ill if' Ei\ ,7W CfS/'^//, GENERAL GAZETTEER; OR, COMPENDIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Containing a. Ccfcrlptioo of all the tMriREs, Kingdoms, States, Provinces, Cities, Towns, For,ts, Seas-,. ^ARBOURS, R'lVERS, LAKES, MOUNTAINS, find CaPKS, I N T H S KNOWN WORLD^ The Government, Customs, Manners, and Religion of th? Inhabitants ; Extent, Boundaries, and Natural f roductiom of each Country ; and the Trade, Manufactures, and Curiosities of the Cities and Towns; tlieir Longitude, Latitude, Bearings and Distancls in Englilh Miles from remarkable Places j and the various Events by which they have been diHiagiiillied, 1 w C L II D t n o ^i» Account of the Counties, Cities, Borqucus, Market-towns, and. principal Villages, is Great Britain an4 Ireland. i 1 L L U S T |t-A TED WITH MAPS. OS-iglNALLY WRITT£tf By R. B R 0 O K E S, M. D, THE EIGHTH EDITION, WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEM EMTS^ LONDON: fRIKTED FOR S. tAW AND SON, C. DILLy, J. JOHNSON, G. G. AND J^ ROBINSON, W. RICHARDSON, OGILVy AND SPEARE, F. aND C. RIVINGTON^. W. GOJ.DSMITH, R. BALDWIN, S. HAYES, W. LOVVKD-ES, SCATCHERD AND. WHITAKER, W..BENT, G. AND X- WIIKIE^ W. MILLER, VERSOR AND HOC- .J, • AUD B. MURRAY. MOCCXCIV. PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION. A S the fcience 'of Geography is in a conllant flate of improvement, •^ either from new difcoveries in the globe, or from the new points of view in which objefts already kno^Mi may be conlldered, a work of this natm-e mull require frequent rcvilion. In proportion as the fpirit pf enterprife, and perfeverance of refearch, continue to exhibit new difcoveries, it is our duty to apply with afliduity to the various fources of intormadon ; and to enrich our work by an interefling feleftion of fuch objedls as may claim atfjention, not merely from their novelty, but from their importance in a delineation of the world, and the hiftory of tlie human race. In one refpedt, in the geography of an extenfive country, the annals of literature have pot prefented a more important ' obje£t, of attention than the great revolution in France. In other countries, hiftory has not often' to record more than a change in the form of government^ or the transfer of dominion from one family to another. The revolution in queftion, or, more properly fpeaking, the fubverfion, has operated on every poffible objedt. The delhuiftion' of a monarchy which had fubfifled for ages ; the abohtion of all diftinfUons of rank ; the con- fifcation of the wealth of the moft powerful eccleliaftical orders ; a total change in the fentiments, habits, and manners of the people ; and the introdudtion of principles, the ultimate operation of which the moft acute penetration cannot difcern — thefe are topics which we leave ito the dilcuffion of the hiftorian and politician. Connedled with thefe, however, is another important circumftance, which claims the indif- penfable atteqtion of the geographer, The local divifion of the country has likewife undergone a great revolution : jnftead of the foriner divi- iion into provinces, or military governments, it is now formed into , eighty-three departments, fubdivided into diftri£i:s, cantons, and munici palities. To underftand the events of the prefent period, it bccaine ne- celTary, in courfe, to introduce this i\e\\ divifion into our Gazetteer ; but, at the fame time, for the illuftration of former hiftories, it appear ed equally expedient to retain the na,mes of the, late provinces. Jn the account of every town, therefore, the name of its department is firft mentioned, and then that of the lat:e pfovince ; and all alterations intro duced in each place by the revolution have been carefully noticed. We have derived our information on this fubjedl: from the ^' Nouvelle Geo- graphie de la France," publifhedin 1791. Thei revolutions in Poland, by which that country has fuftaincd fucli ii diminution of territory and power, and the different provinces, tranf- ferred, in confequence, to the dominion of Ruffiaj Auftria, and Pruflia, are dillindlly noticed, A 3 The {•^ PREFACE. The late new divifion of the vaft empire of Ruflia into fortj'-onei governments, with the acquifitioij " of the Crimea and 'other terntpries ¦ from the Turks, has ilkewife been introduced, for the firfl: titne,''into any work of this kind. It may be added, that in the defcription of almoft all the towns iii the north of Europe, the reader may find much new information. In the geography of the Eaft Indies we have hitherto, in comrripn ¦with our competitors, been extremely deficient. The ufual divifion of thofe vaft regions was erroneous ; many important places were omitted; and fuch as were noticed were uniformly faid to be under the dominion of a fovereign, the Great Mogul, whole authority, in fa£l, was merely nominal, even in the fmall territory of Delhi, to which his once ex tenfive empire is reddced. If we'now claim a dift'inguiftied fupericrify in this refpeft, it maybe fufiicient to add, that this is the only Gazetteer in which have bpen introduced' the newacquifitions in the geography of this -country, for \vhich' the world has recehtly been indebted to the in defatigable major Rennell. - ¦ -' ' ' To the fame judicious author we are likewife obliged for much curi ous information refpefting the Caticafi an nations between the Black Sea and the Cafpian, as well as for the affiftance he has ifForded to the members of the African afibciation, in digefting the accounts they have received of fome of the interior parts of that quarter of the globe. ' The late voyages to New South Wales have been confulted, and fome newly difcovered iflands in tlie South Pacific Ocean are now inferted. ' ' With refperine of the planei tary motions, which he is fuppofed to have learned during his refidence with fome more enlightened nations in the Eatt. His difciples not only taught, that the Earth had a diurnal motion oh its own axis, and annually revolved, with other planets, round the Sun, but gave fuch an account of the eotaets as is agreeable to modern difcoveries. The heavens and ftars they fuppofed quiefcent ; and their apparent diurnal motion from eaft to weft was imputed to the Earth's motion from weft to eaft. Hence thisdcftrine, for many ages, was called the Pythagorean Syftem. It was followed by Philolaus, Plato, Archimedes, and others. But loft under the reign of the Peripatetic philbfophy, when the Ptolemaic Syftem {fo called ffofn Ptolemy, an Egyptian philofopher, who lived abdut 138 years, after Chrift) was uni- verfally adopted. This fyftem fuppo^es the Earth at reft in the centre of the univerft, and that the heavens revolve round it from eaft to weft, carrying all the celeftial bodies along with them, in twenty-four hours. Among the ancient philofophets, the principal aflertofs of this fyftem ^re Ariftotle and Hipparchus. Being cbnfonant to appearances, it was adherfed to for many ages, fdl happily, about 250 years ago, the true fyftem was revived by Kicolaus Copernicus, a hative of Thorn, In Weftern Pruflia. Thfe.5o/ar, or Planetary Syftem, ftiould^ in ftrift propriety, be diflinguifiied from the Syftem of the Univerfe : for the fixed ftars, from their immenfe dif- t.'.nt'j, and the little relation they feem to bear to our glcfbe, are reputed no p^rt of the former. It is highly probable; indeed, rh^t each fixed ftar is iifelf a fun, ahd the cehtre of a particular fyftem, furrounded by planets, &:c. Which, at different diftances, arid in different periods, revolve round their lefpefiive funs, by which they are enlightened, warmed, andcberifhed. Hence we have a very rnagnificent idea of the uiiiverfe,' ahd its imitienfitv j and henoe alfo arifes a kind of fyftem of fyftems^ Of the Solar Syfterrt. As by the unl-verfe is to be ilnderftood the whole frame of nature, t6 thff utmoft extent of the creation, by the fo'.ar fyftem is meant that portion onjy of the univerfe, which comprehends the Sun, planets, fatellites, and comets. Of this" fyilem the Sun is the centre ; and there are feven planets v-'hich re^ Volve round him, each in its path or orbit. The names of thefe planets, la the order of their diftanc^ from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgian. The firft two, becaufe they movs within the orbit of the Earth, are called inferior planets ; and the laft four, •n account of their movmg without that orbit, are called fuperior planets. A i 7h vi INTRODUCTION. The Sun. The Sum, the centre of our fyftem, the parent of the feafonfe, and " great delegated fource of light and Ufe,"' is in the form of a fpheroid, higher un- ^er the equator than about the poles. His diameter is 763,000 miles; his folid bulk a million of times larger than the Earth's ; and his diftance from the Earth is"(95, 173,127 miles. This diftance is fo prodigious, that a can non-ball, which moves at the rate of about eight miles in a minute, would be fomethirig more than twenty-two years and a half in going from the Earth to the Sun. This luminary was generally confidered by the ancients as a globe of pure fire ; but from a number of rnaculse, or dark fpots, which, by means of a telefcope, may be feen on different parts of his furface, this opinion ap pears to have been ill-founded. Thefe fpots are fuppofed to be immenfe excavations in the body of the Sun. Their motion is from eaft to weft ; ajid as they are obferved to move quicker whdn they are near the central regions, it follows that the Sun muft be a fpherical body, and revolve on his axis, in a contrary direftion, or from weft to eaft. The' time in which he performs this'i:evolution is twenty-five days and fix hours. The Planets. The planets are all opaque fpherical bodies, and have no light of their own,- but fliine by means' of that borrowed light which they receive from the Sun ; it being afcertained, from telefcapical obfervationS, that only that fide of the planets which' is turned toward the Sun is ever enlightened ; while the oppofite fide, which the folar rays cannot reach, remains conftantly dark. From the regular appearance and difappesrance of feveral remarkable dark fpots, which, by means of a telefcope, are conftantly to be feen on their bodies, it may be demonftrated, that each has fuch a motion roimd its axis, as correfponds with the dl\jrnal rotation of the Earth ; and from their feem- ing fometimes to be ftationary, and at other times retrograde, it is equally certain, that they muft have fuch a progreflive motion round the Sun as an- fwers to the annual revolution of the Earth in its orbit. As the Earth, more over, is fimilar to the other fix planets, it may reafonably be concluded by analogy, that they niLift be defigned for tjie-fame pui'pofes, although, fromi their different proportions of heat and cold, it is not credible that beings of our make and temperament could live upon all of them. — We now proceed to the confideration of each planet in particular. I. Mercury, the neareft planet to the Sun, revolves round that luminary in about eighty-feven days and twenty-three hours, or little lefs than three of our months, which is- the length of his year. Being feldom feen, how ever, on account of his proximity to the Sun, and. no fpots appearing on his difk, the time of his rotation on his axis, or the length of his days and nights, is unknown. His diftance from the Sun is 36,841,468 miles ; his diameter 3,100; and, in his annual revolution round the Sun, he moves at the rate of 105,000 miles an hour. Thefe calculations, as well as thofe of the other planets, which follow, are founded on aftronomical obfervations inade on the tranfit of Venus over the Sun, in the year 1761. Mercury. feems, \Vheii viewed' in different pofitions, with a good telefcope, to have all the phafes or appearances of the Moon, except that he can, at no time, be feen ¦fntirely round, or quite full; becaufe his enlightened fide is never turned direftly toward us,' but when he is fo near the Sun as to be hid in his beams. ' 2. Venus, which is the brighteft, and, to appearance, the largeft of all the planets, is the next-above Mercury. She is 68,891,486 miles from the Sun, and^ by moving at the rate of 76,000 miles an hour, completes her annual revolution ia 234.days and feventeen hours, or about feven months and a half. INTRODUCTION* vu half, tier diameter is 9,360 miles, and her diurnal rotation on her axis is performed in twenty-four days and eight hours. When this planet appears to the weft of the Sun, fhe rifes bsfore him in the morning, and is called the morning ftar; and when fhe appears to the eaft of that luminary, fhe flnnes in the evening, and is called the evening ftar. She is in each fituation, alter nately, for about 290 days ; and during the whole of herrevolut'on, apoears, through a telefcope, to have all the various appearances of the Moon.' ' 3. The Earth, the n,ext planet above Venus, is 95,173,127 miles dif- tant from the Sun, and by travelling at the rate of 58,000 miles an hour, performs its annual revolution in 365 dayS, five hours, and 4g minutes, which is the fpace of our year. This motion, althoilgh 120 tiriieS fvvifter than that of a cannon-ball, is little more than half the velocity of Mercury in his orbit. The diameter of fhe Earth is 7,970 miles ; and as it turns round its axis every twenty-four hours, from weft to eaft, it occafions an apparent motion of .all the heavenly bodies frohi eaft to weft, in the fame time. The line which it defcribes in its annual motion is called the ecliptic, and pro ceeds from weft to eaft, according to the order of the figns of the zodiac. This motion is the caufe«f the different feafons of fprihg, fummer, autumn, and winter, and confequently of the different length of day and night in thefe feafons. In its progrefs through the ecliptic, the Earth every where keeps its. axis in a fituation parallel to itfelf, and equally inclined to the plane of the ecliptic, which is 'about twenty-three degrees and a half The rota tion of the Earth on its own -axis in twenty-fours hours, makes it d.'y in thole paifts which are turned toward the Sun, and, night in the parts which are turned from himi The Earth was long confidered as, a circular plane, ex tending on all fides to an infinite diliance ; and the heavens above it, in which theSun, Moon, and ftars appear to move dally from eaft to weft, were' imagined to be at no great diftance from it, arid to have been created folely for the ufe and ornament of our globe. But this opinion is no longer eriter- tained but by the vulgaivarid uninformed. It is now received as an incon trovertible point, that the Earth is of a fpherical figure; nearly rtfembljug that of a globe. This is evident from the voyages of feveral celebrated cir' cumnavigators, and particularly commodore Anfon, who, by fteering con tinually weftward, arrived, at length, at the place whence he departed ; i^'hich could never have happened, had the Earth been of any other t!>an a fpherical figure. This form is alfo eviderit from the circular appearance of the fea itfelf, and the circumftances which attend large objefts when feen at a diftance on its furface : for, when a fhip is failing from the fhore, we firft lofe fight of the hull, afterward of the rigging, and, at laft, difcern the top ' of the maft Only. This is evidently oceafion^d by the convexity of the w.iter between the eye and the objeift ; for, otherwife, the largeft and moft confpictipus part would be vifible the longeft. Another proof of the globular form of the Earth is taken from its fliadow on the face of the Moori, in the time of an eclipfe : for, as the Moon has no light but what fhe receives from the Sun, and the Earth, during the eclipfe, being interpofed between them, the Moon muft be obfcured, either totally, or in part. And fince, in everv lunar eclipfe which is not total, the obfcure part always appears to be bounded by a circular line, the Earth itfelf muft be fpherical ; it being evident, that no thing but a fpherical body can, in all fituations, eaft a circular fliadow. The unevennefTes on the furface of the. Earth, which are cauf;d by mountains and vallies, do not afford an objeftion to its being confide-red as ^ circular body : for the mofl lofty mountains bear lefs proporiion to tfie vift rtino-- ' nitude of the Earth, than the fmall rifings on the coat of an orange do to the orange itfelf, or a grain of fand to an artficjal globe of a foot in diam&ter. Accordiugl}", we find, that thefe ti-lfling protuberances occafion no irre?u- A 4 lariass v:a introduction. larities in the ihadow of the Earth, during the time of a lunar eclipfe. Oit the contrary, its circumference appears to be even and'regular, as if eaft by k body perfeiftly globular. It has been demonftrated, however, that the Earth is not a perfect globe. M. Richer, in a voyage to Cayenne, near the equator, in 1.67a, found tilat the pendulum of his clock no longer made its vibrations fo frequently as in the latitude of Paris, and that it was abfo- lutely neceffary to" fhorten it by a line and a qu-arter, a Kttle more than the eleventh part of a Paris inch, in order to majie it agree with the tinves of the ftars palling the pieridian. A pendulum, like any other falling, body, is afted upon by the force of gravity ; and, in confequence of Richer's difco- very (which has beeh fince confirmed by repeated experiments)' it was ob ferved, that fince the gravity of bodies is by fo much the lefs powerful as thofe boidies are fuither removed from the centre of the Earth, rtie region of the eqnator muft be abfolutely much more elevated than that of France; and that, therefore, the figure of the Earth could not be that, of a fphere. Newion and Huygens were the firft who perceived the extenfive application- of which this difcovej-y was capable. It is impoflihle, in this fketch, ta enter into all the principles and calculations that were employed in this in quiry. It will be fufiicient to obferve, that the firft 'of thefe great philofo- phers found, by mathem'atical calculations, that the polar diameter of the Earth is to fhe equatorial as 229 is to zjo; or, that the regions of the equator are elevated abbut tliirty-five miles more than at thofe of the poles ; and that the true fiigure of the Earth, confequently, was that of an oblate fpheroid,. or a body nearly I'efembling an orange. 4. Mars, the next planet above the o-rhit of the Earth, is diftant from the Sun i45-,o'i4,i48 miles. . He moves at the rate of 55,000 miles an.hour, and completes his revolution round the Sun in little lefs tharvtwo ol^ our years.. Hi's diameter is 5,150 miles-; and bis diurnal rotation on- his axis is per.»^ formed in twenty-four houfs a-nd thirty-nine minutes. He fometimes ap. pears gibbous, but never horned, like the Moon ; which evidently demon- ftrates, that his orbit includes that of the Earth, and that he fhin'es not by_ any native light. This- planet is diverfified- with fpots like the -Moon, by which bis diurnal rotation i? afcertained. in the direftion from waft to eaft; and froin his ruddy and obfcure appearance, as well as from other circuiru ftances, it is concluded, that his atmofphere is nearly of the fame denfity with that of the Earth. 5. Jupiter, the largeft' of all the planets, is ftill higher in the fyftem than' Mars. His diftance from the. Sun is 494,990,976 miles, rfe travels at the rate of 2-9,000 miles an hour, and completes his annual revolution in fome-- thing lefs than twelve of, our years. His diameter is 94,100 miles ; and he' performs his diurnal rotation in nine hours and fifty-fix minutes. The-telef-" Copic appearance of this planet afi'ords- a vaft field for the curious inquirer^ It is furrounded by feveral faint fubftauces, refembling belts or bands, which' are parallel to the plane of his orbit. They are not regular or conftant iiv' their appearance : for fometirjies only one is to be feeri, and fometimes five ; and, in the latter cafe, tr\'oof them have been known- to difaf^pear during the' time of o'bfervation. When their number is moft con-fiderable, one or more dark fpots are frequently fornied between the belts, which increafe till the -whole is united in one large dufky ba'nd. This planet is alfo diverfified with a number of large ipots, which are on the brighteft parts of the furface ; but, like the belts, they are fubjefl to various mutation's, both in their figure ' and periods. It has been conjeft'jred that thefe belts are feas, and that the variations obferve'd, ' both in them and the fpofs, are occafioned by tides, v/dich are differently affefted, according to the pofidons of his moons. Thefe ' moons, or fatellites, which are four in number, were difcovered byGa-Hleo,-' on I n:)T- r Gt d u: C T I o n. ue ©Ti the 7tlr of January 1610, foon after the invention of the telefcope; but the belts were not difcovered till near twenty years after. 6. Saturn, the next planet above Jupiter, is 907,956,150 miles from the Sun ;~and, by travelling at the rate of 22,ooo^Biiles an hour, performs his annual circuit round that luminary in about twentV-nine and a half-of our years. His diameter is 77,990 miles ; and he is furrounded by belts, like Jup'ter, by obfervations on which Dr. Herfchel determined, in January 1 794,- that his diurnal rotation upon his axis is performed in 10 hours and 16 mi nutes. Saturn is obferved to be attended by feven fatellites. Of thefe^ five' were difcovered in the, laft century ; a fixth was firft obferved by Dr. Herfchel; on the 28th of Auguft 1788 ; and a feventh he difcovered on the 17th of September, the fame year. A magnificent luminous ring encompalFes this planet^ at fuch a diftance, that feveral of the ftars may frequently be feea between the inward furface of the ring and the body of the planet; its diftance from which is nearly equal to its breadth, which is about 21,000 miles. This ring was difcovered by Huygens, about the year 165 5-. 7. The Georgian, the moft remote planet in oiir fyftem, -had efcaped the obfervation of every aftronomer till the 13th of March 1781, when it was feen by Dr. Herfchel, who gave it the nairhe of Georgium Sidus, as a mark'of refpeiTt to his prefent majefty, and to convey an idea to pofterity of the time and place of the difcovei-y. Foreign aftronomers, however, call it either by his own name, or that of Pahas. Its diftance from the Sun is 1,816,45-5,526 miles, which' is nineteen times greater than that of the Earth. Its diameter is 35,226 miles ; and it revolves round the Sun at"the rate of 7000 miles an hour, in about 83 years. It fliines with a faihffte'ady light, ibmewhat paler a'nd fainter than Jupiter ; but its apparent 'diameter being only about four feconds, it can feldom be fiien plainly by the naked eye, but may ea;.'ly be difcovered in a clear ni-ght,^ when-abcve the horizon, t)y a good telefcope. Two fatellites,. attending "upon "it, ha-ve- finte been dil^- covered; and, from-the remote fituation- of this "planet, there is'reafon to believe, that there are feveral others which have not yet been obferved. The Secondary Planets. - B_efide ,the primary planets, there are fourteen others, called fecondary -planets, fatellites, or moons, v.-bich regard their primaries as the centres o& their motions, and revolve round tliem in the fame-manner as thofe prima ries do round the Sun ; namely, the Moon, which attends our Earth ; the four fatellites of Jupiter ; the feven that belong to Saturn ; and the two that attend fhe Georgian. From the continual change of their phafes or ap pearances, if is evident that thel'e alfo' are opaque -bodies, and fhine Only bv the rcfleftion of that light which they receive from the Sun. The Moon, which is the conftant attendant of our globe, is fhe mofc tonfpicuou's of thefe fatellites. She accompanies the Earth in its annual progrefs through the heavens, and keeps revolving round it continually by a different motion, in the fpace of a month. The diameter of the Mcon is a,i8o miles; .her diftance from the Earth 246,000 miles ; and, in'bulk, fhe IS fixty times lefs thari the" Earth. The rotation of the Moon on her axis is performed -fxaiflly in the fame time that ftie moves once round the Earth, as is evident from her always prefenting the fame face to Us during the vvhole of hef monthly revolution. On viewing the iVIoon with the naked eye, we difcern a number of fpots, which the imagination naturally fuppofes to l» j feas, continents, and the like,; but on viewing her through a telefcope,, the hypothefis of planetary worlds receives additional confirmation. Vafii c^- Yities aad afpferitie.S are. obferved u^on various parts of her furface,. cxadlf J rtfemb- X INTRODUCTION. refembling vallies and mountains; and every other appearance feems to in* dicate, that flie is a body of the fame nature with the Earth. Dr. Herfchel, the fuperiority of whofe telefcopes i.-^ well knoVvn, has ftated, in the Philofo- phical Tranfa£lions for 1787, his obfervations on three different volcanoes in the Moon. Several aftronomers have given exaft maps of the Moouj with the figure of every fpot, as it appears through the beft telefcopes, diftinguifliing each of them by a proper name. One of tliamoft remarkable circumftances attending the Moon, is the Continual change of figure to which flie is ilubjefl. While that half of her which is toward the Sun is illumined, the other half is dark and invifible, Hence, fhe difappearSj when file comes between, the Earth and the Sun, becaufe her dark fide is then toward usl Whenfhe is gone fomewhat forward, we fee a fittle of her enhghtened fide, which ftill increafes to our view as fhe advances, until , file comes to be oppofite the Sun, when her entire enlightened flde is toward the Earth, and fhe appears with a full illuminisd orb, which we call the Full Moon ; her dark fu^e being then turned away from the Earth. From the full fhe decreafes gradually as flie proceeds through the other half of her courfe ; fliojving us lefs and lefs of her bright fide every day, till her next etiange or conjunftion with the Sun, and then flie difappears as before* Thefe different appearances of the. Moon, which we call her phafes, are fuf- ficient to demonitrate, that fhe fliines not by aity light of her own ; for, otherwife, as her form is fpherical, we fhould always behold her, like the Sun, with a full orb. "There are other phenomenons of the Moon, the dif- cuffion of which, in this curfory view, would be too intricate to admit of a popular illuftration. We fliall, therefore, only obferve farther, that of all the celeftial orbs, this planet, next to the Sun, has the mqft beneficial influ ence on our globe. How cheerlefs and uncomfortable would be our nights, but for the conftant returns of light, which this our fifter orb, our faithful and' infeparable companion, difpenfes in fuch agreeable viciffttude ! How hicfhlyufeful are even her ecHpfes, in our aftronomical, geographical, and chronological computations 1 How falutary is her attraftive influence, which fwelis the tides, perpetuates the regular returns of ebb and flow, and thus tends, not only to preferve the liquid element "itfelf from putrefadtion, " but the furpunding continents, in courfe, from infedtion and difeafe 1 The Comets Comets are fclid opaque bodies, of different magnitudes, like the planets. Their number is unknown; but they have beeil found to move round the Sun, and to ci'ifs the orbits of the planets in all manner of direftions. They are principally diflinguifiied- from the planets by long fiery tails, which con tinually iflue from the fide that is fartheft from the Sun. The ^orbits, in which thefe'vaft bodies move, are exceedingly long ovals, or very eccentric ellipfes, of fuch amazing circumferences, that in fome parts of their circuit through the heavens, they approach fo near the Sun, as to be almoft,vitrified hv hfe heat ; and then go off again into the regions of infinite fpace, to fuch immenfe diftances, as to be totally deprived of the light and heat which the reft of the planets receive from that luminary. The paths which they de- fcribe, and t'tie laws to which they are fubjeft, have been difcovered by Newton. Tl'eir revohnions are governed throughout by the fame la\y, of ('"feribing e^wal areas in equal times, which is known to regulate the, mo- «|r,. ;s of ail the other bcJi-ij in the fyftem. Of the Fixed 'Stars. . V.liaf a t-nagnificent idea 01" the Creator and his Works is prefented in this account of ti;e ieii-.u' fyAe;:. ! .-'i r..e cai';re'is placed the Sun, a ftupendous body INTRODUCTION. Xi body of fire, around -wliofe orb, the planets, fatellites, and comets, perform their revolutions with ari exaftnefs and regularity which muft fill the mini with the moft fublime conceptions, of their divine origin. Who can con template the magnitudes and di-ftances of thofe vaft bodies, and not beftruck with the wonders of Omnipotence ? But what muft be our aftouiftiment, when informed, that this glorious fyftem is only a fmall part of the univerfe, and that, if it were utterly annihilated, it would be milled no more, by -in eye that could take in the whole creation, than a grain of fand on the fea- fliore. To form fome idea, therefore, however imperfeft, of the extent of the univerfe, and the more glorious works of creation, we muft extend our views to thofe numerous and fplendid orbs, which are dlfperfed far beyond the bounds of our fohir fyftem,. The fixed ftars are diftiuguiflied from the planets by being more l-uminoU';, and by contihually exhibiting that appearance which we call the twinkling of the ftars. This arifes, probably, from their appearing fo extremely fmall, that the interpofition of any very, minute fubftance (of ' which there are many conftantly floating in our atmofphere) deprives us of the fight of .them ; but as the interpofed body foon changes its place, we again fee the' ftar; and this fucceflion being perpetual, occafions the twinkling. But a more remarkable property of ihe fixed ftars (and from which they obtain their name) is their never changing their fituation with regard to each, other, ?.-, the planets do ; for although the rotation of the Earth, on its axis, OGcafion? an apparent diurnal motion of t!ae whole frame of the heavens, in a con trary direiflion, yet any two fixed ftars being obferved, at diftant intervals of time, will always be found to preferve the fame relative .pofition during the whole of this revolution. The fixed ftars are not placed in one concave furface, fo as to be all equally diftant from us, but are fo dlfperfed through illimitable fpace, thn there muft be as great a diftance between any two neighbouring ftars, as there is between our Sun and thofe which are the neareft to him. Were a fpectatqr, therefore, to be placed near any fixed ftar, he would' confiderthat alone as a real Sun, and the reft as fo many luminous points, placed in the 'firmament at equal diftances from him. The ftars which are the neareft to us feem the largeft, and are therefore called ftars of the firft magnitude, and fo on as far as the fixth, which includes all the ftars that are vifible -withouJ; a telefcope ; and fince the invention of that inftrument, their number is con-- iidered as immenfe. But the immenfity of their number is not alone worthtr ©f admiration : their immenfe diitance from us, and from each other, muft equally exalt our ideas of the wonders of Omnipotence, and the incon ceivable extent" of the creation. The neareft ftar to us, or fuppofed to be fuch from being the largeft in appearance, is Sirius, or the dog-ftar ; and the" Earth, in its 'revolution round the Sun, is 195,600,000 miles nearer to this ftar in one part of its orbit, than in the oppofite one ; and yet its magn'.. tude appears not, to be in the leaft affedled by it. The diftance of this ftar frorri the Sun is computed to be above 32 millions of millions of miles, which is further than a cannon-ball would fly in feven millions of yeai"s. The ftars being at fuch immenfe diftances from the Sun, cannot receive from him fo ftrong a light as they feem to poffefs, nor even a degree ot" , brightnefs fufiicient to make them vifible to us; for his rays would be fo diffipated before they could reach fuch remote obje£ts, that they could never be tranfmitted. to our eyes, fo as to render thofe objedts vifible by refledtion. The ftars, therefore, ftiine by their Own native luftre, and, in this refpecl^, are totally different from the planets. The vulgar and uninformed imagine, that all the ftars were made only to give a faint glimmering light to the inhabitants of this globe; although inany ali iNTRCiDUCTiOlSf- many of thefe ftars are fo far from benefiting us, that they cannot be fee.-i ¦without a telefcope ;- and there are innurrierable others which the eye, even by the aid of that inftrument, can never reach. We have already intimated, that thel'e is an inconceivable mlinbei- of funs, fyfterns^ and worlds, dlfperfed tlirough infinite fpafce ; infomuch, that our folar fyftem^ compared with the TR'hole, appears but as an atom, arid is almoft loft in the immenfity of the creation. The Georgian planet, neverthelefs, revolves in kn oi;hit of above i,Soo,ooo;oao 'miles from the Sunj arid fome of the comets make ex- ciirfions of many millions of fniles beyond this ; and yet, at that aftonifh- ing diftance,- they afe incomparably nearer to the Stin than to any other iixed ftar ; as is evident from thtir keepirig clear of the attraction of the ftars, and returning .periodically by virtue of that of the Suri. It cannot be imagined, therefore, that the omnipotent, Creatbr, who aidts with infinite -wifdom, arid never aits in vain, fliould have created fo many glorious funs, fitted for fo many important purpofes, and placed at fuch diftances frorfi each other, without fuitable objefts fufficiently near them to be benefited by their influence. On the contrary, it is reafonable to conclude, that they ivere created for the fame purpofes with our Sun ; to beftow light, heat, and vegetation, on-a certain number of planets revolving round them. And from analogy we may infer, that all thefe innumerable fyftems are. with equal wifdom contriv'ed for the accommodation of rational inhabitants ; perhaps of ftill higher orders of in,telligent beings, all capable, in fhe different fcales of exiftence, of a perpetual progreffion in knowledge and virtue, in perfeftion and" felicity. Defcription of the Artifitial SphereL ON the convex part of the terreftrial globe, which is an artificial fpherical "bodv, ,is truly reprefented the whole world, as it confifts of land and 'water. Tne circumference of the globe is divided into 360 degrees, every degree containing 60 geographical miles; confequently the globe is 21,600 fuch riiiles round ;, but, as 60" geographic miles- are about 69 miles Englifli nieafure, the circuit of the globe is therefore 24,840' Englifli rriiles. Thp circles reprefented on the globe are;- i. The Equator, and the circles paral lel to it. i. The Meridian, and the reft of the meridional fines. 3. The Horizon. 4. The Ecliptic. 5. Thi^ two Tropics ; and 6. The two Polar Circles. The Equatob, or Equinoctial, is a great circle, ninety degrees dif- ,tant from the poles of the world, and fo named, becaufe it divides the world into two equal parts : that in -«'hich the arftic pole is found, is called \hk northern half; and that in which the antarftic pole is placed, is the fouth-' ern half. It is divided into 360' degrees, or 180 deg-rees eaft, and the fame ft-eft, from the firft meridian j which on Englifh globes paffes through Lon don ; and its principal ufe is to Ihow the longitude of any place, eaft or weft, from fuch firft meridian. When,the Sun is in this- circle, there is an equality of days and nighti all oi'er the world : hence thefe' points are called the equinoxes. The Meridian is a great circle, fuppofed to pafs through the pales of the world and thofe of the horiz;on, cutting the fphere info two equal parts, the one oriental, and the other occidental. It alfo paffes through the zenith and nadir in every place, and cuts the horizon at right angles. It is called the Meridian, becaufe it marks half the fpace pf.time during which the Sun and the ftars appear above the horizon. As there are an infinite number of zeniths and horizons, the number of Meridians is alfo infinite ; for the Me ridian INTRODUCTION. xr ridian is changed, as well as the zenith 'and horizon, every ftep .we take to^ 'ward the eaft or weft ; but if we pafs in a right line northward or fputhward, we ftill continue under the fame Meridian, though we conflantly change the zenith and horizon.' However, geographers only reckon 360 Meridians, 'which are fuppofed to pafs through every degree of the equinodtial. It lias been cullomary forfgeographers to eftabliih aTlrfl Meridian; though this is altogether' arbitrary ; Ptolemy placed it at tfic ifland of Ferro) which is the moft weftern of the Canaries ; but the common methpd at prefent is for every geographer to make' the Meridian of the capital of his country the Firft Meridian", and accordingly the longitudes in this DidtiOnary are reckoned ¦ eatt or weft from the Meridian of London. The ufe of the brafs Meridiaa of a globe is to fhow when it is noon or mic^ight dt the place to which it is appied ; and alfo to find the latitude of places, north or fouth, from the equator. The Ecliptic is a great circle that cuts the eq,uator obliquely, and re- prefents that path 'in the heavens, which the Sun feems. to defcnbe by the Earth's annual courfe round it. It is divided into 12 parts,, called figni, and each of thofe into 30 more, called degrees, coirglpouding to the 13 months, and the days of the month. The Horizon is a great circle, , which divides the world into two equal parts or hemifpheres, of which one is fuperior and vifible, and the other in ferior and, in vifible. When the Sun is above this circle it is then day, and when it is funk 18 degrees beneath it, night then commences. This circle is of wood, and the b.rafs meridian is inclofed therein with all the reft of the fphere : it is alfo immoveable, and on it are marked the degrees ol the 12 figns qf the ecHptic, and the days of the 12 months of the year. The Tropics arfe two fmall circles parallel to the equinoftial, defcribed by the firft points of the firft degrees of the figns termed Cancer and Capri. corn, that is, where they touch the ecliptic. They are diftant from the equinoctial very near 23 degrees and a half. The Sun defcribes thefe Tro pics about the 20th day of June, and the 21ft day of December. When he touches the Tropic of Cancer, he makes the longeft day for the inhabitants between the equator and the north pole ; and, when he comes to the be ginning of Capricorn, he makes the longeft day for the people between the equator and the. fouth pole. On the contrary,- the fliorteft day to the for mer will be when the Son -touches the Tropic of Capricorn, and to the latter when he tomes to the Tropic of Cancer. For this reafon, thefe points are called the winter and the ftimmer Tropics, or the foutheni and northern; and they are as it were the two barriers, -beyond which the Sun never paffes. The PoLUt CiEGLEs are dii)inguifljed by the names of the arftic and an tarctic, or the north' and the foUth, and are circles parallel to the equinoctial. 'They are termed Polar, becaufe they are near the poles of the world, being only 23 degrees and a half from each pole. The Map of tie World, at the beginning of the book, reprefents the globe, taken out of its horizon, fqueezed flat, cut through, and turned up again. The circles bounding the projeftion, reprefent the brafs meridian; and the curve lines running acrofs, at every 10 degrees, fliow the latitude, north or fouth, from the equator. The top and bottom are the north and fouth poles; and the curve lines uniting them, are the other meridians oii the globe, which are drawn at every 10 degrees On the equator, arid fliow the longitude, eat! or weft, from the meridian of London. The equator or equinoctial is the ftraight line running acrofs the meridians exaftly in "the middle. The tropics and polar circles are delipeated at their proper diftances en each fde toward the north and fouth. Of jQv INTRODUCTION. Of the Zones, The Zones are five broad fpaces encompafling the globe, and are diffin- guiflsed chiefly by tiie temperature of the air. The torrid Zone contains ali she .fpace between the two tropics, and is fo called from its exceffive heat the Sun being vertical twice every year to all that inhabit it. This circi-e is about 47 degrees broad. The two .temperate Zones are fo called from their lying between the two extreme degrees of heat and cold, viz. between the torrid Zone and the frigid Zones, -the one being called the Northern temperate Zone, and the other the Southern temperate Zone. Thefe are both 43 degrees broad. Of the two frigid Zones, the one encompaffes the arctic or north pole, and extends to the diftance of 23 degrees and a half from it ; and the other, the antarAic or fouth pole, to the fame diftance. Of tlie Climates. ACiiM.^TE is a fpace of the Earth comprehended between two parallels, at the end of which the length of the longeft days are increafed half an hour in- the fummer feafon. The better to underftand this we muft obferve, that under the equator the longeft day is no more than twelve hours, and that, 111 proportion as we advance ^toward the polar circles, the davs of each Climatq cncreafe half an hour, till wc arrive at the polar circles,; for then the longeft days confift of 24 hours. Thus there are 24 Climates in all on each fide of the equator. It"is eafy to know in what Climate a city is, by cbfcrvin^ the longeft day ; as for inftance, at London, 'where the. days are 16 hours long, we need only fubtra(St 12 from the number, arid there will remain four ; then multiply this by two, and you will have eight, which ia the Climate of London. The fame may l>e done on any ofher Climate. Of the Points of the Comfnfs.. The Earth maybe confidered, with regard to the four cardinal Points, -which are the north, fouth, eaft, and -weft ; and all the points included be tween them may liave refpeiSt to a particular place. By this means we know the fituation of tlie different countries of the world, with regard to each other; for fome are oriental or toward the eaft, with regard to thofe that are occidental, or lie wefterly of them. Thus England is to the weft of France, and Poland is to the eaft- of Germany ; as alfo Africa is to the fouth of Europe. We may cafily diftinguifh the points that he between thofe that are cardinal : thus, though Spain is to the fouth of France, yet it likewife Jies to the weftward thereof; bu'e as thev do not lie exadtly fouth or weft sf each other, Spain may be faid to lie foufh-welt of France ; and for the fame reafon, on the contrary, France will he' north-eaft with regard to Spain. The lame may -be faid of any two "other countries. \ Of the Terms ufcd in Geography. The word Geography comes from the Greek, andjSgnifies a defcription of t5ie Earth. By the Eiith is m.eant the terraqueous globe, compofed of land ifid water, and it is commonly, called the terreftrial globe. Chorography is the defcription of a country, province, or county ; as, for inftance, Yorkfliire. Topegraphy\i the defcription of a particular place, as a town and the like. Hydrography is a defcription of the water, fuch as oceans, feas, and lakes. As the earth may be reprefented either in the whole, or in part, it fofms the dfffe.'ence between geographical charts or maps, which however may be reduced to tv.-6 kinds^ namely, general and particular. Among tlie former i-^ the map of the world, or planifphere, which ftiows the two furfaces - of INTRODUCTION. xv of the whole terreftrial globe, cut in two by the meridian paffing through the equinoxes ; as alfo the maps which defcribe fome principal part of the globe ; fuch as Europe, Afia, Africa, and America ; apd even kingdoms ; as Sweden, Spain, Italy, or Great-Britain. However, thofe maps may be call ed particular, which reprefent any particular country ; but they are more properly fuch as give an account only of a part, as Naples in Italy, Nor mandy in France, and Staffordfliire in England. After all, nothing can give a. better or more gener.il idea of the Earth |:han a globe, becaufe it is of the fame fhape and figure; but as it is im,- poffible to make one large enough to fiiow every part of the earth and fea ' diftin£tly, there is a neceffity of having recourfe to general and particular maps. Geography, as well as otherarts and fclences, has terms proper to itfelf; fome of which have relation to the Earth, and others to the water. A Continent is a large part of the Earth, which comprehends feveral coun tries not feparated by any fea : thus Europe is a continent. An I/land, or Ifte, is a portion of the Earth entirely furrounded by water. A Peninfula, or Cherfonefus, is a quantity of land which is only joined to a continent by a neck of the fame, it being every where elfe encompalfed with watf-r, as the peninfula of the Crimea. An r/lhmtis, or neck of land, is that part by which a peninfula is joined to the land, as the ifthmus of Darien. APromontory is a high part of land, which proje£ts into the fea, a,nd is com monly called a Cape, when it appears like a mountain ; but when the ad vanced part has little elevation, it is termed a Point. Thus the Cape of Good Hope is a mountainous promontory. An Ocean is a large colleiftion of watery furrounding a confiderable part of the continent; fuch as the Atlantic and Northern Oceans.. A Sea is a fmaller colleftion of waters, when underftood in a ftrift fenfe, as the Irifli Sea ; but, in general, every part of the ocean may be called the fea ; and it is ftill more general, when the terraqueous globe is faid to ,con- ftft of land and fea. A Gulf is a part of the fea furrounded by land, except in one part, wh^re it communicates with the ocean ; as the Gulf of Bengal, the Gulf of Florida ; and yet thefe are more properly feas than the Mediterranean, "the . Baltic, and the Black Seas, which, properly fpeaking, are gulfs, as well as the Gulf of Venice. A Bay is faid to differ from a gulf only in being lefs, and more narrow at the entrance than within ; but this is far from being true ; for a bay has a wider entrance in proportion than a gulf, and it may be alfo larger than fome gulfs ; as for ir,ftance, the Bay of Bifcay ; though it muft be acknow ledged that bays in general are much fmaller. A Creek is a fmall inlet, and is always much lefs than a bay. A Road is a place upon any coaft where there is a good anphorage, and where veffels, in fome fenfe, are flieltered from the wind. A Strait is a narrow paflage which joins two feas, two gulfs, or a fea and a guLf; fuch as the Sound, near the Baltic; and the Straits of Gibraltar, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, A Lake is a colleSion of ftanding water furrounded by land, having no vifible communication with the fea. Thus the Cafpian Sea is tnily and properly a lake. Smaller lakes are thofe of Ladoga, Geneva, and feveral others, to be mentioned hereafter. A River is a ftream of water that has its fource from a fpring, which always keeps running till it falls into fome other river, or iiito the fea. Verv fmall ftrcams arc called brooks, rivulets, or rills. Pfsrip- »vi INTRODUCTION. D'fcripiiQn of a Map, The top of moft modern Maps is confidered as the north, the bottom as the fouth, the right hand as the eaft, and the left hand as th6 weft. -In old Maps, where this rule is pot always ftridly followed, a Fleur de Luce \% generally placed on fome part of it. pointing toward the north, by which the other points are eafily known. On the top of the Map, between the marginal lines, arg placed the feveral figures, which fliow the number of degrees of eaftern or weftern longitude of every place that is direftly under thofe figures. At the bottom of mofl Maps are placed the fame figures as thofe at the top ; but in Maps of the beft fort, inftead thereof are placed the number of hours or minutes every place in it lies dillant, eaft or weft, from its chief town or firft meridan. For in ftance, every place which is fituate one degree eaft of another, will appear to have the %v.nfour minutes of time before it; and any one place, fituate one de gree weft of another, will appear to have the Sun/oar minutes of time after it, Aga'in, a place fituate fifteen degrees eaft of us, ,as Naples, will appear to have the Sun one complete hour before us at London ; and a place fituate ^fteen degrees weft of us, as the ifland of Madeira, wiU appear to have the. Sun oa(; hour «/"/«¦ us at London. On the right and left hand of every Map, between the marginal lines, are placed figures that fliow the number of degrees, either north or foiith latitude, which every place parallel with thern is diftant from the equator. Thus London is fituated 51 degrees 30 niiputes of north latitude : that is, it is fo many degrees arid minutes north from the equator. Over moft Maps are drawn lines from the top to the bottom, and from the right hand to the left ; thofe which run frprn the top to the bottom, are lines of longitude, aud thofe which crofs them, lines of latitude; but thefe are fometimes omitted, \vhei^ a Map is too full to admit of t-hem. Kingdoms or Provinces are divided from eiich other by a row; of fingle points, and they are often ftained with different colours. Cities or great toivns are made like little houfes, with a fmall circle in the middle of th?m ; but fmaller /oTU/(j or /wZ/iT^-^.r are marked only with little circles. Mountains are imitated in the form of little, rifing hillocks ; and forefts are reprefented by, a colIe6fion of little trees. The names of villages are written in a running hand, thofe of cities in a Roman charafter, and thofe of provinces in large capi tals. The fea is generally left as an empty fpace on the Map, except where there are rocks, fands, ,or Ihelves, , currents of water or wind. Rods are fometimes made in Maps like little pointed things fticking up fharp in the fea. Sands or JJielves are denoted by a gr?at heap of little points placed in the fliape of th-?fe farids, as they have hetVL found to lie in the ocean, by found ing the depths. Currents of ivater are defcribed by feveral long parallel crook-, ed ftrokes, imitating a current. The courfe of winds is reprefented by the' ¦beads of ari,'ows pointing to the coafts toward which the wind "blows. Small riven are defcribed by a fingle crooked waving line, and large rivers by fuch double and treble lines made ftrong and black. Erid^cs are diftin-i guiflied by 3 double fine acrofs the rivers. THS THE GENERAL GAZETTEER^ • K, A COMPENDI OUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ABA A A, a river in Weftphalia, which rifes near Munfter, waters that city, and falls into the river Embs. Aa, a river that rifes in Picardy, in France, and running N. E. becomes navi gable near St. Omer, paffes on to Grave- lines, and falls into the German ocean. Aa, a river of Coiirland, that rifes in Samojitia, and falls into the bay of Riga. Aalb-Ourg. See Albourg; as alfo other words that begin with two A a's, and Bot found here. --*' Aak, a large' river of Swifferland, which has its fource in a lake, near Mount Saalberg, in the S. of the canton of Bern, and ruiming N. "^V. through the whole extent of the Lakes of Brientz and Thuii, to Bern, takes a circuitous courfe to So- icure, whence it flows E. to'Arburg, and N. E. to Brugg, below which it is joined by the Rufs and Limat, and then falls into the Rhine oppofite Waldfchut. Abach, or Weltenburg, a town of Bavaria, defended by a citadel, and feat- ed on the Danube, feven miles from Ra- tilbon. It is remarkable for Roman an tiquities, and fome fine fprings of mineral water. Lon. 1 1. 59. E. fat. 48. 53. N. Abakanskoy, a garrifon town of Si beria, on the Janefka ; founded in 1707, and rebuilt in 1725. Lon. 94. 5. E. lat. 53. 5. N. Abalak, a town in Siberia, two miles from Toboilkoi, famous for an image of the Virgin Mary, conftantly vifited by a great number of pilgrims : the clergy carry ABA it every 3rear in proceflion to Tobolikoit Lon.' 68. 20. E. lat. 58. 11. N. Abano, a village in the territory of Pa dua, in Italy, famous for warm baths. In one, called Bagno di Fango, the patients 1 are covered with the warm mud, in hopes of acure. Lon.. 10. 47. E. lat. 45. 30. N. Abara*ier, a town of Turcomania, in Afia, where the archbifhop of Nakfivau often, refides: he is-.an Armenian, and yet there are 3 00 Roman Catholics faid to be in this place. It' is zo miles N. of Nakfi- van. ton. 63, 59. E. lat. 39. 0 N. '* Abk AS, one of the feven nations in the cbuntries comprehended, between the. Black Sea and the Cafpian. Their prin cipal and moft ancient eftabliftiments are on the fouthern flope of the mountains comprehended between the river Cuban and the Black Sea. . They are tributary to the Turks, and are divided into two go vernments, the weftern and the eaftern ; each fubjeft to a Bafliaw, commonly chofed, out of the principal native families ; one cf ¦• whom refides at "Sotchukkale, and the other at Soghumkale. The capital is Ana-. copir, formerly Nicopfis. The Abkas fpeak an original language, effentially dif ferent from all the , known languages, though appearing to have a very remote affinity fo that of the Circaffians. They/ have, at prefent, very little religion, al though they ftill prefcrs'e fome traces of Chriftianity. Abaskaja, a town in Siberia, on the river Ifchim. The church is'futroundtd B by ABE ABE by fi%yall, and guarded by dragoons. Lon. 69. 5'. E. lat. 50. 