh
I^e Ontario, Pop. estimated at 6,000.
Catharine's, pt, Chemmig co. N.Y. 16 n of
Elmira.
Catharine's, St. an i. of Liberty co. Ga.
10 m. long. North of it is St. Catharine's
Sound. [Ohio r.
Catlettsburg, pv. Greenup co. Ky. on the
Catlin, tp. Chemung co. N. Y. 10 n Elmira.
Cato, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 12 n of Auburn.
Caton, tp. Steuben co. N. Y. 25 se of Bath.
Catonsville, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 36 n An.
Cat-or'ce, a t, of Mexico, about 150 m. s of
Monterey, famous for its rich silver mines.
Catskill, See Gazetteer.
CiUGHNAWAGA, kau^na-wau'ga, v, Montgo
mery CO. N.Y. on the Mohawk r. [sse T.
Cauleysvtlle, pv. Coviugton co. Ala. 200
Cavendish, pt. Windsor co. Vt. on Black r.
Cave Hill, tp. Washington co. Ark.
Cavetown, pv.Wn. co. Md. 107 nw of An.
Cayes. See Aux Cayes.
Cayman (Lake), ki-man', i. e. "aUigator," a
Jake of Mexico, lying partly in the state of
Chihuahua, and partly in that of Durango,
about 230 m. wnw of Monterey. Its lengtii
is perhaps 40 m. [Lake,
Cayuga, pv, Cayuga co, N.Y. on Cayuga
Cayuse (kah-ynce') Indians, a tribe of Ore
gon, dwelling s of the Columbia, and e of
Fall river.
Caydta, pt. Chemnngco.N.Y. 12 ne Elmira.
CAZENoviA^'pt. Madison co. N. Y. 113 w by
n of Albairy.
Ceaecy, tp. Phillips co. Ark.
Cecil, tp. Wn. co. Pa. 10 ne Washington, Pa.
Ckciltown, pv. Cecil co, Md. 78 ke of An.
Cedar, tp. Boone co. Mo.
Cedar, tp, Callaway co. Mo.
Cedar Bluff, pv, cap. Cherokee co. Ala. 152
NE of Tuscaloosa.
Cedar Cr. pv. Sussex co. Del.
Cedar Cr. tp. Cooper co. Mo,
Cedar Cr. tp. AUen co. Ind.
Cedar Swamp, pv. Queen's co. Long Island.
Cedart^wn, pv. cap. of Paulding co. Ga. on
Tallapoosa river.
Cedarvelle, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 79 w by
N of Albany. [cr.
CetlarvUle, pv, Cumberland co. N.J. on Cedar
Celina, pv. cap. of Mercer co. O. on the grand
reservoir of ihe Miami canal.
Central, tp. St. Louis co. Mo. [43 e Hd.
Central Vill.age, pv. Windham co. Conn.
Centre, tp. Butler co. Pa.
Centre, tp. Greene co. Pa,
Centre, tp. Indiana co. Pa.
Centre, pt. Perry co. Pa. 36 nw of H.
Centre, tp. Union co. Pa,
Centre, lp. Carroll co. O. -
Centre, tp. Columbiana ccv. O. on Beaver r.
Centre, tp. Guernsey co. O.
Centre, tp. Monroe co, O.
Centre, tp, Morgan co. O. ' ^
Centre, tp. Rush co, O.
Centre, ip. Hancock co, Ind,
Centre, tp. Marion co,Ind. See Indianapolis,
Centre, lp. Wayne co. Ind,
Centreburg, pv. Knox co, O, 36 ne of Cs,
Centrefield, pv, Onlario co.N.Y.200w by
s of Albany.

Centre HARBotiR, pt. Belknap co. X. H. 41
N of Concord.
Centre Hill, pv. Bucks co. Pa. [nne H.
Centre Moreland, pv. Luzerne cc. Pa. 13fl
Centre Port, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Great
Cow harbour.
Centre Viliage, py. Oapden co. Ga. [B;
Centreville, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 78 sa
Centreville, pv, Kent co. R.I. on Pawtuxel r.
CenireviUe, pt. AUeghany co. N.Y.265W Al.
Centreville, v. Butler cO. Pa.
Centreville, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 240 nw H.
Centreville, v. Wayne co. Pa. [Dover.
Centreville, pv. New Castle co. Del. 54 n of
CenireviUe, pv- cap. Queen Anne co. Md. 40
E of Annapolis.
Centreville, pv. Fairfax co. Va, 110 n of R,
Centreville, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 90 nw Ca.
Centreville, pv. Wjlkes co. Ga. 77 nne of M,
Centreville, pv. cap. of Bibb co. Ala, on Ca
hawba river, 32 se of Tuscaloosa. [cr.
CentrevUle, pv. Amiteco, Miss, on Dawson's
Centreville, pv, St, Mary's par. La. on Bayou
Teche. [54 swof Ne.
Centreville, pv. cap. of Hickman co. Tenn.
Centreville, pv. Bourbon co. Ky. 28 e of F.
CenireviUe, pv. Montgoraery co. O- 9 s by k
of Dayton. [on Prairie r.
Centreville, pv. cap. of St. Joseph co. Mich.
Centreville, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Ind. on
White-water r. 62 e Is, W-Y. 39 ne Al.
Centre White Creek, pv. Washington co.
Ceres, tp. I^'Kean co.-'Pa. 16 nw Smithport.
CERESTOWNjpv. M'Kcauco. Pa. ou a branch
of the AUeghany. ' [Cadiz.
Cerulean Springs, pv. Trigg co. Ky. 11 n of
Chagres, chah'gres, a sea-port of New Gra
nada, on the N side of the isthmus of Pana
raa. The American and British Pacific
mails are transmitted throu§;h this place to
Panama, from which it is distant about 60
miles. [w of Ne.
Chalk Level, pv. Humphreys co. Tenn. 70
CHAMBERLAND.pv., M'Nairy CO. Tenn. 146 s
w by w of Nashville.
Chambers CH. or La Fayette, pv. cap. of
Chambers co. Alabama, 164 e by s of T.
Chambersburg, Pa. See GaSietteer. [of Cs.
Chambersburg, pv. Montgomery co. O. 75 sw
Chambersburg, v. Coluinbia co. O.
Chambersburg, pv. Pike co. IU. 63 w of Sd.
Chamblis SBURG, pv. Bedford co. Va. 156 w
by s of Richmond.
Chambly r. See Gazetteer.
Chami'Ion, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Black r.
Champion, tp. Trumbull co. 0. 5 n of Warren.
Champlain, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. on Chazy r,
Chanceford, pt. York co. Pa. 47 sse of H.
Chandlerville, lp. Somerset cO. Me. on Stf-
basticook river.
Channing, pt. Lena-yv'ee co. Mich.
Chapala, chah-pah'ia, a lake of Mexico, in
Jalisco, 70 m. long and 30 wide.
Chapel Hill, pv. Orange co. N. C. 26 NwRh.
Chapel HiU, pv. MarshaU co. Tenn. 38 s Ne.
Chaplin, pt .Windham co. Conn. 37 E.by n Hd.
Chapman, pt. Union co. Pa. 42 n by w of H.
Chapman, tp, Clinton co. Pa,
Chaptico, pv. St. Mary's co. Md. 75 s of An
Char'cas, a t. of MexicOj in the state of San
Luis Potosi. In it= vicmity are rich silver
mines. Lat. 23° lO' n, Lon. lOOO 40^ w.
Pop. estimated at 5,000.
Chardon, pv. cap. of Geauga co. 0. 170 ne Ga.

CHA

564

CHE

Ghabiton t,Mo. flows into the Mississippi r.
Chariton, tp. Howard co. Mo.
Chariton, pv. Chariton co. Mo. on Missouri r.
Charlemont, pt. Frapklin co. Mass. on Deer
field river. [hour,
Charles r. Mass. empties into Boston har-
Charles City C H. cap. Charles City co.
Va. 45 SE by e of Richraond.
Charles, St. pv. cap, of St, Charles co. Mo.
20 NW of St. Louis,
Charleston, pt, Penobscot co. Me. 98 ne A,
Charleston, tp. Orleans co. Vt. 55 nne Mtr.
Charleston,, pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. 40 wnw
of Albany.
Charleston, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 146 n of H.
Charleston, fa. C. See Gazetteer. [of J,
Charleston, pv, Tailahatchee co. Miss. 136 n
Charleston, pv. Bradley co. Tenn. 167 se Ne.
Charleston, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. 127 wD.
Charleston, pv'. cap. of Clarke co. Ind. 100 sse
of Indianapolis.
Charleston, pv. Peoria co. III. 90 n of Sd. [r.
Charlestown, pt.SulUvan co.N.H- on Conn.
Charlestown, Mass. See Gazetteer.
Charlestown, pt. Washington co. R. 1. 45 ssw
of Providence.
Charlestown, pv. Cecil co. Md. 70 ne of An.
Charlestown, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Va.
168 N of Richmond.
Charlestow^n, tp. Chester co. Pa.
Charlestow^n, pt. Portage co. O. 145 ne of Cs.
Charloe, pv. cap. Paulding co. 0. 137 nw Cs.
Charlotte, pt. Washington co. Me.
Charlotte, Chittenden co. Vt. 54 w of Mtr.
Charlolte, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y.
Charlotte, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. on Genesee r.
Charlotte C. H. pv. cap. of Charlotte co, Va.
96 wsw of Richmond. [on Sugar r.
Charlotte, pv- cap. of Mecklenburg co. N. C
Charlolte, pv. cap. of Dickson co. Tenn, 33 w
by N of Nashville,
Charlotte, pi, Eaton co. Mich. 116 w by s D.
Charlotte Harbour, Flor. See Gasparil-
LA Sound, [s of An.
Charlotte Hall, pv, St. Mary's co. Md. 66
Chablotteville, pv. cap. Albemarle co. Va.
on Moore's creek, 85 NW of Richmond.
Charlottesville, pv. Hancock co. Ind. 28
E of Indianapolis. [w of B.
Charlton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 53 sw by
Charlton, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 25 nnw of Ai.
Chartiers cr. a small river of Pa. flows into
the Ohio river, 4 miles below Pittsburg.
Chartiers, lp. Wn. co. Pa. 6 n of Wn. Pa.
Chateauguay, pt. Franklin co.N.Y. on Cha
teauguay r.
Chateaugnay r. See Gazetteer. [cr.
Chatfield, pt. Crawford co. O. on Sycamore
^Jhatham, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. ouse point
of Cape Cod.
Chatham., tp. Middlesex co. Conn. 16 s of Hd.
Chatham, pt. Columbia co.N.Y. 16 s bvE Al.
Chatham, pt. Morris co. N. J. on Passaic r.
Chatham, pv. Chester co. Pa. 68 ese of H.
Chatliam, tp. Tioga co. Pa,
Chatham, pv. Licking co. O,
Chatham, tp. Medhia co. O.
Chatham, a I. of Canada West, on the Thames,
50 m. E of Detroit. [N.Y. 23 s Al.
Chatham Four Corners, pv. Columbia co.
Chattahoochee r. Gd. See Gazetteer,
Chattahoochee, pv. Gadsden co. Flor. on the
Appalachicola river. [nw of M.
Chattoooaville, pv. Chattooga co. Ga. 186

Chadmont, pv. Jef. co. N.Y, on Chaumont
Bay. [on Chautauque cr.
CHAUTAUQinSjtp. cap. of Chautauque CO. N.Y.
Chautauque, L. in the centre of Chaulauque
CO. N.Y. is about 18 m, long, and from 1 to
3 miles wide.
Chazy, pt, Clinton co. N.Y. onL. Champlain.
Chazy r. Clinton co. N.Y. flows into L. cSiam-
plain.
Chelmsford, pv. Middlesex co. Mass* on ihe
Merrimack river. [Montpelier.
Chelsea, pv. cap. of Orange co. Vt. ^ se of
Chelsea, tp. Snfiolk co. Mass, 4 ke of B.
Cheltenham, tp. IVIontgomery co. Pa,
Chemung r. N. Y. -formed by the junclion of
the Conhocton and Tioga, — ^flows into the
Snsquehamia. [raung r
Chemung, lp. Chemung co. N.Y. on C^e-
Chenango r. of N. Y. flowing into thfe Sus
quehanna at Binghamton. [quehanna r.
Chenango, tp. Broome co. N. Y. on the Sos-
Chenango, pt. Beaver co. Pa,
Chenango Forks, pv. Broome co. N. Y.,od
Chenango river. [of New Orleans.
Cheneyville, pv. Rapides par. La. 265 nw
ChepackeTj pv. Providence co. R. 1. 16 w by
N of Providence. ^Pedee r.
Cheraw, pv. Chesterfield dist. S. C. on Great
Cherokee, pv. Logan co. O. 75 nw of Cs.
Cherokee Corner, pv. Oglethorpe co. Ga
77 N of MiUedgeviUe.
Cherokee Iron works, pv. York dist. S. C.
104 N of Columbia.
Cherokees. See Gazetteer.
Cherry, tp. Butler co. Pa.
Cherry Creek, pt. Chautaaqne co. N. Y. 20
E of Mayville. [Narraguagns r.
Cherryfield, tp. Washington co. Me. on
Cherry Grove, v. St. Clair co. III. 8 ns of
Belleville. [Harrisburg.
Cbeery Ridge, pv. AVayne co. Pa. 167 ne of
Cherry Tree, pt. Venango co. Pa. [Al.
Cherry Valley, pt. Otsego co. N. Y. 55 w
Cherry Valley, pv. Ashtabula co. O.
Cherryville; pv. Northampton co. Pa. 107
ENE of Harrisburg. [Chesapeake Bay.
Chesapeake City, pv, Cecil co, Aid. oa
Cheshire, pt. Berkshire co, Mass. on Hoo
sick river. [Hartford
Cheshire, pt. New^ Haven co. Conn. 25 ssw
Cheshire, pv. Ontario co. N,Y. 200 w of Al.
Cheshire, pt. GaUia co. O. on the Ohio r.
Chesnut Hill, pv. PhUadelphia co. Pa. 9 nw
of Philadelphia.
Chesnut Hill, tp. Monroe co. Pa. on Head's cr
Chesnut Hill, pv. Hall co. Ga. 107 nnw of M
Chesnut Ridgk, a branch of the AUeghany
Mountains, extending from Md, ne through
Fayette and Westmoreland counties, Pa.
Chest, pt. Clearfield co. Pa. 150 nw of H-
Chester, tp. Penobscot co. Me. [Concord.
Chester, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 22 sse of
Chester, pt. Windsor co. Vt. S3 s of Mtr.
Chester, pt. Hampden co, Mass. 116 w by s B
Chester, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 31 s by EHd
Chester, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 100 s by w Al
Chester, in. Burlington co. N, J. 9 sw of
Mount Holly.
Chester, pt. Morris co. N. J. 50 n by E of Tn.
Chester, pv. cap. of Delaware co. Pa. 14 sw
of Philadelphia.
Chester, tp. Wayne co. Pa. on Delaware r.
Chester CH, pv. cap. of Chester dist. 9. C 67
N by w of Columbia.

CHI

565

CLA

Chester, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. 32 nw of M.
Chester, tp, Butler co. O.
Chester, tp. Clinton co. O.
Chester, tp. Geauga co. 0. 19 e of Cleveland.
Chester, lp. Knox co. O.
Chester, pt. Meigs co. O. 95 sse of Cs,
Chester, pt. Eaton co. Mich.
Chester, tp. Wabash co. Ind.
Chester, pv. Randolph co. 111. 150 se of Sd.
Chester r. rises iu Kent co. Del. and flows
through Md. into Chesapeake Bay.
Chester Cross Roads, pv- Geauga co. O.
Chester Factory, pv. Hampden co. Mass.
113 w of Boston. [necticut r.
Chesterfield, pt. Cheshire CO. N. H. on Con-
Chesierfield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 106 w
of Boston. [se of Hd.
Chesterfield, pv. New London co. Conn. 36
Chesterfield, tp. Essex co. N.Y. on L. Cham
plain.
Chesterfield, tp. Burlington co. N. J, [s R.
Chesterfield, pv. cap. Chesterfield co, Va. 16
Chesterfield, pv, cap. of Chesterfield dist. S.C,
on Thomson's creek, 105 nne of Columbia,
Chesterfield, pt. Lucas co, O,
Chesterfield Factory, Cheshire co. N, H.
56 sw of Concord. [of Al.
Chestertowts', pv. Warren co. N. Y. 80 n
Chestertown, pv. cap. of Kent co. Md, on
Chester river, 54 ne of An. [of A,
Chesterville, pt. Franklin co. Me, 26 nw
Chesterville, pv. Gibson co. Tenn. 148 w Ne.
ChestervUIe, pv. Knox co. O. 52 nne of 6s.
Chesuncook Lake, Me. See Gazetteer.
Chetimaches Lake, La. See Gazetteer.
Cheviot, pv. Hamilton co. O- 7 nw Cincinnati.
Chew's Landing, pv. Gloucester co. N. J. 38
BSE of Trenton. [ntv of An.
Chewsville, pv. Washington co. Md. 105
Cheyenne. See Chienne.
Chiapa, che-ah'pa, a state in the se part of
Mexico, bordering on the Pacific. Area,
38,-500 sq. ra. Pop. estimated at 130,000.
Capital, Ciudad Real. [into L. Mich.
Chicago r. III. fiows by the t. of this name
Chicago, IU. See Gazetteer.
Chichester, pt. Merrimack co.N.H. 8e Cd.
Chickahominy r. Va. flows into James r.
CmcKAMAUGA r. rises in Ga. and flows into
Tennessee r. in the slate of Tenn.
Chick-a-pee' r. Mass. flows into Conn, river,
in the n part of Springfield co.
Chickapee Falls, pv. Hampden co. Mass. on
Chickapee river. [form tlie Pascagoula.
Chickasawha r. Miss, unites with Leaf r. to
Chicktawaga, tp. Erie co. N.Y. 6 e Buffalo.
CiiiENNE (she-enn') Indians, a tribe found
chiefly in the e part of Missouri Territory.
Chihuahua, che-wah'w^a., a stale in the n
part of Mexico, e of Sonora. It formerly
extended eastward beyond the Rio del
Norte. Area, 72,500 sq. ra. Pop. 120,000.
Chihuahua, the capital of the above, is a
handsome city, wiih a pop. of 30.000. (B.)
CnaDsBURG, pv. Fayette co. Ky. 32 e of F.
Chili, pi. Monroe co. N.'Y. 10 sw Rochester.
Chilicothe, O. See Gazetteer.
Chilicothe, pv. Peoria co. Ul. on Peoria L.
Chilicothe, pv. cap. of Livingston co. Mo,
150 'NW of Jefferson City, ,
ChillisquAque, pt. Norlhum berland co. Pa.
Chilmark, pt. Dukes co. M^iss. on the sw
part of Martha's Vineyard.
Child, pv, Clermont co. O. ot the Obio r.

Chilts or Chikailis, cnik-ka'liSj an .<ndian
tribe n of tlie mouth of Columbia river.
China, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 21 e of A.
China, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Clear cr.
China, pt. St. Clair co. Mich. 50 nneD. [lar.
CiiiPOLA r. Flor. and Ala. enters Appalachico-
Chippewa or Chippeway r. of Wis. flowing
into Ihe Miss. r. at L. Pepin, in Lat. 44° 30' n.
Chippewa, lp. Beaver co. Pa, 7 nw Beaver.
Chippewa, pt. Wayne co. O. [gara Falls.
Chippewa, av. of Canada West, 2 above Nia-
Chippeway Indians. See Gazetteer.
Chittenango cr. N.Y. flows into Oneida L.
Chittenango, pv. Madison co. N.Y. on the
Syracuse and Utica railroad, 120 wnw Al.
Chittenden, pi. RutlEmd co- Vt. 12 n of
Rutland. [Yalabusha r.
Chocchuma, pv. Tailahatchee co. Miss, on
Choconut, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. 189 nneH.
Choctaw Indians. See Gazetteer.
CHoc-TAW-HATCH'EEr. rises in Ala. and flows
into a bay of the same name in Flor.
Choptank r. Md! flows into a large estuary
in Chesapeake Bay.
Chowan r. N. C. See Gazetteer,
Christian, tp. Independence co. Ark.
Christiana, t. or cr. Del. flows into tha
Delaware below Wilmington. [liana cr.
Christiana, pv. New Castle co. Del. nn Chris-
Christiansburg, pv. cap. of Montgomery co.
Va. 200 ^vsw of Richmond. [Frankfort.
Christianshurg, pv. Shelby co, Ky. 13 w of
Christianshurg, pv. Champaign co. O. 60 w
of Columbus. [97 sw of R
Christians ville, pv. Mecklenburg co. Va
ChristiansviUe, pv. CarroU co. Tenn. 113 V7 of
NashviUe. [ofR.
Chuckatuck, pv. Nansemond co. Va. 75 se
Church Hill, pv. Queen Anne co. Md. 46 k
of Annapolis. [of Ca.
Church HUl, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 109 w
Churchillsville, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 77
sE of Indianapolis.
Churchtown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 52e of H.
Churchville, pv. Hartford co. Md. 60 n An.
Churchville, v. Clark co. Mo. on Mississippi r.
Cicero, pt, Onondaga co. N.Y. on Oneida L.
Cicero, pt. Hamilton co. Ind. 32 n of Is.
Cienfuegos. See Gazetteer.
Cin-a-lo'a, a province of Mexico, bordering
on the Gulf of California. It forms, to
gether with Sonora (which boilnds it on
the N), the state of Occidente. [del Fuerte,
Cinaloa, a t. of the above prov, 70 s of VUla
Cincinnati, v. Ralls co. Mo. on Salt r.
Cincinnati, a v. of Texas, on Trinity r. about
180 ENE of Austin. Pop. 200.
Cincinnatus, pt. Conrlaiid co. N.Y.
Circleville, pv. cap, or Pickaway co. O. on
Scioio r. 26 s of Colurabus. [Jaraes r.
City Point, pv. Prince George co. Va. on
City West, pv. Porter co. Ind. on L. Mich,
Ciudad, Real, se-oo-dad' ra-al', a sraall I. of
Mexico, cap. of the state of Chiapa. Lat.
IQO 50' N, Lon. 93^ 10' W.
Claiborne, pv. Monroe co.Ala. on Alabama r.
Claiborne, lp. Union co. O. [Jackson.
Claiborneville, pv. Ya^oo co. Miss. 57 N of
Clair, St. pt. Bedford co. Pa. 110 w of H.
Clair, St. pv. Burke co. Ga. 68 e M.
Clair, St. lp. Butler co. O.
Clair, Si. tp. Columbiana co. O. [of D.
Clair. St. pv^ cap. of St. Clair co. Mich. 48 nk
Clairsville, St. pv. cap. of BeUnont co. O.

CLE

566

COA

Clal'ams, an Indian tribe of Oregon, m of the
Colum>iai, and near the Straits of Fuca.
Clappville, pv, Wo'ster co. Mass, 50 w of B,
Clara, tp. Poller co- Pa.
Claremont, pt. SuUivan co. N. H. on Conn. r.
Olaremont, pv. Pickens dist, S. C 162 nw Ca.
Clarence, pt. Erie co. N. Y. 270 w of Al.
Clarendon, pt. Rutland co.Vt. 70 ssw of Mtr,
Clarendon, pt. Orleans co. N. Y-
Clarendon, pt. Calhoun co. Mich.
Claridon, tp, Marion co. O.
Claridon, pt, Geauga co. O. 30 e of Cleveland.
Clarion r. or Great Toby's cr. Pa. flows into
¦ the AUeghany. [of H,
Clarion, pv- cap. of Clarion co. Pa. 164 wnw
Clark, tp. Brown co. O.
Clark, tp. Clinton co. O-
Clark, tp.Cole co. Mo.
Clark, tp. Lincoln co. Mo.
Clarksborough, pv. Gloucester co. N, J. 40
sw of Trenton. [Lenox.
Clarksburg, tp. Berkshire co. Mass. 27 n of
Clarksburg, pv. Monraouth co. N. J, 20 e Tn.
Clarksburg, pv. Montgoraery co. Md, 68 wnw
of Annapolis. [Monongahela r.
Clarksburg, pv, cap. of Harrison co. Va. on the
Clarksburg, pv. cap. of Lewis co, Ky. on Salt
Lick cr. 107 e of Frankfort.
Clarksburg, py. Ross co. O. 40 s of Cs.
Clarksburg, pv. Decatur co. Ind. 55 se of Is.
Clarksfield, pt. Huron co.O.oii Vermilion r.
Clarkson, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 16 nw of
Rochester.
Clarkson, pv. Columbiana co. 0. 160 ne of Cs.
Clark's r. See Gazetteer.
Clarkstow^n, pv. cap. of Rockland co. NY. on
the Hudson river.
Clarksville, tp. Coos CO. N. H;
ClarksvUle, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y.
Clarksville, pv, Hunterdon co. N . J. 45n of Tn.
ClarksviUe, pv. Greene co. Pa 200 wsw of H,
Clarksville, jiv. cap. of Habersham co. Ga.
138 N of MiUedgeviUe.
ClarksviUe, pv. cap. of Clark co. Ala. 134 s T.
ClarksviUe, pv. cap. of Johnson co. Ark.
ClarksviUe, pv. cap. of Montgoraery co. Tenn.
45 NW of Nashville.
Clarksville, pv. CUnton co, O. 82 sw of Cs,
Clarksville, pv. Pike co. Mo. on Mississippi r.
ClarksviUe, the cap. of Red River co. Tex
as, 350 NE of Austin, and 20 s of Red r.
Pop, near 300.
Claverack, tp, Columbia co, N.Y, 4 e Hudson.
Clay, pt. Onondaga co, N,Y. 10 n Syracuse.
Clay, tp. Knox co. O.
Clay, lp. Montgomery co. O.
Clay, pt. St. Clair co. Mich. 62 nne of D.
Clay, tp. La Fayette co. Mo.
Clay, tp. Ralls co. Mo.
Claysville, pv. Washington co. Pa, 220 w H.
Claysville, pv. Marshall co. Ala. on Tenn. r.
Claysville, pv. Harrison co, Ky. 50 ene of F.
Claysville, pv. Washington co. Ind. 96 s of Is.
Clayton, pt. Jef, co. N.Y. on Chaumont r.
Clayton, pv. cap. Rabun co. Ga. IBO n of M.
Clayton, pv, cap. of Barbour co. Ala. 160 se T.
Clayton, tp. Perry co. O,
Clayton, pv. Adams co. 111. 90 w of Sd.
Claytonville, pv^ cap. of Henderson co. N, C
on French Broad river.
Clay Village, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 17 w of F.
Clear Creek, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y-
Clear Creek, tp. Fairfield co. O.
Cl«ar Creek, to. Richland co. O.

Clear Creek, tp. Warren co. O. [215 s Sd.
Clear Creek Landing, pv. Alexander co. Ill
Clearfield, tp. Butler co. Pa.
Clearfield, lp. Cambria co. Pa.
Clearfield, pv. cap. of Clearfield co. Pa, on an
afiluent of the Susquehanna river,
Clearfield cr. Pa, an affluent of the West
Bra;ich of the Susquehanna river.
Clear Spring, pv, Wn, co. Md. 112 nw An.
Clemmonsville, pv. Davidson co. N. C, 130
w of Raleigh.
Clermont, pt. Columbia co. N. Y. on the
Hudson river. [Lake.
Cleveland, pv. Oswego co. N. Y. on Oneida
Cleveland, pv. Meriwether co. Ga. 107 wM.
Cleveland, pv. cap, of Bradley co. Teim. 156
SE of NashvUle.
Cleveland, O. See Gazetteer.
Cleves, pv. Hamilion co. O. on Big Miami r
Clifton, pv. RusseU co. Va. on Maiden
Spring Fork.
Clifton, pv, Greene CO, O, on the Little Miami.
Clifton Factory, pv. St. Mary's co.Md. 100
s of Annapolis,
Clifton Park, pt, Saratoga co,N,Y. 17 nAI,
Clifty, tp. Bartholomew co. Ind,
Clinch, tp. Van Buren co. Mich, [nebec r,
Clinton, pt. Kemiebec co. Me, on the Ken-
Clinton, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 50 s of Hd.
Clinton, tp. Dutchess co, N. Y. ip n of Pough
keepsie,
Clinton, pv. Oneida co. N. Y. 9 sw of Utica.
Clinton, tp. Essex co. N. J,
Clinton, pv, Hunterdon co. N, J, 37 n of Tn.
Clinton, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 226 w of H.
Clinton, tp, Lycoming co. Pa. on W. Branch
of the Susqueharaia.
CUnton, lp. Wayne co. Pa. [of Rh.
Clinton, pv. cap. of Sampson co. N. C. 94 sse
CUnton, pv. cap. of Jones co. Ga. 25 w^ of jM.
Clinton, pv. Greene co. Ala. 40 s of T.
Clinton, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 10 wof J.
Clinton, pv. E. Feliciana par. La, 112 nw of
New Orleans. [lie Red r.
Clinton, pv. cap. of Van Bnren co. Ark. on Lit-
Clinton, pv. cap. of Anderson co. Tenn. on
Clinch river.
Clinton, tp. Seneca co. O.
Clinton, pt. Summit co. O. 118 xw of Cs.
Clinton, pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 50 sw of D.
Clinton, lp. Macomb co. Mich, on L. St. Clair.
Clinton, lp. Putnara co. Ind.
Clinton, pt. Vermilion co. Ind. 82 w of Is.
Clinttm, pv. cop. of Dewitl co. III. 64 ene of Sd.
Clinton College, pv. Smith co. Tenn. 50
ene of Nasliville. [Sable r.
Clintonville, pv. Clinton co. N. Y. on Au
Clintonville, pv. Venango co. Pa.
Clintonville, pv. Greenbrier co. Va. 224 w R.
Clintonville, pv. Bourbon co. Ky. 45 e of F.
Cuo, pv. Marlborough dist. S- C. 117 ke Ca.
Clockville, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 120wAI.
Clou TIER VILLE, pv. Natchitoches par. La.
Clover Port, pv. Breckenridge co. Ky. ou
thc Ohio river.
Clyde, pv. Wayne co. N. Y. on Clyde river.
Clyde r. N. Y. formed by the junclion of
Flint and Mud ers. fiows into Seneca river.
Clymer, pt. Chautauque co. N. V,
CoAHuiLA, ko'^a.-wee'lfi,, a province in the
NE part of Mexico, borderin* on the Rio
del Norte. In union with Texas, it for
merly constituted one of the Mexican
States. ItA RTAn ia nrnhRhlv nhniit 50.000

COL

567

COL

M.m Pop. unknown. According lo Balbi,
Monclova (or Coahuila) is the capital, but
some writers give Saltillo as the capital.
Coal, tp. Northumberland co. Pa.
Coal Brook, tp. Clinton co. Pa.
CoATESviLLE, pv- Chester co. Pa. on the Co
lumbia railroad, 38 m. w of Philadelphia.
Cobleskill, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 40wAl.
Coburg, a t. of Canada AVest, on the n shore
of L. Ontario. Lat 44^ N, Lon. 78° 10' w.
CocHECToN, pt. SuUivaii CO. N.Y. on Del. r.
Cochran's Grove, pv. Shelby co. 111. 72 se Sd.
CoCHRANsviLLE, pv. Chester co. Pa. 02 ese H.
CoDoRus cr. rises in Md. and flows into the
Susquehanna river in Pa.
Codorus, pv. York co. Pa. on Codorus cr.
Coeyman's, quee'manz, pt. Albany co. N.Y,
13 s of Albany,
Coffeeville, pv, Clark co. Ala. on Tornbig-
bee river. [Turkey cr. 130 n of J.
Coffeeville, pv. cap. Yalabusha co. Miss, on
CoHAssET, pt. Norfolk CO. Mass. 20 se of B.
CoHOEs, pv. Albany co. N. Y. on the Mohawk.
Cohoes FaUs, on the Mohawk, 3 m. above its
mouth. There is a perpendicular fall of
about 70 feet.
CorrsviLLE, pt. Trurabull co. O. on Beaver r.
CoKESBuRG, pv. AbbeviUc dist. S. C. 93w Ca.
Colbert, pv. Lowndes co. Miss, on Torabig-
bee river.
CoLBURN, at. of Canada West, on theN shore
of L. Onlario, Lat. 44° N, Lon. about 78® w.
CoLBYViLLE, pv. Clarke co. Ky. 40 ese of F.
Colchester, pt. Chittenden oo. Vt. on Lake
Champlain. [Salraon r.
Colchester, pt. New London co. Conn, on
Colchester, pt. Delaware co. N. Y-
CoLDBRooK, pv, Worcester co. Mass. 60 w B.
Coldbrook, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 66 nw Al.
Colden, pt.Erie co. N.Y. [Hudson r.
Cold Spring, pv. Putnam co. N.Y. on the
Cold Spring, tp. Cattaraugus co. N.Y, on the
Alleghany nver.
Cold Spring, pv.Cape May co. N. J. 105 s Tn.
Cold Spring, pv. Shelby oo, IU. 72 se of Sd.
Cold Spring Harbour, pv. on the n side of
Long Island, [of R.
Cold Stream, pv. Hampshire co. Va- 167 nnw
Cold Water, pv. cap; of Branch co, Mich.
110 wsw of Detroit. [river.
CoLEBROOK, pt. Coos CO. N, H. OR Conuecticut
Colehrook, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 30 nw Hd,
CoLEBRooKDALE, pt. Bcrks CO. Pa.
Cole Cr. tp. Montgomery co. Ind.
CoLEMANSviLLE, pv. Harrisoii co. Ky. 50 ne
of Frankfort. [ent of Deerfield r.
Colerain, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on an afflu-
Colerain, tp. Bedford co. Pa.
Colerain, pt, Lancaster co. Pa.
Colerain^ pv- Bertie co. N. C. on Chowan r,
Colerain, pt, Belmont co. O,
Colerain, tp. Hamilton co, O.
Colerain, tp. Ross co. O. [Spruce cr.
Colerain Forge, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. on
Coles C H. pv. cap. of Coles co. 111. 96 ese Sd.
CoLiatA, ko-lee'ma, the chief t.* of the
Mexican territory of Colima, near a cele
brated volcano of the same name. Lat.
about 18^50' N, Lon. 103° 10' w. [qa. r
CoLEsviLLE, pt. Broome co. N.Y. on ihe Sus-

* Balbi speaks of this placeas a '* little towD," while one
of the maps of the Society for rhe DiflFusion of Useful
Esowledge gives 30,000 for the pop, ; but this may possibly
Iw aD error of the engraver. ^

College, tp. Knox co. O.
College Corners, pv. Butler co. 0, 110 wsw
of Colurabus.
CoLLEGEviLLE, pv. Saline co. Ark. 15 sw of
Little Rock. [of Rh
CoLLETsvlLLE, pv. CaldwcU CO. N. C 213 W
Collins, pt.Erie Co. N.Y. on Cattaraugus cr,
CoLLiNSviLLE, pv. Hartford co. Comi. on
Farmington nver.
ColUnsville, pv. Lewis co. N.Y. 123 nw of Al.
CoUinsville, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 122 w H,
Collinsville,'pv. Butler co. O. 100 sw of Cs.
CoUinsville, pv. Madison co. 111. 86 s of Sd.
Colon, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. [teer.
Colorado r. See Rio Colorado, Gazet-
Co.rlor-ad'0, a co. of Texas, lying on both
sides of the r. Colorado, from 60 to 100 m.
froni the sea. Along the Colorado and
Navidad the soil is exceedingly ferlile :
Towards the ne border of the co. it is sandy
and less productive. Capital, Colurabus.
Colorado City, a v. of Fayette co. Texas,
on the Colorado river, a mile or two above
La Grange.
CoLossE,pv. Oswego CO. N.Y. 150 WNTv of Al.
Colt's Neck, pv. Monmouth co, N. J- 40 e of
Trenton, [Machias.
Columbia, pt. Washington co. Me. 15 w of
Colurabia, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Conn, r,
Colurabia, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 24 e of Hd.
Columbia, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 75 w of Al.
Colurabia, pv. Warren co. N. J. 70 n of Tn.
Colurabia, tp, Bradford co. Pa. [Susqa, r.
Colurabia, borough, Lancaster co. Pa. on the
Columbia, pv. Fluvanna co. Va, on Jaraes r.
Columbia, pv, cap, of TyrreU co. N. C, on
Scoupernong r.
Columbia, pv. Henry co. Ala. 240 sw of T.
Columbia, pv. cap. of Marion co. Miss, on
Pearl river, [Washita r.
Colurabia, pv. cap. of Caldwell par. La. on
Columbia, pv. cap. of Chicot co. Ark. on the
Mississippi river. [Duck r.
Colurabia, pv. cap. of Maury co. Tenn. on
Colurabia, pv. cap. of Adair co. Ky. 98 s of F.
Columbia, tp. Harailton co. O. 6 e Cincinnati.
Columbia, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 74 w of D.
Columbia, pv. Fayette co. Ind. 55 e of Is- [r.
Colurabia, pv. cap. of Whitley co. Ind. on Blue
Colurabia, pv. fiXonroe co. III.
Columbia, pv. cap. of Boone co. Mo. on Roche
Pierre river.
Columbia, a v. of Brazoria co. Texas, on the
right bank of the Brazos river. Pop. from
300 to 400. [157 NW of R.
Columbia Furnace, pv. Shenandoah co, Va.
Columbiana, pv, cap.of Shelby co.Ala. 73 e T.
Columbiana, pv. Colunibiana co. O.
Columbiaville, v. Columbia co. N.Y, near
the river Hudson. [la r.
Columbus, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. on Unadil-
Columbus, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 12 s of Tn.
Columbus, tp.Warren co. Pa. [Tombigbee r.
Columbus, pv. cap. of Lowndes co. Miss, on
Cohimbus, pv. Hempstead co. Ark. 120 sw of
Little Rock. [see river.
Colurabus, pv. Polk co. Tenn. on the Hiwas-
Colurabus, pv. cap. Ballard co, Ky. on the Mis
sissippi.
Colurabus, pt. St. Clair co. Mich. 37 ne of D,
Columbus, pv. cap. of Bartholomew co. Ind.
40 sE of Indianapolis.
Columbus, pv. Adams co. 111. 100 w of Sd.
Columbus, v. Texas, cap, of Colorado co. on

CON

568

COR

Ihe right bank of the Colorado river, 90 m.
SE of Austin. Pop. 150,
Columbus City, pv. cap. Muscogee co. Ga.
on the Ch&ttahoOchee.
Comac, pv. Suffolk CO. N.Y. on Long Island.
Comanche, a v. of Travis co. Texas, on the
Colorado, 20 ra. below Austin.
Co-MAN'CHEs, a niynerous and powerful tribe
of Indians dwellmg in the northern part of
Texas and Mexico.
Co-mar'go, h small t. of Mexico, on the Rio
del Norte, 50 NW of Reinosa'.
Commerce, pv. Tunica co. Miss, on the Mis
sissippi river.
Comraerce, pv. Wilson co.Tenn. 48 ene Ne.
Coniraerce, pt. Oakland co.Mich.35Nwof D.
Coramerce, pv. Scott co. Mo. on Mississippi r.
CoMSTOCK, pv. Kalamazoo co. Mich, on Kal
amazoo river.
Con'ciias, a r. of Chihuahua, Mexico, flow
ing into the Rio del Norte.
Concord, pt. Somerset co. Me. 54 n of A.
Concord, pt. Essex co. Vt. on the Conn, r,
. Concord, tp, Erie co, N. Y. 25 s of Buffalo.
Concord, tp. Delaware co. Pa, 20 wsw Phila.
Concord, tp. Erie ccft Pa.
Concord, pv. Franklin co. Pa, 72 w of H,
Concord, pv. Sussex co, Del. 46 s of Dover.
Concord, pv. Campbell co. Va. 102 w of R.
Concord,' pv. cap. Cabarrus co. N. C 140
ws'^v of Raleigh.
Concord, pv. Baker co. Ga.
Concord, pv, Lincoln co. Tenn, 78 s of Ne.
Concord, pv, Lew^is co. Ky. on the Ohio r.
Concord, tp, Delaware co, O.
Concord, tp. Highland co. O.
Concord, tp. Lafayette co. O.
Concord, pt. Lake co. O. 177 ne of Cs,
Concord, tp. Miami co. O. on the Miami r.
Concord, tp. Ross co. O.
Concord, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 84 w of D.
Concord, pv. Tippecanoe co. Ind. 62 nw Is.
Concord, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 35 ne of Jef
ferson City,
Concordia v. La. See Vidalia.
Concordia, pv. Fayelte co. Tenn. 206 sw Ne.
CoNCORDviLLE, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 83 ese
of Harrisburg.
Conecocheague (kon^e-ko-cheeg') cr. rises
lu^a. and flows inlo the Potomac at Wil
liarasport, Md.
Cone'cuh r. a branch of the Escambia. See
Escambia, Gazetteer,
CoNEDOGWTNiT cr. Pa, flows into the Sus
quehanna r. 2 ms. above Harrisburg.
Conemaugh r. Pa. falls into the Alleghany r.
30 NNE of Pittsburg.
Conemaugh, tp. Cambria co. Pa. [river.
Conemaugh, tp. Indiana co. Pa. on the above
Conemaugh, tp. Somerset co. Pa
CoNEWAGO, lp. Adams co. Pa.
Conewago, lp. York co. Pa. [Susqa.
Conewago cr. Adams co. Pa. falls inlo the
CoNEWANGo cr. risbs in the sw part of N. Y.
and falls inlo the AUeghany river in Pa.
Conewango, pt. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. on
Conewango creek, [ghany r.
Conewango, tp. Warren co. Pa. on tiie Alle-
CoNEwiNGo, pv. Cecil CO. Md. on a creek of
the sarae name. [Butler.
OoNEQUKNESSiNG, tp. BuUcr CO. Pa. 10 w of
Conequenessing cr. Butler co. Pa. joins Ma-
honmg river. [Susquehanna r.

Conestoga, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. [Gen^ee.
CoNEsus, tp, Livingston co. N.Y. 10 be of
CoNEsviLLE, tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. 20 b of
Schoharie,
Congaree r, S. C. See Gazetteer,
Congress, tp. Richland co. O.
Congress, pt. Wayne co. O. on Killbuck cr.
Conhocton, lp. Steuben co.N.Y. 18 nw Bath.
Conhocton r. N. Y. rises in Steuben co. and
unites with the Tioga to forra the Chemung.
CoNKLiN, pt. Broome co. N.Y. on the Susqa. r,
CoNNEAUT, tp. Crawford co. Pa. 12 w of
MeadviUe.
Conneaut, tp, Erie co. Pa. 15 s of Erie,
Conneaut, pt. Ashtabula co. O, on Lake Erie.
CoNNEAUTViLLE, pv, Crawford CO. Pa^ 250
NW of Harrisburg.
CoNNELSviLLE, pt.Fayette co. Pa, 180 wH,
Conner's Mills, Cooper co. Mo. 45 kw of ,
Jefferson City, [60 ese of Is.
Connersville, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Iijd.
CoNOTEN, pv. Harrison co. 0, 120 ne of Cs.
Conquest, pt, Cayuga co. N.Y. 15 k Auburn.
Constable, lp. Franklin co. N.Y.
Constableville, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. [Lake,
Constantia, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. on Oneida
Constantin-r, pv. St. Joseph co. Mich, on St.
Joseph's river. [mack.
CoN'TooeooK r. N. H. flows into the Merri-
CoNTOocooK Village, pv. Merrimack co, N.
H. on the Contoocook river,
Covis, tp. Calhoun co. Mich,
Conway, pt. Carroll co. N. H. on Swift r,
Conw^ay, pt Franklin co. Mass. on Deerfield r.
CoNWAYRORouGH, pv.cap. of Horrydist. S. C.
Conyngham, pv, Luzerne co. Pa. 108 nne H.
Cookham, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 20 n of Ca.
CooKSBURG,pv. Albany CO. N.Y. [of An.
CoOKsviLLE. pv. Ann Arundel co. Md. 53 nw
CooksviUe, pv. Noxubee co. Miss. 132 ne of J.
Coolraugh's, pt. Monroe co. Pa.
Cool Spring, pt. Mercer co. Pa.
Cooper r. S. C flows into Charleston Harbour.
Cooper, pt. Washington co. Me,
Cooper, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. [Otsego L.
CooPERSTO'^VN, pv- cap.of Otsego CO. N.Y. on
Cooperslo"wn, pv. Venango co. Pa. 218 wnw
of Harrisburg.
CooPERsviLLE, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 55 seH.
Coosa r. Ala. See Gazetteer. [river.
Coosa WDA, pv. Autauga co. Ala. on Alabama
Coosawhatchie, pv. cap. of Beaufort dist.
S. C. on the Coosawhatchie r.
CoPAKE, pt, Columbia co. N.Y. 50 s of Al.
CoPANO, a V. of Refugio co, Texas, on Copano
Bay, 15 ese of Refugio.
CoPELY, pt. Summit co. 0. 124 ne of Ca.
Copenhagen, pv. Levpis co. N.Y. on Deer r.
Copenhagen, pv. CaldweUco.N. C.200wRh.
Copenhagen, pv. Caldw6ll par. La.
Coram, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. 200 sse of Al.
CoRBEAU, V. CUnton co. N.Y. [ta r
Core a Fabre, pv. Union co. Ark. on Washi-
CoRiNNA, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 64 nnw of A.
Corinth, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 85 nne of A.
Corinth, pi. Orange co. Vt. 34 se of Mtr.
Corinth, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 52 n of Al.
Corinth, pv. Heard co. Ga. 120 w of M.
Cornelius VILLE, pv. Boone co. Ky. 90 N F.
Cornersburg, pv. Trurabull co. O.
CoRNERsvTLLE, pv. La Favette co. Miss.
CornersviUe, pv. Giles co.Tenn. 60 s Ne.
ComersvUle, pv. Graves co. Ky. 290 sw of F.

cow

.569

CUM

Cornish, pt. York co. Me. on Saco r.
Cornish, pt. SuUivmi co. N. H. on Coim. r.
Corn Planter, pt.Venango co. Pa.
CoBNViLLE, pt, Somerset co. Me. 42 n of A,
CoR^'^v.4LL, pt. Addison co. Vt. 63 swof Mtr.
Cornwall, pt, Litchfield co. Conn, on Housa-
tonic r.
CornwaU, tp. Orange co. N.Y. 6 s Newburg,
CoRNW,ALL Landing, v. Orange co. N.Y. on
the Hudson river. [of Al,
Cornwall VILLE, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 36 ssw
Corpus Christi, kris'te, a v, of Texas, cap.
of San Patricio co. on Corpus Christi Bay,
230 miles sw of Galveston. Pop, 200.
Cortland, pt.W.Chester co. NY. on Croton r,
CoRTLANDyiLLE, pv. Cap. of Cortlaud CO. N.Y.
on Toughnioga river. [Toughnioga r.
Cortland Village, pv. Cortland co. N.Y. on
CoRToisE, tp. Crawford co. Mo.
Corunna, pv. cap. of Shiawassee co. Mich.
on Shiawassee river.
Corydon, pt. M'Kean co. Pa. 230 nw of H.
Corydon,.pv. cap. of Harrison co. Ind. 126 s Is.
CosALA, a town of Mexico, in Cinaloa, 140
wof Durango. Pop. estimated al 5,000, In
ils vicinity are several rich gold mines.
Coshocton, pv. cap. of Coshocton co. O. 63
ENE of Colurabus.
CossAWAGO, tp. Crawford co. Pa.
Cote Sans Dessein, pv. Callaway co. Mo.
on the Missouri river.
Cotton, tp. Switzerland co. Ind.
Cotton Gin Port, pv. Monroe co. Miss, on
Tombigbee river.
CoTToNviLLE, pv. Marshall co.Ala. 109 ne T.
COTTRELVILLE, tp. St. Claif CO. Mlch.
CoTtriT Village, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 68
SSE of Boston. [ghaiiy r.
CouDERsPORT, pv. Cap. Pottcr CO. Pa. on Alle-
COURSENVILLE, pV. SusSCX CO. N.J. 5 SW Of
Newtou.
CouRTABLEAU T. La. cntcrs Atchafalaya r.
CouRTLAND, pv- LawTBUce CO. Ala. 120 w T.
Courtwright, pv. Fairfield co. O. 20 se Cs.
Coventry, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 54 n of Mtr.
Coventry, tp. Grafton co. N. H. 12 ese of
HaverhUl. [dence.
Coventry, pt. Kent co. B.I. 12 sw of Provi-
Coventry, pt. Chenango co. N.Y.
Coventry, tp. Chester co. Pa. on Tioga r.
Coventry, lp. Summit co, O [wsw of Al.
CovENTRYviLLE, pv- Chenango co. N. Y. 114
Covert, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Cayuga L.
CovEsviLLE, pv. Albemarle co. Va. 90 nw R.
Covington, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y.
Covington, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [of Tioga r.
Covington, borough, Tioga co. Pa. on a branch
Covington, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. on Lehigh r,
Covington, pv. cap. of AUeghany co. Va. on
Jackson river. [of Rh.
Covington, pv- Richmond co. N. C 120 sw
Covington, pv. cap, of Newton co. Ga. 60 nw
of MilMdgville. [n of New Orleans.
Covington, pv. cap. St. Tammany par. La, 45
Covington, pv. Tipton co. Tenn. 185 wsw Ne.
Covington, pv. Miami co, O. on Stillwater'r,
Covington, pv. cap. of Fountain co. Ind. on
the Wabash river. [Ohio r.
Covington City, pv. Kenton co. Ky. on the
CowANsviLLE, pv. Rowan CO. N. C 134 w Rh-
Cow^E-LiTSK iNmANs, 3 tribe of Oregon, n
of the Columbia, near Fort Vancouver.
f '<>!ivpASTURE r.Va. one of the upper tributa
ries of James river.

CoxsACKiE, pt. Greene co. N.Y, 22 s of Al.
Crab Orchard, pv. Lincoln co. Ky. 62 sse F
Crapton, pv. Pittsylvania co. Va. 167 sw B-
Craetsbury, pi. Orleans co. Vt. on Black r.
Craig, tp. Switzerland- co. Ind.
Cranberry, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 22 nb
of Trenton.
Cranberry, tp. Butler co. Pa. 11 sw of Butler.
Cranberry, pt. Venango co. Pa. on AUe
ghany river.
Cranesville, pv. Daviess co.Mo. [vidence.
Cranston, tp, Prbvidence co. R. 1. 5 sw Pro-
Crawford, tp, Washington co. Me.
Crawford, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 92 s of Al.
Crawford, pv. Estill co. Ky. on a br, of Ky. r.
Crawford, tp. Coshocton co O.
Crawfordsville, pv. cap. of Taliaferro co.
Ga. 62 N of MiUedgeviUe.
Crawfordsville, pv. cap. of Montgomer>' co.
Ind. 45 NW of Indianapolis. [wnw Ca.
Craytonville, pv. Anderson dist. S. C 114
Creagerstown, pv, Frederick co. Md. 88
NW of Annapolis.
Creek, tp.Washington co. Pa. [land r.
Creelsburg, pv. Russell co. Ky. on Cumber-
Crittenden, pv. Grant co. Ky. 60 nne of F.
Crittenden, v. Clarke co. Ark. 82 sw of Little
Rock.
Crockett, a v. of Texas, semi-capital of
Houston CO. near Trinity r. ISO ra. he of
Austin. Pop. near 200, [182 ese of T.
Crockett SVILLE, pv. cap. of Russell co.Ala.
Croghan, tp. Lewis co. N. Y.
Croghan SVILLE, v. a suburb of Pittsburg, on
the road lo Philadelphia..
Croix (kroi) St. v. cap. of St. Croix co.Wis.
Croix, St. river. See Gazetteer.
Crooked Cr. pt. Carroll co. Ark.
Crooked Lake, N.Y- See Gazetteer.
Cromwell, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa.
Crosby, tp. Hamilton co. O.
Crosbyville, pv. Chester dist. S. C. 72 n Ca.
Crossanville, pv. Perry co. O.
Cross Cr. tp. Jef. co. O. on Great Miarai r,
CRossiNGviLLE,pv.Crawfordco.Pa,250NW^H,
Cross Keys, pv. Gloucester co. N. J. 46 s Tn,
Crosswicks, pv, Burlington co. N.J. 8 sse Tn.
Crow Indians, a tribe dwelling in the central
and sw part of Missouri Territory, [plain.
Crown Point, pt. Essex co. N ,Y. on L. Cham-
Crown Point, pv. cap. of Lake co. Ind. 15 s
of Lake Michigan.
Croydon, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. on Sugar r.
Cuba, pi. Alleghany co. N.Y. 280 w of Al.
Cuba, pv. Clinton co. O. 78 sw of Cs.
CucKooviLLE, pv. Louisa CO. Va, 47 nw of R.
CurvRE, lp. Pike co. Mo.
Cuivre, tp. St. Charles c* Mo.
CuLiACAN, koo-le-ah-kan', a t. of Mexico,
the largest in ihe state of Cinaloa, on a
river of the same name, w^hich flow^s into
the Gulf of California. Lat. about 25° n, Lon.
107" w. Pop. said to be 10,000.
Cullo'den, pv. Monroe co. Ga. 68 w of M.
Culpepper C H. pv. Culpepper co. Va. 98
NNW of Richmond.
Cumberland, pt. Cumberland co. Me. on Cas
co Bay. - [Providence.
Cumberland, lp. Providence co. R, I, 8 n of
Cumberland, lp. Adams co. Pa.
Cumberland, lp. Greene co. Pa. [w of R.
Cumberland C. H. pv. Cumberland co, Va. .'52
Curaberland, pv. Guernsey co. O. 90 e of Cs.
Cumberland, pv, Marion co. Ind. 10 e of Is.

DAN

570

DEA

Cumberland Hill, pv. Froi^idence co. R. I.
on Pawtucket river.
Cumberland Island, on the coast of Gra. Cam
den CO. 15 miles long, ahd from 1 to 5 broad,
Cumberland r. and Mts. See Gazetteer.
Cumberland Valley, tp, Bedford co. Pa.
Cumming, pv. cap, of Forsyth co, Ga. 109 nw
of MUIedgeville.'
CuMMiNGS, pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 110 n of H.
CuMMiNGTONj pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on
Westfield river,
CuMRU, tp, Berks co. Pa. on the Schuylkill r.
Cunningham's Island, in the w part L. Erie.
Current r. rises in Mo. and flows into the
Black river in Arkansas. [CurrituckSound,
Currituck C. H. py. Currituck co. N. C on
Curtisville, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 136 w
of Boston. [of H.
CuRWiNsviLLE^ pv. Clearfield co. Pa. 130 nw
Cushing, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 50 se of A.
CussAWAGO, pt. Crawford co. Pa. 245 nw H.
Cusseta, pv. Cliambers co. Ala. 170 ese of T.
Custards, pv. Crawford co.Pa. 240 nw of H.
Cutchogue, pv. Suff'olk co. N.Y, on Long I.
Cuthbert, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Ga. 158
sw of Milledgeville. [lantic.
Cutler, pt. Washington co. Me. on the At-
Cuttingsville, pv. Rutland co. Vt, 72 ssw
of Montpelier. >
Cuyahoga r. O. enters L.Erie at Cleveland.
Cuyahoga Falls, pv. Summit co. O. on the
above. [ne of F.
Cynthiana, pv. cap. of Harrison co. Ky, 37
Cynthiana, pv. Pike co. O. 75 s of Cs,
Cynthiana, tp. Shelby co. O.
Cynthiana, pv. Posey co. Ind. 158 sW of Is.
Cyruston, pv. Lincoln co. Tenn. 97 s of l^e.
DACHpET r. rises in Ark. and floivs into L. Bis-
lineau, La. [of Ca.
Dacusville, pv. Pickens dist. S. C. 130 wnw
Dadeville, pv. cap. of Tallapoosa co. Ala.
140 ESE of Tuscaloosa. [Dover.
Dagsborough, pv. Sussex crt. Del. 54 sse of
Dahlosega, pv. cap. of Lumpkin co. Ga. 140
nnw of MUIedgeville, [s of Boston.
Daingerfield, a v. of Bowie co. Texas, 30
DaleVille, pv. cap. of Dale co. Ala. on a
branch of Ghoctawhatchee river.
Daleville, pv. Lauderdale co. Miss. 104 e of J.
Dallas, pt. Luzerne Co. Pa. 130 ne of H.
Dalles (dalz) of the Columbia, a narrow
passage in the river, some 50 m. above the
Cascades. This channel, which receives
the whole volume of the river, is formed by
walls of basaltic rock, and is only 58 yards
wide in the narrowest place. The word
dalles (from dalle, a •.' slab") appears to sig-
nify "trough" in the language of the
French hunters.
Dalmatia, pv. Northumberland co. Pa.40 n H.
Dalton, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Connecticut r.
Dalton, pt. Berkshire co. Mass, 125 w of B.
Dalton, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 80 e of Is.
Damariscotta Mills, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 30
SE of Augusta. [of Cs.
Damascoville, pv. Columbiana co. 0. 174 ne
Damascus, pt. Wayne co. Pa. on Delaware r.
Damascus, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 70 NwAn.
Daraascusi pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 107 nw
of Columbia,
Daraaspua, pv. Henry co. O. on Maumee r.
Dan r.N. C.and Va. unites with the Siauiiton

Dana, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 70 w of B.
Danborough, pv. Bucks co. Pa, 103 E of H
Danburg, pv. Wilkes co, Ga. 88 nne of M.
Danbury, j>t. Grafton co. N. H. 28 nw of Cd
Danbury, Conn, See Gazetteer.
Danby, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 80 s of Mtr.
Danby, pt. Tompkins co, N.Y. 168 wsWof Al,
Dandridge, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Tenn.
on French Broad river.
Dangerfield. See Daingerfield,
Danielsville, pv. Spottsylvania co. Va. 85
NW of Richmond. [of M,
Danielsville, pv, cap, of Madison co. Ga. 90 h
Dansville, pv. Livingston co. N.Y,
Dansville, tp. Steuben co, N.Y,
Danube, pt. Herkimer co, N.Y, 70 wnw Al.
Danvers, pt, Essex co. Mass, 16 n of B.
Danville, pi. Cumberland co. Me. 42 sw A
Danville, pt. Rockingham co. N. H.30 ssCd.
DanviUe, pv. cap. of Caledonia co, Vt. 30 nb
of Montpelier.
Danville, pv. cap. of Columbia co. Pa. 70 n H,
Danville, pv- Pittsylvania co, Va. on Dan r,
DanviUe, pv- Sumter co, Ga. on Flint r.
DanviUe, pv. cap. of Boyle co.Ky. 40 s of F.
DanviUe, pv. Knox co. O. 65 ke of Cs.
Danville, pv.cap, of Hendricks CO Ind. 20 wis.
DanviUe, pv. cap. Vermilion co. IU. 130 e Sd,
Danville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. Mo. 47
NE of Jefferson City.
Darby, pv. Delaware co. Pa. on Darby cr.
Darby, tp. Pickaway co. O. [ville.
Darby cr. O. flows into Scioto r. near Circle-
Darbyvtlle, pv. Pickaway co. 0.38 s of Cs.
Dardanelle, pv. Yell co. Ark. on Ark. r.
Dardenne, pv. St. Charles co. Mo.
Darien, pt, Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw of Hd.
Darien, pt, Genesee co, N.Y. 260 w of Al.
Darien, Ga. See Gazetteer.
Darien, pl.Walworlh co.Wis. 60 se Madison,
Darkesville, pv. Berkley co. Va, 160 n K.-
Darlington, borough, Beaver co. Pa. 240 V ,
of Harrisburg.
Darlington, pv- Harford co. Md. 70 n of An,
Darlington C. H. pv- cap. of DarUiigion disL
S. C 130 ESE of Colurabia.
Darlington, pv. St. Helena par. La.
Darlington, pv. Montg. co. Ind. 45 wsw of la.
Darnstown, pv.Montg. co. Md. 65 wnw An.
Darrstown, pv, Butler co. O. 109 swof Ca
Dartmouth, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 65 s of 6.
Darwin, pv. Clark co. 111. on the Wabash r
Dauphin, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. on the Susqa.
Davenport, pt. Dela\^'are co. N. Y. 70 swAl
Davenport, pv. cap. of Scolt co. Iowa, on tha
Mississippi river.
Davidson, pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 110 n of H,
Davidson College, pv. Mecklenburg co.N.C
Davtdsonville, pv. Somerset co. Pa. 140 w
of Harrisburg.
Davidsonville, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md.
Da VI SB OR OUGH, pv. Wn. co. Ga, 40 se of M
Davis's Mills, BarnweU dist. S. C 106 ssw
of Columbia.
Daviston, pv. Clay co. Ind. 74 wsw of Is.
Davisville, pv. Bucks co. Pa.
Day, pt. Saratoga co. N-Y. 60 n of Al.
Dayanville, pv. Lewis co. N.Y. 140 nw Al
Dayton, pt. Cattaraugus co. N-Y.
Dayton, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 76 s of T.
Dayton, O. See Gazetteer.
Dnyion. pv. Tippecanoe co. Ind. 62 n of Is.
Dead r. Me. falls into the Kennebec 90 m.

DEL

571

DIL

Dead Strkam, Me. enters the Penobscot r, at
Orono.
Deal, v. Monmouth co. N. J. near the sea.
Deahsville, pv, Oneida co. N. Y. 104 wnw
of Albany.
Dearborn, tp. Kemiebec co. Me. 15 n of A.
Dearborn, tp. Wayne co. Mich, on Rouge r.
Dearborn VILLE, pv. Wayne co. Mich. 10 wD.
Dkavertown, pv. Morgan co. O. 70 e of Cs.
Decatur, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 60 w of Al.
Decatur, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. 14 ne Lewistown.
Decatur, pv. Union ^ist. S. C 77 nw of Ca.
Decatur, pv, cap, of De Kalb co. Ga. 90 nw M.
Decatur, pv. cap. of Newton co. Miss. 76 e J.
Decatur, pv. Morgan co. Ala. on Tennessee r.
Decatur, pv. cap. of Meigs co, Tenn. near
Tennessee river.
Decatur, pv- Brown co. 0. 105 sw of Cs.
Decatur, pt. Van Buren co. Mich. [bash r.
Decatur, pv. cap. of Adams co. Ind. on Wa-
Decalur, pv. cap. of Macon co. 111. 40 e of Sd.
Decatur, pv. Howard co. Mo. 5'1 nw Jef. City.
Deckerton, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 87 n of Tu,
Dedham, tp. Hancock co. Me, [ssW of B,
Dedham, pv. cap. of Norfolk co, Mass. 13
Deep Cr, pv, Norfolk co. Va. 114 se of R.
Deep r, pv. Middlesex co. Conn, on Conn. i.
Deep r. N. C, a branch of Cape Fear r.
Deer cr, Harford co. Md. enters the Susqa.
Deer Cr. tp. Pickaway co. O, [of Cd-
Deerfield, pt, Rockingham co. N.H. 19 se
Deerfield r. Mass. enters the Conn,
Deerfield, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 95 w of B.
Deerfield, tp. Oneida co. N.Y. 4 n of Utica.
Deerfield, tp. Cumberland co. N. J, on Co
hansey cr. [borough.
Deerfield, lp. Tioga co. Pa. 13 nw of Wells-
Deerfield, pv. Warren co. Pa. 223 nw of H.
Deerfield, pv. Augusta co. Va. 135 wnw^ R.
Deerfield, tp. Morgan co. O.
Deerfield, pt. Portage co. O. on Mahoning r.
Deerfield, tp. Ross co. O. 44 s of Cs.
Deerfield, lp. Warren co. O.
Deerfield, pv- Lenawee co. Mich. 65 sw of D.
Deerfield, tp. Livingston co. Mich.
Deerfield, pv. Randolph co. Ind. 88 ene of Is.
Deerfieldville, pv. Warren co. O. 90 se Cs.
Deering, pt. Hillsborough co, N. H, on Con
toocook river, [Baj'.
Deer Isle, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Penobscot
Deerpaek, tp. Orange co, N.Y. ou Never-
sink river,
Deersville, pv. Harrison co. 0. 109 e of Cs.
Defiance, pv. cap. of WilUams co. O. at the
junction of the Maumee and Auglaize r.
Defriest ville, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 4 se
of Albany. [weratchie r.
De Kalb, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Os-
De Kalb, pv. Lewis co. Va. on Little Ka
nawha nver. [ene of J,
De Kalb, pv, cap, of Keraper co. Miss. 106
DeKalb, pv. Hancock co.Ill. 100 wnw of Sd.
De Kallj, v. Texas, cap. of Bowie co, (?) about
10 sw of Red river. A coUege is about
being established here. Pop. 200.
Delaware, tp. Hunterdon co. N. J. on Dela
ware river.
Delaware, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 7 NW of Mercer.
Delaware, pt. Pike co. Pa. [Whetstone r.
Delaware C H, pv. Delaware co. O. on
Delaware, tp, Hancock co. O.
Delaware, tp. Williaras co. O. on Maumee r.
Delaware, pv. Ripley co. Ind. 65 se of Is.
D^aware, pv. Jersey co. III. 60 sw of Sd.

Delaware City, pv. r^ewca.stle co. Del. on
the Delaware river. [of Al.
Delhi, pv. cap. of Delaware co. N.Y. 77 wsw
Delhi, tp, Hamilton co. O.
Delhi, pv. Jersey co. III. 78 sw of Sd.
Delihar, lp, Tioga co. Pa.
Delphi, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 120 w of Al.
Delphi, pv. Marion co. Tenn. 110 sk of Ne.
Delphi, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Ind. on Wa
bash river.
Delphi, pv. Gasconade co.Mo. 63 se Jef. City.
Delphton, pv. Fayette co. Ky. 20 e of F.
Delta, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. 112 wnw of Al.
Demopolis, pv. Marengo co. Ala. on Tom
bigbee river, 64 ssw of Tuscaloosa.
Denmark, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r.
Denmark, pt. Ijewis co. N. Y. on Black r.
Denmark, pv. Madison co. Tenn. 146 sw Ne.
Denmark, pt. Ashtabula co. O.
Dennis, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 80 se of B.
Dennis, pt. Cape May co. N. J. 85 s of Tn.
Dennison, tp. Luzerne co. Pa.
Dennysville, pt, Washington co. Me, on
Dennis river. [Choptank r.
Denton, pv, cap. of Caroline co. Md. on
Dentonsville, pv- Hanover co. Va. 21 n R.
Depauville, pv. Jefferson co.N.Y. on Chau
mont river.
Depere, pv. cap. of Brown co. Wis.
Depeyster, pt. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on
Osw;egalchie river.
Deposit, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. on Del. r.
Deptford, lp. Gloucester co. N. J.
Derby, pt. Orleans co. Vt. on Clyde r. 60
NNE of Montpelier. [tonic r.
Derby, pt. New Haven co. Conn, on Housa-
Derry, pt. Rockingham CO. N.H. 28 se of Cd.
Derry, tp. Coluinbia co. Pa. 64 n of H.
Derry, tp, Dauj^hin co. Pa. 12 se of H.
Derry, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. dn Kishcoquilla cr.
De Ruyter, de rl'ler, pt, Madison co. N.Y.
Des Moines r. Iowa, See Gazetteer.
Des Moines, pv. Hancock co. IU. 124 wnw Sd.
Des Plaines (de plEun) r. III. a branch ofthe
Illinois river.
De Witt, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 126 w Al,
De Witt, pv. cap, of Clinton co, Mich. 93
NW of Detroit. [river.
De Witt, pv. CarroU co. Mo, on the Missouri
De Witt's Valley, pv. AUeghany co. N. Y.
Dexter, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 70 nne of A.
Dexter, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Black r.
Dexter, pv.Washtenaw co. Mich. 52 w of D.
Dexterville, v. Chaulauque co. N.Y. on
Chautauque Lake. [8s>v of R.
Diamond Grove, pv. Brunswick co. Va. 80
Diana, tp. Lewis co.N.Y. on Oswegatchie r.
Diana Mills, Buckingham co. Va. 75 w R.
Dickinson, pt. Franklin So. N.Y. 15 sw of
Malone.
Dickinson, pt. Cumberland co. Pa. 24 sw H.
Dickinson, pv. FrankUn co.Va. 170 wsw R.
DiCKINSONVlLLE, pv. Russp.U CO. Va.
DicKSBURG, pv. Knox CO. Ind- 130 sw of Is.
Digby, a t. of Nova Scotia, 10 m. sw of An
napolis, on the opposite side of Ihe bay,
DiGHToN, pt. Bristol co. Mass. on Taunton r.
Diggers, a name applied to various tribes of
miserable and degraded Indians in Oregon
and California, who subsist on roots, which
they dig out of the earth, and on insects,
lizards, &c. [196 sw of Rh.
DiLLONsviLLE, Dv. Mccklcnburg CO. N. C.
/ Dillsboro'j pv. Dearborn co, Ind. 85 be of Is.

DRA

572

DUT

Dillsbtteg, pv. York co. Pa. 13 ssw of H,
DiLLSWORTHTowN, pv- Chester co. Pa. 78
ESE Of Harrisburg.
Dimock'b, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. 177 nne H.
DiMOCKSviLLEj pv, Susquchanna co. Pa. [ry.
DiNGMAN, lp. Pike CO. Pa. po. Dingman's Fer-
DiNBMORE, pt. Shelby co. 0. 103 wnw of Cs,
District, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Pine cr.
DrNWiDDiE C H. pv. cap, of Dinwiddie co,
Va, on Stony creek.
Dismal Swamp, Va. See Gazetteer. [Tn.
Dividing Cr. pv. Cumberland cd. N. J. 80 s
Dix, lp. Chemung co. N.Y- 16 n of Elmira.
DrxBOROUGH, pv, Washtenaw co. Mich. 36
w of Detroit. [coggin r.
DixFiELD, pt, Oxford CO. Me. on the Andros-
Dixmont, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 42 he of A,
DixON, tp. Preble co. O. bordering on Ind,
Dixon, pv, cap. of Ogle co. III. on Rock r,
DixoNViLLE, pv. Cole CO. Mo. 8 from Jef.City.
DixviLLE, tp. Coos CO. N. H.
DixvUle, pv. Henry co. Va. 200 sw of R.
Dobb's Ferry, pv. Weschester co. N. Y. 126
s of Albany. [of Madison.
DoDGEViLLE, pv. lowa CO. Wisconsiu, 44 w
DoDsoNviLLE, pv. Marshall co.Ala. 145 ne T.
DonNGTON, pv. Bucks CO. Pa. 120 e of H.
DoLSENTowN, pv. Oraiigc CO. N.Y. 100 s of Al.
Donaldsonville, pv. Ascension par. La. on
the Mississippi river.
Donegal, tp. Butier co. Pa- 9 ne of Butler.
Donegal, tp.Washington CO. Pa.
Dorchester, pt. Graftoiico. N.H. 50 NwCd.
Dorchester, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 4 s of B.
Dorchester, v.Jdumberland co. N.J.
Dorset, pt, Bennington co, Vt, 95 ssw Mtr,
Douglas, pt. Worcester co, Mass. 43 sw B.
Douglas, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Manatawny cr,
Douglas, tp. Montgoraery co. Pa. [geiina r.
Douglas, V. Nacogdoches co. Texas, on An-
Douglasville, pv. Berks co. Pa. 64 e of H.
Dover, pv. cap. of Piscataquis co. Me. on the
Piscataquis river.
Dover, N. H. See Gazetteer.
Dover, pt. Windham co. Vt.l26 s of Mtr,
Dover, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 15 ssw of B.
Dover, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y, 20 e of Pough
keepsie.
Dover, tp. Monmouth co. N. J.
Dover, pv, Morris co. N. J. on Rockaway r.
Dover, pt, York co. Pa. 30 s of Harrisburg.
Dover, pv. Russell co, Ala. 194 ese of T,
Dover, pv. cap. of Pope co. Ark. on Illinois
creek, 87 nw of Little Rock.- [berland r.
Dover, pv. cap. of Stewart co. Tenn. on Cum-
Dover, pv. Mason co. Ky. 79 ene of F.
Dover, lp. Athens co. O.
Dover, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on Lake Erie.
Dover, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. on Ohio canal.
Dover, tp. Union co. O.
Dover, tp. Lenawee co. Mich.
Dover, pv. Bureau co. 111. 130 n of Sd,
Dover, pv. La Fayelte co. Mo. on Missouri r.
DowELLTOWN, pv. Surry fco. N. C. 150 wnw
of Richraond. [ware Bay.
Downe, tp. Cumberland co. N. J. on Dela-
DowNiNGTOWN, pv. Chester co. Pa. on the
Coliimbia railroad, 34 m. w of Philadephia.
Doylestown, borough, cap. of Bucks co. Pa.
28 N of Philadelphia.
Dracut, pt. Middlesex co, Mass. 27 nnw B,
Drakestown, pv. Morris co. N. J, on Schoo
ley's Mountam.

Drayton, pv. Dooly co. Ga. 100 ssw of M.
Draytonsville, pv. Union dist. S. C, 97 nw
of Columbia.
Dresden, pt. Lincoln co. Me, onKennebecr.
Dresden, pi. Wn. co. N.Y. 28 n Sandy Hill.
Dresden, pv, cap. of Weakly co.Tenn. 122 w
of Nashville.
Dresden, pv. Muslcingum co. O. 69 e of Cs.
Dresden, pv. Grundy co. 111. [sse of R
Drewrysville, pv. Southampton co. Va. 7b
Drews ville, pv.Cheshireco.NH, on Conn.r.
Dromobe, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 se of Lan
caster,
Dryden, pt. Tompkins co. N-Y. 153 w of Al.
Dryden, tp. Lapeer co. Mich.
Dry Ridge, pv. Grant co. Ky. 32 nn^e of F,
DuANE, pt, FrankUn co.N.Y. 15 sof Malone.
DuANESBURG, pt.Schcncctady co. NY. 23w Al.
Dublin, pt. Cheshire co. N, H. 47 sw of Cd,
Dublin, tp. Bedford co. Pa. 25 e of Bedford,
Dublin, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 106 e of H.
Dublin, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa.
Dublin, pv. Ha.rford co. Md. 68 N of An.
Dublin, pv. cap. Laurens co. Ga. on Oconeer.
Dublin, pv. Graves co. Ky. 285 w^sw of F.
Dublin, pv. Franklin co. 0. 12 nnw of Cs.
Dublin, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 50 e of Is.
Dubuque, pv. Dubuque cn. lowa^n Miss. r.
Duck Creek, hundred, Kent co. DeL
Dudley, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 58 swof B.
Dudley, pt. Hardin co. O. 66 N.xw of Cs.
Dudley, tp. Henry co. Ind. [of T.
DuDLEYViLLE, pv. Tallapoosa co. Ala. 150 ese
Dumfries, pv. Prince William co. Va.86N R.
Dummer, tp. Coos co, N. H. on Androscog
gin r.
DuMMERSTON, pt. Windham co.Vt. on West r,
Dunbar, tp. Fayelte co. Pa. 8 ne of Union.
Dunbarton, pt. Merrimack co.N. H. lOsCd.
Duncan, tp. Linn co. Mo. [ssw of Ca.
DuNCANsviLLE, pv. Baniwell dist. S. C. 80
Duncansville, pv. Thomas co. Ga. 2 n of the
Florida line.
DuNCARD, tp. Greene co. Pa. [nne of H.
DuNDAFF, borough, Susquehanna co. Pa. 166
Dun-das', a t. or v. of Canada West, on Bur
lington Bay, at the w extremity of Lake
Ontario.
Dundee, pv. Monroe co. Mich, on Raisin r.
DuNGANNON, pv. Columbiana co. O, [Erie.
Dunkirk, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. on Lake
DUNLAPSVILLE, pv. Uuiou CO. Ind. 70 E of Is.
DuNSBURG, pv. Clinton co. Pa. on the West
Branch of the Susquehanna river.
DuNsviLLE, pv. Essex CO. Va. 56 nk of R.
DuNNiNGsviLLE, pv. Washiogiou CO. Pa.
Dunstable, pt. Middlesex co^ Mass. 30 nw B.
Dlln.¦^table, lp. CUnton co.Pa. 30 w of Wil
liarasport.
Durango, doo-rang'gOj a state in the nw
central part of Mexico, s of Chihuahua.
Area 56,500 sq. m. Pop. 200,000. Durango,
the capital, has a population estimated al
2.5.000. (B.)
Durham, pt. Cumberland cn. Me. 40 swof A
Durham, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 32 e of Cd.
Dnrhnm, pt. JMiddlesex co. Conn. 20 s of Hd.
Durham, pt, Greene co, N.Y. on CatskUl r.
Durham, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 20 ne Doylestown
DuRn AM^i'itLE, pv. Oneida co, N.Y- on Oneida
creek. [w^ of Ne
Durhainville, pv. Lauderdale co. Tenn. 180
Dutch Settlement, dv.SI. Marv'soar.lA.

EAS

573

EAS

DutoTSBURG, OT. Monroc co. Pa, on the Del . r.
Duxbury, tp.Washington co. Vt. 13 w of Mtr.
Duxbury, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 36 sse of B.
Dwight, v. Indian Territory, a raissionary
station among the Cherokees, near the Ar
kansas river.
Dyberry, tp. Wayne co. Pa. [w of Ne.
Dyersburg, pv. cap. of Dyer co. Temi. 160
Eagle, pt.Alleghany co. N.Y. on Caneadea cr.
Eagle, tp. Brown co. O.
E^le, pt. Hancock co. O. 83 nw of Cs.
Eagle Harbour, pv. Orleans co, N.Y. 256 w
of Albany.
Eagle Rock, pv. Wake co. N. C. 12e of Rh.
Eagletown , pv. Choctaw nation, Indian Ter,
177 w of Little Rock, Ark.
EliGLE Village, pv. Boone go, Ind. 15 nw Is.
Eagleville, pv. Centre co. Pa. 102 nw of H.
Eagleville.pv. WiUiEunson co. Tenn. 27 s Ne.
Earl, tp. Berks co. Pa.
Earl, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 13 nw of Lancaster.
Earlsville, pv. Madison co. N.Y. on Che
nango river. [sse of B.
East Abington, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 18
East Alton, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 33 ne Cd.
East Avon, pv. Livingston co. N.Y. 2 e
of Avon Springs. [sw of A.
East Baldwin, pv. Cumberland co. Me. 70
East Barnard, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 40 s Mtr.
East Berkshire, pv. Franklin co. Vt. 60 n
of MontpeUer.
East Berlin., pv. Adams co. Pa. 25 sw of H.
EastBekn'e, pv. Alban" co.N.Y. 19wof Al.
East Bethel, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 28 s Mtr,
East Bethlehem, pt, Washington co. Pa. on
Monongahela river. [of Canandaigua;
East Bloomfield, pt. Ontario co. N.Y, 8 w
East Bradford, tp. Chester co., Pa. on Bran
dywine creek.
East Brewster, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 93
SE of Boston. [25 sse of B.
East Bridgewater, pt. Plymouth eo. Mass.
Eastbrook, tp. Hancock CO. Me. [Mtr.
East Brookfield, py. Orange co. Vt. 22 s of
East Brookfield^ pv. Worcester co. Mass. 56
wsw of Boston.
East Buffalo, tp. Union co. Pa,
East Caln, tp. Chester co. Pa. [nw of B.
East Cambridge, pv. Middlesex co, Mass. 1
East Chester, pv. Rockihgharaco. N. H. 25
SSE of Concord. [of N.Y.
East Chester, pt. "Westchester co.,N.Y. 15 ne
East Cocalico, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. on Co-
calico creek. [legbany r.
East Deer, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. pn the Al-
East Dennis, pv, Barnstable eo. Mass. 83 se
of Boston, - [Chicques cr.
East Donegal, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. on
East Durham, pv. Greene co. N. Y. 40 s Al.
EASTELLiOTT,pv,Yorkco. Me. lOOsswof A.
East Fairfield, pv. Columbiana co. O. 158
ENE of Colurabus. , [s of B.
East Falmouth, pv, Barnstable co. Mass. 84
East Fallowfield, tp. Chester co. Pa.
East Farmington, pv. Oakland co. Mich.
24 NW of Detroit.
East Findlay, lp, Washington co. Pa,
Eastford, pv. Windham co. Conn, 35 e Hd.
East FoxboeouIgh, pv, Norfolk co. Meiss, 25
B of Boston.
East Goshen, tp. Chester co. Pa. 18 w Phila.
East Granby, pv. Hd. co. Conn. 15 n of Hd.
East Granville, pv. Hampden co. Mass.

East GfiEENBtrsH, pv, Rensselaer co. N.Y.
East Greenville, pv. Stark co. 0. 110 ne Cs
East Greenwich, pt. cap, of Kent co. R. I.
14 s of Providence, s [w of Al,
East Guilford, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. 104
East Haddam, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 30
sse of Hartford. [Cod, 97 se of B.
Eastham, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on Cape
East Hampton, pt. Harapshire co. Mass. on
Connecticut river. [Pine brook.
East Hampton, pv. Middlesex co. Conn, on
East Hampton, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on the b
end of Long Island.
East Hanover, pt. Lebanon ,co. Pa. 20 e H.
East Hartford, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 1 e
of Hartford. [s of B.
East Harwich, pv. Barnstable co.Mass. 100
East Haven, tp. Essex co.Vt. on PaSumsic r.
East Haven, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 39 s
of Hartford,
East Haverhill, pv. Essex co. Mass. 38 N B.
East Hempfield, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 38
ese of Harrisburg.
East Huntingdon, tp. Westmoreland co.Pa,
East Killingly, pv. Windham co. Conn. 49
E of Hartford. [36 se of Cd,
East Kingston, pt. Rockingham co. N. H.
East Koy cr. N. Y. joins West Koy cr. and
enters the Genesee river. [of Cd,
East Lebanon, pv. Grafton co, N. H, 50 nw
East Lebanon, pv. Wayne co, 0. 108 ne Cs.
East Liberty, pv. Fayette co.Pa. onYoughi-
ogheny river. [liurg.
East Liberty, V.Alleghany CO. Pa. 5 E of Pitts-
East Liberiy, pv. Logan co. O. 60 nw of Cs.
East Liverpool, pv. Columbiana co. O. on
the Ohio river. [90 wsw of B,
East Long Meadow, pv. Hampden co. Mass.
East Lyme, pv. New London co. Conn. 50
sse of Hartford.
East Machias. See Mechisses, Me.
East Marlborough, tp. Chester co. Pa. 28
sw of Philadelphia.
East Mrdway, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 24 sw B.
East Middleborough, pv. Plymouth co.
Mass. 44 s of Boston.
East Monroe, pv. Highland co. 0.76swCs.
East Nantmeal, pi. Chester co. Pa. 33 nw
of Philadelphia.
East New Market, pv. Dorchester co. Md.
73 SE of Annapolis.
East New York, pv. King's co. Long I. 6 e
of New York. '' [of Phila.
East Nottingham, tp. Chester co. Pa. 40 sW
Easton, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 24 sof B.
Easton, pv. Washington co. N.Y. 27 nne of Al.
Easton, Pa. See Gazetteer.
Easton, pv. cap, of Talbot c©. Md. 45 sE of An,
East Orleans, pv. Barnstable eo. Mass. 98
SE of Boston.
East Otis, pv. Berkshire co. Mass.
East Palestine, pv. Columbiana co. O. [H.
East Penn, pt. Northampton co. Pa. 90 ne of
East Pennsboro', tp. Cumberland co. Pa.
East Pikeland, tp, Chester co. Pa. 24 nw of
Philadelphia. .
East Pierpont, pv. St, Lawrence co, N.Y.
East Plainfield, pv- Sullivan Co. N.H. 55
NW^ of Concord.
Eastport, Me. See Gazetteer, [nessee r.
Eastport, pv. Tishamingo co. Miss, on Ten-
Eastport, pv. Tuscarawas co. 0. 113 ene of Cs.
East Portage, tp. Jackson co, Mich. [Phila.
East Rockhill, tp. Bucks co.Pa. 33 nnw of

EDI

574

ELI

East Salisbhkt, pv. Essex co. Mass, 40 nne
of Boston. [w of Cd.
East Sanbornton, pv. Belknap co. N.H. 21
East Sandwich, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 64
SSE of Boston. [of A.
East Thomaston, pv. Lincoln oo. Me. 40 se
East Town, lp. Chester co. Pa, 16 wnw Phila.
East Troy, pv. Walworth co.Wis. 79 se of
Madison, •
East Union, pt.Wayne co. 0. 100 ne of Cs.
East Unity, pv. Sullivan co. N. H. 44 w Cd.
East Vincent, tp. Chester co. Pa.
Eastville, Va. See Gazetteer.
Eastville, pv. Randolph co, Ala. 170 e of T.
East Wareham, pv. Pl>Tnouth co. Mass, 56
s of Boston,
East Washington, pv. SuUivan co. N, H.
East Waterford, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 54 nw
of Harrisburg. [swof Cd.
East Weare, pv. Hillsborough co. N. H. 10
East Weymouth, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 15
6 of Boston, [of B,
East Whately, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 91 w
East Whiteland, tp. Chester co. Pa. 20 nw
of Philadelphia. [of Hd.
East Windsor, pv. Hartford co. Conn, 7 ke
East Windsor, tp- Mercer co. N. J. 20 sw of
New Brunswick. [of Al.
East Worcester, pv. Otsego co. N.Y, 53 w
Eaton, pt. Carroll co. N. H- 62 n of Cd.
Eaton, pt. Madison co. N.Y, 100 w of Al.
Eaton, pt. Wyoming co. Pa. on the Susqua. r.
Eaton, pv. La Fayelte co. Miss. 176 n of J,
Eaton, pv, Gibson co. Tenn. on Forked Deer
river, 142 w of Nashville,
Eaton, tp, Lorain co. O. 4 se of Elyria.
Eaton, pv. cap. of Preble co. O. 94 w of Cs.
Eaton, pt. Eaton co. Micli. 110 w of D.
Eatonton or Eaton C. H. pv. cap. of Putnam
CO. Ga. 21 NW of MiUedgeviUe.
Eatontown, pv..Monmoulh co.N. J.47ETn,
Eatonville, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y- 75 wnw
of Albany.
Ebenezer, pv. Rutherford co. N. C. 213 wRh.
Ebenezer, v. Effingham co. Ga. on Savannah r.
Ebenezerville, pv. York dist. S. C 84 n Ca.
Ebensburg, borough, cap. of Cambria co. Pa.
140 w of Harrisburg.
EcKFORD, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 100 w of D,
EcKMANsviLLE, pv. Adaras CO. 0. 100 s of Cs.
Economy, pt. Beaver co. Pa. on Ohio r.
EcoRCE, pt. Wayne co. Mich.
JEddington, pt. Penobscot co. Me.
Eddyville, v. Ulster co. N.Y. on Rondout r.
at the termination ofthe Delaware aiAl Hud
son canal. [land r.
Eddyville, pv. Caldwell co. Ky. on Cumber-
Eddytown, v. Yates co. N.Y.
Eden, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Mt. Desert i.
Eden, pt. Laraoille co. Vt. 45 n of Mtr.
Eden, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 14 s of Buffalo.
Eden, tp. lAcking co. O.
Eden, tp. Seneca co. 0.8 s Tiffin. [Chowan r.
Edenton, pv. cap. of Chowan co. N. C on
Edenville, pv. Orange co. N.Y.
EdgaRton, pv. cap. of Dukes co. Mas.s. on
the E part of Martha's Vineyard.
Edgecomb, pt. Lincoln co. Me, 32 sse of A-
Edgefield C. H. pv. cap. of Edgefield dist.
S, C 56 wsw of Colurabia.
EdgemonI:, pt. Delaware co. Pa. 87 ese of H.
Edina, pv. cap. of Scotland co. Mo. [gcot r.
Edinburgh tp. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob-

Edinburg, borough, Erie co. Pa. 250 hw of II .
Edinburg, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 242 wnw of H.
Edinburg, pv. Leake co. Miss. 70 ne of J.
Edinburg, pt. Portage co. 0. 146 ne of Ca,
Edinburg, pv. Johnson co. Ind. 30 s of Is.
Edinburg, pv, cap, of Jones co, Iowa.
Edisto r, S, C. See Gazetteer,
Edmeston, pt. Otsego co. N. Y. 15 w of
Cooperatow^n.
Edmonds, tp, Wn, co. Me. on Cobscook Bay.
Edwards, pt, St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Os-
w^egatchie river. [ley's Lake.
Edwardsburg, pv. Cass co. Mich, on Beards-
Edw^ardsfort, pv. Knox co. Ind. 105 sw Is.
Edwardsville, pv. Warren co. O.
Edwardsville, pv. cap, of Madison co, IU, 12
se of Alton. [merce.
Eel r. Ind. flows intoVThite r. at Point Com-
Effingham, pt. Carroll co. N, H. 62 n^ne Cd.
Effingham, pv. DarUngton dist, S. C. 133 enh
of Columbia.
Egg Harboitr, Great, tp. Atlantic co. N. J
48 SSE of Woodbury,
Egg Harbour, Great, r. N. J, rises in Glo'ster
cO, and flo\vs into Great Egg Harbour Bay..
Egg Harbour, Little, tp. Burlington co.
N. J. 35 SE of Mount HoUy.
Egg Harbour, Liltle, r. N. J. flows into Lit
tle Egg Harbour Bay, called also Great Bay.
Egremont, tp.- Berk shire co. Mass.
Egypt, pv. Fayette co. Tenn.
Egypt, V. Colorado co. Texas, 2 or 3 m.
from the left bank of the Colorado river.
Elamsvtlle, pv. Patrick co. Va. 216 wsw R.
Elba, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. 7 N of Batavia.
Elba, lp. Lapeer co. Mich. [of M.
Elberton, pv. cap. of Elbert co. Ga. 110 rne
Elbridge, pt. Ononc^ga co. N.Y. 13 w of
Syracuse. [of H.
Eldersville, pv. Washington co. Pa. 230 w
Elderton, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 168 wnw H.
Eldred, lp. Jefferson co. Pa. [Bay-
Elizabeth, tp. Essex co. N. J. on Newark
Elizabeth, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 14 sPittsburg.
Elizabeth, tp. Lancaster co. Pa.
Etizabeih, pv. (post office called Jackson
ville,) Wood CO, Va,
Elizabeth, tp. Lawrence co, O.
Elizabeth, lp, Miami co. O.
Elizabeth, pv. Harrison co. Ind. 4 N of Ohio r.
Elizabeth, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Ark. on
White river.
Elizabeth City, N. C. See Gazetteer.
Elizabeth Islands, Mass. consist of 16 small
islands between Buzzard's Bay and Vine
yard Sound, [of N.Y,
Elizabethport, pv. Essex co. N. J. 12 sw
Elizabeth r. Va. flows into a \asge estuary
at the mouth of James river.
Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Essex co. N.Y
on Boquet river. [ne of Tn»
Elizabetntowai, borough, Essex co. N, J. 44
Elizabethtown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 18 E H
EUzabelhto^vn, pv. cap. of MarshaU co. Va.
on Ohio river, [Cape Fear r.
Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Bladen co. N. C. on
Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Carter co. Tenn.
on AVatauga river, [sw of F.
Elizabethtown, pv. cap, of Hardin co. Ky.80
Elizabethtown, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 132 sw Cs.
Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Hardin co. 111.^0
SSE of Springfield.
Elizaville, pv. Fleming co. Ky. 5 w of

EMM

575

EWI

Elk r. rises in Pa. and flovirs into Chesapeake
Bay. [the Muscle Snoals.
Elk r. Ala. falls into the Tennessee r. above
Elk, tp. Warren co. Pa, on the Alleghany r.
Elk, tp. Athens co. O. on Racoon cr.
Elk, tp. Monroe co. O.
Elk Cr. pt. Erie co. Pa. 16 sw of Erie.
Elk Cr. pt. VenaiiKt co. Pa. 122 wnw of H.
Elkhart r. Ind. flows into St. Joseph's r. in
Elkhart co.
Elkhart, pv, Elkhart co. Ind.
Elkhart, tp. Noble co.Ind.
Elkhorn r. Ky. flows into Kentucky r.
Elkhorn r.IU. flows into Kaskaskia r.
Elkhorn, pv. cap. of Walworth co. Wis. 68 se
of Madison.
Elkland, pt. Tioga co. Pa, 170 n of H.
Elk Ridge Landing, pv, Anne Arundel co.
Md. on Patapsco river.
Elk River, tp. Newton co. Mo.
Elk Run, tp. Columbiana co. O.
Elkton, pv. cap. of Cecil co. Md, on Elk r.
Elkton, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 90 s of Ne.
Elkton, pv. cap. of Todd co, Ky. on Elk cr,
Elkton, pv. Columbiana co. 0. 154 ne of Cs.
Elklon, pv. Polk co. Mo. 114 sw of Jef. City.
Elkville, pv. Caldwell co.N.C. on Yadkin r.
Ellkjay, pv. cap. of Gilmer co. Ga. 176 nw M,
Ellenburg, pt. Clinton co. N,Y, 25 nnw of
Plattsburg.
Ellensvtlle, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 86 sw of Al,
Ellerslie, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. 194 ne H.
EUerslie, pv. Hams co. Ga, 108 wsw of M,
Ellery, pt. Chautauque co, N.Y. on Chau
lauque Lake. [Mayville.
FiLLicoTT, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. 18 se of
Ellicott's Mills, pv. Anne Arundel co, on
Patapsco river. [N.Y, on Great Valley cr,
Ellicottsville, pv, cap. of Cattaraugus co,
Ellington, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 20 nne Hd.
Ellington, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y, 25 e of
MayviUe.
Eluot, pt. York .CO. Me. on Salmon FaU r.
Elliotsville, lp. Piscataquis co. Me.
Ellisburg, pt. Jefferson co. N,Y. on Lake
Ontario,
Ellisburg, pv. La Grange co. Ind, 160 n of Is,
Ellisville, pv. Louisa co. Va. 66 nw^ of R,
Ellisville, pv, cap. of Jones co. Miss. 144 se J.
EUisville, pv, Monroe co. Ind. 50 ssw^ of Is.
Ellisville, pv. Fulton co. III. 75 nw of Sd.
Ellsworth, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Me. on
Union river.
Ellsworth, lp. Grafton co. N.H. 52 n of Cd.
Ellsworth, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 w Hd.
Ellsworth, pt. Trumbull co. O. 160 ne of Cs.
Ellsworth, pv. cap. of Wright co. Mo, on an
affluent of Gasconade river.
Elmira, pv. cap. of Chemung co. N.Y. on
Cheiliung river.
Elmore, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. 20 n of Mtr.
El Paso del Norte. See Paso del Norte.
Elsinborough, tp. Salem co. N. J. 3 ne of
Salem.
Elyria, pv. cap. of Lorain co. 0, 116 nne Cs.
ElysburGj pv. Northumberland co. Pa. 80 n
of Harrisburg.
Elyton, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Ala. 54 ne T.
Emaus, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. 87 E of H.
Embden, pt. Soraerset co. Me. on Kennebec r.
EmoRY r. Tenu. falls into Clinch r.
Emmet, tp. Calhoun co. Mich,
Emmjttsburg, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 nw
of Annapolis.

Emoreyville, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 200 sb of
Tuscaloosa, [river,
Enfield, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penobscot
Enfield, pt. Grafton co. N, H. 42 nw of Cd.
Enfield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 75 w of B.
Enfield, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 18 n of Hd.
Enfield, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. Swof Ithaca.
Enfield, pv. King Williara co. Va. 24 ne of R.
Enfield, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 76 ne of Rh.
English Neighboitrhood, pv. Bergen co,
N. J. 8 N of New York. fMadison.
English Prairie, pv. Grant co. Wis. 87 w of
Englishtown, pv. Monraouth co. N. J. 31 e
of Trenton.
Ennisville, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 80 w H.
Ennoree r. S. C an affluent of Broad r.
Enoch, pt. Monroe co. O. about 100 e of Cs.
Enosburg, pt. Franklin co. Vl. 56 n of Mtr.
Enosburg Falls, pv. Franklin co. Vt. 59 N
of Montpelier.
Ephratah, pt, Fulton co, N.Y, 58 wnw Al.
Ephratah, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 38 e of H.
Epping, pt. Rockingham co, N. H. 30 ese Cd.
Epsom, pt, Merrimack co. N, H. 12 e of Cd.
EqualitYj pv. Mecklenburg co. N.C, 166 wsw
of Raleigh, [line cr.
Equality, pv. cap, of Gallatin co. 111, on Sa-
Erie, Pa. See Gazetteer.
Erie, pv. Greene co. Ala. 48 s of T,
Erie, tp, Ottavi'a co. O. on Portage r
Erie, pt. Monroe co, Mich. 47 sw of D.
Erieville, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 110 w of AI.
Erin, pt, Chemung co. N.Y. 8e of Elmira.
Errol, pt. Coos CO. N.H. on Androscoggin r.
Erving, pt. Franklin CO. Mass. on Conn. r.
Erwin, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. on Tioga r.
Erwinna, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on the Del, r.
Erwinsville, pv. Cleveland co, N. C 200 w
of Raleigh,
Escambia r. Flor. and Ala, See Gazetteer.
Esopus, pt, Ulster co. N.Y. 7 s of Kingston,
EspERANCE, pv. Schoharie co. N-Y. 29 w Al.
Espy, pv. Columbia co. Pa. on the Susqa. r.
EsPYviLLE, pv. Crawford co. Pa, 250 nw- of H.
Essex, pt. Chittenden co. Vt, 46, NW of Mtr.
Essex, pt. Essex co. Ma&s. 32 ne of B,
Essex, pv. Middlesex co. Conn, on Conn. r.
Essex, pv. Essex co. N.Y. on L. Champlain.
Estillville, pv. cap. of Scott co. Va. on
Mocassin creek, a branch of Clinch river.
Etowah r. Ga. See Gazetteer.
Etna, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 60 nne of A.
Etna, pv- Tompkins co. N.Y. on Fall cr.
Etna, pv. Greene co. Ky. 99 ssw of F.
Etna, pv. Licking co^O. 17 E of Cs.
Etna, tp. Licking co. O.
Euclid, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on Lake Erie
Eulalia, pt. Poller co. Pa.J87 nnw of H,
Eugene, pv. Vermilion co. Ind. 85 w of Is.
Euta'w, pv. cap. of Greene co. Ala. 36 swT,
Eutaw Springs, S. C a sraall branch of the
Santee river.
Evans, iv'enz, pt. Er'>. co. N.Y. on L. Erie.
EvANSBURGH, pv. Crawford CO. Pa. 242 NW H.
Evans's Mills, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y, on
Pleasant creek.
Evansport, pv. Williaras co. O. 165 nw Cs,
EvANsviLLE, pv. Preston co. Va. 266 nw R.
EvansviUe, pv. cap. of Vanderburg ro, Ind,
on the Ohio river. [wnw of R.
EvERETTSviLLE, pv. Alberaarle co, Va. 78
EvERTON, pv. Fayette co. Ind. 66 e of Is.
Evesham, pt. Burlington co. N. J. 34 s of Tn.
Ewing, tp. Franklin co- Mass-

FAL

576

FAY

Eiying, tp, Mercer co. N. J. [Jef, City.
Ewingsville, pv. Cooper co. Mo. 70 wnw of
EwiNOTON, pv. cap. of Effingham co. IU. 85
SE of Springfield.
Exeter, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 79 nne of A.
Exeter, pt, Rockinghara co, N, H. 37 se Cd,
Esfeter, tp,Wn. co. R. I. 24 sw of Providence.
Exeter, pt. Otsego co- N.Y. 77 w of Al.
Exeter, tp. Berks co. Pa.
Exeter, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on Susqa. r.
Exeter, pt. MojiroC co. Mich.
Exeter, pv. Morgan co. IU. 47 w of Sd.
Fabius r. Mo. flows into the Mississippi r.
Fabius, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y.
Fabius, tp. Marion co. Mo, [Staten I.
Factoryville, pv, Richmond co. N. Y, on
Factoryville, pv, Tioga co. N .Y. on Cay ata cr.
FactoryvUle, pv. Luzerne co; Pa. 156 ne of H.
FaIRdale, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. 169 neH.
Fairfax, pt. Franklin co. Vt. on Lamoille r.
Fairfax C H. pv. cap. of Fairfax co. Va. 120
N of Richmond. [of R.
Fairfax, pv. cap. of Culpepper co.Va. 75 nnw
Fairfield, pt. Somerset co. Me. 22 n of A.
Fairfield, pt. Franklin co. Vt.,56 nw of Mtr.
Fairfield, Conn. - See Gazetteer. [Falls.
Fairfield, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 8n of Liltle
Fairfield, tp. Cumberland co. N.J. on Del. Bay.
Fairfield,, v. Essex co, N.J, 11 nw Newark,
Fairfield, pv. Adams co. Pa. 43 sw of H.
Fairfield, tp. Crawford co. Pa.
Fairfield, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. on Cone
maugh river.
Fairfield, V. Rockbridge co. Va. 110 w of R.
Fairfield, pv. Rockinghara co. Va. 135 nw R.
Fairfield, pv. Pickens co. Ala. 56 w of T.
Fairfield, py. Bedford co. Tenn. 50 s of Ne.
Fairfield, pv. Nelson co. Ky. 47 sw of F.
Fairfield, tp. Butler co. O. [river.
Fairfield, pv. Greene co. 0. 57 w of Cs. on Mad
Fairfield, tp. Highland co, O.
Fairfield, tp. Huron co. O. 100 N of Cs,
Fairfield, tp, Lenaw^ee co. Mich.
Fairfield, pv. Franklin co. Ind. 72 e of Is.
Fairfield, pv. cap. of Wayne co, IU. 145 se Sd.
Fairfield, pv. Benton co. Mo. 90 sw of Jef
ferson City. [Madison.
Fairfield, pv. Walworth co. Wis. 66 se of
Fairfield Corners, pv. Somerset co. Me.
28 N of Augusta.
Fair Haven, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 60 sw Mtr.
Fair Haven, pt. Bristol co- Mass. on Acush-
nett river.
Fair Haven, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 38 s Hd,
Fair Haven, pv. Preble co. O. 112 w of Cs.
IPair Haven, pv. CUnton co. Iowa.
Fairlee, pt'. Orange co. Vt. 38 se of Mtr.
Fairmount, pt.- Luzerne oo. Pa.
Fairplay. pv. Greene co. Ind. on White r.
Fairport, pv. Chemung cq. N.Y. on Che
mung canal.
Fairport, pv. Lake co. O. on Grand r.
Fairton, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. 70 s Tn.
Fairview, pt. Erie co. Pa. on Lake Erie.
Fairview, tp. York co. Pa. 17 nw of York.
. Fairview, pv. Brooke co. Va. 2 e of Ohio r.
Fairview, pv. Bancorabe co. N.C 245 w Rh.
Fairview, pv. Greenville dist. S.C 83 NwCa.
Fairview, pv, Guernsey co. O. 95 e of Cs.
Fairview, pv. Fulton co. 111. 83 NW of Sd.
Fairville, pv. Wayne co, N.Y. 192 W of Al.
Fallowfield; tp. (jrawford Co. Pa.
Fall River, Mass. See Gazetteer,

Fall River, Oregon, flows into the Colum
bia from the s, in lon, 120° 30* Wj about 20
m, above the Dalles. The name is derived
from the multitude of falls and rapids oc
curring in its course.
Falls, tp, Bucks co. Pa, 25 ne of Philadelphia.
Falls, pt. Wyoming co. Pa. on the Susque
hanna river,
FaUs, tp, Hocking co. O. [sink r.
Fallsburg, pt, Sullivan co. N.Y. onNever-
Fallsburg, pi. Licking co, O. 65 ne of CS,
F ALLSTON, pt, Beaver co. Pa. on Big Beaver r,
Fallstown, pv- Iredell co, N. C 150 w Rh;
Falls Village, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 45
WNW of Hd.
Falmouth, pt. Curaberland co.Me. 45 sw A.
Falmouth, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 75 s of B.
Falmouth, pv, Lancaster co. Pa. 15 se of H.
Falmouth, pv. Stafford co. Va. 64 Nof R.
Falmouth, pv. cap. of Pendleton co. Ky. 60
NE of Frankfort-
Falmouth; a sea-port on the n side of Jamaica,
60 m. NW of Spanish Town. [bersburg.
Fannet, tp. FrankUn co. Pa. 16 N of Chara-
Fannettsburg, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 59 s H.
Fannin, a large co. in the ne part of Texas,
bordering on Bed river. The soU in the k
ahd E sections is very productive, and well
adapted lo the growing of cotton and In
dian corn ; to^wards the w it is sandy. Capi
tal, Bonham.
Farmersville, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 280
sw of Albany. [BayoaD'Ajbonne.
Farmersville, pv. cap. of Union par. La. on
Farmington, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Me.
32 NW of Augusta.
Farmington, pt. Strafford CO, N.H. 38 ENE Cd.
Farmington, pt. Hartford CO. Conn. 9wof Hd.
Farmington, pt. Ontario co.N.Y. 205 w of Al.
Farmington, lp. Tioga co. Pa.
Farmington, tp. Venango co. Pa.
Farmington, pv. Davie co. N. C. 133 w Rh. -
Farmington, pv. Clarke co, Ga, 62 n of M,
Farmington, pv. Marshall co. Tenn, 54 s Ne,
Farmington, pt. Trumbull co. O.
Farmington, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 20 nwD-
Farmington, pv, Fulton co. III. 78 nw of Sd.
Farmington, pv. cap. of St. Francis co. Mo,
139 SE of Jefferson City-
Farraington, pv, cap^ of Van Buren eo, Iowa.
Farmington Falls, pv. Franklin co. Me. 27
NW of Augusta.
Farmvills, pv- Prince Edward co. Va. on
the Appomattox r. 70 wsw of Richmond.
Farnumsville, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 39
^vsw of Boston. [of H.
Farrandsvllle, pv, Clinton co. Pa. 115 nw
Far Rockaway, v. Queen's co. N.Y.
Far West, pv- cap. of CaldweU co. Mo, 170
NW of Jefferson City.
Fawn Grove, pt. York co. Pa.
Fawn River, tp. St. Joseph co. Mich.
Fayette, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 18 wkw A.
Fayelte, v. Chautauque co. N.Y. on L. Erie.
Fayette, v. Chenango co. N.Y.
Fayelte, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on CajTiga L.
Fayette, pt, Alleghany co. Pa. 214 w of H.
Fayelte, lp. Juniata co. Pa.
Fayelte, pv. Cecil co. Md. S7 ne of An.
Fayette, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Miss. 80 sw of J
Fayette C. H. pv. cap. of Fayette co. Ala.
40 NW of Tuscaloosa.
Fayelte, lp, Hillsdale co. Mich.
Fayelte, pv, Greene co. 111. 57 sw of Sd.

FIS

6T7

FOR

Fayette, pv. cap. of Hovrard co. Mo. 60 nw
of Jefferson City.
Fayette, a co. of Texas, lying on both sides
of the r. Colorado, 100 m. from the sea.
Soil, a black loam mixed with sand ; very
fertile, especiaUy in the southern pari.
Capital, La Grange.
Fayettb Corner, pv, Fayette co. Tenn. 77
B of Nashville. [115 s of Mtr.
Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Windham co. Vt,
FayetieviUe, pv, Onondaga co. N.Y. near the
Erie canal,
FayellevUle, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 52 wsw H.
Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Fayette co, Va. 290
w of Richmond,
Fayetteville, N. C See Gazetteer.
Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Ga. on
an affluent of Flint river.
Fayetteville, pv. Talladega co. Ala. 87 e T.
Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Washington co. Ark.
Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Tenn.
on Elk river. [on White r.
FayetieviUe, pv. Brownco. O. 94 sw of Cs.
Fayetteville, pv. St. Clair co. 111. on Kaskas
kia river. [Mtr.
Fayston, tp.Washington co.Vt. 16 wsw of
Fearing, pt. Washington co. 0. 109 ese Cs.
Fedeealsburg, pv. Dorchester co. Md. 65
SE of Annapolis.
Federalion, pv. Athens co. O. on Hocking r.
Feliciana, pv. (Graves co. Ky. 291 w of I .
Felicity, pv. Clermont co. 0. 116 spw of Cs.
Fell, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. [frora B.
Feltonsvelle, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 30
Felt's Mills, pv. Jef. co. N.Y.162NWof Al.
Feume Osage, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. on the
MiMonri river.
Fenner, pt. Madison eo, N.Y. 112 w of Al.
Fentee, tp. Hot Spring co. Ark.
Fenton, pv. St, Louis co. Mo. on Maramec r,
Fentonville, pv. Genesee co, Mich. 57 nnw
of Detroit.
Fermanagh, tp, Juniata co. Pa. [Ua I,
Fernandina, pv. Nassau co. Flor. on Ame-
Ferguson, tp. Centre co.Pa. 11 s Bellefonte.
Ferguson, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [lington.
Ferrisburg, tp. Addison co, Vt, 19 s of Bur-
FiscASTLE, pv, cap. of Botetourt co. Va, 175
w of Richmond,
Fincastle, pv. Campbell co. Tenn, 206 e Ne.
Fmcastle, pv. Brown co. O. 100 s of Cs.
Findlay, tp, Alleghany co. Pa. 15 nw of
Pittsburg,
Fihdlev, pv'. cap. of Hancock co. O. 90 nw Cs.
Finksburg, pv. CarroU co. Md. 50 nw of An,
Finleyville, pv. Wn, co. Pa. 195 sw of H,
Fireplace, pv, Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I.
FisHDAM, pv. Wake co. N. C 22 sw of Rh,
Fishdam, pv. Union dist. S. C 60 nw of Ca.
FisHERsBO rough, pv. FrankUn co. Va. 175
wsw of Richmond. [of Hd.
FisHERsviLLE, pv. Windham co. Conn. 50 e
Fisher's Island, N.Y. off the e end of Long
Island, 8 m. long. [daga r.
Fish Bouse, v. Fulton co. N- Y, on Sacan-
Fishing Cr. pt, Columbia co. Pa, 100 n of H.
Pishkill, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 88 s of AI,
FisHKiLL Landing, pv, Dutchess co, N.Y, on
the Hudson river,
FisHKiLL Mts. See Highlands, Gazetteer.
Fishing R, tp, Ray co, Mo-
FiSKSBURQ, pv. Kenton co, Ky. on Licking r.
FisKsviLLE, pv. Providence co. R. 1. 13 sw
of Providence.

FiTCHBTTRG, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 46 wmv
of Boston.
FiTCHPORT, pv. Garrard co. Ky. 44 sse of F,
FiTCHViLLE, pt. Huron co. O. 98 n of Cs.
Fitzwilliam, pt. Cheshire co. N, H. 60 sw
oi^ Concord.
Flaggtown, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 24 ne Tn.
Flanders, pv- Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I.
Flanders, pv. Morris co.N- J. on theE foot of
Schooley's Mountain.
Flatbush, pv. King's co. N.Y. 5 se of N.Y.
Flat Head (or Sailish, sa'lish) Indians, a
tribe dwelling in llie vicinity of Clark's r.
and Ihe adjacent portion of the Colurabia.
Their name is derived from a custom, for
merly prevalent araong them, of fiattening
the heads of their children, when very
young, by artificial means. It is said that
this practice has been abandoned by them,
bul tnat il still obtains amon^ several other
tribes, tb whom the name of Flat Heads is
not usually given,
Flatlands, v. King's co. N . Y. 8 se Brooklyn,
FleEtville, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 158 ne of H.
Fleming, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y, 4 s of Auburn,
Flemingsburg, pv, cap. of' Fleming co, K>*.
95 E of Frankfort. [25 n of Tn.
Flemington, pv. cap. of Hunterdon co. N, J,
Flemington, pv. Wake co. N. C 15'nw Rh.
Fletcher, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 52 nnw Mtr.
Fletcher, pv. Miami co. O. 66 w of Cs.
Flicksville, pv, Norlhampton co. Pa. 117 ne
of Harrisburg.
Flint, pt. Genesee co. Mich. 60 nw D. [let.
Flint cr. N.Y. flows inlo the Canandaigua oul-
Fliut r. Ga. See Gazetteer.
Flint r. Mich, a branch of Saginaw r.
Flintville, pv. Marion dist. S. C 140 e Ca.
Florence, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 33 nw Utica,
Florence, pv.Washington co. Pa. 227 w of H.
Florence, pv. Stewart co, Ga. on the Chat
tahoochee r. [Tennessee r.
Florence, pv. cap. of Lauderdale co. Ala. on
Florence, pv. Boone co. Ky. 76 n of F.
Florence, pt. Erie co. O. 112 n of Cs.
Florence, pt. St. Joseph CO. Mich. 144 wsw D,
Florence, pv. Pike co. IU. 59 w of Sd.
Florence, pV. Morgan co. Mo. 54 w Jef. City.
Florence, pv. Louisa co. Iowa, on Iowa r.
Florida, a cape on the se coast of Florida.
Florida, pi, Berkshire co. Mass, on Cold r.
Florida, tp. Montg^co. N.Y. 34 NNWof Al.
Florida, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 110 ssw of Al.
Florida, pt. HUlsdale co. Mich. 94 sw of D.
Florida, pv. Monroe co. Mo. 83 ne Jef. City.
Florissant, pv- St. Louis co. Mo. 131 e Jef
ferson City. [swof Detroit.
FLOWERFii:LD, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. 154
Floyd, pt. Oneida co. N3^. 8 n of Utica.
tV'oyd C H. pv. cap. of Floyd co, Va. 215
wsw of Richmond.
Floydsburg, pv. Oldham co. Ky. 37 w of F.
Flushing, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. 9 e of N.Y.
Flushing, pt. Belmont co. O. on Stillwater cr.
Flushing, pt. Genesee co.Mich. 67 nw of D.
FonDa, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. N.Y. on
the Mohawk r. [on Lake Winnebago.
Fond du Lac, cap. of Fond du Lac co. Wis.
Fordham, v. Westchester co. N.Y.
F0RDSVILJ.E, pv. Marion co. Miss. 128 sse J.
FoREsTBURG, pt. SuUivau CO. N.Y. on Ne-
versink river.
Forest Lake, pt, Susqa, co. Pa, 180 nne H.
FoRESxviLLE, pv-Wake co. N, C. 15 w of Rh.

FOX

578

FRA

Forge Village, pv. Middlesex co. Mass, 30
m. from Boston.
Forks, lp, Lycoming co. Pa.
Porks, tp. Northampton co. Pa.
Forked Deer r, Tenn. flows into the Miss, r,
FoRKToWN, pv. Somerset co. Md. 99 sse An.
Forsyth, pv. cap. of Monroe co, Ga, 55 wM,
Forsyth, pv, cap.of Taney co. Mo. onWhite r.
Fort Adams, pv-Wilkinson co. Miss. 1.58 sw
of Jackson. [Champlain canal, 68 n Al.
Fort Ann, pv.Washington co. N.Y. on the
Fort Armstrong, on the lower extremity of
Rock Island in the Mississippi river.
Fort Argyle, Bryan co. Ga. on Ogechee r.
(now in ruins.) [14 above Darien.
Fort Barrington, Ga. on the Altaraaha r.
Fort Bend, a co. of Texas, lying on both
sides of the r. Brazos^ sorae 50 m. from the
sea. Soil generally anchsandy loam. Capi
tal, Richmond.
Fort Brady, Mich. See Sault St. Maet.
Fort Brown. See Matamoras.
Fort Covington, pv. Franklin co. N.Y.
Fort Edward, pv. Wn.co. N.Y. 49 n of Al.
Fort GibsoN. See Cantonment Gibson.
Fort Gratiot, grash'e-ot, pv. St. Clair co.
Mich. 60 NE of Detroit. [of J^ong Island.
Fort Hamilton, pv. King's co. N.Y. w end
Fort Houston, a v. of Texas, semi-capital
of Houston CO. near the left bank of Tri
nity r. 175 ra. ne of Austin. Pop. 150.
Fort Leavenworth, pv. Indian Territory,
on the Missouri r. wilh extensive military
vtrorks. [the Mississippi r.
Fort Madison, pv. cap. of Lee co. Iowa, on
Fort Miller, pv.Washington co. N.Y, on
the Hudson river. [the Mohawk r.
Fort Plain, pv. Montgoraery co. N.Y. on
Fort Smith, pv. Crawford co. Ark. on the
Arkansas r. wilh extensive fortifications.
Fort Polk. See Point Isabel.
Fort Snelling, pv. Inwa, on the Mississippi
r. with important miUtary works.
Fort Towson, pv. Indian Key, Ark, a little
N of Red river.
Fort Vancouver (belonging; to the British),
Oregon, on the n side -of the Colurabia.
Lat. 45» 38' n, Lon. 122" 40' w.
Fort WALLA-^VALLA. See Walla- Walla.
Fort Wayne C H. pv. cap. of Allen co.
Ind. on Maumee river, [n of Madison,
Fort Winnebago^ pv. Portage co. Wis. 42
Foster, pt. Providence co. R. I. 19 w of
Providence.
FosTERviLLE. pv. Hcury CO. Ga. 75 wnw M.
Fosterville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 46 se
of Nashville. [Mo. 100 se of Jef. City.
Fourche a Renault, pv. Washington co.
Fourche la Fave, tp. Conway co. Ark.
Fourche la Fave, lp. Pope co. Ark.
Fowler, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on the
Oswegatchie river.
Fowler, pt. Trurabull co. 0. 10 n of Warren.
FoWLSTOWN, pv. Decatur co. Ga. 11 sw of
BainbriSge.
Fox, pt. Clearfield co. Pa. 143 nw of H.
Fox, tp, Carroll co. O.
FoxBORouGu.pt. Norfolk CO, Mass. 27 sswB.
FoxcuoFT, pt. Piscataquis CO. Me.S3NEof A.
Fox Indians. See Sacs.
Fox r. Ul. flows into the III. r. in Ln Salle co.
Fox Springs (sulphur and chalybeate), Ky.
10 K of Flemingsburg and 80 e of Frankfort.
FoxviLLE, pv. Frederick co. Md. 100 nw An.

Fhauinoham, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. S3
wsw of Boston.
Francis, St, a r, which rises in Mo., and
flowing through the ne portion of Ark.
falls into the Mississippi, It is navigable
at high water 200 m.
Francis, St, pv. St, Francis co. Ark.
Francis, St. a r, of Canada East, falling into
Lake St, Peter's from the se, 60 ra. below
Montreal, [ew of Cd.
Francistown, pt, Hillsborough co, N, H, 25
Francisville, pv, PhUadelphia co. Pa,
Francisville^ pv, Crawford co, Ga. 60 sw M
Francisville, pv. Boone co. Ky, 87 n of F,
Francisville, St, pv. cap, of West Feli
ciana par, Ia. on the Mississippi river.
Francisville, St- pv. Lawrence co. III, 180 be
of Springfield, [Moines r.
Francisville, St. pv. Clark co. Mo, on Dea
Franconia, pt. Grafton co, N. H, 75 n of Cd.
Franconia, pt, Montgoraery co. Pa, 88 E H.
Franconia, pv. Putnam co. 0. 130 Nw of Cs,
Frankford, tp. Sussex co. N, J, on Papa-
kaling creek.
Frankford, tp, Cumberland co. Pa,
Frankford, borough, Phila. co. Pa. 5 ne Phila.
Frankford, pv. Greenbrier co. Va, 224 w R,
Frankford, pv. Pike co. Mo. 90 ne Jef. City,
Frankfort, pt. Waldo co- Me. on the Pe
nobscot river. [hawk r.
Frankfort, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y, on the Mo-
Frankfort, pv, Hampshire co. Va, on Patter
son's creek.
Frankfort, pv, Ross co, 0. 22 nw Chilicothe.
Frankfort, pv, cap. of Clinton co, Ind, 42
NNW of Indianapolis. [ssE of Sd.
Frankfort, pv. cap. of Franklin co. IU. 160
Frankfort Springs, pv. Beaver co. Pa,
Franklin, pt. Hancock co. Me. 100 e of A.
Franklin, pt. Merrimack, co. N, H, 18 nnw Cd.
Franklin, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 70 NN-wMrr.
Franklin, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 31 sw of B,
Franklin, pt. New London co. Conn. 37 se
of Hartford.
Franklin, pv. Delaware co.N.Y.84swof Al,
Franklin, tp, Franklin co.N.Y. 25 se Malone,
Franklin, tp. Bergen co, N. J. 13 nw of
Hackensack. [Woodbury.
Franklin, tp. Gloucester co. N. J, 15 se of
FrankUn, tp. Somerset co. N. J. 7 se of So
merville. [cr,
Franklin, tp.Warren co. N. J, on Pohatcong
Franklin, lp. Adams co. Pa.
Franklin, lp. Alleghany co. Pa,
Franklin, lp. Armstrong co. Pa.
FrankUn, lp. Bradford co. Pa.
Franklin, tp. Fayette co. Pa, 9 N of Union.
Franklin, tp. Greene co. Pa, on Ten MUe cr,
Franklin, tp. Hunling;don co. Pa.
Franklin, tp. Lycoramg eo. Pa. [French cr
Franklin, borough, cap. of Venango co.Pa, on
Franklin, lp. Westmoreland co. Pa.
Franklin, lp. York co. Pa. 4 s of H. [of An.
Franklin, pv. cap. of Baltimore co, Md. 34 N
Franklin, pv. cap. of Pendleton co. Va. on
an affluent of the Potomac river, [Rh.
Franklin, pv. cap, of Macon oo. N, C33w'of
Franklin, pv. cap. of Heard co, Ga, ou tha
Chattahoochee river.
Franklin, pv. and depot, Henry co. Ala. on
the Montgomery and W"est Point railroad.
Franklin, pv. Holmes co. Miss. 55 n of J.
Franklirt, pv, cap. of St, Mary's par. Ia. on
the Bayou Teciie.

FRE

57S

FUR

Franklin, pv. cap. of WUUamson co. Tenn.
18 sw of NashviUe. [of F.
Franklin, pv. cap. of Singpson co.Ky. 164 sw
FrankUn, tp. Adams co. O.
Franklin, tp. Brown co, O.
Franklin, tp. Clermonl co. O. on Ohio r.
FrankUn, tp, Franklin co. O. on Scioto r.
Franklin, tp. Harrison co. O.
Franklin, lp, Jackson co. O.
Frankiin, tp. Knox co. O.
Franklin, tp. Licking co. O.
Franklin, tp. Monroe co. O
Franklin, tp. Portage co. O.
FrankUn, tp, Richland co. O.
Franklin, tp. Summit co. O. [Great Miarai r.
Franklin, pt. Warren co. O. 84 wsw Cs. on
FrankUn, tp. Wayne co. O.
Franklin, tp. Lenawee co. Mich.
Franklin, pv. Oakland co. Mich, 28 nw of D.
FrankUn, tp. Harrison co. Ind.
Franklin, tp. Henry co. Ind.
FrankUu, pv, cap. of Johnson co. Ind. 20 s Is.
Franklin, tp. Marion co. Ind.
Franklin, tp. Owen co. Ind.
Franklin, tp. Washington co. Tnd.
FrankUn, pv. Morgan co. III. 43 wsw of Sd.
Franklin, pt. Howard co. Mo. on the Mo. r.
FrankUn, tp. Mihvaukie co. Wis.
FrankUn, pv. Walworth co. Wis. 75 se of
Madison.
Franklin, a v. of Liberty co. Texas, on the
left bank of Trinity river.
Franklin, a v- of Texas, cap. of Robertson
eo. 100 m. NE of Austin.
Franklin City, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 28 w B.
FeanklindalEjV. Dutchess co.N.Y. [of Cs.
Franklin Furnace, py. Scioto co. O- 105 s
FranklinMills,pv, Portage co. O. on Cu-
"yahoga river. [155 ne of Cs.
Franklin Square, pv, Columbiana co, O,
Franklinton, pv. cap, of Washington par.
La. 68 N of New Orleans.
Franklintown, pv.York co. Pa. 15 ssw of H.
Franklintown, pv- Northampton co. Va. 168
E of Richraond. [w of Al.
Franklintille, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y, 2S0
FranklinviUe, pv. Randolph co. N. C
FEANKSTOwnf, borough. Huntingdon co. Pa.
2 e of HoUidaysburg.
Feazee's r.of British North America, falls
inlo the Straits of Fuca, near the 49th
parallel of n Lrfit. Length above 500 m.
PRAZEYSBDRG, pv. Muskiugum CO. O. 60 E Cs.
Frederica, py, Kent co. Del, 13 s of Dover.
Frederica, pv. Glynn co. Ga. on St. Simon's i.
Frhjertck, pt. Montgomery co. Pa,
Frederick, Md. See Gazetteer.
Fredericksburg, Va. See Gazetteer.
Fredericksburg, pv.Wayne co. 0. 98 ne of Cs.
Fredericksburg, pv. Washington Co. Ind. on
Blue river. [Jef. City.
Fredericksburg, pv. Ray co. Mo. IM wnw of
Fredonia, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y, 2 e of
Lake Erie.
Fredonia, pv. Chambers co. Ala. 175 ese of T.
Fredonia, pv. Monlgomery co. Tenn. 34 nw of
Fredonia, pv. Caldwell co. Ky. , [Ne.
Fredonia, pt. Licking co. 0. 40 ne of Cs-
Fredonia, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. [Ohio r.
Fredonia, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Ind. on
Fredonia, pv. Williamson co. III.
Fredensburg, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa.
Freedom, pt. Waldo co. Me. 33 ne of A.
Freedom, pt. CarroU co, N. H. 60 nne of Cd.