10 N. Abbeville, a town of France, in the department of Somme, and late province of Picardy, is feated in a pleafant valley, where the Somme divides into feveral branches, 'and feparates the town into two parts. A manufaftory of woollen cloth was fet up here in 1665 : they alfo make fail-cloth, coarfe linen, and black and green foap It carries on a good trade, by the Somme, in which the tide rifes fix feet. It is 52 miles S. of Calais, and 80 N. by W. of Paris. Lon. i. 55. E. lat. 50. 7. N. Aebeboyle, a town of Ireland, in the county of Rofcommon, 23 miles N. of Rofcommon. It is remarkable for an old abbey. Lon. 8. 32. \V\ lat. 53. 56. N. , AbBjE'Y-Holm, atown in Cumberland, fo called from an abbey built here by David king of Scots. It ftands on an arm of the fea, and had a market on Saturday. It is 16 miles S. W. of Carlifle. Lon. 3. 49. W. lat. 54. 53. N. Abbey-Milton, or Middleton, an ancient but mean town in Dorfetfliire, had formerlv an abbev, and a market. It is 12 miles N. E. qf Dorcheftcr. Lon. z. 24. "W. lat. 50. 51. N. Abbots, or Apewood Castle, in Staffordfliire, fituated on a lofty round pro montory, and a fteep ridge of hills extend ing a mile in length, conjefturcd to have beeil one continued fortification, and to have been a work of the ancient Britons. It lies feven miles from Wolverhampton, en the N. fide of the road from Shrewf- bury to London. Abbots-Bromley, or Pagets- Bromley, a town of Staffordfliire, with a market on Tuefday. It is fix miles E. of Stafford, and 129 N. "W. of London. Lon. I. 53. W. lat. 52. 50. N. Abbotsbury, a town in Dorfetfliire, where there is a famous fwannery : it has a market on Thurfday. It is feven miles S. "W". of Dorchefter, and ,127 W. by S. of London. Lon. i. 41. W. lat. 50. 38. N. '* Abbots-Langley, a village in Herts, four miks from St. Alban's, famous for being the birthplace of Nicholas Breakfpeare, who, under the name of Adrian IV. was the only Englifliman that ever obtained the tiara, and whofe arro gance was fuch, that he obliged the empe ror Frederic the Firft to proftrate him'felf beforehim, kii"; his foot, hold his ftirrup, and lead the white palfrey on which he rode ; and yet he fuffered hia mother to be maintained by the alms of the church of Canterbury. Abenow, a mountain of Suabia, 23 miles from Friburg, remarkable for the fource of the Danube, and,for giving name to a chain of mountains, extending from the Rhine to the Neckar, and from the Foreft Towns to the city of Thorflieim. AbenradE, a town of Denmark, in Slefwick, in aterritory of itsowaname. It is a fiourifliing place, being twice as large as formerly, and built in a better tafte. It is feated on a fpacious bay on the Baltic, furrounded on three fides by high moun tains. Lon. 9. 14. E. lat. 55. 6. N. Abenspurg, a town of Bavaria, on the river Abens, near the Danube, 15 mile* S. "W. of Ratiflion. Lon. 11. 55. E. lat. 48. 46. N, Aberavon, a tov/n of Glamorgan- fliire, in "Wales, that had a market, now difufed. It is feated at the mouth of the Avon, 19 miles N. "W. of Cowbridge, and 195 "W". of London. Lon. 3. 48. "W. lat. 51.35.N. Aberbrothwick, or A-rbroath, a royal borough of Scotland, in Angus- fliire, is a fmall neat town, in -which is a confiderable manufafture of fail-cleth and linen. Here are the magnificent ruins of an abbey, faid to have been founded by William the Lion in 1 178. This town is 1 1, miles N. E. of St. Andrew's, and 40' N. N. E. of Edinburgh. Lon. 2.39. W, lat. 56. 36. N. Aberdeen, Old, an ancient city of Aberdeenfliire, in Scotland, on the S-. bank of the river Don, over which is an old bridge, of one arch, refting upon two op pofite rocks. The town confifts, only of one ftreet ; but has an ancient Gothic ca thedral, in which are two places of wor- fhip, and a college called King's College. Aberdeen, New, a handfome city,' of Aberdeenfliire, in Scotland, fituated about, one mile from Old Aberdeen, on an eminence, on the S. fide of the river Dee j over which, about two miles above the town, is an elegant bridge of feven arches., The college, founded by Earl Marifchat, in 1593, and called Marifchal College, is, like the college in Old Aberdeen, an an cient edifice, and a very refpeftable femi- nary. Befide two parifli churches, and the college kirk, there is an elegant epif- copal chapel, with feveral meeting-houfes. The other public buildings are, a hand fome town-houfe, Gordon's hofpital, an in firmary, and a grammar-fchool. The har bour, at the mouth of the Dee, is defended by a ftrong ftpne pier, lately erefted. Be fide the coafting trade, vefl'els are fciit hence to France, Spain, Portugal, and ta^ the northern ftatcs of Europe. The ma- nufaftures are ft(x:kings, cottons, &c. and here is a fine feilmoa fi-fhcrj. The num- J>er A B I A B R het of inhabitants in Old and New Aber deen, and the fuburbs, is eftimated at £o,ooo; Aberdeen is 84 miles N. E. of Edinburgh. Lon. i. 5o.*'W'. lat. 57. 6. N. Ab.>!;rdeenshire, a 'county of Scot land, bounded on the N. W. by Banfffliire and the river Deveron ; on the N. and N. E. by the German Ocean; on the S. by the counties of Kintardhie, Angus, and Perth, and on the W. by Inverncfsfliire. Its length, from N. E. to S. W. is about 80 miles ; its breadth not quite 30. The N. E. part extending toward the river "Ythan, is called Buchan. There is much e:ccL-llcnt pafture in the high parts ; and the level tract, called Strathbogic, contains many well cultivated fields. Aberdour, a village of Scotland, on the north coaft of the Ffith of Forlh, in the county of Fife, about three miles from Edinburgh. ' At this place, the gallant nobleman, lamented in the Scottifli b-allad of the " Bonny Earl of Murray," was murdered in 1592, on fufpicion of hav ing gained the affeftions of the Queen. Aberford, or Aberforth, atown in the W. riding' of Yorkfliire, with a rnarkct on Wednefday. It is 16 miles S. W. of York, and 184 N. N. W. of Lon don. Lon. I. 21. W. lat. 53. 50. N. Aberfraw, a village of North Wales, in the ifle of Artglefey, formerly a place of great account, the kings of North Wales having then a palace here. It is fix miles N. W. of New'burgh. Lon. 4. 36. W. lat. 53. 13. N. ; Abergavenny, a- well-built town of Monmouthfliirc, containing about 500 houfes, with two parifh churches, and an old caftle. , It has two markets, on Tuef day and Friday. It is fixteen miles W. of Monmouth, and 143 W. hy N. of Lon don.' Lon. 3. 5. W. lat. 51. 50. N. Abernethy, a town of Scotland, in Murrayfhire, on the river Spey, formerlv the feat of the Piftifli kings, and afterward the fee of an archbifliop. ' Abberystwith, a fmall townof Car- diganfliire, in Wales-, On the Riddal, near its confluence with the I ft with, where it falls into the fea. The market, on Mon day, is confiderable. It is 30 miles N. E. of Cardigan, and 203 W. N. W. of Lon don. Lon. 4. o. W. lat. ?2. 25. N. Abex, a cuuntrv of Africa, on the Red Sea, which bounds it on the E. Abyifinia and Nubia lie on the W. Egvpt on the N. andthe coaft of Aj:m to the S. Suaquam is the capital. It is a fandy and bari-tn country, ' being deftitute of water. The inhabitants are Mahometans. Abtad, a towti of Africa, on the Cdaft •f Abcx, feated oa a high mountain, re- markable for its trade in ebony and afollia* tic plants. Abiagrasso, a fmall town of Italy, feated on a canal, in the duchy of Milan* Lon. 9. 24. E. lat. 45.20. N. Abingdon, a town of Berks, on the Thames, is a good thoroughfare, and has a market on Monday and Friday. The af- fizes, felfions, and othet co'unty meeting* are ofteij held here. It has i. handfome toWn-hail for the affizes, &c. Here are two churches, and the town confifts of , feveral well-built ftreets, which centre in a fpacio'as corn-market. Great quantities of malt are made hete, and fcnt in barges to London. It ferids one member to par- hamcnt, and is feven miles S. of Oxford, and 56 W. of London. Lon. 1. 12. W. lat. 51, 42. N. Abiul, a town of Beira, in Portugal, containing 1300 inhabitants. Lon. 7. lo. W. lat. 40. 20. N. Ablay, a country in Great Tartary, fubjeft to the Ruffians ; but their chief is a Callhuck. Lon. from 72. to 83. E. lat. 51. to 54. N. Aeloe, a town of Little Tartary, ly ing between the river Dnieper, and the Black Sea. Lon. 33. 15. E. lat. 46. 20. N, ABiI akis, Indians of North America, between New England and Canada. Tht.-y hate labour, and could never be brought to cultivate tha'ground. Abo, a feaport, the capital of Swedifli Finland, on the point where the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland unite. The town, which is not ill-built, contains feveral bricic houfes ; but the generality are of wood, painted red. The inhabitants export linen, : corn, fla.'c, and iron. Here is an univerfitv, founded in 1640, by queen Chriftina; and' here likewife is a royal botanic garden, eftabliflicd by the late unfortunate Gufta- vus. Abo is an cpifcopal fee, 140 miles N. E. of Stockholm. Lon. 22.- i3. E. lat. 60. 27. N. Abo-flot, or Abo-hus, an ancient fort in Finland, on a peninfula, riear the mouth r.f the river Aura. It has often fuffered from the enemv and by (ire. AbOC'tige, Abutish, or AEOHins, a mean toAvn in Upper Egvpt, in Afiic.i, near the Nile, V'herc there g^o'.^'s pknty of poppi,-.-, of which they make the beft opi um in the Levant. It vas formerly large. Lat; 26. ^c. N'. Abrakamsdop.f, a fmall town in K,un2;i'."v, but well inhabited. Long, 19. , 50. E. lat. 46. 20. N. Abran'tes, a town of Portugal, in Eftramadura. on the river Tajo. It con tains 3 ;,030 inhabitants, lias four convents, B .-. (ind A B Y A C A and an hofpital. Lon. 7. 18. W, lat. 39. 13. N. Abreip.o, a town of Tra-los-montes, in Portugal, in a diftrift which compre hends ten pariflies. Lon. 7. 10. W. lat. 41. 20. N. Abrolhos, dangerous, fhoals, about 50 miles -from the coaft of Brafil, and near the ifland of St. Barbe. Abrug-banya, a populous town in Tranfylvania, on the > river Ompay, 35 miles above Alba Julia, near which are mines of gold 'and filver. Lon. 23. 24. E. lat. 46. 50. N. Abruzzo, a province of Naples, bounded on the E. by the gulf of "Venice ; on the N. and W. by Ancona, Umbria, and the Campagna of Rome ; and on the S. by the Terra di Lavora and Molife. It is divided into two parts by the river Pef- cara, whereof one is called Ulterior, and has Aquila for its capital ; and the other Citerior, of which Solmona is the capital. Bcfidc the Appcnnine Mountains, there are two others, called Monte Cavallo and Monte Mayallo. The top of this laft is always covered with fnow. This country is fertile in corn, rice, fruit, and I'affron ; but the woods aboimd with, bears and wolves. Absperg, a fmall town in Suabia, in in the Norgow, near Anfpach. Absteinen, a bailiwic beyond the river Memcl, in the circle of Tapieu, be longing to the kingdom of Pruffia. It is a mountainous, but pleafant country, and abounds in corn and cattle. Abvdos, a town and caftle of Tjcffer Afia, now the fouthern caftle of the Dar- diaelles, at ihc ftrait joining the Archi- peUgo to the Propontis. This ftrait is called GalUpoll, and is two miles in tre.idch. Lon. 27. 36. E. lat. 40. 16. N. Akyo, or Abuyo, one of the Phillip- pine iflands, in the Eaft Indies, between Mindinao and Luzon, whore the S laniards have a fort. Lon. 122. 15. E. lat. 10. c. N. Abyssinia, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the N. by Sennaar, or Nubi^; on the E. partly by the Red Sea, and prtly by Dancala; on the W. by Gor- ham, and on the S. by Gingiro and Alaba; lies between 6. and 20. degrees N. lat. and 25. and 44. E. lon. It is about 900 miles long, and 800 broad, and contains 378,000 fquare miles. The rainy feafon continues for fix months,.from April to September. This is fuccocded, without interval, by a cloudlefe fky, and a vertical fun. Cold nights as inftantly follow thefe fcorching days. ^ The earth, notwithftanding thefe ifays, is pcrpctuiiUy cold, fo as to feel dif- " agreeably to the foles of the feet ; partly owing to the fix months rains, when no fun appears, and partly to the perpetu4 equality of nights and days. There is no country in the world that produces a, greater variety of quadrupeds, both wild and tame ; but there are no tigers. The hyenas, however, are very numerous, and dreadful in their ravages. Befide many fpecies of eagles, vultures, &c. (of which Mr. Bruce, in his celebrated Travels to difcover the fource of the Nile, has given, ample defcriptions) ; there is a fpecies of glede, called haddayn, which is likewife very frequent in Egypt, and comes punc tually into Abyffinia, at thc^rcturn of the fun, after the tropical rains. "Vaft vai-iety of ftorks cover the plains in May, when the rains become conftant. There ars few owls ; but thefe are of an immenfe- fize and beauty. Of infefts, the moft re markable is the Ttfaltfal or fly, which is fo fatal to cattle, and even to the camel, that, in fome particular countries, great emigra tions are obliged to take place in the be ginning of the rainy feafon, to prevent all. their ftock of cattle from being deftroyed. According to Mr. Bruce, the celebrated river Nile has its fource in this country, near £hc village of Geefli, in lon. 36. 55. E. and lat 10. 59. N. Gondar is the me tropolis. There is a reuiarkable coinci. dence between the cuftoms in the court of ancient Perfia and thofe of Abyffinia. The religion of the country is a mixture of Judaifm and of the Chriilianity of th« Greek church. Acadia, or Nova Scotia, a country in North America, bounded by the river St. Lawrence on the N. by the ocean on the E. by the bay of Fundy and the fea of Acadia on the S. and by New England on the W. It was ceded to the French by the treaty of Breda, in 1661 ; but being afterward taken by the Englilh, it was, by the- treaty of Utrecht, ceded to them.' It is a very fruitful country, and affords plenty of game, befides fifh. The capital town is Halifax. The province was, in 1784, divided into two governm.ents. See Bruns-wick, New. Acambou, a kingdom on the coaft of Guinea, in Africa, whofe king is abfolute, and all his fubjefts flavcs ; which, how, ever, does not prevent them^ from being haughty and infolent. AcANNY, an inland country on the coaft of Guinea, affording the beft gold, in great plenty. There is a town of the fame name. Lon. o. 30. E. lat. 8. 30. N. AcAPULCO, a confiderable town of Mc.vico, in America, feated on ^ bay on the South Sca^ The harboui; is very commo dious, A C H fwus, and will hold near loo vcffcls. Every year they fend a rich ftiip to Ma- silla ; and another returns annually thence to the fame port, laden with the, beft com modities of the Eaft Indies. One of thefe, laden with filver, was taken by commodore Anfon, in 1743. Lon. 102. 20. W. lat. 17. 22.N. ACARIA, a town of South America, in Paraguay, built by the Jefuits in 1624. Lon. 51.1;. W. lat. 26. o S. • Acbarabad. See Agra. AcERENZA, a fmall town of the pro vince of Bafilicata, in Naples. It was for merly the fee of an archbifliop. Lon. 1 6. 5. E! lat. 40. 20. N. AcERNO, a town of Italy, in the Prin- cipato Citeriore of Naples, with a bifliop's fee. It is 12 miles N. E. of Salerno. Lon. i;. 6. E. lat. 40. 45. N. AcERR-\, a town in the kingdom of Naples, in the Terra di Lavora ; feated on the river Agno, feven miles N. E. of Naples. Lon. 14. 30. E.lat. 40. 55. N. AcHAM, a country in Afia, botuided on the N. by Bouton, on the E. by China, oh the S. by Burmah, and on the W. by Hindooftan. It is very Httle known to the Europeans. AcHEEN, a kingdom on the N. W. of the ifland of Sumatra, in the Indian ocean, now very different from what it was, when it was powerful enough to expel the Por- tugucfe from the ifland, and its fovcreigns received embaffies from fome of the greateft potentates of Europe. It is- thought comparatively healthy, being more free from woods and fwamps than the other psirts' of the "ifland. Its chief pro- duftions are fine fruits, rice, cotton, gold duft, and fulphur. The Achenefe are, in general, taller, ftouter, and much darker- complexioned than the other Sumatrans. They are more aftive and induftrious than their neighbours, andrhave more fagacity and penetration. They are Mahom.etans. AcHEEN, the capital of a kingdom of the fame name, is feated on a river which flows into the fea, near the N. W. point of the ifland, or Acheen Head, about two 'miles from the mouth, in a wide valley, formed like an amphitheatre by two lofty ranges of hills. The river, which empties itfelf by feveral channels, is very fliallow at ^the bar. The houfes are built of bam boos and rough timbers, and are raifcd fome feet from the ground, this part of the country being overflowed in the rainy feafon. It is an open town, in the, centre of which is the king's palace, a rude piece of architefturc, a mile and a half in cir cumference, fiirroumled by a wide and isep moat, and ftrong wall&. A large A C CL manufafture of a thick kind of cotton elbth, and of fluff for the fliort tro\vfers worn by the Malays, and Achenefe, is eftabliflied here. Payments are conunonly made ia gold duft, which is carried about in blad ders. The Achenefe are bold and expert navigators. Crimes are puniflied here-' with remarkable rigour; but the rod of juftice, it is fuppofed, falls only on the poor. Petty theft is punilhcd by fufpend- mg the offender from a tree, with a gun, or other heavy weight, tied to his feet;' or by cutting oft a finger, hand, or leg, ac cording to the nature«of the theft. Many of tliel"e mutilated pe'ople are to be i'e^n daily in the ftreets. An adulterer kfcs the proteftion of his friends, and is de livered up to the relations of the hufl)and, who convey him to a large plain, and form- themfclves into a circle, in the midft of which the culprit is placed ; a large - weapon is then delivered to him by one of hh relations, and if he can force his way through, and efcapc, he is not liable to farther profecution ; but he is moft com monly cut to pieces in an jnftant ; and his relations bury him as they v,-ould a dead buffalo, on no account admitting the corpfe into their houfe, or performing any fu neral rites. Highway-robbers and houfc- breakers are drowned ; and their bodies are expofed, a few days, on a ftake ; but if i prieft be robbed, the offender is burnt alive. Yet, after all, the Achenefe are fuppofed to be the moft diflioneft and fla gitious pe,ople in the Eaft. L'ln. 9;. 34. E. lat. 5. 22. N. It is I coo miles S. E. of Fort St. George. AcHONRY, a fmall town of Irclaaid, in the county of Sligo, on the Shannon. Achmetschet, a town in the Cri mea, was the refidence of the Sultmi Galga, eldeft fon of the khan of Tartary. Lon. 33. 20. E. lat. 45. o. N. ACHYR, a ftrong town and caftle of Ukraine, fubjeft to the Ruffians fince 1667. It is on the river Uorlklo, near the fron tiers of Ruffia, 127 miles E. of Riow. Lon. 36. 10. E. lat. 49. 32. N. ^ AclERNO. SeC^AcERNO. AcKEN, a fmall town in the duchy qf Magdeburg. It has a citad'.l,. and ftands on the Elbe, five mile* below Dcffav.'. AcoMA, a town of North' America, in New Mexico, feated pn a high mountain, with a ftrong caftle. It is the capital cf the province. Lon. 104. 15. V/. lat. 3^. o. N. -'¦ Accjs, a town, at the foot of the Pyreueo'-, in the department of' Arricgc, and late province of Foix, in France. Hs- vicinity is noted for hot fprings. Lon. 1 . 40. E.lat. 43. N. B 3 Acciui A C T ADO ACQUA, a town in Tufcany, noted for warm baths. Lon. 12. 10. E, lat. 43. 45. N. Acqua-CHe-favella, a celebrated fountain of Italy, in Calabria Citeriore, a province of Naples. It is near the mouth of the river Crata, and the ruuis are called Sibari Roi'ini7:a. Acquapendenxe, a large town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, with a billiop's fee, feated on a mountain near the river Paglia, 30 miles N. by W. of Rome. Lon. 12. 17. E. lat. 42. 43. N. AcrjBn>of:& 'gazetteer \ \ -R KakanafO^ p J. ^^ ''^"wim "¦^¦^ '/"f^niu -— "¦-- -^ -' :^ J^^^' (0f^ ~ S&fertofSeffC tofSeOtr- ^^.--¦Tv: A.\ 'Soxm.ovFX Si? • mrjAC 1 AV 17 J^ cocoorAirzico '¦MEOticatES ' ^~" H T H j WmmEJiro '^^^^^ cz, fe^^^o^ Antonio de.7 -^ *J^^4M^ O ffl.cna.g,Wea ^SrcfiaXanAatA _ \ \jiailaA r&^ Jutua !/ or Sfco^'ii . '¦^/-r' re A r B #^"^^^^ sJfM aoa- hllon. 8. i;o.E. lat. 35. i;o.N. A]A'/zo, a feaport town of Natoiia, in the province of Caramania, anciently Cili- cia, feated on the Mediterranean, 30 miles' N. of An'ioch, and 40 W. of Aleppo, where the city of Iffus anciently flood, and nrar which Alexander fought his fe„ cond battle with Darius, Lon. 3-3. 10-. E. lat. 37. o. N. Arc II, a town of Bavaria, pn the Par. It was taken by the Swedes in 1634, atri afterward reduced to aflies. Lon. 11.20. - E. lat. 48. 30. N. AicHSTAT, a toWn of Franconia, capi tal of a biftiopric of the ;fame name. It A I L A I X is remarkable for a curious piece of work- manlhip, called the Sun of the Holy Sa crament, v.-hich is in the church : it^ is of maffy geld, cf great weight, and is en riched with 350 diamonds, 1400 pearls, a 50 rubies, and other precious ftones. This place is feated in a valley on the river Alt- mul, 30 miles S. of Nuremberg. Lon. 1 1. 10. E. lat. 48. 57. N. The bifliopric is 45 miles in length, and 17 in breadth ; and the bifliop is chancellor of the church of Mentz. Al-ELLO, a fmall town in Abruzzo Ul- ''terior, in the kingdom of Naples, belong ing to the hereditary prince of Modena. Lon. 15. 20. E. lat. 41. 40. N. * AiGLE, a thriving little town, of Swifferland, in the canton of Bern, feated on the Rhone, about fix miles from its en trance into the Lake of Geneva. All the houfes, even the meaneft, are built of a white marble, found in the neighbourhood ; and there is an appearance of eafe and con tent here, which is apparent, indeed, all over Swifferland. AlGLE, a little town of France, in the department of Orne, and late province of Normandy, where they carry on a trsde in .com and hardware, particularly in pins. It is 47 miles S. W. of Rouen. Lon. i. .0. E. lat. 48. 45. N. * AlGNAN, St. afmall town of France, in the department 'of Loire and Cher, and late province of Blafois. It is in the form of an amphitheatre, at the foot of v.'hich runs the Cher, at the diftance of 60 miles , from Bourges. Aigue-Perse, a fmall town of France, in the department of Puy-de-D6me, and late province of Auvergne. It is 18 miles N. of Clermont, and 261 S. of Paris. It has a fountain, once regarded as a prodigy, its cold water having the appearance of boiling. But the chymifts can now imitate thefe cold fermentations by a mixture of ferruginous and vitriolic particles. The water of this fpring is faid to be fatal to the animals that drink it. Lon, 3. 20. E. lat. 46. 6. N. Aguis-Mortes, a town of France, in the department of the Mouths' of the Rhone, and late province of Languedoc. It i^ very ftrong, on account of its fituation among the moraifes, though at fome dif tance from the fea. It had a harbour, 'which is now choked up. Lon, 4. 3. E. lat. 4^. 34. N. AlLAH, a fmall ancient town in Arabia Petrea, on the E. fide of the Red Sea, near the road which the pilgrims take from Egypt to Mecca. Lon. 36. 40. E. lat. 29. JO. N. . '* AiLESBURT, the Bair.e of a rich vale in Euckihghamfliire, which occupies thft centre of that county, and is one of the moft fertile trafts in England. Ailesbury, the largeft and moft po pulous town in Buckingham fliire, with a market on Saturday. It confifts of feveral ftreets lying about the market-place, which is large, and in the middle of it is a very convenient hall, in which this town fliares the affizes with Buckingham. It is alfo the centre of the bufinels of the rich vale of Ailefbury. The inhabitants of this town, and its neighbourhood, are in pof. feffion of the art of rearing early duck lings, which, is carried to fuch an. extent, that it is faid 3000I. have been received at Ailelbnry, for the fupply of the London market, inifix weeks, ufually terminating in March. This town feuds two mem bers to parliament; and is 16 miles S. E, of Buckingham, and 41 N. W. of Lon don. Lon. o. 42. W. lat. 51. 50. N. '^ AiLSA, a great infulated rock, to the S. of the Ifle of Arran, in Scotland. Its bafe is about two miles in circumference. It confifts of a ffupendous. afliemblage of precipitous cliffs, rifing in a wild feries, forming a pyramidal mountain, goo feet high, acceffible only on the N. E. The ruins of a chapel, and of a caftle, are ftill feen ; and, within 30 yards of the latter, is a fpring of frefli water. The lower parts are inhabited by goats and rabbits ; ..and the lofty fummits are the refuge of innumer able fea-fowl. Aime, or AxiMA, a fmall town in Sa voy, on the river Ifere. '* AiN, a department of France, lately the province of Breffe. It takes its name from a river which rifes at the foot of Mount Jura, and falls into the Rhone above Lyons. AiNSA, a town of Spain, in Arragon, on the river Ara. Air. See Ayr. Aire, a town of France, in the depart ment of Landes and late province of Gaf- cony, feated on the river Adour, on the declivity of a mountain, 65 miles S. of Bourdeaux. Lon. o, 16. E. lat. 43. 42. N. Aire, a ftrong town in the department of the Straits of Calais, and late province of Artois. It is feated on the river Lis, 22 miles S. of Dunkirk, and communicates with St. Omer, by a canal from the rivei Aa. Lon. 2. 29. E. lat. 30. 42. N. "•¦' AisNE, a department pf France, in cluding the late provinces of Soiffonnois and "Verinandois, It takes its name from a river, which runs by Soiffoiis, and falls into the Oife near Compiegne. Aix, a handfome and ancient city of France, ALA ALB France, late capital of Provence, when it had a parliament, arid has ftill an univerfi- ty. It is now the metropolitan fee of the department of the Mouths of the Rhone, and is leated in a plain, where there are hot baths near the little river Arc. It is 7 5 miles E. of Montpelier. Lon. 5. 31, E, lat. 43. 32. N. Aix, an ancient town of Savoy, on the lake of Bourget. Here are mineral waters, much frequented. It is' eight miles N. of Chamberry. Lon. 6. 10. E. lat. 45. 40. N. •Aix, a fmaU ifland on the coaft of France, between the ifle of Oleron and the Continent. It is memorable for an unfuccefsful expedition of the Englifli in 1757, againft Rochefort, when they return ed without -djing, any thing, except demo- lifliing the fort of this ifland. It is 12 miles N. W. of Rochefort. Lon. i. 5. W. lat. 46. 5. N. Aix-LA-CiiAPELLE, a large and handfo-ne town of Germany; in the circle of Weftphaha. It is a free imperial town, and .the emperor Charlemagne was fo de lighted with the beauty of the place, that he chofe it for his refidence. Fle is inter red in the church of Notre Dame, where they keep his fword, his belt, and the Four Evangelifts, written in letters of gold, which are made ufe of at the corona^ tion of the emperors. Its famous mine ral waters draw a great number of perfons every year. In 1668 and 1748, it v/as diftinguiflied by two celebrated treaties of peace. It was taken by the French in 1792 ; but they were driven from it by the Auftrians, March 3, 1793. It is feated in a bottom, furrounded with mountains, 22 miles N. E. of Liege. Lon. 6. 3. E. lat. 50. 48. N. Akissat, atown of Natolia, in Afia, built in a fine plain above 17 miles over, which is fown with corn and cotton. It is inhabited by about 5000 Mahometans, and -is feated on the river Hermits, 50 miles S. E. of Pergamo. Lon. 28. 30. E. lat. 38. 48. N. - Aladulia, a province of Turkey in Afia, between Amafia and the Mediterra nean, toward Mount Taurus. The coun try is rough, ftony, and inaccelEble, pn ac count of the great number of mountains. But there are good paftures, and they breed excellent horfes and camels. Alagoa, a town in the ifle of St. Michael, one of the Azores. Alais, a town of France, in the de partment of Gard, and ,late province of Languedoc, on the river Garden, near a beautiful meadow, at the foot of the Ce- vennes. It contains 10,000 inhabitants, an4 was lately an cpifcopal fee. It has a citadel, built by Lewis XI'V. It is 350 miles E. of Paris, and 37 N. of Montpelier. Lon. 4. 10. E. lat. 44. 8. N. * Aland, a clufter of iflands, at the entrance of the gulf of Bothnia, in the Baltic Sea. The principal ifland, which gives name to the reft, is about 40 miles long, and from 1 2 to 1 5 broad. It contains I 5 villages and 9000 inhabitants ; and is included in the government of Swedifli Finland. It is 7 5 miles N. E. of Stock holm. Lon. 20. o. E. lat. 60. o. N. Alatamaha, pronounced Ottamaw- haw, a river of N. America, caUed alfo St. George's River, rifes in the Al legany m.ountains, and taking a fouth- eafterly direftion through Georgia, empties itfelf, by feveral mouths, into the Atlantic Ocean, about 60 miles S. W. of the river Savannah. The Alatamaha is a noble river, formed by the junftion of the Okonee and Okemulgoe branches ; but is of difficult entrance. Al,\tri, a town in the Campagna of Rome, on a hill, with a bifliop's fee ; 40 miles S. JJ. of Rome. Lon. 13. 8. E. lat. 41. 30. N. AlatyR, a town of Ruffia, in Afia, on the river Suru, in the government of Cafan, and 40 miles E. of that place. Alauta, a river of Turkey in Eu rope ; it has its fource in the mountains that f"eparate Moldavia and Tranfylvania, runs S. through Walachia, and difcharge* itfelf into the Danube, almoft oppofite Ni- copolis. Alba, a town of Italy, in Montfer- rat, with a bifliOp's fee. It was ceded in 1631 to the duke of Savoy, and is feated on the river Tanaro, 20 miles S. E. of Turin. Lon. 8. 5. E. lat. 44. 46. N. Alba-Julia, a ftrong and confider able town of Tranfylvania, a bifliop's fee, and an univerfity. It is feated on the declivity of a hill, near the river Ompais, 2 ; miles W. of Hermanftadt. Lon. 24. o. E. lat. 46. 26. N. Albania, a province of Turkey in Europe, on the gulf of Venice ; bounded on the S. by Livadia, on the E. by Thef- falia and Macedonia, and on the N. by Bofnia and Dalmatia. It produces excel. lent wine; and the inhabitants are good liorfemen, and great thieves. They are of the Greek church, and defcended from the ancient Scythians., Diirazzo is the capital. Lon. from 18. to 22. E. lat 39. to 43- 30- N. Alb ANO, a town on a lake of the fam« name, in the Campagna of Rome, with a bifhop's fee. The territory about it pro duces the beft wine in all this coutitry, and, a great nja^iy noblemen have gardens here, where Alb ALB where they fpend the fummer. It is 15 miles S. E. of Rome. Lcm. iz. 50. E. lat. 41. 43. N. There is another town of the fame name in the Bafilicate of Na ples, remarkable for the fertility, of the foil, and the nobility of the inhabitants. Albanopolis, a town of Turkey in Europe, formerly the capital of Albania. It is feated on the river Drin, 43 miles E. of Eleffio, Lon. 20. 12. E. lat. 41. 48. N, Alban's, St. anancicntto>vnof Herts, on the river Coin, fo called from St. Al- ban, who was born here of Pagan parents, but having been converted to Chriftianity, was the firft martyr in Englind, and was buried on a hill in the neighbourhood. OiTa, king of the Mercians (to atone for the murder of Ethelbcrt, prince of the E,aft Angles) trcfted a monaftery here, and der'icated it to St. Alban. Edward "VI. incorporated the town, which is go verned by a mayor, hi.gh fteward, rccordc^, 12 aldermen, &c. Here are thi'ee churches, befide the ancient one thit be longed to the monaftery, \^'hich the inha bitants purchafed of Edward "VL for 400I. and v/hich is iidw a parifh church. The fnrinc of St. Alban ftood in the eaft part ; and in the pavement are to be feen fix boles, m which the fupporters of it were fixed. Here alfo is the monument of Offa, and of Humphrey the good duke of Gloucefter, whofe leaden cofnn was difco vered in a vault, in 1703 : the body was pre- fervcd almoft entirely by a kind of pickle. Not a veftige, befide this church, remains cf th^ abbey, except the gateway. In the church of St. Michael is the monument of the illuftrious Francis Bacon, vifcount St. Alban's. In the centre of the town ftood one of the magnificent croffes, erefted by Edward I, in honour of his queen Eleanor. A building erefted in its ftead, in 1703, ftill retains the name of the Crofs. On the river Ver is a curious mill, originally «vefted for the pohfhing of diamonds, but now employed in the cotton manufaftory. >Ncar the town, is a kind of fortification, fuppofed by fome to be the camp of Oftori- Hs, the Roman proprstor ; but others ' imagine it to have been the fite of the Saxon royal palace at Kingfbury. St. Alban's is famous for the viftory obtained ,hy Richard dujce of York, in 14?^, over Henry "VI. and for a viftory which queen Margaret gained in 146 1, over the earl of Warwick. This town rofe from the ruins cf the ancient city of Verulam, many vcf- tiges of which are to be feen in the neigh- - bourhood. The market is on , Wednef- dav and Saturday. St. Alban's is 21 miles N. by W. of Loiidbn. Lon. o. 14. W. lat. -5 1. 45. N. It fands two members to par* liament. Albany, a fort, belonging to the En* gfifl], on the S. W. of Hudfon's bay. Lon. ?i. 20. W. lat. 52. 20. N. '* Albany, a city of N. America, i* the ftate of New York, is fituated on the W. fide of Hudfon's river, 160 miles N. of the city of New York. It contains 600 houfes, and 4000 inhabitants, coflefted from almoft all parts of the northern world. Adventurers are led here, by the advan tages for trade, whieh this place affords^ it being fituated on one of the fiaeft rivers in the world, and the ftorchoufe of the trade to and from Canada and rlie Lakes. Lon. 75. 10. W. lat. 42. 36. N. Albany, or Breadalbane, a dif- trift of Scotland, in the flitrc of Perth. Albany gives the title of duke to his ma jefty 's fecond fon trederic duke of York. Albarazin, an ancient and ftrong town of Spain, in Arragon, with a bifhop's fee. Its wool is the beft in Arragon. It is feated onthe Guadalavir, 100 miles E. of Madrid. Lon. i. 16. W. lat. 40. 30. N. A LB a z IN, a town of Great Tartary, with a ftrong fortrefs to defend it againft the Chinefe and Mogul Tartars. It is on the road from Mofcow to Pekin. Loni 103. 30. E. lat. 54. 0. N. Albemarle, or Aumale, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandv. From this town the Englifh family of Kep- pel take the title of earl. Its ferges are in high efteem. It is feated on the declivity of a hill, 35 miles N. E. by N. of Rouen, and 70 N. N. W. of Paris. Lon. i. 30* E. lat. 49. 50. N. Albengua, an ancient ftrong feaport town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, with a bifhop's fee. The place is fur rounded with olive-trees : but the air is unwholefomc. It is feated on the Medi terranean Sea, 37 miles S. W. of Genoa. Lon. 8. 3. E. lat. 44. 4. N. Albisola, a fmall town belonging to the republic of Genoa. Here is a porce lain manufafture, and feveral country houfes of the Genoefe nobility. It was bombai'ded in 1 745, by the Englifh. Lon. 8. 20. E. lat. 44. 15. N. Albourg, a tovsm of Denmark, in North Jutland, and a bifliop's fee. Itjs called Albourg, which fignines Eeltown, en account of the great number of eels ta ken here. It is feated on a canal, 10 miles from the fea, and 30 N. of Wyeburg. It has an exchange for merchants, and a fafe harbour. They have' a confiderable trade in herrings and corn, and a manufa6bory ef A L C A L n of guns, piftols, faddles, and glo»es. Lon. 9. 46. E. lat. 56. 50. N. Albret, a town of France, in the de partment of Landes, and late province of Gafcony, 37 miles S. of Bourdeaux. Lon, D. 30. W. lat. 44. 10. N. A'lbuquerque, a town of Spain, in Eftramadura, ""defended by a ftrong caifle. It carries on a confiderable trade in wool and cloth, and is 22 milqs S. W. of Alcan tara. Lon. 7. 3. W. lat. 38. 50. N. Alby, an ancient town of France, late the capital of the territory of the Albigeois in Languedoc, and an archiepifcopal fee. It- is now the cpifcopal fee of the depart ment of Tarn, and contains 10,000 inha bitants. In point of architcfture and decorations, the principal church is one of the mofl: curious in France : it is celebrated for an organ, which to the merit of con- ftruftion and perfpeftive, unites a tone and a 'VOX humana in the higheft perfeftion. The inhabitants were called Albigenfes: they were the firft that difputed the au thority of the pope ; and they were con- 'demned by a council held here in 11 76. The environs of Alby are charming : the magnificent walk, called La Lice, is a ter race, commanding a great mall, which is £b deep, that it fcrves the town for fofl'es. The adjacent territory produces all kinds of grain, excellent wines, flax, hemp, faf- fron, anifeed, coriander, and woad. The fine paftures afford wool of a good quality, which is manufaftured into knit ftockings for the foldicrs, ratteens of all colours, flial- loons, coarfe woollens, &c. The wax candles of Alby are equal in whitenefs to thofe of Mat^s. This town is 42 miles N. E. of Toulouse, and 335 S, of Paris. Lon. 2. 14. E. lat. 44. 1 5. N. Alcala de Guadaira, a town of Andalufia in Spain, on the river Guadaira, five miles S. E. of Seville,- Lon, 5. 16. W. lat. 37.28. N. Alcala- le -Henarez, a large handfome town of Spain, in New Caftile, with a famous univerfity, a fine library, and a caftle. Without the walls there is fo fine a fpring, that the water is kept for the king's ufe. It is feated on the river Henarez, 15 miles E. N.-E. of Madrid. Lon. 3. 6. W.lat. 40. 26. N. Alcala-de-Real, a town of Spain, in Andalufia, with a famous monaftery ; feated near the river Salado, fix mileS S. ot Seville. Lon.. 5. zi. W. lat. 37. 38, N, Alcamer, an ancient and handfome tswn of the United Provinces,, in North Holl-and. In the environs, they make the beft butter and cheefe in Holland, ind tttve the fiaeft tulips. It is 17 miles N. by W. of Amfterdam. Lon. 4, 44. E« lat. 52. 40. N, Alcamo, a town of Sicily, in the val ley of Mazaro, at the foot of Mount Boui» fati. Lon. 13. 52. E. lat. 38. 2. N. • Alcantara, a fmaU but ftrong town of Spain, in Eftramadura, and the chief place of the knights of that name. It has a magnificent bridge over the Tajp, bulk by the emperor Trajan. It was taken hy the earl ot Galway in 1706, and retaken by the French the fame year. It is 42. miles N. by W. of Sevillf . Lon, 6. 7. W. lat. 39. 20. N. ALCANTjyi A, a town of Spain, in An dalufia : it ftatids pretty high, has a place where the Romans built a bridge oviSr a morafs, with a tower at each end. Alcaraz, a town of Spain, in La Mancha, defended by a ftrong caftle, and lias a remarkable ancient aqueduft. It is fituated near the fource of the river Gua- dalquivcr, 135 miles S. S. E. of Madrid. Lon. i. 5. W.lat. 38. 28. N. Alcazar Leguer, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez. It was taken by Alphonfo king of Portugal, in 1468 ; but foon after abandoned. It is feated on tiia Straits of Gibraltar. . Lon. 5. 30. W. lat. 35. o. N. ' Alcazar de Sal, a town of Portu gal, in Eftramadura, with 3 caftle reckon ed impregnable. They make fine white fak here, whence the town takes its name. It is feated on the river Cadoan, 1 5 miles from the fea, and 35 S. E. of Lifbon. Lon. 9. o. W.lat. 38. 18. N. Alcazar, a town of Spain, ip New Caftile, on the river Guadamana. It has a fortrefs on a high hill, and lies in a very fruitful country, 100 miles N. W. of Car- thagena. Lon. 4. c.o. W. lat. 38. 15, N. Alconchoe, a caftle of Spain, on the frpntiers of Eftramadura, feated on the river Alcaraque, that falls into the Gua diana, 20 miles S. by W. of Badajox. Lon. 6. 5S.W. lat. 38. 12. N. Alcoutim, a town of Portugal, .in the kingdom of Algarve. It is feated on the river Guadiana, and contains about 1000 inhabitants. Lon. 7. 20. W. lat. 37. 20, N. Alcudia, a town in Majorca, confift. ing of "about 1000 houfes, between two large harbours. Lon. 3. o. E. lat. jj. 50. N. Aldborough, a town m Suffolk, with a market on Wednefday and Satur day. It is pleafantly feated in a dale, be tween a high MU to the Weft and the fea to the Eaft. A river runs on the §. W, and, thj old church ftands on a hill. It is 9 4» ALE ALE 46 miles E. of Bury, and 94 N. E. of Liin- don. It fends two members to parliament, and is governed by a baihff, 12 aldermen, and 24 common-council. The harbour is tolerably good, but fmall. The town was formerly much longer ; but the fea has taken away whole ftreets. Lon. i. 42. E. lat. 52. 16. N. Aldborough, a' town in the W. riding of Yorkfhire, on the Oufe, h-ad for merly a market, and ftill fends two mem bers to parliament. It is 15 miles N. W. of York, and 205 N. by "VV. of London. Lon. 1. 10. W. lat. 54- 3.N. Aldea, a town of Porti.ij.^al, in Eftra madura, 10 miles S. ^. of Lifbon. Lon. 8. 55. W.lat. 38. 36. N. Alderbury, a village in Wiltfliire, on a healthy hill, in a good fporting coun try, and near the Avon. It carries on a manufafture of fuftians, and received con- ffiderable damage by a fire in Sept. 1777, when 200 houfes were deftroyed. It is two miles from Salifbury. Alderholm, a pleafant ifland of ' Sweden, formed by the three arms- of a river, running through Gentle, a town of .Nordland. A confiderable trade is carried on here in pl-anks and deals. Alderney, an ifland in the Britifii charuiel, feparated from. France by a ftrait <;alled the Race of Alderney, which is a a very dangerous paffage, on account of the rocks .under water. It is a healthful ifland, and fruitful in corn and pafture ; but has only one church. The inhabit ants live to.eether in a town of the lame name, the ifland being but eight miles in circumference. Lon. 2. 7. W. lat. 49., 45. N. Alegrette, a town o<^ Portugal, in Alentcjo, on the river Caia,, which falls into the Guadiana, a Httle below Badajox. It is feven miles S. E. of Portalegra. Lon. 7. 25. W. lat. 39. 2. N. - AlentEJO, a province of Portugal, between the Tajo and Guadiana : the foil is fertile, and the inhabitants induftrious. Alencjon, a large and handfome town of France, in the department of Orne, and late province of Normandy. N,,;ar it are ftone qi^arries, in which they find a fort of cryftal like Briftol ftones. It is fc;".ted in an open country, abounding- in all fbrfs of corn and fruits, on the river Sarte, 20 miles N. of Mans, and 87 S. W. of Paris. Lon. o. 10. E. lat. 43. 18. N. Aleppo, the capital of Syria, in Afia. It was taken by the Arabs in 1637, and is inhabited by Turks, and four forts of Chriftians," who have each a bifhop, a ehurch, aud the free exercifc of tlieir reli gion. The city and fuburbs contain" 23 5,000 perfons. Next to Cohftantinoplir and Cairo, it is the moft confiderable town in the Turkifli empire. It ftands on eight hills, in the middle of a pleafant fruitful plain, being of an oval figure, and about three miles in circumference. The caftle ftands on the higheft hill, in the middle of the city ; and the houfes are better than in other places in Turkey. As ufual in the Eaft, they confift of a large court, with a a dead wall to the ftreet, an arCade running round it, paved with marblfe, ahd a marble fountain in the middle. The city and fuburbs are feven miles in compafs. The ftreets are narrow, but well pwvcd v.ith large fquare ftones, and kept very clean. They have a great many ftately mofques and caravanferas, with fountains and rcfer- voirs of water ; and vineyards and gardens' -vvell planted with moft kinds of fruit. The water in all the wells in the city is brackifh ; but' good water is brought from fome fprings about five miles off, by an aque duft, faid to have been built by the emprefs Helena. The Chriftians have their houfej and churches in the fub-cirbs, and carry on a confiderable trade in filks, camblets, and Turkey leather. Several European na-. tions have faftories4iere, and the Englifh live in a quadrangle, refembling a college, having their chaplain and chapel ; and, at leifure hours, divert themfelves -(vith hunt ing and fowling. Indeed, the European merchants live here in greater fplcndour and fafety than in any other city in the Turkifli empire ; which is owing to par- ticular . capitulations v.dth the Porte, - Coaches or carriages are not ufed here, but perfons of quality ride on horfeback, with a number of fcrvants before them, according to their rank. The Enghlh, French, and Dutch cOnfuls are much re- fpeft'ed, and appear abroad, the Englifh cfpecially, with marks of diftinftion. The heat of the cpuntry makes it convenient for the inhabitants to fleep in the open air, in this city, over a'U Arabia, and in many other parts of the Eaft ; for which reafon, their houfes are flat on the top. This praftice accounts for the early acquaintance of thefe nations with aftronomy, and ex- -plains fome parts of the holy fcripture. As the Turks are very uniform in their way of living, this account of Aleppo may give ' an idea of othCT Turkifh cities. Eighteen miles S.iE. of Aleppo, -is a large plain, called the valk-y of Salt, bounded by low rocky hills, wliich form a kind of naturaf bafon, that retains the rain defcendingfrom tiie rocks, tnc^cther with the water rifing from a few fprings, and caufe the whole ALE A L F to be overflowed in winter. The extent and Unevcnncfs of the fui Face prevents this water from being of any great depth ; fo that it is foon evaporated by the fun, when it leaves a cake of fait, in fome places half an inch thick; and with this the Avhole inclofed' plain is covered. The foil cf this plain is a ftiff clay ftrongly impregnated with fait. In A, .rii.. people are employed to gather this fait, which is very good, and fufiicient to fupply all this part of the country. Aleppo is feated on a fmall brook, 170 miles N. by E. of Damafcus, and 60 from the fea. Lon. 37. 20. E. lat. 35. 45. N. ' Alesham, a fmall neat town in Nor folk,' With a market on Tuefday. It is 15 miles N. of Norwich, and 121 N. E. by N. of London. Lon. i. 17. E. lat. 52. 53. N. ., Alessano, a town of Otranto, in the kingdom of Naples, with a bifliop's fee, 1 5 miles S. W. of the town of Otranto. Lon. 18. 25. E. lat. 40. 10. N. Alessia, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Albania ; it is a bifhop's fee, near the mouth of the Drino. Lon. 20'. 6. E. lat. 42. 8. N. Alessio, a town of Turkey, in Dal matia. It is a bifliop's fee, and feated on a mountainf'25 miles from Spalatro. Alet, a town of France, in the depart ment of Aude, and late province of Lan guedoc. It was lately an cpifcopal fee, and is remarkable for its baths, and for the grains of gold and filver found in the ftrear-j which runs frorn the Pyrenees, at the foot of which it ftands. It is feated on the river Aude, 15' miles S. of Carcaffone. Lon. 1.. 2 5. E. lat. 42. 59. N. Alexandretta, or Scanderoon, a town of Syria, in Afia, at the extremity of the Mediterranean Sea, and the feaport town of Aleppo. It is now properly fpeaking, nothing bur a village without walls, in which the tombs are more numer ous than the houfes. The road is fubjeft to many great inconveniencies ; but the extreme unwholcfomenefs of the air is the worft. This annually carries off one third of the crews of the veffels which remain here during the fummer ; and fliips have even frequently loft all their men in two months ; on this account, while the heats are exceffive, the principal inhabitants re tire to the neighbouring villages, among the mountains, where there is excellent water, and delicious fruits. It is 70 miles VV. of Aleppo. Lon. 36. 23. E. lat. 36. 3 5- N. Alexandria, a confiderable town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a bi fliop's fee, and a ftrong caftle. It was taken by prince Eugene in 1706, and hj the French -in 1745; !>"-' '' was retaken next year by the king of Sardir.i.'.. It it fe?ced on the river Tanaro, 40 miles S. by E. of Milan. Lon. 8. 43, E. lat. 44. 55. N. Alexandria, or Scanderia, an ancient and once rich and famous town of Egypt, now much decayed, though there are flill feme remains of its ancient fplen- dour, ' particularly Pompey's pillar, and two obelifks full of hieroglyphics. The ancient Pharos, fo famous in antiquity, that it wz-'i numbered among the feyen wonders of the world, is now in ruins, or rather turned into a caftle called Pharillon, ufed to direft veffels into the harbour. This city was firft biiilt by Alexander the Great, and now confifts chiefly of orie long ftreet, facing the harbour, the reft being a heap of ruins ; part of the walls are ftand ing, with great fquare towers 200 paces diftant ; each of which would contain 200 foldiers, and had a ciftern in it, to which the water of the Nile was conveyed. It was formerly a place of great trade, all the treafures of the Eaft Indies being depofited there : but fince the difcavery of the Cape of Good Hope, this trade is ma great meafure loft. The land on which the town ftands is fo low, that the feamen can hardly difcover it till they are very near. The gates of the town are of Thebaic and granite marble, and Pompey's pillar is one entire piece of granite, 70 feet high, and 2; in circumference. This place is fub jeft to tfio Grand Signior, who, however, has but a limited authority. It is feated on the moft v/efterly branch of the river Nile, 115 miles N. W. of Cairo. Lon, 31. 1 1. E. lat. 30'. 21. N. * Alexandria, a town of Virginia, in N. America, on the fouth bank of the river Patomak. The fituation is elevated and pleafant, but the water fo bad, that the inhabitants arc obliged to fend nearlf a mile for v/hat is drinkable. The origi nal fettlers laid out the ftreets on the plan of Philadelphia. It contains upward of 300 houfes, many of which are handfome. Nine miles below the town, on the "Vir ginia bank of the Patomak, where it is nearly two miles wide, is I\1ount "Vernon, the celebrated feat of general -Waftiington. Alexandria is too miles N. rf Richmond. Lon. 77. u. W. lat. 38. 30. N. Alfacks, the name of certain iflands near the mouth of the. Ebro, in the prin cipality of Catalonia, in Spain. Alfeizer.ao, a fmall town of EAra- madura, in Portugal, on the feafide. Lon. 9. 10. W. lat. 3.9. 30. N. Alkeld, a town of ALL in t688. In 1775, the Spaniards made a defcent near the city with a very formid able army, but were defeated with great llaughter. In 1784, they fent a power ful fleet to attack the forts that defend the harbour; but they were repelled by the Algerines, although they made eight fuccelEve attacks with great fpirit and bravery. In 1767, the , Algerines took the lead of the other piratical ftates of Barbary, in refufing to pay any longer their ufual tribute to the Porte. Algiers is fituated oppofite Minorca, 380 miles W. of Tunis. Lon. 2. 18. E. lat. 36. 49. N. • Algonc^uins, an Indian tribe of N. America, in Canada,' who live a wander ing life, near the Lake Ontario': their lan guage is the moft efteemed of any in North America. Alhama, a handfome and large town of Granada in Spain. A little below it are hot, baths, accounted the beft in Spain. It is feated in a valley furrounded by crag gy mountains, 2 5 miles S. W. of Granada. Lon. 3. 24. "VV. lat. 36. 56. N. - , Alicant, a fmall, but rich and ftrong town of "Valencia, in Spain, remarkable for its harbour, which is defended by ftrong baftions ; for its excellent wine, and the fertility of its foil, which produces excel lent fruits, and plenty of rofemary of an extraordinary fize. It has a great trade, and the EngUfh, Dutch, French, and Ita lians, have confuls here. The caftle, on a high rock, was reckoned impregnable ; however, it was taken by the Englifli in 1706. It was likewife .taken by the Frencfh and Spaniards, after a fiege of almoft two years ; aAd then part of the rock on which the caftle ftood was blown up. It is feated on the Mediterranean, on a bay of the fame name, 75 miles S. of "Valencia. Lon. o. 0-. lat. 38. 16. N. Aligata, a town of Sicily, remark able for corn and good wine. It is feated in a fort of peninfula near- the foa, 22 miles S. E. of Gcrgenti. Lon. 13. 48. E. lat. 37- ".N. * Allahabad, a city of Oudc, in Hindooftan Proper, feated at the point of the confluence of the two great rivers, the Ganges and Jumna, was founded by the emperor Acbar, who intended it as a place of arms. It belongs to the Nabob of Oude i but its fortifications v/ill hardly re- fift the battering of a field-piece. It is 470 miles N. W. of Calcutta. Lon. 82. o. E. lat. 25. 45. N. * Allegany, or Appalachian Mountains, the gener.1l name of a long range of mountains in N.' America, be tween the Atlantic, the Mifllifippi, and ALL the Lakes. They extend north-eafterly and fouth-wefterly, nearly parallel v/ith the feacoaft, about 900 miles in length, and from 60 to 200 in breadth. The dif ferent ridges v-'hich compofe this immenfe range have different names in the different ftates. Advancing from the Atlantic; the firft ridge in Pennfylvaiiia, "Virginia, and N. Carolina, is the 'Blue Ridge, or Soutfi Mountain, from 130 to 200 miles from the fea, and aboCit 4000 feet high from its bafe. Between this and the North Moun tain, fpreads a large fertile vale. Next lies the Allegany, which is the principal ridge, and has been defcriptively called the back-bone of the United States. Beyond this is the long ridge called the Laurel Mountains, in a fpur of which, in lat. 36'=', is a fpring of water, 50 feet deep, very cold, and as blue as indigo. From, thefe feveral ridges proceed innumerable name- lels branches or fpurs. The Kittatinnyj or Blue Mountains, run through the northern parts of New Jerfey and Penn- fylvania. The general name for thefe mountains feems not yet to have been de termined. Mr. Evans, an American geo-^ ' graphcr, calls them the Endlefs Moun tains : others have called them the Appala chian, from a tribe of Indians, who live on a river proceeding from this ridge, called the Appalachikola. But the moft common^ and, no doubt, the moft proper name, is the Allegany Ivlountains,- fo called from the principal ridge. Thefe mountains arc not confufedly fcattered and brokenj rifing here and there into high peaks over- topping each other, but ftretch along in uniform ridges, fcarcely half a mile high. They fprsad as we proceed fouth, and fome of them terminate in high perpen dicular bluffs. Others gradually fiibfide into a level country, giving rife to the ri vers which run foutherly into the gulf of Mexico. In the back parts of Pennfyl- vania, fcarcely one acre in ten of this range is capable of culture : but this is not the cafe in all parts ; for numerous trafts of fine arable and pafture land intervene be tween the ridges, having generally a rich black foil, tndeed, fome of the mountains will admit qf cultivatipn almoft to their tops. *' Allegany, a river of North Ame rica, which rifes in the Allegany Moun tains, near the fource of the Tyoga, in lat. 42°. At Fort Venango, at the mouth of French Creek, it is 200 yards wide, and navigable for fight batteaus. At Fort Pitt it joins the Monongahela, and then affumes the iiame of Ohio. See Ohio. Allchurch, a village, of Warwick- Ihire, once feven miles in circumference. C The A L M ALP The Raman Ickneld-ftreet paffes through it. This village was formerly a borough, and had a market, and feveral ftreets, the names of which are now loft. The bifliop of Worcefter had formerly a palace here ; and the church, feveral parts of which are of Saxon architefture, contains many an tique monuments. It is five miles from Bromfgrove, in the road to Leicefter. Allegranza, a fmall ifland of Afri ca, and one of the Canaries, lying to the N. of Graciofa, to the N. "W". of Rocca, and to the E. of St. Clare. There are feveral caftles that defend the harbour. , ¦' Allen, a fmall river of Flintfliire, in N. Wales, which finks under ground, 3?ear Mold, and is loft for a fliort fpace. ALLENDORF,a fmall town in the land- graviate of Heffe-Caffel, remarkable for its falt-works, and three ftone bridges. It is feated on the Wefer, 15 miles E. of Caffel. Lon. 9. 59. E. lat. 51. 19. N. Alleria, a decayed town in Corfica, a bifhop's fee, and the place where king Theodore firft landed in 1736. Lon. 8. 50. E. lat. 42. 5. N. ¦* Allier, a department of France, lately the province of Bourbonnois, is fo called from a river which flows by Mou- lins, and falls into the Loire above Orleans. Alloa, a tow'n of Scotland, on the Frith of Forth, and in the fhire of Clack mannan. It, confifts of one fpacious ftreet, welf-paved, and fhaded with rows of lime- trees. Here is a cuftomhoufe for the convenience of the fhipping in this part of . the nrfrth, and it is the refort of all the coal veffels in the neighbourhood. It has a flafshoufe and fome other manufaftories. ,on. 3. 45. W. lat. 56. 10. N. Alm.acarron, a feaport of Spain, in Murcia, at the mouth of the river Guada- lantine, near the Mediterranean, 20 miles S. W. of Carthagena. Lo». o. 56. W. lat. 37-. 28. 'N. A-lm anza, a httle town of New Caf tile, in Spain, remarkable fpr the viftpry gained by the French and Spaniards over the 'allies in 1707, when moft of the En glifh were killed or taken, having been abandoned by the Portuguefe horfe at the firft charge. It is 50 miles S. W. of Va lencia, Lon, o. 56. W. lat. 38. 54. N. Almeda, a town of Portugal, in Eftra- ' madura, feated on the Tajo, oppofite, to Lifbon. Lon. ,g. 4. W. lat. 38, 33. N, Almeida, a town of Portugal, in the province of Tra-los-montes, on the con- Jines of Lepn, where there was a very Wifli aftipn between the French and Pprtu- guef^ in 1663, 17 miles N. "VV. of Civi- dad Rodrigo. Lon, 6, 15, W. lat. 40. 45- N. Almeida, a fortified town of Portu gal,, in the province of Beira, on the river Coa : it contjains but one parifli church, though near 2200 inhabitants. Lon. 8. 15, W. lat. 40. 38. N. Almendvalaio, a townof Eftrama dura, in Spain, near the borders of Portu- gaL Lon. 5. 6. W. lat. 38. 36. N. Almeria, a feaport of Spain, in the kingdom of Granada, with a bifhop's fee. It is feated on the river Almeria, on the Mediterranean, 62 miles S. E. of Granada, Lon. i. o. W. lat. 36. 51. N. Almissa, a fmall ftrong town, at the mouth of the Cetina, in Dalmatia, famous for its piracies, 10 miles E. of Spalatro, Lon. 17. 45. E. lat. 44. 4. N. Almondsbury, a village in Glou- cefterfliire, where Alemond, father of Eg bert, the firft fole monarch of England, is faid to have been buried. Here is a forti fication of the Saxons, with a double ditch, which commands an extenfive view pf the Severn. It is eight miles from Briftol. Almunecar, a town of Spam, in Granada, feated on the Mediterranean, with a good harbour, defended by affrong caftle, 30 miles S. S. E. of Alhama. Lon. 3. 45. W. l^t. 36. 30. N. Alnwick, the county- town of Nor thumberland, on the road to Berwick, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the little river Alne, and is a populous well- built town, with a town-houfe. It has three gates, which remain almoft entire, and fliow that it was formerly furrounded by a wall. It was defended by an old ftately Gothic caftle, the feat of the duke of Nor thumberland, which has been lately repair. ed and beautified. It is 30 miles N. of Newcaftle, 26 S. of Berwick, and 305 N. by W. of London. Lon. i. 30. W. lat. 55. 25.N. A lost, a town of Flanders, on the ri ver Dender, 1 5 miles N. W. of Bruffels. Lon. 4. 12. E. lat. 50. 58. N. Alps, the higheft mountains in Eu rope, feparating Italy from France and Germany. They begin on the fide of France tpward the Mediterranean, between the territory of Genoa and county of Nice ; and they terminate at the gulf of Carmero, which is part of the gulf of Ve nice. They confift of lofty chains of mountains, ranging one upon another, with only narrpw vallies between. They are compofed of ftupendous rocky maffes, two, four, and even fix being piled upon each other, and from 4000 to 12000 feet high. There are few paffes over them, and thofe of difficult accefs, which are the chief fe- curity of Piedmont againft the attempts of France. Swifferland takes iip a good part of ALS *F thefe mountains, or rather the vallies between them, and fpr that reafpn is fe- cure againft the Germans and French. The famous Hannibal attempted to crofs the Alps on the fide of Piedmont, in the -winter feafon, when he invaded Italy, and loft moft pf his elephants among them, '* Alps, Upper, a department pf France, including part pf the late province of Dauphiny, is fo called from its vicinity to the mountains of the fame name, '-" Alps, Lower, a department of France, including part of the late province of Provence. Alpuxares, high mountains of Gra nada, in Spain, near the Mediterranean. Thev'are inhabited by the Morifcoes, who carefully cultivate the ground, which prp. duces exceUent wines and fruits. Alresford, a town in Hampfhire, with a market on Thurfday. It is i8 miles E. N. E. of Spufhamptpn, and 57 W. S. W. pf Lpndpn. It is gpverned by a bailiff, has one church, about 200 houfes, two principal ftreets, which are large and broad, and a fmall manufafture pf lin- feys. Lpn, i, i. W. lat. 51. 6. N. Alsace, late a prpvince pf France, bpunded on the E. by the Rhine, on the S. by Swifferland and Franche. Comte, on fhe W. by Lorrain, and on the N. by the Palatinate of the Rhine. It is a very fertile cPuntry, prpducing plenty pf all forts of corn, wine, pafture, wood, flax, tobac co, pulfe, and fruit-trees. There are mines of filver, copper, and lead, as well as mineral waters. It is diverfified with pleafant hills, and mountains covered with forefts, in which are pine trees 120 feet high. Straflburg is thij capital. The lan guage is the German, it having been part of that empire. It is npw included in the department pf the Lpwer Rhine. AisEN, an ifland in Denmark, in the Leffer Belt, or entrance into the Baltic, between Slefwick and Funen. It has no thing remarkable but twp caftlps, and is 100 miles W. of Copenhagen. Alsfield, an ancient well-built town ,ef Germany, in the landgraviate of Heffe Caffel, 12 miles N. W. of Marpurg. Lon. 9. o. E. lat. 50. 55. N. Its inha bitants were the firft of this country who embraced the reformation. Alsheda, a parifli of Sweden, in the prpvince pf Smaland, where a gpld mine - was difcovered in 1738. Alston-moor, a town in Cumber land, with a market on Saturday, It is •n a hiU, at the foot of which runs the Tync, with a ftpne bridge pver it, aftd near it is plenty pf lead pre. It is 20 joiles E. by S. of Carlifle, and 303 N. N. A L t "w, pf tiondpn, Lpn. z, 14. W, lat, ;4<" 50. N. Alt amont, a handfpme town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naplesj and in Calabria Citerior, 15 miles N. W, of Bafigniano. Lon. 16. 22. E; lat. ^9,- 50. N. Alt AMUR A, a town of Naples,'in the territory of Bari, at the foot of the Appen- nines. Lon. 16. 58, E. lit. 41. 6. Ni Altea, a feaport of Valencia, in Spain. It was taken in 1705, for the archduke Charles ; but loft, after the famous battle of Almanza. It is feated on the Mediter ranean, 42^ miles S. E, of Valencia, and 1 10 S. by E. cf Madrid. Lon. 6. 151 E. lat. 38, 34. N. Altena, a feaport of Germany, in the duchy of Hnlftein, commodioufly feated oil the Elbe, in the vicinity of JHamburg. The Danes built it in that fituatioft, that it might 'rival Hamburg in commerce. Being declared a free port, and the ftaple of the Danifh Eaft India cpmpany, and the merchants alfo enjoying liberty of confci- ence, great numbers flocked to Altena from all parts of the north, and even from Hamburg itfelf. It was burnt by the Swedes in 17 12, but has been beautifully- rebuilt. Lon. 9. '52. E. lat. 53. 37. N... Altenburg, atown in the circle of' Upper Saxpny, with a ftrong caftle ; for merly an imperial town, but now belong ing to the houfe pf Saxpny, It is feated pn the river Pleiffe, 20 miles S. pf Leip- fic. Lpn. 12. 28. E. lat. 50. 59. N. Altenburg, a town of Tranfylvania, 18 miles S. of Weiffemburg.- Lon. 23. 15. E. lat. 46. o. N. Altenburg, pr Owar, a ftrong; town of Lower Hungary, Pfi the Danube, 15 miles S. pf Prefburg, and 40 S. E. pf Vienna. Lon. 17. 13. E. lat. 48. o. N. Altenburg, or Oldenburg, ajt ancient town of Germany, in Holflein. Lon. 10. 20. E. lat. 54. 20. N. AltessOn, a town .of Piedmont, be tween the rivers Dore and Stura, two miles E. of Lauvenerie. Lon, 7, 20. E. lat. 44. 36, N. Altezey, atown and caftle of Ger many, in the Lower Palatinate, capi'al of a territory of the fame name, 1 5 miles S. W. of Mentz. Lon. 8. 12, E. lat, 49. 40. N. Altin, alake-of Ruffia, in Afia, iS miles long, and 12 broad; the northefn part is frpzcn over in the winter, but not the fouthern. . Altkirch, a town pf France, in the depaitment pf the Upper Rhine, and late prpvince cf Alface, on the river lUe, 45 miles S. S; W. pf Strafburg. Lon. 7. 40^ E, latt 47< 4«- N. > ' C a Ai,TM. lat. 19. 10. N. Amelia, an ancient town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, with a bifhop.'s fee ; feated oli a mountain, between the Tibet and Nira, in a fertile country, 20 miles S. W. of Spoleto, and 45 N. pf'Rpme. Lpn. 12. 30. E. lat. 42. 33. N. AMERICA, pne of the four parts of the wprld, and by much the largeft. \t is bpunded pn all fides by the ocean, as appears from the lateft difcoveries ; it be- jng formerly fuppofed to join to the north- eaft part of Afia. It took its name from Americus Vefpucius, a Florentine, who having aci:pmpanied Ojeda, an enterprifing Spanifh adventurer, to America, and drawn up an amufing hiftory of his voy age, pubhfhed it, and it was read -with admiration. In his narrative, he had in- finuated, that the glory of having firft dif covered the ccntinent of the new world belonged tP him. This was in part be- lieved ; the ccuntry began to bp called after the name of its fuppofed firit difco- verer ; and the unaccountable caprice qf man. kind has perpetuated the error. But Ame. _Tica was firft difcovered by Chriftopher Co. Jumbus, a Genoefe, in 1491. Some call it the New World, and -wiith great pro priety ; for not -only the men, but the birds and beafts differ in fome refpefts from thtJfe known before. It has hkewife a great number of trees, fhrubs, and plants,- that grew no where elfe, before they were tranfplant?d to Pther places. All the ^en, except the Eflrimaux, near Green land, fepm tP have the fame priginal ; for they agree in every particular, from the Straits of Magellan, in the S. to Hudfpn's Bay, in tjjie N. Theit ikins, unlefs daubed ¦with greafe or pil, are of a red copper co« lour, and they have no beards, or hair on any pther part pf their bpdies, except the head, where it is black, ftraight, and coarfe, Many are the cpnjeftures abput the peppfing this vaft continent, and al moft as various'as their authors. America is fo long, that it takes in not only all the Torrid, but alfo the Temperate and part of the Frigid Zones. It is hard to fay how many different languages there are in America, a vaft number be'ing fpoken by the different people in different parts ; and as to religion, there is no giving_.^ny tolerable, account of it in ge neral, though forne of the moft civilized among them feem to have wprfhipped the fun. The principal mptive pf the Spaniards in fending fp many colonies here was the thirft of gold; and indeed they and the Portuguefe are . pbffeffed of all thofe parts where it is found in the greateft plenty. This vaft continent is divided into N. and S. America, which are joined by the Ifthmus of Darien. It has the loftieft mountains in the world, fuch as thofe that fornithe immenfe chain called the Andes ; and the 'moft ftupen- dous rivers, fuch as the River of Amazons (" the mighty Orellana") the "fea-like Plata", the Oronoque, the Miffiffippi, the lUinois, the Mifaures, the Ohio, the St. La-ivrence, the Hudfon, the Delaware, the Sufquehana, the Potomac, &c. Befide the Aborigines, who inhabit the interior parts, and the United States of America, who poffefs fome of the fineft provinces, that formerly belpnged to Great Britain, the different European powers have rich and flouriihing'colonies here. The Ame. rican States are 13 in numberj each hav. ing a feparate local government. Eleven ' of them are formed into pne federal repub. lie. Thefe ftates long flouriflied as pro. vinces of Great Britain ; but parliament attempting to tax them by its fole authori. ty, without the intervention of their affem- blies, a civil war enfued : a congrefs was formed, which, in 1776, difclaimed all ^e. pendence pn the mother country ; the French king entered intP an alliafice witfi themin 1778 ; the colonies, powerfully af. fifted by France, were fuccefsful ; and Great Britain, in 1782, acknowledged their independence in preliminary articles of peace, finally ratified hy the definitive treaty in 1783. The Americans have fince formed a new fedpral ppnftitution, which feems to be admirably calculated for the country ; afid the unioii is now go verned by a congrefs^ confifting of a prefi. dent, yice-prefident, fenate, and hoUfe pf re- prefentativej, Thereprcfentativesare eleft- J^n^raved /^r Mr^okef Gaze^eer. AMI ed every fecond year; the fenators are chofen for fix years, and the prefident and vice- prefident for four. The illuftrious George Wafliington, their general, throughout the whole V ar, was elefted the firft prefident, and re-elefted in i7g2. The ' thirteen ftates are. New Hampfliire (including the province of Main) Maffachufets, Rhode Ifland, and Connefticut, in New England ; New York, New Jerfey, Pennfylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. North Caro lina and Rhode Ifland had not accepted the new conftitution in 1792. Vermont in New England, and Kentucky in Vir ginia, will prolmbly be added to the union ; and all the country to the N. of the Ohio, extending from Pennfylvania to the E. the Lakes on the N. and Miffiffippi on the . W. is intended, by Congrefs, to be divided into ten new ftates, to be' called Wafhington, Metropotamia, Pefilippi, Michigania, lUinoia, Cherfonefus, Sara toga, Sylvania, Affenipi, and Polypota- mia. The American ftates extend 1250 miles in length, from Eaft Florida to the N. W. angle of Nova Scotia ; being fitu ated between 3 1° and 46° N. lat. The countries ftill poffeffed by Great Britain on this continent are, Labrador or New Britain, Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunfwick. In N. America, Spain poffeffes E. and W. Flo rida, Louifiana, New Mexico, California, and Old Mexico or New Spain: in S. America, they have Terra Firma or Caf tile del Oro, Peru, Chili, and Paragua or La Plata. In S. America, the Portuguefe have Brazil ; the French, Cayenne ; and the Dutch, Surinam, both in Guiana. See Indians of America. Amersfort, a confiderable town of the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht; feated in a fertile country on the river Ems, 12 miles E. of Utrecht, Lon, 5. 22. E, lat. 52. 14. N. Amersham, or Agmondesham, a town of Bucks, with a market on Tuefday. The town-hall, pr mar-ket-hpufe, is a brick building, fiippprted by arched pillars. Amerfham fends two members to parlia ment, chofen by the lord's tenants pf the borpugh, who pay fcpt and Ipt, about 130 in number. It is 26 miles S. E. of Buck ingham, and 29 N. W. of London. Lon, o. 35. W. lat. 51. 40. N. Amid, a town of Turkey in Afia, 40 miles from Amafi, and 60 from Tocat, Lon. 36. 40. E. lat. 40. 30. N. Amiens, a handfome, large, and an- .cient town of France, in the department of Somme, and late province of Picardy. It is ths gpifcopal tQwn of the department, . AMP' The nave of the ' cathedral church is a finifhed piece of building, and the whole ftrufture ftately ; befide which, there are 10 parifh churches, one in the fuburbs, and an academy of- belles lettres. Three branches of the river Somme enter this city. It was taken by the Spaniards, in 1 597,-by the following ftratagem : foldiers, difguifed like peafants, condafted a cirt loaded with walnuts, and let a bag of them fall juft as the gate was opened ; and while the guard was bufy in gathering up the nuts, the Spaniards entered, and be- came mafters of the town. It was retaken by Henry IV. who built a citadel here. It has manufadtures in linen and woollen cloth, eftabhfhed by Colbert, which em. ploy, in the city and adjacent country, 30,000 people. It is in the road, from Calais to Paris, 20 miles S. E. of Abbe ville, and 75 N. of Paris. Lon, 2. 28. E. lat. 49. 54. N. '* Ammercot, a fort in Hindooftan Proper, in an extenfive fandy defert be. tween the Indus, the territories of Agi. mere and Moultan, and the Puddar. This place is celebrated as the retreat of the emperor Huma'ioon; during his troubles ; and here was born his fon, the illuftrious Acbar. It is 190 miles N. by E.of Tatta. Amol, a town of Afia, in the country of the Ufbecks, feated on the river Gibon, 60 miles W. of Bokhara. Lon, 64, 30. E. lat. 39. 20. N. Amok!gus, an ifland of the Archipe lago, fertile in wine, oil, and corn. It is well-cultivated, and the inhabitants are affable, and generally of the Greek church. The beft parts belong to a monaftery. The greateft inconvenience in this ifland is the want of fuel. It is 30 miles in cir cumference, and 67 N. of Candia, Lon, 26. 15. E. lat. 36. 20. N. Amour, a river of Afia, which rifes in Siberia, runs E. through Chinefe Tar. tary, and falls into the ,Bay of Corea, Amoy, an ifland on the S. .W. coaft of China, The Englifh had a faftory here, but abandoned it, on account of the impofitions of the inhabitants. AMphipolis, a to-vvn of Turkey m Europe, anciently the capital- of Macedo nia, on the river Strynion, 70 miles N. E. of Saloniclii. Lon, '24. 16, E-.lat, 41, 33.., N. '-* Amplepuis, a town of France, ia the department of Rhone and Loire. It is. celebrated for its wines, and is 16 miles E. of Rouanne, Ampthill, a tPwn in Bedfordfhire, with a market on Thurfday, feated plea fantly between two hills, but in a barren foil, It is noted ,for .having been the re- C 4 fidence A M S A N G fidcncc of Catherine of Arragon, queen of Henry VIII. during the time herunjuft divorce was in agitation. This event is commemorated by an elegant poetical in- fcription, by Mr. Fitzpatrick, on a co lumn where the old caftle ftood. , It is fix miles S. of Bedford, and 45 N. W. r.f Londci. Lon. o. 30. W. lat. 52. 6. N. Ampurias, a feaport town of Spain, in Catalonia, at the mouth pf the river Fluvia, 60 miles N. E. pf Barcelpna. Lpn. 3. 6. E. lat. 42. 5. N. Amras, a ftrong caftle, 'in Germany, agreeably feated in the Tirol, two miles S. E. of Infpruck. It is remarkable for a rich library, adorned with the portraits of many learned men. Lon. ir. 29. E. lat. 47. g. N. Ambersbury, a town in Wikfhire, with a market on Friday, fix miles N. of Safifbury, and 78 W. cf London. Lon. J, 40. "VV. lat. 51. II. N. Amsterdam, a large, rich, populous, trading, handfome city, capital of the Uni ted Provinces. The walls are high, and well-fortified ; and the bridge which joins the rampart is built over the river Amftel, and is one of the fineft pieces of architec ture in thefe parts. Few cities have their public buildings fo fine, numerous, and well-kept. Here are many handfome churches, and hofpiials for perfons of all ages, religions, and countries. One great caufe of the populoufnefs of Amfterdam is their tolerating all religions, -\vho have the life of churches and bells ; though the reigning religion is the Proteftant. The exchange is one of the principal ornaments of the city, and the harbour is one of the largeft an'd fineft in Europe, where a vaft number of merchant fliips may always be feen ; though there is a bar at its entrance, which is, however, a great fecurlty againft foreign enemies. The foundation of this town is laid upon piles, driven into a mo- rafs, and under the ftadthoufe alone are 13,000. The houfes are brick and ftone, the ftreets fpacious^ and well-paved, and moft of thein have canals, with rows of t/ees on each fide. It is i:omputcd to be aoout half as big as London, and none of the inhabitants are idle. . It is governed by a college of 30 fenators, who hold their places for life, and 12 bu'rgomaftefs, four of whom are always fitting. ' It furren- dered t'p the king pf Pruffia, pn the loth of Oft. 1787, when that prince invaWed Hohand, in favour of the ftadtholder, but evacuated pn the reftp/atipn cf the latter to hi-' rights and' honours. It is feated att'iic confluence'of the rivers Amftel and ' Wye; 6; miles N. of Antwerp, 175 E. by N. of London, 240 N. by E. of Paris, aud ;6o N. W, of Vienna. Lon. 4. 50, E, lat. 52. 23. N. Am WELL, a village near Ware, in Hertfordfhire, famous fpr giving rife to the New River, which fupplies London with water. One part is called Amwell-Magna, and the other Parva, at which is the head of the river. Anadie, a confiderable river of Si-' beria, that falls into the Eaftern Ocean. Anagni, a fmall town of Italy, in Campania, and in the territory of the church: it is a bifliop's fee, 32 miles E. of Rome. Lon. 13. 25. E. lat. 41. 56. N. '* Anakopir, the capital of the na tion of the Abkas, in Alia; on the river Makai, which falls below it into the Black Sea. Anattom, one pf the iflands called Hebrides, in the South Sea, whofe lat. is 20, 10. S. and lon. 170. g. E. Ancarano, a tovi'n pf Italy, in the marquifite pf Anccna, five milfs N. of Af. cpfi, and 82 N, E. of Rome Lon. 13, 2g. E. lat. 42. 48. N. Ancaster, a village in Lincolnfhire, 15 miles S. of Lincoln. Ancenis, a town of France, feated on the river Loire, in the department pf Lower Loire, and late province of Bre- tagnc, 20 miles E. of Nantes. Lon. i. 5. W. lat. 47. 15. N. ' Anclam, a ftrong town of Germany, in Pomejrania, remarkable for excellent paftures. It is feated on the river Pene, 20 miles S. of Gripfwald. Lon. 14. 2, E. lat. 53. 52. N. Ancober, a territory on the gold coaft of Guinea, having a river of the fame name flowing through it, the banks of which are adorned with fine lofty trees, affording a very agreeable fhade. On the ¦jyeftern bank is a populous village. An c o N A , a marquffate in Italy, belong ing to the ccclefiaftical ftate. A fort of fiiellfifli called balani, is found here, amongthe ftones taken out of the harbour, and is in high efteem at Rppic Ancona, an ancient tq-wn pf Italy, pn the gulf of Venice, and in the marquifate of Ancona. It was originally built upon a hiU ; but the houfes have been gradually extended down the fide pf the eminence, toward the fea. The cathedral ftands on the higheft part ; whence there is a fine view of the town, the country, and th.e fea. The commerce of Ancona has ra pidly increafed pf late years; 'for which it is indebted to pope Clement XII. who made it a free port, and built a mole, to render the harbour fafe. It is erefted on the ruins of the ancient mole, raifcd by the emperor Tr^an, and is above 2000 feet in A N P A N P iii length, lOo in breadth, and abput 60 in depth from the furface of the fea. Near this ftands the Triumphal Arch of Tra jan, which, next the Maifoh Quarrde at "Nifmes, is the moft beautiful and entire monument of Roman magnificence exifting. Here likewife Clement erefted a lazaretto, which advances a fittle way into the fea, in the form of a pentagon, and is a noble as well as ufeful edifice. Great numbers of Jews are eftablifhed in this city. They have a fynagogue here ; and, although all religions are tolerated, theirs is the only foreign worfliip allowed to be publicly exercifcd. " In a word," fays a late tra veller, " the popes who firft thought of making Ancona a free port, of encour^- ing manufaftures, and of building a mple, to render the harbour more fafe, have in jured Venice in a more fenfible manner, than thofe who thundered bulls againft that republic ; but it is much to be quef- tipned whether the popes, by their en couragements to commerce, have aug mented their .own fpiritual importance in the fame proportion they have the temporal riches of their fubjefts." Ancona is 116 miles N. by E. of Rome. Lon. 13. 35. E. lat. 43. 38. N. Andalusia, a province of Spain, 250 miles in length and 150 in breadth. It is bounded on the S. by Granada, on the W. by Algarve and the fea, pn the N. by Eftramadura, and pn the E. by Mur cia. The Guadalquiver runs thrpugh its whple length ; and it is the moft , fertile, rich, agreeable, and trading country in Spain. The capital is SevHle. Andaman Islands, on -the E. fide of the entrance into the Bay of Bengal. The inhabitants are a harmlefs inoffenfive people. Jiving chiefly on rice, fruits, and herbs, with which, they furnifli fhips that come that way. '-¦' And AY E, a fortified town of France, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees. It is very famous for its brandy, and is fituated at the mouth of the river Bidaffoa, oppofite Fontarabia in Spain, 18 miles fromBayonne. Lon. i.45.'U'".lat.43.25.N. And ELY, a town of France, in the department of Eure, and late province of Normandy, is divided by a paved road into two little towns called Great and Little Andely, a mile from each other. Great Andely is in a valley, on the little river Gambons. It has a fountain, which bear? the name pf St. Clptilda, and to which pil grims refort on ,the feftival of that faint. Little Andely is on the Spine. The plpths manufaftured here, are faid tp be equal tP thofe of England, Andely is the birth place of Nicholas Pouffiii, the Raphael of France. It is 20 miles S. E. of Rouol, and 60 N. W. of Paris, Lon. 1, 30, E. lat. 49. 20. N. Andernach, a town of Germany, in the elcftorate of Cologne, feated on th? Rhine, 10 miles N. W. of Coblentz. Lon. 7. 22. E. lat. 50. 29. N. Andero, St. a feaport town of Spain, in the province of Bifcay, where the Spa- niards build and lay up ibme of their men of war. It is 60 miles W, of Bilboa, Lon. 4. 36. E. lat. 43. 25. N. Andes, or Cordilleras, a chain pf'mountains in S. America, running from N. to S. along the coaft of the Pacific Ocean. They exceed in length any chain of mountains in the other parts of ,the globe ; extending from the Ifthmus of Darien to the Straits of Magellan, divid ing the whole fouthern part of America, and running a length of 4300 miles. Dr. Robertfon, after obferving, that the moun tains in America are much fupSrior ii» height to thofe of the other divifions of the globe, fays : " Even the plain of Quito, which may be confidered as the bafe of the Andes, is elevated farther above the fea than the top pf the Pyrenees. This ftupendous ridge of the Andes, no lefs re markable for extent than elevation, rifes, in different places, more than one third above the Pike of Teneriffe, once thought to be the higheft land in the ancient he- mifphere./ The Andes may literally be faid to hide their heads in the clouds : the ftorms often roll, and the thunder burfts below, their fummits, which, though ex pofed to the rays of the fun, in the centre of the torrid zone, are covered with ever- lafting fnoAvs." From experiments made with a barometer on the mountain of Co- topaxi, it appeared that its fummit was elevated 6252 yards above the furface 'of the fea, fomethingmore than three geographical miles. In thefe mountains are many vclcanos. Andover, a large town of Hamp fhire, with a market on Saturday. It fends two members to parliament, and is a great thoroughfare on the weftern road, 10 miles N. by W. cf Winchefter, and 65 "W. by S. of London. Lon. i. 20. W. lat. 51. 14. N. Andrarum, a town of Sweden, in South Gothland, three miles S. of Chrif- tianftadt ; here is the greateft alum-work in the kingdpm. Andrew, St. a town pf Germany, in the duchy pf Carinthia, with a bifhqp's fee; feated pn the river Levant, 95 mfle« S. by W. pf Vienna. Lon. 15. 10. E. lat. 46. 52. N. Andrew's, St. a town of Scotland, in the county of Fife, with iin univjrfity » It A N G A N G it was formerly the fee of an archbifhop. It is feated at the bottom of a bay, on' the level top of a fmall hill, extending eaft and v/eik, having an open proi"peft taf the Ger man Ocean. The univerfity, which was founded by bifhop Wardlaw, in 141 1, confifts of three colleges. The cathedral, the chapel of St. Regulus (which is more pncient and entire than the cathedral) the church of St. Salvator, and the priory, have been noble Gothic ftruftures. The caftle was the fcene of the cruelty and the punifliment of cardinal Beaton : the -window is ftill fliown, from which he beheld the martyrdom of George Wifbart, who was burnt on the fpot beneath ; and in this caftle he himfelf was affaffmatcd in 1546. The 'houfes, though built of ftone, are gpne to'decay, there being no manufaftures here to fupport the nume rous iilhabitants ; nor is the harbour in a food condition. It is 30 miles N. E. of ,dinbiirgh, Lon. 2, 45. W, lat. 56. .18. N- Andria, a town of the kingdom of Naples, with -a bifliop's fee, 4 miles S. of Barletta. Lon. 16. 32. E. lat. 41. 25. N. Andros, ah ifland and town in the Archipelago. The inhabitants are of the Greek church, and have a bifliop and fe- Vcral monafteries. The principal riches of this iftand confift in filks, and the fields are pleafant and fertile, being planted with oranges, citrons, mulberries, pome granates, and figs. It lies to the N. of Candia. Lon. 25.^30. E. lat. 37. .50. N. Anduxar, a confiderable town of Spain, in Andalufia, defended by a ftrong caftle, arid feated on the Guadalquiver, 2 5 miles E. of Corduba. Lon, 3, 34, W. lat. 37. 55- N. Anegada, one of the Englifh Carib- bee Iflands. Lpn. 64. 7. W. lat. 18. 40. N. Angelo, St. a fmall but ftrong town fif Italy, in the Capitanata, five miles N. pf Manfredonia, and two from the fea. Lon. 16. 13. E. lat. 41. 40. "N. Angelos, a populous town of North America, in Mexico, with a bifhop's fee. The air is excellent, and the land abounds in corn. It is 62 miles S. E. of Mexico. Lon. 99. 22. W. lat. 19. 30. N. ¦ Angerburg, a handfome town in the kingdom of Pruffia, defended by a jlrong caftle, and feated on a lake of the fame name. Angers, an ancient town of France, in the late province of Anjou, and the epif, copal town of the department of Maine and Loire. It is feated near the conflu. fnce of the Sarte and Loire, and is divided \)y the Miiine into two parts ; the wef. tern, extending into the plain, and thc-csff'- ern, which rifes on the acclivity of a hill. Its environs prefent a pleafing view of nu merous country houfes, upward of a hiin- dred windmills, well-cultivated kitchen- gardens, and eminences that produce good white wine. The cathedral is an elegant ftrufture : the exquifite ncatnefs pf the wainfcot of the choir, the width of the nave, and the principal gate, furmounted by three fteeples (of which the centre one has no fupport but the bafes of the other two) are particularly admired. In this cathe dral is the tomb of Rene, king of Sicily, and feveral bifhops, in white marble ; and here is Ihown an urn, which is pretended to have beeli ufed at the wedding of Cana. The principal gate of the church of St. MaimbcEuf, diftinguifhed for its noble fim- pticity, is a valuable monument of the fixth century. Before the late diffolution of convent^, monks of every order were to be feen at Angers ; and put bf fpur abbeys that belonged to the Benediftines, three were particularly beautiful. Here is an academy of belles lettres, eftabliflied in 1 68 5. The inhabitants are computed at 30,000. In this city is a confiderable manufaftory of handkerchiefs and fail- cloth. The produce of the flate quarries, at the extremity of the fuburb of Breffigny, forins likewife an important article pf com merce. This flate is fo common, that the moft paltry hovel in the fuburbs is covered with it ; on which account Angers has been called the Black City, The caftle, flanked by 18 great round towers, is re markable only for its advantageous fitu- ation on a rock, and the width of its ditches. In this caftle is an irpn cage call ed the cage of the queen of Sicily. In Angers is a very fpacious fquare ; and there are four beautiful pubfic walks. It is 50 miles E. of Nantes, and 175 S. W. of Paris. Lon. u. 35. W. lat. 47, 30. N, Anghiera, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, capital of a county of the fame name. Ifis feated on the eaft fide of the lake Maggiore, 30 miles N. W. of Milan. Lon. 8. 40. E. lat. 45. 42. N, Anglesey, the isle of, the moft weftern county of North Wales. It is 24 miles iii length, 14 in breadth, and fends one member to parliament. It is is fepa rated from Carnarvonlhire by a long and narrow ftrait called the Menai. That part of the ifland Avhich borders this ftrait is finely -ivooded, recalling tp the mind its ancient' ftate vyhen it was the celebrated feat of the D'ruids, whofe terrific Religious rites were performed in the . gloom of the thickeft woods. Rtide mounds, and heaps of {tones, faid to be Pruidieal remains. A N (3 A N 1 are ftill to be feen,^ But, a little way within, the whole appears a naked traft, without trees pr hedges, watered by nu^ merpus_ rills, fertile in grafs and corn, and abounding in cattle ; feveral thoufand head of which, hefide multitudes of fheep and hogs, annually crofs the ferry of the Menai to the main land. Its fertility, in- detfa, is fuch, that it had long ago obtained the title of the nurfing mother of Wales. Vaft quantities of copper are procured from a famous mine on Parys mountain. In the N. W. part of the ifland is a quarry of green marble, intermixed with that curious fubftance albeftos. Angol, a town of South America, in Chifi, 125 miles N. of Baldivia, Lon. 72. 5-9. W. lat. 37. 36. S. . ., Angola, a kingdom of Africa, be. tweeii the rivers Dande and Coanza, bounded on the N. by Congo Proper, on the E. by Malem.ba, on the S. by Ben- guela, aud on the W. by the ocean. It pro. duces Indian corn, beans, oranges, lemons, ^nd feveral Pther fruits. The inhabitants are very lazy, generally idplaters, and take as m'any wives as. they think fit. The c'puntry is divided among f,;veral petty princes, and the Portuguefe have leveral fettlements on the coaft. How. ever, the Englifh and Dutch trafiic with the natives, and purehafe a great number of flaves. Thefe are the moft lazy and ungovernable of any pn the coaft of Gui. nea, becaufe they are generally brought from inland ccuntries, where they have not the leaft Icnowledge pf the reft pf the WPrld. They go almoft naked, and are very fond of dog's flefli, though they have plenty of Pther provifions. All the males are circumcifed ; but for what reafon they cannot tell. Angoulesme, or, as pronounced, Angouleme, a town of France, in the departtnent of Charente, and late pro\-1nce of Angoumois, ftands on a mountain fur. rounded with rocks : the river Charente runs at the fool of it; and there are fome fine papar manufaftories in its environs. It is ,20 miles W. of Limoges, and 250 S. by W. of Paris. Lon. o, 14. E. lat., 45-39. N. Angoumois, late a province of France, bounded on the N. by -Poitou, on the E. by Limofin and Marche, on the S. by Perigord, and on the W. by Saintonge. Jt is now included in the department of pharente. Angora, a town of Turkey in Afia, formerly palled Ancyra, It is a Greek archbifliop's fee, and femarkable for fome remains of antiquity, Liierc is nothing ^0 be feen in the ftreets ^ut pieces of pil. lars and old marble ; among which . i* a fpecies of reddifli porphyry, marked with white, and red and white jafper. Though the houfes are all of clay, yet there are a great many pieces of very fine marble mixed among it, as well as in the walk of the town. The caftle has a triple inclo- fure, and the walls are of white marble and flone, refembling porphyry. Here are bred the fineft goats in the .world; and the hair is of a fine white, almoft like filk, which they work into the fineft ftiWs, particularly camblets. It is 212 miles S. E. of Conftantinople. Lon. 32. 5. E. lat. 39. 30. N. Angra, a feaport, capital of the ifland of Tercera, witfla bifliop's fee. Lon. 27. 7. W. lat. 38. 39. N. Angrogna, a town of Piedmont, feven miles W. of Pignerol. Lon, 7. 15. E. lat. 45. o. N. Anguilla, or Snake Island, if a long and narrow traft, winding fomewhat in the manner of a fnake, whence it re ceived its name. It is woody, but per- fcftly level ; and is the moft northerly of the Englifh Caribbce iflands, in Ame rica, 60 miles N. W. of St. Chriffopher. The inhabitants apply themfeK-cs chiefly to the feeding cf cattle, the pl-anting of Indian corn, and other parts of hufliandry. This ifland is fertile, and has the fam.e climate with Jamaica. Lon. 62. 35. "VV. lat. 18. 15. N.'- Anguillaba, a town in the Patri mony of St. Peter, 15 miles N. W. 'of Rome. Angus, a fhire of Scotland, fometimes called Forfar, from the name of the county-town, is bounded on the N.. by Aberdeenfhire, on the N. E. by Kincardine- fliire, on the E. by the Eritifh Ocean, on the S. by the Frith cf Tay, and ort the "VV. by Perthfliire. Its length and breadth are nearly equal, about 3 5 miles. It has many lakes and hills, but ' is fruitful in corn and paftures. The principal rivers" are the North and South Eflc. Anhalt, a principality of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, 42 miles' in length, and eight in breadth ; bounded on the S. by Mansfek, on the W. by Hal- berftadt, on the E. by Saxony, and on the N. by Magdeburg. It abounds in corn, and is watered by the Salde and the Mulda. A^fHALT, an ifland of Denmark, in N, Jutl-.nd, lying'' in the Categat, eight miles from the coaft of Jutland,, and 10 fi"om Zealand. It is dangerous for fea. men, for whiph reafon there is a light. houfe. ^IflAN, a CPuntry lying pn the E. coaft ANN A>N-N eoafl: of Africa, near the Red 'Sea, cf which we have little knowledge. Anjengo, a fmall to\ivn and faftory on the coaft of Malabar, belonging to the Eaft India company. Their mcrchandife Confifts chiefly in pepper and calicoes, Lon. 76. I. E. lat. 7. o. N. An]Ou, a late province of France bounded on the N. by Maine, on the W, by Brctagne, on the S, by Poitou, and on tlie E, by Touraine. It formerly belonged to^,ijthe fovereigns of England. It now forms, with the late provinces of Maine an(3 Touraine, the four departments of . Maine and Loire, Indre and Loire, Maine, and Sarte. Anna, a town of Turkey In Afia, on the weftern bank of the Euphrates, and the 'pleafanteft place in thefe parts, tliere being plenty of olives, oranges, cit. tons, lemons, pomegranates, and dates. The fields are fown with cotton ; and the com grows extremely high. It is 130 miles W. of Bagdad, and 120 S. S. W. of Moulfol. Lon. 41. u. E. lat. 33. 35. N. Anvamooka, an ifland in the South Sea, difcovered by Tafman ip 1643, and vifited by captain Cook in I774and 1777. It is well-cultivated in many places, con fifting of plantations of yams and plantains. Many of them arc extenfive, and inclofed with neat fences of reed. The bread fruit and cocoa-nut trees are interfperfed 'with fittle order, but chiefly near the ha bitations of the natives ; and the other parts of the ifland, efpecially toward the fea, are covered with trees and bufhes of a luxuriant growth. The inhabitants are a friendly people, but much addifted to ftealing the property of European vifitors. This is one of the Friendly Iflands, fitu- atcd about 187 E. Ion. and 20 S. lat. An.\'an, a parhament-town of Annan. dale, in Scotland, on the river Annan, about three miles N. of Solway Frith, and 60 S. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3. 4. W. lat. 55. o. N, * Annan, a riyer of Scotland, which rifing in the Moffat Hills, and flowing, ih a, foutherly direftion, through Annan^ dale, empties itfelf into Solway Frith. '* Annandale, a diftrift of Dum^ fricsfliirc in Scotland, fo called from the river Annan. The mountains in the northern part of this diftrift, fometimes named Moffat Hills, are the higheft in the S. of Scotland. From thefe defcend the Tweed, the Clyde, and the Annan, ' Annano, q ftrong fort of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, feated on the Tenaro, 12 miles S. of Cafal. Lon. 8. 36. E. lat, 44. 56, Nj -' ' ' ' '-' . Annapolis, the capital of Maryland, one of the United States of North Ame rica, fituated at the mouth of Severn, river. Although a place of little note in the com-. mercial world, it is one of the wealthieft towns of its fize in America. The hpufes, about 260 in number, are gene rally large and elegant, The defign of thofe who planned the city was to have the whole in the form of a circle, with the ftreets, like radii, beginning at the centre, where the ftadthoufe ftands, and thence diverging in every direftion. The prin cipal part of the buildings are arranged agreeably to this plan. The ftadthoufe is the nobleft building of the kind in Ame rica. Annaoolis is 30 miles S. ofBalti.. more. Lon, 77, 20. W. lat, 39, N. Annapolis, a fortified town of Nova Scotia, in Britifli America, ftands on the eaft fide of the Bay of Fundy, and has, one of the fineft harbours in the world. Lon. 64. 5. W. lat. 44. 52. N. Annecy, a town of Savoy, feated on the river Siar, and on a lake of the fanie name, about 10 miles long, and four broad. It is 70 miles S. of Geneva, and 22 N. E. of Chamberry, Lon. 6, 5. E. lat. 45- 53- N. Annobona, an jfland of Africa, on the coaft of Guinea, fo called, becaufe it was found out on Newrycar's day. It is well ftocked with cattle and fruit, and thp, air is more healthful than in other iflands on the fame coaft. It abounds with palmi trees, cocoas, oranges, lemons, bananas, and feveral other fruits ; with hogs, goats, fheep, and chicken, which are all extreme-, ly cheap. The inhabitants are moftly black, and of villanous difpofitions ; and the women are all common, and yet moft of them Very ugly. The governor is ^ Portuguefe. Lon. 5. 10. E. lat. 1. 50. S. Annonay, a town of France, in the department of Ardcche, and late province of Dauphiny, feated at the confluence of the rivers Cances and Dcumes, 1 2 miles S. W, of Vienne. Very fine paper is. manufaftured here ;' and it was in this place that the two brothers Montgolfiers, papermakers, difcovered, in 1782, the ufe of rarefied air in floating balloons, by afire- place fufpended under them ; and in one of thefe machines, abfolutely left to itfelf, the marquis d'Arlandes and M. Pilatre. Rofier (who, in the fequel, unfortunately loft his life in one of thefe adventurous. attempts) made the firft aerial voyage at Paris, afpending to the height of 3000 feet, on the 2ift pf November 1783. Thefe machines were called Monlgolficrs, in ho. , nour pf the inventprs, and to diftinguifli t}icm froiii ]3^Uoor(s fille^ -vyith, inflauJma- . A N 1* ANT 'ble air, in which, likewife, many perilpus 'vpyages were performed ; particularly on the 7th pf January 1785, when Dr. Jef- feries and M. Blanchard crcffed the ftraits from Dover Caftle to Calais. Lon. 4. ¦55. E. lat. 45. 15. N. - Ano-Capri, the largeft town in the ifland of Capri, belonging to the kingdom of Naples. Ansloe, or DpsLOE, one of the three divifions of the city of Chriftiania, in Nor- -Vyay,, It ftands on the fite of the old city, which w'as burnt in 1624, and contains the cpifcopal palace and 400 houfes. See Christiania. Anspach, a handfome town and caf tle of Germany, in Francpnia, and capital of the margraviate pf Anfpach. The pre- fent prince lately abdicated his dominions, in confideration of a ftipulated revenue, in favour of the king of Pruffia, who is of the . fame family ; and having married Elifabeth dowager lady Craven, in 1791, his ferene highnefs has fince fettled in England, having purchafed the viUa of the late lord Melcome Regis at Hammerfmith, 10 which he has given the name of Bran. denburg-Houfe. The palace at Anfpach, which is near the caftle, has a remarkable cabinet of curiofities. It is feated on a river of the fame name, 25 miles S. W. of Nuremberg. Lon. 10. 47. E. lat. 49. 20. N. Anstruther, a parliament-tpwn pf Scctland, pn the S. E. coaft of the fliire of Fife, 25 miles N. E. of Edinburgh, Lon, z, 34. W, lat, 56. 15. N. Antecjuiera, a handfome town of - Spain, in Granada, divided into two parts, the Upper and the Lower. The Upper is feated on a hill, and has a caftle : the Lpwer ftands in a fertile plain, and is wa tered by a great number of brooks. There is a large quantity of fait in the mountain ; and five miles from the town, a fpring famous for the cure of the gravel. It is 26 miles N. of Malaga. Lon. 4. 30. W.lat. 37. ->.N. Antequiera, a town of America, in New Spain, in the province of Guaxaqua, 75 miles S. E. of Guaxaqua. ~ Antibes, a feaport of France, in the department of Var, and late province of Provence, with a ftrong caftle. Its terri. tory produces excellent fruit ; and it ftands oppofite to Nice, on the Mediterranean, nine miles W. of JMice. Lon, 7. 13. E. lat. 43.35. N, Anticoste, a barren ifland, in the TOPUth of the St. Lawrence, in N. Ame rica. Lon. 64. 16. W. lat. from 49. to 52. N, Antigua, one of the Caribbec Iflands in America, aboift 20 miles in length and breadth. The inhabitants are in great want of water, and are obhged to fave the rain-water in cifterns, and to fetch it from other iflands. The ifland contains about 70,000 acres, 6000 whites, and 3600 ne groes. The chief produce is fugar, of which it annually makes 16,000 hogfhcads. It was taken by the French in 1782 , but reftored in 1783. The capital .is St. John's. It is 60 miles E. of St. Chrifto- pher's. Lon. 62. 5. W. lat. 17. 5. N. Antilles, the name which the French give to the Carribbee iflands, difcovered by Columbus, in 1492. See Indies, West. Antio, a promontory of Italy, in St. Peter's Patrimony, near which is a har bour, lately made. It takes its name from the ancient city Antium, the ruins of which extend over a long traft of land. --' An-tioca, or Antioch, an ifland in the Mediterranean, near Sardinia, taken from his Sardinian majefty, by the French, in February 1 7 g3, but evacuated foon after. ' Antioch, now Anthakia, an an cient and celebrated town of Syria, in Afia, of which it \'vas formerly the capital ; but it is now almoft come to nothing : however, the magnificent ruins of it ftill remain. It is feated on the river Orontcs, now called Alfi, 15 miles E. of the Mediterranean, and 40 S. W. of Aleppo. Lon. 36. 45.' E. lat. 35. 17. N. Antiochetta, a town of Turkey in Afia, in Carimania, with a bifliop's fee, oppofite the ifland of Cyprus. Lon. 32. 15. E. lat. 36. 42. N. Antiparos, the ancient Oliaros, an ifland of the Archipelago, two miles W. of Paros. It is only a rock, 16 miles in circuit ; yet, in fome parts, is well'cultiva- tcd, and produces as much barley as ferves a fmall village. It has a grotto, which, perhaps, is one of the greateft curiofities in nature, and is faid to prove an important truth in natural philofophy,, the vegeta tion of ftones. This grotto appears to be about 80 yards high and 100 bread : the roof forms a pretty ,good arch, which, in every part entertains the eye with a vaft variety of figures', of a white tranfparcnt cryftaUinc fubftance, very n.iturallv refem bling vegetables, marble pillars, and a fu- perb marble pyramid. Lon. 2.-. .-1.4. E. lat. 37. 8. N. Antivari, a ftrong tov.-n of Turi.cy in Europe, in Dalmatia, a Greek .-.rchhi. fliop's fee, is 10 miles N. of Doicigno. Lon. 19. 10. E. lat'. 42. iq. N. Antoine, St. a fir.dl town of France, in the department of Ifi-rc, and late pro vince of Dauphiny. Here was lately a monaftery, the church of which is magni ficent. ANT AN Z Mccnt. It was the principal feat of an or der of Hofpitallers, united to that of Malta in 1777, and whofe origin may be traced to. an hofpital, built (near a chapel, the depofitory of the rehcs of S'c. Anthony) by Gafton aud his fan Girin, in 1095, for the relief of devotees, fuffering under a difqrder, fince called St. Anthony's Fire. A;jtonio, St. one of the Cape de Verd iflands, 1 5 miles from St. Vincent. It is full of high mountains, whence pro ceed ftreams of excellent v.'ater, which ren der the land very fruitful. The principal town is feated among the mountains. Lon. 25. 0. W. lat. i7.-o. N. Antrim, a county oflreland, in the provhice of Ullter, bounded on the E. by St. George's Channel, on the W. by Lon donderry, on the N. by the ocean, and on the S. E. by the county of -Down. It is 46 miles in length, and 28 in breadth, and js prt\iS. love tranf- formed a blackfmith 'into a painter." There are many fine paintings in the orher churches. The affumption of the Virgin, in the late Jefuits church, by Ru bens, was the favourite piece of that great raafter. The convents are very numerous here ; and that of St. Michael, of the order of the Prempiiafterians, is a very npble and rich fpundation ; and the paint ings, in the fine refeftory of the monks, deferve particular attention. The Ex- change, once fo thronged, and from which fir Thomas Grelham took the model of that for London, is now the abode of foli. tude and filence ; and ferves no other pur. pofe than the accommodation of an aca demy fpr painting, fculpture, architefture, and the mathematics. The town-houfe, in the gr^at market-place, is a noble ftruc ture. Here is ftiU feen a houfe, built in 1 568, for the accommodation of the mer chants of the Hanfe Towns ; and hence they went to the Exchange, in proceffion, preceded by a band of mufic. In the prin cipal ftreet, caUed the Mere-ftreet, is a crucifix of bronze, 33 feet high, on a mar ble pedeftal. This was made from a dc- moliflied ftatue of the cruel duke of Alva, which he himfelf had fet up in the citadel. On this occafion, it was ^ common obfer vation : " D'un diable on a fait un Dieu — Of a devil v.'C have made a God." The citadel is eftemed one of the ftrongeft fdr- trelfes of the Low Countries. It was taken by the prince of Parma in 1585. It was feized by the French in 1700, but furren- dered to the duke of Marlborough, after the battle of Ramillies in 1706. It was taken by the French in 1746 ; but reftor- ed to the houfe of Auftria. It was again taken by the French in I7g2, but was re taken the year after. It is feated on the river Scheld, 22 miles N. of Bruffels, 2a N. E. of Ghent, and 65 S. of Amfterdam. Lon. 4. 28. E. lat. 51. 13. N. Anzerma, a town and province of Popayan, in S. America, where there are mines- A P P ARA tnlnes of gold. The tpwn is feated on the river Cpca. Lpn. 75. 25. W. lat. 4. 58. N. AousTA, a town of' Piedmont, capital of a duchy pf the fame name, and a bi fliop's fee. It is remarkable for feveral monuments of the Romans. It is feated at the foot of the Alps, on the river Dona, 50 miles N. W. of 'Turin. Lon. 7. 30. E. lat. 45- 48. N. Aousta, a^territory of Piedmont. It is a valley 30 miles in length, and abounds in paftures, and all forts of fruits. Apame.a, now called Afame A, atown of Syria,, in Afia, feated on the river Aifi, 3 5 miles S. of Antioch. Lon. 36. 56. E. iat. 34. 32. N. Apanomia, a town of Santorin, an ifland in the Sea of Candia. It has a fpa cious harbour, in the form of a halfmoon ; but fo deep, that fhips cannot anchor there. Lon. 25. 59. E. lat. 36. iS. N. Apee, one of the New Hebrides, in the South Sea, near Mallicolo. Lon. 16S. 32. E. lat. 16. 46. S. Apenrade, a town of Denmark, in Slefwick, pr South Jutland, with a citadel. It has been plundered feveral times, and is feated at the bottom of a gulf of the Bal tic Sea, .27 miles N. of Slefwick. Lon.. ^. 38. E.lat. 55. 6. N. .A.PHIOM KARAHI.SSART, a tPwn pf Natolia, called Aphiom, becaufe it produces a great deal of opium, called aphiom by the Turks. Lon. 31. 48. E. lat. 38. 35. N. Appalachian. See Allegany. '•¦-- AppAlachikola, a river of N. America, formed by the junftion of the rivers Chatahouchee and Flint, which have their fource in the Appalachipn Mountains, and running nearly parallel in a foutherly direftion, flow united into the gulf of Mex. ico, pppofite St. George's Ifland. Appennines, a chain of mountains which divide Italy throughout its whole length, as far as the fouthern extremity of the kingdom of Naples. Hence proceed all the rivers which water Italy. Appenzel, a town of Swifferland, ca. pital of the canton of the fame name, which is divided into twelve communities ; fix called the interior, are Roman Cathohcs ; the fix exterior, are Proteftants. It is 40 miles E. of Zurich. Lon. 9. 31. E. lat. 47. 21. N. Appleby, the county tpwn pf Weft. mprland, with a good corn market on Mpnday. It has gone greatly to decayj being only one brpad ftreet of mean houfes. At the upper part is the caftle;- at the lower end is the churcli ; and here is alfo a town-houfe. The tPwn is almpft encir cled by the river EdeiV ; it fends two mem bers tp parliament; and is to miles S. "E. pf Penrith, and 266 N. N. W. pf London. Lon. i. 34. W. lat. 54. 