Freedom, pt, Cattaraugus co, N,Y.
Freedom, tp. Adaras co. Pa,
Freedom, borough, Beaver co. Pa. on Ohio T.
Freedom, pv. Carroll co. Md. 50 nw of An.
Freedom, pt. Portage co. O.
Freedom, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich.
Freedora, pv. Owen co. Ind. 67 sw of Is.
Freedom Plains, pv, Dutchess co. N.Y. 79»
of Albany.
Freehold, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 42 s of Al.
Freehold, pv. cap. of Monmouth co. N.J. 35
SE of Trenton.
Freehold, tp. Warren co. Pa.
Freehold, Upper, lp. Monmouth co. N. J.
Freeman, pt. Franklin co. Me. 48 nnw of A
Feeemansbtjrg, pv. Northampton co. Pa.
Freemanton, tp. Effln^^ham co. IU. 90 se Sd.
Feeeport, pt. Curaberland co.Me. on Casco
Bay. [leghany r.
Freeport, boroughj Armstrong Co, Pa. on Al-
Freeport, pt. Harrison co. O. 99 ene of Cs.
Freeport, pv. Shelby co. Ind. 30 se of Is.
Freeport, pv. Stephenson co. 111. on Peekato-
nica river.
Feeesburg, pv. Union co. Pa. 66 n of H.
Freetown, pt. Bristol co. Mass, 42 3 of B.
Freetown, pt. Coriland co. N.Y.
French Broad r. See Gazetteer,
French cr, rises in N.Y. and flows into the
AUeghany river in Venango co. Pa.
French Cr, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. on
French creek.
French Cr. pt. Mercer co. Pa. on French cr.
French Cr. tp. Venango co. Pa.
Frenchtown, pv. Lew^is co.Va. 310 wnw R.
Frenchtown, tp. Monroe co. Mich.
French Village, pv. St. Clair co. 111.
Friendship, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 54 se of A.
Friendship, pt. Alleghany co- N.Y. on Cam-
pan's cr. [of An.
Friendship, pv. Anne Arqndel Co, Md. 31 nw
FriendsVille, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. 175
nne of Harrisburg. [140 nnw of R.
Front Royal, pv. cap. of Warren, co. Va.
Frostbueg, pv, Alleghany co, Md, 176 nw
of Annapolis.
Fruit Hill, pv, Clearfield co. Pa. 132 kw of H.
Fryeeurg, pt. Oxford co. Me, on Saco r.
Fulleesvu-le, pv, St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 190
NNW of Albany.
Fulton, pv. Oswego co. N.Y. on Oswego r.
Fulton, lp. Schoharie co. N. Y. 9 s of Scho
harie.
Fulion, pv. Davie co. N. C 156 w of Rh.
Fulton, pv. Surater dist. S. C 69 e of Ca.
Fulton, pv. cap. of Itawamba co. Miss. 220
NE of Jackson, on Tombigbee r.
Fulton, pv. Hempstead co. Ark. on Red r.
Fulton, tp. Sevier co. Ark.
Fulion, pv. Lauderdale co. Tenn. on Miss. r.
Fulton, pt. Hamilton co. O. on Ohio r.
Fulton, pv. Stark co. O. on the Ohio canal.
Fulton, pv- Barry Co. Mich. 140 w of D.
Fulton, pv, Whitesides co. Ill, - - [Jef, City,
Fulton, pv. cap. of Callaway co. Mo. 22 ne of
Fulton Lakes, N.Y. a chain of 8 small lakes,
in Herkimer and HaniiUon cos. which dis
charge tlieir waters into Moose river,
-FuLTONHAM, pv. Muskiugum CO. O. 57 E Cs.
FULTONVILLE, pv. Moiitg. CO. N.y. OH the
Erie canal, [of Frederick.
FuNKSTowN, pv. Washington co. Md. 22 nw
Furnace Village, pv. Litchfield co. Con
necticut, 50 WNW of Hartford.

GEN

580

GIB

Gaines, pt. Orleans co. N.Y.
Gaines, pv. Tioga co. Pa, [nnw of R.
Gainesborough, pv. Frederick co. Va. 154
Gainesborough, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Tenn.
on Cumberland r. 73 ene of NashviUe.
Gaines'Cross Roads, pv. Rappahannock co,
Va. 120 NNW of Richraond.
Gaines' Ferry, on the Sabine, the most fre
quented land route to Texas, between
Natchitoches and San Augustine.
G.w.n'esville, pv. Wyoming co. N.Y. [of M,
Gainesville,' pv. cap. of Hall co. Ga. 118 nnw
GaiDesville, pv. Sumter co. Ala, 54 sw of T.
Galen, lp. Wayne co. N.Y. 5 e of Lyons,
GrALENA, DV. Delaware co, O, 21 N of Cs.
Galena, III, See Gazetteer,
Galesburg, pv. Kalamazoo co.Mich,137wD,
Galesburg, pv. Knox co. III. 105 nnw of Sd.
Gauon, pv. Richland co. O. 68 nne of Cs.
Gallatin, tp. Columbia co. N.Y.15 se of Hud-
eon.
Gallatin, pv. cap. of Copiah co. Miss. 37 s of J.
GaUatin, pv. cap. of Sumner co. Tenn. 26 ne
of Nashville.
Gallatin, pv. Allen oo. 0. 113 nw of Cs.
Gallatin, pv. Parke co- Ind. 78 w of Is,
Gallatiii, pv. cap. of Davies co. Mo, 190 nw
of Jefferson City,
Gallatin's r. unites with'Madison and Jef
ferson rivers to form the Missouri.
GallipoLis, pv. cap. of Gallia co. O. on Ohior.
Galloway, tp. Atlantic co. N. J, oh Nacole cr.
Galway, pt, Saratoga co, N.Y. 36 nnw Al.
Galveston, city and bay. See Gazetteer,
Galv,eston, a co. in the se part of Texas, on
Galveston Bay. Soil generally light, with a
large mixture of sand, well adapted to the
growth of sweet potatoes, melons, &c.
Capital, Galveston,
Galvezton, v. Ascension par. on Iberville r.
Gambier, pv. Knox co. O. 56 ne of Cs.
Gardiner, pv. Kennebec co. Me. 6 s of A,
Gardiner's Bay, N.Y, at the e end of Long I.
Gardiner's Island, N. Y, off ihe e end of
Long Island.
Gardner, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 58NNTVof B,
Garland. pt.Penobscotco. Me.98NNEof A.
Garnettsville, pv. Mead co. Ky. 83 w of F.
Garrettsburg, pv. Christian co. Ky. 224 sw
of Frankfort.
Garrett SVILLE, pv. Portage co. 0. 86 ne Cs.
Garyseurg, pv. Norlharapton co. N.C.
Gasconade r. Mo. See Gazetteer, [nade r.
Gasconade, pv. Gasconade co. Mo. on Gasco-
Gasparilla Sound, on the w coast of Flor.
Gaston, pv. Northampton co. N. C. on Ro
anoke river.
Gates, pt. Monroe co. N.Y.3 w of Rochester.
Gates' Mills, pv. Cuyahoga co. O. on Cha
grin river. [ene of Rh.
Gatesville, pv, cap. of Gates co. N, C. 214
Gauley Bridge, pv. Fayette co. Va. on the
Great Kanawha. [river.
Gauley r. Va. falls into the Great Kanawha
Gaylesville, pv, Cherokee co. Ala. on Coosa
river,
Gaysville, pv. Windsor co. Vt- 30 s of Mtr.
Ged'des, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 130 wnw Al.
Genesee r. See Gazetteer. [Angelica.
Gen-es-ee', tp. Alleghany co. N.Y. 20 sw of
Genesee, lp. Potter co. Pa.
Genesee, pt. Genesee co. Mich, on Flint r.

Genesee, tp. MUwaukie co. Wis,
Geneseo, N.Y.

See Gazetteer.

Geneseo, pv. cap. of Henry co. HI. 146 nn*
of Springfield.
Geneva, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
Geneva, pt, Ashtabula coj O, on Lake Erie,
Geneva, pv. Morgan co. 111, 41 wsw of Sd.
Geneva, pt. Walworth co. Wis,
Geneva, a v. of Texas, on the right bank of
Trinity river, a few miles above Swartwout.
Genito, pv. Pow^hatan co.Va. 28 w of R.
Genoa, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 17 s of Auburn,
Genoa, pt. Delaware co. O. 23 N of Cs.
Genoa, j^t. Livinffston co.Mich.48 wnw of D
Genoa, pv, De Kalb co. III. 217 nne of Sd.
George's, tp. Fayette co. Pa,
George, Lake, N.Y. See Gazetteer. [Cs.
(teorgesville, pv. Franklin co. 0. 13 sw of
Georgetown, pi. Lincoln co. Me. 50 s of A,
Georgetown, pv- Essex co. Mass. 31 n of B.
Georgetown, pv. Madison co, N.Y. 112 wAl.
Georgetown, pv. Beaver co. Pa, on the Ohio r.
Georgetown, pv. cap. of Sussex co. Del. 41 e
of Dover. [teer.
Georgetown, D. C. and S. C. See Gazet-
Georgelown, Randolph co. Ga. on the Chat
tahoochee river.
Georgetown, pv. Copiah co. Miss, on Pear. r.
Georgetown, pv, cap. of Scott co. Ky, 17 e F,
Georgetown, pv. cap. Brown co. 0. 107 ssw
of Columbus.
Georgetown, pv. Floyd co. Ind. 130 s of Is.
Georgetown, pv. Vermilion co. III. 140 e Sd.
Georgetown!, pv. cap. of Pettis co. Mo. 67 w
of Jefferson City.
Georgia, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 40 nw of Mtr.
Gerard, pv. Russell co. Ala, ou Chattahoo
chee river,
Gerardstown, pv, Berkley co. Va, 165 k R,
German, pt, Chenango co. N.Y. 123 w of Al,
German, tp. Clark co, O.
German, pt. Darke cd. O. 97 W of Cs.
German, tp. Harrison co. O.
Gerraan, tp. Holmes co, O,
Gerraan, tp. Mercer co. O.
German, tp, Montgomery co, O,
German FLATs^^tp. Herkimer co, N,Y, on
the Mohawk river.
Germanno, pv. Harrison CO. O.120ENEof Cs.
German Settlement, pv. Preston co. Va. 240
NW of Richraond. [nw of Raleigh.
Germanton, pv. cap. of Stokes co. N. C. 123
Germantown, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 46 s Al.
Germantown, tp. Fayette co- Pa.
Germantown, borough, Philadelphia co. Pa.
6 NNW of Philadelphia.
Germantown, pv. Hyde co.N. C on Tar r.
Germantown, pv. Shelby co. Tenn. 220 wsw
of Nashville.
Gerraantown, pv. Mason co. Ky. 70 ene of F.
Germamown, pv. Montgomery co. O. 82 w
of Columbus.
Germantown, pv. Marion co. Ind. 16 ne of Is.
Germanville, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C 32 w
of Columbia.
Germany, tp. Adams co. Pa. 10 se Gettysburg.
Gerry, pt. Chaulauque co. N.Y. on Cassa
daga creek. [35 ene of H.
Gettysburg, borough, cap. of .\dams co.Pa.
Gettysburg, pv. Preble co. O. 102 w of Cs.
Ghent, pi. Columbia co. N.Y. 27 i of Al.
Ghent, pv- Carroll co. Ky. on Ohior.
GiioLsoN, pv. Noxubee eo. Miss, 113 ne of J.
Gholsonville, pv. Brunswick co. Va, on
Meherrin river.
Gibraltar, pv. Wayna co. Mich, 31 s o' D.

GOL

581

GRA

Gibson, tp. Clearfield co. Pa.
Gibson, pi. Susquehanna co. Pa.
GiLBERTSVlLLE. pv. Olsego CO, N.Y. 95 w Al.
GiLBOA, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 51 w of Al.
Gilead, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Androscoggin r,
Gilead, pv. Tolland co. Conn, 21 ese of Hd,
Gilead, tp. Marion co. O.
Gilead, pv- Wood co. O. on Maumee r.
Gilead, pt. Branch co. Mich. 128 wsw of D.
Gilead, pv. Calhoun co. 111. 105 sw of Sd.
Giles C. H. pv. Giles co, Va. on New r.
Gilford, pv- cap. of Belknap co. N. H. on
Winnipiseogee Lake. [of Cd.
Gilford Village, pv. Belknap co. N.H. 33 n
Gill, pt. Franklm co. Mass. on Connecticut r.
Gtlman, pt. Harailton co. N.Y. 68 nnw of Al.
GiLMANiONjpt. Belknap co. N.H.20Nof Cd.
Gilmanton Iron Works, pv. Belknap co.
N. H. 23 N of Concord.
Gilsum, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 56 wsw of Cd.
Girard, tp. Clearfield co. Pa.
Girard, pi. Erie co. Pa. 260 nw of H.
Girard, pv. Trurabull co, O. 170 ne of Cs.
Girard, pt. Branch co. Mich. 110 wsw of D.
Glasco, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. on Hudson r.
Glasgow, pv. New Castle co. Del. [of F.
Glasgow, pv. cap. of Barren co. Ky. 123 sw
Glasgow, pv. Howard co. Mo. on Missouri t.
Glassborougb, pv. Gloucester co, N. J, 47 s
of Trenton,
Glass Lake, tp, Jackson co. Mich.
Glastenbury, tp. Bennington co.Vt. 9 ne of
Bennington. [necticut r.
Glastenbury, pt. Hartford co. Conn, on Con-
Glazb, tp. Miller co. Mo.
Glesburn, pt. Penobscot co. Me, 77 ne of A.
Glen Cove, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I.
Glenham, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. 68 s of Al,

Goliad, the cap. of the above co, is a little
village situated on the w or right bank of
the San Antonio.
GoNAivEs, Hayti. See Gazetteer.
Gon-zal'es, a CO. in the s or s central part
of Texas, intersected by the Guadalupe.
Soil generaUy very rich, producing cotton,
sugar, grapes, corn, &c. in abundance.
Gonzales, the cap. of the above, on the r.
Guadalupe, 70 m. s of Austin, was for
merly a place of some importance, but it
was burnt during the revolution. It now
contains only a few dwellings.
Goochland C H. pv. cap. of Goochland co,
Va. 30 WNW of Richraond,
Good Ground, pv, Suffplk co. N,Y, on Long I,
Goose cr, Va, a branc.)i of Roanoke r.
GoRDoN'jviLLE, pv. Orange co.Va. 74 NW R.
Gorham, pt. Cumberland co.Me. 60 sw of A.
Gorham, pt. Coos co. N. H. at the base of the
White Mountains.
Gorham, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. on Flint cr.
Gorhara, pt. Lucas co. O. on Tiffin's r.
Goshen, pt. SuUivan co, N, H. 40 w of Cd.
Goshen, tp. Addison co, Vt. 31 sw of Mtr,
Goshen, pt. Hampshire co, Mass. 12 nw of
Norlharapton.
Goshen, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 6 n Lit6hfield.
Goshen, pv. Orange co.N.Y. 60 nnw of N.Y.
Goshen, pv. CapeMay co.N. J. on Goshen cr.
Goshen, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 56 ese of H.
Goshen, pv. Lincoln co. Ga. 58 ne of M.
Goshen, pv. Benton co. Ala.
Goshen, tp. Belmont co. O.
Goshen, lp. Champaign co. O,
Goshen, pt. Clermont co. O. 100 sw of Cs.
Goshen, lp. Columbiana co, O. [was cr.
Goshen, lp, Tuscarawas co, O. on Tuscara-

Glenn, pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. 43 wnw^ of i Goshen, pv. cap. of Elkhart co. Ind. on Elk-
Albany. [Hudson r. | hart river.

Glenn's Falls, pv, Warren co. N.Y. on the
Glennville, pt, Schenectady co. N.Y. 30 w
Gloucester, Mass, SeeGAZETTEER. [ofAl.
Gloucester, lp. Providence co, R. I. 16 wsw^
of Providence, [Phila.
Gloucester, tp, Gloucester co. N. J. 10 se of
Gloucester C. H, p v, cap, of Gloucester co.Va.
''S E of Richmond.
Gloucester Furnace, pv. Atlantic co, N. J.
74 s of Trenton.
Glover, pt. Orleans co.Vt. 39 nne of Mtr,
Gloversville, pv, Fulton co, N.Y.40nw Al.
Gnadenhutten, pv, Tuscarawas co. O.
Goat Island, an island in Niagara r. at the
falls, which it divides into two unequal
parts.
GoAVE, Petit, peh-tee' go-av', a sea-port on
the N side of Hayti, 35 m, wsW of port-au-
Prince.
GoBLiNToWN, pv, Patrick co, Va. 208 wew R.
Goderich, a t, of Canada West, on L.Huron,
at the. mouth of Maitland r. Lat. 43^ 50'
N, Lon. 82° w. [of Cd.
GoFFsTowN, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 16 s
Golconda, pv. cap. of Pope co. 111. on Ohio r.
Gold Region. See California,
GoLDSBoRouGH, pt, Hancock co. Me. 110 e A,
Goldsborough, pv.Wayne co, N.C 50 se Rh,
Go-li-ad', a CO, in the southern pari of Tex
as, intersected by tne San Antonio r. Soil
a black mould, well adapted to raising cot
ton, sugar, corn, grapes, &c. The land,
however, in some parts, often suffers from
drought, 49* C

Goshen, pv, Putnam co. 111-
GosHEN Gore, tp, Caledonia co.Vt.
Gosport, tp. Rockingham co. N. H.
Gosport, V, Norfolk co. Va. on Elizabeth r.
Gosport, pv. Owen co. Ind. od White r.
GouvERNEURj pv. St. Lawrcncc co. N.Y. on
Oswegatchie r.
GovENSTOWN, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 34 n An,
Governor's Island, N,Y, in N.Y. harbour.
GoWANUs, V. King's CO. N.Y. on Long Island.
GowENsviLLE, pv. Spartanburg dist.S. C. 130
NW of Colurabia.
Graceham, pv. Frederick co. Md. 87 NW An.
Grace Harbour, a t, on the e side of New
foundland, with an excellent harbour. Pop.
estimated at 6,000, '
Grafton, pt. Grafton co. N. H, 33 nw of Cd.
Grafton, pt. Windham co.Vt, 109 s of Mtr.
Grafton, pt, Worcester ca). Mass, 36 sw of B,
Grafton, pt. Rensselaer co. N-Y. 20 ne of Al.
Grafton, pt. Lorain co. 0. 118 nne of Cs.
Grafton, pv. Jersey co. III. 85 s of Sd.
Graham's Station, 'pv. Meigs co. O. 103 sh
,"of Columbus. , [of Ca.
Grahamsville, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C 144 s
Granby, tp. Essex co.Vt, [Northampton.
Granby, pt. Hampshire co. Mass, 9 ^e of
Granby, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 16NNWof Hd.
Granby, pt, Oswego co. N.Y, on Oswego r.
Grand, pt, Marion co, O, 58 n of Cs.
Grand Blanc, pt. Genesee co. Mich, 53 N,wD.
Grand Detour, pv. Ogleco. IU, on Rock r.
Grand, Gulf, pv. Clairbome co. Miss, on iho
Mississippi river,,

GRE

583

GRE

Grand Haven, pv. cap, of Ottawa co, Mich,
on Grand river.
Grand Isle, pt. Grand Isle co.Vt. 66 nwMir.
Grand Island. See Nlagara, Gazetteer.
Grand Prairie, tp, Marion co. O-
Grant) r. Mich, and Mo. See Gazetteer.
Grand r. CaUfornia, one of the head branches
of tbe Colorado.
Grimd r. or Ouse, a r.of Canada West, which
flows inlo L. Erie about 40 m, w of Buffalo.
Near its mouth it communicates wilh the
WeUand canal.
Grand View, pt.Washington co. O. on Ohio r.
Grand View, pv. Edgar co. 111. il4 e of Sd.
Grand View, pv. Lpuisa eo. Iowa,
Grandville, pv. Kent co. Mich. 175 w of D.
Granger, grain'ger, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y.
10 N of Angelica.
Granger, pt- Medina co. 0. 131 ne of Cs.
Grantham, pt, Sullivan co. N.H. 54 wnw Cd.
Granville, pt. Addison co.Vt. 35 ssw of Mtr.
Granville, lp. Hampden co. Mass. 120 s of B.
Granville, pt. Washington co. N.Y. on Paw-
GranviUe, pt. Bradford co. Pa, [let r.
Granville, tp, Mifflin co. Pa,
Granville, pv, MonongaUa co.Va. 300 nw R,
Granville, pv, Jackson co. Tenn. on Cumber
land river.
Granville, pt, lacking co, O. 34 ne of Cs,
Granville, pv, Delaware co, Ind. 68 ne of Is,
Granville, pv. Platte co. Mo, on Missouri r,
Granville, tp, Milwaukie co. Wis,
Grape Grove, pt, Ray co. Mo.
Grass r, N.Y, flows into the St. Lawrence.
Grass Lake, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 67 sw D.
Grassy Point, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. 109 s
of Albany. [of Cs.
Gratiot, grash'e-ot, pv. Licking co. O. 42 e
Gratis, pt. Preble co. O. 92 w of Cs.
Gratz, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. 48 n of H.
Graves, Mt. Lincoln co. Ga. a conical peak,
about 800 feet high.
Gravesend, tp. King's co. Long 1. 9 s of N .Y.
Gray, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 47 sw of A.
Grayson C. H. pv. cap, of Grayson co. Va.
on New river.'
Grayson, pv. cap.of Carter co.Ky. 128 e of F.
Graysport, pv. Muskingum co. 0. 68 e of Cs.
Graysville, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. TOO w H.
Graysville, pv. Todd co. Ky, 155 sw of F.
Graysville, pv. White co. IU. 140 se of Sd.
Gre.'lt Barrington, pv. Berkshire co. Mass.
Great Basin. See California, Upper.
Great Bear cr. Canada West, runs inlo r.
St. Clair. [Black r.
Great Bend, pv. Jefferson co. N. Y. on
Great Bridge, pv. Norfolk co.Va. 115 se R.
Great Crossings, pv. Scolt co. Ky. 15 ne F.
Great Falls, pv. Strafford co. N.H. 34 e Cd.
. Great Salt Lake, California, is situaied on
'¦¦ the E margin of the Great Bnsin, more than
500 m. frora the Pacific ; being intersected
by the 41st parallel of n Lat. and between
the ll3th and 113lh meridians of w Lon.
Length about 90 ra. ; breadth, 30 or 40 m.
The surface of this lake is 4200 feet above
the level ofthe sea. Its waters are a satu
rated solution of common salt. At its se
extremhy is the Utah Lake. This appears
like an arm or bay of the former ; but its
waters are said to be fresh, and to flow
into the Great Salt Lake.
Great Valley, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y.
Great Works, pv. Penobscot co. Me. 80 k A.

Greece, pt, Monroe co. N.Y. 6 n RochMter,
Green Bay, pv. Brown co. Wis. on Fox r.
Greenbrier, r. Va. See Gazetteer. [AL
Greenburg, tp. Westchester co. N.Y. 130 s of
Greenbush, tp. Penobscot co. Me
Greenbush, pv. Rensselaer co, N.Y. 1 e of Al,
Greenbush, pv. Warren co. 111. 92 nw of Sd.
Green Camp, tp. Marion co. O. [sw of H,
Green Castle, borough, Franklin co. Pa, 56
Green Castle, pv, cap. of Putnam co. Ind, 47
w of IndiEmapolis.
Greene, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 25 swof A.
Greene, pv.Chenango co, N.Y. on Chenango r.
Greene, tp. Sussex co. N. J,7 swof Newton,
Greene, tp, Beaver co. Pa, 12 swof Beaver.
Greene, tp, Franklin co. Pa. 5 ne of Cham
bersburg, [hurg.
Greene, tp. Greene co. co. Pa. 11 se Waynes-
Greene, tp. Indiana co. Pa.
Greene, tp. Pike co. Pa.
Greene, lp. Adams co. O. on the Ohio r.
Greene, tp, Clinton co, O. [Lisbon.
Greene, tp, Columbiana co. O. 9 n of New
Greene, tp. Fayelte co. O.
Greene, tp. Hamilton co. O
Greene, lp. Harrison co. O.
Greene, tp. Hocking co. O.
Greene, tp. Richland co. O.
Greene, tp. Ross co. O.
Greene, tp. Suramit co. O.
Greene, tp. Wayne co. O.
Greene, tp. Iowa co. Wis,
Greenfield, tp. Hancock co. Me.
Greenfield, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 35 sw of Cd
Greenfield, pv. cap. of FrankUn co. Mass. on
the Connecticut river. [sion Spa
Greenfield, lp. Saratoga co. N.Y. 10 n of BaU-
Greenfield, tp. Bedford co. Pa. 22 n of Bedford
Greenfield, pt. Erie co. Pa, [barre
Greenfield, tp, Luzerne co. Pa. 30 nr Wilkes-
Greenfield, borough, Washington co. Pa.
Greenfield, pv. Nelson co.Va, 107 wof R.
Greenfield, pv. Sullivan co, Tenn. 200e of Ne.
Greenfield, ip. Fairfield co. O.
Greenfield, pv- Highland co. O. 72 sw of Cs
Greenfield, lp. Huron co. 0. 106 n of Cs.
Greenfield, pt. Wayne co, Mich. 6 nw of D.
Greenfield, pv. cap. of Hancock co, ind. 20 b
of Indianapolis.
Greenfield, pv. Greene co. 111. 60 sw of Sd.
Greenfield, pv. cap. of Dade co. Mo. 150 sw
of Jefferson City. [Citv.
Greenfield, pv. Shelby co. Mo. 136 n of Jef,
Greenfield, pv. Milwaukie co. Wis. 92 s of
Madison. [of Cd.
Greenland, pt. Rockinghara co. N.H.45esi
Green Mountains. See Gazetteer, p. 244.
Green Oak, pt. Livingston co. Mich, 40 w D
Greenock, pv. Crittenden co. Ark, on Miss, r
Greenport, tp. Columbia co. N.Y. 2 s of
Hudson. [Long I.
Greenport. pv. Suffolk co. N-Y. ne end of
Green r. Ky. flows into the Ohio r.
Green r, CaUfornia, one of the head branches
of the Colorado.
Greensboro', pt. Orleans co.Vt. 30NNEMtr.
Greensboro', pv. Greene co. Pa. 196 w of H
Greensboro', pv, Caroline co.Md. 59s of An
Greensboro', pv. cap. of Guilford co. N.C. 82
WNW of Raleigh. [of M.
Greensboro', pv. cap. of Greene co. Ga. 44 N
Greensboro', pv. Greene co, Ala. 40 s of T.
Greensboro', pv, cap, of Choctaw co, Min.
110 NB of JacksouC

GRI

583

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Greensboro', tp, Greene co. Ky, 90 ssw of F.
Greensboro', pv. Henry co, Ind. 40 e of Is.
Greensburg, borough, cap, of Westmoreland
CO. Pa. 168 w of Harrisburg.
Greensburg, pv. cap. of St. Helena par. La. on
Ticfcfaw river.
Greensburg, pv. Trumbull co. O. 185 ne Cs.
Greensburgj pv. cap. of Decatur co, Ind. 47
se of Indianapolis.
Green's Fork, tp. Randolph co. Ind.
Greenstown, pv. Stark co, 0. 130 ne of Cs.
jGreenupsburg, pv, cap. of Greenup co. Ky.
,on the Ohio river. [of A.
Green Village, pv, Franklin co. Me, 90 nw
Greenville, pt, Piscataquis co. Me. 90 ne A.
GreenviUe, pv. Providence co. R. I. 9 w of
Providence.
GreenvUle, pt. Greene co. N.Y, 29 s of Al.
GreenviUe, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 70 n of Tn.
Greenville, tp, Erie co. Pa,
GreenviUe, pt, Somerset co. Pa.
GreenviUe, pv. Augusta co.Va. 120 wnw R.
Greenville, pv. cap. of Pitt co. N.C^nTar r,
Greenville C. H. pv, cap. of Greenville dist,
S.C. LlOOwofM.
Greenville, pv, cap. of Meriwether co. Ga.
Greenville, pv.cap. of Butler co. Ala. 140 sse
of Tuscaloosa. [of Little Rock.
Greenville, pv. cap. of Clark co. Ark, 78 sw
GreenviUe, pv. cap. of Greene co. Tenn. ^53
E of NashviUe.
Greenyille, pv. cap. of Muhlenburg co. Ky,
on an affluent of Green river.
Greenville, pv. cap, of Darke co. O. 90 w Cs.
Greenville, pv, Floyd co, Ind, 110 s of Is.
GreenviUe, pv, cap. of Bond co. 111. 74 s Sd.
Greenviile, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Mo. on St.
Francis river.
Greenwich, pt. Harapshire co. Mass. 75 w B.
Greenwich, pt. Fairfield co. Conn; 62 swHd.
Greenwich, pt. Wn. co. N.Y, 35 nne of Al.
Greenwich, pt. Cumberland co. N. J. 73 ssw
of Trenton. [Woodbury,
Greenwich, tp. Gloucester co, N. J. 7 sw of
Greenwich, pt. Warren co. N. J. 10 s of Bel
videre.
Greenwich, tp. Be^-ks co. Pa. 18 ne Reading.
Greenwich, pt. Huron co. O. 93 n of Cs.
Greenwich Village, pv. Harapshire co.
Mass. 73 w of Boston.
Greenwood, pt. Oxford co. Me. 54 w of A.
Greenwood, pt. Steuben co. N.Y.
Greenwood, pt. Colurabia co. Pa. 92 nne H.
Greenwood, tp. Crawford co. Pa. ,
Greenwood, lp. Juniata co. Pa. on Susqa. r.
Greenwood, tp. Perry co. Pa. 10 he of
Bloomfield.
Greenwood, pv. Laurens dist. S. C 80 nw^ Ca.
Greenwood, pv. Caddo par. La. 150 nw N.O.
Greenwood, pv- Johnson co. Ind, iS s of Is,
Greersbupg, Pa. See Darlington,
Gregg, tp. Centre co. Pa, on Sinking cr.
Greig, greg, tp. Lewis co. N.Y, on Moose r.
Grenada, pv. Yalabusha co. Miss, ou Yala
busha river.
Griffin, pv. Pike co. Ga. 80 w of M. [of R,
Griffinsburg, pv. Culpepper co-Va. 106 NW
Griffin's Mills, pv. Erie co, N.Y. in Au
rora township. [of Tn.
Griggstown, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 20 nne
Griggsville, pv. Pike co. III. 60 w of "Sd.
Griswold, pt. New London eo. Conn. 50 ese
of Hartford. , [Missouri r.
GifciawoLD City, pv. Franklin co. Mo. on the

Groton, pt, Grafton co, N.H. 42 nnw of Cd.
Grolon, pt, Caledonia co.Vt. 30 e of Mtr,
¦ Groton, pt, Middlesex co, Mass. 33 nw of B
Groton, pt. New London co. Conn, 45 se Hd.
Groton, pt. Torapkins co. N.Y. on FaU cr,
Grototi, pt. Erie co, O. 95 n of Cs.
Grove, pt, Alleghany co. N;Y. 260 wsw Al.
Grove, tp. CUnton co. Pa. [nesus Lake.
Groveland, lp. Livingston co. N.Y. on Co-
Groveland, pt. Oakland oo. Mich. 44 nw of D.
Groveland, pv. Tazewell co. 111. 62 n of Sd.
Guadalupe r. Texas, flows into the San An
tonio. Length 250 m.
Guanaxuato or Guanajuato, gvran''3t-Hwah'
to (see Introduction XXVII. 9, 10 and 17).
a small but populous state in the central
part of Mexico, nw of the city of Mexico.
Area 8,600 sq. m. Pop. 450,000. For Gua
naxuato, the capital of the above, see
Gazetteer.
Guay AMA, gwT-ah'raa, a sea-port on the s
coast of Porto Rico, alraost due s from San
Juan.
Guaymas, gwi'mas, a sea-port of Sonora,
on the Gulf of California, w^ith one of the
best harbours on the western coast of
Mexico. Lat. about 28° n, Lon, 110" 10' w.
Pop. between 3,000 and 4,000.
GuAZACUALCo or Hdasacualco, gwas-S.-
kwal'ko, a small r, of Mexico, forraing a
part of the boundary between the states of
Vera Cruz and Tabasco. At its mouth, in
the Gulf of Mexico, there is a tolerable
harbour,
Guilderlakd, pt. Albany CO. N.Y, 9w of Al.
Guildhall, pv. cap. of Essex co. Vt, on
Connecticut riverr [taquis r.
Guilford, pt, Piscataquis co. Me, on Pisca-
Guilford, pt, Windhara co, Vt, 124 s of Mtr.
Guilford, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 50 s Hd,
Guilford, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 100 w of Al.
Guilford, tp, Franklin co. Pa. 6 se of Cham
bersburg.
Guilford, v, Columbiana co. O.
'Guilford, tp, Medina co, O.
Guines, ghe-nps', an inland town of Cuba,
45 ra. SE from Havana, The cUmate is fine,
and invalids from the tJnited States fre
quently winter here. It is the southern
termination of the principal railroad in Iho
island. Pop, between 3,000 and 4,000,
GuLLiTsviLLE, pv. Monroe co. Ga. 60 w M.
GuiTivis, See Mayo,
Gustavus, pt, Trambull co. O.
GuYAN, ghi'an, tp, Gallia co. O.
Guyandotte t, Va. See Gazetteer,
GUYANDOTTE, LiTTLE, Ti Va, flows iuto the
Ohio river.
Guyandotte, pv. Cabell co.Va. on the Ohio r.
Gwyn'nedd, pt. Montgoraery CO, Pa.
Hackensack r. N.J. flows into Newark Bay.
Hackensack, pv,, cap. of Bergen co. N- J. on
Hackensack river, 76 ne of Tn. [York,
Hackensack,tp.Bergenco,N. J. 13n of New
Hackettstown, pv.Warren co. N. J. 60 n Tn.
Haddam, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 22 s of Hd.
Haddonfield, pv. Caraden co. N,J.35sW
of Trenton.
-Haddonsville, pv. Todd co. Ky. 190 sw P.
Hadley, pt. Harapshire co. Mass. on Conn, r.
Hadley, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y, 56 n of Al.
Hadley, pt. Lapeer co, Mich. 58 n of D.
Hadley, pv. Will co. IU. 174 nk of Sd.

HAM

584

HAR

Uadlyme, pv. New London co^ Conn. 40 s Hd.
flAERLEM. See Harlem. [36 wnw of Al.
Hagerman's Mills, pv. Montgomery co. NY.
Hagerstown, Md, See Gazetteer.
Hagerstown, pv. Preble co. O. about 100 w Cs.
Hagerstown.jjv. Wayne co, Ind. 60 e of Is.
IL1.GUE, pt. WaiTcn co. N.Y. 90 n of Al.
Hague, pv.Westmoreland co. Va. 76 ne of R.
I-Iaguei, pv. Logan co, Ky, 174 sw of F.
llAiNsj tp. Centre co. Pa. 19 e of BeUefonle.
Hale, tp. Harden co. O.
Half Acre, v. Putnara co, Ga,
Half Moon, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y, 13 N of Al,
Half Moon, pt; Centre co. Pa. 100 nw of H.
Halifax, pt. Windham co.Vt. on Green r.
Halifax, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 36 sse of B.
HaUfax, pt. Dauphin co. Pa. 2:3 n of H.
Halifax (or Banister), pv. cap. of HaUfax co,
Va. on Banister river, [Boanoke r,
Halifax, pv. cap. of Halifax co. N. C. on the
Halifax, pv. Kemper co. Miss. 100 ene of J.
Halifax, pv. Wilson co. Tenn. 24 e of Ne.
Hallett's Cove, pv. Queen's co. N.Y.
Hallowell, Me. See Gazetteer.
Hall's Stream, N. H. a small r. which flows
into the Connecticut river. [Al.
Hall's Mills, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 30 wsw of
Hallstown, pv. Jefferson co.Va. 172 n of R.
Hallsville, pv. DupUn co. N. C 97 se of Rh.
Hallsville, pv. Chester,dist. S. C 52 n of Ca.
Hamburg, pv. New London co. Conn. 34 sse
of Hartford.
Hamburg, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 300 w of Al.
Haraburg, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 66 n of Tn,
Haraburg, pv. Berks co. Pa. 68 ene of H.
Hamburg, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C on Savan
nah river.
Hamburg, pv. Macon co. Ga. 88 sw of M.
Hamburg, pv. Perry co. Ala. 65 s of T.
Hamburg, pv. Hardin no. Tenn, 140 sw of Ne.
Hamburg, pt, Livingston co, Mich, 50 wnw D,
Haraburg, pv, Calhoun co. 111. onJVIississippi r.
Hamburg, pv, Clarke co. Ind. 120 s of Is.
Hamburg os the_Lake, pv. Erie co, N.Y. on
Lake Erie.
Hamden, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 33 ssw Hd.
Hamden, pt. Delaware co. N.Y, on a branch
of the Delaware river.
Hamilton, pt. Essex co. Mass. 22 nne of B,
Hamilton, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 96 w of Al.
Hamilton, tp. Atlantic co. N. J. 30 se of
Woodbury. [burg.
Hamilton, lp. Adams co. Pa. 12 ne of Geltys-
Hamilton, tp. Franklin co. Pa,
Harailton, tp. M'Kean co. Pa.
Hamilton, tp, Monroe co. Pa.
Hamilton, pv, Loudon co,Va. 160 n of R.
Hamilton, pv. Martin co. N. C 127 e of Rh,
Hamilton, pv. cap, of Harris co. Ga, 126 wsw
of MUIedgeville,
Hamilton, pv, Autauga co. Ala. 92 se of T.
Hamilton, pv. Monroe co. Miss. 156 ne of J,
Hamilton, pv. cap, of Butler co, O. on Great
Miami river.
HamUton, lp. Franklin co. O. on Scioto r.
HamUton, lp, Warren CO. O,
Hamilton, pt. Van Buren co. Mich,
Hamilton, pv. Hamilton co. 111. [Sabine r.
Harailton, a v. of Texas, in Shelby co. on the
HaraUton, a flourishing and important t. of
Canada West, situaied a few miles s of Bur
lington Bay, at the w extremity of Lake On
tario. Pop. estimaled al 8,000.
HAMiLToif Ban, tp. Adams co. Pa

Hamilton ViLLAfeE, v. Philadephia co.Pa.l
w of the SchuylkiU river.
Hamilton VILLE, or Newtown Hasclton,
pv. Mifflin CO. Pa. on Juniata r.
Hamlin's Grant, tp. Oxford co. Me.
Hammond, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on tha
St. Lawrence,
Hammondsport, pt. Steuben co. N. Y. on
Crooked Lake, [river.
Hampden, pt, Penobscot co. Me. on Penobscot
Hampden, pt. Geauga co, O, [of Cd,
Hampstead, pt, Rockingham co.N.H, 28 sse
Hampstead, pv. CarroU co. Md. 56 nw of An.
Harapstead, pv. King George co, Va. 90 nne R,
Hampton, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. on the
Atlantic.
Hampton, pt. Windham co. Conn. 40 e of Hd.
Hampton, v- Oneida co. N.Y.
Hampton, pt.Washington CO. N.Y. 26NSalem.
Hampton, pv. Adams co. Pa. 30 sw of H.
Hampton, pv, cap, of Elizabeth City co,Va, on
Hampton river. 
Hampton, pv. Rock Island co. IU. 150 nnw Sd.
Hampton Roads, Va. an arm of Chesapeake
Bay, near the raouth of James r. It is suf
ficiently deep for the largest ships of vrar,
and is an imporiant naval station.
Hamptonburg, pt. Orange co. N.Y, 4 ne of
Goshen. [sw of Portsmoolh.
Hampton Falls, pt. Rockingham co. N.H. 16
Hamptonville, pv. Surry co. N. C 145 WN\v
Hamtramck, tp. Wayne co. Mich, [of Rh.
Hancock, pi, Hancock co. Me. 95 e of A.
Hancock, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 34 sw Cd.
Hancock, pt. Addison co.Vt. 39 ssw of Mtr
Hancock, pt. Berkshire co. Mass, 142 w B.
Hancock, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. on Del. r.
Hancock, pt. Wn. co. Md. on Potomac r,
Hancock Bridge, pv. Salem co.N.J. BSswTn.
Hancock Factory, pv- Hillsboro' co. N. H.
30 sw of Concord.
Hancockville, pv. Union dist. S. C 85 nw Ca.
Handy, tp. Livingston co, Mich.
Hanging Rock, pv. Hampshire co. Va,
Hannahsbtjrg, pv. Butler co. Pa. 207 wnwH.
Hannibal, pi- Oswego co. N.Y. 175 wnw Al,
Hannibal, pv. Marion co. Mo, on Miss. r.
Hannibal VULE, v. Oswego co. N.Y.
Hanover, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn. r.
Hanover, pt, Plymouth co. Mass. 24 ssw of B.
Hanover, pi. Chautauque co. NY. on L.Erie.
Hanover, tp. Burlington co.N.J. 12 ne of
Mount Holly. [town.
Hanover, pt. Morris co. N. J. 5 N of Morris-
Hanover, tp, Beaver co. Pa.
Hanover, tp. Dauphin co. Pa, 15 se of H.
Hanover, lp. Lehigh co. Pa. on Lehigh r.
Hanover, tp. Luzerne co. Pa, on Susqa. r.
Hanover, lp. Northampton co. Pa,
Hanover, pt. AVashington co. Pa,
Hanover, borough, York co. Pa, 35 s of H,
Hanover C H. pv. cap, of Hanover co. Va
20 N of Richmond.
Hanover, tp. Butler co. O, [Lisbon
Hanover, tp. Colurabiana co. 0. 10 s of New
Hanover, v. Harrison co. O, 8 nw of Cadiz.
Hanover, pt. Licking co. O. 48 ne of Cs.
Hanover, tp. Richland co. O.
Hanover, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 90 w of D.
Hanover, lp. Shelby co. Ind. £nw of Cd.
Hanover Centre, pv. Grafton co. N. H. &i
Hanoverton, pv. Columbiana co. O.
Hanson, pt, Plymouth co. Mass. 28 sse of B,
Harbor cr. pt. Erie co. Pa. 6 ns of Erie.

HAR

585

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Hardin, pv. Shelby co. 0. 85 wnw of Cs.
HARDiNsBURa, pv. cftp. of Breckenridge co.
Ky, 115 wsw of Frankfort.
Hardinshurg, v. Dearborn co. Ind. on Great
Miami river.
Hardinshurg, pv. Wn. co. Ind. 106 s of Is.
Hardinsville, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 9 w of F.
HARnwicK, pt. Caledonia co.Vt. 27 ne of Mtr,
Hardwick, pv. Worcester co.Mass.68wof B.
Hardwickj lp. Warren co. N, J. 15 ne of Bel
videre.
Hardwick, Ga. See Gazetteer.
Hardy, tp. Holmes co. O,
Hardyston, tp. Sussex co. N. J. on WalUriU r,
Harford, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa.
Harios, tp. Centre co. Pa.
Harlem, pv. N.York co. N.Y. on Harlem r,
Harlem, pt. Delaware co. O, 27 N of Cs,
Harlansburg, pv. Mercer co. Pa.
Harlesville, pv, Marion dist. S. C, on Lit
tle Pedee river,
Harlingen, pv. Somerset co. N . J. 18 n of Tn.
Harmar, pv, Washington co. O. ou Muskin
gum river.
Harmony, pt. Somerset co. Me. 57 n of A.
Harmony, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y.
Harmony, pt. Warren co. N. J. 58 N of Tn.
Harmony, v. Butler co. Pa. 12 ne of Beaver.
Harmony, tp. Susquehaima co. Pa, on Sus
quehanna river.
Harmony, pv, Halifax co. Va, 150 sw of R.
Harmony, pv. York dist. S. C. 100 n of Ca.
Harraony, pv. Weakly co. Tenn. 132 w of Ne,
Harmony, tp. Clark co. O,-
Harmony, lp, Delaware co. O,
Harmony, tp. Perry co, Ind. [Jefferson City,
Harmony, pv. Washington co. Mo. 100 se of
Harmony Vale, pv. Sussex co. N. J, 82 n Tn.
Harnageville, pv. Cherokee co. Ga. 140 nw
of MilledgevUle.
Harper's Ferry, pv. Jefferson co.Va. at the
junction of the Shenandoah w^ith the Po
tomac, on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad.
The^cenery here is singularly picturesque
and romantic, and the place is in conse
quence rauch visited by travellers. [Al.
Harpersfield, pv. Delaw^are co. N.Y. 64 w of
Harpersfield, pt. Ashtabula co. O. on Grand r,
Harpersville,pv. Broome co.N.Y. near the
Susquehamia river. ,
HarpersvillCjpv. Shelby co. Ala. 90 e df T,
Harpbth r. T^nn. flows inlo Cumberland r,
Harpswell, tp. Cumberland co- Me.
Harriettstown, lp, Franklin co, N.Y. 35 s
of Malone. [Narraguagus r,
Harrington, pt. Washington co. Me. on
Harrington, tp. Bergen co. N .J, on ihC Hudson,
Harrington, pv. Curaberland co. N. C. 60 s Rh.
Harris, pt. Centre co. Pa.
Harris, a co. in Ihe se part of Texas, bor-
- dering on Galveston Bay. Soil, especially
towards the h and w, extreraely fertile.
Houston is the capital.
Harrisburg, pt. Lewisco. N.Y, on Deer cr.
Harrisburg, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C
Harrisburg, pv. Franklin co, O. 23 sw of Cs,
Harrisburg, lp, Medina co. O.
Harrisburg, pv, Fayelte co, Ind. 56 e of Is.
Harrisburg, pv. Van Buren co, Iowa.
Harrisburg, v. of Harris co. Texas, 5 E of
Houston.
Harrison, pt, Cumberland co. Me, 62 wsw A.
Harrison, tp, Westchester co. N.Y. 3 e of
White Plains

Harrison, tp. Hudson co. N. J.
Harrison, tp. Potter co. Pa. [Rock.
Harrison, pv. Uniqn co. Ark. 98 8 of Little
Harriott, pv. Hamilton co. Tenn.
Harrison, tp. Carroll co. O,
Harrison, tp. Champaign co. O. on Stony or.
Harrison, tp. Darke co. O.
Harrison, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 126 wsw of Cb.
Harrison, tp. Perry co. O.
Harrison, tp. Pickaway co. O. on Scioto r.
Harrison, tp. Preble co. Q.
Harrison, tp. Macomb co. Mich.
Harrison, Tp. Fayette co, Ind,
Harrison, tp, Harrison co, Ind.
Harrison, a co, in the nk part of Texas, on
the Sabine river. It is well timbered, and
the soil in many parts is very fertile. Capi
tal, Marshall, [Va. 130 NW of R.
Harrisonburg, pv. cap. of Rockingham co.
Harrisonburg, pv. cap. of Catahoola par. La.
on Washita river.
Harrisonville, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 40 w of F .
Harrisonville, pv. Meigs co. O.
Harrisonville, pv. Monroe co. IU. on the Mis
sissippi river, 127 ssw of Springfield.
HarrisonvUlCj pv. cap. of Van Buren co. Mo
on Grand nver.
Harrisville, pv. Butler co. Pa. 224 WNW H.
Harrisville, pv. Dinwiddie co. Va. 52 s of R.
Harrisville, pv. Harrison co. 0. 120 ene of Ca.
Harrodsburg, pv. cap, of Mercer co, Ky. 30
s of Frankfort.
Hartfield, v. Chautauque co. N.Y.
Hartford, pt. Oxford co. Me. 34 w of A.
Hartford, pi. Windsor co.Vt. on Conn, r,
Hartford, pt. Washington co. N.Y. 14 n Salem,
Hartford, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa,
Hartford, v. Pulaski co. Ga. on Ocmulgee r.
Hartford, pv. cap. of Obio co. Ky. 154 wsw F.
Hartford, tp. Licking co, O.
Hartford, pt, TrumbuU co. 0. 187 ne of Cs,
Hartford, pv. cap. of Blackford co. Ind. 80
NE of Indianapolis. .
Hartford, pv. Delaware co. Ind. 92 ne of Is.
Hartford, pv. Knox co. Ill, 93 nnw of Sd.
Hartford, pv. Des Moines co. Iowa.
Hartland, pt. Soraerset co. Me. 47 n of A. ,
Hartland, pt. "Windsor co. Vt. on Conn. r.
Hartland. pt. Hartford co. Conn, 24 hne Hd.
HartlandJ pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 270 w of AI,
Hartland, pt. Huron co, O. 9 se of Norwalk.
Hartland, pt, Livingston co. Mich, 52 w of D.
Hartland, pv. M'Henry co. 111, 226 nne of gd.
Hartley, tp. Union co. Pa.
Hartleyton, pv. Union co. Pa, 80 n of H.
Hart's Grove, pt. Ashiabula co. 0. 180 he Cs.
Hartsville, pv. Berkshire co, Mass. 134 w B.
Hartsville, pv, Onondaga eo. N.Y. 130 w of Al.
HarlsviUe, pv. Bucks co.Ta. 108 e of H.
HartsviUe, pv. Sumner co. Tenn. on Cumber
land river.
Hansville, pv. Bartholomew co. Ind. 54 s Is
Hartsville, v. cap. of Wright co. Mo. on a
branch of the Gasconade.
Hartwick, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 74 w of Al.
Hartwick Seminary, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. on
the Susquehanna river.
Harvard, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 32 nw B.
Harveysburg,' pv. Warren co. O. 80 he Cs.
Harveysville, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 108 NE.H.
Harwich, pt. Barnstable co, Mass. on the At
lantic.
Harwinton, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 24 w Hd.
Haskinsville, pv. Greene co. Ky. 97 ssw F

HEL

5B6

HIG

lelABTiNGS, pt, Oswego CO, N.Y. 150 wnw Al.
Hastings, v. Westchester co. N.Y. 20 n N.Y.
Hastings, pv. cap. of Barry co. Mich. 144 w D.
Hatborough, pv. Montg. co. Pa. 17 n of Phi
ladelphia. [Mississippi.
Hatchy or Hatchee r. Tenn. flows into the
Hatfield, pt, Haippshire co. Mass, on Con
necticut river.
Hatfield, tp, Montg, co. Pa. 24 Nwof Phila.
H^tt'bras, Cape, a dangerous promontory
on the E coast of N. C,
Havana, pv. Chemung co. N.Y. 194 wsw Al.
Havana, pv. Greene co. Ala. 25 s of T.
Havana, v. Licking co. O.
Havana^pv. cap. of Mason co. III, on 111. r.
Haverford, pt, Delaware co. Pa. 8 w Phila.
HAVERHiLTt, pt, Grafton co. N, H. on Coun, r.
Haverhill, pt. Essex co. Mass, on Merrimack r.
Haverstraw, pt. Rockland co. N.Y. on the
Hudson river.
Havre de Grace, Md. See Ga«etteer,
Haw Cr. tp. Barlholoraew co. Ind. [Ohio r,
Hawesville, pv. cap. of Hancock co, Ky, on
Hawfield, pv. Orange co. N. C 48 nw Rh.
Hawkinsville, pv. cap. orPulaski co. (Ja.
on Ocraulgee nver.
Hawley pt. Franklin co. Mass, 110 w of B,
Haw r, N, C unites witn Deep r, to form
Cape Fear river. [nnw of R.
Hawsburg, pv, Rappahannock co, Va. 130
Haycock, ip, Bucks co. Pa,
HayfielD) pt. Crawford co. Pa. [n of R.
Hay Market, pv. Prince William co, Va, 114
Haynesville, pv- York dist. S. C, 86 n of Ca,
Haynesville, pv, Houston co. Ga. 70 sw of M.
Haynesville, pv. cap. of Lowndes co. Ala. 116
SE of Tuscaloosa.
Haynesville, pv. Ohio co. Ky, 140 sw of F.
Haysville, pv. Richland co, O. 78 nne of Cs.
Haywood, pv. Chatham co.N. C. 30 wof Bh.
Hazle, tp. Luzerne co. Pa, [of T.
Hazle Green, pv. Madison co. Ala. 170 nne
Hazleton, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 106 ne of H,
Head of Harbour, v. Suffolk co. N.Y. 50 e
of New York.
Heath, pt. FrankUn co. Mass. 109 wnw of B,
Heath, lp. Harrison co, Ind. [Va. 98 e of R,
Heathsville, pv. cap. of Northuraberland co.
Heathsville, pv. HaUfax co. N. C. 82 ne Rh.
Hebardsville, pv. Athens CO, O, 6 s Athens.
H EBB ERDsv ILLE, pv, Hcndcrson CO. Ky, 183
w of Frankfort.
Hebron, pt. Oxford co. Me. 45 wsw of A,
Hebron, pt. Grafton cO. N. H. 40 nw of Cd,
Hebron, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 25 se of Hd.
Hebron, pt.Washington co. N.Y. 54 n of Al.
Hebron, tp. Potter co. Pa.
Hebron, pv. Washington co. Ga. 16 se of M.
Hebron, pt. Licking co. O. 27 ne of Cs.
Hebron, pv. M'Henry co. 111. [of H.
Hecktown, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 100 ene
Hector, pt. Torapkins co. N.Y. 14 w Ithaca.
Hector, pt. Poller co. Pa.
HEroELBERG, hl'dl-burg, tp. Berks co. Pa.
Heidelburg, tp. Lebanon cO. Pa.
Heidelberg, tp. Lehigii co. Pa. oiv Lehigh r.
Heidelberg, tp. York co. Pa. 15 sw of York.
Heildersburg, pv. Adams co. Pa. 25 se of H.
Helderbergs, hiUs or mountains^ N.Y. in the
w part of Albany and Schoharie counties.
Helena, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. [river.
Helena, St. pv. St. Helena par. La. on Ticfah
Helena, pv. Maaon co. Ky. 87 ne of F.
Helena, py. cap. of Philips co, Ark. on Miss. r.

Helena', pv. lovra co. Wis. 60 nw of Afadison.
Hellam, pt, York co. Pa. 29 s of H.
Hellen, pv. Clearfield co. Pa. 176 nw of H.
Hellerstown, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 97
ENE of H, [ons pass in East r. 7 nr N.Y
Hell Gate, or Helle Gatt, N.Y. a danger
Helt, tp. VerraiUon co. Ind.
Hemlock, tp. Columbia co. Pa. [Iwide.
Hemlock Lake, Livingston co. N.Y. 6 m. long
Hempfield, pv, Lancaster co. Pa. 40 be of H.
Hempfield, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa.
Hempstead, pt. Queen's co. N.Y. 20e of N.Y.
Hempstead Harbor, pv. Queen's co. N.Y,
Henderson, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y.. Hender
son Harbor, v. in. the above tp. on Laka
Ontario, 180 nw of Albany. [river.
Henderson, tp, Huntingdon co. Pa. on Juniata
Henderson, pv. GrranviUe co, N. C. 44 N of Rh,
Henderson, pv, Houston co. Ga. 68 sw of M.
Henderson,, pv. cap. of Henderson co, Ky. on
Ohio river,
Henderson, pv. Knox co. 111. on Henderson r.
Henderson, v. of Texas, cap. of Rusk co. about
15 ra, s of the Sabine r, Pop.,near 100,
Hendersosvtlle, Va, See Nottaway C, H,
Hendersonville, pv, cap. of Henderson co, N.
C on French Broad river, [of Ne.
Hendersonville, pv, Sumner co. Tenn. 16 ns
Hendersonville, pv, Henry co, Ky, 33 nw P,
Hendrysburg, pv. Belmont co. O. 15 w of
St. Clairsville.
Henlo'pen, Cape, Del- on the west side of
the entrance ofDelaware Bay. [nois r.
Hennepin, pv. cap. of Putnam co. III. on Illi-
Henntker, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. 15 wCd.
Henrietta, pt. Monroeco.N.Y. on Genesee r.
Henrietta, pt. Lorain co. O. 35 w Cleveland.
Henrietta, pt. Jackson co, Mich,
Henry, Cape, at the s side of the entrance
of Chesapeake Bay,
Henry Clay, tp. Fayelte co. Vr.
Henry, tp. Wood co. O.
Henry, tp. Henry co, Ind. [Uamsport.
Hepburn, pt, Lycoraiii^ co. Pa, 9 h of Wfl-
HerculaneuMj pv. Jefferson co. Mo. on lha
Mississippi nver.
Hereford, pt. Berks co. Pa, 60 b of H.
Hereford, pv. Baltimore co, Md, 52 nw of An.
Herkimer, pv. cap, of Herkimer co. N.Y. on
the Mohawk r. [Missouri r.
Hermann, pv- cap. of Gasconade co. Mo. on
Hermon, pt. Penr)bseot co. Me. 7 w Bangor.
Hermon, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. l^N of J.
Hernando, pv. cap, of De Soto co. Miss, 200
Herrick, lp. Susquehaiuia co. Pa. 20 sb of
Montrose.
Herrick, pt. Bradford co. Pa.
Hertford, pv. cap, of Perquimans co, N. C
on Perquimans river. [Oswegatchie i
Heuvelton, pv, St. Lawrence co. N.Y- ou
HiAQUi, See Yaqui. [aee r
HiWAssEE r. Tenu. flows into the Tennes-
Hibeenu, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 1 h of .Jef
Hickory, tp. Mercer co. Pa. [City-
Hickory, pv. Washington co. Pa, 220 w of H,
Hickory, pv, Carroll co. O. 121 ene of Cs.
HiCKSBURG, pv. Dorchester co. Md.
Hicksford, pv. cap. of GreenviUe co.Va. on
Meherrin river.
HtCKsviLLE, v. Queen's co, N.Y. on Long I,
Hicksville, pv.WUliams co, O, 177NWof Cs.
HiGGANUM, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. 21 s Hd.
HiGGiNSPORT, pv. Brown co, O. on Ohio r.
High Falls, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 70 s of AL

HOL

587

HOP

High Gatb, pt, FrankUn co. Vt. on L. Cham
plain.
H10HI.AHD, pv. Highland co, O. 50 sw of Cs.
Highland, pt, Oakland co. Mich. 45 nw of D.
Highland Mills, pv. Orange co.N.Y.
Highlands, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
Hightower. SeeETow^AH, Gazetteer.
Hightstown, pv. Mercer co, N. J, 19 e Tn.
Hill, pt. Grafton co. N. H, 24 nnw of Cd,
Hill Gore, tp.Washington eo. Me.
HiLLiAR, tp. Knox CO. O.
HilluRdston, pv. Nash co. N. C. 60 nne Rh.
Hillsborough, pt. HUlsborough co. N. H. on
Contoocook river, 24 sw of Concord.
HUlsborough, tp. Somerset co. N.J. on an af
fluent of Raritan river.
Hillsborough, pv.Washington co. Pa. 200 w H.
Hillsborough, pv. Caroline co. Md. 60 e An.
Hillsborough, pv. Loudon co.Va. 166 n of R.
Hillsborough, pv. cap. bf Orange co. N. C 40
NW of Raleigh.
Hillsborough, pv. Jasper co. Gfa. 28 nw of M.
Hillsborough, pv. Lawrence co.Ala. 127 n T.
HiUsborough, pv. cap- of Scott co. Miss. 48 e J.
Hillsborough, pv. Coffee co. Tenn. 76 se Ne.
Hillsborough, pv. Fleming co, Ky, 90 e of F.
HiUslwroagh, pv. cap. of Highland co, O. 75
sw of Columbus. [of Is.
HillsboroRgh, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 60 wnw^
Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Montgomery co.
III. 64 s of Springfield. [river.
HUlsborough, pv, cap. of Jef, co. Mo. on Big
Hillsborough Bridge, pv. HiUsborough co.
N.H. 21 sw of Concord.
Hillsborough Centre, pv. Hillsborough co.
N. H, 24 sw of Concord.
Hillsdale, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 45 s of Al.
Hillsdale, pv. HUlsdale co. Mich. 98 wsw D.
Hillsville, pv. Mercer co. Pa, 245 wnw H.
HiLLTOWN, pt. Bucks CO. Pa.
Hinckley, pt. Medina co. O, 130 nne of Cs.
HiNEsBuRG, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 42 w Mtr.
HiNESviLLE, pv. cap. of Liberty co. Ga. 196
GE of Milleageville. [15 se of B.
Hingham, bing'gum, pt. Plymouth co. Mass.
HiNkletown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 42 ese H.
Hinsdale, pt. Cheshire co. N.H. on Ashue-
lot river,
Hinsdale, pt. Berkshire co, Mass. 120 w of B.
Hinsdale, pt, Cattaraugus co. N. Y.
Hiram, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r.
Hiram, pt. Portag-e co, O. 154 he of Cs.
Hitchcockville, pv. Litchfield co. Conn, on
Farmington river.
Hitesville, pv. Coles co. IU, 108 ese of Sd.
HtWASSEE r. Tenn. enters Tennessee r.
Hobart, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. 65 wsw Al.
Hoboken, N. J, See Gazetteer.
Hockhocking r. O. flows into the Ohio r.
Hocking, lp. Fairfield co. O,
Hocking City, pv. Athens co. 0. 100 se of Cs.
Hockingpoet, pv. Athens co. 0. 104 se of Cs.
Hodgdon, pt. Aroostook co. Me,
H0DGEN8VILLE, pv, Hardin co. Ky. 89 sw F.
HoFFsviLLE,.pv. Harrisou co. Va. 250 nw R.
HoGANSFORT, pv. FrankUn co. N.Y. ou St.
Regis river.
HoQESTowN, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 9 sw H,
HoKEsviLLE, pv. LiucoUi CO. N. C. 160 wsw
of Raleigh.
Holden, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 48 w of B,
Holderness, pt, Grafto^ co, N, H. 38 n of Cd.
Holdeeness Centre, pv. Grafton co. N. H.
40 N of Concord.

Holland, tp. Orleans co.Vt. 56 nnk of Mtr
HoUand, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 67 sw of B.
Holland, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 284 w of Al.
Holland Patent, pv. Oneida co.N.Y. 12n of
Utica. [canal.
HoLLEY, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. on the Erie
Hollidaysburg, borough, Huntingdon co. Pa.
on Beaver dara cr.
Hollis, pt. York co. Me. on Saco r,
Hollis, pt, HiUsborough CO. N.H. 44 s of Cd,
Holliston, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 24 sw B .
Holly, tp. Oakland co. Mich.
Holly Springs, pv. cap. of Marshall co.
Miss. 193 H of Jackson.
Holmdel, pv. Monmoutfi co, N.J, 45 e of Tn.
Hoi,mesburg, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 9 w of
Bristol.
Holmes Hole, pv. Dukes co. Mass. 89 sse B.
Holmesville, pv, cap, of Appling co. Ga, 177
SSE of MUledgeviUe, [Bogue Chitto river.
HolraesvUle, pv. cap. of Pike co. Miss, on
Holmesville, pv. Avoyelles par. La.
HolmesviUe, pv. Holmes co, 0. 93 he of Cs.
Holston r. Tenn. See Gazetteer,
Home, pv, Jefferson co. Ind. 98 se of Is, [cr.
Homer, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Toughnioga
Homer, lp. Athens co, O. on Federal cr.
Homer, pv. Licking co. O. 46 ne of Cs,
Homer, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. [Lake.
HoNEOYE, pv. Ontario co, N,Y. on Honeoye
HoNEOYE Falls, pv, Monroe co. N. Y, on
Honeoye creek, [long and 1 wide.
Honeoye Lake, N.Y, Onlario co. N.Y. 5 m,
HoNEsDALE, borough, cap, of Wayne co. Pa.
172 NE of Harrisburg.
Honeybrook, pt. Chester co. Pa. 36 NW PhUa.
HoNEYViLLE, pv. Page CO. Va. on Shenandoadi
river. [mack r.
HooKSET, pt. Merrimack co, N. H. on Merri-
HooKSToWN, pv. Beaver co. Pa. 13 sw Beaver.
Hoosick r. N.Y. rises in Mass. and Vt. and
flows into the Hudson in Rensselaer co.
Hoosick, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 32 ne of AI.
Hoosick Falls, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. on
Hoosick r.
HootensvilIhE, pv. Upson co. Ga. on Flint r .
Hope, pt. Waldo co. Me. 36 ese of A.
Hope, pt. HamiUon co. N.Y- 58 nw of Al.
Hope, pt, Warren co. N. J. 66 n of Tn,
Hopewell, pt, Ontario co, N.Y, 187 w of Al.
Hqpewell, tp. Cumberland co. N. J. on Co
hansey creek.
Hopewell, pt. Mercer co. N. J, 17 N of Tn,
Hopewell, pt. Beaver co. Pa. [ford.
Hopewell, pt. Bedford co. Pa. 15 ne of Bed-
Hopewell, tp. Cumbprland co. Pa. 21 w of
Carlisle. [Huntingdon.
Hope-well, pt. Huntingdon co. Pa. 13 sw of
Hopewell, pt.Washin^ioir CO, Pa, 12 nw of
Washington borough.
Hopewell, tp. York co. Pa, 14 be of York.
Hopewell, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C 170
wsw of Raleigh,
Hopewell, pv. York dist, S, C. 92 n of Ca.
Hopewell, tp. Licking co. O-
HopeweU, pt. Muskingum co. O. 46 e of Cs.
Hopewell, tp. Perry^co. O. on Jonathan's cr.
HopeweU, tp. Seneca co. O. on Sandusky r.
Hopkinsville, pv. Chattooga co. Ga, on JL.it-
tie river, 1^200 sw of P.
Hopkinsville, pv, cap. of Christian co. Ky,
Hopkinsville, pt. Warren co. O, 96 wsw Cs,
Hopkinsville, v, cap. of Adair co. Mo.
Hopkinton, pt.Merriiuaok co.N.H. 7 w Cd.
^o*

HUL

588

IND

ITopkinton. pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 29 wsw
of BostSn.
Hopkinton, pt. Wn. co. R. I. on Wood r.
Hopkinton, pt, St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on St.
Regis river.
Horace, tp. Tioga co. Pa.
HoRicoN, pt. Warren co. N.Y. on Hudson r.
Hornby, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. [nisteo r.
H0RNELLSVII.LE, pt, Steuben co. N.Y. on Ca-
HoRNTowN, pv. Accomack co. Va.'
Horn Island, an island in the Gulf of Mexi
co, off the mouth of Pascagoula river.
Hors'ham, pt. Montgoraery co. Pa. 16 n of
Philadelphia. '
Horse Race, N.Y. a name given to the Hud
son r. just before it leaves the Highlands.
HosKiNsviLLE, pv. Morgan co. 0. 90 £ of Cs.
HpT Springs, pv. Bath co. Va. 170 wnw of
R. Here are remarkable springs, charged
with various mineral ingredients.
Hot Springs, pv. cap. of JHot Springs co. Ark.
53 w of Little Rock. [he of A.
Houlton, pv. cap. of Aroostook co. Me, 196
HouMA, py. cap. of Terre Bonne par. La. 132
sw of New OVleans. '. [WatertoWn.
Hounsfield, tp, Jefferson co. N. Y. 6 w of
Houston, tp. Clearfield co. Pa.
Houston, pv. Wayne Co, Tenn. 110 sw of Ne,
Houston, pv. cap. of Chickasaw co. Miss. 145
HE of Jackson.
Houston, Texas. See Gazetteer,
Houston, hews'lon, a co. in the e part of
Texas, between Trinity river and the Ne-
ches. It is moslly covered w^ith woods; soil
along the Trinity, and on some of the up
lands, very fertile. Near the Neches, it is
somew^hat sandy. Capitals, Crockett and
Fort Houston.
HousTONviLLE, pv. IrcdcU CO. N. C 154 w
of Raleigh.
Howard, pt, Steuben co. N.Y,
Howard, pt. Centre co. Pa. 97 Nwof H.
Howard, tp. Knox co- O. on Vernon r,
Howard, tp. Cass co. Mich.
Howard's Gore, Oxford co. Me,
Howell, tp. Monmouth co. N. J.
Howell, pv. Cobb co. Ga. 112 nw of M.
Howell, pv. cap. of Livingston co. Mich. 50
w of Detroit.
Howellsville, pv. Delaware co. Pa.
Howellsville, pv. Warren co. Va. on Shenan
doah river. [quis river.
Howland, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Piscala-
Howland, lp. Trurabull co. O.
HoysviLLE, pv. Loudon co.Va. 166 n of R.
Hubbard, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 180 se Warren.
HufeBARDSToN, pl.Wo'ster CO. Mass. 54 w B.
Hubbardton. pt. Rutland co. Vt. ou Hub-
bardton river.
HuBLERsBURG, DV. Centre co. Pa. 88 nw of H.
Hudson, pt. Hillsboro', co. N, H, 6&s of Cd.
Hudson,' N.Y. See Gazetteer.
Hudson, pv. Sumrait co. O. 137 ne of Cs.
Hudson, pt. Leniiwee CO. Mich. 84 sw of D,
Hudson, pv. La^ Porte CO. Ind. 158 n of Is.
Hudson, pv. M'Lean co. 111. 94 ne of Sd.
HuDsoNViLLE, pv. Marshall co. Miss, 200 n J,
Hudsonville, pv. Breckenridge co. Ky. 120
wsw of Frankfort.
Htjghesville, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. 90 n H.
HUGHSONVILLE, V. Dutcbess CO. N.Y.
HuLBURToN, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. on the
Erie canal.
Hull, tp. Plymouth co. Mass. 9 bse of B.

HuLME^'iLLE, humc'vill, pT. Bucks CO, Pa, 18
NE of Philadelphia,)
Httme, pt, AUeghany co.N.Y- on Genesee r.
HuMMELSTowH, Dorough^, Dauphin co. Pa. 9
E of Harrisburg.
Humphrey, tp. dattaraugns co. N,Y.
HuMPHREYsviLLB, pv. Ncw Havcn CO. Conn.
50 sw of Hartford.
Hunter, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 18 w Catskill,
HuNTERsTowN, pv. Adams co. Pa. 35 sw H.
HuNTERsviLLE, pv. Cap, of Pocahoutas co.Va.
190 WNW of Richmond.
Huntersville, pv. Hardin co, O. 80 nw of Cs,
Huntingdon, lp. Adams co. Pa, 12 ne of Get
tysburg, [Pa, 92 WNW of H,
Huntingdon, borough, cap, of Honttngddn co.
Huntingdon, tp. Luzerne co. Pa, [wof Ne,
Huntingdon, pv- cap. of CarroU co, Tenn. 93
Huntington, tp. Chittenden co.Vt. 20 w^ Mtr,
Huntington, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 17 w of
New Haven,
Humington, pt. Suffolk co, N.Y, on Long I,
Huntington, pv. Laurens dist. S. C 82 nw Ca,
Huntington, tp. Brown co. O. on Ohio r,
Huntington, tp, Gallia co. O. on Racoon cr,
Huntington, pt, Lorain co. 0. 20 sw of Elyria,
Huntington, tp. Ross co. O, [on Wabash r.
Huntington, pv. cap, of Huntingtpn co. Ind.
Huntingtown, pv. Calvert co. Md, 42 sw of
Annapolis.
Huntsburg, pt. Geauga cn. 0, 175 ne of Cs.
Hunt's Hollow, pv, Alleghany co. N.Y,
Huntsville, pv. Surry co.N. Con Yadkin r.
Huntsville, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 56 NW Ca.
Huntsville, pv. Paulding co- Ga, 136 wnw M,
Huntsville, pv. cap. of Madison co, Ala, 150
NNE of Tuscaloosa.
Huntsville, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ark,
Huntsville, pv. Butler co. O, 95 wsw of Cs,
Huntsville, pv. Schuyler co, IU. 80 wnw Sd.
Huntsville, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Mo. ou
Chariton river,
HuntsvUle, v. of Texas, 60 n of Houston.
Hurley, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 60 ssw of Al,
Hurl Gate. See Hell Gate.
Huron r. O. flows mto Lake Erie at Huron.
Huron r. Mich, flows into Lake Erie.
Huron, pt. Wayne co, N.Y. on Lake Ontario.
Huron, pv. Erie co. O, on Lake Erie.
Huron, pt. Wayne co^Mich, 29 sw of D,
Hurricane, tp. Lincoln co. Mo.
Huston, lp. Centre co. Pa,
HusTONviLLB, pv. Lincoln co. Ky. 53 asE F.
HuTsONviLLE, pv. Crawford co, IU.
Hyannis, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 77 se B.
Hyattstown, pv. Montg; co. Md. 72 w An.
Hyattsville, pv. Miami co. O. 82 w of Cs.
Hyde Park, pv. cap. of Lamoille co. Vt. 31 H
of Montpelier. [river.
Hyde Park, pi, Dutchess co, N.Y. on Hudson
Hydesburg, pv. Ralls co. Mo. 108 nne of
Jefferson City.
Iberia, pv. Marion co. O. 54 n of Cs.
Iberia, pv. Miller co. Mo. 50 sw of Jef. City
Iberville, pv. Iberville par. La. 92 wnwN.O
IcKESBURG, pv. Perry, CO. Pa, 40 nw of H.
Ijamsville, pv. Frederickco. Md. 70 nw An.
ImlaYtown, nv. Monraouth co.N. J.IOeTii.
Illinois r. Indian Territory, flows into Ark. r.
Illinois City, pv. Rock Island co. III.
Independence t, N.Y. flows into Black r.
Independence, pt. AUeghany co. N,Y. 80 sa
01 Angelica,

low

589

JAC

Independence, tp.Warren co. N. J. 14 ne of
Belvidere,
Independence, pv.Washington co. Pa,
Independence, pv. Autauga co, Ala. 94 sb T.
Independence, pv, Henderson co. Tenn.
Independence, pv. cap. of Kenton co. Ky. 82
nne of Frankfort, [Cleveland.
Independence, pt, Cuyahoga co. 0. 10 s of
Independence, tp.AVashington co. O,
Independence, lp. Oakland co. Mich.
Independence, pv. Warren co, Ind. 85 nw Is.
Independence, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Mo. 146
WNW of Jef. City. It is the general place
of departure of the Santa Fe traders,
IND1.4.NA, tp. AUeghany co. Pa, 10 ne Pittsburg,
Indiana, borough, cap, of Indiana co. Pa. 155
WNW of Harrisburg.
Indian Key, pt. Dade co. Florida,
Indian Lake, HamUton co, N,Y. 4 m. long
and 1 wide.
Indian r. N. H. an upper br. of the Conn, r,
Indian r. N.Y. flows into the Oswegatchie r,
Indian r. Flor, a vasLlagoon, 100 m. long.
Indian R. hundred, Sussex co, Del.
Indian Springs, pv. Butts co. Ga. 52 w M,
Indian Stream, tp. Coos co, N, H.
INDIAN or VSTESTERN TERRITORY,
a tract which has been set apart by the U. S.
government for the permanent residence of
the Indian tribes who have been removed
from the different stales. It is bounded on the
N by Platte r., e by the Missouri r, and state,
fi by the Red r., and w by the desert country
sometimes called the " Qreat American De
sert." It is about 600 m. in extent from in to
»_, and 400 or 500 from e to W, A large por
tion of fhe territory is prairie, hut the margins
of the streams are generaUy lined wilh wood.
All the productions of the U, S. of the sarae
latitude can be raised here, and the country
seems to be also exceedingly well adapted
for grazing,
Indian Town, pv. Currituck co. N. C 230
ese of Raleigh,
Indian Town, pv. Williamsburg dist. S. C,
Industry, pt. Franklin co. Me. 34 hw of A.
Industry, pv. Beaver co. Pa. 230 w of H.
Ingham, pt. Ingham co. Mich, 77 w of D,
Ingles Ferry, p v. Montg, co, Va. 215 w R.
Intercourse, pv. I^ncasler co. Pa. 48 e of H.
Inigoes, St. pv, St. Mary's co. Md. 105 s An.
loLA, pv.Calhoun CO. Flor .on Appalachicola r.
Ionia, pv. cap, of Ionia co. Mich, on Grand r,
Ionia, V. Morgan co. Mo. on Moreau cr.
Iosco, lp. Livingston co. Mich.
Iowa City, capital of the state of Iowa, and
seat of justice of Johnson co., on the left or
E bank of Iowa r,, 70 or 60 m. frora its
mouth. Pop. between 1,000 and 2,000.
loWAr. rises in Chapeau Lake, and after a
course of above 300 m. in a general south
easterly direction, falls into the Mississippi.
It is navigable for boats at all seasons as far
as Iowa City,
lowA Iwdiahs, a tribe in the southwestern
part of Iowa,
IOWA TERRITORY, an extensive ter
ritory of the U, S., bounded on the n by British
North America_, e by Wisconsin and Illinois.
from which it is for the raost part separated
by the Mississippi r., s by Missouri, and w by

the Indian and Missouri Tferritories. The
Missouri r, marks nearly the whole of its
western boundary. In the se part both cli
mate and soil appear to be well adapted for
agricultural settfements. In the b part of the
territory, along the Mississippi r., both n and s
of the Macoquela r,, is a valuable mineral re
gion, abounding in lead, zinc, and iron. Tbe
people of Iowa have recently accepted the
proposition raade by Congress (1845-6) to
erect the s portion of the territory into a
sovereign stale. See Iowa, Gazetteer,
Ipswich, Mass. Sefe Gazetteer,
Ira, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 70 ssw of Mtr.
Ira, pt. Cayuga co, N.Y, 170 w of Al.
Ira, tp. St. Clair co. Mich.
Irasburg, pv. cap. of Orleans co.Vt. 45 w Mtr.
Iroquois, pv. Iroquois co. III. on Iroquois r.
Irondequoit, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 5 N of Ro
chester;
Irondequoit cr. and bay, Monroe co. N. Y.
communicating with L^ke Ontario.
Irville, pv. Muskingum co. O. 56 e of Cs.
Irvine, pv. cap. of Estill co. Ky. on Ky. r.
Irving, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. on L. Erie.
Irving, V. Westchester co, N.Y. 96 n of N.Y.
Irvingsville, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 76 wnw
of Boston.
Irwin, tp.Venango co. Pa. 12 sw of FrankUn.
Irwinton, pv. cap, of Wilkinson co, Ga. 20 s
of Milledgeville.
Irwinton, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 200 ne of T,
Irwinville, pv, cap. of Irwin co. Ga. 105 s M.
Island Cr. pt. Jefferson co. O.
Isleborough, pt, Waldo co. Me, 54 e of A.
Isle of Shoals, eiglit islets on the coast of
N, H, and Me,
Islip, pt. Suffolk CO. N.Y. on Long Island.
Israel, tp. Preble co. O.
Israel's r. N. H. flows into Cohnecticut r,
Italy, tp, Yates co. N.Y. 15 w of Penn Yan.
Ithaca, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
Ithaca, pv. Darke co. O. 104 w of Cs.
Ivy Mills, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 88 e of H.
Izard C. H. Ark. See Athens.
Jacinto, pv. cap, of Tishamingo co. Miss.
230 NNE of Jackson.
Jackson, pt. Waldo co. Me. 47 ne of A. •-
Jackson, pt. Coos co, N. H, 80 n of Cd,
Jackson, pt. Washington co, N.Y. 40 he Al.
Jackson, tp. Cambria co. Pa.
Jackson, ,lp, Columbia co. Pa,
Jackson, lp, Dauphin co. Pa,
Jackson, tp. Greene co. Pa,
Jackson, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. 7 E of Lebanon.
Jackson, tp. Lycoming cot P.
Jackson, tp. Norlhuraberlind co. Pa.
Jackson, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa.
Jackson, tp, Tioga co. Pa,
Jackson C H, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Va.
Jackson, pv. Northampton co. N.C. 108 ne Rh.
Jackson, pv. cap. of Butts co. Ga. 67 w of M.
Jackson, pv. Clarke co. Ala. 160 s of T.
Jackson CH. pv. cap. of Jackson co. Miss. 235
SE of Jackson.
Jackson, pv. East Feliciana par. La, 124 nw
Of New Orleans.
Jackson, pv. Lawrence co. Ark,
Jackson, pv- cap. of Madison co. Tenn, 134
wsw bf NashviUe,
Jackson,, tp. Champaign co. O.
Jackson, tp. Coshocton co. Or

jam

590

JEF

fackson, tp. Guernsey co. O.
Jackson, tp. Highland co. O. [Chilicothe.
Jackson, pv. cap, of Jackson co. 0. 28 be of
Jackson, tp, Monroe co, O.
Jackson, tp. Monlgon^ery co. O.
Fackson, tp, Morgan co. O.
Jackson, tp, Muskingum co. O.
Jackson, tp. Perry co. O.
Jackson, tp. Pickaway co. O..
Jjckson, tp. Pike co. O.
Jackson, tp. Preble co. O,
Jackson, tp. Sandusky co, O.
Jackson, lp. Stark co, O.
Jackson, tp. TrumbuU co, O,
Jackson, tp. Wayne co. O,
Jackson, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Mich, on
Grand river, 79 w of Detroit.
Jackfeon, tp. Dearborn co. Ind.
Jackson, tp. Hancock co. Ind.
Jackson, tp. Hamilton co. Ind.
Jackson, tp. Shelby co. Ind.
Jackson, tp.Washington co. Ind. ,
Jackson, tp.Wayne co. Ind.
Jackson, pv- cap. of Cape Girardeau co. Mo,
196 SE of Jefierson City. [Liltle Rode.
Jackson, pv. Lawrence co. Ark. 140 ne of
Jackson, a to, in the southern part of Texas,
on Matagorda Bay. Soil consisting of a
deep layer of black mould ; very fertile.
Indigo is produced in abundance. Capital,
Texana. ^ [of Al.
Jacksonborough, pv. Otsego co, N.Y. 62 w
Jacksonborough, pv. cap. of Scriven co. Ga,
116 ESE of MiUedgeviUe.
Jacksonborough, py. Butler co. 0. 90 wsw Cs.
Jacksonburg, v. Butler co. O.
Jacksonburg, pv.Wayne co. Ind. 57 k of Is.
Jacksonham, pv, Lancaster dist. S. C 80 he
of Columbia. [James r.
Jackson r.Va. one of the head branches of
Jacksontown, pv. Licking co. O. 31 ne Cs.
Jacksonville, pv. Windham co.Vt. 142 s Mtr.
Jacksonville, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 170 w Al.
Jacksonville, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. 90 ene of H.
Jacksonville, pv. Sumter dist. S. C 90 e Ca.
Jacksonville, pv. cap. of Telfair co. Ga. on
Ocraulgee river. [river.
Jacksonville, pv. Duval co. Flor. on St. John's
Jacksonville, pv. cap. of Benton co. Ala. 140
ene of Tuscaloosa.
Jacksonville, 'pv- Darke co. O. 94 w of Cs.
Jacksonville, p v. Switzerland co. Ind.llO se Is.
Jacksonville, III. See Gazetteer,
Jacksonville, v. Washington co. Texas, 10
s\v of Washington.
Jacobsburg, p v. Norlharapton co. Pa.
Jacobsburg, pv. Belraont co. O. 126 e of Cs.
Jacquemel or Jacmel, zhak^mel', a sea-port
on the s coast of Hayti, 30 m. sw of Port-
au-Prince.
Jaffrey, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 48 sw of Cd.
Jalapa. See Xalapa, Gazetteer.
Jalisco or Xalisco, nah-Us'ko, a large and
populous Mexican state, Nw of the city of
Mexico, and bordering on the Pacific. Area
74,500 sq. m. Pop. 800,000. Capital, Gua
dalaxara.
Jamaica, pt. Windham co. Vt. on West r.
Jamaica, pt. Queen's co. N.Y, 12 e of N.Y.
Jamaica Plains, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 6 sw B.
James r. Mo, fiows into White r,
Jamestown, lp. Newport co. R. I. 3 w of
Newport [outlet of Chnulnnqne L.
Jamestown, pv. Chautauque oo. N.Y. on the

Jamestown, py, Mercer co. Pa. 250 www H.
Jamestown, pv. Prince Edward co. Va. on
Appomattox river.
Jamestown, on James r.Va. See Gazetteer.
Jamestown, pv. Guilford co. N. C. on Deepr,
Jamestown, pv. Sumter co. Ala. on Tombig
bee river, [124 e of Ne.
Jamestown, pv. cap. of Fentress co. Tenn.
Jamestown, pv. cap. of Russell co. Ky. 100 s
of Frankfort.
Jamestown, pv. Greene co. O. 64 wsw of Ca
Jamestown, pv.Boone co. Ind. 28 nw of Is.
Jamestown, pv. Sangamon co. 111. 15 from Sd.
Jamestown, pv. Andrew co. Mo, 4 n of Mo, r,
Jamesto^vn, pv. Grant ccWis, 108 w Madison,
Jamesville. pv, Onondaga co, N,Y. 127 w Al,
Jamesville, pv. Southampton co. Va. [river.
Jamesville, pv.. Cherokee co. N. C on Valley
Janesville, pv. Rock co. Wis, on Rock r.
Jarvis Gore, tp. Penobscot co. Me.
Jasper, pt. Steuben co, N.Y. 18 sw of Bath.
Jasper, pv. cap. of Marion 'co. Tenn, on Se-
quatchy river, "[of Tallahassee.
Jasper, pv. cap. of Hamilton co. Flor. 90 e
Jasper, pv. cap. of- Walker co, Ala, 48 ne of T.
Jasper, pv. Pike co, O. 66 s of Cs. [cr.
Jasper, pv. cap, of Dubois co, Ind. on Patoka
Jasper, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Mo. 160 sw of
Jefferson City.
Jasper, a co. in the e part of Texas, between
the Neches and Sabme rivers. Soil on the
margins of the streams very fertile ; in the
central and "western parts sandy.
Jasper, the capital of the above, on Sandy cr.,
an afjuent of the Neches, 150 m. nne of
Galveston, Pop. 150.
Java, pt. Wyoming co, N.Y. on Seneca cr.
Jay, pt. Franklin co. Me. on Androsct^gin r.
Jay, pt. Orleans co, Vt, 58 N of Mtr.
Jay, pt. Essex co, N.Y. 148 N of Al, [nie r.
Jay CH. pv. cap. of Jay co. Ind.on Salama-
Jefferson, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 21 se of A.
Jefferson, pt. Coos co. N. H. oh Israel's r.
Jefferson, v. Chemung co. N.Y. on Seneca L,
Jefferson, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 56 w of Al.
Jefferson, tp. Morris co. N. J. 15 hw of Mot-
Jefferson, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. [ristown.
Jefferson, tp. Cambria co. Pa,
Jefferson, tp. Fayelte co. Pa, [river.
Jefferson, pt. Greene co. Pa, on Monongahela
Jefferson, tp. Luzerne co. Pa.
Jefferson, pv. Frederick co. Md. 83 nw^ of An.
Jefferson, pv. cap. of Ashe co.N. C.onNewr.
Jefferson, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Ga. on Oco
nee river. [Coosa r.
Jefferson, pv- cap. of Cherokee co. Ala. on
Jefferson, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 22 se Ne.
Jefferson, tp. Adams co. Oi [of Cs.
Jefferson, pv. cap. of Ashtabula co. O, 204 nk
Jefferson, tp, Fayette co. O.
Jefferson, lp. Franklin co, 0. 12 e of Cs.
Jefferson, lp. Logan co. O.
Jefferson, v. Madison co. 0. 14 w of Cs.
Jefferson, tp, Montgomery co, O,
Jefferson, tp, Muskingum co, O.
Jefferson, tp. Preble co, O.
Jefferson, tp. Richland co, O.
Jefferson, tp. Ross co, O. on Scioto r.
Jefferson, lp, Scioto co. O. on Scioto r.
Jefferson, tp. Cass co, Mich.
Jefferson, pv. CUnton co. Ind. 46 h of Is.
Jefferson, tp. Switzerland co. Ind.
Jefferson, lp. Wayne cc.Ind.
Jefferson, tp. Cole co. Mo.

JOH

591

KAT

Jefferson, tp. Monroe co. Mo. [of Madison.
Jefferson, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Wis. 36 e
Jefferson, a co. occupying the ese extremity of
Texas, bordering on L. Sabine. A narrow
strip in the N pari is covered w^ith wood.
Along the strearas the soil is very rich ; in
some parls there are extensive swamps w^ell
adapted to the cultivation of rice. Capital,
Beaumont. [142 e of Jef. City.
Teffbrson Barracks, pv. St. Louis co. Mo.
Jeffersonton, pv. Culpepper co.Va, on Rap
pahannock river. [Santilla r.
feffersonton, pv. cap. of Camden co. Ga, on
Ieffersontown, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. 66 w
of Frankfort. [Mtr,
Teffersonville, pv.LamoUle co, Vt.45 n of
Teffer son ville, pv. Mont"v. co. Pa, 100 E of H,
leffersonville, Va, See Tazewell CH.
leffersonviUe, pv, Fayelte co. 0. 60 sw of Cs,
leffersonvUle, pv. Clarke co. Ind. on Ohio r.
Iena, tp". Livingston co. Mich. [of Phila,
Ienkintown, pv, Montgomery co. Pa. 10 n
Iexks, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. [erset.
Tenner, tp. Somerset co. Pa. 12 nw of Som-
Ienners VILLE, pv. Chester co. Pa.
Ieekmie, zher^ray^mee', a sea-port on the n
coast of Hayti, 125 ro. w of Port-au-Prince.
Tericho, pt. Chittenden co.Vt. 52 nw of Mtr.
Jericho, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I.
Jericho, pv.Wayne co. N.C. 70 sw of Rh.
Jericho, pv. Perry co. Ala. 53 s of T.
Ieeicho CentrEj pv. Chittenden co.Vt. 32
NW of Montpelier,
Jeromesville, pv. Wayne co. 0. 82 ne of Cs.
Jersey, pv. Steuben co. N.Y. on M«ad cr,
Jersey, pt. Licking CO. 0.35 NE of Cs. [river.
Jersey City, pv. Hudson co. N.J. on Hudson
Jersey Shore, borough, Lycoming co. Pa. on
the w branch of the Susquehanna river, 100
NNW of Harrisburg.
Jerseytown, pv. Columbia co. Pa. 8^ n of H.
Jebseyville, pv. cap. of Jersey co. 111. 70 sw
of Springfield. [Yan.
Ferusalem, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 5 w of Penn
Jerusalem, pv. cap. of Southampton co. Va.
70 ESE of Richmond. [Long I,
Jerusalem South, py. Queen's co. N.Y. on
Iessup's Landing, pvl Saratoga co. N.Y. on
Hudson river. - ' , [e of Hd.
Jewett City, pv. New London co. Conn. 47
Jobstown, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 26 s of Tn.
Joe's Brook,, or MerritT r. Vt. one of the
affluents of Pasurasic river.
John's, r. N. H. fiows into Conn. r.
John's r. N. C. falls inlo Ihe Catawba,
Johns, St, a r. of Flor. which rises iu a vast
marsh, and &ovnng northerly nearly par
allel to the shore ofthe Atlantic, falls into
the ocean in Lat, 30° 20' n.
John's, St. a small town bf Canada East, on
the Chambly, near the n end of L. Cham
plain, 23m SE of Montreal. A railroad, 15
ra, in length, connects itwith La Prairie, on
the St. Lawrence, whence a steam ferry
keepsup the communication w^ith Montreal,
Ora, distant. The principal commerce be
tween New York and Montreal is carried
on through this route. In the imraediate
vicinity of Bt. John's is the t. of Dorchester.
JoHNSBURG, pt. Warren co. N.Y, 88 N of Al.
Johnsbury, St. pt. Caledonia co. Vl. 37 ne of
MontpeUer.
Johnson, pt. Lamoille co.Vt. on Latnoille r,
Johnson, borough. Cambria co. Pa.

Johnson, tp. Champaign co. O.''"'
Johnson, tp. Trurabull co. 0. 12 nb of Warren.
Johnson, tp. Barry co. Mich.
Johnson, tp. Gibson co. Ind.
JoHNsoNBURo, pv. Warren co. N. J. 70 n Tn.
JoHNsoNViLLE, pv. Cumberland co. N. C. 65
, s of Raleigh.
Johnston, tp. Providence co. R. I. 5 w of
Providence. [tie Rock.
Johnston, pv. Marion co. Ark. 170 n of Lit-
Johnston, pv. Rush co, Ind. 40 e of Is.
Johnstown, pv. cap. of Fujlon co. N.Y. 46
NW of Albany. [nemaugh r.
Johnstown, borough, Cambria co. Pa. on Co-
Johnstown, St. pv. Sussex CO. Del. 34 s of D.
Johnstown, pv. Licking co. O. 36 ne of Cs,
Johnstown, pt. Barry co, Mich, 128 w of D,
Johnsville, St, pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. 60
NW of Albany.
Johnsville, pv. Frederick co. Md, 74 NW An.
Johnsville, pv. Dyer co, Tenn, 174 w of Ne,
Jonesborough, pt. Washington co. Me. 140
ENE of Augusta.
Jonesborough, pv. Jefferson co. Ala. 43 ne T.
Jonesborough, pv. cap. of Washington co.
Tenn. 280 e of Nashville, [of Sd.
Jonesborough, pv. cap. of Union co. III. 175 s
Jonesborough, v. of Red River co. Texas, on
Red river, 30 m. nw of ClarksviUe.
JoNESEURG, pv. Cap. of Camdcn co. N. C. on
Pasquotank river. [dison Bay,
JoNESPORT, pt.Washington co. Me, onAd-
JoNESTowN, pv. Lebanon CO. Pa. 30 e of H.
Jonesville, pv. cap. of Lee co.Va. on an af
fluent of Powell's river.
Jonesville, pv. Surry co. N. C 160 wnw Rh.
Jonesville, pv. Union dist. S.C. 80 nw of Ca.
Jonesville, pv. Monroe co. O. 130 e of Cs.
Jonesville, py. cap. of Hillsdale co. Mich. 92
¦wsw of Detroit. [canal.
Jordan, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y, on the Erie
Jordan, tp, Clearfield co. Pa,
Joseph, St, pi. Williaras co, O. 180 nw of Cs.
Joseph, St. pt. Berrien co, Mich, 195 w of D.
Joseph's, St, a bay on the s coast of Flor.w
of the Appalachicola river.
Joseph's, St. r. See Gazetteer.
Juliet, pv. cap. of Will co. 111. on Des
Plaines river.
JuLiusTOWN, pv. Burlington co. N. J.'24 s Tn.
Juniata r. Pa. See Gazetteer.
Juniata, pt. Perry co. Pa. 40 wnw of H.
Junius, pt. Seneca co. N.Y.Sn of Waterloo,
Kalamazoo r. Mich. See Gazetteer.
Kalamazoo, pv. cap. of Kalamazoo co. Mich.
on Kalamazoo river.
Kalamo, tp. Eaton co. Mich.
Kalida, pv. cap. of Putnaraico. 0. 114 nw Cs.
Kanakanic, lp. Milwaukie co. Wis.
Kanawha r. va. See Gazetteer.
Kanawha C H. pv. cap. of Kanawha co. Va.
on Great Kanawha river.
Kanawha Saline, pv. Kanawha co.Va.
Kankakee r. III. joins the Des Plaines, to
form the Illinois river.
Kanzas or KoNZAs r. See Gazetteer.
Kan'zas, Kansas or Konzas Indians, a tribe
in the Indian Territory, dwelling in the
vicinity of Kanzas river, [Sustia, r,
Karthaus, pv, Clearfield co. Pa. on WBr.of
Kaskaskia, III. See Gazetteer.
Kat-ah'din, Mt. Me, between the e and w
branches of the Penobscot. ' Height 5,300 ft.

KIN

592

KNO

'Kaukalin, pv. Brown co. Wis. on Fox r.
Kayadehosserab Mis. N.Y, w of L. George,
Also a cr. which fiows into Saratoga Lake,
Kearsarge, Mt, Merrimack co. N. H,
Keating, tp. M'Kean co. Pa. on Alleghany r,
Kearsly, pt. Genesee co, Mich. [w of D,
Keelerbville, pv. Van Buren co. Mich. 175
Keene, pt. Cheshire co. N. H.on Ashuelot r.
Keene, pi. Essex co. N.Y. on Au Sable r.
Keene, pv. Jessamine co. Ky. 33 se of F,
Keene, pt. Coshocton co. O- 100 he of Cs,
Keesville, nv. CUnton and Essex cos. N.Y.
onAuSabi&r. ^ [sw of J.
Kellertown, pv, Wilkinson co. Miss. 118
Kelloggsville, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y,
Kelly, tp. Union co. Pa. 9 h of New Berlin.
KeWpsville, pv. Princess Anne co.Va, 116 se
of Richmond. [se of Rh,
Kenansville, pv. cap. of Duplin co. N. COO
Kendall, pt. Orleans co, N.Y, on L, Ontario,
Kendall, pv. Van Buren co. Mich. 167 w of D,
Kendallville, pv. Noble co. Ind. 160 nne Is.
Kennebunk, Me. See Gazetteer.
KeNnebunk Port, pt, York co. Me. on Ken
nebunk river, [of Al.
Kennedy SVILLE, pv. Steuben ro. N.Y. $20 w
Kennet, tp. Chester co. Pa, 28 sw of Phila,
Kennet Square, pv. Chester co. Pa. in Ken
net township. [Jef. Ciiy,
Kennonsville, pv, Lewis co. Mo. 128 n of
Kensington, pt, Rockingham co. N. H. 41 se
of Concord. ' [Hd,
Kensington, pv, Hartford co. Conn. 13 ssw of
Kensington, Pa. See Gazetteer.
Kensington, pv. Oakland co.Mich. 35 wof D.
Kent, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 50 w of Hd.
Kent, pt. Putnam co. N.Y. 100 s of Al.
Kent, pt. Kent co. Mich. 168 wnw of D. [r.
KEnton, pv. cap, of Harding co. O. on Scioto
Kentontown, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 53 ne F.
I^NTUCKYViLLE, pv. Susqushanna co. Pa
Keokuck, pv. Lee co. Iowa, on Mississippi r.
Kernsville, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 105 ene
of Harrisburg. [Madison,
Kewaunee, pv. Milwaukie co.Wis. 72 e of
Keyport, pv. Monmouth co.N. J.46e of Tn.
Keysburg, pv. Logan co. Ky, 194 sw of F,
Keysburg, pv. Pike co. III. 77 w of Sd.
Keysville, pv. Charlotte co. Va. 93 sw of R.
Keytesville, pv. cap. of Chariton co. Mo. 90
KW of Jefferson City.
Key West. See Gazetteer,
KiAMiSHi r. Indian Territory, flows into Red
river, 6 m. below Fort Towson.
KiDRON, pv. Coweta co. Ga. 96 w of M.
Kidron, Indian Territory. See Dwight.
KiCK-A-Poo' Indians, a tribe dwelling in the
E part of the Indian Territory, n of Kanzas
river.
Kilkenny, pt. Coos co. N.H. 106 n of Cd.
Killbuck, pt. Holmes co. O. on Killbuck cr.
Killingly, pt.Windham co. Conn. 47 e of Hd.
Killingworth, pt. Middlesex co. Conn, on
Long Island Sound. [cataquis r.
Kilmarnock, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. on Pis-
Kilmarnock, pv. Lancaster co. Va. ori Chesa
peake Bay. ' [2,!)2-l fl.
KiLLiNGTON Peak, Green Mts. Vt. Height
KiMBERTON, pv. Chester co. Pa. 75 B of H.
Kimboltoh, pv. Guernsey co. O. 88 e of Cs.
Kinderhook, pt. Columbia co, N.Y. 20 s of Al.
Kinderhook cr. N.Y. flows inlo the Hudson
in Colurabia county.
Kinderhook, pv. Pike co. IU. 84 w of Sd.

King and Queen C. H. pv. cap, of King and
Queen co, Va. 53 ene of Richninnd.
Kingfield, pt. Franklin co. Me, 60 nnw of A.
King George C H. pv, cap. of King George
CO. Va. 82 NNE of Richmond, -
Kingsborough, pv. Fulton co. N.Y, 50nw Al.
King's Bridge, pv. New York co. N.Y. 13 n
of City HaU.
Kingsbury, pt, Piscataquis co. Me.
Kingsbury, pt. Wn. co. N.Y. on Hudson r,
KiNGSEssiNG, pt, Philadelphia co. Pa, 7 sw of
Philadelphia.
King's Ferry, pv. Cayuga co, N.Y. 173 w AI.
KiNGSPORT, pv. SnUivan CO. Tepn, 270 E of Ne.
Kingston, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 33 sse Cd.
Kingston, pt, Piymonth co. Mass, on a br, of
Plymouth harbour.
Kingston, pv.Wn. co. R, 1, 32 s of Providence.
Kingston, pv. cap. of Ulster co. N.Y- near
Hudson river.
Kingston, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 14 ne of Tn,
Kingston, pt, Luzerne co. Pa, on the Susque
hanna r.
Kingston, pv. Somerset co. Md. 118 be of An.
Kingston, pv. cap. of Lenoir co. N,-C. on
Neuse river.
King&ton, pv. Adaras co. Miss. 120 sw of J,
Kifigston, pv. cap. of Autauga co. Ala, on Au
tauga creek.
Kingston, pv. cap. of Roane co.Tenn. 143 bNc.
Kingston, pv. Ross co. O. 55 s of Cs.
Kingston, pv. De Kalb co. IU. 218 nne of Sd.
Kingstree, pv. WiUignnsbnrg dist. S. C. on
Black r.
Kingsville, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 212 ne of Cs.
King William C, H,pv. cap. of King WiUiam
CO, Va. 38 NE of Richmond.
KiNGW^ooD, pt. Hunterdon co. N. J. 29 nw Tn.
Kingwood, pv. cap. of Preston co. Va. 284 nw
of Richmond,
Kinsman, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 193 ne of Cs.
KiNZUA, pv. Warren co. Pa. 220 N"w of H.
Ki'o-WAY Indians, a tribe dwelling in the sw
part of the Indian Territory,
Kirby, tp. Caledonia co.Vt, M ne of Mtr.
KiRKERsviLLE,pv. LJcking CO. O. 22 E of Cs.
Kirkland, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 84 ne of A,
Kirkland, pt. Oneida co. N.Y, 100 wnw of Al.
KiRKViLLE, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 130 w Ai.
Kirfcsville, pv. Butler co, Ala. 140 sse of T.
Kirkwood, lp. Belmont co. O.
KiRTLAND, pt, Lake'co. 0. 167 ne of Cs.
KisHWAUKiE, pv. Winnebago co. IU. 197 nSd,
Kiskimin'etas, pt. Armstrong co. Pa. on the
Conemaugh or Kiskiminelas river.
Kittaning, borough, ca^. of Armstrong co.
Pa. on the Alleghany river.
KiTTATiNNY, a name sometimes given to the
Blue Mountains, where they cross tbe Dela
ware at the Water Gap.
Kittery, pt. York co. Me. on Piscataqua r.
Klamkt. See Tlamath.
Kniqbtstown, pv. Henry co, Ind. 33 b of Is
Knottsville, pv. Monongalia co. Va, 266 nw
of Richmond.
Knottsville, pv. Daviess co, Ky, 150 wsw F,
Knowlesville, pv, Orleans co, N.Y, on tha
Erie canal.
Knowlton, pt. Warren co. N. J. 66 n of Tn
Knox, pt, Waldo co. Me, 35 ne of A, -
Knox, pt. Albany co, N,Y, 21 w of Al.
Knox, tp. Holmes co, O,
Knox, tp. Jefferson co. O, [of An
Knoxville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 90 wnw

lag

593

LAR

EnoxviUe, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Gn, 55
sw of Milledgeville. [on Holston r.
Knoxville, city, aud cap. of Knox co. Tenn.
KnoxvUle, pv." Jefferson co. O. 140 e of Cs.
Knoxville, pv. Knox co. Ind. 133 sw of Is.
Knoxville, pv. cap. of Knox co. 111. 100 wnw
of Springfield.
Knoxville, pv. Ray co. Mo. 156 wnw Jef.City.
KootanaI or KooTANYE (koo-tS.-nr) Indians,
a tribe in the e part of Oregon, dwelling on
the banks of M'GUlivray's river.
KoRTWRiGHT, pt. Delaware co. N.Y, on De
laware river.
Kosciusko, pv. cap, of Attala co. Miss, on
Yockonockuny r. [co. Pa. 100 ene of H.
Krkidersville, krl'ders-vil, p v. Northampton
KuLER, tp. Vau Buren CO. Mich.
Kutztown, boroughy Berks co. Pa. 69 e of H.
La Baca. See La VacoH.
Lackawanna r. Pa. enters the Susquehanna
at Pittslown.
Xiackawanna, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. [cos. Pa.
Lackawannoc Mts. in Luzerne and Wayne,
Lackawannock, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 6, sw of
Mert^er. [in Pike co,
Lackawaxen r. Pa. flo^vs inlo the Delaware
liackawaxen, pt. Pike co. Pa. on Delaware r.
Lacon, pv. cap. of Marshall co. III. on III. r.
Xjaconia, pv. Harrison co. Ind. 147 s. of Is.
Ladiesburg, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 nw of
Annapolis.
Lafargeville, pv. Jef co. N.Y. 182 nw Al,
La Fayette, pv. Onondaga co, N.Y. 130 w
of Albany. [kill r.
La Fayette, pv. Sussex co. N. J, on Paulins-
La Fayette, pv. Montg. co.Va. 188 w of R.
La Fayette, pv, cap, of Walker co. Ga. on
Chattooga river, 200 ntv of Milledgeville.
La Fayelte, pv. cap. of Chambers co. Ala.
160 E of Tuscaloosa,,
La Fayette, city and cap, ef Jefferson par. La .
2 w of New Orleans. [Ark.
La Fayelte C H. pv. cap. of La Fayelte co.
La Favette, pv. Christian co. Ky. 220 sw P.
La Fayelte, pv. Madison co. O. 22 w of Cs,
La Fayette, tp. Medina co. O.
La Fayette, tp. Van Buren co. Mich:
La Fayelte, pv. cap. of Tippecanoe co. Ind.
on the Wabash river,
Lafourche r. La. See Gazetteer.
La Grange, pt. Penobscot co. Me, 97 nne A,
La Grange, lp, Dutchess co, N.Y,
La Grange, pv. Randolph co. N. C 92 w Rh.
La Grano^e, pv, cap, of Troup co. Ga. 120 w
of MiUedgeviUe.
La Grange, pv. Franklin co. Ala. 136 n of T.
La Grange, pv. Fayelte co. Tenn. 184 sw Ne.
La Grange, pv- cap, of Oldham co, Ky, on
the Ohio river,
lia Grange, pt. Lorain co. O, 110 nne of Cs.
La Grange, pt. Cass co. Mich, on Putnam's cr.
La Grange, pv. Henry co. III, 134 n of Sd.
La Grange, pv. Lewis co. Mo. on the Miss. r.
La Grange, cap. of Fayette co. Texas, on
the left bank of the Colora4o, 65 ra. se of
Austin. Pop. 350,
Lagro, pt, Wabash co. Ind. 94 n of Is.
Laguna. lah-goo'na, a sea-port of Mexico,
Cn Carmen i, 350ra. s by e of Vera Cruz.
Mahogany and logwood are exported to
the United States.
Laguna del Madre, lah-goo'na del mao'-
ray, an extensive lagoon on the coast of
sunk

Texas, reaching from Corpus Christi Bay
nearly to the mouth of the Rio Grande.
Eniire length about 120m.; greatest breadth
perhaps 15 m.
Lake, tp. Logan co. O.
Lake, pt. Stark co. O. 134 ne of Cs.
Lake, tp.Wayne co. O. on Mohiccan r.
Lake C H. Ind. See Crown Point.
Lake Landing, pv. cap. of Hyde co, N, C,
on Mattimuskeet Lake,
Lake Pleasant, pv. cap. of ' Hamilton co.
N.Y. on Lake Pleasant,
Lake Providence, pv, cap, of Carroll par
La. on the Mississippi river. [n of Is
Laketon, pv, Wabash co. Ind. on Eel r. 104
Lakeville, v. Queen's co, N.Y. 20 e N.York.
Lakeville, pv. Oakland co.Mich. 43 nw of D,
LA-M.VR', pt. Clinton co. Pa.
Lamar, a co. in the N part of Texas, border
ing on Red river. It Js mostly woodland :,
soil, especially in Uie n and middle portions,
very rich. Capital, Paris.
Laraar, a v- of Refugio co. Texas, on Aran
sas Bay, opposite to Aransas, 160 m. s of
Austin. ' [nw of Tn.
Lambertsville, pv. Hunterdon co.N.J. 15
Lamhertsville, pv. Monroe co. Mich. 70 swD,
La Mine r. Mo. floWs into the Missouri,
Lamoille r, Vt. flows into Lake Charaplain,
La Mott, i.Vt. in Lake Charaplain. [river.
Lampeter, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. on Conestoga
Lampeter Square, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 43
SE of Harrisburg. [inlo the Piscataqua r.
Lamprey r. N, H. flows through Great Bay
Lancaster, pv. cap. of Coos co. N. H. near
Connecticut river.
Lancaster, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 36Wof B.
Lancaster, pt, Erie co. N.Y. on Cayuga cr.
Lancaster, Pa. See Gazetteer. [83 e of R.
Lancaster C. H.pv. cap. of Lancaster co. Va.
Lancaster C H. pv. cap. of Lancaster dist,
S, C 72 NNE of Colurabia,
Lancaster, pv, SraUh co. Tenn. 60 se of Ne.
Lancaster, pv. cap. of Garrard co. Ky. 57 s F.
Lancaster, pv. cap. of Fairfield co. O. 30 ss
of CoUimbus.
Lancaster, pv. Jefferson co. Ind. 74 sse of Is,
Lancaster, pv. Morgan co. 111. 24 sw of Sd.
Lancaster, pv. cap. of Grant co. Wis. 96 wsw
of Madison.
Landaff, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 84 nw of Cd.
Landgrove, pt. Bennington co.Vt . 98 s of Mtr.
Landisburg, pv. Perry co. Pa. 30 w of H.
Landre, St. v. La. See Opelousas. [of B.
Lanesborough, pt. Berkshire co.Mass. 135 w
Lanesborough, pv. Anson co.N.C. 155 swRh.
Lanesville, pv. Randolph co. N. C 60 w Rh.
Lanesville, pv. Harrison co. Ind. 135 s of Is.
Langdon, pt. Sullivan co»N. H. 59 w of Cd.
Languille, pt. St. Francis co. Ark.
Lanier, pv, cap, of Macon co. Ga. on Flint r,
Lansford, pv. Chester dist. S.C. on Cataw
ba river.
Lansing, tp. Tompkins co. N.Y. on Salmon cr,
Lansingburg, pv. Rensselaer CO. N.Y, on the
Hudson river, 10 nne of Albany.
Lansingville, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y,
Lapeer, pv. cap. of Lapeer co. Mich. 60 n D,
Lapland, pv. Buncombe co. N. C. 275 w Rh.
La PortEj pv. cap, of La Porte co, Ind, 145
fN of Indianapolis,
Laputa, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 10 w of F,
Laredo, lah-ra'do, a v. of San Patricio co,
Texas, on the b side of the Rio del Norte,

LEB

594

LEN

at the crossing- of the San Antonio and
Saltillo road. Pop.500, nearly all Mexicans.
Jjarkinsville, pv. Jpckson co. Ala. 175 se T.
LAjRner, tp. Preble cO. O,
La Salle, pt. Monroe co, Mich. 42 ssw of D.
La Salle, pv. La Salle co. III. 133 hne of Sd.
Latimore, tp, Adams co. Pa. 15 ne of Get
tysburg,
Laughery, tp. Dearborn co. Ind.
Laughery, pv. Ripley co, Ind, 70 se of Is.
L5S.UG;HLiNT0WN, pv, Westraoreland Co. Pa,
Laurel, pv. Sussex co,Del. 52 s of Dover.
Laurel, pv, Franklin co, Ind. 57 ese of Is,
Laurel Mts, extend from Pa, across Va, to
Ky. w of the main Alleghany range.
Laurens, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 15 sw of Coo
perstown, [nw of Ca,
LaurerisC H.pv. cap. of Laurens dist, S, C,70
LiAUSANNE, pt, Northampton co. Pa. on Le
high river,
IiA Vacca or La B*ca, lahvac'ka (see Intro
duction XXVII. 4), Bay, Texas, an arm
of Matagorda Bay.
La Vacca r. floWs into the above.
Lawrence, tp.' St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 25
NEof Canton,
Lawrence, tp. Mercer co. N. J. 6 ne of Tn.
Lawrence, tp. Clearfield co. Pa.
Lawrence, tp, Tioga eo. Pa. on Tioga r.
Lawrence, tp. Stark co. O. on the Ohio canal,
Lawrence, tp, Tuscarawas co, O. [rietta,
I Lawrence, pt. Washington co. O, 9 he of Ma-
Lawrence, tp. Van Buren co. Mich.
Lawrence, tp. Marion co. Ind.
Lawrenceburg, pv. ArraslrOng co. Pa, on
Alleghany river, [12 s of F.
Lawrenceburg, pv, cap. of Anderson co, Ky.
Lawrenceburg, pv. cap. of Lawrence co.
Tenn. 75 ssw of Nashville.
Lawrenceburg, pv. cap, of Dearborn co, Ind.
on Ohio river. [230 nnw of Al.
Lawrenceville, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y.
Lawrenceville, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 6 n Tn.
Lawrenceville, borough, AUeghany co. Pa.
on Alleghany river.
Lawrenceville, pv. Tioga co. Pa. on Tioga r.
Lawrenceville, pv, cap. of Brunsw^ick co,Va.
73 ssw of Richraond.
LawreliceviUe, pv. cap, of Montgoraery co.
N. C on Yadkin river. [^84 p^w of M.
LawrenceviUe, pv, cap. of Gwinnett co. Ga.
Lawrenceville, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Ark. 75
E of Little Rock, [on Embarrass r.
LawrenceviUe, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. III.
Lawtonville, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C. 120 s
of Columbia. [of Al.
Lawyersville, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 44 w
Leacock, pt. Lancaster oo. Pa. 44 ese of H.
Leakesville, pv. Rockinghara co, N. C on
Dan river.
Leakesville, pv. Newton co. Ga.49 nw of M.
Leakesville, pv. cap. of Greene co. Miss, on
Chickasawha river.
Leasburg, pv. Caswell co. N. C 64 nw Rh.
Leavenworth, pv. Crawford co. Ind. on the
Ohio river.
Lebanon, pt. York co.Me. on Salmon Falls r.
Lebanon, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 4 s Hanover.
Lebanon, pt. New London co. Conn. 30 ese
of Hartford. [river,
Lebanon, pt. Madison co. N-Y- on Chenango
Lebanon, pt. Hunterdon ca. N. J. 40 n of Tn.
Lebanon, borough, cap. of Lebanon co. Pa.
34 E of HarrisDurir.

Lebanon, tp.Wayne co. Pa, [of R
Lebanon, pv. cap. of Bussell co. Va, 325 w
Lebanon, pv, Abbeville dist.^S. Q.
Lebanon, j)v. Cobb co. Gra. ori Chattahoochee r.
Lebanon, pv. cap. of De Kalb co. Ala. 112 nr
of Tuscaloosa. [Little Rock,
Lebanon, pv. cap. of Searcy co. Ark. 95 h of
Lebanon, pv. cap. of Wilson co. Tenn. 32 b
of Nashville,
Lebanon^ pv. cap, of Marion co. Ky, 60 sw F.
Lebanon, tp, Meigs co, O. on Ohio r,
Lebanon, pv. cap.of Warren co. O. 85 wsw
of Columbus,
Lebanon, pv. cap, pf Boone co. Ind. 25NwIa.
Lebanon, pv- St. Clair co. IU. 70 s of Sd.
Lebanon^ pv, Boone co. Mo. 46 n of Jef, City
Le BtEUF, tp. Erie co. Pa, ,
Ledyard, pt. New London co. Conn, 47 se Hd.
Ledyard, pt*^ Cayuga co. N.Y, 170 w of AJ.
Lee, pt. PenobscotHco. Me. 125 ne of A.
Lee, pt. Strafford-co. N. H. 38 e of Cd,
Lee, pi. Berkshire eo. Mass, on Housatonicr
Lee, pt. Oneida co, N.Y, 114 wnw of Ai.
Lee, pt. Athens co. O. 81 sE of Cs,
Lee, tp. Calhoun co. Mich.
Leechville, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C 165 s Ca.
Leeds, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 21 w of A,
Leeds, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 38 ssw of Al.
Leeds Point, pv. Atlantic co. N. J. 66 sse Tn
Leedsville, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 48 ETn.
Leedsville, pv. Randolph co. Va, 213 nw R.
Leesburg, pv. Cumberland co. N.J, on Mau
rice river,
Leesburg, pv. cap. of Loudon co, Va. 150 s
of Richmond, near the Polomac-
Leesburg, pv. Cherokee co. Ala. 140 ne of T.
Leesburg, pv. Washington co. Tenn.
Leesburg, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 27 ne of F.
Leesburg, pv. Highlsmd co. O. 64 sw of Cs,
Leesburg, pv. Kosciusko co, Ind. 130 h of Is,
Leesburg, pv, Winnebago co. IU. 220 n of Sd.
Leesville, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y.
Leesville, pv. Campbell co.Va. qnStauntonr.
Leesville, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 100 ssw Rh.
Leesville, pv, ttexingtoa dist. S. C 30 w of Ca,
LeesviUe, pv. Choctaw co. Miss. 125 nnw J.
I^eesville, pv. Hart co. Ky. 100 sw of F.
Leesville, pv. CarroU co. 0. 115 ene of Cs,
Leesville, pv. Lawrence co. Ind. 78 s of Is,
Leesville Cross Roads, pv. Richland co, O
74 N of Columbus.
Leetown. pv. Jefferson co. Va. 177 n of R.
Lee Valley, pv. Hawkins co.Tenn. 256ENft.
IjEhigh, lp. Northampton co. Pa. on Lehigh ?,
Lehighton, pv- Northampton co. Pa. % wnw
of Easton.
liEHM-^N, pt. Luzerne co. Pa, 120 hne of H,
Lehman, tp. Pike co. Pa.
Leicester, pt. Addison co. Vt. 73 ssw of Mtr.
Leicester, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 48 w of B.
Leicester, tp, Livingston co.N.Y. on Gene
see river.
Leipersvillk, pv. Delaware co. Pa.
Leipsic, pv. Kent co. Del. [nw of An.
Leitersburg, pv. Washington co. Md. 107
Lemington, pt, Essex co, Vt, on Conn. r.
IjEMon, lp. Butler co. O.
Le.mpster, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 40 w Cd,
Lenoir, pv. cap, Caldwell co, N. C on Yad
kin river, [wof B
Lenox, pv. cap. of Berkshire co. Mass. 130
Lenox, pt, Madison co. N.Y, 120 wnw of Al
Lenox, pt, Susquehaima co. Pa.
Lenox! ot. Ashtabula co. 0. 15 s of Ashtabula

LEX

595

LIM

ijsoaANE, la^o-gan', a sea-port on the n coast
of Hayti, 25 m, w of Porl-au-Prince, [of B,
Leominster, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 44 wnw
Leon, pt, Cattaraugus co, N.Y.
Leon (Sp- pron. lay-one'), a handsorae t. of
Mexico, 35 m. wnw of Guanaxuato.
IjEONARDs, St. pv- Calvert co. Md- 56 s of An.
Leonardstown, pv. cap, of St. Mary's co.
Md, 87 s of An, [Unadilla r,
Lbonardsville, py. Madison co. N, Y. on
I^oni, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 70 w of D.
LsoNmAs, tp- St, Joseph co, Mich. [town.
Le Ray, tp'. Jefferson co. N .Y. 8 ne of Water-
Le Raysville, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. 160 nw
of Albany.
Le Raysville, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 n of H.
LeRoy, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. on AUen's cr.
Le Roy, v. Otsego co, N.Y.
Le Roy, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 140 n of H.
Le Roy, tp. Lake co. O. 4 ne of Chardon.
Le Roy, tp. Calhoun co, Mich.
Le Roy, tp. Ingham co. Mich,
Leslie, pt. Ingham Co. Mich. 89 w of D.
Letart, tp. Meigs co. O. on Ohio r.
XiETART's Falls, pv- Meigs co, O. on Ohio r.
IjETCHER, pv. cap. of Letcher co. Ky. 147 se F.
IjEtter a, tp. Aroostook co. Me.
Letter A, tp. Oxford qo. Me.
liETTER B, pt. Oxford CO. Me. on Umbagog L.
Letterkenny, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 7 nw of
Chambersburg.
Letimberville, pv. Marion co. 0. 56 n of Cs,
Levanna, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y, on Cayuga L.
Levant, pt. Penobscot co. Me, 80 nne of A,
I:;evehett, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 83 w^ of B.
Lewis, pt. Essex co. N.Y." 130 n of Al.
Lewis, tp. Lyconung co. Pa.
Lewis, pv. Sussex co. Del. 45 s of Dover.
Lewis, pt. Brown co. 0. 120 swof Cs. [Del.
Lewis and Rehoboth, hundred, Sussex co.
liBWisBERRY, pv. York CO. Pa, 17 s of H-
Lewisborough, pt, "VVestchester co, N.Y. on
Croton river. [quehanna r.
Lewisburg, borough, Union co. Pa, on Sus-
Lewisburg, pv. cap. of Greenbrier co. Va. 214
w of Richraond. [the Arkansas r.
Lewisburg, pv. cap. of Con\vay co. Ark. on
Lewisburg, pv- cap. of MarshaU co. Tenn. 54
s of Nashville. [Green r.
Lewisburg, pv. Mecklenburg co. Ky. on
Lewisburg, pv. Preble co. O. 97 w of Cs.
Lewisburg, pv. Cass co.Ind. on Wabash r.
Lewisport, pv. Harrison co. Va. 280 nw R.
Lewiston, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
liEwisTOWN, pt. Lincohi co. Me. 31 s^v of A,
Lewistown, borough, cap. of Mifflin co- Pa.
on Juniata river.
Lewistown, Va. See Lunenburg C H,
Lewistown, pv. Logan co. O. on Miami r.
Lewistown, pv. cap. of Fulton co. III. 55 nw
of Springfield";
Lhwisville, pv. Indiana co. Pa. 170 wnw H,
Lewisville, pv. Brunswick co.Va., 82 s of R.
LewisvUle, pv. Chester dist. S. C 64 n of Ca.
Lewisville, pv- cap. of La Fayette co. Ark.
160 sw of Little Rock.
Lewisville, pv. Monroe co. O.
Lewisville, pv. Henry co. Ind. 42 e of Is,
Lexington, pt. Somerset co. Me. 62 n of A,
Lexington, Mass. See Gazetteer, [kill,
Lexington, pt. G-??ne co. N.Y, 28wof Cats-
Lexington, Va, See Gazetteer.
Lexington, pr cap, of Davidsonco,N,C.near
Abbott's creek,'

Lexington C. H, Lexington dist. 3, C, 12 W
of Columbia. [h of M,
Lexington, pv. cap. of Oglethorpe co. Ga. 70
Lexington, pv, Lauderdale co, Ala, 158 n T,
Lexington, pv. cap, of Holmes co. Miss, 63
N of Jackson. [on Beech r.
Lexington, pv. cap. of Henderson co. Tenn
Lexington, Ky. See Gazetteer.
Lexington, pv. Richland co, O. 56 hne of C*
Lexington, tp. Stark co; O.
Lexingtpn, tp. St. Clair co. Mich.
Lexington, pv. cap. of Scott co. Ind. 90 s Is.
Lexington, pv. M'Lean co. III. 90 ne of Sd,
Lexington, pv. cap. of La Fayelte co. Mo
about a mile s of Missouri river.
Leyden, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 100 wnw of B
Leyden, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. 120 nw of Al.
Liberty, pt. Waldo co. Me. 20 e of A.
Liberiy, v. Steuben co. N.Y.
Liberty, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y.
Liberty, tp. Adams co. Pa.
Liberty, tp^ Columbia co. Pa.
Liberty, tp. M'Kean co. Pa.
Liberty, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa.
Liberty, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 120 n of H.
Liberiy, pv. cap. of Bedford co. Va. 140 w R.
Liberty, pv. Hall co. Ga. 130 nnw of M.
Liberty, pv. cap, of Amite co. Miss, on an
affluent of Araite river.
Libertyi pt. Pope co. Ark. 93 nw Little Rock.
Lilierty, pv. De Kalb co. Tenn. 50 e of Ne.
Liberty, pv. cap. of Casey co. Ky. on Green r.
Liberty, tp. Adams co. O.
Liberiy, tp. Clinton co; O.
Liberty, tp. Fairfield co, O,
Liberiy, lp. Highland co. O.
Liberty, pv. Montg. co. O. 7 w of Dayton.
Liberiy, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 80 w of D.
Liberiy, tp- Henry co. Ind.
Liberty, pv, cap. of Union co, Ind. 72 e of Is.
Liberty, pv. Adams co. III. 90 w of Sd.
Liberty, pv- cap. of Clay co. Mo. 160 wnw of
Liberty, lp. Marion co. Mo. [Jef. City.
Liberty, a co. in the se part of Texas, inter
sected by Trinity r., and bordering on Gal
veston Bay. The soil in the southern part
is generally light and sandy ; but it im
proves as we advance towards the north :
near the Trinity it is very fertile, but liable
to inundation.
Liberty ,-a v. of Texas, cap. of the above co.,
on the E or left bank of the Trinity t., 60 m.
N of Galveston. Pop. 200. [of An.
Liberty Town, pv. Frederick co. Md. 70 hw
LiBERTYViLLE, pv. Ulster CO. N.Y. 78 s of Al.
Libertyville, pv. Sussex co, N.J. 90 n of Tn,
Licking r. Ky. flows into the Ohio at New
port, opposite Cincinnati.
Licking r. O. one of the principal brapchea
of the Muskin^ura river.
Licking, tp. Licking co. O,
Licking Cr.Ir. Bedford co. Pa. [of Ca,
LicKviLLE, pv, Greenville dist, S, C 106 nw
LiGONiER, pt. Westmoreland co. Pa,
LiLESviLLE, pv. Anson co. N. C 140 sw Rh
Lima, pt. Livingston co. N.Y, 213 w of Al.
Lima, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 68 ese of H.
Liraa, pv. cap. of Allen co. O. on Ottawa r,
100 NW of Columbus,
Lima, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 50 w of D,
Lima, pv. Adams co. 111. 122 w of Sd.
Lima, pv. cap- of La Grange eo. Ind. on Pi
geon river.
LiMANViLLE, pv. StarK co. 0. 144 nk of Cs.