34. N. Apt, an ancient town of France in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone, and late province of Provence. Its com merce confifts in prunes, coarfe ferges, and wax chandlery, for which laft there is a great demand. There are many fine Ro- man antiquities, and it is feated on the river Calaron, 20 miles N. of Aix, and 2 j S. E.'of Orange. Lon. 5. 30. E. lat. 43. 51. N. Apulia, the E. fide of the kingdom of Naples, on the gulf of Venice. It is divided into three territories, whofe mo dern names are the Capitanata, Terra di Bari, and Otranto. Apurima, or Aporamac, a rapid river of S. America,, in Peru, 30 miles fro.m the river Abanzai. Aq_ua-Negra, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, on the river Chiefa, 12 miles W. of Mantua. Lon. 10. 25, E. lat. 45. 12. N. AcjuiLA, a large handfome town of the kingdom of Naples, capital of Abruzzo, with a bifhop's fee, and a caftle. An earthquake happened here in 1700, by whieh 2400 perfons were killed, and i ;oo hurt. It is feated on the river Pofcara, 3 5 miles from, the fea, and 52 N. E. pf Rome. Lon. 13. 39. E. lat. 42. 20. N. Aquileia, formerly a floUrifliing trad. ing town of Italy, now gone to decay. However, it has a patriarch, who refides at Udino. It is feated on the Triuli, near the fea, 57- miles N. H. of Venice. Lon. 13. 8. E. fat, 46.0. N. Aquino, a town of the kingdom of Naples, and Terra di Lavora; a bifhop's fee, but ruined by thcempcror Conr-adey confifting onK- of about 3 5 houfes. It was the birthplace of Juvenal, and of Thomas Aquinas. It lies 30 miles N. W. of Ca pua. Lon. 13. 50. E. lat. 41. 36. N. Arabia, a country of Afia, bounded on the W. by the Red Sea and the Ifth mus of Suez -; on the N. E. by the river Euphrates, which divides it from Diarbec, or Diarbckar, the ancient Mefopotamia ; on the E. by the gulfs of Perfia and Or- mus ; and on the S. by the Indian Ocean. It lies between 3 5 and 60 degrees E. lon. and 12 ,and 30 N. lat. extending 1430 miles in length and 1200 in breadth. It is di vided into three parts, Arabia Petrea, De- ferta, and Feli.^c, or the Happy. Arabia Petrea is the fmalleft of the three, and, to\-vard the N. is fifll of mountains, Avith few inhabitants, on account of its barren. nefs. It had its name from the town Pe trea, its ancient capital, how deftroyed. It ARA A R B It differs little from Arabia Defcrta, fo called from the nature of the foil, which is generally a barren fand. However, there are great flocks of fheep, and Tierds of cat tle, near the Euphrates, where the land is good. In the defert there arc great num bers of oftriches, and there is a fine breed of camels in feveral places. Arabia Fehx is fo Called, on account of its fertility, with regard to the reft. The Arabs in the de fert live wandering lives, removing from place to place, partly fpr the fake of paf ture, and partly to he in wait for the cara vans, which they often rob, as they travel over part of this defert from Buffarah to Aleppo, and from Egypt to Mecca, in or der to vifit Mahomet's tomb. Arabia Felix produces frankincenfe, myrrh, balm of Gilead, gum arable, and more efpeci ally coffee, of which they export prodigi ous quantities. The Arabs, who live in the defert, have no houfes, but tents. The famous Mahomet was a native of this coun try, and his followers foon after his death conquered a great part of Afia, Africa, and Europe, eftablifhing their religion •jVhcrever they came. Aracan, or P-ECCAN, a country of Afia, bounded on the N. by Rofhaan, oii the E. by Burmah, on the S. by the coaft of Ava, and on the W. by the gulf of Ben gal. It is a fertile, but not populous coun try, governed by 12 princes, fubjeft to the chief king, who refides in his capital. His palace is very large, and contains, it is faid, feven idols, eaft in gold of two inches thick, each pf a man's height, and cpvered with diamonds, rubies, and other precious ftones. They haye only two feafons ; the rainy feafon, which continues from April to Oftober, and the fair' feafon, which in- ch;des all the reft of the year, and is called , the fummer. The inhabitants are idola ters, and the women tolerably fair ; but the longeft ears are reckoned the moft beautiful, and in thefe they wear m^ny rin^s. There are fuch numbers of ele phants, buffaloes, and tigers, that but few places are inhabited, on accpunt of'the ra vages made by thefe animals. The com-, modities are timber, lead, tin, and ele phants teeth ; and fometimes the traders meet with diamonds, rubies, and- other precious ftones. , Aral, a lake of Afia, to the E. of the Cafpian Sea, from which it is diftant above zoo mfles. It is but lately difcovered, though above 300 miles in length, and in fome places 1 50 in breadth. Several ri vers, which were formerly tliought to ran into the Cafpian Sea, aire now found to run into this lake. It lies between 58 and 62 ef E. lon. and between 42 and 47 of N; lat. in the country of the independent Tarvirs, Arande-de-Duero, a town of Old Caftile in Spain, on the Duero, 41 miles E. of Valladoiid. Lon. 3. 30. W. lat. 41. 40. N. Aranjuez, a palace of the king of Spain, in New Caftile, on the Tajo, 25 miles S. of Madrid. Lon. 3. 20. W: lat. 40. o. .N. Ararat, a high mountain of Afia, in Armenia, faid to be the fame mentioned in Genefis viii. 4. Arassi, a maritime, populous, and trading town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, five miks S. W. of Albinguay. Lon. 7, 56. E. lat. 44. 2. N. Arava, a fortrefs of Upper Hungary, m a county, and on a river of the fame name, 72 miles N. W. of Caffovia. Lon. 20. o. E. lat. 49. 3D. N. Arauco, a fortrefs and town of Chili, in S. America ; fituated in a fine valley, on a river of the fame name. The natives are fo brave, that they drove the Spaniards out of their country, though th>.;y had no fire-arms. Lon. 73. 20. W. lat. 37. 30. S. Ar.^w, a largeand handfome town of Swifferland, in Argpw, on the river Aar, It is remarkable for its church, its foun tain, and the fertility of the foih It is 27 miles W. of Zurich. Lon. 8. o. E. lat. 47. 25. N. Araxes, or Aras, a river of Afia, which rifes in Georgia, and running S. E. acrofs Armenia, and part of Perfia, falls into the river Kur. Arbe, an cpifcopal town of the repub. lie of Venice, in an ifland of the fame name, on the coaft of Dalmatia, from which it is but five miles diftant. Arbela, a townof Afia, in Curdiftan, where Alexander fought the laft battle with Darius. It is about 60 miles S. E. of Moufel. Lon. 42. 2 5. E. lat. 3 5. 5, N, Arberg, a town of Swifferland, in the canton of Bern, on the river Aar. It ftands on a rock, defended by a good fort cut out of the rock; and is 10 miles N.. W. of Bern. Lon. 7. 5. E. lat. 47. o. N, Arbois, a fmall populous town of France, in the department of Jura, and late province of Franche-Comte, It is famous for its white wines. It is 22 miles S. W. of Befanqon. Lon. 5. 40. E. lat. 46. 55.N. ArSon, an ancient town in Swiffer land, pn the lake pf Conftance, in Turgow, with a caftle built by the Romans. It is under the bifliop of Conftance ; but 'the Proteftants have the free exercife of their religion. It is 12 miles S. E. of C-onflance. Loij, 9, 30; E. lat. 47. 30. N, Arbury, A K U ARE .Arbury, a village of Cambridgefliire, ¦fvhere are the remains of a camp, and Vvhere many coins have been found. It is one mile N. of Cambridge. Arcadia, a town of the Morea, near the gulf of the fame name, and in the prp vince pf Belvedere, 22 miles N. of Na- ?arin. Lon. 21. 42. E. lat. 37. 24. N. Arceuil, a village of France, three miles S. of Paris, remarkable for an aque duft, which is thought to equal the works cf the ancient Romans. It was built in 1624, by Mary de Mcdicis : its, water is diftributed into the different parts of Paris. Archangel, a feaport pf N. Ruffia, capital pf the prpvince pf Dwina. It was the pnly feaport town of Ruffia for many years, and was firft referred toby the Englifh in 1553. The trade is greatly diminifhed fince the building of Peterfhurg. It is feated on the river Dwina, fpur miles frpm the White Sea, 400 miles N. E. of Peterfburg. Lon. 39. o. E. lat. 64. 34. N. , ¦ Archipelago, a cpnfiderable part pf the Mediterranean Sea, having Rpmania on the N. Natpha pn the E. Macedpnia, Livadia, and the Morea on the W. and the ifle of Candia on the S. It is partly in Europe, and partly in Afia, contain- jng the iflands of Rhpdes, Negrppont, Lemnos, Tenedos, Scyrps, Mytelene, Scip, Samps, Patmos, Paros, Antiparos, Cerigo, Santorin, Andros, Tino, Naxia, Milo, Delos, &c. ¦* Archipelago, Northern, four principal groups of iflands, between the E. cpaft of Kamtfchatka and the W. coaft pf America. The firft, called Safignan, contains five iflands ; the fecond^ called Khao, includes eight iflands ; and both thefe groups together are ftyled the Aleu- thia'n Iflands. ' The third group' is called the Andreanofffki Oftrova, and comprifes 16 iflands. The fourth group Is the Lyf- fie Oftrova, or the Fox Iflands, fixteen in number, Arcis-sur-Aube, a fmall town of France, in the department of Aube, and late prpvince of Champagne. It is feated " oh the river Aube, 1 5 miles N. of Troyes. Lon. 4. 12. E. lat. 48. 32. N. Arco, a ftrong town and caftle in the Trentin. It was taken by the French in 1703, and abandoned fopn after. It ftands on the river Sarca, 15 miles S. W. of Trent. Lon. 1 1. 12. E. lat. 46. o. N. ArCos, a ftrong town of Spain, in Andalufia, on a craggy rock, at the fnot of which runs the Gufdaleto, 28 miles N. E. of Cadiz. LoD. 5. 46. W. lat. 36. 5». N. * Arcot, a large city, the capital of the Carnatic, in the peninfula of Hindoof tan. Its citadel is efteemed a place pf fome ftrength, for an Indian fortrefs. The defence which, it made, under Clive, in 1751, eftabhflied the military fame of that great officer. It is 73 miles from Ma dras, and 217 from Seringapatam. Lon. 79. o. E.lat. 12. 30. N. Ardebil, a famous and ancient town in Perfia, the refidence and burial-place of many kings ; efpecially Shiek Seffi, the au thor of the Perfian Seft. Pilgrims refort to this place from all parts of Perfia. It is 25 miles E. of Tauris. Lpn. 48, 20. E. lat. 38. 15. N. * Ardeche, a department pf France, part pf the late province of Dauphiny, It takes its name from a river. ArDenburg, a town of Dutch Flan ders, 10 miles N. E. of Bruges. Lon. 3. 30. E. lat. 51. 16. N. -* Ardennes, a department of France, in part of the late province of Champagne, is io named from a.famous foreft, lying on the river Meufe, extending, in Cefar's time, far into Germany. 'VVhat remains of it at prefent lies between Thionville and Liege. Ardrah, a fmall kingdom of Africa, in Guinea. It lies at the bottom of tha gulf of St. Thomas, and has a town called Ardrah. The inhabitants are licentious, and have no place for rehgious worfhip. However, they are very courageous, and their king was abfolute, till the king of Daliomy reduced the country, and burnt the towns. The air is very unwholefome to Europeans ; yet the natives live to a great age ; but the fitiallpox makes great deftruftion among them. This country is fertile in Indian corn, palm-wine, plants, and fruits, which laft all the year ; and they malce a great deal of fait. Lon. 3. 5. E. lat. 6, 0. N. Ardres, afmall town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais, and late province of Picardy. Here was an interview between Francis I. and Henry VIII. of England, in 1 520, where the two kings, and their atrend-ints, dif played their magnificence with fuch emu lation, that the place of interview (an open plain, between the town and Guifnes)-wdB named the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Ardres is feated in a morafs, eight miles S. of Calais. Lon. i. 59. E. lat. 50. 50. N. AkESO, or Arebon, a town on the Slave coaft of Guinea, at the mouth of the river Formofo. The Enghfli had once a faftory here, as the Dutch have ftill, Lon. 5, ;. E.lat. 6. o. N. D AUEKSA, A R G A R H Areke A, a feaport of the Red Sea, 55 miles, from Suaqucn: Arejiberg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and capital of a cumty of the fame name. It is feated on a river, 22 miles S. of Cologne. Lon. 7. 3, E. lat. 50. 22. N. Arensberg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, on a hill, in the county of the fame name, by the river Roer, 50fmiles N. E, of Cologne, Lon. 8. 20. E. lat. 51. 2;. N. Arensburg, an cpifcopal and feaport town of Sweden, in Livonia, in the ifle of Oefcl, onthe Baltic Sea. Lon. 25.40. E. ' lat. 58. 15. N. '' Arenshard, a traft of Denmark, in the duchv of Slcfwjck, containing the greateft part of the famous rampart, built by the Danifti king Gotric, in the begin ning of the gth ceptury, as a defence againft the irruptions of the Saxons and SiaVi. It extends acrofs - the qountry, about eight or nine miles in length. Arenswalde, a town of Germany, in the Ne-,v Marche of Brandenburg, on the lake Slauin, on the frontiers of Pome- rani:;. Lon. 15. 52. E. Iat. 53. 13. N. AREQJ.T1PA, an cpifcopal town of S. America, in Peru. The air is very tem perate. Near it is a'dreadful volcano. It is feated on a river, in a fertile countrv, 290 miles S. by E. of Lima. Lon. 75.' 3q. W. lat. 16. 40. S. Arezzo, an ancient cpifcopal town of Italy, in Tufcany. Guy Aretin, a Bene- diftine monk, was born here in the nth century, the inventor of the mufical notes, as ut, ra,'mi, &c. It is feated on a mountain, 15 miles W. of Citta-di- Cai'cllc. Lon. 12. o. E. lat. 43. 27. N. AicGENCE.-i, a to-wn qf France, on the river Meaucc, in the department of Cal vados, and late province of Normandy, 10 miles E. of Ca,jn. Lon. u. 2. W. lat 49. 12. N. Argentan, a town of France, iu the department of Orne, and late province of Normandy. It is feated on an eminence, in the middle of a fertile plain, on the banks of the Orne, and carries on a con. fiderable trade in lace. It is 12 miles N. W. of Seez, and 1 10 W. of Paris. Lon, o, 5. E. Iat. 48. 45. N. Argenteuil, a town of the ifle of France, on the river Seine, five miles N. W. of Paris. ,It is a very beautiful -place, v,'ith a fine vineyard. In the late Bene- diftine priory, they pretended to have tl-e feamlefs coat of Chrift. In the en virons they ha\c quarries of the , plaftcr of Parii. Lr-n. 2. 22. E. lat. 48. 52. N. ArgExS'tiera, a barren ifland of the Archipelago. Its name is taken from the filver mines in it. They have no water but what is kept in cifterns. The inha bitants are Greeks, and very licentious. There is but one village in the ifland. Lon. 23. 10. E. lat. 36. 50. N. Argentiere, a town of France in the late prov. of Provence, now a diftrift of the department of Ardeche. It is five miles S. W. of Aubenas, and 17 W. of Viviers. Lon. 4. 22. E. lat. 44. 30. N. ArgentoN, a town of France, in Berry, divided into two by the river Creufe. It is now a diftrift of the de partment of the ' Indre, is 37 miles S. W. of Bourges, and 62 S.E. of Poiuers. Lon. 1. 38: E. Iat. 46. 3 5. N. Argos, a feaport of Turkey in Eu- rope,- in the Morea, on a bay, 25 miles S. of Corinth. Lon. 23. 5. E. lat. 37. 30. N. .Argostol, a feaport town of the ifle of Cephalonia, over againft Albania: it is the beft harbour in all the ifland, and the proveditor refides in the fortrefs, which is five miles diftant. Arguin, an ifland of Africa, on the weftern coaft of Negroland, with a fort of the fame name. It was taken by the Dutch from the' Portuguefe in 1638 ; af terward the French took it from the Dutch. It is 30 miles S. E. of Cape Blanco. Lon. 17. 20. W. lat. 20. 30. N. Argun, a river of Afia, which divides the Ruffian from the Chinefe empire. Argun, a town of Eaft Tartary, on the frontiers of the Chinefe empire, Ther"e are mines of filver and lead near ,it ; and a pearl fifhery in the river Ar., gun. Lon. 103. 56. E. lat. 42. 30. N. Argyleshirk, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by Invernefsflijre, on the E. by the counties of Perth and Dum. barton, on the S. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, by which it is broken into iflands and peninfulas. It is not quite 100 miles long from the Mull of Canty-re to its N. E. extremity : its breadth is unequal ; about 30 miles where greateft, and, in fome parts, only one or two. To the N. V/. is a peninfula, detached from the reft of the county : it contains the diftrifts of- Ardnamurchan, Morven, Sunart, and Ardgowar ; the two laft remarkable for numerous veins of lead, w'uich, however, ar,.' n.it very pr,oduftive. The peninfulas of Cantyre and C'-iwail arc likewife very large. The foil of Argyleftiire, in the high grounds, though little fitted for cul- tivation, affords excellent pafture. Ariiusek, a town of Denmark, in North Jutland, with- a gpod harbour, and a bi.fliop's fee. It is advantageoufly feated on ARM A R N on the coaft of the Baltic Sea, at the mouth of the river Guda, which runs through it, and it is furrounded with forefts full of 'game. It is 25 miles S. of Vv'iburg. L,an. 9. 50.' E. lat. 56. 5. N. Ari.'\no, a town of Italy, in the king dom of Naples, in the Ulterior "Principa- to, with a bifliop's fee. It is 1 5 miles ; E. of Benevento, and 10 N. W. of Tre- vico. Lon. 15. 19. E.lat. 41. 8. N-, Ariano, a town of Italy, in the Fer- rarefe, on a branch of the -river Po, 22 miles N. E. of Ferrara. Lon. 12. S.E. lat. 45. o. N. Arica, a feaport of Peru, almoft de. ftroyed by an earthquake in 1605. It never rains here ; and there are many farms employed in the cultivation of Guinea pepper, in which they have a great trade to L'ima. They have a great quantity of the dung of a bird called gana, which renders the foil fo fertile, that one corn will produce ;oo. It is 550 miles S. E. of Lima. Here they fhip the trea- fure which is brought from Potofi. Lon. 71. 6. "VV. lat. 18. 27. S. Aripo, a town on the weft coaft of the ifland of Ceylon, at the mouth of the river Sarunda. It belongs to the Dutch ; and to the E. of it is a pearl fifliery. Lon. , 80. 25. E. lat. 8. 42. N. ¦ Arf.lov.', a feaport of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow, 13 miles S. of Wick low. Lon. 6. 5. W. iat. 52. 42. N. Arles, a'largc, handfome, and ancient city of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone, and late province of Ptovence'. It was lately an archiepif copal fee. The country a'bout it is very pleafant, and produces good wine, ver-. milion, manna, oil, and fruits. There are a great numbeir of antiquiti-:', of which the amphitheatre and obeliflc are the moft remarkable ; and the emperor Conftan- tine took great delight in it. The en- virons of Aries are charming, and the air iS excellent; neverthclcft, this city is not populous. It is ("eated on the Rhone, 1 2 miles S. E. of Nifmes. Lon. 4. 4.3. E. lat. 43. 41. N. '. Arleshem, a handfome town of Swifferland, in the bifliopric of Bafil, where the canons of that city rcfide. Arlon, an ancient town of the Ne- theriands, but now difmantled. It be- ' longs to the houfe of Auftria, and is feated on a mountain, 10 miles N. V/. of Luxemburg. Lon. 5. 56. E. lat. 49. 45. N. At; .mag Hi a ccunty of Ireland, 32 miles in length, and 17 in breadth; bound ed on-^the"^E. by D,jwn, on the W. by Tyrone and Monaghan, on tlic N. by Lough Neagh, and on the S. by Louth, It contains forty-nine parifhes, and fends fix members to parliament ; namely, two for the county, two for Arinagh, and tv,-o for Charlemont, ARMAGi-r, once a confiderable town, now a fmall village, the fee of an archbi,' ihop, who is primate of aU Ireland. It is 45 miles S. E. of Londonderry. Lon, 6, 34. V/. lat. 54. 27. N. Armagnac, late a province, of Guicnne, in France, 55 miles in length, and 40 in breadth. It is fertile in corn and wine, and carries on a confiderable trade in brandy, vrool, and boncfiretien pears, which are e.-xellent. It now forms part of the department of Gers. Armenia, a large countrv, bounded on the W. by the Euphrates, on the S. by Diarbeker, Curdiftan, and'Ader- bijan, 'on th# E. by Schirvan, and on the N. by Georgia. It is one of the fineft countries in Afia, being watered by feve ral large rivers. It had its own kings, but could not keep them long. Parr of it belongs to the Perfians, and part to the Tui'ks.- The' inhabitants are much .at tached to commerce, and undertake long journics to carry it, on. They are Chrif tians; and have a patriarch and an arch bifliop. Ar.mentiers, a fmall handfome town of France, in the department of the North, and late French Flanders, feated on the river Lis, eight miles N. "W. of Lifle. Lon. 3. 3. E. lat. 50. 40. N. Armiers, a town of France, in the department of the North, and late French Hainault,featcd on the ri ver Sa;nber,.2o miles S. of Mons. Lon. 4.'3. E. lat. 50. 7. N. ArwiPvO, a town of Macedonia, on the Gulf of Velo, 30 miles S. E. of La- riffo. Lon 23. 22. E. lat. 39. 30. N. Armuyden, afeaport of the United Provinces, in the ifland of Valcheren, now inconfiderable, the fea having ftopt up the harbqur. The falt-works are its chief refource. It is three mile's E. of Middle- burg. Lon. 3. 42. E. lat. 51. 31. N. Arna, a town of Andros, an ifland of the Archipelago, wiih a'gcod harbour. Arnay-i.e-Duc, a town of France, in the department of C'ote d'Or, and late province of Burgundy. It has a good trade, and is feated in a valley, near the river Arroux. It is 25 miles N. Vv^.of Baune. Lon. 4. 26. E. lat. 47. 7. N. ArneberG, a town of Germany, in Brandenburg, on the Elbe, between An - germund and Werben, three miles from each. •* ARNEDO,"a feaport pf Peru, 25 miles N. pf Lima; AilNEHEIM,, a town of t'ne United D a Provinces, A R R ART Prpvlnccs, in Guelderland, feated en the Rhine, eight miles N. of Nimegueii. Lon. 5. 50. E. lat. 52. 2. N. Arno, a large river in Tufcany. It has its fource in the Appennines, and paff ing by Flprence and Pifa, falls into the fea a little below the latter. Arnsheim, a town of Germany, in the palatinate pf the Rhine, eight miles frpm.Crutzenach. Arnstadt, a tpwn in Thuringia, pn the river Gera, 10 miles S. W. pf Erfprt. ' Lpn. II, 15, E. lat. 50, 54. N, Arona, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a ftrong caftle, on the Lake Maggiore, 30 miles N. W. pf Milan, Lpn, 8, 35. E, lat, 45. 40. N. Aronches, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo', on the confines of Spain, on the river Caro, five miles S. E. pf Pprtalcgra, Lpn, 7. o. W. lat. 39. 3. N. • Arool, a town of the Ruffian em pire, in the Ukraine, feated pn the river Occa, 200 miles S. of Mofcow. Lon. 36, 40,, E. lat. 51. 58, N. Arosbay, a town of the ifland of Ma dura, near Java. Lon. 114. 30. E. lat. 6. 30. S. A R "I NO, a town of the Tcrra-di-Lavo- ta, in Naples, eight miles N. of Aquino, Lon. 13. 46. E. lat. 41. 44. N. Arqua, a town pf Italy, in the Pa- duan, a territory of Venice, remarkable for the tomb of Petrarch. It is 10 miles S. of Padua, Lon, 11. 58, E, lat, 45, 13. N. ArcjUES, a town of France, feated on a fmall river of the fame name, in the department of Lower Seine and late pro. vince pf N.ormandy. It is fampus for the ¦viftory gained here by Henry IV. over the duke of Mayenne, general of the League, in 1 589. It has an ancient caf tle, and h four miles S. E. of Dieppe, Lon, 1. 13. E. lat. 4g. 53. N. Arragon, a provim;e of Spain, bound- .•d on the N. by the Pyrenca.A mountains, on the W. by Navarre and the Two Caf. tiles, on the S. by Valencia, and on the E. by a part cf Valencia- and Catalonia, The air is pure and wholefome ; but the country, though abounding in rivers, is in want of good water. It is fertile in corn, wine, flax, and fruit, near the rivers ; but in other places dry and fandy. It produces faffron, and there are many mines of fait. Saragoffa is the capital, Arran, an ifland of Scotland, in the Frith- of Clyde, to the i. W. of the iflrARA, an ifland '^ t'"C Mediterra nean, On the N. W. coa:!: of Sardinia, 17 miles from Saffari, It is 28 - miles in compafs. Lon. S. 30. E. lat. 41. o. N, AsKEATON, atown of Irtland, in the county cf Limerick, on the riv'er Slmi- non : i: fends tv,»o -.-ncmbers to pariiament. AsKRiG, atown in the "l-^. riding of Yorkfliire, Jt ha-; a market on 7^'T,,rf- day, and is fix miles S. by T,. of York, and 243 N. of London. Lon, 1. o. W., i3. 55'N. AsN-£. See E;,ne. AsoLA, a town of Brefciano, in Italy, bth'nging to Venice, 20 miles S. E. of Brcfcia. Lon. 10. 30. E. lat. 4;. 48. N. AsoLO, a town of Italy, in Trevifano, sn a mountain 17 miles N. \V. of Trevifo. Lon. II. 36. E. lat. 45. c; ). N. *' AsopH, a fea, vvhich was ancicotly called the PalusMsotis,. between Europe apd Afia, to the N. cf the Black Sea, wit'a -\viiich it communicates by the Strait of Caffa, the aneient Cimmerian BM'p This ka, which is fometimes called the Sea of Zabak, exttuds 390 miles fn,D-i S. 'W. to N. E. and is about 600 miles in ci,-c,:mfercnce. It, was worfhip- ped as a deity by the M.,ffaget¥, a pc.pie of Scytlir.. Lon. from 35. to 42,, E. lit. frc-iTi 4c. to 47. K. ¦' AsopiF, a diftridt of the Ruffian empire, bordering on the fea of Afoph. Bcfidethp ftjrtreffes of Af ph, T^gnnroc, and Petrcf;,!,, it includes a large traft of terriio'-y to the E. :, v,'l;:chvv-ere formerly ccr.'"triifted :it Afi'jili, are now buih either at St. Demitri or P.ciui.f, and pafs d jun the Don into the fea of Afnph, tIa-,,'Ugh another branch of that river. Lon. 41. 30. E. lat. 47. i3. N. AsFEROSA, a town of Turkey in Eu rope, with a bifhop's fee, on the coaft of tha Archipelago,' 22 miks S. E. of Nicopoli.. Lon. 24. 50. E. liu. 40. 58. N. '* Assam, a country of Afia, bounded on the V/. 'by Bengal and Bootan, on the N. by the mountains of Thibet-, and on the S. R. and S. by Mecklcy. The river Burrampooter flows through the whole length of it. Its.cii-i;:;! is Ghergon. The natives prefer the flelh of dogs to.any other kind cf animal food. They pay iTo taxes, the king being the fole proprietor of all the gold, filver, and' other metals, found iahis kingdom. They live comfortably ; almoft each houfckecper having an 'elc. phant, for the conveiiiency of his ¦'vives. The invention of gunpowde'r is afcribed to the Affamcfc, It is certaih that giin, .. powdct Stupyyed forlSrootxf Gazetteer > =^ # V TSi .M/». Tgi o ^~e;~ -^^L-^^oo^$Ii> W//a^s '"•- :,, ' .-¦-' S E X .,tr\-.a^' 3,^ Jumri^i .V..... (a/e&T^^^'^T— A'^lj^^ IS''' s Lii3^ -^T 4^-:lu.^ - with many mbdern flruftures. They have manufaftories , of vclvc:, ferges, crapes, h.at3, and leather. Aueli is 3 7 miles V/. cf Touljul'e. Lon. u. 40. E. lat. 43. 39. N. Auckland, Bishop's, a to'vn in the bifhopric of "Durham, with a market on Thurfday. Itis pleafantly i'cMcd on the fide of a hill, and ncted for its caftle, beautifully repaired about 1 00 years ago; for its chapel, whofe architefture is very curious ; and for its bridge. It is eight miles S. by "W. of Durham, and 251 N. N. W. of London. Lon. i. 31. W. lat. 54; 43- N. '¦'¦' Aude, a department of France, part of the late privince pf Languedoc, re ceives its nami from a river, -,vliich rifes in the Pyrence'i, and flov.dng by Quillan and Limoux,- fglls into the Mediterranean below N-orbonn^. , ' AvEiRO, a tov/n of Portugal, on the lake of Vcuga ; it has a good harbour, 30 miles S. of Opato. Lon. S.,30. W. lat. 40. 40. N. -¦'•¦' A-veironJ a department of France, including the laic province of Rouergue. It is named fr^m a river, which rifes 'near SE'verac^e-e'ha.:eau, and flowing by Rhodez and Villfrar.chc, falls into the GtU'onf,c, below Blontriu'o-.-i-i. Avellin.o, ai cpifcopal tov,'n of the' khigdoni of Kaplj:s, almoft r'jined by an f-ari-l;qual-.e in i6gl. It is 2 5 miles N. E. of Naples. Lon. 15J0. E. lat. 40. t-o. N. AvE.NCHE,, a (own of Swifferland, in the canton of Bern, formerly copital of 8v,-iflrcrlarni, but |now greatly decayed. It is !5 miles W, of .Gem. Lon. 6. ;2. E. lat. /jfi. 50. N. ' AvERNo, a Lie in the king;'.om of Naples, in a narrov/i valley ,^two miles long, e:t,3 one broad. Virgil and others- ha-i.-c faid that the water )vas fo bad, that birds dropt dead when flying over it, and hence they call it the lake of hell; but it is n,ow found to 'have no paifonous quality; for" IbuiI; not only fly ovfr it, but fv-i;-n 'jp-ai it. A little to the W. of the lake is ?. qave, where fome pretend they went for merly to confult the Cumaean Sybil, There are alfo fome old walls, which fome fuppofe to be the ruins of a temple of Apollo, and ot'ners of Pluto. Aversa, a to\\-n in the kingdom of Naples, with a bifhop's fee. It is feated in a fine plain, eight miles N. of Naples, Lon. 14. 20. E, lat. 40. 59., N. AvEs, cr the ifland of 3i,-us, one of the Caribbees, 450 miles S. of Porto Ricp, with a good harbqur for the careening ot fliips. ' It is fo called from the great num. ber of bird,: that frequent it. There is anoihcr of the fame name lying to the N. of this,.l:u-. 15. 0. N. and a third near the eaftx;rn coaft of Newfpundland, in lat, 50. S.N. A.vESNEs, a fmall towit of France, in the department cf the North, aud late province 01 iianiault feat,?d en the Hcf- per, 25 miles ,h . of Cam'sray, and ico N. E. of Paris. Lon. 3. 5S. E. ht. 50. 8. N. Augsburg, a^handfome, large, and ancient town of Suabia, in Germaoy, a bifliop's fee, and an imperial city, or fo vereign ftate, being governed By the- town- council and the reprefen'atives of tho burghers, who are half Proteftants and half Papifts. The churches, townhcufe, and other public buildings, are magnificent. It is fourrounded by beaatiful plains, and large forefts full of all forts of gari.e. I.n the bifhop's palace here, the Lu-herans prefented their eonfeffion cf taith to the emperor Chjrks, in the. year 15-0, hence called thc.qonfcliion of Augfburg; which occafioned' a cjjul war 'uetween the Pro teftants and Paifts. The bifhop is one of the ccclefiaftical princes of the empire, but has no fliare in the government ot the town. It \v3s taken by the French in -1703, but they abandoned it in the year follo-,ving, after the battle of Blenheim;. It is feated between the river Wcrdach and Lech, 30 miles N. W. of Munich. Lon. II, 4. E. lat. ,j.8. 27. N. AuGUSTE, or AusTA, an ifland in the Adri,'.tic Sea, on the coaft of Dalma- tia, near Ragufa, fubjeft to Venice, Loru 17. c. E. lat. 42. 5.5. N. AuGUSTiN, St. a town of N. Ame rica, on the E. coaft of Florida. It lies on the frontiers of Georgia,' and was ceded by the Spaniards to the EngUfli in 1763, but reftored to the Spaniards by the peac's of 17S3. The town is fituated at th» foot of a pleafant hill, well covered with trec3 ; hut the coaft is too fhallow to b.e approached by veffels that draw more than twelve feet water ; fo that this place is by no mean$ vvell fituated for trade, though A U N' it is the chief town of Eaft Florida. Lon. 8i. IO. W.lat. 30. 10. N. Augustine, a cape of S. America, in Brazil, 300 miles N. E. of the Bay of All Saints. Lon. 35. 40. -W. lat. 8. 30. S. Augustow, a fmall but ftrong town of Poland, in the palatinate of Polakia, feated i.n the river Narieu, 44 miles N. of Biehi'k. Lon. 23. 40. E.lat. 53. 25. N. AviGLiANO, a fmall town of Iialy, in Piedmont, feven miles \V. of Turin. Lo'n. 7. 38. E. lat. 45. 5. N. Avignon, a handfome and large town of France, capital of a territory of the fame name, which depends on the pope, wi'ih an archbifhop's fee, and an univer fity. It was formerly the refidence of the P'pe:,, who afterwards returned to Rome. The churches are handfome, and there was a famous bridge of 19 arches, nqw feduccd to three. An inquifition is ereft ed here, but not fo rigorous' as thofe of Spain and Portugal, the Jews being al lowed to have a fynagogue. It is advan tageoufly feated on the river Rhone, 20 miles E. of Nifmes. The French have lately declared it united to their repu'olic. Lon. 4. 53. E. Iat. .43. 57. N. A'viLA, an ancient and ftrong town of Spain, in Old Caftile : it has an univerfity, and a manufafture of fine cloth ; and is feated in a large plain, furrounded by mountains covered v,-ith fruit-trees and vineyards, 40 miles N. W. of Madrid. Lon. 4. 35. W. Iat. 40. 40. N. AviLEs, a town of Spain, in the prin cipality of Afturias, on the Bay of Bif cay, 25 miles N. of Ovcido. Lon. 6. 5-; W. lat. 43. 27. N. Avis, a fmall town of Portugal, in Alentejo, feated on an eminence, with a caftle, near the river Avis. Hence the military order of the knights of Avis have their name. It is 65 miles E. of Lifbon, Lon. 7. 40. W. lat. 33. 46. Nl jVulcester, a to-\"vn of ^Varwicklhire, Avith a market on Tuefday. It is a very ancient town and fortification, and was undoubtedly a Roman ftation, as appears from the coins of gold, filver, and brafs, from the bricks often dug up in and near it, and from the Roman way, called Ick- neild-ftreet, paffing through it. It is feven miles \y. of- Stratford upon Avon, and 102 N. Vv^. of London. Lon. i. 52. '\'V. lat. 5 = . 16. N. ' AuLPs, a town of France, in the de. partment of Var, and late province of Provence. Lon. 6. 30. E. lat, 43. 40, N, Aumale. , See Albermarle. AuNis, lately a fmall territory of Franc:, in Poitou, and now forming part of tlic department of Lj\\'ei- Charente, A U R '¦¦¦ Avon, a river which rifes in Wilts, coafts the et'ge of the .New Foreft, and enters the Englifli Channel at Chrift- church Bay in Hampfl.iire Avon, a river that rifes in Leiccfter fliire, and running S. W. by Warwick, continues its courfe by Evefliam, and falls into the Severn at Tewkfbury. Avon, Lower, a, river that rifes iii Wikfhire, and running W. to Bath, be comes navigable there, continues its courfe to Briftol, and falls into the Severn N. Wi of that city. , Aup.ach, a fortified town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemberg ; feated at the foot of a mountain, on the rivulet Ermft, 15 miles E. of Tubingen. Lon, 9. 22. E. lat. 48. 26. N. Auranches, an ancient. and pretty town of France, in ti|e department of the Channel and late province of Normandy ; feated on a mountain, at the foot of which flows the river See, one mile and a half from the Englifh Channel, and 30 E. of St. Malo. Lon. i. iS. W. lat. 48. 41. N. AuRAY, a feaport of France, on the gulf of Morbihan, in the department of that name, and late province of Bretagne, eight miles W. cf Vannes. Lon. 2. 53. W. lat. 47. 40. N. AuRiCK, a town of Weftphalia, in E. Friefiand, with a caftle where the count refides. It is feated in a plain furrounded with forefts full of game, 12 miles N. E. ofErabdcn. Lon. 7. 12. E.lat. 53.28.N. AuRiLLAc, a populous trading town of France, on the river Jordanne, in tiir. department of Cantal and lotu province of Auvergne. Quantities of I.ice and vel- vet are manutattured here. It is 30 miles S. W. of St. Flour, aud 250 S. of Paris. Lon. 2. 22. E. lat. 44. 5 :;. N. Aurora Island, an ifland in the South Sea, 12 leagues long and five broad. Thg middle of it is in i:. 8. S. lat. and 168. 24. E. lon. It is one of the New He'brides. * AuGusTA,.,the capital of the ftate 0/ Georgia in N. America, fituated on the S. W. bank of the river Savannah, 134 miles from the .fea, and 117 from the town pf Savannah. The tPwn docs not cpnfifi of quite 200 houfes ; but as it is feated on a fine plain, and enjoys the beft foil, with the advantage of a central fituation be. twcen the upper and lower counties, it j* rifing into importance. Lon. 82. 0, \V. lar. 33. 20. N. * AuRUNGABAD, a Confiderable city- of Afia, in the Deccan of Hindoof-, tan. It is but a modern city ; owing its file, from a fmall rov,n^ to the caph d OF , Dowla- AWE A X I Dowlatabad, tP the great Aurungzebe, from whom it had its name. It is 260 'miles N. E. of Bombay. Lon. 76. 2. E. lat. 19.45. N' Austria, one of the circles of the German empire, bounded on the W. by Swifferland ; on the N. by Suabia, Bava. ria, Bohemia, and Moravia ; on the E. by Hungary ; and on the S. by Italy and Croatia. It contains the archduchy of Auftria, the duchies of Stiria, Carinthia, Carniola,.and Goritia, the county of Ti rol, and the biflioprics of Brixen and Trent. Austria, an archduchy, in the circle of the fame name. The river Ens divides it into the Upper and Lower ; Vienna is the capital of the. Lower, and Lintz the capital of the Upper. Auftria excels all the provinces of Germany in the fertility of its foil, the plenty of its paftures, and the wholefomenefs of the air. Corn, wine, and fruit are very plenty ; and the , faffron better than that of the Eaft Indies. AuTUN, an ancient town of France, the cpifcopal fee of the department of Saone and Loire, in the late province of Burgundy ; feated on the river Arroux, ;'^t the foot of three mountains. It con- 'tains a greater number of Roman antiqui. ties, and thofe in better prefervation, than any other city of France ; particularly the temples of Janus and Cybele. They have manufaftories of tapeftry from cows hair and thread, carpets, and coverlets. Their delft ware is degenerated into earthen, although, with little induftry, their argil would be very proper for por. celain. The variety and polifh of the marbles in St. Martin's church merit at. tention ; and here is the tomb of the cruel Brunehaud, whom Gregory of Tours mentions as the monfter of the fixth cen tury : flie was accufed of having poifoned her fon Childebert, and of having procured the death of 10 kings: by the order of her grandfon Clovis II. ffie v,-as tied to the tail of a wild mare, and thus miferably perifhed. The cathedral of St. Lazarus, the college, and the feminary, are like- wife worthy of notice. Autun is 41; miles E. by S. pfNevers, and 162 S.E of Paris. Lon. 4. 23. E. lat. 46. 57. N. Auvergne, a province of France, about 100 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It is bounded on the N. by the Bourbonnois, on the E. by Forez and Velay, on the W. by Limofin, tjv^crci, 'and La Marche, and on the S. by Rouer. gue and the Cevennes. It now forms the two departments of Cantal ahd Puy. 'de-Domc. * Awe, Loqii, one of the moft beau tiful lakes of Scotland, in Argylefhire^ about 30 miles long, and, in fome parts, above two broad. It contains many fine little iflands, tufted with trees. The river Awe, the outlet of this lake, is dif- charged into Loch Etive, at the village of Bunawe. Auxerre, an ancient tcwn pf France, in the department of Yonne, late an cpif copal fee of Burgundy, and feated on the declivity of a hill, at the foot of )vhich flows the Yonne. The inhabitants are computed at 16,000. The principal church is very beautiful ; and there are many fountains and fquares in Auxerre, which is 25 miles S. of^Sens. Lon. 3. 39. E. lat. 47. 48. N. AuxoNNE, a fmall town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or and late province of Burgundy, feated on the Saone, with a caftle, an arfenal, handfome bar racks, a foundry for cannon, and a fchool for the artillery. Over the Saone is a, bridge of 23 arches, to facilitate the run ning off of the waters, after the over flowing of the river. At the end of the bridge is a caufcway 2250 paces long, Itis 17 miles E. of Dijon, Lon, 5. 29. E. lat. 47. 11. N. Awatska-Bay, a harbour of Kamt fchatka, faid to be the,fafeft and moft ex tenfive that has been difcovered, and the only one, in that part pf the world, that cah admit veffels of a confiderable burden. The entrance into it is in 52. 51. N. lat. 158. 48. E. lon. Aw LAN, a fmall imperial town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, on the river Cochen, 1 1; miles W. of Oeting. Lon. ro. 15. E. lat. 48. 56. N. Axbridge, a town in Somerfetfliire, with a market on .Thurfday. It is feated on the river Ax, direftly under the fa- mous Mendip-hills. It is a mayor- town, confifting pf pne principal ftreet, which is long but narrow, ten miles N. W. of Wells and 132 W. of London. Lon. 3. o. W. lat. 51. 17. N. Axel, a town of Dutch Flanders, in a morafs, 10 mjles N. of Ghent. Lon. 3, 45. E. lat. 51. 15. N. '* AxholM, a river-ifland, in the N. W. part of the diftrift of Lindfcy, in Lincolnfliire, formed by the Trent, Pun, and Idle. It is a rich low traft, in which, much flax is cultivated. AxiM, a territpry pn the Gpld-cpaft of Guinea, containing two or three vik lages on the feafhore. The inhabitants are generally rich, and fell a great deal of gold to the Englifli and Dutch. They are likewife induftrious in fifhing, and in tilling the ground, which produces a prp- digiouft AYR B A C iigious quantity of rice, which they ex. change to qther places on the coaft, for Indian corn, yams, potatoes, and palm oil. The Dutch have a fprt and faftpry here, tailed St. Anthpny. « AxMiNSTER, a tPwn pf Devonfhire, onthe river Ax, with a market on Satur. day, was a place of note in the time of the Saxons. It is gpverned by a portreve, has one church, and about 200 houfes. Here is a manufaftory of broad and nar. row cloths, and a famous one for carpets. It is 18 miles E. by N. pf Exeter, and 147 W. of London. Lon. 3. 8. W. lat. 50. 46. N. AxuM, a village, , fuppofed to have been pnce the capital pf Abyffinia. Its ruins are very extenfive, but, hke the cities pf ancient times, confift altogether of public buildings. In one fquare there are forty obelifks, none of Avhich have any hieroglyphics on them. They are all of one piece of granite, and on the top of that which is ftanding, is a patera exceed. ingiy well carved in the Greek tafte. It is 125 miles W. of the Red Sea. Lon. 36. 4. E. lat. 14. 6. N. Ayamonte, a feaport of Spain, in Andalufia, with a caftle built on a rock, at the mouth of the river Guadiana, oppo. fite to Caftro Martna, 80 miles N. W. of Cadiz. Lon. 7. 15. W. lat, 37. 12.. N. Aymouth, a town of Scotland, in Berwickfhirc, once fortified to cu^b the garrifon of Berwick, from which it is 'fix miles N. Lon. i. 46. W. lat. 56. II. N. Ayr, a borough and feaport of Ayr- Ihire, is fituated on a fandy plain, and built on both fides of the river Ayr, over 'which is a bridge of four arches. Its chief trade is in coal and grain ; 'the fifh ery being in a manner given up. In the New Town are many good houfes, and the ruins of a Dominican monaftery, founded by Alexander II. in 1230. A mile N. from the town, is a houfe called King's Chapel, founded for lepers by Robert Bruce. The leprofy was a difeafe fd common in thofe days, as to be the fubjeft of feveral p:,r,Hamentarv ftatutes ; but it is now fcarcely known in Europe. Ayr is 65 miles S. W. of Edinburgh. Lon. 4. 39. E.lat. --5. 3-:. N. '¦* Ayrski.'iE, a county of Scctland, bounded on the Weft, N. W. and N. by the frith of Clyde, and Renfrewftiire ; on the E. by the counties of Lanerk and Dum fries ; and on the S. F,. and S. by the fcires of Kirckudbright and Wigton. Jt exhibits the fliape ot two wings, extending to the N. W. and S. W. and fo'eming a vaft bay at the incuth cf the friih of Clyde. t Between its extreme points, it meafure^ about 50 miles; its greateft breadth is noc quite 27. Its moft northerly divifion is Cunningham, the N. W. angle of which, though mountainous, is rich in pafture. Azamor, a feaport of Africa, in Mo rocco ; formerly very confiderable, but ruined by the Portuguefe in 15 13. Lon. 7. o. W. lat. 32. 50. N. Azem. See Assam. AiOF. See Asoph, Azores, or Western Islands, a group of iflands, in the Atlantic Ocean, between 25 and 32 degrees of W. lon. and between 37 and 40 N. lat. 900 miles "W. of Portugal, and as many E. of New foundland. They are nine in number, viz. St. Maria, St. Michael, Tercera, St. George, Graciofa, Fayal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo. They were firft difcovered in 1439, by John "Vanderberg, a merchant of Bruges, whp, in a voyage to Lifbon, was driven to thef"e iflands by ftrefs of weather. On his arrival at Liflion, he boalted of his difcovery ; on which the Portuguefe fet fail, and tppk poffeffion cf them. They have been ever fince fubjeft to the Portuguefe, (who cafled them the ¦ Azores, from the number of hawks found among them) to whom they now belong. The two wefternmoft were named Flotes,' and Corvo, from the abundance of flowers on the one, and of crows on the other. They are all fertile, and fubjeft to a go vernor-general, who refides at Angra, in Tercera. No poifonous or obnoxious ani mal, it is faid, is to be found in the Azo res, and if carried thither it will ex pire in a few hours. Ah of them enjoy a falubrious air, but are expofed to violent earthquakes, from which they have fre quently fuffered. B. BABELMANDEL, a -ftrait betweea the coaft of Africa and Arabia, unieing the Red Sea with the ocean. Near it is a fmall ifland and a mountain of the fame name. Lon, 44, 30, E. lat„ 12. 40. N. Babenpiausen, a town of Germany, in Suabia, and in the duc'uy of Wirtem berg ; five miles N. of Tubingen. Lon, 9. 4. E. lat. 48. 3;. N. Babolitza Careth.n'a, or Babo- LiZA, a town of Hungary, or rather Scia. voni?i, feated near the river Dravc, be tween Pofl'ega and Zygeth. Babylon. See L: AC-,-'\RABrc. Baca, or 1; \z A. a town of Spain, in: the kingdom 01 Gr,i:ij J,i ; 1 5 miles N. E. -of BAD .BAG cf Guadix. Lon. -2. 42. W. Iat. 37. 18. N. Bacano", a village of Italy, in the Pa trimony of St. Peter; on a fmall lake, near a river t-t the fame name, well known on account of the defeat of the Fabii, in the 277th year of Rome. BACAf.f.RAY, a town in the peninfula of the Cri-mea,- where the late khans of tlie Crim Tartars g.'^nerally refidcd. It is 70 miles S. of Precop. Lon. 35. 4c. E. lat. 45. 30. N. Baccarach, a town of Germany, in the Lower Palatinate, formerly imperial, and famous for its -\vincs, feated on the Rhine, 20 miles W. of Mentz. Lon. 7. 52. E. lat. 4g. 5 -. N. - B.1CHIAN, one of the Molucca iflands, in the Eaft Indies, which produces cloves. It is very fruitful, and bekjngs to the Dutch. Lon. 125. 5. E. lat. o. 25. S. - Badajoz, a large and ftrong town of Spain, capital of Eftramadura, a bifhop's fee, and famous for a bridge built by the Romans over the river Guadiana. On this bridge the Portuguefe were defeated by Don John of Auftria, in 166 1. It is feated on the Guadiana, 175 miles S. by V\^. of MadricU Lon. 6. 50. W. lat. 38. |3^-N. ' ' Badelona, a town of Catalonia, in Spain, on the Mediterranean, 10 miles N. E. of Barcelona. Lon. 2. 20. K. lat. 41. 28. N. Baden, a handfome town of Germany, capital of a margravate of the fame name, with a caftle on the top of a m.ountain, where the prince often refides. It is re markable for its baths, whence it takes its name, and is feated near the Rhine, four miles S. of "Raftat. Lon. 8. 14. E. lat. 48,-50. N. Baden, the margravate of, in the cir cle of Suabia, bounded on die N. by the palatinate and bifliopric of Spires, on the E. by the duchy of. Wirtemberg, and principality pf Furltemburg, on the S. hy the Brifgaw, and on the Vv''. bv the Rhine. It is divided into two parts, the Upper and the Lower. Baden, an ancient and handfome town of Swifferland, in the county of the fame name ; remarkable for its baths, from which it derives its name, a,-sd which arc mentioned by the ancients under the names of Aquse and Thermal Helvetico', and the treaty c-,ncluue,-l here in 1714, between Germany and Spain. It wt-: taken hy the cantons of Bern and Zurich, in 1 7 1 2. It i: fcate.-! en the river Limm.'.t, io miles N. Vv'. of. Zurich. Lon. 8. 20. E. lat. 47. 25. N. Baden, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of Auftria, famous for ii-s hot baths; feated on the river Suechat, 15 miles S. W. of Vienna. Lon. 16. 2 .-,. E. lat. 48. I. N. ' ¦ Badenweiler, a town of Germany, in the Brifgaw, belonging to the lower margravate of Baden, feated near the Rhine, 10 miles S. E. of Friburg. Lon'. 7. 52. E. Iat. 48. I. N. Badgeworth, a village of Glouccf- terfhire, noted for a» fpring of mineral water, called Cold Pool, nearly the fame in property as thofe -of Cheltenham, From the hill above Crickly, is a very extenfive profpeft. It is three miles from Cheltenham. Badis, a fortrefs of- Livonia, 20 miles E.of Revel. Lon. 24. 36. E. lat. 59. 15.N. Baeza, a large and -handfome epifco- pal town of Spain, in Andalufia, wit'n an univerfity. It is feated on the G-uadaU quiver, 15 miles N. E, of Jaen. Lon. 3, 18. W. lat. 37. 45. N. Baffin'.s-Bat, a gulf in N. America, difcovered by Mr. Baffin, an Englifliman, who attempted to find out a N. W. paf. fage that way to the South Sea. It extends from 70 to 80 degrees of latitiide. Baffo, a town in the ifland of Cyprus, with a fort built near the ancient Paphos, of which confiderable ruins remain, par ticularly fome broken columns, which probably belonged to the temple of Venus. Lon. 32. 30. E. Iat. 34. 50. N. Bagdad, a large and populous city, the capital of Irac-Arabic (the ancient Chaldea) a province of Turkey in Afia. It is feated on the Tigris, and is inhabited by Chriftians, Turks, and other religions. It has a ftrong caftle, on the banks of the river ; and over againft it, on the other fide, are the fuburbs. It has a confider able trade, being annually vifited by the Smyrna, Aleppo, and Weftern caravans. It was the capital of the Saracen empire, till taken by the Turks in the 13th cen tury : fince which it has been taken and retaken feveral times by the Turks and Perfians ; and laft of all by the Turk§, in 1658. Kouli Khan befieged this place, but in vain. It is 250 miles N. by W^ of Baffora. Lon. 43. 52. E. lat. 33. 20. N. '-¦ Baclana, orBocKLANA,acountry of Hindooftan, in the Deccan. That ce lebrated ridge of mountains, the Gauts, when it approaches the Surat river from the S. does not terminate in a point or promontory, but departing from its me- ridional courfe, benels eaftward, in a wavy line, parallel to that river, and is afterward loft among the hills in the neighbourhood of Burhampour. Baglana, which extends the whole way from t'ae Surat river to Poonah, BAH B A L Poonah, is the country inclofed by this bend of the Gauts. It is bounded on the N. by Candeifh, on the S. W. by Vifia- pour,' and on the S. E. by Dowlatabad. Bagnara, a feaport of the kingdom of Naples, eight miles S. of Palmi. In this tPwn 3017 perfons perithed, by the dreadful earthquake in 1783. Lpn.116. 8. E. lat. 38. 15. N. BAGNAREA,an epifcppal town of Italy, in the Patrimony of St. Peter, five miles S. of Orvieto. Lon. 12. 28. E. ilat. 42. 36- N. / B AG NE RES, a town pf France, in the de partment pf the Upper _Pyrenees, and late province of Bigorrc ;' feated at the foot of the Pyrenees, oh fhe rh'er Adour; and much frequented, on account of its hot mineral waters. It is 10 miles S. E. of Tarb. Lon. o. 12. E. lat. 43. • , 3-N., Bagnialack, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Bofnia, 30 miles N. E. of Spa latro. Lon. iS.o.'E. lat. 44. 24. N. Bagnolis, a town of France, in the department of Herault and late province of Languedoc, near the river Cefe '(in the bed of which fome gold fand is found ) S miles S. "VV.of Pont Efprit. Lon. 4. 43. E. lat. 44. 10. N. Bahama, or Lucaya Islands, fi tuated tq the S. of Carolina, between 22° and 27° N. lat. and 73° and 81°. W. lon. They extend along the coaft of Florida to Cuba, and are faid ^0 be 300 in number, fome of them mere rocks, but 1 2 of them large and fertile. They are all, ho-wever, uninhabited, except Providence. One pf thefe iflands was the firft land defcried by Cplumbus, Oft. 12, i4g2, on which he landed, and which he called San Sal- vador. They were not known to ,the Englifh till 1667, when capt. Seyfe being driven among them in his paffage to Ca- rolina, gave his name to one of them, and, being a fecond time driven upon it, called it Providence. The cotton feed has been recently introduced into thefe iflands from Georgia, and is found to be well adapted to the foil 'and climate: the quantity of cotton they exported ' in 1792 was 5047 b'ales, weighing 1,162,822 pounds. ' '"¦' B.ahar, a country of Hindooftan Proper, bounded on the W. by Allaha bad and dude, on the N. by Napaul, on the E. by Bengal, and on the S. bv Oriffa. It is fubjeft to the Enghfh E. India Com pany ; and moft of the faltpctre they ex- port is manufaftured in this province, of .which Patna is the capital. Bahere'n Island, in the gulf of Perfia, once famous for its pcail fifliery. Lon. 49. 5. E. lat 26. 10. N, Bahus, a town of Sweden, capital of a government of the fame name, on a rock, in an ifland 10 miles N. of Gottenburg. Lon. II. 42. E. lat. 57. 52. N. Baja, a populous towh of Hungary, on the Danube, 3 5 miles N. W. of Effeck. Lon. 20. o. E. lat. 46. 10. N. Baj AD OR, a cape on' the W. coaft of Africa, S. cf the Canary Iflands. Loit. 14. 22. W. lat. 26. 12. N. Baia, an inconfiderable town pf the kingdom of Naples; but famous,, in the time of the ancient Romans, for its hot baths and elegant palaces, of which there are fome ruins' remaining. It is feated on the f"cacoaft, in the Terra di Lavora, 12 miles W. of Naples. Lon. 14. 5. E. lat. 40. 51. N. Baikal, a great lake in Siberia, on the road -from Mufcovy to China. There are a great many feals in it of a blackifh colour, and fturgeons of a monftrous fize. The river Angara runs out of this lake to the N. N. W. Baileul, a town of France, iu the department of the North, and late county of Flanders, 9 miles S. W. of Ypres. Lon. 2. 55. E. lat. 50.^45. N. s ¦¦' Bain Gong.a, or Bain River, a large river of Hindooftan, which rifes near the S. bank of the Nerbudda, runs fouth. ward thrbugh the heart pf Berar, and, after a courfe of near 400 miles, unites with the Godavery, within the hills that bound the Britifli Northern Circars. BaKewell, a towh in Derbyfhire, with a market' on Monday. It is feated on the river Wye, among the hills, 20 miles N.' N. W. of Derby, and 1 51 from London. Lon. i. 42. W. lat. 53. 15. N. Baku, a tjown pf Perfia, in the pro vince of Schirvan, the moft commodious haven of the Cafpian Sea, on the weft coaft of which it is fituated. The entrance, in fome places, is difficult and dangerous, on account of the number of flipals and iflands. Baku- is a fortrefs, furrounded by high brick walls, '306 miles S. of Aftra can. Lon. 49. 1 5. E. Iat. 40. 