LIT

596

LOG

Limerick, pt, York co. Me. 76 sw of A.
Liraericjc, pv. Jefferson co. N,Y. ori Perch r.
Limerick, pt, Montg, co. Pa. on SchuylkUl r.
Lime Rock, pv. Providence co. R. 1. 10 n of
Providence. [of H.
Limestone, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 154 wnw
Limestone, tp. Clinton co. Pa. [Danville.
Limestone, tp. Columbia co. Pa, 10 nw of
Limestone, tp., Lycoming co. Pa,
Limestone, tp, Warren co. Pa,
Linares, le-nah'res, a small t, of Mexico, on
the r. Tigre, 50 or 60 m. below Monterey.
Limington, pt. York co. Me, on Sacar.
Lincoln, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob
scot river.
Lincoln, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 62 n of Cd.
Lincoln, pt. Addison co.Vt. 55 sw of Mtr.
Lincoln, pt. Middlesex co., Mass. 16 w of B.
Lincoln, pv. Yazoo co. Miss, on Yazoo r.
Lincoln, pt. Delaware co. O. 44 n of Cs.
Lincoln, pv. Macoupin co- III. 60 s of Sd.
Lincolnton, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. N. C on
Liltle Catawba r. [of M.
Lincolnton, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Ga. 98 he
LiNcoLNviLLE, pt. Waldo co. Me. 10 s Belfast.
Linden, pv. cap. of Marengo co. Ala. 80 s T.
LiNDLEY, tp. Steuben co. N.Y. 25 se of Bath.
LiNDSAYVILLE, pV. QsWCgO CO. N. Y. 174
wnw of Albany.
Line Lrxington, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 93 e of H.
LiNGLEsTOWN, pv. Dauphiu CO, Pa, 8 nne H.
LiNKLAEN, pt. Chenango co. N.Y, 122 wA.1.
Linneus, pt. Aroostook cb. Me. 8 sw Houlton,
Linneus^ pv. cap, of Linn co. Mo,' 136 nw of
Jefferson City,
Linnville', pv. Licking co, O. 35 e of Cs,
Linnville. pv. Jefferson co. Mo. 112 e Jef. City,
Linton, tp. Coshocton co. O,
Lionville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 70 e of H.
Lisbon, pt.'XincoIn cc Me. 33 ssw of A.
Lisbon, pt. Grafton oo. N, H- 90 nnw of Cd.
Lisbon, pt. New London co. -Conn. 7 n of
Norwich. [Canton.
Lisbon, pt. St. Lawrence co, N.Y, "10 w of
Lisbon, pv, Anne Arundel co, Md.'56 nw An.
Lisbon, pv.. Bedford co. Va. 150 w of R.
Lisbon, v. cap. of Calcasieu par. La. on Cal
casieu river.
Lisbon, pv. La Salle co. III. 154 nne of Sd-
Lisbon, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis.
LisBURN, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 9 sw of H,
Lisburn, pv. Sampson co. N. C
Lisle, pt. Broome co. N. Y. on ToughnioM r.
Lisle, pv. Gasconade co.Mo. 10 se of Jeffer
son City.
Litchfield, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 11 ssw A.
Litchfield, lp. HUlsboro' 09. N.H, 30 sof Cd.
Litchfield, Conn. , See Gazetteer.
Litchfield, pt. Herkimer co.N.Y. 83 WNwAl.
Litchfield, pt. Bradford co. Pa. [of F.
Litchfield, pv. cap. of Grayson co. Ky. 109 sw
Litchfield, pt. Medina co. O. 113 ne of Cs.
Litchfield, pt, Hillsdale co. Mich-
Lithopolis, pv. Fairfield co. 0. 17 ss of Cs.
LiTiz, lit'its, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 45 ese H,
Little Beaver, lp. Beaver co. Pa.
Little Britain, tp. Lancaster co. Pa, 20 se
of Lancaster. [of Providence.
Little Compton, pt. Newport co. R, 1. 38 sse
Little Cr. hundred, Kent co. Del.
Liltle Cr. hundred, Sussex co. Del,
Little Falls, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. on the
Erie canal.
Little Falls, pv. Passaic co. N. J. on Pa^aic r.

Little Fort, pv. cap. of Lake 00. IU. on L.
Michigan.
Little Mahanoy, tp. Northumberland co. Pa
Little Plymouth, pv. King and Queen co .
Va. 60 E -of Richmond.
Little r. Ga, flows into the Savanmth.
Little r, Ky. flows inlo the Cumberland.
Little r. Ind, flows into the Wabash. -
Little Rock, city, and cap. of Pulaski co.
Ark. on the Arkansas. [of Ca,
Little Sandusky, pv, -Crawford co, O. 56 n
LiTTLEsTo WN, pv, Adams CO, Pa. 42 sw of H.
Littleton, pt. Grafton co. N.H. on Conn. r.
Littleton, pt, Middlesex co. Mass. 26 wnw B,
Littleton, pv, Halifax co, N. C 78 ne of Rh
Little Valley, pi, Cattaraugus co. N,Y. on
Alleghany river,
Littleville, v. Livingston co, N.Y,
Liveemore, pt. Oxford co. Me. 30 w of A.
Liverpool, pv, Onondaga co,N,Y. on Onon
daga Lake.
Liverpool, boro' and tp. Perry co. Pa. 30 n H.
Liveipool, pt. Medina co. O. on Rocky r.
Liverpool, pv. Lake co. Ind, 160 nnw of Is,
Liverpool, v. of Brazoria co. Texas, 35 w of
Galveston,
Liverpool, a sea-port t. of Nova Scotia, 75 m,
sw of Halifax, on a little bay which forms
an exceUent harbour.
Livingston, pt. Columbia co.N.Y.37sDf Al,
Livingston, pt. Essex co. N. J. 9 nw Newark,
Livingston, pv. cap. of Sumter co. Ala. 68
. sw of Tuscaloosa,
Livingston, pv. Madison co. Miss. 22 N of J.
Livingston, pv. Madison co. Ark.
Livingston, pv. Overton co, Tenn, §6 Eof Ne,
Livingston, pv, Livingston co. Mich. 46 wnw
of Detroit.
Livingston, pv, Clarke co. Ill, 127 ese of Sd,
LiviKGSTONViLLE, pv. Schoharle co, N.Y. 42
w of Albany. [neseo.
Livonia, pt. Livingston co. N.Y. 8 R of Ge-
Livonia, pt.Wayne co, Mich, 16 sw of D,
Livonia, pv.Washington co, Ind. 104 s of Is,
LocKBouRNE, pv. FrankUu co. 0,11 s of Cs.
Locke, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 20 s of Auburn.
Lock Haven, pv, cap. of Clinton co. Pa. on
the Susquehanna river.
Lockport, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
Lockport, pv. Erie co. Pa. 260 nw of H,
Lockport, pv. Wilson co. Tenn. on Cumber
land river.
Lockport, pv. Williams co. 0. 170 NW of Cs.
Lockport, pv. CarroU co, Ind. on the Wa
bash- river.
Lockport, pv. Will co. Ill, 170 ns of Sd.
Lock's Village, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 80
w of Boston,
Lockwood, pv. Sussex co. N. J, 62 N of Tn.
Lodi, v- Cattaraugus co. N.Y.
Lodi, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Seneca Lake.
Lodi, tp. Bergen co. N. J. 5 sw Hackensack
Lodi, pv. AbbeviUe disl. S. C 74 w of. Ca.
Lodi, pv- Jackson co. Tenn. ,100 ene of Ne.
Lodi, pv. Medina co. O. 114 he of Cs.
Lodi, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich, 43 w of D.
Logan, lp. Clinton co. Pa,
Logan C H. pv. cap. of Logan co.Va. on
GujTindolte r. 350 w of Richmond, [burg
Logan, pv. Carter co. Ky. 15 s of Oatletts-
Logan, pv. cap. of Hocking co. 0. 47 se of C»
Logan, pt. Dearborn co. Ind. 87 se of Is,
Logansport, pv. cap, of Cass co, Ind. on the
Wabash river.

LOW

697

LUT

LooANVTLLB, pv, York CO, Pa, 31 s of H.
liOganville, pv. Logan co, O. on Miami r.
London, pv, cip. of Laurel co. Ky. 94 se F.
London, pv. cap. of Madison co, O. 27 w Cs.
London, pt- Monroe co. Mich. 45 sw of D.
London, a t. of Canada West, on the Thames,
BOra. w of Hamilton.
London Bridge, pv. Princess Anne co.Va.
124 SE of Richmond. [of PhUa,
London Britain, tp. Chester co. Pa, 35 sw
Londonderry, pt. Rockinghara co. N. H. 34
SSE of Concord.
Londonderry, pt. Windham co. Vt. 96 s Mtr,
Londonderry, tp. Bedford co. Pa.
Londonderry, tp. Chester co. Pa. 35 sw Phila.
ix)ndonderry, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 14 se of H-
Londonderry, lp. Lebanon co. Pa. 8 s^v of
Lebanon,
Londonderry, pt. Guernsey co. O. 95 e of Cs.
London Grove, pt, Chester co. Pa, 34 sw of
Philadelphia,
LoNG-A-coMiNTj, pv, cap, Camdcu co.N.J, 44
ssw of Trenton. [of Tn.
Long Branch, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 50 e
Long Creek Suoals, pv. Lincoln co. N. C
185 w of Raleigh,
Long Island, tp. Hancock co. Me,
Long Lake, ip. Hamillon co. N.Y. [Conn. r.
Long Meadow, pt. Hampden co, Mass. on
Long Swamp, pt, Berks co. Pa. on Little Le
high river, [town.
LoRAiNE, pt, Jefferson co. N.Y. 15 s of Wuter-
LoRETO, lo-ra'to, a small t. of Lower Cali
fornia, on the E coast, in Lat, about 26° 10' N.
LoRETTo, pv. Cambria co. Pa, on the AUe
ghany Mountains^ 145 w of Harrisburg,
Lost Creek, pt. Miami co, O, 63 w of Cs,
LoTTsviLLE, pv, Warren co. Pa. 230 nw of H.
Loudon, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 6 nne Cd.
Loadon, borough, FrankUn co. Pa, 60 wsw of
Harrisburg.
Loudon, pt. Seneca co, O. 88 n of Cs.
Loudon, tp, iVIonroe co. Mich. [Cs.
LouDONVtLLE, pv, Richlaiid co, O. 73 nne of
LouDsviLLE. pv. Habershara oo, Ga. 160 n M.
Louisa C. H. pv, cap. of Louisa co.Va. 60 nw
of Richraond. [Sandy r.
Louisa, pv. cap. of Lawrence eo, Ky. on Big
Louisburg, pv. cap. of FrankUu co. N, C. on
Tar river.
Louisiana, pv. Pike co. Mo. on Mississippi r.
Louis, St. a r. of Wis. flow^ing into the w
end of Lake Superior. [St, Lawrence r.
Louisville, pt. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on
LouisvUle, pv.Westmorelandco. Va. 64 neR.
Louisville, pv, cap. of Jef, co. Ga. 53 e of M.
Louisville, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 187 s of T.
LouispUle, pv. cap. o( Winston co. Miss. 92
NEflf Jackson.
Louisville, pv. Blount co. Tenn. on Tenn. r,
Louisville, pv. Stark co. O, 130 he of Cs,
Louisville, pv, cap. of Clay co. 111. 112 se Sd,
Louisville, pv. Lincoln co. Mo. 74 ne of Jef
ferson City.
Lovell, pt. Oxford co. Me. 63 wsw of A.
Lovettsville, pv. Loudon co. Va. 106 ii of R.
Loveville, pv. Newcastle co, Del. 54 ne of
Dover. [w of R,
LonNGSTON, pv, cap. of. Nelson co, Va. 105
Lowell, pi. Penobscot co. Me, 190 nh of A.
Lowell, pt. Orleans co.Vt. 45 n of Mtr.
Lowell, Mass. See Gazetteer.
Lowellville, pv. Trurabull co. 0. 184 ne Cs.
X/OWER, Tp. Gape May co. N. J. on the Atlantic.

Lower Axloways Cr, tp. Salem co. N. J. 9
B of Salera. [Susquehanna.
Lower Chanceford, pt. York co. Pa. on the
Lower Chichester, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 20
sw of Philadelphia.. [Pennypack cr.
Lower Dublin, lp. Philadelphia co. Pa. on
Lower Macungy, lp. Lehigh cp. Pa. -[Pa.
Lower Mahanoy, tp. Northumberland co.
Lower Mahantango, pt. Schuylkill co. Pa.
Lower Makefield, tp, Bucks co. Pa. 24 nb
of Philadelphia, [41 sw of An,
Lower Marlborough, pv. Calvert co, Md.
Lower Merion, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. on
the Schuylkill. [Pa, on the Susquehanna.
Lower Middletown, borough, Dauphin co.
Lower Mt, Bethel, tp, Norlharapton co. Pa,
Low^ER NAZARETH,-tp. Northaraploii co. Pa.
Lower Oxford, tp, Chester co.Pa. 41 swof
Philadelphia,
Lower Paxton, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 6 ne H.
Lower Penns Neck, tp. Salem co. N, J, 5 nw
of Salem.
Lower Providence, tp. Montgomery co. Pa,
Lower Salford, tp, Montg. co. Pa. 25 nw of
Philadelphia. [O, on Sandusky r.
Lower Sandusky, pv. cap. of Sandusky co.
Lower Saucon, pt. Northampton co. Pa. on
Lehigh r.
Lower St, Clair, tp, Alleghany co. Pa.
Lower Swatara, tp, Dauphin co. Pa. 5 se H.
Lo\\'ER Smithfield, tp, Monroe co. Pa.
Lower Windsor, tp. York co. Pa.
Low Hill, pt. Lehigh co. Pa. 88 ene of H.
Lowe VILLE, pv, Madison co. Ala. on Flint r.
LoWNDESBOROUGH, pv. Lowudcs CO. Ala. 118
SE of Tuscaloosa. i [of Ca.
LowNDEsviLLE, pv. AbbevUIc dist. S. C. 113 w
LowviLLE, pt, Lewis co, N.Y. on Black r,
Lqyalhannah, tp, Westmoreland co. Pa,
LoYALgocK, tp. Lycoming co. Pa,
Loyalsock r. Pa. flows into the West Branch
of the Susquehanna.
LovDsviLLE, pv. Belmont co, O. 109 E of Cs.
LuBEC, pt. Washington co. Me. on Passama
quoddy Bay.
LucAsviLLE, pt. Scioto CO, O. 78 s of Cs.
Ludlow, pt. Windsor co.Vt. 80 s of Mtr. [r.
Ludlow, pt, Hampden co, Mass. on Chickapee
Ludlow, tp, Washington co, O, [Salmon cr.
Ludlowville, pv, Tompkins co, N-Y. on
Lumber r, N. C and S. C a branch of the
Lumber, tp. Clinton co. Pa. • [Ijittle Pedee.
Lumber City, pv- Telfair co. Ga. 136 s of M,
Lumberland, pt. Sullivan co, N.Y. 130 sw Al,
Lumberport, pv, Harrison co,Va, 260 NWof
Richmond,
LuMBERTON, pv. and port of entry, Burling
ton CO. N, J, on Rancocus cr, [s of Rh
Luraberton, pv, cap. of Rcrijinson co, N. C. 90
Luraberton, pv, Clinton co, 0. 74 sw of Cs. [r,
LuMBERViLLE, pv, Bucks CO. Pa. on Delaware
Lumpkin, pv. cap. of Stewart co- Ga. 137 swM,
Lunenburg, pt. Essex co.Vt. on Conn, r. '
Lunenburg, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 46 nw B.
Lunenburg C. H. py. cap. of Lunenburg co.
Va. 78 sw of Richmond.
Lunenburg, a sea-port t. of Nova Scotia, 40
wsw of Halifax. Pop. 2,000, chiefly Germans.
LuRAY, pv. cap. of Page co- Va, 130 nw of R.
Luray, pv. Licking co. O. 25 e of Cs.
Luray, pv. Henry co. Ind. 57 e of Is, [burg,
LuRGAN, tp, Franklin co. Pa, 13 n Chambers-
LuTHKRsBURG, pv. Clearfield co. Pa, 145 nw
of Harrisburg,

MAC

598

MAH

liUTHERVlLiE, pv. Merriwelher co. Ga. 108 w
Ldzerne, tp. Payette co. Pa. ' [of M,
Luzerne, pt. Warren co. N.Y. on the Hudson,
Lycoming, tp. Lycoming co. Pa.
Lykens, lp. Dauphin cO. Pa. 26 n of H,
Lyman, pt. York co. Me. 72 sw of A.
liyman, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 107 nnw of Cd,
LvMAHsviLi-E, pv. Potter CO. Pa. 107 nnw H.
Lyme, pt. Grafton cc, N. H. 53 nw of Cd.
Lyme, pt. New London co. Conn. 45 s of Hd.
Lyme, tp. Jef. co. N.Y- 12 w of Watertown.
Lyme, pt. Huron co. O. 100 n of Cs.
Lynchburg, pv. Campbell co.Va. on James r.
Lynchburg, pv. Lincoln co, Tenn, 76 s of Ne.
Lynchburg, pv. Highland co. O. 88 sw of Cs.
Lynch's cf.^S. C, flows into Great Pedee r.
Lynchwood, pv,Kershawdist. S, C 50 NEof
Columbia, [ssw of Cd.
Lyndeborough, pt. HiUsborough co, N. H. 33
Lyndon, pt. Caledonia co.Vt. 44 he of Mtr.
Lyndon, tp. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 18 e of
Lyndon, v. Orleans co. N.Y. [EUicoliville.
Lyndon, pv. Whitesides co. 111. 180 n of Sd.
Lynesville, pv. Granville co. N. C. 54 n Rh.
Lynn, pt- Essex co. Mass. 9 he of B.
Lynn, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. ,
Lynn, lp. Posey co. Ind.
Lynnfield, pt. Essex co. Mass. 20 n of B.
Lynnville, pv. Lehigh co. Pa.
Lynnville, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 60 s of Ne.
Lynnville, pv. Warwick co. Ind. 160 s"w of Is,
Lynnville, pv. Morgan co. IU. 40 w of Sd.
Lyon, tp. Oakland co, Mich. [canal.
Lyons, pv. cap. of Wayne co. N.Y. on Erie
Lyons, pt, Ionia co. Mich, on Grand r,
Lysander, pt, Onondaga co, N.Y. on Seneca r,
McAllisteesville, pv, Juniata co. Pa. 55
NW of Harrisburg.
McArthur, tp. Logan co. O, [of Cs.
McArthurstown, pv, Athens co. O, 70 se
McClellandstown, pv. Fayette co. Pa.
McConnelsburg, pv, Bedford co. Pa.
McConnelsville, pv. cap. of Morgan co. O.
73 E of Columbus. [of Cs.
McCutchinsville, pv. Crawford co, O. 70 n
McDanielsville, pv. Spartanburg disl. S. C.
MCD0NAI4D, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Ala.
160 E of Tuscaloosa: [of Jef Ciiy.
McDonald, pv. cap. of Barry co. Mo- 200 sw
McDonough, pt. Qhenango co. N.Y. 120 w Al.
McDonough, pv. cap. of Heiiry co. Ga C5
WNW of Milledgeville.
McGillivray's [g hurd] or KootanaI (koo-
ta.-nT) r. in the e part of Oregon, falls into
the Columbia, [ w of Al,
McGrawville, pv. Cortland co, N. Y- 142
McHenry, pv.cap. M'Henry ro.JU. on Fox r.
McIndoe's Falls, pv. Caledonia co. Vt. 46 e
McKean, pt.Erieco. Pa. 9 sof Erie, [of Mtr.
McKean, tp. Licking co. O.
McKeansBjURG, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa.
McKee'sPort, p v. Alleghany co. Pa,200 wH.
McLean, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. on Fall cr.
McLeansborough, pv- cap. of Hamilton co,
111. 150 SSE of Springfield. [Nashville.
McLeansville, pv. Jackson 00. Tenn. 80 e of
McLe MORES VILLE, pv. CarroU co. Tenn. 107
w of Nashville, [75 se of Ne.
McMinnville, pv. cap. of Warren co. Tenn.
MgVkytown, pv- Mifflin co. Pa. 68 nw of H.
McWiLLiAMSTOWN, pv, Chester co. Pa.
Macedon, pi. Wayne co. N.Y. 20 w of Lyons.
MacxdoniAj pv. Carroll co. Tenn. 106 w Ne.

Machias, Me, See Gazetteer.
Machias, pt. Cattaraugus co- N.Y.
Machias Port, pt.Washington co. Me. on
Machias river. [300 Rnw of D.
Mackinaw, pv. cap, of Mackijiaw co. Mich.
Mackinaw r. Ill, flows into the lUinois r,
Mackinaw, pv. Tazewell co. 111. 64 n of Sd.
Mackville, pv- Franklin co, Ga. 120 n of M.
Mackville, pv, Washington co, Ky,45 ssw P
Mackville, pv. Randolph co, Ind. 75 ene Is.
Macomb, pv. cap. of M'Donough co. III. 86hw
of Springfield,
Macomb, pt, Macomb co, Mich. 35 he of D.
Macon, Ga, See Gazetteer,
Macon, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 56 s of T.
Macon, pv. cap. of Noxubee co. Miss, on
Noxubee river.
Macon, pv. Fayette co, Tenn. 196 w^sw Ne.
Macon, pt, Lenaw^ee co. Mich. 66 sw of D,
Macoupin (mak-koo'pin) cr. IU, flows into
Illinois river.
Macungy, pt, Lehigh co. Pa, 83 ene of H.
Madawaska, tp. Aroostook co. Me. on St.
- John's river.
Madbury, tp, Strafford co. N. H.
Madison, pt, Somerset co. Me. 40 n of A.
Madison, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 56 s Hd,
Madison, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 95 w of Al.
Madison, pv. Morris co, N, J, 58 n of Tn,
Madison, tp. Armstrong co. Pa.
Madison, tp. Colurabia eo. Pa. 10 n Danville.
Madison, tp. Perry co. Pa. [nw of R.
Madison C. H. pv. cap, of Madison co, Va. 97
Madison, pv. Rockingham co, N. C. 116 nw
of Raleigh. [ofM.
Madison, pv- cap. of Morgan co, Ga, 40 nnw
Madison CH. pv, cap. of Madison co. Flor.
Madison, lp. Butler co. O.
Madison, lp. Clarke co, O.
Madison, tp, FremkUn co, O.
Madison, tp. Guernsey co, O.
Madison, tp. Highland co. O.
Madison, pi. Lakis co. O. on Grand r.
Madison, tp. Montgomery co.'O.
Madison, tp. Perry co. O.
Madison, tp. Richland co. O.
Aladison, ip. Lenawee co. Mich.
Madison, Ind. See Gazetteer.
Madison, tp. Jefferson co. Ind.
Madison, pv. Madison co. III. s of Sd,
Madison, pv. Monroe co. Mo. 83 n of Jef City.
Madison, pv. cap. of Dane co. and ofthe state
of Wis., on a peninsula between the 3d and
4th lake of the chain called the Four Lakes,
90 m. w of MiUvaukie.
Madison Springs, pv- Madison co. Ga. 100
N of Milledgeville. [of J.
Madisonville, pv. Madison co. Miss. 20 nnk
MiidisonviUe^ pv, St. Tararaany par. La. on
Chefonte river. [172 ese of Ne
Madisonville, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Tenu.
Madisonville, pv. cap. of Hopkins co. Ky. 127
wsw of Frankfort. [Cincinnati.
Madisonville, pv. Hamilton co. O. 8 ne of
Madisonville, pv. Ralls co. Mo. 96 nne of
Jefierson City.
Madrid, tp, Franklin co. Me. 105 nw of A.
Madrid, pi. St. Lawrence co.N.Y. on Grass r
Mad t. O. an affluent of the Miami r.
Mnd R. lp. Champaign co. O,
Mahanoy r. Pa. enters the Susqa. 35 n of H.
Mahantanoo r. Pa. flows into the Susque
hanna 28 H of Harrisburg,
Mahoning r, rising in O. joins Beaver r. in Pa.

man

599

MAR

Mahoning, tp. Columbia co. Fa, on Susqa. r.
Mahoning, pt, Indiana co. Pa. 170 w of H.
Mahoning, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 16 sw of Mer
cer (borough).
Maiden Cr. pt. Berks co. Pa. 60 e of H.
Maiden cr. Pa. an upper br, of the Schuylkill.
Maidstone, tp. Essex co. Vt, on the Conn, r,
Maine, pv, Broome co, N.Y. 147 wsw of Al.
Maitland r. Canada West, runs into Lake
Huron at Goderich.
Malaga, pv. Gloucester co, N, J. 55 sw of Tn,
Malaga, pt, Monroe co, 0. 110 e of Cs.
Malden, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 5 n of B,
Maiden, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. on Hudson r.
Walden, a t. of Canada West, at the entrance
of Detroit r. into Lake Erie.
Malden Bridge, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 16 s
of Albany.
MALL<mY SVILLE, pv. WUkcs CO. Ga, 90 ne M,
Malone, pv. cap, of Franklin co, N, Y, on
Salmon river. [Spa,
Malta, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y, 6 se of Ballston
Malta, pv. Morgan co, O. on Muskingum r.
Maltavillk, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. 30 n Al.
Mamakating, tp. SuUivan co. N.Y. 12 e of
Monticello. [of New York.
MAiiAR'oNECK.pt. Westchester co.N-Y. 23 ne
Manahocking, pv. Monmouth co, N. J. 60 e
of Trenton, [Manasquan inlet.
Manasquan r. N, J, enters the Atlantic by
Manasquan, pv, Monmouth co, N.J, 50 ese
of Trenton. ' [of Phila.
Man-a-yunk', pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 7 hw
Man che STER, city, HiUsborough co. N. H. 21
S3E of Concord. [tenkill r.
Manchester, pt. Bennington co. Vt, on Bat-
Jlanchesler, pt.JEssex co. Mass. 23 ne of B.
Manchester, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 10 e of Hd,
Manchester, v, Dutchess co, N.Y. on Wap-
pinger's creek. [creek.
Manchester, v, Oneida co. N.Y. on Oriskany
Manchester, pt. Ontario co. N . Y. 200 w of Al.
Manchester, tp. Passaic co. N.J. on Passaic r,
Manchester, tp.Wayne co. Pa.
Manchester, pt.York co. Pa^ 18 s of H.
Manchester, pv. Carroll co. Md. 60 nw of An.
Manchester, pv. Cheslerfield co. Va. 2 s of R.
Manchester, pv. cap. of Coffee co. Tenn; 66
SE of NashviUe. [river.
Manchester, pv. cap. of Clay co. Ky. on Goose
Manchester, pv. Adaras co. O. on the Ohio r.
Manchester, v. Summit co. O. 120 ne of Cs.
Manchester, pt. Washtenaw CO. Mich. 55 wD.
Manchester, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 76 se of Is.
Manchester, pv. Scott co. III. 50 w of Sd,
Manchester^ pv. Si. Louis co. Mo. 108 e of
Jefferson City,
Manchineel, a sea-port on the e end of Ja
maica, 38 m, E from Kingston.
Mandeville, v. St. Tararaany par. La. on L,
Pontchartrain. ^
Mah'dahs, the name of a tribe of Indians,
formerly dweUing on the Missouri, e of the
Yellowstone r., now nearly or quite extinct,
Manhassett, pv. Queen'sco.N.Y. OnLongl.
Manhattan, pv. Lucaa co. O. at the raouth
of the Maumee river.
Manhattan, pv. Putnam co. Ind. on Eel r.
Manhattan ville, v. New York co. N.Y. on
the Hudson. [Albany.
Manheim, pt, Herkimer co. N.Y. 64 wNWbf
Manheim, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 33 ese of H.
Manheim, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa,
Manheim, tp. York co. Pa, 16 sw of York.

Manitoowoc, pv. cap, of Manrtoowoo co
Wisconsin. [Syracuse.
Manlius, pt. Onondaga co, N.Y. 10 e of
Manlius, tp. Allegan co. Mich.
Manlius Centre, py. Onondaga co- N.Y.
Manningham, pv. Butler co. Ala. 132 sse of
Tuscaloosa. [lera.
Mannington, tp- Salem co. N. J. 6 ne of Sa-
Mannsborough, pv- Amelia co. Va, 46 sw R.
MannsvillEj pv, Jefferson co. N,Y, 166 nw of
Albany. [caster.
Manor, pt. Lancaster co.- Pa, 6 sw of Lan-
Mansfield, tp. Lamoille co.Vt. 20 nw Mtr.
Mansfield, pt. Bristol co. Mass- 30 ssw of B,
Mansfield, pt. ToUand co. Conn. 24 e of Hd,
Mansfield, pt. Cattaraugus co, N.Y. 5 w of
ElUcottviUe. [Mount HoUy
Mansfield, lp, Burlington co, N. J, 7 n of
Mansfield, pt. Warren co- N. J. 48 nnw of Tn,
Mansfield, pv, cap, of Richland co. 0. 63 nne
of Columbus.
Mantua, pt. Portage co, O. on Cuyahoga r,
Mantua, pv. M'Minn co. Tenn, 164 ese of Ne.
Manzanillo, man-san-neel'yo, a sea-port on
the s side of Cuba, 125 m, be of Puerto
Principe, Pop, about 3,000,'
Maple, pt. Ionia co. Mich; 130 wnw of D.
Maplesville, pv. Bibb co. Ala, 62 se of T,
Mapleton, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C, 110 w Ca.
Mapleton, pv>Stark co, O. 132 ne of Cs.
Maramec r. Mo. flows into the Mississippi.
Marathon, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Tough-
Marathon, tp. Lapeer co. Mich. [nioga r.
Marblehead, Mass. See Gazetteer.
Marbletown, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 7 sw of
Kingston. [nnw of N. O.
Marburyville, pv. St. Tararaany par. La. 70
Marcellus, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 140 w Al.
Marcellus Falls, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y.
140 w of Albany. [Phila,
Marcus Hook, pv. Delaware co. Pa, 20 s of
Marcy, pt. Oneida co. N-Y. 6 n of Ulica,
Mardisville, pv, Talladega co. Ala, on Tal
ladega creek.
Marengo, pt. Calhoun co, Mich, 100 w of D,
Marengo, pv, M'Henry co. Ill, on Kishawau-
kee river. [droscoggin
Margallaway r. N- H. flows into the An-
Margaretta, pi. Erie co. 0. 100 h of Cs.
Margaretsville, pv. Norlharapton co. N. C
Marianna, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Flor. on
Chipola river.
Mariaville, pt. Hancock CO, Me, on Union r.
Marie, St, pv. Jasper co. III. 140 se of Sd.
MARiEL,raan-re-el', a sea-port on the n side
of Cuba, about 30 m. w of Havana.
Marietta, borough, Lancaster co. Pa. on the
Susquehanna.
Marietta, pv. cap. of Cofcb co. Ga. 113 nw M.
Marietta, pv- cap. of Washington co, O. on
Muskingum river,
Marion, pt.Washington co.Me, 170 ene of A.
Marion, pt.Wayne co, N.Y. 200 w of Al.
Marion, lp. Centre co. Pa,
Marion, tp. Greene co. Pa,
Marion, pv.cap. ofSmytheco, Va.275wofR.
Marion, pv. Montgoraery r.o. N, C.
Marion C, H. pv. cap. of Marion dist. S. C.
146 E of Colurabia,'
Marion, pv, cap. of Twiggs co, Ga, 41 sw M.
Marion, pv, Jefferson co. Flor.
Marion, pv. cap. of Perry co. Ala. 58 s of T,
Marion, pv. cap. of Lauderdale co. Miss. 140
s of Jackftoo.

MAR

600

MAT

Marion, py. cap. of Crittenden co. Ark. 140
ENE of Little Bock,
Marion, pv, Scott co, Ky, 22 he of F.
Mhrion, pv. cap. of Marion co. O. 44 n of Cs.
Marion, pt, Livingston co. Mich. 56 wnw D.
Marion, pv. cap. of Grant co. Ind. on Missi-
sinewa river. [of Sd.
- Marion, pv, cap. of WiUiarason co, HI. 172 sse
Marion, pv. Cole co. Mo, on Missouri r,
Marion^ pv. cap. of Linn co, Iowa, 4 e of Ce
dar nver. [Mississippi r.
Marion City, pv. Marion co. Mo. on the
Marion College, pv. Marion co. Mo. 12 w
of Palmyra. [Trenlon.
Maeksborough, pv. Warren co. N, J. 73 n of
Marksville, pv. Page co. Va. 120 nnw of R.
Marksyille, pv. cap. of Avoyelles par. La. 255
NW of New Orleans. ¦ [of Cd.
Marlborough, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 53 sw
Marlborough, pt. Windham co. Vt.
Marlborough, pt. Middlesex co.Mass. 27 wB.
Marlborough,. pt. Hartford co. Conn, 16 se of
Hartford, [Kingston,
Marlborough, pt, Ulster co. N.Y. 20 sOf
Marlborough, tp. Montgoraery co. Pa. .
Marlborough, pv. Morgan co. Ga. 54 nw M.
Marlborough, tp. Delaware co. O.
Marlborough, pt. Slark co. 0. 135 ne of Cs.
Marlow, tp. Cheshire co, N.H. on Ashuelot r.
Marple, tp. Delaware co. Pa. [Neenah r.
Marquette, v. cap. of Marquette co. Wis. on
Marriottsville, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md.
63 NW of Annapolis.
Marseilles, pv. Noble co. Ind. 164 nne of Is.
Marseilles, pv. La Salle co. III. on Illinois r.
Marshall, pt. Oneida co. N.Y, 12 sw Utica.
MarshaU, pv. MarshaU co. Ala. 130 he of T.
Marshall, pv- cap. of Calhoun co. Mich. 105
w of Detroit. [of Sd.
Marshall, pv. cap. of Clarke co. IU. 123 ess
Marshall, pv. cap. of SaUne co.Mo, 87 nw of
Jefferson City,
Marshall,, V, cap.of Harrison co. Texas, 150
N of Galveston. A university has been in
corporated here. Pop. 350.
Marshalls VILLE, pv, Macon co. Ga. 70 sw M.
Marshallsville, pv. Wayne co. O.
Marshallton, pv. Chester co. Pa. [Mtr,
Marshfield, pt, W^ashinglon co. Vt, 15 ne of
Marshfield, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 31 se of B,
Marshpee, lp. Barnstable co, Mass.
Marthasville, pv. Warren co. Mo. 73 e of -
Jefferson City.
Martha's Vineyard, i. Mass. lies off the s
shore of Mass. It is 21 m. long- and from 2
to 5 broad.
Martic, lp. Lancaster, CO. Pa. 10 s Lancaster.
Mahticville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 48 ese H,
Martinsburg, pv, cap. of Lewis co. N.Y.
134 NW of Albany.
Murlinsb'urg,,pv. Bedford co. Pa. 112 w of H.
Martinsburg, pv. cap. of Berkley co. Va. 21 kw
of Harper's Ferry,
Martinsburg, pv. Monroe co, Ky, 150 ssw F.
Martinsburg, pV. Knox-co. 0.57 nne of Cs.
Martinsburg, pv- Wn. co. Ind. 13 se of Salem.
Martin's cr, Norlharapton co. Pa. flows inlo
the Delaware- [flowing'inio the Atlantic.
Martin's, St. a r. at the e extremity of Md.,
Martin's, St. pv.Worcester co.Md. 130 se An'.
Martinsto WN, pv, Hancock co. 0. 90 nnw Cs.
Martinsville, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 85 n Tn.
(MartinsviUe, pv. cap. of Henry co. Va. on
Smith's riverv

Martinsville, py. Northampton co. N. C. IK)
he of Raleigh.
Martinsville, pv.Warren co. Ky, 152 sw of F.
MartinsviUe, pv. CUnton co. O. 82 ssw of Cs.
MariinsvUlCj pv- cap. of Morgan co, Ind..28
sw of Indianapolis.
Martinsville, pv. Clarke co. 111. 127 ese of Sd.
Martinsville, Sr.pv. and cap of St. Mary's
par. La. on Teche river,
Martville,,P V.Cayuga co. N.Y. 175wof Al.
Maryland, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 12 h of Coo
perstown. [ing into the Atlantic.
Mary's, St, a r. between Ga. and Flor. flow-
Mary's, St. Ga. SeeGAZETTEER.
Mary's, St. pv. Mercer co. 0. 105 wnw of Cs,
Mary's, St. a r. of O. and Ind. : il unites with
the St. Joseph's to form the Mau^iee.
Mary's, St, a strait between L. Huron and L.
Superior, length about 60 mites,
Mary's Landing, St, pv. St. Genevieve co.
Mo. on the Mississippi. [ton r.
Marysville, pv. Campbell co.Va. on Staan
Marysville, pv. cap. of Blount co. Tenn. J83
ESE of NashviUe,
Marysville, pv. Union co. O. 40 hw of Cs,
Marysville, pv. Lawrence co. Ind. 63 ssw Is.
Mascoutah, pv. St. Clair co. IU. 110 s of Sd,
Mashulaville, pv. Noxubee eo. Miss. 113 ke
of Jackson. [Mich, in Otlawaco.
Maske'gon or Masee'go r. Mich, enters L.
Maskegon, pt- Ottawa co. Mich, on the above.
Masoh, pi. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 44 ssw of Cd.
Mason, tp. Cass co. Mich.
Mason, tp. Ingham co. Mich.
Mason, pv. Clmton co. Mo.
Masoh Centre, pv. Ingham co, Mich.
Mason Village, pv. Hillsborough co.N.H. 44
ssw of Concord. [of Al.
Masonville, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 110 sw
M'?sonville, pv. I^uderdaie co. Ala. 145 s T
Massena, pt. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 247
NNW of Albany.
Mabserne, Mts. See Ozark Mts.
Massillon, pv. Stark co. O, on Ohio canal.
Matagorda, a co. of Texas, al the mnulb of
the Colorado, on Matagorda Bay. Soil ex
ceedingly ferlile, consisting generaUy of a
deep, rich, black mould.
Matagcirda, a sea-port, city and cap, of the
above co., on the left bank of the Colorado,
at ils mouth, 190 m. se of Austin. It con
tains aji academy, and a university has
been incorporated here. Pop. 500 or 6O0.
Matagorda Bay, an extensive lagoon of
Texas, at the mouth of the Colorado river.
Length about 60 m., greatest breadth above
15 ra.
Mat-a-mo'ros, a t. of Mexico, onvthe right
bank of the Rio del Norte, about 40 m. from
its mouth. A few of the houses are of
brick ; those of the lower classes are built
of canes, brushwood, &c., plastered with
mud. Pop. estimated at 5.000. Opposite this
town, on the he side of the river, General
Taylor established his camp a short lime
previous to the coraraencement of hostili
ties between the United States and Mexico.
This 'place has been since called Fort
Brown, in honour of Major Brown, com
mander of the garrison, who was mortally
wounded by ashell from the Mexican batte
ries (May 6th, 1846), whUe Gen. Taylor,
wilh the main body of his forces, was en
gaged in opening a communication witb

MEA

601

MER

Point Isabel. After the victories of Palo
Alto (pah'lo al'to) nnd Resaca de la Palma
(ra-sah'ka. del lab pal'rai), the American
army entered and took possession of Mata-
raon s without apposition.
Matchapungo Inlet, an inlet frora the sea
in Northampton co, Va,
Mattap'ony r. Va. joins the Pamunky, to
form York river,
Mattamiscohtis, tp, Penobscot co. Me.
Mattapoisett, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 60 s B,
Matteawan, V, Dutchess co. N.Y. on Fish-
kill creek. [102 e of R.
Matthews C H. pv. cap. of Matthews co. Va.
Matthewsvtlle, pv. Pocahontas co. Va, 194
WNW of Richmond,
Mattituck, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y, on Long I,
Matteson, lp. Branch co. Mich.
Mauch Chunk. See Gazetteer,
Mauchport, pv. Harrison co, Ind, 140 s of Is.
KIauhee r. O. See Gazetteer.
Maumee City, pv. Lucas co. O. on Maumee r,
Maurice r. N. J. enters Delaware Bay in
Cumberland co. [above,
Maurice R. tp, Cumberland co. N, J. on the
Maurtcetown, pv- Cumberland co, N, J, on
Maurice river.
Maxatawny, tp. Berks co. Pa. 74 he of H.
Maxfield, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 110 nnw A.
Maxville, pv. Sussex co. N. J.
Mayaguez^ ml-a-ghes', a sea-port on the w
coast of Porto Rico.
Maybinton, pv. Newberry dist.S. C45wCa.
Mayfield, pt. Soraerset co. Me. on Kenne
bec river,
Mayfield, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 58 nw of Al.
Mayfield, pv. cap. of Graves co, Ky. 275 wsw
of Frankfort,
Mayfield, pt. Cuyahoga- co. O. on Chagrin r.
MaTO, ml'o, a r. of Mexico, in Sonora, fall
ing into the Gulf of California, near 27° lO'
H Lat., and 109° 40' w Lon. Near its month
is the town called Santa Cruz de Mayo or
Guiiivis (ghe-te-veece'), with a pop. esti
mated at 7,000.
Mayoning,pv. Patrick CO. Va. 217 wsw of R.
May's Lahding, pv. cap. of Atlantic co. N. J.
on Great Egg Harbour r. 73 s of Trenton,
Maysville, pv. cap. of Buckingham co.Va.
on Slate river.
Maysville, pv. Greenbrier co. Va. 230 w of R.
Maysville, pv. Dickson co.Tenn.50 wof Ne,
Maysville, city. Mason co. Ky, on Ohio r.
Maysville, tp, Morgan co, O.
Maysville, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 84 wnw Is.
Maysville, pv, cap. of Clay co. III. 120 se Sd.
Mayville, pv- Chaulauque co. N.Y. on Chau
lauque Lake.
Maytown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 30 se of H.
Maz^at-lan', a sea-port t. of Sonora, Mexi
co, on the w coast, at the entrance of the
Gulf of CaUfornia, 570 m. nw of Mexico.
'It is much frequented by American traders
and whalers. Lat. 23° 15' H, Lon. about 106°
30' w.
Mead, tp. Crawford co. Pa.
Mead, tp. Belmont co, O. [of Ne.
Meadowville, pv. Smith co, Tenn; 55 ehe
Meadville, borough, cap, of Crawford co.
Pa, on French creek,
MeadviUe, pv,.HaIifax co.Va, 136 sw of R,
Meadville, py. cap: of Franklin co. Miss, 80
¦ sw of Jackson,
Meahsville, pv. Union dist, S. C. 80 nw Ca.

Mecca, pt, Trurabull co, 0. 180 nb of Cs.
Mechahicsburg, borough^ Cumberland co.
Pa, 9 E of Carlisle,
Mechanicsburg, pv. GUes co.Va. 248 wof R,
Mechanicsburg, pv. Champaign co. O. 36 w
of Colurabus.
Mechanicsburg, pv- Sangamon co. Ill, 15 e Sd.
Mechanic's Falls, pv. Cumberland co. Me,
Mechanicstown, pv, Frederick co. Md. 90
NW of AnnapoUs. [Cs.
Mechanicstown, pv, Carroll ca 0. 135 ene of
Mechanicsville, pv. Rutland co. Vt. 82 ssw
6f Montpelier, pludson r.
Mechanicsville, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. on the
Mechanicsville, pv. Louisa co. Va. 70 nw R.
Mechanicsville, pv. Sumter dist. S. C. 78 e of
Columbia.
Mechanicsville, pv. Jasper co. Ga, 45 w M.
Mechanicsville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 30
SE of Nashville.
Mechanicsville, pv. Kemper co. Miss.
Mechisses, pt. Washington co. Me. on Ma
chias river. [w of Al.
Mecklenburg, pv. Torapkins co. N.Y. 174
Mecklenburg, pv. Knox co. Tenn. on Holston
river.
Medfield, pt, Norfolk co. Mass. 21 ssw of B
Medford, pt. Middlesex co, Mass. 5 nw of B.
Medford, pv, Burlington co'. N. J, 3^1 se of Tn.
Medina, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. 260 w of Al.
Medina, pv. cap. of Medina co. 0. 117 ne Cs.
Medina,, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 80 sw of D.
Medway, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 28 sw of B.
Medway, v- Liberty co. Ga.
Meesville, pv. Roane co.Tenn, 142Eof Ne.
Meherrin r. Va. unites with the Nottaway to
form the Chowan r, N, C.
Meigs, tp. Adams co. O. [berland r.
Meigsville, pv. Jackson co. Tenn. on Cum-
MellenvillEj pv. Columbia co, N.Y, 37 s Al,
Melmore, pv. Seneca co. O. 82 n of Cs.
Melrose, pv. Clarke co. Ill, 150 ese of Sd.
Meltonsville, pv. Anson co. N. C 160 sw
of Raleigh. [Tuscaloosa.
Meltonsville, pv. MarshaU co.Ala, 170 ne of
Melvin Village, pv. Strafford co. N. H, 50
E of Concord.. [Pop. in 1846, above 6,000.
MEMPHis,city, Shelby co.Tenn. on the Miss.
Memphis, pv. Lewis co. Mo. 184 n Jef. City.
Memphrema'gog, LAKE,Vt. is between 30 and
40 m. long, and frora 2 to 3 wide.
Menallen, pt. Adaras co. Pa. 48 sw of H.
Menallen, tp. Fayelte co. Pa,
Menan, Little and Great, 2 islands off tha
HECoast of Me.
Mendham, pt. Morris co, N. J, 5Q n of Tn.
Mendon, tp. Rutland co. Vt. 8 e of Rutland.
Mendon, pt. Worcester eg, Mass. 33 sw of B.
Mendon, pt. Monroe co.N.Y. 12 s Rochester.
Mendon, pv. Adams co. Ill- 116 w of Sd.
Men-nom'o-nie or Menomonee Isdians, a
tribe dwelling in the ene part of Wis: near
. Menomonee river,
Menomokee r, Mich, flows into Green Bay.
Menomonee, lp- Milwaukie co. Wis.
Mehtor, pi. Lake co. O. on L- Erie.
Mentz, tp. Cayuga co. N.Y. 8 hnw Auburn.
Mequahigo, lp. Milwaukie co. Wis.
Mercer, pt. Somerset co. Me. 34 nnw of A.
Mercer, tp- Butler eo. Pa.
M^ercer, borough, cap. of Mercer co. Pa. 57
N of Pittsburg.
Mercersburg, borough, Franklin co. Pa. 15
sw of Chambersburg.

mid

6U3

MIF

Merkditii, tp. Belknap co, N, H, 30 N of Cd.
Meredith, pt, Delaware co. N.Y. 6 n of DelhL
Meredith Village, pv. Belknap co. N. H.
37 N of Concord,
Meredosia, pv. Morgan co. 111. on Illinois r.
Meriden, pv, Cheshire co, N, H. 57 sw of Cd.
Meriden, pt. New Haven Co. Conn. 16 s of
Hartford.
Meridian, pv. Mercer co. III. 130 nw of Sd.
Meridian'Springs, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 9 h J,
Meridianville, pv. Madison co. Ala. on
Flint river.
Mermentau, raer-raen-to', r. La, enters the
Gulf of Mexico e of Calcasieu r.
Merom, pv, cap, of Sullivan co. Ind, on the
Wabash r,
Merrimack, pt, Hillsboro' co, N.H, 29s of Cd.
Merrittstowh, pv. Fayctle co. Pa, 191 w H.
Merrittsville, pv, GreenviUe dist. S. C, 130
NW of Columbia. >
Mesopotamia, pt. Trumbull co, 0, 170 ne Cs,
Metal, tp. Franklin co. Pa.
Metea, pv. Cass CO. Ind. 84 n of Is.
Methuen, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Merrimack r.
Metropolis City, pv.Johnson co. III. 225 sse
of Springfield.
Metuchin, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 32 ne Tn.
Mexico, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Androscoggin r.
Mexico, pv. Oswego co, N,Y. on Salmon cr.
Mexico, pv. Juniata co. Pa, 42 nw vf H,
Mexico, pv. cap. of Audrain co. Mo. on Salt r.
Mexico, the raost populous of the Mexican
slates, is situated in the s part of the con
federation, and borders on the Pacific. Area
30,000 sq.m. Pop. 1,200,000. TIalpanisthe
capital.
Meyerstowh, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 31 e of H.
Miami r. O. See Gazetteer.
Miami, pv. Harailton co, O. on Miami r.
Miami, tp. Hamilton co. O. on the Ohio r,
Miarai, lp. Clermont co. O,
Miarai, lp. Montgoraery co, O.
MiAMiSBURG, pv. Monig. CO. O. on Miami r.
Michael's, St. pv. Talbot co. Md. 57 e An.
Michaelsville, pv. Harford co. Md. 62 n An..
Michigan Centre, pv. Jackson co. Mich. 72
wofD. [Mich.
Michigan City, pv. I^aporie co. Ind. on L.
MicHiGANTOWN, pv. CHnton CO. Ind. 42 n Is,
Micho'acan, me'cno-ah-kan', a Mexican state,
w of the city of Mexico, and bordering on
thePaeific, Area26,500sq.m. Pop.450,000,
Capital, Valladolid. [Bay.
Middle, lp. Cape May co. N. J, on Delaware
Middle Paxton, tp, Dauphin co. Pa. 9 he of
Harrisburg, [s of B.
Middleborough, pt, Plymouth co, Mass. 40
MiDDLEBouRHE, pv. Cap, of Tyler co. Va, 307
NW of Richmond. [of R.
Middlebrook, pv. Augusta co. Va. 130 wnw
Middleburg, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 37 w Al.
Middleburg, pv- Union co. Pa. 77 n of H.
Middleburg, pv. Carroll co. Md. 78 nw of An.
Middleburg, pv. Loudon co. Va. 134 H of R.
Middleburg, pv. Hardiraan co, Tenn, 170 sw
of NashviUe.
Middleburg, pv, Casey co. Ky, 60 s of F.
Middleburg, lp. Cuyahoga co. O,
Middleburg, pv. Logan co. O.
Middleburg, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich.
Middlebury, Vt. See Gazetteer, [of Hd.
Middlebury, pt. New Haven co. Conn, 52 wsw
Middlebury, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. 247 wAl.
Middlebury, tp. Tioga co. Pa.

Middlebury, pv. Summit co. O- 125 he of Cs
Middlebury, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. 162 n of Is
Middle. Ce. pt. Union co. Pa.
Middlet-ield. pt. Hampshire co. Mass.
Middlefield. pt. Otsego co. N.Y, 64 w of Al.
Middlefor'd, pv. Sussex co. Del. 43 s Dover.
Middle Fork, pt. Macon co. Mo. 92 n of Jef.
City.
Middle Granville, pv.Washington co. N. Y.
Middle Haddam, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. 21
SSE of Hartford.
Middle Island, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I.
MrDDLEPOHT, pv, Niagara co. N.Y. 285 w Al.
Middleport, pv. SchuykUl co. Pa. 70 he of H.
Middleport, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. 157 n of Is.
Middleport, pv. Iroquois co. IU. 192 ne of Sd,
Middlesex, pt. Washii^on co. Vt. 6 nb Mtr.
Middlesex, pi. Yates co. N.Y. ;194 w of Al.
Middlesex, tp. Butler co. Pa. [23 he of B.
Middlesex village, pv. Middlesex co. Mass.
Middle Smithfield, tp. Monroe co. Pa. [Cd,
Middleton, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 38 nne of
Middleton, pt, Essex co. Mass. 22 h of B.
Middleton, pv. Carroll co. Miss. 100 n of J.
Middleton, pv. White co. Ark. 62 ke of Liltle
Rock. [Montpelier.
MroDLETOWN, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 77 ssw of
Middletown, tp. Newport co, R. I. 28 s of
Providence.
Middletown, Conn. See Gazetteer. [ofAl,
Middletow^n, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 80 wsw
Middletown, pv. Orange co.N.Y. 112 ssw AU
Middletown, pt. Monmouth co, N. J. 50 enb
of Trenlon,
Middletown, tp, Bucks co. Pa. 20 n^ne of Phila,
Middletown, boro', Dauphin co. Pa, 10 seH
Middletown, lp, Delaware co. Pa, 20 w of
Middletown, tp. Su.squehanna co. I^ [Phila,
Middletown, pv- New Castle co. Del. 47 k of
Dover, [Frederick.
Middletown, py. Frederick co. Md.S nw of
Middletown, pv, Frederick co, Va. 158 hnw
of Richraond.
Middletown, pv. Hyde co. N, C 230 k of Rh.
Middletown, pv. Butler co. Ala, 162 sse of T ,
Middletown, pv. Jefferson co.Ky.42 w of F.
Middletown, pv. Butler co. O. on Miami r.
Middletown, v. Columbiana co. O.
Middletown, tp. Columbiana co. O.
Middletown, pv. Henry co. Ind. 44 e of Is.
Middletown, pv. Logan co. 111. 20 ne of Sd.
Middletown, pv. Montgomery co. Mo. 57 nk
of Jefferson City. [on' Middletown cr.
Middletown Point, pv. Monmouth co. N.J.
MiDDLEViLLE, pv, Herkimer co. N.Y, 82 wnw
of Albany.
MiDDLEWAY,pv. Jefferson co.Va. W2 h of R.
Midway, pv. Barnwell disl. S. C 72 ssw Ca
Midway, pv. Jones co. Ga. 22 w of M.
Midway, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 200 se of T.
Midway, pv. Monroe co. Tenn, 164 ese of Ne,
Midway, pv. Woodford co. Ky, 20 se of P,
MiER, meer, (Sp. pron. me-aiR'), a small t. of
Mexico, on the Rio del Norte, about 100 m
HE of Monterey.
Mifflin, tp. AUeghany co. Pa, 8 s Pittsburg,
Mifflin, tp. Colurabia co. Pa.
Mifflin, lp. Curaberland co. Pa. 17 Nw Carlisle.
Mifflin, tp. Dauphin co. Pa, 23 ne of H.
Mifflin, lp. Lycoraing co. Pa.
Mifflin, pv, Henderson co. Tenn. 133 wswNe.
Mifflin, pt. Richland co. O. 5 e of Mansfield.
Mifflinsburg, borough. Union co. Pa, 76 h
of Harrisburg, ^

MIL

603

MIN

MiPFLiNToWN, borough, cap. of Juniata co.
Pa. 45 NW of H. [Susquehanna,
Mifflinville, pv. Columbia co. Pa. on the
Milam, a v. of Texas, cap, of Sabine co., on
a creek which runs into Ihe Sabine river.
Pop. 200 or 300,
Milam, a large county or district in the k or
N central part of Texas, watered by the r.
Brazos and its branches. Soil, at least in
the s part, very fertile : it appears to be
exceedingly well adapted to the cultivation
of grain. Capital, NashviUe.
Milan, pt. Coos co.N. H. on Androscoggin r.
Milan, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 62 s of Al.
Milan, pv. Garrard co, Ky. 52 sse of F.
Milan, pt. Erie co. O, on'Huron r,
Milan, pt, Monroe co. Mich. 50 sw of D,
Milan, pt, Calhoun co. III. 94 swof Sd.
MiLBURY; pt, Worcester co. Mass. 6 se of
Worcester,
Milbury, pv. Centre co. Pa, 87 hw of H.
Miles, tp. Centre co. Pa. [Phila,
MiLESTOwK, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 7 h of
Milford, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob
scot river.
Milford, pt. Hillsboro' co. N.H, 33 s of Cd.
Milford, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 30 sw of B.
Milford, pv. NewHaven co. Conn. 45 ssw Hd.
Milf()rd, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 13 s Cooperstown.
Milford, pv. Hunterdon co, N, J. bn Dela
ware river.
Milford, lp. Bucks co. Pa. 36 hw of Phila.
MUford, lp. Juniata co. Pa. on Juniata r.
MUford, pv, cap. of Pike co. Pa. on Dela
ware river. [set.
Milford, tp. Somerset co. Pa. 7 sw of Somer-
Milford, pv. Kent co, Del. 21 s of Dover.
Milford, pv. Warren co, Va. [Ca,
Milford, pv. Greenville dist. S, C. 120 irw of
Milford, pv. Bracken co.Ky, 54 ne of F. [r.
Milford, pv, Clermont co, O, on Little Miami
Milford, tp. Butler co. O,
Milford, tp. Knox co. O.
Milford, pt. Oakland co. Mich, 40 nw of D.
MiLLARDsviLLE, pv. SusQuehauna co. Pa.
Mill, tp. Tuscara'was co. O.
Mill Brook, pv. Wayne co. O. 98 ne of Cs.
MiLLBURY, tp,. Worcester co. Mass. 43 wsw
Millburn, pv. Hickman co. Ky. [of B.
Mill Cr. tp. Erie co. Pa.
Mill Cr. hundred. New Castle co. Del.
MiU Cr. pv. Person co, N, C
Mill Cr. pt. Coshocton co, O. 93 ne of Cs.
Mill Cr. lp. HamUton co. O.
Milldale, pv. Wajren co. Miss, 150 w of J,
Milledgeville, pv. Montgoraery co. N. C
133 wsw of Raleigh.
MilledgevUle, pv. Vv bite co. Tenn. 86 e Ne.
Millersburg, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. on the
Susquehanna.
Millersburg, pv. Rutherford co.Tenn. 44 se Ne.
Millersburg, pv, Bourbon co. Ky. 44 e of F,
Millersburg, pv, cap. Holmes oo, O. 87 he Cs,
Millersburg, pv. Mercer co. IU.
Millersburg, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 34 he of
Jefferson City,
Miller's Place, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y.
Mtllersport, pv, Fairfield co. O. 30se Cs.
MiLLLERSTow^H, pv. Perry, GO, Pa. 30 nw H.
MiUerstown, pv. Grayson Co. Ky . 125 sw of F .
MiUerstown, pv. Champaign co. O. 55 w Cs.
MiLLERsviLLE, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 40 se H.
MillersviUe, pv. Marion co. Ind. 7 frora Is.
MiLLFisLD, pv. Athens co. O. 73 se of Cs.

MiLLFoRD, pv. Lewis CO. Mo. 164 n Jef. City.
Mill Haven, pv, Scriven co, Ga, 106 e of M.
MiLLHEiM, pv. Centre co. Pa. 83 nw of H.
Millington, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. 36 3
of Hartford.
Millinnion, pv. Kent co. Md. 60 ene of An.
Mill Plain, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 72 sw Hd.
Mill Point, pv. Pocahontas co.Va. 210 wnw
of Richmond. [of Al.
Mill Port, pv. Chemung co. N.Y. 200 wsw
Mill Port, pv. Potter co. Pa. 185 nnw of H.'
Mill Port, pv. liaurel co. Ky. 106 se of F.
MiU Port, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 80 s of Is.
MiLLsBORo', pv. Sussex CO. Del. 50 s Dover.
MiLLSFIELD, lp. Coos CO. N. H.
Mills' Point, or Hickman, pv. Hickraan co.
Ky. on the Mississippi river.
Millstone cr. N. J. flows into Raritan r.
Mill Stone, pv. Soiperset co, N.J. 27 n Tn.
Milltown, pv. Putnam co. N.Y. 100 s ofAl.
Milllown, pv. Crawford co. Ind. 113 s of Is.
Millview, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 103 n of R,
Millville, pv- Worcester co. Mass, 43 w B.
Millville, pv. Orleans co, N,Y. [rice r.
Millville, pt, Cumberland co, N. J. bn Mau-
MiLLviLLE, pv. King George co.Va. 90 hhb
of Richraond. [of Ca.
Millville, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 100 nw
MillviUe, pv. BuUer co. Ala, 154 sse of T,
Millville, pv. Lincoln co, Tenn, 97 s of Ne.
MUlville, pv. CaldweU co. Ky.230 wsw of F.
Millville, pv. Butler co. O.on Indian cr,
Millwood, pv. Clarke co. Va. 135 nnw of B.
Millwood, tp. Guernsey co. O.
Milo, pt. I?iscataquis co. Me. on Piscataquis r.
Milo, pt. Yates co. N.Y, 193 w of Al,
Milo Centre, pv. Yates co. N.Y. 196 w AI.
MiLROY. pv. Rush CO. Ind. 48 ese of Is,
Milton, lp. Piscataquis co. Me.
Milton, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 47 ne of Cd.
Milton, pt. Cliiitenden co. Vt. on Laraoille r.
Milton, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 s of B.
Milton, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 36 w of Hd,
Milton, tp. Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 n of Al.
Milton, pv, Ulster co. N.Y. 80 s of Al.
Milton, py. Morris co. N. J. 75 n of Tn,
Milton, borough, Northuraberland co. Pa, on
the West Branch of the Susquehanna,
Milton, pv. Sussex co. Del. 33 s of Dovei^,
Milton, pv. Caswell co. N. C 74 nw of Rh,
Milton, pv. Laurens dist.S. C. 60 wnw of Ca.
Milton, pv. cap. of Sanla Rosa co. Flor. on
Blackwater river.
Milton, pv. Autauga co. Ala. 98 se of T.
Milton, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 37 se of Ne.
Milton, pv. Trirable co. Ky. on Ohio r.
Milton, tp. Richland co. O.
Milton, pt. Trumbull co, O, on Mahoning r.
IVIilton, lp. Cass co. Mich.
Milton, tp. Jefferson co.Tnd. [City.
Milton, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 80 hnw of Jef
Milton Hill, pv. Charles co. Md. 88 sw An.
MiLToNViLLE, pv. Wayne co. Miss, 158 se J.
MUtonville, v. Butler co. O,
Miltonville, pv. Wood co. 0. 123 nnw of Cs.
Milwaukie, or Milwaukee, the laro:est t. of
Wis., cap. of Milwaukie co., on Milwaukie
r. near its entrance into Lake Michigan,
Pop. in 1846 estimated at 7,000.
MiNA, pt, Chautauque co. N.Y, 260 w of Al.
Minden, pt. Montgomery co, N.Y, on Mo
hawk river.
Mineral Point, pv. cap. of Iowa co. Wia,
52 wsw of Madison.

MOQ

604

MON

Mineral Springs, pv, Talladega eo. Ala. 78
'& of Tuscalobsa,
Minersville, v. Alleghany co. Pa. 2 e of Pitts
burg: ¦ '
Minersville; borough, .-SchuylkUl co. Pa.
MinersvUle, pv. Rutherford co, N. C,
MiNEsviLLE, V, Forsyth co. Ga, 100 w of M.
Minerva, pt. Essex co. N.Y. on the Hudson.
Minerva, pv. Mason co. Ky. 75 ehe of F.
Minerva, pv. Stark co. 0. 140 ne of Cs.
MiNNETAREE (min-nc-tar're) IndianSj a tribe
dwelling in.tiie ne part of Missouri Terri
tory.
Minisink, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 120 sswof Al.
Mino, tp. Mifflin co. Pa.
MiNoT, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 46 sw of A.
MiNTONSVILLE, pv. Gatcs CO. N. C 106 ENE
of Raleigh.
MiR^GOANE, mee-rah-^o-an', ,a sea-port on
the N coast of Hayti, 75 m, wsw of POrt-
aurPrince,
Miranda, pv. Rowan cp. N. C. 130 w of Rh.
MisHAWAEA, pv. St. Joseph CO. Ind.
MisnwAUKEE, pv. Browii co. Wis.
MispiLioN, hundred, Kentco. Del,
Missisque r. Vt. flows into Missisque Bay, an
arm of li, Champlain.
MissisiNEWA.r, Ind. falls into the Wabash,
Mississippi City, pv. cap. of Harrison co.
Miss. 265 SSE of Jackson.
MISSOURI^ tp, Boone co. Mo,
Missouri, pv. Pike co. Ala. 165 se of T.
MlssouRiToN, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. on Mis-'
souri river. [n of Ne.
MtTCHELLSvii,LE, pv. Rohcrtson CO. Tenn. 34
Mit'la, a Mexican t. in the slate of Qaxaca,
35 ra, E of the city nf this narae, remarka
ble for its interesling ruins,
MixENBURG, pv. Greene co. Ala. [creek,
MixviLLE, pv, Alleghany co, N.Y, on W. Koy
Mocksville. pv, cap. of Davie co. N. C 140
w of Raleigh. [nf R,
Modest Town, pv. Accomac co.'Va. 228 e
MoFFETTs Ville, pv. Anderson dist. S. C 117
WNW of Columbia.
Mp-HAH'vE Indians, California, a tribe dwell
ing between the r. Colorado an5 the s ex
tremity of the Great Basiii.
Mohahve r. near the s margin of the Great
Basin: terraination unknown,
Mohawk r. N.Y. See Gazetteer, [river,
Mohawk, pv- Herkimer cn, N.Y. on Mohawk
Mohawk, tp. Montg. co. N.Y. on the Mohawk.
Mohiccan, pt. Wayne co. O. 88^ne of Cs.
MoiRA, pt. Franklinco.N.Y, on L, Salmon r.
Molltown, pv. Berks co. Pa. 64 e of H.
Monad'nock, Mt. Cheshire co. N.H. Height
3,254 ft. [n of Is.
MoNGOQUiNONG, pv. Lr Grange co, Ind. 176
Monguagon, tp. Waviie co, Mich,
MoNHEGAH Island, Lincoln co. Me.
Moniteau, nion-e-to', pt. Cole co. Mo, 20 nw
of Jefferson City.
MoHKToN,'pt. Addison co.Vt. 50 w of Mtr.
Monmouth, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 16 ^w of A,
Monmouth, pv. Adams co. Ind . on St. Mary's r.
Monmouth, pv. cap. of Warren co. 111. 120
NW of Springfield.
Monaghan, >lp- York co.^Pa.
Monongahela r, Pa. See Gazetteer.
Monongahela, lp. Greene co. Pa. 14 se of
AVaynesburg. [190 w of H.
Monongahela City, pv.Washington co. Pa,
MoQuis, mo-keez', dr Monquis, raon-keez'

(sinular Moqtti), a tribe of Indiaiu dwell
ing in the E part of California, on ihe upper
tributaries of the Colorado,
Monroe, pt. Waldo co. Me. on Marsh r,
Monroe, lp. Washington co, Vt, 15 nne Mtr,
Monroe, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 120 w of B,
Monroe, pt, Fairfield co. Conn, 54 sw of Hd.
Monroe, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 14 se of Goshen.
Monroe, tp, Middlesex co, N. J.
Monroe, pv. Sussex co, N. J. 80 n of Tu.
Monroe, tp, Armstrong co. Pa,
Monroe, tp. Bradford co. Pa.
Monroe, pv, Bucks co. Pa. on Delaware r.
Monroe, lp. Cumberland co. Pa.
Monroe, tp. Luzerne co. Pa, [MiUedgeviUe.
Monroe, pv, cap. of Walton co, Ga, 60 hw of
Monroe, pv, cap, of Washita par. La, on
Washita river, ' [of Ne,
Monroe, pv. cap. of Overton co. Tenn. ^00 B
Monroe, pv. Hart co, Ky. 100 sw of F,
Monroe, tp, Ashtabula co. O.
Monroe, pv. Butler co. O. 95 wsw of Cs.
Monroe, tp. Clermont co. O.
Monroe, tp. Miami co. O.
Monroe^ tp. Richland co. O.
Monroe, city, cap. of Monroe co.Mich. oa
Raisin r. 37 ssw of Detroit.
Monroe, lp. Grant co, Ind,
Monroe, tp. AVashington co. Ind.
Monroe, pv- Cook co. III. 218 ne of Sd.
Monroe, pv. cap. of Greene co. Wis. 80 s of
Madison.
MoNROETON, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 130 n of H.
Monroelon, pv. Rockingham co. N. C lOp nw
of Raleigh. [s of T,
Monroeville, pv- cap. of Monroe ro. Ala. 150
Monroeville, pv. Huron co. O, on Huron r.
Monroe Works,. pv. Orange co. N.Y. 105 s
of Albany. [AnnapoUs,
Monrovia, pv. Frederici co. Md. 68 hw of
Monrovia, pv. Pope co. Ark. 92 hw of Little
Rock.
Monrovia, pv. Morgan co. Ind. 23 sw of Is.
MoNSONj pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 77 n of A
Monson, pt. Hampden co. Mass. on Chicka
pee river-
MoNTAGUE, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Conn. r.
Montague, pt. Sussex co. N. J. 90 N of Tn.
Montague, pv. Essex co. Va. 68 ne of R.
AIoNTAGUE Canal,, pv. FrankUn co.Mass. on
the Connecticut.
Montauk Po9nt, ihcE extremity of Long I.
Monterey, Mexico. See Gazetteer.
Monterey, raon-le-ra', ihe cap. of Upper Cali
fornia, on a bay of ii-s ovni name. It is a
place of consiclerable trade,, and the only
f)ort in the territory where duties are col-
ected. Lat. 36^ 36* n, Lon, 1223 50' w.
Pop. about 1,000.
MoNTEVALLO, pv. Shelby co. Ala. 58 e of T.
Montevideo, pv, Elbert co. Ga, 125 nne M.
Montezuma, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 162 w Al.
Montezuraa, pv. cap. of Covington co. Ala,
on Conecuh river. [of Ne:
Montezuma, pv. M'Nairy co, Tenn. 155 sw
Montezuma, pv. Parke co. Ind. on the Wa
bash river.
Montezuma, pv. Pike co. 111. on Illinois r.
Montgomery, pt, Franklin co.Vt. on Trout r.
Montgomery, pt. Hampden co. Mass. on
Westfield river. [kiU r.
Montgomery, pt. Orange co. N.Y. on vValU
Montgomery, lp. Somerset co. N.J. 12 SW of
Somervillfe.

MOO

605

MOU

Mbntgomery, tp, Franklin co. Pa. 16 sw of
Chambersburg.
Montgoraery, tp. Indiana co. Pa.
Montgoraery, tp, Mongomery co. Pa. 20 n of
Philadelphia,
Montgomery, tp. Franklin co. O,
Montgomery, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 107 sw Cs.
Montgomery, tp. Richland co. O.
Montgomery, lp. Owen co, Ind. sw of Is.
Montgoraery, a co, in the e central part of
Texas, e of, and bordering on the Brazos.
The soil ou the bottom lands is very pro
ductive,
Montgomery, a sraall v. of Texas, cap. of the
above, on Lake cr. an affluent of the San
Jacinto r. 130 m. e of Austin, [on Ala, r,
Montgomery City, pv. cap, of Montg. co, Ala,
Montg omer YviLLE, pv. Montgoraery co. Pa.
Monticello, tp. Aroostook co. Me. [sw Al.
Monticello^ pv. cap. of Sullivan co. N.Y. 110
MonticeUo, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C 30 n of Ca.
Monticello, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Ga. 35 wnw
of Milledgeville. [ene of TaUahassee.
Monticello, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Flor. 30
Mouticello, pv. Pike co. Ala. 170 se of T.
Monticello, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Miss, on
Pearl river. [of F.
MonticeUo, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Ky. 110 s
Monticello, pv. cap. of White co. Ind. on
Tippecanoe river. [gamon r.
Monticello, pv. cap. of Piatt co. 111. on San-
Monlicello, pv. cap. of Lewis co. Mo. 145 n
of Jefferson City. [Brazos.
MonticeUo, a v. of Brazoria co, Texas, on the
Montour, tp. Columbia co, Pa-
MoNTPELiER,'pv, R,ichmond co. N. C 90 sw
of Raleigh.
Moutpelier, pv. Monroe co. Ga. 17 w Macon.
Montpelier, pv. Marengo co. Ala.
Montpelier, pv. Blackford co. Ind. 80 ne of Is.
Montrose, borough, cap, of Susqa. co. Pa.
Montrose, pv. Lee co. Iowa, on the Miss, r,
MoNTUREsviLLE, pv- Lycomiug CO, Pa, 95 n
of Harrisburg.
MoNTViLLE, pt. Waldo CO. Me. 26 ene of A.
Montville, lp. N. London co. Conn. 36 se Hd.
MontvUle, pv. Morris co. N. J, 67 n of Tn.
Montville, pt, tjeauga co, O. 180 ne of Cs.
Monument, pv. Barnstable co. Mass- 60 s B.
MooERs, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 18 n Plattsburg.
Moon, pi. Alleghany co. Pa. on the Ohio.
Moon, tp. Beaver co, i*a.
Moore, tp. Northampton co. Pa. [of R.
MooREfiELD, pv. cap. of Hardy co.Va. 178 n w
Moorefield, pv. Nicholas co, Ky. 58 e of F.
Moorefield, pt. Harrison co. O. 100 e of Cs.
Moorefield, pv. Switzerland co. Ind. 95 se Is.
Moobesboeo', pv. Cleveland co. N. C
MooRESBDRG, pv. Columbia co. Pa. 77 n of H.
MooRESTowH, pv. BurlingtoR co. N. J. 26 s
of Trenton.
MooREsviLLE, pv. Delaware co, N.Y. 58 wsw
of Albany.
Mooresville, pv. Orange co. N.C. 75 nw of Rh.,
MooresvUle, pv. Limestone-co. Ala, 146 n T.
Mooresville, pv. MarshaU col Tenn, 60 s of Ne,
MCoresville, pv. Morgan co. Ind. 16 sw of Is.
MooRETowN, pv. Montg. CO, Pa. 11 n of Phila.
Moose r. N. H. rises iu the White Mts. and
flows into the Androscoggin.
Moose r. N.Y. flows into Black r.
Moosehead Lake. See Gazetteer.
McJDsEHiLLOCK, nit. Grafton co. N. H. 14 s of
HaverhUl, Height 4,636 feet.
6I#

Moravia, pt. Cayuga co, N.Y. on Owasco L.
MoRDANsviLLE, pv. Columbia co. Pa.
Moreau, mo-ro', pt, Saratoga co. N, Y. on
Hudson river.
Moreau, pt. Cole co. Mo, 18 sw of Jef. City.
MoREFiELD, tp, Harrison co, O.
Morehouse, tp. Hamillon co.N.Y 82 nwAI.
Morehouseville, pv. Hamilton co, N,Y. 82
HW of Albany,
Moreland, pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 94 n of H.
Moreland, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 14 n of Phila,
Moreland, lp, Phila. co. Pa, 11 ne of Phila,
MoRETOWN, pt, Wn. co.Vt, 13 sw of Mtr.
Morgan, tp, Orleans co.Vt. 50 ne of Mjr.
Morgan, tp, Greene co. Pa, [e of Ne.
Morgan CH. pv. cap, Morgan co. Tenn. 156
Morgan, pt, Ashtabula co. 0. on Grand r,
Morgan, tp, Butler co, O.
Morgan, tp. Morgan co. O.
Morganfield, pv. cap, of Union co. Ky. 220
wsw of Frankfort,
MoRGANSBuRG, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 108 n R.
Morgantown, pv, Berks co. Pa. 56 e of H.
Morgantown, pv. cap.of Monongalia co, Va.
on Monongalia r. 295 nw of Richraond,
Morgantown, pv- Burke co, N. C on Cataw
ba river.
Morgantown, pv, Blount co. Tenn,
Morgantown, pv, cap, of Butler co, Ky. on
Green river,
Morgantown, pv. Morgan co. Ind. 40 s of Is.
Moriah, pt. Essex co. N.Y. 115 h of Al.
Moriches, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I,
Mqringville, pv. Chatham co. N. C 20 n Rh.
Morning Sun, pv. Preble co, O. 110 w of Cs.
Morris, tp. Morris co. N. J, on the Passaic r.
Morris, tp. Clearfield co. Pa,
Morris, tp. Greene co. Pa,
Morris, tp, Huntingdon co, Pa,
Morris, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 133 n of H,
Morris, lp, Washington co. Pa, [Harlem r,
MoRRiSANiA, , V. Westchester co. N.Y. on
Morristown, pt. Laraoille co. Vt. on La
raoille river. [St- Lawrence r.
Morristown, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on
Morristown, pv. cap, Morris co. N - J- 53 n Tn,
Morristown, pv, Jefferson co. Tenn. 226 e Ne.
Morristown, pv, Belraont co, O. 9 w of St.
Clairsville.
Morristown, pv. Shelby co, Ind. on Blue r.
Morristown, pv. cap. of Henry co. 111. 140
NNW of Sprmgfield,
Morrisville, pv. Laraoille co, Vt. 26 n Mtr.
Morrisville, pv. cap, of Madison co. N.Y. 103
w of Albany. [ware r.
Morrisville, borough, Bucks co. Pa. on Dela-
MorrisviUe, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 88 n of R.
Mortonsville, pv. Woodford co. Ky. 19 se F.
MoRVEN, pv. Anson co. N%C 140 sw of Rh,
Moscow, tp. Somerset co. Me. 58 n of A,
Moscow, pv. Livingston co. N.Y, 236 w of Al,
Moscow, pv, Fayette co, Tenn. on Wolf cr,
Moscow, pv, Hickman cc;, Ky. .309 sw of F,
Moscow, pv. Clermont co. O. on Ohio r.
Moscow, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 84 wsw of D.
Moscow, pv. Rush co. Ind. 54 se of Is.
Moscow, pv. Muscatine co. Iowa, on Red Ce
dar river. [w of Al,
MoTTs Corners, pv. Tompkins co, N,Y, 168
MoTTsviLLE, pv. Ououdaga co. N.Y,
MoUsville, pt, St, Joseph co, Mich, on St. Jo
seph's river,
MouLTdn, pv. cap, of Iiawreace co, Ala, 103
N of Tuscaloosa.

¦MOU

606

MUN

MouLTONBORotTGB, pt, CarroU CO. N. H, 46 n
of Concord.
Mount Bethel, pv, Northampton co. Pa.
Mount Blanchard, pv. Hancock co. O. 76
NW of Columbus. [bse of J.
Mount Carmel, pv. Covington co. Miss. 94
Mount Carmel, pv. Fleming co.Ky. 98 e of F.
Mount Carmel, pv. cap. of Wabash co. III. on
III, r, 166 SE of Sd. [Mich. 18 he of D.
Mount Clemens, pv. cap. ot Macomb co.
Mount Crawford, pV. Rockingham co. Va.
on North river, 130 nw of R. [and 12 Wide,
Mount Desert, i. Hancock co..Me. 15 m, long
Mount Desert; pt. Hancock co. Me. on the
above.
Mount Eaton, pv.Wayne co. 0, 104 he of Cs.
Mount Gallagher, pv. Laurens dist. S. C
90 WNW of Columbia.
Mount Gilead, pt. Loudon co.Va. 144 n of R,
Mount Gilead, pv. Mason co. Ky, 90 ene of F,
Mount Gilead, pv. Marion co. O. 40 n of Cs.
Mount Healthy, pv. HamiUon co. 0. 118 sw
of Columbus.
Mount Holly, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 80^ of Mtr.
Mount Holly, pv, cap, of Burlington co, N. J.
18 s of Trenton,
Mount Hope, hiU, R. I, on Mount Hope Bay,
an arm of Narraganset Bay, which receives
Taunton river, [Goshen.
Mount Hope, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 11 w of
Mount Hope, pv- Oldham co. Ky.
Mount Independence, Vt. 2 m. se of old Fort
Ticonderoga.
Mount Jackson, pv. Beaver co.Pa. 240 wH.
Mount Jacksoiii pv. Shenandoah co.Va. 146
NW of Richmond. [burg.
Mount Joy, tp. Adams co. Pa. 6 s of Gettys-
Mount Joy, pi, Lancaster co. Pa. 25 se of H.
Mount Liberty, pv, Knox co. O. 41 ne Cs,
Mount Marcy, Essex co, N.Y. is the highest
peak ofthe Adirondack Mis.,_being 5,467
fectabove the sea.
Mount Meigs, pv. Montg. co. Ala. 125 ste T.
Mount Meridian, pv, Augusta co,Va. 125
WNW of Richmond.
Mount Meridian, pv. Putnam co.Ind. 36 wis.
Mount Moriah, pv. Wilcox co, Ala. 122 s T.
Mount Morris, pt. Livingston co.N.Y. on
Genesee river.
Mount Morris, pv. Greene co. Pa. 230 w of H.
Mount Pleasant, tp. Westchester co. N! Y.
6 N of While Plains. [of Tn.
Mount Pleasant, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 38 n
Mount pleasant, lp. Adaras co. Pa. 17 e of
Gettysburg.
Mount Pleasant, tp. Colurabfa co. Pa.
Mtmnt Pleasant, borough, Tioga co. Pa.
Mount Pleasant, tp.Washington co. Pa.
Monhl Pleasant, tp. Wayne co. Pa.
Mount Pleasant, pt. Westmoreland co. Pa.
Mount Pleasant, pv, Frederick co, Md. 80 nw
of Annapolis. [n of R.
Mount Pleasant, pv. Spottsylvania co.Va, 64
Mnunt Pleasani, v. Cabarrus co. N. C
Mount Pleasant, pv. Maury co. Tenn. 53 ssw
of Nashville.
Mount Pleasant, pv. cap. of Harlan co. Ky.
on a branch of llie Cumberland.
Mount Pleasant, pv. Jefferson co. O. 20 sw
of Steubenville. [of D.
Mount Pleasant, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 40 nw
Mount Pleasant, pv. cap. of Martin co. Ind.
on the East Fork of White r. [Jef. City.
Mount Pleasant, pt. Barry co. Mo. 212 sw of

Mount Pleasant, pv. cap. of Henry co. Iowa,
on Big week. [of H.
Mount Republic, pv.'^Vayne co. Pa. 170 nb
Mount Sidney, pv. Augusta co.Va, 127 wmw
of Richraond,
Mount Seward, a group of the Adirondack
Mts, N,Y, in the se part of FrankUn co.
Mount Sterling, pv.Wn. co. Ala. 110 ssw
of Tuscaloosa. [Ky..60 e of F.
Mount Sterling, pv. cap. of Montgomery co..
Mount Sterling", pv. Madison co. O. 32 w Cs.
Mount Sterling, v. Muskingum co. O.
Mount Sterling, pv, cap, of Brown co. 111. 77
' w of Springfield. [Bennington ¦
Mount Tabor, lp. Rutland co.Vt. 36 he qf
Mount Tabor, pv. Union dist. S. C. 76 NwCa.
Mount Tabor, pv. Monroe co. Ind. 45 ssw Is.
Mount Union, pv. Stark co, O. 138 ne of Qs.
Mount Upton, pv, Chenango co,N,Y. 100 w
of Albany, [of A.
Mount V£enon, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 15-hw
Mount Vernon, pt, HUlsborough co.N. H. 32
ssw^ of Concord.
Mount Vernon, pv. Chester co. Pa. 72 ese H,
Mount Vernon, Va. the former residence of
Gen. Washington, on the Potomac r. 6 m.
below^ Aleiandrm. [Ga. 112 se of M.
Mount Vernon, pv, cap. of Montgomery co.
Mount Vernon, pv. Mobile co. Ala. 184 s of T,
Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of St. Francis co. Ark.
Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Rock Castle co.
Ky, 75 ssE of Frankfort. [Vemon r.
Mount Vernon, pv. cap, of Knox co. O. ou
Mount Vernon, pv. Macorab co. Mich. 32 n D.
Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Posey co. Ind. on
Ohio river, [l^ sse of Sd.
Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Jefferson co, IU,
Mount Vernon, pv, Dade co. Mo.
Mount Vernon Village, pv. Kennebec co.
Me. 17 HW of Augusta.
MouNTViLLE, pv. Loudou CO. Va. 140 n of B.
Mouniville, pv, Laurens dist. S. C.74 nw Ca.
Mountville, pv, Troup co. Ga. 112 w of M,
Mount Vision, pv. Olsego co. N.Y. 80 w^ AJ.
Mount Washington, N. H, the highest peak
of the WhUe Mts. Height, 6,42S feet.
Mount Washington, tp, Berkshire co. Mass,
Mount Washington, pv.Washington co. Ga.
38 ESE of MiUedgeviUe, [wsw of F
Mount Washington, pv. Bullitt co. Ky, 60,
Mount Willing, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C
40 w of Columbia. [of T.
Mount Willing, pv. Lowndes co.Ala. 120 sse
Mount Zion, pv. Hancock co.Ga. 30 ne of M.
Mourystowh, pv. Highland oo, 0. 87 sw Cs.
Moyamensing, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. s of
the city, of which it forras one of the sub
urbs.
Muddy Cr, tp. Butler co. Pa.
Muddy r. Ky. flows into Green r,
MuHLENBuaG, tp. PickaNvay co. O. 12 nw of
Circleville.
MuLBRRRY r, Ala. a br. of the Black Warrior r .
MuLLiCA, Tp. Atlantic co. N. J,
MuLLtCA Hill, pv. Glo'sler co. N. J. 45 s Tn .
Mul'licas T.N.J. See Egg Harbor, Little
MuLToNA Springs, Attala co. Miss. 13 H of
Kosciusko,
MuNCY, borough, Lycoming co. Pa. 85 n H,
Muncy, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. 13 ne of Wii
liarasport, [WUliarasport
Muncy Cr. tp. Lycoming co. Pa, 13 se of
MuNCYTowN, pv. cap, of Delaware co, Ind
on White river.

NAE

607

NEW

Mundy, tp, Genesee co. Mioh. [Green r.
MiTNFORDsviLLE, pv. Cap. of Hart CO. Ky. on
MuNsoN, pt. Geauga co. O, 166 ne of Cs.
Munster, pv. Cambria co. Pa. 133 w of H.
Murder Kill, hundred, Keni co. Del.
MURDOCKS VILLE, pv.Wu, CO. Pa. 230 w of H,
Murfreesborough, pv. Hertford co. N, C
on Chowan river.
Murfreesborough, Tenn. See Gazetteer.
Murphy, pv. cap. of Cherokee co. N. C 367
w of Raleigh,
Murray, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. on Sandy cr.
Murray, pv. Wells co. Ind. 110 he of Is,
Murray's Mills, pv. Dearborn co, Ind. 100
se of Indranapolis. [w of H.
MURR4YSVILLE, pv. Westmorelaud co. Pa. 180
Murraysville, pv. Hall co. Ga. 130 nnw of M.
Muscatine, pv. Muscatine co. Iowa.
Muscle Ridge Island, tp. Lincoln co. Me.
Muscle Shoals, in Ala. on Tenn. r., which
is here 2 or 3 ra. wide ; named from the
fresh water claras found here.
MusKEGO, tp. MUwaukie co. Wis.
Muskingum r. O. See Gazetteer,
Muskingum, pt. Muskingum co. O. 60 e of Cs.
Mystic, pv. New London co. Conn. 52 se of
Hartford. [56 sE of Hd.
Mystic Bridge, pv. New^ London co. Conn.
Nacogdoches, a co. in. the e part of Texas,
on the r. Neches. It is mostly woodland.
Soil rich, well adapted to the cultivation of
cotton.
Nacogdoches, a t. of Texas, cap. of the above
CO., about 250 ra. ene of Austin, A uni
versity was incorporated here, February
1845. Pop. from 1,000 to 1,200.
Na-hant', lp. and celebrated w^atering-place
of Essex CO. Mass. 14 ne of Boston.
Nanjemoy, pv. Charles co. Md. 88 sw of An.
Nankin, pv. Richland co, O. 83 n of Cs.
Nankin, pt.Wayne co. Mich. 20 w of D.
Nansemond r. Va. enters by a wide estuary
into Hampton Roads, [Binghamton,
Nanticoke, tp, Broome CO. N.Y. 14 nw of
Naaticoke r. rises in Sussex co. Del. and
enters Fishing Bay, an arra of the Chesa
peake, in Md.
Nanticoke, hundred, Sussex co. Del,
Nanticoke Falls, Pa. in the Susquehanna,
8 m. below Wilkesbarre, [142 wsw of Al.
Na.vticoke Springs, pv. Broome co. N.Y,
Nantucket, Mass. See Gazetteer.
Napier, tp. Bedford co. Pa-
Napierville, pv. cap, of Du Page co. III.
176 nne of Springfield,
Naples, pt, Curaberland co. Me. 66 sw of A.
Naples, pt. Onlario co. N.Y, 18 s of Canan
daigua,
Naples, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. 90 nw of M.
Naples, pv. Scoil co. 111, ou Illinois r.
Napoleon, pv.Chicot co. Ark, on Mississippi r.
Napoleon, pv. GaUatin co. Ky. 50 n of F.
Napoleon, pv. cap. of Henry co. O. on Mau
mee river.
Napoleon, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 66 w. of D.
Napoleon, pv, Ripley co. Ind. 60 se qf Is.
Napoli, pi , Cattarangus co. N.Y. 30S w of Al.
Naponoch, v- Ulster co.N.Y. on Rondout cr.
Narraganset Bay, R. I. extends n from the
Atlantic, between Point Judith on the w,
and Seacoraiel Rocks on the e. Length 28
m., breadth from 3 to 12 m.
Nabbagua'gus r, and bay, Washington co. Me.

Nashawn, i. Mass. one of the Elizabeth is. 9
railes long, and 2 broad.
Nashport, pv. Muskingum co. 0. 54 e of Cs.
Nash's Stream, N. H. a br. of Upper Am
monoosuc river. [Dunstable.
Nashua r. N.H. flows into the Merriraack at
Nashua, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H, on Mer
rimack river,
Nashville, pv. cap. of Nash co, N. C 44 e Rh.
Nashville, pv. Lowndes co. Miss, on Tombig
bee river,
Nashville, pv. Holmes co. O. 82 he of Cs,
Nashville, pv. cap. of Brown co. Ind. 54 s of Is,
Nashville, pv. cap. of Wn. co. 111. 118 s of Sd.
Nashvillej pv. Boojie co. Mo. 24 hw Jef. City,
Nashville,' cap. of Milam co, Texas, on the
Brazos r. 75 m. ne of Austin. Pop. near 100.
Nassau r. Flor, enters by Nassau inlel into
the Atlantic,
Nassau, pt. Rertsselaer co, N.Y. 12 se ofAl,
Natchaug r,^ Conn, joins Shelucket r.
Natchez, MIss, See Gazetteer,
Natchitoches, pv. cap. of Natchitoches par.
La. on Red river.
Nathansville, pv, Conecuh co, Ala. 190 sT.
Natick, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 17 wsw of B.
Natick, pv. Kent co. R. I. 9 sse of Providence.
Natural Bridge, pv. Jef co. N.Y, 150 hw
of Albany, [zetteer.
Natural Bridge, Va. See Rockbridge, Ga-
Naugatuck r. Conn, flows inlo the Housa-
tonic, [of Hd.
Naugaluck, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 53 sw
Nauvoo City, a famous Mormon settlement,
Hancock CO. III. on the Mississippi. [Vacca.
NAV-iD-AD',a r. of Texas, flowing into the La
Neatsville, pv. Adair co. Ky. 84 s of F.
NecHtsj netch'es, a r. in the e part of Texas,
flowing into Sabine Lake. [coast.
Neddock, cape, York co. Me. on the Atlantic
Needham, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 12 sw of B.
Neffsville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 40 se of H.
Nelson, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 44 sw of Cd.
Nelson, pt; Madison co. N.Y. 110 w of Al.
Nelson, pt. Portage co. 0. 164 ne of Cs.
Nelson Factory, pv. Cheshire co. N.H. 38
sw of Concord. [hocking r.
Nelsonville, pv. Athens co. O. on Hock-
Neosho r., Indian Territory^ enters the Ar
kansas 3 or 4 m. s of Fori Gibson.
Neosho, pv- cap. of Newton co. Mo. 175 nw
of Jefferson City. [hour.
Neponset r. Mass. flows into Bo.ston Har-
Neponset Village, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 5
s of Boston. - [Susquehanna.
Nescopeck cr. Luzerne co. Pa. enters the
Nescopeck, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on Nesco-
peck creek,
Neshaminy cr, Bucks co. Pa. enters the Del
aware 3 ra, below Bristol.
Neshanock, tp. Mercer co. Pa, [w of PhUa,
Nether Providence, pt, Delaware co. Pa. 12
•Nesaquake r, Suffolk co, N.Y, enters Long
Island Sound. [river.
Nesaquake, v, Suffolk co, N.Y, on Nesaquake
Neveesink, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. on Never-
sink river, [co. N.J.
Neversink Hills, in the n part of Monraouth
Neville, pv. Clerraont co. O. on Ohio r.
New Albany, pv. Bradford co. Pa, 136 n H
New Albany, pv. Pontotoc co. Miss,
New Albany, v. Columbiana co. O.
New Albany, city, and cap. of Floyd co. Ind.
on Ohior. Pop. 5,000,

NEW

608

NEW

New Albion, pt, Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 307 ,w
of Albany.
New Alexander^ pv. Colurabiana co. O. 146
HE of Colurabus.
New Alexandria, pv. Westmoreland co. Pa.
on r. Loyalhannah, 170 w of Harrisburg.
New Alstead, pv. Cheshire co. N. H. 54 sw
of Concord. [Ohio r.
New Amsterdam, pv. Harrison co. Ind, on
Newark, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 57 ne of Mtr,
Newark, tp, Tioga co, N,Y, 8 n of Owego,
Newark, pv, Wayne co. N,Y. 166 w of Al,
Newark, pv. New Castle co. Del. 60 n Dover,
Newark, pv, Worcester co. Md,]23sEof An,
Newark, pv. cap. of Licking co. 0. 40 ene of
Columbus. [river.
Newark, tp. Allegan co. Mich, on Kalamazoo
Newark, pv. Warwick, co. Ind.
Newark, pv. La Salle co. III. 150 nne of Sd.
Newark, pv. Knox co. Mo. 44 s Jef. City.
Newark Valley, pv. Tioga co. N.Y. on East
Owego cr. [of Lenox.
New Ashford, tp. Berkshire co. Mass, 18 n
New Athens, pv. Harrison co, 0.115 e of Cs.
New Baltimore," pt. Greene co, N,Y, 15 s
of Albany.
New Baltimore, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 108 n R,
New Bailiraore, pv. Stark co, 0. 138 ne Cs.
New Barbadoes, tp. Bergen oo. N,. J.
New Bedford, pv, Mercer co. Pa. 244 vpnw
of Harrisburg, - [of Cs,
New Bedford, pv. Coshocton co. O. 100 he
Newberg, pt. Cass co. Mich. 157 w of D.
New Berlin, pt, Chenango co. N.Y. 8 ne of
Norwich. . [70 n of H.
New Berlin, borough, cap. of Union co. Pa.
New Berlin, pv. Stark co, O. 130 ne of Cs.
New BerUn, pv. MU^vaukie co. Wis. 90 e of
Newbern, N. C. See Gazetteer. [Madison,
Newt\ern, pv. Greene co. Ala,.
Newbern, pv. Bartholomew co. Ind. 50 s Is.
Newberry, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. 95 n of H.
Newberry, tp. York co. Pa,
•Newberry C, H. pv. cap: of "Newberry dist.
S. C 40 WNW of Columbia.
Newberry, pv. Wayne co. Ky. 120 s of F.
Newberry, pt. Geauga co. 0. 160 nw of Cs.
Newberrytown, pv.York co. Pa. 19 s ofH.
New Bethel, pv. Marion co. Ind, 8 se of Is,
New Bloomfield, borough-, Pa. See Bloom
field. ' [of Jef City.
New Bloomfield, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 11 n
Newborn, pv. Newton co. Ga. 55 nw of M,
New Boston, pt, Hillsboro' co. N. H. 22 s Cd.
New Boston, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 122 w B.
New Boston,, pv, Windhara co. Conn. 48 he
of Hart-ford, [Ware r.
New Braintree, pt.V\''orcester oo. Mass. on
New Bremen, pv. Mercer co.O. 97 wnw Cs.
New Bridge, pv. Lumpkin co. Ga. 136 nnw
of MilledgevUle. " [of New York,''
New Brighton, v. Richmond co. N.Y. 6 w
New Britain, pv- Hartford co. Conn. 10 sw
of Hnrlford.
New Britain, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 25 n Phila,
New Buffalo, pv. Berrien co. Mich, on Lake
Michigan,
Newburg, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 50 ne of A.
Newburg, pv. Curaberland co. Pa. 41 w of H.
Newburg, pv. Pittsylvania co.Va. 138 wsw R.
Newburg, pv. FrankUn co. Ala. 120 n of T.
Newburg, pv, Jefferson co, Ky. 63 w of F,
Newburg, pt, Cuyahoga co, O. 160 ks of Cs.
Newburg, tp. Geliuga' co. O.

Newburg, tp, Miami co-. O.
Newburg, pv. Warwick co^ Ind. on Ohio r.
Newbnrg, pv. Pike co. III. 65 w of Sd,
New Burlington, pv, CUnton co. O. 70 sw
of Columbus. J [of Is.
New Burlington, pv. Delaware co. Ind; 66 ne
Newbury, pt, Merrimack co, N. H, 30 wnw
of Concord,
Newbury, pt. Orange co.Vt. pn Conn; r,
Newbury, tp, Essex co. Mass. 31 N of B,
Newbury, lp. York co. Pa. 12 h of York.
Newburyport, Mass. See Gazetteer,
New Canaan, pt. Fairfield co, Cour, 74 sw
of Hartford. [of R,
New CaNTON, pv. Buckingham co.Va. 6i w
New Canton, pv. Hawkins co, Tenn, 264 e of
NashviUe.
New Carlisle, pv. St. Joseph co. Ind. 166 n
of Indianapolis. ' [nw of New^ Orleans,
New Carthage, pv. Madison par. La. 284
New Castine, pv. Darke co. 0. 100 w of Cs,
New^ Castle, pt, Lincoln co. Me. 35 se of A.
New Castle, i. and tp, Rockinghara co, N.H,
New Castle, pt .Westchester co. N.Y. on Cro
ton river.
New Castle, borough, Mercer co. Pa. 234
WNW^ of Harrisburg,
New Castle^ pv. cap, of New C^iStle co. Del.
5 ssw of Wilmington.
New Castle, pv. Botetourt co. Va. 192 w of R.
New Castle, pv. Wilkes co, N. C 157 w of Rh.
New^ Castle, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 174 wsw
of Nashville. [ofF.
New Castle, pv. cap. of Henry co. Ky. 25 nW
New Castle, pt. Corfioctonco. O.70ENEofCs,
New^ Castle, pv. cap. Henry co. Ind, on Blue r.
New Chester, pv. Adams co.Pa, 31s w ofH.
New Columbia, pv. Union co. Pa. 72 n ofH-
Ne\v Comerstown, pv. Tuscarawas co, O.
on Tuscarawas river, 93 ene of Cs.
Newcomb, tp. Essex cd. N.Y. 92h of Al.
New CoNCORDj pv. Muskingum co. 0. 68 e Cs.
New Cumberland, boro', Cumberland co. Pa,
4 s^v of Harrisburg. X^^'^^f Cs,
New Curaberland, pv. Tuscaravpas co, 0. 123
New^ Derry, pv- Westraoreland co, Va.
New Durham, pt. Strafford co. N.H. 33 ne Cd,
New Durhara, v. Bergen co. N. J.
New Echota, pv. Cass eo. Ga. 166 nw of M,
New Egypt, pv. Monmouth co, N, J. 18 ss
of Trenton. [Mass. 38 w of B.
New England Village, pv. Worcesier co.
New Fairfield, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw
of Hartford. [n of Mtr,
New Fane, v. cap. of Windham co. Vt, 100
New Fane, pt. Niagara co. N Y. on L.Oniario.
Newpield, pt. York co. Me. SO sw of A.
Newfield, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 280wof Al,
Newfound Lake, Grafton co. N. H. 6 m. long
and 2 broad.
New FRANKFORT,pv. Scottco.In^. 80sof Is.
New Franklin, pv. Stark oo. Ot-140 ne of Ca
New Franklin, pv. Carroll co. Ind. 75 nnw Is.
New Garden, pt. Chester co. Pa. ^ sw Phila,
New Garden, pv. Guilford co, N. C. 98 wnw
of Raleigh.
New Garden, pv, Colurabiana co. 0. 150 he Cs.
New Garden, pt, Wa)fne co. Ind. 78 e of Is.
New Geneva, pv. Fayette co. Pa, on Monon
gahela r.
New Georgetown, v, Colurabiana co. O,
New Germjintown, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J
44 N of Trenton.
New Germautbwn, pv. Perry co. Pa. 46 w H

NEW

609

NEW

New Gilead, pv. Moose co. N. C. 100 sw Rh.
New Glasgow, pv. Amherst co. Va, 120 w R.
New Gloucester, pt, Cumberland co. Me. 41
sw of Augusta. [of Cs.
New Guilford, pv. Coshocton co. O. 67 nk
New Hagerstown, pv. CarroU co. 0. 114 ene
of Columbus. [Hudson r.
New Hamburg, pv. Dutchess co, N, Y. on
New Hampton, pt, Belknap co. N. H. 30 hw
of Concord, [of Tn.
New Hampton, pv. \Hunterdon co. N. J. 47 N
New Hanover, lp. Burlington co. N. J.
New Hanover, pt, Montg. co. Pa. 74 e of H.
New Harmony, pv. Monroe co. Ky. 143 ssw
of Frankfort,
New Harmony, pv. Posey co. Ind. 172 sw Is.
New Harrisburg, pv, CarroU co, O. 130 ene
of Colurabus.
New Hartford, pt, Litchfield co. Conn. 20
w of Hartford. [Utica.
New Hartford, pt. Oneida co. N.Y- 4 w of
New Hartford, pv. Pike co. 111. 76 w of Sd.
New Hartford Centre, pv. Litchfield co.
Coun. IS w of Hartford.
New Haven, pt. Addison co. Vt. 60 w Mtr.
New Haven, pt. Oswego co. N.Y.
New Haven, pv. Nelson co. Ky, 68 sw of F.
New Haven, pv. Huron co. O. 82 h of Cs.
New Haveii, pv. Gallatin oo. III. on Little
AVabash river. ' [wsw of Mtr.
New Haven Mills, pv. Addison co.Vt. 54
New Helvetia. See Nueva Helvetia.
New Holland, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 50 e H.
New Holland, pv. PiCka^^'¦ay co, 0. 43 s Cs.
New Hope, borough, Bucks co. Pa. on Del. r.
New Hope, pv. AuffiLsta co.Va, 130 w^nw R.
New Hope, pv.. Iredell co. N. 0. 163 w of Rh.
New Hope, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C 110
NW of Columbia,
New Hope, pv. Madison co. Ala. 146 nn'e of T.
New Hope, pv. Brown co. O. 100 sw of Cs.
New Hope, pv. Lincoln co. Mo. [Angelica.
New Hudson, tp. AUeghany co. N.Y. 14 w of
New Hurly, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 83 sw of Al:
New Iberia, pv. St. Martin's par. La, on
Teche river, [of Cd,
Newington, pt, Rockinghara co. N . H, 40 ese
Newington, pv. Hartfr ird co. Conn. 6 s of Hd,
New Ipswich, pt. HUlsborough co. N. H. 47
ssw of Concord. [Va, 30 e of R.
New Kent C H. pv. cap. of New Kent co.
New Lancaster, pv.Warren co. III. 100 n^v
of Springfield. [of Al.
New liEBANON, pt. Columbia co. N.Y, 23 se
New Lebanon, N,Y. See Gazetteer,
New Lebanon, pv. Pasquotank co. N, C 237
ENE of Raleigh.
New Lebanon, pv. Sullivan co'.Ind, lOSswIs,
New Lebanon Springs, pv. Colurabia co,
N.Y. 25 SE of Albany, with WRrra mineral
sra-ings. [n of T.
New Lexington, pv. Tuscaloosa co; Ala. 24
New Lexington, pv. Perry co. O; 52 e of Cs,
New Liberty, pv, cap. of Owen co. Ky. 30
N of Frankffjrt.
New Limerick, tp. Aroostook co. Me.
Newlxn, tp. Chester co- Pa. 23 sw of Phila,
New Lisbon, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 90 w of Al.
New Lisbon, pv. cap. of Colurabiana co. O.
150 ENB of Columbus.
New Lisbon,- pv. Henry co. Ind. 55 e of Is.
New London, pt. Merrimack co. N, H. 30 hw
of Concord
New London, Conn. See Gazsttxea.

New London, pv. Oneida co. N.Y, on tho Eri«
canal. [PhUadelphia.
New London, tp. Chester co. Pa. 36 sw of
New London, pv. Frederick co. Md. 7U nw An.
New London, pv. Campbell co.Va. 127w of B.
New London, pt. Huron co, O. 96 n of Cs.
New London, pv. cap, Ralls co. Mo. on Salt r.
New London, pv. ilenry co. Iowa, [Pa.
New London Cross Roads, pv, Chester co.
New Lyme, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 195 he of Cs.
New Madison, pv. Darke co. 0. 100 w of Cs.
New Madrid, pv. cap. of New Madrid co.
Mo. on Missouri river.
New Marion, pv. Ripley co. Ind. 73 se of Is,
New Market, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 38
se of Concord, [of Tn,
New Market, pv, Middlesex co, N. 17 36 he
New Market, pv, Frederick co. Md. 67 nw An.
New Market, pv, Shenandoah do, Va. 140 hw
of Richraond.
New Market, pv. Randolph co, N, C. 85 w Rh.
New Market, pv, Abbeville dist. S.C 90 w Ca.
New Market, pv. Madison co'. Ala. 170 h T.
New Market, pv. Jefferson co. Tenn. 208 e Ne.
New Market, pv. Marion co. Ky. 65 ssw of F.
New Market, pt. Highland co.O. 80 swof Cs.
New Market, pv. Vigo qo. Ind. 82 w of Is.
New Market, pv. Platte co. Mo,
New Marlboro', pt. Berkshire co. Mass. [Is.
New Maysville, pv. Putnam co.Ind, 32 wof
New Mexico. See Nuevo Mexico.
New Milford, pt. Litchfield co. Conn, on
Honsatonic river, 50 wsw of Hartford.
New Milford, pt. Susqa. co. Pa. 185 n of H.
New Mount Pleasant, pv. Jay co. Ind. 97
NE of Indianapolis. [of M.
Newnan, pv. cap, bf Coweta co. Ga. 106 w
Newhans VILLE, pv. Cap, of Alachua CO, Flor.
New Oxford, pv. Adams co. Pa. 33 s of H.
New Paltz, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 74 s of Al.
New Paltz Landing, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. on
the Hudson.
New Paris, py. Preble co. O. on Whitewa
ter river. [sw of Cs.
New Petersburg, pv. Highland co, O, SO
New Philadelphia, pv, cap. of Tuscarawas
CO. O. on Tuscarawas river. ' ^ [96 s of Is.
New Philadelphia, pv.Washington co, Ind.
New Pittsburg, pv.Wayne co. 0.92 ne Cs.
New Plain, pv. Murray co. Ga.
Newport, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 54 he of A.
Newport, pv. cap. of Sullivan co. N. H. 40 w
of Concord.
Newport, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 64 n of Mtr,
Newport, pt, Herkimer co.N.Y. 86 nw of Al.
Newport, pv. Cumberland co. N. J, [barre,
Nfewport, tp. Luzerne CO. Pa. 8 swof Wilkes-
Newport, pv. Perry co. Ba. 28 nw of H.
Newport, pv. New Castle Co, Del. 50 n Dover,
Newport, pv. Charles co. Md. 83 sw of An.
Newport, pv. cap. of Cocke co. Tenn, on
French Broad river. [Ohio r,
Newport, pv. cap. of Campbell co. Ky. on
Newport, pv. Washington co, O. on Ohio r,,
Newport, pv, cap. of Vermilion co, Ind, on
Vermilion river, [son City,
Newport, pv. Franklin co. Mo, 70 e of Jeffer-
New Portage, pv. Medina co. O, 120 ne of
Columbus. [nnw of A.
New Portland, pt, Soraerset co. Me. 55
Newtortville, pv, Bucks co. Pa, on Nesha
miny creek.
New Preston, pv. Litchfield co. Conn, 43 w
of Hartford.

NEW

610

NIS

New Prospect, pt. Bergen co. N. J. 87 he of
Trenton. [nw of Ca.
New Prospect, pV. Spartanburg dist. S. C117
New Prospect, pv. Greene co. Ala. 57 sw T.
New Providence, pt. Essex co, N, J, 13 sw
of Newark, [47 nw of Ne,
New Providence, pv. Montgomery co. Tenn,
New Providence, pv, Clarke co. Ind. 107 a of
Indianapolis.
New Reading, v. Perry co, O. -
New Richmond, pv, Clermont co, O. on
Ohio r.
New River, Va, rises in N, C In the lower
part of its course it is called the Great Ka
nawha,
New r. Onslow co. N. Centers the Atlantic
through New r. inlet. [Sound,
New r. Beaufort dist. S. C enters Tybee
New^r. La. flows into Lake Maurepas.
New Rochelle, pv. Westchester co.N.Y. 18
NE of New York, ¦ [Cs,
New Rochester, pv. Wood co. 0. 108 hw of
New Ross, pv. Montgomery co. Jnd. 35 wnw
of IndianapoHs. '
New Rumley, pv. Harrison co. 0. 116 e Os.
Newry, pt. Oxford co. Me. 64 w of A.
Newry, pv- Huntingdon co. Pa. 122 w ofH.
New Salem, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 73 wnw
of Boston.
NewSaIem,pv. Albany CO. N.Y. 12 w of Al.
New Salem, pv. Fayelte co. Pa. 187 w of H.
New Salem, pv. Randolph co.. N. C 80 w Rh,
New Salem, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 se of Cs,
New Salem, pv. Rush co, Ind, 47 ese of Is.
New Salisbury, pv. Harrison co. Ind, 124 s
of Indianapolis.
New Scotland, pt. Albany co, N,Y. 9 w Al.
New Sewickly, tp. Beaver co. Pa. 5 e Beaver.
New Sharon, pt, Franklin co. Me. 28 NWA.
New SiioREHAM, pt. or Block Island, New
port CO. R. 1. 15 ssW of Poini Judith.
New Springfield, pv. Colurabiana co. O.
New Stanton, pv. Westmoreland co. Pa. -
Newstead, pt. Erie co". N.Y. 20 ne of Buffalo.
New Sweden, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. on Au
Sable river.
Newton, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 w of B.
Newton, tp. Gloucester co. N. J, 6 ne of
Woodbury, [Trenton.
Newton, pv. cap. of Sussex co. N. J. 70 h of
Newton, tp. Cumberland co. Pa, 16 w CarUsle,
Newlon, tp, Delaware co. Pa. 14 nw of Phila,
Newton, tp, Miami co. O,
Newton, pt. Muskingum co, O. 60 e of Cs.
Newlon, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 114 w of "D.
Newlon, pv. cap, of Jasper co. III. on Era-
barrass river. [w of B.
NeWton Centre, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 7
Newton Falls, pv. Trumbull co. 0, 162 ne
of Columbus,
Newton Lower Falls, pv. Middlesex co.
Mass. 11 w of Boston. ^
Newton Upper Falls, pv. Middlesex co.
Mass. 9 w of Boston. [of Cd.
Newtown, pt. Rockinghara co. N, H. 30 se
Newtown, pt, Fairfield co. Conn, 62 sw Hd.
Newtown, pt. Queen's co. N, Y. on Long I.
Sound.
Newtown, boro*, Bucks co. Pa. 20 ne of Phila.
Newtown, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 14 w Phila.
¦Newtown, pv. "Worcester cO, Md, 126 se An.
Newtown, pv. King and Queen co. Va. 33
ENE of Richmond.
Newtown, pv. Soott oo. Ky. 25 B of F.

Newtown, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 120 swof C».
Newtown, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 10 s of J.
Newtown, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 63 whw Is.
NeWtovra cr. Queen's co. N.Y. flows into tho
East r. oppoBile New York.
Newtown Square, pv. Delaware co. Pa.
NpwTowN Stephensburg,pv. Frederick co,
Va. 154 NNW of Richraond. [of Is.
New Trehton, pv, Franklin co. Ind, 80 ese
NewTeipoli, py. Lehigh co. Pa, 86 ene H.
New Utrecht, pi. King's 'co. N.Y. 7 s of
New York.
New Vernon, pv. Morris co. N. J. 50 h Tn,
New Village, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Iiong I.
New Village, pv. Warren co, N, J. 54 hnw
of Trenton. [ofAl.
Newville, pv, Herkimer co. N.Y, 66 wnw
Newville, boro', Cumberland. co. Pa, 30 sw H.
Newville, pv, Richland co, O. 74 khe of Cs.
NeWville, pv. De Kalb co. Ind. 156 hne of Is.
New Vineyard, pt. Franklin co. Me. 48 hw
of Augusta. [164 ssw of,T,
New Wakefield, pv.Washington co.Ala.
New Washington, pv. Clarke co. Ind. 97 s
of Indianapolis.
New Wilmingtom, pv. Mercer co. Pa.
New^ Winchester, pv. Marion co. O. 62 n of
Columbus. [w of Is.
New Winchester, pv. Hendriclw co. Ind. 27
New Windsor, pt. Orange co. N.Y. on Hud
son river.
New Windsor, pv. CarroU co,.Md. 65 hw An.
New Woodstock, pv, Madison co. N.Y. 115
w of Albany. [Ohio.
New York, pv. Switzerland co. Ind. on the
New York Mills, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. on
Sadaquada creek, 96 wnw of Albany,
Nez Perce (usuaUy pronounced nay peHcy)
or Saptin Ihdians, a tribe dweUing in the
E part of Oregon, between Clark's river
and the n branch of Saptin or Lewis r.
The narae nez perci signifies in French
" pierced nose." There does not, how
ever, appear to be any peculiarity m their
customs to justify this appellation.
Niagara, tp, Niagara co.N.Y. 16 wof Lock
port, [Niagara r. at the falls.
Niagara Falls, pv, Niagara co, N.Y, on
Niagara (formerly Newark), a v. of Canada
West, at the raouth fff Nia^ra river,
Nicholas C H. pv. cap. of Nicholas co.Va
310 w of Richraond, [36 sE of F
Nicholasville. pv. cap. of Jessamine co. Ky.
Nichols, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. 8 sw of Owego.
Nicholson, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 160 he ofH,
Nicholsville, pv, St. Lawrence co, N-Y. on
St. Regis river.
NicoLET, nik^o.la', a r. of Canada East, flow
in^ into Lake St. Peters from the ss, 75 m
below Montreal.
Niles, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 10 se of Auburn
Niles, pv. Berrien CO. Mich, on St, Joseph's r
NiMisHiLLEN, lp. Stark CO. O, on Nimishil
len creek.
NiMisiLLA, py. Suramit co. O. 120 he of Cs,
Nine Mile Prairie, tp. CaUa^^¦ay co. Mo.
NiNEN-RH, pv. Broome co. N.Y, on E. Branch
of the Susquehanna.
Nineveli, pv. Johnson co. Ind, 28 s of la.
NioBRARAH, a r. of Missouri Territory, Which
falls into the Missouri near 42^ 40' h Ijat.
NiPPENosE, pi. Lycoming co. Pn, 96 H of H.
NiSHNEBATONA T. Mo. flowi luto the Missou-
ri river.

NOR

611

NOR

NisKATtiNA, tp. Schenectady co. N.Y. 4 b of
Schenectady.
NixBURG, pv. Coosa CO. Ala. 130 ese of T,
Noble, tp. Morgan co. O.
Noble, tp. Shelby co. O. [of Is.
Noble C H. pv. cap. of Noble co. Ind, 160 nne
NoBLESBoRoUGH,pt.Lincoln CO. Me. 32 se A.
NoBLEsTOWN, pv. AUeghany co. Pa, 10 sw
of Pittsburg, [20 he of Is.
NoBLEsviLLE, pv. Cap. of Hamilton co. Ind.
NocKAMixoN, pt. Bucks CO. Pa. 14 h of
Doylesiowrn.
NoDDAWAY r. Mo, flows into the Missouri.
NoLACHUCKY T. t'iscs in N. C and flows into
French Broad river in Tenn. [of Ne.
NoLENsviLLE, pv. Williamson co. Tenn. 17 s
NoRFiELD, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw Hd.
Norfolk, pt, Litchfield co. Conn. 36 wnw of
Hartford. [river.
Norfolk, pi. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Racket
Norfolk, Va. See Gazetteer.
Norridgewock, pv. cap. of Somerset co. Me.
on Kennebec river, 32 N of Augusta,
Norristown, borough, cap. of Montgoraery
CO. Pa. on the SchuylkiU river.
Norrktown, pv. cap. of Pope co. Ark. 70 nw
of Little Rock.
Norristown, pv. Carroll co. 0. 130 ene of Cs.
NoRRisTONViLLE, pv. Moutgoracry co. Pa.
NoRRisviLLE, pv. WUcox CO. Ala, 103 s of T.
NoRRiTON, lp. Miml^co.Pa. on SchuylkUl r.
North Adams, pv, Berkshire co. Mass. 126
WNW of Boston. [88 w of B.
North Amherst, pv. Hampshire co. Mass.
North and South Akron, tp. Summit co. O.
Northampton, tp, Rockingham co. N. H. 9
8 of Portsraouth. [Mass. on Conn, r,
Northampton, pv, cap, of Harapshire Co.
Northampton, pt. Fulton co. N.Y, 47 nw Al.
Northampton, tp. Burlington co, N. J, on
Rancocus creek,
Northampton, tp, Bucks co. Pa. 20 nne Phila.
Northampton, tp, Lehigh co. Pa.
North Ahdover, pv. Essex co. Mass, 23 h B,
North Ashford, pv. Windham co. Conn. 35
ENE of Hartford, [38 s of B.
North Attleborough, pv. Bristol co. Mass.
North Bangor, pv, Penobscot co. Me, 70
ENE of Augusta.
North Beaver, tp. Beaver co. Pa, [of B,
North Becket, pv. Berkshire co.Mass. 128 w
North Berwick, pt.York co. Me. 90 sw A,
North Bloomfield, pv. Ontario co. N.Y.
North Boothbay, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 35se
of Augusta, [of B.
Northborough, pt.Worcesler co, Mass. 33 w
North Branford, pv. New Haven co. Conn.
North Bridge, pt. Worcesier co. Mass, on
Blackstone river. [22 s of B.
North Bridgewater, pt. Plymouth co. Mass,
North Brookfield, pt. Worcester co. Mass,
60 w of- Boston. [on Raritan r.
North Brunswick, tp, Middlesex co, N. J,
North Bucksport, pv. Hancock co. Me. 62
NR of Augusta.
North Canadian r. rises in the Rocky Moun
tains, N of Sanla Fe, and flowing in a
general easterly course, receives the South
Canadian Fork in the E part of fhe Indian
Territory. The united stream after a course
bf 40 or 50 m. enters the Arkansas near 35'^
20' N Lat. aud 95° w Lon. Entire length
estinqated at 1000 m. [nw of Hartford.
North Cahtoh, py. Hartford eo. Conn. 19

North Castle, pt Westchiwter ?o. N.Y. 6 if
of White Plains. [w of Cd.
North Charleston, pv. Sullivan co. N.H. 54
North Chatham, pv. Barnstable co. -Mass,
98 se of Boston. [of Al.
North Chatham, pv. Columbia co. N.Y, 15 a
North Chenango, tp. Crawford co. Pa.
North Chichester, pv. Merrimack co, N.H.
11 E of Concord,
North CodoRus, lp. Yorlc co. Pa. [of B,
North Danvers, pv. Essex co. Mass. 20 nne
North Dartmouth, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 60
sof Boston. [7 s of Cd,
North Dunbarton, pv, Merriraack co, N.H,
North East, pt. Dutchess co.N.Y, 53 sse Al,
North East, pt. Erie co. Pa. 10 ne of Erie.
North East, pv. Cecil co. Md. 74 ne of An.
North East Pass, or Balize, v, Plaquemine
par. La, [142wof B,
North Egremont, pv- Berkshire co. Mass.
North Fairhaven, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 55
s of Boston. [67 sse of B.
North Falmouth, pv. Barnstable co. Mass.
Northfield, pt. Washington co. Me. 160 ene
of Augusta.
Northfield, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. 15 h of Cd.
Northfield, pt. Washington co. Vt. 10 ssw of
Montpelier.
Northfield, pt. Franklin co, Mass. on Conn. r.
Northfield, pv. Litchfield co.Conn. 28 w of Hd
Northfield, tp. Richmond co. N,Y,
Northfield, pt, Sumrait co. O, 143 he of Cs.
Northfield, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 43 w D.
Northfield Farms, pv, Franklin co. Mass.
96 w of Boston, [of Hd.
Northford, pv. New Haven co. Conn, 28 s
North Franklin, pv, Delaware co. N.Y. 80
wsw of Albany. [146 ne of Cs.
North Georgetown, pv. Columbiana co, O.
North Goshen, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 34
w of Hartford. [nw of Hd.
North Granby, pv, Hartford co. Conn. 20
North Granville, pv.Washington co, N.Y.
66 NNE of Albany, [28 s of Hd.
North Guilford, pv. New Haven co. Conn.
North Hadley, pv. Hampshire co. Mass, 94
w of Boston, [50 se of Cd,
North Hampton, pt. Rockingham co. N. H.
North Haven, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 30
ssw of Hartford. [nw of Cd,
North Haverhill, pv. Grafton co. N. H. 74
North Hempstead, pv. cap,. of Queen's co.
N.Y. 20 E of New York. [70 nw of Mtr.
North Hero, pv. cap. of Grand Islfi co. Vt,
NoRTHHuNTiNGDON,lp.Westmorelandco.Pa,North Industry, pv. Stark co. 0. 128 ne Cs,
Northington, pv. Curaberland co, N, C 50
s of Raleigh:: ' [50 e of I^d,
North Killingly, pv. Windham co. Conn,
North Kingston, tp. Washington co. R. I.
21 s of Providence. [wnw of B.
North Leverett, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 82
North Lima, pv, Columbiana co. 0, 172 ene
of Columbus. [sse of Hd.
North Lyme, pv. New London co. Conn, 37
North Madison, pv. New Haven co. Conn,
on Hammohassel river, [109 n of Is.
North Manchester, pv. Wabash co, Ind.
North Marshfield, pv. Plymouth co. Mass.
on North river. [ofAl.
North Mendph, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. 218w
North Middleborough, pv. Plyraoulh co
Mass. 35 E of Boston.
North Middleton, tp. Cumberland co. Pa,

nor

612

OBA

North MiDDLSTdWN, pv. Bourbon co. Ky. 50
Epf Frankfort, [he of H,
North MoRBLAHD, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 146
North Oxford, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 50
w of Boston. [river,
NorthpoBt, pi. Waldo co. Me. on Penobscot
Northport, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. 195 sse of AI.
Northport, pv. Tuscaloosa co, Ala. 1 nw of T,
North Providence, tp. Providence co. R. I.
on Seekonk river, [n of B.
North Readihg, pv, Middlesex co. Mass. 15
North r. Mass, flows into Massachuseils Bay.
North Rochester, pv. Plymouth co. Mass,
•48 BSE of Boston, [n of White Plains,
North Salem, pt. Westchester co. N.Y, 24
North Salera, pv. Hendricks co. Ind, 30 w Is.
NoH^H Sandwich, pv. Carroll co. N,. H. 56 n
of Cojicord. [s of B.
North Sandwich, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 60
North Scituate, pv. Plyraoulh co. Mass. 25
SE of Boston. , [of Providence.
North Scituate, pv. Providence co. R.I. 10 w
North Searsmont, pv. Waldo co. Me. 40 e A.
North Sewickly, pt. Beaver co. Pa, 230 w H,
North Smithfield, pv, Bradford cO, Pa.
North Spencer^ pv, Worcester co. Mass, 53
w of Boston. . [MUl r.
North Stamford, pv. Fairfleld co. Conn, on
North Stonington, pt. New London co.
Conn. 53 he of Hartford,
North Strabane, tp. Washington co. Pa,
North Sudbury, pv, Middlesex co, Mass. 20
w of Boston. (wofB.
North Sunderland, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 87
North Swansea, pv. Bristol ccMass. 50 s B.
North Truro, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 116
SE of Boston, ~ [river.
Northumberland, pt. Coos co. N.H. onConn,
Northumberland, pt. Saratoga co.N.Y, 15 e
of Ballston Spa. [Pa. 60 n of H.
Northumberland, borp', Northuraberland co.
NoRTHViLLE, pv. Plymouth co. Mass.
NorthviUe, pv. Litchfleld co.Conn. 47 wof Hd.
Northville, pv. Erie co. Pa. 285 nw of H.
NorthviUe, pv, Wavne co. Mich. 28 wnw D.
Norlhville, pv. La Salle co. IU. 152 nne Sd.
North Wji.sHiNGTON, pv.Westmoreland oo.
Pa. 190 W of Harrisburg."
Northwest Fork, hundred, Sussex co.Del.
North Weymouth, pv, Norfolk co. Mass. 12
SSE of Boston. [36 he of Al.
North White Cr. pv. Washington co. N.Y,
North Whitehall, pt. Lehigh co. Pa. 95
ENE of Harrisburg, [e of Hd.
North Windham, pv. Windhara co. Conn, 36
North Woodstock, pv, Windhara co. Conn.
42 ENE of Hartford. [of Cd.
NoRTHWooD, tp. Rockinghara co. N. H. 20 e
North WooiipuRY, tp. Bedford co. Pa.
North Yarmouth, pt. Curaberland co. Me.
10 N of Portland.
Norton, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 33 s of B.
Norton, pv. Delaware co. O. 34 h of Cs.
Norton, tp. Summit co, O, on Tuscarawas r.
Norwalk r. Conn, flows inlo Long Island
Sound, at Norwalk.
Norwalk, pi. Fairfield co. Conn. 68 sw Hd.
Norwalk, pv. cap. of Huron co. O. 100 n Cs.
Norway, pt. Oxford co. Me. 44 w of A.
Norway, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 86 wnw Al.
Norwegian, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa.
Norwich, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 46 sse of Mir.
Norwich, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 104 w B.
Norwiahj Conn, See Gazetteer.