2. N. Bala, atown, of Merionethftiire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the Lake of Bala, or Pemblcmere, which is 1 3 miles in length, and fix in breadth, and abounds with a fifh called a guinard, re- fembling a falmon in fhape, and its tafte is like a trout. The river Dee runs throu.gh this lake. This to-vvn is noted for a great trade in knit woollen ftockings. It is wn in Herts, with a market on 'Thurfday. It is feated between the hiih, in a chail'.y foil at for corn, and is chiefly of note fpr its trade in malt. It h nine miles W. of Rpyftpn, and 37 N.N.W, pf London. Lon.o. 5. W. Iat. 52. 2. N. Bali, an ifland forming the N. fide of the Straits of Java, through which the Eaft India fliips fometimes return from China ; but the paffage is commonly very difficult, on account pf the ccntrary winds. This ifland is populous, and abounds in rice and all forts of fruits. The inhabi. tants are black, addifted to war, and Pa. gans. Lpn. 115. 50. E.lat, 7, 10, S, Ballaghy, a tPwn pf Ireland, in the cpunty pf Sligo, 22 miles S. of Sligo, Lon. 8. 40. W. lat. 53. 56. N. Ballyconnel, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cavan, 1 1 miles N. E. of Cavan. Lon. 7. 25. W. lat. 54. 10. N. Ballynakill, a borpugh pf Ireland, in Queen's County, 18 miles N. W. of Kilkenny. Lon. 7. 25. W.lat. 52. 50. N. Ballyshannon, a large town of Ire. land, in the county of Donegal, with s good haven, no miles N. W. of Dublin. Lpn. 7. 50. W.lat. 54. 33. N. '* Ballogistan, Little, acountry- of Hindooftan Proper, bordering on the N. of Mewat, and apprpaching within 24 miles pf Delhi. It is 80 pr go miles long, and from 30 to 40 broad. Within this century it ^^as feized by the Balloges, or Balloches, whofe country adjoins to the W, bank of the Indus, pppofite Moultan, They are reprefented as a very favage and cruel race. Their territory is full of ra vines, and of courfe difficult of accefs. Ir has, however, been fuccefiively tributary to the Rohillas, the Jats, and the late Nud- juffCawn. Weftward it borders on the CPuntry pf the Seiks. Baltic, a large fea in the N. of Eu. rope, between Denmark and Sweden to the W. and Germany, Poland, and Ruf. fia to the E. It contains, the gulfs of Bothnia, (which has Sweden on the E. N. and 'W. fides) Finland, Riga, and Dantzic. The Baltic neither ebbs nor flows, and there is always a current fets through the Sound intP the pcean. It is ge. nerally frozen over in the winter. YeUow amber is found on the coaft. Baltimore, a town oflreland, jn the county pf Cork, pn a headland which runs into the fea, nine milts N. , E. of Cape Clear. Lon. g. 14. W. lat. 51,. 24. N. 'f" Baltimore, a town of Maryland, the fourth in fize, and, the fifth in trade, in the United States of America, feated on the Patapfee, vvhich runs into the Bay of Chefapeak. ^ Itis divided info " the Town aud Fell's Point," bv a creek, over which. are two bridges, .At Fell's Point, the water BAN Water is deep enough for fhips of burden ; but fmall veffels only go up to the town. The houfes were numbered in 1787, and found to be ig55. There 'are nine churches, which refpeftively belong to German Calvinifts and Lutherans, Epifco. palians, Preflayterians, Papifts, Baptifts, Methodifts, Quakers, and Nicofites or New Quakers. The number of inha. bitants is upward of 10,000. Baltimore is 45 miles N. E. of Annapolis, Lpn, 76, 25. W.lat, 3g. 45. N. Bamberg, a large and handfome town of Germany, in Franconia, capital of a bifhopric of the fame name. It was for. merly imperial, but now fubjeft to the hi. flipp. The cpuntry about it is very fer. tile ; and it has an univerfity. It is feated at the cpnfluence pf„the Maine and I';ed- nitz, 35 miles N.' pf Nuremberg, Lon, 11, 7. E. lat,' 50. 2. N. Bamberg, a town of Bohemia, at the foot of a mountain, 30 miles S. of Glatz. Lon. 16. 50, E. lat 4g. 55. N. Bamf. See Banff. Bampton, a large town in Oxford. fliire, with a fmall market on Monday. It is feated near the Thames, 12 miles W. of Oxford, and 70 W. by N. of London. Lon. I. 25. W. lat. 51. 46. N. BAMPTOif, a town ih Devonfhire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated in a bottom furrounded by hills. It is 14 miles N. N. E. of Exeter, and 163 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3. 38. W. lat. 51. 2. N. Banbury, a town of Oxfordfhire, with a market on Thurfday. It is a large town, the fecond for beauty in the county, and feated on the river Charwell. It fends one member to parliament ; is npted for its cakes and cheefe, and is 75 miles N. W. of London. Lon. 1. 11. W. lat. 52. 4. N. Banca, an ifland of Afia, on the E. coaft of Sumatra, with a town and ftrait of the fame name. Lpn. 106. 50. E. lat. ^. '35. S. Bancalis,. a feaport on the E. coajft of Sumatra, where the Dutch have a fettle. ment. It is 130 miles W. of Malacca. Lon. 100. 7. E. lat. -i. 15. N. Bancock, a town of Afia, in the kingdom of Siam, with a fort, once in the ppffeffion of the French, who were driven thence in 168S. The houfes are made of canes, and covered with palm-leaves. The inhabitants are almoft naked, and having no furniture in their houfes, fit on the flopr. It is 17 miles N. pf the fea, and 40 S. of Siam, Lpn, loi, 5, E, lat, 13, 35. N, Banda, the chief pf the Banda, pr ^pice Iflands, in the Indian Ocean. They BAN lie between 127° and 128° E. lon. and 4" and 5' S. lat. cpmprchending the ifles of Lantor, Poleron, Rofinging, Pooloway, and Gonapi. The nutmeg, covered with mace, grows on thefe iflands only, and they have been entirely fubjeft to the Dutch, ever ffnce 1609, when they ex pelled both the Englifli and the natives. In feveral iflands that he near Banda and Amboyna, the nutmeg and clove would grow, becaufe, as naturalifts affert, birds, efpecially doves and pigeons, fwallow the nutmeg and clove whole, and void .them in the fame ftate ; which is one of the rea- fpns why the Dutch , make war againft both thefe birds. Thefe iflands are all very fmall, the largeft being fcarcely 20 miles in length. They are fubjeft to- earthquakes. Banda is 75. miles S. E. of Amboyna. Lon. 128. 5. E. lat. 4. 50. S. Bander Congo, a fmall feaport of Afia, in Perfia, on the Gulf of Perfia, 80 miles W. of Gombroon, Lon, 55, 8. E. lat. 27. 10. N. Bandora, the capital pf the ifland pf Salfette, io feparated from the ifland of Bombay by a narrow channel. Lon. 72. 40. E. lat. 19. o. N. Banff, a feaport, and the county.town, of Banffshire, in Scotland, on the declivity of a hill, at the mouth of the Deveron, which here flows into the Britifh Ocean, It has many good ftreets, and the town. houfe is adorned with a handfome fpire, , Here is a manufaftpry pf thread, and anp. tiler pf ftockings ; and the children attend the munufaftory and fchool alternately, at ftated hours ; fo that education and induf. try are happily united. In the middle of -the town is Banff Caftle, with its gardens, belonging to the Findlater family. The harbour is defended by. a neat pier, and a battery. At the fbot of the hill, is Duff Houfe, the elegant feat of the earl of Fife, clofe to whofe garden is a handfome bridge, of feven arches, erefted by government oyer the Deveron. Banff is 32 miles N. W. pf Aberdeen. Lorf. 2. 15. W. lat. 57. 3 5-N. Banffshire, a county of Scctland, bounded on the N. by the Murray Frith, on the S. E. by Aberdeenfliire, and on the N. W. by the county of Murray. From N. E. to S. W. its greateft length is 50 miles, and its extent along the coaft nearly 30. -* Bangalore, a ftong fortrefs of Myfore, in the Peninfiila, of Hindooftan. It is a place of great political importance, being, from its fituation, the bulwark of the Myfpre country, toward Arcot. It was taken by the Englifli in 1791 ; but reftored by'ihe treaty of peace, in 1792. Ji It BAP EAR It is f4itt!Ies from Seringapatam, the capital of Myfore. Lon. 77. 37. E. lat. 13. o. N. Banghir, a town in Ireland, in King's County, on the Shannon, 1 5 miles S. cif Athlone. Lon. 7. 41. "W". lat. 53. 7. N. BangoIi, a city of Carnarvonfliire, with a market on Wednefday. It was once fo confiderable, that it was called Bangpr the Great, and defended by a ftrong caffle. The principal buildings are the cathedral and the bifhcp's palace. Itis 36 miles W. pf St. Afaph, and 25 » N. W. by W. pf London, Lon, 4, is, W, lat, 5j, 12. N. Bangor, a borough of Ireland, in the County of Down, on the 8. fhore of the Bay of Carrickfergus,' Lon, 5, 42, W. lat. 54. 40. N, , ^ Banjar, a river in'the ifland of Bor. neo, in the Indian Ocean, in the moui:h of which is a town where the Englifli E, India Cpmpany have a faftory. Banstead, a village of Surrey, noted for an abundance of walnut-trees ; but " more fpr its neighbpurihg downs, one of the moft delightful fpots in England, on account of its fine carpet ground, covered with fliort herbage, perfumed with thyme and juniper, which make the muttpn of this fpot very fweet, though fmall. It has feveral feats arouhd it, and a profpeft of feveral counties, including "Windfor, Hampton Court, and Londqn. Thefe downs form a traft of 30 miles, extend. ing, under different denominations, from Croydon to Farnham. On that part of them near Banftead is a noted four.mile courfe. Eanftead is 13 miles S. S. W. pf Lpndon. Bantam, a town of Afia, on the N. W. coaft of Java, capital of a kingdom of the fame name, with a gopd hafbpur, and a caftle. It is divided intp twp tp-wns, feparated by a river. The Englifh and Danes had faftories here till 1682, when they were expelled by the Dutch. The produce is. pepper, of vvhich the Dutch export vaft quantities, they being the Only Europeans that have footing here ; and are fo powerful, that they have de. pofed the kings of the ancient race, and fuffer nothing to be done in this kingdom but what they pleafe. Bantam, once po pulous and flourifhing, is now a poor and wretched place. Lon, 105. 26. E, lat. 6. 20, S, Bantry, a tPwn pf Ireland, in the courtty of Cork, on a bay, to which it gives name, in the S. W. part of the kingdom, Lon, 9, 25, W. lat.- 51, 36. N, Bapaume, a tpwn of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois, 12 miks, S, E. pf Arras, Lon, 2. 35, E, kt, 50, 8, N. Bar, a tpwn of Poland, in PodoKa, o» the river Bog, 40 miles N. W. of Brack- law. Lon. 27, 3,0, E. lat. 49. 14. N. Bar, a narrow pafs. of Italy, in the valley of Aufta, which commands the paf- fage out of that valley into Piedmont. Bar, or the Barrois, a territory of France, lying on both fides the Meufe, between Lorrain and Champagne, ^t now forms the department of Meufe. Bar.le.duc, a town of France, in the department of Meufe, capital of the late duchy pf Bar, with a handfome caftle. Ir is divided into the upper and lower rmvn ; the latter is watered by the rivulet Omcy, in which are very fine trouts. The wine is excellent, and as delicate as Champagne. It is feated on the fide, of a hiU, 30 miles W. pf Toul, and 138 E. of Paris. Lon, 5, 20. E, lat. 48. 44. N. Bar.^ur.Aube, an ancient tov/n pf , France, in the department of Aube, and late province pf Champagne. It is famous for its wines, and is feated at the foot of a mountain, 18, miles S. W. of Joinville. Lon; 4, 55. E. lat. 48. 15, N. Bar.sur-Seine, a town of France, in the department of Aube, and late pro vince of Champagne, 20 miles S, W, of Bar-fur-Aube, Lon, 4, 32, E. lat, ^8. 5.N. , Bar A, one of the Hebrides of Scotland,; tp fhe S. of S. Uift. It is 5 miles long and 3 broad. At low water, it almoft commu. nicates with Benbecula ; on which account, both iflands are fometimes called the Long Ifland. The W. coaft pf Bara is low and flat ; the fpfl, fine fhell fand, in many parts very fertile ; but the grpund rife's to the E. coaft, where it is barren, and breaks off abrupt, irregular, and fleep. In fome parts, where the foil is rocky and uneven, it admits not pf being ploughed : it is cultivated, therefore, by a kind of crooked fpade, called here cafcbrom. Lon* 7, 30. W, lat. 56. 55. N. BaraCoa, a feaport in the N. Fl. of Cuba, 50 miles N. E. of St. Jago. de. Cuba, Lon. 76. 10. W. lat. 21. N; Baranco de Malambo, a town of S, America, in Terra Firma, with a bi fliop's fse, and a good harbour. It ii feated on the river Magdalen, 7 5 miles N. of Carthagena, Lpn, 75, 30. "W, lat, 11. 40. N. . Baranwahr, a fmall tPwn of Lower Hungary, taken from the Turks in 1684. It is feated on the rivulet Croffo, near the Danube, 90 miles N. W. ol^ Belgrade. Lon. 19. 50. W, Iat. 45, 55. N, . Barbadoes, tho cafternmoit of the Windward Iflands, in America, It is, in general. BAR B A R general^ a level country, 2 5 miles in length, and 1 5 in breadth. It had formerly a good deal qf wood, which is now almoft all con- fumed by the fugar-works. Their ex ports are fugar, rum, cotton, indigo, and ginger ; and they haye moft of tde fruits common to the climate. A college was built here by col. Codrington, and other benefaftors ; but it has not anfwcred the intention of the founders. The number of the whites is about 20,000, who have 100,000 flaves. The fugar that is brought to England hence is whiter and finer than that of any other plantation ; and they have one particular produftion, called Bar badoes tar, which rifes out of the earth, and fwims upon the furface of the water. It is of great ufe in the dry bcllyach, and in difeafes of the breaft. This ifland has fuffered much from hurricanes ; par. ticularly, from a dreadful one, Oft. 10, 1780. It is 70 miles E. of St. 'Vincent. "The capital is Bridgetown. Barbary, a country of Africa, in cluded between the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and Egypt, and con taining the kingdoms of Barca, Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, Fez, and Morocco. It is near 2000 miles in length, and, in fome places, 7 50 in breadth. It was known to the ancients by the name of Mauritania, Numidia, Proper Africa, and Libya. It is the beft country in all Africa, except Egypt ; and fertile in corn, maize, wine, citrons, oranges, figs, almonds, olives, dates, aud melons. Their chief trade confifts iu their fruits, in the horfes called barbs, Morocco leather, oftrich-feathers, indigo, wax, tin, and coral. -The efta bliflied religion is the Mahometan, and there are fome Jews ; but no Chriftians, except the flaves. Barbe, St. a town of New Bifcay, in Mexico, near which are rich filver mines. It is 500 miles N. W. of Mexico. Lon. loj. 5. "W. lat. 26. o. N. Barberino, a town of Italy, in Tuf cany, at the foot of the Appennine rnqiin- tains, on the river Sieva, 12 miles N. of Florence, Lon. 11. 15. E. lat. 43. 515. N. Barbezieux, a to.vn of France, in the department of Charente, and late pro vince of Angoumois. It has a miner&l fpring called Fontrouilleufe, and a manu fafture of linen cloth. It is 45 m.iles N. E. of Bourdeaux. Lon. o. o. lat. 45, 30. N. Barbuda, one of the Leeward Iflands, in the W. Indies, fubjeft to the Englifli, about 20 miles long, and 12 bruad. The inhabitants'(about i?oo) are chiefly em ployed in raifing corn, and breeding rat- tie, for tiie ufe of the neighbouring iflands. It is the property of the Codririgtpn fa mily, and is near 20 miles N. E, pf St. Chriftopher, Lon, 61, 30. W, lat, 18. 30. N, I - . Barca, a. country of Africa, onthe S. coaft of the Mediterranean, between Tripoli and Egypt. It is a barren defert, inhabited by none but wandering Arabs. Here was feated the famous temple of Jupiter Ammon, fo difiicuh of accefs on account of the burning fands. _ Barcelona, a handfome, large, and rich city of Spain, in Catalonia, of which it is the capital, with a bifliop's fee, and a good harbour, on the Mediterranean Sea. I^ is of an oblong form, containing about 15,000 houfes, and is defended by a fort, called Mont Joy, which ftands on a rocky mountain, a mile to tlje W. of the to\yn. It has double walls on the N. and E. and the fea on the S. with a mole running out for the, fecurity of fhips. It is divided into the new and old town, fe. parated from each other by a wall and a ditch. There are feveral beauti.ful ftreets and fquares, which arc very clean, and paved with large flag-ftones. It has a fine univerfity, befide an inquifition. It is adorned with feveral handfome ftruc- tures ; the cathedral has two lofty towers ; the palace of the viceroy is^ much admired ; and the arfenal contains arms for feveral thoufand men. There is an exchange, and docks for the building of gallies. It is a place of great trade, and they make curious works in glafs. The knives are likewife in great reputation, as well as the blankets. The inhabitants are induf- trious and polite, and the women hand. fome, lively, and free in their converfation. In 1705, Barcelona was taken by the earl of Peterborough, after a fiege of three weeks. In 1706, Philip V. inveftcd it with a nu merous army ; but Sir John Leake obhged him to raife the fiege. In 1714, itwas taken by the French and Spaniards, when it was deprived of all its privileges, and the citadel built to keep it in awe. It is 250 miles E. of Madrid. Lon. 2. 13, E, lat. 41. 26. N. Barcelonftta, a tcwn of France, in the department of the Lower Alps, and late province of Dauphiny. 12 miles S. E!, of Embrun. Lon. 6. 39. E. lat. 44. 23. N, Barcelors, a town of Afia, on the coaft of Malabar : it is a Dutch faftory, 130 miles S. cf Goa. Lon. 74. 15. E. lat. 13. 25. ,N. Barcelo?, a town of Portugal, cn.the^ river Sourtlla, 20 miles N. of Porto, Lon. 8. 20. W. Iat. 41. 30. N. Bardewick, a t-wn of GcrmaTr,,-, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and r'uchv of E a Luneri- BAR BAR Lunenburg, on the river Ilmenau; -17 miles S. E. of Hamburg. Lon, 10. 19. E. lat. 53. 24. N. '-¦' Bardon Hills, in Leicefterfhire : thefe hills, which are to the N. W. part of the country, rife to a confiderable height. Bardt, a ftrong and rich town of Ger- many, in Swcdifh Pomerania, with a caftle and harbpur, near the Baltic, 12 'miles W. by N. cf Stralfund, Lpn. 13. 12. E. lat. 54.23.N. Bareges, avillagepf France, in the de partment of the Upper Pyrcnnces and late province of Bigorre. It is much fre quented on acccunt of its mineral baths. It is feated in a valley of the fame name (which contains .the little townof Luz and 17 villages) 12 miles S. of Bagneres. Bareitii, a town of Gcrinany, in Franconia, in the margravate of Culem. bach, with a famous college, belonging to the margrave of Brandenburg-Bareith. It is I 5'miles S. E. of Culembach, Lon. 1 J. 56. E. lat. 50; o. N. Barfleur, a town of France, in the -tlepartment of the Channel, and late pro vince of Normandy. It was ruined by the Englifli in 1346, and the harbour filled up. The cape of that name is 12 miles E. of Cherburg, and near it, part pf the navy of France was deftroyed by the Englifli, in i6g2. It is 175 N. W. of Paris. Lon. 1. 6. W. lat. 49. 40. N. .B.4RI, a handfome townof the kingdom nf Naples, the capital of Terra-di-Bari, and an archbifliop's fee. It is feated on the gulf of Venice, and had once a good harbour, which was*deftroyed by the Ve- Jietians. It is 20 miles E. of Trani. Lon. 17. 5.. E. lat. 41. 26. N. Bari, or Tera-di-Bari, a terri. tory of Italy, in the kingdom of Na ples, on the gulf of Venice. The air IS temperate, and the foil fertile ; but there arc many ferpents and tarantulas. Barjols, a fmall town in the depart. mcnt of Var, and late province of Pro- vencr, 19 miles from Riez. Lon. 6. lo. E. lat. .(.3. 33, N. Barking, a town of Effex, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the river Roding, near the Thames. It was celebrated tor a magnificent nunnery, founded in 675. It ftood on the N. fidi of the churchyard ; and a gateway and part of the w ills are ftill vifible. Barking IS feven miles E. of London. Lon. o. 12. E. Iat. 51. 52. Nr Barkley, a town in Gloucefterftiire, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated fn a branch of the Severn, and was pf fome note for a nunnery. It is i8 miles S. W. of GJoucefter, and 114 W. by S« of London. Lon. 2. 30 W. lat 51. 40. N. Barletta, a town of the kingdom o£ Naples, with a bifhop's fee, feated on the gulf of Venice 25 miles ,"^.-8. W. of Bari. Lon. 16. 32. E. lat. 41. 30. N. Barnard. Castle, a town in tho county of Durham, with a market pn Wednefday. It has a manufafture of ftpckings, and is feated pn the river Tees, 30 miles S. W. of Durham, and 244 N, N. W. of London. Lon. i. 49. W; lat. 54. 3 5-N. Barnaveldt, an ifland of America, to the S. of Terra del Fuego, Lon. 66. 58. W. lat. 55.49. S. Barnet, a town partly in Middlefex and partly in Herts, with a market on Mpnday. It is fituated pn the. top of a hill, whence it is called High Barnet, and alfo Chipping Barnet, from a market granted here, by Henry II. to the monks of St. Alban's. It is a hamlet to the pa. rifli of Eaft Barnet, and has a chapel of eafe. Near this place was fought, iii 1 47 1, the decifive battle between the rival houfes of York and Lancafter ; and, on a green fpot, a little before the meeting of the St. Alban's and Hatfield roads, is a ftone column, with an infcriptipn, tP com- memeirate the memory of this great event. Barnet is 11 miles N. by W. pf Lpndpn. Lpn. o. 5. W. lat. 51. 42. N. * Barne'T, East, a village near the tPwn of Barnet, once much frequented on account of a medicinal fpring Barnsley, atown in the W. riding of Yorkffiire, with a market on Wed. nefday. It is feated on the fide of a hill, and has a manufafture of linen and wire. It is 174 miles N. by W. from Loneipn. Lpn. 1. 28. W. lat. 53. 35. N. Barnsley, a village) pf Glpucefter- fhire, ncted for large quarries of excellent freeftone. It is four miles from Ciren- cefter. Barnstable, a feaport and borough. of Devonfliire, with a market on Friday, It is feated pn the river Tau, 38 miles N. N. W. of Exeter, and 191 W. of London. Lon. 4, 5. W. lat. 51. 8. N. Baroach, a town of Hindooftan, ia the N. W. of the Decan, and on the S. bank of the river Nerbudda, 40 mjles N. of Surat. Lon. 72. 55. E. lat. 21. 25. N. Barraux, a fortrefs of Dauphiny, at the entrance of the valley of Grefivaudan, built by a duke of Savoy in 1597. It was taken by the French in 1598, who have kept it ever fince. It is feated on the river Ifere, fix miles S. of Chamberry, Lon. 5. 52^ E, lat, 45. 2.j. N, Bak< B A S Bartholomew Isle, a fmall ifland, *ne of the New Hebrides, lying in Bou. gainville's Paffage, between Mallicola and the Terra del Efpiritu Sanfto of Quiros, Lon. 167. 24. E. lat, 15, 42 S. Bartholomew, St. one of the Ca. ribbee iflands, in America, 30 miles N. of St. Chriftopher's. It is 20 miles in cir. cumference, and has a good harbour.- The French ceded this ifland to the Swedes in 1785. Lon. 63. 10. W. lat. 17. 56. N. Barton, a town in Lincolnfhire, with a market on Monday. It is feated on the Humber, where there is a ferry into York. Ihire, of confiderable advantage to the town, which is 35 miles N, of Lincoln, and 166 N. of London. Lon. o. 12. W, lat. 53. 42. N. Baruth, an ancient town of Afia, in Syria, with a Chriftian church. It is new an inccnfiderable place, 30 miles N. E. pf Seyda, Lpn. 36. 30. E. lat. 34. 10. N. Basartschick, a well-built tpwn of Turkey in Europe, in Romania. It has a great trade, and is feated on the river Meritz. Lon. 24. 40. E. lat. 42. ig. N, Basil, Basle, or Bale, the capital of the canton of Bafil, in Swifferland, with a bifliop's fee, and a famous univerfity. It is divided into two parts by the Rhine ; the largeft of which is on the fide of Swif- ferland, and the leaft on that of Germany ; but they are joined by a handfome bridge. The larger has five gates, fix fuburbs, 220 ftreets, fix large fquares, and 46 fountains, a'nd is partly feated on a hill. The Pther ftands on a plain, and has but two gates, with feveral ftreets and fountains. The cathedral is an elegant Gothic building, but disfigured by a daubing of rofe. coloured paint, fpread over the whole edifice. Under a marble tomb in it, is in^ terred the great Erafmus, The town- houfe, and fine paintings in frefco, parti. cularly the pifture, by Holbein, of the Paffion, are much admired. The univer fity has had the glory of poffeifing fuch il- luftrious names as Oecolampadius, Buxtorf, Wenftein, Euler, the Bcrnouillis, &c. The library contains a prodigious number of' books and manufcripts ; and there is a rich CoUeftion of medals, among which art fe veral exceedingly fcarcp. - The clocks al- ways go an hour too faft, becaufe they did fo on the day appointed to murder the magiftrates, by which the confpiracy was difc'oncerted. This town is furrenjnded by thick walls, flanked by tcwers and baftions. The art of making paper is faid to have been invented here. They have feveral manufaftories, particularly of ribands and cottons, and carry on an extenfive trade. The bifliops of Bafle once pof. iefffd the foyereignty over the city an^ B A S canton, but in 1501, when the canto« joined the Helvetic confederacy, they re. tired to Friburgh, in Brifgau, and after. ward fixed their refidence at Porentru ; ftill retaining the title, with the dignity of princes of the empire. The fumptuary laws are very ftrift at Bafle ; and no per. fon is allowed to have a fervant behind his carriage. In general the burghers fons receive an excellent education ; and it is not uncommon, even for the lower fort of tradefmen, to employ their leifure hours in reaciing Horace, Virgil, and Plutarch. Bafle is the largeft, and feems to have been once one of the moft populous tov.-ns in Swifferland : it is capable of containing 100,000 Inhabitants; whereas their num ber is fcarcely more than 14,000. It- is 175 miles N. by E, of Geneva, and 250 E, by S. of Paris. Lon. 7, 34. E. lat, 47. 35. N. Basilicata, a territory of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, abounding in cprn, wine, oil, cotton, honey, and faffron. Ci- renza is the capital. Basilipotamo, a river of Turkey, in Europe, in the Morea, which falls into the gulf of Calochina. It was called Eu. rotes by the ancients. BASiLUZZO,'one of the Lipari iflands, in the Mediterranean, two miles in cir. cumference, and uninhabited. Basingstoke, a town in Hampfhire, with a market on Wednefday. It is a corporation, 3 5 miles E. by N. of SaliL bury, and 47 W. by S. of London, Lon, I. 4. W. lat. 51. 19. N. BAStnJES, a fmall territory of France, toward the Pyrennees. It included Lower Navarre, Labourd, and Soule, and now forms, with Beam, the department of the Lower Pyrennees. The fupplenel's of their limbs, and the agflity of the inha. bitants, are proverbial. It is not eafy to imagine more grace and expreffion than they difplay in their motions. Even when engaged in the labours of hufbandry, or carrying a burden, it would foon be'per» ceived with what fpirit and aftivity they can dance. Bass, a great infulated rock in the Bri tifli Ocean, one mile from the coaft of Had. dington, between the towns of North Berwick and Dunbar, in Scotland, On the S . fide it is almoft conic ; on the pther it overhangs the fea in a tremendous man ner. It is fteep and inacceffible on all fides, except to the S. W. and there it is with great difficulty that a fingle man can cUmb up with the help cf rope or ladder. It is fupplied with water by a -fpring at the top, and in May and June is quite cp vered with the nefts, eggs, and ypung birds of the gannets, or folan geefe ; fo B A S BAT that it is fcarce poffible to walk without ^reading on them. The flocks of birds, in flight, are fo prodigious, as to darken the air, like clouds ; and their noife is fuch, that people, clofe by each other, hear what is fpoken with difficulty. Thefe birds come hither to breed. The roqk is one mile in circumference. A ruinous caftle, once the ftate prifon of Scotland, ftands at the edge of the precipice, facing the little village of Caftleton. The garrifon here, in 1694, furrenderei-te-king William, after a long refiftanCe ; and the fortifications -^'ere demohflied. A cavern runs through the rock, from N. W. to S. E. quite dark in the centre, where, it is faid, there is a deep pool of frefh water. The rock has a rabbit -.varren, and pafture for a few fheep. Lon. 2. 35. W. lat. 56. 3. N. Bassano, a town of Italy, in the ter ritory of Venice, pn the river Brante, in a country produftive pf excellent wine, Lcn. 1 1. 24. E. lat. 45. 51. N. Basse, or !^ass, a. town of France, in the department of the North, and late pro- vincepf Flanders, Avell knpwn by the many fieges it has fuftained ; but its fortifica tions are now demoliflied. Itis 18 miles S. W. of Lifle. Lon. 2. 52. E. lat. 50, 28. N. ¦ '-'¦ Basseen, a city and fortrefs of note, in the Deccan of Hindooftan, oppofite the N. end of Salfette. It was taken by the Englifh in 1780, but reftored to the Mah rattas in 1783. It is 27 miles JSf. of Bom. bay. Lon. 72. 10. E. lat. 19. 19. N. * Bassenthwaite Water, a fine ake in Cumberland, 3 miles N. E. of itefwick,. It is 4 miles long, bounded on one fide by high hills, wooded, in many places, to their bafes ; on the other, by the fields, and the fkirts of Skiddaw, Basseterre, the capital of St. Chrif- tppher, a fine town, built by the French, when this part of their ifland was in their poffeffion, before it was ceded to the Englifli in 1 7 13. The houfes are of brick, freeftone, and tim'oer; and, among other buildings, are a town-houfe, an hofpital, ahd a large church. -'-¦¦ Basseterre, the principal town of Guadaloupe, in a diftrift of the fame name, in the W. part of the ifland. It is de fended by a citadel and other fortifioa- tions. Bastia, a feaport of Albania, in Eu. ropean Turkey, over-againft the ifland of Corfu, at the mouth of the river Calamu. Lon. 20. 20. E, lat. 39. 40. N. Bastia, the »-ipital of Corfica, with a good harbour, a Itrong caftle, and a bifliop's fee. It is 1 10 miles S. by E. of Genoa. Lon. J. 30, E, lat. 42. 36, N, Bastimentos, fmafl iflands near'Terra Firma, in S. America, at the entrance of the bay of Nombre de Dios, with a fort, and a gOPd harbour. In one of thefe is pn excellent fpring : the country is inha. bjted by the American natives tributary to Porto-Bello. ' Bastiogne, a fmall town of the duchy of Luxemburg, 25 miles N. W. of Lux emburg, fubjeft to the houfe of Auftria, Lon. 6. o. E. lat. 50. o. N. Batacola, a feaport on the coaft cf Malabar, between Onore and Barcelore. Here are the remains of a once confider able city, on the banks of a fmaU river, four miles from the fea. The country round it produces a great quantity of pep. per ; and the Enghfh had a faftory here till 1670, when a bull-dog belonging to the faftory, having unfortunately feized and killed a facred cow, the natives rofe and maflacted them aU. Bataseck, a town pf Lpwer Hun- gary, on the Danube, 70. miles S. of Buda. Lon. 19. 20. E. lat. 46. 15. N. Batavia, a handfome, large, and ftrong town of Afia, in the ifland of Java, the capital of all the, Dutch fettlempnts in, the Indies. The fort is t)uilt at a diftance from the town, of ftone brought from Eu. rope. They have canals in the principal ftreets, planted on each fide with evergreen trees. Batavia coutains a prodigious number of inhabitants, of every nation and'country in thefe parts. It is the refidence of thegover. nor-gencral of all the Dutch colonics in the Eaft Indies, who continues but three years, and is replaced by another from Europe. It has a handfome hofpital and arfenal ; and all the goods brought from other parts, of the E. Indies are laid up here, tfllthey.. are exported tq the places of their defti- natipn. There is always a fleet here, fuf. ficient tp maintain their ppwer in thefe parts. The air is very unwholefome; and this place is reprefented, hy captain Cook, as'the grave pf European navigators. Its harbour is excellent, and featejd on the N. E. part of the ifland. Lon. 106. 51, E, lat. 6. 10. S. Bath, a citv pf Spmerfetfhire, with, twp markets on Wednefday and Saturday, It has been famous, frpm the tune pf thei- Romans, for its hqt fprings, the moft re. markable in England, and inferior to fevy- in Eurppe. They are not only ufed as baths, but internally as a. medicine ; and great benefits are derived frpm them in gptity, paralytic, bilious, and a variety of other cafes. The reputation pf thefe wa-.. ters has fp much increafed, that Bath is beccme the principal refort, next tp the, Bietropolis, fgr th|e nohllity and gentry, aji4 BAT and the conftant refidence of many opulent invalids, as well as of numerous votaries of diffipation. In fplendour and eleganpe of buildings, it exceeds every town in England; being conftruftcd of a white ftone, of which the foil around is chiefly compofed. Bath is feated pn the river Avon, in a valley, and, from the refleftion «f the fun's rays from the white foil, is very hot. in fummer. The principal fea fons of the waters, are fpring and autumn. The poor who come here to drink the waters, may be received into a magnificent hofpital. The fprings are diftinguiflied Ijy the names of the Crofs-bath, the Hot- bath, and the King's-bath. Bath is 12 miles E. S. E. of Briftol, and 107 "W. of London. Lon. 2. 22. W. lat. 51. 12. N. BatiiAj.'Bath, or Bachia, a town •of Hungary, on the Danube; no miles ¦5. S. E. of Buda. Lon. 20. 40. E. lat. 45'. 36.N. Batsford, a village of Gloucefter- fliire, through which paffes the great Ro- tnan road from the north in its way to Cirencefter, and there-is a fm-all entrench ment almoft entire, fuppofed fo have been thrown u.p by the Romans, it , is four miles from Campden. Battel, a town in Suffex, with a market on Thurfday. It is famous for the decifive , viftory gained by William < duke of Normandy, over Harold king of England, in 1066. In memory of this great event, the Concjuerqr founded here a celebrated abbey. .This town is noted for a manufaftory of gunpowder, well known by the name of Battel powder, it being the fineft in England. Battel is 22 miles E. of Lewes, and 57 S.. E. of Lon- ,don. Lon. o. 33. E. Iat. 50. 55. N. Battecola, a fortified town, on the E. coaft of Ceylon, fubjeft tp the Dutch. Lon^ 81. 3. E. lat. 7.. 55. N. Battenburg, a town of Dutch Guelderland, feated on the N. banks of the Meufe, almoft oppofite to Ravenftein, ten miles S. W. of Nimeguen,. Lon. 5. 33. E, lat. 51. 48. N. '¦¦¦ ¦Ba.ttersea, a village of Surry, noted fear its fine afparagus. Here was the famfiy-fett ,cff the St. Johns, where the famous lord BoSngbroke was born, and died. On the fite of it, now ftands a diftillcry and a curi^iu..hpri2^:(atsfe-,ai^-Ji»H, vifible, with the church at a great diftance. The church was rebuilt about 1 5 years ago, and is a beautiful ftrufture, with a mean copper fpire. Here S-ht --Vv' alter St. Jphn founded a freefchooi!; and here is a timber bridge over the Thames to Chel- fea. Batterfea is .fauc imiks 'W, S. W; "¦f Londoa, B A U Ba'TTLEfield, a large yillage in Shropfhire-, five miles N, pf Shrewfbury,- where a viftory was gained by Hepry IV. over Henry Percy, furnamed Hot- fpur. It has a large churah, and one long, broad ftreet pay£d. Lon. 2.. 42. W. lat. 52. ^.^. N. Bavaria, one of the circles of the German empire, bounded on the 'VV. by the circle of Suabia, on the N. W., by that pf Francpnia, on the N. E by Bohemiaj and on the E. and S. by the circle of Auf tria. It contains the. Duchy of Bavaria Proper, the Upper Palatinate of Bavaria,. the Bifhoprics of Frieflingen and Paffau, the Duchy of Ne'uberg and Archbiflippri^i pf Saltzburg. Bavaria Proper, Duchy of, the principal part of the circle of Bavaria, which formed one of the nine eleftorateS o.f Germany, sill the death of the eleftor Maxiraihan Jofeph^ in 1777, when he- was fucceeded in his dominions by a col lateral branch of the family, in the perfon- of Charles Theodore, eleftor ffelatihe of" the Rhine, who, however, by the treaty of Tcfhenin.1779, ceded a part of it, on the confines pf Auftria, to, the emperor Jofeph II. and thus terminated ^ war, / .concerning this fucceffion, which had com-' menced between his imperial majefty and' the late king of Pruffia, who had intterfercdr as the proteftor of the eleftor palatine. This duchy is about 125 miles long from E. to W. and 87 broad from N, 10 S. , The air is wholefome, and the. country- fertile. It is divided into Upp^r and Lower Bavaria. The principal river is the Danube; and the chief towns are. Munich, Landfhut, Donaiwert, Ingold- ftat, and Ratifbon. Bavaria, Upper Palatinate OF, fometimes caUed Nor-dgaw, from its fituatipnin the northern part of the cir. cle of Bavaria, is likewife a duchy, fubjeft tO/the eleftor palatine. Its capital is Am- berg- , s Bavay, a little town of Frjnce in the department of the North and late province of Hainault, to which the French retired after the battle of Malplaquet, in 1709. It was taken, by the Auftrians in 1792,. but recovered the fame year. It is three miles S. W. of Malplaquet, and 12 S. W. of Mons'. Lon. 3. 52, E, lat, so., i6. N. Bauge, a fmall town of France, in the department of Maine ,and -Loire, antl late province qf Anjou, famous for the viftory gained by Charles VIL oyer the, Eiighfli, in 142 1. It is feated on the river Coefnon, i8 miles E. of Angers, Lpn. o. I. W*lat. 47. 30. N, E 4 Baugenc!, B A U B E A BaugencI, a town of France, in the department of Loiret, and late province of Orleanois, feated on a hill, at the foot of which runs the Loire. It is famous for its wines, and is 6 miles W. of Orleans. -Baume, St. a mountain in France, between Marfeilles and Toulon. Mary Magdalen is faid to ,have died here, on which account it is much frequented. ¦ Baume- LES.NoNEs, atown of France, in the department of Doubs, and late pro- vince of Franche Comte. It had lately a n'oble nunnery, from which it received its appellation. Five miles from this town is a famous cavern, the entrance of vvhich is 20 paces wide, and after defcend- ing 300 paces, a grotto is feen, 35 paces deep, 60 wide, and covered wit'n a kind of a vaulted roof, from which water con- tinually drops. There is alfo a fmall brook, frozen in fumnier, but not in win. ter, and at the bottom are ftones that re. femble candied citron-peel. "When the peafants perceive a mift prcceeding froln the mouth of the cave, they are certain iti -will rain the next day. Baume is 15 miles S. W. of Befan^on. Lon. 6. 24. E. lat'.' 47. 24. N. 1 Baume N, or Bauman, a cave of Ger many, in Lower Saxony, 18 miles from Goflar. The entrance through a rock is fo harrow, that npt above one perfon can pafs at a time. Seme think it reaches as far as Goflar ; it is certain that fl Sligo. Lon. 8. 54.. W. lat. ',4. i. N. Belleg ard, a ftrong place of France.,1.- in the departmpnt of the Eaftern Pyren nees, and late province of Roufillon, aboyer the defile of Pertuis, on the frpntiers pf. Catalonia. It is fortifie,', and an import ant. place, on accoimt.of its being a paffago, to the Pyrennees. Lon. 2. 56, E. lat., 42. 27. N. Bellegarde, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy, feated on the river Saone, 15 miles N. E. pf Chalons.^ Lou. 5. 10. E. lat. 46. 57. N. Belle-Isle, an ifland of France, ii^r miles from the cbaft of Brittany. It is 1 5 miles long and 5 broad. The princi pal place is Palais, a fnaall fortified towDj. with a citadel. It was taken by the Engi lifli in 1 76 1, and reftored in 1763. It ia diverfified with craggy mountains, falt-j works, and pleafant fertile plains. Lon., 3. 6. W.lat. 47. 18. N. Belle-Isle, an Kland of N. America^ at the mouth of the ftrait between New, Britain and the N. end of Newfoundland., The paffage between them is called tie Strait, of Belle-lflc". Lon. 55. 25. W. lat.- 51. 55. N. * BfiL- BEL -* Bellesme, a town of France, in the department pf Orne, and late prpvince of Petche, with an ancient caftle, 75 miles S. W. pf Paris. Lpn. c. 42. E. lat. 48. 13. N-. Belley, a tPwn pf France, in the de partment pf Ain, and late province of Bref fe. It is an epifcppal fee ; is feated near the Rhpne, 12 miles N. of Chamberry, and 250 S. E. of Paris. Lon. 5. 50. E. Iat. 45. 47. N. - Billingh am, a town in Northumber land, with a market on Tuefday. It is 1-4 miles N. N-. W. pf Hexham, and 294 N. N. W. pf Lpndon. Lon. 2. 10. 'VV. lat. 55. 10. N. Bellinzona, atown of Italy, in tlie Milanefe, and one of the bailiwicks which the Swifs poffefs in that country. It is feated on the Jefino, five miles above the ¦ place where it falls intp the Lago Maggi. ore. Lon. 8. 16. E. lat. 46. 6. N.- Belllino, a handfome town of Italy, eapital of the Bellunefe, and a bifliop's fee. It is feated among the Alps on the riyer Piave, 15 miles N. E.of Feltri. Lon. 12. 9. E. lat. 43. 13. N. Bellunese, a territory of Italy, be longing to the Venetians, lying between Eriuli, Cadorina, Feltrino, the bifliopric ^ Trent, and Tiroh It has iron mines. Belluno is the only place of note. Belmont E, a town in the kingdom of Naples, on the Tufcan Sea, 10 miles W. of Cozenza. Lon. 16, 5. E. lat. 39. ao. N. Belt,, the Great, a ftrait of Den. mark, between the ifland of Zealand and that of Funen, at the entrance of the Bal. tic. It is not fo commodious, nor fo fre quented, as the Sound. In 1658, it was frozen over fo hard, that the king of Swe den marched over it with a defign to take Copenhagen. Belt, the Little, to the W. of the -Great Belt, between Funen and Jutland. It is one of the paffages from the German Ocean to the Baltic, though not three miles in breadth, and very crooked. Beltz, or Belzo, a town of Poland, in Red Ruffia, 30 miles N. of Leopol, Lon. 24. 5. E. Iat. 50. 20. N. • Belvedere, a confiderable town of Greece, capital pf a province of the fame name in the Morea. This province lies on the W. coaft, and is the moft fertile in all the Morea. The town is 17 miles N. E. of Chirenza. Lon. 21. 45. E. lat. 38. o, N. It is fubjeft to the Turks ; and our raifins, called Belvederes, come thence. Belvoir Castle, in Lincolnfhire, four miles from Grantham, the ancient feat of the dukes of Rutland, fuppofed to BEN have been a Roman ftation, as many or their antiquities have been dug up here. Its foundation was laid foon after the Nor man conqueft. It affords a delightful profpeft into the counties pf Nottingham, Derby, Leicefter, Rutland, and Northamp ton. Bemster, or Bemistf.R, a town of Dorfetfhire, with a market on Thurfday, It is feated on the riyer Bert, 14 miles' N. W. of Dorchefter, and 138 W. by S, of London, Lon. 3. o. W. fat. 50, 48. N. '* Benares, a diftrift of Hindooftait Proper, between Bahar and Oude. It contains the circars pf Benares, Jipnpour, Chunar, and Gazypour ; was ceded to the EngUfti in 1775; and produces a clear revenue of 380,000!. a year. * Benares, a fine, rich, and populous city, capital of the diftrift of the fame name. Although it is the moft compaftly built of any city in Hindooftan, it is more celebrated as the ancient feat of Bramini- cal learning than on any other account. It is built along the N, fide of the Ganges, which is here very broad, and the banks very -high. Its appearance from the wa- ter is extremely beautiful. Several Hin. doo temples embellifh the banks of the river ; and many other public and private buildings are magnificent. The ftreets are narrow ; the houfes high, and- fom.e of them five ftories each, inhabited by dif ferent families. The more wealthy Hin doos, however, live in detached houfe* with an open court, furrounded by a wall. Nearly in the centre of the city is a qdnfi- derable Mahomedan mofque, built hjr the emperor Aurungzebe, who deftroyed a magnificent Hindoo temple, to make room for it ; and round the city are many ruins pf buildings, the effefts pf Mahpmetan in tolerance. Nptwithftanding this, the fame manners arid cuftoms ftill prevail among thefe people, as at the moft remote period that can be traced in hiftory ; and in no inftance of religious or civil life have they admitted any innovations from for reigners. The heat here, in the hot months, is very great, not only from the- natural fituation of the city, but from the houfes being aU built of freeftone, as well as from the narrowncfs of the ftreets, which produce double and treble reflec tions or the fun's rays. An infurreftion here in 1781, had nearly proved fatal to the Englifli interefts in Hindooftan ; in confequence of which, Cheyt Sing, the zcmendar of the province, was dcpofed in 1783. Benares is 425 miles S'. E.- pf Delhi, and 400 N. W. of Calcutta. Lon. 83, 10. p.lat, 25. ^^o. N. ¦IB EN Benavarri, a town of'Spain, m Ar ragon, 17 miles N. of Lerida. Lon. o. 45. E. lat. 42. 11. N. ¦ ' Benavento, a town pf Spain, in the Leon, on the river Ela, 23 miles S. E. of Aftorga. Lon. 5. 7. 'VV. lat. 42. 4. N. Bencoolen, a fort and town on the S. W. of the ifland of Sumatra, belonging to the Englilh. A quarter pf a mile from the fea, ftands an Indian village, whpfe houfes are fmall and low, and built on pofts. The natives have a fwarthy complexion, and their ftature is flender and ftraight. They at^ very defirous pf trade ; but, when affrpnteei, treacherous and revenge ful. There are a few fmiths among them ; but moft of them are carpenters and filher. men. The country about Bencoolen is mountainous and woody ; and there are fe veral voleanos in the ifland. The air is unwholefome, and the mountains are con ftantly covered with thick heavy -clouds, that produce lightning, thunder, and rain. There is no beef to be had, except that of buffaloes, which is not very palatable. Indeed, all provifions, except fruit, are fcarce. The chief trade is in pepper. Lon. 102. 5. E. lat. 3. 49. S. Bendermassen, a town of Afia, ca. pital of the kingdom of the fame name, in the ifland of Borneo, with a good harbour. Lon. 113. 40. E. lat. -i. 40. S. ' Bender, a town of Turkey in Eu rope, in Beffarabia, on the river Dnicfter, 100 miles J>I. W. of Belgorod. It is re. markable for the refidence of Charles XII. of Sweden, who retired hither after his ^defeat at Pultowa. It was taken by the ¦ Ruffians in 1789, but reftored by the trea. ty of Yaffa in 1790. Lon. 29. o. E. lat. 46. 58. N. BENEDETto, St. a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, 3 5 miles S. E. of Mantya. Lpn. 1 1. 2 5. E. lat. 44. 44. N. Benesoeuf, a tpwn pf Egypt, re markable fpr its hemp and flax ; feated on the Nile, 50 miles S. of Cairo. Lpn. 31. ic. E. lat. 29. 10. N. Benevento, a handfome, large, and rich city of the kingdom of Naples, with an archbifhop's fee. It has fuffered greatly by earthquakes, particularly in i683, when the archbifhcp, afterward pope Benedift XIII. was dug out pf the ruins alive. When he was advanced to the papal chair, he rebuilt this place. It is fubjeft to the pope, and feated in a fer. tile valley near the confluence of the Sa. boro and Caloro, 3 5 miles N. E. of Na. pies, Lon. 14. 57. E. lat. 41. 6. N. Benfeld, a town of France, in the department of the Lower Rhine, and late province of Alface. Its fortifications were BEN demolifhed in confequence of the treaty of WeftphaUa. It is i^ated on the river III, 12 miles S. "VV. of Stralburgh. Lon- 7- 45. E. lat, 48, 24. N. Bengal, a country of Afia, in the S. part of Hindooftan. Its extent from E. to W. is upward of 400 miles, and from N. to S. above 300. It is bounded on the Wl by Oriffa and Bahar, on the N. by Bootany pn the E. by Affam and Meckley, and en the S. by the gulf of Bengal. The country confifts of one vaft plain, of the moft fertile foil in the world, which, in common with other parts of Hindooftan, annually renders two, and, in fome parts, even three crops. Its principal produfts are fi^gar, filk, fruit, pepper, opium, rice, faltpetre, lac, and civet. It is com pared to Egypt for fertility; the Gan ges dividing here into feveral ftreams, and, like the Nile, annually overflowing the country. Bengal has been fubjeft, ever fince 1765, to the Englifh E. India Com pany. Its net annual revenue, including that of Bahar, is i,290,oooL Calcutta is the capital, * Benguela, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the N. by Angola, on the S. by Matapan, or Mataman, on the E, by parts unknPwn, and by the pcean.cn the W, Its coaft begins at Cape Ledo on the N, and extends to Cape Negro'on the S. that is, ftom 9°. 20". to 16°. 30". S. lat. The climate is very pernicipus to Euro peans, The men wear fkins abput their waifts, and beads rpund their necks ; and are armed with darts headed with iron, and with bows and arrows. The women wear a heavy collar of copper round their neck, a kind of cloth, made of the bark of a tree, rpund their waift, and cppper rings Pn their legs. '* Bengijela, the capital pf the king dom of the fame name, where the Portu- guefe have a fort. It lies to the N, of the Bay pf Benguela. Lon, 12. 30, E, lat, 10, 30. S. Benin, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the W. by Dahomy and the ocean ; on the N. by fiiafara ; pn the E, by parts unknpwn; and on the S. by Loango, It begins in i" S, lat. and extends to about g° N. lat The country exhibits many beautiful landfcapes ; but the air is noxi. ous and even peftilential, on account of the grofs - vapours exhaled from the marflies, by the heat of the fun. .The produfts of the cPuntry, and the animals with which -it abounds, appear to be the fame as on pther parts ef the cpaft of Africa, The drefs pf the natives is neat. The rich wear white calico or cotton pet. .ticoats, but l;he upper part of the body is commonljr BEN BER colSmonly naked. The women ufe great art in drcffing their hair, which they re. duce into a variety of forms. The peo. pie are fkilful in making various forts of dies ; and they manufafture and export cotton cloths. With refpeft to food, they prefer rhe flefh of dogs and cats to that of any Pther animal.' Polygamy is allowed among them, and the number of the wives is, limited by the ftate of their circumftances only. Though jealous of each other, they are not fp pf the Eurp. peans, as they think it imppffible that the tafte pf the wpmen can be fp depraved as to grant any improper fiberties to a white man. Their religion is paganifm. Their "king is abfolute, and haii a. great number of petty princes under him. Benin, the capital of the kingdom of the fame name in Africa, formerly a very clofely. built and populous city. In the ftreets, which are long and broad, are many fliops filled with European mcrchan. dife, as well as with the commodities of the country. - The hpufes npw ftand widely diftant frpm each other: they are all built with clay, and covered with reeds, ftraw, or leaves. The women keep the ftreets neat and clean-.' A- principal part of the town . is occupied by the royal palace, which is of vaft extent, but neither ele. gant nor commodious. Benin -is fituated on the riyer Benin, or Formafa. Lpn, 5. 4, E. lat. 7. 30. N. ¦ * Bennevis, a mpuntain of Scotland, near Fort "William, in the fhire of Inver. nefs. It is efteemed the, higheft in Bri tain, rifing more than 4300 feet above the level of the fea, its pointed fummit capped with fnpw. ,. * Bennington, the principal town of the ftate pf Vermpnt in New England, in the S. W. corner pf the ftate near the fppt pf the Green Mountain. Its public buildings are a church, a court-houfe, and a jail; but the alfembly commonly hold the fefliohs at Windfor. It has many ele gant houfes, and is a flourifhing town. Near the centre pf the town is Mcunt Anthony, which rif'es very high in the fprm pf a fugar-Ioaf. Bennington is 30 miles E. by N. of Albany. Lon. 73, 10, W, lat, 43. o. N. Bensheim, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, on a rivulet, 10 miles N. E. of Worms. Lon. 8. 41. E. lat. 49 36. N. Bentheim, a town pf Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, capital of a county of the fame name, feat^ed , on the Vetcht, 32 miles N. V/. of . Munfter. Lon, 7, 25., E, lat. 52, 23, N, Bentivoglio, a tawjd and caftle of Italy, 10 miles N, E, of Bologna, Lon, II. 34. E. lat 44. 37. N. '-" Berar, a fpubah pf the Deccan pf Hindooftan, bpunded by Malwa and Alla habad pn the N. Oriffa pn the E. Gol- cpnda on the S. and Candeifh and Dow latabad on the W. The principal part of it is fubjeft to the Rajah Mopdajee Bopnflah ; the pther tp the Nizam pf the Deccan. Mppdajee's country extends 550 miles frorri E. to W, and, in fome places, 200 from N. to S. Its capital is Nagpour, Lefs is known of the interipr parts pf Ber^r than pf moft pf the other countries in Hindooftan. "That about Nagpour is fertile and wcfl cultivated ; but the gene ral appearahce of the country, particularly between Nagpour ahd Oriffa, is that of a foreft, thinly fet with villages and towns. Ber.aum, a town pf Bphemia, capital of a circle pf the fame name, 1 1 miles W, of Prague. Lon. 14. 25. E, lat, 50. 3. N. Berbice, a river of S. America, in Guiana, which falls into the Atlantic Ocean between Demerary and Surinam. Berchtolsgaden, a town of Ger many, in Saltzburg, which ferves afl the neighbourhood with fait ; feated on the river Aa, 10 miles S. "VV. of Saltzburg. Lon. 13. u. E. lat. 47. 3-0. N. Berdoa, a town pf Perfia, in a fer tile plain, 10 miles W^. pf the river Cpur, ahd 62 S. E. of Grandga. Lon. 48. o. E. lat. 41. o. N. * Bereilly, a fmallcitypf Hindooftan Proper, capital of Rohilcund, or country of the Rohillas, which wa« conquered by ' the nabob of Oude in 1774. It hes half way between LucknovV and Delhi, 120 miles from each. Lon. 79. 40* E. lat. 28. 30. N. Berenice, See Suez. Bere-Regis, a. town of Dorfetfhire, with a market on Wednefday : 1 2 miles E. by N. of Dorchefter, and 113 S. W. of London. Lon. 2. 15. W. Iat. 50. 44- N. _ Berg, a territory of Germany in Weft phalia. It is full of woods and moun tains, and belongs to the eleftor palatine. Duffeldorp is the capital. Bergamo, a province of Italy, in the territory of Venice, bounded by Brefcia, the Valteline, and the Milanefe. Towarif the N. it is mountainous and rqcky, butt about the capital, Bergamo, it is very fer tile. Their language is the moft corrupt of any in Italy. Bergamo, a large, populous-, ftrong, and ancient town of Italy, capital of Ber- gamo, with a ftrong citadel, and a bifhop's Uc. It is famous for its fewing filk ; and BER BER ¦and its fair, on St. Bartholomew's day, is_ reforted tp by merchants from Italy, Sicily, and Germany. It is 30 miles N. E, of Milan, Lon, g, 47, E, lat. 45. 45. N. Bergas, a town of Romania in Eu. ropean Turkey, a Greek archbifhop's fee, on the river Lariffa, 40 miles S. E, of Adrianople, Lon, 27, 40, E, lat. 41, 14. N. Bergen, a handfpme and ancient fea. port, of Norway, with a ftrong caftle, a deep harbour, and a bifliop's fee. They carry on a great trade in ikins, fir-wood, and dried fifh ; but all their wheat is brought from other places. It is 350 miles N. by W. of Copenhagen. Lon. 5. 45, E. lat.. 60. II. N. Bergen; a town of Germany, in Po. mcrania, capital of the ifte of Rugen, fub jeft to the Swedes; 12 miles N. E. of Stralfund. Lon. 13. 40. E. lat. 54J 23. N. Bergen-op.Zoom, atown of Dutch Brabant, in the marquifate of the fame name. It is a handfome place, and one pf the ftrongeft in the Netherlands. It has feveral times been befieged, to no purpofe ; but was taken by the French, in 1747, by treachery. It is feated partly on a hill, and partly on the river Zoom, which com. municates with the Scheld by a canal, 15 miles N. of Antwerp, and 22 S. W. pf Breda. Lpn. 4, 25, E. lat. 51. 27. N. 'Bergar AC, a rich, populous, and trad. ing town of France, in the department of Dordogne and late province of Perigord. It is feated on the river Dordogne, 50 miles E, of Bourdeaux, Lon. o. 42. E. lat. 45. o. N. Bergues, St, Vinox, a town pf France, in the department pf the North, and late county of Flanders, fortified by, Vauban, It is feated on the river Colme, at the fppt of a mountain, five miles S. of Dunkirk. Lon. i. 28. E. Iat. 50. 57. N, Berkeley, a town of Glpucefterfliire, with a market on Wednefday. It is governed by a mayor and aldermen. Here is a caftle began in the reign of Henry I. and fihiflied in that of Stephen, It ftands on a rifing ground, commanding a delightful view of the furrounding coun try and the Severn. In the civil wars it fuffered confiderably, as it did a few years ago by an accidental fire. The room in which Edward II. was imprifoned is ftill to he feen. In the church are fome ele gant monuments of the BerkeleyS'. It is 18 miles from Gloucefter, and 113 N. W. of London. Berkhamstead, a town of Herts, vii.u a market on Monday. It was an ciently a Roman town ; and Roman coin* have been often dug up here. On the N. fide of the tPwn are the remains of a caftle, the refidence pf the kings pf Mercia. In 697 a parliament was held here, and Ina's laws publiflied. Here WiUiam rhe Cpnquerpr fwore to his nobility to main tain the laws made by his predeceffors. Henry II. kept his cpurt in this town, and granted to it many privileges ; and James I. whofe children were nurfed here, made it a corporation ; but his government was dropped in the civil wars. Here are two hofpitals, a handfome Gothic church, and a freefchool. It is 26 miles N. W. of London. Lon. o. 31. W. lat. ci. 46. N. Berks, or Berkshire, a county of England, bounded on the E. by Surrey, on the S. hy Hants, on the W. by Wilts, and on the N. by Oxfordfhire and Bucks, from both which it is divided by the Thames. From E. to W. it extends above 50 miles, and from N, to S. it is 25. miles in thevvideft, though not more than 6 in the narroweft part. It contains 20 hundreds, 12 market towns, and 140 pariflies ; and fends nine members to par liament ; two for the county, two each for Reading, New Windfor, and Walling- ford, and one for Abingdon. The air, in general, is extremely healthy. Its principal rivers are the Thamgs, Kennet, Larabom, and Loddon. The E. part has much Uncultivated land, as Windfor Foreft and its appendages : . the W. and middle parts produce grain in great abund- ance. Berlin, a large, ftrong, and handfpme. city pf Germany, capital of the eieftorate of Brandenburg, where the king of Pruf fia refides. The. palace is magnificent-, and there is a fine library, a rich cabinet of curiofities and medals, an academy oir fcieuces, an obfervatory, and a fuperb arfe. naL There is a canal cut from the river Spree to the Oder on the E. and another thence to the Elbe on the W. It has a communication by water, both with the Baltic Sea, and the German Ocean ; and is feated on the Spree, 42 miles N. "VV. of Francfort on the Oder, and 300 N. by W. of Vienna. "Lon. 13. 31. E, lat. 52; 32. N. Bermuda, Somers' or Summer Is. LANDS, a clufter of fmall iflands, neariy in the form of a fhepherd's cfopk,Tand fur rounded by rocks, which render them al moft inacceffible to ftrangers. They lie in the Atlantic Ocean, about 500 miles E. of Carolina. They are inhabited by the Englifh, enjoy a pure and tempei-ate air, and haye plenty pf flefh, fifli, and gar- dea B E H BER den-ftuff. The commpn emptpyment pf the circle cf Upper Saxpny, and principa- the inhabitants is in building fl.Pops. lity of Anhalt, where a branch of the' They were difcovered by John Bermudez, houfe of Anhalt refides. It is feated on a Spaniard; but not inhabited till 1609,, the river Sara, 22 miles S. W, of Mag- when Sir George Somers was. eaft away deburg. Lpn. 1 1. 46, E. lat,. 51. 51, N. upon them, and they have belonged to Bern-castel, a town of Germany, Britain ever fince. Dean Berkeley intend ed to found an univerfity here, but by miftake was carried to New England, which prevented his defign. The town of St. George, on St. George's Ifland, is the capital. The perpetual mildnefs of ' the chmate caufed them to be called, by an apt allufion. Summer, as well as Somers' - Iflands. Lon. 65. o. W. lat. 32. 20. N. Bern, the capital of the canton of Bern in Swifferland. Here is a celebrated in the eieftorate of Treves, with a ca:ftle, built in 1277. It is remarkable for its gppd wine, and is feated on the river Mp- felle, between Trarbach and Weldens. Berry, a late prpvince of France, bpunded pn the N. by the Orleanpis, Blaifois, and Gatinois ; on the E. by the Nivernois, and the Bourbonnois ; on the S, by the Bourbonnois, and Marche ; and Pn the W. by Tpurraine . and Ppitou. It is fertile in corn, fruit, hemp, and flax ; fchpol, a rich library, and 12 companies of and there is exceUent wine in fome places, tradefmen, in one of which every inhabit- ''~ " '^ .1-- . ant is obliged to be enrolled before he can enjoy any office. It is a .ftrong place, in a peninfula, formed by the river Aar. The houfes are of a fine white freeftone, and pretty uniform, particularly in the principal ftreet, where they are all exaftly of the fame height. There are piazzas on each fide, with a walk, raifed fpur feet above the level of the ftreet, very commodious in wet weather. Criminals, with iron collars round their necks, are employed in removing rubbifli from the ftreets and public walks ; the public build. ings are magnificent. Bern is 70 miles N. E. of Geneva. Lon. 7. 10. E. lat. 46. 52. N It now forms the two departments of Cher and Indre. Bersello, a fortified town of Italy, in the Modenefe ; feated near the ccnflii. ence of the Linza ahd Po, ten miles N. E. of Parma. Lon. 10. 36. E. lat. 44. 45. N. Bersuire, a town pf France, in the department of the twp Sevres, and late , province of Poitou, 12 miles S. W. of Thenars. Lon. o. 27. W. lat. 46. '52. N. Bertinero, atown of Italy, in Ro. magna, with a citadel, and a bifhop's fee ; on a hill, 50 miles N. E. of Florence. Lon.ii. 40J E. lat. 44. iS. N. Bertrand, St. a fmall town pf France, in the department pf Upper Ga- rpnne and late prpvince qf Languedoc. Bern, the largeft pf the 13 can tens of It was lately an cpifcopal fee, and is 43 "^ " " " miles S. of Auch. Lon. o, 48. E. lat.. 42. .56. N. Bervie, a feaport and borpugh uf Scotland, in the county of Kincardine, at the mouth of a river of the fame name, 12 miles S. W. pf Aberdeen. Lon 2. o. W. lat. 56. 40. N. Berwick, a town on the borders of England and Scotland, properly belonging to neither, with a market on Saturday. It is a town and county of itfelf, and was once a very ftrong fprtrefs, pf the greateft importance when England and Scotland were hoftile nations, to each of which it alternately belonged, or was confidered as a diftrift feparate from both, cpuntries. It has now happily loft its confequence as a frontier town, although fortified, with good barracks for the garrifon. Its anci ent caftle, once the fcene cf many a blpody fray, is npw in ruins. It is large, popu lous, and well-built, and has a good trade i ' corn and falmon. It is feated on the Tweed, ever \yhich is a handfpme bridge pf 1 5 arches : it fends two members tp parliament, and is 147 miles N, of York, 5a S. E. of Edinburgh, and 336 N, by W. Swifferland, about i;o miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It is divided into two principal parts, called the German and Roman. This laft is moft commonly cafled the country pf Vaud. The religipn is Calvinifm, and Bern the capital. Bern, a town of Bohemia, 15 miles, W. pf Prague. Lon. 13. 5. E. lat. 50. O.N. Bernard, tpe Great St. a moun- tain of Swifferland, between Vallais and Val-d'Aofie, at the fource of the river Drance. The top of it is always covered with fnow, and there is a large convent, where the monks entertain all ftrangers gratis for three days, without any diftinc tion of religion, Bernard, a town of Germany, in the eieftorate of Brandenburg, five miles from Berlin, noted for excellent beer, Bernay, a town ef France, in the de. partment of Eure and late province of Normandy. It is a trading place, and feated on the river Carantonne, 2q miles S. W. of Rouen. Lon. 0. 50. E. lat. 49. 6, N. BERNStjRG, a town of Germany, in BET BET of Lpndpn. Lon. i. 46. W. lat, 5;, Arabia the Happy, famous for the vaft 45- N. quantity of coffee fold, there, being t,he . Berwick-North, aborough of Scot, mart where the country people bring land, in Haddingtonfhire, on the Frith of their coffee, to fell; and where the Euro. Forth, 30 miles N, W. pf ,Berwick-uppn. peans cpme to purehafe it. It is 25 miles Tweed, , Lon. 2. 33. W. lat 56.' 5. N. E. of the Red S'ea. Lon. 44. 30. E. lat". Ber-wickshire, a county of Scotland, 15. 40. N. fometimes called the Men ; bounded on the E. by the German Oceaiii, on.the S. E, by, the Tweed, .en. the S. by Rox. burghfhire, on the W. by Edinburghfliire, and pn the N. W. by Haddingtonfhire. Beth fiE hem, a town of Faleftine, in Afia, famous for the birth of. Christ. It is feated on the ridge of a hiU, running from E. to W. and has a delightful prof. peft. It is now an inconfiderable place, The S.part is a fertile and pleafant traft ; but much vifited by pilgrims. There is and'being a low and flat country, is fome. times called the How (that is, Hollow) bf the Me'rs. The S. E. angle is occu pied by Berwick Bounds; a diftrift. only eight mil6s ih conbpafs, goverried by Eng- a church here, erqftcd by the fampus He lena, yet entire, in the fprfn of a crofsi Here is alfp a chapel, called the Chapel pf the Nativity, .where they pretend tP fhovf the manger in which Chrift was laid; lifhlaws, and accounted part, of an Eng- another, called the Chapel of Jofeph ; and lifli county. The principal rivers are the Tweed, Leader, .Blackadder; White- adder, and Eye. * Berwyn Hills, lofty hills at the N. E. angle of Merionethfiiire, beneath which fpreads the fine vale, in which flows the infant Dee, Besanjon, an ancient, large, and po-^ pulous city of France, in the , department of Doubs, and, late province' of Franche Comt^. It has a good citadel, on a high l-pck, -the -bafe cf which -touches bpth fides bf the river Doubs, which here forms a. a third, of the Holy Innocents. A few poor Greeks' ftifl refide here; an;l, not' far hence, is a monaftery of the Francif^ cans. It' is fix miles S. pf Jerufalemi Lpn. 35. 25., E. lat, 31. 50. N. Bethlehem, a tpwn of the Nether^ lands, in the duchy, of Brabant," fvvo iniks N. of Louvain. Lon, 4. 49. E; lat; eoi 55- N. '* Bfi'THLEHEM, a town of N. Ame rica, in the ftate of Pennfylvania, on the river Lehigh, a weftern- branch of th-e Delawarel. The towh -being p'artly on aii pehihfula, in the fame manner as the Aar eminence, and partly on the lower banks doe's at Bern. The triumphal arch of Au- of the Masiakes (a fine Creek, affording relian, and other "Roman antiquities, are ttolit and other fifh) has a very pleafant ftill to be 'feen here'. A modern trium. and healthy fituation, and is frequently phal arch, and the ancient hotel-dcViUe, vifited, in fummer, by the gentry front likewife merit attention. Befanijo'n is different parts. It is the principal fettle- ftill an archiepifcopal fee ; has an academy ment of the Moravians in America. qf fclences, arts,- and belles-lettres, founded They were fixed here by count Zinzen- in 1752; a' literary-military focit^ty, efta bliflied about the fame time ; and a public library in the late abbey of St. Vincent, it is 52 miles E; of -Dijon, and 208 S. E. of Paris. Lon. 6. 8. E. lat. 47, 14. N. BessarAbia, a territory of Turkey in Europe, between the N. part of the dorf in 1741, They have a church ;-a- publifc rrieeting-hall ; the fingle brethfehs, or young mens houfe, where the fingle tradefmen,, journeymen, and apprentices are boarded at a mbderate rate, and have' morning and evening prayers; the fingle' filters, or young womens houfe, where Danube and the Dnicfter, along the banks they five,' and are employed, under the bf which laft river the Tartar ihhabitants care of'female infpeftors, at Uberty, how- jove from -place to place. Their com. ever, to go about their bufiriefs'in the men food is the flefh of oxen and horfes, town, or to take- a walk fpr recreation, cheefe, ahd itiare'S milk. Bender is^ the and every year fome of them are married ; capital. and a houfe for widows. The houfes are Bes'tricia, a town of.Tranfylvania, 63 in number, rfioftly built of -freeftone, remarkable for the gold-mines near it ; 8 5 and the inhabitants arc between 560 and miles N. 'VV, of Hermanftadt, and gc E. of Tocka. Lon. 23. 45, E. Iat. 47. io. N. Betanzos, a town of Spain, in Gali- Cia, feated on the MandeP, on a bay of the fea, 20 miles S. of Ferrol. Lon. 7. 55. "VV. lat, 43. 12. N. ' Beteli-aGUI, a town of Afia, in- 600. The German language is mpre 'id ufe here than the Englifh : 'the latter, hovyevcr, is taught in the fchools; and" divfne .fervice is performed in both Ian. guages". Bethlehem is '53 miles N. pf Philadelphia. Lon. 75. 8. W. lat:- 40. 37.N. BfirmiNE, a town of France, in the F ' .~ depart- B E W B I D department of the Straits pf Calais, and late county of Artois, with a caftle, and fortifications by Vauban. It was taken by the allies in 17 lo, and reftored by the treaty of Utrecht. It is feated on a rock by the river Brette, 20 miles E. of St. Omer';,, and 120 N. of Paris. Lon. 2. 55. E. lat. 50. 45. N. - Betlev, a tov.-n of Staftbrdfliire, with a .market on Thurfday. It is 16 mfles N. N. W. -of Stafford, and 156 from Lofidon. Lon. 2. ic. W. lat, 53. 5. N. Betlis, a ftrong town of Afia, in Curdiftan; on a fteep rock, on the fron tiers of Turkey and Perfia, but fubjeft to its own bey, and a fanftuary for the fub jefts of the neighbouring powers. It is 150 miles E. of Diarbek. Lon. 42. 50. E. lat. 37. 30. N. ¦ ' ' Bevecum, a town of the Auftrian Netherlands, in the duchy of Brabant, 17 miles S. of Louvain. Lon. 4. 50. E- Iat. 50. 36. N. Beveland, N. and S. two iflands of the United Provinces, in Zealand, between the E.' and W. branches of the Scheld. BevErgern, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphaha, and diocefe of Munfter, 22 miles from that city. Beverly, a large town in the E. rid-- ing of Yorkfhire, with two markets, on Wednefday and Saturday. It has two parifh churches, . befide the minfter ; fends two members to parliament ; and is feated on the river Hull, nin^ miles N. of Hull, and 182 N. of London. Lon. o. 15. W. lat. 53. 52. N. Beverungen, a town of Germany, in the diocefe of Paderborn,at the conflu ence of the Beve and Wefer, 22 miles E. of Paderborn. Lon. 6. 30. E. lat. 51. 46. N. Bewcastle, a village in Cumberland, on the river Leven, faid to have been built about the time of the Norman con queft. The church is in renins, but in the, churchyard is an ancient crofs, five yards high, on the fides of which are fe veral fculptures, but the infcriptions are not legible. Bewdle-v, a neat town of Worcefter. fhire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the Severn ; enjoys a good trade for malt, leather, and caps; and is 14 miles N. of Worcefter, and 128 N. W. of London. It fends one member to pariia. ment. Lon 2. o. W. lat. 52. 20. N. '¦* Bewley, or Beaulieu, a river of Scotland, which riles in the N. of In verncfsfliire, and flowing along the S. -border of Rofsfhire, forms the fine eftuary en -wfhich ftand Invernefs and Fort St. George, and which terminates in the Frith of Murray. At the mouth of tKi* , river is the ferry of Kiffock, near which there is a good falmon fifhery. Beziers, a town of France, in the department of Herault, and late province pf Languedoc. It js an ancient, large, and handfome tpwn, in a delightful fitu- ation, and was lately an epifcopal fee. The inhabitants are above 17,000 in num. ber. ' The remains of a circus, and fome infcriptions, befpcak its ancient grandeur... It has an academy of fciences, and two hofpitals ; is feated near the Royal Cana], on a hill, at the foot of v. hich floWs the Orbre ; a.nd is 8 miles N. of the Meditcr. ranean, and 12 N. E. of Narbohne. Lon. 3. iS. E.lat. .43. 2 I.N. ¦¦¦ Bex, a village in the diftrift of Aigle and canton of Bern, in Swifferland, near , the little tow.n of St. Maurice, which guards the entrance from that canton into- the Lower Vallais. It is remarkable for its delightful fituation,, and the fait works near it. The largeft fahne is entered by a paffage cut out of the folid rock. Tra vellers who have the curiofity to explore thefe gloomy abodes, are furniflied with lighted torches, and dreffed in a coarfe habit, to defend them from the drippings that fall from the roof and fides of the paf. fage. Biafar, the capital town of a king dom of the fame name, pf Africa, in Ne- groland, feated on the river Los.Cama- rones. Lon. 17. 40. E. lat. 6. 10. N. BiALOGORob, or Akerman, a ftrong town of Beffarabia, on the Lake Vidono, near the fea, 42 miles S. W. of Oczakpw. Lpn, 30. 10. E. lat. 46, 20. N. Biana, a town pf Hindppftan Prpper, remarkable for its excellent indigo, 50 miles W. of Agra. Lon, 80. 50. E. lat. 26. 30. N. Biberach, a free imperial town of Germany, in Suabia. It has a manufac. ture in fuftians, and is feated in a fertile valley on the river Rufs, 17 miles S. W, of Ulm, Lon. 10. 2. E. Iat. 48. 10. N. Bibersberc, a town of Upper Hun. gary, 15 miles N. of Prefburg. Lon. 17. i5.'E. lat. 48. 31. N. BiCETRE, a caftle, two miles from Pa. ris, where they imprifon lunatics, beggars, vagabonds, pilferers, and diffolutc young men. Bicester, or Burcester, a town in Oxfordfliire, with a market on Friday, for cattle ^and flieep. It is on the road between Oxford and Buckingham, about 12 miles from each. Lon. 1. 10. W. lat. 51. 5.).N. ¦ BiDACiiE, a fmall town of France, la the BIG fhe department of the Lower Pyrenees, and late province qf Bafqucs. It has a taflle, and is feated on the river Bidoufe, i 2 tniles E. ef Bayonne, Lon, i, g. W. lat. 43. 3 I.N. BiDAssoA, a river of Spain, pn the frpntiers of France, which has its fource • in the Pyrenean mouhtains, and falls into the fea.b'etween Andayfe and Fontarabia, BiDDEFORD, a large tpwn in Devpn. ihire, with a market pri Tuefday ; cpm. mildipufly feated pn the river Torige, over 'vifhieh is a ftone bridge, with 24 arches. It carries on a cpnfiderable trade, and is 16 mfles S. by W. pf Ilfracomb, and 203 W. of London. Lon. 4. 10. W, lat.. 51. 10. N. ' BlEEZ, a town of Poland, in Cracovia, remarkable for its mines of vitripl, feated on the Wefelpke, 50 miles S. E. pf Cra. CPw. Lon. 21. 5.E- lat. 49. 50. N. BiELA, a town of Piedmont, capital ef the Bellefe, near the river Cerva, 20 miles W. of Verceil. Lon. 7. 58. E. lat. 45- 35-N. Bielsk, a town of Poland, in the pa. latinate ef Polachia, near one of the four. ces of the Narew, 100 miles N. E.\ of 'Warfaw. Lon. ij. 39. E. lat. 52. 40. N. BiELSKOi, a town of Ruffia, in the province ef Smolenflco, 80 miles N. E. of Smqlenflto, and 170 'W. of Mofcow. Lon. 33. 5. E. lat. 55. 40. N. Bienne, a town ef Swifferland, feated on the lake of the fame name, at the foot of Mount Jura. It is fubjeft, with its fmall territoiy; to the Roman catholic bifliop pf' Bafle; but the inhabitants are Prpteftants, and in alliance with the can- tpns of Bern, Spleure, and Friburg. It is 17 miles N. W. pf Bern. Lon. 7. 10'. E. lat. 47. II. N. BlERiOLlET, a town of Dutch B'lan. ders, where William Bruckfietd, or Bcukelings, who invented the method pf pickling herrings, died, in 1396. It is twp miles N. cf Sluys, Lpn. 3. 39. K. lat. 51. 21, N. '* Biggar, atpwnpf Lanerkfliire, in Scotland, 10 miles S. E. of Cariiwath. Here are the riiins of a coUegiate church, ' founded in 1545. , - Biggleswade, a fown in Bedford. fliire, with a market on Wednefday, It is feated on the tvel, ever which it has a ftone bridge. It is much more confider able than it was formerly, on account of the great northern road which runs through it. It is one of the greateft bar- ley markets in England ; 10 miles N. W. of Bedfprd, and 45. N. N. W. pf London, Lon. o. 21. VV^ lat. 52. 6. N. BiGORRE, a late province of France, bounded on the N, by Arm.agnac and B I L Efterac ; oh the E. by Comitinges ', oft. the W. by Beam; and on the S. by the Pyrenees, it now forms the department pf the Upper Pyrenees, Bihaez, a ftrong to-wn ef Hungary, in Croatia ; feated in an ifle formed by the river Anna, 65 miles S, E. qf Carlftadt,^ Lpn. 16. 32. E. lat. 44. 51, N. •J- BijiNAGuR, See Bisnagur. '••¦ BijoR-E, a frnafl province of Hin-, dcpftan Proper, lying between the rivers Indus and Attock, having Cabul on the. W. the Bukarian Mountains on the N. Caflimere on the E. and Pifliour or Pei- fliore en the S. Its- dimenfions are not more than 50 miles by 20. It is full ef mountains and vvilds, inhabited by a" fa vage and turbulent race. In this province is the famous mountain Aormis, the takiqg of which was one of the moft fplendid exploits ef Alexander, ip thefe parts, Arrian defcribes it to be 18 or 20 miles in circuit at the bafe, to be of vaft elevation, and acceffible by one narrow pafs only, cut out of a rock. On the fummit was a great extent of arable and pafture land, with fprings of water, fo that a garrifon of 1000 men might fubfift without 'any- extraneous aid. This celebrated moun tain lies about 55 miles N, N, E. from Pifliour. Bilboa, a^ large, handfome, and rich town ef Spain, capital of Bifcay, with a good harbour. Its exports are wpql, fword-bladesj and other manufaftures in iron and fteel. It is remarkable fpr the wholefomenefs of its air, and the fertility of the foil about it. It is feated at the mputh pf the river Ibaicabal, which a lit tle below falls into the fea, 50 miles W, of St. Scbaftian,'^and 180 N. -of Madrid. Lon. 3. 10. W. lat. 43. 23. N. BiLijESTON, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Wednefday. It has a large church, about a quarter of a mile from the town, and is feated on the river Bre ton. It was formerly 'noted for Suffolk blues, and blarfkets, but now almoft the- only b'ufinefs of the" town is fpinning of yarn. Itis 12 miles S. E. of Bury, and 63 N. E.,of London. Lon, q, '5._5. E. lat. 52. 16. N. Biledulgerid, a country of Barba ry, in Africa, bounded oh the N. by Tu- nis, on the E. by Tripoli, on the S. by. Guergela, and on the W. by Tuggurt. It hes between 5^ and 11" E. Ion. and 28" and 32° N. Iat, The air is very hot ; bur though the foil is dry, it yields a great deal of barley. There are vaft, quantities of'dates, iii which the jnhabi. tants drive a great trade. BileYe.lt, a town cf Gcrrnany, in the circle of ''.Veftphalia, and countv" of F 2 Ra-/eisl'- B I N B I R Ravcufbilrg; feven mites S. E. of Ra. vcral infcriptions and monuments, it-, ap- venftmrgh, and fubjeft tp the king pf Pruf- pears tp have been a Roman town (Vjno- fia. Lon, 8. 50. E. lat. 52. 10. N. vium); many Roman coins are dugup BiLLERlCAY, a town in Effex, with here, which are called Binchefter Pennies ; a market on Tuefday. It is feateei on a and two altars have been difcovered, im- hill, which commands a beautiful profpeft porting, that the 20th legion was ftationed over a rich valley to the Thames. It is a in this place during the wars between the hamlet to the village of Great Burftead, and is'nine miles S. by W. of Chelmsford, and 23 E. of London. Lon. o. 31. E. lat. 51. 30. N. BiLLOM, a fmall, poorly-inhabited Pifts and Caledonians. BiNCA',!A, a feaport of Africa, in the kingdpm of Tripoli, 140 miles W. of Dcrna. Lon. 19. 10. E. lat. 32. 20 N. BiNGEN, an ancient and handfome and worfe-built town of France, in the town of Gqrmany, in the archbiffiopric of " "^ " " " " Mentz ; feated at the confluence of the Nave and Rhine, 1 5 miles W, ef Mentz. Lon. 8. o. E. kt. 49. 49. N. Bingham, a town of Nottingharafhire, in the vale of Belvoir, now a mean place, and its market, which is on Thurfday, is, fmalL It is eig'nt miks E. ef Nottingham. Lon. o. 56. W. Iat. 52. 56. N. BiNGLEY, a town in the W. riding of Yorkfhire, feated on the river Aire, 30 miles W. by S. of York, and 202 N. N. W. of London. Lon. 1.40. W.lat. 53. 50. N. Biorneburg, a tov/n of Sweden, in N. Finland, near the mouth of the ri'v'cr Kune, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 75 miles N. of Abo. Lon. 22. 5. E. lat. 61. 42. N. BiR, or Beer, a town of Turkey ia Afia, in Dierbeck, with a caftle, where the governor refides. It ftands on the Eu phrates, near a high mountain, in a fruit- They have a particular kind department of Pery de Dome, and late province of Auvergne. It is feated on an eminence, without enjoying an agreeable Drofpcft ; and is 15 miles S. E. of Cler- im.nt. Lon. 3. 28. E. lat. 45. 41, N, -¦-¦ BiLMA, a vaft burning defert of Afri. ca, to the S. E. of Fezzan, between 21° and 25° N.lat. Surreundedby this dreary folitutle, the traveller fees, with a dejefted eye, the dead bodies of the birds that the violence pf the wind has brought from hap. pier region^; and Uftens, .with horror, to the driving, blaft, the only found that in. terrupts the awful repofe of the defert. BiLSDEN, a town in Leicefterfhire, ,-sfrith a market oh Friday;- nine miles S. E. of Leicefter, and 96 N, by W. of London. Lon. o. 51. W. Iat. 52. 35. N. BiLsoN, a town of Germany, in the bifliopric of Liege, on the river Demur, 15 miles N. of Liege. Lon. 5. 29. E.lat. 50. 50. N. Auftria, BiMiNi, one of the Bahama ifl-ands, in America, near the Channel of Bahama; about eight miles in length, and as much in breadth; covered with trees, and inha bited hy tlie native Americans. It is very ful country. It is fubjeft to the houfe of of vultures, fo tame, that they fit on the tops of houfes, and even in the ftreets, ¦without fear of difturbance. It is 50 miles- N. E. ef Aleppo. Lon. 36, 20. W, iat, 38. 10, N, BiRKENFlELD, a town of Germany, capital, of the county of the fame name, ire difricult of accefs, on account of the fhoals, the circle of the Upper Rhine ; feated near but is a very pleafant place. Lon. 79. 30. the river Nave, 22 miles S. E. of Treves. V,''. Iat.,25. o. N. ' Lon. 7. 14. E. lat. 49. 55. N. Bi.MLE-PATAM, a feaport of Golconda, Birmingham, a large town in War- in the Deccan of Hindooftan, feated on wickftiire, with a market on Thurfday. the Bay of Ben.gal, 12 miles to the N.'of It is no corporation, and therefore free for Vizagapatam. The Dutch have a fmall any perfon to fetrle there;: which has con. faftory here. Lon. 83. 5. E. lat. 1 8. p. N. BiNAROs, a fmall town of Spain, in Valencia, remarkable for good wine. It js featetl near the fea, 20 miles S. of Tor. tofa. Lon. c. 35. E. lat. 40. 33. N. BiNBROKE, a town in Lincolnfhire, with a market on Wedijefday. It has two parifh churches, and is 30 miles N. E. of Lincoln,. and 1-6 1 N. of London. Lon. o. u. lat. 53-. 30. N. BiNCH, a little fortified town in the county of Hainault, fubjeft' to the houfe of Auftria;- nine miles E. of Mons. Lon.. 4. 15. E. lat. 50. 24. N. BI:¦,'CHEsTl^R, a village on the river "V'v' ere, near the city of Durham. By fe. tributed greatly tc the increafe, not only of the buildings; but of the trade. The town ftands on the fide of a hill,, forming. nearly a half-moon. The lower part is- filled v.-ith the workfliops and warehoufes- of the manufafturcrs, and confifts chiefly pf old buildings. The upper part contains many new and regular ftreets, and a hand fome fquare, elegantly bivilt. It has twev churches ; one, in the lower part of the town, which is an ancient building, with a Iqfty fpire';- the other is a grand modcra ftrufture, having ., fquare ftone tower, with a cupola, and turret above.it ; in this tower is a fine peal of ten bells, and a fet- of mufical chimes, vvhich play feven diffe. B.I S B I S rent tunes, one for each day in the week. }t has alfq two chapels, and meeting-houfes for every denomination of diffenters. It had an elegant theatre, which was de- ftroyed by fire, Auguft 17, 1792. The houfes have been computed at 7000, but their number is continually increafing. " For a confiderable period," fays Dr. Aikin, " the Hardware manufaftures of Birmingham have been noted ; but, of late years, by great additions to its trade from a vaft variety of ufeful and ornamental articles, fuch as metal buttons, buckles, plated goods of all kinds, japanned and paper ware, &c. it has rifen to be fuperior in populo^ifnefs to any of the other modern trading towns in England, and has filled the furrounding country with induftrious inhabitants. It is plentifully fupplied with that important article coal by means of a canal to Wedne|bury in Stafferd- Ihire ; and it has a communication with the Great Trunk from the Trent to the Severn, by means ef a hranch paffing by Wolverhampton, The Birmingham goods are dlfperfed about the kingdom, but chiefly fent to London by land carriage. They are exported in great quantities to foreign countries, where, in ppint of cheapnefs and fliow united, they arc un rivalled ; fo that Birmingham is become, according to the cmphatical expretiion of a great orator, the toyfiop of Europe. — The improved fteam engines, made here by Mefs. Bolton aud Watt, deferve, how ever, to rank higher than toys, among the produftions of human ingenuity. Their appHcation to various mechanical purpofes, and particularly to the draining of mines, which were before entirely overpowered by water, places them among the moft valuable inventions of the age." — Bir. mingham is 17 miles N. W. of Coventry, and 116 of London. Lon. i, 50, W, lat. 52. 30. N. Birviesca, a town ef Spain, in Old Caftile, 15 miles N. of Burjos. Lon. 3, 30. W. lat. 42. 35 N. Birza, a town of Poland, in the pro. vince of Samogitia, 42 miles S. E. ef Mit. tau. Lon. 24. 50. E. Iat. 56. 12. N. BiSACCiA, a fmall town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, with a bifhop's fee, 15 miles N. E. of Conza. Lon. 15. 40. E. lat. 41. 3. N. Biscay, a province of Spain, bpunded On the N. by the ocean, on the W. by Au. firia de Santillan, on the S. by Old Caftile and Alava, and on the E. by Guipufcoa. It is 27 miles in both length and breadth,' and produces apples, oranges, and citrons. They have all'o wood for building fhips, and mines ofiran and lead. The Bil'cay- ers arc the beft fcamcn of Spain, Thev haye a particular language, which has no affinity with any other m Europe, Bilboa is the capital. Biscay, New, a'province of America, in Mexico, noted for its filver-mines. Bischofisheim, atown of Germany, in the archbiftiopric of Mentz, on the river Tauber, two miles W. of Wurtfburg, Lon. 9. 10. E. lat. 49. 40. N. BisCHOFS Werda, a town of Ger. many, in the circle of Upper Saxony, in Mifnia, three miles from Drefden. BiscHOFs Zell, a handfome town of Swifferland, in Turgaw, with a caftle. The inhabitants are independent, and go. verned by a fupreme council. The bai hff bf the bifliop of Conftance, who refides in the caftle, has jurifdiftion over the Ro- man catholic fubjefts, and receives a moi ety of the 'fines. The inhabitants have their own council, with great privileges. The chapter, which had been abolifhed at the reformation, was re-eftablifhed in 1535. The proteftants, as fuch, are un. der the proteftioii ef Zurich and Bern, and of thefe the greateft part of the inha. bitants confifts.' The fame church, hqw. ever, is ufed by both religions. This town is feated at the confluence of the Sitter and Thur, 12 miles S. of Con- ftance. Lon. 9. 13. E. lat. 47. 27. N. BisCHWEiLLEN, a fortrefs of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, and late ^province of Alface, 5 miles "W, of the Rhine, Lon. 7. 51. E. lat. 48. 40. N. BiSEGLiA, a town of the kingdom of Naples, with a bifliop's fee, near the Gulf of "Venice, 6 miles from Trani. Lon. 16, 45, E. lat. 41. 28. N. BisERTA, a feaport of the kingdom of Tunis, near the place where Utica once ftood; 37 iniles N. W. of Tunis. Lon. g. 46. E. lat. 37. 10. N. BiSHOPS-AuCKLAND. - See AucK'- land-Bishops. Bishops-Castle, aboroughinShrop. fhire, with a market en Friday. It is feat ed near the river Clun, and its market is much frequented by the Welch. It is 41 mfles W. ef Worcefter, 8 E. ef Mont. gomery, and 152 N. W. by W. of Lon don. Lon. 2. 55. W. lat. 52. 22. N. Bishop and his Clerks, little iflands and rocks on the coaft of Pern. brokefliire, near St. David's, dangerous to feamen. Lon. 5. 201 W. Iat. 51. 57. N. Bishops-Stortf ORD, a town of Herts, with a good corn market on Thurfday. It is feated qn the fide of a hill, on tlie river Stort, which has been made navigable hence tq the river Lea. It is 12 miles N. E. of Hertfort, aud 30 N. by E. of London. Lon. 0. 15. E. lat. CJ, -.A N. F 3 Bis- B L A B L A BisiGNANO, a town of the kingdom of Naples, with a ftrong fort and a bifhop's fee. It is feated on a mountain, near the river Boccona, i8 m.jles N. of Cpzena, and 133 S. E. of Naples. Lon. 16. 20. E. lat. 39. 33.N. BisLEY, a viflage in Surry, noted for affpring called St. John Baptift's Well, near the church of that name, whofe wa. ter is faid to be colder than any other in the fummer, and warmer in the winter. It is '3 miles N. of Woking. ':' Bisnagur, a town of t'ne Peninfula of Hindooftan, in the kingdom of Myfore, feated on the W. bank of the river Tun- gebadra. It was the capital of the ancient kingdom bf Narfinga, and when vifited by Cefar Frederic in 1567, was a large cit,-. It is 140 miles E. by S. of Goa. Lon. 76. 10. E. lat. 15. 30. N. BissAGOs, a clufter of iflands on the coaft of Negroland, in Africa, 200 miles to the S. E. of the river Gambia, iu 11° N. lat. BiSTRicz, a town ef Tranfylvania, en a riyer of the fame name, 142 miles N. E. of Colofwar. Lon. 25. 3. E. lat. 47, 33. N. , _ - ¦ _ BiTCHE, a fortified town of France, in the department of Mofelle, and late pro vince of Lorrain. Near it is a caftle upon a rock, and it is feated at the foot ef a mountain, near the river Schwolb, 30 miles N. by W. of Strafliurg. Lon. 7. 44. E. lat. 49. 5. N. BiTETO, a town of the kingdom of Naples, w-itha bifhop's fee. Lon. 16. 59. E.lat. 41. 18. N. BiTONTO, an epifcopal toAvn of the kingdom of Naples, eight miles S. of the Gulf of Venice, and 117 E. by N. of Na ples'. Lon. 17. J, E. lat. 41. .23. N. Blackbank, a town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, feven milci S. of ¦Armagh. Lcn. 6. 35. W. lat. 54. 20. N. Blackburn, a town in Lancafliire, - with-.a' market on Monday. It has its name from the brook Blackwater, which runs through it. It carries on a vaft trade in calicoes for printing, and is feated near the river Derwent, 12 miles E. of Prefton, and 203 N. N. W. of London. Lon. 2. 35. W. lat. :;3. 42. N. Black Forest', a foreft of Germauy, in Suabia, extending from N. to S. be tween Ortnau, Brifgau, part of the duchy of Wirtemberg, the principality of Fuf- tetnberg, and toward the fource of the L>anube, as far as the Rhine above Bafil. it 1.3 part of the ancient Hyrcanian foreft. '-¦'¦' Blackheath, a fine elevated plain, five miles S. ¥.. of London^ commanding Tx-aurifui profpeiTis, and fituated in the pa- riihfs of Grfe'nwjch, Lfwjlhamj and Lee. It is adorned with handfome villas ; , and . on the fkirts bf it, but in the parifh ef Charlton, is Mordcn College. On this plain Wat Tyler muftcred 100,000 rebels. On the afcent to the heath, in the road to Dover, is a curious cavern, difcovered in 1780. * Blackpool, a village near Poulton,. in Lancafliire, much reforted to for fea- bathlng. Black Sea, formerly called the Eux- ine, lies between Europe and Afia, bound- ed on the N. by Tartary ; on the E. by Mingrelia, Circaffia, and Georgia; onthe S. by Natoha, and on the W. by Roma nia, Bulgaria, aud Beffarabia., It lies be- tween Lon. 33'. and 44°. E. and from Iat,' 42°. to 46°. N. Blackv.'ater, a river of Ireland, running through the counties of Cork and Waterford into Younghall bay. Blackwater, a river of Effex, which rifes in the N. W. of the county, and flowing by Bocking, Coggeffial, ,and Kel- vedon, is joined by the Chelmer at Maiden, and enters the eftuary, to which it gives the name of Blackwater Bay. . Blair Athol, a -village of Perthfhire, in an angle formed by the rivers Tilt and Garry. Clofe by it is Blair Caitle, a no ble feat of the duke of Athol's, on an eminence, amid a beautiful plain fur- rounded by hills, woods, and deep glens. In its vicinity are many fine waterfalls, Blair Athol is 28 miles N. W. of Perth. Lon. 3. 41. W. lat. 56. 46. N. - Blaisois, a late province of France, bounded on tlie N. by Beauce, on the E. by Orleannois, on the S. by Berry, and on the W. by Touraine. It now forms the department of Loire and Cher. " Blamoi,jt, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe, and late province of Lorrain, feated on the river "V"c4ouze, 12 miles S. of Luneville. Lon. 6. 52. E. Iat. 48. 40. N. Blanc, a town of France, in the de. partment of Indre, and late province of Berry, with a caftle ; feated on the river Crus, 35 nules E. of Poitiers. Lon. j. 13. E. lat. 46. 38. N. ' '* Bla.vc lvIount, one ofthe high eft mounta'ns of the Alps, in Savoy ; pay. ticularly diftinguifhed from the other mountains, by having its fummit and fides clothed to a confiderable depth, by a man. tie of fnow, almoft without the interven tion of the le.Tft rock to break the glare of the white appearance. This mountain rifes 15662 feet above the level of the fisa, which is 414 feet„higlier than the peak of Teneriff, The fummit was deemed inac. ceffible till 1786, when Dr. Paccard afcended it, a? did M,' de Saufsure in BLE B L Y I7'87. The barometer On the fummit was dtiwn to 1 6 inches i line. Blanca, an uninhabited ifland to the N. of Maguerita, near Terra Firma. Lon. 64. 30. W. lat. 1 1. 50. N. Blanco, a cape of Peru, in America, on the South Sea, 120 miles S. W. of Guiaquil. Lon. 83. o. W. lat. 3. 45. S. Blanco, a cape of Africa, in the At lantic Ocean, 180 miles N. of the river Senegal. Lon. 17. 5. W. Iat. 20. 55. N. Bl.\ndford, a handfome town of Dorfetfhire, with a market on Saturday. It is pleafantly feated on the ri\-er Stour, near the Downs, and is a well inhabited place. In 1731, almoft all the tov n was burnt down ; but it was foon rebuilt. It has a manufafture of fhire buttons, more cf which are made here than in any other place in England. It is 18 miles N. E/ of Dorchefter, and 104 W. by S. of Lon don. Lon. 2. I-).. W. lat. 50. 53. N. Blanes, a feaport of Catalonia, in Spain, near the river Tordera, 20 miles S. of Gironne. Lon. i. 50. E.lat. 41. 40. N. Blankenberg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Berg, 12 miles E. of Bonne. Lon. 7. 30. E. Iat. 50. 42. N. BLA^'-KE!¦;EURG, a townof Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, capital of a county of the fame name, fubjeft to the duke of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle. It is 45 miles S. E. of Vv'"olfcnbuttle. Lon. II. ro. E. lat. 51. 50. N. Blaregnies. See Malplaquet. Blaubeuren, a town of Germany, 'in the duchy of "Wirtemberg, 11 miles W. ef Ulm. Lon. 9. 55. E.lat. 48. 22. N. Blanet. See Port Louis. Blaye, an ancient town of France, in the department of Gironde, and late pro vince of Guienne. It has a good citadel ; and is feated on the Gironde, which is here 3800 yards wide. Its trade confifts in the \yhite and red wines of the adjacent country. Its harbour is much frequented by foreigners, and the fhips which go to built for the great John duke of MarU borough, at the expence of the. nation, in commemoration of his viftory at Blen heim. The family hold it by the tenure of delivering a French banner at Windf"or, on each anniverfary of this.mcmorableviftory. Blith, a town of Nottinghamfliire, with a market on Thurfday. . It hael formerly a caftle and priory, of which are fome remains. It is 23 miles N. N. W. of Newark, and 146 N. by W. from Lon- don. Lon. 1. 10. W. lon 53. 22. N. Blockley, a vfllage of Worcefter. fhire, theugh inclofed by Glouceft.erfliire, feven miles S. E. of Evefliam. Lon. 1. 50. "W.lat. 52. O.N. Blockzij, a ftrong town ofthe Unit ed Provinces, in Overyffel, with a fort; feated at the mouth of the river Aa, on the Zuider Zee, where there is a good harbour, eight miles N. W. ef Stenwick, Lon. 5. 39. E. lat. 52, 44. N. Blois, an ancient and handfome com. mercial city of France, in the department of Loire and Cher, and late province ef Blaifois. It is feated on the Loire, in a delightful fituation. The fpeftator is ftruck with the idea of an amphitheatre, in feeing the manner iii v.-hich the houfes are difpofed, like rows of feats, above each other. The cathedral is a large ftrufture, although inferior to what ic appears to be at a diftance. It is feated at one extre mity of the city, on an eminence whofe declivity toward the centre of the city, joins that of another eminence at the other end, on which is built a magnificent caftle ; fo that both thefe ftruftures form, as it were, the two horns of a crefcent. In this caftle was born the good Lewis XII. and', here, in 1588, Henry III. at a meeting cf the States General, which he, had convoked, caufed the duke of Guife, and his brother the cardinal, to be afi'affinated. Here are fome fine foun- tains, and a new bridge, one of the beft in France. Blois is ftill an epifcopal fee, Bourdeaux are obliged to leave their guns . and the terrace of the Bilhop'-s palace here. It is 17 miles N. of Bourdeaux, Lon. u. 35. W. lat. 45. 7. N. Blechingly, a fmall bprough in Suiry, but without a market. It is feated on a hill which commands extenfive prof pefts, and is 20 miles S. qf London, Lon. o. 0. lat. 51. 15. N. Blenhei.m, a village in Germany, in Suabia, memorable for the viftory over the French, Auguft 2, 1704, 'oy the duke of Marlborough. It is feated on the W. fide ofthe Danube, three miles N. E. of Hochftet, and 27 N. E. of Uira, Lon. lo. 35. E. lat. 4S. 4c. N. Blenheim Castle, near Wood ft, ck, in Oxfordfhire, a magnihccnt pah.cc, affor.(ls a charming walk. This city has defervedly the reputation of being one ef thofe in which the French language is fpoken with t'ne greateft purity ; but this muft be underftood of perfons who have received a liberal education; for, what ever ibme geographers may affert, the common people ' e.xprefs themfelves as badly here as in other phaccs. Blois is 47 miles W. of Tours, and 100 S. W. ef Pa ris. Lon, 1. 25. E. lat. 47. 35. N. Bloneiz, a town of Poland, in War- . fovia, 20 miles W. of Warfa-iy. Lon, 20, 35. E. lat. ^2^10. N. liLYTHBOROUGH, a decayed town in Suffolk, on the river BIyth. It has a F 4 ftately BOD B O K ftately church, and is 98 miles N. E. of London. Lon. i. 40. E. lat. 52. 26, N. Bobenhausen, atown of Gerrisan'y, jn Weteravia, with a caftle ; three miles from Francfort on the Maine, and feated pn the finall river Qevihrentz. Bo BIO, an epifco-pal town of Italy, in fhe Milanefe, and tetritqry of Pavia ; oh the river Trebia, 25 miles S. E. of Bavia. Lon, g. i^. E. lat. 44. 45. N, Bolsio, the largeft river of Chili, in S. Arherica. It h.a3 its fource in the Andes. gnd falls into the fea in 47° S. lat. * BocAT, a fine valley pf Syria, in Afia, in v.'hich are ,fituated the magnifi cent ruins of Balbec. " It might be rendered," fays, Mr. Volney, " one of the richeft and moft beautiful fpots in Syria, it being more fertile than the ce- lebrated vale of Damafcus, and better v.'atered than the rjch plains of Rama and Efdraclon." -¦ ' ' Bocca-Chica, the entrance intq the ; harbour of Carthagena, in 3. America; defended by feveral forts, v/hich were ail taken by the Britifli forces in 1741. B'ocCA-DEL-DRAGO,a ftrait, between the ifland of Trinidad and Andalufia, in Terra Firma, in S. America. BOCHARIA. See BOKARIA. , BocHETTA, a chain of mountains, in the territory of Genoa, over which the road Hes from Lombardy to Genoa; and , on the peak pf the higheft mohntain is a ¦pafs, which will hardly admit three men to go abreaft. This pafs is properly called Bqdroch, a town of ilungary, on t^g Dahtibe, ibo miles S. E. of Buda, Lon, / ig. 52. E. lat. 45. 55,' N. Boeschot, a town of the Auftria^ Netherlands, in Brabant, feated on the , river Ncthe, 12 miles N. E, of Mecklin. Lon. 4. 42, E. lat. 51. 8. N. Bog; a river pf Ppland, which runs S. W. thrpugh Ppdoli'a and Budziac Tarta- - ry, falling into the Black Sea, between Ockzakow, and the river Dnieper. BoGLio, a town of the county of Nice, 25 miles N. W.of Nice. 'Lcn. 7. 6. E, lat. 44. 2. N. , BoGOTo', the capital of New Granada, in Terra Firma, in S. America, near which are gold mines. Lon. 73. 53. W. lat. 4. o. N- Bohemia, a kingdom of Europe, bounded pn the N. by Mifnia and Lufa. tia, pn the E. by Silefia and Moravia, on the S. by Auftria, and the W. by Bava ria. It is 200 miles in, lengthy and 150 in breadth, and is fertile in coni, ¦ faffron, hops,, and pafture. In the mountains are mines of gold and fih'er, and in fome places are fine diamonds, granates, cop per, and lead. The Roman catholic religion is the principal, though ther.e are many Proteftants. The chief rivers are the Muldaw, Elbe, and Oder. Their language is the Sclavonian, with a mix ture of the German. The capital is Prague, it is fubjeft to the houfe of Auftria. BoHOL, pne of the Philippine Iflands, the Bochetta; for the defence of which in Afia, to the N. cff the ifland of Min danao. ,Lon. 122. 5. E. lat. 10. o. N. BoiANO, an epifcopal town of the kingdom of Naples, at the foot of the Ap- penine Mountains, near the river JFilerno, 45^ miles N. E..of Naples. Lon. 14. 40. EJ lat. 41. 30. N. BoiTNiTZ, a town of Upper Hun gary, in the county of Zoll, remarkable f )r its baths, and the quantity of faffron about it. Lon. 19. 10. E. lat. 48. 42. N. B01S-LE-9UC, a large, ftrong, and handfome town of Dutch Brabant, be-; tween the rivers Dommel and Aa, among moraffes, 22 miles E. by N. of Brida, 45 N. E. of Antwerp,, and 45 S. S. E! ctf Amfterdam. Lon. 5. 16. E. lat. 51. 40. N. " ' ' Bokhara, a town of Ufbec Tartary, capital of Bokharia. It is a large populous place, feated on a rifing ground, with a flender wall of earth, and a .dry ditch. The houfes are low, and moftly built of m-ud } but the caravanferas .and mpfques, which are numerous, arc, all of brick. Thd bazars, or market-places, have been ftately buildings : but the greateft part of then^. ¦ - ' 'are there af-e three forts. It is the key of Genoa, and was taken- in' 1746' by the Auftpians, by which means they opened a way to that city. BocKHOLT, a town of Germ.any, in the diocefe of Munfter, tq w'nich it is fubjeft. It ,is 20 rpilcs E. 'ofCleves. Lon. 6.-22 E. lat. 51. 42. N. BockiNg, a large village in Effex, adjoining to Bra?ntree. Its church is a deanery ; and here is a very laifge mcet- inp-houfe. This place has a large manu- f.i,;-tory of bays'. It is 41 miles N. E. ot .London., .'Lpn. o. 40. E. jat. 51. ^6.-N. Bodmin, a decayed borough of Corn. wall, with a market on Saturday. It had the privilege of the coinage of tin; and ' here the fummer affizes are ftiil held. It js 32 miles N. E. of Falmouth, and 234 W. by S. of London. Lou. 4. 40. E. lat. 50. 32. N. ' '""'.¦ 'I B-ODOn, ^ fortified to\yn of Turkey in Europe, in Bulgaria, v,-irh ap archbiflipp'5 fee; fea'ctd on the Danube, 2$ miles W. of Viden. Lon. 23._^4. E, lat, 44. 10. N. '^^^4' B O L B O L erenow in ruins.* Here is alfo a ftately building for the education of the priefts. Great numbers of Jews and Arabians fre quent this place ; bilt the Khan feizes on their poffefflons at his pleafure. It is 138 miles "VV. by S. of Samarcand. Lon. 65, 50. E. lat. 39. 15. N. Bokharia, BocHARiA, orBucHA- ria, a diftrift of Uftiec Tartary, which fee ; Bokhara is the capital. BoLABOLA, one of the Society Iflands jnthe S. Sea, furrounded by a reef ef rocks, and feveral fmall iflands, none of them more than eight leagues in compafs. It is four leagues to the N. W. of Otaha. See Society Isles. ' BOLESLAPE, or BUNTZLAU, a town of Silefia, on the Bobar, 17 miles N. E. of Lignitz. Lon. 16. 10. E. lat. 51. 12. N. Bolingbroke, a to-wn in Lincoln. fliire, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated at the fpring-head ef a river, which falls into the Witha'm, and is an ancient town, 29 miles E of Lincoln. Lon. o. 7. , E. lat. 53. 12. N. BoLiSLAW, a town of Bohemia, 30 miles N. E. of Prague. Lon. 15. 22. E. l.at. 50.25. N. Bolkowitz, a town of Silefia, 12 miles S. of Glogow. Lon. 16. 29. E. lat. 51. 58. N. Bologna, an antient, large, and rich, town of Italy, capital of the Bologjiefe, an archbiliiepisfee,-and an univerfity. There are a great number of palaces, particularly the Palazzo Publico, in which the cardi- nal legate, or viceroy of the pppe, refides. In the area before this palace, is => noble marble fountain, the principal figure of which, a Neptune in bronze, eleven feet high, the workmanfiiip of Giovanni di Bologna, is highly efteemed. The uni. verfity is one of the moft ancient and ce. lebrated in Europe ; , and the academy for the art3 and fciences, founded at the'com. mencement of the prefent century by- count Marfigli, is alone worthy the atten. tion of a ftranger. Tho anatomical thea tre, befide its mufeum, is adorned with flatues of celebrated phyficians. The church of St. Petronius is the krgeft in Bologna ; and on the pavement of this, Caffini drew his meridian line. There are 168 other churches. Though the no bility are not rich, many of their palaces are furnilhed in a magnificent tafte, and contain paintings ef great value ; the pa laces' having beeri built a'nd ornamented when thfe proprietors were richer, and when the finqft works of architefture and painting could be procured on eafier terms. Indeed, next (o Rome, perhaps no town in the world is fo rich in paitit- ings as Bologna. The pri-vate houfes are well built; and the city contains aboiit So,ooo inhabitants. They carry on a confiderable trade in filks and velvets, v.'hich are manufaftured here in great perfeftion. The country round produces immenfe quantities of oil,"wihe, flax, and hemp, and furnilhes all Eurppe with fau- fages, macarcni, liqueurs, effences, and even lapdogs. The river Remo, which runs near the city, turns 400 mills for the filk-works ; and there is a canal hence to the Po. Bologna is feated at the foot of the Appenines, 22 miles S. E. of Mo dena, and 175 N. W. pf Rpnie. Lpn, 11, 26. li. lat. 44. 30. N, Bolognese, a province of Italy, in the territory of the church, bcunded oa the N. by the Ferrarefe, on the W. by Modena; on the S.. by Tufcany, and on the E. by Romagna. It is watered by many fmall rivers, which render the foil the moft fertile in Italy. Bologna is the capital, and from the great prbduce of tho land is called Bologna the fat. It produces all fort-s ef grain and fruits, par ticularly mufkadine grapes, which are in high efteem. Some miles before the en trance into , Bologna, the country feems one continued garden. The vineyards are not divided by hedges, but by rows of elms and mulberry trees ; the vines hang ing in feftoons, from one tree to anothei:, in a very pifturefque and beautiful manner. They have alfo mines of alum and iron. The people feem to be induftrious, and to be allowed, under the -mild govern^ ment of the pope, to enjoy the fruits of their labour. Bolsenna, a town ef Italy, on a lake of the fame name, inthe patrimony ef St. Peter; 45 miles N. of Rome, Lon, 12, 13. E. lat.'42. 38. N. Bolswaert, a town of the United Provinces, in W. Fricfland, 8 miles N. of Slooten. Len. 5. 25, E. lat. 53. 3.N. Bolton, a town of Lancafhire, wittt a market op. Monday. It has been en riched by. the manufafture of fuftian and counterpanes. Great quantities of dimi-' ties and muflins are alfo made here. It ftands amidft dreary moors, 1 1 miles N. W. of Manchefter, and 239- N. N. W. of London. Lon. 2., 35, W, lat. 5.^. 33. N. -¦ .• BoltO^n, a, village in the.W. riding of Yorkfhire, three miles N. E. of Skip- ton. From this place the duke of Bol ton takes his title. Bolzano, a large and handfome town pf Germany, in thi> Tirel, pn the. rivei: Eifach, 27 miles N. cf Trent. Lon. 11'. 26. E, lat, 46. 35. N. Bomalj BON BOR , Bomal,' ^ town of the Auftrian Ne therlands, in Luxemburg, on the river Curt, 20 m.iles S. of Liege. Lon. 5. 38. E. lat. 50. iS. N. Bombay, an ifland of Hindooftan, on the W. coaft of the Deccan, feven miles in length, and 20 in circumference. It came to the Engliffi by the marriage of Charles II. with Catherine of Portugal. It contains a very ftrong and capacious fortrefs, a large city, a dockyard, and ma rine arfenal. The ground is barren, and good water fcarce. It was formerly count ed very un'nealthy'; but, by draining the pegs, and other methods, the air is altered for the better. They have abundance of cocoa-nuts, but fcarce any corn or cattle. The inhabitants are of feveral nations, and very numerous. It is one of the three prefidencies of the Englifh Eaft In dia Company; by which their oriental territories are governed ; and is 1 50 miles S. of Surat. Lon. 72. 38. E. lat. 18. S'8. N. Bomene, a feaport of the United Pro- vinces, in Zeland, on the N. fhore of the ifland of Scho„. ^.lOppofite Goree. Lon. 4. o. E. lat. 51. 4gjiN. Bommel, ? "handfome town of Dutch Guelderland, feated "on the river Wahal, fpur miles N. E. of Nimeguen. Lon. 5. 