Norwich, pv. cap. ofCbenango eo. N.Y. on
Ohenango river.
Norwich, V. Queen's co, N.Y,
Norwich, pt, M'Kean co. Pa. 190 nw of H.;
NoVwjch, pv. Muskingum co, O. 65 e of Cs^
NoRwicHTowN, pv. Ncw LoudoH CO, Conn.
37 SE of Hartford, [wsw of Bh.
Norwood, pv. Montgomery co. N. C. 158
Nottaway r, -Ya, See (?a2ETTEER,
Nottaway, pv. cap, of Nottaway co, Va, ou
Noftaway r, [of D.
Notiavray, pt. St, Joseph co, Mich, 137 wew
NoTTiNGHAU, pt. Rocklngham co, N, H. £(5
ESE of Concord,
Nottinghara, tp. Mercer co. JJ. J. 17 he of
Mount HoUy, [Washington (borough).
Nottinghara, tp. Wa^ington co. Pa. 13 e of
Nottingham, pv. Prince George's co.Md. 32
^w of Annapolis.
Novi, pt, Oakland co. Mich. 25 hw of D,
Nueva Helvetia, nwa'va hel-va'te-i, o»
New Helvetia, an American settlement
or colony in California, near the junction
of the Bin Sacramento witfa the Rio de los
Araericanos, founded in 1838-9 by Caplain
Sutler, of Missouri. Under his wise and
energetic management, it appears to have
become very prosperous. A large quantity
of excellent "wheat is raised here, a consi
derable portion of wbich is shipped lo the
Njorth-west settlements, in vessels belong
ing to the proprietor.
NuEviTAS, nwa-vee'tas, a sea-port on the h
side of Cuba, 45 m. n-e of Puerto Principe.
Nuevo Leoh (Sp. pron, nwa'vo la-one') or
New Le'on, a slate iu ihe ne pan of Mexi
co, w of Tamaulipas. Area 20,000 sq. m.
Pop. 85,000. Capital, Monterey.
Nuevo or New Mexico, a Mexican lerrUory
lying on both sides of the Rio del Norte,
near its source. Capital, Santa Fe.
NuLHEGAN r. Vt. flows iiilo the Connecticut.
NuNDA, lp. AUeghany co. N.Y. 20 h of An
gelica. [Cashaqua cr.
NuNDA Valley, pv. AUeghany co. N,Y, on
Nyack, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. on Hudson r.
Oak Dale, pv. Shelby co. Mo. 94 h of Jef
ferson City.
Oakham, pt, Worcester co. Mass. 64 w of B.
Oak Hill, pv. Jackson co. O. 80 sse of Cs.
Oakland, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 9 w of Hd.
Oakland, pv, Alleghany co. N.Y. on Casha
qua creek.
Oakland, pv. Fayelte co, Tenn, 195 sw of Ne,
Oakland, lp. Oakland co. Mich. 58 nw of D.
Oakland College, pv. Claiborne co. Miss. 87
sw of Jackson. [ofAl.
Oak Orchard, pv. Orleans co, N. Y. 260 w
Oaksville, pv. Ols^o CO. N.Y. 73 w ofAl.
Oakville, pv. Buckinghara co. Va. 102 w R.
Oakville, pv, Mecklenburg oo. N. C 180 waw
of Raleigh,
Oakville, pv, Lexington dist.S. C.13swofCa.
Oakville, pv. Lawrence co. Ala, 112 H of T.
Oakville, pv, Monroe co. Mich.
Oakville, pv. St. Louis co. Mo.
Oaxaca, or Oaxaca, wah-riah'k&j, a state in
the SB part of Mexico, vr of Chiapa, and
bordering on the Pacific, Area 34,500 sq. m.
^Pop. 600,000. Oaxaca, the cap. of theabove,
is a handsome city, with a pop. of near
40,000.
Ob ANION viLLK, pv. Clermont co, 0, 103 sw Ci.

ONS

ei3

OSS

Oberlin, pv. Lorain co. 0. 110 nnts of Cs.
OBtEs r. Tenn, flows into Cumberland r.
Oc-cid-en'te, or the " West," a large Mex
ican stale, consjstin* of the provinces of
Sonora and Cinaloa, bordering on the Gulf
of California. Area 148,000 sq. m. Pop,
180,000. Capital, Villa del Fuerte.
OccoQUAN, pv. Prince WiUiara CO. Va. 96 nR,
OcEOLA, pv. cap, of Mississippi co. Ark. on
Mississippi river.
Oceola, lp. Livingston co. Mich, [wnw D.
OcEOLA Centre, pv. Livingston co. Mich. 57
Ocmulgee VILLE, dv. Telfair eo. Ga. 148 s M.
OcKACoKE, pv. Carteret co, N, C [the sk
OcTORARA cr. Pa. bounds Lancaster co. on
Ogden, tp. Monroe co, N-Y. 10 wRochester.
Ogden, tp, Lenawee co, Mich.
Ogden, pv. Henry co. Ind. 36 e of Is.
Ocdessburg, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
Ohio, pt. Herkimer co, N,Y. 108 hw of Al,
Ohio, tp. Alleghany oo. Pa, 11 hw Pittsburg,
Ohio,.tp. Beaver co. Pa. 10 sw of Beaver,
Ohio, tp, Clermont co. O. , '
Ohio City, Cuyahoga co, O, on Lake Erie,
Ohioville, pv. Beaver co. Pa. 240 w of H,
Oil cr. Pa. ^ows into the AUeghany r.
Oil Cr. pt, Crawford co. Pa, 227 hw of H,
Olcott, pv, Niagara co. N.Y. on L. Ontario,
OlikBridge, pv, Middlesex co. N, J. 54 ne Tn.
Old Codorus, tp, York co. Pa, 10 sw of York.
Old Jefferson, py. Saline co. Mo.
Old Man's, y. Suflblk co, N,Y, on Long I.
Old Mines, pv.Washington co. Mo,
Old Point Comfort, a strong fortress, Eli
zabeth CO. Va., at the raouth of Jaraes river
Old Town, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob
scot river. [tomac.
Old Town, pv, Alleghany co, Md, on the Po-
Old Town. pv. Stokes co, N, C. 115 wnw Rh,
Old Town, pv. PhUips co. Ark, on Miss, r.
Old Town, pv. Claiborne co, Tenn. 224 e Ne,
0-le-an', pt, Cattaraugus co, N, Y. on AUe-
ghanyriver.
Olemon, pv, Penobscot co. Me. on Oleraon r.
OleYj ptr Berks co. Pa- 62 e of H,
Olive, pt. Ulster co. N.Y, 72 ssw of Al.
Olive, pt, Morgan co. O. 90 e of Cs.
Oliver, tp, Mifflin co. Pa,
Oliver, tp. Perry co. Pa, [stone river.
Oliversbueg, pv, Richland co. O, on Whet-
Olney, pv. cap. of Richland co. 111. on Little
Wabash river.
Omaha (om' a-haw) Indians, a tribe dw^elling
w of the Missouri, between the Niobrarah
and the raouth of the Platte.
Omer, pv. Jefierson co. N.Y. 187 nw of Al.
OiCBR, St. pv. DeCalttT co. Ind, 37 se of Is.
Ompompanoosuc r, Vt, flows inlo the Conn.
Onancock, pv. Accomac co. Va. on Chesa
peake Bay.
Oneida r. and lake. See -Gazetteer.
Oneida cr. N,Y. flows into Oneida Lake,
Oneida, pt, Eaton co; Mich. 13&w of D.
OsEraA Castlr, pv. Oneida co. N, Y. on
Oneida creek.
Oneonta, pt. Otsego co, N.Y, 20 s of Coop
erstown. ' [Burliugton,
Onion r. Vt. flows inlo L, Charaplain 5, n of
Onondaga, lake, Onondaga co, N.Y. 8 m.
long, and frora 2 to 4 broad. [cuse,
Onondaga, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y, 5 s of Syra-
PsoNDAGA Hollow, pv, in the above.
Onblow C, H. pv cap, of Onslow co. N. C.
on New river

52

QQ

Ontario, pt.Wayne co. N.Y. 22 wof Lyons.
Ontua, tp. Cass CO. Mich.
Oostenaula r, Ga. unites with the Etowah
to form the Coosa r, [217 wnw N, Orleans.
Opelousas, pv. cap. of St. Landry par. La.
Oppenheim, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 64 nw of Al.
Oquawka, pv. cap, of Henderson co. Ill, on
the Mississippi river.
Oran, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 120 w ofAl.
Orange, pt. Orange co.Vt, 14 be of Mtr.
Orange, lp, Grafton co. N. H, 40 nw of Cd,
Orange, pt, Franklin co, Mass. oji Miller's r.
Orange, tp. New p^aven co. Conn. 4 sw of
New Haven, ,
Orange, pt, Steuben co, N,Y, 200 w ofAl.
Orange, pt, Essex co, N. J. 5 nw of Newark.
Orange, lp. Colurabia co. Pa. [nw of R,
Orange C H. pv. cap. of Orange co. Va'.' 84
Orange, pv. Cherokee co. Ga. 130 nW of M,
Orange, tp. Cuyahoga co. O.
Orange, tp. Richland co. O.
Orange, tp. Macomb co. Mich. _
Orange, pi. Fayette co. Ind. 50 e of Is.
Orangeburg, pv. Marion co. Miss.
Orangeburg C H. pv. cap. of Orangeburg
,dist. S. C 43 s of Colurabia. [of R..
Orange Springs, pv- Orange co.Va. 76 nw
Orangetown, tp. Rockland co. N. Y. ou
Hudson river.
Orangeville, pt. Genesee CO. N.Y. 257 wAl,
Orangeville; pv. Columbia co. Pa. 5 n of
Bloorasburg.
OREGON. See Gazetteer.
Oregon, pv. cap, of Holt co. Mo. on Missouri r.
Oregon City, pv. Ogle co. IU. on Rock r,
Orford, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn. r.
Orfordville, pv. Grafton co. N. H. 62 nnw
of Concord.
Orient, pt. Aroostook co. Me. 222 ne of A.
Orient, pv. Suflblk co. N.Y.
Orion, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 35n of D.
Oriskany cr. N.Y. enters the Mohawk in
, Oneida co^
Oriskany, v, N.Y. at the mouth of the above.
Oriskany Falls, pv. Oneida co. N.Y! on
Oriskany cr. [river.
Orland, pt. Hancock co. Me, on Penobscot
Orleans, pt. Barnstable co, Mass. 95 se of B,
Orleans, lp, Jefl"erson co, N,Y, 12 n of Wa
tertown.
Orleans, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. on Flint cr.
Obono, pt. Penobscot co.Me. on Penobscotr.
Oronoko, tp, Berrien co. Mich,
Orozimbo, a little v, of Brazoria co, Texas,
on Brazos river. [scot r.
Orrington, pt, Penobscot co. Me, on Penob-
Orrsville, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 192 wnw
of Harrisburg. [plain.
Orwell, pt. Rutland co. ¦^^t. on Lake Cham-
Orwell, pt. Oswego CO. N.Y. on Salmon r,
Orwell, pt, Bradford oo. Pa, 146 h of H,
Orwell, pt. Ashtabula co, 0, 185 ne of Cs,
Orwigsburg, borough, cap. of Schuylkill co.
Pa. 62 NE of Harrisburg. ,
Osage, pv. cap. of Benton co. Ark. on Ark. r.
Osage r. See Gazetteer.
Osage' <o-sazh') Indians, a Jribe in the e part
of the Indian Territory,, s of Osage river.
Osceola, pv. cap. St. Clair co. Mo. on Osage r.
Oshtomo, tp, Kalamazoo co. Mich, . ^
Osnaburg, pt. Stark co. O. 130 he of Cs. .
OssiAH, pt. AUeghany CO, N.Y- 244 w ofAl.
Os'sipee, lake, Straflfbrd co, N.H. erapties ita
waters through Ossipee river iuto Lhe Saco.

OXF

614

PAL

Ossipee, pv. cap. Carroll co, N, H, 52 nne Cd.
OsTERViLLE, pv. Bamstabte co. Mass. 72 sss
of Boston. [renee.
Oswegatchie r. N .Y, flows into the St, Law-
Oswegatchie, tp. St. Lawrence co. N.Y.
Oswego r. N.Y. formed by the union of the
Seneca and Oneida rivers, enters Lake On
lario atf0BwegO;
Oswego, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
Oswego, lp. Poller co. Pa.
Oswego, pv. Kosciusko co. Ind, 133 n of Is.
Oswego, pv,^ane co. III. 170 nne of Sd,
Otego cr. N.Y. enters E. Br. of Susqa. r,
Otego, pt, Otsego co, N.Y, on Susquehanna r,
Otis, tp. Hancock co. Me.
Otis, pt. Berkshire co. Mass, 15 se of Lenox.
Otisco, lake, Onondaga co. N.Y. 5 ra. long,
and 2 broad.
Otisco, pt. Onondaga co, N.Y. 15 s Syracuse.
Otisco, pt. Ionia co. Mich,
Otis^ield, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 70 ssw A.
O'to lNiii.^Ns (sometimes written Ottoe), a
tribe dwelling in the he part of the Indian
Territory, near the mouth of the Platte.
Otsdawa, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 86 w of Al.
Otsego, lake, Otsego co. N.Y. 9 ra. long, 1 to
2 broad.
Otsego, tp. Otsego co. N.Y- 66 w of Al,
Otsego, pt, Allegan co. Mich, on Kalaraazoo r.
Otselic cr. N,Y, flows inlo Toughnioga r.
Otselic, pt, Chenango CO, N.Y. 15 nw of Nor
wich.
Otsquaga er. N.Y. flows into the Mohawk.
Otter cr. Vt. flow^s into Lake Charaplain.
Otter Village, pv. Ripley co, Ind, 67 se Is,
Otto, pt. Cattaraugus co, N,Y.
Ottawa, pt. OttowR co. O, 130 n of Cs,
Ottawa, tp. Oceana co. Mich. [Unois r.
Ottawa, pv. cap. of La Salle oo. III. on II-
OTTAWA(ol't3.-wah) Indians, a tribe forraerly
dwelling in Michigan and the n part of
Ohio and Indiana. A considerable number
have recently been removed lo the west of
the Mississippi.
Ottsville, pv. Bucks co. Pa.
Ouse r. Canada. See Grand r.
Overton, pv. cap. of Claiborne par. La. on
Dorcheat Bayou.
Ovid, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Seneca Lake.
Ovid, pt. Branch co. Mich.
Ovidi pv. Madison co, lud, 36 ne of Is.
O-WAs'co, lake, Cayuga co. N.Y. 12 m. long
and about 1 m. wide.
Owasco, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 3 se of Auburn.
OwASSo, pt. Shiawassee co. Mich. 82NWof D.
Owego cr. NY. enters the Susqa. at Ow^go.
Owego, pv. cap. of Tioga co. N.Y. on the
Susquehanna.
Owensborough, pv. cap. of Daviess co. Ky.
on Ohio r. [Croton r.
OwENsviLLE, pv, Westchestcr co. N.Y. on
Owensville. pv. Saline co. Ark. 33 sw of Lil
tle Rock.'
Owcnsville, pv- Gibson co. Ind. 150 sw of Is.
OwENToN, pv. Owen co. Ky, 28 N of F.
OwiNOSviLLE, pv.cap. Balhco.Ky. 73Eof F,
OxBow, pv, Jefferson Co. N.Y. ou Oswegat
chie river,
Oxford, pt. Oxford co. Me. 50 sw of A.
Oxfprd, pt. Worcester co. Mass, 52 w of B.
Oxford, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 55 sw Hd.
Oxford, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. on Chenango r.
Oxford, tp.Warren co.N. J.nn IheDelnwtire.
Oxford, pv. Chester co. Pa. 40 sw of Phila.

Oxford, tp. PhUa. co. Pa, on Delaware t,
Oxford, pv. cap. of Granville co. N. C. 45 a
of Raleigh. [hne of J
Oxford, pv. cap- of La Fayette co. Miss. 161
Oxford, pt, Butler co, O, 105 wsw of Cs.
Oxford, tp, Guernsey co, O,
Oxford, tp, Tuscarawas co. O.
Oxford, pt. Oakland co. Mich, 42 nw of D.
Oxford, pv, Henry co. III. 122 nnw of Sd,
Oxford Furnace, pv. Warren co. N. J, 52 h
Oyster Bay, pt. Queen's co, N.Y. [of Tn.
Oyster Bay, South, pv. Queen's co, N.Y.
Oyster Pond, v. Suffolk co, N.Y.
OzAN, tp. Hempstead co. Ark, [Little Rock,
Ozark, pv, cap, of FrankUn co. Ark, 120 hw
Ozark, pv. Greene co. Mo. 172 ssw of Jef
ferson City. [White r.
Ozark C H, pv. cap, of Ozark co. Mo, on
OzARK Mts, run from Mo. south-westerly
through the nw part of Ark., and the s3
part of the Indian Territory.
Packitta, pv. Early co, Ga, 166 sw of M.
Pacolet r. N. and S- C. flows into Broad r.
Paddytowh, pv. Hampshire co. Va. on Po
tomac river. [Ohio r.
Paducah, pv. cap. of M'Cracken co. Ky, on
Pagesville, pv. Newberry dist S. C.SOwkw
of Colurabia. [Belvidere.
Pahaquarry, tp. Warren co, N, J, 15 n of
Pah Utah Ihdians, See Utah.
Paih Courtvtlle, pv. Assumption par. La^ 80
w of New Orleans.
pAiNsviLLE, pv, Amelia co. Va. 50 sw of R.
Painsville, pv. cap. Lake co. 0. 30 e Cleveland.
Paint cr. O. an affluent of the Scioto r.
Paint, tp, Somerset co. Pa,
Paint, tp. Venango co. Pa.
Paint, lp. Fayette co. O
Paint, tp. Highland co, O.
Paint, tp, Wayne co. O, 95 he of Cs, [Bath.
Painted Post, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 23 se of
Painted Post, pv, Steuben co. N.Y, on Tioga r.
Palatin-e, pt. Montg. co. N.Y. on Mohawk r.
Palatine Bridge, pv. Montg. co. N.Y.
Palermo, pt. Waldo co. Me. 19 ene of A.
Palermo, pt. Osw^ego co. N.Y. 15 se Oswego.
Palestine, pv. Greenbrier co. Va.
Palestine, pv. Hickman co. Tenn. 68 swof Ne.
Palestine, v. Columbiana co. O.
Palestine, pv. Pickaway co. O, 30 s of Cs.
Palestine, pv. Kosciusko co, Ind, 120 n of Is.
Palestine, pv- cap. of Crawford eo. Ill, 155 se
ofSpringfieW. ' [City.
Palestine, pv. Cooper co. Mo, 42 wnw of Jef.
Palisades, are a lofly range of rocks on the
Hudson, frora 10 to 30 ra. above New York,
Palmer, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 80 w of B.
Palmer Depot, pv. Hampden co. Mass. 76 w
of Boston.
Palmyra, pt. Somerset co. Me. 50 nne of A.
Palmyra, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 195 w ofAl.
Palmyra, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 14 e ofH.
Palmyra, tp. Pike co. Pa.
Palmyra, tp, Wayne co. Pa, [of R.
Palmyra, pv. cap. of Fluvanna co, Va. 62 wnw
Palmyra, pv. HaUfax co.N. C, on Roanoke r.
palmyra, pv. Lee eo. Ga, 128 sw of M.
Palmyra, pv. Montg. co. Tenn. 37 hw of Ne.
Palmyra, pi. Portage co. O. 152 he of Cs.
Palmyra, pt. Lenawee co. Mich, on Raisin r.
Palmyra, pv, Harrison co. Ind. 116 s of Is.
Palmyra, pv, cap. of Marion co. Mo, 110 hhW
of JeflersonvCity.

PAS

615

PEK

FAMRX.IA, tp, Jefferson co. N.Y, 4 n Water-
Pamlico r. See Gazetteer, [town.
Pamunky r, Va, unites with Mattapony to
forra York river, [of J. on Tailahatchee r,
Panola, pv. cap. of Panola co. Miss, 160 n
Panton, pt, Addison co. Vt, on L, Charaplain.
Panuco, pah-noo'ko, a r. of Meyico, which
falls into the Gulf of Mexico at Tampico,
Paoli, pv, Chester co. Pa. 16 w of Phila.
Paoli, pv. cap. oi' Orange co. Ind. 94 sw of Is,
Paper MaL Village, pv, Cheshire co. N, H.
57 sw of Concord.
pAPERTOWN, pv. Cumberland co. Pa.
Paperville, pv. Sullivan co, Tenn. 300 e Ne,
Paraclifta, pv. cap. of Sevier co. Ark, 142
sw of Little Rock.
Par!adise, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 52 wof Phila,
Paradise, tp. York co. Pa.
Paradise, pv. Cole co. Ill, 80 e of Sd.
Paradox, lake, N.Y. Essex co. 4 m, long,
from i m, to 1 ra. broad.
Par-ral', or San Jose del Parral, a t, of
Mexico, near the boundary between the
states of Durango and Chihuahua, about 100
m. s of the town of Chihuahua. Ils raines
were formerly very productive, at which
time its population is said to have amounted
to 50,000 J at present it is only 7,000.
Paris, pv. cap. of Oxford co. Me. 40 w^ of A,
Paris, pt. Oneida co, N.Y, 8 sof Ulica,
Paris, pv. Fauquier co.Va, 1.30 n of R.
Paris, pv. cap. of Henry co. Tenn. 98 w Ne.
Paris, pv. cap. of Bourbon co. Ky. 36 e of F,
Paris, pv. Stark co, 0. 135 he of Cs.
Paris, pv. Jennings co. Ind. 77 sse of Is.
Paris, pv. cap. of Edgar Co. III. 114 e of Sd.
Paris, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Mo. 70 n of
Jefferson City.
Paris, cap. of Lamar co. Texas, about 20 m.
s of Red river.
Paris, St. pv. Champaign co. 0. 57 w of Cs.
Parisburg, pv. cap. Giles co.Va. on New r.
Parish, pt. Oswego co.N.Y. 22 e of Oswego.
Parishville, pt. St; Lawrcncc co. N.Y. 15 e
of Canton.
Park, tp. St. Joseph co, Mich.
Parkersburg, pv. Chester co. Pa.
Parkersburg, pv, cap. of Wood co. Va. on
Ohio river. [wnw of Is.
Parkersburg, pv; Montgomery co. Ind. 44
Parkersburg, pv. Richland. co. ill. 140 se Sd.
Park Hill, pv. Cherokee Nation, Indian Ter
ritory.
Parkmah, pt. Piscataquis cOv Me. 70^1? of A.
Parkihan, pt, Geauga co, O, 162 he of Cs.
Parksville, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y. 116 swAl.
Parksville, pv. Platte co. Mo. [c-hester.
Parma, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 10 Nwof'Ro-
Parma,' lp, Cuyahoga co. O. 6 s of Cleveland,
Parmaj tp, Jackson co, Mich. [NashviUe,
Parrotsville, pv. Cocke co, Tenn, 237 e of
ParRysville, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 99
ENE of Harrisburg.
Parsippany, pv. Morris co> N. J. 60 n of Tn.
Parsonsfield, pt.York co. Me. 86 wsw A.
Pascagoula r. Miss. See- Gazetteer.
Pascagoula,' V. Jackson co. Miss, on Pasca
goula river. ' [sack r.
Paskackj pv. Passaic eo. N. J. on Hacken-
Pabo del Norte, pah'so del noR'tay (or pah'
BO del nort), a t. of New Mexico, near the
right bank of the Rio del Norte, in the
midst of a very fertile district. Lat, about
310 30' n, Lon. 105° Sty w. Pop. about 5,000.

Pasqdotahk r. N. C. flows into Albemarlo
Sound. [nobscot r.
Passadumkeag, pt, Penobscot co. Me. on Pe-
Passaic r. See Gazetteer, [teer.
Passamaquoddy r. See Croix, St., Gazet-
Passamaquoddy Bay, at the ne extreraity of
Me., receives the St. Croix river.
Pass Christian, pv. Harrison co. Miss.
Pasumsic r. Vt. enters the Connecticut r,
Pasurasic, pv, Caledonia co.Vt, 40 e of Mtr.
PasSyunk, tp. Phila, co. Pa. s of the city.
Patapsco r. Md. enters Chesapeake Bay by
a broad estnary, about 15 nne of An.
Patchogue, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. 60 e of N.Y.
Paterson, N, J, See Gazetteer.
PATOKA,r. Ind. flows into the Wabash.
Patoka, pt. Gibson co, Ind. 138 sw of Is.
Patrick C.H.pv. cap. of Patrick co.Va. 226
wsw^ of Richmond.
Patricktown, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 15 e of A.
Patriot, pv. GaUia co. O. 97 sse of Cs.
Patriot, pv. Switzerland co. Ind. on Ohio r.
Pattawatomies. See Pottawatomies.
Patten, tp. Centre co. Pa.
Patterson, pt. Putnam co. N.Y. on Croton r
Patterson, pv. St. Genevieve co. Mo. 176 esb
of Jefferson City, [James r,
Pattonsburg, pv, Botetourt co. Va. on
Pattonsville,pv. Granville CO. N.C. 40 nBh.
Patuxent r. Md. enters Chesapeake Bay by
a large estuary, about 50 ra. s of Annapolis,
Paulding, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Miss. 109
ESE of Jackson. [river.
Paulinskill r. N, J, flows into the Delaware
Paulina, V.Delaware co. N.Y. 2 n of Del. r.
Pavilion, pt. Genesee co, N.Y. 240 w of Al.
Pavilion, pt. Kalaraazoo co. Mich.
Pawcatuck r. R. I. flows into the Atlantic on
the border of Conn.
Pawlet, pt. Rutland co.Vt. 87 ssw of Mtr.
Pawlings, pt.- Dutchess co. N.Y. 20 e of
Poughkeepsie.
Pa w'nee Indians, a tribe dwelling in the se
part of Missouri Territory, on the n side
of the Plall^ r. [160 w of D.
Paw-Paw, pv. cap. of Van Buren co. Mich.
Pawtucket r. R.I. rises in Mass. under the
name of Blackstone river, and flows into
Providence -river just below Providence.
Pawtucket, pv. R. I. 4 n of Providence, on
Pawtucket river.
Pawiuckei, lp. Bristol co. Mass. 46 s of B.
Pawtuxet t. R.I. flows into Providence r.
5 m. below Providence.
Pawtuxel, pv. Kent co. R. I. 5 s Providence.
Paxton, pt.Worcesler co. Mass. 50 w of B.
Payneville, pv. Surater co. Ala. 78 sw of T.
PaynesvillEj pv. Pike co. Mo, 92 ne of Jef
ferson City. w
Payson, pv- Adams co. 111. 92 w of Sd.-
Pea r. Ala, flows into the Choclawhalchee r.
Peace Dale, pv. Washington co, R. I.
Peacham, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 36, e of Mtr.
Peach Bottom, pt. York co. Pa. 26 se York.
Pearl r. See Gazetteer.
Pearlingtoh. See Gazetteer.
Pease, lp. Belmont co. O.
Pedensville, pv. Chester dist, S. C.
Pedricktown, pv. Salera co. N. J. 65 s Salem.
Peebles, tp. Alleghany co. Pa.
pEEKSKiLL, pv. Westchester co, N-Y. on the
Hudson river, 46 n of New York.
Pekatonica, pv. Winnebago co. IU. at tho
junction, of Pekalonica r. with Rock r.

PER

616

PET

Pekin, pv. TazeweU co. III. 62 n of Sd.
Pe;.ham, pt. Harapshire co. Mass. 80 w of B.
Pelham, tp. HUlsborough co. N, H. 32 sw of
Portsmouth. [While Plains.
Pelhara, tp. Westchester co. N, Y, 10 s of
Pelham, pv. Franklin co, Tenn. 85 sse of Ne,
pEMADUMCOtfK, lake, Penobscot co. Me,
Pemberton, ,pv. BurUngton co, N.J. 22s Tn.
Pembroke, pt, Washington co. Me, 180 ene
of Augusta. J
Pembroke,' pt, Merriraack co, N. H. 5 se of Cd,
Pembroke, pt. Plyraoulh co. Mass. 26 se of B.
Pembroke, pt, Genesee co. N.Y. on Tona-
wanda creek.
Pembroke, pv. Christian co. Ky. 197 sw of F.
Pem'igewas'set r, N. H. a branch of the Mer
rimack. [Lockport.
Pendleton, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 7 sw of
Pendleton, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 136 wnw
of Columbia.
Pendleton, pv. Madison co, Ind. 31 ne of Is,
Penfield, pt, Monroe co,N,Y.8ERocheBier.
Penfield, pv. Greene co. Ga, 50 h of M.
Penfield, pt. Lorain co, 0. 106 nne of Cs.
Penfield, tp. Calhoun co, Mich.
Penn, tp, Chester co. Pa, 36 sw of Phila,
Penn, tp, Clearfield co. Pa.
Penn, tp. Lycoraing co. Pa.
P.enn, tp. Perry co. Pa.
Penn, tp. Union co. Pa,
Penn, tp, Cass co. Mich,
Pennington, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 8 n of Tn,
Pennsbury, tp. Chester co. Pa, 23 sw of Phila.
Penns Neck, Lower, tp, Salem co. N. J. 6 h w
of Salem.
Penns Neck, Upjer, tp. Salera co. N. J.
Fennsville, pv. Bucks co. Pa, 25 n of Phila,
Pennsville, pv. Morgan co, O. 77 e of Cs.
Penn Township, Philadelphia co. Pa. Nwof
the city. [of Al.
Penn Yan, pv. cap. of Yates co. N.Y. 192- w
Penobscot, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Penobscot
river.
Peoria, pv. cap. of Peoria co. Ill; on IU, r.
Pepin, a lake of Wis. at the mouth of Chippe
wa river.
Pepperell, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 38 nw B.
PeQuannock r. Conn, enlers Bridgeport har
bour, [rislown.
Pequannock, tp, Morris co. N. J. 10 n of Mor-
Pequannock cr. N. J. enters Passaic r.
Pequawket r. N. H. fiows into Saco r.
Pequest cr. N. J. flows into Delaware r.
Pequot, pv. New London co. Conn. 48 se Hd.
Perch r. J'efferson eo, N Y, flows inlo Black
river Bay. [Perdido Bay.
Perdido r. between Ala. and Flor. flows into
Perkins, pt. Erie co. 0. 15 nw of Norwalk.
Perkinsville, p V.Windsor' co.Vt. 70 s of Mir.
PerkinsviUe, pv. Burke co, N. C 270 w of Rh,
pERRiNsviLLE, pv, Moumouth CO, N, J, 24 B
of Trenton,
Perrinton, tp, Monroe co, N,Y.
Perry, pt. Wn. co. Me. 5 hw of Eastport.
Perry, pt. Wyoming co.N.Y, 240 w ofAl.
Perry, tp. Armstrong co. Pa.
Perry, tp. Fayette co. Pa.
Perry, tp. Jefferson co. Pa.
Perry, lp. Union co. Pa,
Perry, pv. cap. of Houston co, Ga. 60 aw of M,
Perry C. H. pv. cap. of Perry co, Ky. on Ky. r.
Pierry, lp. Brown co, O,
¦Perry, lp. Coshocton co. O,
Ferry, pt. Lake co. 0. 182 ns of Ca.

Perryj tp. Montgomery co. O.
Perry, tp, Richland co, O.
Perry, tp. Stark co. O.
Perry, tp, Wayne co. O,
Perry, lp. Wayne co. Ind.
Perry, pv. Pike co. III. 66 w of Sd. [w ofAl.
pRRRY Centre, pv, Wyoming co, N'.Y. 24S
Ferryman SVILLE, pv, Harford co. Md,
pERRYOPOLis, pv. Fayette co. Pa* onYougb-
iogheny river,
Perryopolis, pv. Monroe co, 0, 106 e of Cs,
Perry's Bridge, pv. La Fayelte par. La. on
Verrailion river, [ofAl.
Perrysburg, pt. Catiaraun:us co. N.Y. 306 w
Perrysburg, pv. cap, of Wood co. O, on Mau
mee river.
Perrysburg, pv, Miami co, Ind, 100 h of Is,
Perry's Mills, pv. CUnton co, N.Y, 192 n Al.
Perrysville, pv. Washington co. R. I. 40 s
of Providence. [burg.
Perrysville, pv. Alleghany co.Pa.8 Hof Pitts-
Perrysville, pt. Verrailion co, Ind, 80 w of Is.
pERRYviiiE, pv- Madison co. N.Y. 115 W Al.
Perry ville, pv. Hunterdon 'co. N. J. 10 h of
Flemington.
Perryville, pv. CecU co. Md. 65 ne of An,
PerryviUe, pv. Perry co. Ala. [of Little Rock.
Perrj-ville, pv. cap. of Perry co. Ark. 55 wnw
PerryviUe, pv, cap. of Perry <iO. Tenn, on
Tennessee river.
Perryville, pv, Boyle co. Ky, 40 s of F.
PerryviUe, pv. Richland co, 0. 78 nne nf Cs.
Perryville, pv, cap, of Perry" co. Mo, 214 esh
of Jefferson City.
Perryton, pv. Licking co. O. 60 ke of Cs.
Persia, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y.
Persia, tp. Boone co. Mo.
Perth, pt, Fulion co. N.Y. 46 nw of Al,
Perth Amboy, N. J, See Amboy, Gazet
teer.
Peru, pt. Oxford co. Me. 40 w of A,
P«ru, pt. Bennington co.Vt. 100 ssw of Mtr,
Peru, pt, Berkshire co, Mass. 118 w of B,
Peru, pt. Clinton co, N,Y. 10 s of Plattsburg.
Peru, pt. Huron co. O. 93 N of Cs.
Peru, pv. cap, of Miarai co. Ind. on Wabash r,
Peru, pv. Dubuque co. lovra, 5 n of Dubuque.
Peeuville, pv. Torapkins co. N.Y. Ifi5 w Al.
Peters, tp. Franklin co. Pa, 12 sw of Cham
bersburg. [Washington (borough).
Peters, tp. V^ashinffton co. Pa, -11 ne of
Peter's, St, a r. of Iowa Territory, flowing
inlo the Mississippi near 44° 50' n Lat. and
93° w LOn.
Peter's, St. lake, an expansion of the St. Law
rence, 70 m. below Montreal. [40 sw of Cd.
Prtersborough, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H.
Pelersborough, pv. Madison co. N.Y- 108 w
of Albany.
Pelersborough, pv. Tioga co. Pa. 150 h ofH.
Petersburg, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 26 e Al,
Petersburg, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa.
Petersburg, Va. See Gazetteer.
Petersburg, pv. Elbert co. Ga, 96 he of M.
Petersburg, pv. Lincoln co. Tenn. 72 s pf Ne.
Petersburg, pv. Boone co, Ky. 90 h of F.
Petersburg, pv, Columbiana co, O. ISO ene Cs.
Petersburg, pv. cap, of Pike co. Ind. 138 swis.
Petersbui^, pv. cap. of Menard co. IU. 21 hw
of Springfield.
Petersbui^, pv. Boone' co. Mo. 54 h Jef. City.
Prtsrsham, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 64 w B.
Peterstowh, pv. Monroe co. Va. on Rich cr .
PsTERsviLLE, pv. Northaraptou co. Fai.

PIK

617

PIT

PetersvUle, pv. Frederick co. Md. 90 hw An.
pE-Tic', an inland town of Mexico, in Sonora,
160 m. HE of Guayraas (which forras its
port), in the centre of a rich mining district.
Lieut, Hardy, R. N., who visited this place
about 20 years ago, says he saw silver in
bars, piled up in the shops as if it were
wood. This was at a tirae when the ex
portation of silver was forbidden by the
government, Lat. about 29^ 30' n, Lon.
HOO w. Pop. stated at 5,000.
Pewaukie, tp, Milwaukie co.Wis,
Pettonsburg, pt. Pittsylvania co.Va. [of Ne.
Peytonsville, pv. WilliEmison co. Tenn, 27 e
PHARISBURG, pV. Uuiou CO. O. 50 NW of Cs.
Pharsalia, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 127 w Al.
Pharsalia, pV- Panola co. Miss. [gRR-
Phelps, pt, Ontario co. N.Y. 15 e Canandai-
Fhelps, pt. Ashtabula co, O.
Phelpstown, pt. Ingham co. Mich. 71 w D.
Philadelphia, pt. Jefferson co, N.Y. 16 he
of Watertown, [83 ene of J.
PhUadelphia, pv. cap. of Neshoba co. Miss.
Philadelphia, pv. Monroe co. Tenn. 160 ese of
Nashville.
Philadelphia, pv. Hancock co, Ind, 15 e of Is.
Philadelphia, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa, on Des
Moines river. [of Rh.
Philadelphus, pv. Robeson co. N. C 106 s
Philipsburg, pv. Centre co. Pa. 120 nw of H.
Philipsburg, pv. Jefferson co. O. on Ohio r.
Philipsport, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y. 92 ssw Al.
Philipstown, pv. White co. 111.190 se of Sd-
Ehilipsville, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. on
Genesee river.
Phillip, pt. Franklin co. Me. 55 nw of A.
Phillipsburg, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 109 s Al.
Phillipsburg, tp. Beaver co. Pa. [river.
PhUlipsburg, borough, Beaver co. Pa. on Ohio
PhUlipsburg, pv. Erie co. Pa. 268 nw of H.
Phillipston, pt.Worcesler co. Mass. 65 n B.
Phillipstowh, tp. Putnam co, N.Y. on the
Hudson, [wego r,
Phillipsville, V. Oswego co. N.Y. on Os-
Philomont, p^. Loudon co. Va. 12 s of Lees
ville, •
Phippsburg, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 44 s of A.
Phcenix, pv. Oswego co, N.Y, 150 wnw Al.
Phcenixvtlle, pv. Chester co. Pa. on the
Schuylkill,
Pickaway, tp, Pfckaway co, O, [hw of Ca.
Pickens C. H. cap; of Pickens dist. S, C. 130
Pickensville, py, Pickens dist. S, C
Pickensville^ pv. Pickens co, Ala, on Tom-
PiCKERiNG, 1. Hancock co. Me. [bigbee r,
Pickerington, pv. Fairfield co. 0. 17 ese Cs.
PiCTou, pik-too', a sea-port t. of Nova Sco
tia, on the N coast. Lat. 45° 40' n, Lon.
near 63" w. Pop. above 3,000.
Piedmont, pv, Harris co. Ga. 135 wsw of M,
PiRRMONT, pt, Grafton co. N, H. 65 nnw Cd,
Piermnnt, pv. Rockland co, N.Y. 24 n of New
York. [Canton.
Pierpont, pt. St, Lawrence co. N.Y. 8 k of
Pierpont, pt, Ashtabula co. O, 213 ne of Cs.
Pig r. Va, flow^ into the Roanoke.
Pigeon, tp. Vanderburgh co, Ind,
Pike, pt. AUeghany co. N.Y. 20 n of Angelica.
Pike, pt. Berks co. Pa.
Pike, pt. Bradford ca. Pa.
Pike, tp, Clearfield co. Pa.
Pike, tp. Potter co. Pa.
Pike, tp, Coshocton co. O.
Pike, tp. Perry co. O.
52*

Pike, tp. Union co. Ind. [ington (borough).
Pike Run, pt.Washington co. Pa. 18 se Wash-
PiKETOH, pv. cap. of Pike co. Ky. 173 ese P.
Piketon, pv. cap. of Pike co. O, 19 s of Chi
licothe,
Piketon, pv, Marion co, Ind, 9 hw of Is.
Pikeville, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 8 hw of
Baltimore, [of T.
PikevUle, pv. cap. of Marion co, Ala. 68 nnw
Pikeville, pv. cap. of Bledsoe co. Tenn. 112
ESE of Nashville. [river,
PiLATKA, pv. St.John's CO. Flor. on St.John's
Piles Grove, tp, Salem co. N. J. lO he Salem,
PiHCKNEY, tp. Lewis CO, N.Y, 16 nw of Mar
tinsburg,
Pinckney, pv, Rutherford co.N,C,226w Rh.
Pinckney, pv. Williamson co. Tenn. 28 s Ne.
Pinckney, pv.Warren co. Mo. ^n Missouri r.
Pihckneyville, pv. Union dist. S. C on
Broad river. [tahoochee r.
Pinckneyville, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. on Chat-
Pinckneyville, pv, Tallapoosa co, Ala.
PinckneyvUle, pv. Wilkinson co. Miss. 150
sw of Jackson. [s of Sd,
Pinckneyville, pv, cap. of Perry co. IU. 134
PiNDERTOWN, DV. Lce CO. Ga. on Flint r.
Pine, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 11 n of Pittsburg.
Pine, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. on Alleghany r.
Pine Bluff, pv. cap. of Jef co. Ark, on Ark. r.
Pine Brook, pv. Morris co. N. J. 63 n of Tn.
Pine cr. Pa. fiows into the West Branch of the
Susquehanna,
Pine Cr. tp. CUnton co. Pa.
Pine Cr. tp. Jefferson co. Pa.
Pine Grove, pt, SchuylkiU co.Pa 43 he ofH,
Pine Grove, tp. Vensmgo co. Pa.
Pine Grove, tp.Warren co. Pa.
Pine Hill, v, Genesee co. N.Y.
Pine Plains, pt, Dutchess co, N.Y, 25 ne of
Poughkeepsie, [town.
PiHEViLLE, pv- Bucks CO. Pa. 7 E of Doyles-
Pineville, pv.Charleston dist. S. C, on Santee r.
PineviUe, pv. Marion co, Ga, [Tombigbee r.
Pineville, pv. Marengo co. Ala. a littre e of
PihgreSville, pv. Grafton co. N. H. on Con-
PiNK, tp. Waynp co. Pa. [necticut r.
Pinkham's Grant, pt. Coos co. N. H. 92 n Cd.
Pinkney, lp. Calhoun co. Mich.
PiNKsviLLE, pv.Armstrong co. Pa. 197 wnw H.
Pintlala r. Ala. flows inlO' Alabaraa r,
PiQUA, pv. Miami co. O. on Miami r.
PiQUEA, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 54 se of H.
Piscataqua r. N. H. See Gazetteer.
Piscataquis r. Me, flows into the Penobscot,
40 ra. above Bangor, [rimack,
PiscATAQUOG T. N, H, au affluent of the Mer-
Piscataway, tp. Middlesex co, N. J, 5 n of
New Brunswick, ^ [sw of An.
Piscataway, pv,* Prince George's co. Md. 56
PisECO, lake, Harailton co. N.Y, 6 m. long,
Piseco, pv. Hamilton co. N.Y. on Piseco Lake.
Pitcairn, pt, St. Lavprence co. N.Y. 30 s of
Canton. Iw'ich.
Pitcher, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 16 w of Nor-
PiTCHER Springs, pv. Chenango co. N.Y, 126
w of Albany. [Piney cr.
Pitch Landihg, pv.. Hertford co, N.C. on
Pitt, tp. AUeghany^ co. Pa. on AUeghany r.
Pittsbo ROUGH;, pv. Cap. of Chatham co.N.C.
34 w of Raleigh.
Pittsburg, tp. Coos co. N. H.
Pittsburg, pv. Henry co. Ga. 75 wnw of M.
Pittsburg, pv, Johnson co. Ark. on Arkansas r.
Pittsburg, pv. CarroU co. Ind. 68 nnw of Is.

PLE

618

POM

Pittsfield, pi. Somerset co. "Me. 43 h of A,
Pittsfield, pt, Merrimack co, N . H. 15 he of Cd,
Pittsfield, pt. Rutland co. Vt, 70 ssw of Mtr.
Pittsfield, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 w of B.
Pittsfield, pt. Olsego co. N.Y. 18 w of Coo
perstown.
Pittsfield, pt, Lorain co. O, 106 nne of Cs.
Pittsfield pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 35 w of D.
Pittsfield pv.cap. of Pike co.Ill. 70 wsw of Sd.
PiTTSFORD, pt. Rutland co. Vl, 70 sw of Mtr.
PUtsford, pv. Monroe co. N.Y.j6 e Rochester.
Piitsford, pi. HiUsdale co. Mich. 90 wsw of D,,
PiTTSGRovE, pt. Salem co. N. J. 16 e of Salera.
Pittsto'n, pt. Kennebec co. Me. on Kenne
bec river. [Troy.
Pittstown, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 12 ne of
Pittslown, pv. Hunterdon co. N.J. 33 nnw
Pittstown, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [of Tn.
Pittsylvania C H. cap. of ^Pittsylvania co.
Va. 162 wsw of Richmond.
Plain, lp. Stark co. O.
Plain, pi. Wayne co. O. 90 he of Cs.
Plainfield, pt. Sullivan co. N.H. 62 nw of Cd.
Plainfield, pt. Washington co. Vt, 9 e of Mtr.
Plainfield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 115 w of B .
Plainfield, pt. Windhara co. Conn, 45 e of Hd,
Plainfield, pt. Otsego co, N,Y. 15 nw of Coo
perstown.
Plainfield, py. Essex co. N. J. 39 ne of Tn.
Plainfield, tp. Northampton co. Pa.
Plainfield, pv. Coshocton co. O. 80 ne of Cs.
Plainfield, tp. AUegan co. Mich.
Plainfield, pt. Hendricks co. Ind, 15 wsw of Is,
Plainfield, pv. Will co. III. 173 ne of Sd.
Plainville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 155w Al.
Plaistow, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 37 se Cd.
Plantersville, pv. Perry co. Ala. 77 s of T.
Plaquemine Bayou, an outlet of the Missis
sippi, flowing into the Atchafalaya.
Plaquemine, pv. cap. of IbervUle par. La. on
Mississippi river.
Platte r. See Gazetteer. [sOuri.
Platte, Little, r. Mo^ flows into the Mis-
Platte City, pv. cap. of Platte co. Mo. on
Little Platte r. [Kingston.
Plattekill, pt. Ulster co. N. Y. 20 s of
Platteville, pv. Grant co. Wis. 78- wsw of
Madison.
Plattsburg, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
Plattsburg, pv. cap, of Clinton co. Mo, 180
WNW of Jefferson Ciiy.
Pleasant, tp. Warren co. Pa.
Pleasant, tp. Brown co. O.
Pleasant, tp. Fairfield co. O,
Pleasah^, lp. Knox co. O. on Vernon r.
Pleasant, pt. Switzerland co. Ind. 82 se of Is.
Pleasant Grove, pv. Morris co. N. J. on
Schooley's Mountain, 40 n of Tn. [1 broad.
Pleasant Lake, Hamilton co. N.Y. 3 m. long,
Pleasant Unity, pv.Westmoreland co. Pa,
164 w of Harrisburg.
Pleasant Vale, pv. Pike co. 111. 90 wsw Sd.
Pleasant Valley, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 22
wof Hartford, [Poughkeepsie.
Pleasant Valley, pt, Dutchess co, N!y. 7 ne of
Pleasant VaUey, pv, Bucks co. Pa. ' [s ofAl,
Pleasant ville, pv, Westchester co. N,Y. 120
Pleasantville, pv, Montponiery co. Pa.
Pleasantville, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. 112
NW of Raleigh. [of Nci
pleasantville, pv. Hickraan co. Tenn. 73 wsw
Pleasantville, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 se of Cs.
Pleasure villb, pv. Henry co. Ky. 19 nw F.
Plessis, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. IQttHW ofAl.

Pi,TTCKEMiK,pv. Somerset co. N. J. ^ h ofttL
Pldm, tp. AUeghany co. Pa.
Plura Cr. tp. Armstrong eo. Pa.
Plum, tp.Venango co.Ta.
Plum Island, Suffolk co. N.Y. 3 m. long, and
1 broad.
Plumstead, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 30 h of Phila.
Plunket's Cr. tp. Lycoming co. Pa.
Plymouth, pt.. Penobscot co. Me. 59 he of A.
Plymouth, pt. Grafton co. N. H, 40 h of Cd.
Plymouth, pt. Windsor co.Vt, 73 s of.Mtr.
Plymouth^ Mass. See Gazetteer.
Plymouth, pt, Litchfield co. Conn. S3 w Hd.
Plymouth, pt. Chenango co, N.Y.
Plymouth, pt, Luzerne, co. Pa.
Plymouth, tp, Montg, co. Pa. 14 nhw o* Phila.
Plymouth, pv. cap. of Washiiigton co. N.C.
on Roanoke river.
Plymouth, pv. Lowndes co. Miss. 147 he of J.
Plymouth, pt, Richland co. O. 77 nne of Cs,
PIvmoulh, pt.Wayne co. Mich. 25 sw of D.
Plyraoulh, pv. cap. Marshall co, Ind. 115h Is.
Pk>'raouth, pv, Hancock co. Ill, 92 wnw of Sd.
Plymouth Grant, tp. Aroostook co. Me.
Plymouth Hollow, pv, Litchfield co. Conn.
25 wof Hartford.
Plympton, pt. Plymouih co, Mass. 41 se of B.
Pocahontas, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Ark.
Cn Big Black river .
PocASSET, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 63 se B.
PocoMOKE r. Md. flows into Pocoraoke Bay,
an arm of Chesapeake Bay,
PocoNo, tp. Monroe co. Pa,
PocoT ALico r, Va . flows inlo Great Kanawha r.
Pocotalico, pv. Beaufort dist. S. Con Com
bahee river. [at Troy.
PoESTENKiLL T. N.Y. flows iuto the Hudson
Poeslenkill, pv- Rensselaer co. N.Y. 13 B Al.
Point, tp. Northumberland co. Pa'.
Point Bolivar, v. Galveston co.Texas, on
a point of land extending towards Galves
ton I., thus forming the strait caUed Galves
ton Pass or Inlet.
Point Coupee, pv. cap. of Point Coupee par.
La. on Mississippi river. »
Point Isabel, Texas, (formerly St. Isabel,) a
point of land projecting into the l>aguna
del Madre, opposite to- an inlet called the
Barra or Brazos -de Santiago, about 110 m.
s of Corpus Christi, and 30 R from Mata
moras. On this point stands Fort Polk, an
important American fortress.
Point of Rocks, pv. Frederick co. Md. 93
NW of Annapolis. [Delaware.
Point Plkasant, pv, Bucks co. ra. on the
Point Pleasant, pv. cap. of Mason co.Va. on
Ohio river.
Point Pleasant, pv. Clermont co. O. on Ohio r.
POKAGON, lp. Ca.'ss CO. Mich.
Poland, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 50 sw of A.
Poland, tp, Chautauque co. N.Y. 22 sb of
Mayville.
Poland, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 90 hw of Al.
Poland, pt. TrumbuU co, O. on Mahoning r.
POLLOPSVILLE, DV. Jones CO. N.C.
Pomeroy, pv. Meigs co. O- 100 sb of Cs.
Pomfret, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 50 s of Mtr,
Pomfret, pt. Windhara co. Conn, 40 e of Hd.
Pomfret, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. on L. Erie.
PoMMB DE Terre r. Mo. flows into Osa^e r
Pompey, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 14 se of Sy
racuse.
Pompey Hill, v. Onondaga co. N.Y
PoMTToH, pv. Morris co. N. J. ©4 he of Tn.

POR

619

POT

Pompton, tp. Passaic co, N, J, S3 kw of Hack
ensack, [65 m, sw of San Juan,
PoN'CE, a sea-port on the s coast of Porto Rico,'
PONKAS. See PUNCAHS.
Pon'ti-ac, pv, cap, of Oakland co. Mich, on
Clinton r, 25 nw of Detroit, [of Sd,
Pontiac, pv. cap, of Livingston co. 111. 110 nne
Pontotoc, pv. cap. of Pontotoc co. Miss, 175
NNE of Jackson,
PooLViLLE, pv, Madison co, N.Y. 95wof AI.
PooiSviLLE, pv. Montgomery CO. Md. 73 wnw
of Annapolis. [of Ca.
PoolsviUe, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 107 hw
PoolsviUe, pv. De Kalb eo. Ga. 90 nw of M,
PoolsviUe, pv. Warren co. Ind. 83 wnw of Is.
Poplar Plains, pv. Fleming co- Ky. 96 e of F.
Poplin, pt. Rockinghara co. N.H, 30 se of Cd,
Poquetanock. pv. New London co. Conn. 43
SE of Hartford.
PoQUOHocK, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 10 h Hd.
Portage r. O. fiows inlo L, Erie at Port
Clinton. [Angelica.
Portage, tp. AUeghany co, N.Y, 18 N of
Portage, tp. Summit co. O.
Portage, pt. Wood co. O. on Portage r.
Portage,, pv. St, Joseph co. Ind. on St. Jo-
Fortage, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich, [seph's r.
Portage des Sioux, pv. St. Charles co. Mo.
on Mississippi river. [Genessee r.
PoRTAGEVTLLE, pv. AUcghauy G«. N.Y- on
Port Alleghany, pv. M'Kean co. Pa. on
Alleghany river.
Fort-au-Platte, a sea-port on the N coast
of Hayti, 150 ra. ne of Porl-au-Prince. It
exports mahogany to the United States.
Port Byron, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 158 w Al.
Port Byron, pv. Rock Island co. 111. on Miss. r.
Port Caddo, v. of Harrison co. Texas, on
the s side of Ferry Lake,
Port Carbon, pv. SchuylkUl co. Pa.
Port Cavallo or Caballo, (see Introduc
tion XXVII. 4,) a V. of Texas, on Ihe
point of a strip of land extending for 60 m.
between Matagorda Bay and the sea.
Port Chester, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. on
Byram river [Schuylkill,
Port Clinton, pv, Schuylkill co. Pa, on Ihe
Port Clinton, pv, cap, of Ottawa co, O. on
Portage river. [ofTn.
Port Colden, pv.Warren co, N. J. 50 nnw
Port Cottway, pv. King George's co. Va. 84
nne of Richmond.
Port Deposit, pv. Cecil co, Md. on Susqa, r.
Port Elizabeth, pv, Curaberland co. N. J.
73 ssw of Trenlon.
Porter, pt. Oxford co. Me. 86 sw of A.
Porter, lp. Niagkra co,N,Y.16NwLockport,
Porter, lp, Huntingdon co. Pa.
Porter, tp. Jefferson co. Pa.
Porter, tp. Cass co. Mich. [se of Hd.
Portersville, pv.NewIiOndon co. Conn, 55
Portersville, pv, Butler co. Pa. 218 whw of H.
Portersville, pv,Tiplon co. Tenn, 214 wsw Ne,
Portersville, pv. Dubois co. Ind, 124 ssw of Is,
Port Gibson, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. on the
Erie Canal, - [45 n of Natchez.
Port Gibson, pv. cap. of Claiborne co. Miss.
Port Henry, pv. Essex co. N.Y. on Lake
Port Homer, pv. Jef. co. O. [Champlain.
Port Hudson, pv. East FeUciana par. La, 146
NW of New Orleans.
Port Huron, pt. St. Clair co. Mich. 60 he D.
Port Jackson, pv. Montgomery co. N.Y. on
Mohawk river.

Port Jefferson, pv, Suffolk eo. N.Y.
Port Jervis, pv. Orange co. N.Y- on Del r,
Port Keht, pv. Essex co. N.Y. on L. Cham
plain. ^
Port La Vacca, or Iaa. Baca, v, of Victoria
CO, Texas, on the w side of La Vacca Bay.
Portlahd, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 15 s Hd.
Portland, pt, Chautauque co.N.Y, 7 s of May
ville.
Portland, pv. Dallas co. Ala. on Alabama r.
Portland, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. on Ohio r.
Portland, tp. Erie co. O.
Portland, pt. Ionia co, Mich, 123 wnw of D,
Portland, pv. Fountain co.Ind. on Wabash r.
Portland, pv. Whitesides cb. IU,- 177 n of Sd,
Portland, pv. CaUaway co.Mo. 31 ene of Jet ¦
ferson City.
Portland, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa.
Port Leon, Flor. See Gazetteer.
Port Mahon, pv. Huntington co, Ind.
Port Morant, a sea-port on the s coast of
Jaraaica, 30 m. e from Kingston,
Por'to Ca-bel'lo (Sp. Puerto CabeUo,pweR'-
to kah-vel'yo,) an important sea-port of Ve
nezuela, 80 m. w of Caraccas. Lat, lOo
28' N, Lon. 68° 17' w. Pop. slated al 7,000.
Port Ontario, pv. Oswego co. N.Y. on Sal
mon river. [wRre r.
Port Penn, pv. New Castle co. Del. on Dela-
PoRT Republic, pv. Atlantic co.N.J. 80 s
of Trenton.
Port Republic, pv. Calvert co. Md. 50 s of An.
Port Republic, pv. Rockingham co. Va. 120
NW of Richmond.
Port Royal, pv. Juniata co.Pa. 46 w of H.
Port Royal, pv. Caroline co. Va./84 n R.
Port Royal, pv. Montgomery co, Tenn. 43 nw
of Nashville.
Port Royal, pv. Henry co. Ky. [Michigan.
Port Sheldon, pv. Ottawa co, Mich, on L.
Portsmouth, pt. Newport co. R.L 7 nw of
Newport. [beth r.
Portsmouth, pv. Norfolk co, Va. on Eliza-
Portsraouth, pv. Carteret co, N, C "
Portsmouth, pv. cap, of Scioto co, O. on Sci
oto river, at its entrance inlo Ohio r. 90 s Cs.
Port Tobacco, pv, cap. Of Charles co, Md,
Portville, pt, Cattaraugus co. N.Y, on Al
leghany 'river, [on Tuscarawas r.
Port Washington, pv. Tuscarawas co, O.
Posey, tp. JHarrison co, Ind,
Posey, lp. Switzerland co, Ind.
Posey, tp. Washington co. Ind. [s of Mtr.
Post Mills Village, pv. Orange co, Vt, 38
Postville, pv. Herkimer co, N/Y.OS nwAI.
PostvUle, pv, cap, of Logan co. Ill, 40 -he Sd.
PoTEAU r. Ark. flows into the Arkansas r. at
Fort Smith, ^ [ese of Jef City.
Potosi, pv. cap. of Wa#inglon co. Mo. 110^
Potosi, pv. Grant co. Wis, [ket r.
Potsdam, pt, St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Rac-
Pottawatomies, a tribe of Indians formerly
dwelUng about L. Huron, and in Indiana,
Many of them have been reraoved to tha
west of the Mississippi.
Potter, pt. Yates co, N.Y. 200 w of Al.
Potter, tp. Centre co. Pa. 70 HW of H. .
Potter's Hollow, v. Albany co. N.Y.
Potter's Mills, pv. Centre co.Pa, 73 nwH.
PoTTERsviLLE, pv, HuntCTdon CO, N. J. 48
NNW of Trenton.
PoTTiEsviLLB, pv. Louisa CO. Va. 47 NNW K.
Potts Grovk^ tp. Montgomery co. Pa. on
the Schuvlkill.

tm

620

PYR

PoTTSTOTiTH, borough, Montgomery co. Pa. 37
H of Philadelphia, ' ' [nwof Phila,
Pottsville, borough, Schuylkill co. Pa. 99
PouGHiMiEPsiE, N.Y. See (Gazetteer-
Poughkeepsie, pv. AUen co, Ind, 126 nhe Is.
Poultney r, Vt, flows into L, Champlain.
Poultney, tp, Rutland co.Vt. 60 sw of Mtr.
Poultney, tp. Steuben co. N.Y.
PouNDRiDGE, pt. Wcslchester co. N.Y,15 ne
bf While Plains;
Powell's r. Va, passing into •Tenn. unites
with Clinch r, 38 ne of Knoxville,
PowEtLTON, pv. Richraond co. N. C. 118 sw
PoweUton, pv. Hancock co. Ga. [of Rh.
PoWERViLLE, pv. Morrts CO. N, J. 64 N Of Tn.
Powerville, pv. Bracken co. Ky. 60 he F,
PoWNAL, pt. Curaberland co. Me, 18 he of
Portland.
Pownal, pt, Bennington co.Vt, '
Powow r. N.H, flows inlo the Merjimack.
Prairie, tp.Washington co. Ark.
Prajrie, tp. Holmes co. O.
Prairie, tp. Henry co. Ind.
Prairie, lp. Howard co. Mo.
Prairie du Chien, pv. cap. of Crawford co
Wis. 125 w of Madison, on the Miss, r.
Prairie du Rocher, py. Randolph co. Ill, on
Mississippi river. [Wisconsin r,
pRArRiE DU Sac, pv. cap. of Sauk co. Wis. on
Prairie la Porte, pv. cap. of Clayton co.
Iowa, on Mississippi river.
Prairie Ronde, tp. Kalamazoo co, Mich,
Prairieton, pv. Vigo co. Ind. 80 wsw of Is.
Prairieton, pv. Lawrence co. Ill, 147 se of Sd.
Prairie Village, py, Milwaukie co.Wis.
Prairieville, pv. Clinton co, Ind. 52 nnw
of Indianapolis.
Prau-ieville, pv.Randolph co. 111. 126 s of Sd,
Prairieville, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. ,
Prallsville, pv, Hunterdon co. N. J. 20
NNW of Trenlon, [ton r.
Prattseurg, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. on Conhoc-
Prattsburg, pv^XDrange co, N. C 34 nw Rh,
Prattsburg, pv, Talbot co. Ga. 80 Wsw of M.
Prattsville, pt. Greene co, N.Y. 38 w of
Catskill. [ga r.
Preble, pt. Cortl&nd co. N.Y, on Toughnio-
Prescott, tp'. Washington co. Me.
Prescott, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 77 w of B.
Preston, pt. New London co. Corin. 45 sEHd,
Preston, pt. Chenango co, N.Y, ll'Sw ofAl.
Preston, pt-"Wayne co. Pa, 184 NEof H.
Preston, v. of Matagt)rda co. Texas, near the
left bank of theColorado7 [ese of F.
PrestonbuRg, pv, cap. of Floyd co. Ky. 120
Preston Hollow, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 38 w
of Albany. [nessee r.
Prestonville, pv. Rhea co. Tenn. on Teii-
Price, lp. Monroe co.,Pa.
Pricetown, pv. Berks co. Pa. 62 e of H.
Pricevii^le, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 200 ne of H..
Prince Edward C H, pv. cap. of Prince Ed
ward co-Vk. 77 wsw of Richmond.
Prince Fredericktown, pv, cap. of Calvert
CO. Md. 46 s of Annapolis.
Prince George C H. pv. cap. of Prince
George co.Va. 28 sse of Richmond.
Princess Anhe, pv. cap. of Somerset co. Md;
on Monofcin river. [co. Va. 132 se of R.
Princess Anile C. H. pv. cap. of Princess Anne
Princeton, pv. Washington co. Me, 220 ne A.
Princeton, pt, Worcester co. Mass. 16 n of
Worcester. fSclienectady.
Princeton, pi, Schenectady co. N. Y. 8 w of

Princeton, borough, N. J". See Gazetteer.
Princeton, pv. Mercer co. Va,
Princeton, pv. cap, of Washington co. Miss.
oivMississippi river, [wsw of F.
Princeton, pv, cap. of Caldwell co. Ky. 225
Princeton, pv. Butler co. O, 100 wsw^ of Cs,
Princeton, pv, cap. of Gibson co. Ind. 142 sw
of Indianapolis, [of Sd.
Princeton, pv. cap, of Bureau co. 111, 135 n
iPrinceton, py. Scott co. loTva, on Mississippi r,
PiMNCETowN, pv. Berks co. Pa.
Princeville, pv. Peoria co. IU, 92 n of Sd,
Proctorsville, pv, Windsor co, Vt- 73 e Mtr.
ProctorsvUle, pv. Crawford co. Ind, on_Great
Blue river.
Prospect, pt. Waldo co. Me. on Penobscot r.
Prospect, pt. N. Haven co. Conn. 54 s of Hd.
Prospect, pv. Butler co. Pa.
Providence, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 40 hnw Al.
Providence, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 146 he ofH.
Providence, pv. Fairfax co, Va. 120 h of R.
Providence, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 173
wsw of Raleigh.
Providence, pv. Pickens co, Ala. TOvir of T.
Providence, pv, Hopkins co. Ky. 214 "wsw F,
Providence, pv. Wood co. O. 140 nnw of Cs.
Providence, pv. Bureau co. IU. 114 N of Sd.
Provincetown, pt. Barnstable co. Mass.
Pruntytown, pv. Harrison co.Va.
Puebla. See La Puebla, Gazetteer.
Pueblo de los Angeles, pw^eb'lo del loce
ang'Hcl-es, i.e. the "city or habitation of
the angelsj" a t, on the sw coast of Cali
fornia, noted for the vineyards in its vi
cinity. The grapes are of the fin^t quality,
and the chief part of the wne manufac
tured in California is made here. Lat,
about 34<=' N, Lon, 118° w.
PuERco, pweR'ko, r. Texas, the ^gest af
fluent of the Rio del Norte, rises near San
ta Fe, and fiowing southerly falls into the
Rio del Norte, near 29^ 10' n Lat. andlOS^
w^ Lon, Length above 500 m.
PuGHTOWN, pv, Chester co. Pa. on French cr,
Pulaski, v. Oswego co. N.Y. on Salraon r.
Pulaski, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 248 wnw of H.
Pulaski, pv. cap. of Giles co. Tenn. 74 s Ne.
Pulaski, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 90 w of D.
Pulaski, pv. Hancock co. 111. 85 wnw of Sd,
PULASKIVILLE, pV. KUOX CO. O- 52 NE Of Cs.
Pultney, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 15 ne of Bath.
Puliney, tp, Belraont co. O. [Onlario.
PuLTNEYviLLE, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. on Lake
PuMPKiNTOwN, pv. Plckens disl. S. C
PuNASHLi Indians. See Bannacks.
Pun'cahs or Pon'kas, a tribe of Indians in
the SE part of Missouri Territory.
PuNGoTEAGUE, pung-go-teeg*, pv. Accomac
CO. Va. ISO E of Richraond. [of H
PuNXATAWNEY, pv- Jeffcrsou CO. Pa. 183 nw
Purdy, pv. cap. of M'Nairy co. Tenn. 148
sw of NashvUle.
PuRDYViLLK, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 160- ne of H
Putnam, pt.Washington co. N.Y. 90 n 6f Al
Putnara, pt. Muskingum co. O. 55 e of Cs.
Putnam, tp. Livingston co. Mich. [Carmel
Putnam Valley, pt. Putnam co. N.Y. 9 w of
Put NAMv ILLE, pv. Putnara co. Iiid..42 w of Is.
Putney, pt. Windham co. Vt. on Comi. r.
Pymatuning, tp. Mercer co. Pa.
Pyramid Ijlkb, a lake of CaUfornia, situated
iraraediately R of the Sierra Nevada, and,
intersected by the 40lh parallel of n I^t.
It derives its name from au insular pyramid

RAM

621

RED

of rock of remarkable regularity, which
rises from its surface, to the height of
about 600 ft. Length 40 m. ; breadtfi 10 or
15 m.
Pyramus, pv. ^ergen co. N. J, 83 ne of Tn,
Quadra, See Vancouver's Island,
Quaker Springs, pv. Columbia co. Ga. 103
ENE of Milledgeville. [of Tn,
Quakertown, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 31 nw
Quakertown, pv. Bucks co.Pa. 37 nnw Phila.
Quallatown, pv. Haywood co. N. C
Quantico, pv. Soraerset co. Md. 93 se of An.
QuEECH^ r. Vt. flows inlo Connecticut r,
QuEECHBE Village, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 57 s
of Montpelier. [Somerset.
QuEMAHONiNG, tp. Somerset co. Pa. 11 ne of
Queen Anne, pv. Prince George's co. Md. on
Patuxent river.
Queen Charlotte's I. on the "w coast of N.
America, is intersected by the 53d parallel
of H Lat. and the 132d meridian of w Loq.
Length ISO m. ,* average breadth 30 m. See
VANCOUvfeR'S ISLAHD. [WNW of Ca.
QuEENSBORouGH, pv. Audcrson dist, S, C 113
QuEENSBURG, pt, Warrcn co. N.Y, 57 n of Al,
QuEENSDALE, pv. Robcsou CO, N, C llO ssw
of Raleigh, [ChesterBay,
Queenstown, pv. Queen Anne co. Md. on
Queenstown, a t. of Canada West, on the
Niagara river, 7 m. fromits mouth.
QuERETARO, kcr-ra'ti-ro, a Mexican slate, w
of the river Panuco, and n of the city- of
Mexico. Area ]5,500sq. ra. Pop. 230,000.
Queretaro, the cap, of the abcrve, is a hand
sorae city, with a pop, of above 30,000.
QUILLINSVILLE, pv. Scott CO. Va.
Quincy, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 9 s of B.
Quincy, pt. Franklin co. Pa. 57 sw of H,
Quincy, pv. cap. of Gadsden co, Flor, 23 nw
Qaincy, pv, Monroe co. Miss, [of Tallahassee,
Quincy, pv, Gibson co, Tenn. 144 w of Ne.
Quincy, pv. Logan co, O, 68 nw of Cs,
Quincy, pt. Branch co, Mich. 104 wsw of D,
Quincy, pv. cap, of AdMns co. IU. on Miss. r.
Quinnebaug r. Conn, unites wilh the She-
tucket, 3ra. above Norwich city.
QuiNNiPLic r. Conn, flows into New Haven
harbour, [raouth of the Brazos.
QmsTANA, V, of Brazoria co. Texas, at the
Quitman, pv. cap. of Clarke co. Miss. 140 e J.
QuoGUE, pv, Suffolk CO. N.Y, on s side of
Long Island.
Bacihe^ pv. cap. of Racine co.Wis, on Lake
Michigan.
Backet t. N.Y. flows into the St. Lawrence.
Racoon, tp, Beaver co. Pa.
Racoon, tp. GaUia co. O. 94 se of Cs.
Radnor, tp, Delaware co. Pa. 13 hw Phila.
Radnor, pt. Delaware co. O. 32 n of Cs,
Ragged Island, tp. LincoU co. Me.
Rahwat, pv. Essex co.N. J. 9 sW of Newark.
RaihsbDrg, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 113 w of H.
RainsboRo', pv. Highland co. O. 77 sw Cs.
Rainsville, pv. Warren co. Ind. 90 nw of Is.
Raisin r. Mich, flows into Lake Erie.
Raisin, pt, Lenawee co. Mich, on Raisin r.
Raisinville, tp. Monroe co. lyiich. on Raisin
river. ¦ [wsw of Ne.
Raleigh, pv. cap. of Shelby co. Tenn. 220
Raleigh, pv. cap. of Smiih co. Miss. 87 ese J.
Ramapo r. rises in N.Y. and flows into Pas
saic r. inN.J,

Ramapo, tp, Rockland co. N.Y.
Ramapo Works, pv. Rocklaud co. N.Y. on
Ramapo river. [aware r,
Ramsaysburg, pv.Warren co. N. J. on Del-
Ramsborough, pv. Guilford co. N. C 95 wnw
of Raleigh. [wsw of Rh.
Ranaleburg, pv. Mecklenburff CO. N. C. 174
Ranwocus cr. N. J. flows iuto Delaware r.
RANDALLSTOWN,pv. Baltimore co. Md.
Randallsville, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 85
ssw of Raleigh.
Randolph, pt. Coos co. N. H. 100 n of Cd.
Randolph, pt. Orange co.Vt. 23 s of Mtr.
Randolph, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 16 s of B.
Randolph, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on tha
AUeghany.
Randolph, tp. Morris co. N. J. 7 kw of Mor
ristown. [ville.
Randolph, tp. Crawford co. Pa. 12 e of Mead-
Randolph, pv. Madison co. Tenn. 200 wsw Ne.
Randolph, tp. Montgoraery co. O,
Randolph) pt. Portage cO. O. 140 he of Cs.
Randolph, pv. Randolph co. Ind. 88 ene of Is.
Raphoe, tp. Lancaster co. Pa, 12 nw of Lan
caster. [10 above Fredericksburg.
Rapid Ann r.Va. enters the Rappahannock r.
Raritan, tp. Hunterdon co. N. J. 20 h of Tn.
Ravenna^ pv. cap. of Portage co. O. on Pa.
and Ohio canal, 140 he of Colurabus.
Ravenswood, v. Queen's co. N.Y. on tha
East river. [103 nw of Rh,
Rawlingsburg, pv. Rockinghara co. N. C
Rawlingsville, pv. De Kalb co. Ala. 153 ke
of Tuscaloosa.
Rawsonville, v. Fulton co. N.Y. [of D^
Rawsonville, pv. Washtenaw co, Mich. 36 w
Rawley's Springs, Rockinghara co. Va.
Ray, pt. Macomb co. Mich- 37 ne of D.
Raymond, pt. Cumberland co. Me,58sw of A.
Raymond^ pt, Rockingham col N. H. 24 ese
of Concord. [Cf J.
Raymond, pv. cap. of Hinds co. Miss. 18 w
Rayraond, pv, Clarke co. Ark. 66 sw of Little
Rock. [river.
Raynham, lp, Bristol co. Mass. on. Taunton
Raynortowh, v. Queen's co. N. Y. near
Hempstead Bay.
Raytown, pv. TaUaferro co. Ga. 60 ne of M.
Readfield, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 12 w of A.
Readfield, tp. Oswego co. N.Y. 15 e Pulaski.
Reading, pt. Windsor co.Vt. 60 s of Mtr,
Reading, pt. Middlesexco. Mass, 12 n of B.
Reading, pi. Fairfield co. Conn, 15 nw of
Bridgeport,
Reading, pt, Steuben co. N.Y. 21 e of Bath.
Reading, borough. Pa. See Gazetteer.
Reading, tp, Adams co. Pa,
Reading, pv. Hamilton ot. O. 9 n Cincinnati.
Reading, pt. Hillsdale c* Mich. 108 wsw D.
Reading Ridge, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 66
sw of Hartford. [Conn, 68 sw of Hd.
Reading Town House, pv. Fairfield co.
Headington, pt. Hunterdon co, N. J, 8 ne
of Flemington. [of Ne.
Readyville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 47 se
Reamsville, pv- Lancaster co. Pa. 42 esk H,
Rebeksburg, pv,. Centre co. Pa. 93 nwof H,
Recklesstown, pv, Burlington co, N, J. 10 s
Recovery, tp. Mercer co. Pa. [of Tn.
Rectortown, pv. Fauquier co. Va, 122 n R,
Red Bank, pv. Monraouth po, N, J. 46 e Tn.
Red Bank, pt. Clarion co. Pa. 190 wnw of H.
Red Cedar r, Iowa, flows into the lowa r, in
Louisa CO.

RIC

622

BID

Reddihgtoh, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 55 s of Is.
.Hedfield, pt. Oswego co, N.Y. 140 wnw Al.
Bedford, pv, Clinton co, N.Y. on Saranac r.
Bedford, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 13 nw of D.
Red Hook, pt. Dutchess co. N. Y. 22 n of
Poughkeepsie.' [Dover.
Red Lioh, pv. New Castle co. Del. 35 n of
Red River, Ark. and La. See Gazetteer.
Red River, a co, in the ne part of Texas,
bordering on Red river, ^il, especially in
the northern and middle portions, exceed
ingly fertUe, Capital, ClarksviUe.
Bed River, a r, rising in Iowa Terriloryj and
flowing northerly, falls into L. Winnipeg,
in British America. About 50 m. from' its
mouth, it receives the Assiniboin.
Red River Iron Works, pv: EstiU co. Ky.
74 SE of Frankfort.
REDsTbHE, tp. Fayette co. Pa. [250 w of R.
Red Sulphur Springs, pv. Monroe co. Va,
Redwood, pv. Jefferson co, N,Y. 188 nw Al.
Reedsborough, tp. Bennington co. Vt. 12 se
of Bennington, [147 sw of Mtr,
Reedsborough City, pv, Bennington co.Vt.
Refugio, a co. in the s part of Texas, h of,
and bordering on, the r. Nueces : soil gene
rally rich, and weU adapted to the growth
of cotton and sugar.
Refugio, a v. of Texas, cap, ofthe above co.;
now raostly in ruins, though it was formerly
a place of considerable commercial im
portance. Present pop. about 100,
Reho'both, pt. Bristol co. Mass, 40 s of B.
Rehoboth, pv- Somerset co. Md.
-Rehoboth, pv. Lunenburg co.Va. 85 sw of R,
Rehoboth, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C 80 w of Ca,
Rehoboth, pv. Wilkes. co. Ga, 88 ne of M.
Rehoboth, pv. Perry co. O. 50 e of Cs,
Rehoboth Village, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 44
ssw of Boston. [of M,
Rehobothville, pv. Morgan co. Ga.66NNW
Rehrersburg, pvv Berks co. Pa. 55 e ofH.
Reidsburg, pv. Armstrong co. Pa, 187 whw
of Harrisburg. [nw of Bh.
Reidsville, pv. Rockingham co. N. C 108
Reidsville, pv. cap, of Tatnall co. Ga. 162 se
of Milledgeville. [ese ofH.
Reinholdsville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 40
Reinosa, ray-no's^, a sraall t. of Mexico, on
the right bank of the Rio del Norte, about
60 ra. in a straight tine wnw of Mataraoros.
Reistertown, pv. Baltiraore co. Md. 17 nw
of Baltimore.
Remsen, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 18 n of Utica,
Rensselaer, v. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 17 se
of Troy,
Rensselaer, pv. cap. of Jasper co, Ind. [of Al.
Rensselaerville, pv. Albany co. N.Y, 26 w
Reserve, 'tp. AUeghany co. Pa,
P.EVILLA, ray-veel'y2i, a small t, of Mexico, on
the rignt bank of the Rio del Noi;te, about
80 m. NE of Monterey.
Reynoldsburg, pv. Franklin co. 0. 11 e of Cs.
Reynoldsburj?, pv. cap. of Humphreys co.
Tenn. on Tennessee river. [w ofAl.
Reynoldsville, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y, 178
Rheatown, ray'town, pv. Greene co. Teim.
268 E of NashviUe.
Rhinebeck, pt, Dutchess co. N.Y. on the
Hudson. [on the Hudson,
Rhinedeck Landing, v. Dutchess co. N.Y.
Ric'cAREEs (called also the Arriokarees, and
familiarly the Rees), a tribe of Indians
dwelling in thoE part of Missouri Territory.

RicEBoROVGH, pv. Liberty co. Ga. on New
port river. [dence.
Rice City, pv. Kent co. R. T. 19 w of Provi-
RlCHARDSONVILLB, pv. Edgcficld dist. S. C. 75
w of Colpmbia. [of R.
Richardsville, pv. Culpepper co.Va. 80 hnw
Richborough, pv. Bucks co. Pa. [erstown.
RioHFiSLb, pt. Otsego CO. N.Y. ISnwof Coop-
Richfield, tp. Huron co. O-
Richfield, pt. Summit co. 0. 134 he of Cs.
Richfield, pt, Lapeer co. Mich.
Richfield Springs, v. Olsego co. N.Y. on
Canaderaga Lake.
RicHFORD, pt. Franklin co. Vt. on Missisque r.
Richford, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. 144 wsw of Al.
Rich Hill, tp. Greene co. Pa.
Richland, pt, Oswego co. N,Y.
Richland, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 37 n-w of Phila.
Richland, tp. Cambria co. Pa.
Richland, tp.Venango co. Pa,
Richland, pv. Stewart co. Ga. 157 sw of M.
Richland, pv. Holmes co. Miss. [tie Rock
Richland, pt. Jefferson co. Ark, 70 se of Lit-
Richland, pv. GUes co, Tenn. 70 s of Ne.
Richland, pv. Henderson co.Ky, 178 w of F^'
Richland,, tp, Belraont co. O.
Richland, tp. Clinton co. O,
Richland, lp, Fairfield co. O,
Richland, tp. Guernsey co. O.
Richland, tp. Holmes-co. O.
Richland, pv- Richland co, O. 82 h of Cs.
Richland, pt. Kalaraazoo co, Mich. 135 wD.
Richland, pv. Rush co. Ind, 51 ese of Is.
Richland, pv. Sangamon co. IIL 10 n of Sd.
RicHLANDTOWN, pv. Bucks CO. Pa.
Richmond, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 15 s of A.
Richraond, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 60 sw Cd.
Richraond, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 13 sb of
Burlington.
Richmond, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 142 wof B.
Richraond, tp. Washington co, R. I. 30 swof
Providence, [andaigua,
Richmond, lp. Ontario co, N.Y. 14 w of Can-
Richmond, pv. cap. of Richmond co. N.Y.
near the centre of Staten Island.
Richraond, tp. Berks co. Pa.
Richmond, tp. Crawford co. Pa. [Del. r.
Richmond, pv. Norlharapton co. Pa. 2 w of
Richraond, tp. Tioga co. Pa-
Richmohd, or Port Richmond, pv. PhUa. co.
on the Delaware, 4 m. above the city.
Richmond, pv- Dallas co. Ala. 104 s of T.
Richmond, pv, cap. of Madison par. La. 200
NW of New Orleans.
Richmond, pv. Bedford co. Tenn. 70 s of Ne.
Richmond, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ky. 48 sk
of Frankfort, [benvUle.
Richraond, pv. Jefferson co. 0.11 w of Steu-
Richraond, pt. Macorab co. Mich- on Belle r.
Richmond, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 68 e of Is.
Richmond, lp. Howard co. Mo. [horn creek.
Richraond, pv. cap. of Ray co. Mo. on Elk-
Richmond, cap. of Fort Bend Co. Texas,
on the w or right bank of the Brazos, 140
ra. SE of Austin. Pop. 300,
Richmond Citt, pv. Lake co. O. on Grand r.
Richmondville, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 20 s A.
RichraondviUe, pv. Schoharie cq. N.Y. 47 w
of Albany. [nw of Al.
RiCHViLLE, pv, St. LawTence co. N.Y. 187
RiDGEBURY, pv. Fairfield co.Conn. 74 swHd.
Ridgebury, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 113 s ofAl.
Ridgebury, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 18 hw of
Towanda,

RIV

623

ROC

Ridobfiblt), pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 31 w of
NewHaven,
Ridgefield, pv. Butler co. Ala. 128 sse of T.
Ridgefield, pv.Warren co. O. 80 sw of Cs.
Ridgeway, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. 10 w Albion.
Ridgeway, lp. Bradford co. Pa.
Ridgeway, tp. Jefferson co. Pa,
Ridgeway, pv- Jefferson co. Va. 160 n of R,
Ridgeway, pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 60 sw of D.
RiDLKY, tp. Delaware co. Pa.
Rienzi, pv. Tishamingo co. Miss. 230 he of J.
Riga, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. on Black cr,
Riley, tp. Oxford co. Me.
RUey, tp. St. Clair co. Mich.
Rileysville, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 190 he of H.
Rindge, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 67 ssw of Cd.
Bingoes, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 19 nw Tn,
Bio Bueno, a sea-port on the n coast of Ja
maica, 50 m. NW of Spanish Town,
Rio DE LOS Americanos. See Sacramento.
Rio Grands. See Rio del Norte, Gazet
teer.
Bi'o Grande, (Sp. pron. ree'o gran'day,) i. e.
" ffreat riverj" or Rio Grande de Santiago,
a Mexican river which rises near the city
of Mexico, by its principal branch the
Lerma, and after flowing north-westerly
and receiving the' vralers of Lake Cha
pala, falls into ttie Pacific at San Bias,
Lat. about 21° 30' n. Next to the Rio del
Norte, it is the largest river of Mexico.
Bio Hacha, ree'o ah'cbi, or simply La Ha-
CHA,. a sea-port of New Granada, at the
mouth of a small river of the same name,
90 m.E of Santa Marta. Skins are export
ed from this place to the United Slates.
Rio Sacramento. See Sacramento.
Kio San Buenaventura. See San Buena
ventura.
Rio San Joaquin. See San Joaquin.
Rio Tigre, ree'o tee'gray, or Rio del Tigre,
caUed bIsoElRio de San Fernando, a small
river of Mexico, which flows by Monterey
easterly, and falls inlo the Gulf of Mexico
about 50 m. s of Brazos de Santiago.
Rio Verde, ree'o vcR'da, a little river of
Mexico, in Oaxaca, flow^ing into the Pa
cific near 16^ n Lat. and 98^ w Lon.
Rio Virgen, (Sp. pron. ree'o veeR'Hcn), a r.
of California, rising on the se margin of
the Great Basin, flowing into Ihe Colorado.
Rtplet, pt, Somerset co. Me, 66 n A, [ville.
Ripley, pt. Chautauque co, N,Y. lOwMay-
Ripley, pv, cap. of Tippah co. Miss.
Ripley, pv. cap. of Lauderdale co. Tenn. 175 w
Ripley, pv. Brown co. O. on Ohio r. [of Ne.
Ripley, lp. Holmes co. O.
Ripley, pv. Brown co. III.
Rip Raps, a shoal at the mouth of Jaraes r. Va.
on which Fort Calhoun has been built,
RiPTON, pt, Addison co, Vt, 50 sw of Mtr.
RisDoN, pv. St. Clair co. IU, 120 s of Sd,
Rising Sun, pv. Phila. co. Pa. 3 h of the city.
Rising Sun, pv. Dearborn co, Ind. on Ohio r,
Ritchieville, pv- Dinwiddie co, Va, 40 s R.
River Head, pv. cap. of Suffolk co. N.Y. on
Long I. on Peconic Bay.-
RiVERs, tp. Jacjcson co, Mich. [of M.
River Town, pv- Campbell co. (5a, 108 whw
Rives, reevz, pv. Wilson co. Tenn, 33 e Ne,
Rives, pv, Richland co. O. 80 nne of Cs.
Rives C; H. pv. cap. of Henry co. Mo. 107 w
of Jefferson City. [of R.
B:"BsviLLE, pv. MonongaUa co.Va. 282 kw

RxviSRB A Jacques (Fr. pron. ree^ve-am ah ¦
zhak), or James River, a r. of Iowa Ter
ritory, falling inlo the Missouri near the
97th meridian w Lon, Entire length above
400 miles. [of Richmond.
RixEYviLLE, pv. Culpepper co.Va, 107 hnw
RoADSTOWN, pv. Cumberland co, N.J. 68 a
RoADViLLE, pv. Charleston dist. S. C. [of Tn,
Roanoke, v. Genesee co. N.Y. on Allen's cr.
Roanoke, pv. Randolph co. Ala, 176 e of T.
Roanoke, pv. Randolph co. Mo, 75 hnw of
Jefferson City, ,
Roaring Cr. tp. Columbia co. Pa.
Roaring Spring, pv, Smythe co.Va. 274 w R.
Robertsville, pv. Beaufort dist. S.C on
Black creek, 137 s of Columbia. [Ne.
Robertsville, py. Anderson co. Tenn. 168 s of
Robeson, pt. Berks co. Pa. on SchuylkiU r,
Robertson, a large co. in the h or ne part
of Texas, lying between the upper portions
of the Brazos and Trinity rivers. Soil
generally very fertile. Capital, Franklin.
Robinson, tp, AUeghany co. Pa. 6 nw of
Pittsburg,
Robinson, tp, Washington co,Pa. [Croix r,
RoBiNSTowN, pt.Washington co. Me. on St.
Rob Roy, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 70 w^nw Ib,
Rochefort, pv. Boone co. Mo. on Mo. r.
Rochester, pt, Strafford co, N. H. on Co-
checo river.
Rochester, pt. Windsor co.Vt. 43 sw of Mtr.
Rochester, pi. PIvmoulh co. Mass, 54 sse B.
Rochester, tp, Ulster co. N.Y. 16 sw of
Kingston.
Rochester, v. Beaver co. Pa. on Beaver r. at
its junction w^ith Ohio river. [non.
Rochester, pv. Warren co. O. 9 se of Leba-
Rochester, pv, Oakland co. Mich. 128 nw D,
Rochester, pv- cap. of Fulton co. Ind. 95 n Is.
Rochester, pv. Sangamon co. III. 10 e of Sd.
Rochester, pv. Racine co. Wis.87ESE of Ma-
RocK r. See Gazetteer. [dison.
Rock cr, D. C flows mto the Potomac above
Washington. [way Bay.
Rockaway, pv, QueeiUs co, N.Y. on Rocka-
Rockaway, pv, Morris co. N. J. 8 n of Mor
ristown. -
Rock Bridge, v. Gwinnett co. Ga. 87 hw M.
Rock Castle, pv. Patrick co.Va. 230 wsw
of Richraond, [berland r.
Rock Castle, pv, Trigg co, Ky, on Cumber-
RocKDALff, pt. Crawford co. Pa. 246 hw H.
Rockford, pv, cap. of Surry co. N. C on
Yadkin river.
Rockford, pv. Coosa co. Ala. 120 ese of T.
Rockford, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 60 s of Is.
Rockford, pv. cap. of Winnebago co. 111. on
Rock river. . -*
Rock Hall, pv. Kent co.VMd, 68 ne of An,
Rock Hill, pt. Bucks co. Pa, 110 e of H.
Rockingham, pt. Windham co. Vt..on Conn. r.
Rockingham, pv. cap. of Richmond co. N. C.
135 sw of Raleigh.
Rock-Island, in the Mississippi r. at the fool
of. Rock river rapids. ^ ¦, ,
Rock Island City, pv. cap, of Rock Island co.
Ill, at the mouth of Rock river.
Rockland, pt, Sullivan co. N.Y. 100 sw Al.
Rockland, pt. Venango co. Pa.212 wjfwof H.
Rockport, pt. Essex eo. Mass. 32 he of B,
Rockport, pt, Cuyahoga co. O, on Rocky r.
Rockport, pv. cap. of Spencer co. Ind. on
Ohio river. ,^ Vof F.
Rock Spring, pv. Hickman co. Ky. 300 wsw

ROS

624

RUS

Rock Spring, pv.'St, Clair co. IU, 18 e of St.
Louis,
Rockvillk, pv. Norfolk co. Ma^s. 20 s of B.
Rockville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 58 ese of H.
Rockville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. Md.
56 w of Annapolis,
Rockville, py. Rowan co, N. C, 133 w of Rh.
Rockville, pv. Putnam co. (5a, 33 n of M,
Rockville, pv. Jefferson co. Ala,
Rockville, pv. Monroe co. Tenn. 164 ese Ne
Rockville, pv. Adams co. 0. 112 s of Cs.
Rockville, pv. cap. of Parke co, Ind, 64 wis.
RockvUle, pv. Will co. Ill, 162 nne of Sd.
Rocky Fork, lp. Boone co. Mo,
Rocky Hill, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 7 s Hd,
Rocky Hill, pv. Somerset c6: N, J. 14 n Tn,
Rocky Mount, pv. cap, of FrankUn co. Va.
180 w of Richmond.
Rocky Mount, pv. Nash -co, N. C 56 e of Rh.
Rocky Mount, pv. Meriwether ^co. Ga, 102 w
of Milledgeville,
Rocky Mount, pv. WUcox co, Ala. 120 s of T.
Rocky Mount, pv. Sullivan co. Tenn.
Rocky Spring, pv, Franklin co. Pa, 50 w H.
Rocky Spring, pv, Rockingham co, N, C 123
HW of Raleigh, _ [of T.
RoDGERsviLLE, pv- Lauderdale co. Ala. 130 n
Rodman, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y, on Sandy cr.
Rodney, pv. Decatur co. Ga. 215 ssw of M.
Rodney, pv. Jefferson co. Miss, on Miss. r.
Rogersville, pv. Anderson dist. S. C 130
WNW of Colurabia. [246 e of Ne.
Rogersville, pv. cap. of Hawkins co. Tenn.
Rohrersville, pv. Washington co. Md.,
RoHRsBURG, pv. Colurabia co. Pa. 93 ene H.
RoLEsviLLE, pv. Wake co. N. C 21 nne Rh.
RoLERsviLLE, pv. Saudusky co. 0. 42 n of Cs,
RoLLiN, pt, Lenawee co. Mich. 80 s_w of D.
Rome, pt. Kenne'bec co. Me. 20 nnw of A.
Rorae, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. on Mohawk r,
Rorae, pt. Bradford coj Pa. 142 n of H.
Rome, tp. Crawford co. Pa,
Rorae, pv. cap. of Floyd co. Ga. 160 nw M,
Rome, pv. Smith co. Tenn. 45 ne of Ne.
Rome,' pv. Knox co. Ky, 127 se of F.
Rorae, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 190 ne of Cs.
Rome, tp. Lenawee co. Mich. 70 sw of D.
Rome, pv. rap. of Perry co. Ind. on Ohio r,
Rome, pv. Peoria co. III. on Peoria Lake.
Rome, pv, Henry co. Iowa.
Rqmeo', pv. Greene co. Tenn. 2-50 e of Ne.
Romney, py. cap. of Hampshire co.Va. 188
NNW of Richmond. [Lake.
Romulus, pt. Seneca co, N, Y, on Seneca
Roraulus, pt. Wayne Co. Mich, 36 sw of D.
Rondout cr. N.Y. flows inlo the Hudson
near Rondout.
Rtrndotit, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 60 s ofAl.
Root, pt. Montg. co. N.Y. 43 w by n of AI.
Root, pv. Allen co, Ind.
RooTSTOWN, pt. Portage co. O. 144 ne of Cs.
RoscoE, pv. Coshocton co. O. on Muskingum
river.
Roscoe, pv. Winnebago co. Ill, 216 n of Sd.
Roscoe, pv. Henry co. Mo. 130 w Jef. City.
Rose, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 7 N of Lyons.
Rose, tp, Jefferson co. Pa.
Rose, pt. Carroll co. O. 128 ene of Cs.
Rose, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 50 nw of D.
RosEBURG, pv. Perry co. Pa, 38 w of H.
Rosedale, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. on Rondout cr,
Rosedale, pv, Madison co, O. 30 w of Cs.
Rn^ENEATH, pv. Halifax co. N, C 112 ne Rh,
RosEviLLB, pv. Muskiugum co, 0. 65 b of Cs.

Ro^evUle, py. Parke co, Ind. 74 wof Js.
Ross, tp, Alleghany co. Pa. 4 n of Pittsbui^.
Ross, tp, Monroe co. Fa,
Ross, pt, Butler oo, 0, 110 wsw of Cs.
Ross, lp. Kalamazoo co. Mich,
RossBURG, pv, Decatur co, Ind, [Canton.
RoRsiE, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 25 sw of
RossviLLE, pv- Richmond co. N.Y. on Staten
Island Sound.
Rossville, pv. York co. Pa. 24 s of H.
Rossville^ pv. Baltiraore co. Md.
Rossville, pv. Cherokee co. N. C, on VaUey r.
Rossville, pv. Walker co, (5a, 220 hw of M.
Rossville, pt, Butler po. O. 100 wsw of Cs.
BossvUle, pv. CUnton co. Ind. 164 h of Is.
RossTRAVER, pt. Westmorclaud co. Pa.
Rotterdam, pt, Schenectady co. N. Y, 22
WNW of Albany. ,
Roulette, pt. Potter co. I*a, 180 nhw of H,
Round Head, pt. Hardin co, O, 90 nw^ of Cs.
Round Hill, pv, Fairfield co, Conn^ 85 sw of
Hartford. [flows into Lake Pleasant.
Round Lake, Hamillon co. N. Y. Ils outlet
Rouse's Point, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. on I^a
Champlain. [field.
Rowe, pt. tVanklin co. Mass. 22 w^ of Green-
RowEsviLLE, pv. Bedford co. Tenn. 68 s Ne.
Rowland, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. [An.
RowLANDsviLLE, pv. Cccil CO. Md. 73 HE of
Rowley, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Rowley r.
RoxBOEouGH, tp. PhUa. CO. Pa. 7i nw PhUa,
Roxborough, pv. cap, of Person co, N. C 54
NNW of Raleigh.
Roxbury, pt. Cheshire co. N.H. 50 sw^of Cd.
Roxbury, pt.Washington co.Vl, 16 s of Mir.
Roxbury, pt. Norfolk co, Mass. 2 s of B.
Roxbury, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 53 wsw Hd.
Roxbury, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 20e of Delhi.
Roxbury, tp. Morris co. N. J. 14 hw of Mor-
" ristown.
Roxbury, pv. FrankUn co. Pa. 47 w of H.
Royal Oak, pt. Oakland co.Mifh. 14 h of D.
RoYALSTOH, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 74 wB.
Roy ALTON, pt, Windsor co,Vt. 335 of Mtr,
Royalton, pt, Niagara co. N.Y. 8 e Lockport.
Royalton, pv. Fairfield co. O, 40 se of Cs.
Royalton, pt. Berrien co. Mich. 198 wof D.
Royalton, pv, Boone co, Ind. 14 nw^ of Is.
RucKERsviLLE, pv. Grecue co.Va.
Ruckersville, pv. Elbert co. Ga. 118 nnb M.
Ruddle, lp. Independence co. Ark.
RuGGLEs, pt. Huron co. O. 90 n of Cs.
Rumford, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Androscog-
g-in r.
Rumney, pt. Grafton co. N.H. 47 n of Cd.
Ruraney, pv. Muhlenburg co. Ky. 82 wsw F.
Rupert, pt, Bennington co,Vt, on Pawlet r,
RuscoMB Manor, ip. Berks co. Pa.
Rush, pt. Monroe co. N.Y, 12 s of Rochester.
Rush, tp. Centre co. Pa.
Rush, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 20 nb of H.
Rush, tp. Northuraberland co. Pa.
Rush, lp. SchuylkiU co. Pa.
Rush, lp. Susquehanna co. Pa.
Rush, lp. Champaign co, O.
Rush, pi, Tuscara\%'as co. O. 108 ene of Cs.
Rush Cr. tp, Fairfield co. O.
RusHFORD, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 273 wAl.
Rushville, pv. Onlario co. N.Y. on West r.
Rushville, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. 160 nne H.
Rushville, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 sk of Cs.
Rushville, pv, cap. of Rush co. Ind. 40 ese Is.
Rushville, pv. cap. of Schuyler co. IU. 60 w«w
of Springfield.

SAC

625

SAL

Rusk, a co. in the b part of Texas, se of and
bordering on the nver Neches. It is raost
ly woodland. Soil very productive. Cap
ital, Henderson, [Washington,
Rusk, V. of Montg, co. Texas, 12 ese of
Russell, pt. Hampden co.Mass. on Westfield
river, [of Al.
Russell, pt. St. Lawrence co, N,Y. 192 nnw
RusselC pt. Geauga co. O. 154 ne of Cs.
RusseU, lp. Putnam cn. Ind. [wango cr.
RussELLBURG, pv. Warreii co. Pa. on Cone-
Rusbellville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 65 ese H.
Russellville, pv. cap. of Franklin co.Ala. 110
N of Tuscaloosa.
Russellville, pv. Claiborne par. La. [of F.
Bussell ville, pv. cap. of Logan co. Ky. 172 sw^
Russellville, pv. Brown co. 0. 103 ssw of Cs.
Russellville, pv. Putnam ro. Ind. 50 w of Is.
RussellviUe, pv. Lawrence co. III. on Wabash
river. [raer.
Russia, pt. Herkiraer co. N.Y. 16 n of Herki-
Russia, tp. Lorain co. O.
RuTERsviLLE, V. of Fayettc co. Texas, 5 or
6 m. ESE of La Grange. Here is a college
under the direction of the Methodists.
Pop. about 200.
Rutherfordton, pv. cap. of Rutherford co.
N.C.216 wofRh.
Rutland, pt.Worcesler co. Mass. 55 wof B.
Rutland, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Black r.
Rutland, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 150 n of H.
Rutland, pt; Meigs co. O. 92 se of Cs.
Rutledge, v. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. [of Ne.
Ratledge, pv. cap. of Granger co. Tenn. 216 e
Rye, pt. Rockinghara co. N .H. on ihe Atrantic.
Rye, pi. Westchester co. N.Y. 27 ene of N.Y.
Rye, tp. Perry co. Pa. [cut r.
Ryegate, pt. Caledonia co.Vt. on Connecti-
Sabillisville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 95 nw
of Aimapolis.
Sabina, pv. Clinton co. O, 62 sw of Cs.
Sabine, aco. in the e part of Texas, on the
Sabine r. Soil generally very productive,
especially iu the part called the " Red
Lands." [co. on Sabine r,
Sabinej or Sabine Town, a v. of the above
Sabine, lake, between La, and Texas, Length
above 30 m., greatest breadth near 20 m.
The Sabine river flows through it.
Sabine r. La. and Texas. See Gazetteer.
Sabine City, v, of Jefferson eo, Texas, at
the s end of Sabine lake.
Sacandaga r. N.Y, flows into the Hudson in
Saratoga co, [Poriland.
Sacarappa, pv. Cumberland co. Me. 4 n of
Sachem's Head, v. New Haven co. Conn, on
Long Island Sound,
Sackett's Harbour, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
Saco r. and I. Me. See Gazetteer,
Sacramento r. called by the Spaniards, Rio
Sacramento, ree'o sah'kra-raen'to, a r.
which rises in the span of Oregon, and flow
ing southerly falls into San Francisco Bay.
Length above 400 m. About 50 ra. frora its
mouth it receives the Rio de los Araerica-
-nos, ree'o del loce ah-mer^e-kah'noce, i. le.
ihe" river of tjie Araericans," a small stream
op which the Unportant American seitle-
Tnent of New Helvetia has been made.
The valley of the Sacramento is among the
finest portions of California,
Sacs (pronounced and soraetiraes -written
' Sauks) and Foxes, kindred and associated
53

tribes of Indians, dwelUng in the a part of
Iowa Territory.
Saddle r. N. J, rises in N.Y. and flows into
ihe Passaic river in N. J.
SAroLE R. tp, Bergen co, N. J. 8 nw of
Hackensack. [4,000 ft, above the sea.
Saddleback, rat. Franklin co. Me. Height
Sadsbury, pt. Chester co. Pa. 37 nw of Phila.
Sndsbury, tp. Crawford co. Pa. [caster.
Sadsbury, tp, Lancaster co. Pa. 16 sw of Lan-
Sagq Harbour, N.Y. See Gazetteer.
Sagg Village, v. Suffolk co. N.Y. 6 s of Sagg
Harbour.
Saginaw Bay, Mich, an arm of L. Huron,
Saginaw r.-Mich. fl()ws into the above.
Saginaw, pv. cap. of Saginaw co. Mich, on
Saginaw river.
Salaman'ca, a I. of Mexico, in the state of
Guanaxuato, 20 m. s of the city of Guana
xuato. Pop, J 5,000,
Salem, pt. Franklin co. Me. 52 nnw of A.
Salera, pt. Rockingham co. N, H. 37 sse Cd.
Salem, pt. Orleans co. Vl. 62 nne of Mtr.
Salem, pt. New London co. Conn, 30 se Hd
Salem, v. Chautauque co. N.Y.
Salera, pt.Washington co. N.Y. 46nne of Al.
Salera, pv, cap. of Salera co. N. J, on Salem
creek, 64 s of Trenton.
Salem, tp, Luzerne co. Pa.
Salem, pt. Mercer co. Pa. 240 wnw of H,
Salem, lp. Wayne co. Pa. on Waullenpapacfc
Salem, lp. Westmoreland co.Pa, [creek.
Salem, pv. Fauquier co. Va. 115 N of R.
Salera, pv. cap, of Roanoke co,Va. on Ro
anoke river.
Salem, pv. Stokes co. N. C 109 w of Rh.
Satem, pv. Sumter dist. S. C 90 e of Ca.
Salem, pv. Clarke co. Ga. 58 n of M.
Salem, pv- Russell co. Ala. 180 ese of T.
Salem, pv. Tippah co. Miss. 208 nne of J.
Salem, pv. Franklin co.Tenn. 104 ssEof Ne.
Salem, pv. cap. of Crittenden co. Ky.250Wsw
of Frankfort.
Salem, pt. Colurabiana co; O. 167 ene of Cs.
Salem, v. Columbiana co. O.
Salem, tp. Highland co. O.
Salera, tp. Jefferson co, O,
Salem, tp. Shelby co. O.
Salem, tp. "Tuscarawas co. O.
Salem, tp.Warren co. O,
Salem, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich.
Salem, pv. cap. of Wn. co. Ind. 93 s of Is.
Salera, pv. cap. of Marion co. 111. 108 sse Sd
Salem, pv. Benton co. Mo. 104 sw of Jef City.
Salem, pv. Racine co. Wis. on L, Michigan,
Salem, pv. Henry co. Iowa.
Salem, v. Jasper co. Texas, on the Sabine r,
Salem Centre, pv, Westchester co, N.Y, 115
s of Albany. [w of Rh,
Salem Church, pv. Rafldolph co. N. C. 120
Salem Cross Roads, pv. Westraoreland co.
Pa. 180 w of Harrisburg,
Salina, pi. Onondaga co. N.Y, on Onondaga
creek : noted for its raanufacture ot salt.
Salina, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. 65 w of F.
Saline' r. La. flows into Black Lake r.
Saline r. Ark. flows into Washita r.
Saline r. III. flows into the Ohio.
Saline cr. Mo. flows into the Missis-sippi.
Saline, pi- Washtenaw co. Mich. 40 w of D.
Salisbury, pt. Merrimack co. N, H. 16 nhw
of Concord.
Salisbury, pt, Addison co.Vt. 70 sw of Mtr.-
Salisbury, pt. Essex co Mass, 42 hne of B.

SAN

626

SAN

Salisbury, pt, Litchfield co.Conn,53wof Hd,
Salisbury, pt. Herkiraer co, N,Y. 73 wnw Al,
Salisbury, pt, Lancaster co. Pa, 16 e of Lan-
Salisbury, tp, I^ehigh co. Pa. [caster.
SaUsbury, pv. Somerset co. Md, 95 sse of An.
Salisbury, pv. cap. of Rowan co. N. C. 118
w of Raleigh.
Salisbury, pt. Meigs co. O. on Ohio r.
Salisbury, pv. Sangamon co. III, lOnwof Sd.
Salisbury Centre, pv, Herkimer co. N,Y,
75 WNW 6f Albany, [of Albany.
Salisbury Mills, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 03 s
Salmon r. Conn, flows into Connecticut r,
Salraon x- N.Y. flows into Mexico Bay, which
sets up frora Lake Ontario, in Oswego co.
Salmon Falls t. the narae of the Piscataqua
r. above the great faUs at South Berwick,
York CO. Me.
Salonia, pv. Greene co. Ky.
Salt Cr. tp. Holmes co. O.
Salt Cr. tp. Marion co. O.
Salt Cr. pt. Muskingura co. O. 65 e of Cs.
Salt Cr. tp. Pickaway co. O.
SaU Cr. lp. Wayne co. O.
Saltillo, sal-teel'yo, a l. of Mexico, in Coa
huila, 70 w^sw of Monterey. Lat. about
250 20' N. Lon. 101° 20' w. Pop, statfcd
at 12,000.
Salt Lick, tp. Fayelte co. Pa.
Salt Lick, tp. Perry co, O.
Salt r. Ky. flows into the Ohio at West
Point, 20 m. below/Louisville.
Salt r. Mo. flows into the Mississippi.
Saltsbueg, pv. Indiana co. Pa. on Cone
maugh river.
Salvador, sal-va-dore', a stale of Central
America, bordering on the. Pacific. It is
the mosl populous part of Central America.
Nearly all the indigo exported frora Guate
mala is grown here. Capital, San Salvador.
Saltville, pv. Smythe co.Va. 288 w of R.
Saluda, pt. Jefferson co. Ind. 100 sse of Is.
Salvisa, pv. Mercer co. Ky. 21 s of F.
Sampsondale, v. Rockland co. N.Y.
Samptown, v. Middlesex co. N. J. 8 n of
New Brunswick.
Samuelsburg, pv. Putnam co. Ind. 42 w Is.
San An-to'ni-o, a j. of Texas, which falls
into a lagoon al St. Joseph's Island.
San Antonio de Bexar, san an-lo'ne-o da
ba-Har' (See Bexar), a t. of Texas, on
the San Antonio, 110 m. sw of Austin, Pop.
perhaps 1,500. '
San Augustine, san au-gus-teen', a co. in the
E part of Texas, on the Sabine r. Soil ex
tremely fertile, much the greater portion
being included in the tract known as the
" Red Lands," noted for its fine cotton,
San Augustine, cily^ cap. of the above co, on
an affluent of the Neches, 190 m. he of
Galveston. Here is a university. San Au-
gusiine is one of the handsomest towns in
Texas. Pop. about 1,500.
San Bartolome, baR-io-lo-raa', a I. of Mex
ico, in Chihuahua, near 27° h Lat. and 104°
40' w Lon. ¦ Pop. said lo be 20,000,
San Blas, a sea-port of Jalisco, on the w
cnast of Mexico, 420m. nw of the city of
Mexico. It stands on an island at the
moillh of the Rio Grande de Santiaffo.
This locality is very unhealthy during the
warm season,
San Buenaventura, san bwa'ni-ven-too'ra.,
a r. of CaUfornia, flows into the Bay of

Monterey. Also a little t. of CalifiDmia, on
the Pacific, Lat. 34° 20' n, Lort, ll9*> w,
Sah Diego, de-a'go, a sea-port of California,
on the Pacific, noted for the mUdness of itg
cUmate. Lat, 32° 40' n, Lon, 117« w. Pop.
from 1,200 lo 1,500,
San Felipe de Austin, san fa-lee'pay da
ans'tin, (familiarly called San PhUip,) the
cap, of Austin co, Texas, on the wor right
bank of the Brazos, 120 ra. ehe of Austin.
San Ferhahdo. See Tigre,
Sah Francisco, a small t. of California, at
the entrance of a bay of its own name, with
one of the finest harbours on the w coast
of Araerica. Lat, 37° 45' n, Lon. 122025' w
San Jacinto, a r. of Texasj So-witig into
Galveston Bav, 25 ene of Houston. Near
its raouth was fought (April 2l8l, 1836,) the
battle which established the indepeudence
of Texas.
Sah Joaquin (Sp. pron. san HO-ah-keen'), a r,
of California, flows northerly, and joins Ihe
Sacramento at ils entrance into San Fran
cisco Bay. The valley of this river is one
of the best parta of California.
San Juan (Sp. pron, san Hoo-an' or Hwan), a
t. on the Pacific coast, 30 m. s of the Pueblo
de los Angeles, important as being the head
quarters of the Mexican forces in Califor
nia.
San Ju'an de Ulda (oo-loo'a) or Ulo'a (Sp.
pron, san Hoo-an' da oo-loo'a), the citadel of
Vera Cruz, and the most important for
tress of all Mexico, is situated on a Uttle
island imraediat ely n of Vera Craz. Its con
struction is said to have cost more than
30,000,000 dollars.
San Jose del Parral. See Parral.
San Luis, v. of Brazoria co. Texas, on an
island at the w extremity of (5alveston Bay.
San Luis de Potosi (da po-to-see'), a state
in Ihe e part of Mexico, w^ of ana border
ing on TamauUpas. Area 18,000 sq. m.
Pop. 220,000.
San Luis de Potosi, the cap. of theabove, is on
the river Tampico, near its source. Lat, 22^
N, Lon, 100= 40' w. Pop. variously esti
mated from 12,000 to 40,000,
San Patricio, a large co. occupying the
soutbernraosl portion of Texas. The soil
along the Nueces, and Corpus Christi Bay,
is generally very ferlile ; farther south
towards the Rio del Norte, there, is an ex
tensive tract of desert. Capital, Corpus
Christi. [Nueces r.
San Patricio, v. of Refugio co. Texas, on the
San Salvador (sal-va.-dore'), a city of Cen
tral Araerica, cap. of the slate of Salva
dor, about 35 ra. frora the Pacific, and 120
SE of Guateraala. Lat. 13° 50* n, Lon. 88^^
50' w. Pop. staled al about 40,000.
Sanbornton, pt. Belknap co. N, H. 81 h Cd.
Sanbornton Bridge, pv. Belknap co. N. H.
17 N of Concord. [tucket I.
Sancoty Head, Mass. the e point of Nan-
Sandersville, pv. Chester dist. S. C 66 n Ca.
Sandersville, pv. cap. of Washington co. Ga.
23 se Ol Milledgeville.
S-VNDFORD, lp. York CO. Me.
Sandtbrd, pt. Broojne co. N.Y. 120 se OfAl.
Sandgate, pt. Bennington co.Vt. [of B.
Sandisfield, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 126 w
Sand Lake, pt. Rensselaer co, N.Y. 17 e AI.
Sahsover, pv. AbbevUle dist. S. C. 80 w Ga

SAR

627

SCI

Sandown, pt. Rockingham co. N. H, 26 se Cd.
Sandstone, tp. Jackson co. Mich.
Sandsvillk, pv. Clinton co. Mo.
Sandton, pv. Kershaw dist, S. C 55 he Ca.
Sand Town, pv. Kent co. Del. 19 sw Dover.
Sand Town, pv. Campbell co. Ga. 100 nw M.
Sandusky, r. and t. O. See Gazetteer.
Sandwich, pt- Carroll co. N. H. 50 n of Cd.
Sandwich, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 58 sse B.
Sandy r. Me. flows inlo the Kennebec r,
Sandy cr. N.Y. flows into Lake Ontario in
Monroe co.
Sajidy r. Va. and Ky. See Bio Sandy r,
Sandy, tp. Tuscarawas co. Ohio.
Sandy Bay, v. Essex co. Mass. on Cape Ann,
Sandy Cr. pt. Oswego co, N.Y. 160 wnw Al.
Sandy Cr. pt. Mercer co. Pa. 228 whw ofH.
Bandy Cr. tp.Venango co. Pa. [Hudson.
Sandy Hill, pv. Washington co. N.Y, on the
Sandy HiU, pv. Wo'ster co. Md. 124 se of An.
Sandy Hook, N. J. a sandy beach extending
from Monmouth co. 6 m. n into the Allan-
lie. It encloses Sandy Hook Bay.
Sandy Lake, pt. Mercer co. Pa, on Sandy cr,
Sandy Point, Mass. the h extremity of Nan
tucket Island.
Sandyston, pt. Sussex co. N. J. 87 N of Tn.
Sandyville, pv. Tuscarawas co, O. 123 ne
of Colurabus,
Sanford, pt.York co. Me. 83 sw of A.
Sangamon r. Bl. See Gazetteer.
Sahgerfield, pt. Oneida co.N.Y. 15 s Ulica.
Sangerville, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 77 nw
of Augusta.
San'ta Bar'bara, a small t. of California, on
the Pacific. Lat. 34° 15' n, Lon. 119° 50' w.
The Santa Barbara Islands consist of 7 or
8 small islands off the coast of CaUfornia, s
of Santa Barbara.
Santa Cruz, san'ta crooce, a sea.-port on the
s side of Cuba, 45 m. s of Puerto Principe.
Santa Cruz de Mayo. See Mayo.
Santa Fe (Mexfcan pron. san'ta fa), the
chief t. of Ne-w Mexico. It has a pop. of
between 5,000 and 6,000, and is the great
emporium of the overland trade that has
been carried on from the state of Missouri
since the year 1822.
Santa Rosalia (ro-sal-ee'§.), a t. of Mexico,
in Chihuahua, 40 m n of San Bartolome.
Pop. said to be 4,000.
Santander (Sp. pron. san-lan-dair'), a r. of
Mexico, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico
in 23° 40' n Lat.
Santiago (de Cuba), a sea-port and archie
piscopal t. on the 3 coast of Cuba, not far
from the e end of the island. It has a fine
harbour and considerable trade, but ils situ
ation is very unhealthy. Pop, unknown,
Sappington, pv, St, Louis co. Mo. 140 e of
' Jefferson City.
Saptin Indians. See Nez Perce Indians.
Sarahsville, pv. Morgan co. 0, 100 ese of Cs.
Sarahsville, pv. Franklin co, IU. ISO s of Sd.
Saranac r, N.Y. flows into Lake Champlain.
Saranac, lake, Hamilton co. N.Y, 10 ra. long,
and 2 or 3 wide.
Saranac, pt. CUnton co.N.Y, 15 w Plattsburg.
Saratoga^ lake, Saratoga co. N,Y, 9 m. long,
and 2 wide. - [Spa.
Saratoga, tp, Saratoga co, N.Y. 6 n Ballslon
Saratoga Springs. See Gazetteer,
Sarcoxie, pv. Newton co. Mo. on Centre cr.
Sardinia, pt, Erie co. N,Y. 28 sk of Buffalo.

Sardinia, pv. Brown co. O. 92 sw of Cg.
Sargeantsville, pv. Hunterdon co, N. J. 23
NW of Trenton.
Satartia, pv. Yazoo co. Miss, on Yazoo r.
Saugatuck r. Conn, flows into Long Island
Sound, [Kingston.
Saugerties, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 10 n of
Saugus, pt, Essex co, Mass. 11 n of Boston,
Sault St. Mary, originally Sault de St.
Marie, pv. cap_of Chippewa co. Mich., on
the 5 side of St. Mary's Strait, 400 n of De
troit. It is defended by Fort Brady.
Saunders VILLE, pv. Vanderburg co, Ind,
Sauquoit, pv, Oneida co, N.Y. 90 wnw Al,
Savannah, pt, Wayne co. N.Y. 11 e Lyons.
Savannah, pv. cap, of Hardin, co. Tenn. on
Tennessee river. [sissippi r.
Savannah, pv. cap. of Carroll co. III. on Mis-
Savannah, pv. cap. of Andrew co. Mo. 5 e of
Missouri river. [ClarksviUe.
Savannah, v. of Red River co. Texas, 10 b of
Saverton, pv. Ralls co. Mo. on Miss. r.
Saville, tp. Perry co. Pa,
Savoy, pt, Berkshire co. Mas, 122 whw B.
SAXENBUR&, pv. Butler co. Pa. 205 w of H,
Saxonville, pv. Middlesex co. Mass, 22 nw
of Boston,
Saybrook, pt, Middlesex co. Conn. 42 sse Hd.
Saybrook, pt. Ashtabula co, O. 200 ne of Cs.
Saylorsburg, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 112 ne H,
ScANTic Village, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 12
NE of Hartford. [of Portland.
Scarborough, pt, Cnmberland co.Me. 10 sw
Scarsdale. I p. Westchester co.N.Y, 4 s of
White Plains. [of Al.
ScHAGHTic'oKE, pt. Reusselacr co. N.Y. 20 h
ScHLOssER, N.Y. the site of an old fort, a
liltle above Niagara Falls. [Mahoning cr.
ScHMicKSBURG, V. Indiana co. Pa. on Little
ScHODAC, tp, Rensselaer co. N.Y. 7 s of Al.
ScHODAC Landing, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y.
on the Hudson.
Schoharie cr. N.Y. flows into the Mohawk.
Schoharie, pv. cap. of Schoharie co. N.Y. 32
w of Albany.
ScHooDic (skoo'dick) Lakes, a collection of
lakes in Wn. co. Me. communicating with
St. Croix river.
Schoolcraft, pv. Kalamazoo co. Mich.
Schooley's (skoo'leez) MoUN-r, pv. Morris co.
N. J. 56 N of Trenlon, at the celebrated
mineral springs ou Schooley's Mountain,
The pure air and romantic scenery around
this place, render it one of great resort
during the hoi season. The top of the
mountain is about 1100 feet above the sea,
Schroeppel, tp, Oswego co. N.Y, 16 se of
Oswego.
Schroon, skroon, r. N,Y. enters the Hudson
in Warren co, * [wide.
Schroon, lake, N.Y, 10 long, and from 1 lo 2
Schroon, tp, Essex co. N.Y, on Schroon Lake.
Schuyler, lp. Herkimer co. N.Y. 7 w of Her
kiraer. ' [the Hudson.
ScHUYLERsviLLE, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. on
Schuylkill, pt. Chester co. Pa. on Schuylkill
river.
SchuylkiU, tp. SchuylkiU eo. Pa. [ne of H,
Schuylkill Haven, pv. SchuylkiU co. Pa. 58
SciENCEviLLE, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 48 sw Al.
Scio, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 15 s of Angelica.
Scio, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich, on Huron r, ^
Scioto r, O. See Gazetteer.
Scipio, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 8 s of Auburn.

SEN

628

SHE

Scipio, tp. Seneca co. O.
Scipio, tp. HiUsdale co, Mich.
Scipio, pv. Jennings co. Ind. 56 sse of Is,
Scituate, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. on Ihe At
lantic, [Providence,
Scituate, tp. Providence co, R. I. 12 w of
ScoNONDOAH, pv- Oucida CO. N.Y. [Tn.
Scotch Plains, pv. Essex co. N. J. 42 hw of
Scotch Town, pv. Orange eo. N.Y. 107 ssw
of Albany.
Scotia, pv. Schenectady co, N.Y. 18 hw Al.
Scotia, pv. Pope eo. Ark. on Arkansas r,
Scotland, pv, Windhara co. Conn. 35 e of Hd.
Scott, pt, Cortland co. N.Y, 150 w of Al.
Scott, pt.Wayne CO. Pa. on the-Susqa, r,
Scott, pt. Adams co. O. 95 s of Cs.
Scott, pt. La Grange co. Ind, 180 n of Is,
ScoTTsBURG, pv. Halifax co, Va. 120 sw R,
Scottsville, pv. Monroe ccN.Yi 230 wAl,
Scottsville, pv. cap. of Powhatan co.Va. 33
w of Richmond.
Scottsville, pv. Bibb co. Ala. 30 se of T,
Scottsville, pv. cap. of AUen co. Ky, 148 sw
of Frankfort.
Scottsville, pv. Lee co. III. 150 n of Sd.
ScRiBA, pt. Oswego CO. N.Y. on L. Ontario,
Scroggsfield, pv. Carroll co. O. 132 ene Cs.
ScRooN. See Schrooh.
ScRUBGRAss, ip. Veiiaugo CO, Pa. [of Rh.
ScuFFLETOH, pv- Greene co. N. C. 102 ese
ScuFFLETowH, pv, Laurciis dist. S. C ,on
Saluda river. [Salera.
Scull Town, ,pv. Salem co, N. J. 12 he of
Seabrook, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 47 se
of Concord.
Seaconnet Point, R, I, 6 ese of Newport.
Seaford, pv. Sussex co. Del. on Nanticoke r.
Seal, tp. Pike co. O. [of Little Rock.
Searcy, pv. cap. of WhUe co. Ark. 50 nne
Searsburg, pt. Bennuigton co.Vt. 11 e of
Bennington.
Searsmont, pt. Waldo co. Me. 38 e of A.
Searsville, pv. Stewart co, Ga, 128 sw M.
Seaville, tp, Hancock co. Me.
Sebago, lake, Cumberland co. Me. 12ra, long
and about 7 wide.
SeliEigo, pt. Cumberland co. Me. on Sebago L.
Sebasticook r. Me. fiow^s into the Kennebec.
Sebec, pt. Piscataquis CO. Me. on Sebec Lake,
96 NNE of Augusta. The lake is 10 m. long.
Second Fork, pv, Clearfield co. Pa. 167 nw
of Harrisburg.
Sedgwick, tp, Hanpockco, Me, 85 e of A.
Seekonk, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 46 ssw^ of B.
Seguin, V, Gonzales co. Texas, on the Guada
lupe r, 70 ra. s of Austin. [of An.
Seley's Port, pv. Alleghany cO. Md. 214 nw
Selin's Grove, pv. Union co. Pa. on Susqa. r.
Selma, pv. Dallas co. Ala. on Alabama r-
Selraa, pv. Jefferson co. Mo. on Mississippi r.
Sem'in-ole Indians, a once powerful tribe
dwelUng in Florida. Most of thera have
been nemoved to the w of the Miss.
Sbmpronius, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y, 16 be of
Auburn,
Seneca Lake. See Gazetteer.
Seneca r. N.Y. joins an outlet of Oneida
Lake to form the Oswego river,
Seneca r. S. C flows inlo Tugaloo r.
Seneca, lp', Ontario co, N.Y, 15 k of Canan
daigua.
Seneca, tp, Seneca co. O,
Seneca, tp, Lenawee co. Mioh. [Waterloo,
Sbnsoa Falls, pv. Seneca co. N^> 4 x of

Senecaville, pv. Guernsey co. O. 90 e of Ca.
Senhett, pt. Cay^a co. N.Y. 158 n of Al.
Sergeant, tp. M'Keaa co. Pa.
Setauket, pv. Suffolk co, N,Y. on the H side
of Long Island,
Sevier r. California, runs for some distance
along the se margin of the Great Basin.
The lower portion of its course has not
been explored, but it is supposed to flow
into the Colorado. [b of No,
Sevierville, pv. cap, of Sevier co; Tenn, 213
Seville, tp. Medina co. O,
Seward, tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. 47 w of Al.
Sewickly, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa,
Shade cr. Pa, flows inlo Conemaugh r.
Shade, tp, Somerset co. Pa, [of H,
Shaefferstown, pv, Lebanon co. Pa, 32 e
Shaftsbury, pt. Bennington co, Vt, 110 s of
Montpelier, [14 H of Cd,
Shaker Village, pv. Merriraack co. N. H.
Shalersville, pi. Portage co, O. on Cuya
hoga river. [r. 2 m. below Sunbury.
Shamokih cr. Pa. flows inlo the Susquehanna
Shamokin, pt. Northumberland co. Pa, on
Shamokin creek^ 76 n of Harrisburg.
Shamong, v. Burlmgton co. N. J. 26 se Phila,
Shandaken, pt. Ulster co. N,Y,83 ssw ofAl,
Shanesville, pv. Tuscarawas co. O, on Su
gar creek.
Shannon, pv. Mason co. Ky. 68 ene of F.
Shahnonsville, pv, Mongomery co. Pa. 84
E of Harrisburg,
Shannonsville, pv. Perry co. Term. 109swNe.
Shapleigh, pt. York co. Me. 90 sw of A.
Sharoh, tp. Hillsboroi^h co, N. H.
Sharon, pt.AVindsor co.Vt. 40 s of Mtr.
Sharon, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 17 ssw of B.
Sharon, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 48 w of Hd.
Sharon, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 43 w of Al.
Sharon, pv, Mercer co. Pa. 250 wnw ofH.
Sharon, tp. Potter co; Pa.
Sharon, pv. Wylhe co. Va. ^5 w of R,
Sharon, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 165 wsW
of RaWigh.
Sharon, pv. IV^adison co. Miss. 30 h of J.
Sharon, tp. Richland co, O.
Sharon, pt, Washtenaw co, Mich. 56 w of D.
Sharon, pv. Whitesides co. IU. 174 n of Sd.
Sharon Crntre, pv. Potter co. Pa, 193 nnw
of Harrisburg.
Sharon Centre, pv. Medina co. 0. 126 ne of Cs.
Sharonville, pv. HamiUon co. O. 102 wsw
, of Colurabus.
Sharpesville, pv, Montg. co. Ala. 128 se of T,
Sharpsburg, pv. AUeghany co. Pa. 206 w H.
Sharpsburg, pv. Washington co. Md. on lha
Potomac.
Sharpsburg, pv. Bath co. Ky. 62 e of F.
Sharpsburg, pv. Monroe co. Mo, 94 n of Jef
ferson City,
Sharptown, pv. Salera co, N, J,on Salera cr.
Shartlesville, pv. Berks co. Pa. 65 e of H
Shas'te Indians, a tribe dwelling in the sW
extreraity of Oregon. TWallkill r
Shawangunk, shong'gum, cr. N.Y. flows inic
Shawangunk, rats. Sullivan co. N.Y. a part
of the Alleghany chain, [gunk cr.
Shawangunk, pt, Ulster co, N.Y, on Shawan-
Shaw'nee Indiansj a tribe now dwelling w
of the Mississippi, near the Kanzas river.
Shawneetown, pv. Gallatin co. 111. on Ohio r
Sheboygan r. Wis. flo\V8 into Lake Michigan
Sheboygan, v. cap. of Sheboy^fan co. Wia. a*
the moutn of Sheboygan nver.

SHI

629

SIL

Sheepscot r, Lincoln co. Me. flows into
Sheepscot Bay.
Sheepscot Bridge, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 35 s A.
SHEFEiKLD,pt. Caledonia co. Vt.45 he of Mtr.
Sheffield, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 20 s Lenox.
Sheffield, pt. Warren co. Pa. 90 nw of H,
Sheffield, pv. NCwton co. Ga. 70 nw of M.
Sheffield, pt. Lorain co. O. on Lake Erie.
Sheffield, tp, Tippecanoe co. Ind. [co^in r.
Shelburne, pt. Coos co. N, H. on Andros-
Shelburne, pt. Chittenden co, Vt. 6 s of Bur
lington, [Greenfield.
Shelburne, pt, Franklin co, Mass. 5 w of
Shelburne Falls, pv. Franklin co. Mass. on
Deerfield r, 100 w of Boston.
Shelby, pi- Orleans co, N.Y. 10 s of Albion.
Shelby, pv. cap.of Cleveland co. N.C. on
French Broad river.
Shelby, pv, Richland co. O. 7& n of Cs.
Shelby, tp. Macomb co. Mich.
Shelby, tp. Jeffeison co. Ind.
Shelby, Or co. in the e part of Texas, on the
^bine r mostly covered with wood. Soil,
in many parts, very ferlile. Capital, Shel
byville. [canal.
Shelby Basin, pv. Orleans co, N.Y. on Erie
Shelbyville, pv. cap. of Bedford co. Tenn.
60 s of NashviUe. [of F.
Shelbyville, pv- cap. of Shelby co. Ky, 23 w
ShelbyvUle, pv, cap, of Shelby co. Ind. onBlue
river, 26 se of Indianapolis, - [Kaskaskia r,
Shelbyville, pv. cap, of Shelby co- 111. on
Shelbyville, pv. cap, of Shelby co. Mo. 100 h
of Jefferson City.
ShelbyvUle, a v. of Texas, on Tanaha cr, 10
ra. sw of the Sabine r. Pop. between 200
and 300.
Sheldon, pt, Franklm co. Vt. 62 n of Mtr.
Sheldon, pt, Wyoming co, N.Y. on Seneca cr.
Shelter Island, tp. Sufl!blk co. N.Y. 20 e of
River Head.
Shelocta, pv. Indiana co. Pa. 164 w of H,
Shei^ndoah r. Va. See Gazetteer.
Shenango cr. Pa. flows into Beaver r.
Shenango, pt. Beaver co. Pa. [nango creek,
Shenango, v. Crawford co. Pa. on She-
Shenango, tp. Mercer co. Pa, 11 sw of Mer
cer, [w ofH.
Shepherds TOWN, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 18
Shepherdstown, pv. Jefferson co, Va. on the
Potoiriac.
Shepherdstown, pv. Belmont co. O.
Shepherdsville, pv. cap. of BuUitl co. Ky. on
Salt river.
Sherburne, pt. Rutland co.Vt. 68 s of Mtr.
Sherburne, pt. Middlese.x co. Mass. on Charles
river,, 19 sw of Boston. [nango r.
Sherburne, pv, Chenango co. N»Y. on Che-
SheRburne Mills, pv. Fleming co. Ky, on
Licking river,
BiiERiDAN, pt,Chautauque co.-N Y, on L. Erie.
Sheridan, tp. Calhoun co. Mich,
Sherjkan, pt. Fairfield co. Conn, 57 sw of Hd.
Shernian, pt. Chaulauque co, N,Y. on French
creek,
Sherman, pt, Huron co. 0. 15 sw of Norwalk,

Shiloh, pv. Cumberland co. N. J.
Shiloh, pv, Camden co. N. C 226 ne of Rh
Sh'Innston, pv. Harrison co.Va. 265 hw R.
Shippen, tp. Cumberland co. Pa,
Shippen, pt. M'Kean co. Pn. 170 nw ofH.
Shippen, tp. Tioga co. Pa. [34 sw of H.
Shippensburg, borough, Cumberland Co. Pa
Shippensvelle, pv. Clarion co. Pa. 188 wsw
of Harrisburg.
Shippingport, v. Jefierson co.Ky. on Ohior
SeORemantown, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 4 w
of Harrisburg.
Shirley, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 84 n of A,
Shirley, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 40 nw of B.
Shirley, tp. Huntingdon eo. Pa. [85 sw ofH.
Shirleysburg, borohgh, Huntingdon co. Pa.
Shirley Village, pv. Middlesex co. Mass.
on Nashua river.
Shoal cr. IU. flows into Kaskaskia r. [plain.
Shoreham, pt. Addison co. Vt. on L, Cham-
Short Cr, pt. Harrison co. O. 120 e of Cs,
Sho-sho'hee, or Snake Indians, a large tribe
dwelling in the se part of Oregon, and the
N pari of California^ [Red r.
Shreveport, pv. cap, of Caddo par. La. on
Shrewsbury r. N. J, is a continuation of San
dy Hook Bay.
Shrewsbury, pt. RuUand co. Vt. 72 sse of Mtr,
Shrewsbury, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 37 w B.
Shrewsbury, pt. Monmouth co. N, J, on
Shrewsbury river.
Shrewsbury, tp, Lycoming co. Pa,
Shrewsbury, pt. York co. Pa. 38 s of H.
Shushan, pv.Washington co. N.Y. 47 he AI,
Shutesbury, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 80 w B.
SiDDONSBURQ, pv. York CO. Pa. 11 s of H.
Sidney, pt. Kennebec cp. Me. 9 n of A.
Sidney, pt. Delaware cd. N-Y- 03 sw of Al.
Sidney, pv. cap, of Shelby co, O, 80 w of Cs.
Sidney, pV, Marshall co, Ind. 105 n of Is.
Sidney, pv. Champaign co. III. 104 e of Sd.
Sidney, the cap- of the island of Cape Breton,
situated on the se coast, on a sraall bay
called Sidney Harbour. Pop. 500.
Sidney Plains, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. o
Susquehanna river.
Sierra de los Mimbres, se-er'r5. del loce
raim'bres, i. e. the "osier mountains,"* a
raountain chain in the n part of Mexico, It
appears to be a continuation of the Ana
huac Mountains.
Sierra Madre, se-er'rS, mad' ray, a moun
tain chain in the n part of Mexico, extend
ing frora about 21° to 32° n Lat., traversing
the slates of Dui-ango and Chihuahua.
Height unknown.
Sierra Nevada, se-er'ra, na-vah'dS., i. e. tho
" snow-clad ridge," a, mountain chain run
ning nearlv n and s through Upper Califor
nia, at the distance of ffdra 100 to 200 m.
from the Pacific, It is supposed to be even
higher lhan the Rocky Mountains. The
pass by which Caplain Fremont crossed
the Sierra was about 9.300 ft. in height,
and the peaks around him rose several
thousand feel higher.

Sherman', p\. St. Joseph co, Mich, on Prairie \ Siloam, p v. Madison co, N.Y. 110 w of Al,
Sherwood, pt. Branch co, Mich. [creek, Siloam, pv. Surry co, N C 140 wnw of Rh,

SHE8HEQuiN,jit, Bradford co. Pa, 144 n ofH.
Shetucket r. Conn, the principal branch of
Thames river, [Shiawassee r,
Shiawassee,, pt, Shiawassee co, Mich, on
Bweldsborough, pv- cap, of Hancock co.
Miss, on I^ke Borgne,
S3*

Silvan, tp, Washtenaw co. Mich.
Silver Creek, tp, Greene co. O, [3-4 m. wide.
Silver Lake, Wyoming Co. N,Y, 3 m, long,
» Sieira literally ai^ifies a
applieid to a ^'mounbun ridge,
appeannca niay b« suppOMd to nwmbl« » bw.

saw " The term ii alM
wbich from its notched

Sft

SMI

630

sou

Silver Lake, pt. Susquehanna CO. Pa, on Sil
ver Lake, [of Carlisle.
Silver Spring, tp, Cumberland co. Pa. 7 he
SiLVERTON, pv. Barnwell dist, S. C on Sa
vannah r. [of New Orleans.
SIMMS Port, pv. Avoyelles par. La, 237 nw
SiMONSviLLE, pv. Windsor co, Vt.
SiMPsoHviLLE, pv. Shelby co, Ky, 31 w of F,
SiMsBURY, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 13 H of Hd.
SiNALOA. See Cinaloa.
SiNCLAiRs VILLE, V. Chautauquc co. N.Y.
SiHG SlNG, pv. "VVestchester co. N.Y. on. the
Hudson, 35 H of New York. One of the
slate prisons is located here. [of Cs.
Sinking Spring, pv- Highland co. O. 84 sw
SiHNEMAHONiNG CT. Pa. eutcrsW. Br. of Sus-
Sioux. See Gazetteer. [quehanna r.
SipPiCAN, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 60 s of B.
Sisal, se-sal', a sea-port of Yucatan, near 21°
N Lat., and 9CP w Lon. Hides are exported
frora liiis place lo the United Stales.
SissoNViLLE,,pv. Kanawha co.Va. on Poca-
lalico river.
SiSTERsviLLE, pv. Tyler co.Va, on Ohio r,
Skeneateles, Bken'e-al'less, lake, N.Y. lies
between Cayuga and Onondaga cos.; 15 m.
long, and 1-2 to 3-4 ra. wide. '
Skeneateles, pv. Onondaga co, N.Y. 147w Al.
Skippack, pt. Montgoraery cp. Pa. 86 e ofH.
Skowhegan, pt. Soraerset CO. Me. on Kenne
bec r, [low^ Burlington,
Skunk r. Iowa, flows into the Mississippi be-
Slab Tow^n, pv. Anderson dist, S. C
SlatersvillEj pv. Providence co. R. I. 19
NW of Providence. [Mile cr.
Slatersville, pv. Tompkins eo. N.Y. on Six
Slippery Rock, pt. Butler co. Pa, 15 nw of
Slippery Rock, tp. Beaver co. Pa. [Butler.
Slippery Rock, tp. Mercer co. Pa. [Al,
Sloansville, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 33 w of
Smith, tp.Washington co. Pa,
Smith, tp. Belmont CO, O, [Natchez.
Smithdale, pv. Araite co. Miss. 30 se of
Smithfield, pt, Somerset co. Me.
Smithfield, pt. Providence co, R. 1, 16 n of
Providence.
Smithfield, tp. Madison co. N.Y. 106wof Al.
Srailhfield, tp. Bradford co. Pa.
Sraithfield, pv. Fayette co. Pa.yl88 wsw H.
Smithfield, pv. cap, of Isle of Wight co.Va.
65 sE of Richmond. [se of Rh.
Smithfield, pv. cap. of Johnson co, N. C 27
Smithfield, pt, Jefi'erson co, 0. 126 e of Cs.
Smithfield, pv, Alexander co. 111. 227 s of Sd.
Smithland, pv, cap. of Livingston co. Ky. on
Ohio river. [Citv,
Smithland, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 70 n of Je"f.
Smithland, v. Bowie co. Texas, on Ferry
Lake, a western branch or arra of L. Caddo.
Smithsboro', pv. Tioga co. N.Y. on the Sus
quehanna, 170 w^sw of Albany. [of An.
Smitiisburg, 'pv. Washington cn, Md, 106 nw
Smith's Island, N. C at the raouth of Cape
Fear river. [196 nw ofH.
Smith's Port, pv. cap. of M'Kean co. Pa.
Smithsville^ pv. AbbevUle dist. S. C. 94 w
of Columbia.
Smithton, pv. St. Clair co. IU. 108 s of Sd.
Smithtown, pt. Suffolk co.N.Y.48EofN.Y.
Smithville, tp. Chenango co. N.Y, 15 w of
Norwich.
Sraithville, pv. Jefierson co. N.Y,
Smithville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa*46 ese ofH.
SmithvUle,. pv. Powhatan co. Va. 40 w of R.

Smithville, pv, cap. of Brunswick co. N. C.
on Gape Fear river,
Sraithville, pv. cap. of De Kalb co. Tenn, 60
E of NashvUle. [Strawberry r.
SmilhviUe, pv. cap, of Lawrence co. Ark. on
Sraithville, pv, Wayne co. O. 100 he of Cs.
SMiTHvaLE Flats, pv, Chenango co, N.Y.
125 w of Al. [asE of Albany,
Smoky Hollow, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 37
Smyrna, pt. Chenango co, N,Y. 103 w of Al.
Smyrna, pv. Kent co. Del, 12 n of Dover.
Srayrna, pv, Harrison co, 0, 100 ene of Cs.
Sneedsboro*, pv. Anson co. N. C ou Yad
kin river.
Shickeesville, pv. Loudon, co, Va. 168 H R.
Snidersville, pv. Monongalia co.Va. 287
NW of Richm<md. [of Dandridge.
Snoddyvtlle, DV. Jeff'erson co. Tenn, 12 ne
Snow Hill, Md. See Gazetteer.
Snow Hill, pv. cap. of Greene co. N. C. 90
ESE of Raleigh.
Snow HiU, pv. Walker co. Ga. 241 nw of M.
Snow HUl, pv. CUnton Co. O. 74 ssw of Cs.
Snow Shoe, pt. Centre co. Pa. 100 kw of H.
Snowsvtlle, pv, Choctaw co. Miss. 110 hrs
of Jackson.
Snyder, tp, Jefferson co. Pa.
Snydersville, pv. Monroe co. Pa, 116 he H.
Society Land, tp, HUlsborough co, N, H.
Society, Hill, pv, Darlington dist. S, C on
Great Pedee river,
Sociely HiU, pv- Macon co. Ala, 167 se of T.
SoDus, pt, Wayne co. N.Y. 12 h of Lyons,
Sodus Bay, Wayne co, N.Y, onL. Ontario,
SoDUs PoitfT, pv.Wayne co. N.Y. on Great
Sodus Bay, 200 wnw of Albany.
SoLBsBURY, tp. Bucks CO. Pa. on Delaware r.
Solon, pt. Somerset co. Me. on the Kennebec
river,
Solon, pt, Cortland co. N.Y, 12 Hof Cortland.
Solon, pt. Cuyahoga co. O, on Chagrin r,
SoMERFoRD, tp. ATadisou CO, O-
Somers, pt, ToUand co. Conn. 23 ne of Hd
Soraers, pt. Westchester co, N.Y. 20 n o.
White Plains,
Somers, tp. Preble co. O. [nington.
Somerset, lp. Windham co. Vt. 15 he of Ben-
Soraerset, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 44 & of B.
Somerset, pt. Niagara co.N.Y. 14 ne of Lock-
port. [40 w of H.
Somerset, borough, cap. of St>raersel co. Pa.
Soraerset, tp.AVashington co. Pa. [of F.
Soraerset, pv. cap. of Pulaski co, Ky. 84 sse
Snraerset, tp. Belmont co, O,
Somerset, pv. cap. of Perry co, O, 47 ese Cs,
Somerset, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. [Tu.
SoMER's Point, pv. Alianlic co, N. J. 90 s of
SoMERgwoRTH, lp. Slrafiord co. N. H. 45b of
Concord.
SoMRRTON, pv. Nansemond co.Va. 95 sR R.
Si»merton, pv. Belmont co. O. 107 e of Cs.
Somerville, pv. St, lAwrence co. N.Y. 176
NNW of Albany. [31 n of Tn,
SomerviUe, pv. cap. of Soraerset co, N. J.
Soraerville, pv, Fauquier co.Va. S3 n of R.
Somerville, pv. cap. of Morgan co. Ala. 133
NNE of Tuscaloosa. [wsw of Ne.
Somerville, pv. cap. of Fayelte co. Tenn. 135
Somerville, pv. Butler co. 0. 100 wsw of Cs.
So-NO'RA, a province in the nw part of Mex
ico, w of Chihuahua, It forras with Cina
loa the stale of Occidente. [Merrimack r.
SouHEOAN r. Hillsborough co. N.H. flows into
South Albion, pv. Kennebec co. Me. 25 me A.

sou

631

SPA

South Alton, pv. Belknap co, N, H. 28 he
of Concord,
South Amboy, tp. Middlesex co. N. J. on the
Rarilan river. [Powow r,
Southampton, pt. Rockinghara co. N. H. on
Southampton, pt, Hampshire co. Mass, 102
w of Boston. [part of Long I.
Southarapton, pt. Suff'olk co, N,Y. on the b
Southarapton, tp. Bedford co. Pa. [town.
Southampton, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 12 ss Doyles-
Southarapton, lp. Cumberland co. Pa. 18 sw
of Carlisle, [Chambersburg.
Southampton, lp. Franklin co. Pa. 13 ne of
Southampton, tp. Soraerset co. Pa.
South Anna r.Va. unites with North Anna r.
to form the Pamunky,
South Anna, pv. Louisa co. Va. 67 nw of R,
South Anson, pv. Somerset co. Me, 44 ne A.
South Attleborough, pv. Bristol co, Mass.
43 ssw of Boslon, [on Susquchanna r.
South Bainbridge, pv. Chenango co, N.Y.
South Barre, pv. Washington co. Vt. 8 sse
of Montpelier. [on St. Joseph's r.
South Bend, pv, cap. of St, Joseph co. Ind.
South Berwick, pt. York co. Me. on Salmon
FaUs river. [of Cs.
South Bloomfield, pv. Pickaway co. 0. 17 s
Southborough, pt, Wo'ster co. Mass. 26 w B.
Southbridge, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 60 s w B.
South Bristol, pt. Ontario co. N.Y, 12 s of
, Canandaigua, [s of Hd.
South Britain, pv. NewHaven co. Ccmn. 57
South Brunswick, tp. Middlesex co. N.J. 12
sw of New Brunswick.
SouTHBURY. pt. New Haven col Conn, 20 nw
of New Haven. [nw of Hd.
SotiTH Canaan, pv, Litchfield co. Conn. 43
South~Charles ton, pv. Clarke co. 0. 55 wsw
of Colurabus.
South Creek, pt, Bradford co. Pa. 160 h of H.
South Deerfield, pv. Rockingham co. N.H.
18 ESE of Concord. [of B.
Sjuth Deerfield, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 90 w
Southeast, pt. Putnam co, N.Y. 107 s of Al,
South Easton, borough, Northampton co.
Pa, on Lehigh river.
South Egremont, pv. Berkshire co, Mass.
South Farms, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 40 w
of Hartford. [Island,
SouTHFiELD, tp^ Richmoud CO, N, Y, on Staten
Southfield, pt, Oakland co. Mich. 17 n of D-
SouTHFORD, pv, Ncw Haveii co. Conn,
South Florence, v. Franklin co, Ala. on
Tennessee river. [9 s of Hd.
South Glastonbury, pv. Hartford co. Conn.
South Hadley, pt. Hampshire co. Mass, 88
W of Boston, . [Mass, on Connecticut r,
&)uth Hadley Canal, pv, Hampshire co.
South Hanover, pv. Jef. co. Ind, 93 se of Is.
South Hartford, pv, Washington co. N.Y.
55 IfKE of Albany, [sw of Boston,
South Harwich, pv. Barnstable co, Mass. 90
South Haven, tp.Van Buren co, Mich,
South Hawley, pv, FrankUn co. Mass. 114
w of Boston, [Montpelier.
South Hero, pt. Grand Isle co.Vt. 58 niw of
SouTfi Hill, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 n of H.
South Hingham, pv. Plymouth co. Masss 18
SE of Boston, [Pa,
South Huntingdon, tp. Westmoreland co,
Southihgtoh, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 18 sw
of Hartford.
Southington, pt, Trumbull co, 0, 170 he of Cs,
South ^ckson, pv. Jackson oo. Mich. 76 wl>.

South Jefferson, pv. Lincoln co. Me, 22 esb
of Augusta. [of Hd.
South KSnt, pv, Litchfield co. Cdnn. 55 w
South Killingly, pv Windham co. Conn.
51 E of Hartford. [R, I, 30 s Providence,
South Kingston, pv. cap .of Washington co.
South Lee, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 w B.
South Lincoln, pv. Penobscot co. Me. 110
HE of Augusta. [s of Hartford.
South Lyme, pv. New London co. Conn. 50
South Middletown, pv. Orange Co. N.Y.
112 ssw of Albany.
South Middletown, lp. Curaberland co. Pa.
South Natick, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 15
wsw of Boston, [106 wsw ofAl.
South New Berlin, pv. Chenango co. N.Y.
South Newport, pv. M'Intosh co. Ga. 108
SE of Milledgeville. ¦¦
South Norwalk, pV. Fairfield co. Conn.
Southold, pt. Suffolk CO. N.Y. on Long I,
Sound. [of Hartford.
South Port, pv. Fairfield co. Conn, 60 sw
South Port, pt. Chemung co. N.Y. on Che
mung river, [Michigan.
South Port, pv. Racine co. Wisconsin, on L.
SouthHeading, pt. Middlesex co. Mass.ll n B
South Salem, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. 118
s of Albany. [64 s of B,
South Sandwich, pv, Barnstable co. Mass.
South Scituate, pv, Plymouth co. Mass, 24
sE of Boston.
South Seekonk, pv, Bristol co. Mass. 48 s B,
South Shenango, pt. Crawford co. Pa,
South Shrewsbury, pv,Worcester co. Mass,
;37 w of Boston.
South Sodus, pv. Wayne co; N.Y. 188 w AI.
South Strabane, tp. Washington co. Pa.
South Tyringham, pv. Berksliire co. Mass.
South Union, pv. Lomu co. Ky. 158 sw F.
SouTHviLLE, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 31 wnw F,
South Warren, pv. Worcester co. Mass, 66
w of Boston,
Southwest, tp. Warren co. Pa, [w ofAl
South Westerloo, pv, Albany co. N.Y. 27
Southwest Harbour, pv. Hancock co. Me.
1 14 se of Augusta. [of Boslon.
South Westport, pv. Bristol co, Mass. 72 s
South Whitehall, pt, Lehigh co- Pa. 87 ene
of Harrisburg, [of Springfield.
SouTHWicK, pt. Hampden co. Mass, 10 wsw
South' Wilhamstown, pv, Berkshire co,
Mass. 135 w of Boston, [37 NE of Cd,
South Wolfborough, pv. Carroll co. N. H.
Soutii Woodstock, pv. Windsor co.Vt. 55 s
of Montpelier.
South Woodbury, tp, Bedford co. Pa.
South Worcester, pv, Otsego co. N.Y, 62
w of Albany. [82 sE of B.
South Yarmouth, pv.JBarnstable co. Mass.
South Zanesville, v. Muskingura co. O.
SowARDToWN, pv. Kent CO. Del. 27 s Dover.
SoxviLLE, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 130 ne of H.
Spafford, pt, Onondaga co, N.Y. 18 wof
Syracuse. [seraga cr.
Sparta, pt. Livingston cq. N.Y. on Gana-
Sparla, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 78 n of Tn.
Sparta, tp, Westmoreland co. Pa,
Sparta, pv. Edgecorabe co. N. C 84 a of Rh.
Sparta, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Ga. 23 ne M.
Sparta, pv. cap. of Conecuh co. Ala, on Mur
der creek, [NashviUe.
Sparta, pv, cap, of White co, Tenij, 83 B of
Sparta, pv. Knox co. O. 46 nIe of Cs.
3partB, pY- Q^P' of Bnchaiuui op. Moh

SPR

632

'STA

Spartahbttro C.H. pv. cap. of Spartanburg
dist. S. C, 98 HW of Ca,
Spartanburg, pv. Randolph co. Ind,
SpartapoljSj pv. Rockingham co. Va. 142
NW of Richmond. [Owego cr,
SpeedsvillEj pv. 'Torapkins co. N.Y, on W,
Speedwel^;, pv. Barnwell dist, S, C on Sa
vannah river.
Speedwell, p^, Claiborne co. Tenn. 212 e Ne,
Speight's Bridge, pv, Greene co, N.C 80
FSE of Raleigh,
Spencer, pt, Worcester co, Mass. 53 w of B,
Spencer, pt. Tioga co, N,Y, 15 w of Owego.
Spencer, pv. Davitjson co, N, C 190 w of Rh,
Spencer, pv. ckp. of Van Buren co. Tenn. 90
Speiicer, tp. Guernsey co, O, [se of Ne,
Spencer, pt. Medina, co, O. 110 ne of Cs.
Spencer, pv- cap. of Owen co. Ind. 58 sw Is.
Spencerport, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. 234 w Al.
Spencersburg, pv. Pike co. Mo, 88 ne of
Jeff'erson City. [of Al.
Spencertowij, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 30 sse
Spencerville, pv. De Kalb co. Ind. 150 nhe
of Indianapolis. [hhw of R.
Sperryville,- pv, Rappahannock co, Vsi. 123
Spinneestown, pv. Bucks co. Pa, 90 e pf H,
Spoon r. III, flows inlo Illinois r.
Spottedville, pv. Stafford co, Va, 76 n of R,
Spottswood, pv, Middlesex co. N, J. 36' ne
of Trenlon, [co,'Va, 70 H of R.
Spottsylvania C, H. cap. of Spollsylvania
Speaker's Basin, pv. Montgomery co. N.Y,
47 WNW of Albany,
Spread Eagle, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 83 ese
Sprigg, lp, Adams co. 0, [of H.
Spring, tp. Centre co. Pa,
Spring, pt, Crawford co. Pa, 257 hwH, [of D.
Spring Arbour, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 80 w
Springborough, pv. Warren co. 0, 74 sw Cs.
Spring Creek,, pt. Warren co. Pa.
Springkrsville, pv. Fayette- CO, Ind, 64 e Is.
Springfield, pt. Penobscot co, Rie. 60 ne of
Bangor,
Springfield, pt, Sullivan co, N, H. 35 nw Cd,
Springfield, pt, Windsor co.Vl, on Conn, r.
Springfield, pv, cap. of Hampden co. Mass,
on Connecticut river. [perslown.
Springfield, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 8 n of Coo-
Springfield, lp. Burlington co. N. J. 5 ne of
lyiount HoUy, ,
Springfield, pt. Essex co. N. J. 52 ne of Tn.
Springfield,, pt. Bradford co: Pa.
S[)ringfiel(l, lp. Bucks co. Pa. 40 n of Phila.
Springfield, lp. Delaware co. Pa. 12 wsw fhlla.
Springfield, tp. Erie co. Pa. [Huntingdon.
Springfield, lp. Huntingdon co. Pa, 21 s of
Springfield, lp, Mercer co. Pa.
Springfield, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 10 n of Phila.
Springfield, lp. York cp. Pa. [of Richmond.
Springfield, pv. Harapshire co.Va. 197 nnw
Springfield, pv, cap. of Eflinghara co, Ga. 28
NW of Savannah.
Springfield, pv. Greene co, Ala, 33 ssw of T.
Springfield, pv. Madison co. Miss. 41 nne of
Jackson. > [nw of New Orleans.
Springfield, pv. cap. of Livingston par. La. 65
Springfield, pv. cap. of Robertson co. Tenn.
26 H of Nashville. [68 ssw of F.
Springfield, pv. cap. of Waghington co. Ky.
Springfield, pv. cap. of Clarke co. O. 43 w Cs.
Springfield, tp. Harailton Co. O.
Springfield, tp. Richland co. O.
Springfield, tp. Suramit co. O,
Sprragfiald, pt. Qolcland co. Mich. 37 nw D,

Springfield, pv. Franklin co. Ind. 70 bsb of Ib,
Springfield, pv, cap. of Greene cd. Mo. 158 sw
Springfield, pv, Jackson co.^lowa,. [Jef, City,
Spring Garden, tp, York co. Pa,
Spring Garden, a suburb of Phila. v ofthe city,,
Spring Garden, pv; Pittsylvania co, Va, 154
Spring Hill, tp, Fayelte co. Pa, [wsw R.
Spring Hin, pv. Marengo co, Ala, 70 s of T.
Spring Place, pv- cap, of Murray co, Ga.
184 HW of Milledgeville, ' [Nashville.
Spring Place, pv, Marshall co, Tenn, 66 s of
Springport, tp, Cayuga co, N,Y, 9 sw of
Auburn,
Springport, pt, Jackson co. Mich. 100 w of D.
Spring Prairie, tp. Walworth co. Wisconsin.
Springtown, pv, Bucks co. Pa, 106 e of H.
Springvale, pv. York co. Me, 86 sw of A.
Springville, pv, Erie co, N.Y. on Spring cr.
Spriugville, pt, Susquehanna co. Pa.
Springville, pv. St. Clair co, Ala. 83 ene of T.
Springville, pv. Greenup co, Ky, on Ohio r,
Springville, pv, Senec^ co, O, 90 n of Cs.^ -
Springville, pv, Lenaw^ee co. Mich, B8 sWD.
Springville, pv. Lawrence co. Ind. 80 ssw Is,
Speingwatee, pt, Livingston co, N,Y, 226 w
of Albany.
Spring Wells, tp, Washtenaw co. Mich,
Spruce Head, tp, Hancock co. Me.
3quam, lake, N. H. 6 ra. long, 3 broad ; the ont-*
let, called ^uam r. enters the M^rrimacl^
Squam, V. E^ex co. Mass. on Cape Ann.
Squahkum, pv. Monmouth co. N. J, 43 ss Tn,
St, Alban's. See Alban's, St.
St, Augustine, See Augustine, St., and so
for all other names wilh the prefix of St.
Stafford, tp. ToUand co. Conn. 24 N^Eof Hd.
Stafford, pt, Genesee co, N.Y. 243 w Al. [hold.
Stafford, tp. Monmouth co. N. J . 38 s Of Free-
Stafford C.H. pv. cap. of Stafford co.Va. on
Rappahannock river, [he of Hd.
Stafford Springs, pv. Tolland co. Conn. 28
Staggville, pv. Orange co. N. C 31 nw Rh,
Stamford, pt, Bennington co. Vt. 9 se of
Bennington,
Staraford, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 77swof Hd.
Stamford, pt. Delaware co, N.Y. 60 wsw Al,
Stan ARDS VILLE, pv. cap. of Greene co: Va. 95
NW of Richmond.
Standish, pt. Curaberland co. Me. 62 ssw A.
Stanford, tp. Dutchess co. N.Y. 16 ne of
Poughkeepsie. [of F.
Stanford, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Ky. 52 bsb
Stanford, pv, Monroe co. Ind. 60 ssw of Is,
Stanford VILLE, pv, Dutchess co. N.Y. 67 s
' of Albany.
Slanfordville, pv. Putnam co. Ga. 21 nw M,
Stanhope, pv. Sussex co, N. J, 60 h of Tn,
Stanhope, pv, Monroe co. Pa, 128 he of H.
Stanhope, pv. Nash co. N, C 32 e of Rh,
Stantonsburg, pv. Edgecombe co, N. C. 70
E of Raleigh.
Stantonvillk, pv. Anderson dist, S. C. [I.
Stapleton, v, Richmond co. N.Y. on Staten
Stark, pt. Coos' co. N. H, 10 he of Lancaster,
Starkey, pt. Yates co, N.Y. 10 he of Pemi
Yan.
Staeks, pt. Somerset co. Me. on Kennebec r
Siarks, tp, Herkimer co. N.Y, 12 sk Herkimer
Starksborouqe, pt. Addison co.Vt. 42 w of
Montpelier. [Albany.
Starksville, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 62 Hwof
Starksville, v. Rensselaer co. N.Y.
Starkville, pv. cap, of Lea co, Ga. 130 sw M
StarkviUe, pv. Oktibbeha co. Miss. 140 hb J.

STO

633

SUF

Btarb, pt. Hocking co. O, 60 sb of Cs.
Stabrsvills, pv. Newton CO. Ga.55 nnw M.
Starucca, pv.Wayne co. Pa. 190 he of H.
Staten Island, N.Y. between New York
¦ Bay and RarUan Bay, 14 ra. lon^, 4 to 8 wide.
Statesborough, pv. cap. of Bullock co. Ga.
_ 133 SE of MUledgeviUe.
Statesburg, pv. Sumter disl. S. C 53 e of Ca.
Statesville, pv. cap. Of Iredell co. N. C 145
wof Raleigh.
StatesviUe, pv. Wilson co, Tenn. 40 e of Ne.
Staunton, pv. New Castle co, Del. 50 n of
Dover, , [Lewis cr,
Slauaion, pv. cap, of Augusta co, Va. on
Staunton, pv. Granville co. N. C
Staunton, tp. Miarai co. O,
Staunton, pv, Macoupin co. 111. 70 ssw ofSd.
Stearxsville, pv. Berkshire co, Mass. 134
Steelsvtlle, pv. Chester co. Pa. [w of B.
Steeleville, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Mo. on
iVIararaec r. 75 sse of Jefferson City,
Stephensport, pv. Breckenridge co. Ky,
Stephens, St,, pv. Wn. co, Ala. on the Tom
bigbee, 150 w of Tilscaloosa,
Stephentown, pt, Rensselaer co. N.Y. 28
ESE of Albany, [Bridgeport.
Stepney, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 11 n of
Sterling, tp. LamoiUe co.Vt. 24 Nwof Mtr.
Sterling, pt, Worcester co. Mass. 40 w of B.
SterUng, pt.Windham co. Conn, 50 e of Hd,
Sterling, pt, Cayuga co. N.Y. on L. Onlario,
Sterling, pt. Wayne co. Pa. on Lehigh r.
Sterling, tp. Maconib co. Mich.
Sterlingsville, pv. Jefferson co. N,Y.
Stetson, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 70 he of A.
Steuben, pt. Washington co. Me. on Narra
guagus Bay.
Steuben, pt. Oneida co. N.Y- 100 wnw of Al.
Steuben, pv. Huron co. O. 87 n of Cs.
Steubenville, O. See Gazetteer.
SteubenviUle, pv. Steuben co. Ind, 170 nnw
of Indianapolis, . [of R.
Stevensburg, pv. Culpepper co.Va. 90 nnw
Stevensburg, pv. Hardin co. Ky, 90 sw of F,
Stevensville, pv, Bradford CO. Pa. 160 n H.
Slevensville, pv. King and Queen co. Va. 48
NE of Richmond. [20 se of Ne.
Stew ARTSBOR ough, pv. Rutherford co, Tenn,
Stewartstown, pt. Coos CO. N. H. on Con
necticut river, [of Rh.
Stewartstown, pv. Richraohd co. N. C. 137 sw
Stewartsville, pv. Warren co. N. J. 56 nnw
of Trenton. [sw of Rh.
SlewartsviUe, pv. Richmoud co. N. C 107
Stiles VILLE, pv. Hendricks co. Ind. 28 "w Is,
Still Valley, pv. Warren co. N. J, 48 nhw
of Trenton.
Stillwater, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 20 h of Al.
Stillwater, pt, Sussex co. N. J. 77 h of Tn,
Stockbridge, pt. Windsor co, Vt. 42 s of Mtr,
Stockbridge, pt, Berkshire co. Mass, [^cr,
Stockbridge, pt, Madison co. N.Y, on Oneida ,
Stockbridge, pt. Inghara co. Mich.
Stockbridge, pv. Caluraet co. Wis. on Win
nebago Lake. [St. Regis r,
Stockholm, pt, St, Lawrence co. N,Y. oa
Stockholra, pv. Passaic co. N. J. 95 hne of Tn.
Stockport, pt. Colurabia co, N.Y. 24 s of Al,
Stockport, pv. Wayne co. Pa, on Delaware r,
Stocktoh, pt. Chautauque co, N.Y. 7 e of
Mayville
Stock Township, pt. Harrison co. O.
Stockville, pv, Buncoihbe co. N. C,
SiODOARD, pti Cheshire co. N ¦ H. 44 sw of Gd.

Stoddartsville, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 138 NX
of Harrisburg.
Stone Arabia, pv. Montgoraery co. N.Y. 57
Stoneham, tp. Oxford co. Me. [-Wnw ofAl.
Stonehara, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 h B.
Stonelick, tp. Clermont co. O.
Stone Ridge, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 97 ssw Al.
Stoneestown, pv. Bedford eo. Pa. 100 w H.
Stonesville, pv. Greenville dist. S. C. 97
NW of Columbia.
Stonington, Conn. See Gazetteer.
Stony Brook, pv". Suffolk co. N Y. on the n
side of Long Island, [Somerset,
Stony Cr, pt. Somerset co. Pa. 12 ne of
Stony Point, Orange co.N.Y. on the Hudson
Storeville, pv. Anderson dist. S. C
StoughtstowNj pv, Cumberland co. Pa. 3U
w^aw of Harrisburg. '
Stoughton, pt. Norfolk co, Mass. 20 a of B,
Stow, pi, Oxford co. Me. 74 w of Augusta,
Stow, pt. Lamoille co.Vt. 22 nnw of Mtr,
Stow, pt, Middlesex co. Mass, 25 w of B.
Slow, pt. Summit co. Ohio, on Cuyahoga r.
Stow Cr, lp. Cumberland co, N, J,
SrowsviLLE, pv. Lincoln co. N. C. 180 w of
Raleigh. [wofH.
Stoystown, borough, Somerset co. Pa. 130
Strabane, lp, Adams co. Pa. 6 ne of Gettys
burg, [creek.
Strabane, tp.Washington, oo. Pa, on Charti er's
Strabane, pv, Lenoir co. N, C 78 se of Rh.
Strafford, pt. Strafford eo, N. H. 25 ene Cd.
Strafford, pt. Orange co.Vt. 34 sse of Mtr.
Strasburg, pt. Lancaster co. Pa, 46 ese H.
Strasburg, pv, Shenandoah co,Va.
Strasburg, pv, Tuscarawas co, 0, 115 ene Cs
Stratford, pt, Coosco. N. H, on Conn, r,
Slralford, pt. Fairfield co. Conn, 50 sw of Hd.
Stratford, tp. Fulton co. N,Y, 60 nw of Al.
Stratham, pt. Rockinghara co, N.H.40 se Cd.
Stratton, pt, Windham co. Vt. HO s of Mtr,
Sjrattonsville, pv. Clarion co. Pa. 180 wnw
of Harrisburg,
Strawntown, pv, Bucks co. Pa, 108 e of H.
Strawtown, pv. Hamilton co. Ind. on White
river. [of Cs.
Street SB OROUGH, pt. Portage co. 0. 140 ne
Strickersvidle, pv. Chester co. Pa. 78 e H.
Strong, pt. Franklin co. Me, 43 nw of A,
Stro;^gstown, pv. Indiana co. Pa. 140 wnw
of Harrisburg. - [of Cs.
Strongsville, pt. Cuyahoga co, O, 130 nne
Strongville, pv. Breathitt co. Ky. 133 se F.
Stroud, tp. Monroe co. Pa. [Pa. 124 he H.
Stroudsburg, borough, cap, of Monroe co.
StrykersviLle, pv, Wyoraing co, N,Y, on
Buffalo creek, [of B.
Sturbridge, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 60 wsw
Sturgeonsville, pv. Bnraswick co.Va. 83
ssw of Richraond.
Stuyvesant, sti've-sant, formerly Kinder
hook La3^ding, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 17
s of Albany. [s of Al.
Stuyvesant Falls, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 27
SucKAsuNNY, pv, Morris co. N. J. 60 n of Tn.
Sudbury, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 75 ssw of Mtr.
Sudbury, pt, Middlesex co, Mass. 20 w of B.
SuDLERSviLLE, pv. Quccn Auuc CO, Md. 45 b
of Baltimore,
SuFFiELD, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 17 n of Hd.
Suffield, pt. Portage co, O, 134 he of Cs,
Suffolk C H, N.Y. , See River Head,
Suffolk, pv. cap. of Nansemond co.Va. on
Nansemond river, 85 sb of Richmond.

sus

634

TAN

Sugar cr. Pa, flows into French cr. in Ve
nango CO, [Sangaraon r.
Sugar cr, Sangaraon co. IU. is a s branch of
Sugar cr, Ul. enters Illinois r. in Schuyler co.
Sugar Cr. lp. Arrastrong co. Pa. ,
Sugar Cr. tp, Venango co. Pa, 8 nw Franklin.
Sugar Cr. tp. Greene co, O.
Sugar Cr. tp. Stark co. O.
Sugar Cr, tp, Tuscarawas co. O.
Sugar Cr. tp. Wayne- co. O, [water cr.
Sugar Grove, pv, Warren co. Pa, on Still-
SuGAR Loaf, pv. Orange co. N,Y, 105 ssw
of Albany. [creek.
Sugar Loaf, pt. Columbia co. Pa. on Fishing
Sugar Loaf, tp. Luzerne co. Pa,
SfUGARToWN, pv. Chester co. Pa. 80 ese ofH.
SuGGsviLLE, pv. Clarke co. Ala, 150 s of T,
Sullivan, pt. Hancock co. Me. 100 e of A.
Sqllivan, tp, Cheshire co, N, H. 52 wsw Cd,
Sullivan, pt, Madiso^i co. N^Y, on Canasera-
ga creek.
Sullivan, pt.' Tioga co. Pa. 146 n of H.
SuUivan, pt, Lorain co. O. 90 nne of Cs,
SuMMERPiELD, pv, GuUford co,N,C, 99 WNW
of Raleigh, -: i ' .
Summerfield, pv. Stewart co. Gra. r45^sw of M.
Summerfield, pt. Monroe co, Mich, on Raisin
river, [Auburn,
Summer Hill, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 24 se of
Summer HiU, pv. Cambria co. Pa. 150 w of H.
Summer Hill, tp. Crawford co. Pa,
Summersville, pv. cap, of Nicholas co, Va,
268 sw of Richmond.
Summersville, pv- Greene ccKy: 95 ssw of F,
SuMWERviLLE, pv, Charleston dist. S, C
SummerviUe, pv. cap. of Chatlooga co, Ga.
180 N w of MUledgeviUe.
SummerviUe, pv. Cass co, Mich.
Summit, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 52 w ofAl.
Summit, pv. Cambria co. Pa. 130 w of H,
Summit, pV-. Cook co. Ill, 13 sw of Chicago.
Siimmil, pt. Milwaukie co. Wis,
Summit Bridge, pv. Newcastle co. Del. 41
N of Dover. [ofH,
Summit Hill, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 84 ne
Summitsville, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 135 he H,
Sumner, pt. Oxfor'd co. Me. 40 w of A.
Sumneytown, pv. Montg. co, Pa. 30 nhw of
PhUadelphia.
Sumter, tp. Wayne co, Mich, on Huron r.
Sumterville, pv. cap. of Sumterville dist.
S. C 63 E of Ca. [bee r.
Sumterville, pv. Sumter co. Ala. on Torabig-
SumtervUle, pv. Lee co. Ga.
SuNAPEE Lake, N. H. 9 m. long, li wide.
Sunbury, borough, cap, of Northumberland
CO. Pa. on the Susquehanna.
Sunbury; pv. Gates co. N.^C. 224 ene of Rh,
Sunbury, Ga. See Gazetteer.
Sunbury, pv, Delaware co. O. 25 n of Cs.
Sunbury, pv, Livingston co. IU. 120 NEof Sd.
SuNcooK r. N. H. flows into the Merrimack.
StfHDERLAND, pt. Beiiniiigton co.Vt. 15 he of
Bennington. '
Sunderland, pt. Franklinco. Mass. on Conn, r,
Sunderland, pv. Calvert co, Md. Q7 ssw An.
Superior, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 31 wD.
Surry, pt, Hancock co. Me. 83 e of A,
Surry, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 55 swof Cd.
$urry C. H. pv. cap. of Surry co. Va. 55 se R.
Susquehanna, lp. Cambria co. Pa. [creek.
Susquehanna, tp, Dauphiii co. Pa. on Paxton
Susquehanna, tp, Lycoming co.Pa, lof R.
Sussex G. H. pv. cap, of Sussex oo. Va.48 bsb

SuTTOM, pt. Merrimack co.N.H, 36 WNW Cd.
Sutton, pt. Caledonia co, Vt, 53 nhe of Mtr.
Sutton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 46 w of B.
Suwanee r, Flor. See Gazetteer..^ [of M.
SwAiNsBoRo', pv. cap. Emanuel co. Ga. 93 sk
Swan, pt. Noble cd, Ind, 156 hne of Is.
Swan, pt, Taney co. Mo,"
SwANGBTowN, pv. Cleveland cO, N. C. 197
, w of Raieigh. [of Rh.
SWANSBOEfOUGH, pV. OusloW CO. N.C. 160 SE
Swan's Island, tp. Hancock co. Me.^
SwANTON, pt, Franklin co. Vt, on Lake Cham
plain,
Swanton, pv, Lucas co, 0. 140 hw of Cs.
SwANViLLE, pt. Waldo CO. Me. 50 e of A.
Swanzey, pt. Hristol co. Mass. 48 s of B.
Swanzey, pt. Cheshire co. N.H, 53 sw of Cd.
Swart'wout (-wowt), one of the seats of
justice of Liberty co, Texas, on the e or
left bank of Trinity r., 180 ra, e of Austin.
Pop. 100.
Swatara t. Pa. enters the Susqa. 8 s ofH.
Swatara, lp. Lebanon co. Pa. 9 n Lancaster.
Sweden, pt. Oxford co. Me. 60 ^vsw of A.
Sweden, pt, Monroe co. N.Y. 237 w of Al.
Sweden, borough. Poller co. Pa. 170 hnw H.
Sw^EDESBOROUGH, pv. Gloucc-Ster CO. N. J. 47
ssw^ of Treiilon.
Sweet Springs, pv. and noted watering-
place, Monroe CO. Va. 209 w of Richraond,
Sycamore, pt. Crawford co. O. 75 n of Cs,
Sycaraore, lp. Hamilton co. O. on MiU er.
Sydnorsville, pv. Franklin co.Va, 183 wR.
Sykesvtlle, pv. CarroU co. Md. 60 nnw An,
Syracuse, N.Y, See Gazetteer.
Tab-as'co, or Victoria, a sea-port of Mexi
co, at the mouth of Tabasco r., 250 m. e by
s frora Vera Cruz. Logwood and fustic are
the chief exports.
Tabasco, a state in the se part of Mexico,
bordering on Yucatan and the Gulf of Mex
ico, Area 10,000 sq. m. Pop. 55,000. Capi
tal, Villa Herraosa.
Taberg, pv. Oneida CO. N.Y. 118 wnw of Al.
Tafton, pv. Pike co. Pa. 175 ne of H.
Taftsville, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 54 s of Mtr.
Taghkanic, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 12 s of
Hudson.
Taghkanic, mis. a branch of the Green Mts.,
running from Rensselaer co.N.Y. into Mass.
Talbotton, pv. cap. of Talbot co. Ga. 92 wsw
of Milledgeville.
Talcahuana, tal-ka-wah'nS., a decayed sea
port of South Araerica, in ChiU, on the bay
of Conception. [e of T,
Talladega, pv- cap. of Talladega co. Ala. 116
Tallassee, pv. Tallapoosa co. Ala. on Talla
poosa river.
Tallmadge, pt. Surarait co. O. 148 ne of Cs.
Tallmadge, tp. Oceana co. Mich.
Tallraadge, pt. Ottawa co. Mich. 180 wnw D.
Tamaulipas, tam-ou-le'pas, a state in the ene
part of Mexico, bordering on the Gulf of
Mexico. It formerly extended e of the Rio
del Norte, as far as the Nueces, Area
25,000 sq. m. Pop. 50,000. , [of H.
Tamaqua, borough, SchuylkUl co. Pa. 80 ne
Tamarwa, pv. St. Clair co. 111. on Kaskaskia r.
Tampa, pv. cap. of HUlsborough co. Flor. on
Tampa Bay,
Tamworth, pt. CarroU co. N. H. 55 h of Cd,
Taneytown, pv. CarroU co. Md. 70 nnw An.
Tankyvclls, pv. Lycoming co. Pa.

TEW

635

THO

Tanoipaha r. Miss, and La. flows into Lake
Pontchartrain. [of Al.
Tannkrsville, pv. Greene co. N.Y, 50 sw
Taiuiersville, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 124 ne of H,
Taos, tah'oce, a small t. of New Mexico, n
of Santa Fe.
Tappahannock, Va. See Gazetteer,
Tap-pan' Bay, an expansion of the Hudson,
22 m. N of New York.
TAPPANTowH,pv.Rocklandco,N.Y,134s Al.
Tarborough, pv. cap. of Edgecombe co. N.C,
on Tar river, 76 e of Raleigh.
Tar r. N. C. See Gazetteer. [ghany r.
Tarextum, pv. Alleghany co. Pa, on AUe-
Tariffville, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 12 n Hd,
Tarlton, pv. Pickaway co. O. 46 s of Cs.
Tarrytown, pv, Westchester' CO. N.Y, on
the Hudson.
Tarvers ville, pv. Twiggs CO. Ga. 50 ssw M.
Tate, tp. Clermont co. O-
Taunton, Mass. See Gazetteer.
Taunton r. Mass. enters Mount Hope Bay.
Taycheida, pv. Fond du Lac co. Wis.
Taylorstown, pv. Wn. co. Pa. 216 w of H.
Taylorsville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on the
Delaware.
TaylorsvUle, pv. Hanover co. Va. 22 N of R.
Taylorsville, pv. cap. of Patrick co. Va. on
Mayo river, 226 wsw of R. [332 e of Ne.
Taylorsville, pv. cap. of Johnson co. Tenn.
Taylorsville, pv. cap. of Spencer co. K}'. on
^It river,
Taylorsville, pv. Christian co. III. 26 se of Sd.
Tazewell C.H. or Jeffersonville, pv.cap.
of TazeweU co. Va. 284 w of R.
Tazewell, pv. cap, of Marion co. Ga. 110 sw
of Milledgeville. [e of Ne.
TazeweU, pv. cap. of Claiborne co. Tenn. 220
TcHOCUNNA r. Ga. flows into Ocmulgee r.
TcHCLA, pv. Holmes co. Miss, on Yazoo r.
Tbche r. La. See Gazetteer.
Tecumseh, pt. Lenawee co, Mich. 57 sw D,
Tbhuacan, la-wah-kan', a t, of Mexico, 65
m, SE of La Puebla.
Tehuantepec, ta-wan^ta-pek', or la-oo-an^-
ta-pek', a t, on the w coast of Mexico, in
the state of Oaxaca, on a gulf of the sarae
name ; important on account of its salt
works. Lat. about 16^ 20' n, Lon. 95^ 10' .w.
Tekonsha, pv. Calhoun co. Mich, on St.
Joseph's river.
Temple, pt. Franklin co. Mei, 40 nnw of A,
Temple, pt. HUlsborough co. N. H, 44 ssw
of Concord, [of Boston.
Templeton, pt. Worcester co. Mass, 60 wnw
Templeton, pv. Prince George co, Va. 36 se R,
Tenoxtitlan, v. Milam co. Texas, on the
Brazos, 100 m. ene of Austin.
TENSAw'r. Ala. See Mobile r. Gazetteer,
Tensaw r. La, flows into Washita r.
Te-pic', a t, of Mexico, in Jalisco, 20 ra. ese
of San Bias.
Te-poz-co-lu'la, a small t. of Mexico, in
Oaxaca, on an affluent of the Rio Verde, re
markable for the culture of cochineal.
Terre Coupee, pv. St. Joseph co. Ind. 163 n
of Indianapolis, [Wabash r,
Terre Haute, pv, cap, of Vigo co. Ind, on
Terrysville, pv. Litchfield co. Conn, 21
wsw of Hartford, [of Ca,
Terrysville, pv. AbbevUle dist. S. C 104 w
Terrytown, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 n H.
TewksbuRy, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 21 hw
of Boston.

Tewksbury, tp. Hunterdon co. N. J. 14 he of
Flemington.
Texana, cap, of Jackson co, Texas, on the
La Vacca r., near ils junclion witli the Na
vidad, 150 SSE of Austin. Pop. 150.
TEXAS, formerly an independent republic,
was annexed to the United Stales in Decem
ber 1845. It now constitutes a single state,
though ils superficial extent is about seven
times as great as that of Pennsylvania. Its
constitution is in the raain sirailar to those
of the other slaveholding states. For a gen
eral and brief notice of the country, eliraate,
&c., see Texas, in the Gazetteer, A raore
particular description of llie surface and soil
will be found under the heads of the respec
tive counties in this Appendix,
It may be proper here to add, that the sea-
coast of Texas, though indented by nurae
rous bays and inlets, does not afford a single
harbour for vessels of a large size. Galveston
iiUet, the deepest, has 12 feet water, the en
trance of Matagorda Bay 11 feet, and San
Luis 10 feel. Il raay be further observed,
that the principal rivers of this country,
though of great length, are not navigable to
any extent except for small vessels, though
much might and doubtless will be effected
ere long, lOTwards improving their naviga
tion. The Trinity is navigable farther lhan
any of the olhers; it may be ascended by
boats nearly 300 m. The Brazos^is navi
gable 150 ra., the Nueces about 100 ra., and
the San Jacinto 50 ra. The Colorado is ob
structed by a raft 10 ra. frora its raouth : when
this is removed, it will in all probability be
rendered navigable for small steamboats to
Austin, above 200 m. . The Sabine r, on the k
border, is navigable 150 ra. The Rio del
Norte, on thew, though a very rapid streara,
raay (except at low water) be ascended by
sraall stearaboats nearly 200 m, The Red R.
is also nEtVigable for a considerable extent
along Ihe northern border. Texas is divided
into 36 counties.* Capital, Austin.
Texas, tp,. Wayne co. Pa,
Texas, lp. Kalamazoo co. Mich.
Thames r. Conn; formed by the union of She
tucket and Yantic, enters Long I. Sound.
Thames, temz, a r, of Canada West. After
flowing for a considerable distance nearly
parallel to then shore of Lake Erie, itentera
Lake St. Clair.
Theresa, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y, 483 nw Al,
Thetford, pt. Orange co.Vt. 43 sse of Mtr.
Thibodeauxville, tib^o-do'vil, pv. cap. of La
Fourche par. La. 106 sw of New Orleans.
Thomas, St. pt, Franklin co. Pa- 53 sw of H.
Thomas, St. a t. of Canada West, on Kettle
cr,, which flows into L. Erie, Lat, about
42^ 50' N, Lon. 81° 20' w.
Thomaston, pt, Lincoln co. Me. 42 se of A.
Thoraaston, pv, cap, Upson co. Ga. 80 w M.
TiloMASTOWN, pv, Leake co. Miss. 52 he J.
TnoMASviLLE, pv. cap, ,of Thoraas co, Ga
230 ssw of Milledgeville.

# Austih, Bastrop, Bexar, Bowie, Brazoria, Brazos, Cole
rado, Jancin, Fayette, Fort Bend, Galveston, Goliad, Gon
zales. Harris, Harrison, Hauston, Jackson, Joapcr, Jeffei-son
1 ^ mar, Liberty, Matagorda, Milam, Montgomery, Nacof
docbea, Red River, Refugio, Robertson, Rusk^ Sabine, San Au
gusline, San Fatricio,,Sbdb7, TnTia, Victoria, WatlMiigteDt

TOB

636

TRE

ThomasviUe, pv.Washington co, Tenn. 290
E of Nashville. [Hartford,
Thompson, pt.Windham co. Conn, 48 ene of
Thompson, lp. Sullivan co, N,Y, 110 sw Al,
Thompson, pl,-Susqa, co. Pa, 184 nne of H,
Tnoinpson, pv. Warren co. Ga. 56 ne of M.
Thorapson, pt, Geauga co. O, 190 ne of Cs,
Thompsontown, pv. Juniata co. Pa. on Ju
niata river. [of Hd,
Thompsonville, pv, Hartford co. Conn. 20 n
Thompsoi^vUle, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y, 105
ssw of Albany,
Thorn, t p. Perry co. O,
Thornapple, tp. Barry co, Mich, [of R,
Thornburg, pv, Spottsylvania co.Va. 76 nnw
Thoenbury, pt. Chester CO. Pa. 20 ew Phila,
Thornbury, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 20 w Phila.
Thorndike, pt. Waldo co. Me, 42 he of A.
Thornton, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 52 n of Cd.
Thornton, pv. Delaware co. Pa.
Thornton, pt. Cook co. Ill, on Thorn cr.
Thorntown, pv. Boone co. Ind. 35 ne of Is.
Thornville, pv. Perry co. O. 35 e of Cs.
Thoroughfare, pv. Prinee Williara co.Va.
il8 N of Richmond. [wsw of B.
Three Rivers, pv. Hampden co. Mass. 76
Three Rivers, pv. St. Joseph co. Mich, 145
sw of Detroit-
TriROG's Point, lp, Westchester co, N.Y, 16
NE of N. Ybrk. [N.Y. 3 nw of Auburn.
Throopsville, troops'vil,' pv. Cayuga co.
Ticonderoga, pt. Essex co, N,Y, on Lake
Tiffin, tp. Adaras co, O. '¦ LCharaplain.
Tiffin, pv. Seneca co. O, on Sandusky r.
Tiffin's r. rises in M!lch, nnd enlers the Mau
mee near Defiance, in O.
TiMBALiER, bay, Terre Bonne par. La.
TimberVille, pv. Rockinghara co. Va. 145
NW of Richmond.
Timpano'gos, Lake, California, on the Spa
nish maps; supposed to be the sarae as the
Great Salt Lake. [of Rh.
TiNDALLSVlLLE, pV. AUSOD CO. N. C 136 SW
Tinmouth, pt. Rutland co.Vt. 76 s of Mtr.
Tin'icum, tp. Bucks CO. Pa. 37 n of Phila.
Tinicura, lp. Delaware co.Pa. 9 sw of Phila.
Tioga r. See Gazetteer.
Tioga, pt. Tioga co. N.Y, on Susquehanna r,
Tioga, pt. Tioga co. Pa. on Tioga r.
Tionesta, tp. Jefferson co. Pa.
Tionesla, pt.Venango co. Pa. on Susqa. r.
Tippecanoe r, Ind. flows into the Wabash.
Tippecanoe, pi. Tippecanoe co. Ind. 82 nw Is.
Tipton, pv. cap. of Cedar co. Iowa. [Wabash.
Tiptonsport, pv. CarroU co, Ind. on the
Tisbury, lp. Dukes co. Mass. 85 sse of B.
TiTusviLLE, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 8 e of Tn.
Tiverton, pi. Newport co. R. I.. 13 ne of
Tiverton, pt. Coshocton co. O. [Newport.
Tlal-pan', a Mexican t. iraportant from being
the capital of the slate of Mexico, situatea
15 ra. s by w of the city of Mexico. Pop.
about 6,000.
Tlam'ath, also called Klam'et (See Gazet
teer, p. 462, note), a lake of Oregon, in
about 420 25' n Lat and 121° 20' w Lon,
Also a river which discharges the waters of
this lake inlo the Pacific,
Tivoli, pv. Dutchess co.'N.Y. on the Hudson.
Tobacco Port, pv, Stewart co. Tenn. 85
WNW of NashvUle. [of F.
Tobacco Port, pv. Caldwell co. Ky. 227 wsw
ToBEHANNA r. Pa. fiows into the Lehigh, [r.
Tobehaima, tp: Monroe co. Pa. on Tobehanna

ToBOTNE, tp. Perry co. Pa,
Toby, tp. Clarion co. Pa. on Alleghany r.
Todd, pt. Huntingdon co. Pa.
Toledo, pv. cap. Lucas co. O. on Maumee r
ToLERSviLLE, pv. Louisa co.Va, 54 nw of R.
Tolland, pt. Hampden co, Mass. on Farm
ington river, 118 w of Boston,. [of Hd,
Tolland, pv. cap. of Tolland co. Conn. I&enk
Tombigbee r. Miss, and Ala. See Gazetteer.
Tompkins, tp. Del, co. N,Y, 22 sw of Delhi,
Tompkins, pt. Jackson co, Mich, 90 w of D.
Tompkinsville, pv. Richmond co. N,Y, on
Staten Island. [153 ssw of F.
Tompkinsville, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Ky.
Tom's r. N. J, flows inlo Barnegat Bay,
Tom's R. pv, Monraouth co. N. J. 38 se of Tn,
ToMsviLLE, pv. Chester dist. S, C 74 n of Ca.
ToNAWAHDA cr, N.Y, flows into Niagara r,
Tonawanda, pt. Erie co, N.Y. on Niagara r,
ToPsFiELD, pt, Washington co. Me, 235'.ne A
Topsfield, pi, Essex CO, Mass. 25 n of B.
TopsHAM, pt, Lincoln co. Me. on Androscog
gin river,
Top.sham, pt- Orange co.Vt. 23 se of Mtr,
ToRRiNGFORD, pv. Litchficld CO, Conn. 24 w
of Hartford. - [of Hd,
Torrington, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 28 w
Toughnioga r. N.Y, flows inlo Cheimngo r.
Toulon, pv. Haywood co. Tenn. 167 wsw Ne.
Toulon, pv. cap. of Siark co. III. [of Phila.
TowAMENsiNG, lp, ^Montgomery co. Pa. 20 n
Towamensing, tp, Northampton co. Pa, on
the Lehigh.
Towanda, borough, cap. of Bradford co. Pa.
ou the North Branch of Susquehanna river.
Tower Hill, pv.Washington co, R, 1. 37 s
of Providence.
Town Bluff, one of the capitals of Liberty
CO. Texas, 50 m. e of Swartwout.
TovirNSEND, pt.Windham co.Vt. 117 s Mtr.
Townsend, pt. Middlesex co, Mass. 40 nw B.
Townsend, pt. Huron co, O, 3 e of Norwalk.
Townsend, pt. Sandusky co. O, 100 n of Cs.
Townsend Harbor, pv. Middlesex co. Mass,
40 NW of Boston, [Annapolis.
TowsoNTOWH, pv, Baltimore co. Md. 37 k of
Transylvania, pv. Greene co. O. on Little
Miarai river.
Trappe, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. 81 e of H,
Trappe, pv. Talbot co. Md. 54 ese of An.
Traveller's Hest, pv. Dooly co. Ga.^ ssw
of MUIedgeville.
Trav'is, a CO. in the central, part of Texas,
intersected by the Colorado. A considera
ble portion of the surface is hilly and
broken. Th e soi 1 , especially along tha
streams^ is very fertile in the southern por
tion, but towards the n sorae parts are
quite sterUe. Capital, Austin.
Travis, v. of Austin co. Texas, on the w oi
right bank of the Brazos. [Phila
Tredyf'rih, tp. Chester co. Pa. 17 nw of
Tremont, ip, cap, of TazeweU co. IU, 57 i\
Trenton, tp. Hancock co. Me. [of Sd
Trenton, pt. Oneida co. N.Y, 12 n of Utica,
Trenton, pv. cap. of Jones co. N. C. on
Trent river, 130 se of Raleigh.
Trenton, pv. cap. of Dade co. Ga. 200 nnwM.
Trenton, pv. Jackson co. Ala. 177 ne of T.
Trembn, pv . cap. of Gibson co.Tenn. 130 w No
Trenlon, pv. Todd co. Ky. 197 sw bf F.
Trenton, pv. Butler oo. O. 94 wsw of Cs.
Trenton, tp, Delaware co. O,
Trenton, pv. Knox co. 111. lOS nnw of Sd.

TUL

637

UMa

Trenton, pv. cap. of Grundy co. Mo. on tho
East Fork of Grand river.
Trenton, pv. Henry co. Iowa.
Trenton Falls, pv. Oneida co, N.Y. IS nne
of Utica. Here, on the W. Canada cr., in,
the space of 2 ra., are several beautiful and
picturesque water-falls, which are much
visited by travellers. [cook Bay.
TRESC0TT,lp. Washington co. Me. on Cobs-
Trexlertown, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. 80 ene H.
Triadelphia, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 50
WNW of Annapolis.
Triana, pv. Madison co. Ala. on Tenn, r.
Triangle, pt. Broome co, N.Y, on Tough
nioga river.
Trimble, pt, Athens co, O. 70 as of Cs.
Trin-id-ad' (de Cuba), a sea-port on the s
side of Cuba, 220 m, se of Havana, on a
Ultfe river, 3 m. frora the sea. Pop. staled
at 13,000. [NWof Al,
Trip's Hill. pv. Montgomery co. N.Y, 37
Troupsburg, pt. Steuben co. N,Y. 246 w Al.
Trodpsville, pv. cap. of Lowndes co. Ga. on
Withlacoochee river.
Troy, pt. Waldo co. Me. 40 he of^A.
Troy, pt, Cheshire co. N. H. 57 sw of Cd.
Troy, pt. Orleans co.Vt. 53 n of Mtr.
Troy, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 150 n of H,
Troy, tp, Crawford co. Pa.
Troy, pv. cap. of Pike co. Ala. 174 se of T,
Troy, pv. Yalabusha co. Miss. 120 nne of J.
Troy, pv. cap. of Obion co. Tenn. 164 w Ne.
Troy, tp. Athens co. O.
Troy, pv. cap. Mismii co. O. on Great Miami r.
Troy, tp. Richland co. O.
Troy, pt. Oakland co. Mich, 22 hw of D.
Troy, lp. Fountain co, Ind,
Troy, pv, cap. of Perry co. Ind. on Ohio r.
Troy, pir. cap. of Lincoln co. Mo. on Cuivre r,
Troy, pv. Milwaukie co.Wis. 73 e of Madison.
Troy, lp, Walworth co. Wis.
Truago, pv. Wayne co, Mich^ on Detroit r.
Trumahsburg, pv, Tompkins CO. N.Y. 173
wof Albany.
Tritmbaursville, pv. Bucks co. Pa,
Trumbull, pt, Fairfield co. Conn. 60 sw Hd,
Trumbull, pt, Ashtabula co. 0. 186 he of Cs,
Trumbull Long Hill, pv. Fairfield co. Conn.
62 s *v of Hartford. [laniic,
Truro, pt. Barnstable co. Mass, on the At-
Truro, tp. Franklin co. O. [nioga r.
Truxton, pt. Cortland co, N.Y. on Tough-
TucKAHOE Bridge, pv. cap. of Cape May co,
N, J, 76 s of Trenton. [wsw of Rh,
TucKAsAGA, pv, Mccklenburg co. N, C 170
Tdckerton, N. j. See Gazetteer,
Tuftonborough, pt. Carroll co. N. H. 44 e Cd.
Tcle, too'le or too'lay, i. e. a "bulrush."
The TuLE or Bulrush Lakes are two lakes
in Upper California, coimected during the
wet season, or spring, with the head waters
of the rivCr San Joaquin. The lower and
larger lake is probably 60 m. in length, and
15 in its greatest breadth. The other is
much smaUer, Their shores are lined wilh
bulrushes.
Tully, pt. Onondaga co,N,Y. 10 s Syracuse,
TuUy, pv. Lewis co. ISlo. 136 n of Jef. City,
TuLLYTQN, pv. GrecnvUte dist. S. C. 107 wnw
of Columbia,
TuLLYTowN, pv. Bucks CO. Pa. 4 he of Bristol,
TplpeJhocken, tp. Berks co. Pa.
Tulp^^'icken cr. Berks co.Pa. enters Schuyl
kUl river nearly opposite Reading.

Tunkhannock r. Pa. enters Susquehanna r.
in Wyoming co. [on Susqa. r 154 nne H.
Tunkhannock, pv. cap. of Wyoming co. PA.
Tunbridge, pt. Orange co. Vt. 32 sse of Mtr,
TuppER's Lake, Franklin oo. N.Y. 6m. long,
2 broad.
TuRBUT, tp. Juniata co. Pa. [Sunbury,
Turbut, lp. Northumberland co. Pa. 14 n of
Turin, pt. Lewis co. N.Y, 126 nw of Al.
Turkey Foot, pt. Somerset co. Pa, 15 sw of
Bedford. [Coosa r,
Turkey Town, 'pv, Cherokee co, Ala, on
Turman's cr. Ind, flows into the Wabash,
Turnbull, pv. Monroe co. Ala. 127 s of T,
Turner, pt. Oxford co. Me, 30 wsw of A.
Turnersville, pv, Robertson co, Tenn. 36
NNW of Nashville,
Turtle Creek, lp. Warren co. O.
Tuscahoma, pv. Tailahatchee co. Miss, on tho
Yalabusha, 117 n of Jackson.
Tuscarawas r. O. unites with the Wal-
honding to form the Muskingum,
Tuscarawas, tp. Siark co. O. [carawas r.
Tuscarawas, pv. Tuscarawas co, O. on Tus-
TuscARORA cr, N,Y. flows into Canisteo r.
Tuscarora, v. Niagara co, N.Y. 3 e of Lewis-
Tuscarora cr. Pa. flows into Juniata r, [ton.
Tuscarora, tp. Bradford co. Pa. on Tuscarora
Tuscarora, tp. Juniata co. Pa. [cr.
Tuscarora, mts. Scliuylkill co. Pa,
Tuscarora, pv, SchuylkUl co. Pa. 75 he ofH.
Tuscola, pt, Livingston co, Mich.
Tuscola, tp. Saginaw co. Mich.
TuscuMBiA, pv. Franklin co, Ala, 66 w of
Huntsville, ^ ' ~ [Osage r.
Tuscurabia, pv. cap. of MiUer co. Mo, on
Tuskegee, pv, cap. of Macon co, AIa,152 ese T.
Tuthill, pv, Ulster co. N.Y, 80 ssw of Al,
TuxTLA, tooxt'ia., a volcanic mt. of Mexico,
in the state of Vera Cruz, Lat. 18° 30' n,
Lon. 95° w. Near it is a small t, of the
same name.
Twin, tp. Preble co. O,
Twin, Ip. Ross co. O.
TwiNSBURG, pt. Summit CO, 0. 140 he of Cs.
Tymochtee cr. O. flows into Sandusky r.
Tymochtee, pt, Crawford co. O. 73 n of Cs,
Tyngsborough, pt. Middlesex co. Mass, 28
NW of Boston,
Tyre, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Clyde r.
Tyringham, pi, Berkshire co.Mass. 130 wB,
Tyrone, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 200 w of Al.
Tyrone, tp, Adams co. Pa. 10 he of Gettysburg.
Tyrone, tp. Fayette co. Pa.
Tyron^, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa,
Tyrone, tp. Perry co. Pa.
Tyrone, pv, AViUces co, Ga- 70 ne of M,
Tyrone, pt. Livingston co, Mich, 60 wnw D.
Tywapity, tp, Scott CO, Mo.
UcHEE, pv. Russell CO. Ala. 194 ese of T,
UcHEE Anna, pv, cap. of Walton co. Flfir.
on a branch of Choclawhatchie river,
Ufaula, pv. Randolph co, Ga, on Chattahoo
chee river,
Ulster, v. in Saugerties tp. Ulster co. N.Y.
Ulster, pt. Bradford eo. Pa. on the Susqa.
Ulysses, tp. Tompkins co, N,Y. 8 nw Iihaca.
Ulysses, pt. Potter co. Pa. igO nhw of H.
Umbagog Lake, N- H. and Me. 18ra, long,
and 10 m. Wide. Its outlet joins the An
droscoggin,
Umqua (ura'quaw) Indians, a tribe dwelling
in the sw part of Oregon, near a sraall river

UNI

638

UPP

to which they give their name : it flows
into the Pacific.
Unadilla r. N.Y. enters the Susquehanna.
UnadUla, pt. Olsego co. N.Y, on the Susqa.
Unadilla, pt. Livingston co. Mich, on Portage
Uhadilla Forks, pv. Otsego co. N.Y, [river,
Uhcasville, pv. New London co. Conn. 45
SE of Hartford.
Underbill, pt. Chittenden co.Vt. 56 hw Mtr.
Unika, mts. a name given to that portion of
the Alleghanies dividing Tenn. from N, C
Union, pt, Lincoln co. Me, 31 se of A,
Union, pt, Tolland co. Conn. 35 ne of Hd.
Union, pv. Brdome co, N.Y. on Susqa. r.
Union, pt. Essex' co. N. J. 48 ne of Tn.
Union, tp. Gloucester co. N, J,
Union, tp. Berks co. Pa. on SchuylkiU r.
Union, tp. Erie co. Pa, 22 se of Erie.
Union, tp, Payette co. Pa. on Red.stone cr.
Union, lp. Huntingdon co. Pa, 15 s of Hun-
Union, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [tingdon.
Union, tp. Mifflin co. Pa, •
Unioii, tp, Schuylkill co. Pa.
Union, tp, Tioga co. Pa,
Union, lp. Ujiion co. Pa, on the Susquehanna,
Union, tp. Washington co. Pa,
Union, pv. cap. of Monroe Co.Va, 230 w R,
Union, pv. Talbot co. Ga. 63 wsw of M.
Union, pv. Greene co. Ala, 33 ssw of T,
Union, pv. Newton co. Miss. 75 e of J,
Union, pv. cap. of Union co. Ark, on Washita
Union, pv. Boone co. Ky. 73 n of F. [river.
Union, tp. Belmont co. O. on Stillwater r.
Union, tp. Brown co. O. on Ohio r.
Union, tp. Butler co. O.
Union, lp. Clermont co. O.
Union, lp. Clinton co. O.
Union, tp. Highland co. O.
Union, tp. Knox co, O, on Mohiccan r.
Union, tp. La Fayette co, O. -
Union, tp. Lawrence co. O,
Union, tp. Licking co, O.
Union, tp, Madison co. O,
Union, tp, Miami co, O,
Union, pv, Montg, co. 0. 12 nw of Dayton.
Union, tp. Morgan co, O,
Union, tp, Muskingum co. O.
Union, tp, Ross co. O.
Union, tp. Union co. O.
Union, lp. Warren co. O.
Union, tp. Branch co. Mich.
Union, pv, Cass co. Mich. 160 wsw of D.
Union, pv; cap. of Franklin co. Mo. 73 e of
Jefferson Citv, [Joseph's r.
Union City, pv. Branch co. Mich, on St.
Union Falls, pv. Clinton co. N,Y. on Sara
nac river, 168 N of Albany,
Union Mills, pv, FuUon co, N,Y.46nw AI.
Union Mills, pv. Erie co. Pa, 250 nw ofH.
Union Mills, pv. Carroll co. Md. 65 nnw An.
Unioii Mills, pv, Fluvanna co. Va, on Rivanna
river, 73 wnw of Richmond.
Union Springs, pv.Cayugaco, N.Y. on Cay
uga Ijake.
Union Springs, pv. Macon co. Ala. 153 se of T,
Union Square, pv. Montgoraery co. Pa,
Uniontown, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Pa, 180
w of Harrisburg. [Baltimore.
Uniontown, pv. CarroU co. Md. 35 nw of
Uniontown, pv. Perry co, Ala. 60 sse of T,
Uniontown, pv. Belmont co. O, 114 e of Cs.
Uniontown, v. Stark co. O. 12 n of Canton.
Union Vale, tp. JDmchess co. N.Y. ou I'ish-
kUl river.

Union Village, pv- Orange co. Vt. 46 sb Mtf*
Union ViUage, v. Washmgton co, N.Y. Oft
BattenkiU river. [88 ene of R
Union Village, pv, Northumberland co.Va
Union Village, v. Warren co. 0. 4 w Lebanon
Unionville, pv. Middlesex co.Mass. 25 wB
Unionville, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 10 w of Hd
Unionville, pv. Orange CO. N.Y, 120 ssw of AI
Unionville, pv. Chester co. Pa, 74 ese ofH.
UnionvUle, pv, Frederick co,"Md, 67 nw An.
UnionvUle,' pv. Union dist, S. C. 70 hw of Ca
UnionvUle, pv, Monroe co. Ga. 63 w of M.
Unionville, pv, Bedford co. Tenn. 46 sse Ne,
Unionville, pv, Lakeco, 0, 192 ne of Cs,
Unionville, pv, Lenawee co. Mich. 75 sw D.
Unison, pv. Luzerne co. Pa, 133 ne ofH.
Unison, pv, Loudon co.Va. 137 h of R,
Uhity, pt, Waldo co. Me, 34 ne of A,
Unity, pt, SuUivan co. N. H. 45 w of Cd.
Unity, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. 7 e of
Greensburg.
Unity, pv. Montgomery co, Md, 58 wnw An,
Unity, pv, Cabarrus co. N. C, 153 wsw Rh,
Unity, pt. Colurabiana co. O, 164 ne of Cs, '
Unity, pv, cap. Alexander co. Ill, 220 s of Sd.
Unityville, pv. Lycomuig co. Pa,
Upatoie, pv. Muscogee co. Gra. 138 wsw M,
Upper, tp. Cape May co,N. J. 13 ne of Cape
Uppei*, tp. Lawrence co. O, [May C. H.
Upper Alton, pv, Madison co. IU, 80 s Sd,
Upper Aquebogue, pv. SuflJblk co, N.Y, on
Long Island, [se of Salem,
Upper Alloways Cr. tp. Salem co. N. J. 7
Upper Bern, tp. Berks co. Pa, on the Schuyl-
Upper California. See Cahfornu., [kill.
Upper Chichester, tp. Delaware co. Pa,
Upper Darby, tp, Delaware co. Pa. 8 wof
Philadelphia.
Upper Dublin, pt. Montg, co. Pa. 106 e ofH,
Upper Freehold, tp. Monmouth co, N, J. oa
Millstone creek.
Upper Hanover, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. 35
NW of Philadelphia. [e of An.
Upper Hunting Cr. pv. Caroline co. Md. 57
Upper Lout-re, tp, Montgoraery co. Mo.
Upper Macungy, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. [he H.
Upper MahantangOjOI. Schuylkill co. Pa. 65
Upper Mahony, tp. Northumberland co. Pa.
Upper Makefield, lp. Bucks co. Pa, 25 nne
of PhUadelphia,
Upper Marlborough, pv. cap. of Prince
George's co. Md. 23 sw of Annapolis.
Upper Middletown, pv. Middlesex co. Conn.
12 s of Hartford. [w of H.
Upper Middletown, pv. Fayette co. Pa. 184
Upper Mount Bethel, tp. Northampton co.
Upper Merion, tp. Montgomery co. Pa. [Pa.
Upper Milford, tp, Lehigh co. Pa.
Upper Nazareth, tp. Norlhampton co. Pa.
Upper Oxford, lp. Chester co. Pa. '
Upper Paxton, lp. Dauphin co. Pa. 22 h H
Upper Penns Neck, tp. Salera co. N. J. on
Delaware river. [w of Phila.
Upper Providence, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 13
Upper Providence, tp. Montgomery co. Pa,
Upper Red Hook, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. on
the Hudson.
Upper Salford, tp. Montgomery co. Pa.
Upper Sandusky, pv. Crawford co. O. on
Sandusky river. [crefek.
Upper Saucon, tp, Lehigh eo. Pa, on Saucon
Upper St. Clair, tp. AUeghany co. Pa. on
Charticr's creek. [on Penobscot r.
Upper Stillwatbr, pv. Penobscot co. Mo

van

639

VIC

Upper Strasburg, pv. FrankUn co. Pa. 10
NW of Chambersburg. [Swatara cr.
Upper Swatara, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. on
Upper Tulpehocken, tp. Berks co. Pa.
Upperville, pv. Fauquier co. Va. 130 n R.
Upper Yarmouth, pv. Cumberland co. Me,
47 sw of Augusta,
Upsonville, pv. Susqa. co. Pa. 180 nne H.
Upton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 35 wsw of B.
Urbanna, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 211 wof Al.
Urbanna, pv. Frederick co, Md, 76 nw of An.
Urbamia, pv, cap. of Middlesex co.Va. on
Rappahannock river.
Urbanna, pv. cap. of Champaign co. O. 46 w
of Columbus. [ene of Sd.
Urbanna, pv. cap. of Champaign co. 111. 92
Utah (pronounced and sometimes written
Ed'taw) Indians, a numerous tribe dwell
ing in the E pari of California.
The Pah Utah Indians dwell along the s mar
gin of the Great Basin.
Utah, lake. See Great Salt Lake.
Utica, pv- Hinds co. Miss. 38 w of J.
Utica, pv. Licking co. O. 50 e of Cs.
Utica, pv. Macomb co. Mich, on Clinton r.
Ulica, pv, Clarke co. Ind, on Ohio r,
Utica, pv. Livingston co. Mo. on Grand r.
Uwchlan, yook'lan, pt. Chester co. Pa. 30
w of Philadelphia.
Uxbridge, pt.Worcesler co. Mass, 38 swB.
Valatie, pv. Colurabia co, N,Y. 20 s pf Al,
Valcour kLAND, N.Y. in Lake Champlain,
Valleene, pv. Orange co, Ind. 104 s of Is.
Valley, tp, Columbia co. Pa. [Phila.
Valley Forge, pv. Chester co. Pa. 20 nw of
Vallonia, pv. Jackson co. Ind, 75 s of Is.
Valparaiso, pv. cap. of Porter co. Ind. on
Salt creek, 138 nnw of Indianapolis.
Van Buren, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 12 nw of
Syracuse.
Van Buren, pv. De Kalb co. Ala. 135 ne of T,
Van Buren, pv. Itawamba co. Miss, on Tora-
bigbee river. [of Ne,
Van Buren, pv. Hardiraan co. Tenn. 172 wsw
Vin Buren, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Ark. on
Arkansas river.
Van Buren, pt.-Hancocfc co. O, 96 nnw of Cs.
Van Buren, lp. Wayne co, Mich, on Huron r.
Van Buren, tp. La Grange co. Ind.
Van Buren, pt. Clay co. Ind. 60 wsw of Is.
Van Buren, pv. cap. of Ripley co. Mo. on Cur-
Van Buren, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa, [rent r.
Van Buren Harbour, pv. Chautauque co.
N.Y, on Lake Erie.
Vanceborough, pv, Winnebago co. HI.
Vanceburg, pv, Lewis co, Ky_, on Ohio r,
Vancouver's (van-koo'verz) Island, for
raerly called Quadra and Vancouver's I.,
is situated on the w coast of N. America,
being intersected by the 50th paraUel of n
Lat., and the 125th meridian of' w Lon.
Length 280 m., with an average breadth of
about 50 ra. This island, as well as Queen
Charlotte's, is uncultivaied, being inhabited
by Indian savages : but the coasts of both are
indented with numerous bays, and fringed
with towering forests, and the soil, appears
to be productive.^ Il belongs to England,
VANDALLi, pv. cap. of Fayelte co, IU, on Kas
kaskia r, 70 SSE of Springfield, [137 w B,
Van Deusenville, pv. Berkshire co, Mass.
Van Rensselaer, tp. Ottawa co, O. [wnw M,
Vaw Wert, pv. cap. of Paulding co. Ga. 138

Van Wert, pv. cap. of Van Wert co, 0, 138
HW of Columbus, [of Ca.
Varenhes, pv. Anderson dist. S. C 122 wnW
VaRick, pt, Seneca co, N,Y. 8 s of Waterloo,
Varna, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y, 160 w of Al,
Varysbdrg, pv, Wyoming co, N.Y. on Ton
awanda creek. [of A.
Vassalborough, pt. Kennebec co., Me. ILH
Vaugine, lp. Jefferson co. Ark.
Velasco, a sea-port of Brazoria co, Texas, at
the mouth of the Brazos, Pop. 500.
Venango, tp. Butler co. Pa.
Venango, lp. Crawford co. Pa,
Venango, lp. Erie co. Pa.
Venice, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y, 15 s Auburn.
Venice, pv. Erie co. O, on Cold cr.
Venice, tp. Seneca co, O. [Pop, about 1,000.
Vergennes, city, Addison co.Vt. 66 w Mtr.
Vermilion r. La, flows into Verrailion Bay.
VerraUion r. O. flows into Lake Erie.
VernUlion, pt. Erie co. O. on Vermilion r.
Verrailion, tp. Richland co. O.
Verrailion r. III. flows into Illinois r.
Verrailion, tp. Verrailion co. Ind. [La.
Vermilionville, pv, cap, of Lafayette par.
VermilionviUe, pv. La Salle co. IU,
Vermont, pv. Fulton co. 111.
Vermont, pv. Cooper co. Mo. [of D,
VERMONTVitLE, pv. Eatou CO. Mich. 110 ^VNW
Vernon, pt.Windham co.Vl. on Conn. r.
Vernon, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 12 ene of Hd.
Vernon, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 16 w of Ulica,
Vernon, pt. Sussex co. N, J. 92 N of Tn.
Vernon, lp. Crawford co. Pa.
Vernon, pv. Kent co. Del. 32 ssw of Dover,
Vernon, pv. Troup co, Ga. on Chattahoochee r.
Vernon, pv. Autauga co. Ala. on Alabama r,
Vernon, pv. Madison co. Miss, on Big Black r.
Vernon, pv. Hickraan eo. Tenn. 62 swof Ne.
Vernon, pv. Allen co. Ky. 53 sw of F.
Vernon,, pt. Trumbull co. O, 190 he of Cs,
Vernon, lp. Clinton co. O.
Vernon, tp, Richland co, O,
Vernon, tp. Shiawassee co, Mich,
Vernon, pv. cap. of Jennings co, Ind. 65 se Is.
Vernon, tp. Washington co. Tnd,
Vernon, pt. Milwaukie co.Wis. [wnw Al
Vernon Centre, pv. Oneida co. N, Y. 105
Verona, tp, Oneida cO. N.Y. 20 w of Utica.
Verona, pv. Boone co. Ky. 53 n of F.
Verona, pv, Vanderburg co. Ind. 182 sw Is,
Verplanck, pv, Westchester co, N.Y. on
Hudson nver. ' [Pittsburg,
Versailles, lp, Alleghany co. Pa. 12 se of
VersaUles, pv. WUUamson co. Tenn, 38 s Ne.
VersaiUes, pv. cap. of Woodford co. Ky. 12
SSE of Frankfort.
Versailles, pv. cap. of Ripley co. Ind. 70 se Is.
VersaiUes, pv. Brown oo- IU. [of Jef. City.
Versailles, pv. cap. of Morgan co. Mo. 36 w
Vershire, pt. Orange co.Vt. 31 se of Mtr.
Vestal, pt. Broome co. N.Y. 147 wsw Al.
Veteran, pt. Chemu"^ co. N.Y. 11 n Elmira,
Vevay, pv. cap. Swt..2erland co. Ind. on Ohio
Vevay, pt. Ingham co. Mich. 80 wnw D. [r.
Vicksburg, Miss. See Gazetteer, [daigua.
Victor, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. 12 nw Canan-
VicTORiA, pv. Bolivar co. Miss, on Miss. r.
Victoria, a co. in the s part of Texas, between
the San Antonio r. and La Vacca r. and Bay.
It includes St. Joseph's Island, The soil
consists principally of a rich black mould,
very fertile ; near the coast, however, it is
generally poor and sandy.

WAK

640

WAR

Victoria, a small v. of Texas, cap. ofthe above
CO. on the e or left bank of Guadalupe r.
VrcTORY, tp. Essex co. Vt. on Moose r.
Victory, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 20 n of Auburn,
VtDALiA, V. cap, of Concordia par. La. on
Mississippi river.
VfENNA, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 23 HW of A.
\ ienna,,pt. Oneida co. N.Y, 3 nw of Utica.
Vienna, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. on the outlet of
-('Canandaigua Ijake. [river.
Vienna, pv.T)orchester co, Md. on Nanticoke
Vienna-, pv. Stokes co. N. C l23 w of Rh. -
Vienna, pv.Pickens co. Ala. on Tombigbee r.
Vienna, pv. cap, of Dooly co, Ga, 85 ssw of M.
Vienna, pt. TrumbuU co. O. 178 he of Cs.
Vienna, tp. Genesee co. Mich,
Vienna, pv. Macomb cq, Mich,
Vienna, pv, Soott co. Ind, 85 s of Is,
Vienna, pv, cap. of Johnson co. IU, 190 s Sd,
Villa dEL Fuerte, veel'ya, del fweR'lay, a
city of Mexico, cap. of Sonora and Cinaloa,
on the little r. Fuerte, which falls into the
Gulf of California. Lat. about 27° h, Lon,
108* w. Pop, 8,000. [of H.
Village Green, pv, Delaware co. Pa. 90 e
ViLLANOVA, pt, Chautauque co. N.Y, 22 ne
of Mayville.
Vinalhaven, pt.Waldo co. Me. 12 se Camden,
Vincennes, Ind, See Gazetteer,
Vincent, pt. Chester co. Pa. 30 nw of Phila,
ViNCENTTowN, pv, Burliugton CO. N,-J, 26 s of
Trenton,
Vineyard, pt. Grand Isle co. Vt. 78 nw of
Vinton, pv. Gallia co, O. 92 s of Cs, [Mtr,
Vinton, tp, Athens co. O. on Racoon cr.
Violet, tp. Fairfield co, O, [river,
Virgil, pt, Cortland co. N.Y. on Toughnioga
Virginia, tp, Coshocton co. O. _
Virginia, pv. cap. of Cass co. III. 36 ^v of Sd,
ViRGiNSViLLE, pv. Bcrks CO. Pa. 68 e ofH,
VoLiNiA, pt. Cass CO. Mich. 160 w of D,
VoLNEY, pt. Oswego CO. N.Y, on Big Black cr,
Voluntown, pt, Windham co. Conn, on Pa-
chaug river.
Volusia, v. Mosquito co. Flor. on St. John's r,
Vrain's Fort, St., in the Indian Territory,
on the South Fork of the Platte r., near ils
source, 4,900 ft. above the sea.
Wabash, pv. cap. of Wabash co. Ind. on
Wabash river. [feet above the sea.
Wachusett, nit. Worcester co. Mass. 3000
Wacoochee, pv. Russell co. Ala. 187 ese of T.
Wacousta, pv. CUnton co. Mich, 100 nwD.
Waddam's Grove, pt. Stephenson co. Ill,
Waddington, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on
St. Lawrence river. [Neuse r.
Wadesborough, pv. cap. of Anson co. N.C on
Wadeshorough, pv. cap, of Callaway co. Ky.
255 sw of Frankfort.
Wadeville, pv. Owen co. Ind. 47 sw of Is.
Wading River, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long
Island. [e of Cd.
Wadley's Falls, pv. Strafford co. N. H. 36
Wadsworth, pv. Medina co. O. 127 nne Cs.
Wagontown, pv. Chester CO, Pa. 62 ESE of H.
Wah-Satch, mts. California, a chain run
ning along the sr margin of the Great Basin.
Waitsfield, pt. Washington co.Vt. on Mad r.
Wakefield, pt. Carroll co. N. H. 46 ne Cd. '
Wakefield, pv.Washington co, R. I. 37 s of
Providence,
Wakefield, pv. CarroU cO. Md. 68 nnw An.
Wakefield, pv. Wake co. N. C. 20 h of Rh.

Wakeman, pt. Huron co, 0. 12 k Norwalk.
Walahmutte, See Willammette,
Walden, pt, Caledonia co. Vt. 30 ne of Mtr.
Walden, pv. Orange co, N,Y, on WallkiU r.
Waldo, pt, Waldo co. Me. 47 ene of A.
Waldo, pv. Moore co. N. C 62 sw of Rh.
Waldoborough, Me. See Gazetteer.
Wales, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 23 sw of A.
Wales, pi, Hampden co. Mass. 74 wsw^ of B,
AVales, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 18 se of Buffalo.
Wales ville, v. Oneida co. N.Y.
Walhonding r, O. one of the main branches
of Muskingum r,, joins Tuscarawas r, op
posite Coshocton.
Walker, pt. Centre co. Pa. 94 hw of H.
Walker, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa.
Walker, tp. Juniata co. Pa, [of Ap.
Walkersville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 nw
Walkersville, pv, Mecklenburg co. N. C 194
sw of Raleigh, [on Mattapony r.
AValkertown, pv. King and Queen co.Va.
W^allace, pv. Jones co. Ga. 13 sw^ of M.
AVallace, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 70 nw of Is.
Walla-Walla, woPla-wol'la, a small r.
of Oregon, falling inlo the Colurabia in 46**
5' N Lat. and 118'' 30' w Lon. Also a Bri
tish fort at the mouth of the above river,
Walla- Walla Indians, a tribe of Or^on,
dwelling in the vicinity of Walla- Walla r,
Wallingford, pt. Rutland co, Vt. 70 ssw of
Montpelier. [Hartford.
Wallingford, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 24 s of
Wallkill, tp. Orange co. N.Y. 22 w of
Newburg, [co. N.Y.
WallkiU r. unites w^ith Rondout cr, in Ulster
Wallonia, pv. Trigg co. Ky. 234 sw of F,
Walloomsack r, Vt. flop's into Hoosick r.
Walnut cr. O. flows inlo Scioto r.
Walnut, tp. Fairfield co. O. on Ohio canal.
AValnulj tp. Gallia co. O.
AValnut, tp. Holmes co. O. on Susrar cr.
Walnut, tp. Pickaway co. O, on ^ioto r,
Walpack, pi. Sussex co, N, J. on Flatkill cr
Walpole, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. on Conn r.
Walpole, pt, Norfolk co, Mass. 21 sw of B,
AValterborough, pv. cap. of CoUeton dist.
AValtham, tp.Hancockco. Me. [S. C,99s Ca.
AValtham, tp. Addison co.Vl. 24 s Burlington.
Waltham, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 w of B.
AValthamsvillk, pv. Liberty co. G^a. 204 se
of MiUedgeviUe. [\\'are r.
Walton, pv. Delaware co. NY", on Dela-
AA^'alion, pt. Eaton co. Mich. 100 w D. [Louis.
Waltonham, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. 9 nw St.
AValworth, pt.AA'ayne co. N.A'. 18 nw of
Lyons. [Madison.
Walworth, pl.Walworlh co.Wis, 70 se of
AVampsvillk, pv. Madison co. N.Y, on Cow-
asalon creek, 117 w of Albany.
AVantagk, lp. Sussejc co, N.J, ou Wallkill r.
AVapahkonetta, pv. Allen co. 0. 10<l nw Cs.
Wappelo, pv. cap. of Louisa co. Iowa, on
Iowa river.
AVappinger's cr. N.Y. flo^vs into Hudson r.
AVard, tp. Randolph co. Ind, [of Mtr.
AVardsborouoh. pt.Windham co.A/t, 120 a
AVark r. Mass. fl(»ws into Chickapee r,
AVare, pi. Hampshire co. ISIass. on AVare r.
AVareiiam, pt. Plyraoulh co. Mass. 53 sse B.
AVarehouse Point, pv. Hartford co. Conn.
14 N of Hartford. [212 ssE of M.
AVaresborough, pv. cap. of Ware eo. Ga,
Warfieldburg, pv. CarroU co. Md. 56 nnw
of AnnapoUs.

WAR

641

WAS

Warpordsburg, pv, Bedford eo. Pa. 85 sw H.
Warminster, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 17 n Phila.
Warminster, pv. Nelson co.Va. on James r.
Warm Springs, pv. Buncombe co.N.C 34
nnw of AshviUe. [w of M
AVarm Springs, pv. Meriwether co. Ga. 110
AVarner, pt. Merriraack co. N. H. 17 wnw
of Concord.
Warren, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 37 se of A,
Warren, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on Baker's r,
Warren, pt. Wn. co. Vt. 31 be of Burlington.
Warren, pi. Worcester co, Mass. 66 wsw B,
Warren, pt, Litchfield co. Conn. 8 w of
Litchfield. > [dence.
Warren, pt. Bristol co. R. I. 14 se of Provi-
Warren, pt. Herkimer co, N.Y, 64 nw ofAl.
Warren, tp, Somerset co. N, J, 6 he of So
merviUe, [anda,
Warren, tp, Bradford co. Pa. 17 he of Tow-
Warren, tp, Franklin co. Pa, 20 sw of Cham
bersburg, [AUeghany r.
Warren, borough, cap, of AVarren co. Pa. on
AVarren, pv, Baltimore co. Md. 45 H of An.
Warren, pv. Alberaarle co. Va. on James r. 80
Warren, pv. Bibb co. Ga. 43 sw of M. [hwR.
Warren, tp. Belmont co. O.
Warren, tp. Jefferson co, O,
Warren, pv. cap. of Trurabull co. O. on the
Pennsylvania and Ohio canal.
Warren, tp. Tuscara^vas co. O,
Warren, tp. Washington co. O. on Ohio r,
Warren, lp. Macorab co. Mich,
Warren, pv, Huntington co. Ind. 123 nne Is,
Warren, tp, Putnara co. Ind, [City.
AVarren, pv, Marion co. Mo. 105 nne of Jef,
AVarren, tp. Marion co. Mo. [Hudson.
AVarrensbueg, pt. Warren co. N.Y. on the
Warrensburg, pv- Greene co.Tenn,242E Ne.
Warrensburg, pv. cap. of Johnson co.Mo. on
Blackwater river. [of Sd.
Waeren-s VILLE, pv.DuPage co. 111. 180 nne
Warrenton, pv- cap. of Fauquier co.Va.
102 N of Richmond. [nne of Rh.
Warrenton, pv. cap. of Warren co. N. C 63
Warrenton, pv. AbbevUle dist. S. C 103 w of
Columbia. [ene of M.
Warrenton, pv. cap, of Warren co. Ga. 44
Warrenton, pv. cap. of Marshall co, Ala. 135
NE of Tuscaloosa.
Warrenton, pv.Warren co. Miss, on Miss. r.
Warrenton, pv, Jefferson co. O. on Ohio r.
Warrenton, pv. Gibson co. Ind,
Warrenton, pv, cap. of Warren co. Mo. 70 ene
Of Jefferson City. [of Cs.
Warrenville, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. 154 nne
Warrington, pt. Bucks co. Pa.
Warrington, tp, York co. Pa. \w ofH.
Warrior Mark, pt. Huntingdon co. Pa, 108
Warsaw, pv. cap. of Wyoraing co. N.Y. 250
w of Albany.
Warsaw, pt. Jefferson co. Pa. 168 nw of H,
Warsaw, pv, cap, of Richraond co, Va, 58 he
of Richraond.
Warsaw, pv, Duplin co, N, C. 80 sse of Rh,
Warsaw, pv. Gwirme.tt co, Ga, on Chatta
hoochee river,
Warsaw, pv, cap. of GaUatin co. Ky , on Ohio r,
Warsaw, pv. cap, of Kosciusko co, Ind, on
Tippecanoe river.
Warsaw, pv. Hancock co, IU, on Miss, r,
Warsaw, pv. cap. of Benton co. Mo. on
Osage river. ,
Warwick, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 80 wnw B.
tVarwick, pt, Kent co. R. I. ll»w Providence.
54#

Warvdckj'pt! Orange co. N.Y. 24 sw o.
Newburg.
Warwick, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 21 n of Phila.
Warwick,, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 9 h of Lan
caster.
AVarwick, pv. CecU co. Md. 15 s of Elkton.
Warwick,, pv. cap. of Warwick co, Va. 8t>
Warwick, lp, Tuscarawas co. O. [ese of R.
AVashihgtoh, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 e of A.
Washington, pt. SulUvan co. N. H. 33 w Cd.
Washington, pt. Orange co.Vl. 15 se of Mtr.
AVashington, pt. Berksnire co. Mass. 128 w B.
Washington, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 wsvy
of Hartford. [Poughkeepsie.
AVashington, pt, Dutchess co, N,Y. 12 e of
Washington, tp, Bergen co. N, J. on Hack
ensack river, [Woodbury,
Washington, lp. BurUngton co. N. J. 22 s of
Washington, tp. Gloucester co. N.J. 12 w
of Woodbury. [Morristown.
Washington, tp, Morris co, N, J, 18 w of
Washingtonj.tp, Berks co. Pa,
Washington, tp. Cambria co. Pa. on a branch
of Kiskiminelas river.
Washington, tp. Erie co. Pa.
Washington, lp, Fayette co. Pa.
Washiugton, tp, Franklin co. Pa, 11 sw of
ChambersDurg.
Washington, lp, Greene co. Pa. [cr,
Washington, tp, Indiana co. Pa. on Crooked
AVashington, tp. Jefferson co. Pa.
Washington, tp. Luzerne co. Pa.
Washington, tp. Lycoraing co. Pa,
Washington, tp. Union co. Pa,
Washington, borough, cap, of Washingtoa
CO. Pa. 209 w of Harrisburg,
Washington, tp. Westmoreland' co. Pa, 16 h
of Greensburg.
Washington, tp. York co. Pa, [nnw of R.
Washington, pv. Rappahannock cO. Va. 123
Washington, N, C See Gazetteer.
Washington, pv, cap. of Wilkes co, Ga, 78 HK
of Milledgeville.
Washington, pv. Autauga co. Ala. on Alabama
river, 102 se of Tuscaloosa. [Of T.
Washinglon C. H. pv. Wn. co. Ala. 140 ssw
Washington, pv. Adams co. Miss. 6 ne of
Natchez. [Bayou Teche.
Washington, pv. St, Landry par. La. on
Washington, pv, cap, of Hempstead co. Ark.
Ill sw of Liltle Rock, [Tennessee river,
Washington, pv, cap. of Rhea co. Tenn. on
Washinglon, pv. cap. Mas(m co.Ky. 77 ese F,
Washinglon, lp. Clermont co. O. on Ohio r.
AVashington, tp. Clinton co. O, [50 sw Cs.
Washington C H. pv. cap. of Fayelte co. O.
Wash ington, pv. Guernsey co." O. 85 E of C^.
AVashington, tp, Harrison co. O.
Washington, tp. Holmas co, O.
Washington, tp. Licking co. O,
Washington, lp, Marion co. O,
Washington, tp. Miami co. O. '
Washington, tp- Muskingura co, O,
Washington, lp. Preble co, O.
Washingtooj lp. Richland co. O. [Scioto r.
Washington, tp. Scioto co. O. on Ohio and
Washington, tp. Shelby co. O.
Washington, tp. Tuscarawas co. O.
Washington, pt. Macomb co. Mich. 30 hs D.
Washinglon, pv. cap. of Daviess co. Ind. 106
sw of Indianapolis,
Washinglon, lp, Harrison co, Ind,
Washington, tp. IV^rion co. Ind.
Washington, tp. Putnam co. Ind. -

WAT

642

WAY

Washington, tp. Randolph co, Ind.
Washington, tp.Washington co. Ind.
Washington, tp.Wayne co. Ind.
Washinglon, pv. Tazewell co. IU. 71 N of Sd.
Washington, pv. Franklin co. Mo. 76 e of
Jefferson City.
Washingtpn, pv. cap. of Washington co,
Iowa, 30 8 of Iowa City,
Washington, a co, ih the se central part of
Texas, w of, and bordering on the Brazos
r. The soil consists chiefly of a deep rich
loam, very ferlile, especially on the bottom
lands,
Washington, the seatof justice of the above
CO. and the teraporary capital of TexaSj on
the Brazos r., about 100 ra, in a straight
line E of Austin, Pop, 1,200,
Washingtonville, v. Oswego co. N,Y,
Washingtonville, v. Orange co. N,Y, 10 w
of NewbRrg, [of H.
Washingtonville, pv. Columbia co. Pa, 80 nne
Washington ville, pv, Columbiana co. O,
Washita r. Ark, and La, See Gazetteer.
Watauga r. N, C unites with the S, Fork of
the Holston, [York.
Waterborough, pt, York co. Me, 25 n of
Waterborough, pv, Chautauque co, N,Y.
Waterburg, pv, Calhoun co, Mich, on Kala
mazoo river. ' XMontpelier.
Waterbury, pt.Washington co.Vt. 12 nw of
Waterbury ^.pt. New Haven co. Conn. 52 ssw
of Hartford, [15 nw of Mtr,
WaterburyCentre, pv, Washington co, Vt.
Waterford, pt. Oxford co. Me. 53 w of A.
Waterford, pt., Caledonia co, Vt. on Conn. r.
Waterford, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 42 w B.
Waterford, pt. New London co. Conn. 46 se
of Hartford.
Waterford,, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 10 n of Al.
Waterford, tp. Gloucester co.N. J. 12 w of
Woodbury.
Waterford, pt. Erie co. Pa. 13 se of Erie,"
Waterford, pv. Loudon co.Va. 160 n of R.
Waterford, pv. MarshaU co. Miss. 184 n of J.
Waterford, pv. Gibson co. Tenn, 120 w of Ne.
AValerford, pt. Washinglon co, O, on Mus
kingum r.
Waterford, pt. Oakland co. Mich, 32 nw D,
Waterford, pv, Fulton co. III. 50' nw of Sd.
Waterloo, pv, Seneca co. N,Y,170wof Al.
Waterloo, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 70 nw of H,
Waterloo, pv. Carroll co, Md.60 nnw of An.
Waterloo, pv. Granville co. N. C 50 n of Rh.
Waterloo, pv. Laurens dist. S. C 80 w Ca,
Waterloo, pv. Lauderdale co. Ala. on Tenn. r.
Waterloo, pv. Point Coupee par. La. ou Mis
sissippi river.
Waterloo, tp. Athens co. O. on Racoon cr.
Waterloo, pi. Fayette co, Ind. 60 e of Is.
Waterloo, pv. cap, of Monroe co. IU, 115 s of
Springfield, [w of Mississippi r.
Waterloo, pv, cap. of Clarke co. Mo, n little
Water Street, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. on
Juniata river.
Watertown, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 w B.
Waiertown, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 42 ssw of
Hartford. [Black r.
Waiertown, pv. cap. of Jefferson co.N.Y. on
Watertown, pt. Wn. co. O. 92 ese of Cs.
Watertown, pv. Clinton, co. Mich. 112 wnw
of Detroit.
Watertown, pt. Jef. co.Wis. on Rock r,
Watkrvalb, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 125 w
of Albany.

WateeVill AOB, p V.Carroll eo , N ,H, 48 hb Cd.
Waterville, pt, Kennebec co. Me, 18 n A.
Waterville, tp, Grafton co, N, H, 60 n of Cd.
WaterviUe, pt. LamoiUe co, Vt, 43 hw Mtr,
Waterville, pv. Oneida co, N,Y. 90 wnw Al,
Waterville, pt, Lucas co, 0, 130 nw of Cb.
Watervliet, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 5 Hof Al.
Watkinsville, pv. Goochland co. Va. 30
WHW of Richraond. ~ [n of M.
Watkinsville, pv. cap. of Clarke co. Ga. 68
Watson, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. 10 he of Mar
tinsburg. [77 H ofH
Watsontown, pv. Northumberland co. Pa,
Wattsborough, pv. Lunenburg co.Va. 116
sw of Richmond. [creekt
Wattsburg, borough, Erie co. Pa, on French
Waupuh, pv. Fond du Lac co.Wis, 80 he of
Waushara, pv. Dane co. Wis. [Madison.
Waveelet, pv .Humphreys co,Tenn.60w Ne,
WawaRsing, pt, Ulster co. N.Y. 22 sw of
Kingston,
Wawatosa, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis.
AVaylahd, pt, Middlesex co. Mass. 17 w B,
Waylandsburg, pv. Cnlpepper co. Va; 104
NNE of Richraond.
Waymart, py. Wayne co. Pa. 166 he of H.
Wayne, pt, Kennebec co. Me, 15 w of A,
AVayne, pt. Steuben co, N,Y. on Crooked L
AVayne, tp. Armstrong co. Pa.
Wayne, tp, CUnton co. Pa.
Wayne, tp. Crxiwford co. Pa. on Sugar r.
AA''ayne, pt, Erie co. Pa. on French cr, [burg.
Wayne, tp. Greene co. Pa. 15 sw of Waynes-
Wayne, tp. Mifflin CO, Pa. on Juniata r.
Wayne, tp. SchuylkiU co. Pa.
Wayne, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 197 ne of Cs.
Wayne,jp. Belmont co. O.
Wayne, lp. Butler co. O.
Wayne, tp. Charapaign co. O.
AVayne, lp. Clermont co. O.
Wayne, tp. Clinton co. O,
Wayne, tp. Jefferson co. O. on Cross cr.
Wayne, tp. Knox co, O,
AA^ayne, tp. La Fayette co. O.
AVayne, tp. Montgomery co. O. on Miami r.
Wayne, lp, Pickaway co, O,
AVayfle, tp. Scioto co. O,
AVayne, tp. Tuscarawas co. O.
Wayne, tp.Warren co. O. on Little Miami r.
AVayne, tp.Wayne co. O.
AVayne, tp. Cass co. Mich.
AVayne, tp. Allen co. Ind.
AVayne, tp. Henry co. Ind.
Wayne, tp. Marion co. Ind.
Wayne, tp. Wayne co. Ind. [55 wsw of H.
AA^'aynesborough, borough, Franklin co.Pa.
Waynesborough, pv._ Augusta co. Va. ou
South river. [on Neuse r.
Waynesborough, pv. cap. of AA'ayne co. N. C
AVaynesborough, pv. cap. of Burke co. Ga. 82
E of Milledgeville. [on Green r.
Waynesborough, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Tenn.
AVaynesburq, boro', Greene co. Pa. 222 w H.
AVaynesburg, pv, Lincoln co. Ky, 67 sse F,
Waynesburg, pv. Slark co. O, on Sandy cr.
Waynesville, pv. cap, of Haywood co. N C.
30 w of Raleigh.
AVuynesville, pv. Wayne co. Ga. 247 se of M
Waynesville, pv. Warren co. O. on Littie
Miarai river.
Waynesville, pv. M'Lean co. IU. 55 nk of Sd.
Waynesville, pv. cap. of Pulaski co. Mo. on
Gasconade nver. [of Is.
Waynetown, pv, Montg. oo. Ind. 56 whw

WES

643

WES

WsA, pv. Tippecanoe co. Ind. 60 hw of Is.
Wears, ware, pt. Hillsboro' co. N.H, 14 sw
of Concord.
Wrare's Bridge, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 34
HE of Concord, [river.
Weather sfikld, pt.Windsor co.Vt. on Black
Weathersfield, tp. Trurabull co. O. on Ma
honing river,
Weaversvillk, pv, Northampton co. Pa,
Webster, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 s of A.
Webster, pt.Worcesler co. Mass. 56 wsw B.
Webster, pt. Monroe co. N.Y- 214 w of Al.
Webster, pt.AVashtenaw co. Mich. 50 w D.
Weedsport, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 7 n of
Auburn. [e of T.
Weewakaville, pv. Talladega co. Ala. 107
Weissen-rurg, w^l'cen-burg, tp. Lehigh co.
Pa. 72 E of Harrisburg.
Weisesburg, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 55 n An.
Weld, pt. Franklin co. Me. 47 wnw of A.
Weldon, pv, HaUfax co, N. C, on Roanoke r.
Wellersburg, pv, Somerset co. Pa, 123 w
of Harrisburg, [Cod*
Wellfeet, pt. Barnstable co. Mass, on Cape
Wellington, pt, Piscataquis co. Me. 62 n A.
Wellington, pi. Lorain co. 0. 100 nne of Cs.
WelUngton, pv. La Fayette co. Mo. on Mo, r.
Wells, pt. York co. Me. 30 sw of Portland.
Wells, pt. Rutland co.Vt. 83 ssw of Mtr.
Wells r. Vt. flows into Connecticut r.
Wells, pt. Hamillon co. N.Y. 70 nnw ofAl.
AVells, tp. Bradford co. Pa. on South cr.
Wells, tp. Jefferson co-. O. on Ohio r.
Wellsborough, pv. cap, of Tioga co. Pa,
145 K of Harrisburg, [Ohio r.
Wellsburg, pv, cap. of Brooke co, Va, on
Wellsville, pv, AUeghany co, N,Y, on Ge
nesee river.
Wellsville, pv. Colurabiana co. O. on Ohio r.
AVellwood, pv. Haywood co. Tenn. 154 wsw
of Nashville.
Wendell, pt. SuUivan co.N.H. 44 nw of Cd,
Wendell, pi. FrankUn co. Mass. 78 w of B,
Wenham, pt, Essex co. Mass. 20 h of B,
We.n'lock, lp, Essex co,Vt. 53 ne of Mtr.
Wentworth, pt. Grafton co.N.H, 56 nnw
of Concord, [116 nw of Rh.
Wentworth, pv, cap, of Rockinghara co.N.C,
Wesaw, lp, Berrien co. Mich.
AVesleYj pt. Washington co. Me. 170 E^of A.
Wesley, pv. Haywood co, Tenn. 174 wsw Ne,
Wesley, pt. AVashington co. O. 94 ese of Cs.
Wesley, pv, Fulton co, Ind. 107 N of Is.
Wesleyville, pv. Erie co. Pa. [Conn, r.
West r. Vt. called also AVantaslicook, enters
West, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. 8 n Huntingdon,
West, tp. Columbiana co. O.
West Alexandria, pv, AVn. co,Pa,225wH.
West Alexandria, pv, Preble co, 0. 188 w Cs.
West Almond, pt, Alleghany co, N.Y. 6 e
of Angelica.
West Alton, pv. Belknap co.N. H. 36 ne Cd.
AVest Arlington, pv, Beiminglon co. Vt, 106
sw of Montpelier. [68 sse of B,
West Barnstable, pv. Barnstable co. Mass.
West Bedford, pv. Coshocton co. O. 73 ne
of Columbus. _[noe r.
West Bedford, pv. White co. Ind. onTippeca-
West Bethlehem, tp. Washington co. Pa,
12 SE of Washington. [Honeoye cr.
West Bloomfield, pt, Ontario co, N,Y, on
"West Bloomfield, pv. Essex co, N. J. 56 he Tn,
West Bloomfield, pt, Oakland eo. Mich, 32 kw
of Detroit,

Westborough, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 30 w B
West Boyleston, pt, Worcester co. Mass-
42 wof Boston, [Phila.
AVest Bradford, tp. Chester co. Pa. 33 w of
AVest Brattleborough, pv. Windham co.
Vt, 123 s of Montpelier, [25 s of B.
AVest Bridgewater, pt. Plymouih co. Mass.
West Brook, tp. Comberland co. Me. 52 ssw
of Augusta.
West Brook, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 47 s Hd.
AVest Brunswick, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa.
West Buffalo, tp. Union co. Pa. 8 nw of
New Berlin, [nw of B,
AVest Cambridge, pt. Middlesex co. Mass, 6
West Camp, pv. Ulster co. N .Y, on Hudson r.
West Caln, tp. Chester co. Pa. 44 w Phila,
AVest Canaan, pv. Madison co. 0. 22 w Cs.
AVest Canada cr. N.Y, flows into the Mo
hawk about 15 m, below Utica, On it are
the celebrated Trenton Falls. [of Cs.
West Carlisle, pv. Coshocton co. O. 72 he
AVest Carrollton, pv. Fairfield co. O.
West Charleston, pv. Penobscot co. Me,
93 NNE of Augusta. [Clyde r.
AVest Charleston, pv. Orleans co. Vt. on
West Charleston, pV. Miami co. O. 78 w Cs.
West Charlton, pv. Saratoga co, N.Y. 33
NNW of Albany. [Chazy r.
West Chazy, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. on Little
West Chester, pv. New London co. Conn
30 SSE of Hartford. [Bronx r,
Wkstchester, pt, Westchester co. N.Y, on
West Chester, borough, cap. of Chester co. Pa.
27 w of PhUadelphia,
West Chester, pv. Butler co. 0, 106 wsw Cs.
West Cocalico, tp, Lancaster co. Pa.
West Dedham, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 16 sw B.
AVest Deer, tp, AUeghany co. Pa, 16 ne of
Pitisburg. [of Lancaster.
West Donegal, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 17 nw
West Dryden, pv, Torapkins co, N.Y. 170 w
of Albany. [Lancaster,
West Earl, tp, liancaster co. Pa, 13 nw of
Westerloo, pt. Albany co, N,Y, 22 sw Al,
AVesterly, pt.Washington co, R. I. 42 ssw
of Providence.
AVestekn, tp. Oneida co. N.Y. 18 nw Utica.
AVesteenport, pv. Alleghany co. Md. on the
Potomac. [Mohawk.
AVestbrnville, pv. Oneida co. NTY. on the
AVest Fairfield, pv.Westmoreland co.Pa.
160''w of Harrisburg. [Montpelier.
AVest Fairlee, pt. Orange co.Vt. 36 se of
West Falxowfield, lp. Chester co. Pa, 37
w of Philadelphia.
Westfall, tp. Pike co. Pa. [of New York,
AVest Farms, pv. Westchester co.N.Y. Hne
Westfield, pt. Orleans co.Vt. 50 n of Mtr.
AVestfield, pt.Hampdertco. Mass. 100 wof B,
AVesifield, pt Chaulauque co. N.Y. on L.Erie.
AVesifield, tp. Richraond co.N.Y. on Slaten I.
Westfield, pt. Essex co. N. J. 45 ne of Tn,
Westfield, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 168 n of H,
AVesifield, lp, Delaware co. O, 28 N of Cs,
West Findley, pt. AVashington co. Pa.
West Florence, pv. Preble co. 0. 100 w Ca
AVestford, pt. Chittenden co. Vl. 56 nw Mtr
AVestford, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 32 nw of B,
AVestford, pv. Windham co. Conn. 30 e Hd,
Westford, pt, Otsego co, N,Y, 65 w of Al,
AVest Fork, lp. Washinglon co. Ark.
West Franklin, pv. Posey co, Ind. 182 swIs.
West Goshen, tp, Chester co. Pa, 21 w Phila
West Granville, pv. Hampden co, Mass.

WES

644

WET

West Greenville, pt. Mercer co. Pa.
West Greenwich, pt, Kent co, R. 1, 18 sw
of Providence. [North r, 100 w of B,
West Hampton, pt, Hampshire co. Mass, on
West Hanover, pv, Dauphin co. Pa. 16 se H.
West Hartford, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 4 w
of Hartford. - [nw of Hd,
AVest Hartland, pv, Hartford co. Conn. 31
West HavEH, pt. Rutland co. Vl 90 sw Mtr,
West Hempfield, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 8 w
of Lancaster. [of Augusta,
West j^efferson, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 16 sse
West Jefferson, pv. Madison co, 0, 14 _w Cs,
West Kill, pv. Greene co, N.Y. 60 swof Al.
West Killingly, pv. Windham co. Conn. 48
E of Hartford.
Westland, pv. HaUfax co. N. C 86 ne Rh.
Westland, tp. Guernsey co. O. 70 e of Cs.
West Lebanon, pv. AVarren co. Ind. 84 nw Is.
West Liberty, pv, Ohio co. Va, 357 nw^ R.
West Liberty, pv. cap. of Morgan co. K3'. on
Licking river.
West Liberty, pv. Logan co. O. on Mad r.
West Manchester, tp, York co. Pa.
West Marlborough, tp. Chester co. Pa. 33
sw of Philadelphia. [hw of Al.
West Martinsburg, pv. Lewis co.'N.Y.,137
West Middleborough, pv. Plymouth co.
Mass. 43 s of Boston.
West Middleborough, pv. Logan co. 0. 56 nw
of Columbus. [Pa. 220 w of H.
West Middletown, boro', Washinglon co.
West Milford, pt. Passaic co.N.J. 100 nne
of Trenton. ' [Albany.
West Milton, pv. Saratoga co. N,Y,31 Nof
Westminster, pt, Windhara co. Vt. on Con
necticut river. [of B.
Westminster, pt.Worcesler co. Mass. 53 w^hw
Westminster, pv- Windhara co. Conn, 38 e of
Hartford. [nw of An.
Westminster, pv, cap. of Carroll co. Md. 58
Westminster West, pv. Windham co. Vt.
106 s Montpelier. - [creek.
West Monroe, pt. Oswego cO; N.Y. on Bog
Westmore, tp. Orleans co.Vt. [sw Cd.
Westmoreland, pt. Cheshire co, N- H, 65
AVestmoreland, pt. Oneida co, N.Y.
Westmoreland C H. pv. cap. of Weslmoreland
co.Va. 70 NE of Richracmd, [of Phila,
West Nantmeal, tp. Chester co. Pa. 34 nw
West Needham, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 14
wsw of Bosion', [rimack r.
West Newbury, pt. Essex co, Mass. on Mer-
AVest Newton, pv, Middlesex co. Mass. 9 w
of Boslon. [sw of PhUa,
AVest Nottingham, lp, Chester co. Pa. 45
Weston, pt, Aroostook co. Me, 260 ne of A,
Weston, pt,AVindsor co.Vt. 91 s of Mtr.
Weston, pi. Middlesex co, Mass. 14 w of B.
Weston, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 63 sw of Hd,
Weston, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 90 n of Tn,
Weston, pv. cap. of Lewis co.Va. on Monon
gahela river.
AA'eslon, pt. Wood co. O. on Maumee r.
Weston, pv. Platte co. Mo. on Missouri r.
West Penn, pt. SchuylkiU co.Pa. 80 NEofH,
West Pennsboro', lp. Cumberland co. Pa,
8 w of Carlisle,
West Pikeland, tp, Chester co. Pa,
West Pike Run, tp. AVashington co. Pa,
West Philadelphia, pv- Phila. co. Pa. on
the Schuylkill, opposite Philadelphia.
West Point, pv. Orange co. N.Y. on Hud
son r. H«re u tba U. ». MiUtary Aoadamy.

West Point, pv. Orange co. N. C. 30 Jtw.Vihr
West Point, pv. Troup co. iGa. 136 w of M.
West Point, pv. Hardin co. Ky. on Ohio r.
West Point, pv, Colurabiana co. 0. 158 ne Cs.
West Point, pv. Tippecanoe co. Ind, 77 hw Is,
West Port, pt, Lincoln co. Me. 38 s of A,
Weal Port, pv, Cheshire co. N, H. 60 sw Cd.
West Port, pt, Bristol co. Mass, 60 s of B.
West Port, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 64 sw Hd.
West Port, pt. Essex co, N,Y. on Black cr.
West Port, pv, Oldhara co. Ky. 43 hw of P
West Port, pv. Decatur co, Ind, 70 se of Is,
West Port, pv. Jackson co. Mo. 158 whw of
Jefferson City. [w of AI.
West Richmoito, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. 220
West R. tp. Randolph co. Ind. [of Phila.
West Rockhill, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 33 hhw
West Roxburt, pv, Norfolk co. Mass, 10 sw
of Boston, [of Mir.
West Rutland, pv. Rutland co, Vt, 66 saw
West Sahd Lake, pv, Rensselaer co, N,Y.
14 E of Albany, [ssw of B,
West Sandwich, pv, Barnstable co. Mass. 56
West Salem, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 17 nw of
Mercer, [sE of B.
West Scituate, pv, Plymouth co. Mass. 20
West Somers, pv. Westchester co, N.Y, 116
8 of Albany. {on Connecticut r.
West Springfield, pt, Hampden co. Mass,
West Stockbridge, pt. Berkshire co. Mass.
West Stockbridge Centre, pv. Berkshire
CO. Mass. 140wof B- [wswof B.
West Sutton, pv, Worcester co. Mass, 50
West Thompson, pv, Windham co. Conn, 46
ENE of Hartford.
West Tisbury, pv. Dukes co. Mass. 96 sseB,
West Town, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 116 ssw Al.
West Town, lp. Chester co.Pa. 20 w Phila.
West Trenton, pv. Hancock co. Me. 98 k
of Augusta,
West Turin, tp. Lewis co. N.Y. on Salmon r.
West Union, pv, Marshall co, Va. on Wheel
ing river, [of Colurabus.
West Union, pv, cap. of Adams co. 0. 106 3
West Union, pv- Knox co. Ind. 108 sw of Is.
Westviele, pv. New Haven co. Coim. 40
Wsw of Hartford.
AVestville, pv. Olsego co. N.Y. 68 w of Al,
AVestville, lp. Franklin co. N.Y. on Salmon r.
AVesiville, pv. cap, of Simpson co. Miss. 55
SSE of Jackson.
AA'eslville,pv. Champaign co. O. 50 w of Cs.
AVestville, v. Columbiana co. O.
West Vincent, lp. Chester co. Pa. 30 NWof
Philadelphia. [sse of B.
AVest AVaReham, pv. Plj-mouth co, Mass. 49
AVest AVaterville, pv. Kennebec co. Me. 19
N of Aoigusta. [of Phila.
West Whiteland, pt. Chester co. Pa. 26 w
AVest AVinchestkr, pv. Cheshire co, N. H.
67 sw of Concord. [ofH.
West Windham, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 152 n
AVest AA'indsor, lp. Mercer co. N. J,
AVest AA'oodville, pv. Clermont co. O. 90
sw of Columbus. [80 se of B.
AA^'est A''armouth, pv. Barnstable co. Mass.
AVest Zanesville, tp. Muskingum co. O.
AVethersfieLd, pt. Hartford co. Conn, 4 s Hd.
Wethersfield, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Ton
awanda creek, [ning r
AVethersfield, pt. TrumbuU co. O. on MaliO
Wethersfield, pv. Henry co, IU.
AA'"ethersfield Springs, pv, Wyoming 00
N.Y. 258 w of Albany.