50. E. lat. 51. 57. N. Bonaire, an ifland of S. America, near the N. coaft of Terra Firma, to the S. E. of Curacao. It-belongs to the Dutch, and abounds in kabrittoes and fait. Lon. 68. i8. W.lat. 12. 16. N. Bonaventura, a bay, harbour, and fort of S. America, in Popayan, go miles E. of Call. Lon. 75. 18. W. lat. 3. 20. N. Bonavista, one of the Cape de Verd iflands. Lon. 22. 47. W. Iat. 16. o. N. Bonavista, a cape on the E. fide of the ifland of Newfpundland. Bonifacio, a feaport of Corfica, well fortified, and populous; 37 miles S. of Ajaccio. Lon. 9. 20. E. lat. 41. 25. N. Bonn, a fmall ancient town of Ger. many, in the eieftorate ef Cologne. The palace of the eleftor is handfome, and the gardens magnificent. It ,is feated on the Rhine, 10 miles S. by.E. of Cologne. Lon. 7. 12. E. lat. 50. 45. N. Bonna, or Bona, a feaport ef Africa, ,in the kingdom of Algiers. It was taken by Charles V. in 1535. It is 200 miles E. of Algiers, Lon. 6. 15, E. lat. 36, 2.N. Bonnestable, a town ef France, in the department of Sarte, and province -cf Maine : it carries en a great trade in corn, and is 15 miles N. E. of Mans. Lon. u. 30. E. lat. 48. II. N. Bonneval, a town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce. It had htely a fine Benediftine abbey. It is ftated on the Loire, eig'-,t miles N. of Chateaudun. Lon. 1. 20. £. lat. 48. 12. N. Bonneville, a town of Savoy, capi tal of Faucigny, on the N. fide of the river Arve, at the foot a mountain called the M.Je, -.vhicl,, from its height, and fine floping pe.iks, is an objeft of great beauty, when feen from the Lake of Ge- neva. It is 20 miles S. of Geneva. Lon. 6. 10. W.lat. 46. 32. N. * BooDGE-BOODGE, a town of Hin- dooftan Proper, capital of the rajah pf Cmch, 330 miles N. E. by E. of Surat. Lon. 68. o. E. lat. 23. 16. N. '¦¦¦BooTAN, a country of Hindo.oftan Proper, between Bengal and Tiiibet, of which laft it is a feudatory or dependency. The fouthernmoft ridge of the Boctan mountains, rifes near a mile and a half perpendicular above the plains of Bengal, in a horizontal diitanc. of only 1 5 miles ; and from the fummit t^e aftoni.Qicd travel. ler looks 'oack on the plains, as on an ex tenfive ocean bpneath him. The capital of this country is Tafl'afudon. BOPIINGEN, a fmall, fr,ee, and impc rial town of Germany, in S-,e-."jia, on the river Eger, four miles E.of Awlan. Lon. 10. 21. W. lat. 4S. 5; N. BOPPAKT, a town of Gei-many, in the archbifliopric of 'V r.-:ves, at the f^ot of a mountain, near 'clie Rhine, eight miles S. of Coblentz. Lon. 7. 35. W. lat. 50. 16. N. Borch, a town of the duchy of Magdeburgh, on the Elbe, 14 miles N. E. of Magdeburg. Lon. 12. 2. V/. lat. 52. ig. N. Borchloen, a town of Germany, in the bifhopric of Liege, i 5 miles N. "VV. of Liege. Lon. 5. 31. W. lat. 50. 50. N. ' BoRGo, a town of Sweden, oh the gulf o{ Finland, 20 miles N. E of Hel. fingfers. Lon. 25. 40. E. lat. 60. 34. N. BoRGO-FoRTE, a town of Italy, in the duchv cf Mantua, on the river Po, 10 miles S. of Mantua. Lon. 10. 53. E. lat. 45. o. N. Borgo-Ban-Domino, an epifcopal town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, 1 5 miles N. "^V. of Parma. Lon. 10. 6. E. lat. 44. 58. N. BoRGO- di-San-Sepulchro, an epifcopal tcwn of Tufcany, ' 40 miles E." of .Florence, Lon,- 12. 7. E. lat. 43. 32. N. BoRGO- BOR BOR . Borgo-val-di-tako, a tpwn ef Italy, in the duchy of ^Parma, 20 miles S. W. of Parma, fuojeft to the houfe of Au- ftria. Lon. iq. 16. E. lat. 44. 30. N. BoRjA, a fmall town of Spain, in Ar. ragon, 12 miles S. E. of Tarazona. Lcn. 1. 16. W.lat. 42. 6. N. BoRitjuEN, an ifland of America, near Porto. Rico. The Enghfli fettled here, but were driven away by the Sj.aiiKirel^. It is uninhabited, though tgreea'ble and fertile, the air v.li'jlefome, aU'J the water good. There are a grcr.t number of land crabs, whence fome call it Crab Iflaud. .Lon. 66.0. Y\t. lat. 18. o. N. BoRKELC, a ftrong town of the United Provinces, in the county of Zut. phen, en. the river Borkel, 10 miles E. of Zutnnen. Lcn. 6. iS-, E.lat. 52. II. N. Bormio, a town of the country of the Grifons, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated at the foot of the mountains, clofe to the torrent Fredolfo, which falls at a fmall diftance into the Adda. It contains about 1000 inhabi. tants, and has a defolate appearance. The houfes are of ftone plaftered : a few make a tolerable figure amid many with paper windows: feveral, like the Italian cot tages, have only wooden window Ihut. ters. B,.imio is 40 miles S. E. of Coire, Lon. lo. 5.E. Iat. 46. 25. N. Borneo, an ifland of Afia, in the In dian Ocean ; till the late new difcoveries, thought to be the largeft in the world. It was difc.)vered by the Portuguefe in 1 52 1 ; and is about 1800 miles in circumference. The inland country is mountainous ; but toward the fea low and marfhy, occa- iioned by thc^ great rains that fa"tl eight months in the year. It produces rice and many forts of fruits, befide feveral animals unknown to the -Europeans; and the fa mous Ourangoutang is a native of this ifland. It produces alfo, pepper, dia monds, gold, pearls, and bees-wax, which laft is ufed inftetid of money. The peo ple in general are very fwarthy, and they go almoft naked. There are Mahome tans on the feacoaft ; but all the reft are Gcntoes. The Eaft India ccm.pauy had faftories here ; but differences ariGng be. tween them and the natives, they were all driven away, or murdered; however, in 1772, the Enghfli obtained a grant, from the Seoloo's, of the northern part of this ifland. The fjaecaft is ufually overflowed half the year, and when the waters go plf, the earth is covered with mud ; for which reafon, fome of the houfes arc built on floats, and others on .high pillars. The cai-ii-l is of the feme name, large and populous, with a good harbour, and feated on the N. W. fide. This ifland lies E. of Malacca and Sumatra. Lon. 1 1 1, 27. E. lat. 4. 55. N. Bornholm, an ifland of the Baltic Sea, 10 miles S. E. of Schonenin Sweden. Lon. 14. 56. E. lat. 54. 55. N. '¦' Bornou, an extenfive country in the interior part of Africa, lying to the S.E. of Fezzan, between the 15th and 1 6th parallels of N. Iat. It has the de fert of Bilma on the N. Nubia on the S. W. and Cathna on the S. E. No in- f-rmation can be obtained of this country from the aftual vilits of any European ; but Mr. Lucas, the geographical miffio- nary, fent by the African affociation, in 1 700, obtained many particulars from fome refpeftable Mahometans, whofe in formation, however, on fome accounts (without impeaching their veracity) is- not abfolutely to be depended on. The climate ef Ecrnou, according to them, is ch^rafterized by exceffive, though not by uniform heat. Two feafons, the one com mencing foon after the middle of April, and the other at the far- eriod in Ofto ber, may be faid to div.,;^rtie year. The firft is introduced by violent wind,s, that bring with them, from the S. E.a:nd S. an intenfe heat, with a deluge of^fiiltry rain, and fuch tcmpefts ef thunder and light ning as deftroy multitudes of the cat tle and many of the people. At l:he commencement of the fecond feafon, the ardent heat fubfides ; the air becomes foft and mild, and the weather perfeftly fe rene. The complexion of the natives is black ; but they are not of the negro eaft. The drefs of the greater part confifts of fhirts ef blue cotton manufaftured in the country, of a red cap imported from Tripoli, and a white muflin turban from Cairo. Nofe-rings cf gold are worn by the principal people. But the only cover ing of the poorer fort, is fometimes a kind of girdle for the waift. They cultivate two kinds of Indian corn, the horfe bean of Europe, the common kidneybean, cotton, hemp, and indigo. The hoe is ufed in tillage ; the plough being un known. While the men, with their hoes, form the trenches in ftraight parallel lines, the women follow and throw in the feed ; but the latter take the hoe when tlie weeds begin to appear. They have nei ther plives nor oranges, but few figs, and no good apples, plumbs, or dates ; but they have abundance of grapes, apri cots, pomegranates, lemons, limes, and melons. The moft valuable tree is call ed- Redeynab, in form and height like an ¦jU'. 0, the leaf cefembling that of a lemon, and B O R i"nd. bearing a nut, both the kerne! and ftiell pf which are iu great eftimation; the firft as a fruit, the laft on account ef .the oil it produces when briiifTed. • Horfes, affis, mules, dogs, horned cattle, goats, iheep, and camels (of t>ie flelh of which they are very fond) are the common ani mals of the country ; but they have no oxen. Their hives of bees are fo nu- . merous, that the wax is often thrown away as an article of no value. Their game confifts of the huaddee, and other fpecies of antelppes, the partridge, wild dudk, and pftrich, 'the flefh of which they prize above every other. Their other wild animals are the lion, leopard, civet c?t, wolf, fox ; the wild dog, that hunfs the antelope ; the elephant, which is not common, and of which they make no ufe ; the camoleopardalis, crocodile, and hippo potamus. They are much infefted with Jnakes, fcorpions, centipedes, and toads. In lome parts, particularly the mountain- cus, the hci-dfmen prefer a refidei.ce in tents to ftationary dwellings, More than thitry different langu.igcs are faid to be .Ipoken in Bornou and its dependencies. The reigning religion is the Mahometan. Their monarchy^ is eleftive. On the ^eath pf the fovereign, the privilege pf ' Choofing a fucceflbr, from among hislfons, without regard to primogeniture, is con. ferred on three ef th| moft diftinguiflied ¦ men, whofe age, and cbarafter fer wif dom, arc denpted .by their dtle pf elders. Thefe retire to a fequeftered place, the avenues to which are carefully guarded ; and, while their dehberations laft, the princes are clofely confined in feparate chambers cf the palace. Their choice being made, they proceed to the apart- piciit^ of the fovereign-eleft, and conduft him, in filence, to the gloomy place, where the unburied cOrpfe of his father, that can. pot be interred nil the- conclufion of this pwful cercmohy, awaits his arrival. There the elders expatiate to him en the virtues snd defefts of hi's deceafed parent ; de- fcnbmg, with panegyric or cenfure, the meafures that eSeahed or funk the glory of' his. reign. "' You fee before you," Yay they, " the end of your mortal career : ,. the eternal, \yhich fucceeds \t, will be ifi.rerable or happy, in proportion as your reign ihall have proved a curfe or a bieffmg to your peqple:" The pre. lent fultan (in. 17-88) is a man of un- cftert,it!ous appearance; uiidiftinguiftied, m^his drefs, from his'lhbjefts. But he is , faid to have .500 Jadies in his feragfio, and to be the, reputed father of 3 50 children of V horn 300' arc males; a tlifproporiltjn,' wnr-,-h naturally fi!g^(.f,s the idea, that- the BOR mother, preferring the joy of being the fuppofed parent of a future candidate 'fqr tlie empire to fhe gratificatiein pf natural affeftipn, fometimes exchanges her female child fer the male pffspring'pf a ftran ger. His ftud likewife cpntains 500 hprfes. He has^t vaft army, which cpnfifts almoft entirely pf hprfe. Fire-arms, thpugh npt unknpwn to them, thfey ^either ufe nor poffefs ; the fabre, lance, pike, and bow, are their weapons of offence, and a fliield of hides is their armpur. In their man ners the pepple are cpurtepus and hu mane. They are paffipnately fond of play; the lower claffes pf draughts; while the higher ranks, e.xcel in chefs. Their .capital is cf the fame name. '¦'- Bornou, ^the capital of the em pire of Bornou, m Africa, is fituated in a . flat country, on the banks of a fmall river. According to the information obtained by Mr. Lucas, it is of greater extent than Tripoli, but.confiftang'of a multitude of houfes, fo irregularly placed, that the fpaces between them cannot be called ftreets. Their mofques are conftrufted of brick and earth ; and they have fchppls, in which the koran is taught, as in the principal towns of Barbary. The royal palace, furrounded by high walls, and forming a kind of citadel, is built in a cprner pf the tov/n. The houfes ef the inhabitants arc neatly plaftered, both with in and without, with clay or mud, and are fimilar in form to thpfe pf Tripoli. Bornou is fujrrounded by a wall, and is 630 miles S. E. of Mourzouk. Lon, 27, 30'. E. Iat. 19. 40. N. BorOughbridge, a borough in the N. riding of Yorkfliire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated. on the S. fide of the r-iver Your, pver which is a ftcnc bridge. It is 17 miles N. W. pf York, and 2 18 N. by W. pf LPndon. Lon. r. 25. W.lat. 54. 10. N. Borrow'dale, a diftrift 'in the S. part of Cumberland, on the borders of Weftmorland. It is a dreary region, abounding, beypnd any other part of the world, with the fineft fort of that valuable and fingular m.ineral, black lead or wad: the mines of which arc only opened at in tervals, and th-en carefully clo.fed agairi, left this precious fubftance flipuld becpme too common. Copper, lead, and calamine, are alfo found in this traft. '* Borrowstounness, or Boness, a village of Scotland, in Linlithgowftiife; on the S. fide of the frith of Forth. It has numerous coalcrics and falt-works, in the fmoke, of which it feems en veloped ; and is tight miies N. pf Lin- hthgov/.- ' ','¦ t Bosa, BOS BOU .Bosa, an ancient town in the W. part profpeft. There is only one fafe chan- of Sardinia, with a bifliop's fee, a caftle, • nel to approach the harbour, and that fo and a good harbour, on a river of the fame name, 17 niiles S. E. of Alghier.; Lon. 8. 50. E. lat. 40. 29. N. B-osco, or BoscHi, a town of Italy, in the Milanefe, feated en the river Orbe, five miles E. of Alexandria. Lpn. 8. 52, E, lat. 44. 54. N. BoscoBEL, a village of Shropfhire, near White Ladies, in the parifli of Tongue,noted for the Royal Oak, in which Charles II. was concealecl, and faw the foldiers pafs by in tjueft of him, after the battle of Worcefter. The tree was in clofed with a brick wall, but is now al moft cut away by travellers. BosNA Serago, a large and ftrpng town pf Turkey in Europe, capital of Bof nia. It is 110 miles S. W. of Belgrade. Lon. 17., 57. E. lat. 44, 40. N. ,_ Bosnia, a province of Turkey in Eu rope, bounded on the N. by Sclavonia, on the E. by Scrvia, on the S. by Albania, -and on the W. by Croatia and Dalm-atia. BossiNEY, a borough in Cornwall, w.hofe market is difcpntinued. It is feated qn the feacoaft, 17 miles N. W. of Laun- cefton, and 233 W. by S. ef London. Lon. 4. 40. W. lat. 50. 45. N. BossuPT, a tovi^n of Auftrian Bra bant, eight miles S. of Louvain. Lon. 4. 50. E. lat. 50. 45. N. narrow, that two fliips can fcarcely fail abreaft ; but, within the harbour, there is room for 500 fail to anchor. At the bot tom of the bay is a. pier, near 2000 feet in length, to which fhips of the greatefl: burden may come clofe ; and, on the N.- fide, are warehoufes ' for the merchants. The ftreets are liandfome, particularly- that extending from the pier to the town- houfe. There are 16 churches of vari ous deiiominations. The other principal public buildings are the ftatehoufc ; Fa- neuil Hall ; the houfe,. formerly the go vernor's, now occupied by the council, treafurer, and fecretary ; the public gra nary, now converted into a ftpre ; and the linen manufaftpry hpufe, now occupied by the bank. On the W. fide of the town 13 the Mall, a beautiful public walk. Boftpn was the firft place, in the neighbourhood of whieh the firft boftilities commenced, iit 1775, between the colonifts and the troops of the mother country, who finally evacu ated the town in March 1776. Itis 356' iniles N. E. of Philadelphia. Lon. 7 c. 33. W. lat. 42. 25. N. Bosvv'orth, or Market Bos- wop.Tii, a town ill Leicefterfhire, with a m,'.r!-:;t on Wednefday, It is feated on a high hill, and famous for a battle fought- here between Richard III. and the earl BOST, a ftrong town of Perfia, capital of Richmond, afterward Henry VIL in" of the province of Sablcftan. Lon. G4. 15. E. lat. 31. 50. N. Boston, a borough of Lincolnfhire, with two markets, on Wednefday and Saturday. It is feated on both fides the river Witham ; and, being not far from its influx into the fea, enjoys a good trade. which Richard loft his life and crown. It is 13 miles N. W. of Leicefter, and 10^ N. N. W. of London. Lon. i. iS. W. lat. 52. 40. N. '* Botany Bay, a bay ef New S.- V^^^les,on the E. coaft of New Hollahd, fo called from the great quantity of herbs Its harbour can admit vtffcJs of inferior found on the fhore, was originally fixed-ori burden only. It has a navigation- from Lincoln, partly by the Witham, and part ly by a canal, at the termination of which, in Bofton, is a large and curious fluicc ; and there is another canahto Bourn. It is a confiderable, thriving, well-built town. The market-place is fpacious, and the tpwer-fteeple is pne pf the moft lofty and elegant ftruftvires of the kind, and a noted feamark. It is 37 miles S. E. of Lincoln, and 1 15 N. from Lond,3n. Lon. c. <;. E. Iat. 53. I. N. Boston, the capital of Maffachufet's- Bay, in N. America, feated pn a penin. fula, at the bottom of a fine bay, covered by fmall iflands and rocks, and defended by a caftle and platform ef gv.ns, which dom of Naples ;' feated near the Appen- rendcr the approach of an enemy very dif. ine Mountains, 20 miles S. E. of Reg- ficult. It hes in the form of a crefcent gio. Lon. 16. 20; E. lat. 37. 50. N. about the harbour; and rhe country be- Bo;;CHAiN',-afortilicd town of France, yond rifing gradmlly, aflbrdi a delightful iiv the department of the North, and late French for a colony of convi-fts from Great Bri. tain, which, in the feqiiel, took place at Port Jackfon, 1,5 miles farther* to the Ny Lon. 151. 22. E. lat. 34. o. S, Bothnia, a province in Sweden, on a gulf of the fame name, which divieies it into two parts, called E. and W. Bothnia'. BOTTESDALE, See BuDDESDAtE. Bot WAR, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, 15 miles S. E. of Hail- bfon ; fubjeft to the duke of Wirtem berg. Lon. 9. 32. W. lat. 49. g. N, EoTZENBURG, a town of Germany-, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, on the river Elbe. Lpn. 10. 48. E. lat. 5> 30. N. BovA, an epifcopal tpwn of the-king- BO U B O U French Hainault ; " divided into two parts by the Scheld. It was taken by the French in 1676, and by the aUies in 1 7 1 1 ; 1 but- retaken fhe year f pUpwing. It is nine miles W. of Valenciennes. Lon. 3, 21. E. lat. 50. 18. N. ' BoucHART, a fmall town pf France, in the department pf Indre and Lpire, and late prpvince cf Tpuraine. It is fitu- ated in a fmall ifland of the river Vienne, 15 miles from Tpurs, BoUDRY, a fmall town of Swifferland, in the principality of NeufchateL Lon. 6, 40. E. lat. 47. I. N. - ' Bouillon, atown pf Frande, in the- duchy cf the fame name, and in the terri. tpry of Luxemburgh. This duchy is a fo. ' vereignty independent pf France ; and, onthe 12th pf March I7g2, the king of Great Britain granted to captain Philip d'Auverne, of the royal navy, his licence to accept the fucceffion to the faid duchy, in cafe pf the death of the hereditary prince, only fon of the reigning duke, without iffue male, purfuant tea declara. tion pf his ferene highnefs, dated June 25, 1791, " at the defire, and with the exprefs and formarconfent cf the nation." The town has a caftle, feated pn an almoft in. acceffible rock, near the river Semois, 12 miles N. E. of Sedan. Lon. 5. 20. E. lat. 49. 45. N. Bo v INES, a town pf the Auftrian Ne. therlands,, in the prpvince of Namur, on the river Maefe, ten miles S. cf Namur. Lcn. 4. 50. E. lat, 50. ig,' N. BoviNG, .an epifcopal town of the kingdom of Naples, feated at the fPOt of the Appennines, - 1 5 miles N. E. of 3eneyento, Lpn, 15. 15. E. lat. 41. 17. N. Boulogne, a large and handfome fea port pf Frar,..e,. in the department pf the Straits pf Calais, aud late province of Bou. lonnois. It waa'lately an epifcopal fee, and is divided into two towns, the Higher and the Lower, The harbour has a mple for the fafety of the fhips ¦ and which, at the fame time, prevents it from being chpked up. It is feated at the mouth of the river Lianne, 14 miles S. of Calais. Lon. I, 42. E. lat. 50. 44. N. , * Bourbon,- an ifland of Africa, in the Indian Ocean, about 60 miles long, and 45 broad. They have not a fafe har. hour in the ifland ; but many good roads fer fhipping. On the S. E. is a volca'no. It is a fertile ifland ; producing in parti. cular, excellent tobacco. The French firft fettled bene in 1672, and have fome cOn. fiderable towns in the ifland, with a go. vernor ;' and here their Eaft India ffiips touch fer refreihments. It is 300 miles E. of Madagafcar,'. Lon. 55. 30. E. lat. 20, 52, N. Bourbon Lanci, atown of France;- in the department of Saone and Loire,' and late prpvince pf Burgundy. It is re markable for its caftle and hot mineral waters ; and there is a -large marble pave ment, called the Great Bath, which is a work of the Romans, It is i 5 miles S.'- W. of Autun. Lon. 4. 6. E. lat. 46. 47'. N. Bourbon l'Archambaud, a fmall town pf France, in the department cf Al lier, and lafe' province pf Bpurbonnois; It is fituated in a bottom, near the riyer A1-' lier, ahd is ren^arkablefor- its hot baths, - and for .giving name to the family of the late unfortunate kiftg of France. It lis i ^ miles W. of Meulins, and 362 S. of Parish' L.^:-!. 3. 5. E. lat. 46. 35. N. Bou,ronne le-bains, a town of France,- in the department of Upper Marhe, and late provihce of Champagne, fanious for its Hh'ot baths. It is 17 miles' E. ofLangres. Lon. 5. 45. E; lat. 47.' ' Bourbonnois, aprovince of France,' bounded on the N. by Nivernois and Ber ry ; en the W. by Berry, and part of - r/larche ; on the S. l^ Auvergne, and onthe E. by Burgundy and Forez. It abounds in corn, friiit; pafture, wood, game, and wine. It now forms the department of Allier. Bourdeaux, an ancient city of France, in the department of Gironde, and late province of Guienne. It is air arihbifhop's fee, has an univerfity, and an academy of' arts and fciences. It is 'ouillf in the form of a bow, of which the river Garonnq is the ftring : this river is bor dered by a large quay, and the water rifes four yard^ at full tide, for which reafpit the largeft veffels can cpme up to it very readily. It cpntains upward pf 100,000 inhabitants, and is pne pf the firft cities of France for magnitude;, riches, and beauty. The cathedral, and the churches belbng- ing to the late rehgious orders, the Domi nicans and Chartreux, are much admired. The fpire of St. Miehael's was a beautiful Gothic piece tiU 1 768,. when more than 100 feet of it was thrown down by, a hur ricane. The caftle, called the Trurupetr is feated at the entrance of the quay, and the river runs rpund its -walls. Mpft pf the great ftreets lead tp the quay ; but are all harrow, exceptpne. The town has 1 2 gate^s;. and near anpther caftle are fine, walks. The ^ moft remarkable antiquities are the palace of Gatienus, built like an irnphi- 'theatre, and feveral aquedufts in different places. It has a confiderable trade ; and they fhip every year 100,000 tons of wine 5. and BOU BOW and brandy. This is the place where Ed- .ward the Black Prince refided feveral ' years,_and his fon, afterward Richard II. w'a£ born. , It is 87 miles S. of Rochelle, and 325 S. "VV. of Paris. Lon. o. 30. W. lat. 44. 50. N. Bourdinei, a toWn of the Auftrian N'elherlar< is, in the province of Namur, , 5 miles N. W. of Huy. Lon. 5. o. E. lat. 50. 35. N. Bo'yRG, thq capital of the ifland of Cayenne, in S. America. Lon. 52. 50. W. lat. 5. 2. N. BpuRG, a town of France, in the de partment of Ain and late province of Breffe. Near this place, is the magnifi- cent church and monaftery of the late- Auguftins, in v/hich is the maufoleum ef Margaret of Auftria, aunt of Charles V. ,, and other fine pieces of fculpture. Bourg is' feated on t'he river Reffouffe, 20 mfles S. E. of .Macon, and 233 S. E. of Paris. Lon. 5. ig. E. lat. 46. 11. N. BouRG, a fmall town of France, in the department of Gironde, and late province of Guienne, with a good , harbour on the river Dprdpgne, near the point of land formed by the confluence of that river and the Garonne, which is caUedthe Bec d' Ambez, and is thought a dangerous paf fage. It is 15 mfles N. of Bourdeaux. Lon. u. 30. W. lat. 45. 5. N, Bourg ANEU'.-, a finall well-built town of France, in the department of Creufe, arid late province ef Marche. It is re markable for a very large and lefty tower, faced with ftones cut diamond-wife. It was erefted, toward the end of the 1 5th century, by Zifim, brother of Bajazet ll. emperor of the Turks, when he was obliged to exile himfelf, after the lofs of a decifive battle. Bourganeuf is feated on the river Taurion, 20 miles N. E. of Li moges, and 200 S. of Paris. Lon. 1. 35. E. lat. 45. 59. N. Bou-RGES, an ancient town of France, in the department of Cher, and late pro vince of Berry, an archiepifcopal fee, with an univerfity. Although, in extent, it is one ofthe greateft cities in France, the in habitants hardly amount to 25,000, and their trade is inconfiderable. This city was the birthplace of Lewis XL the Nero of France, and the celebrated preacher Bourdaloue. It is feated on the rivers Auron and Yevre, 25 miles N. W. of Ne- vers, and 125 S. of Paris. Lon, 2. 28, E. lat. 47. 5. N. Bourget, a town of Savoy, on a lake of the fame name, fix miles N. ef Cham berry. Lon. 5. 50. E.lat. 45. 41. N. BouRMONT, a town of France, in the d, par. ment of Upper Marne and late pro vince of Champagne, 22 miles ffoBs Chaumont. Lon, 5-, 43, E. lat, 48. , 14. N. _ . _ Bourn, a large town in Lincolnfhire, villi a gqod marker on Saturday. It is feated near a fpring called Burnwell-head, from which proceeds a river ' that runs through the town . Itis noted for the co ronation of king Edmund. It is 3 5 miles S. of Lincoln, and 97 N. of London, Lon. o. 20. W, lat. 52. 42. N. BouRO, an ifland in the Indian Ocean, between the Moluccas and Celebes. It is wdl cultivated, and fubjeft tq the Dutch, who have a fortrefs here. Some moun tains in it are exceedingly high, and the fea on one fide i^ uncommonly deep. It produces nutmegs and cloves, as well as cocoa and banana trees, and many vege tables introduced by the Dutch. Croco diles, of an aftoniihing fize, infeft the banks of the rivers, devouring fuch beafts as fall in their way; and men are pro- tefted from their fury by no other me thod than carrying torches. M. Bougan- ville afferts, that thefe crpccdiles have even been known, in the night, to feize people in their boats. Bouro is 50 miles in circumference, Lon. 127, 25, E, lat. 3. 30. S. BoURTON-ON-THE-HlLL, a Village of Gloucefterfhire, on the fjde of a hill, with a fine profpeft intp Oxfordfliire. There are two fprings in this parifh, one of whieh runs E. and empties itfeff into the Thames, and the other W. into the Severn. It is five miles from Stow, and 30 from Gloucefter. Bourton-on-the-Water, a vil lage, about a mile from the preceding place, and hear the Roman Fofs : it is watered by a river that rifes near it, which here fpreads 30 feet wide, over which is a ftpne bridge, befide feveral pthers of wppd at proper diftances. It has many gppd hpufes and a tolerable trade. Adjoining to it is a quadrangular Roman camp, in- clofing 60 acres, now divided into 20 fields, where coins and other antiquities are dug up. .Bouss AC, a town of France, in the de partment ef Creufe, and late province of Marches with a caftle, pn an almpft inac ceffible reck, 25 miles N. E. pf Gueret. Bouton, an ifland in the Indian Ocean, 12 miles from the S. E. of Cele bes. The inhabitants are fmall, but well Ihaped, and of a dark ohve complexion. Their religion is Mahometanifm. Lon. 123. 30. E. lat. 5. o. S. Bow, a fmall pretty town in Devon fhire, with a market en Thurfday. ' It is feated at, the fpring-head of a river that Mil BRA BR A falls intp the Taw. It is 14 miles N. W. of Exeter."- Bov/, pr Stratford le Bow, a cpnfiderable village pf Middlefex, twp m-iles and a half "N". E. by E, pf London. It' has - many mills, manufaftories, and diftilleries, on the river Lea, which here feparates Middlefex from Effex. It is faid that the bridge here, was the firft ftone one built in England, and that from its archfis it received the name of. Bow. The church, formerly a chapel of eafe to Stepney, was made parochial in 1740. * Box HiLL, a hill near Darking, in Surry, celebrated for its extenfive pro fpefts. It received its name froln the box trees planted on the S. fide ef it, by the earl ef Arundel, in the reign of C-haries II. -Boxley, a village in Kent, a little to the E. of Pinnenden Heath, near Maid- ftone ; famous for an abbey of Ciftertian whole waters of the river are precipitated ia a fall of nearly 50 feet. Br AB ant, a large province of the Nq- therlands, of which the head'of the houfe ef Auftria is fovereign duke. ' It is bounded on the N. by Holland ; on the N. E. by Guelderland ; on the E. by r Liege ; on the S. by Namur; and on the. W. by Hainault, Flanders, and" Zealand. Bruffels is the capital ; but the northern part, of which Breda is the chief town, . belongs to the United Provinces, under the denomination of Dutch Brabant. The principal rivers are the Scheld and the. Lys. Bracciano, a handfome town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, on a lake of the fame name, 1 2 miles N. "VV. of Rome. There are fome celebrated baths a little to the W. of_the town. Lon. .12. 24. E. lat. 42. 3. N. BracklaW, a ftrong town of Poland, monks, founded by William earl of Kent in Podolia, feated pn the river Bog, 85 in 1 146, the remains of w'hich ftill exift, It was during his refidence in this abbey that Edward II. granted the charter to the city ef London, empowering them to ' eleft a mayor from their own body. This abbey was- alfo famous for the wooden figure, called the Rood of Grace ; the fips, eyes, -and head of which moved on the ap proach of its votaries. It was broken to pieces, at St. Paul's Crofs, in 1538, by Hilfey, bifliop of Rochefter, who ftiowed to the credulous people the fprings and -Vvheels by which it had -been fecretly moved. BoxTEi, a town of Dutch Brabant, on the river Bommel, eight miles S. of Bois- Iq-duc. Lon. 5. 15. E., Iat. t;i.32.N. : BoxTHUDE, a t'own of Germany, in iihe circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Bremen ; feated on a brook ^vhich falls into -the Elbe, 12 miles S. W. of Ham burg. Lon. 9. 45. E. lat. 53. 26. N. . BoYNE, a river of Ireland, rifing in Qucen's-county, and running N. E. by Trim and Cavan, into the Irifh Channel, below Drogheda. Here James II. was defeated by WiUiam III. in 1690. Bo YOLO, a townof Italy, inthe duchy miles E. of Kaminieck. Lon. 28. 30. E., lat. 48'. 4g. N. Brackley, a borough of Northamp.. tonfliire, with a market on Wednefday. It is feated on a branch of the Oufe, and contains two churches. It had formerly a college, now a freefchool, and is 18 miles S.'W. ef "Northampton, and 64 N. W. of London. . Lon. i. 10, W. lat. 52. 2.N. Brad, a tov.m of Sclavonia, on the N. fide of the river Save, iS miles S. of Po- fega. Lon. 18. 56. E. lat. 45. ig. N. Bradesley, or Badesley--, a vil- lage near Bromfgrove, in Worcefierfliire, where are the ruins ef a fuperb abbey; founded by the emprefs Maud, mother of Henry II. .Bradfiet-D, a town pf Effex, with a market on Thurfday ; 16 miles N. of Chelmsford. Lon. o. 30. E. Iat. 51, 58. N. Bradford, a town in Wilts, with a market on Monday. It is the centre of the greateft fabric pf fuperfine cloths in England, which it fliares with the furi rounding to-\yns of Trowbridge, Melk- fliam, Corfliam, and Chippenham. It is of Mantua, capital of a territory of the feated on the Avon, 11 mi fame name, fubjeft to the houfe of-Auf- tyia. It is It; miles S. W. of Mantua. Lon. IP. 35. E. Iat. 45. 6. N. ¦ '•'¦ Bra^n, a river of Scotland, which defcerids from the hills ef Perthfhire, E; of Loch Tay, arid falls into the Tay, a little above I)unkeld. Upon this river is a grand fcene, at a place called the Ruth. bhng Bridge, Under an arch, thrown over a narrow chafm, between i\iro pro- ,-JBfting rocks, which almoft me-.t, th« W. of D'eJ Lon. 2, vizcs, and 102 W. of London. 20. W. lat. 51. 20. N. Bradford, atown in the W, riding of Yorkfliire, with a market on Mond.-iy. It has a trade ih Ihalloous, everlaftings^ &c. which are made in the neighbourhood. It is feated on a branch ef the Aire, 36 miles S. W. of York, and ig3 N. N. 'VV. of London. Lon. i. 40, 'VV, lat, ^3. 4g. N. Bradnich, a towii of Devonfliire, which BRA BRA .which formerly had a market, arid was a .ponfiderable place before a fire happened, .which burnt it to the ground. Itis 12 iniles N. of Exeter, Brae-Mar, a fertile vale of Aber- deenfhirc in Scotland. The rugged front and lofty fummits of the awful precipices that furround this valley here and there, fhaded by a folitary birch or pine, exhibit a truly pifturefque and romantic fcene, and imprefs the mind with ideas of fubli. mity and grandeur. The caftle of Brae- Mar, the family feat of the earls of Mar, now belongs, with its extenfive* domains, to the earl of Fife. It was here that the earl of Mar began the rebellion in 17 15. It is 27 milc^s N. W. of Aberdeen. Braga, a town of Portugal, capital of the province ef Entre Minho-e-Doure. It is feated on the river Cavado, 180 miles N. of Liflion. Lon. 8. 29. .-W. lat. 41. 42. N. Braganza, the capital of the duchy of Braganza, in Portugal. It is divided into two tpwns, the Old and the New. The Old is feated pn an eminence, fur rounded by double walls ; and the New ftapeis in a plain; at the foot of a mountain, and is defended by a fort. It is feated on the river Saber, 32 miles N. W. of Mirancla. Lon. 6. 30, W, lat, 42, 2.N, Braila, a town pf Turkey in Eu rope, in Walachia, on the Danube, It has a caftle, taken by the Rulfians in 1 7 1 1 ; but afterward reftored. - Brailow, a town of Poland, in Podo lia, en the river Bpg, 30 -miles N. W. pf Bracklaw. ^ Lon, 28. o. E. lat. 49. 12. N. Brain le Compte, a town of Auf trian Hainault, 15 mfles S. W. of Bruf. fels. Lon. 4. 6. E, lat. 50. 41. N. Braintree, a town in Effex, with a market on Wednefday. It has a confi derable manufaftory ef baize; and adjoins to the viflage of Bocking, which is noted for the fame. It is 12 miles N. of Chehnsford, and 41 N. E. of London. Lon, o.. 40, E. lat. 51. 55. N, Brakel, a town of Germany, in the bifhopric ef Paderborn, featqd on the ri vulet Brught, 12 miles E. of Paderborn. Lon. g. li, E. 1st. 51. 46. N. ¦ Bralio,' a lofty mountain of the Alps, in the country of the Grifons. It feparates the Valley ef Muniter from the county pf Bormio ; and this part of the Alps is fujjpofed to be the fame which Tacitus mentions under the name of J-uga Rhaetica. Bra.mant, a tiwn of Savoy, on the river Arck, 3 5 miles N. W. qf Turin. ijon^;. 5, £.. lat,.45. 25. N. Sramber, a borough of Suffex, for merly of fome account, but has neither market nor fair. It is 47 miles S. by W. of London. Lon. o, 12. W, lat, 50, 52. N. Brampton, a town ef Cumberland, with a market on TuelHay. It is feated on the river Itfhin, near the Pifits wall. On the top of a high hill, is a fortified trench, called the Mote, , It is eight iniles N. E. of Cariiflo, and 311 N. N. W. of London. Lon. 2. 40. W, lat. 54. 58. N. Brampton, a village in Hereferd- fliire, one mile S. of Rofs. Here are the ruins of a magnificent caftle; and the gatchoufe, which is entire, is a very cu- rious ftrufture. Brancaster, a village of Norfolk, to the E. of the promontory of St. Ed- mund's-chapel, was anciently Branodu- num, a confiderable Roman city, where ancient coins have been frequently dug up. Branchon, a town of the Auftrian Netherlands, ih the province of Namur, en the river Mehaigne, eight miles N. of Namur. Lon. 4. 40. E. lat. 50. 36. N. Brandeis, atown of Bohemia, on the river Elbe, 10 miles N. E. of Prague. Lon, 14. 45. E. lat. 50. 15. N. Brandenburg, the Marche of, a CPuntry pf Germany, bpunded on the N. by Pomerania and Mecklenlmrg, and on the E. by Poland, on the S. by Silefia, Lufatia, Upper Saxony, and Magdeburg, and on the "VV. by Lunenburg. It is di vided into five principal parts ; the Old Marche, Pregnitz, the Middle Marche, Ukermarak, and the New Marche. Ber lin is the capital ; and the principal rivers are the Elbe, Havel, Sprey, Ucker, Oder, and Warte. The greateft part of the in habitants are Lutherans ; but the Papifts are tolerated. - Br ANDENB-.URG, a town of Germany, divided into the Old' and New town, by the river Havel, which feparates the fort from both. Great numbers of French, refugees having fettled here, introduced their manufaftures, and rendered it a profpcrous trading place. It is 26 miles W. of Berlin. Lon.' 14. 5. E. kt. 52. 45. N. Brandon, a town .of Suffolk, which once had a markce. It is feated on the little river Oufe, over which it has a bridge, and a. ferry at a nale's diftance ; whence it is divided into- Brandon, and. . Brandon-Ferry ; which laft has the moflr bufinels, becaufe commodities arc- brought, thither from the Ifle of Ely. It is i* miles N. of Bury,, and 78 N. E. of Lon- dam. Lpn,.o..4.^.E. lat,. ji., 30, N. BRA BRA Branska, a town of Tranfylvania, on the river Merifli, 35 mUes S. of Wif- lemburg. Lon. 24. 15'. E. lat. 46. o. N. B.RAsii, a large country of S. America, which gives tlie title of prince to the heir apparent of the crown of Portugal. It includes the moft eaftern part of bi Ame. rica, and lies between the equinoftial line and the trppic pf Capricprn, being about 1560 miles in lehgth, and 1000 in breadth ; but meafuring along the coaft, it is near 2000 miles long. It was difcpvered by chance in 1 500 ; fpr Alvarez Cabral, a Portuguefe, was forced upon it by a tempeft. Some time after the revolt of the Netherlands againft Spain, the Dutch drove away the Spaniards, to whom Per- tugal itfelf was then fubjeft ; but, on the fubfequent revolution by which that king. . dom, was reftored to its independency, .the Portuguefe, in their turn, obliged the Dutch to lea-^^e it in 1655. The air of this country, though within the torrid zone, is temperate and wholefome, infp. much that people live there a long while. The foil is fertile, and more fugar comes thence, than from all other parts pf the wprld. It produces tpbaccp, Indian ccrn, feveral forts of fruits and medicinal drugs. The wood brought from Brafil, and hence fo called; is of great ufe in dying red ; and within the country there is gold, and feveral forts of precious ftones. The cat. tie, carried over from Europe, increafe prodigipufly. They have feveral animals not knpwn in Eurppe; ampng the reft, a bird called Colibri, whofe' body is not much larger than that of a May-bug, and it fings as harmonioufly as a nightingale ; it is a perfeft beauty, and the neck is of fuch a lively red, that it might be miftaken for a ruby : the 'oelly, and the upper part of the wings, are of the colour of gold, and the thighs are as green as an emerald : the legs and bill are as black as poliflied ebony, and th'- eyes refemble two oval diamonds, being of the colour of burnifh. ed fteej : the head is green, with a mix. ture of geld, and of a furprifing luftre : that of the cock is adorned with a fmall tuft: it is almoft impoffible to conceive how fe fmall a bird can have fo loud a note. The Portuguefe chiefly inhabit th'e coaft ; for they have not penetrated far into the country. The inland parts are fufl of people of different languages; but they all agree in wearing no clothes. They arc of a copper colour, with long coarfe black hair on their heads, but with. out any on the other parts of their bodies, like the reft of the Americans. They are itrong, lively, and gay; and fubjeft to few difeafes. They love to adoriv tlxem- felves with feathers, and are fond ef feafts, at which they dance immoderately. They have no, temples, nor any other fign pf religion ; and they make no manner of fcruple to marry their neareft relations. They have huts made of the branches of trees, and covered with palm-tree leaves. Their furniture confifts chiefly in their hammocks, and difhes, or cups, made of calibaflies, painted withput pf a red colour, and black withiri. Their knives are made of a fprt of ftone ' and fplit canes ; and they have bafkets of different fizes, chiefly made of* pahn-tree leaves. Their arms are bows, arrows, and wppden clubs, "W^hen they travel, they faften their ham- mocks between two trees, and fleep all night therein. The Portuguefe divide Brafil into fifteen gpvernments, eight pf which belpng to the crown, and the reft to great men, who have peopled them at their own expence. They are all under a viceroy, who refides at St, Salvadere, •¦' Brassa, a fmafl ifland to the N- of Scotland, one of the Shetland iflands. Between this and the principal ifland,'called the Mainland, is the noted Braffa Sound; where a thoufand fails may at once find commodious mooring. Erassaw, or Cronstat, a ftrong town of Tranfylvania, on fhe river Burc. zel, 50 miles E; o f Ilermanftadt. Lon, 25. 55. E. lat. 46. 30. N. Bratton. Castle, onthe E. fide of of Weftbury, in Wilts, the remains of a ftrong fortification, where the Danes held out againft the Enghfh 14 days. It is feated on a hill, and is encompaffed with two ditches, wit'nin which feveral pieces of old iron arms have been dug up. Braubach, a town of Germany, in Weteravia, with a caftle, feated en the Rhine, eight miles S. ef Coblentz. Braunaw, a town of Germany, in Lpwer Bavaria, feated on the river Kun, 2 5 miles S. W. of Paffaw. Lon. 1 3. ^, E. lat. 48. 10. N. Braunsburg, a town of Poland, in New Pruffia, with a commodious harbour, feated near the Baltic Sea, 50 miles E. of Daiitzick, Lon, 20. 6, E. lat, 54, 22. N, Braunsfeld, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper .-Rhine, and county ef Solmes, with a handfome palace, 26 miles N. by W. of Francfort. Lon. 8. 32. E. lat. 50. 21. N, Bravo, one of the Cape-de-Verd Iflands, remarkable for its excellent wine, and inhabited by the Portuguefe. The land confifts of mountains, which look like pyramids. It abounds in Indian" corn, gourds, watermelons, potatoes, horfes, affcs, B R E B R E affes, hogs, and faltpetre. Lon, 24, 39. W. lat. 14. 52. N. Bravo, an independent town of Afri ca, on the coaft of Ajan, with a good har- bour. It is 80 miles from Magadoxo. Lon. 43. 25. E. lat, 1. 20. N. Bray, a feaport of Ireland, in the county of \\'icklow, feated on St. George's Channel, lo mfles S. of Dublin. Lon. 6. 1. W, lat. 53. II. N. Bray, a village of Berkfhire, famous in fong for its vicar, who, having been twice a Papift, and twice a Prcteftant, in the reigns of Henry VIII. Edward VI. Mary, and Elifabeth, and therefore taxed witii being a turncoat, faid, he always kept to ills principle, v/hich was to five - Jftid die vicar of Bray. It is fituated on the Thames, one mile'from Maidenhead. Brazza, a town and ifland on 'the coaft of Dalmatia, in the Gulf of Venice, oppofite to Spalatro, and fubjeft to Ve nice. Lon. 17. 35. E, lat. 43. 50. N, Breadalbane. See Albany. Brechin, a borough of Scotland, in the county of Angus, feated in a plain, on the N. fide of the river South Eflt.. The . Gothic cathedral is partly ruinous, though one of its aifles fcrves for the parifh church. Adjoining to this is a curious antique round tower, compofed of hewn ftone. It tapers from the bottom, and is very flender in proportion to its height. Similar towers are to be feen in pther parts pf the country. The purpofe to which they were priginally deftined is un known. Here is a manufaftory of linen and cotton, and a confiderable tannery. Brechin is 45 miles N. E. of Edinburgh. Lon. i. 18. E, lat, 56, 40. N. Brecknock, or Brecon, a large town of S. Wales, capital ef Brecknock- fhire ; called by the Welch Aber-Hond- dcy, and feated at the confluence of the Henddey and Uflc. It is an ancient place, as appears by the Roman coins that are often dug up here. It contains three churches, one of which is collegiate. The houfcS are well-buflt, and it has a good trade in clothing. The markets are on Wednefday and Friday. A little to the E. of the town is a confiderable lake, well ftored with fiffi, whence runs a rivulet into the Wye. It fends one member to parhament, and is 34 miles N. W. by W. of Monmouth, and 162 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3. 22. vV. lat. 51. 54. N. Brecknoci;shire, a county cf S. Wales, 39 miles in length, and 27 in breadth. It is full of mountains, fome of which are exceedingly high, particularly Monuchdenny-h'fll, not far from Breck. nock. However, there are large fertile plains and vallies, which yield plenty of corn, and feed great numbers of cattle. It has four market towns and 5i pariflies. It is bounded on the E. by the counties of Hereford and Monmouth, on the S. by Glamorganfhire, on the 'VV. by Carmar then and Cardiganfliires, and on the N. by Radnorfhire. Its principal rivers are the Wye and the Uflt. Breda, a handfome town pf Dutch Brabant. The fortifications are ftrength- cned by the waters and moraffes near it. The Papifts are more numerous than the Proteftants, and have the free exercife of their religion. It has a Dutch garrifon ; but the property and government belongs to the prince of Orange, The great church is a noble ftrufture, with a, fine fpire, 362 feet high. In 1577, the Spa nifli garrifon delivered this city to the States General ; . but it v/as recovered in 1581. In 1590, prince Maurice retook It. In 162;, the great marquis of Spi- nola, after a memorable fiege of^ten months, once more reduced it; but, in 1637, the prince of Orange retook it. In Feb. 1793, count Byland furrendered it to the French, after a fiege of only three days, but it was retaken foon after. It is feated on the river Merck, 22 miles W. by S. of Bois-le-duc, 22 N. E. ef Bergen-op- zoom, 25 N. N. E. of Antwerp, and 60 S. of Amfterdam. Len. 4. 50. E. lat. 51. 35-N. Bregentz, a town ef Germany, capi tal of a county of the fame name, in the Tirol. It is feated on the lake of Con ftance, on the frontiers of Suabia, feven miles N. E. of Appenzel. Lon. g. 45. E. lat. 47. 27. N. BrEhar, one ofthe Scilly Iflands, al moft direftly W. of the Land's End in Cornwall, at the diftance of 30 miles. It is the moft mountainous of them all. Lon. 6. 42. W. lat. 50. 2. N. Bremegarten, a handfome town of Swifferland, in the territory of Tyen- Aempter, between the cantons of Zurich and Bern. The inhabitants deal chiefly in paper; and are Roman Catholics. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Town, and is feated on the river Rufs, 10 miles W. of Zurich. Lon, 8. 17. E. lat. 47. 20. N. • Bremen, a large, populous, and ftrong town of Germany, capital cf a duchy of the fame name, with an archbifhop's fee, fecularized in favour of the Swedes, but now belonging to the eleftor of Hanover, The Wefer runs through the middle, and divides it into the Old and New Town, In i^3Q, while the inhabitants were afleep, the magazins of powder was fet on firp G 2 by ^ RE B R £ by lightning, and all the houfes were fhSken, as if there had been an earthquake. This town is divided into four quarters ; and iu the middle is a large market-place, with the ftatue of Rolando. It is 22 miles E. of Oldenburg. Lon. 8. 48. E. lat. 53, 6. N. Bremen, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, tying between the Wefer and the Elbe ; the former of W'hich fepAr'ates it from the diichy of Ol denburg, and the other frqiri that of HpI- fteln. The air is cold ; but the country is fertile antf' well peopled. It formerly , belonged to th.e Swedes, but was fold to the eleftor of Hanover, in 1716. In the winter it fe fubjeft to inundations, and particularly tn 1617, on Chriftmas-day, feveral thoufarid caftle were drowned, be fide feveral hundreds of men ; and the Country was fo covered with water, that it has coff immenfe fums to repair the dikes. Bremenwoerd, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Bremen ; formerly a for tified town ; but, fince the year 1683, the fejrtifications have been demoliflied. It is 27 niiles N. of Bremen. Lpn". 8. 45. E. lat. 5,3. 33. N. Brent, a town of Devonfliire, with a market on Saturday. It is 26 miles S. W. ef fexeter, and 200 "VV. by S. ef Lon don. Lon. 4. 2. E.lat. 50. 33, N. "' Brent, a river of Somcrfetfhire, which rifes in Sclwood Foreft, en the edge of Wilts, and receiving feveral rivulets, particularly one from Shepton-Mallet and Wells, falls into Bridgewater Bay. Brente, a river which has its fource in thfe Mfliopric of Trent, and falls into the gulf pp'ppfitc Venice. Brentford, a town in Middle.fex, -dvith a market on Tuefday. It is feated on the "Thames, into which, at the W. end of the town, flows a rivulet called the Brent.' Here the freeholders of Middle fex meet Jo choofe the knights of the fliire. It is a long town : that part of it, called Old, Brentford, is oj^pofito Kew Green, and in the parifh of Great Ealing : that called New Brentford, ih which ftands the church and market-place, is partly in the parifli of New Brentfor4 and partly in that of H-anwell. This town is fe-ven miles W. of London. Lon. o. 10, W.lat. 51. 26. N. .... Brent! Italy, with a citatrel, and a biihop's fee. It is the capital of Brcfci-ano, and is ic;;ted 5 OH the river Garza, 95 miles W. ef "Ve nice. Lon. IC, 5. E. lat. 45. 31. N. BrE|Ciano, a. province of Italy, iii the territory of Venice ; bounded on the N. by the country of the Grifons, and the bifhopric of Trent ; on the E. by the lake Garda, the Verorteffc, and the duchy of Mantua ; on the S. by that duchy and the Crembnefe, and en the W. by the Cre- mafcp, the Biirgpmafcp, and the Valteline, It is watered by feveral fmall rivers, and is full pf tenvns and villages: Bresellq, a town pf Ivdy, in the 'duchy of .Modena, on the river Po, 27 miles N.' XV. of Modena. Lon. 10. 41. E. Iat. 44. 50. N. , 1 Breslaw, a large, rich, and populous town of Germany, capital ef Silefia, with a bifliop's fee, and an univerfity. It is feated at the conflux of the Oder Olay which laft runs through feveral of the ftreets. All the houfes are built with ftone, and it is furrounded by good walls, ftrc'ngthcned by ramparts and other works.- There are two iflands near it, formed by the Oder ; in one of which is a church; whofe tower was b'uriit by lightning in i730-;' in the other, called Thum, is the cathedral. Tlie royal palace was obtained by the Jefuits, w^iere they founded . an univerfity in 1702. The twp principal churches belong to the Proteftants ; near one of which is a college. It was taken bv the king of Pruffia in 1741, arid re taken by the Auftrians in 1757 ; but the king re,gained it the fame year. It is 112 miles N. E. of Prague, -and 165 N. of Vienna. Lon. 17. 14. E., lat. 51,3. N. Bres-le,, a river of France, that has its fource above Aumale ; feparates the latcf provinces of Normandy and Picardy^ waters Eu, and then falls into the Britifh Channel. Bresse, a late province ef France, bounded on the N. by Burgundy and Franche Comte, on the E. by Savoy, on the S. by the Viennois, on the W. by the Lyonois. It now forms the department of Ain. Bressuire, a town of France, in the department of the two Sevres, a'nd late province of Poitou, with a college, 35 miles N. W. of Poitiers. Brest, a. town of France,- ih the de- psi'tment of Finiftere, and late province of Brittahy, with the bcfi harbour in France, and a caftle feated on a craggy rock by the feafide. The ftreets are narrow, crooked, and all upon a declivity. The quay .is above a mile in Icrtgth. The arfenal was built by Lewis XIV. whofe fucceffor eftablifhed a marine academy here in 1752; and, as this is the principal port for the French^ aavy. B R I B R I i.-ravy, it has every other accommodation for the marine fervice. The Englifh at tempted in vain to take this place in 1694. It is 30 miles S. E. of Morlaix, and 325 ,N, of Paris, lyon, 4, 26. W. lat, 48. 23. N. Breste, or Bressi,gi, the capital of Polefia, in Poland, feated on the river Bog, 100 miles E. of Warfuw. It is a forti- fied to\,'n, and has a caftle built upon a rock. Here is a famous fynagogue, refort- ,,ed to by the Jews from all the countries in Europe. Lon. 24. 6. E. lat. 52. 4. N. Bretagne, a late province of France, 1 50 miles in length, and 1 1 2 in 'breadth. It is a peninfula, united on the E. to An jou, Maine, Norm<)ndy, and Poitou. The air is temperate, and it has large forefts. It is formed into five of the new depart ments of France ; namely, the North 'Coaft, Finiftere, Ille and Vilaine, Lower Loire, and Morbiham. Breteuil, a town of France, in die department of Lower Seine, and late pro vince of Normandy, feated on the river Iton, 15 miles S. W.of Evreux. Lon. 1. o. E. lat. 48. 56. N. Breton, Cape, sm ifland pf N. Ame rica, between 45 and 47 degrees pf lati tude. It is feparated from Nova Scotia by a narrow ftrait, called Canfo, and is about 100 miles in length, and 50 in breadth. It is a barren country, produ- nng little corn or grafs, and fubjeft to fogs throughout the year. It is covered with fnow in the winter, and is exfcffively cold. There is an excellent fifliery on this coaft. It was taken by the Enghfh in 174;, and reftored tq the French m 1748. It was again taken 'by the Enghfli in 17 58, and was confirmed to England by treaty in 1763. Brevordt, a town of the United Provinces, in Guelderland, 24 miles S. E. of Zutphcn. Lon. 6. 25. E. lat. 52. i. N. Brewers-Haven, a good harbour on the N. of the ifland of Chiloe, on the coaft of Chili in S. America. The Dutch landed here in 1643, defigning to get pof feffion of fome part of Chili ; but they were driven thence by the Spaniards and natives, Lon. 74. o. W. lat. 42. 30. S. Brejwood, a town in Staftordiliire, with a market on Tuefday. It is 10 miles S. by "VV. of Stafford, and 130 N. W. of London. Lon. 2. s. W. lat, 52, 43. N. Brey, atown of Germany, in the bi fhopric of Liege, 14 miles N. of Maef tricht. Lon. 5. 