WHI

645

WIL

Wetumpka, city^ Montg. cp. Ala. on Coosa r.
Weybridge, tp. Addison co. Vt. 30 s of Bur
lington. '
Weymouth, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 12 sse of-'B .
Weymouth, tp. Atlantic co, N. J. [town.
Wharton, tp. Fayette CO. Pa. llsEof Union-
AA'harton, pt.-Potler co. P^a. 180 wsw ofH.
Whately, pt. Franklin cb. Mass. 9 NiNorth-
ampton. _ [Lockport.
Wheatfield; tp. Niagara -co. N.Y. 12 w of
AA^heatfieid, lp. Pferry co. Pa, [Rochester.
Wheatland, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 14 sw of
Wheatland,- pt. Hillsdale cb. Midi. 88 swof D,
Wheeler, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 216 w of Al.
Wheelersburg, pv. Scioto CO. 0. 100 s of Cs.
Wheelin^g cr, rises' in Pa. and flows into the
Ohio in Va. just below Wheeling.
AVheellng, Va. See Gazetteer. [river.
WheeUng, pv. Holmes co. Miss, on BigHlack
Wheeling, pv. GUes co. Tenn. 74 s ofNe.^
AViieeUng, tp. Belmont co. O. i
Wheeling, pv. Delaware co. Ind. 70 nne of Is.
Wheelock, pt. Caledonia co.Vt. 43 ne lyitr.
Whetstone r.- O . flows into the fecioto r. ,
Whetstone, tp. Crawford co. O. ISsEBucyrus,
White r. Vt. flows into Connecticut r.
AVhite r. Ark. See Gazetteer.
While r. Ind. See Gazetteer.
AVhite, tp. Cambria co. Pa. [Little Rock.
WJiite C. H. pv. cap. While co. Ark. 50 nhe of
White Creek, pv. Wn, co. N,Y,43 he of Al,
White Deer, pv, Lycoming co. Pa. 78 n H,
White Deer, tp.- Union CO. Pa.
White Eyes, tp. Coshocton co..O.
WniTEprELD, pt. Lincoln co.-Me. 16 se of A.
Whitefield, pt, Coos co, N. H. 93 n of Cd.
AVhite Hall, pv. Washington co. N.Y. Oil s
end of Lake Charaplain, 73 n of Albany.
AVhite Hall, pv, Columbia co. Pa, 87 n of H,
AVhite Hall, pv. Frederick co, Va. 154 nnw
of Richmond. - [wsw of Rh.
White HalH pv. Mecklenburg co.N. C 166
AVhite Hall, pv. AbbevUle dist. S. C 93 w Ca,
AVhite HaU, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 94 s of T,
AVhite HaU, pv- Fayette co. Tenn. 190 sw N'e.
White Jlall, pv. St. Joseph co. Ind. 133 n Is.
White Hall, pv. Greene co. 111. 60 sw of Sd.
White Haven, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. IM ne H,
White Haven, pv. Somerset co. Md.- on Wi-
coraico river. . [nn^w Of Tn.
WhitIe House, pv. Hunterdon' co. N. J. 40
White Lake, pt. Oakland t:o. Mich. 43 nw D.
Whitelet, pt. Greefne CO. Pa. on Whiteley cr.
Whiteleysbueg, pv. Kent cq. Del, 20 sw;^f
Dover. ' - / [Phila.
White Marsh, pt. Montg. co. Pa, 11 hw of
White Mts. a group in the h central part of
N.H. The-highest summit, called Mt>Wash-
ington, has an elevation. of ¦6,428.feet above.
the sea, -
White Oak, tp. Ingham co. Mich.
White Oak 'Sprijtgs, pv. Iowa co. Wis. 92
BW of Madison. [Wsw of D.
White Pigeon, pv. Si. Joseph co. Mich. 148
White Plains, pv. Westcliesterco. N.Y. o|i
Bronx river, 30 nne of New York.
White Post, pv. Clarke co, Va. 140 nnw R.
White R. tp, Izard co. Ark,
Whilp R. tp. Randolph col Ind. ,[wnw Al,
Whitesborough, pv, Oneida co, N,Y. 96
-Whitesbitrg, pv. IVmdison co, Ala, 143 nne T-,
Whitestown, pt. Oiieida co. N.Y, 96 whw
of Albany, .¦ '
Whit^tovra, pv- Benton co. Mo,
„ WhitbSudphur SrEiHGfi, pvi Greenbrier co.

Va. 206 w of Richmond. Many 'thousand
persons visit these springs annually, and
large''quanlities of the water are exported.
AVhitesville, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. 265 w
of Albany. . [125 s of Rh. "
AVKitesville, pv. cap. of Columbug co. N. 0.
Whitesville, pv. Harris co. Ga. 148 wsw M,
Whitesville, pv. Duval co. Flor. on Black r,
White§ville, pv. Wilkinson co. Miss, 136 sw
of Jackson, ^ [ofNe,
AA'hitesville, pv.Harderaan co. Tenn. 172 wsw
AVhite\^ater r. Ind. flows into Great Mia
mi river, Q. [water r^
Whitewater, lp. Hamilton co. O, on White-
Whitfield, tp. Indiana co. Pa.
WhjxEord, tp, Monroe co, Mich. ,
.Whiting, pt. VVashinglon co. Me. 170 ene A.
Whiting, pt. Addison co. Vt. 70 sw of Mtr,' -
Whitingham, pt, Windham co. Vt. on Deer
field river!. [w of B,
Whitinsville, pv, Worcester co. Mass. 40
Whitley C Hl Ky. See Williamsburg.
WhitleV, pv. Whitley co. Ind. on Eel r. 120
HNE of Indianapolis.
Whitlgcksville, pv. Westchester co, N. Y,
125 s of Albany, , [248 w of Al.
Whitney's Valley, pv. AUeghany Co. N.Y
Whitpaine, tpk Montgoraery co. Pa.
Whittington, pv. Hot Springs co. Ark. 40
wof Little Roqk. [Providence. .
AVicKFORD, pv. AVashington co. R. 1. 22 s oif.
Wicomico r'. Del. and Md. flows Into Chesa-
peakcBay. . > - ,
WrcoHisco, pt. Dauphin co. Pa, 53 n of H, '
WilbRaham, pt, Harapden co, Mass. 83 wswB.
Wilcox p.,H. pv. cap. of AVilcox co. Ala. 97
s of Tuscaloosa.'- ^ > [of Sd.'
WiLcoXviLLE, pv- Schuyler co. Ill, 54 wnw
Wile'ong's Mills, pv, Lincoln cq, N, C 173
w of Raleigh^
Wilkesbarre, pv. cap. of Luzerne co. Pa.
on the Susqnyi&nna, 127 he of Harrisburg.
Wilkesboro UGU, pv. cap. of Wilkesco.N. C.
oh Yadkin river.
Wilkesboroufrh, pv. M'Lean'co. TU.74 ne Sd.
Wilkes VILLE,, pt. Ga-UiELco. O, 84 sse of ,Cs^
Wilkins, pt, Alleghany co'. Pa. 10 e of Pitts
burg.. " [ofH.
AVilkinsb'ubg, pv. AUeghany co. Pa. 192 w
Wilkin soHViLLE, pv. VvorcestCr co. Mass. 40
w of Boston.' '[ssw of R,
WUkinfeonvUle, pv, Chesterfield' co. Va, 32
WiLKiNsviLLE, pv, itniou dist, S, C 98 nw
of Colurabia,
.WUkinsville, v, Clarke co, Ga,
Willammette, wil-lam'raet, WTitten also
AVal-ah'mutte, a r. of Oregon, falli«gintq
the Columbia ilearFt.Yancouver. The val
ley of this river is regar|ted as-the finest and
Jilost' ferlile portion of tire whole territory,
Willemstadt, a ^pretty sea-port t,, cap, of
Curagoa, in the West Indies. Pop. esti
mated at 7,000. • '¦ ' ¦ [land.
Willet, pt, Cortland co, N.Y, 18 se of Cort-
¦•WiLLiAMS V. Vt, flows into the Connecticut.
Williams, lp Northampton co. Pa. -
W^iLLiAMspoROUGHj pv. GrauvlHe co. N.'C.
- 48 N of Raleigh. ' - \ ' [PleasBiUt r.
WiLLiAMSBunG»,.pt. Piscataquis co. Me', on
Williamsburg, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 100 w
of Boston. - ' . . , '
AA''rl!iam5l)urg, Long I. See Gazetteer.
Williamsburg, borough, Huntingdon Co: Pa.
on the Juniata. ¦ [59 ese of It,
WiUiainsburgj v, cap. of James Cityco,Va.

WIL

646

WIN

WiUiamsburg, pv. IredeU co. N. C. 157 w of
Raleigh. [82 se of J.
Williamsburg, pv. cap. of Covington co. Miss,
Williamsburg, pv. Mason co. Ky. 90 ene of F.
¦Williamsburg, pv. cap, of Whitley co. Ky. on
Cumberland river. [Cincinnati.
AVil liams burg, pt. Clermont co. O. 28 b of
Williamsburg, pv.Wayne co. Ind. 73 e of Is.
Williarasburg, pv. CaUaway co. Mo. .37 nne
of Jefferson City. [nw of Cs.
Williams Centre, pv, Williams co, O, 170
Williams College Grant, tp, Aroostook co.
Me. [of Cs.
WiLLiAMsEiELD, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 200 ne
Williamson, pt.Wayne co. N.Y. on Lake
Ontario, 200 wnw of Albany.
WiLLiAMSPoRT, boro'. Cap. Lycoraing co. Pa.
160 NW of Philadelphia. [tomac r.
Williarasport, pv. Washington co. Md. on Po-
Wiliiamsport, pv. Hardy co.Va. 180Hwof R.
Williarasport, pv. Maury co, Tenn. 45 ssw
Williarasport, v, Colurabiana co, O, [of Ne,
AVilliamsport, pv. Pickaway co. O, 35 s Cs.
AVilliamsport, pv, cap. of Warren co. Ind, on
the AVabash, [Tuscaloosa.
WiLLiAMSTpH, pv, BarbouT CO, Ala, 186 se of
WiLLiAMSTOWH, pt. Orange co.Vt. 11 se Mtr.
WiUiamstown, pt. Berksnire co. Mass, on
Hoosick river. It is the seat of Williams
College.- [Oswego,
WiUiamstown, pt. Oswego co. N.Y- 28, e of
Williarastpwn, pv, Lancaster co. Pa, 50 ese
of Harrisburg, [on Roanoke r.
WiUiamstown, pv, cap, of "Martin co. N. C
WiUiamstown, pv, cap, of Grant co. Ky. 50
NNE of Frankfort. [Indianapolis.
WiUiamstown, pv. Decatur co. Ind. 55 se of
WiLLiAMsviLLE, pv. Windham co.Vt, 120 s of
Monipelier.
Williarasville, pv. Erie co, N.Y. 278 w ofAl,
Williarasville, pv, Kent co. Del. 22 ssw Dover,
Williarasville, pv, Pers<m co. ]^I,C. 60 nnw Rh,
Willimanset, pv, Harapden co. Mass. on
Coimecticut r, [r. to form the Shelucket,
WiLLiMANTic r. Conn, unites wilh Natchau"^
Williraanlic, pv, Windham co. Conn. 28 e Hd.
WillingboroUgh, tp. Burlinglon co, N, J, 7
NW of Mount HoUy,
WiLLiNGToN, tp. Piscataquis co- Me.
WilUnglon, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 28 w of Hd,
Willington, pv. Abbeville dist. S. 0. lOO w Ca,
WiLLisTON, pt. Chittenden co, Vt, 32 nnw
of Monipelier.
Willislon, pv. BarnweU disl. S. C; 93 ssw Ca.
Williston, pv. Callaway co. Kv. 265 wsw F.
WiLLisTOWN, tp. Chester co. Pa. 20 nw PhUa.
WiLLOUGHBY, pv. Lake co. O. 164 nne of Cs,
Willow Grove, pv. Montg. co. Pa. 13 h PhUa.
WiLLSBORODGH, pt, Ess'cX CO. N,Y. 15 NE of
Willsborough, tp. Tioga co. Pa, [Elizabeth.
Wills, tp. Guernsey co. O,
WiLLSHiRE, pi.Van Wert co. 0. 130 wnw Cs.
Wilmington, pt.Windham co.Vt. 17 e of
Bennington. [of B,
WHmnigton, pt. Middlesex co, Mass. 16 nnw
Wilmington, pt. Essex, co.N.Y, on Saranac r,
Wilmington, Del. See Gazetteer.
Wilmington, pv. Flnvannaco. Va. 58wnwR.
Wilmington, N. C See Gazetteer.
Wilraington, pv. M'Cracken co, Ky, [of Cs.
Wilraington, pv, cap, of Clinton co. O. ?2 sw
Wilmington, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 84 se of Is.
Wilmingtcm, pv, WiU oo. Ill, 152 ne of Sd.
Wilmington Island, Ga. in Savaiuiah r. 6
xa. long, 4 broad.

WiLMORK, pv. Cambria co. i3Pa.
Wilmot, pt. Merriraack co. N.H. 27 kw Cd,
WiLMURT, tp. Herkiraer co, N.Y, 35 n of
Herkimer. [NWofAl,
Wilna, pt. Jefferson co. N,Y. on Black r. 157
Wilna, pv. Houston co. Ga. 60 sw of M.
Wilson, pu Piscalaquis co. Me, [port. .
Wit-son, pi. Niagark co, N,Y. 10 nw of Lock-
AViLsoNvlLLE, pv. Bath co.Va, 198 wnw R,
Wilsonville, pv. Lincoln co, N, C 185 wsw
of Raleigh,
AVilsonvUle, pv, Shelby co, Ala. 82 E of T,
AVilsonville, pv, Spencer co, Ky, 35 wsw F,
Wilton, pt, Franklin co. Me. 38 whw of A
Wilton, pt, Hillsborongh co.N.H, 40 s ofCd
AVilton, pt, Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw of Hd,
AVilton, pt, Saratoga co. N.Y. 43 n ofAl.
Wilton, pv, GranviUe co, N, C 34 n ofRh,
WiNCHENDON, pt. AVorccster co, Mass. 60
WNW of Bt)5tou, [Concord,
A\''iN CHESTER, pt- Cheshire CO. N. H. 61 swof
Winchester, pt, Litchfield co. Conn. 36 n w Hd.
Wuichesier, Va. See Gazetteer.
Winchester, pv, cap. .of Wayne co. Miss, on
Chickasawha r, 150 ese of J, [94 sse Ne.
Winchester, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Tenn.
Winchester, pv, cap. Clarke co, Ky, 44 ese F-
AVinchesler, lp. Adams co. O,
Winchester, pv. Guernsey co, O. 87 E of Cs,
Winchester, pv. cap, of Randolph co. Ind. 81
ene of Indianapolis. [<)f Sd.
Winchester, pv. cap. of Scott co. IU.50 wsw
Winchester, pv. Clarke co. Mo. 165 s of Jef.
Winchester, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa, [City,
Winchester Centre, pv. Litchfield co. Conn.
30 Nw of Hartford. [Augusta.
AViNDHAM, pt. Cumberland co. Me, 56 sse of
AVindhara, pt. Rockingham co. N.H.40sECd,
Windham, pt. AVindhara co, Vt. 104 s of Mtr.
Windhara, pt. AVindhara co, Corm, 31 e of Hd
Windham, pt, Greene co, N.Y, 45 sw ofAl.
Windham, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 162 n of H,
Windham, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. 25 nw of
AVilbesbarre. .
Windham, pt. Portage co, O. 160 ne of Cs,
Windham Centre, pv, Greene co, N.Y, 50
sw of Albany,
Windsor, pt, Kennebec co. Me, 10 e of A,
Windsor, tp, HiUsborough co, N. H. [river,
Windsor, pv. cap. of AA'iudsorco.A't.on Conn.
AVindsor, pt. Berkshire co, Mass. 123 w of B,
AVindsor, pi. Hartford co. Coun. 7 n of Hd.
AA'indsor. pt. Broome co. N.Y. on Susqa, r.
Windsor, tp. Berks co. Pa, on SchuylkiU r.
AVindsor, pt. York co. Pa. 42 s ofH.
AVindsor, pv.cap. Bertie co.N. C. 100 enb Rh.
Windsor, pv. Walton co. Ga. 70 nnw of M.
AVindsor, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 126 ne of Cs.
AVindsor, pt. LawTence co. O. 110 sse of Cs.
AVindsor, pv. Randolph cn. Ind. 71 ene of Is
Windsor, pv. Bureau co. III. 120 n of Sd.
AVindsor Locks, pv. Hartibrd co. Coun. U
N of Haritord.
AA'iNKsBURG, pv. Holraes co. 0. 105 ne of Cs
AViNFiELD, pt. Herkimer CO. N.A'. 76 wof AL
AA'iNGviLLE, pv. Granlco. AA''is.67w Madison
AViNHALL, pt. Bennington co, A't. 97 s of Mtr.
Winnebago, lake, Wis. 24 m. long, 10 broad.
WiNNEMAc, pv. cap, of Puludci CO. Ind. 100 m
of Indianapolis,
AA'"iNNicuT r. N. H. a tributary of Piscataqua
river, which it enters through Great Buy.
WiNNirisioGEE, lake and r. N, H. See Gaz
etteer. [S. C 30 NNW of Ca
Winnsborough, pv. cop. of Fairfield dial

WOM

647

WOO

Winslow, pt. Kennebec co. Me, 20 n of A,
Winslow, pv. Gloucester co. N.J. 54 s of Tn,
Winslow, pv. Pike co. Ind. 146 ssw of Is,
Wintersville, pv. Jef co. 0. 134 ene of C&
Winthrop, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 10 w of A.
AViSTON, pv. cap. of Hertford co. N. C. on
Chowan river.
WiOTA, pv. Iowa CO. Wis. 75 n of Madison.
Wire Town, pv. Monmouth co. N.J. 50 e Tn.
Wirt, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y.
Wiscasset, Me.' See Gazetteer.
WiscoNisco, tp, Dauphin co. Pa.
AVISCONSIN, Slate of. An act vras passed
at the las! sessitm of Congress providing for the
adraission of Wisconsin into the Union a^ a
sovereign state, wilh the following bounda
ries — Beginning at the north-east corner of
the state of Illinois — that is to say, at a point
in the centre of Lake Michigan where the line
of 42° 30' N Lat. crosses tlie same; thence,
running wilh the boundary line of the state
of Michiffan, through Lake Michigan, Green
Bay, to the month of the Menomonie, riverj
thence up the channel of said river to the
Brule riverj thence up said last raentioned
river to Lake Brule j thence along the south
ern shore of Lake Brul6 in a direct line lo the
centre of the channel between Middle and
South islands^ in the, Lake of the Desert:
thence in a direct line lo the head waters of
the Montreal nver, as raarked upon the survey
made by Captain Crarara; thence down the
main channel of the Montreal river lo the
middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the
centre of Lake Superior to the raouth of the
St. liouis riverj thence up the raain channel
of said river to the first rapids in the same,
above the Indian viUage, according to Nicol
let's raap J thence due south to the liiain
b.'anch of the river St. Croix; thence down
the main channel of said river to the Missis
sippi J thence down the centre of the main
channel of that river lo the north-west cor
ner of the slate of Illinois ; thence due east
with the northern boundary of the stale of
lUinois to the place of beginning.
Wisconsin coniprises a portion of a rich
mineral region which extends inlo Illinois
and Iowa. Lead ore is abundant j copper
occurs in considerable quantities. Antimony
is said lo have been recently discovered in
great abundance, near Helena, in Buchanan
county,
Wisenburg, pv. Lehigh co. Pa,
WissAHiCKOH cr. a snmll stream falling into
the Schuylkill 6 m. above Philadelphia, no
ted for the wild aud picturesque scenery
along its banks, [of Cs,
WiTHAMsviLLE, pv. Clcrmont co. 0. 128 sw
WoBDRH, pt. Middlesex co. Mass, 10 hw of B,
Wolcott, pt, LamoiUe co, Vt. 23 n of Mtr.
Wolcotl, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 54 s of Hd.
Wolcott, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. on L, Ontario,
Wolcott SVILLE, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 26'
w of Hartford.
Wolf, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. [Mercer.
Wolf Creek, tp. Mercer co. Pa, 10 se of
WoLFSBOROUGH, pt. CarroU co. N. H. 40 nnw
of Concord. [w^sw of Rh.
WoLPsviLLE, pv. Mecklenburg co. N, C 178
Wolveeton, pv, M'Minn co. Tenn. 185 ese
of NashvUle. [Reading.
WoHSLSDOBF, pv, Bcrks CO. Pa. 14 w of I

WoHASQiTATDCKET T. Providcnce CO, R. I.
flows into Providence Cove.
Wood cr. N.Y. flows into Oneida Lake,
AVood cr. Washinglon co, N.Y. fiows intoL,
Champlain. [ofAl.
WooDBouRNE, pv. SulUvau CO. N,Y. 103 sw
Woodbounie, pv, Knox co. Tenn, 200 e of Ne,
AVooDBRiDGE, tp. Ncw Haveu co. Conn, 6 nw
of New Haven,
Woodbridge, pt, Middlesex co.N.J,43NETn.
AVoodbridge, tp. HUlsdale co. Mich.
AVooDBURN, pv, Macoupin co. III. 63 s of Sd.
AVooDBvRY, pi. Litchfield co. Conn, 50 w Hd.
Woodbury, v- Queen's co, N.Y, on Long I.
Woodbury, pv. cap. Glo'sler co. N.J, 37 ssw
of Trenton.
AVoOdbury, pt. Bedford co. Pa, 113 w of H.
AA'^oodbury, lp. Huntingdon co; Pa. [sEofNe,
Woodbury, pv. cap. of Caimon co. Tenn. 54
Woodbury, pv. Wood co, O. 104 nnw of Cs,
AVoodbury, pv. Madison co. Ind. 22 he of Is.
AVoodbury, pv. Coles co. HI. 105 ese of Sd.
AVooDcocK, pt. Crawford co. Pa. 213 NW H,
Woodford, pt, Bennington co. Vt, 120 p Mtr,
Woodford, pv, Woodford co. 111, on Macki
naw river. ,
AVooDHULL, pt. Steuben co, N.Y. 240 w of Al.
WoodhuU, lp. Shiawassee co. Mich,
Woodland, pv, Hamillon co, Flor.
Woodland, pv. East Feliciana par. La, 120
NW of New Orleans.
WooDLAwN, pv. Lincoln co. N. C 173 w Rh,
Woodlawn, pv. Edgefield dist, S. C 98 w Ca.
WooDsBORouGH, pv,- Frederick co. Md. 85
Nw^ of Annapolis. [e of Cs.
WooDSFiELD, pv. cap. of Mouroc CO. O. 117
Wood's Hole, pv. Barnstable co. Mass, 80 s
of Boston.
WoodsonvilLe, pv.Hart co. Ky. on Greene r.
AVooDSTOCK, pt. Oxford co,_Me. 50 w of A.
AVoudstock, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 57 n of Cd,
Woodstock, pv. cap. of AVindsor co. Vt. 50 s
of Montpelier. [Hartford,
Woodstock, pt. Windham co. Conn, 43 ene of
Woodstock, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 70 s of Al.
Woodstock, pv. Amie Arundel co. Md. 50 KW
of Annapolis. [onN. Fork of Shenandoah r.
Woodstock, pv., cap, of Shenandoah co, Va.
Woodstock, pv. Cherokee co, Ga. on Liltle r,
Woodstock, pv. Champaign co. 0.37 nw Cs.
AVoodstock, pt, Lenawee co. Mich. 73 wsw
of Detroit.
WoODSTOWN, pv. Salem co. N. J. 53 s of Tn
WooDsviLLE, pv. Middlesex eo. Mass.
Woodsville, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 13 n of Tn,
AVooDviLLE, pv, Litchfield co. Conn. 40 w vt
Hartford. [Albany.
Woodville, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. 170 hw of
Woodville, pv. Rappalumnock co. Va. 118
Nw^ of Richmond. • [of Rh.
WoodviUe, pv. Perquimans co. N.C. 205 ehe
Woodville, pv. AbbevUle dist. S. C 93 w Ca
WoodviUe, pv. Greene eo, Ga. 55 h of M.
AA^'oodviUe, pv. Jackson co. Ala. 103 he of T.
Woodville, pv. cap. of Wilkinson co. Miss,
135 sw of Jackson.
AVoodville, pt. Sandusky co. O. on Portage r.
Woodville, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 74 s of Is.
Woodville, pv. Hancock co. 111. 106 wnw Sd
WoodviUe, pv Macon co. Mo. 96.N Jef. Ciiy
WooDWARDViLLE, pv. Marcugo CO, Ala. 104
s of Tuscaloosa.
Woolwich, pt, Lincoln co. Me. 35 a of A.
Woolwich, ip, Gloucesler co, N. J". 11 sw of
AVootl^ttry.

YER

648

ZOA

Woonsocket Falls, pv. Providence co, R. I.
15 NHW of Providence, [Cleveland,
Wooster, pv. cap. of Wdyne Co. O. 50 s of
Worcester, pt. AVashington co.Vl. 8 n Mtr,
Worcester, Mass. See Gazetteer.
AVorcester, pv. Olsego co, N,Y, 57 sw ofAl.
Worcesier, pt, Montgomery co. Pa, 90 e ofH,
Worcester, pv. M'Donough co. Ill, 98 nw Sd.
Worthington, pt. Hampshire co. Mass, 17
WNW of Northampton.
AVorthingtnn, pv. Armstrono-co. Pa. 190 wH,
VVorthing'ton, pv. Muhlenburg co, Ky. 172
'sw of Frankfort.
Worthington, pv. FrankUn co. O. 9 n of Cs,
Worthington, tp. Richland co. O.
Wrentham, pi. Norfolk co. Mass. 32 ssw B.
Wrightsborough, pv. Colurabia co, Ga. 95
ene of Milledgeville.
AVrightstown, pt. Bucks CO. Pa, 24 n Phila,
Wrighlstown, pv. Burlington co, N. J. 23 s
of Trenloii. ^quehanna r,
WitiGHTsviLtE, borough, York co' Pa, on Sus-
AVrightsville, pv, Roane co. Tenn. 154 e Ne.
¦ Wdrtsborough, pv, Sullivan 'no. N.Y. 97 sw
of Albany. '
Wyalusing cr. Pa. flows into Susquehanna r.
Wyalusing, pt. Bradford co. Pa. on Wyalu
sing creek. [hatchee r.
AVyatt, pv. La Fayette co. Miss, on Talla-
Wye r. Md. runs between Talbot and Queen
Anne counties into Chesapeake Bay.
A\''ykertown, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 80 n Tn,
Wynant's Kill, pv. Rensselaer co.N.Y. 10
E of Albany.
AVyoming, pv. Wyoraing co. N.Y, 248 w Al,
AVyoming, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. on Susqa, r,
AVyoraing, pv: Dinwiddie co.Va. 60 s of R,
Wyoraing, pv. Stark co. 111. 100 n of Sd,
Wyoming, pv.Wayne co. Iowa.
WysoX) pt. Bradford co. Pa. J36 n of H.
AVytheville, pv, Wythe co.Va, 248 w of R.
Xalisco, See Jalisco.
Xenia, pv. cap. of Greene co. O. 60 wsw Cs.
Yadkin r. N, C See Gazetteer,
Yaqdi, or Hiaqui, yah-kee', a r. of Mexico,
which falls into the Gulf of California near
the 2Sth parallel of n Lat, and the 110th
meridian of w L<m, [nw of Rh.
f ANCEYviLLE, pv. Cap. of Caswcll CO, N. C 87
Yankee Springs, pt. Barry co. Mi^h. 150 w
Yantic r. Conn, flows into the Thames. [D.
Yardleyville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on the De
laware. [Bosloli.
Yarmouth, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 78 se of
Yarmouth Port, pv. Barnstable cb. Mass,
77 SE of Boston.
Yates, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. 12 n of Albion.
Yazoo r. Miss, formed by the junclion of
Tailahatchee and Yalabusha, flows into the
Mississippi river.
Yazoo City, pv. Yazoo co. Miss, on Yazoo r.
Yellow Cr, pt. Chariton co. Mo. 110 nw of
Jefferson City,
Yellow or Chester Springs, v. Chester co.
Pa. 30 WNW of Philadelphia.
A'ellow Springs, pv. Greene co. 0.52sw Cs.
\ellow AVater r. Ala. and Flor. flows into
an arm of Pensacola Bay.
YellvillEj' pv. cap. of Marion co. Ark. 180
N of Little Rock.
Yelvington, pv. Davie.'wco, Ky. 156 ¦w of F,
Verba Buena, yer'bu, bwa'n&, a loWn of
California : the same as San Framcisco,
winch •••,

YocTTMTOWN, pv. York CO. Pa. 21 s of H.
Yonkers, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. on Hud
son river. [mouth.
York t. Me. flows into the Atlantic by a broad
York r.Va, See Gazetteer.
York, Me', See Gazetteer.
York, pt. Livingston co. N.Y, 238 w ofAl,
York, Pa. See Gazetteer,
A'ork, tp. York co. Pa. 5 sw of York.
York, pv. Fayette co. ,Ga. 87 wnw M.
York, tp. Athens co, O, on Hockhocking r.
York, tp. Belmont co. O. on Ohio r,
York, tp. Morgan co. O.
York, lp, Sandusky co, O,
York, pt. Washlenaw^'co. Mich. 46 w of D.
York, tp. Switzerland Co. Ind.
York, pv. Clarke co. IU. on Wabash r.
York Haven, pv, York co. Pa. on Susqa, r,
Yorkshire, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y, on Cat
taraugus creek, [s ofH.
York Sulphur Springs, pv.' Adams co. Pa. 21
Yorktown, pt, Westchester co. N.Y, on Cro
ton river.
Yorktown, Va, See Gazetteer.
Yorktown, pv. Dela-ware co. Ind. 50 he of Is.
Yorkville, v. New York co, N.A'. 5 n of
the City Hall. [of Ca,
Yorkville, pv. cap. of York dist. S. C. 80 h
Yorkville, pv. Pickens' co, Ala. 68 wsw of T.
Yorkville. pv- Gibson ro, Tenr 143wof Ne,
Yorkville, pv. Racine co. Wis. ^ ese of Ma
dison.
Voughiogheny^, yfih^ho-ga'ne, a r. which
rises in Preston co.Va., and flowing through
Md. inlo Pa. J falls into the Monongahela
18 m. SE of Pittsburg, It is navigable lo ihe
Ohiopyle falls, 30 m. from its mouth. At
this obstruction the river has a perpendicu
lar descent of 20 feet.
Young, tp. Indiana co. Pa,
Young, lp. Jefferson co. Pa. [of Ca.
YouNGESViLLE, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 40 x
YoUNGSTOwN, pi. Niagara co. N.Y. on Nia
gara river. [150 w of H.
A'oungstowTi, borough, AVestmoreland co. Pa.
A'oungstown, pt. Trurabull co. 0. 177 he Cs.
YODNGsviLLE, pv. Warren co. Pa. 218 nwH.
Youngsville, pv. Tallapoosa co. Ala. 140 ese
nf Tuscaloosa, - [134 n of H.
A.'^OUNG AV^OMANSTOWN, pv. Cliulon CO. Pa.
A'ouTA. See Utah.
Ypsilanti, pv. \Vashtenawco,Mich. 30wD
Zacatula, sac- ^- too' I a., a r. of Mexico, faU
ing into the Pacific about IS^ n I^t., and
1023 25' w Lon. Also, a little town al the
mouth of the above.
Zacatecas, sah-kS-ia'kas, a slate in the cen
tral part of Mexico, immediaiely a of Coa
huila. Area 20,000 sq. m. Pop. 275,000,
Zacatecas, the capital of the above, is
about 9,600 ft. higher than the sea, and has
a populaiion of 25,000. (B.)
Zanesfield, pv, Logan co. O. 64 nw of Cs.
Zanesville, O. See Gazetteer.
Zanesville, pv. Mom^. co. 111. 38 s of Sd,
Zebulon, pv. cap. ot Pike co. Ga. 77 w M.
Zebulon, pv. Pike co. Ark. 136 sw of Lillla
Rock.
Zelienople, pv. Butler co. Pa. 224 w of H
Zenas, pv. Jennings co. Ind. 62 s of Is.
Zion, pv. Iredell co. X. C. 155 w of Rh,
ZoAR, pv. Tuscarawas co. O, on Tuscara
was river. [sse of Hd
Zoae Bridge, pv. New Haven co. Corai, 56

PREFACE TO THE SUPPLEMENT.
Thb principal object of the authors in preparing the following Supple
ment, has been to furnish a manual of geographical pronunciation adequate
to the wants of teachers. Many names occurring on the maps ordinarily
used in schools, had been omitted in the original Gazetteer, either from
the impossibility of then ascertaining the true pronunciation, or from the
con'viction that they ¦were intrinsically of little importance. , For it is per
haps scarcely necessary to inform the reader that the insertion or omission
of names in an atlas furmshes no certain criterion ¦whereby to determine
their actual importance, since it is not unusual for engravers, in order to
obviate the appearance of meagreness or deficiency, to insert the names
even of the most insignificant places in those parts of the map ¦where they
happen to have plenty of room, ¦while names of real importance are neces
sarily omitted in other parts for the ¦want of room. It not unfrequently
happens, indeed, that the names of places whose existence is doubtful or
more than doubtful, are found on maps of those parts of the world which
have been but imperfectly explored. Yet names, however insignificant in
themselves, occurring in our most popular school atlases, acquire from this
very circumstance a certain importance to the teacher of geography. It
has accordingly been the aim of the authors to give all the dificult names
found in our common school atlases, especiaUy on the maps of those parts
of the world which are the best known, and of those which, from commer
cial or other relations, are most interesting to us.
The names of places in the United States, however, form a partial ex
ception to this general plan, not that it is less important to give the difScult
names of our own country, but (as has been stated in the Advertisement to
the present edition of this work) " on account of the insuperable difficulties
inherent -in the task itself." In giving the pronunciation of the. names of
foreign places — there being ordinarily but one known among the inhabitants
— the only points of difficulty, generally speaking, are: first, to ascertain
the true sound ; and, secondly, to express it in a manner intelligible to the
English scholar. With regard, however, to the names of some parts of our
OTTO cotmtry, it seems impossible to give any pronunciation that will be
generaUy satisfactory, from the fact that in many instances there is no
settled pronunciation even among the inhabitants themselves. We have
repeatedly known gentlemen of intelligence and education to differ entirely
¦with regard to the proper manner of pronouncing names with which they
had been familiar for years. It appears to us that this uncertainty or

diversity must necessarily prevail, at least for a time, when the name is
of foreign origin (e. g. Terre Haute), and the inhabitants are of difi^erent
nations or from different sections of the country. When this is the case, some
'will probably conform to the foreign prommciation, whUe others -wUl adopt
various modes of anglicizing it. We believe that the determining of such
questions must be left to time ; which 'wiU doubtless graduaUy bring about
the same 'uniformity in the pronunciation of these names as now prevails
'with respect to the words and names introduced into the EngUsh language
at the Norman conquest.
It is, moreover, proper to apprise the reader that a multitude of names
¦will not be found in the Supplement as they are given in some of our most
popular school atlases, from the fact that they are misspelled in these works.
Mistakes in orthography (owing perhaps to the greater difficulty of making
corrections on an engraved plate) are much more frequent on maps than
in ordinary printing. That the Gazetteer may not be censured — as it has
been in several instanceis — for omissions attributable to the mistakes above
alluded to, it is proposed to cite a few examples in iUustration and proof
of the foregoing statements. That there may be no appearance of reflection
on any particular publication, the examples ¦wiU be taken promiscuously
from difi'erent popular atlases, and from such only as justiy rank among the
best works of the kind that have been published.

Incofrsctly written

Correctly written.

Incorrectly written.

Correctly written.

Araassero

Amasera or Amassera

Mourden

Moukden or Mookden

Ajaccia

Ajaccio

Mourzuk

Mourzonk

Brasos

Brazos

Muher

Mnhr or Mur

Bella

Biela

Neembneo

Neerabacu

Borezina

Berezina

Nivada

Nevada

Brozza

Brazza

Olensk

Olenek

Carlo la

Curzola

Orosci

Orosei

Carma

Carrao

Osium KaraMssar

Afinm Karahissar

Cheim See

Chi era See

Oualin

Ouanlin or Ooanlin

Citschin

Gilschin

Oustug

Oustioug or Ooslioog

Cristano

Oristano

Parabo

Fambu

Curugualy

Curuguaty

Paracato

Paracata or Parazata

DawalageriDe los Palos

Dhawalaghiri

Fest

^esth

De los Patos

Porto Vecchia

Porto Vecchio

Edinburg

Edinburgh

Quibdo

Quibo

Eelah

Eelee or IU

Sarayuca

Sarayacu

Gervin

Cervin

Sassara

Sassari

Grossen

Grossen

Selinga

Selenga

Kasil Irmak

Kizil Irmak

Shilkan

Shilka

Kermansheh

Kermanshah* or Kir-

Sinbirsk

Simbirsk

Kosmin

Kozrain [raanshah
Koksak or Kbksoak

Silcha

Sitka [gootoi
Surgutoi* or Sooi-

Koksah

Suigutoi

Luugenthal

Langenthal

Sougari

Soungari

Lubec

Lubeck

Teraiscanning

Temiscaraing

Luisna

Ljusne or Liusne

Tcharri

Tchany

Mahrburg

Marburg

Terapleburg

Tempelburg

Marosz

Maros or Marosch

Tetzel

letze

Melvidilz

Medvieditza [kolcz

Udina

Udine

Mischkoks

Mischkoltz* or Mis-

Zazan

Zaizan

Meniere

Men tone

Ztiayn

Zuaym

Monaca

Monaco

Weishorn

Weisshorn

* These are given first, not because they are preferable in themselves, but because they
are evidently the speUings whioh were before the mind ofthe engraver when the mistakes
were originally made. Kimtanshah, MiskolcZt and Soorgoatoi or Soorgootj are in fact prefer
able to the others.

PEEFACE. iii
This list might be greatly extended, especially with names from the
maps of those portions of the world of which comparatively Uttle is kno^wn,
e. g. the countries of Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe.
In some few instances mistakes in spelUng, whioh in the first place have
doubtiess originated in mere inadvertence, have, by being copied from one
map to another, graduaUy become so general, that they seem at length to
have bid defiance to the reproach which ordinarily attaches to such faults,
or to have become legitimated by the respectability or number of those by
which they are adopted. Behking's (Strait) is a remarkable instance of
this kind. In only one out of a great number of atlases that we have ex
amined, is it uniformly speUed correctly. But another, in which the nama
occurs five times, has it misspeUed only once. It is very often given differ
ently on the different maps of the same atlas — generally Bhering, some
times Beering or Bering, but very rarely Behring, which is the correct spelling.
As the strait aUuded to derives its name from the navigator who is sup
posed to have visited it first, it is evident that the name of the strait should
be ¦written in the same manner as that of the navigator. Another instance
of a similar kind is furnished in Los Angeles, the name of a town in
California. This is almost invariably written incorrectly Loa Angelas. As
the name is Spanish, and signifies " the Angels," there is no difficulty in
determining the true orthography, which is as we have first given it, Loa
Angeles. It is, however, important to distinguish between the misspelUng of geo
graphical names and that legitimate diversity of speUing, which naturally
results from the different power attributed by different nations to the same
letters. (See Preface to the Gazetteer, page xii.)
It may be proper to say a few words respecting omissions in the Sup
plement, which are not referable to mistakes in orthography merely. A
number of names have crept into some of our most respectable school
atlases, for whioh, after the most careful research, we can find no sufficient
authority. Choumaiakie, sometimes given as the highest mountain in the
world, may be cited as an example. Balbi (who vn'ites the name Tchhamou-
lari) gives it among the mountains of Asia, but speaks of its height as
undetermined ; at the same time vaguely assigning it a place " on the limits
of Bootan." Cannabich gives it (¦written Chamalari) as one of the highest
mountains of Asia, ¦without indicating its position more definitely than
merely naming it among the Himalayas. Mount Tchhafcoulari or Chou-
malarie is not to be found on Balbi's inap of India, nor on the maps of the
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, nor in the excellent aud
accurate atlas of GUbert, recently published in London. This work, inits
list of mountains, gives Dhawalaghiri as the highest on the globe, but does
not so much as name Choumalarie. It is a curious if not significant circum
stance, that those atlases which give Mount Choumalarie, assign to it almost
the identical position that is given to Dhawalaghiri on Balbi's map of India ;
which position, according to the best authorities, cannot be less than-three

IV PEEFACE.
hundred miles from the nearest part of Bootan ! The various and contra
dictory spellings of the name in question, render it no less difficult to deter
mine its pronunciation, than to ascertain the precise locality to which it
belongs, if indeed such a locality exist. In view of the foregoing facts, wo
have thought it advisable to wait for further information before attempting
to give the prommciation of a name, which at present seems whoUy involved
in doubt and perplexity. In a number of instances, especiaUy, where the
pronunciation could not easily be mistaken, we have inserted doubtful
names, with a point of interrogation affixed.
From the belief that it -will materially contribute to the practical utUity
of our system of geographical orthoepy, a list of those names which are
most frequently mispronounced is appended to the Supplement. It is
obvious that such a list, were it deemed advisable, might readily be much
extended in a future edition.
Great pains have been taken in order to render the Supplement a com
plete key to the various spellings of oriental and other names. (For a
full explanation of this interesting subject, see Preface to the Gazetteer,
pp. xii. and xiii., and pp. 28 and 29 of the Introduction; also the Table
of different spellings at the end of the Introduction.) This feature of our
work, which is peculiar to the Pronouncing Gazetteer, and which is so
important to every intelligent teacher, inasmuch as it affords the only
means of extricating an extensive department of geography from per
plexity and confusion, has been much more fuUy developed in this than in
the former editions of the Gazetteer.
Although the utmost care has been takeu to render the present edition
of our work as faultless as possible, we are not so sanguine as to imagine
that it wUl be found to be without defects. In a publication of this sort,
where there are so many minute marks made use of in order to indicate
the exact pronunciation, ¦* it is impossible but that some inadvertencies ¦wiU
occur, not to mention those errors which may in some cases result from
a deficiency of information. For such unavoidable defects we trust that the
candid and enlightened critic will make due aUowance.
* It may not be improper here to call the attention of our readers to the great advantage
possessed by a stereotype work, from the facilities it affords for attaining absolute accuracy.
All persons who have any acquaintance with the subject must be aware of the difficulty
or rather impossibility of printing any work which shall al first be entirely free from typo
graphical errors. This difficulty is greatly increased in a book like the present, in which
many signs and figures are employed to mark the pronunciation. In a stereotype work the
errors may be corrected in the plates, as they are discovered, while those parts which are
already correct remain undisturbed. In this way any conceivable degree of accuracy raay ba
gradually attained.

SUPPLEMENT.

EXPLANATION OF THE SIGNS OF NOTATION USED IN THE FOLLOWING WORK
Fite, fir, f4U, fat, mA, mfit, ni, nSt ; a, e, T, 0, 0, long; &, 6, 1, 6, tl, short; a, e, \, q,
obscure ; oo as in moon, 66 as in good, ou as in our (or ow as in now), n sirailar to ng, gh like
g hard, ih as in thin, th as in this, w indicates a sound simitar to our v ; it is intended, how
ever, that the English scholar shall pronounce it Uke simple w.
Ah is employed to denote a sound intermediate between fl. and a, but more resembling tha
latter, e. g. al-a-bah'ma.
When h (not small capital) occurs at the end of a syllable in the pronunciation of a naracj
it is not lo oe sounded. '
An acute accent (') is used to denote the primary or principal accent ; a grave (') to mark
the secondary accent of a name, e. g. Pas"sa-ma-quod'dy.
^^J* For further particulars see pp. 50 and 51 of the Gazet teer-^especially Observationa
1 and 2, on p. 51.

ADA
Aa, i&.
Aachen, Sl^Ken. See Aix-la- ChapeUe.
Aalborg, ol'boBg.
Aar, Ma, or Aren, IL'ren.
Aargan, Ms'gow (Fr. Argovie, ar^goVe').
Aarhuus, oa'hooce.
Aath, lit. See Ath.
Abaco, S.'bti-ko, t. of W. Indies.
Abakan, &-bl-kdn'.
Abakansk, ^-bSi-kinsk'.
Abancay, S.-bSji-kI'.
Abano, 3.-b&.'no.
Abascia or Abassia, ab-ash'e-a.
Abbeville (France), ibbVeel' or S-bbVill'.
Abbeville (S. C), ab'be-vil.
Abbetibbie or Ab'be-tib'be. I. of British Amer.
Abd-el-Curia, 3,b-del-koo're-a, (written also
Kooree or Kouri,) t. of Ind. Ocean.
Ab'er-broth'pck or ArTjrOath.
Ab-er-deen',Abergavenny, ab-er-gi'ne.
Ab-er-ist'wlth (th as in thin)..
Abert, i'bert, I. of Oregon.
Ab'iog-tpn. o
Abo,a'bo (Sw. Abo, O'boo).
Abomey, ab-o-mi'.
Abookeer, Aboukir, or Abukir^ a-boo-keer'.
Abootizh, Aboutige, or Aboutij, 8.-boo-tizh'j
written, also, Abutisch and Abootish.
Abrantes, &-br3.n'tSs.
Abrolhos, S^brole'yoce.
Abruzzo Citra, l-broot'so chee'tri.
Abruzzo Ultra, S.-brool'so ool'trS..
*Ab-se'cum or Absecombe.
Abukir. See Abookeer.
Abutige or Abutisch. See Abootizh.
Ab-ys-sinl-a, Acapulco, S.-ki-pool'ko.
Acaray, S^ki-rl', ttUs. of Brazil.
Ac'co-mack.Accra. See Acra.
Acheen or Atch-een'.
Achigan, ash"e-gan' or a'she'gaN', r. of Canada.
Achil, ak'il, i. of Ireland.
Achraim or Akhmyra, aK-raeem'.
Achraouneyn. See Oshmooneyn.
Aconcagua, t-kon-k^'gw^, prov. of Chili.
Acqai or Aqui, &.'que.
A-c'ra or Ac'cra.
Acre, §.'ker or i'ker.
AdaUa, a-di'le-&, or Satalia, sa-ta'le-a.
55

AIS
Adana, 5,'d§,-n3,.
Ad'da, M'd^t.
Adel, 1-del'.
Aden, &'den or i'den.
Adige, ad'e-je (II. pron. i'de-ji; Ger. Etsch,
etch).
Adirbeitzan. See Azerbaijan.
Ad-i-ron'dack. Adlerberg, fi.'dler-beKG, or Arlberg, aElTjcEa
Adour, S.d'ooR'.
Adowahj S.'do-W3,, or Adova, 5.'do-v&.
Adraraili, 3,'dr3--mee'te.
Adria, i'dre-k.
Adrlanople, ad-re-an-o'pel.
AdYi-af^ic.JEgean (Sea) e-jee'an.
.^gina, e-jrna, i. of Greece.
^roe, i'ro or i'ro-eh.
iEtna, pronounced, and often written, Et'na,
Afghanistan, S.f-g§in'js-t9.n'.
Afioom, A.fioum, or Afiura, i-fe-oom'.
Afragola, 3,-fr9L-go1?t.
Af'rl-ca.Agably or Aghably, 8i'ga-blee\ c. of N. Af
rica.
Agadir, §i-g^-deer', (caUed also Santa Cruz,)
t. of Morocco.
Agdas, Sg'dls', or Aghades, a'ga-des, t. of
Africa.
Agde, ^gd.
Agen, S,'zhaN'. [This is an exception to a
general rule: the regular pronunciation
would be 5.'zhW, almost 5.-zh6ng.]
Aghrim, aug'rira or auH'rim, t. of Ireland.
Agnoiie, ^n-yo'ni.
Agosta, S,-gos't3,.
Agra, S,'gra. _
Agram, ^'gram, (. of Austria.
*Aguadilla, l-gwk-neeVyl.
*Agua Nueva, ^'gwS. nwa'va.
*Aguas Calientes, k'gw^ kS^le-Sn'tfis.
Aguayo, ^-gwi'O, (. 0/ JVfexico. ,
Agulhas, S.-goory3s, cape forming the S.
point of Africa.
Ahanta, ^-han'm.
Ahmedabad, S,'med-a-bad'.
Ah'med-nug^er.Ahwaz, aVaz', (. of Persia.
Aichstadt. See Eichstadt.
Ain, 4n.
Aintab, Tne-tib'.
Aisncj ^e.

ALL
Aix, &ks.
Aix-la-ChapeUe,ak8-l&-8h&*peU'(Ger.Aachen, hSi'men).
Ajaccio, 3.-yat'cho, or Ajazzo, &-y&t'so.
Ajan, i-zhan'.
Ajalon, adj'a-Ion, t. of Palestine
Ajasaluk. See Ayasoolook.
Akaba, &'kl-b&, t. ^Arabia.
Akerraan, a'ker-man\
Akhaf, fi.'K9.f', desert of Arabia.
Akhissar, &k^his-saB.'.
Akhmym or Achmira, 3,E-meem', written
soraetiraes Ekhrayra.
Akshehr, Akchehr, or Akscbeher, ik-shShV
or &k-sh&'her,
Aksoo, AJcsoii, or Aksu, Sk'soo', t. of Chin.
Tartary.
Alabama, al-a-bah^ma.
Alachua, al-atch'u-a.
Atagoas, &-]l-go'&s, t. of Brazil.
Alais, k^\k' .
*Alamo, 3,'l3^rao.
*Alamos, S-'li-raoce. o
Aland, S.'land (Sw. Aland, 0'l3ind).
*Alaqua, al'a-quaw.
Alashehr or Alaschehr, &'lSrsh3hV or &-l&>
shi'her.
Alba, kVbk.
Al Baab, il-biib. t. of N. Africa.
Albacete, fi.l-bl-lhi'ta:
Arba Ju'JI-a. See Karlsburg.
Al-ba'n!-a (Turk. Arnaootleek or Arnaoutlik,
au^ni-oot'leek).
Albano, 9.l-bS.'no.
Albans, St., sent aul'banz.
Albany, aul'ben-e^
Arbe-marlfi (in England).
Al-be-marle' (in the United States).
Albula, S.l'boo-lS., r. of Switzerland,.
Albuquerque, S.l-boo-kSR'ki.
Alby or Albi, al'be, (Fr. pron. &rbe').
Alcala, 3.-k9.-ll^
Alcala de Henares, &l-k&-l&.^d& 5n-&'rSs.
Alcarao, aKkS^rao.
Alcaniz, SLl-kAn-yeelh'.
Alcantara, &l-kln't&-r3,.
Alckraaer. See Alkmaar.
Al-co'na.,Alcoy, S,l-ko'e.
Aldabra, &l-dS,'br3,, i. M. of Africa.
Aldan, il-d3,n', r. of Siberia.
Alden, auKden.
Alderney^ aul'der-ne.
Alem-Tejo or Alen-Tejo, fi.-lenff-ti'zho.
Alen9on, a-Ien'son (Fr. pron. iliu'siN').
Al-ep'po, or Haleb, h3.'leb.
Aleria, S.-li-ree'l, (. of Corsica.
Alessandria, &l-3s-sln'dre-&..
Aleutian, a-lu'she-an, or Aleutan, a-Iu'tan.
Al-ex-an-dret'ta. See Scanderoon..
Al-ex-an'drl-a. *Alford, aul'furd.
Algarve, aUgaR'vi, or Al-gar^bl-a,
Algeziras, alg-ez-ee'ras, or Algeciras (Sp.
pron. of both, fi-l-Hi-thee'ras).
Algiers, al-jeerz'.
Al-go'a, bay in S. Africa.
Alhama, &,l-{L'ml.
Alicante, &-le-k&n't&, or Al-l-caiit\
Alicata, &-le-k&'t&..
Alkraaar or Alckraaer, alk-mar'.
Allahabad, &rilLh-ha-b&d'.
Alle, &ri9h.
Arie-ghi'ny.

S ANA
AH^n.Allier, ftlle-^'.
AHo-a.Almaden, ftl-n^nen'.
Almansa, &l-piln's&.
Almeida, ^l-m^'e-d^.
Almeria, &l-m&^ree'3,.
Almirante, Sl-me-r^'ti. e. E. of ifrica
Almunecar, al-moo-nA-kaR'.
AUiwick or Ahiewick, an'nik.
Al Obeid. See Obeid.
Al-pe'na,Alps, ilps.
Alsace, S.PsSk'.
Ais, kh, or Alsen, iVs&n.
Alstahong, ^Is^l^-hong, t. of Norway.
Altai, il-ti'.
Altamaha, anna-ma-han'.
*Aliamira, il-ta-raee'ri.
Altamura, k\-\&^mo</rk.
Altena or Altona, kl'tQ-nk.
Al'len-burg (Ger. pron. iKten-bfi6aG').
Al-tin or AUyn, &l-tin', I. of Siberia.
Alton, aul'lun.
Altorf, ai'toaf, or Altdorf.
Altzey or Alzey, 3,lt'sl.
Alula or Alonta. a-loo'tS, r. of Wallachia.
*Alvarado, il-va-ri'DO.
Alvarez, 3.l'v4-rSs, (. of Cuba.
Araager, &'m3.-gher.
Amalfi, i-mil'fe.
Amapala, k-iak-pk'lk, t. of Honduras.
Araarapoura. See Ummerapoora,
Amasera or Amasrah, l-m&sra.
Amasia or Amasieh, S.-ma'see'a.
Amatique, ara-a-teek', bay of Central Amer.
Amaxichi, &-ra5x'e-Kee, t. on Santa Maura I.
Am'a-zpn (Sp. Maranon, mi-r3.n-yone' ; call
ed, also, Orellana, o-rel-yi'i^).
Ara-a-zo'nl-a.Ara'berg (Ger. pron. Sm'bSRG).
Araberl, ^.M^baiB'.
Amboise, aaib'wiz' (almost aMb^vIze^.
Am- boy'.
Am-bo/na.Arabriz, araT)riz, or S.m-breez', r. of Gvinect.
Am'bro, cape of Madagascar.
Am'brose, St., t. W. of Chili.
Ameland, &'m6l-int. .
Ara-e'lX-a.Ara-erl-ca.Amersfort or Amersfoort, a'merB-fftrt.
Amga, &m'gL r. of Siberia.
Amhara, Sm-n&'ra.
Amherst, am'ui^t.
Amherstburg', am'urst-burg.
Amiens, am^-enz (Fr. pron. i'me-asO*
Araito, ara-eel'".
Amlwch, ara'look.
Araraer, im'mer, r. of Bavaria.
Am-mon-oo'suck. Amoo or Araou, i-moo'. See Oxos.
Amoor or Amour, 4-moor'.
Amorgo, fl.-mor'go, or Amor'gos, ». ofGru»
^Amoskeag, amos-keg'.
Araoy' or Eraoui, em-oo'e, i. on E. coast qf
China.
Amretsir, Ira-ret-seer', or Um-rit-Beer'.
Am'ster-dam.Arau. See Amoo.
Amur. See Araoor.
An-ab'a-r^, or &-n&.'b&-r&^, r. of Sib^rim,
An-vdeei^ or Anadir.
*Anahuac, &a-&-w&k'.

APE
An-vtoat-?. See Natolia.
Ancona, an-co'n&.
Aiidalusia, an-da-lu'she-?, (Sp. Andalucia,
au-da-loo-thee'l). > ^ *- >
An-da-raan'.
Andelys, Les, laze-iNdMe'.
Andernach, 8in'der-nfik.
Andes, an'diz.
Andorra, &n-dor'r3,.
An'do-ver.Andro, 4n'dro, or An'dros, i. of Greece.
An'dros- cog'gin,
Andujar or Anduxar, In-doo'nar.
Angara, &ng'g&-rl', r. of Siberia.
•Angelica, an-jel'e-ki.
•Angelina, an-je-lee'na, r. of Texas.
Angerraanland, ong'er-ra&n-llLnd.
Angers, an'jerz, formerly written Angiers
(Fr. pron. aN'zha').
Anglesey or Anglesea, ang'gl-se.
An-gola. An-go'ra or An-goo'ra (Turk. En-goor').
Angornou or Angornou, an-gor-noo', (. of
Soodan.
Angostura, In-gos-too'ri.
Angoulerae, SNgoo'lame'.
Angra, ing'gri.
Aaguilla, ang-ghil'la (Sp. Anguila, In-
gnee'la).
Angus, ang'gus.
Anhalt, an'hait.
AnhoU, am'hait.
Antba, ft-ne-bS.', r. of Brazil.
Anjou, in'joo, (Fr. pron. iN'zhoo').
Anjouan. See Anzooan.
Anktara, ^nOElSin.
An-ko'ber.An'na-ber^ (Ger. pron. Sji'ni-b&Ro').
An-nap'o-lis.Ann Ar-un'del.
Anne, St., (BrazU). See Santa Anna.
Annecy, &nn'ce'.
An'no-bon\ (Port Ajino-Bom, Sji'no-biN',) i.
W.of Africa.
An-no-nay'.Anspach, Siis^pSx.
*An's9n.
Antalo, intile', (- o/* Abyssinia.
Antequera, &n-t4-ka'r&.
Antibes, ^N'teeb'.
Anticosti, an-te-kos'te.
*Antietara, an-tee'tum.
Antigua, an-lee'ga.
Antilles, an-teel .
Antioch, an'te-ok (Turk. Antakia, an-ta'kee'a).
Antioquia, in-te-o-kee'i.
An-tip'a-iris, (. of Palestine.
Antisana, in-te-s^'ni.
Anlongil, iNtArs'zheel', or AnlongU's, an-ton'-
ji^z, bay of Madagascar.
An'trim.Ant'werp (Dutch Antwerpen, ant'werp-en ;
Fr. Anvers, &NVaiB').
Anzin, ^n'z^n'.
Anzooan or Anzuan, an-zoo-an' ; written,
also, Anjouan.
Aosta, ^s'tS..
Apache, i-p4'chi, (Indians) in the S. of CaU'
fomia.
Apalachee, ap-a-lah'che, bay of Florida.
Apalachicola. See Appalachicola.
Apapura, 4-p5rpoo'r2i, r.ofS. America,
Ap'en-nTnes. I

J ARL
Apiocacumish. ap^e-Onkak'um-ish', I. of La-
brador.
Ap^ol-lD'n!-a, (. of Palestitie.
Ap-pa-lach-1-co'Ia.Appenzell, ftp-pent-sell'.
Ap'pling.Ap-po-raat'tox. Apt, &pt.
Apure, &-poo'ri.
Aqui, a'que.
Aquila, a'que-15..
*Aquin, S-'k^N'.
Aquino, S.-quee'no.
Arabia, a-&'be-a.
Aracan. See Arracan.
Aracati, 3.-r3.-k8i-lee', t. of Brazil.
Aradj i'rad, t. of Palestine.
Arad, 6r'6d\
Aragon, ar'ra-ggn fSp. pron. ir-rl-gone').
Araguay, ar-a-gwl .
Aral, Sr'al.
Aranjuez, 5.-r3,n-Hweth'.
Ar-an'sas, ( of Texas.
* Ar-ap'a-hoe.
Ararat, ftr'a-rat.
Aras, a/as, or Ar-ax'cs.
Arauca, i-rou'kS., r. of New Granada.
Araucanians, ar-au-ka'ne-ans.
Arbe, au'bk.
Ar-brOath. See Aberbrothock.
Ar-ca'dl-a (Modern Gr. Arkadia, aR-k3.-dee'JL)
(. of Greece.
Archangel, ark-ane'jel (Russ. pron. aRk-ang'*
ghel).
Archipelago, ar-ke-pel'a-go, a name given
originally to the sea which separates Greece
from Asia Minor j but now often applied to
any sea interspersed with islands.
Arcis, aR'se', (. of France.
Arcola, aR-ko'lS., (. of N. Italy,
Ar'cot'.Ardeche, aR'daish'.
¦ Ar'den or Ardennes, aRMenn'.
! Ardencaple, aT'den-kap'el,in2eC of Greenland.
Ar'drah. Arechat or Arichat, arYe-shat', t. on I. ilfa-
dame.
Arecivo, l-r&-see'vo, (. of Porto Rico.
Arensburg, i'rens-bSRG. See Arnsberg.
Arequipa, 3,-ri:-kee'p8,.
Arezzo, &-rel'so.
ArgenlaUj aR'zh&w't&N'.
Argenteuil, aR'zh^-N'tirL'
Argentine (ar'ien-tlne) Republic (Sp. Repub
lica Argentina, r&-poob'le-k& aR-Hdn-tee'-
nk). See Plata, La.
Argentiere, aa'zhS.N'te-aiR'.
Argoon, Argoun, or Argun, ar-goon'.
Ar gos, (. of Greece.
Argostoli, aR-gos'to-l#.
Argun. See Argoon.
Argyle or Argyll, ar-ghyle'.
Argyro Castro, aB.'ghe-ro kas'tro.
Arica, 3.-ree'k3.. ¦
Ariege, 3.Ve-aizh'.
Ar-i-raa-the'a, t. of Palestine.
Arinhos, i-reen'yoce, r. of Brazil,
*Arispe, 3.-ris'pi.
Ar-kan'sas, forraerly pronounced, and some
times written, Ar'kan-saw.
Ar-kee'ko j written, also, Arkiko.
Ark'law, t. of Ireland.
Arl'berg (Ger. pron. aBl'bdB&). See Adler
berg.

ATH
Aries, arlz (Fr. pron. aRl).
Arraagh, arrnl'.
Armagnac, aR^m^n'yik'.
Ar-me'nl-a.
Armentifire, aR'miN'te-aiR'.
Arm'strong.Arn'hem ; written, al6«, Arnheim, am'hime.
Ar'no.Ar'non, (. of Palestine.
Arns'berg (Ger. pron. anns'bSBG).
Arnstadt, aRn'st§.tt.
Aroan or Arouan, ^-roo-^n', alraost ar-w^n',
t. of Central Africa.
Aroer, ^r'o-er, t. of Palestine.
Ar'ol-sen or S,rol-sen, (. of Germany.
Ar-oos'iook.Arpino, aR-pee'no.
Ar ra-can' or Aracan.
Ar'ran. *Ar-rap'a-hoe. See Arapahoe.
Ar'ras (Fr. pron. §.r>iss').
Ar'roe j more correctly, .^roe.
Ar'ta or Nar'da.
Artois, aR'twi'.
Arundel, jtr'un-del (in England).
Ar-un'del (in the' U. S.)
Asaph, az'af.
As'ben'^ t. of Africa.
Ascension, as-sen'shun.
Aschatfenburg, ash-affen-burg (Ger. pron.
3.-shif'fen-b66RG') .
Aschersleben, ^h-ers-li'bent
Ascoli, &^s'ko-le.
Ash-an'lee, sometimes w^ritten Achanli.
Ash'dod (Az-o'tus), t. of Palestine.
Ashe, ash.
Ash'er, tribe of Israelites.
Ash-ta-bu'la,
Ash'ia-roth, t. of Palestine.
Ash'lpn. *Ashuelot, ash'we-lot.
Asia, i'she-a (often improperly pronounced
i'zhe-a).
As'ke-lon, t. of Palestine,
Asna. See Esne.
A.«pern. ^'pern, (. of Austria.
As'sam .
Assen, Sa'sen.
As-sinl-boin'', r. of British America.
Assisi, as-see'se.,
Assouan or Assiian. See Asswan.
Assumption, as-surap'shun (Sp. Asuncion,
S,-soon-the-one').
Asswan, Assouan, or Assuan, ILs-sw^n'.
Aslerabad, 9s*ler-a-bS.d', or Astrabad, Ss^ra-
b^d'. ' • • - ' * ¦
Asti, k&'te.
Astorga, &s-tor'g3..
As-lo^l-a.
As-tra-can'or Astrakhan (Russ. pron. is-tr^-
K&-n').
Asturias, &s-loo're-is.
Atacama, &-t&-k^'m&.
Atanai, 8,-touTT'. See Atooi.
Atchafalaya, atch-af-a-ll'a,
Atch-een' or Acheen.
Al-fe', soraetiraes written Alfih.
Ath or Aath, ^5.1.
Ath-a-pes'cow or Ath-9.-bas'c?.
Ath-boy'.' Ath'?ns.Ath-lone'.Alh'os.Athy, ath-r.

t AZO
Atico, &-tee'ko, t. of Peru.
Atina, S^tee'ni.
At-lan'tic. At'las.
Atooi, S-too-I', more properly written Atanai
or Tauai.
Atri, 3.'tre,
At'ta-la. Alter, after (Ger. Atter-See, it'ter-siO I. of
Austria.
Attigny, S.l'teen*ye'.
At'tock' or Attock Benares, atHock' b3n-&'-
rez.
Aflruck', T. of Persia.
Atuai. See AtooL
Aube, Obe.
Au'burn.
Aubusson, D'btts'sAi?'.
Auch, Dsh.
Aude, ude.
Audenarde, O'den-aRd'. See Ondenarde.
Auerbach, ou'er-bSx.
Augs'burg (Ger. pron. ouGs'b66BG).
Angela or Aujila, au'je-Ia, t. of N. Africa.
Au-gus'ta or Agosta.
Augustine (St.), au-gns-leen'.
Aurich, ow'rix, r. of Germany.
Aurillac, o'reel^^h:, t. of France.
Aurungabad, o-rung-ga-bSd'.
Aus'ler-litz (Ger. pron. ous'ier-Iits).
Aus'lral (Is.), a group of Polynesia.
Australasia, aus-tral-i'she-a.
Australia, aus-tr&'le-a.
Aus'tral-ind, t. of Australia.
Aus'lri-a (Ger. Oestreich,. ast'rlxe).
Au-tau'ga. Autun, oIun'.
Auvergne, 0-vem' or O'vaiEn'.
*Aux Cayes, S kay.
Auxerre, o-saiR'.
Auxonne, ox'onn',or Aossonne, Os'sonn'.
Ava, k'va.
Avatchka. See Avralska.
Avallon, 3.VS.P16n'.
Aveiro, S.-vi'e-ro.
Avella, a-veria.
-Avellino, &-v3i-lee'no.
Avenches, &.'v3.Ksh'.,
Averno, 3.-v3R'no.
Aversa, S.-v6R'si.
Avesnes, &Vain'.
Aveyron, S.Vi'rfiN'.
Avezzano. &-vSt-s3i'no.
Avignon, iVeen^yis'.
Avila, S.'ve-l2i.
Aviona, 3.v-lo'n?L.
Avon, i'vpn.
Avoyelles, av-oi-elz' (commonly caUed ^-vT-
el).
Avranches, B.v'riNsh'.
A-wats'ka or A-v&lch'ka,
Awe, au.
Axoom, Axoum, or Axum, ax-oom'.
Ayacucho, T-&-koo'cho, t. of Peru.
Ayamonte, i-a-raon'ti.
Ayasoolook, I'a-soo-look'; written, also,
Ayasalouk and Ajasaluk.
Aylesbury, ailz'ber-e.
Ayr, air.
Ayrshire, air'shir.
Azerbaijan, S,z-er-bT-j8Ln'.
Az'of, Azoph, or Azov.
Azores. az'Ors or az-O'rez (Port. A9ore8,
ft-sO'res).

BAM !
B.
Baalbec, b&M'bek'. See Balbec.
Ba'bel-man'del, or, more correctly, Bab-el-
man'deb.
BacchiffUone, b&k-keel-yo'ni.
Ba-dagry.
Badajos, bad-?.-hoce' (Sp. Badajoz, bi-D^
niih').
Badakhshan. See Budukhshan.
Badenweiler, b?^-den-wTler,
Badku, b&d-koo', or Bakoo.
Baeza or Bae9a, b3.-4'thS,.
Baffa, hkrfk.
Baffin^s (Bay).
Bagdad, b^-did' or bag'dad j written, also,
dagdat.
Baghermeh, b?l-ffher'meh, kingdom of Africa.
Bagnarea, b&n-ya-rfi.'^,.*. of Italy.
Bagneres de Bigorre, bS.n'yaiR' deh be'^gorr'.
Bagneres de Luchon, b3ji"yaiR' deh lil'shAN'.
Bagnols, bSinYol'.
Baharaas, ba-h^'maz.
Bahar, bi-har'.
Bahari, bi'H'ree, prov. of Egypt.
Bahia, hk-ee'k, or San Salvador, s3in s3.1-v3l-
dor'.
Bahrein, bih-rane'.
Bahr-el-Abiad, bar-el-5.'be-ad\ branch of the
R. Nile.
Bahr-el-Azrek, bar-el-iz'rek', branch of the
Nile.
Bahr-el-Merj. See El Margi.
Baikal, hVklW
Baireuth, bl'roth (Ger. pron. bl'roit).
Bairout. See Beyroot.
Baja, b5.'yi.
Bajada or Baxada, hk-s.k'dky t. of La Plata.
Bajazid. See Bayazid.
Bakoo orBakou, b3.'koo'; ¦written, also, Badku.
Bakleghian or Bakhteghian, b^-te-ghe-S.n',
or Bak-te-gan', I. of Persia.
Bal'a-ghauls.Balaruc, bl'l^YOk'.
Bal'a-sore'. Balaton ; more correctly, Balatony, baa'la-
ton. See Flatten See.
Bal'bec or Bal'bek'.
Balcash. See Balkash.
Baldwin, bauld'win.
Bale, "bal. See Basel.
Balearic, bal-e-ar'ik (Islands).
Bal-fur-Osh' or Bal-froosh'; written, also,
Balfrouch and Balfrusch.
Bali. See Bally.
Balize, bi-leez'.
Balkan, bS.l-k3in'.
Balkash, birkSsh', I. of Central Asia.
Balkh, b2ilK; written, also, Bulkh.
Eal'lard.Bal'le-ny's, i. in S. Pacific Ocean.
Ballina, bal'e-nli'.
BaUinasloe, bariin-a-slO'.
Ballston, bauls'ton.
Ballslon Spa, bauls'tgn spa or spaw.
Bal'Iy.
Bal'ly-shan'non.Baltic, baul'lic.
Baltimore, baul'te-more or bault'e-mor.
Ballingglass, baujt-ing-glass'.
Bam-a-koo', (. of W. Africa.
Bara-bar'ra. Bam'b^rg (Ger. pron. bam'befla).
S5*

BAT
Bam-book'; written, also, Baraboufc and
Barabuk.
Baraian, b8.'mee'8.n', or Bamigan, city of Af'
ghanistan.
Bnmmakoo. See Bamakoo.
Bamop, bSi'rano', written also Bhamo and
Bhanrao, bhB.n'raO', t. of Birma.
Banca, bank'ka.
Ban'da. Ban'don, (. of Ireland-
Banff, pronounced, and Boraelimes written,
Bamff.
Banffshire, baraf 'shir.
Bangalorej,bang'ga-lore'.
Bang'kok'. Bangor, bang'gher (in England).
Ban'gor (inthe U. S.).
Banica, b3.-nee'kS,, (. qf Hayti.
Banjarraassin, ban-yar-raas-sin' or Ban»j6>
mas-sing', (. of Borneo.
Bann, b^n.
*Ban'nacks (Indians).
Ban'nock-burn'.Ban'tam'.Ban'lry. Bapaurae, b&*pOme'.
*Bar-a-co'a.
Barbados or Barbadoes, bar-b&'dpz.
Bar-le-duc, baE'leh-dfllr.
Barbary, bar'ber-e.
Barbour, bar'ber.
Barbuda, bar-boo'da.
Bar'ca, prou. of Africa.
Bar-cel'lAs, (. of Brazil.
Bar-ce-lp'na or bar-thi-lo'ni.
Bar§ge, bS.'raizh'. See Barrfige.
Bareilly, bar-i'le,
Bari, bS,'re.
Barinas, b3,-ree'nS5. See Varinas.
Barletta, baE-let'll.
Bar'raen, t.of Prussia.
Barnaul, baR-nowl'.
*Bar-ne-gat'.
Barnsley, barnz'le.
Barn'sta-ble.Barn'sta-ple.Barn'well.Baroach, b3.-rOtch'.
Bar-o'da.Bar'ra, or b3.r'r5., t. of Brazil.
*Bar're (in iw^o syllables).
BarrtSge or Barege, bar'raizh'.
Bar'ren.Barriraa or Bariraa, b9.-ree'ra&, point near the
mouth of the R. Orinoco.
Bar'rOw. Bar'ry.
Bartsch, baRtch, r. of Prussia.
Basel, hk'zel (Fr. Bala or Basle, bal).
Basman, b§us-m3,n', t. of Beloochistan.
Basque, bask, name given to the provinces in
ihe N. E. of Spain .
Basrah, b3is'r3,. See Bassora.
Bassano, b&s-s^'no.
Bas'sas, cape (f Africa.
Basse-terre, bass'-taiR'.
Bassora, bSts'sp-rS., or Eas'rah.
Bastia, hks-tee'k.
Bagtogne, b&s'ton', (. of Bellum.
*Ba.s'trop, co. and t. of Texas.
Batavia, ba-ti've-a.
Balh'urst, i. ofN. America.
Batiscan, b^-tis-k&N', r. of Canada.

BEN

6

SIE

Baton Rouge, bat'un roozh.
Batroon, Batroun, or Batrun, bfl^troon', t. of
Syria.
Battaglia or La Battaglia, .i b&t-lM'yi,
Bautzen, bout'sen.
B^-va'rl-a (Ger.' Baiern, bl'ern).
Bayao, ba-yi'Aw, alraost bi-yowng', t, of
Brazil.
Bayazid or Bayazeed, bl-a-zeed'.
Bayeux, hkyva'.
Saylia, Beila or Bela, b^'l^ (. of Beloochistan.
Bayonne, bi*yonn'. -^
Bayou, bi'oo.
Bazarjik, bi-zar-jeek', t. of Bulgaria.
Bazas, b&^z^'. t. of France.
Bearn, bi'aR.
*Beaucoup, bD-koop'.
Beaufort, bu'furt.
Beaujeu, bo^juh', t. of France.
Beauley, bo le.
Beaumaris, bO-m&'ris.
Beaune J bOne.
Beauvais. bOVi'.
Beccles, bek'klz.
Bedfordshire, bed 'furd -shir.
Bedouin or Beduin, bed'66-in, or Bed'o-ween.
Bee'chey, ca^e of British America.
Bee'der ; written, also, Bider.
Beel,, bale, i. of Transylvania.
Bee-Too', a kingdorn or region of Africa.
Be-er'she-ba, t. of Palestine.
Befort, bi'foR. See Belfort.
Begharmi. See Baghermeh.
Behring's, bee'ringz (Strait).
Bella. See Biela. . ,
Beira, hk'e-rk. See Beyra.
Beiroot or Beirout. See Beyroot.
Beith, beelh, ,
Beja , bA-'zhS,.
Be'ja-poor', formerly vn-itten Visiapour.
Bel-ed'-el-Jer-eed'; written, also, Beled-^-
Jerid, Belad-el-Djeryd, Beled-el-Jerede,
and Biled-ul-Gerid.
Belera, bel-eng', t. of Portugal and Brazil.
Bel-fast'.Belfort, bSlYoR', or B6fort, bi'foR'.
Belgium, bel'je-um.
Befgrade' (Turk. Bil-grld').
Belknap, bel'nap.
•Bellefontaine, bel-fon-tane'.
*Bellefonte, bel-font'.
Belle Isle or Bellisle, bel-Ile', strait of British
America.
"Bellemonte, bel-mont'.
Belmonle, bel-mon'ti, (. of Brazil.
Beloochistan, bel-oo^chis-l^'.
*BeIvidere, belVe-deer'.
Be-loor', mts. of Tartary.
Belovar, bel-o-vaR', (. cf Croatia.
Bembaroughe, bera-bi-rooH or bem-ba-roog'-
eh, r. of S. Africa.
Bembatobk. See Borabetok.
Benares, ben-i'rez.
Ben-coo'len, (. of Sumatra.
Ben'der, (. of Russia.
Benevenle, ben-i-ven'ti, t. of Brazil.
Ben-e-ven'to.Bengal, ben-gaul'.
Bengazi or Benghasy, ben-g&'zee, t. of Tri-
poH.
Benguela, ben-gial.
Beni, b&-nee', r. of Bolivia.
Benisooef or Benisouef, ben'e-swef, t. of
Sgvpt.

Benin, ben-een'.
Benjarraassin. See Banjarmassin.
Ben'ning-ton.
Benowm or Benaum, ben-owm', t.of Africa.
Ben-s&'lera. Bensheim, bens'hTme.
Benlheimj bent'hirae.
BentivogUo, ben-te-vole'yo.
Bentschen, bentch'eu, (. of Prussia.
Berar, bi-rar'.
Berat, ber-4t'.
Ber'be-ra, prov. of Africa.
Berbice, ber-beece', r. of Guiana.
Beresina or Berezina, bdr-ez-ee'n&.
Ber-ez-off' ; written, also, Berezow.
Bergarao, h^R'gk-mo.
Bergen, b^R'ghen (in Europe).
*Berg'en (in the U. S.) [Bergen, in Westem
New York, is almost universally pro
nounced bencn-]
Ber-goo' or Bergou, jiroti. of Africa.
Bergopzoora, b^RG'op-zome'.
Berg;ues, hhjLg.
Berkley, berk le.
Berkshire, berk'shir.
Ber'Jin (Ger." pron. bSs-leen').
Bermudas, her-raoo'daz, or Ber-moo'thes.
Bern or Berne (Fr. and Ger. pron. bSan).
Ber'nard, St. (Fr. pron. s£h bgB'naE').
Bernardino, bSR-naR-dee'no, or Benurdin,
ber-nar-deen', mt. of California.
*Bernardotte, ber^ar-dot'.
Bern'burg or bSRn'booRG', t. of Germamy.
Ber'ri-en, Bertie, ber-tee'.
Berut. See Beyroot-
Berwick, bSr'rik (in England).
Ber'wick (in the U. S.).
Berwickshire, bSr'rik-shir.
Ber'ylus. See Beyroot.
BesanQon, bez-iw'^iN'.
Bes-sa-ra'bl-a or Bes-^-rftte-L
*Beth-ab'a-ra.
Beth's^ny, (. of Palestine.
Beth Da'gon, "
Beth'el, "
Beth'le-hem, "
Belh-sii'da, «
Beth-she'an, "
Bellis. See Bitlis.
Bevedero, bi-^d&'ro, I. of La Plata.
Bev'el^nd (Dutch pron. ti&'vel4ait).
Bev'er-en.Beverley, bev'er-le,
Beverly, bev'er-le.
Bewdley, budele.
Beyra or Beira, bA'e-rl.
*Bexar, b&-H€u^, or hi-ar'.
Beyroot, Berut, Beirut, or Bairout, b&'root
(Turk. pron. bl'root).
Bfeziers, bi'ze-4', (. of France.
Bhamo or Bhanmo. See Bamoo.
Bhat'gong'.Bhering. See Behring.
Bhoo-ian'. See Bootan.
BhO-pal. See Bopaul.
Bhurt^or' or Bhuri-pore'.
Biafra, be-af 'ra, country of W. Africa.
Bialystok, be-iris-tok.
Bid'de-ford or Bid'e-fgrd.
Bider. Sm Beeder.
Biel, beel (in Fr. 3ieime, be-enn'), i. and I.
of Svntzerland,

BON
Biela, be-ill (incorrectly written Beila), r.
of Russia.
Bielefeld, bee'leh-felt\
Bieque, be-i'ki, i. of W. Indies.
Bilbao, bil-bS.'o ; often written and pro
nounced, in English, Bil'bo-^.
Biled-ul-Gerid, bU-ed'-ool-jer-eed'. See Be-
led-el-Jereed.
*Bil-ler'ic-a.BiUs'tgn.Bil'raa, t. of N. Africa.
•Biloxij be-lox'e, bay of Mississippi.
Bingazi. See Bengazi.
Bing'en. *BinRham, bing'um.
Bingharaton, bmg'um-tun.
Bio~bio, bee o-bee'o.
Biorneborg or Bjorneborg, be-or'nSh-borg,
(. of Finland.
Birkei-el-Keroon, or Eeroun, b66rTcet-el-
ker-oon', or Birket-el-Koorn.
Birket-el-Marioot, or Mariout, mi're-ool', I.
of Egypt.
Birlat, beeR'lat', t. of Moldavia.
Bpr'ma or Burraa.
Birmingham, bjr'raing-um.
Birr, or Parsonstown.
Bis'cay (Sp. Biscaya, bis-ki'yi).
•Bistineau, biste-nO .
Billis, bil'iees', (. of Asiatic Turkey.
Black'ford. Bla'den.
Blanc, Mount (Fr. Mont Blanc, miN bl^N).
Blan'co.Blank'en-burg (Ger. pron. bl3.nk'en-b66RG^).
Blanquilla, blang-keel'yi, i. of W. Indies.
Bias, St., sent blass, cape of Florida.
Bias, St. (Mexico). See San Bias.
Bled'sOe.Blel'berg (Ger. pron. blfhSso).
Blenheira, blen'im (Ger. pron. blen'hiroe).
Blois, bloi, br, raore correctly, blw3..
Boa Visla, bO'i vees'tS., (. of Brazil.
Bo'ber.
Bocage, bo^kizh'.
Bochna, box'nS., t. of Austria.
BcBuf, bef (Fr. pron. almost bflf).
Bodeii-See, bo'den-si'. See Constance, Lake.
Bod'rain.
Bo'drog', r. of Hungary.
Boduayn, bo-doo-ine', t. of Birma.
Bog, soraetiraes written Boug, boog.
Bt^lio, bole'yo.
Bo'gli-poor'.Bogota, bo-go-ti', or Santa Fe de Bogota.
Bo-he'mi-a (Ger. Bohmen, or Boehmen,
bo'men). .
Bois^e, boi'si', r. and fort of Oregon.
Bois-le-Duc, bwi'-leh-dtilc. .
Boj-a-dOr' (Port. pron. bozh-i-doRe').
Bokhara, bo-xi-'ra, or Bucharia, bu-ki're-a.
Borbec'.Bo'lee ; written, also, Boii.
Bo-liv'1-a (Sp. pron, oo-lee've-3.).
Bologna, bo-lone'yi.
Bolsena, ho\-sk'nk.
Bol'ipn-l e-Moor 8 .
Bolzano, bol-zi'no. See Botzen.
Bom-bay'.Bom'be-tok', bay of Madagascar.
B&na.f t. of Algeria.
*Bo-nair' (Sp. Buen Ayre, bwfin I'ri).
Bo'na-ven-tu'ra. See Buena Ventura,
•Bo'na Vis't* or Bo'a Vis't^.

BRA
Bo-ness'.Bonifacio, bo-ne-fft'cho.
Bonin, bo-neen', t5. E. of Asia.
Bonn, b6nn.
Boom, bOrae.
Boone, boon.
Booraits or Bouretes, booVaits', a people of
Siberia.
Boorgas, Bourgas, or Burgas, boor'g&s^ t. of
Turkey.
Boo-roon' or Bouroun, cape E. of Bulgaria.
Boorsa. See Bursa.
Boos'sa or Boussa, (. of Africa.
Bbolan, boo-lin', or Bhootan.
Boothl-a, gulf of N. America.
Bo-paul J written, also, Bhopal.
Borba, bor'bi. (. of Brazil.
Borcette, boRsetr. See Burscheid.
Bordeaux, boR-dO', or Bourdeaux, booR'^dO'.
Bo>ee', (. of Afghanistan.
Borgne, born.
Borne-o.Born'holra.Bor'noo'; written, also, Bornou.
Borodino, bor-o-dee'no.
*Bos'ca-wen.
Bosh-u-an'as or Bet-chu-an'as, tribe of S.
Africa.
Bosna-Seral, bos'ni-ser-I', caUed, also, Sera
jevo.
Bos'ni-a (called Bos'nfi. by the Turks).
Bos'po-rus, coraraonly, but incorrectly, writ
ten Bosphorus.
Bos'rah or Bozrah. See Bassora.
Boslan, bos'tin', t. of Asiatic Turkey.
Bos^leng', I. of Central Asia,
Bos'lpn. Bot'a-ny Bay.
Botetourt, bol'e-turt.
Both'nl-a.Bol'zen (It. Bolzano, bol-zi'no).
Bouches du Rhone, boosh da rone, or Mouths
of the Rhone.
Boulogne, boo-lone' (Fr. pron, boo'loH').
Bourbon, boor'bun (Fr. pron. bouR'bON').
Bourbon, (Ky.), bur'bun.
Bourbon Lancy, booR'boM' laN'sc'.
Bourbon L'Archambault, booR^b6N'laR^shiM -
bo'.
Bourbon Vendee, booR'bfin' vS-N'da'.
Bourdeaux, booR'dO', now commonly vmritten
Bordeaux.
Bourbonnes-les-Bains, booR'bftjm''-la-baM'
Bourg, booR.
Bourgas. See Boorgas.
Bourges, boonzh.
Bourgogne, booR'gon'. See Burgundy.
Bouroun. See Booroon.
Boursa or Boorsa. See Bursa.
Boussa, boo'sa. See Boossa.
Bowdoin, bo'den (College).
*Bowie, boo'e.
Boyne, boin, r. of Ireland.
Bozzolo, bot'so-lo, (. of^N, Italy.
Brabant, brS.'banl.
Brack'en.Brad'fprd.Bradley, bradle.
Braga, brk'gk.
Brabilov or BrahUow. bra^hee'lov'j or Brai-
low, bri-ee-lov'; called, also, Ibrail, ee-brlk-
eel', (. of Wallachia,
Brah'ma. See Birma.
Brah'mi-poot'ra or Burrampooler.

BRY 8
Branco, brS.ng'ko, r, of W. Brazil.
Bran'den-burg (Ger. pron. brin'den-bfifiEo').
Bran'dy-wine.Bras d'or, br3. doR, bay of Cape Breton.
Brauiiau, brow'now, t. of Austria.
Braunsberg, browns'bSRO.
Brava, hrk'vk, one of the C. Verde Is.
Brava, hrk'vk, t. of E. Africa.
Brax'tpn.Braz-il' (Port. pron. brBrzeelO.
Brazos, brah'zps.
I *Braz-o'r1-a.
I Brazza, brit'sSi.
' Breathitt, breih'it.
Brechin, breK'in.
Breck'en-ridge.
Breck'npck or Brec'gn.
Breda, bri-di'.
Bregeutz or Bregenz, bri'ghenlF, (. qf Tyrol.
Breisach, brl'ziK (Fr. Brisach, bre'zik').
Brellington. See Bridlington.
Brem'en or bri'raen (in Europe).
*Bre'raen (inthe U. S.).
Breneau, bren-O'j r. of Oregon,
Bren'la.
Brescia, bresh'e-a or bresh'i.
Breslau, bres'lau or bres'lou ; sometimes
written Breslaw.
Brest (Fr. pron. the sarae as the English).
Bretagne, breh-tin', or Brit'ta-ny.
Breton (Cape), brit'un.
Brian9on, bre^is'siK'.
Bridge'norlh.
Bridge'pOrt.Bridge'iown.Bridge'wa-ter.Bridlington and Brellington, coramonly pro
nounced Bur'ling-ton.
Brid'pOrt.Brieg, breeG.
Briel, breel.
Brienz, bree-entsf/.o/" Switzerland.
Brieux or Brieuc, bre'uh'.
Brighthelmstone, commonly written Brigh
ton, brl'tpn.
Brindisi, brin'de-se.
Brioude, bre'ood'.
Brisach, bre'zik'. See Breisach.
Bris'lpl.
Britain, brit'tn or brit'un.
Brit'ta-ny (Fr. Bretagne, breh-tin').
Brix'en, (. of Austria.
Brixham, brix'ura.
Brock'en.Brod, brode, t.of Sclavonia.
Bro'dy.
Broek, br66k.
Brom'berg (Ger. pron. brora'bSRs).
Brom'ley, brum'le.
Bron'do-lo. *Bro()k'lTne.
Brook'lyn.Broome, broom.
Brough, briif
Bruchsal, br66k'sil.
Bruck, brook, (. of Germany.
Bruges, bru'jez (Fr. pron. brflzh).
BrQnn, broon or bran.
Bruns'wick (Ger. Braunschweig, brown'-
shwiG).
Bru'sa. See Bursa.
Brus'sels (Fr. BruxeUes, bra'sellO.
Bry^n.Brzesc or Brzeso Litewski , bzhests le-tev'sKe.

CAC

Brzezany, bzhi-zhi'ne, t. of Gallicia.
Buchanan, buk-an'un.
Bucharia, bu-ki're-a. See Bokhara.
Buchorew, bu'kp-resr, or Bucharest.
Buck'e-burg (Ger. Bdckeburg, bflk'k^h
b66RG'), cap. of Lippe Schauenburg.
Buckingham, buk'ing-um.
Buckinghamshire, buk'ing-ura-shjr.
Bu'da (Hun. pron! boo'd6h': Ger. O'fen).
Budukhshan, bud-ux-shin j ivritien, also,
Badakhshan.
Budweis, bood'wTce.
Buen Ayre, bwSn T'ri. See Bonair.
Buenaventura, bw^i-ni-ven-too'ri.
Buena Vista, bwi'ni vis'tS,
Buenos Ayres, bo'nus i'riz (Sp. pron. bwi'-
noce i'rls).
Buf'fa-lo.Bug, boog,
Builth, bilth, t. of Wales.
Bukke Fiord, book'kfih fe-ord', hay on the S.
W. coast of Norway.
Bulgaria, b661-gi're-a.
Bulach, boo'liK, t. of Switzerland.
BQlkh. See Balkh,
Buncorabe, bunk'um,
Bun'der Ab-as'see (or Abassi). See Gom
broon.
Bun'poor', t. of Beloochistan.
Buntzlau, b66uls'lou.
Burd'wan.
Bureau, bu'ro-
Burg (Ger. pron. b66RG).
Burgas. See Boorgas.
Burgdorf, booRo'doRf, t. of Switzerland.
Burffos, booHVoce.
Bur'gun-dy (Fr. Bourgogne, booR^gon').
Bur'ham-poor', t. of Hindostan.
Burke, burk.
Bur'Ung-Toii. Burma. See Birma.
Burnley, bum'le.
Bur'ram-poo'ier. See Brahmapootra.
Bursa, boor'si or Bru'sa.
Burscheid, booR'shlte (Fr. Borcette, boR-
seti').
Burs'lera.Bury, ber're.
Busaco, boo-si'ko, *. of Portugal.
Bushire, boo-sheer'. See Abooshehr.
Bussorah. See Bassora.
But'ler.Bulow, boo'tov, t. of Prussia.
Bu-irin'io or boo-trm'to, t. of Greece
But'ier-mere.Bux'tpn,Buz'zard's Bay.
B/am Mar'iin. i. N. of British America.
Byzantium, blz-an'she-um. c.
Ca-bar'ras.Cab'ell. '
Cabenda, ki-ben'da. t. of W. Africa.
Cabes, kib'es or k&bs | wrilteu, also, Gabe>
and Gabs, U of N. Africa.
Cab-ool' ; virritten, also, Caboul, Cabul, and
Caubul.
Cabrera, k&-I)ri'r&, one of thi Balearic Isles.
Cnbulistan, ki-bool'ls-tln'. See Afghanistan
Caceres, k&'th^-rSs.
Cacliao, katch~&'o. See Ketcho.
Cachias, kii-ahge'ta. Su Caxias.

CAN !
Cachoeira, ki-sho-i'e-ri. See Caxoeira.
Cad'do.Cadiz, ki'diz (Sp. pron. ki'Dith).
Caen, kiN.
Caerraarthen, ker-mar'THen.
Caernarvon, ker-nar'vpn.
Cffisarea Philippi, ses'a-ree'a fil-ip'pi, now^
called Banias, bin'-e-is' or Paneas, (. of
Palestine. [Cffisare;\, the ancfent name of
several towns in Western Asia, is usuaUy
modernized by Kaisarieh, Kaisariyeh, or
Kesarieh. See Kaisarieh.]
Caffraria, kof-fri're-a.
Cagliari, kil'yu-re.
Ca-haw'ba.Cahir or Caber, kah'her or kare.
*Ca-ho'kl-a."Cahoos or Cahoes, k9.-hoze'. See Cohoes.
Cahors, ki'oR'.
Caicos. See Caycos.
*Caidareta, kl-da-rili.
Cairo (in Egj'pt), ki'ro, called, by the Arabs,
El Kahira, el kih'he-ra.
*Cairo (in the U. S.), ki'ro.
Cailh'ness.Calabria, ka-li'bre-a or ki-li'bre-i.
Calahorra, ki-li-oR'ri.
Calais, kal'is (Fr. pron. ki'li').
Calatayud, kd-li-ta-yoon'.
Calbongos, kil-bong'g6s, o people of W. Af
rica.
Calcasieu, kil'ka-shu or kul'ka-shu.
Cal-cul'ta,Caldas da Rainha, kil'dis di ri-een'yi.
Calder, kaul'der.
Caldwell, kauld'wel.
Cal:e-do'ni-a. Calhoun, kai-hoon'.
Cal'i-cul.Cal-i-for'ni-a.Callao, kil-li'o, or kil-yi'O.
* Cal-la-poo'ya.
Cal'la-way. Callies, kil-lees', t. of Prussia.
Cal'mar or Kalmar.
Calne, kin.
Caltagirone, kil-ta-je-ro'ni.
Caltanisetia, kal-li-ne-set'ti.
Cal'u-met.Calvados, fcil'vi'dis' or kil-vi'dAs,
Calvary, kal'va-re, mt. of Palestine.
Cal'verl.Calvi,' kil've, (. of Corsica.
Camargo. ki-maR'go, (. of Mexico.
Camanche, ki-min'chi. See Coraanche,
Cara-ar-o'n6s, bay {and river ?) of Patagonia.
Cam-ba-f. Cam-bo'di-rf, Cara-bo'dja, or Cam-boge'.
Cam'bray or Cambrai (Fr^ pron. kiM'bri').
Catti'bri-a.Carabridge, kame'brij,
Cambridgeshire, kame'brij -shir.
Cam'den.
Cam-er-o'nSs or Cam-er-oons', mts. of Africa.
Caminha, ki-meen'yi, t. of Fortugal.
Campagna, kira-pin'yi.
Campbell, kara'el.
Campbelltown, kam'el-town.
Campeachy or Campeche, kara-pee'che (Mex.
pron. kim-pi'chil.
Cara'po Basso, kira po bis'so.
Ca'na, t. of Palestine.
Can'a-da,Canaguan, kan'a-gwin', i. of W. Indies.

CAR
Canajoharie, kan^a-jo-h&r're.
Canandaigua, kan-an-di'gua.
Cananea, ki-ni-ni'i, i. of Brazil.
Can-a-nore'.Can'a-ra. Canaries, ka-ni'reez (Sp. Canarias, ki-ni'-
re-is).
Ca-na'ry, Grand (Sp. Gran Canaria, grin
ki-ni're-i).
*Can-a-sau'ga.*Can-a-sio'ta.Can-aVe-ral, cape of Florida.
Cancao. See Kankao.
Can-da-har' or Kandahar.
Can'dl-a or Crete.
Can-e'a.Can'i-ap'us-caw', I. of Labrador.
Caimaveral. See Canaveral.
Cannes, kinn.
*Can-is-te'o.*Caiinouchee, kan-noo'che.
*Can-o'ga.*Ca-non'i-cut.Can'pns-burg.Canso or Canseau, kan'so, strait of Nova
Scotia.
Cantal, kiN'til'.
Canterbury, kan'ter-ber-e.
Can-lire', Cantyre, or Kintyre.
Can-ton' (in China).
Can'tpn (in the U. S.)
Canlyre. See Canlire.
Cape Breton, kape brit'tn, or brit'un.
Cape Girardeau, ie-rar-do'.
Cape Haitien, ha'le-en (Fr. Cape Haitien,
kip i'e'te-as').
Cape Pal'mas.
Cape Verd Islands (Port. Ilhas Verdas, eel'
yis vSft'dis).
Cape Vin'cent.
Ca-per'na-um, t. of Palestine.
Capitanata, ki-pe-ti-ni'ti, prov. of Naples.
Capo d'Istria, ki'po dis'lre-i, (. of Austriim
Italy.
Capri, ki'pre,
Capsali, See Kapseli.
Cap'u-a (It. pron, ki'poo-i).
Caqueta, ki-ki'li.
Car-ac'as or Caraccas (Sp. pron. ka^ri'kis).
Caramanj kir'i-min'.
Caramania, kar-a-rai'ne-a. [It may be pro
per to remind the reader that this Is not a
Turkish, but a Latin narae ; the antepenul-
tiraale a should, therefore, be sounded as in
Bavaria. See the Pronouncing Gazetteer,
Introduction, section xi., p. 26,]
Caravellas, ki-ri-vel'lis, (. of Brazil.
Car'bpn.Carbonara, kir-bo-ni'rB^ cape of Sardinia.
Carcassonne, kaR 'kis 'sonn'.
Cardenas, kaR'dSn-is, t. of Cuba.
Cardiff or Caerdiff, kar'diff.
Car'di-gan,Cardiganshire, kar'de-gun-sh;T.
Car-ib-be'an Sea.
Car'ib-bee Islands.
Caribou, kar're-boo', I. of Maine.
Ca-rin'lhi-a (Ger. Karnthen, kaiRn'ten).
Carlisle, kar-lTle'.
Carlos, St. See San Carlos.
Car'lOw.Carlowitz or Karlowitz, kar'lo-vits,
Carls'bad or Karlsbad (Ger. pron. kaRls'bat)
Carlscrona, karls-kroo'ni, or Carlscroon.

CAU

10

CHA

Carisruhe or Karlsruhe, kaRls'roo.
Carlstadt or Karlstadt, kaRl'slitt, (, of Croatia,

Car-nat'ic, Car-nt-o'la (Ger. Krain, krTne).
Carolina, k^r-o-lT'na.
Caroni, ki-ro-nee', r. of Venezuela.
Carpathian, kar-pi'the-ari.
Carpa-lhus, j.. of Greece.
Car-pen- la'ri- a.
Carpentras, kaR^piN'lriss',
Carrara, kir-ri'ri.
Carriacou, kar're-a-koo', i. of W. Indies.
Carrik on Suir, kar'rik on shure'.
Car'rick-fer'gus.
Car'rpU,Car'rpn, t. of Scotland.
Cartagena, kar-ta-je'na (Sp. pTon. kaR-ta-
Hi'ni).
*Carlago, kaR-li'go, t. of Central America.
Car* ter.
Car'ter-et.Carvoeiro, caR-vo-a'e-ro, cape of Portugal.
Casale, ki-si'li.
Casal Maggiore, ki-sil' raid-jo'ri,
Cas'bin or Kazbin (Pers. pron, kiz-been',
whence the narae is sometimes vn-itlen
Casbeen). - a > . *
Caserta or Caserta Nuova, ki-sSR ti noo-o'va.
Casey, ki'ze.
Cashan or Kashan, ki'shin', (. of Persia.
Cash'el,Cash-gar'. See Kashgar.
Cashmere or Kashmire, kash-meer*.
Cash'na, See Kashna.
Casiquiare, ki-se-ke-i'ri, r. of "Venezuela.
Cas'pl-an.Casteilo Branco, kis-tel'Io brtnk'o, (, of Por-
tugal.
Castelnaudary, kis'ternO'di>e',
Castel Vetrano, kis-tel' vi-tri'no.
Castiglione, kis-teel-yo'ni.
Castile, kas-teel' (Sp. CastUla, kis-teeryi).
Castine, kas-leen .
Castlebar, kas-sel-bar'.
Castieton, kas'sel-tun.
Castres, kistr.
Castro, kis'tro, t. of Chili.
Castro Giovanni, kis'tro jo-vin'ne.
Cas-'ween'. See Casbin.
' Cas'well.Catabamba, ki-li-bira'bi.
Catahoula or Cat-a-hoo'la,
Cat-a-lo'nl-a (Sp. Cataluna, ki-ti-loon'yi).
Catamarca, ka-ti-raaR'ki, t. of La Plata.
Catania, ki-ti'ne-&.
Catanzaro, ki-tin-zi'ro.
Ca-law'ba.Catharina, St. See Santa Catharina.
Cathay, kath-i'. See China.
Catmandoo, Kalmandou, or Khatmandu, kat-
man'doo.
Catoche, ki-to'chi, tape of Yucatan.
*Calorce, ki-toE'si.
Cats'kill. ^
Cal-la-rau'gus.Cattaro, kit-t&'rO, gulf of the Adnatie,
Cat'te-gaf or Kattegat.
Caubul, kau-bool'. See Cabool.
Cauca, kow'ki, r. of New Granada.
Cau'c^-sus.

Caune, kOne, t of France.
Cava, ki'vi.
Cav'an.Cavery or Cauvery, kau'ver-e.
Cax-a-mar'ca (Sp. nron. kih-Hi^maR'kl).
Caxatambo, kiH-hi-li.ra'bo, (. of Peru.
*Caxias or Cachias, ki-shee'as, *
Caxoeira or Cachoeira, ki-sho-i'e-r&.
Caycos, kl'koce, is. of W. Indies.
Cayenne, kl-enn'.
Cayes, ka. See Aux Cayes,
Cayman, kT-min', I. of Mexico.
Cayuga, ki-yoo'ga,
*Cayu8e, kah-ynce'.
Caz-era'be, country ofS. Africa.
Caz-en-o'vi-a.Ceara. See Ciara.
Cebu, se-boo'. See Zebu.
Cecil, sis'sU.
Ce'dron. See Kidron.
Cefalu, ch5f-i-loo'.
Celano, chi-tfi'no, I. of Italy.
Celebes, sei'e-biz,
CeUe or ZeUe, tselleh.
Cenis, si'neece', mt. of Switzerland.
Ceph-a-lo'ni-a (It. pron. ch^f-i-Ion'e-i, mo
dern Greek; kef-i-lo-nee'i).
Ce-rara' (Port. pron. ser-ronng'), also vnitten
Serang.
Cerigo, cher'e-eo.
Cervera, sSn-va'ri,
Cervin, sSrV^n', mt. tf Stoiizerland.
Cervione, s§R-ve-o'na, (. of Corsica.
Cesena, cbi-si'ni.
Ceu'ta (Sp. pron. thS'oo-tl), t. of N. Africa.
Cevennes, siVenn'.
Cev'er-o VosHotch'noi', cape of Siberia.
Ceylon, see'lpn or sil-one'.
*ChagreB, chi'ffrfis.
Chalagskoi, shafig'skoi', cape of Siberia.
Chaleur, shal-oor', bay of New Brunswick.
Chalons-sur-Marne, shaloy sOr raaRn.
Chalons-sor-Saone, shi'loN' siiR sOne.
Chambers, chame'berz.
Chara'bers-burg.Charabfery, shiia'biYe'.
Charail. See Khamil.
Chamouny, shi'moo-ne\
Champagne, shiM'pSii'.
Champaign, sham-pane'.
Champlain, sham-plain'.
Chandeleur, shan-de-loor'.
Chang-hai. See Shang-Hal.
Chan^mai or Tchai^raai, chang'mf} t.
Chm-India.
Chantilly, shiNleelVe' or sh&nle'yfi'-
"^Chapala, chi-pi'li.
Chap el Hill. [the tXty of Mexieo.
Chapultepec, ch&-poor-ti-pek//i9rtre5f ntur
Charasm. See Kharasm. ,
*Charpas, chaR'kis.
Charente, shi'rist'.
Charente Infirieur, shi^iNt' 4N*fi>e-HR'.
Chariton, chS.r'e-ion.
Charkow, kaR-kof. See BLharkof.
Charles'tpn. Charles'town.CharleviUe, shaRlVill'-
Charlevoix, sliarMe-voi'.
Charlotte, shar'lpt.
Charlottesville, shartpts-vil.
Chartres, shaRtr.
Cha-lau'que, sha-tau'que. or Chautauque.
Chateauguay, shaOO-^y'.

CHI
ChUteaudun, shit&-duN'.
Chateau- Gonthier, shino-gis'le-i'.
Chateauroux, sh&'tO'roo'.
Chat-el-Arab. See Shat-el-Arab.
Chatellerault, shitellYO'.
Chatham, chat'ura.
Chat-ta-hoo'chee.Chai-'ioo'ga.Chaudidre, shO'de-aiR'.
Chauraont (France), shO^mis'.
Chauraont (N. Y.), sho'rao'.
Chautauque See Chatauque.
*Chazy, shaz'ee'.
Chebucto, she-buk'to, bay qf Nova Scotia on
which Halifax stands.
Chedabuclo. shed'a-buk'to, bay in N. E. pan
of Nova Scotia.
Chelekhof See Shelekof.
*Chelmsford, chemz'furd.
Chelsea, chel'se.
Cheltenham, chelt'num.
Cbemnilz, Kera'nits.
Chemung, she-raung'.
Chenango, she-nang'go.
Che-naub', r. of Hindostan.
Chepstow, chep'sto.
Cher, shaae.
Che-raw'j (. of N. Carolina.
Cherburg, sher'burg or shaRe'booR.
Cher'o-kee'.Cherso, kSr'so.
Cherson. See Kherson.
Chertsey, ches'sy, t. of England.
Ches'a-peake.
Cheshire, chesh'ir.
Ches'ter. Ches'ter-field.Che-sun'cook.Chetimaches, chel-tim-atch'iz or shet'mash'.
Cheviot, chiv'e-ut.
*Cheyenne, she-enn'. See Chienne.
*Chiapa, che-i'pi.
Chiari, ke-i're.
Chiavari, ke-i'vi-re.
Chicago, she-kau'go.
Chichesler, chitch'es-ter.
Chick-a-pee'.*Chick-a-hom'i-ny,
Chickeeles. See Chilts.
Chick'a-saw.
Chicot,* shee'ko.
Chiem See, xeem si.
*Chienne or Cheyenne, she-enn'.
Chieti, ke-i'te.
Chignecto, shig-nec'to, bay of New Bruns-
..wick.
Chihuahua, che-wi'wi.
*Chikanis, See Chilts.
ChiU, chille (Sp, Chile, chee'li.)
Chil-11-coth'e.Chiloe, cheel-o-i' (almost chU-vray^.
*Chills {ch as in child) or Chikailis (Chiok-
elis), che-ki'fis.
Chimborazo, chim-bo-ri'zo (Sp. pron. cheem-
bo-ri'lho).
ChT'na.Chinaub, See Chenauh*
Chin In'di-a.
Chinchilla, chin-cheel'yi,
Chinyang, shinVang'. See Mookden.
Chioggia, ke-od'ji, t. of N. Italy.
Chippenham, chlp'nuiu.
Chippewa, chip'pe-wi.
Chip'p«-way.

n COA

Chiquitos, che-kee'toce.
Chissoumaton, shis-soo-mi-t&N' or shis'soo-
mi-tong', r. of British America.
Chiswick, chirik, (. of England.
Chit'ten-den,Choco, cho'ko, bay of New Granada.
Choc'taw, Choczira, Kot'sim, t. of Russia.
Cholula, cho-loo'li.
Chonos, cho'noce (Archipelago), W, of Pata
gonia.
Chorley, chor'le.
Choubar, choo''bar', i. of Beloochistan,
Chowan, chO-wan'.
Chris-tl-an'a,Christiania, kris- te-i'ne-i.
Christiansand, kris'te-in-sind\
Christianstadt, kris't'e-an-stat (Sw. Christian-
stad, kris'te-an-slid') .
Chrudira, sroo'dim.
Chudleigh, chud'le, cape qf N. America.
ChumTjul.
Chuquisaca, choo-ke-si'ki.
Chur, Koor. See Coire.
Church'ill, r. of British America.
Ciara, se-i'ra ; written, also, Ceara and Se-
ara, t of Brazil.
Cienfuegos,' se-enTwi'goce.
Cilly, sil'le (Ger. pron. teil'le), (. of Styria.
Cimarron, se-raar-rone', r. of Indian Terri
tory.
Cimbebasj sim-bi'bas, a people said to dwell
in the westem or interior part of S. Africa.
Little or nothing certain is known respecting
them.
*Cinaloa, sin-i-lo'i.
Cincinnati, sin-sin-ah'te. [Often improperly
pronounced as if written Clncinnatah or
Cincinnattlh.
Cinque Ports, sink ports.
Cin'lra or seen'tri.
Cir-cars'.Circassia, ser-kash'e-a.
Cirencester, commonly pronounced sis'e-ter.
Citladella, chit-li-del'li.
Ciudad Real (SpainJ, ihe-oo-niD' ri-il',
'*Ciudad Real (Mexico), se-oo-did' ri-il'.
Ciudad Rodrigo, the-oo-nai)' ron-ree'go.
Civita Vecchia, chee've-ti vek'ke-i.
Clack-man'nan.Clagenfurth or Klagenfurth, kli'gh?n-f66rt\
Claiborne, cli'burn.
*Clarams. Clamecy, clim^se'.
Clara, kli'ri, r, of Sweden.
Clausthal or Klansthal, klous'tiil.
Clay'tpn.Clear'field. Cler-raont'. i ..• «
Clerraont Ferrand, klflR*m6N' ftrVaa'.
Cleveland or Cleaveland, kleev'land.
Cleves, kleevz (Ger. Kleve, kli'veh,, Fr.
Cleves, klive),
Clicsa, kleek'si, t. of Peru.
Cliftpn.Clin'tpn.
Clitheroe, kliTH'er-O.
Clogher, klSh'Her.
Cloghnakilty, kifin'na-kil'te, or Clon>-kirty
Clpn-raell'. Clos'ter-bay', cape of Iceland.
Ctydes'dale. See I^anarkshire.
Co-a-ho'ma,* Coahuila. See Cohahuila.

CON

12

cou

Coango, ko-ang'go, r. of Africa.
Co-an'za, r. of W. Africa.
Cob'be, cap. ofBarfoor.
Cobee or Cobi,ko'bee', desert of Central Asia.
Cobija, ko-bee'Hi, (. of Bolivia.
Cob'lenlz (Ger. Coblenz, ko'bl^ntsj Fr. Cob
lence, ko'bliHce')^
Cobu, ko-boo', r, of S. America.
Co'burg (Ger. pron. ko'b66RG).
Cochabamba, ko-chi-bim'bi.
Cochin, co-cheen'.
Co'chin Chi'na.
Codogno, ko-dOn'yo.
¦*Co-do'rus.
Coeslin. - See Coslin.
Coetivi, ko-et-ee've,i5. in Indian Ocean.
Coeur d'Alene, koor di'lain', /. of Oregon.
Coevorden, koo'vor-den, ^ of Holland.
*Coeynians, quee'manz.
Cognac, kone-yik'.
Gobahuila or CoahuUa, ko-i-wee'la.
*Co-has'5et.
*Cohoes or Cahoos, kp-hoze'.
Co-im-ba-tpor' or Co-im-ba-tore'.
Co-im'bra or ko-eem'bri.
Coire, kwis (Ger. Chur, kooR).
Col'berg (Ger. pron. kol'bSRG).
Col'ches-ter.Col'ding, t. of Denmark.
*Co-]e-rain',*Co[ima, ko-lee'mi.
Col'Ic-tpn.
Cpl-lump'tpn.Colne, koln.
Cologne, ko-lone' (Fr, pron. ko'lon'; Ger.
Koln).
Colombia, ko-lom'be-i.
Co-lora'boor Co-lum'bo.
Col'on-sa or Col'on-say".
Colorado, kol-o-rah'do-
*Co-los'se.
Coluguape, ko-loo-gwi'pi, I. of Patagonia.
Co-lum'bl-a.Co-lum-bi-an'a.
Co-lum'bo, See Colombo,
Colnrabreles, kol-ura-bri'tSs, group of is. E.
of Spain.
Co-lura'bus.* Co-mac'.
*Co-man'che or Ca-raan'che (Sp. pron, ko-
rain'chi).
Coraayagua, ko-ral-i'gwi.
Oora'ber-racre, I. of England.
Comines, ko'meen, t. of Belgium.
Co'mo.Cora'o-rin.Co'morn Or Komorn.
Com'o-ro,Compiegne, kiN^c-aiH'.
Com-po-stel'la (Sp. Corapostela, kom-po-sti'-
Concan, kong'kun.
Conception, kpn-sep'shun (Sp- Concepcion,
kon-thep-lhe-On').
*Conchas, kon'chis, r. of Mexico.
Conchas, kon'shis, r. of Brazil,
Concord, kong'kurd.
Con-cor'dl-a.Cond6, kon'de or kfiN'di'.
*Conecocheague. kon'e-ko-cheeg'.
Conecuh, ko-nee'k?..
*Coneraaugh, kon'e-raaw.
*Con-es-to'g9-. •Co-ne'suB.

Congaree, kong^a-ree'.
Congleton, kong gl-tun.
Congo, cong'go, or Zaire, zi-eer'.
Connaught, kon'naut,
*Con-ne-aut'.Connecticut, kpn-net'e-knt.
Con'siance (Ger. Constanz, kon'stints).
Constanlina, kon-stin-iee'ni, (. ofN. Africa.
Con-stan-ti-no'ple (Turk. Stam-bool'),
Con'way or Conwy, kon'we.
Cooch Ba-haR'.
Coo-mas'sie.Coos (often caUed Co-os' by the inhabitants).
Coo'sa.* Co-pake'.
* Copano, ko-pah'no.
Co-pen-ha'gen (Dan. Kjobenhavn, kyO'ben-
houn'),
Co-pi'ah.
Co-pi-a-po'. Co-pi m'es-caw', I. of Labrador.
Coquet, kok'et.
Coquimbo, ko-keemlw.
Corbach, koR'bix, t. of Germany.
* Cor beau, kor-bo'.
Corcyra, kor-sl'ra. See Corfu.
Cor-dil'le-ras (Sp. pron. koR-deel-yi'ris).
Cor'do-va or Cordoba.
Co-re'a.Corfu, kor-foo' or kor'fu (modem Greek pron.
kor-fee').
Cor'inth.Corn' wall.
Co'ro, (. of Venezuela,
Cor*o-man'del.Coronation, kor'o-ni'shun, gulf of N. Amer.
*Corpus Christi, kor'pus kris'te.
Correze, korVaze'.
Cor'rib.
Cor-ri-en'les, t. of La Plata.
Cor'si-ca (Fr. Corse).
Cor'so, cape of Corsica.
Corte, koR'ti.
COrt'land.Cortona, koR-lo'ni.
Co-run'na (Sp. CoruSa, ko-roon'yfi.).
Cor'vo.
*Cor'yd-pn.Cos, kfts, t. of Greece.
*Cosala, ko-sili.
Cosenza, ko-sen'zi.
Cosh-oc'lpn.Coslin, Coeslin, or Kdslin, kOs-leen'.
Cosiguina, ko-se-ghee'ni, volctuio of Central
America.
Cosne, kone.
Cos'sacks. Cosseir, kos-sare'.
Costarica, kos^i-reelEi.
Cosraoledo, kos-mo-li'do, cluster of islets E.
of Africa.
Cotagayia, ko-ti-ghl'ti, t. of Bolivia.
Cote d'Or, kOt doR.
Cfiies da Nord, kOt da noR.
Coihen or Coethen, kO'ten or kO'ten, (. of
Germany.
Cotignola, ko-teen-yol'i, *. of Italy.
Cotopaxi, ko-to-pax'e (Sp. pron. ko-to-pih'-
He).
Collbus or Kottbus, kolfboos.
Courland. koor'land. See Koorland.
* Cou rtabi ea u, koor t i-blo'.
Couriray or Courtrai, kooR^' (Flem. Kor
tryk, kort'rike).

CZA
Coutance, koo^iNce'.
Coventry, kuv'en-lre.
Covington, kuv'ing-tun.
Cowes, kowz.
Cnw-e'ta.?Cow'e-Utsk'. Cracow, kri'ko (Polish Krak6w, kri'koof).
Crato, kri'to, t. of Brazil.
Cra'ven.Craw'fprd.Cr6cy, kres'se (Fr. pron. kri'ce'), often writ
ten Cressy by the English, (. of France.
Crefeld, kri'fSlt.
Creraa^ kri'mi.
Cremmtz, krera'nits. See Kremnilz,
Cre-mo'na (It. pron. kri-rao'ni)._
Cres'sy. See Crfecy.
Crete. See Candia.
Creuse, kruz.
Creutznach, kroits'nix. See Kreutznach.
Crim-e'a (Russ. Krim).
Crit'ten-den.Croatia, kro-i'she-a (called by the natives
Horvath Orszag, hoR-viit oR-siig).
?Crock'elt.*Cro'ghans- ville.
Croix (St.), kroi. See Sanla Cruz.
Crom'ar-ty. Cronstadt, krOn'stitt.
Cro'lpn. Cro/dpn.Crozet, kro^zi', i. S. of Africa.
Crystal, kris'tal, mts. of Africa.
Csaba, ch6b'6h\
Csongrad, cho n- grid',
Cuama. See Zambeze,
Cu'ba (Sp. pron. koo'bi).
Cuban, koo-bin'. See Kooban.
Cuenca, kweng'ki.
Culhuacan, kool-wi-kin'. See Palenque.
*Culiacan, koo-le-i-kin'.
Cul-lo'den, plain of Scotland, noted as the
scene of the Duke of Cumberland's victory
over the Pretender, in 1746.
Culm, k661ra.
Cul'pep-per.Cul-ross .
Curaana, koo-mi-ni'.
Cumania or Kumania, ku-rai'ne-a (Hun. Kun
sag, koon-shiig) .
Cum'ber-land. Cunene or Cuneni, koo-ni'ne, r. of Africa,
supposed io be a branch of the Bembaroughe.
Cunnersdorf, koon'ners-doRf ', t. of Prussia.
Cupar, koo'per.
Curagoa, ku'ra-sO'.
Curaray, koo-ri-ri', r. of Ecuador.
Curische-Haff, koo'rish-eh-hiflT. See Ku
rische Haff.
Cur'ri-tuck.Curuguaty, koo-roo-gwi-tee', r. of La Plata.
Curzola, koord-zo'li,
COslrin orKOstrin, kOs-treen'.
catch,
Cuftack'.Cux-ha'ven or k56x-h4'fen.
Cuyaba, koo-yi'bi, t. of Brazil.
Cuyahoga, kT-a^ho'ga,
Cuzco, koos'ko.
Cyn-lhl-an'a.
Cyprus, sT'prus.
Cyrene, si-ree'ne, (, of N. Africa.
Cythera, sith-ee'ra. See Cerigo.
Czarnikow, char'ne-kov', t- of Prussia.
56

13 DEL

Czaslau, chis'tou, t. of Bohemia.
Czernigow, cher-ne-gof. See Tchernigof.
Czernowitz, cher'no-vits (raore correcUy,
Czernowice, cher^no-vit'seh).
Czirknicz or Zirknitz, ts€6Rk'nits.
D.
Dac'ca.
Dac-o'tah. See Sioux.
Daghestan, di'ghis-lin', country of W. Asia.
Dago, di'go, i. in the Baltic.
Dahomey or Dahomay, dah'ho-rai\
Dahl, dii.
Dair el Kamer or Kamar, dire el kira'er, t. of
Syria.
Dalecarlia, di-le-kar'le-i, or Dalarne, di'-
lar-ni.
Dalhousie, dal-hoo'ze, (. of New Brunswick.
Dal'las. *Dalles, dalz.
Dalmatia, dal-mi'she-a.
Dalton, daul'lun.
Da-mas'cus (Arab. Shim-el-Ke-beer').
Dambea. See Dembea.
Dahi-S-et'ta (Arab. Damiat, di-me-if).
Dara'piers.Dan'aw. See Danube.
Danbury, dan'ber-e.
Dan'da, t. of W. Africa.
Dannemora, din-ne-mo'ri, a noted iron mine
in Sweden.
Dant'zic (Ger. Danzig, dint-sio).
Dan'ube (Ger. Donau, do'now.)
Dara, di'ri, (. of Asiatic Turkey.
DardaneUes, dar'da-nelz'. ,
Dar-foor', written, also, Darfur and Darfour.
Darien, di're-en (Sp. pron. di-re-en').
Darke, dark.
Dar'ling-lpn.Darmstadt, danni'stitt.
Daroca, di-ro'ki, (. of Spain,
Dartmouth, dart'muth.
Dar'war".Das Morles, dis raoR'tSs, r. of Brazil.
l)auas, dow'is', (. of Asiatic Turkey.
Dau'phin.Dauphine, dO'fe'^i'.
Da'vid-spn.Oavie, di've.
Daviess, di'vis.
Da' vis.
Davis's (Strait), di'vis-?z.
Dax. dix.
Day'tpn.Deal, deel, '
Dearborn, deer'burn.
Debreczin or Debretzin, di-bret'sm.
De-ca'tur. Dec'can or Dek'kan.
Dees, dace or daze, t. of Transylvania.
De Gall (Sp. De Gala, di gi'ti), cape in the S
of Spain.
Deg'gen-dorf \ i. of Bavaria.
Deir el Karamer. See Dair iel Karaer.
De Kalb, de kalb'.
•Del-a-go'a, bay in S. E. Africa.
Delaware, del'a-.war.
Delft (every letter should be pronounced).
Delfzyl, d6lfzTle,/ortre55 of Holland.
Delgado, del-gi'do, cape ofE. Africa.
Delhi or DehU (Hindostan), del'lee.
Delhi (in the U. S-), del'hi.
De los Martires. See Rio de los Martires.

DNI

14

DUM

De los Patos, di*loce-pi'toce, I. of Brazil.
Del'ta.Del Valle, dSl vlKyi, I. of La Plata.
Del'vl-no. [bea.
Dera'be-a or dera-bee'a ; written, also, Dam-
Deraerara, dem-er-i'ra.
*De-raop'o-li8.
Denbiglj, deii'be.
Denbighshire, den'be-shir,
Den'der-ah\Dendermonde, den^der-raiu'deh, or Dender-
raond, den'der-mAnt' (Fr. Termonde, iSr'-
m^Nd )
Denis (St.), sent den'ia or den'e (Fr, Saint
Denis, Sit Nd'nee).
Den'mark (Dan. Dan'e-mark) ,
*Depeyster, de-pTce'ter,
Depiford, ded^urd,
Der'hend .
Der'by or darT)e (the latter pron. was for
raerly universal,)
Derbyshire, der'be-shjr.
Derne orDerneh, der'nSh, (. of N. Africa.
Derr, dSn.'
Derreyeh, der'ri'yeh ; written, also, Deraia,
(. of Arabia.
Der'ry. See Londonderry.
Der'went,De Ruyter, de rT'ler,
Desaguadero, dSs-i'gwi-di'ro.
Desconocida, dfis-ko-no-see'di, cape of Yuca
tan.
Desengano, des-en-gin'yo, bay of Patagonia.
Desh-a'.Des Moines, de moin'.
Desna, des'ni, r. of Russia.
Despoblado, dfis-po-bli'DO.
De So'to.
Des'sau (Ger. pron. des'sow), sometimes
written Dessaw-
Det'mold (Ger. pron. del'molt).
De-troit'.Det'ting-en.Deutz, doits.
Deux-ponts, duh^oN' (Ger. Zweibrflcken,
tswT-brak'ken).
DeVen-ter or Dewenter, di'ven-ter.
Devizes, de-vi'ziz.
DeVpn-pOrt,Devonshire, dev'pn-shjr.
Dhawalaghiri, da-woPa-gher're,
Di-ar'bekr or Diarbekir, dee-ar'be-keer'.
Dibbie, dib'bee\ I. of Africa.
Dl'bpn, t. of Palestine.
Di6 or Diez, Saint, sIn de'i'.
Diepholz, deep'hilts.
Dieppe, dyepp or de-epp'.
Diernslein, deern'stlne, (. of Austria.
Diest, deest.
Digne, deeK .
Dijon, de'zhiN'.
DU'Ung-9ji. ,
Dinant, de'niN' or de-nint'.
Dingle^ ding'gl.
Din-wid'die.Dixraude, dix'mttde' (Flera. Dixmuyden, dix-
moi'den).
Dizier, Saint, b4n de'ze-i'.
Djid'da, See Jidda.
Djokjokerta or Djocjocarta, jok-yo-k^r't^ or
jok-yo-kar't?) (. of Java.
Djoliba, jol'e-ba. See Joliba.
Dnieper, nee'p^r (Rus. pron. dnyep'p^r).
Dniester, nees't^r (Rus. pron. dnyes't^r).

Doab or Dooab, doo'ib'.
Do-fra-fl-eld'. See Dovrefield.
Dok'kum, (. of Holland.
Dole, dOl,
Dolgelly, dol-geth'le.
Dol'lart.Doraingo, do-ming'go.
Dominica, dom-e-nee'ka.
Dominique, dora-e-neek', is the French of tha
preceding.
Don (Tartar Doo'na).
Don Cos'sacks.
Donaghadee, don*a-Hi-dce'.
Donat. See Donnai.
Donc'as-ter.Donegal, don-e-gauK.
Donetz, do^nets', r. of Russia,
Donga, dong'ga, eountry of Central Africa.
Dongola, dong'go-la,
Donnai, don'nl"(caUed also the Saung), r. of
Chin-India.
Doo'baunt' or Doo^baung' (Indian Toobaung,
i.e. " turbid water"), J, o/BntwA .imertca.
Dooshak, doo^shik', t. of Afghanistan.
Doost or Donst, doost, r. of Beloochistan.
Dora Ballea, do'ri bil-ti'l, r. of N. Italy.
Dorak, do>ik', t. of Persia.
Dor'ches-ter.Dordogne, dorMone' (Fr. pron. do&^doH'.)
Dordrecht, dort'rSxt, or Dort.
Dornoch, dor'noK.
Dorpat, doR'pii, or Dorpt.
Dorsetshire, dorset-shir.
Dort. See Dordrecht.
Do'lhan, t. of Palestine.
Douai or Douay, doo'i'.
Doubs, doobz.
Douglas, dug'l^ss.
Douro, doo'ro (Sp. Duero, dwi'ro).
Do'ver.DO'vre-fl-eld' (Norw. Daavrefjeld, dO'vre-
fyeld').
Dowlatabad, dou^Ia-ta-bad'.
Down-pat'rick. *Dra'cut.
Draguignan, dri^gheenY^<
Drammen, drim'men.
Drave (Ger. Drau, drow ; Slavonian Drava,
dri'vA).
Drenthe, dren'teh.
Dres'd en.
Dreux, drirh.
Drin, dreen, or Drino, dree'no.
Drin'n?., r. of Turkey.
Drogheda, drfth'He-da.
Drohobicz, dro'ho-bitch^ or DroTio-Tisch*.
Droitwich, drolt'itch.
Drome, drOm.
Drontheim, dront'im (Nor. Trondjem, tr&nd
yem).
Druses, dra'ziz.
*Duanesburg, du-ainz'burg.
Dub'lin.
Dubno, doob'no.
Du-bois'.
Du Buque, du book {oo as iu moon),
Dudley, dud'le.
Duero, doo-i'ro or dwi'ro. See Douro
Du'is-burg or doo'i5-b66RG\
Dulce, Rio, ree'o dool'si or dool'thi.
Dulcigno, dool-cheen'yo.
Dulwich, dul'ich.
Dum-bar'tpn.
Dumbartonshire, dum-bar 'ton-shir.

EIS

15

ENK

Dumfries, dum-fVeece'.
Duna, doo'ni, r. of Russia.
Dunaburg, doo'^-burg or doo'ni-boorg, t. of
Russia.
Dunbeath, dun-baith', r. of Scotland.
Dun-bar'.
Dundalk, dun-dauk'.
?Dun-das'.
Dun-dee'.Dunfermline, dum-fer'lin.
Dun-gan'npn. Dun-gar'vpn.
Dungeness, dun-jen-ess'.
Dunkeld, dun-kelT.
DunlEirk (Fr. Dunkerque, duN^kSfik').
Dunwich, dun'ich, t. of England.
Du'plin.
Duquesne, du-kane', forty formerly occupying
the site of Pittsburg.
Durance, dflViNce'.
Durango, doo-ring'go.
Durazzo, doo-rit'so, or Duras, doo-ris'.
Da'ren or Mark-Da'ren.
Durham, dur'um.
Durlach, d66R'liK.
DQs'sel-dorf.Dutch'ess.Duval, du-voU'.
Dayveland, doi've-lint.
Dwl'na (Rus. pron. dvee'ni).
*D5''ers-burg.
Dyle or Dyl, dlle, E.
Early, erie.
East'pn. East'pOrt.
EastViUe. Eat'pn.E'bal, mt. of Palestine.
Eboe, e'bo', or Ibou, e'boo', t. of W. Africa,
Ebora. See Evora,
E'bro (Sp. pron. i'bro),
Ebsambul or Ebsam'bool', (. of Nubia,
Eccloo, ek-klO'.
Ecija, i'the-Hi,
EckmOhl, ek'mQle, t. of Bavaria.
Ecuador, ek-wi^doRe , or E-qua'tpr.
E'den-tpn, Ed'foo ; written, also, Edfou and Edfu.
Ed'gar-tpn,Edgecorabe, ej'kum.
•E-dT'na.Edinburgh, ed'in-bur-rehj written, also, Edin
borough.
Ed'is-to.Ed'mond-spn. *Ed'wards-viUe.
Eelah (more property Eelee or Ili). See
Gooldsha.
Effingham, efing-um.
Eg'er (in Boheraian, Cheb, Kcb).
£^hwaat, eg^hwit', t. ofN Africa.
Egina. See ^gina.
E^ri-p5. See Negropont.
Egypt, e'jipt (Arab. Musr or Misr).
Ehrenbreitstein, i'ren-brlle'stine.
Eichstadt' or Aichslidt, iKe'stett.
Eilenburg, Tlen-b66RG.
Eimbeck, ime^Sk.
Eimeo, I'mee-o, one ofthe Society Islands,
Eisenach, fzen-ix,
Eisenitadt, I'zen-atitt*.

Eisleben, Tceli-ben.
Ekatarinburg, i-k&'ti-reen-boorg.
Ekatarinoslaf or -slav, i-ki'ti-reen*o-sIif .
Ekhrayra. See Akhmyra.
Ek-o-strof or Ekostrovskaia, i-ko-strov-skt'^,
t. of Russian Lapland,
Ek'ron, t. of Palestine.
El Abiad. See Bahr-el-Abiad.
El Arish, el i'rish'' or el iVeesh', (. of Arabia,
Elatraa, i-lit'rai, or Yelatraa, ySl-at'rai.
El Araish. See Laraehe.
El Azrek. See Bahr-el-Azrek.
El'ba.El Bassan, el bis'sin', (. of Turkey.
Elbe, elb (Ger. pron. el'beh.)
El'ber-field (Ger. pron. el'ber-felt).
El'bert.Elbeuf, erbuf.
El'bing.El-boorz' or El-broozj written, also, El-
brouz, mts. of Asia.
Elche, el'chi.
El Dakhel, el-di'kel, (. of Egypt.
El Dorado, el do-ri no, a name given by the
Spaniards to a part of S, America. It sig
nifies "the golden^^ country.
Elena, el-i'ni, St., point W. of Guayaquil.
El-e-phan'ta.E-leu'the-raj t. qf W. Indies.
Elg'in, el'ghin.
Elg'in-shire ; called] also, Morayshire.
Elizabetgrad, i-liz'a^bet-grid', or YeUsavet-
grad,
El-Katif, el-ka-teef , (. of Arabia.
El Khargeh, el-Kar'gheh, t. of Egypt.
Elk'hart,Ellwangen, ell'wing-en, i. of Wurtemberg.
EUs'wprth. El Margi, el-mar'iee, or Bahr el Merj, I. of
Syria.
El Makkarif, el-mik-ki-reef, (- of Nubia.
Elmina. el-mee'ni, t, of W. Africa.
*El-mI'ra.
*E1 Paso del Norte, el pi'so del noR'fi.
EPsin-ore' or Elsineur, el'se-nur' (Dan. Hol-
sing-6'er).
Eluths or Eleuts, ePe-oots' or eryoots', o peo-
pie of Chin, Tartary.
El'vas.Elwangen. See Ellwangen.
Et'wend', mis. of Persia.
Ely, ee'le.
E-raan'u-el.Em'brun or iM'bruN'.
Em'den or Erab'den. ^
Era'e-sa, See Hoins,
Eraineli, em-ee'neh, cape of Turkey.
Em'ma-us, t. of Palestine.
Emmerich, em'mer-ix, or Emrich, em'ritt.
Era'met. -*
Eraoui, See Amoy,
Enare, en-i'ri, or Enara, en-a'r§i, I. of Ru»
sian Lapland.
Enderby's (Land), en'der-bez, S. of the In
dian Ocean.
En'dpr, (, of Palestine.
Engedi, eng'ghe-dl, t. of Palestine.
Enghien, iN'ghe-iN'.
England, in-land.
Engoor or Engour, en-goor', and Enguri^
en-goo're. See Angora,
Enikale, en-e-kili. See Yenicale.
EniseT. See Yenisei,
Enkhuizen, enk-hoi'z^n.

EWI
En'^is-cor'thy. EnV.is-kil'len.
Ens, Sns.
Enlre Douro e Minho, en'lri doo'ro iraeen'yo.
Entre Rios, en'tri ree'oce, prov. of La Plata.
Eperies, i-p6r'e-8s (Hun. pron. ii-pSr-e-esh),
Epernay, i-p^R'ni'.
Eph'e-sus. See Ayasoolook.
Ephraim, ^'fri-im, tribe of Israelites.
E-pT'rus, country qf Greece.
Equan, ee'qu6n, r. of British America.
K-qua'lpr.. See Ecuador.
Erbach, ^R'biK, t. of Germany.
Erdod, fiR'dOd', t. of Hungary.
Ereklee or Erekli, Sr'ek'lee', /. of Asia Min^r.
Erfurt, gR'f66Rt.
Er'gree Kas'tree. See Argyro Castro.
Ericht, Sr'iKt.
Erie, e're.
E'rin, See Ireland.
Erivan, Sr-e-vin',
Erlangen, ^a'ling-en.
Erlau, Sr'Iou (Hun. Eg'er).
Ermenek, SR'meirek', t. of Asia Minor.
Erne, Lough, 16h ern.
Erz-room'; written, also, Ardsroom, Erze
roum, and Erzrum.
Erzgebirge, ^Rls'ga-^lSgR'ghe.
Es-cam'bi-a.Escurial, es-koo-re-il'.
Eskisara, Ss'ke-si'ri, or Eski-Sagra, es-ke-
si'gri, t. of Turkey.
Eski Sliehr, es'kee shaih'r, (. of Turkey.
Esmeraldas, es-rai-ril'dis, (. of Venezuela.
Esne, es'nih\
*E-so'pus.
Espirilu Santo, Ss-plr'e-too or i-spee're-too
sin'to, (. of Brazil.
Esquimaux, es'ke-raO,
Es'sen.
Essequibo, es-se-kee'bo, or Essequebo, es-sli^
ki'bOj ,r. of Guiana.
Es'sex,Es Sjoot or Es Siout, es-see-oot'. See Sioot.
Ess'ling-en.Es'te. es'ti.
Es-thD'nl-a.Es'iill.Estremadura, es-tri-mi-DOo'ri.
Estre mo z, es'lri-mOze'.
Eszek, es'sek.
Etampes, i'liMp'. '
Ethiopia or .Ethiopia, e-the-O'pe-a, country
of Africa.
Etienne, Saint, saM efe-enn'.
Et'o-wah.Eischj etch. See Adige.
*Evans, iv'enz.
Eu, uh.
Eupen, oi'pen (Fr. N"nu, ni'O').
Euphrates, ii-fri'lSz (Turk. FrUt).
Eure, ure or uR.
Europe, u'rup.
Eustatius, St., sent yoo-sti'she-us, written,
also, St. Euslatia, i. of W. Indies.
Eustis, uce'tiss. See Siibleltes.
Eu'tnw. See Utah.
Eulin, oi-ieen'.
Euxine, Qx'in. See Black Sea.
Evesham, eevz'ham or eevz'nm.
Ev'o-r^i written, also, Ebora.
Evreux, Sv'ruh'.
Ex'e-t^r. *Ewington, yoo'ing-tpn. '

16

FLE

Eyalet, T-yilet.
Eyiau, I'lou, (. of Prussia.
Eyeo, i'yO, (. of W. Africa.

Faaborg, fau'borg, t. of Denmark.^
Faenza, fi-en'zi.
Fahlun. See Falun.
Faeroe, fi'ro pr fi'rO-e,
Faido, fl'do, t. of Switzerland.
Faioom or Faioum, fl-oom'.
Fair'fax. Falaise, fi.-laze',
Falkirk, faul'kjrk.
Falkland, fauk'Iand,
Falmoulh, fal'muth.
Falster, fal'sier or fi-I'ster.
Falun or Fahlun, fi'loon.
Fano, fi'no.
Fano, fi'no, or Fanoe, fS.'n6-eh, i. of Den*
mark,
Fanado, f?L-ni'do, (, of Brazil.
*Fan'nin.
¦Faro, fi'ro.
Farsistan, far-sis-lin'. *
Fas. See Fez.
Fauquier, fau-keer'.
Fayal, fi-il'.
Fayette, fi-yet'.
Fayetteville, fi'yet-vil,
Fayoum, fl-oom'. See Faioom.
Fee'jee. See Fiji.
Feliciana, fe-lis'se-an'a.
Felix, St., sent fee'lix (Port. Sao Feliz, si'in
or soung fi-leece), t. of Brazil,
Fe-loops', a people of W. Africa.
Fera'ern. Ferame Osage, f^m O-zizh'.
Fen'iress.Feodosia, fi-o-do'se-i. See Kaffa.
Fere, La, li faiR.
Ferraanagh, fer-man'a,
Ferrao, fSr'rao.
Fer-raoy'. Fernando de Noronha, ffifi-nin'do di no-
rone'yi, i. of Brazil.
Fer-nan'do Po, i. of W. Africa.
Ferrara, fSr-ri'ri.
Fer'ro (Sp. Hierro, ySr'ro).
Ferrol, fer-role'.
Fer\it' or fer^eel', country of Central Africa,
Fez or Fas.
Fezzan, fSz'zin'.
Fichtelgebirge, fix-tel-ga-bgSR'gheh.
Fiesole, fyes'o-li or Fes'so-le.
Fife'shire.Figeac, fe'zhik', (. of France.
Figueras, fe-gi'ris, t. of Spain.
Fiji, pronounced, and often written, Fee'jee.
Finistere, fin'is'laiR'.
Finistere, Cape, fin-is-tair* (Sp. Finistierra
fee-nis-te-^r'ri).
Finland.
Fin'lay, r. of British America.
Fin'mark.Fismes, feem, (. of France.
Fitlre, fii'tri', t. of Central Africa,
Fiume, fyoo'mi.
Flad'slrand or flid'slrind. (. of Denmark.
Plan'ders (Fr. Flandre, fliN'dr).
Ftem'ing.Flens'burff or Flens'borg.
Fleurus, fluh'rQce', (. of Belgium.

FRI

Flor'ence (It. Firenze, fe-ren'zi, or Fiorenza,
fe-o-ren zi or fyo-ren'zi).
Flo'r6s.Flour, Saint, sJn flooR (rhyming with poor).
Flor^-da. Flush'in^ (Dutch Vlis'sing-en).
Flu-van'na.Foggia, fod'ji.
FogUa, fole'yi, r. of Italy.
Fo%o, one of Cape Verde Is.
FOhr, fOR, or Fohrde, fOR'deh.
Foix, fwi.
Fold-var*, (. of Hungary.
Foligno, fo-leen'yo.
Fondi, fon'de.
Fontainebleau, fJN^ane'blO'.
Fontarabia, fon-ta-ri'be-n (Sp. Fuenterabia,
fwen-tipri-bee'i).
Fontenay, fAst'iii'.
Fonten-oy' (Fr. pron. fiNt'nwi'), f 0/ £eZ-
giu77i.
Foo'lah, generally written Foulah.
Foo't^ Jal'lO, country of W. Africa.
Foo'ta To'ro, country of W. Africa.
Foo'tche-oo' ; written, also, Foutcheou and
Foutchow, t. of China.
For'far.ForU, for-lee'.
Formentera, for-raen-li'ri.
For-mo'sa (called by the Chinese Taiwan,
ti-win').
Forsyth, fpr-slTH'.
For-ia-ven-lu'ra. See Fuertaventura.
.Forth. Fossano, fos-si'no.
Fotheringay, foTH'er-ing-gi', v. of England.
Fougeres, foo'zhaiR'.
Foulah, foo'li. See Foolah.
Fourche, foorsh. See La Fourche.
Foutcheou or Foutchow. See Footcheoo.
Foveaux, fo-vO', strait of New Zealand.
Fowey, foy, sometimes written Fawey.
Foyers, often w^ritten, and always pro
nounced Fy'ers.
Foyle, Lough, I&h foil,
France, france (Fr. pron. friNce).
Fran-cis'co (St.), or San Francisco.
Franche Corate, frissh kiN'ti'.
Fran-co'nl-a (Ger. Franken or Frankenland,
frink'en-lint).
Franeker, frin ek-er.
Frankenstein, frink'en-stTne\
Frankenthal, frink'en-tiil.
Frank'fprt (Ger. Frankfurt, frink'f66Rl).
Frank'lin,Frascati, fris-ki'te.
Frauenburg, frow'en-b66RG'.
Frauenfeld, frow'en-felt, (. of Switzerland.
Fraustadt, frow'stiil.
Fra'zer's, r. of British America,
Fred'er-icks-burg.
Fred'er-ic-tpn. Freiberg, frl'bSKG.
Freiburg, frl'burg or frT'b66RG,
Freising, frl'zing, or Freisingen, fri'zing-en,
Freistadt, fri'stiu,
Frejus, fri'zhflce'.
Fre'monl's Peak, oru of the Rocky Mts.
Freyburg. See Freiburg.
Freystadt. See Freistadt.
Friburg, fre'booR'. See Freyburg,
Friedland, freed'Iand (Ger. pron. freefiant).
Friesland, freez'land, Vriesland or Friesia,
free'zhe-a. 56* '

17 GAR
Frio, free'o.
Frische Haff, frish'eh biff, or Frische See,
frish'eh si.
Friuli, fre-00'le (It, pron. free'oo-le).
Frob'ish-er's, strait of British America.
Frome Sel'wood.
Frontignac, frANteen^ik', t. of France.
Frontera, fron-ti'ri.
Fuertaventura, fwSR^ti-ven-too'ri.
Fuerte del Carmen, fw^R'ti del kaR'raen, (
of La Plata.
Fulda, fOOl'di.
Fulton, f66rtun.
Funchal, foon'shil'.
Fun'dy.FQ'nen (Dan. Fyen, ffl'en),
FOnf kirchtfB, fQnf-kefir'ken,
Funil, foo-neel', (. of Brazil.
Furnes, fQRU.
Furruckabad, fur'ruk-arbid'.
FQrlh, fQRt.
Fyers. See Foyers.
Fyne, Loch,' Iox fine.
Fyum, fl-oom'. See Faioom.
G.
Gabes. See Cabes,
Gaboon, gi-boon', country of S. W. Africa
Gadames, gi-di'mes. See Ghadamis.
Gad'a-ra, t. of Palestine.
Gads'den.Gaeta, gi-i'ti.
Gabyba, gi-ee'bi, I. of S. America.
Gaillac, gah^ik' or giPyik'.
Gaillon, g4h>'6N' or gil^yAN'.
Gairloch, gare'lox.
Galapagos, gi-Ii'pi-goce (comraonly _ pro
nounced in English gal-la-pi'gus), is. in
the Pacific, W. of Ecuador.
Galashiels, gal-a-sheelz', i. of Scotland.
Galatz,or Galacz, gi'liis, (. of Moldavia.
Galega, gi-li'gi, i. in Indian Ocean.
Ga-le'na.Galicia, gal-ish'e-a.
Gall, Saint, sent gaul (Fr. pron. bSn gill, Ger.
Sancle GaUen, sink'teh gil'len).
Gallapagos. See Galapagos,
Gal'la-tin.GaUe. See Point de Galle.
GalTi-a,GaUinas, gal-lee'nas (Sp. pron, gil-yee'nis),
cape of New Granada,
GaUinas, gal-lee'nas, r. ofW. Africa.
Gallipoli, gil-lip'o-le.
*GaIlipolis (Ohio), garU-po-leece'.
Gal'lo-way.Gal'ves-ton.Galway, gaul'way.
Gam'bl-a.Gambler's, gani-beerz' (Is.) a group of Poly
nesia.
Gand, giw. See Ghent,
Ganges, gan'jiz (Hindoo Gunga).
Gap, gip.
Gard, gaR.
Garda, gan'da.
Gardafui, gar'da-fwee'. See Guardafui.
Gardiner, gard'ner.
Gardon, gaR'ddn'.
Garfagnana, gar-fin-yi'na.
Garigliano, gi-reel-yi'no.
Garonne, gi'ronn'.
Gar'rard.

GIU 18
Gar'rftws.Gas-co-nade'.
Gas'co-ny (Fr. Gascogne, gis'koS').
Gaspe, gis'pa'.
Gateshead, gaits'hed.
Gaza, gi'za, t. of Palestitie.
Gaziia. SeeGhiznee,
Geauga, je-aVga.
Geel, gheel (Dutch pron. Sale).
Gefle. yev'la.
Gehot. See Zhehol.
Gelders or Guelders, ghel'ders (Dutch Gel
dern, Hel'dern), or Gel'der-land.
Genargentu, jen-aR-jen-too', mt. of Sardinia.
Gendaree, ghen-da-ree', mts. of .^ghanistan.
Genesee, jen-e-see'.
Geneseo, jen-e-see'Oj
Geneva, jen-ee'vah (Ger. Genf, Fr. Geneve,
zhen-ave').
Genevieve, jeh-e-veev'.
Genii, Hi-neel'j written, also, Xenil, t, of
Spain.
Genoa, jen'o-a (It. Geneva, jen'o-vi).
George'town_, or Stabroek, sii'brook,
Georgia, jor'je-ai.
Gera, ga'ri.
Geral, zhi^ral', mts. of Brazil.
Gerar^ ghee'rar, (. of Palestine.
Gerizim, gher'e-zim, mt. of Palestine.
Germain, jer-main'. Saint, (Fr. pron. s^N
zh&SL'mky').
Germanv, jer'raa-ne (Ger, Deutschland,
doitch'linl).
Gerona, ni-ro'niu
Gers, zhaiR.
Gex, zhex.
Geysers, ghi'sers, hot springs of Iceland.
Gezer, ghee'zer, (, of Palestine.
Ghadarais, gi-di'rais,or Gadames, pronounced
alraost as if written gi-dims' or gi-dimce',
Ghar'ra, r. of Hindostan.
Ghauts, gauls.
Gheel. See Geel,
Ghee'zeh ; written, also, Gizeh and Jizeh.
Ghent (Fr, Gand, giw).
Ghjz'nee, written, also, Ghizni, Ghuznee,
and Gazna, t. of Afghanistan.
Ghool-ghool'a.
Ghraat, grit or griit, t. of N. Africa.
Gibeah, ghib'e-a, (. of Palestine.
Gibeon, ghib'e-pn, (. of Palestine.
Gibraltar, je-braul'ter (Sp. pron.He-bril-taR') .
Gibson, ghib'sun,
Giessen, ghees'sen.
Gigansk, ghe-ginsk'. (. of Siberia.
Gihon, je-non' or je-noon'. See Oxus.
Gijon, He-Hone', (. of Spain.
Gijona, He-ko'ni.. See Xtxona.
Gita, HCe'li.
Gilboa, ghil'bo-a.
Gilead, ghil'e-ad, mt. of Palestine.
Giles, jiTz.
Gilmer, ghil'raer.
Gilolo, je-lo'Io.'
Giorgiev, jor-je-8v', or Gioi^ief. See Giur-
gevo.
Girjeh, jeer'jeh; written Djirdjeh by the
French.
Girjenli, jeer-jen'te.
Gironde, je-rftnd' (Fr, pron. zheViwd').
Gilschin, gitch'ih or gee'chin (g hard), (. qf
Bohemia.
Giurgevo or Giurgewo, joor-ji'vo, (. of Wal-
lacliia.

GRA

Oizeh, jee'z^h or ghee'zeh. See Gheezeh.
[It is a curious fact, that thpre is the same
difference in the pronunciation of this
name among the Arabs of Egypt, as we
might suppose w^ould arise araong English
men attempting to pronounce (rt2eA;some
making the g hard, olhers soft.]
Glamorganshire, glara-or'gun-shir.
Glar'us (Fr. Glans, gli'reece').
Glas'gOw.Glatz, glits (Pol. KlodzOco).
Glauchau. glou'KOU.
Glogau, gio gou ; sometimes written Glogaw.
Glom'raen, almost gltim'men.
Gloucester, glos'ter.
Gloucestershire, glos'ter-shir.
GlQckstadt, gmck'stitt.
Glurns, gloorns ; caUed, also, Glurentz, gloo'-
rents, t. of Tyrol.
Gmund, gmOOnt or GmOn'den.
Gmflnd, gmGnt.
Gnesen, gni'zen (Pol. Gniesno).
Go'a.*Goave, go'iv'.
Gobi. See Gobi.
Godavery, go-di'ver-e.
Goes, HOoce.
Goettingen. See Gottingen.
Go'gra, r. of Hindostan.
Gol-con'da.Gold'berg or golt'b^RG.
*Goni-ad'.Golnow, gol'nov.
Gom-broon' or Bun'der Ab-as'see (Abassi).
Gomera, go-mi'ri.
Gonalves, Les, li go^Tve'.
Gonave, go'niv', i. W. of Hayti.
Gon'dar.
* Gonzales, gon-zahlSz. ^and Gonldja.
Goold'sha; wntten, also, Guldscha, Goidja,
Goom'ty.Goor'gaun', (, of Persia.
Oooriev or Gouriev, goo're-ev', t, of Russia
Gor'da,Gor'cum.Goree, goVi', i. of W. Africa.
Gor'litz, almost gurHits-
GOrtz, Eilmost guris (It. Gorizia, go-hd'ze-i).
Gos'lar.Gos'pOrt.
Gotha, go'li.
Gothard, St., got'hard or gofhart, mt. of
Switzerland.
Gothenburg, got'en-burg (Sw. GOlheborg,
yo'ti-borg),
Goth'land or Gottland (Sw. Gotaland, yd'ti-
land).
Got'ten-burg. See Gothenburg.
Gottingen or Goettingen, get'ting-en.
Gou'da (Dutch pron. How^i).
Gough's, goff's, i. S. W. of Africa.
Goulja. See Gooldsha.
Gourgan. See Goorgaun.
Gouriev. See Gooriev.
Goyaz, go-yiz', or Villa Boa.
Goyanna, go-yin'ni, (. of Brazil.
Gozzo, got'so.
Grnaf Reynet, grif rl'net, (. of S. Africa.
Gracias a Dios, gri'se-is A dee'oce, cape of
CerUral America.
Graciosa, gri-se-o'si
Gradisca, gri-dis'ki.
Graen. See Gran.
Graetz, grets. See Grfttz.

GUA 19

HAL

Grammont, grim^mON'.
Gram'pl-an.
Gran, grin (Hun, Esztei^oro, es'tfiR-gom)>
Gran or Grane, grin, (. of Arabia.
Granada, gran-i'da (Sp. pron. gri-ni'Di).
Grand Men-an' or M^-an', i. off the N. E.
part of Maine.
Granger, grain'jer.
Qranuiam, granl'um.
Gran'ville.Grasse, griss.
Gratiot, gra.sh'e-ot.
Gratz or Graetz, grets.
GraubQndien, grou'bant-en. See Grisons.
Graudentz, grou'dents.
Gravelines, griv'leen'.
Gravesend, graivz'end'.
Grayson, ^i'sun.
Great Britain, -brit'un.
Great Key or Kei, ki, r. ofS. Africa.
Green'brT-er.Green'Iand (Dan. Gron'land or Greenland).
Green'pck.Greens'ville.Green 'up.
Green'ville.Greenwich, grinldge.
Greifswalde, gflfs'wii'deh (formerly written
Gripeswold).
Grein, grlne, t. of Austria.
Greitz, grits, t. of Germany.
Grenada, gren-i'da. [Grenarfa, the name of
one of the British West India islands, ought
not to be confounded with the S{)anish
name Granada (sometimes improperly writ
ten with an e in the first Byllabl'e). Wor
cester pronounces Grenada gre-ni'da, pro
bably referring to this mode of spelUng the
Spanish name.]
Grenoble, gren-obl' or greh-nO'b'l.
Grindelwald, grin'del-will'i
Gripeswold, See Greifswalde,
Griqua, gree'qui, /. in S. Africa.
Grisons, gre'ziN (Ger. Graubflndten, grou'
bant-en).
Grod'no-Gron'ing-en.
Gros'sa, i. in the Adriatic.
Gross-Glogauj, grDce-glo'gou,
Gross-Wardein, grOce -waR-dTne*.
Grflnberg, grun'bSrg' or Gril'ne-berg . ,
Gruyeres, grw^e'air', (. of Switzerland.
Guadalajara or Guadalaxara, gwS^Di-li-Hi'-
ri, [It raay be observed that in all names
beginning with gua, the Spaniards and
Mexicans scarcely sound the g at al) ; hence
Guadalajara is pronounced alraost w^i-di-
la-ni'ri, Guanaxuato, wi-ni-Hwi'to, &c.]
Guadaloupe, gauMa-loop' or gi'di-loop'.
*Gnadalupe, gwi-di-loo'pi or gau'da-loop'.
Guadalquivir. gau'dal-quiv'er (Sp.pron. gwi-
nil-ke-veer').
Guadiana, gau'de-ah'na or gwi'DC-i'ni,
Guaiteca, gwT-ti'ki, gulf W. of Patagonia.
Guamanga, gwi-ming'gi, t. of Peru.
Guanacache, gwi-ni-ki'chi, hqfLa Plata.
Guanaxuato or Guanajuato, gwi-ni-jnwi'lo,
Guancavelica, gwing-ki-vi-lee'ka ; wrijten,
also, Huancabelica.
Guapore, gwi-po'ri, r. ofS. America.
Guardafui, gwar-di-fwee', or Gardafui,' gar'-
da-fwee', cape forming the E. point of
Africa.
Guanney, gwaa-rai', t. of Peru.

Guastalla, gwis-tilli.
Guatemala, gaute-mahlqi or gwi-ti-mll&,
Guaviare, gwi-ve-i'ri, r. of New Grant^.
Guaxaca, gwi-Hi'ki, almost wi-Hi'ki. See
Oaxaca.
*Guayama, gwT-i'rai.
Guayaquil, gwi-i-keel'.
*Guayma8, gwl'raia.
Guayra, gwl'ri. See La Guayra.
*Guazacualco, gwi-si-kwil'ko ; also written
Huasacualeo.
Guben, goo'bpn.
Guelderland, ghel'der-land. See Gelders.
Guelders, ghel'derz. See Gelders.
Guferet, gi'ri',
Guernsey, ghern'ze.
Guevellan, girvet-lin', r, (andt.?) of Central
America.
Guiana, ghe-i'na, or Guyana.
Guienne, ghe'enn',
Guilford, ghil'furd.
Guinea, ghin'e,
*Guine5, gwee'nSfe.
Guingamp, gSN^giw'.
Guipuzcoa, ghe-poos'ko-a (Sp. pron, ghe-
poolh'ko-i) .
Guisborough, ghiz'bur-r^h, t. of England.
Gujerat. See Guzerat,
Guldscha. See Gooldsha,
Gumbinnen, g66ra-bin'nen.
Gundava, gun-di'vi, t, of Beloochistan.
Gund-wa'na. Gflntz'burg or GQnts'b66RG.
Gurapy, goo-ri-pce', r. of Brazil;
Gurary, goo-ri-ree', r. ^Ecuador. [^Proba
bly the sarae as the Cufaray^ of which it is
perhaps a misspelling.]
Gur'wal'. '
GOstrow, gOs'trov.
Guyana, ghe-i'ni. See Guiana.
*Guyan, ght'an,
Guyandott, ghl-an-dot', faraUiarly called ghl-
an'.
Guz-er-at'; written, also^ Gujerat.
Gwalior, gwi'le-or', (. of Hiridostan.
*Gwin'nedd.Gwin- ell'.
Gwfil'tiir', t. of Beloochistan.^
Gyula, dyoo'ia. See Karlsburg. H.
Haarlem, Haerlem, or Harlem, harlem.
Haarleramer Meer, har'iem-raer mair.
Habaii. See Hapai.
Habana. See Havana.
Hab'er-sham.Hacha. See Rio Hacha.
Had'ding-tpn.Hadjar .or Hajar, hi'jar.'
Hadleigh, had'le.
Had-ra-raaul'.Hae'mus. See Balkar.
Haerlem. See Haa^^eAl.
Haff, biff.
Hagerstown, hi'gars-town.
Hague, haig (Fr. La Haye, li hi, almost li i).
Hagueneau, hig'nO' or ig^O'.
Hajar or Hadjar, hi'jar. See Lahsa.
Hainan, hi-nan'.
Hainault, hi^o' or i'nO' (Flem. Henegouwen,
hen-e-How'^en).
Haiti, hi'te. See Hayti.
Halberstadt, hil'b^r-stitt

HEL
Haleb, hileb. See Aleppo.
Hall-fax. Hall, hill.
Halle, hil'leh,
Hallein, hil-line', t. of Austria.
Hallowell, hol'o-wel.
Haraa or Hamah-, hi'rai, (, of Syria.
Haraadan, hi-ini-din', t. of Persia.
Hara'burg (Ger. pron. hira'b66RG),
Haraeln, ni'raeln.
Ham'il-tpn.Hamm, hiram.
Hara'mer-fest, t. of Norway.
Hara'mer-sraith. Hamp'den.
Harap'sliire (i. e, the county of Hants.)
Hanau, hi'now.
Han'cock., Hang-tcheoo or Hang-tcheou, hang'cheoo':
written, also, Hangtchow.
Hanniah, han''nee'ah. See Lantchang.
Han'o-ver (Ger. Han-no'ver).
Hanse.Han-se-at'ic.Hants. See Harapshire.
Haousa or Haoussah, hoVsi. See Houssa.
Hapai, hi'pl or hi'pi-ee, (Islands), a group
_of Polynesia.
Har'di-man.Hard'in,Hard'wick. Har'dy. Harfleur, haR'fluR',
Har'fprd,Har-ic'a-naw^ or harYe-kan'au.
Har' lan.
Harlech, har'lek, t. of Wales.
Har'ling-en.Harmin or Har^raeen', (, of Arabia.
Har'ris-burg.Har'ri-spn,Har' rOw- gate.
Hart'fprd.
Har'vard,Harwich, har'rldge.
Hasek or Hassek, hi'sek', t. of Arabia.
Hasselt, his'selt.
Hastings, haist'ings.
Hat'ter-as. Haussa, how'sa. See Houssa.
Ha-van'a or Havanna (Sp. Habana or Ha
vana, i-vi'ni),
Havel, hi'vel, r, of Germany.
Hav'er-fprd West'.
Haverhill (England), hav'er-il.
Haverhill (Mass.) hi'ver-il.
Havre de Grace, hay'er de grass (Fr. proh,
hi'vr deh griss or i'vr-deh griss').
Hawaii, lii-wl'ee ; also written Owhyhee.
Haw'kins.Hayti or Haiti, hi'te (Fr. pron. hiVte' or
i'e'le').
Hay' wood.
Hazebrouck, hiz^brook' or iz'brook'.
Heard, herd.
Hebrides, heb'rid-Sz.
He'bron, t. of Palestine.
He'brus. See Marizza.
Hechingen, hcK'ing-en.
Hec'la. Hedjaz, hej-iz' ; also written Hedsjaz.
Heidelberg, hl'dpl-bfiEG.
Heilbronn, hlle-bronn'.
Hel'd?r, t. of Holland.

20

HOD

Hel-e'na (St.)
Hel'go-land or Hell-go-land,
Hel'les-pont.Hellin, nerieen'.or il-leen', t. of Spain.
Hel'mont (Fr, pron. hel-mAN' or el'mos'), t.
of Holland.
Helmstedt, helm'stStt (incorrectly written
Hei rastadt).
HePraClnd'; written, also, Helmend.
Hel'sing-borg', t. of Sweden.
Hel'sing-fors',
Hel-vel'lyn,Helvoetsluys, hel'v66t-sloia'.
Hempstead, hemp'sted.
Hen'der-spn.Hen-lo'pen.
Hen-rl'co,Herat, her-it'.
Hferault, hiVo'or iYo'.
He r- cu- la'ne-um.
Her'e-fprd.Her'ki-mer.Hermanstadt, biR'raan-stitt.
Her'mit, i. S. of Terra del Fuego.
Her'rapn, mt. of Palestine.
Her'mus or Sarabat, si^ri-bit', r of Asia
Minor.
Herrnhut, hiRn'hoot.
Hersfeld, hSas'fSlt.
Hertford (in England), har'furd.
Hertford (in the U. S.), hert'furd.
Hesb'bon,'*. of Palestine.
Hesse Cas'sel (Ger. Hessen Cassel, hes'sen
kis'sel).
Hesse Darmstadt, hess daRm'stilt (Ger. Hes
sen Darmstadt, hes'sen daRm'stilt) .
Hesse Hom'burg (Ger. Hessen Homburg, hes
sen hom'bddRG).
Heytesbury, haits'ber-e, (. of England,
Hick'raan.Hierro, ySr'ro. See Ferro.
Highlands, hi'landz (comraonly pronounced
hee'landz by the Scotch).
High'low^er. See Etowah.
Hildburghausen, hilt-bOfiRG-how'zen.
Hildesheim, hil'des-hlrae.
HU'lah; written, also, Hellah, i. of Asiatic
Turkey.
Hillsborough, hilzTinr-reb.
Himalaya, him-a-ll'a or Himmaleh, him-
mi'la.
Hlnd'o-en or HInd'6-en, i. of Norway.
Hin'doo Koosh or Koo ; wntten, also, Hindu
Kusch or Kush, ttUj. of Central Asia.
Hin-dp-stan' or In-do-stan'; WTitten, also,
Hindustan, Hindoostan, and Industhan.
Hinds, hindz.
Hioring, he-o'ring or hyo'ring, (. of Denmark.
Hirschberg, h66Rsh'-"(or hlRsh) bSaG, I. of
Prussia.
His-pan-H-ola. See Hayti.
Hit'ter-en, t. of Norway.
HMas'sa, See Lassa.
Ho-angTiO, pronounced, almost, whangTio'.
Ho-ang' Ki-ang', almost whang ke-ang',
called, also, Hon- and Hoau-Kiang, r. of
China. [tun.
Hobart Town, usuaUy pronounced hob'er-
Ilo'bO-ken.
Ho'bro-e, alraost ho'brQ'yeh, (. of Denmark,
Hochheim, ho'hime or hoxe'hlme, (. ofGer^
many.
Hock'ing.Ho'den', oasis of W. Africa.

HUR
H6f.HOfwyl (Ger. pron. hOfi^il), (. of Svtiizer-
land.
Hohenlinden, ho^en-llnd'en, v. of Bavaria,
Hohenzollern, ho^en-tsol'iern.
HOl'beach.Hol^uin, hol-gheen' or ol-gheen', (. of Cuba.
HoHand (Dutch pron. hol'lani).
Holmes, hOraz.
Holstein, hol'stlne.
HOl'stpn. Holt.Holyhead, hol'e-hed.
HO'ly-oke, ml. of Mass.
Holywell, hol'e-wel.
Hom'burg (Ger. pron. hom'b66RG).
Homs, hims, or HQms, or Craesa.
Hon'da (Sp. pron. iil'di).
Hon'do, r. of Mexico.
Honduras, hon-doo'ras.
Honfleur, hAN'fluR' or An^Aur'.
Hong Kong, t. of China.
Honiion, hun'e-tun.
Honolulu, hon-o-loo'loo, or Honoruru.
Hoog'ly,
Hoorn, hOrn.
Hnp'kins. *Horshara, hors'um.
Hor'sens, (. of Denmark,
Hor'ta.
Hnt'ten-tots. *Houllon, hole'tun,
Housalonic, hoo'sa-ton'ik.
Houssa, how'si ; written, also, Haussa and
Haousa, or Haoussah, kingdom of Central
Africa.
Houston, hews'lun.
How'ard.Hoyerswerda, hoy'ers-w§R'di, t. of Saxony.
Huaheine or Huahine, hoo-i-hee'ni, one of
tke Society Is.
Huallaga, wil-yi'gi, r. of Peru.
Huasacualeo, hwa-si-quil'ko. See Guaza-
cualco. [Spanish or Mexican names begin
ning wilh hu, like those beginning wUli gu,
sound very neariy as if they commenced
with an English w : hence Guazacualco
and Huasacualeo are to be pronounced
alike, alraost w^i-si-quil'ko. It may be ob
served that the Mexicans generally sound
5 and z precisely alike, although a true
Spaniard w^ill raake a raarked difference in
their pronunciation. See Introduction to
the Pronouncing Gazetteer, XXVII., 3 and
18, pages 47 and 48.]
Kuasco, w^is'ko or hwis'ko, /. of Chili.
Huaura, wow'ri or hwow'ri, (. of Peru.
Hud'ders-field, Hudson.Huft, hwi or hoo-i/, cap. of An-nam.
Huelva, wel'vi or hwel'vi.
Hnesca, wes'ki or hwes'ki,
Huescar, wes'kar or bwSs'kar, t. of Spain.
Htllsl.
Hurai'ber, ^
Huraphreys, nm'frSz,
Hungary, hung'ga-re (Hun. Magyar Orszig,
mod-y6R oR-saig).
Hun'ter-dpn.Hunt'ing-dpn.Hum'in^tpn,Hunts'viUc.Hurd'war'.Hu'rpn,

21 INN
Hurrur or Hourour, hooYoor', (. of Africa.
Husum, hoo'sum, r, of Denmark.
Huy, hoi.
Hyapura. See Japura.
Hycalu, he-ki-too' or e-ki-too', (. of Brazil.
Hydaspes, hl-dSs'p^z, now called the Jhylum,
jT'lura' or ijrura',and Be'but', r. of Hindos
tan.
Hyderabad, hi'der-a-bid' or Hydrabad.
Hydra, hi'dra, or Idra, ee'dri, i. of Greece.
Hythe, hiTH. I.
laroslav, yar-o-sliy. See Yaroslaf.
Ibar, e'bar', or Hibar, he^bar', r. of Turkey.
Ibarra, e-bar'ri, t. of Ecuador.
Ibeil. See Obeid.
Ibera, e-bi'ri, l. of La Plata.
Iberville, I'ber-vil.
Ibraila, e-bri-ee'li, or Ibrail, e-bri-eel'. , See
Brabilov.
lija, ee'si, (. of Peru.
I-ca'rI-a or Nicaria, ne-ki-ree'i, i. of Greece.
Ice'land (called Is'land bythe natives).
Icolmkill, ik'om-klll'. See lona.
Ico or Icco, ee'ko, t. of Brazil.
Id'ri-a.I ekatarinburg. See Ekatarinburg.
letze. See Jetze.
Iglau, ig'lou ; written, also, Tglaw,
Igiawa, ig-li'wi, or Iglava, ig-li'vi, r, of Mo
ravia.
Ignacio, ig-ni'se-o, is. in the gulf of Califor
nia.
Igualada, e-gwi-li'fii.
Ihna, ee'ni, r. of Prussia.
Ijo, ee'yo, r. of Finland.
Il'ches-ler ; written, also. Ivelchester.
Ite de France, eel deh friNce.
Ilfracombe, il'fra-koom.
Ilha Grande, eel'yi grin'di, i. of Brazil.
Ilheos, eel-yi'oce, t. of Brazil.
Hi, 6'lee. See Gooldsha.
Ille, eel.
Il'ler, r. of Bavaria.
IllimanL, eel-yi-rai'ne.
IlUnois, il-lin-oi'.
ll-lyrl-a. Il'men, r. of Germany.
Il-men',7. of Russia.
Ilmenau, il'meh-now, r. of Hanover.
Illz or Ilz, ills, r. of Styria.
Imandra, e-min'dri, I. of Russian Lapland,
Iraola, e-rao'la.
Iilagua, e-ni'gwi, i. ofW. Indies.
Indais, in'dils, or In'dal, r. of Sweden,
In'dl-a. In'di-an'a or in-de-ah^ia,
In-dl-an-ap'p-Us. Indighirca or Indigirka, in'de-gher'ki, r. of
Siberia.
Ind-oor' or In-dore'.
In-dos-lan'. See Hindostan.
Indre, aNdr.
In'dus or Sindh, sind.
In'gs, St., (Sp. Sapia Ines, sin'ti e-n8ss'), %, in
ihe Gulf of California.
Ingham, ing'ura.
Ij:igolstadt, ing'gol-slitt\
Inhambane or Inhamban, in-am-bin', country
of S.E. Africa.
In'jeh, cape of Asia Minor.
Innspruck, inns'prdOk, or Innsbruck.

Jab'bok (now called Zarca or Zerka),6rooi
of Palestine.
Ja'besh Gil'e-ad, (. of Palestine,
Jaca, ni'ki.
Jack'spn-ville.
Jacobina, zhi-ko-bee'ni, (. of Brazil.
'*Jacquemel or Jacmel, zhik^mel'.
Jaen, ni-en'.
Jaffa or yif'fi.
Jaf^g,-pa-tam'.Jago, St. See Santiago.
Jagua or Xagua, ni'gwi, bay of Cuba.
Jaik or Yaik, yi'ik.

JAI 22
Inwv^r-a'ry;.Inverkeithing, in-v?r-kee'THing.
In-ver-ness'.In-ver-u'ry.lonai e-o'na, or Icolrafcill, ik'om-kUl',
Ionia, I-o'ne-a.
I-o'nl-an.I-os'co.Fo-wa.
Ipava, e-pi'vi, I. of Venezuela.
IpsambuL See Ebsambul.
Ips'wich.Iquique, e-kee'ki, /. of Peru.
Irak Adjemi, e^ik' ij'Sh-mee\
Irak Arabi, e^rik' ir'a-bee\
Iredell, Ire'del.
Ire'land or E'rin.
Ir-kootsk'; written, also, Irkutsk and Ir
kouisk,
Iroquois, ir-o-quoy',
IrYa-wad'dy | written, also, Irravradi^.
Ir'lysh or Irtish (Rus, pron, 66R-lish'),
Irvine, jr'vin.
Ir'well.Ir'win.
Ischia, is'ke-i.
Iseo, e-si'o, t. and I. ofN. Italy.
Iser or Isar, ee'zer.
Isere, e^zaiR'.
Iserlohn, ee'zer-lOne'.
Ish'im* or ish^eem', r- of Siberia.
I'sis.I^ken-der-oon'. See Alexandretta.
Islamabad, is-lim-a-bid'.
Isla, I'la, br Islay, I'li.
Isle pf Wight, lie pv wite'.
Is'ling-tpn,
Israail, is-rai-eel'.
Is'meed' or Ismid, t. of Asia Minor.
Isolelle, e-so-lel', cape of Arabia.
Ispahan, is-pa-hin', or Isfahan.
Issachar^ is'sa-kar, tribe^ of Israelites,
Issoire, isswia'.
Issoudun, is'soo'duN'.
Is'trl-a.It'a-ly (It. Italia, e-ti'le-i).
Italian, it-al'yun or e-lal'yun.
Itamaraca, ee-ti-mi-ri-ki', written, also, Ila-
marca, and simply Maraca, mir'i-ki', i. of
Brazil.
Ilapua, ee-ti-poo'i, improperly written Ita-
pura, t. ofPdraguay.
Itapicuru, e-ii-pe-koo-roo'.
It-a-wam'ba.
Ilh'a-ca. See Theaki.
Ivi^a, Iviza, or Ibiza, e-vee'si.
Ivrea, e-vri'i.
Iz'ard.

JUA

Jalapa, fili^ li'pi. See Xalapa.
"^Jalisco q;^ Jalisco, ni-lees'ko or y&Av^o.
Jal'oofs' or JaPoffs', people of W, Africa.
Jamaica, j^mi'ka.
Jarabo. See Yambo.
Jaraes' or James's (Bay); jamz'ez, always
pronounced in two gyllables.
Janina or Yanina, yi'ne-ni.
Jan Mayen. yin ral-en, i. E. of Greenland.
Jap-an' (called Niph'on by the Japanese).
Japura, Hi-poo'rij soraelimes written Hya
pura and Yupura.
Jaquerael, zhik'mel'. See Jacquemel.
Jaquesila, Hi-ki-see'li, or Yaquesila, yi-ki-
see'li, r. of California.
Jardinillos, Haa-de^ieel'yoce, cluster of islets
near Cuba. -
Jarmuch, jar^uk, r. of Palesliru,
Jaroslav. See Yaroslaf.
Jaroslaw, yi'ro^sliv.
Jask, jisk, t. of Beloochistan. '
Jassy, yis'se (Ger, Jasch. yish).
Jaszber §ny, yiiss1ji-rain'.
Jauer, yovrer;
Java, ji'va or jah'va,
Javary, ni-vi-ree', r. ofS. Am^ea.
Jax-ar'tgs, See Sihon.
Jean d'Angitly, Saint, s4n zhiK diN^zhile'.
Jedburgh, jed'bfir-reb,
Jeddo, yed'do. See Yeddo.
Jehoon. See Oxus.
Jen'a (Ger. pron. yi'ni).
Jen'ne or Djen'ny, t. of Soodan.
Jen'nings. *Jereraie, zhi^^e'or zhir'ih-mee'.
Jeres, niris. See Xeres.
Jericho, jer'e-ko, t. of Palestine.
Jersey, jer'ze.
Jerumenba, zhi-roo-meif^yi, t. of Brazil.
Je-ru'sa-lem (caUed El Kids or El Ko^ by
the Arabs).
Jesi, yi'se.
Jes'sa-raine.
Jesso or lesso, yes'so. iSee Y^so.
Jetze, yel'seh, or Jeelze, yat'seh, r. of N.
Germany.
Jeypoor or Jyepoor, jl-poor'.
Jez're-el or Jez'reel, (. of Palestine.
Jid'da or Djidda.
Jigagungar, je-^gurig'gar, t, of Thibet,
Jihon or Jehoon. See Oxus.
Jtjona or Xixona, He-Ho'ni.
Joannes, zho-in^n^s; caUed, also. Mango,
mi-ri'zho, i. of Brazil.
Joannina. See Janina.
Jo Daviess, jO di'vis.
Jo-han'na. See Anzooan.
Joigny, zhw&nye', t. of France.
Jol'l-ba or Djoliba.
Jonkjdping or JonkOping, yon'chfl-ping, al
most yon'chep-ing.
Jood'poor or Mar'war\
Jop'pa. See Jaffa.
Jor'dan.Jorullo or Xorullo, Ho-rool'yo; often pro
nounced Ho-roo'yo.
Joulamerk.or Ju'l^-raerk', (. ofAsiaiie Turkey,
Ju'an de Fu'ca, strait W. of N. America.
Ju'an de LiVbo'a (Sp. proH. Hoo-in' di lees-
bo'a), i. S. E. of Africa.
Ju'^n de No'v^ (Sp. pron. Hoo-in'jdi no'vi),
i.E.lfAfnca. w^ n
Ju'an Fer-nan'dflz (Sp. pron. noo-in' flR-
nin'dfitli).

KAZ

23

KID

Ju'^n, Saint. See San Juan,
Ju'ba or zhoo'bi, t. of E. Africa.
Ju'dah, tribe of Israelites.
Jug*ger-nauf or Juggernaut^.
Jujuy, HOO-Hwee'. '¦
Juliers, zha'le-i' (Ger. JuUch, yoo'lix).
Jum'na.Juncal, Hoong-kil', t. of Chili.
Jungfrau, yoong'frow.
Ju'nl-afa.Junk-Ce'ylon, junk seelun or se-lone', (. of
E, Indies,
Ju'ra (Pr. pron. zhfl^ri').
Jurua, Hoo-roo'i (Port. pron. zhoo-roo'i), r.
of S. America.
Jurumenha. See Jeruraenha.
Jutay, Hoo-tl' (Port. pron. zhoo-tl'), r. of S.
America.
Jul'laaid (Dan. Jfllland, yQlland).
K.
Kaarta, kiir'ti, kingdom of W. Africa.
Kaffa, kiTfft, or Feodosiaj fi-o-do'se-i.
Kahira, ki'he-ri. See Cairo.
Kaifong, ki-fong', t. of China.
Kairwan, kare- win'.
Kaisarieh, kl-zar-ee'eh.
Kajana or Kalana, ki-yi'ni, (. qf Russian
Finland.
Kakundy or Kakpndi, ki-kuu'de, (. of W.
Africa.
Kara-ma-zoo'.Kalisz or KaUsch, kilish.
Kalix, ki'lix, r. of Sweden.
Kalla, kil'li, I. qf Finland.
Kal'mar. See Calraar.
Elal-oo'ga; written, also, Kaluga and Kalouga.
Kama, ki'mi.
Kamieniec, kim'yen'ySts^ j soraetiraes writ
ten Karainietz.
Karaouraska, ki-moo-ris'ki, r. of Canada.
Kaml-chal'ka or Kamtschatka.
Kanawha, kan-au'w^a>
Kan'da-har'. See Candahar.
Kankao, king'ki'o or kang'kow', t. of Chin-
India.
Eano, ki'nO, kingdom of Africa.
Kan'zas, Kansas, or Kon'zas. [The Kanzas
Indians are familiarly called the Kaws or
Kaw Indians.]
Kapseli or Capsali, kip'sa-lee\ *. of Greece.
Kara, ki'ri, sea in the N. of Russia.
Kara-hissar, ki'ri'-his-sar'.
Kararaania. See Cararaania.
Eara-Soo, Kara-Su, or Karasou, ki'ri-soo',
r, of Asiatic Turkey,
Kar'le or kar'li, i. in Gulf of Bothnia.
Karls'burg (Ger, pron. kaRlz'bOORG).
Karoon. See Birket-el-Keroon.
Karri Karri, kar'ree kar'ree, desert of S.
Africa.
Kasan or Kazan, ki-zin'.
Kaschau, kish'ou (Hun. Kassa, kOsh-shdh).
Kashan. See Cashan.
Kash-gar' or Cashgar, t. of Central Asia.
Kas-kas'ki-aKas-to'ri-a, (, ofTurkc-tf.
Ka-tah'diii.Kat-raan'doo orKatmandhu. See Catmandoo.
Katrine, ki'trin.
Kat'te-gat, Set Cattegat.
Kauen, kov/en. See Kovmo.
Kazan. See Kasan.

Kecskemfet, kSch'kSm'ait'.
Ke'desh, t. of Palestine.
Kedje, ked'jeh or kej, t. of Beloochistan
Kee'o. See Miaco.
Kehl, kale, t. of Baden.
Kei or Key, kl, r. ofS. Africa,
Keighly, keeth'le.
Keith, keeth.
Kelat, kel-it', or KelatA.
Kel'so.Kerai, ki'me, r. of Finland.
Kem'moo', (. of Soudan.
Kerap'ten.Kenawha or Kenhawa, ken-au'wa. Sm
Kanawha.
Ken'dal or KirTay Ken'dal.
Ken'dall. Keneh or Qen^, ken'8h\
Ken'mare', bay of Ireland
KenMe-beck'. Ken'ne-bunk',
Kens'ing-tpn.Ken-tuck'y.Ke-oo'se-oo', i. of Japan.
Ker'ah or ki'ri, r. of Persia.
Ker-era'pe or Crem'pe, cape of Asia Minor.
Ker^e-soon' or Keresoun, t. of Asia Minor.
Kerguelen's (Land), kerg'e-lenz, t. S. of
Indian Ocean.
Ker'lon', r. of CJiin. Tartary.
Ker 'ma-dec', ts. of Polynesia,
Kerman, ker-min'. See Kirman.
Keroon or Keroun. See Birket-el-Keroon.
Ker'ry, Ker-shaw'.
Kesariah. See Kaisarieh.
Keshin, kesh'een', (, of Arabia.
Kesho. See Ketcho.
Keswick, kez'ik, (. ofEnglapd.
Keszthely, kesfheL'.
Ketch '0, sometimes written Cachao and
Kesho, (. of Cochin China.
Ketskemet. See Kecskemet.
Key. See Kei.
Khabs. See Cabes.
Khamil or Charail, Ki'meel', called, also,
Hami, hi'mee', (. of Chin. Tartary.
Kharasra, ki'rizm', or Kar-is'sira (Anc. Cho-
ras'raia), a country of Independent Tartary.
[In the twelfth century it was the seat of a
powerful empire ; but it is now greatly
reduced. Its present liraits appear to be
the sanie as those of KlUva.]
Kharkof, xar-kof: written, also, Charkow,
Kharkowj and Kharkov.
Khartoom, Khartum, or Khartoum, xar'toora'.
Khatanga, xi-ting'gi, r. of Siberia.
Khereloun, ker'eh-loon'. See Kerlon.
Kheresoun, See Kejresoon,
Kherson or Cherson, KSr-sone'.
Khiva, Kheeva or Khiewa, Kee'vi.
Khoi, Koy.
Khojend, xo'jend'.
Khokand, xo'kind', OT Khokan.
Khoo'la, (. of Beloochistan.
Khoozistan or Khuzislan, Koo^zis-tin'.
Kho'per, r, of Russia.
Khorassan, xo'ris-sin'.
Kho'tan', (. of Chin, Tartary.
Kiakhta, ke-is'ti.
Kiang-Ku,ke-ang'-kew', See yang-tse-kiang.
*Kick-a-poo',
Kid-der-min'ster.Kidonieh. See Kydonia.

KOL
Kief or Kiew, ke-ef or Kl-ev'.
Kielj keel.
Kifri or Kif'ree, (. of Asiatic Turkey.
Kil-dare'. Kilia, kee'le-i.
Kil-ken'ny.
Killarney, kil-lar'ne.
Kit-mar'npck.
Kil-more', v. of Ireland.
Kimpina, kim-pee'ni, t. of Wallachia.
Kincardine, king-kar'din.
Kingkitao, king-ke-ti'o, cap, of Corea.
Kings'tpn.King'te-ching', <. of China.
Kin-ross'.Kin-sale', (. of Ireland.
Kin-tore', t. of Scotland.
Kin-tyre', See Cantyre.
Kibge, ke-6'gheh or kyo'gheh, alraosl ke-tth'-
i-gheh, t. of Denmark.
*Ki'o-way.
Kiousiou-or Kiusiu. See Keooseoo.
Kirauea, ke-ro-wi'i, volcano of Hawaii.
Kircaldy, k;r-kaul'de or kir-kau'de.
Kirensk, kee-rensk', t. of Siberia.
Kirghis or-^Kirguis, kir'gheez' or keer'ghete',
a people of Independent Tartary.
Kirinoola or Klrinoula, kee-re-noo'li, t. of
Chin. Tartary.
Kirkcudbright, k;r-koo'bre,
Kirkleesa or Kirkliseh, kirk-lee'sa, wrUten,
also, Kirkilissa, t. of Turkey.
Kirk-wail'.
Kirman, kSSr^min', or Kerraan.
Kirraanshah or Kirmanshaw, kfiSr'toin^-
shaw'.
Kirriemuir, ker're-raure'.
Kishm or Kish'ma.
Kl'shoil, r. of Pjilestine.
* Kis-k i-m i n'e- las .
Kisi'na. See Krishna.
*Kit-ta-tin'ny.
Kiusiu, kee-oo'se-oo'. See Keooseoo.
Kiulaja. See Kutaiyeh.
Kiz'il Ir'raak (Turk. pron. kiz'^eel' 6Sr'mik').
Kiz'il-Koora' or Koum, desert of Asia.
Klack'a-mas, r. pf Oregon.
Klagenfurth, kli'gen-fonat'. -See Clagenfurth.
Klamel, klah'mel, or Tlamalh, lli'raat.
Klattau, klil'tou.
Klau'sen-burg (Ger. pron. klou'zen-b66RG ;
Hun. Kolozsvar, ko-lozh-viiR).
Knaps, naps, r. of British America.
Kniphausen, nip-Jiow'zen or knip-ho'w'zen,
t. of Germany.
Knisleneaux, nis'te-nO, Indians of British
America.
Knox, nox.
Ko-a-ho'ma. See Coahoma.
Ko'di-ak', i. S. of Riissian America.
Koeiyang. See Koueiyang.
Koenigiiigraelz. See KOniglngralz.
Koenigsberg. See Konigsberg.
Koeverden. See Coevorden.
Ko'kG Nor, I. of Chin. Tartary.
Kok'sak' or Kok'so-ak\ r. of Labrador, [Often
iraproperly written Koksah.]
Kokundi. See Kakundy. \
Ko'la, t. of Russia. ^
Kolding. See Golding.
Kolima, kO-le^mi', r. of Siberia,
Koliii, ko-leen.
Kolokyihi, ko-lo-kee'the, gulf of Greece,
Koloszvir. See Kiaiisenburg.

24

KUN

Kol3Tan, ko-Ie-vin'. See Revel.
Ko'morn. See Coraorn.
Kong, mts. of Africa. ,
Kongsberg, kongs'bSRg.
Konieh or Konia, ko'ne-a,
KOnigingratZj ken'ig-in-grets^, or Ednig-
gratz, ken'ig-grSts,
Konigsberg or Koenigsberg, ken'igz-berg
(Ger, pron. kO'niGs-beBG).
Kon'zas. See Kanzas,
Kooban, Kouban, or Kuban, koo-bin', r. of
Circassia,
Kooka or Kouka, koo'ki, t. of Soodan.
Kool-koon or Koul-koun. See Kuen^lun.
Koom or Koum, koom, t. of Persia.
Koond, mts. of Afghanistan.
Koondooz, Koundouz, or Kunduz, koon-
dooz', country of Independent Tartary.
Koor, Kour, or Kur, koor,
Koordistan, Kurdistan, or Cnrdistan, koor-
dis-tin'.
KoorUe, Kourile, or Kurile, koo'rU.
Koor'land, Kurland, or Courland,
Koorsk, Koursk, or Kursk, koorsk.
Koo.s-koos'kee, r. of Oregon.
Koos'soor' Koond, t. of Beloochistan.
Kopreinitz, ko'prl-nils^ or Kopreinicza, ko-
pr]-nit'si, t. of Croatia.
Koprili or Ko-pree'lee, t. of Tyrkey.
Koramas, ko-ri-rais' (Anc. Me^as),r. of Asia
Minor.
Korassan, ko^is-sin'. See Khorassan.
Ko'ron or Koroni, ko'ro-nee', gulf of Greece.
Koros, koYosh', almost ker'resh'.
Kosciusko, kos-se-us'ko.
Koslin, kfis-leeii'. See Coeslin,
Kos-tro'ma.Kotai, kO'ti', (. of Chin-India..
Ko-lel'noi\ i. in the Arctic Sea.
Kouban. See Kooban.
Koueiling, koo-i'ling^, alraost quiling', f. of
China.
Koueiyang, koo-i'yang' or qui'yang', t. qf
China.
Kouka. See Kooka.
Koul-koun. See Kool-koon.
Koulon, koo'lon' or Koo'loon', I. of Chin-
Tarlary.
Kouramas. See Koraraas.
Koursk. See Koorsk.
Koussie, koo'se, r. of S. Africa.
Koulaieh. See Kutaiyeh.
Kowno, kov'no, (. of Russia.
Kozmin, kols-meen , t. of Prussia.
Krajova or Krajowa, kri-yo'vi, (, of Wal
lachia.
Krasnoyarsk, KrasnoIarsk, or Krasnojarsk,
kris'no-yarsk'.
Krem'nitz (Hun. Kormecz Binya, kor-meU
biin-y6h).
Kreuznach, kroits'nis.
Krim. See Taurida.
Krish'n^ or Kisi'na.
Kro'ben, (. of Prussia.
KrQhrien, krQ'nen. See Cronstadt.
Kuen-lun, qnen^looa'y mts. of Asia; called,
also, Kool-koon.
Kuffstein, kooff'stlne, *. of Tyrol.
Kuldsha, koold'shi. See Gooldsha.
Kul'lus-pelm', i. of Oregon.
Kutpa, kool'pa, r. of Illyria.
Kulun. See Koulon.
Kumania, ku-rai'ne-?. See Cumania.
Kund. See Koond,

LAN 25
Kur. See Koor.
Kurdistan. See Koordistan.
Kurile. See Koorile.
Kurische or Curische Hafi", koo'rish-eh biff.
Kurland. See Koorland.
Kurreechane or Kurrichain, kurYe -chain', t.
of S. Africa.
Kursk. See Koorsk.
Kussur Kund. See Koossoor Koond.
KQstrin. See COslrin.
Kuiaiyeh, Kootaiah, Koulaieh, or Kulaja,
koo-tl'a.
Kydonia or Kidonieh, kee-dO-nee'eh, (. of
Asia Minor.

LEI

L.
Laaland, lauland, or Lollaird.
*LsL Baca, pronounced, and often written,
Li Vac'ca.
La Battaglia, li bil-til'yi. See Battaglia.
Labischau. la'be-shou, t. of Pruisia.
Labra-dor'.
Lac'ea-dives'.Jjachish, li'kish, (. of Palestine.
Lachsa. See Lahsa.
Ijack-a-wan'na, *Lack-a-wax'en.
La Coruna. See Corunna.
Ladakh, li'dis'.
Ladikia. See Lalakia,
Lad-o'ga.liadrones, lad-rOnz* (Sp. pron. lin-ro'nSs).
lia Fere. See Fere.
La Fayelte, laf-i-yclt' or lahTi-yett'.
lia Fourche, lah foorsh'.
La Grange, lah granj'.
Lago, li'go, t. of Prussia.
Lago di Como, li'go dA ko'mo. See Como,
Lago di.
Lago Maggiore, li'go mid-jo'ri. See Mag
giore, Lago.
Lagos, li'goce, t. of Spain.
La Guayra, li gwl'ri.
Laguna, li-goo'ni.
Laguna or laguna de los Terrainos, li-goo'ui
da loce ten'rae-noce, /. of Mexico on Car
men I.
*Lagnna del JVEadre, li-goo'ni del rain'ri.
La Hacha. See Rio Hacha.
La Haye. See Hague.
Lahn, liin.
lia Hogue, lihOg, cape of France. .
Lahore, li hore'.
Lahsa or Lachsa, lin'si, or Hajar.
Laibach, li'bix. See Laybach.
Laland. See Laaland.
La Mancha, li raintch'i. See Mancha.
•Lam-ar'.
La Marche, li marsh. See Marche.
Lambayeque, lim-bi-i'ki, (. of Peru.
Laraego, li-rai'go.
La-moile'.
Lamoo, li'moo', or Lamo, li'mo', t of E.
Africa.
Lanai, Ii'nl\ or Ranai, ri'nr.
Lan'ark or Lanerk.
Lan'ark-shire or Lanerkshire or Clydesdale.
Lancashire, lank'a-shir,
Lanc'as-ter.
Lan-cer-0'ia or Lanzarote (Sp. pron. lin-tha-
ro'ti).
Lanchang. See Lantchang.
Lanciano, lin-che-i'no or lin-chi'no.
57 U

Lan-daff*, raore properly Llandaff.
Landau, lin'dow ; written, also, Landaw.
Landes, lisd.
Landry, lan'dre.
Lands'berg (Ger. pron. lints'biEG).
Landscrona, iSnds'kroo-ni.
Land's-End'.Landshut, lands'hoot (Ger. pron. lints'hoot).
Langeac, liN'zhik', (. of France.
Langeland, ling'e-lind, or Lang'land,
Langensalza, lin^'en-sills'i.
Langenthal, lingen-liil', (. of Switzerland.
Langholm, lang'um.
LangOe, lang'go or ling'g6-Sh, almost ling'-
gtih'yeb, i. of Norway.
Langres, lisgr.
Languedoc, liNg^gheh-dok'.
Lant'chang', cap. ofthe Laos in Chin-India.
Lanzarote. See Lancerota.
La od-l-ce'a See Lalakia.
Laon, liN.
Laos, li'oce.
La J'az. See Paz.
Lap-eer*.Lap'land.
La Plata, li pli'ti. See Plata.
La Port. lap-Ort'.
La Pueola or La Puebla de los Angeles, li
pwSb'li (or poo-Sb'li) di loce ing'nil-is.
Laraehe, liVish', more properly Laraish, li'-
rish, or El Ar'aish', (. of Morocco.
"Laredo, li-ri'do.
Lar- is'sa.
Laristan, lir-is-tin', prov, of Persia. ,
Lar'ni-ca.
La Salle, lah sail'.
Las Palmas, lis pil'mis. See Palmas.
Las'sa or H'lassa, h'lis'si.
Lalakia, li'ta-kee'a, or Ladikia, li^de-kee'a.
Lai~ta-koo' or Latakoo, written, also, Lita-
kou, t. of S. Afiica.
Lauban, lou'bin.
Lauenburg, lou'en-burg or lou'en-b66RG\
Lau'der-dale.Laun, loun, t. of Bohemia.
Launeeston, lins'tun.
Lau'rens.Lausanne, lO'zinn'.
Lauterbrunnen, lou'ter-br66n'nen, or Lauler-
brunn, lou'ler-br66nn', v- of Switzerland.
*La Vac'ca or La Baca.
Laval, liVir.
Lavoro, li-vo'ro.
Law'rence. Laybach or Laibach, lI'biK (lUyrian Lublana,
loo-bli'ni).
Leake, leek.
Leamington, lem'ing-tun.
Leba, li'bi, t, of Prussia.
Leb'a-npn.Le-bo'nah, t. of Palestir^.
Lecce, let'chi.
Lech,' lex, r. of Bavaria.
Leetoure, lek^tooR', t. of France.
Leeds.
Leeuwarden: li-waR'den.
Leg-horn' or leg'horn (It. Livorno, le-voa'no).
Legnano, iSn-yi'no.
Leh or Lei, li. See Ladakh.
Le Havre. See Havre.
Lehigh, lee'hi.
Leicester, les'ter,
Leicestershire, les'ter-shir.
Leiden, ll'den. See Leyden.

LIE

23

LOI

Leigh, lee.
Leine, It'neh, r. of Germana/.
Leiningen, IT'ning-en, (. of Germany.
Leinster, lin'ster or leen'sier.
Leipsic, lipe'sik (Ger. Leipzig, lipe'tsiG).
Leiria or Leyria, li-ree'i,
Leith, leelh,
Leilha or Leyta. IT'li, r. of Austria.
Leitmeritz, lite'mer-its, or Leutmeritz, loit'-
mer-ils,
Leitrim, lee'trira.
Leitzen, lite'sen, t. of Styria.
Le Maire, le niare, (Strait oOj near Terra del
Fuego.
Le Mans, leh miN. See Mans.
Lem'berg (Ger. pron. Iera'b§RG ; Pol. Lwow,
IwoO-
Lera'nos, Stal-ira'e-ne, or Lim'nee.
Lera'vig, (. of Denmark.
Le'na (Bus. pron. li-ni').
Len'a-pe. See Lenni-Lennapp6.
Len'a-wee.
Lenni-Lennappfe, len'ne-len'ni'pi, usually
called Len'a-pe, Indians of N. America.
Lenoir, le-nore'.
Lentini, iSn-tee'ne.
Lenzen, lenl'sen, t. of Prussia.
Leoben, li-o'ben, (. of Styria.
*Leogane, li-o-gin'.
Leominster, lem'in-ster,
Le'on (Sp. pron, li-one').
Leona Vicaria, li-o'ni ve-ki're-i. See SaltUlo.
liC-pan'to.Le Puy, leh pwee. See Puy.
Lerida, iSr'e-di.
Lerwick, lir'rik.
Les Andelys, li ziN'^dle', See Andelys.
Les Gonaives, li go'nive'. See G^naives.
Les Martigues, li maR'teeg', (. qf France.
Lesina, les'e-ni.
Leskeard. See Liskeard.
Lesparre/les^paR'^, t. of France.
Lestwithiel. See Loslwilhier.
Leucadia, lu-ki'de-a. See Santa Maura.
Leuchtenberg, loiK'ten-bfiaG'.
Leuckor Leuk, loik (Fr. Louesche, loo-esb'),
t. of Switzerland.
Leutmeritz, loil'mer-its. See Leitmeritz.
Leutschau, loit'shou (Hun, Locse, Id-chi).
Le-vant'.Lewes, lu'is.
Lewis, lu'is.
Lewisham, lu'ish-um.
Lewiston, lu'is-tun.
Lex'ing-tpn.
Leyden or Leiden, li'den.
Leyria. See Leiria.
Leyta, See Leilha.
Leyle, li'e-li or li'ti, i. of E Indies.
Liaghoff, lee'i-goff' or Liakhov, lee^i-kov', i.
in the Arctic Sea.
Liarapo, le-am'po\ See Ning-Po.
Liard's, lee'arz , r. of British America.
Libadia, liv-i-nee'i. See Livadia.
LT-be'rl-^.Libourne, le'booRn'.
Lich'fleld.Lichtenau, tiK'teh-now\ (, of Germany.
Lichtenfels, liK'ien-fels, (. of Germany.
Lichtenstein, liK'ten-stIne\ or Liechtenstein,
)c>eK'ten-8tIne\
Liege, leej (Fr. pron. le'aizh'j Dutch Luyk
or Luik, loik; Ger. LUttich, iQl'lix).
Litgnitz, leeg'nita.

Lientz or Lienz, leents, t. of Tyrol. '• '
Lieou Khieou. See Loo Choo.
Lier, leer (Fr. Lierre, le-aiit').
Lille or Lisle, leel.
Lima (Peru), lee'mi.
*Lima (U. S,), ll'ma.
Lim'burg (Fr. Limbourg, l^M^booR').
Lim'er-ick.Lim'mat, r. of Switzerland.
Liraoges, le'mozh',
Limousin, le'raoo'siN', or Limosin.
Liraoux, le'raoo',
*Linares, le-ni'rfis.
Lincoln, link'un.
Lincolnshire, link'un-shir.
Ling'en, t. of Germany.
Linkoping or Linkjoping, lin'cbo-ping, t. of
Sweden.
Lin-Iith'gOw.Lintz or Linz, lints.
Lipari, lip'a-re or lee^i-re.
Lippa, lip'pfih', (. of Hungary.
Lippe, lip'peh,
Lippe-Detmold, -det'molt.
Lippe-Schauenburg, -shou'en-b65BO or
shou'en-burg.
Li ria, lee're-i.
Lis'bpn (Port. Lis-bo'a or lees-bo'i).
Lis'burn.Lisieux, le'ze-ch'.
Liskeard, lis-kard' or Leskeard.
Lisle, leel. See LUie.
Lis-more'. Lis'sa (Pol. L^zno, lesh'no).
Litakou. See lialtakoo.
Liiarouba, lit^a-roo'ba, or Lit'a>ba-roon)a, (.
ofS. Africa.
Litch'field. Lith-u-a'ni-a.*Litiz (Pa.) lit'its.
Livadia or Libadia, liv-i-see'a.
Liv'er-pool.Li-v'o'nl-a (Ger. Liefland, leeflint).
liivorno, le-von'no. See Leghorn.
Ljusne, lyoos'ni.
Llandaff or Iian-daff'.
Llanelly, lan-ethle.
Llangollen, lan-gothlen.
Llanidloes, lan'id-less.
Llanos, lyi'noce.
Llanrwsl, lan'roost, (. of Wales.
Llerena, lyi-ri'ni.
Lo-an'da or lo-flai'di, cap. of Angola.
Loango, lo-ang'go.
Lob-Nor. See Lop-Nor.
Lobenstein, lO'ben-stTne\ t. of Germany.
liObos, lo'boce, the name of various is. on the
coast of Spanish America.
Lochaber, iBn-i'ber, district of Scotland.
Loch Katrine. See Katrine.
Loch Loraond. See Lomond.
Loch Ness, 16k ness'. See Ness.
Loches, losh.
Lochy, l&x'e, r. of Scollandl
Lock'pOrt.Lodeve, loMave'.
Lodi (Italy), lo'de.
*Lodi(U. S.),lo'dT.
Lof-fo'den or Lp-fo'den.
Lo'gan,Log'goon' or Loggun, t.of Central Africa,
LogroKo, lo-grone'yo.
Loheia, lo-ht'y?, (. of Arabia,
Loir, IwIk.

LUD
Loire, IwIr.
Loiret, IwiYi'.
Loja or Loxa, Io'hI.
Lokeren, lo'ker-en.
Lol'land, See Laaland.
Lom'bar-dy (II. Lombardia, lom-baR-dee'i).
Lomond, Loch, Iok lO'mund.
liOm'nitz. one ofthe Carpathian Mts.
London, lun'dun or lun'd'n.
Londonderry, lun'dun-der're.
Long'fprd.Lons-le-Saulnier, loN-leh-sO^e-i'.
Loo Choo {ch as in child) ; written, also,
Lieou Khieou.
Look'noo'ee'. See Saigon.
Lo-pat'ka, cape of Kamtchatka.
Lop-Nor, /. of Chin. Tartary.
LO-rain'. Lorca, loB'ki.
Lo-ret'to (It. and Sp. Loreto, lo-ra'to).
Lorient or L'Orient, lo^e'iN'.
Lor'raine'. *Los Angeles. See La Puebla de los Angeles.
[Often incorrectly written Los Angelos.^
Los Roques, loce ro'kSs, is. of the W. Indies,
Lossini, los-see'ne, i. of Dalmcuia.
Lostwithiel, lost-wiTH'el, or LestwUhiel.
Lot (t pronounced).
Lo'THi-an.
Loudeah. See Lowdeah.
Lou'dpn. Loughborough, lufl'bttr-reh.
Lough Erne, l&H ^rn. See Erne.
Lough Neagh, I&h ni. See Neagh.
Loughrea, iftn^i'.
Louis, St., sent loo'ls or loo'e (Fr. pron. saN
loo'e').
Louisa, loo-ee'za.
Louisiade, lot>-ee-ze-id', i. ofE. Indies.
Louisiana, loo'e-ze-ah'na,
Louisville, loo'is-vil.
Ijouknoui, look'noo'ee'. See Saigon,
Louth (rhyraing w^ith the verb to mouth),
Louvain, loo-vane' (Fr. pron. IooV^n'),
Louviers, looVe-i' (forraerly Loviers, lo*-
ve-il.
liOw'de'ah or Loudeah, loo'dee'ah, (a cor
ruption of El Wa-tee'ah, i. e. " low
ground") I. of N. Africa.
LOw'ell.Lownds, lounz.
Lowosilz, lo'vo-sits.
Loxa, lo'ni. See Loja.
Lozere, lo'zatR'.
Lubben, loob'ben, i. of Saxony.
LQ'beck.Lublin, loo'blin.
Lu'cas.
Lu'cas, St., or San Lucas, sin loo'kas, cape
of 'California.
Lucayos, loo-kl'oce. See Baharaas.
Luc'ca (It. pron. look'ki)
Lu-ce'na or loo-thi'ni.
Lucera, lu-chi'ri.
Lu-cerne' (Fr. pron, la'sean'j Ger. Luzern
or Lucern, loot-sSRu'),
Lucerne, Lake of (Ger, W^aldstadter See or
Vierwaldstadter See, feer-wilt'stct-ter zi').
Lucia (St.), lu'she-a, or St. Lucie, sent loo-
zee'.
Luckenwalde, look'en-wil'deh, (. of Prussia.
Luck'noyv',
Lu^on. See Luzon,
Lu'd^mar', kingdom of Africa.

27

MAD

Lud'lOw.
Ludwigsburg, lood'wiga-burg or lood'^ioi-
b60RG\
Ludwigslust, lood'i^iGS-166st\
Lugano, loo-gi'no.
Lugo, loo'go.
Lugos, loo^gish*, t. of Hungary,
Lulea, loo'le-0, r. of Sweden.
Lump'kin.Lujid, loond.
LQneburg, lu'n?h-burg or la'neh-b66RG\
Lunel, KTnel'.
Lu'n en-burg.
Lunfeville, lu'ne-vil or la'niVill'.
Lupala, loo-pi'ti, mts. in S. E. Africa.
Lusatia, lu-si'she-a (Ger. Lausitz, lou'zits;
Fr. Lusace, Iti'ziss'),
Luterine, loo- ti-r ee'ni, t, of Sicily.
LQizen, iQt'sen.
Lux'em-burg (Fr. Luxerabourg, Iflx'iia-
booR') . ^
LuxeuU, 1Qx*ul'.
Luzern. See Lucerne.
Luzerne (U. S.), lu-zern'.
Luzon, loo-zone' or Lu5on (Sp. pron. loo*-
thone').
Lycoraing, ll-k5m'ing. ,
Lyd'da, i. of Palestine.
Lyrae-Regis, lime-ree'jis.
LymTi-ord' or lamTe-ord',
Lym'ing-tpn.Lynch'burg,Lynn-Regis, lin-ree'jis.
Lyonnais or Lyonai^, le''on'ni'.
Ly'pns (Fr. Lyon, le^is').
Lys, lis (Fr. pron. almost leece j Dutch pron.
lice). M.
Maas, miis. See Meuse,
Maasluys, mii'slois, or Maaslandsluys, miis'-
lint-slois.
Maastricht, miis'trixt or mis'trixt. See
Maeslricht.
Macahe, rai-ki-i', (. of Brazil.
Macao, rai-ki'o or ma-kow'.
Macapa, mi-ki-pi', t. of Brazil.
Ma-cas'sar, strait near Borneo.
Mac'cles-field.
MacCrack'en.MacDonough, -diin'tlh.
MacDow'ell. *Macedon, mas'se-dun.
*Macedonia, mas-se-do'ne-a.
Macerata, mi-cbi^ri'ti.
Maceyo, mi-si'yo, t. of Brazil.
Mac Gillivray's, mak ghil'le-vraze*, r. of
Oregon.
Machias, match-i'us, *
Mackl-na w ; formerly written Michiliraack •
inac, mish'il-e-mak'm-au.
Mac'In-tosh.Mac-ken'zte.MacLean, mak-lane'.
Macomb, ma-koom'.
Macon (France), mi'kiN'.
Macon (U. S.), mi'kun.
Macoupin^ raa-koo'pin,
Macquarrie, mak-kw6r're.
Mad-a-gas'car.Madame, mah-dam', i. S. of Cape Breton,
Mad-a-w^as'ka, r. of British America.
Maddalonij mad-d|-lo'ne.

MAN
Madeira, ma-dee'ra (Port, pron. mi-di'e-ri).
Maden, ihi'den, (. of Asiatic Turkey.
Mad-ras',
Madre de Dios, mi'nri di dee'oce, archipc'
lago W. of Patagonia.
Mad-rid' {Sp. pron. mi-oreeD', almost maiH-
reeTH').
Mad'rid (in the U. S.).
Madura, rai-doo'ra.
MEB-an'der, See Meinder.
Maelaren,, rai'lar-en.
MaelstrOra, male'strura, [This is frequently
pronounced mil'sirum, which accords with
the Dutch sound of ae; a or ae, in Swe
dish or Norwegian, sounds like i,
Maese. See Meuse.
Maestricht or Maastricht, mis'lriKt.
Mag-a-doi'a or Magadoxo (Port. pron. mi-
gi-do'shoj.
Magaguadavick, raag^a-di'vik, ( of New
Brunswick on Sc. John^$ river.
Mag'da-la, (. of Palestine.
Mag-da-le'na (Sp. pron. mig-di-li'ni).
Mag'de-burg (Ger, pron. m§^'deh-b66RG').
Magellan, ma-jel'lan (Sp. pron. mi-Hil-yin'),
Mageroe, mag'er-6 or mi'gher-6'eh, t. of
Norway.
Maggiore, raid-jo'ri.
Magnidanao, raa-nin-di-ni'o. See Mindanao,
Magnesia, mag-nee'she-a. See Manissa.
Mahanuddy, mah-han-nud'de.
Mahe, rai-hi' or mi-i', i. E, of Africa.
Mahon, mi-hone' or mi-one'.
Mah-ral'ta, territory in Hindostan.
Maid'stpne.
Maimatchin, ml'mi-cheen' or mi'ma-chin', (.
of Chin. Tartary,
Main or Mayn, mine.
Maine, mane.
Main' land.
Maj-or'ca (Sp. MaUorca, mil-yoR'ki).
Makooaia, mi'koo-iz, a people of S. E. Africa.
Makoquela, rai-ko'ka-ia, r. of Iowa.
Makree or Makri, ma'kree', t. of Turkey
Makulla, mi-ktU'Ii, (. of Arabia.
MaPa-bar'.Ma-lac'ca.
Mal-a-det'ta (Ml.), the highest summit of the
Pyrenees.
Mal'BL-ga or rai'li-gi.
Malaisia, mal-i'she-a.
Malaren or Maelaren, milar-^n.
Malay, ma-li'.
*Malden, mauFdun.
Maldives, mai'divz.
Maldonado, mil-do-ni'do, /. of Uruguay.
Ma-lera'ba, t. of W. Africa.
Malheur, maPoor' (Fr. pron. rai'luK.'), t. of
Oregon.
Malines, mi'leen'. See Mechlin.
Mal'low.
Mal'mOtor rail'mfi.
Malmohus, rail'raO-hooce, prov. of Sweden.
Malo (St.), mi'lo'.
Malplaquet, rail'pli'ki', ii. of France.
MalstrOra. See Maelstrom.
Malla, maul'la.
MaUoOj raaul'tun, t. of England.
Malvasin oc Napoli di Malvasia, ni'po-Ie di
mil-vi-zee'ij (. of Greece.
Malvern, maui'vern, v. of England.
Malwah, maul'wa.
Mamore, mi-mo'ri, r. of Bolivia.
^lanaar, man-ar'.

28

MAR

Manan. See Menan.
Mananzari, mk-nkn-zk-ree', t.of Madagascar.
Ma-nas'seh, tribe of Israelites.
Mancha, La, li min'chi.
Manche, miNsh.
Man'ches-ier. Manchooria. See Mantchooria.
* Man'd ans*.
Mandara, min-di'ra, Mngdom of Africa.
Man'da-vee\Mandingos, raan-ding'gis, a people of W,
Africa.
Man-fre-do'nl-a or rain-fri-do'ne-i.
Mangalore, mang*ga-Iore^
Manheim or Mannheim, minn'hime.
Mani9a, rai-nee'si, /. of S. Africa.
Manicouagan, raan-e-qui'gan, r, of British
America.
Man-il'la (Sp. Manila, mi-necTi), cap. of
Luzon.
Man-is'sa or Magnesia.
Manlslic. See Monistic.
Man-nis'sa or Manila, mi-nee'sa, r. of S.
Africa.
Man-i-lo'ba, I. of British Am£rica.
Manitouline, man^t-oolin or man'e-too-Ieen',
I. of Canada.
Manitouwoc, man*e-too-wok^.
Manresa, min-ri'si,
Mansj Le, leh raiw,
Man-soo'ra or Mausourah, /. of Egypt.
Man'^al-a-goose', /. of British America.
Mantchooria, Mandshooria, or Mandchouria,
raan-choo're-a.
Man'tu-a (It. Mantova, rain'to-vS.).
Manzanares, min-tbi-ni'rSs.
Manzanillo, min-si-neel'yo or min-thi-neel'-
yo, (. of Cuba.
Maracaybo or Maracaibo, mi-ri-kl'bo.
Maradeh, rai^i'deh, oasis ofN. Africa.
Marajo (I.), Sec Joannes.
Marambaya, mi-rira-bi'Si, i. and bay qf Bra
zil.
*Mar'a-mec* or Mer'rl-mack.
Mar'an-Aam' or Maranhao (Port. pron. mi-
rin-yi'6N).
Maraiion, mi-rin-yone'. See Amazon.
Mar'a-thon, plain of Greece, noted as the seeru
ofa great victory won by the Greeks over the
army of Xerxes.
Maravee or Maravi, mi-ri've.
Marbella, raar-berya.
Mar'ble-head'.
Ma/burg (Ger. pron. maR'b66RG).
March, maRK, or Morawa, mo-ri'vi, r. of
Moravia.
Marche, La, li maRsh.
Mar'cy, highest ofthe Adirondack Mts.
Mar-deen'; written, also, Mardin and Merdin
Marecchia, rai-rekTce-i, r. ofN. Italy.
Mar-en'go.Margarita, mar-ga-ree'ta.
Mar'gaie. alraost mar'gSl.
ftfargi. See El Margi.
Mariana, mi-re-i'ni, (. of Brazil.
Mariana or Mariaime, mar'e-ann', (Is.). Sea
Lndrones-
Marialo, rai-re-i'to, cape near the Isthmus of
Panama.
Marie-Galante, mi're' gi'Iint', i. of W. In
dies.
*Mariel, mi>e-el'.
Marienbad, mi-reo'?n-bld* or mi-ree 9n-bir,
t. of Bohemia.

MAU
Ma'r1-9n-berg or mi-ree'en-bflRo*.
Ma'rl-^n-burg or mi-ree'en-b66RG'^.
Ma'rl-en-wer'der or mi-rec'en-'^flR'd^r.
Marienzell, rai-ree'?ii-tsell', or Mariazell,
mi-ree'i-tsell'.
Ma-rl-et'ta. Marigliano, mi-reel-yi'no.
Marion, mi're-un.
Mariout. See Birket-el-Marioot.
Maritza or Marizza, mi-rit'si, or Mar-is'sa,
Marlborough, raarl'b'rah.
Mar'mp-ra or raar'ma-ra.
Marne, maRn.
Ma-roc'co. See Morocco.
Maroni, mi-m-nee'. r. of Guiana.
Marosch; mi'rosh (Hun. Maros, ra6r'osh').
Maros Vasirhely, ra6r'osh' vii'shiiR'hcL'
(Ger. Neuraarkt, noi'raaBkt).
Marquesas, raar-ki'sis.
Marquette, mar-kell'.
Marsala, man-si'li.
Marseilles, mar-sailz' (Fr. MarseiUe, maR'-
saiL').
Mar 'shall.
Mar'ta-ban'.Martigny, raar-teen'ye (Fr. pron. maR'teen'-
ye'; Ger. Martinach, raaR'te-nax, t. of
Switzerland.
Martigues, Les, li maR^eeg', t. of France.
Mar'iin.Mar'iin Vas (Is.), a cluster of rocky islets in
the Atlantic Ocean, E- of S. America.
Martinique, raar'lin-eek' (Sp. Martinico, maR-
le-n ee'ko).
MaKwar". See Joodpoor,
Ma'ry-land. Ma'ry-port.
Mas-a-Fuera or Masafuera, rai-si-fwi'ri, i.
W. of Chili.
Mas-a-Tierra, mis-i-te-er'ri, t. W. of Chili.
Masearenhas, mis-ki-ren'yis, is. E- of Mada
gascar.
Mash-ow', t. ofS. Africa.
Mas-kat' or Mas-c3.te'. See Muscat.
Mas-ke'gon or Mas-ke'go.
Mas'sa-ch u'setts .
Massina, mas'se-ni, kingdom of Africa.
Masta, raa-sli' or rais'li, often written Msta,
r. of Russia.
Masua or Massouah, mis'soo-i j written,
also, Massowah.
Masulipatam, raas-sooMe-pa-tam'.
*Mat-a-gor'da..
*Mat-a-mo'rps or Matamoras.
Mat-an'zas or rai-tin'this.
Mai'a-pan'.Mataro, rai-li-ro'.
Mat-ar-ee'yeh ; often written Malaria or
Mataryeh.
Ma-tem'ba, prov. of S. Africa.
Ma-ihT'as, St. (Sp. San Maiias, sin mi-tee'is),
bay of Patagonia.
Mathura; soraetiraes written, and usually
pronounced, Mul'tra.
Matsmay or Matsmai, mals-ml', t. on Yesso I.
Matura, rai'too^i.
Mauch-Chunk, mauk-chunk'.
Mauhes, mow'ais', Indians of Brazil. {?)
Maui, pronounced, and soraetiraes written,
Mow'ee.
Mau-raee'.
Mauna Roa, mow'ni ro'i, (i. e. " great moun
tain"), mt. of Hawaii.
Maurepas, mo're-pi'.
57*

29

MEM

Mau'rice, St. (Fr. pron. sSn mOYeeceOi r. of
Canada,
Mauritius, mau-rish'e-us.
Mau'ry. Mautern, mow'tern, t. of Austria,
Mayaco, mi-i'ko, (. of Hayti.
Mayaguana, ml-i-gwi'ni, i. of W. Indies.
Mayence. See Mentz.
Mayenne, rai^enn' or mi'enn'.
Alayiij mine. See Main.
May'noolh, t. of Ireland.
Mayo (Ireland), rai'o.
*Mayo (Mexico), rai'o.
Mayo, rai'o, one of the Cape Verd Isles.
Maysville, maze'vil.
Mayuraba or Majuraba, mi-yum'bi, (. of W.
Africa.
Mazanderan, rai-zin-der-in', or Mazande-
roon, mi-zin-der-oon'.
Mazagan, miz'd,-gin', (. of Morocco.
Mazagao,mi-zi-gi'6KjalmoBtmiz-i-gowng', t. of Brazil.
*Maz-at-lan' or rai-sit-lin'.
Mazzara, mit-si'ri,
Meaco, me-i'ko. See Miaco.
Meade, meed.
Mead'ville.
Meath, mecTH.
Meaux, mO.
Mec'ca.
Mechlin, mek'Un, or Mechelen, mex'^l-en
(Fr. Malines, rai'leen').
Meck'len-burg (Ger. pron. raeck'Ien-b66RG'').
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, -shw§r-een'.
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, -slrel'ils.
Medina (Arabia), raed-ee'na.
Medina ?U. S.), me-dl'na.
Medina Sidonia, med-ee'ni se-do'ne-i.
Med'l-ter-ra'ne-an.Medvieditza, med-ve-i'dil'si; incorrectly
written Melvidetz, r, of Russia.
Med'^vay. Meenen, See Menin,
Megiddo, rae-ghid'do, (. of Palestine,
Meg'na.Mehallet-el-kebeer or -el-kebir, raeh-hil'-
lei-el-keh-beeR'.
*Me-her'rin.
Meidara, mi'e-dira', r. of Arabia,
Meigs, raegz.
Meinara or Menara, miVnira' or mirnara'.
Meinder, raane'der (Anc. Mae-an'der), r. of
Asia Minor.
Meiningen, mi'ning-en, or Meinungen, mX'-
n66ng-en.
Meissen, mi'cen.
Mejerdah or Medjerdah, meh-jer'da (Anc.
Bag'ra-das), (. of Algeria.
Mekl-nez', Mek'i-nes^ or Mek'nas; also
written Mequinez,
Meiazzo. See Milazzo.
Melbourne, mel'burn, t. of Australia.
Meleda, mi-li'di, i. in the Adriatic.
Melinda, rai-lin'di, (, of E. Africa.
Meling or Meeling', mts. of China.
Melos. See MUo.
Mel -rose'.
Mel'ton MOw'bray (mO'bre).
Me-lun' (Fr. pron. ra'lUN or meh-luw).
Mel'ville, i. of British America,
Mera'el or mS;mel.
Mera'ming;-en. *Mem'phis.*Mem'phre-mi'gog.

MIG 30

MOL

Menaina, men-T'ni, t. on Bahrein I.
Me-nan' or Ma^^nan' Is., a cluster near the E.
coast of Maine.
Men-ard'.Mendafia, raeri-din'yi. See Marquesas.
Mende, miNd.
Mendocino, men-do-see'no, cape of Cali
fornia.
Men-do'za (Sp. pron. men-do'thi).
Menin, meh-n^N' (Flem. Meenen, rai'nen),
*Men-nom'o-nie or Me-nora'o-nee.
Menorca. See Minorca.
Mentone, raen-to'ni, t. of N. Italy.
Mentz, raenta, or Mainz, raliils (Fr. Ma
yence, rai'yiNce'). *
Menzaleh, raen'zi'Ieh.
Mep'pel, t, of Holland.
Mequinez. See Mekinez,^
Merdin, mer-deen'. See Mardeen.
Mergui or Merghi, mer-^hee'.
Merawe or Meraw'Ch, mer'a-^i (Anc. Mer'-
o-e), t. of Abyssinia.
*Mer'e-dith.
Meriato. See Mariato.
Merl-da or raSr'e-di.
Meraraichi. See Miraraichi,
Merl-on'eth.Mer1-weTH-er. *Merraentau, mer*men-tO',
Mer'o-e. See Merawe.
Me'rom, /. of Palestine. -
Mer'rl-mack,Mer'se-burg (Ger, pron. mSR'seh-b66RG').
Mersey, mer'ze.
Merthyr Tydvil or Tydfil, raer'lher lid'vU.
Merv, t. of Independent Tartary,
Mesh ed'^ or Mush'ed ; written, also, Mes
ched, ,and Meschid.
Mesolongi. See Missolonghi.
Mes'o-po-ta'ml-a ; called El-Jez-ee'rah (Al-
Jezira) by the Arabs.
Messina, raes-see'ni.
Mesurado, mes-oo-ri'do, r. qf W. Africa.
Mesurata, mes-oo-ri'ti, t. of Tripoli.
Mela, rai'ti, r. of New Granada.
Metelin, mei-e-leen', or Myt-e-le'ne, i. of
Greece.
Metz, mels (Fr. pron. raace).
Meurthe, rauRl.
Meuse, muze (Fr. pron. mtrz; Dutch, Maese
or Maas, raiis).
Mexl-co (Sp. pron. raSh'ne-ko).
Mezene or Mezen, raez-ain', r. of Russia.
M6zi6res, mez^e-aiR',
Miaco^ me-i'ko, or Kee'o.
Miami, mi-ah'me.
Michigan, mish'e-gun or mish-e-gan'.
Michiliraackinac, mishUl-e-maclcin-au. See
Mackinaw.
*Michoacan, rae'cho-i-kin'.
Miconi, raik o-nee. See Myconos.
Mid'del-burg.Middlebury, mid'd^l-bSr-e.
Middlesborough. mid'dlz-b'rtth or mid'dlz-
bur-rtth.
Mid'dle-sex.
Mid'dle-tpn.Mld'dlfi-town.Mid'land.
Mifflin. Migliano, meel-yi'no, t. of Italy,
Migliazza, mcel-yit'si, or Miliaska, mil-e-&s'-
kii r. of Bosnia.

*MT'Iam.

Mil'an (It. Milano, me-li'no).
Milazzo, rae-lit'so, or Meiazzo, ma-lat'ao.
Mil'den. See Moudon.
Mil'fprd. Milhau, me*lO'.
Mil'ledge-viile.MUo, me'lo. or Me'los,
Milt-sin' or 'milt'seen', (Ml.), tlie highest mea
sured summit of the Atlas Mts.
Mil-wnu'kee or Milwaukie,
Minab, me'nib', t. of Persia.
Minch, mink, channel of Scotland.
Mincio, rain cho.
Mindanao, rain-di-n^'o, or Magindanao, mi-
Hin-di-ni'o.
Min'den.Min-do'ro.
Min-e-so'ia or Minnesota, territory of the
United States.
Mingan, ming'gan, is. in the Gulf of St- Law
rence.
Min-gre'Ii-a, Russian prov. ruar Mt. Cauca-
Minieh or Minyeb, mee'ne-yeh, (. of Egypt.
Minho, meen'yo, [This is the Portuguese
speUing; the Spaniards write the name
Mino, but pronounce it the same.]
*Minnetaree, min-ne-tar're.
Min-or'ca or Men-or'ca.
Minsk.
Miosen, rae-o'zen, I. of Norway.
Miquelou, mik'eh-lon ,or more properly rae'-
keh-lis', t, near Newfoundland^ belonging
to France.
Miraraichi, mir*a- ral -shee'.
Miranda, me-rin'di, (. of Spain.
Mirandola, rae-rin'do-la.
Mirebalais, mecR'bi'li', (. of Hayti.
Mirepoix, mlr'eh-pwi' or mfiSR'pwi'.
Mirira, rae-reem', I. of Uruguay.
Misl-tra or Mis'tra, t. of Greece.
Misk6lcz, mish-koils'.
Misselad, rais'se-lid', r. of Central Africa{?).
*Mis-sis'que.Mis*sis-sip'pi.
Missolonghij mis-so-long'ghe.
Missouri^ mis-soc'rC.
Mis'tas-sm'ny or Mistissinny, /. of British
America.
Mittau, mit'tou.
Mobile, mo-beel'.
Mocha, mo'ka (Arab. pron. mo'xi').
Mod'en-a or raod'in-i.
Modica, mod'e-ki.
Mo'en, i. of Norway.
MogVdore' (called Swee'ra by the Moors).
Mo-gul'.
Mohacs, mo-hiitch'.
*Mo-hah've.
Mo'hawk.Mo-heenef ; written, also, Mohilew and Mo-
ghUev.
Mo-he'gan, mts. of Neio York.
Moissac, mwis^sik'.
Moksha or Mokscha, mok'sbi, r. of Russia.
Moksobo. See Monchaboo.
Mojos or Moxos, rao'HOce, Indians of Bolivia.
Moldau, raol'dow.
Mol-da'vl-?..
Mol-fet't^.MoUse, mo-lee'si, t, and prov. of Nobles.
Molokai, mo-lo-kl', or Morotai.

MOO
Mo-luc'cas.Moluches, mo-loo'ch8s, Irulians of Pata
gonia.
Molwitz, mol'wits or mol'vits, *. of Silesia,
Mombaza, mom-bi'zi, or Mombas, mom^bis',
kingdom, i., and t. of E. Africa.
Mora-pox' (Sp pron. raom-poH').
Monaco, mon'i-ko.
*Mo-nad'nock,
Monaghan, mon'a-nan.
Monastir, pronounced, and soraelimes writ
ten, Mon-as-teer'. (, of Turkey.
Mon'clo'va, t. of Mexico.
Mon'cha-boo' or Monchoboo (called by the
natives Mok'so-bO' or Moks'o-boo'), (. of
Birma.
Mondego, mon-di'go.
Mondonedo, mon-din-yi'Do.
Mnndovi, mon-do-vee'.
Monferralo, mon-fSr-ri'lo.
Mon-fa-loot' or Monfalout, (. of Egypt.
Monfia, mon-fee'i, t. ofE. Africa.
Monghir, mung-gheer .
Mon-go'li-a.
Mo-nis'tic, r. of Michigan.
¦Moniteau, TUon'e-lO'.
Monmouth, raon'rauth.
Mo-uon'ga-he'la.Mo-noii-ga'H-a.Monopoli, mo-nop'o-le.
Monomotapa, nron'o-mo-ti'pi, country of E.
Africa.
Monreale, mon-ri-i'li. See Montreale.
Mpn-roe'.
Mou-ro'vi-a, cap. of Liberia.
Mons, miN (Flem. Bergen, biR'Hen).
Monlagnana, mon-lin-yi'ni.
Montargis, miN^aR'zhe'.
Montauban, miNno^bis'.
*"Mon'tauk'.
Monlbrison, mfiN'bre'ziN'.
Montcalm, mont-kim'.
Mont-de-Marsan, miN-deh-raaa'siN'.
Mon-te'go, bay of Jamaica.
Monte-Leone, raon'li-li-o'ni.
Monlfeliraart, raAN'tSlVraaR'.
Monterey, raon-ti-ray'.
Mon-te-vid'e-o or mon-ii-vee'di-o.
Montgomery, mpnt-gum'er-e.
*Mpn-tJ-cerio.
Montilla, raon-teel'yi.
Monlmarlre, raAN*maR-tR'.
Monimorenci, mont-rao-ren'se (Fr. pron.
raAN'raoYiN'se'), r. of Canada.
Honl-pe'li-er.Mont-pel'li-er (Fr. pron, raiN-peTle-i'.)
Montreal, raont-re-aul' (Fr. Montreal, m^N'-
ri'il').
Montreale, mont-ri-i'li, or Monreale.
Mont -rose'.
Mont*ser-rat', mt. of Spain ; also i. of W. In
dies.
Monza, mon'zi.
Mookden, Mukden, or Moukden, mook'den'.
See Shin- Yang.
Mooloo'as, a people of S. Africa.{1)
Mooltan or Moultan, mool-tin'.
Moorad or Murad, moo'rid', a branch of the
Euphrates.
Moore, more.
Moorshedabad, moor'she-da-bid',
Moorzook, Mourzouk, or Murzuk, moor
zook',
Moosehead, mooce'hed'.

31

MUR

*Moqu!. mo-kee' (iffoquis, mo-keez', in tho
piu cal).
Mo'ra, cap. of Mandara.
Moral, moVi' (Ger. Murten, m66E'ten), c,
and I. of Switzerland.
Morava or Morawa, rao-ri'vi, or March.
Mo-ra'vl-a (Ger. Mahren, rai'ren).
Moray, pronounced, and often written, Mur'-
ray.
Morbihan, moR'be^iw'.
Mo-re'a or Peloponnesus.
*Moreau, mo>0'.
Morena, Sierra, se-er'ri mo-ri'ni» chain of
mts. in Spain.
Mor'gan.Mor'gaR'len, mt. of Switzerland,
Morlaix, monMi'. ,
Moroc'co or Marocco (Arab. Maraksh, mi-
riksh').
Morotai, mo-ro-ii'. See Molokai. [For an
explanation of this interchange of the let
ters I and 7, and k and t, the inquirer is
referred to note on page 462 of Ihe Pro
nouncing Gazetteer.]
Mor'ro H er-mo'so or EiR-mo'so, improperly
virritten Moro Hermoso, cape of Calif ornia.
Morrope, mor'ro-pi', t, of Peru.
MorsOe, 'raors'o'eh, almost mors'tthyeh, or
Mors I., i. of Denmark in the Lymfiord.
Morlagne, raoK'tin', t.of France.
Mos'cow (Rus. Moskwa, mosk-wi').
Moselle, mo-zell' (Ger. Mosel, rao'zel).
Mosk'wa (Rus. pron. Mosk-iS'i').
Mosquito, mps-kee'to.
Mos'tar', (. of Turkey.
Mo'sul or Moo'sul.
Motril, mo-treel', (. of Spain.
Moudon, moo'dfiN' (Ger. Mil'den), (. of Swit-
zerlarid.
Moukden. See^Mookden.
Moulins, moo'law',
Moultan, mool-tin'. See Mooltan.
Mouna Roa, raore properly Mauna Roa,
which see.
Moura, moo'ri (Port. pron. rao'ri or mO'oo-
ri), t. of Brazil.
Mourad. See Moorad.
Mourzouk. See Moorzook.
Mow'ee. See Maui.
Moxos. See Mojos.
Mozarabique, mo-zara-beek'.
Msta. See Masta.
Muhlenburg, rau'len-burg.
Mflhlhausen, raflle'how'zen.
Muhlhausen, mule'how'zen (Fr. Muhlhouse,
mflPooz').
MOhlheira, mille'hime.
Mo visas or Movizas, mo-vee'ziz, a people of
S. Africa.
Muhr or Mur, mooR,ir. of Styria,
Mukden. See Mookden.
Mulahacen, moo-li-i-then' (th as in thin),
highest mt. in Spain.
Mulde, m66rdeh, r»of Saxony.
Mull.Mul-Un-gar'. Man'den,Munich, mu'nik (Ger. Mflnchen, mQn'Hen).
Munkacs, m66nk-ilcb', t. of Hungary.
Mun'ny-poor' or Mun'i-pOo'ra, (. of Birma.
Mun'ster (Ger. Miin'ster).
Mur. See Muhr.
Murad, moo-rid'. See Moorad.
Murau, moo'rou, t. of Styria.

NAS

32

NEV

Murcia, mur'she-a (Sp. pron. mooR'the-i).
Murfreesborough, mur'freez-bur-riih,
MOritz, mft'rits, I. of Prussia.
Murray, mur're. See Moray.
Mursuk. See Moorzook.
Murten, See Moral.
Murusura or Muru9ura, moo-roo-eoo'ri, r.
of E. Africa, of which little is known.
Murviedro, mooR-ve-i'dro.
Mus-cat' ; soraetiraes written Mascat or Mas-
cate.
Muscatine, mu^kei.-teen'.
Mus-co'gee (g hard). ,
Muscongus, mus-kong'gns, bay of Maine.
Mus'oo-vy, a name sometimes given to Russia,
'derived apparently from Moscow, the an
cient capital ofthe empire.
JV^uskau, m66s'k0Wj t. of Prussia.
Muskingum, mus-king'gum.
Musselburgh, mus'sel-bur-rfih,
Mul'tra. See Mathura.
Myc'o-nos, or Miconi or Myconi, raik'o-nee,
i. of Greece.
Mysore, ml-sore'.
Myt-1-le'ne or Metelin, i. of Greece.
N.
Naab, niib (Ger. pron, niip), r. of Bavaria.
Naas, nace.
*Nabajo ; pronounced, and sometimes wr'it-
ten, Nav'a-hOe, or Nabajoa,"ni-vi-HO'i,
*Nacogdoches, nak'o-dO'chez.
Nag'poor' or Nagpour.
¦ Nagy Enyed, nfid'yeh (almost n6dge) en^ed'.
Nagy Kciroly, n6d'yeh (or nOdge) kaa'roL'.
Nagy Szombath, n6d'yeh som'b6t\ , See Tyr
nau.
Nagy Varad, nfid'yeh vii'r6d\
*Na-hant'.
Nain, ni'in, (. of Palestine.
Nairnshire, nim'shir.
Naraaquas or Naraaaquas, ni-mi'quiz, a peo
ple of S. Africa.
Namur, ni'mur (Fr, pron. ni'raQR'; Flem.
Namen. ni'men),
Nan'cy (Fr. pron, nis'se'),
Nangasaki, ning-ga-si'ke.
Nan'kin' or Nan'king'; called, also, Kl-ang'
Ning.
Nan'ling', m.ts. of China.
Nan'se-mond.Nanlchang, nan'chang', t. of China.
Nantes, nants (Fr. pron. niNl).
*Nan't1-coke.
Nan-tuck'et.Nantwich, nant'ich.
Naphihali, naf'tha*li, tribe of Israelites.
Naples, ni'pelz (It. Napoli, ni'po-le).
Naplouse or Nap'loos' (Anc. Ne-ap'o-lis, and
Sy'c/iar), t. of Palestine.
Napo, ni'po, r. of Ecuador.
Napoli di Malvasia. See Malvasia.
Napoli di Romania, ni'po-le de ro-mi-nee'i.
See Nauplia.
Narbonne, iiaR'bonn'.
Nar'da. See Arta.
Narenla, ni-ren'ii, r. of Dalmatia.
Narew, niVef, r. of Poland.
Narraada, nan-rai'da. See Nerbuddah.
Nar'p-v?. or Nnr'va, r. of Russia.
Narvm, ni-rim', (. of Siberia,
Nash-o'b^. "Nash'u-?..

Nash'viU«.Nas'sau (Ger. pron. nSs-'sow).
Natal, nStlil', t. of Brazil; also an i. E, of
Africa.
Natch'ez,Natcb'l-toch'es, sometimes pronounced nak'-
e-tush',
Na-io'li-a or An-arto'11-a, or Anadoli, i-ni-
do'le.
Naura'burg (Ger. pron. noura'bOdRG).
Nau'pli-a or Napoli di Roraania.
* Nau -voo'.
*Nav'a-boe (Indians) ; written, also, Nabajo.
Nav'an.
Navarino, nav-a-ree'no, or Neocaslro, ni'o-
kis'lro.
Nav-arrc' (Sp. Navarra, ni-vir'ri).
Naviglio Grande, nSrveel'yo grin'di, a canal
ofN. Italy.
Naxia, nax-ee'a, or Nax'os..
Naz'a-reth, now called Nasra or Niz'ra, (. of
Pale -it ine.
Neagh, Lough, 15h ni.
Ntau, ni'O'. See Eupen.
Ne'bo, mt. of Palestine.
Ne-bras'ka. See Platte.
*Neches, nelch'^.
Neck'ar.
Ne-cos'ta. Nedjd, nej'd, or Nedj'ed, vn-itten, also, Neds
jed.
Neerabucu, ni-3m-boo-koo', t. of La Plata.
NegVpa-lam', t- of Hindostan.
Negrais, neg'rice', i. and t. of Pegu,
Negro, ni'gro. See Rio Negro.
Neg'ro-pont or Eg'ri-po.
Negros, ni'groce, one ofthe Philippine Is.
Neisse, nT'ceh.
Nejin. See Nezheen.
Nel'spn.Nemours, neh-mooR', t. of France.
Nenagh, ni'na.
*Ne-o'sho.
Neots, ?t.j sent neets'.
Ne-paul' or Nepal.
Nepissing. See Nipissing.
Ner-bud'dah, or Narraada, nar-mi'da.
Ner-lchinsk', (. of Siberia.
Neschin, nesh-een'. See Nezheen.
*Xes'cp-peck.
*\e-sham'i-ny.
Nest'ved or Naestved, (. of Denmark.
Nesukelonga, ne-su-ke-tong'ga, r. of Indicai
Territory.
NeTH'er-lands (Dutch Nederland, ni'der-
lint').
Nethou, ni'too'.
Netze, nel'seh, r. of Germany.
Neu'burg (Ger. pron. noi'b06RG).
Neufchatel or Neuchatel, nush'itel' (Ger,
Neuenburg, noi'en-b66RG').
Neu-Markl, noi'-markl, t. of Germany.
Neu-Ruppiuj noi-r66p-peen'.
Neusatz, noi'siis (Hun, Ujvidfek, oo-e-ve-
daik).
Neuse, nuce.
Neusiedler-See, noi-seed1er-si', I. of Hun*
gary.
Neu'sOhl or noi'sole.
Neustadt, nu'stat or noi'stitt.
Neutra, noi'tri (Hun. Nyiiira, ne-it'trfih') or
nyeet'lr6h), (. and r. of Hungary.
Neuwied, nu'weed or noi'^eel.
Ne'v^ (Rus. pron. ni'vgi).

NIM

33 NYO

Nevada, ni-vi'ni.
Nevado, ni-vi'no.
Nevers, neh-vaae'.
Nev'in or Nef'yn, (. of Wales.
Ne'vis, Ben, mt. of Scotland.
Newark.New'bern.New'ber-ry. New'burg,Newburyport, nu'ber-e-pOrt.
Newcaslle (Delaware), nu'kas-sel,
Newcastle (England), nu-kas'sel.
Newfoundland, nu'fund-land'. [This narae is
universally pronounced by the inhabitants
\viih the accent on the first and last sylla
bles ; ¦when, however, it is used as an ad
jective, as in the phrase "a Newfoundland
dog," euphony requires that the accent
should be placed on the penultima. The
sarae rule seeras to hold wilh respect to
sorae other names ; Leghorn and Cashmere
as nouns are usually accentuated on the last
syUable, but as adjectives alraost invariably
on the first. See note under Cashmere
in the Pronouncing Gazetteer.]
New Granada, nu gra-ni'di.
New Guinea. See Papua.
New Hamp'shire.
New Han'o-ver.
New Ha'ven.
*New Helvetia, -hel-vee'she-a (Sp. Nueva
Helvetia, nwi'yi hil-vi'te-i).
NewHol'land. See Australia.
New Jersey, -jer'ze.
New Leb'a-npn.
New Le'on. See Nuevo Leon.
New London, -lun'den.
New Mad'rid.
*New Mexl-co (Sp. Nuevo Mexico, nwi'vo
mSh'He-ko).
New Or'le-ans, comraonly, but incorrectly,
called New Or-leens'.
NeVpOrt.New Prov^-dence, i. of W. Indies.
Newrv, nu're, (. of Ireland.
New Sa'rura. See Salisbury.
*New San-ian'der (So. Nuevo Santander,
nwi'vo sin-tin-daiR') .
New'tpn.New Zealand, -zee'land.
Nezh-een' ; written, also, Nejin and Neschin.
*Nez Percfe, ni piR'si'; commonly, pro
nounced nay per'ce.
Niagara, ni-ag'a-rah.
Niangua, ne-ang'gvvi, t. of Missouri.
N^carja. See Icaria.
Nicaragua, nik-ar-i'gwi. '
Nice, neece (It. Nizza, nit'si).
Nicholas, nik p-lus.
Nic-o-bar'. ^ko'li'),
Nic'p-las, St. (Fr. Saint Nicolas, saN ne'-
Nicopoii, ne-kop'o-le, or Nicopol, ne-kO'pel,
Nicosia, ne-ko'se-i.
Niederweselj nee'der-wi'zel. See Wesel.
Niemen, nee'men (Pol. pron. nyem'en).
Nieuport, nu'port, t. of Belgium.
Nievre, ne-aivr'.
Niger, nl'jer, or Quor'ra.
Nijni. See Nizhnee.
Nikolaief or Nikolaievf, ne-ko-lI'6f.
Nik'pls-burg (Ger, pron. ne'kols-b66RG').
Nile (Arab. Bahr Nil, bin'r neelj.
Niraegue. See Nimwegen.
Niraes or Nismes, neem.

Nimwegert, nim-iX'i'ghen; more correctly,
Nyrawegen, nlme-wi'gh?n (Fr. Nimfigue,
ne'raaig*).
Nin^ooia or NingoUtn, ning-goo'ti, t, of
Mantchooria.
Ning-Po, forraerly Liarapo, le-am'pO.
Niort, ne-oR'.
Nip'is-sing^ or Nepissing, I. of Canada.
Niph'on' or Nip'on'. See Japau.
Nischnei. See Nizhnee.
Nish'a-poor' ; written, also, Nishapour, (. of
Persia.
Nisqirally, nis-quOl'le, /ort of Oregon.
Nissibin, nis'se-been' (Anc. Nis'i-bis), (. of
Asiatic Turkey.
Nis'sa, (. of Turkey.
Nitcheguon, nitch'e-gwftn', I. of Labrador.
Nivelles, neVell' (Flem. Nyvel, ni'vel).
Nizh'nee (or Nijni) Nov'go-rod'.
Nocera, iio-chi'ri.
Noerdlingen. See Nordlingen.
No'la or no'li.
Noon, Noun, or Nun, noon, (. of Morocco.
Noot'ka Sound, W. of Vajicouver's I.
Nord, noR.
Nordhausen, noKl-how'zen,
Nordlingen or Noerdlingen, n6rt'ling-en, al
most nQrl'Ung-en.
Nor'fO/k.
Nor'man-dy (Fr. Norraandie, noR^misMe') .
Norrkoping, noR'chO-ping,
Nor-lhamp'ipu.North-lined (norlh'lTnd') Lake, or Island L.,
I. of British America on the " ime" or limit
where the woods disappear in consequence
of the high latitude.
Nor-th um'ber-land.
Nor'tpn Sound, in Russian America.
Nor'way (Norw. Norge, noR'gSh or noR'gi).
Norwich (England), nor'ridge.
Norwich (U. S.), nor'rich or nor'wich.
Nossa Senhora da Penha, nos'si sSri-yo'ri di
pSn'yi, or Tapagipe, li-pi-zhee'pa, v. of
Brazil near Bahia.
No'to.Noi'la-way.Nottingham, not'ting-um.
Noun. See Noon.
Nourse, noors, r. ofS. W. Africa. It appears
to be the same as the Bembaroughe.
Novara, no-vi'ri.
Nova Scotia, no'va sko'she-a,
No-va Zem'bla,
Nov'go-rod' or NoVo-go'rod'.
Novi, no've.
Nox'u-bee.Noyon, nSh'yiN'.
Nu'bl-a.Nueces, nwi'cSs, or noo-a ses. [Helvetia.
*NuevaHelvelia,nwfc'vi hSi-vi'te-i, orNew
*Nuevitas, nwi-vee'lis.
*Nuevo Leon, nw^i'vo li-one'i or New Leon.
*Nuevo Santander, nwi'vo sin-tin-daiR', or
New Santander,
Nukahiva, noo'ka^hee'va, i. of Polynesia.
Nun. See Noon.
Nun'nl-vack\ i. W. of Russian America. (?)
Nu'rem-berg (Ger. Nilrnberg, nURn'bSRo),
Nyeborg or Nyborg, nee'borg (Dan. pron.
nd'boRG or nO'eh-boRg), (. of Denmark.
Nyffe, nif'fi or nif'f eh, kingdom of W. Africa.
NykOping or NykjOping, ntl'cho-ping, almost
nee'chdp-ing, (. of Sweden.
Nyon, ne'^N', (. of Switzerland.

OMA 0.

34

ORT

Oahu, wflh'hoo.
Oakham, O'kum.
Oaxaca or Oajaca, wi-Hi'ki ; written, also,
Guaxaca.
Ob. See Obi.
Ob-dnrsk' or Ob'dors'koi', i. of W. Siberia.
Obeid, o-bade' or o-bi'eed ; called, also, El-
Obeid or AKObeid, t. of Africa, formerly
the capital of Kordofan, now in ruins.
O'ber-lin.
Obi, O'be, or Ob; written, also, Oby.
O'bi-pn.OcaKa, o-kin'yi.
Oceana, o-she-ah'na.
Oceanica, d-she-an'e-ka.
Oceola, os-se-o'Ia.
Ochotsk. See Okhotsk.
Ock-ln-ko'nee; written, also, Ocklockony
and Oclockonnee, r. of Georgia and Florida.
Oc-muig'ee ; formerly written Oakraulgee.
OcoSa, o-k6n'yi,,(. and r. of Peru,
O-co'nee.*0'cra-coke,*Oclorara, okHp-rah'ra.
Oczakow. See Olchakof.
Odense, o'den-seh.
O'der.O'des'sa.Odeypoor, usually pronouriced oo'de-poor';
sometimes written Oudey pour or Oodipoor,
Oedenburg, e'den-burgor 6 den-b66RG'(Hun.
Soprony, sho-pron).
Oeiras, o-i'e-ris, almost way'ras, (. of Brazil.
Oeland, e'lund or 6'land.
Oels, els or ols.
Oerebro. er'e-bro or 6're-bro.
Oesel, esel or 6'sel.
Oettingen, ei'ling-en or 6t'ting-en.
O'fen. See Buda.
Offenbach, offen-bix\
Og'd ens-burg.
Ogeechee, o-ghee'che.
Ogle, O'g'l.
Oglelhorp, O'g'l-thorp.
Oglio, il'yo, r. ofN. Italy,
O-hi'o.Oise, oiz (Fr. pron, wiz, alraost wize),
Ojibbeway. See Chippeway.
O-ka-nag'an,/07-i and r. of British America,
O'ke-chO'bee, I. of Florida.
O'ke-fin-0'kee, swamp of Georgia; written,
also, Okefonoc(i.
Okhotsk, o-Kolsk' (Rus. pron, o-Hotsk').
Ok'na, t. of Moldavia.
Okonagnn. See Okanagan.
Oktibbeha, ok-tib'be-haw.
Ol'den-burg (Ger. pron. oI'den-bfifiRG').
Oldham, old'um,
*0-le-an'.
Oieggio, o-led'jo, v. of N. Italy.
0-len-ek', r. of Siberia.
Olferoii, oli'rAN'j soraetiraes written Oloron,
o'IoVAn').
0-Un'da or o-leen'di.
Ol-l-ven'za or Olivenza (Sp. pron, o-le-ven'-
thi).
OJ'raaizor OllmQlz.
0-lo-nets'or Olonetz.
0-lot'.O-lyra'pus, mt. of Greece.
Oraaguas, 0-rai'gwis', Indians of Ecuador.
'^Omaha, ora'^-haw.

Oraan, 0-min', t, and prov, of Arabia.
O'raer, St. (Fr, Saint Omer, s^Nt o'maiB');
0-mo'a or o-mo'i, (. of Honduras,
*Om-pom-po-noo'suc.Omsk, 6rask,
O-ne'ga (Rus. pron, o-ni'gi),
Oneglia, o-nel'yi, t. ofN. Italy.
Oneida, o-nT'da.
*Onion, un'yun.
O'non', r. of Chin. Tartary. See Shilka.
Onondaga, on'un-dau'ga.
Ons'lOw. Ontario, on-ti're-o.
Ooanlin, See Wanlin,
Oodipoor. See Odeypoor,
Oofa, Oufa, or Ufa, oo'fi, /. and r, of Russia.
Oojein, oo-jane'.
Oo-na-las'ka or Oo-na-lash'ka ; written, also,
Unalaschka, the largest ofthe Aleutian Is.
Oor'fa; w^ritlen, also, Urfa, Onrfa, and Orfa.
Oorga, Ourga or Urga, oor'gi, t. of Chin.
Tartary.
Oorghenj, Ourghendj,orUrgendj,oor-ghenj';
soraetiraes wrillen Urghenz and Urgantz.
See Khiva,
Ooroomeea or Umraiya, oo-roo-raee'a ; writ
ten, also, Urmiah and Ourmiah,
Oorzhoom or Ourjoum, oor'zhoom', t. of
Russia.
Oosa or Ousa, oo'si^ r. and t. of Russia.
Oo'soo'ree', Ousouri, or Usuri, r. ofE. Asia.
*Oos-len-au'la,
Oosterhout, oce'ter-howt.
Ooslioog Velikee, Ustiug Veliki, or Oustioug
Veliki, oos-te-oog' vei e-kee\
Oozbeks, Ouzbeks, or Uzbecks, ooz'beks', c»
people of Independent Tartary.
Oozbekistan, ooz-bek-is-tin'. See Bokhara.
0-por'lo.Op'peln.Oppenheim, op'pen-hirae, t. of Germany.
Op pi-do, t. of Naples.
Oran, o'rin', (. of Algeria.
Orange, or'inj (Fr. pron. oYiKzh').
Orange, or'inj, or Gar-eep', r. of S. Africa
Orangeburg, or'inj -burg.
Orcades, orTca-diz. See Orkneys.
Orchilla, or-cheel'yi, t. ofthe W". Indies.
Orebro. See Oerebro.
Or'e-gpn.O-rer or Or-lof.
Orellana, o-rSl-yi'ni. See Amazon.
O'ren-boorg' or Orenburg.
Orense, o-ren'si, t. of Spain.
Or'fprd, cape of England.
Orfui, or'fwee', cape of E. Africa.
Orihuela, o-re-wi'li.
0-rin-o'ko.*0-ris'ka-ny.O-r is'sa.
Orisiano, o-ris-ti'no, or Oristagni, o-ris-t&n'-
ye, ( of Sardinia,
Orizaba, o-re-si'bi.
Orkneye, ork'niz.
Orl6anais or Orleanois, ORHi'in'i'.
Or'le-ans (Fr. pron. OR'Ii'is^).
Or'mus or Ormuz (Pers. Hormooz).
Orne, onn.
*0-ro'no.
Orontes, o-ron'tiz (caUed, by the Arabs, El
Aasy, el ii'see).
Orosei, o-ro-si'e, t. and gulf of Sardinia.
Orsova, or'sho'v6h, t, of Hungary.
Orlegal or oR-t^gil', cape of Spain.

OZA

35

Or't^ls-burg (Ger, pron. 0R't?ls-b66sG'), t. of
Prussia.
Orthez or Orth^, OR^i'.
Orlona, oR-to'ni, I. of Italy.
Oruba, o-roo'bi, t. of W, Indies.
Oruro, o-roo'ro, (. of Bolivia,
Orvieto, oB-ve-i'lo.
Osaca or Osaka, o-si'ki. t. on Niphon I.
O'sage' (Fr. pron. O'zizn').
Osceola, os-se-o'la.
Osero. os'i-ro, or Orsero, oR-si'ro, i. in the
Adriatic.
Osl-rao.Oshraooneyn or Achraouneyn, osh-moo-
niue'.
Os'na-brQck^ (often called, in English, Os'na-
burg).
*05'sl-pee. Ossuna, os-soo'ni. i
Oste, os'ieh, r. flf Hanover.
Os-tend'. '
Oster6e, os'ter-o* or os'ter-6'eh. one of the
Fdrde Is.
Os'li-aks'', a people of Siberia.
*Oswegatchie, oswe-gatch'e.
Os-we'go.
Otabalo or Otavalo, o-li-vi'lo, t. of Ecuador.
Olaheile. See Tahiti.
Olchakof or Oczakow, otch'a-kof, t. of
Rus.'da.
O-tran'to.
Ol-se'go.Oltajano, ot-li-yi'no.
Ot'la-w^a or ol'ia-wi.
Otterbach, oi'ier-biK', r. of Germany.
Ot'ter-burn, v. of England.
*Or'to or Ol'o.
Ottojano. See Ottajano.
Otlomacs or Ottomaques, ot'lo-miks' (Sp.
Otomacos,o-to-mi'koce), Indians of Vene
zuela.
Ouachita. See Washila.
Ouantin or Ooanlin, See Wanlin.
Oude, ood.
Oudenarde, ou'den-ar'deh (Fr. Audenarde,
OMen-aRd').
Ouessant, w^s'siN' (in English Ush'ant), i.
W. of France.
Oufa. S^e Oofa.
Oural. See UraT.
Ouralsk or Uralsk, oo-rilsk'.
Ourfa. See Oorfa.
Ourga. See Oorga. ^
Ounque, oo-ree'ki or o-ree'ki, (. of Portugal.
Ourghendj. See Oorghendj.
Ourjoura. See Oorzhoora.
Ourmiah or Urmiah, oor-raee'a. See Ooroo-
raeea.
Ousa. See Oosa.
Ouse, ooz.
Ouzbek, See Oozbek.
O'ver-lpn.*0'vid (N,Y.).
Oviedo, o-ve-i'do.
*0-was'co.
O-we'go. '
O'wen.Owhyhee. See Hawaii,
Ox'fprd (Latin Ox-o'm-a).
Ox'us; called, also, the Amoo or Amu,
i'moo', and Gihon, je-hon' or Je-hoon'.
Oy^a-pock' or Oyapoc, r. of Guiana.
O'zee', r. of E. Africa,(t)
57*

PAS P.

Pachuco, pi-choo'ko, (. of Mexieo.
Pa-cif'ic. *Pac'o-let.
Pad-ang', i. near Borneo,
Paderborn, pi'der-boRn\
Pad'u-a (It. Padova, pi'do-vi).
*Pa,-du'cah.
Paglia, pil'yi, r. of Italy.
Paisley, paze'le.
Paishawur. See Peshawer.
PaPa-wan'.Pal-em-bang', (. and r. of Sumatra.
Palencia, pa-len'she-i (Sp. pron. pi-Ien'the-i)
Palenque, pi-lenk'i, or Culhuacan, kool-wi-
kin'. ^
Pa-ler'mo (It. pron. pi-lir'rao).
Pal'es-lTne. Palestrina, pi-les-tree'ni, (. of Italy.
Pal-lam-cot'ta, (. of Hindostan.
Pal'll-ser's Is , a group of Polynesia.
Palma, pil'rai.
Palmas or Las Palraas, lis pil'rais.
*Pal-my'ra.
Palo Alto, pi'lo il'to, battle field betwe
Point Isabel and Maiamoros.
Palos, pi'loce, cape in the S. E. nf Spain.
Palteb, pil'ti or pil'tSh, I. of Thibet.
Parabu, pim-boo'j (. of Brazil.
Pani'U-co.Pamplona, pim-plo'ni, or Pampeluna, pira-
pi-loo'ni.
Panama, pin-a-rai'.
Panay, pi-ni'.
Pancsova, piin'choV6h^.
Pan'i-pfit' or Panniput, t. of Hindostan.
Pa-no'la.
Pantellaria, pin-til-li-ree'i; written, also,
Pantalaria, i. near Sicily,
*Panuco, pi-nod'ko.
Pao-king, pi'o- or pow-king, c. of China.
*Paoli, pi^o'le.
Papa, pii'pOh'.
Pa'pal State (It. Stato Pontificio, sti'to pon-
te-fee'che-o),
Papeiti, pi-pi-^ee'te, cap. of Tahiti.
Papua, pap'oo-a or pi'poo-i, or New Guinea.
Para, pa-ri'.
Para9aiu, pi-ri-si-too', or Parazatu, t, of
Brazil.
Paragua9U, pir-ri-gwi-soo', r. of Brazil,
Paraguay, pi-ri-gwi' or pi-ri-gwl'.
Parahyba or Paraiba, pi-ri-ee'ba.
Paraiba, pi-ri-ee'bi ; written, also, Parahy
ba, t, of Brazil.
Par'a-raarl-bo.
Par-a-raat'ta, t. of Australia.
Par-a-raoo-sheer', Paramushir, or Paramus-
chir, one ofthe Kabrile Is.
Parana, pi-ri-ni'.
Paranagua, pir-ri-ni'gwi, (. and bay of Bra
zil.
Parana-Iba or Paranahiba, pi-ri-ni- ee'bi.
Parcbim, par'xim, (. of Prussia,
Par'ga, t. of Albania.
Paris, par'ris (Fr. pron. pi'Re').
Par'ma (It. pron. paR'rai).
paro, pa'ro, r. of Bolivia; the same as the
. Beni.
Pa'ros, i. of Greece.
Parral, pin-ril', or San Jos6 del Parral.
Par'spns-town. See Birr.
Fascagoulaj pas^ka-goo'la.

PER 36

PIS

Pasco or Cerro Pasco, ser'ro pis'ko.
Pascuaro, pis-kwi'ro, or Fasquaro, t. of
Mexico.
Pas-de-Calais, pi'deh-ki'li'.
Pas-1-go'rio, r. of Texas.
Pasquaro. See Pascuaro,
Pas'quo-tank', [del Norte.
*Paso del Norte, pi'so dSl noR'li, or El Paso
Pas-sa'ic. '
*Pas'sa-ma-quod'dy.
Passaro, pis'si-ro, cape of Sicily,
Passarowan, pis-sa-ro-wan'; ivritien, also,
Passarouang, t. of Java.
Passau, pis'sow.
Pasto, pis'to.
Pal-a-go'nl-a. *Pa-taps'co.
Pat'a-ra or Patera, t. of Asiatic Turkey.
Pat'ier-spn.
Pat'mos. i. of Greece,
Pal'na. '
Pa-to'mac. See Potomac.
Pa-tras' or Patrasso, pi-tris'so.
*PaUawatoraies. See Pottawatomies.
Pau, po.
Paul de Loanda, St. See Loanda.
Pavia, pi-vee'i.
*Paw'nees.*Paw-luck'et.
Pax'os or Pax'o,
Pays Bas, pi'e bi. See Netherlands.
Pays de Vaud, pi'e deh vO. See Vaud.
Payla, pi'ti, t. of Peru.
Paz, La, li piz (Sp. pron. li pith).
Pearlington, perl'ing-lun.
Pecs, paitch. See Fflnfkirchen.
Peebles, pee'belz.
PeMee'.Pegnitz, peg'nits, t. and r. of Bavaria.
Pegu or Pegou, pe-goo'; called, also, Bagoo.
Peichaouer, See Peshawer.
Pei-Ho, piliO', r. of China.
Peipus, pi'e-pooce, or Tchood'sko-e,
Pe'kin' or Pe'king'.
Pe-lew', is. in the E. Indies.
Peling, pi'ling', mts. of China.
Pel'la, (. of Palestine.
Pelvorm or Pellworra, pel'vorm, i, of Den
mark.
Pera'ba, i. ofE. Africa,
Pem'bl-na, I. ofN. America.
* Pemigewasset, pera'1-je-wos'set.
Pembroke, pera'br66k.
Peiiafieljpane-yi-fe-el'or-fe-ale', t. of Spain,
Peiias, pain'yis, gulf of Patagonia.
Pen-den'nis, castle of Cornwall, England.
Penedo, pi-ni'do, /. of Brazil.
Penelangueshine or Penelangushene, pen'e-
tang'gS-sheen', (. of Canada
Penn-syl-va'nl-a. Pc-nob'scbt.
Pen-ryn',Pen'sa-co'la.
Pen'za or Pensa.
Pen-zance'.Pe-o'ri-a.
Pepin, pip'in, (Lake), an expansion of the
Mi.'isi ssippi R., W. qf Wisconsin.
Perche, pSash, a former prov. of France.
*Perdido, per-dee'do,
Pereslavi, pfir-es-livl'. See Riazan.
Perffola, p6R'go-li, (. of Italy.
Peribouaca, per're-boo-i'ki or Peribouca, r.
of Canada.

Perigord, p^rVgoR'./orffMr j>rotJ. of France,
Perigueux, pSrVguh'.
Perm (Rus, pron, pinm).
Pernagua, pgR-ni-gwi', t. of Brazil,
Pernambuco. piR-nira-boo'ko.
Pernau, pSR'now.
Perote, pi-ro'ti,/ortresa of Mexico.
Perouse, p-»-rooz', strait near Yesso I.
Perpignan, p^R'peen'yiN'.
Per-quira'ans,
Persia, per'she-a ; caUed by the natives Iran,
ee'rin'.
Perth,Perth Ara-boy'.
Peru, pe-roo'.
Perugia, pi-roo'ji.
Pes'a-ro or pi'si-ro,
Pescara, pSs-ki'ra, r. and t. of Naples.
Peschiera, pes-ke-i'ri, t. of N. Italy.
Peshawer, Peichaouer, Peschauer, pesh'onr ;
writien, also, Paishawur and Peisnore.
Pesth, pest (Hun. pron. pesht),
Pelch'e-Iee' or Petch'ee'iee'; written, also,
Pelchili, gulf of China.
Pelch-o'ra or Petschora,
Peterborough or Peterburgh, pee'ter-bur-rtlh.
Peterhead, pee'ter-hed.
Pe'ters-burg, Saint (Rus. Peterburg, pi'ter-
boorg).
Peterwardein, pee'ter-war'dine (Get pron.
pi-ter-wiE'dTne) ,
Petic." See Pilic.
Pe'tra, (. of Arabia.
Pelrinia, pi-iree'ne-i, t. of Sclavonia.
Pei-ro-zav-odsk', (, of Russia.
Pei'lis.
Pdzenas, p^z^i'.
PhiPa-del'phl-a.Phinp-pine.
Piacenza, pe-i-chen'zi.
Piacina or Piasina, pe-i-see'ni, r. of Siberia,
Pl'ait.
Piave, pe-i'vi, t. and r. of Italy.
Pic'ar-dy (Fr. La Picardie, li pelcaRMe').
Pichincha, pe-chin'chi.
Pick/a-way.Pico, pee'ko.
*Pictou, pik-too'.
Piedmont, peed'mont (It. Piemonte, pe-i-
mon'ti).
*Pieds Noirs, pe-i' uwAr, or Black-feet.
Pienza, pe-en'zi, t. of Italy.
Pierre, Saint, sent peer (Fr. pron, siN pe-
aia').
Pietola, pe-i'to-li, v. of Italy.
Pignerol, peen'yer-rol'v See Pinerolo.
Pilar, pe-laR', (. of Brazil.
Pilcomayo, pil-ko-ral'o, r. ofS, America.
Pilica, pe-leel'si, r. of Poland.
Pil'lar, cape of Terra del Fuego.
Pillau, pil'lou.
Pil'sen.Pinega, pe-ni'gi, r. of Russia,
Pinerolo, pe-ni-rol'o (Fr. Pignerol, peen*y9>
Pines, pinz, (Isle of), t. of the W. Indies.
Pinhel, peen-ySl', (. of Portugal and Brazil.
Pin-zOn' or Pinion, pin-sone', bay of Brazil,
Piretibbi or Piretibbe, pe-re-iib'be or pir're-
lib'he, I. of British America.
Pirraascns or Pirraasenz, pSfiR'mi-sdnts, r. of
Bavaria.
Pisa, pee'zi.
Pis-cal'a-qu^.

PON

37 PUE

yis-cat'9-quia. Fisania, pe-zan'e-a, (. of W. Africa.
Pisek, pee'sek, t. of Bohemia.
Pis'co, (. of Peru.
Pis'gah, mt. of Palestine.
Pissou or Pisou, pe-zoo', r. of Liberia.
Pistoja, pis-lo'yi.
Pit-cairn's' Island.
Pitefi, pit'e-0.
Pilic, pee-iik', t. of Mexico.
Pitis'burg.Pili-syl-va'ni-a.
Piura, pe-oo'ri, t. of Peru.
Placentia, pla-sen'she-a. See Piacenza.
Plaquemine, plak'meen'.
Plasencia, plS-sen'she-a (Sp. pron. pli-sen'-
the-i).
Plata, La, li pli'ti; called, also, the Argen
tine (ar'jeu-tlne) Republic (Sn. Republica
Argentina, ri-poob'le-ki an-Hen-lee'iii).
Plata, Rio de la, ree'o del-i pli'ii.
Platte or Ne-bras'ka.
Plalten See, plit'ten si, or Lake Balatony,
bii'ldhnon\
Platts'burg.Plauen, plow'en.
Plava, pli'vi, (, qf Turkey.
Pleisse, pll'ceh.
Plock, plotsk.
Plodenz, ploo'dSnts, t. of Tyrol.
Plymouih, plim'tlth.
Plyn-Um'mpn. *Po 'co-moke,
Po'co-nO, mt. of Pennsylvania.
Po-co-hon'tas.Podlachia, pod-li'ke-i.
Po-do'U-a.Poictiers. See Poitiers.
Poictou. See Poitou.
Poin'sett.Point Coupee, -koo-pee'.
Point de GaUe or Punto Gallo, poon'to gil'lo,
t. of Ceylon.
*Foint Isabel, -iz'a-bel.
Poitiers or Poictiers, poi-leerz' (Fr. pron.
pw^i'le-i', almost pwi^e-i').
Poitou or Poictou, poi'loo' (Fr* pron. pwi'-
too' or pwi'too').
Po'la.
Po'land (called by the Poles, Polska, pole'ski).
Policastro, pol-e-kis'tro, (. of Naples,
Poligni, po'leen^ye', (. of France.
Pollina, pol-lee'ni, t. and r. of Sicily.
.!PoIock, po-lotsk' ; writien, also, Polotzk, t.
of Russia.
Poltava, pil-ti'va ; also written Pultowa.
Polynesia, poPin-ee'sbe-a.
Pora-e-ra'ni-a (Ger, Pom'mern).
Pora'e-rie', t. S. E. of Africa.
J*o-rao'na or Main'Iand.
Porapeii, pom-pi'ye.
Ponce, pon'si, t. of Porto Rico.
pondicherry, pon'de-sher're (Fr. Pondichfery,
piN'de'sha'Re').
*Ponk'as. See Puncahs.
Po-no'la. See Panola. .
Ponta-Delgada, pon'ti-dSl-gi'di.
Pontch'ar-lrain'. Pontefract, pom'fret.
Pontal, pon-til', t. of Brazil.
*Pontiac, pon'te-ak\
PonHo-toc', ,
Pontremoli, pon-trem'o-le, (. of Italy.
58

Poo'nah,Popayan, po-pT-in' or po-pi-yan'.
Po-per-ing'en (Fr. Poperingue, pop'er-fct'g')*
Po-po-cat a-p6ir or po-po-ki-ti-p8t'el.
Porongos, po-rong'goce, /. of La Plata.
POrl'age. Portalegre, poRl-i-li'gri, (. of Brazil.
*Porl-au-Plalle, pOrt-O-plitt.
Por t-au-P rince, pOrt-0-prlnce (Fr. pron.
poRt-O-praNce).
POrt'land.Port Le'on.
Port Louis, pOrt loo'is, or Port Northwest.
Port Mahon, mi-hone'.
Port Natal, port ni-lil', (. of S. E. Africa.
Porto. See Oporto.
POr'to Bel'lo (Sp. Puerto Bello, pwSn'to
b^l'yo).
*Por'lo Ca-bel'lo (Sp. Puerto Cabello, pw8r'-
10 ki-vil'yo).
Porto Praya, por'to pri'i. See Praya.
Por'to Prin'cl-pe. See Puerto Principe.
Porto Rico, por'to ree'ko (Sp. Puerto Rico,
pwin'to ree'ko).
Porto Salgado, por'to sil-gi'do, (. of Brazil,
Por'to Saii'lo, a little i. near Madeira.
Porto Seguro, pon'to si-goo'ro, (. of Brazil.
Porto Vecchio, poR'to vex'ke-Oji. of Corsica.
Portsea, port'see.
Portsmouth, pOrls'mulh.
Porl'u-gal (Port. pron. poH-too-gil').
Posega, po-si'gi, t. of Sclavonia.
Posen, po'zen.
Potenza, po-ten'zi.
Po-lo'mac.
Polo.«i, po-to-see' or po-to'se.
Potsdam, pots'dim.
*Pona-wit'p-mies.
Potts'ville. Poughkeepsie, po-kip'se.
Pouiton, pole'tun.
Pow-hat-lan'.Po'yang', I. of China.
Pozzu(;li, pot-soo-o'le.
Prague, praig (Ger. Prag, prio).
*Prairie du Chien, pri're dQ sbe-as'.
Pras'Un or priz-leen', i. E. of Africa.
Prato, pri'lo.
Praya, Porto, poR'lo pri'i.
Preble, preb'el.
Preg'el.
Prenzlow, prents'lov. [bftORG).
Pres'burg or Press'burg (Ger. pron. press'-
Pres'lpn.
Prev'e-sa or pri'vi-si.
Prince'lpn.Princeza, prin-si'zi, (. of Brazil.
Principato Citra, prin-che-pi'to chee'tri,
Pri/icipaio Ultra, prij-che -pi'lo ool'lri,
Prip'ets (Polish Prypec, prip'ets),
Privas, pre'viss'.
Prome, prom, *. of Birma.
Provence, pro'viNce'.
Provl-dence. Prussia, proo'she-i or prtlsh'e-a (Ger. Preus
sen, prois'sen).
PrOth (Ger. pron. proot), r. in the E. of
Europe.
Prypec or Prypetz. See Pripets.
Przemysl, pzhem'isl.
Pskof or Pskow, pskoff ; vn-itten, also, Pskov.
Ptolemais, tol-e-ma'is, t. of Palestine.
Puebla, pwSb'li. See La Puebla.

RAi ;
•Pueblo, pwSb'lo, or EI Pueblo de loa Ange*
les, 81 pwflb'lo di lo6e ing'uSl-Sg,
Puelches, pwil'chis, Indians of Patagoniii.
Puente Nacional, pwin'ii ni-se-o-nil'.
*Puerco, pwia'ko.
Puerto Bello. See Porto Bello,
Puerto Cabello. See Porto Cabello.
Puerto Principe, pw^R'to prin'se-pi or preen'-
the-pi, or Por'to Prin'ci-pe.
Puerto Rico, See Porto Rico.
Pulao, poo-li'o or puo-lou', t. on the peninsula
of Malacca.
Pulaski, pu-las'ke,
Pulo Pinang or Poulo Pinang, poo'lo pe-nang',
i. near Malacca.
Puna, poo'ni, improperly written Puno, i. in
the gulf of Guayaquil,
*Puncahs, punk'az, or Ponkas.
*Pungoteague, pung'go-teeg'.
Puno, poo'no, t. of Peru.
Purus, poo'rus or poo'rooce, r.of S. America.
Put'nara.Putumayo, poo-too-mi'o, j.of S. America.
Puy, Le, leh pwee.
Puy de Dome, pw^ee deh dome.
Pyrenees, pir'en-eez.
Pyrmont, p66R'mont, (. of Germany.
Q.
Qaherah, kih'he-ri. See Cairo.
Qen6. See Keneh.
Qoceyr, kos-sare'. See Cosseir.
Qualoe, qui'lO or quil'fih'yih, i. of Nor
way. {t)
Quang-tong'. See Canlon.
Que-bec' (Fr. Quebec, ki'bek').
Quedah or Kedah, ki'di, (. and kingdom of
Malacca.
Qued'lin-burg (Ger. pron, kwid'lin-b66RG*).
Queen Charlotte's, -shar'lpts, i. and souiid
W. of British America.
Quelpaert, qnel'parr, i. near Corea.
Quen'lin, Saint (Fr. pron. saw kiN'taN').
Queretaro, kir-i'ti-ro.
Quiberon, ke'ber-iN' or ke'briN', (. of France.
Quibo, kee'bo, improperly written Quibdo, i.
W. of New Granada.
Quilca, keel'ki, (. of Peru.
Quilira'ancy, kee-le-rain'se.
QuUimane, ke-le-mi'ni.
Quijlota,, keel-yo'ti.
QuUoa, kee'lo-i. [-koHw't^.
Quimper, kaM'paRe', or Quimper Corentin,
*Quin'e-baug'.
Qui Parle, kee pari, I. of Minesota Territory.
Q'uito, kee'lo.
Quor'ra. See Niger.

Raab, riib (Hun. Gydr^ dydR).
Ra'a-mah. *. of Palestine.
Rabat, ri'bit', (. of Morocco.
Rab'bath Am'mpn, (. of Palestine,
Ra'bun.Racine, raa-seen'.
Radama, ri'di-mi, mts. of Madagascar.
Rad'npr.Radstadt, rid'stitt (Ger. pron. rit'stitt), t. of
Austria.
Ragusa, ri-goo'si, or Raugia, ri'oo-ji or
rou'ji.
Rainier, ri'Aeer, mt. of Oregon,

B RHI
Rajpoot, rij-poot'.
Rajpootana, rij-poo-ti'id, or Rajasthan, t&*
ja-stin'.
Rakow, ri'kof, t. of Poland.
Raleigh, rau'le,
Ralls, raulz.
RambouiUet, riM^boo-eePyi' or riM'bwe'yi'i
t. of France.
Ramillies, ram'e-leez (Fr. pron. sVmeel^e'
or Ei*rae*ycO» '• 9f Belgium.
Ram'le-ah, mis. of Arabia.
Rams'gate,
Ranai, ri'n"*. See Lanai.
*Ran-co'cus.
Ran'ders, (. of Denmark.
Ran'dolph,
Rangoon, rang-goon'.
Rap kin,
Raphia, raf e-i, or Rafa, rk'tk, t, of Palestine
Rapideg, rap-eed'.
Rap"pa-han npck.
Rapty, rap'lee, r. of Hindostan.
Rarilan or Rariton, r^Kii-un.
Ras al Gat, rS^ al git, cape of Arabia.
Rastadt, riji'tilt.
Rastowica, ris-to-veet'si, r. of Poland.
Ratibor, ri'te-bor, t. of Prussia.
Rai'is-bon (Ger. Regensburg, Ri'ghenz-
b66RG').
Raugia- See Ragusa.
Ravee, ri'vee', r. of Hindostan.
Rav-en'na or ri-ven'ni.
Ravensburg, ri'venz-b66RG^, t. of Germany.
Ravenstein, ri'ven-silne', (. of Germany.
Reading, red'ing.
Red'rQih.
Ree (Ireland), ri.
Regensburg, ri-ghenz-b66RG\ See Ratisbon.
Regent's, ree'jents, inlet qf British America.
Reggio, red'jo.
Reiehenberg, ri'xen-b&RG*.
Reid's, reedz, r. of Oregon.
Reikiavik^ri'ke-a-vik, cap. of Iceland.
Reiras or Rheims, reeraz (Fr. pron. r&nz).
*Reinosa, ri-no'si.
Renaix, reh-ni' (Flem. Ron'se).
Rends'borg or Rendsburg.
Ren'frew. Renfrewshire, ren'fru-shjr.
Rennes, renn.
Rensselaer, ren'sel-er.
Requena, ri-ki'n^
Resaca de la Palraa, ri-si'ki del-i pil'mi,
battle-field between Point Isabel and Mata-
moros.
Rfishd, (. of Persia.
Reuben, ru'ben, tribe cf Israelites.
Reus, ri'ooce.
Reuss, ruce (Ger. pron. Roiss).
Reutlingen, roit'ling-en.
Rev'el (Rus. Kolj^mn, ko-le-vin').
Reyes, ri'is, /. of Peru.(l)
Reyes, los, loce ri'fis, t. of Veruzuela.
Revilla-Gigedo, ri-veel'yi-He-hi'Do, i. W
of Mexico.
Rhea, ri.
Rheatown, ray'town.
Rheims. See Reims.
Rhein, rtne, t. of Prussia.
Rheinberg, rlne'^biRG, (. of Prussia.
Rheinthal, rine'tiil, (i. e. "valley of tha
Rhine"), a district of Switzerland^
Rhine, rine (Ger. Rhein, Dutch Rhyn • both
pronouuced as the English Rhine)

ROC

39

RUS

Rhodes, rOdz.
Bhodez or Rodez, ro^di'.
Rhone.
Riazan, re-i-zin'.
Richelieu, reesh-ehW or reesVle-uh'.
Rich'land.Rich'mpnd.Rideau, ree'dO', cana? of Canada.
Riesengebirge, ree'zen-ga-b6^BG'eh, mts. of
Germany separating Silesia from Bohemia.
Rieli, re-i'te, t. of Italy.
Rl'ga or ree'gi.
RigVlet.Rimini, ree'me-ne.
Rin^jobing, ring'kyO'bing, (. of Denmark.
Rio Bravo, ree'o brivo. See Rio del Norte,
Rio Colorado, ree'o ko-lo-rah'do.
Rio del Norte, rl'o del norl (Sp. pron. Ree'o
dii noR'ti) ; called, also, the Ri'o Grande
(Sp. pron. Ree'o grin'di), and Rio Bravo,
ree'o bri'vo. [The pronunciation of these
naraes, which may be said to belong now^
to the United States, ouglit to be anglicized
for Ihe same reason that the names of De-
troitj Wisconsin, and Texas are anglicized,
that IS because tbe great majority of persons
wbo have occasion lo use Ihem, speak ihe
English language. Those, however, who
prefer the foreign pronunciation should be
careful lo be consistent, and not pronounce
one-half of the name afler the Spanish
mode and then anglicize the reraainder.
We should either say rt'o del nort or ree'o
del nor'tk, and not ree'o del nort, as we too
frequently hear. In like manner Rio Grande
should be pronounced either rto grand or
ree'o gran'dk and not ree'o grand."]
Rio de los Americanos, ree'o di loce i-raSr-
e-ki'noce. See Sacramento.
Rio de los Martires, ree'o di loce maB'te-ris,
or the ¦' River of Martyrs," r. of California.
Rio del Tigre, ree'o del tee'gri, r. of Mexico.
Rio Frio, ree'o free'o (i. e.^*- cold river"), a
stream of Mexico.
Bio Grande, ree'o grin'di, r. of Mexico.
*Rio Hacha, ree'o a'chi or -ha'cha.
Rio Janeiro, rl'o ja-nee'ro rPort. Rio de
Janeiro, Ree'o di zhin-i'e-ro; ; often called
simply Ri'o.
Rio Jaquesila. See Jaquesila.
Rio Negro, ree'o, ni'gro, r. of S. America.
*Rio Verde, ree'o vfiR'di.
*Rio Virgen, ree'o veeR'Hcn.
Riobamba, ree-o-bira'bi, t. nf Ecuador.
Rioja or Rioxa, re-o'Hi, t. of La Plata.
Riora, re'^N'.
Ripley, rip'Ie.
Rip'pn or Rippon.
Rislogouche, ris'io-goosh', r . forming part of
the boundary between Canada atid New
Brunswick.
Ritchie, ritch'e.
Rive de Gier, reev deh zhe-i'.
Rives, reevz.
Rivoli, riv'o-ie or Rce'vo-le, (. ofN. Italy.
Roane, rone.
Ro'anne'.Ro^a-noke'.Rob'ert-spn.
Rob'e-Bpn, Rochdale, rotch'del.
Rochefort, rotch'fprt or ROsb'foR',
Rochelle or La Rochelle, li so'shell'.
Roch'es-ter.

Rock'brldge.Rockcastle, rock-kas'sel.
Rockingham, rok'ing-um.
Rock'land.
Ro-croy' (Fr. pron.Ro'krwi'), t.of France.
Rodach, ro'din, t. and r. of Germany.
Rodez, ro'da'. See Rhodez.
Roer, rooR, r. of Holland.
Roermonde, rooR-mind'eh (Fr. Ruremonde,
RQE'raisd').
Ro'gas-en, (. of Prussia.
Romagna, ro-min'yi, a former prov. of Italy.
Romania, ro-mi'ne-a or Ro-mi-nee'i. See
Roomelia.
Roraans, ro'raiN'.
Ro'man-zoff, cape of Russian America.
Roraao, ro-rai'6N, almost ro-raowng, t. qf
Brazil.
Rome (It, Roma, Ro'mi).
Roraoe, ro'mO, or ro'muh'yeh, i. of Denmark.
Roirce-val'les (Sp. RoncesvaUes, Ron-lbis-
vil'yis, Fr. Roncevaux, rAns'vO' or riN'-
ceh-v6'), (. of Spain.
Ronse. See Renaix.
Roo-me'U-a or Rumelia.
Room-Elee, Roum-Ili, or Rum-Ili, room'e-
lee\ See Rooraelia.
Roos-tchook' ; written, also, Rustschuk and
Routchouk,
Ropequiz (a misspelling of Roquepiz, whieh
see).
Roque, roke (St,), cape of S. America.
Roquelaure, rok'e-lOre', (. of France.
Roquepiz, ro-keh-peez', i. in the Indian
Ocean.
Roraas, ro'rSs, (. of Norway.
Rosas, ro'sis, (. of Spain.
Rosbach, ros'bix.
Ros-cora'mpn.Roscrea, ros-kri'.
Ro-sel'ta (Arab. Er-Rash-eed').
Ros'kirde, t. of Denmark.
Rossano, ros-si'no, /. of Naples.
Ros'tock.Rothenburg, ro'ten-burg or Ro'ten-b66RQ\
Rotherhara, roTH'er-um.
Rothesay, roth'si.
Rot'ter-dam\
Roubaix, roo'bi'.
Rouen, roo'en (Fr, pron. RwiN).
Roulers, roo'li'.
Rouraelia, See Roomelia,
Roura-Ili, See Room-Elee.
Rousillon, roo^seelV^N' or Roo'se^-iN', t. and
former prov. of France.
Routchouk, rooi'shook'. See Roostchook.
Roveredo, ro-vi-ri'do (Ger, Rovereith, ro'-
ver-ite").
Rovigno. ro-veen'yo.
Rovigo, ro-vee'go.
Roxburgh (Scotland), rox'biir-reh.
Roxbury, rox'ber-e.
Row-an'.Rudolstadt, roo'dol-slitt, (. of Germany.
ROgen, rtl'ghen. "
Rurnelia. See Roomelia.
Rum-Ili. See Room-Elee.
Ru'pert's, r. of British America.
Ruppin, r66p-peen'.
Rureraonde. See Roerraonde.
Ruska Poyana (Mt.), roos'k6h po-yi'n6h, ths
highest summit of the Carpathiari chain.
Russia, roo'slie-a or rush'e-a.
Ruslchuk or Rusczuk. See Roostchook.

SAL 40

SAN

RuTH'er-fprd.Rutherglen, rug'len.
Rut'land.Ryde, ride.
Ryswick, riz'wik (Dutch pron. rTce'^ik),
Rzeszow, zhiss'ov, t. of Austrian Galicia.
s.
Saale, sii'leh.
Saalfield, siii'fSlt.
Saar, saR or siir (Fr. Sarre, saRR), r. of
Rhenish Prussia.
Saarbrdck, siia'brak, or Saar-brttck'en.
Saardara, siiR'dim'. See Zaandara.
Saarlouis, siin-loo'is,
Saatz, siits. (. of Bohemia.
Sahara, si-bi-ri', t. of Brazil.
Sabioncello, si-be-on-chel'lo, i. in the Adri
atic.
Sabine, sab-een'.
Sachsen, sik'sen. See Saxony.
Sachsen-Allenburg. See Saxe-AItenburg.
Sachsenhausen, sik'sen-how'zen, a suburb of
Frankfort on the Main.
Sachsenheim, sik'sen-hTrae'', (. of Germany.
Sackaloo, sik'ka-too' ; \\Titten, also, Sacka-
tou, Sakatu, and Soccaloo, t. of Soodan.
Sack'ett's Har'bpr.
Saco, sau'ko.
*Sac-ra-raen'to. *Sacs, sauks.
Saeed or Said, si'eed'. See Egypt.
Safed, si'fed, or Safad, si'fad, t. of Palestine.
Saflee or Saffi, siffee', (. of Morocco.
Sag-hall-en or Sakhalien,
Sag'in-aw'.Saguenay,Eag'eh-nay'orsSg^a',T, of Canada.
Sahara, sih'hi-ri or s9.-hi'ra; written, also,
Zahara.
Said. See Saeed.
Salda, si'di, or ST'don.
Saigon, si'gon', or Saigong, sT'gong'; called,
also, Look'noo'ee'.
Saint Denis, See Denis, Saint.
Saint Germain. See Germain, Saint, and so
for all the other names having the prefix of
Saint.
Saintes, s^Nl^
Saintonge, saN^iNzh'.
Sakaria, si-ki-ree'a (Anc. San-ga'rl-us), r. of
Asia Minor.
Sakatu. See Sackatoo.
Sakhalien, See Saghalien.
Sakkara, sik'ki-ri, or Sakara, t. of Egypt,
Saladillo, si-li-neel'yo,
Salado, si-li'Do.
Sal-a-mane'a or si-li-ming'ki.
Sale or Sallee, sal-li', r. and t. of Morocco.
Sa'lem.
Sa-ler'no (It. pron. si-lin'no).
Salford, saul'furd or sau'furd, (. of England,
now forming a part of Manchester.
*Salina (in the U- S,), sa-l»'»a.
Salina (in Spanish America), si-lee'ni.
Saline, sal-een'.
Salisbury, sanlz'ber-e, or New Sa'rura.
Sallee. See Sal6.
Salm, silin, r. of Rhenish Prussia.
Salona, si-lo'ni, r. of Turkey.
Salonica, sal-o-nee'k^, or Selaniki, sel-a-
nee'ke.
Sa'lop. See Shropshire.
Salta, sil'ti.

Saltcoats, saulfkOtes.
?Saltillo^ sil-ieel'yo (vulgar pron. sil-tee'yo),
soraetiraes calledLeona Vicaria, li-o'ni ve-
ki're-i.
Sa-lu'da.Saluzzo, si-loot'so.
*Salvador, eil-vi-dORe'.
Salvador, Saint (Brazil), See Bahia,
*Salvador, Saint (Central America). See San
Salvador.
SaPwin' or SaPwen'; called, also, Than-
Lyeng or Than-Lw^eng,
Saltz'burg or Salzburg (Ger, pron. silts'-
b66BG).
Salza, sill'si, r. of Austria.
Salzwedel , siltswi'del.
Samana, si^mirnij t. of Hayti.
Sam-ar'.Samara, sim'i-ra', i. of Asiatic Turkey.
Sara'a-rang*.Sam'ar-cand',Sa-ma'ri-a, t. andprov. of Palestine.
Sara-ar-ov' or Samaroff, (. of Siberia.
Sambas, sim^bis', (. of Borneo.
Sarabor, sira'boR.
Sarabre, siaibr, r. of France.
Saraisat, si-me-s&t^ t. of Asiatic Turkey,
Samogiiia, sam-o-jish'e-a, a former prov. of
Poland.
Sa'mos (called Soosam, soo-sim', by the
Turks).
Saraolhraki, si'rao-thri'ke, or SamVthrace',
i. of Greece.
Saraoyeds or Saraoyedes, sam^o-y^dz', a peo
ple of Siberia.
Samsoon, Samsun, or Samsonn, sim-soon', t.
of A-na Minor.
Sam Tiago, soung te-i'go, or San Thiago,
sin le-i'go ; written, also, St. Jago.
Sanaa or ^ua, si^i'.
*San An-to'ut-o.
*San An-to'ni-o de Bexar, -di bi-har'. See
Bexar.
*San Augustine, -au^gus-leen'.
*San Bartolome, sin Wr-to-lo-mi'.
*San Bias, sin bliss.
*San Buenaventura, sin bwi'ni-vin-too'ri.
San Car'Ips or sin fcaR'loce, (. on Chiloe I.
*San Diego, sin de-i'go.
San Felipe, sin fi-lee^pi, (. of Chili.
*San Felipe de Austin, san fi-lee'pi di ans'tin
(familiarly called San Phil'ip).
San or Sam Feliz, sin or soung fi'ieece,t
commonly anglicized by St. Fe'lix, (. of
Brazil.
*San Fernando, sin fSa-nin'do.
*San Fran»eis'co or sin frin-sees'ko.
San or Sam Francisco (Brazil). See Fran
cisco, St.
San or Sara Gabriel, sin or soung ga-bre-el',t
t. of Brazil.
San Geronimo, sin Hi-ron'e-mo, (. of Cuba.
*San Ja-cin'to.
San or Sam Joao das duas Barras, sin or
soung zho-oung' dis doo'Ss bir'ris,t (. of
Brazil.
San or Sam Joao del Rey, -del ray,t t. of
Brazil.
San Joaquin, sin HO-i-keen' or sin hwi-
keen'.
t The PortuguBio prefix aiffnifjring Sainl is Sam, pro
nounced soung or »awng; ; we nave, IwwBver, in confi»mity
to the method of Balbi and other eminent geognphers, eivea
these names under the head of iSon.

SAR

41

SCH

*San Ju'an (Sp. pron. sin Hoo-in' or hwin).
San Juan de la Frontera, -di li fron-ti'ri.
*San .luan de Ulua or Uloa, san ju'an (or sin
hwin) di oo-loo'i or oo-lo'i.
San Jose del Parral, sin Ho-si' dfil pin-Ril';
usually called, siraply, Parral.
San Lucas, sin loo'kas. See St. Lucas.
*San Luis (Texas), san loo'is.
*San Luisi de Potosi, sin loo'is (Sp. pron.
loo-eece') di po-to-see'.
San Luis Rey, sin loo'is ray, t. of California.
San Marino, sin mi-ree'no.
San Miguel, sin me-ghel' (or St. Michael),
the name of various places in Spanish Amer.
•"San Patricio, -pat-ris'se-o.
San or Sam Paulo, sin or soung pow'lo,! t.
of Brazil.
San or Sam Pedro del Rey, sin or soung pi'-
dro del ray,t *¦ of Brazil.
San or Sara Roque, sin or soung ro'ki.f See
Roque, St.
San Saba, san sah'ba, r. of Texas.
San or Sam Salvador (Brazil). See Bahia.
*San Salvador, sin sil-vi-doRc'.
Sandorair or San-do-meer', (. and prov. of
Russian Poland.
San-dus'ky,Sand'wich.Sangamon, sang'ga-mon.
Sangarius, See Sakaria.
San- 1- lac'.
Santa, sin'ti, (. and r. of Peru.
*Santa Barbara, sin'ti baK'bi-ri.
*Sanla Cruz, san'ta krooce (Sp. pron. sin'ti
kro(iih), or St. Croix, sent-kroi'.
*San'ta Fe (Sp, pron. sin'ti fi).
Sanla Fe de Bogota, -di bo-go-ti' See Bo
gota.
Santa Maria, sin'ti mi-ree'i.
Santa Marta, sin'ti maR'ii.
San'ta Mau'ra or sin'ti mow'ri,
San'ta Ro'sa.
*Santa Rosalia, sin'ti Ro-si-lee'i.
San-tan'der (Sp. pron. sin-lin-daiR').
Santarem, sin'ti-riN' (almost sin'ti- reng') .
Saulee'.San Thiago. See Sara Tiago,
Santiago de Compostela, sin-te-i'go di com-
pos-ti'li. See Compostela.
*&mtiago de Cuba, sin-ie-i'go de ku'ba or
-di koo'bi,
Sanlillana, sin-teel-yi'ni, t. qf Spain.
Santoce, sin-to'si, t. of Brazil.{J)
Santorini, sin-to-ree'ne, or Santorin, sin'to-
reen', i. of Greece.
Santos, sin'toce.
Saone, sone.
Saphet. See Safed.
Sap-i-en'za (Is.), a cluster near the Morea.
Sap'tin (River) or Lewis River.
Saptin (Indians). See Nez-Percep,
Saqqara. See Sakkara.
Sarabat, si-ri-bit', or Her'mus, t. of Asia
Minor.
Sar-a-gos'sa (Sp. Zaragoza, thi-ri-go'lhi),
*Sar'a-nac'.
Saransk, si-rinsk', t. of Russia.
Saratof or Saratow, sar-a-tof,
Sar'a-to'ga.Sarawak, si-rau'wik\ an English settlement
ori a river of the same name, in the- N. W.
part of Borneo.

58*

f See note on preceding page.

Sarayacu, sa-rT-i-koo', (. of Peru.
Sardinas, saR-dee'nis, bay of New Grana
da. (?)
Sar-din'1-a (It. Sardegna, saH-dSn'yi or sar-
dain'yi).
Saree or Sari, si-ree',
Sa-rep'ia, (. of Palestine.
Sark, i. in the English Channel.
Sur'no.Saros, shii'rosh; also writien Sarosch, r. of
Hungary.
Saros, si'r6s, (. of Greece.
Sfirre, saRR. See Saar.
Sarthe, saRt.
Sa'rura.
Sus-kalch'a- wan .
Sassari, sis'si-re.
Satalieh, si-ti-lee'^. See Adalia. ¦
Sa-til'la,' r. of Georgia.
Sauk (Indians). See Sacs.
*Sault de Sainte Marie (Fr. pron. sO deh
saNl miYe'), but now usually written and
pronounced Sault (sawlt) Saint Ma'ry.
Saung. See Donnai.
Saumur, sO'miiR'.
Sa-van'nah.Save (Ger. Sau, sow, Hun. Sziva, sii-v6h).
Savigliano, si-veei-yi'no, (. of N. Italy.
Savignano, si-veen-yi'no, t. of Italy.
Savona, si-vo'ni.
Sav'oy or sav-oi' (It. Savoia, si-voi'i, Fr.
Savoie, siVwi').
Saxe-Altenburg, sax il'ien-burg (Ger. Sach
sen-Allenburg;, sik'sen il'ten-biiORG').
Saxe-Co'burg (Ger. Sachsen-Coburg, sik'sen
ko'b66RG).
Saxe-Lauenburg, sax lou'en-burg or lou'en-
b66EG\ See Lauenburg.
Saxe Meiningen, sax mi'ning-en.
Saxe-Weimar, sax-wl'raar (Ger. Sachsen-
Weiraar, sik'sen- wi'raar) .
Sax'en-burg, i. in the Atlantic, E. of Brazil.
Sax'ony (Ger. Sachsen, sik'sen).
Sayanskoi, si'ins'koi', mts. of Siberia.
Sayn, sine, r. and t. of Germany.
Scala Nova, ski'li no'vi, (. of Asia Minor.
Scan'der-oon' or Is-keu'derroon'. See Alex
andretta.
Scan-di-na'vl-a.Scania, ski'ne-i. See SkSne.
Scarborough, skar'b'rtth or skar'bur-rtlh.
Scar'pan-to, i. of Greece.
Scarperia, skaR-pi-ree'i, t. of Italy,
Schaffhausen, shifT-how'zen.
Schat-el-Arab. See Shatt-el-Arab.
Schaumburg, Lippe, shoum'b66RG, lip'peh.
See Lippe-Schauenburg.
Scheldt, skelt (Dutch Schelde, sKel'deh, Fr.
Escaut, es'ko'). '
Sehelekof See Shel^hof.
Schelestadt, shSres-tad' (Ger. pron, shel'ea-
titr).
Schelling, skel'ling. See Ter-Schelling.
Scheraniiz, shem'nits (Hun, Selraecz Banya,
shfil-miis biin-y6h).
Schenectady, sken-ek'ta-de.
Schie, SKee, r. of Holland,
Schiedam, sKeedira.
Schio, skee'o, t. ofN. Italy.
Schiraz, she'riz'. See Shiraz.
Schirvan or Schirwan. See Shirvan.
Schleswig. See ^leswick.
Schoa. See Shoa.
Schoharie, sko-hSr're.

SEN

42

SHO

SchCnbrunn or Scboenbrunn, shen'broon or
shOn'brOdnn, t. ^Austria.
Schonen. See Skane.
'''Schoodic, skoo'dik,
*Schooley's, skoo'leez.
Schouw^en, skow'ven or sKow'T^'en,
Schreckhorn, shrek'horn, mt. of Switzerland.
*Schroon, skroon.
Schumla. See Shumla.
Schuyler, skT'ler.
Schuylkill, skool'kil.
Schwabach, shwi'biE.
Schwarzburg, shwarts'burg, or shwaRts'-
bOfiRG.
Schwarzenberg, shwaRls'en-biRG, t. of Sax
ony.
Schwarzwald, shwarts'wilt, i. e. " Black
Forest," a range of mts. in the S. of Ger
many.
Schwedt, shwelt, i. of Prussia.
Schweidnitz, shwiie'niis.
Schweinfurt, shwIne'f66Rt, (. of Bavaria.
Schweitz, shwTtes. See Schwitz.
Schwerin, shwi-reen'.
Schwitz or Schwyz, shwits,
Schyl or Syll, sheel or shil, r. of Turkey.
Sciacca, shik'ki or shyik'ki, t. of Sicily.
Sciglio, sheel'yo (Anc. Scyl'la), a rocky pro
montory of Naples.
Scigliano, sheel-yi'no, t. of Naples.
Seilly, sil'le.
Scio, shee'o or si'o.
Scioto, sT-o'to.
Sclav-o'ni-a. See Slavonia.
Scot'la.nd.Scriv'en.Scutari, skoo'ti-re (near Constantinople) ;
called Is-koo-dar' by the Turks.
Scutari (in Albania) ; called by the Turks
Is-kan-d er-e e'y eh .
Seara, se-i'ri. See Ciara.
Searcy, ser'se.
*Se-ba'go.
Sebaslian, Saint, sent se-bast'yun (Sp. San
Sebastian, sin se-bis-le-in') .
Secchia, sek'ke-i, r. ofN. Italy.
Sedan, seh-diN'.
Sedlitz, sed'lits ; written, also, Seidlilz, v. of
Bohemia rwtedfor its mineral waters.
Seevas or feivas, ^eeVis'.
Seewah or Siwah, see'wi\
Segni, sin'ye or sain'ye, t, of Italy.
Se*go.Segorbe, si-goR'bi.
Se-go'vi-a (Sp. pron. si-go've-i).
Segre, si'gri, r. of Spain,
Seidlitz. See Sedlitz.
Seiks or Sikhs, seeKs, a warlike nation of
Hindostan,
Seine, sane.
Selaniki. See Salonica.
Selenga, si-leng'gi, r. of Central Asia.
Se-lira'nt-a, t. qjf Turkey.
Sel'kirk.Selraecz Banya. See Scheraniiz.
Sellschan, selfshin', (. of Bohemia.
Se-men'drt-a, t. and fortress of Servia.
Semerone. See Ciraarron.
*Sem-in-oles.
Sem'lin.Serapnch, sera'pfijc,
Sen'e-ca.Senegal, scn'e-gaul'.
Sen-e-gam'bl-^.

Senjen, sen'yen, t. of Norway.
Senlis, siH'leece',
Sennaar, sen'nar'.
Sensj siN.
Serajevo, si-ri-yi'vo. See Bosna-Seral.
Ser'am-pore' or Serampoor.
Ser-ang'. See Cerara.
Serchio, siR'ke-o, r, of Italy.
Seres, sfir'es.
Sered, sir'ed or si'ret, r. of Galicia, flowing
into the Dniester.
Sereth, sSr'et' or siVet', r. in the E.part of
Europe, falling into the Danube.
Sergipe (or Sergippe) del Rey, siB-zhee'pi
del ray, (. of Brazil.
Seringapatam, ser-ing'ga-pa-tara'.
Seringham, ser-ing'gum.
Ser'pho or Serfo (Anc, Ser^-phus), i. of
Greece.
Servan, Saint , sts siRVis'.
Ser'vi-a. Ses'ips or Cestos, r. of Liberia.
Setledge or SeUej. See Suiledge.
Pettia, sfil-tee'i, (. of Candia.
Setubal, si-too'bil, or Setuval, si-loo'vil, or
St. Ubes, -Qbz.
Sev'as-to'pol. Sev'ern.Sevier, sev-eer',
Seville, sev'il or se-vill' (Sp. Sevilla, si-
veel'yi).
Sevre, sSvr or saivr.
Seychelles, si'shell' (Is.), agroup E. of Africa.
Shahabad, shih'a-bid', t. of Hindostan.
Shan'npn.Shang-Hai or Chang-hai, shang-hl', t. of
China,
Shary, shi'ree', r. of CerUral Africa.
*Shaste or Shasty, shas'te ; sometimes ¦written
Chaste.
Shatt-el-Arab, Schat-ul-Arab, or Chat-el-
Arab, shil-el-i'rib.
*Shawangunk, shong'gum.
*Shaw'nees'.*Sha w'nee- town.
Sbe-bo5''gan ; forraerly written Cheboygan.
Shechera, shee'kem, (. of Palestine.
Sheeraz. See Shiraz.
Sheer-ness'.Sheerwan. See Shirvan.
Shelekof, Sehelekof, or Chelefchov, shel-e-
kof or shel-e-kov', /. of Russian America.
Shen'an-do'ah.Shendy or Chendi, shen'dee^; soraelimes
wrillen Chandi, (. of Nubia.
Sl^er'bro* or Sher'bp-ro', i. W. of Africa.
Sher'sheil', (. af Algeria.
Shet'land.
Shi'a-was'see.Shienne or Chienne, she-eim', r. of Missouri
Territory.
Shil'ka, r. of Asia, forming, by its junction
with the Argoon, the Amoor. In the upper
part of its course it is called the Onon.
Shillooks, Shillouks or Shilluks, shiPlooks', a
people in the E. central part of Africa.
ShT'lOh, (. of Palestitie.
Shin- Yang; called, also, Mookden, (. of
Mantchooria.
Shiraz or Sheeraz, sheYiz' or shee'raz.
Shirvan, Schirwan, or Chirvau, shirSrin' or
sheer'vin'.
Shoa, Schoa, or Xoa, sho'i; ^vritten, also,
Shwa.

SIO

Shoo-mag'in, ». W. of Russian Ameriea.
Shoomla, Schumia, or Choumla, shoom'li;
sometimes written Shoorana,
Shoos'ter or Shu'sler ; written, also, Schuster
nnd Chouster.
*Sho-sho'nees.
Shrewsbury, shroze'ber-e or shruze'ber-e.
Shrop'shire, or county of Sa'lop.
Shlab. See Sislova.
Shumla. See Shoomla.
Shu'nem, (. of Palestine.
Shuster. See Shooster.
Siam, sT-am' or se'am',
Siara or Seara, se-i'ri. See Ciara.
Sl-be'ri-a.Sicily, siss'il-e-
Sidmouth, sid'muth.
ST'don. See Saida.
Siegberg, seeG'biBG, (. of Germany.
Siegen, seeg'en, (. of Westphalia.
Si-en'na (It. Siena, se-in'i).
Sierra, se-er'ri. f
*Sierra de los Mimbres, se-er'ri di loce raim'-
bris.
Sierra Eslrella, se-er'ri Ss-trel'yi, mts. of
Spain.
*Sierra Gorda, se-er'ri gor'di.
Si-er'ra Le-o'ne.
*Sierra Madre, se-er'ri rain'ri.
Sierra Morena, se-er'ri rao-ri'ni.
*Sierra Nevada, se-er'ri ne-vi'oi.
Sierra Nevada (Spain). See Nevada.
Sig-mar-ing'en. Sl'hon or Se-hon', r. of Central Asia.
Sikhs. See Seiks.
Sikokf, see'kokf, Sikoke, see'koke', or Sit
kokf, one ofthe Japan Is.
Silan, se'lin', t. of Yucatan.
Silian or Siljan, sU'ei-in, or sil'yin, t. and I.
of Sweden.
Silesia, si-lee'she-a (Ger. Schlesien, shli'ze-
en).
Sil'la, (. of Soodan.
Sil-is'lri-a. Sil'vCs, or seel'ves, t. of Brazil.
Simbirsk or Sim-beersk'.
Sim'cOe, I. of Canada.
Sim'e-on, tribe of Israelites,
Sira'raen, r. of Switzerland.
Simmenlhal, gim'men-tiiP, i. e. "the valley
ofthe Simmen."
Sim-pher-o'pol or Simferopol.
Sim'plon (Fr. pron. saM'plfiN'), mt. of Swit
zerland.
Sinai, si'ni or sT'ni-T, mt. of Arabia.
Sinaloa. See Cinaloa.
Sirlcapore. See Singapore.
Sinde, sind ; called, also, Sindhia or Sindia,
sin'de-a, and Sind'y.
Sines, see'nSs, t. of Portugal.
Sin-gan', (. ofChvna.
Singapore, sing'ga-pore', or Singapoor ; for
merly written Sincapore.
SinigagUa, sin-e-gil'ya, t. of Italy.
Sinoob, Sinoub, or Sinub, se'noob' (Anc.
Sin'o-pe), (. of Asia Minor.
Sinou, se-noo', r. qf Liberia.
Sintcheoo or Sin-'Tcheou, sin'che-oo' or sin^-
chew', (, of China.
Si'on or Zi'on, mi. of Palestine.
t Sierra, ia a. Spanish word, originally signifying a " saw }"
it is also applied to a " mouotain ndge," which, from ib
notched appearance, wben viewed from a dutance, may be
Bippraad to resemble a saw.

43 SOO
Sion, se'iN' (Ger. Sit'ten), cap, ofthe Swiss
canton of Valais.
Sioot, Sioul, or Siut, se'oot'; written, also,
Es-Sioot.
Sioux, usually pronounced soo (Fr. pron.
se-oo') ; called, also, Dacotah, dah-ko'ia.
Siph'an-to dr See'fUn'to (Anc. Siph'nos), i. of
Greece.
Sir. See Sihon.
Sirjan, s66r-jin'. See Kirman,
*Sisal, se-sii'.
Sis-to'va; caUed, also, Shtib.
Sit'ka; improperly written Sitcha, t. on W.
coast of N America.
Sifkokf^ See Sikokf.
Sit'ten. See Sion.
Sivas. See Seevas.
Siwah. See Seewah.
Skag'ger Rack.
Skagtois-Tind, skig'lpls-tlnd', the highest of
the Scandinavian Mountains.
SkSne, sko'ni, often written Schonen (Dutch
pron. sKo'nen: Ger. sho'nen) and Scanl-a.
Skelleflei, skel-lef'le-0, r. of Sweden.
¦^Skeneateles or Skaneateles, sken^e-at'less, or
skan'e-at'less.
Sk ibber- een'.
Skid'daw^, mt. of England.
Skive, skee'veh, t. of Denmark,
Skopia, See Uskiup.
Skye, skT,
Skyro, skee'ro. SeeSyra.
Slatina, sti-tee'ni, t. of Wallachia.
Slav-o'nl-a or Sclav-d'nl-a.
Sles'wick fDan. Sles'vig ; Ger. Schleswig,
shles'^iG).
Sli'go. Slobode Ukraina, slo'bo-di oo-kri-ee'ni.
Sloten or Sloolen, slO'ten, (. of Holland.
Smiland, pronounced, and soraetiraes writien,
Smo'land.
Smo-lensk' or Srad-leps'ko.
Smyrna, srair'na; caUed Iz-meer' by the
Turks.
Sraythe, sraith.
Sneehattan or Sneehaetlan, sni'het^an {i. e.
"snow-cap"), mt. of Norway, formerly
considered the highest in the Scandinavian
Peninsula. Recent measurements, however,
have shown the SkagtOls-Tind to be higher
SnOw'dpn.So-cor'ro, t. of New Granada,
So-co'tra or So-co'to-ra.
Sofala, so-fi'li.
Soissons, swis'siN' (alraost bwI'son').
Sok'na, raore properly Sook'na or Soukna, t
ofN. Africa.
Soldau, sol'dow, t. qf Prussia.
Soldin, sol-deen', *. ^Prussia.
Soleure, so'Itjr' (Ger. Solothurn, solo-tooRu')
Solfalara, sol-f^-ti'ri. I. of Italy.
Sollau, sol'tou, (. of Hanover.
Sol'way Frhh, between England and Scotland
Somaulies or Somolis, so'mO'leez", a peopli
ofE. Africa.
Somerset, sura'er-set.
Somme, somm,
Sondershausen, sou'ders-how'zen, t. qf Ger
many.
Sone, r. of Hindostan.
Songari, See Soongaree.
*So-no'ra.
Sonseca, son-si'ki, (. of Spain.
Soodan, Soudan, or Sudan, sooMin'.

SPR
Sookhona, Soukhona, or Snkhona, soo-xo'ni,
r. of Russia.
SooUraana or Soulimana, soo-le-rai'ni, king
dom of W. Africa.
Soo'loo .
Sooltaneeyeh or Sultanieh, sool-ii-nee'a,
Soongaree or Soungari, soong'giVee', r, of
Central Asia.
Soongaria or Soungaria, soong'gi're^i ; writ
ten, alsOjDzoongaria or Dzouiigaria, couti-
try of Central Asia.
Soor or Sour. See Tyre.
Soora, Soura, or Sura, soo'ri, r. of Russia.
Soorabaya or Surabaya, soo-ra-bl'a.
SoOrakarta, Sourakarta, or Surakarla, soo-ra-
kar'ta; written, also, Soorakerta or Soura-
kerta, t. of Java.
Soorgoot, Sourgout, or Surgut, soor-goot',
somelimes called Soor'goo'toi' or Surgutoi,
/. of W. Siberia.
Soorraool, Sourraoul, or Surmul, soor-mool',
t. of Persia.
Soos, Sous, or Sus, soos, r. and prov. of Mo
rocco. ,
Sootcheoo or Soutcheou, soo'che-oo' or soo'-
chew''; soraetiraes writien Soolchow, (, of
China.
Sophia, so-fee'a, or Triadilza, tre-a-dit'sa.
Soprony, sho'pron'. See CEdenborg.
Sorala, so-ri'la.
Sorelle or Sorel, sO-rell', See Chambly.
So-rel'jo, cape near the S. W. point ofSicily.{t)
Soria, so're-i.
Soroe, so'ro or so'ro-eh, alraost so'rflh'yeh-, i.
of Norway.
Sor-ren'to.Soudan. See Soodan.
Soueyra or Suira. See Mogadore,
Soukhona. See Sookhona.
SouU. See Suli.
Soungari. See Soongaree.
Sour or Soor. See Tyre,
Sourabaya. See Soorabaya.
Sourakarta, See Soorakarta.
Sourraoul. See Soormool.
Sous. See Soos,
Sousam or Soosam. See Saraos.
Southarapton, suTH-hamp'lun,
Soutcheou. See Sootcheoo.
Southwark (London), suTH'erk.
Southwark (Philadelphia), soulh'wiirk.
Souzel, Soo-zel' or so-zel', t. of Brazil.
Spaj spaw (Fr. and Flem. pron. spi).
Spain (Sp. Espana, es-pin'yi).
Spalatro, spi-li'tro.
Spandau, spin'dow.
Spar'ta, (. of Greece.
Spar'ten-biirg.Spar-ti-ven'to, cape of Italy,
Specia. See Spezia.
Spey, spi.
Speyer, pronounced, and often written. Spire.
Spezia, sped'ze-i ; sometimes wrillen Specia.
Spiez, speelz, (. of Switzerland.
Spire. See Speyer,
Spitz-b?rg'en. SplU'gen, splu'ghen or splQ'ghen, v. of Swit
zerland, at the foot of a nit. of t/ie same
name.
Spokains, or, raore properly, Spo-ka.ns', In
dians of Oregon, dwelUng near the Spo-
kan' R.
Spoleto, spo-li'to.
Spree, spri, r, of Germany.

44

sue

Spring'fieid. St. See Saint.
Stabroek, sii'brook. See Georgetown.
Slara'fprd.Starapalia, stim-pi^lee'i, i. of Greece,
Stan^o-voy' or Stanovoi, mts. of E. Siberia
Stantz or Stanz, stints, (. of Switzerland.
Stargard, siau'^^rt.
Staubbach, stoub'biK, a small stream of Svnt-
zerland, with a perpendicular fall of nine
hunflred feet.
Slaunlon (Va.), st^n'tun.
Staunton (England), stin'tnn or stan'tun.
Stavanger, slSv-ing'gher.
Siaveren, sli'ver-en, (. of Holland.
Slein, stine, t. of Germany.
Steinach, sti'niK, t. and r. of Germany.
Steinau, sti'now, (. q/"Ger777any.
Sleinbach, slTne'biic, t. of Germany.
Sleinfurl, slTne'f66Rt, t.of Germany.
Sleinheim, sttne'blme, (. of Germany.
Slellenbosch, sterien-bosh*, a settlement in
Cape Colony.
Stern'berg (Ger. pron. stiRn'beKG), /. of Bo
hemia.
Stettin, slet-teen'.
Stettiner Haff, stet-leen'er hlS.
Steuben, slu'ben or stu-ben', [This name ap
pears now to be universally accented on
the last syllable in Westem New York,
and is often thus pronounced in other parts
ofthe United States; but the original Ger
man name. Baron Steuben, should undoubt
edly have the accent on the penultimate.]
Steubenville, stn'ben-vU.
Slew'art.Steyer, stire.
Steyning, sli'ning, t. of England.
Stigliano, steel-yl'no, t. of Italy.
Stiria. See Styria.
Stock'holra.Stock'pOrt.Stod'dard.Stone-ha'ven.Slo'ning-tpn.
Stor'na-way, cap. ofLetois J., Scotland.
Storsion or Storsjon, slor'se-un orstors'ytm,
/. of Sweden.
Stourbridge, siarT)Tij.
Strabane, stra-ban'.
Strarfprd.Stralsund, stril'soond,
Stranraer, stran-rawr'.
Strasbourg, stras'burg (Fr. pron. striss'booR';
Ger. Strassburg, slriss'b66RG).
St rath -ha'ven, (. of Scotland.
Slraubing, slrou'bing, t. of Bavaria.
Slrel'itz, cap. of Met^lenburg-Strelitz.
Stromboli, slrom'bo-le, one ofthe Lipari Is.
Stromoe, stro'tno, or stro'mO-eh, almost
slro'ratih^eh, one of the FhrOe Is,
*Slroud, slrowd.
Slru'm^ (Anc, Stry'mon), r. of Turkey.
Slry, stree, (. of Austrian Galicia.
Stuhlweissenburg, stool-wI'cen-b66Ro or
-burg.
Stura, stoo'ri, r. ofN. Italy.
SiuU'gart or Slutgard (Ger, pron. sl66t'gart).
*Stuyvesanl, stT'v?s-ant.
Styria or Stiria, stir'e-* (Ger. Sleyermark,
sll'er-maRk).
Suabia or Swabia, swi'be-?..
Suakem, soo'i'kera, t. of Nubia.
Sublelles, sttb'leis, I. of Missouri Territory.

TAB

45

TAR

Su-det'ic Mts., a chain in the interior of Ger
many, comprising the Fichtelgebirge, Erz
gebirge, and Riesengebirge.
Sudan. See Soodan.
Su'der-ma'nl-a or su-der-rai'ne-?.; called,
also, Su'der-mann-land", former prov. of
Swedeju
SuderOe, soo'der-0 or soo'der-6'eh, almost
soo'der-tih^eh, one ofthe FarOe Is.
Suez, soo'ez (Arab. pron. soo-ez' or soo-aiz');
written, also, Souez and Soueys.
Suffolk, suf'fpk.
Suigutoi, a raisspelling of Surgutoi, See
Soorgoot.
Suir, shure.
Suira, swee'ri. See Mo^radore.
Suli, Sulli, or Souli, soo'le, district and t. of
Albania.
Sul'li-van. Sulraona, sool-rao'ni, (. of Italy.
Sullania or Sultanieh. See Sooltaneeyeh.
Suraatra, soo-mi'tri.
Sum-baw'wa.
Sunbury, sun'ber-e.
Sun'da.Sun'der-land. Sundswall, soonds'wiU, t. of Sweden.
Sural, soo-rat'.
Sur'hood' or Sourhoud, soor'hood', (. of Be-
loochiHan.
Surinara, soo-rin-ara'.
Surmul. See Soormool.
Surrey, sur're.
Sus. See Soos.
Su'sa or Shoosh, an ancient city of Persia, of
which only a few ruins now remain.
Susam, soo'sim'. See Saraos.
Sus-que-han'na.
SuTH'er-land.Sutledge, sut'lej ; vn-Uten, also, Setledge and
Sutlej.
Su-wi'nee, Sveiid'borg, (. of Denmark.
Sviatoi, svee'a-toi', cape of Lapland,
Swa'bl-a. See Suabia.
Swansea, swon'se,
*Swarlwoul, swart'wowt.
Swe'den (Sw- Swerige, swSr'e-gSh).
Swee'ra or Suira. See Mogadore.
Swine, swee'neh,
SwinemQnde, swee'neh-raQn'deh.
Switz'er-I^d (Ger. Schweitz, shwits, Fr.
La Suis.<e, li swiss or sweece),
Sydney, sid'ne.
Sy-e'ne. See Asswan.
Syll or Syl. See Schyl.
Syltoe, sil'tO or sQl'to-eh, i. of Denmark.
Syra, see'ri (Anc. Scy'ros), i. of Greece.
Syr'a-cuse (It. Siricasa, se-re-ki'si),
Syrl-a.Szabadka, s6h'b6d'k6h\ See Theresianopel.
Szalva, sal'vOh, t. of Transylvania,
Szarvas, s6R'v6sh\
Szegedin, s^g'ed'een' or sSg^id'in'.
Szigeth, see'ghit', somelimes written Ziget,
t. of Hungary, T.
Taanach, ti'a-nak,(. of Palestine.
Tabareeyeh or Tabaria, tab'a-ree'a.
*Tabasco, ti-bis'ko.
Tabatinga, tirbi-ling'gi, (. of Brazil.
Tabor, t|'bor, t. of Bohemia.

Ta'bor, t, of Palestine,
Tabreez or Tabriz, tab-reez'; sometimes
called Tau'ris.
Tabs, See Tubbus.
Tacazze, li-kit'si; sometimes written Ta
kalze und Takatz.
Tacun, tik'ni, (. of Peru,
Tacoary, li-quirree', vnritten, also, Taquary,
r. of Brazil.
Tad'cas-ter, (. of England.
Taf-i-let' or Taf-1-lelt', (., r, and kingdom of
Morocco,
Tag'an-rog' or Tag-an-rock'.
Tagliamento, lil-yi-men'to, r. of N. Italy.
Taglio, til'yo, r. of N Italy.
Ta^us (Sp. Tajo, ti'HO : Port. Tejo, ti'zho).
Tahiti, ti-hee'te ; formerly written Otaheite.
Taiwan, ti-wan'. See Formosa.
Ta-Kiang. See Yang-tse-Kiang.
Takht-i-SouIeiman. See Tukhte Soliman.
Talavera de la Reyna, ti-li-vi'ri di Ii ri'
e-ni.
Talbot, taul'but.
Talcahuana, til-ki-wi'ni, bay of Chili.
Taliaferro, tol'e-ver.
Tal'la-de'ga. TaPla-has'see.Taria-hatch'ie, Tal'la-poo'sa.*Tamaqua, tam-au'gua,
Tamatave, li'mi'iiv, (. of Madagascar, where
the French formerly had a settlement.
*Tamaulipas, tim-ow-lee'pis.
Tambobamba, tim-bo-bim'bi, t. of Peru.
Tambof. Tambov, or Tambow, lira-bof.
Tamise, ti'meez', (. of Belgium,
¦Tara'a-ny, St.
Tampico, tim-pee'ko ; called, also, Pueblo
Nuevo, pweblo nwi'vo.
Tananarivoo or Tananarivou, lin-in-ir>e-
voo', sometimes written Tananarive, (. qf
Madagascar, formerly the residence of King
Radama. See Madagascar, in the Gazet
teer.
Tanaro, ti-ni'ro, r. of N. Italy.
Tanasserim, See Tenasserim.
Taney, lau'ne.
Tangier, Ian-jeer'.
Tan- jure'.
Taorraina, ti-oR-mee'ni.
*Taos, ti'oce.
Tapajos. See Topayos.
* Tap-pan'.
Taplay, tip-ti', t. of S. Brazil.
Tap'pa-han'npck.Tap'lee' or Taply, r. of Hindostan.
Tara, t^'ri, t. of Siberia.
Tarakai, tar-a-kl', or Sag-haH-en,
Tararaandi, ti-ri-rain'de, i.of Brazil. (??)
Taranto, tir'in-to. j^
Tarascon, li'ris'kAN',
Tarazona, li^ri-tho'ni.
Tarbagtai, tar'big'ii', or Tarbagatai, tar-big-
a-ti', t. of Central Asia. .
Tarbes, laRb.
Tarraa, taR'mi, (. of Peru.
Tarn, laHU.
Tarifa, lirTce'fi, (. of Spain, on a bay of its
own name.
Tarija, ti-ree'ni, t. of Bolivia.
Taro, ti'ro, r. of N. Italy.
Taroodant, Tarudanl, or Taroudant, t&'roo-
dinl', t. of Morocco.
Tarragona, tir-ri-go'ul.

TEN
Tar'soos' ; written, also, Tarsous and Tarsus.
Tar't?r-ry.Tashkend, tish*kend', or Tashkent, (. of In>-
dependent Tartary.
Tat'nall.Tat'ta, (. of Hindostan.
Tauai, lou'I', the same as Atooi.
Tauber, tou'ber, r. of Germany,
Taudeny, Toudeny, or Taoudyny, tou'de-nee'
(the first syUable rhyming with now), t. qf
Africa on the Great Desert, noted for its salt
mines.
Taujiks or Tadjiks, tau'jeeks' or ti'jeeks', a
people of Persia and Afghanistan.
Taunton, tan'iun,
Tau'ri-da or Krim,
Tauris. ' See Tabreez.
Tau'rus, mt. of Asia Minor.
Tavoy or Tavay, liVoi', (, of Chin-Ind'ia.
Tay, li.
Tay-yuen, iTVu-en', i. of China.
Tazewell, laz'wel,
Tchad, chad.
Tchantar, chintar', or Shantar', is. in the Sea
of Okhotsk. ,
Tchany, Tchani, or Chany, chi'ne, h of Si
beria.
Tcherkask, chiR*kisk',
Tchernigof or Czernigow, chiR-ne-gof.
Tchernowitz, cb^R'no-vits, See Czernowice,
Tcheskaya or Tcheskaia, ches-kl'a, gulf in
the N. of Russia,
Tching-Kiang, ching'-ke-ang', t. of China.
Tching-icheoo (or -tcheou), ching'-clie-oo',
t. of China.
Tchingloo (or -ton), chingtoo', (. of China.
Tchoodskoe, Tchoudskoe, or Tschudskoe,
chood'sko-e. See Peipus.
Tching-ling, chingting', t. qf China.
Tchooktchees, Tchouktchis, Tchuklchis, or
Tschuktschis, chook'cheez', a people of E.
Siberia.
Tchoolkova or Tchoulkova, chooPko'vi, (
of Siberia.
Tchouktchis or Tchuklchis. See Tchook
tchees.
Tchoulkova. See Tchoolkova,
Teche, iSsh.
Tecino. See Ticino.
Tecso, ti'cho", t. of Hungary.
*'re-cura'seh,
Teem'boo', t. of W. Africa,
Teen-lseen or Tin-isin, teent*seen', t. of
Chi?ia.
Teffe, teffi, r. {and t.?) of Brazil.
Tefiis. See Tiflis.
Tehran or Teheran, teh-hrin'; wrillen, also,
Tehraun.
*Tehuacan, ti-wi'kin'.
*Tehuantepec, ti-win- ti-pek'.
Teignmoulli, tin'rauth.
Tejuco, ti-zhoo'ko, t.of Brazil.
Te-ko'a, (. of Palestine.
Tel'fair.Temes, tem'esh'; written, also, Temesch, r.
of Hungary.
Teraesvir, lem-eBh-viiK' ; vrritlenj also,
Temesch war.
Tem-ia'ca-ming", I. of Canada.
Temiscouaia, tem'is-koo-i'ti or terais-qui'ta,
I. of Canada.
Tem'p^l-burg ortem'p^l-bfi6RG', (. o/Prtw«a.
Ten-us'ser-im.Ten'e-dos, i, of Greece,

46

THI

Teneriffe, ten'er-iff' (Sp. Tenerife, ti-ni-
ree'fi).
Ten^nes-see'. Ten'ler-den, t. of England.
*Tepic, tSp-ik' or tirpeek'.
*Tepozcolula, ti^pos-ko-looli.
Teramo, tSr^rao.
Terceira, t^R-si'e-ri.
Tercero, t^R-si'ro, r, of La Plata.
Termini, liR'rae-ne.
Termoli, tSR'mo-le, /, of Naples.
Termonde. See Dendermonde,
Ternate, ter'nit', one ofthe Molucca Is.
Terni, t^R'ne,
Ter-no'va, (. of Turkey.
Ter'ra del Fu-e'go or Tierra del Fuego, te-
er'ri dii fwi'go.
Terra di Lavoro, ter'ri de li-vo'ro, prov. of
Naples.
Terra di Otranto, ter'ri de o-trin'io, prov. of
Naples.
Terracina, ter-ri-chee'ni.
Terre-Bonne, tirr-bonn'; usually pro
nounced lar bone.
*Terre-Haute (Fr. pron. tSrr-hOte' or tSrr*-
ote'). [See Pronouncing Gazetteer, p. v.
and vi-, of the 3d and subsequent editions,]
Ter Schelling, iSr skel'ling, t. of Holland.
Teschen, lesn'en, t. of Austria and Silesia.
Tesino. See Ticino,
Tessel, See^Texel.
Tessin, iSs'saN'. See Ticino.
Tete, ti'li, (. of E, Africa.
Teton, t^t' hn, r. of Missouri T'erritory.
Tetooan, Tetuan, or Tetouan, tSfoo^in', t.
of Morocco.
Teulada, too-li'di (It. pron. tih'oo-li'di),
cape of Sardinia.
Tevere, ti'vi-ri. See Tiber.
Teverone, ti-vi^ro'ni (Auc. Ani-o), r. of
Italy.
Teviot, tiVe-ot, r. of Scotland.
Tewksbury, tukes'ber-e, t. of England,
Tex'as.Tex'el or Tes'sel.
Tezcuco, lis-koo'ko, (. of Mexico.
Thad'e-us, St., cape of Asia,
Thaleain. See Salwin.
Thames, teraz.
Than'et.Than-Lyeng or Than-Lweng. See Salwin.
Thaso, ihi'so, or Tha'sos, i. ofChreece.
Thaj'a, li'i, r. of Moravia.
Theaki or 'Thiaki, ihe-i'ke, or Ith'a-ca.
Thebes, theebz; called Thebai, the'vA, by
the raodern Greeks.
Theiss, Uce (Hun. Tisza, tee-s6h).
Theresienstadt, lir-i'ze-en-stitV, fortress of
Bohemia.
Theresienstadt orTheresienopel, iftr-i^ze-an
o'pel (Hun, Szabadka, s6h'b6d'k6h~), t. of
Hungary.
Therraia, ihir-mee'i (Anc. Cyth'nos), ». of
Greece.
Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca. See Salonica.
Thes's^-ly or Thes-sa'll-^ (Modern Gr. pron.
this-si-lee'g.), country of Greece.
Thian-Shan or Thian-Chan, te-in'-shin',
mts. of Chin. Tartary.
*Thibadeauville, tib-a-do'vUl.
Thibet or Tibel, tib'el or tib-et'j written,
also, Tibbet.
Thielt, teelt.
Thiers, te-aia'.

TOB

47

TOT

ThionviUe, te^&N^ill' or -veel'.
Tholen or Tolen, tol^n, (. and i, qf Nether
lands.
Thomar, to-maR', (. of Portugal,
Thomaston, lom'us-tun.
Thorn (Prussia), toRn.
Thoulouse. See Toulouse.
Three Rivers or Trois Rivieres, trwi reVe-
aiR'.
Thsoongling, Thsoungling, or Thsungling,
tsoong'ling, mts. of Chin. Tartary.
Thun, toon.
Thuner-See, toon'er-si'.
Thur, looR, T. of Svntzerland.
Thurgau, looE'gow (Fr. Thurgovie, tQR'go*-
ve').
Thuringia, thu-rin'je-a (Ger. ThQringen, ta'-
ring-en) .
Thurle.s, thflrlz.
Thiir'so, t. of Scotland.
Tibboos or Tibbous, tibbooz', a people of N.
Africa.
Ti'ber (It. Tevere, ti'vi-ri).
Tibesti or Tibesty, tee'bes'lee', t. and oasis
ofN. Africa.
Tibet or Tibbet. See Thibet.
Tiburon, te-boo-rone', t. in the Gulf of Cali
fornia. -
Ticino, te-chee'no, improperly ¦written Tesi
no or Tecino (Fr. Tessin, lis'stN').
Tidore, te-dore', one of the Molucca Is.
Tiele, le-i'li, or Anhembi, in-yira-bee', r. of
Brazil.
Tiflis' or Teflis (native pron. tirieece').
Tigre, tee'gri\
Ti'gris.Tilapa, te-li'pi, t, of Mexico.
Til-la-io'ba, cap, of Tailahatchee Co,, Ala.
Til'burg.Til'sit.Tiraboo or Tirabou, See Teeraboo.
Tira-buc'too or Tom-booc'to ; written, also,
Torabuklu and Ten Bocloo.
TT'mor.Tl-raor-laut'. *Timpanagos, tim-pi-ni'goce, frequently
written Timpanogos (Lake) ; caUed now
the Great Salt Lake.
Tinian, tee-ne-in', one of the Ladrone Is.
*Tin'i-cura,
Tin-ne-vel'ly, prov. of Hindostan.
Tmo, tee'no (Anc. Te'nos) i. of Greece.
Ti-o'ga.
Tip'er-a or Tip'ra, district of Bengal.
Tip'pah.Tippecanoe, tip'e-ka-noo'.
Tipperary, tip-er-i're.
Tir-ee', also written Tirree, Tiry, and Tyree.
Tirhala. See Tricala.
Tirlemont, leeRrmfiN' (Flem. Thienen or
. Tienen, tee'nen).
Tishamingo, tish'a-ming'go.
Tish 'eel', t. in the interior of W, Africa.
Titicaca, tit-e-ki'ki.
Tivoli, tiv'o-le or tee'vo-le.
*T!alpan, tlil-pin'.
*Tlamet or Tlamath, tlim'et ; caUed, also,
Klara'et. "
Tlascala, tlis-ki'li, t. of Mexieo.
TIemsan, tlem'sin, or Tleraecen, tlem^eh-
sen'; written, also, Treraecen, t.of Algeria.
Tobago, to-bi'go.
Tobique, to'beek', t. of New Brunswick.
To-bol', r. of Siberia.

To-bolsk'.Tocantins, to-kin-teens'.
Tocat or "rokat, to'kit'.
Tocaya, lo-kl'i, (. of Brazil.
Tocayma or Tocaima, to-kl'mi, t. of Neio
Granada.
Toenningen. See Tfinningen.
Toeplilz. See TopUtz.
Tokat. See Tocat.
To-kay' (Hun. pron. to-koi').
Tolen. See Tholen.
To-le'do (Sp. pron. to-li'no).
Toteutino, to-Kn-tee'no, t. of Italy.
Tol'land.To-lo'sa, (. of Spain.
Toluca, to-loo'ki.
Tom-big'bee or Tom-beck'be.
Tombuctoo. See Timbuctoo.
Tora'kins.Tonbridge. See Tunbridge.
Ton'don', (. of Mantchooria.
*Ton-e-wan'dg. or Tonewanta.
Tong'a (Is.), a group of Polynesia.
Tongataboo or Tongatabu, tong^ti'boo, t.
of the above group.
Tongo, tong'gO'j written, also, Taungoo, *. of
Birma.
Tongres, tJNgr (Flera. Tongern, tong'ernor
tong'hern), t. of Belgium.
Tongooses. See Toongooses.
Tonkin or Tonquin, ton-keen'.
Tonnerre, ton'naiR', (. of France.
Ton'ning-en, (. of Denmark.
Tonquin. See Tonkin.
Tooareeks, Tuariks, Touariks, or Touaryks,
loo'i'reeks' or too^iViks', a people of Africa.
Tooat, Touat, Tuat, or Tawat, tooat' or
li-wit', oasis of N. Africa.
Tooggoort or Tuggurt, loog'goort', (. ofN.
Africa.
Toongooses, Toungouses or Tunguses, toong-
goo sez, a people of Siberia.
Toongooska, Toungouska or Tunguska, toong-
goos'ki, r. of Siberia.
Toonkat, Tounkai or Tunkat, toong'kit', (. of
Independent Tartary.
Toorfan, Tourfan, or Turfan, toor'fin', t. of
Chin. Tartary.
Too'la ; written, also, Taula and Tula.
Toorkistan or Turkistan, tooR'kisrtin',
Toorkomans or Turkomans, toor'ko-manz',
Toorookhansk, Touroukhansk, or Turu-
khansk, too-roo-Kinsk', t. of Siberia,
Top, t6p, I. of Russia,
Topayos, lo-pi'yoce; written, also, Tapajos,
ti-pi'zhoce or ti^p^oce.
Toplitz, Teplitz, or Toeplilz, leplits.
Tnr-bay'.
Torgau, toR'gow.
Tornei ; pronounce^, and somelimes written,
Tor'ne-0.
Tornya, toRn'yOb, t. of Hungary.
To'ro, t. of Spain.
To-ron'to.
Torrenantc, tor-ri-nin'ti, t. of Mexico.
Tor'shok' or Torjok, tor^zhok'.
Tor-io'la.Tor-lo'na or tOR-to'ni, (. of Italy.
Tor-to'sa.Tortuga, tor-too'ga, i. ofthe W. Indies,
Tortugas, lof-too'gas, is. or shoals near Ftori-
da, at the entrance ofthe Gulf qf Mexico,
Toscana. See Tuscany.
Tot'ness ; written, also, Totnes.

TRU

48

UKR

Touariks. See Tooareeks.
Touat. See Tooat.
Toul, tool.
ToulaT' See Toola.
Toulon, ioo'IAn',
Toulouse or Thoulouse, loo'looz',
Toungouses, See Toongooses.
Tounkat. See Toonkat,
Touraine, too'rane'.
Tourfan. See Toorfan.
Tournay, tooa'ni' (Flera. Doornik, dor'nik).
Touroukhansk. See Toorookhansk.
Tours, tooR.
Towcester, lous'ter, t. of England.
Traf-9.1-gar' or traf-al'gar,
Tral-ee'.Trani, tri'ne.
"Tran-que-bar'.Translevere, trins-ti'vi-ri, a portion of the
city of Rome. See Rorae.
Tran-sy]-va.'nl-a (Hun. Erdfely Orszig, Sr-
daiL OR-siig).
Trapani, tri'pi-ne.
Trasarts, tras'arls' or Trar'zas, a people of
Africa.
Tras OS Monies, iris fts raon'tSs.
Traun, trown, r. and I. of Austria.
Trav'an-core'. * Trav'is.
Treb'i-zond'j called Ta-ri'be-soon' by the
Turks.
Tremiti, trem'e-le.
Trent (Ger. Trient, tre-ent').
Trenl'pn. Tres Barras or Rio de Tres Barras, ree'o di
trSs bir'ris (i. e. the " river wilh three
bars")) r'. of Brazil.
Tres Monies, Iris mon'tSs (/. e. the " three
mountains"), the name of a cape {and pe
ninsula?) in Patagonia.
Treves, ireevz (Fr. Treves, trave, Ger.
Trier, treer).
Treviglio, tri-veel'yo or triv-eel'yo, i. of N.
Italy.
Treviso, trSv-ee'so.
Triaditza, ire-i-dit'si. See Sophia.
Tricala, tree'ki-li; -written, also, Tirhala.
TrichinopoU or Trichinopoly, tritch-in-op'-
o-le.
Trieste, Ire-est' or tre-es'ti.
Trincomalee, iring'ko-ma-lee^.
Tringano, tring'gi'nO', or Tringanoo, tring^-
^i-noo', t. of Malacca.
Trin-!-dad'.Tripoli, trip'o-le; called by the natives Ta-
ri'bloos. ¦ ¦ ^
Tripolitza or Tripolizza, tre-pn-lit'si.
Tristan d'Acuiiha, tris'tan' di-koon'yi or
troes-towng' di-koon'yi, i. in the S. Atlan
tic.
Trois Rivieres, trwi reVe-ain'. See Three
Rivers.
Tromlielas, trom-bi'lis, r. of Brazil.
Trond or Tron, Saint, sflN tr^N.
Tropea, tro-pi'i, (. of Naple.t.
Trosachs, irO'saks, 7rt(5 of Scotland,
Trondjem. See Drontheim.
Troppau, Irop'pow.
Troup, troop.
Trow'bridge. Troyes, trwi.
Trura'bOll.Trujillo. See Truxillo.
Tru'ro.

Truxillo or Trujillo, troo-Heel'yo.
Tsad'da or tsid'di, r. of Central Africa.
Tu'ara.
Tuariks. See Tooareeks.
Tuat. See Tooat.
Tubac, too-bik', (. in the N. of Mexico.
TQb'bus or itib'bes, alraost ttibs ; w^ritten, also,
Tabs.t t. of Persia.
TQ'hing-en. Tuck'er-tpn,
Tucuraan, too-koo-min'.
Tudela, too-ni'li.
Tugp:urt. See Tooggoort,
Tukhte Soliman, ttlKt'e-solVmin' (t. e.
" throne of Solomon"), written, also,
Takbt-i-Souleiman,t mt. of Asia.
Tula, too'li, t. and r. of Mexico.
Tiila, too'li (Russia). See Toola.
*Tule, too'le or too'li,
TuTla-more'.Tulle, IQll, t. of France.
Tumbez, toora'bSs or toora'beth , /. of Peru,
Tun'bridge ; written, also, Tonbridge,
Tunguragua, toong-goo-ri'^wi.
Tungooska or Tunguska. See Toongooska.
Tunguses. See Toongooses.
Tu'ni-ca.
Tu'nis ; called by the natives Too'nis.
Tunja, toong'ni, t. of New Granada.
Tunkat. See Toonkat.
Tupisa or Tupiza, too-pee'si, (. of Bolivia.
Turcoing, tQR'kwas'.
Turcomans. See Toorkomans.
Turfan. See Toorfan.
Tu'rin (Fr. pron. iuYIn', It. Torino, to
re e'no) .
Turkey, tur'ke, or Ol'to-man Erapire.
Turkistan. See Toorkistan.
Turnhout, turn'howt,
Tur'sheez', t. of Per.iia.
Turukhansk. See Toorookhansk,
Tus-ca-loo'ea.Tus'ca-ny (It. Toscana^ tos-ki'ui).
Tuscara^vas, tus-ka-raw'wess.
Tus-eura'bl-a, t. of Alabama.
*Tuxila, tooxt'li.
Tuy, twee.
Tver or Twer, IvSr or tvaiR.
Tynemouth, tine'muth.
Tyre, lire ; called by the Jews Tsoor, and by
the Arabs Soor.
Tyree or Tyry. See Tiree.
Tynmu, tfu^K'now (Hun. Nagy Szom-balh,
nOdy or n6dge som-boi).
Tyrol, iir'rpl (Ger. pron. te-role').
Tyr-one'.Tyrrel, ttr'rel.
Tzaritzin, tsi-r it-seen', (. of Russia.

Uaupes, wow'pSs, r. of S. America.
Ubahy, oo-bi-ee' or oo-bi-hee', /. of Bolivia.
Ubes, Siiint- See Setubal.
Ucayale, oo-ki-i'li. or Ucayali, oo-ki-i'le.
TTdine, oo'de-ni.
I'livarhely, oodViiRliSt , (. of Transylvania..
Vui. See Oofa,
Vi.'^t, wist.
Ukraine, u'krana or oo-krane' (Polish Ukra'»
na, oo-kri-ee'nfi).
t S^ Obs. under the letter A, pare 33 of tbe Proooanciuf
Gazetteer.

VAL

49

VIA

UleSboTg, oo1e-6-borg\
Ulm (Ger. pron. 66lra).
Ul'ster,Uls'wa-ter, I. of England.
Umbre or Umbreh, oom'bri or oom'br^h, r.
of Africa.
Umei, oo'me-0.
Um'raer-a-poo'ra ; writien, also, Amara
poura .f
*Umqua or Urapqua, iimp'quaw.
Umritseer. See Amrelsir-t
Unalaschka. See Oonaluska.
Underwalden. See Unterwalden.
Ungava, tlng-gah'va, bay of Labrador.
Unna, 66n'ni, r. of Turkey; also a t. of
Prussia.
Un'slrut or 66n'str66t, r. of Germany.
Unterwalden, oonler-wil'den.
Upha. See Oofa.
Up's^l or Upsala, up-sili.
U'ral or Oural, oo-ril'.
Uralsk, oo-rilsk', t. of Russia.
Urbino, oor-bee'no.
Urfa. See Oorfa.
Urga. See Oorga.
Urghendj, Urghenz, or Urgantz. See Oor-
ghenj.
Un, u're (Ger. pron. oo're),
Urraiah. See Oorooraeea.
Urquhart, urk'hart, t. of Scotland.
Urubu, oo-roo-boo', t. of Brazil.
Uruguay, u'roo-gwi' or oor-roo-gwi'.
Umraiya. See Ooroomeea.
Usbekistan or Oozbekistan. See Bokhara.
Usedom, oo'seh-dom, i. and t. of Prussia.
Ush'ant. See Ouessant.
Uskiup, oos'ke-oop', soraelimes "written Us-
kub and Uscup ; called, also, Sko'pi-a, t. of
Turkey.
Uslica, oos'te-ki, t, near Sicily.
Ustiug, See Ooslioog,
Usuri. See Oosooree, [Eutaw.
*Utah or Youta, u'ti or u'law ; often written
U'ta-was. See Ottaiva.
U'li-ca.Utrecht, u'trekt (Dutch pron. fl'treKt).
Utrera, oo-lri'ri.
Utloxeter, ux'e-ter.
Ux'bridge.Uzbeck. See Oozbek.
Uzbeckistan. See Bokhara.
Uzfis, a'zace'. V.
Vaag. See Waag.
Va-cas'sar, bay of Florida.
Vachka. See Vashka.
Vadutz, vi'dObts, t. of Germany.
Vag. See Waag.
Vaga, vi'gi, r. of Russia.
Vaigatz, Waigaiz, or Waigats, vi'gits', i. and
strait of Russia.
Vajca or Vajka, See Vashka.
Vakh,'viK, r. of Siberia.
Valais, viii' (Ger. Wallis, willis).
Val-de-Penas, vil-di-pain'yas.
Valdivia, vil-dee've-i.
Valence, vi'IiNce'.
Valencia, va-len'she-a (Sp. pron. vi-len'-
the-i).

59

t See note on preceding P^^c.

Valenciennes. vi'liN*ae-enn',
Valentia, vi-Ien'she-?., i. near the S, W. coast
of Ireland.
VaPla-do-lid' (Sp. pron. vil-yi-Do-leeD').
Valona, vi-lo'ni. See Aviona,
Valparaiso, vil-pi-ri'so,
Valtellina, vil-l3l-lee'ni, or Valtelline, vil-
l8l-leen'.
Van, vin.
Van Bu'ren.
*Vancouver, van-koo'ver.
*Van-da'll-a.
Van'der-burg.Van Diemen's, van dee'menz.
Vannes, vinn,
Varasdin, or Warasdin, var'is-deen\ i. of
Croatia.
Vardar', r. of Turkey.
Varde, vaR-deh, (. of Denmark.
Varinas, vi-ree'nis, or Barinas, bi-ree'nis,
Varna or Warna, vaa'ni.
Vasa. See Wasa.
Vasarhely, vii'shiiR^'heL'', r'. of Hungary.
Vashka, Vachka or Vaschka, vish'ki; writ
ten, also, Vajca or Vajka, and Bashka, r. of
Russia.
Vaucluse, vo'kluze'.
Vaud, VO, or Pays-de-Vaud, pi'e-deh-vO'
(Ger. W^adt, wiilt).
Vecht or Wecht, veKt, r. of Holland.
Veglia, vel'yi or vaii'yi, i in the Adriatic.
Velez-Malaga, vi'lilh-rai'li-gi.
Velia, ve'le-a (Anc. Er-yra-an'thus), mt. of
Greece. (?)
Velino, va-lee'no, a stream, of Italy, with a
remarkable waterfall. See Terni.
Velletri, vSl-li'tre.
Venaissin, veh-nais's^N', district of France.
Venango,^ ve-nang'go.
Vendee, La, li viN'di',
Vendorae, viN'dOme', (. of France.
Venezuela, ven-ez-wee'la (Sp. pron, vSn-eth-
wi'li).
Venice, ven'iss (It. Venezia, v3n-ed'ze-i).
Venloo, v^n-lO'.
Vera Cruz, vi'ri krooce.
Vercelli, viR-chel'le.
Ver'den (Ger, pron. fSR'den or faiR'den), (.
of Hanover.
Verdun, viR'duN'.
Verraelho, Rio, ree'o viR-mSl'yo, r. of Brazil.
Vermejo, Rio, ree'o v^R-mi'Ho; called, also,
Rio Grande, ree'o grin'di, r. of La Plata.
[Vermelhom Portuguese, and Vermejo m
Spanish, signify the same—" Vermilion."]
Vermilion, ver-rail'yun.
Ver-mont'.
Ve-ro'na or vi-ro'ni.
*Ver-pIanck'.
Versailles, ver-saiiz' (Fr, pron, vSr'seIl' or
veR-sa'ye) ,
Versecz, Versetz, or Werschetz, v^R'shfits',
t.of Hungary,
Verviers, viR"ve-i'.
Vesoul, veh-zool'.
Veszprim or Vesprim, vSs'prim', (, of Hun
gary.
Vetlooga, Vetlouga or Vetluga, vel-loo'gi,
r. of Russia. ¦
Ve-su'vl-u& (It, Vesuvio,vi-soo've-o).
Ve-vay'.
Viana, ve-i'na, t. of Spain.
Vialka, ve-it'ki.

VOS

50

WAY

Viboorg, Vibour^, or Wibnrg, vee'boorg ;
written, also, ViDorg or Vyborg, t, of Rus
sia, in Finland. ^.
Viborg, vee'borg ; also writteiTWiborg.
Vicenza, ve-serrza or ve-chen'zi.
Vich, vik or veek.
Vicks'burg.
Vidin, See Widin.
Vienna, ve-en'na (Ger. Wien, ^een, almost
veen).
Vienna (in the U. S.), vl-en'n?..
Vienne, ve-enn'.
Vierwaldstadter See. See Lucerne, Lake of.
Vigevano, ve-jev'i-no.
Vl'go (United Slates).
Vigo (Spain), vee'go.
Vi^'len, i, of Norway.
Vilia or Wilia, vee'le-i\ r. of Russia.
Villa Bella, vil'li bel'li, t. of Brazil.
Vil'lft Bo'a or veel'li bo'i, (. of Brazil.
Villach, vil'liK\
*Villa del Fuerte, veel'yi dSl fwia'ti.
^Villafranca. See Villefranche.
ViUa Real, veel'yi ri-al'.
Villa Rica (Sp. Araerica), veel'yi ree'ki.
Villa Rica (Brazil), vil'li or veel'li ree'ki.
Villefranche, veelYriNsh' (It, Villafranca,
vil-li-frink'i).
Vimeira, ve-mi'e-ri, /. of Portugal.
Vincennes, vin-senz' (Fr, pron. v^N*senn').
Vin'cent, St.
Vique. See Vich.
Vire, veeR.
Virgen R. See Rio Virgen.
Virginia, ver-jin'e-a.
Visa, vee'si, t, of Turkey,
Viseu, vee'si-oo, t. of Portugal.
Visiapour. See Bejapoor. ^
Vis'tu-la (Ger. Weichsel, wTke'sel).
Vitchegda, Vychegda, or Witschegda, ve-
chegMi, r, of Russia.
Vitebsk or Vitepsk.
Viterbo, ve-tiR'bo.
Vit'ira* or ve-teem', r. of Siberia.
Vitimsk, ve-timsk', (. of Siberia.
Vitoria or Vittoria, ve-to're-i.
Viviers, veVe-i', t. of France.
Vitrfe, veHri'.
Vizagapatam, ve-zi*ga-pa-lam'.
Vlad-i-meer' ; written, also, Vladimir or
Wladirair.
Vlieland, vlee'land or vlee'lint, i. of Holland,
Vlis'sing-en. See Flushing.
VOg'el-berg (Ger. pron. fo'gbel-biRG'), mt.
of Switzerland.
Voghera, vo-gi'ri.
Vohemar or Vohemare, vo'he-mar' or Vohe-
maro, vo-hi-mi'ro, r. and bay of Mada
gascar.
Volga or Wolga^ vol'ga or vol'gi.
Vol-hynl-a (Polish Wolynsk, vo-leensk').
Vo-log'da.VoPkof or VorkoV, r. of Russia,
Vo'lo, t. of Turkey.
Voltri, vol'lre, (. of N. Italy.
Voorne, vOrn'eh, i. of Holland,
Vootchang or Voulchang, voo^chang', (. of
China.
Vorarlberg, fore-aRl'biRO.
Vo-ro-nezV; written, also, Voroneje, Voro
netz, Woronetz, and Woronesch.
Vosges, vOzh.
Vostani, vos-li'ne or Wustanee, a region or
prov. of Egypt,

Vostochnoi, vos-totch'noy. See Cevero Vo*
totchnoi.
•Vrain, vrane. ^
Vul'can, mts, of La Plata,
Vyborg. See Viboorg. w.
Waadt, ^iitt. See Vaud.
Waag or Vag, viiff, r. of Hungary.
Waal or Wahal, i^idJ,
Wabash, wau'bash.
*Wa-chu'8ett,
Waday, wk'dV (written in Fr. Ouadai), a
kingdom of Central Africa, the same as
Btrgoo.
Wad'e-lims*, a people of W. Africa.
Wa'dl-noon' (written in Fr. Ouadinoun or
Ouady-Noun), /. of Soos, in Africa.
Wager, ^vi'jer, r. of British America.
Wagram, wA'gram or wi'grim, t. of Austria.
*Wah-Satch.
Wake'field, *WaIahrautte, warlah'mut. See Willamette.
Walcheren, wil'Ker-en.
Waideck, wol'dek or wll'dSk.
Wal-den ses, a people qf Piedmont.
Wal'do. Waldoborough, wol'do-blir-rfih,
Waldsladter See, wilt'stSt-ter zi'. Su Lu
cerne, Lake of.
Wales, wailz.
Wa'ler, t. of Africa^ cap. of Beroo.
Walker, ¦wau'ker.
Wallachia, wol-li'ke-a (Turk. If-likO-
*Walla- Walla, woria-wolla.
WaUis. See Valais.
Walsall, wol'zel,
Walsingham, wol'sing-um, cape on Davis's
Strait.
Waltham (England), w^ol'tum.
Waltham (Mass.), wol'thum.
Walton, wol'tun.
Walwiscb, wol'wish, bay of S. W. Africa.
Wal' worth.
Wandsw^orth, wonz'wurlh.
Wanlin, written, also, Ouanlin and OoanUu,
win'leen', t. of Mantchooria.
Wap-si-pin'e-cpn, r. of Iowa.
Wara, wi'ri, r. of CerUral Africa.
Warasdin. See Varasdin. [dlne\
Wardein, wia'dine', or Waradein, wi'ri-
Warna. See Varna.
War'saw (Polish Warszawu, vas-shi'vi or
win-shi'vi).
Warla or Warlha, ^R'li, r. of Prussia.
Warwick (England), ^vor'rik.
"Warwick (U. S.), wor'wik or wor'rik.
AVarwickshire, w^or'rik-shjr.
Washing'lon, wosh'ing-tun.
Washita or Ouachita, wosh'e-tau\
Washtenaw, wosh'te-nau\
War 'ten-berg (Ger. pron. '^R'ten-bSRoT , i.
of Germany.
Wassela, -w-^'se-li', or, more properly,
Was'soo-lo (written Ouassoulo in French),
country of W. Africa.
Wasa or Vasa, vi'zi, (. of Finland.
Wd'ter-fprd.
Wi't^r-ee', r, uniting with the Congaree, in S*
C, to form the Safttee.
Wd-ler-loo' (Dutch pron. \^i't?r-IO').
*WaiervUel, wau^er-vleel'.
Wayne, wane.

WIN

51

XAL

Wearmouth, wtfer'muth, v. of England.
Web'be, r. ofE, Africa.{'i)
Wecht. See Vecht.
Wednesbury, wenz'ber-e, (. of England.
Weichsel. See Vistula.
Weichselbur^ or Weixelburg, iS'Ike'sel-
b66RG'or-burg, t. of Germany,
Weilbach, wile'biK, v. of Nassau, Germany,
Weilheim, *Tle'hime, t. af Bavaria.
Weimar, wi'raar.
Weinheira, wine'hime, t. of Baden.
Weissenburg, ^i'sen-b66RG' or -burg, i. of
Germany.
Weisshorn, wTce'horn, mt. of Switzerland.
Weistritz, wlce'trits, (. and r. of Prussian
Silesia.
Wel'land.Wel1ing-tpn, t. W. of Patagonia.
Wels, -^ils, (. of Austria.
Wen'er or Wenner.
Weobly, woo'ble, (. of Ejigltmd.
Werfen or Werffen, wiR'fen, (. of Austria.
Wernigerode, w^R^ne-ga-ro'deh, t. of Prus
sian Saxony.
Werschetz or Werschitz. See Versecz.
VVerlach, wSR'iik, r. of Bavaria.
Wertheira, *fiRt'hime, t. of Baden,
Wesel, wi'zel.
We'ser (Ger. pron. "^i'zer).
West Bromwich, -brum'ich or brum'idge-
West-ChesiSr, west'-ches-ter.
West Indies, -in'deez.
Westmeath, west'meeTH,
West'min-ster.
West'more-Iand (Westmoreland, in Pa.,
usually has the accent on Ihe penult.).
West-pha'It-a (Ger. Westphalen, west-fi'len).
Wet'ler. Wetterhorn, "w-et'ter-horn, mt. of Switzer
land.
Wex^ferd. Wexio, wek'she-o, (. of Sweden.
W^eyer, wl'er or w^ire, t. of Austria.
¦\Veymonth, Tvi'muth.
Wheel'ing. Whifby.White-ha'ven,Whitley, whit'le.
Wiborg. See Viborg.
Wick'lOw.Wid'in or Vidin.
Wied or Wied-New-Wied, See New-Wied.
Wieliczka, we-litch'ka or vySl-itch'ki.
Wien, ween. See Vienna.
Wiesbaden, wees-bi'den. See WLsbaden.
Wig'an, t. of England.
Wi^ht, wile.
Wircox,Wildenstein. iS'U'den-stlne, (, of Baden.
Wilia. See VUia. '
Wil'kin-spn. *Wilkesbarre, wllks'bir-re.
*Willaraetie, wil-lah'met ; written, also,
Walahrautle.
Wil'ming-tpn. Wil'na or Vilna.
"Wilt'shire.Wi n'e hes- ter.
Windau, win'dou, (, of Russia.
Win'der-mere ; written, also, Winander-
mere, the largest lake- in England.
Windhara, wind'um.
Windsor, win'zer.
Win-ne-ba'go.

Win'nl-peg.Win^nl-ne-goo'sis, written, also, Winnibi-
goshisn, I. of Minesota Territory.
Winnipiseogee, winMe-pis-sok'ke.
Wirteraberg. See Wflrteraberg,
Wisbaden, T^is-bi'den, or Wiesbaden, ^ees-
bi'den.
Wis'by. Wis-cas'set.Wis-con'sin or Wiskonsin ; formerly written
Ouisconsin.
Wisraar, ^is'raar,
Wissembourg, vis'siM^booR'.
Wit-epsk' or Vit-ebsk'.
Witgenstein, wit'ghen-stine', county of West
phalia.
Wit'ten-berg (Ger. pron. ¦^it'len-bfisfG'')-
Wiveliscombe, wils'kum.
Woburn, woo'burn, (. of England.
Wolfenbaitel, wol'fen-bat't^l, almost wol'-
fen-bit'tel.
Wolga. See Volga.
Wolgast, wol'gist, or Wolfgast, ¦^olf'gist, i.
of Prussia.
Wollin, ^S'ol-leen', (. of Prussia.
Wollstcin, ¦^ol'slTne, (. of Prussia.
Wolverhampton, w66l-ver-hamp'tun.
Woolwich, w66ritch or wddlldge.
Worcesier, 'w66s'ter.
Wotlen-under-Edge, woo't^n-und'rtdgc.
Worms, wurmz (Ger. pron. wftams).
Wrexham, rex'um.
Wrieizen or Wriezen, vreet'sen, t. of Prus
sia.
WQrm, wttrra or woorm (Ger. pron, "A^flRra),
r. and I. of Bavaria.
Wtlrtemberg, wir'tem-berg (Ger, pron. wAr'-
lem-biRGv ; w^ritten, also, Wirtemberg.
Wiirlzburg, wirts'burg (Ger, pron. "^QrIs'-
b66RG').
Wustanee. See Vostani.
*Wyatl, wT'at.
Wycomb, wik'um.
Wve (Wales), wi.
Wye (Netherlands), See Y.
Wy-o'ming. [The correctness of our pro
nunciation of this narae has been disputed,
because the poet Campbell pronounces it
Wy'o-ming, We entertain in general a
great respect for the authority of the poets
m raalters of this kind, but as Campbell
was never in America, and probably never
heard the name in question from the lips
of one farailiar with the place, it ought not
to surpnse us that the correctness of his
pronunciation on this point should be on a
par with his geographical accuracy, when
he speaks of Wyoraing as one of thosa
lands " That see tbe Auntie wave tbeir moni restore."
Had he been acquainted wilh the true
pronunciation of the name, he would un
doubtedly have niiiidulaled his verse in
accordance with it, as he appears invari
ably to have done with respect to European
names. See Pronouncing Gazetteer, sec-
lion IL, p. 22.]
Wylhe, wilh ith as in thin).
X.
Xagua, ni'gwi, bay of Cuba.
Xalapa or Jalapa, Ha-li'pi.
''Xalisco, Hi-lees'ko or Hi-lislco. See Jalisco.

YEN iti

ZEL

Xarayes, ni-rl'Ss, I. ofS, America,
Xauxa or Jauja, how ni, r, and t. ofS. Ame
rica.
*Xenia, zee'ne-a.
Xenil, ni-neel'. See Genii, .
Xeres, (Sp. pron. ni'r^s ; Port. pron. shi'rSs
or shir'is),
Xeres or Jeres de la Frontera, ni'ris di li
fron-ti'ri.
Xicoco, ze-ko'ko,. See Sikokf.
Ximo, zee'mo. See Keooseoo.
Xingu or Chingu, shin-goo'.
Xixon, He-Hone', or Gijon, t. of Spain,
Xixona, Gijona, or Jjjona, Hc-Ho'ni, t. of
Spatn.
Xoa, sho'i. See Shoa,
Xochimilco or Jochimilco, HO-che-meel'ko,
(. of Mexico.
Xorullo, HO-rool'yo. See Jorullo,
Xuxuy, HOO-Hwee'. See Jujuy.

Y, T, sometimes improperly pronounced and
written, in Eiiglish, Wye.
Yablonnoy or Jablonnoi, yi'blon'noi^ mts.
of Siberia.
Yad'kin,
Yaik or Jalk, yi'ik (River). See Ural.
Yakima, yah'ke-mah", r. of Oregon.
Yakoots, Yakoute.s, or Yakuts, yi'koots', a
people of Siberia.
Yak-ootsk'; written, algo, Yakoutsk, Yak
utsk, and Jakutsk.
Yal-a-bu'sha,
Yarabo or Jarabo, yira'bO', soraetiraes written
Yembo, t. of Arabia.
Yana or Jana, yi'ni, r. of Siberia.
Yan'cy.Yang-tcheoo or -tcheou, yang'-che-oo', (. of
China.
Yang-tse-kiang (-ke-ang') ; called, also, Ta-
Kiang. ti-ke-ang', and Kiang-Ku, ke-ang'-
kew.^ '
Yanina or Janina, yi'ne-ni.
Yaouri or Yaoori. See Youri,
*Yaqui or Hiaqui, yi-kee'.
Yarensk, larensk, or Jarensk, yi-rensk', t, of
Russia.
Yariba or Yarriba, yir'ree-bi', kingdom of W.
Africa.
Yar'ktlnd'; also written Yarkand.
Yarmouth, yar'muth.
Yaroslaf or Jaroslaw, yar-o-slif; written,
also, Jarpslavl.
Yarriba. See Yariba.
Yalh Kyed, yath kide (a corruption of The-
yeh Kye, thi'yeh or thS'e-yeh kT (?), i.e.
" white stone" lake), I, of British America.
Ya-zoo'.
Ye. SeeYeh.
Yecatarinoslaf. See Ekatarinoslaf.
Yeddo, Yedo, ledo, or Jeddo. yed'do.
Yeh or Ye, yi, (. of Chin-India.
Yelatma. See Elatma.
Yelizavetgrad. See Elizabetgrad.
Yemama, ySm'mS-mi", (. of Arabia.i1)
Yembo. See Yambo.
Yem'en.Yen'gan' or Yen-nsan, t. of China,
YeniKnle or JenicaTe, yen'e-ki'li, strait con
necting the Sea of Azof with the Black Sea,
Yenisei, veii-e-si'e or yen'e-say', or Enisei,
en-e-si e, written, also, Jenisey.

Yeniseisk or Jeniseisk, yen'e-sisk' or y«i*e-
si'eesk, t. of Siberia,
Yeoo or Yeou, yi-oo', r. and t. of Central
Africa.
Yeovil, yO'vil.
*Yerba Buena, yflr'bi bwi'ni.
Yesso or Jesso, yes'so ; also written leso.
Yezd, ySzd,
Yezdikhast or Yezdikast, yez'de-kist', i, of
Persia.
Yongtchang, yong'chang', or YQngtchang,
(. of CHUna,
Yonne, yonn.
Yoog, louff or Jug, yoog, r. of Russia.
Yopas. yo'pis, or Yopez, r. of Mexico, (?)
York'shjre,Yoicheob or Yotcheou, yo^che-oo', t of
China.
Youghal, yaw^l,
*You^hiogheny, yfih'hp-gi'ne.
Youri or Yowry, yow'ree, "written, also.
Yaouri and Yaoori, kingdom atui t. of
Soodan.
*Youta, u'tft. See Utah.
Ypres, ee'pr (Flera. Ypern, i'pem).
Yssel, T'sel,
Yu-ca-tan' or yoo'ki-tin'.
Yugyakerta, See Djokjokerta.
Yun'nan', (. and prov. of China.
Yupura, yoo-poo'ri. See Japura.
Yuthia, yoo'l'hee'i, (. of Chinrlndm, called,
also, Siam.
Yverdun, eVSR'duN'.
Yvetot, eevHo'.

Zaandara, zin'dim' ; written, also, Saardam.
Zacatecas, zik-a-^'kas or si^ki-ti.'kis.
*Zacatula, si-ki-too'li.
Zacynthus, zas-syn'lhus. See Zante.
Zahara. jSee Sahara.
Zaire or Zahlr, zi-eer'. See Congo.
Zaizan, zi'zan' or zT'zang', written, also,
Dzalsang, /. of CerUral Asia.
Zambeze or Zarabezi, zira-bi'ze, caUed, also,
Cuama, qui'mi, r. ofE. Africa.
Zam-o'ra or thi-mo'ri.
Zanesville, zainz'vil,
Zanguebar, zang*ghi-bar'.
Zan'te or Zacynthus.
Zan'zi-bar'.
Zapaioza or Zapatosa, zi-pi-to'si or si-pi-
to'si (Sp. pran. ihi-pi-io'thi. See Gazet
teer, page 48, Obs.), I. of New Granada.
Zara, zi'ri.
Zaragoza. See Saragossa.
Zaria or Zariya, zi-ree'y§b, cap. ofZeg-Zeg,
Africa.
Zea or Zia, zee'i (Anc. Ce'os), i. of Greece.
Zealand, zee'land (Dan. SjEcland, sel'liud).
Zealand (Dutch Zeeland, zi'linl).
Zebu or Cebu, se-boo' (Sp. pron. ihi-boo').
Zeb'u-lon, tribe of Israelites,
Zeg-Zeg, zeg-zeg', kingdom or coutUry of
Soodan.
Ze^edin. See Szegedin.
Zeila, zi'li, or Zeileh. See Zeyla.
Zeitoun, zi'toon'.
Zeitz, tsltes.
Zehol. See Zhehol.
Zelania, See Zhelania.
Zem'lin. See Semlin.
Zelle, tseri^h. See Celle,

ZOR

53

ZYT

Zerbst, tslRpst.
Zereh or Zerreh. See Zurrah,
Zerneiz or Zernez, zer'nSts (Ger. pron,
IsiR'nfits), V. of Switzerland.
Zeyla, zi'e-li, (. of E. Africa.
Zhehol, Gehol, or Jehol, ^zhi'hol', wrillen,
also, Jeho or Geho, zha'ho', a celebrated
imperial palace, N, E, qf Peking, China.
Zhelania or Jelania, zha-li-nee'a, or Jelanii,
zhi-li-nee'ye, cape of Nova Zembla.
Zhit-o-meer' ; wrillen, also, Jitomir and
Schitorair.
Zik'lag, t. of Palestine.
Zirknitz, lsۤRk'nits. See Czirknicz.
Zittau, tsit'tou.
Zimbao, zeem-bi'o or zira'bou', or Zirabaoe,
zira'bou'wi, I. of E. Africa.
Zoll-Verein, Isoll-fer-ine'.
Zom'bor\Zorn'dorf (Ger. pron, tsoRn'doBf), t. of
Prussia. 59*

Znaym, znlme or tsnlme, t. of Moravia,
Zuela, Zueela, Zouila or Zawila, zoo-ee'li
or za-wee'la, t. of Fezzan, Africa.
Zug, zoog or isooo.
ZOIlichau, tsQl'le-kow.
Zulpich, tsool'piK.
ZQrich, zu'rik (Ger. pron. tstl'rik),
Ziir'rah, written, also, Zereh and Zerreh, I.
of Persia.
Zut'phen,Zuyder or Zuider Zee, zi'der zee (Dutch
pron. zoi'der zi).
Zvor'nik or Zwornik (Turk. IzVor'neek').
Zweibrflcken or ZweybrUcken, tswT-brflk'-
ken. See Deux-Ponls,
Zwel'len-dam", v. of S. Africa.
Zwet'tel or Zwetl, zwet'tel (Ger. pron.
Iswet'tel), (. and r. of Austria,
Zwickau, iswik'kow.
Zw611.Zytomir. See Zhitomeer.

TABLE OF MISPRONUNCIATldNS.
tncorrectly pronooDced. * Correctly pnaunmead.
Afghanistan (1)  if-ga-nis'tan. ^ . .'i -•..-¦ i  S'-gSitfis-tin'. (1)
Aix-la-ChapeUe. i .^  ace li-shi-pell' or a li,6ha-pell'  ax (or aix) laesha-pel".
Archipelago  ar-che-pel'a-go . . .;,  ar-kc-ppya-go.
Asia  i'zhe-a  .,.;.  A'she-a.^-
'¦iVihens...-'  i'thenz  ath'^riz."-
Atooi  _. . - i-loo'e  i-too-I', ^
Bahrein or Bahrain...'.— bi^rine'  -   bi-rane'.
Bassora  , ¦ ¦ • bis-so'ri  ;  bis'sp-ra.
Bedouin or Beduin..-*'. .. belf-doo'in  ,.,-••  bSd'oo-in. • -,
Beloochistan (1)  bel-oo-chis'tan or bel-oo-kis'tan., . beUoo-chis-t^. (1)
Beyroot or Beyrout (2)... bi-root'  bi'root*. (3) , •
Buenos Ayres   bu'nus airz  bo'nus i'riz.
Cagliari  kil-yi're  -  kil'yi-re.
Callao  - kil-li-O'.or kil-yi-O'  kil-li'o or kM-yi'o,
Canada  kan'a-de—   kan'a-da.
Cape Breton  .--.-. kape bre-toon'. . » • • ¦  •  kape bril'tnn.
Chagi-es (3)  shau'gris or sh^gT«B (3)  ehi'grSs.
Chapala (3)  sha-pau'la or shar-par'lar (3)  ch&-p&'li.
Chihuahua (3)  she-wau'wah (3)  ¦*  che-w^i'wi.
Cincinnati  sin-sin-at'iih  sin-sin-nah'te.
Coblentz  ko-blents'  -  koblents or koTjlenla.
Cordova  kor-do'va  - . . . , kor'do-va.
Cosseir  kos-seer' ¦  »- kos-sare'.
Dongola  don-go'la  -  dong'go-ltt.
Edinburgh  ed'jn-burg  ed'in-biir-reh.
Edisto  ¦  e-dis'to  ed'is-to.
Genoa .-....-..;  ; ... je-no'a  jen'o-a.
Gottingen or Goettingen. gol'tin-jen  -.  ghet'ting-en.
Granada  gran'a-da  —  gra-ni'da.
Henrico  ; . , hen're-ko  hen-ri'ko.
Hindostan (4) *  hin-dos'tan  hin-dps-lan'. (4)
Houssa  hoo'sa  ^  how'sa.
Ivi^a  iv'e-ka  e-vee'si.
Java (4)  ji'va. '.  • jah'va or ji'vl.
Jeddo or Yeddo  jed'do  yed'do.
Jesso or Yesso  jes'so  yes'so.
Juan Rernandez  ju-an' fer-nan'd^z  - . . .. ju'an fer-nan'dSs.
Kamtchatka (5)i?  kam-skat'ka  -.  kam-chat'ka. (5)
Katrine (Loch)  kal'rin   ki'trin.
La Mancha  li mingle^  -.^  li n:^'ch%.
Lausanne  jau-san  -  lO-zau'.
Leyden  li'den or lee'den  ll'den.
Jjoffoden  lof'fp-den  ".  lof-fo'den.
Lomond ,....-  lom'pnd    -  lo'mpnd.
Madrid (Spain)   mad'rid  -  ma-drid'.
Marmora or Marmara  mar-mo'ra    mar'mp-ra.
Mazatlan  rai-zat'lan    mi-zat-l&n'.
M^nam (6)  mi-nam'  ^i^iam'. (6)
Merida  rair-ee'da   .- ^ « ., — mSr'e-da.
Milan  ral'lan or me-lan'  rail'an.
Missouri  miz-zoo'rah  fhis-soo're.
Modena  -  mo-de'na  -  mod'e^ia,
Monterey.-....-  mon-lee'reor mon'ter-e  -  mon-ti-ray'.
Moscow  mos'kou  .   mos'ko.
Mosul .' —  -.  mo-sul'  -.-  -. — ....-  rao'sul.
New Orleans  nu or-leenz'  nu orle-anz,
Nassau  nas-sau'  nas'sau.
Niagara  ne-ag'a-ra.. — .-  niog'a-ra.
Niger....  nT'^her..— .-  -  nT'jer.
, Qjijein  oo-jTne'  -.-.*-  - — oo-jnue'.
Orl'eans  or-leenz'  *.-...-,.-..... or'le-anz.
Panama (7)  pa-ni'ma,pa-ni'ma or panVmaw'. pan-a-mi'.
Pavia  pi've-a or pi've-a. ..- .-  pi-vee'i.
Persia. *  per'zha or per'zhe-^  per'she-a or p^r'ah^
Potosi  , po-to'sT  -."  po-to-see'.
Queretaro  quer-e-li'ro . .-  -.-...-  kfir-i'ta-ro.
Reinosa  -...-.  - rT-no'si.*.-. .-....-...-  ri-no'si. (M)

' , TABLE OP MISPRONUNCIATIONS. 65
4 InconrecUy pronounced, ^ Correctly pronounced,
SaltiUo (7) — «-« .'A . . . ..-. saul-teel'yo (7) «  -.... ...... sil-teel'yo.
San Bias (7) . ,  • s&n blaw (7)  -  v. sin bliss.
Scheldt. . . , v^V- • - • ¦ ¦ ¦ sfielt  - • -«  .^ . , . skelt. •
Scioto, v- ••»•*•  si-olt^h   :. . .TT, . . . 8j-o>.
Seine  —  . . . .. seen  -  .....,*.. .... ..^^ne.
' Syracuse X8)  - . . si'ra-kuse (8)   . . .' .  . . sVa-kuze,
Tampico  tam'pe-ko -- — —  tim-pee'ko.
Tha^^ls  thamz  -  temz.
Vem^ruz  ve'ra krttz or vir'a krooz ........ vir''a krooce or vi'ri krooce.
. jWenna (Austria)  vi-en'na  ,  ve-en'iia.
Vigevano  ve-je-vi'no  ve-jev'a-no.
Wyoming  .- . wi'o-ming  wl-o'ming.
Zeitoun  - zl-toon'  ,.;¦¦..¦  ziloon' or zie-toon'. -1
(3) See note 4.
(2) This name is pronounced bT'root' by the Turks and by some respectable speakers m
English, but there appears to be a great preponderance of authority in favor of the pronun
ciation given by us as the correct one, this being, moreover, the manner in which the name
of Beyroot is pronounced by the native inhabitants themselves.
(3) It is a very common error to pronounce ch, in Spanish names, like our sh ; it should be
sounded precisely like the English ch in child, chill, &c.
It is a still more prevalent fault lo pronounce the a, in foreign names, like au or aw in
English ; this should be carefuUy avoided by those who are anxious lo speak correctly. In
all European languages except the Hungarian, the a should be sounded either like that in
father (i), or else between this sound and that of a in fat (a). We should scarcely err,
mdeed, were we to say that in all cases in the pronunciation of foreign words (except the
an nasal and the a circumflex (a) in French, and the Hungarian as before raentioned), the a
should be a little less broad than the sound we give to il in far (i).
Scarcely anything in pronunciation is more barbarous or absurd than the mode sometimes
adopted lo indicate the second sound of a in foreign names, e. g. arl-bar'no instead of il-bi'no,
char-par'lar instead of chi-pi'li; because there is not the slightest shade of the sound of r
"in either of these names, nor in any similar one, unless an r occurs in the name itself. We
freely admit ihat some few English or American speakers, w^ho are very faulty in their pro
nunciation, raight sound the r, in such cases, so feebly that very little difference would be
perceived between their pronunciation and that indicated by the mode employed by us ; but
it is cerlainlya great mistake to give a mode of pronunciation which is adapted lo those only
who pronounce badly, hut "which is calculated to lead such as are careful lo speak correctly,.
into a ridiculous and barbarous error. In our language, r should never be silent in any situa
tion, although it raay with propriety be sounded more slightly at the end than at the begin
ning of a syllable. (See Walker's Principles of Pronunciation, 416 and 419.) It would be
far raore correct to give the pronunciation of such iiames with an h, as al-bah'no, chah-
pah'lah, because it is a rule of the English language always to make h sileiitat the end of a
syllable -when il is immediately preceded by a vowel. (Principles of Pronunciation, 396.)
The only objection which can be urged against this raode of marking the pronunciation, is
that it leaves the sound of the a soraewhat uncertain ; for though some might pronounce the
ah like i, others would probably give it a sound approximating to S; bul this would be an
infinitely less fault than that which would result from the use of r, for, as already intimated,
it would hardly be an error to pronounce a, in almost all foreign names, less broad lhan i.
Indeed there is a considerable diversity among different foreigners wilh regard to the pronun
ciation of this vowel. In some dialects of the same language il is rauch broader than in
olhers. In many French words its sound is scarcely distinguishable frora that of the English
a in fat. , i
(4) There is considerable diversity even among good speakers, respecting the sound of a
in tbe accented syUable of these names. Hindostan, however, is almost universally pro
nounced with ihe a short (a), as in man; while Afghanistan. Beloochistan, appear gener
ally to have the a in the last syllable broader, and are in fact sometimes; written Afghanis-
taun, Beloochistaun. For these reasons we have given the *onunciation of their final
syllable differently from that of Hindostan. Yet, on the whole, it is questionable whether
such a distinction ought to be made in names which are so similar in tbeir formation, and
which are alraost equally familiar to all who have any knowledge of geography. Il appears
to us that it would not be improper to anglicize all such Asiatic names possessing some
celebrity— not only Hindostan, Japan, Kamtchatka. Siam, Sec, but also Afghanistan, Beloo-
chielan, Koordistan, Toorkistan, Ispahan, Herat, Kelat, Meinam, Java, and Sumatra, sounding
the a in the accented syllable as in man, or in case the syllable ends in a, pronouncing il like
the penultima of Alabama, e. g. jah'va, soo-mah'lra, almost ja'va and soo-ma'tra, (See Obser
vation 2, pp. 51 and 52 of the Gazetteer.)
(5) This narae is soraelimes written Kamchatka by geographers of the highest character.
(6) See note 4. _ ^ (7) See note 3.
(8) This pronunciation, so contrary to good laste and to analogy (corapare Syria, Syrian,
syringe, Sirius), is extremely prevalent in the Stale of New York. It was probably first
introduced by the Dutch^ as y in-their language is always pronounced like our long^i. Re
that as it may,it is certain that the pronunciation in question is neither classical nor English,
and should be carefuUy avoided by all those who desire to speak wilh propriety.

BALDWIN'S UNIVERSAL PRONOUNCING GAZ^EER.
A Universal Pronouncing Ga^eite^r ; containing topograp^fed, sta^k^cal, and
other information, of all lb/ rfiore injpftrtarit places in the'feiowrt^j^ld, from
the mosl recent/ and* «suihpjatic sourceji, Bf THOMAS BALD=^K, a^Jigled
by several oilier gentlaiden. To which is added an Appenpix, '&ntaining
^ raore than t&a. thousand additional names, chiefly of ihe^^raall ton^ and
viUagea, &o.j of the United SlaieB and of Mexico. EigJuh edition,^\kTA
SQPPLEMEiS^j, 'giving the pronounciaiion of near two thousand na^m,"'
besides those pronounced in the original work : forming in jUdelf a complete
Vocabulary of Geographical PronuncTation.
From Professor Antbon.
"The subscriber has examined Baldwin's * Universal Pronouncing Gazet
teer* with considerable care, having consulted it alraost daUy for at least a
mouth past, and takes great pleasure in recoramending it as a very superior
work." CHAS, ANTHON.
From G. C. Verplanck.
" Baldwin's Pronouncing Gazetteer — A work of great accuracy, leaming, and
taste." Note to " Antony and Cleopatra,?' Harpers' Illustrated Shakspeare.
Extract of a Letter from Professor Lieber, Editor ofthe Encyclopedia
Americana.
*' A Pronouncing Gazetteer is not only a necessary vfork. in the literature of
every nation, bul it is particularly ¦wanted in the present age." * • •
"It seeras to rae the teachers of w^haiever schools can scarcely do without
having this bpok of reference near them."
From the Hon. John Pickering.
" This work cannot fail to be highly useful, not only to instructors and pupils,
but also to general readers."
From the Princeton REViEw/or October 1845.
"We have no hesitation in pronouncing this one of the most scholarlike
productions of our native press. The authors show not only a farailiar know
ledge of the modern languages, but a highly respectable acquaintance with
\ general philology," * * * " ^vVe look upon this work as full of entertain
ment and instruction to all who take an inierest in orthoepy."
From Professor Hart, Principal of PhUadelphia Sigh School.
"This is a book that has been very rauch needed, both in famUies and m
schools. Its general introduction would greatly facUitale the study of geogra
phy, by preventing the present confusion in regard to the pronunciation of
foreign names. ^ It ought to be in the hands of every teacher, and qf all pupils
who can afford it.' "
From <Ae Christian Examiner {Boston) for January 1846.
" This is a. good book in two waysw It was much wanted, and it is exceed
ingly well done." * . « -
From the North American REViEw/or January 1846.
" The practical value of a work of this sort depends entirely on the fulnes;
and accuracy with which it is executed; and in these respects we can comment
this volume in tho strongest terms."
PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO., PHILADELPHIA.

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