39. E. Iat. 51. 4. N. Briancov, a town of Fra-ncc, in the department of Upper Alps, and late pro vince of Dauphiny, with a- caftle icatod en a craggy reck, tt is remarkable for the manna gathered in its neighbourhood, ^vhich at firft appears on the leaves and fmall branches of a fort of pinp-tree ; but they make incifions into the bark, to get larger quantjties. It has a handfijme church, and a nobte Iiridgc, j8o feet in height. It is 17 miles N. W.. of Embrun. Lon. .6. 25. E. Iat. 44. 46. N. Briare, a town of France, in the dcr partment of Loiret, and late province of Orleanois ; feated .on the Loire, and re- markable for a famous canal of communi cation between that river and the Seine. Ir is 35 mfles S. E. of Orleans, and 88 S. of Paris. Lpn. 2. 47. E. lat. 47. 40. N. Bridgend-, a town of Glamorgan fhire, with a market on Saturday, It is feated on the river Ogmore, which divides it jnto two p?rts, joined by a ftone bridge. It is feven miles W. by .N. of Cowbridge, and 178 W. cf London. Lon. 3. -38. 'w. lat. 51. 30. N. 'Bridge-Town, the capital of the iftand of Barbadoes, fituated in the inm^ part of Carlifle Bay. It contains 1500 houfes, and would make a figure in any kingdom of Europe. The ftreets are broad, the houfes high, and the rents dear. The wharfs and quays -are neat and convenient, and the forts are very ftrong. The church is as large as fome cathedrals, and it has a fine organ. Here alfo is a freefchool, an hofpital, and a col lege ; the latter erefted by the fociety for propagating the gofpel, purfuant to the will of colonel Codrington, who endowed it with 2000I. a year, for the maintenance of profeffors and fcholars in divinity, phyfic, and furgery. Lon. 59.. 36."Vy.I.at. 13. 5.N. Bridgenorth, aborough in Slirop- fliire, with a market on Saturday. It is feattd on the Severn, which divides it into two parts, joined by a handfome ftone bridge. They are called the Upper arid Lower Town. The ftreets are broad and paved, and it has two churches. It was formerly fortified with walls, and had a caftle, feated on a rock, but now in ruins. It is 20 miles W. by N. of Birmingham, and i3g N. W. of London. Len. 2. 28. W. lat. 52. 36. N. Bridge WAiKR, a large borough of Somcrfetfhire, -with two markets on Thurf. day and Saturday. It is feated on the river Parret, over wfiich there is a ftone bridge, and ticar it fhips ef 100 tons bur. den may ride. It carries on a confiderable coafting trade, and trades hkewife with Ireland and ' Norway. The tide here riifhes in with great violence, and rife- to a vaft height. It is ' eight miles S. (,f G 3 , the BRI B R I the Brift.ol Channel, 31 S. S. W. of Brif-^ tot, and 137 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3. 10. W. lat. 51. 7. N. Bridlington, or Burlington, a feaport in the E. riding of Yorkffiire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on :^. creek near Flambcrpugh.head, -with a commodipus quay for ffiips, and is a place -f good trade, 36.rtiilcs N. of Hull, and 2ob N. of Lpndpn. Lpn. o. 5. W. lat. 54. g.N.' Bridport, a borough of Dorfetfliire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated between two rivers, and had ence a har. bour, which is now choked up with fand. Tt- has one church, and about 400 houfes. The market is remarkable for hemp ; and here are large manufaftures of fail-cloth and nets. It is 12 miles W. of Dorchef. ter, and 135 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2. ?2. W. lat. 50. 42. N. Brieg, a h.-indfome town of Germany, in Silefia, capital rf a territory ofthe fame name, with a college, and an academy ^vhere the nobility learn their exercifes. It belongs to the- king of Pruffia, and is feated on the Oder, 20 miles S. E. of Ereflaw. Lon. 17. 3 5. E. lat. 50. 50. N. Briel, a maritime town of the U- nited Province"-, capital of the ifland of Vporn. - It is one of the cautionary tov.'ns delivered into the hands of queen Elifai- beth, and garriftined by the IHnglifli dur ing her reign and p'rt of the next. The Dutch took it from the Spaniards in 1572, which was the foundation of the ir repub lic. It is feated at the mouth of the Meufe, 33 mfles S. W. of Rotterdam. Len. 4. 23. E, lat. 51. 50. N. Brientz, a lake ofthe canton of Bcrns in Swifferland, three leagfles long and one broad. It is well ftored with fiffi ; with a very dehcate kind efpeciafly, which is pecuhar to this lake, and which is fold and dried hke red herrings. The river Aar runs through the whole extent ef this lake, and unites it to that of Thoun. Be fide the Aar, the Lake of Brientz receives the Lutfchinen, See Lutschinen. Bp.iescia. See Polesia. Brieux, St. a confiderable town of. France, in the department of Finiftere, and late province of Brittany, with a bi fhop's fee, and a good harbour. Its inha bitants are deemed the beft pioneers in France. It is one mile and a half from the fea, and 50 miles N. W. of Rennes. Lon. 2. I*!. W.lat. 48. 3 I.N. Briey, a town of France, in the de partment ef Mofellc, and late province of Lorraine, feated near the river Manfc, 30 miles N, E. of St. Michael. Brigc, a town in Lincolnfhire, with a good market on Thurfday for cattle and provifions. It is feated on the river An- kam. Some call it Glandfordbridge; It^ is 25 miles N. of Lincoln, and 153 N. of London. Lon. 0. 20. W. lat. 33. 40. N, Bri ghthelmstone, a feaport of Suf. fex, with a market on .Thurfday. It was a poor town, inhabited chiefly by fiflier. men, but having, for a few years paft, become a faffiionable place ef refort, en account of its convenience for bathing, it has been enlarged by many handfrme new buildings for lodgings#with public ropms, &c. The Steine, a fine lawn, between the town and the fea, forms a beautiful and favourite refort for the company. Here Charles II. embarked for France in 1651, after the battle of Worcefter. This town is fometimes called Brighten. It is the ftation of the packetboat?, to and from Dieppe, in time of peace, and is 56 miles S. of London, and 74 N. W. of IDieppe, Lon. o. 6. E. lat, 50. 52. N. Brignolles, a town of France, in the department of Var, and late province of Provence, famous for its prunes, and feated among mountains, in a pleafant country, 325 miles S. S.E. of Paris. Lon. 6. 15. E. lat. 43. 24. N. Brihuega, a town of Spain, in New Caftile, where general Stanhope and the Enghfli army were t:iken prifoners, after they had feparated from that commanded by count Staremberg. It is feated at the foot of the mountain Tajuua, 43 miles N. E. of Madrid. Lon, 4. 10, W, lat, 40, 50. N. Brimpsfield, a village of Gloucefter fhire, on the river Stroud. Here are the foundations ef a caftle long deftroyed. It had alfo a nunnery. The riyer Stour rifes here, and the turnpike read from Glou- cefter to Cirencefter (the Ermine-ftreet' of the Romans) extends along the fide ef this parifli, and divides it from Cowley, It is feyen miles from Gloucefter. Brindici, an ancient and celebrated town of the kingdom of Naples, with aij archbifhop's fee, a fortrefs, and a harbour, which has been partly fpoiled by the Vc. netians. It is feated on the Gulf of Ve- nice, 32 miles E. of Tarento. Lon. 18, 15. E. lat. 40. 45. N. Brinn, a ftrong town of Moravia, where the affembly of the 'ftates m.eet. It was invefted by the Pruffians in 1742 ; but they.were obhged to raife the fiege. It-is- feated at the confluence of the Zwitta and . Swart, 53 miles N. of Vienna, and 27 S. W. of Olmutz. The caftle of Spielberg is its principal defence, and is feated en an eminence, Lon, 16, 40. E. lat. 49. 6. N. Brioude, B R I B R I , Brioude, in the departmentrof Upper Loirc,-and late province of Velay inFrance, is the name of two towns about a mile diftant frpm each other ; one of which is called Old Brioude, and the other Church Brioude, on account of a famous chapter, whofe canons are obliged to prove their nobility before they arc admitted.- Old Brioude is-feate-d -on the river Allier, ever which it has a bridge of one arch, 173 feet in diameter. It is 16 miles S. of If foire, and 225 S. by E. of Paris. Len. 2. 50. E. lat. 45. 16. N. BRicjuERAS,a town of Piedmont, feat ed in the valley of Lucern, three miles from the town of that name. Lon. 7. 34. E. lat. 44. 56. N. Brisach, a town of Germany, for- merly the capital ef Brifgaw. It was takeh by the French in 1638 and in 1703; but was reftored each time to the houfe of Au- ftria. It is feated on the Rhine, over which is a bridge of boats, 2 5I miles S. of Strafburg. Lon. 7. 4g. E. lat. 48. 8. N. Brisach, New, a handfome town of France, the department of Upper Rhine, and late province of Alface, built by the French, over-againft Old Brifach, and fortified by Vauban. It is about a mile from the Rhine, and 23 S. of Strafburg. Lon. 7. 40. E. Iat. 48. 5. N.- Fort Mor- tier, which belongs to it, is feated on the Rhine. Brisg AW, a territory of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, on the E. fide of the Rhine, which feparates it from France. One part belongs to the houfe ef Auftria, of which Friburg is the capital ; the other to the hpufe of Baden. Brissac, a town of France, in the department pf Maine aud Loire, and late prpvince pf Anjou, feated on the river Aubence, 13 mfles S. of Angers. Lon. o.. 27. W. lat. 47. 20. N. Bristol, a city and feaport, partly in Gloucefterfhire, and partly in Somerfet- fhire ; to which laft county it was ac counted to belong, before it formed a feparate jurffdiftion. In wealth, trade, and population, it has long been reckoned the fecond in this kingdom ; for, although the cuftomhoufe receipts for Liverpool have, for fome time, exceeded thofe ef Briftol, the latter may ftill claim pre-emi nence with refpeft to the opulence and number of its inhabitants. It is feated at the confluence of the Avon with the fmall river Froom, about ten miles from the place where the Avon empties itfelf into the Severn. The tide rifing to a great height in jkefe narrow rivers, brings vef. fels of confiderable burden to the quay, -which extends along the inner fhores of the Froom and Avon ; but, at low water, , they lie aground in the mud. Briftol has 18 churches, befide its cathedjal, and fe veral meetings for proteftant Diffenters, among which the Quakers are a large bo. dy. The moft remarkable church is St. Mary Radchff, one of the fineft in the kingdom. There is a bridge over the Avon, and an exchange. They have a prodigious trade ; for it is reckoned they fend 2000 fliips yearly to feveral parts of the world. Here are no lefs than 1 5 glafs. houfes, they having plenty of coal from. King's-wocid and Mendip-hills ; and the fugar-refinery is one of its principal ma nufaftures. The hot wells are- much re ferred to : they are of great purity, have obtained a high reputation in the treat- ment of confumptive cafes, and are about ¦ a mile from the town, on the fide pf the Avon. In St. Vincent's Rock, above this well, are found thofe native cryftals, fo well known under the name of Briftol. ftones. Befide this well,^ there is a cold fpring, which guffies out of a rock on the fide of the river, that fupplies the cold bath. In the College-green, ftands a ftately high crofs of Gothic ftrufture, de corated with the effigies of feveral ef the kings of England. Near Queen's-fquare, which is adorned with rows of trees, and an equeftrian ftatue of kng William HI. ftands the cuftomhoufe. The walls have been demoHlhtd long ago; but there are feveral gates yet ftanding. They ufe fledges inftead of carts, becaufe the vaults of the common fewers wijl not admit them. Briftol has three markets. Wed- nefday, Friday, and Saturday, and fends two members to parhament. -It is 40 milcs- S. of Hereford, 60 N. E. of E.xeter, 34 S. W. by S. of Gloucefter, 50 S. S. W. of Worcefter, 12 W. N. W. of Bath, and 124 W. of London. Lon. 2. 36. W. lat. ji. 28. N. BitisToL, New, the c-apital ef the ccunty of Bucks, in Penfylvania, 20 miles N. ot Philadelphia, feated on the river Delewar. Lon. 75. 8. W. Iat. 40. 15. N. * Britain, or Great Britain, the moft confiderable of all the European iflands, extending from the Lizard Point, in the lat. of about 50°, to Dunefiiay Head, in Iat. 58. 30. N. or, taking it in a ftraight fine from N. to S. about eight -degrees er 5 50 miles ; and, from Dover Head on the E. to the Land's End,- on thr W. it com. prehends about feven degrees ef lon. or about 290 miles. Its mo'ft ancient name was Albion, which, in procefs of time, gave way to that of B-itain, by which it was known to Julius Cefar. The gene. ral divifion of the ifland is into P.nv'a-'d G 4 ScQtlam, B R I B R O Scotland, and Jl^ales ; for a parttailar de fcription of which, fee thefe articles. Britain, New, a country in N. Ame- rica, comprehends all the traft N. of Cana. da, commonly called the Efkimaux country, including Labradqr, Nfcw N. and New S, Wales, It is fubjeft to Great: Britain ; and lies between the latitudes of 50 and 70 N, about 1200 miles, and between 50'and 100 W. lon. about 1 500 mites, There are in. numerable lakes and moraffes, which are covered with ice and fnow a great part of the year. The principal fettlements be longing to the Englifh Hudfen's-Bay Company are Churchill, Nelfon, New Severn, and Albany, on the W. fide of Hudfon's- Bay. See Eskimaux. Britain, New, an ifland to the north of New Guinea. By whona this land was firft difcovered is uncertain. Dampicr firft failed through the ftrait which feparates it from New Guinea ; and captain Carteret, in 1767, failed through another ftrait, which divides it ir(to two iflands, the north- ernmoft pf which he called New Ireland. -New Britain lies in lon. 152. ig. E. and lat. 4. o. S. The fhores of both iflands are rocky, the inland parts high and moun. tainous, but covered with trees ef various kinds, among which are the nutmeg, the cocoa-nut, and different kinds of palm. The inhabitants are black, and woolly. headed, like negroes, but have npt their flat npfes and thick Kps. ' Brittany. See Bretagne. Brives-la-Gallard, an ancient and handfom(;. town of France, in the department of ¦Correze,-3nd late province of Limofin. It is feated near the conflu ence of the Correze and the Vezere, in a delightful valley ; on which account it- has received the appellation of La Gail- laifre. It has a handfome hofpital and college; and a fine walk, planted with ^trees, which furrounds the tovVn; and adds to the beauty of its fituation. Since the year 1764, feveral manufaftories have been eftablilhcd here ; fuch as-filk handkerchiefs in the Englifh fafhion, muflins, gauzes, &c. of various iinds. It is 37 miles S. of Limoges, and 220 S. by W. of Paris. Lon. I. 25. E. lat. 45. 15'. N. - • Brixpn, a handfome town' in Germany, in th; Tirel, capital of the bilhopric of Brixen; feated at the confiuenee of ' the' Rientz and Eifoch, 1 5 miles E. of Tirol, and 4-0 N. of Trent, LPn. ii. 47.. E. Ia", 46. 45. N. Brixen, the bifhopric of a territory of Germany, in the Tirol. It is extremely mountainous, but produces cxcelient wine. The bjlhop is the fovereign, and is a prince of irkc s-m,iure, ' -, Brizen, or Brietzen, a town of. Germany, in the Middle Marche of BriuiT denburg, feated on the river Adah, 12 miles" N. E. of Wittemberg. Len. 13. 4, E." lat, 52, u. N. * Broad Jennessee, a noble river ef N. America, which rifes in N. Carolina, and croffes the parallel ef 35°, N. Iat. into the ftate of Georgia, juft before it paffes' through Cumberland er Laurel Moun tains. Its paffage through thefe moun tains occafions a remarkable whirl. The ftream, which, a few miles above, is half a mile wide, is here compreffed tp the width pf abpUt 100 yards. Juft as it en ters the mountain, a large rock projefts" from the northern fliore, in an oblique direftion, which renders the bed of the river ftifl narrower, and caufes a fuddeil bend: the water ofthe river' is thrown, confequently, with great rapidity, againft' the fouthern fhore, whence it rebounds around the point of the reck, ahd produces the whirl, which is about 80 yards in cir." cumference. Canoes have been often carried into this whirl; and efcaped -linhurt. Near a mile below-, the river fpreads into its- common width, and, except the interrup tion of fome mufcle fhoals, flews ih a beau-- tiful and pladid ftream, till it mingles with the Ohio ; before it reaches which, it is- called the Cherokee' River. ¦''¦ Brodera,' a-principal fortrefs and- town of Hindooftan Proper,in the province of Guzerat, in the N. E. part of the trait' lying between the rivers Tapty and My. hie. Through this 'place -runs the great' rpad,, from Surat to Ougenin. It is g^" miles S. by W. of the former, and 195' N. E. by E. of the latter. Lon. 73. 11. E, lat. 22, 15. N- Brod; pr Brodt, a ftrong place of, Hungary, pn the river Save, famous for a battle gained by the Turks in 16S8. It is 20 miles S. E. of Ppffcga. Lon. 19. 25. E. lilt. 45. 20. N. - Broe Nemeki, or Teutsch-Brod, a town of Bohemia, on the river Sozawa,- 20 miles S. by E. of Czazlaw, ]^on, 15, 40. Ellat. 49. 33. N. Bfodziec, a town of Poland, in Li thuania, on the river Berezina, iqo mites S.- of PoloC7.kr. Lon. 28. 5. E. hit. 54. 8. N. Broek, a 'town- of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and duchy of Berg ; the capital pf a county pf the fame name,: feated on the river Roer, 1 1 miles N. of- Diiffeldorp. Lon. -6. 53. E. lat. 51. 23. N. Broek, in North Holland, fix miles from .Ajnfterdarr., one of the moft fingu- lar a'nd pifturefque villages in,, J^e world, " The inhabitants," favs Madame de S.^ilcry (late Cuuntefsde Geiilis) "though peafants B R O B R O peafants only, are all rich. The ftreets are paved in mofaic work, with variegated tiricks, and difplay all the greateft neat. nefs. The houfes are painted on the out- fide, and are as frefh and bright as if quite new. Each has a garden and terrace, in. f lofed by a low railing, that permits every thing to be feen. The terrace is in front of the houfe, and from this we defcend into the garden, which forms the fepa- ration between each houfe. The ftreets, on both fides, arc laid out in the fame manneiy. The gardens are adorned with china vafes, grottos of ffiell-werk, trees, flowers ; borders compofed of minute par. -tides of glafs, of different colours; of a dazzling brightnefs, and difpofed into'" a variety of forms. There are likewife other borders formed of fmall fhells, and arranged with as much fkill and care as thofe in a mufeum. Behind the houfes and gardens are extenfive meadows, full of cattle grazing. The outhoufes are likewife behihd;'fo that waggons, carts, and cattle, never enter thefe neat ftreets. The floors of the houfes are paved w ith ftining ftones, in equal fquares, commonly black and yellow. The principal apart. ments are wainfcoted. This wainfcot is of its natural colour, ornamented with the prettieft fculpture imaginable. In the bbft room' is a large buffet, with glafs folding doors, thrbugh which are feen the moft beautiful china, and quantities of plate perfeftly bright. One would ima. gihe, from their uniformity, that the for tunes of the refpeftive owners were equal. in every houfe are two doors, one of which is called the door of ceremt^ny, being never opened, but for the event of marriage er dtath. The new-married couples enter at this door, ahd never pafs throilgh it a'gain but to their graves ; in the interval it is conftantly keptfhut. They have alfo a chamber, which is never made ufe pF but on their wedding-day ; and it is ever pfter confidered as a temple, in which it would be a profanation to fleep. This chamber is more fplendid than the others, dnd the bed is profufely ornamented vidth lace. On a table is a pretty bafket, which contains the finery which the bride wore pn her' wedding-day. ' In a' wprd, they ftever enter this facred retreat, but to adorn it with vafes of flowers, or to fhow it to ftrangers. The drefs of the men is very plain, and that of the women as ftudied. They wear the moft beautiful filks, the fineft linen, and manv trinkets of gold and pearls. A hood of white cambric conceals their hair, faftened on the tWo fides by large gold pins fet with fine pearls. Many faivants arc dreffed in this manner: their miflreffes excel them only in finer neck. laces, rings, and mere expenfive linen. The manners pf thefe people are irre. proachable : they live together in perfeft harmony ; but are very uncivil to ftrangers: the moment they fee fuch arrive, they fliut themfelves up, and refule to ppen their doors ; but they have a natural gallantry, or, to fpeak more properly, a certain re. fpeft for women, that makes them behave very differently to them. They no feoner fee them, than they haften to fhow them every mark pf pplitenefs ; and althpugh the fair ftrangers were acccmpanied by men, this would not prevent their con. dufting them to their houfes, and ftiowing them every thing. Their wives never ftir from Broek, and a young woman would find it difficult to marry, if fhe went to a another village a fmall diftance from it, Amfterdam is as little knpwn to them as London or Conftantinople. They find their happinefs at home ; Broek is the whole world to them ; and they preferve, in courfe, their manners and their virtue. Thiey marry invariably among them'"elves. Many nobles of this country have been de firous of efpoufing young women of Broek, on account of their riches ; but the over tures of none have proved fuccefsful. The inhabitants pride themfelves in their fim- plicity, and in their ftate as peafants. They lead a frugal life. To adorn their houfes- is the greateft pleafure they know : to live in peace the only happinefs they court. Handfome as the natives are throughout all Holland, they are particularly fo at Broek. The children ate all charming; the men robuft ; and the women tail, well-made, and generaUy pretty, wi'h a 'furprifing frefhnefs of complexion. In a word, this village exhibits a very fingular pifture. Every thing in it delights the eye and heart : not pne difagreeable bb- jeft appears tp fpoil the piece. Not only not a fingle beggar is to be feen, but not a perfon, moreover, who is not perfeftly at eafe ; not a cripple, not one infirm eld per fon, nor a fingle decayed houfe. Health ; all thataffluence can wifh ; the eleganccof induftry and neatnefs ; fimplicity, huma- nitv, virtue, and happinefs; thefe are the ineftimable advantages, thefe the delight ful objefts that we find at Broek ; and which, added to the ftriking fingularity of their drefs, their houfts, and their man- ners, render it altogether a very extraer. dinary place." ¦•¦'¦' Broken Bay, a bay of New S. ¦Wales, on the E. coaft of New Holland. It is formed by the moilth of a great river called the Hawkibury. Lon, 151, 27. E, lat. 3J. 34. S. Brom- B R O B R U Bromley, a town in Kent, -with a market on Thurfday, Here is a college for 20 poor clergymen's widows, founded by Dr. Warner, bifhop of Rocliefter, in the reign ef Charles II. Near the town is the palace ef the bifhops of Rochefter, vhere there is a mineral fpring. It is feated en or near the nver Ravenfborn, lo miles S. S. E. of London. Lon. o. 6. E. Iat.* 51, 23. N. Bromley, a poor town in Stafford. ftire, with a market on Tuefday. It was formerly called Abbots-Bromley, and afterward Pagets-Bromley, being given to lord Paget at the time of the "Reform ation. It is fevcn miles E. ef Stafford. Lon. I. 55. "VV. lat. 52. 50. N. * Bromley, a vfllage near Stratford- le-Bow, in Middlefex. It had once a monaftery, the church of which is ftill ufed by the inhabitants. -¦¦ BromptoN, a populous viflage, in the parifh of Kenfington, in Middlefex. Here is the public botanical garden and iibraryof Mr.. William Curtis, the author of Flora Londinenfis and other botanical works . -'¦ Brompton, a village in Kent, de- Ijghtfully filiated on an eafy afcent from Chatham, and containing the fine barracks for the accommodation of the inihtary of that garrifon. BaoMSGROVE, a town of Wercefter- fhire, with a inarket on Tuefday. If is feated on the river Salwarp, has a confide. rable trade in clothing, and a good market for corn, cattle, and prtwifions. It is 15 jn-iles N. E. by N. of Worcefter, and 115 N. W. of London, Lon. 1. 50. W. lat. 52. 25. N. Bromyard, a town of Herefordfhire, -with a market on Tuefday. It is 18 miles W. of Worcefter, and 125 W. N. W. of London. Lon. 2. 20. W. lat. 52. 8. N, ' Br ONNO, a town of Italy, in the duchy of i'.Iilan, where the Impcrialifts beat the Frencli in 1703. It is 10 miles S. E. of Pavi.1. Lon. 9. 26. E. tat. 45. 6. N. '••- Broom, Loch, a great lake and arm cf the fea, in Rofsfhire, on the W. coaft of Scotland. It has long been noted for herrings of peculiar excellence, and is efteemed one of the beft fifhing ftatioiis on the coaft. "* Brora, a feaport of Scotland, on the E. coaft of Sutherlahdfhire. Here is a coal mine, which was lately worked, and the coal was ufed in manufafture of fait. But this coal cannot be exported, or carried to any diftance, as it takes fire on being expofed to the air. The lime. flone quarry, above this place, is an inte. refting fund pf fpeculation : the variety of fhells ciJhtajntd iH the heart of the- ftone is equally furprifing and beautiful. Brora is 40 miles N. by E. of Invernefs. "¦¦' Bp,.oka, a river ef Scotland, in Sutherlandfliire, v/hich iffues from a beau. tif-ul lake of the fame name. Above Bto. ra, it forms feveral fine cafcadcs ; and be low that village,, it falls into the Britifh Ocean. Many precipices on the banks of this river are full of Ihe-lls, as in the lime. ftone quarry near it. Brooage, a town of France, in the department of Levier Charente, and late province of Saintonge. The falt-works here are the fineft in the kingdom, and the fait is called B-ay-falt, becaufe it lies on a bay of the fea. It is 17 miles S. of Ro chelle, and no S. W. of Paris. Lon. i. 4. W. lat. 45. 52. N. Brouershavln, a feaport of the United Provinces, in Zealand, and in the- ifland of Schonen, nine miles S. W. of. Helvoetfluys. LPn. 4. 15. E. lat. 51. 40. N. Brouck, a town of Swifferland, in Argow, of which it is the third free city. It is feated on the river Aar, over which is a handfome bridge; there is likewife a college, with a public library. It is 22 miles S. E. of Bafil. Lon. 8. 4. E. lat. 47. 21. N. Brouca, a town of Sicily, on the S, fide of the Gulf of Catania: 15 miles S. of Catania. Lon. 15, 30. E. lat. 37. 25. N. Bruchsal, a town of Germany, iu the bifliopric of Spire ; feated on the river Satz, five miles S. E. ef Philipfburg, Lon, 8. 36. E.'lat. 49. 11. N. Bruck, or Brugg. See Brouck. Bruges, a large epil'copal city of Au ftrian Flanders. It was formerly the En- gliffi ftaple for wool, and the centre of communication between the Lombards and the Hanfeatic merchants. Hither the Lom bards brought the produfts ef India, and the manufaftures of Italy, and exchanged them for the commodities of the north ; fo that Bruges, at that period, was the greateft trading town in Europe ; and every commercial nation had a conful here. But, in the i6th ccntur.y the civi^l wars, occafioned by the tyranny of Philip II. drove the trade firft to Antwerp, and then to Amfterdam. Bruges, therefore, is net populous now in proportion to its extent ; and it poffeffes nothing to attraft attention but fome fine churches and rich monafteries. Its fituation, however, ftill commands fome trade ; for it has canals to Ghent, Oftend, Sluys, Newport, Fumes; Ypres, and Dun'Kirk. Here the order of the Golden Fleece was inftituted in 1430. Bruges B R U BR U Bruges has been feveral times taken and retaken during the military cont^fts in the Netherlands ; the laft time, by the French in 1792, who, however, were compelled to evacuate it in March 1793. Itis eight miles E. of Oftend, Lon, 3. 5. E. lat. 51. 12. N. BituGG?., cr Bruggen, a town of. Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and bilhopric of I-fieldefheim, fix miles from the city of that name. Lon. 10. 5. E. lat. 52. 6. N. Brugneto, an epifcopal town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, at the foot of the Appennines, 35 miles S. E.of Genoa. Lon. 9. 30. IL. lat. 44. 15. N. Bp.unetto, a ftrong and important place in Piedmont, near the city Sul'a, which it defends. Brunseuttle, a feaport ef Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of -Holftein, feated at the m.outh of the Elbe, 13 miles N. W. of Gluckftadt. Lon. 9. 2. E, lat. 54. 2. N. Brunswick, a large and ftrong town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Sax ony, and duchy of Brunfwick. It was formerly an Imperial and Hanfeatic town, tiii it .was taken by the duke of Brunf. wick Wolfenbuttle in 167 1, who built a citadel to keep it in awe. In the fquare before the caftle is a famous ftone ftatue, with a lion made of block-tin, done after the life. Here is alfo a rich monaftery ef St. Blaife, whofe prior is a prince of the houfe of Bevern. This town is famous for the well-known liquor cafled Mum,- which has hence the name of Brunfwick Mum. It is feated on the river Ocker, 55 miles VV. of Magdeburg. Lon. 10.42. E. lat. 52. 25.N. Brunswick, a country of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the N. by the duchy of Lun'enburg, on the W. by the circle of Weftphalia, on the S. by Aeffe, and the territory of Piech- field, and en the E. by Thuringia, with the principalities of Anhalt and Halber- ftadt, and the duchy of Magdeburg. The rivers are the Wefer, the Ocker, and the Lyne, and it is fertile both in corn and paf tures. It is divided into four duchies and two counties. The duchies of Brunfwick Proper and of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle, with the counties of Rheinftein and Blanc- kenherg, are fubjeft to the duke of Brunf wick Wolfenbuttle ; while the eleftor of Hanover is duke of Brunfwick Gruben- hagen ami Brunfwick Calenberg, which aUb includes the duchy ef Gottingen. -¦'¦ Brunswick, a town of Georgia, in N. America, where the Turtle River emp. ties into St. Simon's Sound, It has & fafe harbour, capable ef containing a nu. merqus fleet of men of war ; and even the bar, at the entrance, has depth enough for . the larg.ft. The town is regularly laid out, but not yet completed. From its ad vantageous fituation, and the fertility of the back country, it promifes to be here after one of the firft trading towns in Georgia. It is 70 miles S. "VV. by W. of. Savannah. Lon. 82. 0. Vv'. L,t. 31. lo. N,. * BRUNSWICK, a city qf I-.'-.-w- Jerfey, in N, America, incorporated, in 1784, is fituated on the S. W. bank of Raritan River, 12 miles above Perth Amboy. ' Its fituation is lov/ and unplcafant, being under a high hill, which rifes at the back of the town. The ice, on the. breaking up of the river in winter, fre quently lodges on ,the fl;alIow fording- : place, jiift oppofite the town, a'ld form-, a temporary dam, which makes the ^v?ter rife; many feet above its ufual height, and overflow the ground floors cf the houfes . that are not guarded againft this inconve- ; nience by elevated foundations. The in habitants are beginning- to build on the pleafant hiU a'oovc the town. . They have a confiderable. inland trade, and many fmaU veffels belonging to the port. Here is a flourilhing college, called. Queen's College. Lon. 75. o. W. lat. 40. 20. N. Bru NS w ic K, New, in N. America. In 1784, Nova Scotia was divided into two: provinces. The province now ftyled New Brunfwick; is bounded, on the W. ofthe ri ver St. Croix, by the faid river to its fource, and by a fine drawn due N. thecic to the S. boundary of the province- of Q;,iebcc, to the N. by the fame boundary as far a-> the W. extremity of the bay pf Chaleurs; to the E. by the faid bay to the gulf of St. . Lawrence to the bay called Bay Verte ; to the S. by a linp in the centre of the. Bay of Fundy,, from the river St. Croix .to the mouth of the Mufquat river, by the, faid river to its fource, and thence by a due E. line acrofo the ifthmus into the Bay Verte to join the E. lot above defcrioed, including all iflands within fix leagues of the coaft. Since the conclufion of the American war, the emigration of lovalifis to this province, from the United States, has been very great. Brussels, the capital ef Brabant, and the feat of the go\-ernor ef the Auftrian Low Countries. Like aU the towns in the ' Netherlands, it abounds with fine churches and monafteries.; of the former, that dedicated to St. Gudule, is the larg. eft. The principal fquares are the Grand Market Place, in which i,s the noble an cient town-houfe on one lice, and an old ftrufture, called the King's Palace ; on t'ne .ether, BUG BUG other, the Place dc Sablon, in which is a fountain erefted by Thomas feccnd earl cf Ailefbury, who Tcfided here 43 years in a kind of exile ; the Place de Ct. Mi- chel, a new fquare, near the Opera Houfe ; the Place Roy:-Ie, another new fquare, (with a new church on one fide) built on the fite ef an old royal palace that was de. ftroyed by fire; the Place de Lorrain, another new and very extenfive fquarej on one fide of which is a magnificent -building for the fovereign council of Bra bant, and the area is formed into beau tiful public walks, called the Park. There are many public fountains in ^e city, from fome of which the water flows in a very whimlical manner. Here is an aca. famous for the narrpw pafs pf Thermppylse (fo called from the hot baths in the ncijjhbourhood) where Leonidas, and his gallant 300 Spar. tans, refitted, for three days, the whole Perfian army. This is the place, feigned by the ancients tP be the fcene of the death pf Hercules. Buntingford, a tcwn of Herts, with a -market on Monday. It is feven miles S. of Royften, and 31 N. by E. pf Lpn dpn. Lpn. o. 6. E. lat. 51. 58. N. BuRAGRAG, a rirerpf Barbary, inthe kingdpm pf Fez, which falls into the At- lantic Ocean, at the town of Sallce. BURREL, or CiVITA BuRRELLA, a town in the kingdom of Naples, near the riyer Sangrp, 20 miles S. of Lanciano, Lon, 14, 48, E. lat. 41. 58. N. BuREN, a town of the United Pro. vinces, in Guelderland, which gives the title of cpunt pf Buren tp the prince pf Orange. It is 22 miles W. pf -Nimeguen. Lpri. 5. 12. E. kt, 51. 58. N. Bup.EN, a tpwn pf Germany, in the bi. Ihppric pf Paderborn, feated on the river Alme, 10 miles S. of Paderborn. Lon. 8. 53. E. lat. 53. 16. N. BuRFORD, atownof Oxfordfliire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on an afcent on the river Windrulh, and is a handfome place, chiefly noted for the making of faddles. The downs near it are noted for hprferaces; It is 71 miles W. pf London, Lon, i. 37. W. lat. 51, 46, N, BuRG, a town in Lincplnffiire, with a market on Thurfday, Itis 12 milts N. N. E.of Bofton, and 133 N. of London. Lon. o. 10. E. Iat. 53. 12. N. Burg, a town. of the Dutch Nether. lands, in Zutphen, feated en the Old lifcl, 18 miles E. ef "i ; iiiieguen. Lon. 6. 15, E. lat. 52. 59. N. Burgaw, a to\-.n and caftle of Ger many, in the circle ef Suabia, capital of a margraviate of the fame name. It be. longs to the houfe ef Auftria, and is 26 miles W. bf Augflierg. Lon. 10. 2 5. E. lat. 48. 28. N. Burgdorf, a. large handfome town of Swifferland, in the cantpn of Bern, with a caftle. It is feated pn an eminence, eight miles N. E. pf Bern, Lon. 7. 19. E. lat, 46. 58. N. Burg-Clere, a village of Hamp fliire, fituated to *he W. of King's-Clere, at the fppt pf a hill, which has a military camp pn the tpp, and an extenfive prp- fpeft. '¦¦ Burgh-upok-Sands, a village pf Cumberland, near Splway Frith, where the viftorious Edward the Firft died, in ij07» as he was preparing for an expidi- tion BUR BUR tion againft Scotland. It is five miles N. W. of Cariifle. Burgos, a rich town of Spain, the ca. pital of Old Caftile, and an archbifliop's fee. The fquares, public buildings, and fountains, are fine, and the walks agree able. It is feated partly on a mountain, and partly on the river Aranzon, 95 miles E. by S. of Leon, and 117. N. of Ma drid. Lon. 3. 30. W. lat. 42. 20. N. Burgundy, alate'province of France-, bounded on the E. by Franche Comte, on the W. by Boui-bonnois and Nivernois, on the S. by Lyonois, and on the N. by Chainp'agne. It is fertile in corn, fruits, and excellent wines ; is 112 miles in length, and 75 in breadth; and is now formed into the three departments of Cote d'Or, Saone and Loire, and Yonne. ¦'¦ IJuRHANPOUR, a city of Hindooftan, in the Deccan, the capital 'of Candeifli, and, at one period, of the Deccan alfo. It is ftill a flourifliing city, fituated in the -midft of a delightful country, 225 miles E. by N. of Surat. Lon. 76. ig. E. lat. 21. 25. N. Burick, a to\vn of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves, feated on the R.hine, op pofite \"v'"efel, 17 miles S. E. of CIcves. Lon. 6. 18. E. Iat. 51. 32. N. Burkhausen, atown of Germany, in Lower Bavaria, on the river Saltz, 27 miles N. by W. of "Salt-zburg. Lon. 12. 50. E. lat. 40. 17, N. Burlington. See BriIjlington. Burlington, a town of New Jerfey, in N. America, feated on Delaware river, which is here a mile broad, and under ffielter of Mittinnicunk and Burlington Iflands, affords a fafe and convenient har bour. There are two places of worfhip ; one for the Quakers (the moft numer ous) the other for the Epifcopalians. The other public ftruftures are two market- houfes, a court-houfe, and the beft g:-iol in the ftate. It is a free port ; and the mayor, recorder, and aldermen hold a commercial court, when the matter in controverfy is between foreigners and fo- reigners, or foreigners and citizens. It is 17 miles N. of Philadelphia. Lon. 75. .JO. W. lat. 40. 17. N. -¦' Burmah, an extenfive kingdom of Afia, to the E. of the Ganges ; fometimes but erroneoufly, called Ava, from the name of its capital. It is bounded by Pe gu on the S. and occupies both fieies of the river Ava, as far as the frontiers of •China. On the W. it has Aracan ; and, on the E. Upper Siam. This country, which "is very little known to Europeans, produces fome of the beft teek timoer in India, Ships built of teek, up-,, ard of 40 years old, are no uncommon objsfts in the Indian feas, while an European-buik fliip is ruined there in five years. The forefts which produce this valuable wood, (which may be ftyled the Indian oak) are fituated between the W. bank of the river Ava, and the country of Aracan, and are only 250 miles from the fea, by the courfe of the river. Burnham, a town of Norfolk, with a market on Monday and Saturday. It is featcd^ near the fea, 2g miles N. W. of Norwich, and 126 N. E. of London. Loa, o. 4S, E. lat. 53. 4. N. "¦' Burnham, a fifhing town pf Effex, at the mouth of the river Crouch, which is here called Burnham Water. The Walfleet and Burnham oyfters are the produft of the creek and pits of this river. Burnham is 40 iwles E. by N. of Lond.jn. Burnley, a fown of Lancafhire, with a market on Monday. Itis 35 miles S, E. of Lancafter, and 208 N. N. W. ,£ London. Lon. 2. 15. W. lat. 53. 46. N. Burntisland, a borough of Scot land, on the Frith of Forth, in Fifcfhire. It has an excellent harbour, in form of a bafon, where Ihips fometimes p,jrfor.,n quarantine. It has a fugar-'noiifc, and fome beginning manufaftures. Near this place, are found ftones that appear to have been thrown out by a volca.no. It is feated under a ftupendous rock, ten miles N. W. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3. 5. V,'. lat. 56. 8. N. ¦¦' Burrampooter, a river of Afia, which rifes near the head of the Ganges, in the vaft mountains of Thibet. Of thcI? two rivers it is remarkable, that, iffuinrj from oppofite fides of the fame ridge 0^" mountains, they direft their courfe tOMiard oppofite quarters, till they are more than 1 200 miles afundcr ; meetiilg in one point near the fea, after each has performed a winding courfe of more than 2000 mil:-!. From its fource, the Burrampooter pro ceeds eafterly through Thibet, where it is^, named Sanpoo, pr ZSncin ; that is, the River, After wafhing the border of the territory of Laffa, it takes a fouth-eafterly courfe, and approaches within 220 miles of Yunan, the wefternmoft province of China. It then turns fuddenly to the \V. and proceeding through Affam, alTumes the name qf Burrampooter. ' It -enters Bengal onthe N. E. m.akes a circuit round the weftern pcint of the Garrdw Moun tains, and then, altering its cohrfc to S. meets the Ganges about 40 miles from the fea. During a courfe pf 400 miles throu.jh Bengal, this river bears fp intimate a re- fcmblance to the Ganges, ex'fepf in one particular, that the fame dsfcription might fcl-ve BUR BUT ferve for both. The exception is, that Bury St. Edmund's, a handfome during the laft 60 miles before its June town of Suffolk, with a market on Wed- tion with the Ganges, it forms a ftream nefday and Saturday, The fituation is which is regularly from four to five miles exceedingly pleafant, and the air is fup. wide ; and, but for its frefhnefs, might pofed tP be the beft in England ; for pafs fpr an arm pf the fea, Bursa, prPRUSA, pne pf the largeft and fineft eities of Turkey in Afia, the capital of a province in Natolia Proper, vvhich reafon it is frequented by genteel people. It was formerly of great note for Its abbey, faid to be the fineft and richeft of any in England ; and its noble ruins now called by the Turks Becfangil, and are ftill ftanding near the two churches, hich was anciently Bithynia. It was vvhich are both large/ and feated in one the capital of the Ottoman empire before the taking of Conftantinople, It ftands tipon feveral little hills, at the foot of Mount Olympus, and on the edge of a fine plain full of mulberry and fruit- trees. So many fprings proceed from the mount, that every houfe ha? its own foun tain. The mofques are elegant, as are the caravanfaries. The bezeftine is a large itrufture fufl of warehoiies and ffiops, con. taining all the commodities of the Eaft, be. fide their own manufaftures in filk. Here arc the beft vvorkmen in all Turkey, who are excellent imitators of the tapeftry pf Italy and France. This place contains about 40,000 Turks, 400 families of Jews, 500 ¦of Armenians, and 300 of Greeks. None but Muffelmans are permitted to dwell in churchyard. In St, Mary's, lies Mary; queen of France, who was married to Tho mas duke of Norfolk. Bury fends two members to parhament, and is gp'verned by a recorder, 12 aldermen, and 24 com mon-council. The town took its name from St, Edmund the king, who was bu ried here, after being murdered in a wood. Here is a fpacious market-haU, a gram- marfcheol, and a beautiful crofs. The market is large for corn, fifli, and fowl. The affizes for the county are held here. It is 14 miles E, of Newmarket, and 72 N, N, E. of London. Lon. o. 46, E.lat, 52. 22, N, Bury, a town of Lancafhire, with a market on Thurfday. It ftands on the Irwell, is much noted for its fuftian ma- the city ; but the fuburbs, which are much niifaftory, and the coarfe goods, cafled finer and better': peopled, are filled with half thicks and kcrfeys, Roman --"-" Jews, Armenians, and Greeks, The Jews came hither from Granada in Spain, and fpeak gppd Spanifli tp this day. Bur- fa is 99 miles S, pf Cpnftantinpple. Lpn, ^9, 5. E. lat. 39. 22, N. Burton upon Trent, a town of 'Staffordfliire, with a market on Thurf- ha^e been dug up here. A melancholy- accident happened at this place, July 5^ 1787, by the fall of the theatre, by which more than 300 perfons were buried in the ruins : fome efcaped unhurt ; others were killed, or much bruifed. Bury is 36 miles S. E. of Lancafter, and 190 N, N. W. of day. It had fprmerly a lai-ge abbey ; and Lpndpn. Lon. 2. 24. W, lat, 53. 36. N. over the river Trent it has a famous Bussarah, or Bassora, a feaport bridge of freeftone, about a quarter of a of Turkey in Afia, in Irac Arabi, 40 miles; mile in length, fupported.by 37 arches. It N. W. of the gulf of Perfia. It ftands on cpnfifts 'chiefly pf pne Ipng ftreet, which the river Euphrates, which comes clofe up. runs from the fite ef the , abbey to the to the walls. There is a canal from the- Euphrates, which runs from one end of the city to the other, and divides it int* two parts ; and over it is a bridge of boats,. The circumference is very large ; but g, great number of date-trees are planted within the walls; The houfes are con ftrufted with brick burnt in the fun, and haye a very mean afpeft. Here are man.y Jews, who live by brokerage and ex changing money ;• but they are kept very poor. In 1691, the plague deftroyed 8o,oQO of the inhabitants ;. but it was af terward repeopled by the wild Arabs, who- were foon brought under the fubjeftion of the Turks. The trade here is npt fo confiderable as it was formerly. It is 240 miles S. by E. of Bagdad.. Lpn. 44, 52, E. Iat. 29. 26. N. But-es-HIRE, a cpunty of Scotlanej; fionfift-. bridge ; and has a good market for corn =«nd provifions. Burton is famous for ithe excellence of its ale ; great quantities of which are fent down the river to Hull, and exported tp other parts of the king dom and abroad. It is fituated N. E. of Lichfield, and is 124 miles N. N. W. of London, Lon. i. 4°' W- lat._52. 48._N, Burton, a fmall town of Lincolnfliire, with a market on Mpnday. It is feated OTi a hifl, near the Trent, 30 miles N. of Lincoln, and 164 N. by W. of Lpndon, Lon. o, 36, W, lat, 53. 40. N. Burton, a town pf Weftmpriand,, with a market pn Tuefday. it is feated in a valley, near a hill called Earletpn-Knothill, 11 miles N. of Lancafter, and 247 N. N. W. pf London. Lon.. j.. 50. "VV. lat., 54. Jo.^N. B U X CAB confifting ef the iflands of Bute, Arran, . and Inchmarnoc, which lie in the Frith of Clyde, to the S. of Argylefliire. They are fertile in corn and paftures, and there is a confiderable herring-fifhery. This fliire fends a member to parhament aker- natcly with Caithnefs, though that coun ty hes at the diftance of above 150 miles to the N. E. Butrago, a town pf Spain, in New Caftile, fprmerly a biffipp's fee. It is feated pn the river Lpzpya, 30 miles N. by E. pf, Madrid, Lon. 3, 5, W, lat, 40. 46. N, BuTRiNTO, a feaport and epifcopal town ef Albania, on the canal of Corfu, and at the entrance of the Gulf ef Venice, 30 miles S, of Chimaera. Lon, 20, g, E, lat. 39. 49. N. «¦' BUTTERMERE-WATpR, a lake of Cumberland, about 8 miles N. W, of Kefwick, It is 2 miles long, and not quite one broad. On the W, fide it is termindted by a mountain, called, from its ferruginous colour, the Red Pike, A ftrip of cultivated ground adorns the E, fhore, A group of houfes, called Gatef. garth, is feated en the S. extremity, under a very extraordinary amphitheatre of mountainous recks, flere Honifter Crag is feen rifing to a vaft height, flanked by two conical mountains, Fleetwith on the E, and Scarf on the W. fide. A hun dred moimtain torrents form never-fail ing catarafts that thunder and foam down the centre of the rock, and form the lake below. Here the rocky fcenes and moun tain landfcapes are diverfified and con- trafted with all that can aggrandize the objeft in the moft fuMime ftyle. This lake is called the Upper Lake ; and, near a mile from it, to the N. E. is the Lower Lake, called alfo Cromac Water. The river Cocker flows through both thefe lakes to .Coekermeuth. Button's Bay, the N. part of Hud fon's Bay, through which attempts have been made to difcover a N. W. paffage to China. It is fo called from fir Thomas Button, .who here loft his ffiip, and came back in a fleep built in the country. It fies between 60° and 66° N. lat. BuTZAW, a town cf Germany, in Lower Saxony, and in the bifliopric of Schwerin, 17 miles S. W. of Roftock. Lon. II. 55. E. lat. 54. o. N. Buxton, inDerbyffiire,one6f the won- ders of the Peak, having 9 wells tfiat rife . near the fource of the river Wye. Their waters were noted in the time of the Ro mans. They are hot and fulphurcous, but palatable ; they create an appetite, and open obftruftions ; and, ff bathed in, give re- 9 lief in fcorbutic rheumatifms, nervous cafes, &c. The building fer the bath was erefted by Geprge earl pf Shrewftiury ; and here Mary queen pf Sects was for fome time. The duke of Devonffiire has erefted here a beautiful building in the form of a crefcent, under which are piaz. zas and ffiops. Much company refort to this place in the fummer. The adjacent country is open and healthy, and has a variety of fine views. Buxton is 32 miles N. "VV'. of Derby, and 160 N. N. W. of London. Lon. i. 52. W. lat. 53. 22. N. BuzBACH, a town of Germany, in Weteravia, and in the county ef Solmes, 29 miles N. by E. of Francfort, Lon. 8. 44. E. Iat. 50. 23. N. , Bychow, a town of Poland, in Lithua. nia, on the river Dnieper, 180 miles S. W. of Wilna. Lon, 30, o, E. lat, 53. 38. N. * Byron's IsLAND,'an ifland in the S. Pacific Ocean, difcovered by commodore Byron in 1765. It is low, full ef wood, and very populous. On his approach to the ifland, feveral canoes put off to the ffiip. After gazing 'at it fome time, one of them fuddenly fprung out of his canoe, into the fea, fwam to the ffiip, ran up the fide like a cat, and fitting down, when he got on deck, burft into a violent fit of laughter : then ftarting up, he ran all over the ffiip, attempting to fteal whatever he could lay his hands upon, but being quite naked, he was always foiled. The fea. . men put a jacket and trowfers on him, which caufed great diverfion, as he dif. played all the antics, of a monkey ; , at laft, he leaped overboard in this drefs, and fwam to his canoe. His fuccefs led -feve. ral others to fwim to the ffiip. and what. ever they could feize they carried off with aftoniihing agility. Thefe people are tall, v.'ell-properLioned, and clean ; their fea tures good, and their countenances expref. five of a furprifing mixture of intrepidity and cheerfulnefs. Lon. 173. 46. E. Iat. 1. 18. S. Byzantium. See Constantino- C. V CAANA, a har^dfome town of Egypt, on . the river Nile, whence they tranfport corn and pulfe to Mecca. Sortie fine monuments, covered with hierogly- phical charafters, have been found here. It is 320 miles S, of Cairo. Lon. 30. 23. E. lat. 26. 30. N. Cabeca-de-Vide, a fmall tev/n of Portugal; in Alentejo, v,-ith 3 ftrong caftle, H 12 miles GAG GAD J 2 miles S. W. of Pert Alegro. Lon. 6. 43. 'VV'. Iat. 39. 10. N. Cab end A, a feaport of Congo in Afri ca, loo- miles S. E. of Loanga, fubjeft to Portugal. Lon. 12. 2. E. lat. 4. 5. S. Cases, or Gabes, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Tunis, on a river near the gulf of the fame name. Lon. 10. 55; E. Iat. 33. 40. N. Cabreria, a fmall ifland m the Me- diterranean, about feven miles to the S. of Majorca. It has a large harbour, de. fended by a caftle. , ¦* Cabul, a province of Hindooftan Proper, bounded en the W. by Perfia, en the N. by the Hindoo-ko, on the E. by 'Cafjimere, and on the S. by Candahar. It is a country highly diverfified ; confift ing of mountains covered with eternal fnows ; hills of moderate height and eafy afcent ; rich plains, and ftately forefts ; ,and thefe enlivened by iunUmerable ftreams. It produces every article neeef- fary fer human life, with the moft delicate fruits and flowers. It is fometimes called Zabuliftan, from Zabul, one ef the names of Ghizni, which was the ancient capital of the country. The mountains of Hin- doo, or Hindop.ko, feparate Cabul from Balk, or Badakffian, and are preciftly the ridge defigned by the ancients, under the name of the Caucafus of India ; and the proximity of this ridge to Cabul, occafions the moft rapid changes in the temperature of the atmofphere. This province is fub jeft to the king of Candahar. -* Cabul, the capital of the provincEj^ of Cabul, and of the demdnions ef the liing of Candahar, is fituated ne-arthe foot of the Indian Caucafus, not farfrom the fource of the Attock, which runs near it. Its fituatioh is fpoken of by the Indian hiftorians, in terms of rapture; it being' no lefs romantic than pleafant ; and hav ing within' its reach, the fruits and other produfts both of the temperate and torrid zone. It is confidered as the gate of In- dia tow-ard Tartary, as Candahar is with refpeft to Perfia. It is 680 miles N. W., of Delhi, Lon. 68. 58. E. lat. 34.' 36. N. C AC AC A, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, near Malilla. The Moors retook it from the Spaniards in 1534; and it h-as a fort upon a rock. Lon. 2. 55. W. lar. 35.2. N. Cacerls, a town of Spain, in Eftra- madura. Betweeii this town and Brocus is a wood in which the AlRts defeated the French army in 1706. It is famous for its fine wool, and is feated m the rivcf Sabrot, 22 miles S. E." of Alcantara. L-jn. 5, 44. E, lat. 39. 11. N. Caceres-de.Camarinha, a town of Afia, in the ifle of Luzon, with a bi- ffiop's fee, fubjeft to Spain. Len, 124, o. E. lat, 14. 35. N. Cachan, or Cashan, a confiderable town of Perfia, in Irac Agemi, > where they carry on a cpnfiderable trade in filks, filver, and gpld brocades, ahd fine earthen ware. There are a great number of Chriftians and Guebres in this place. It is feated in a vaft plain, 55 miles N. by W. of Ifpahan. Lon. 51. 55, E. lat. 33. 20. N. Cachao, a town of Afia, capital ef a province of the fame name, in the king. dem ef Tonquin, abput 80 miles frpm the Gulf pf Tonquin in the Eaftern Ocean, and on the weft fide pf the river Hpti. It contains abput ,20,000 houfes, whofe walls are mud, and .covered with thatch ; and each has a yard, in which is a fmall arched brick building, like an oven, with the mouth to the ground ; in thefe they put their goods, to fecure them from fire. The houfe of the Engliffi faftory is the beft in the place. The trading-people are civil to ftrangers, but the great men haughty, and the poor thieviffi. They are Pagans, and have a great number of pagodas. The faftories purehafe filks ahd lacquered ware, as in China, Lon. 105. 31. E. lat. 22. 10. N. G acheo, a town of Africa, in Negro. land, on the river of St. Domingo. It is fubjeft to the Portuguefe, who have three forts ; and carry on a great trade in wax and flaves. Lon. 14. 55. E. lat. 12. .0. N. Cacongo, a fmall kingdom of Africa, on the river Zaire, whofe inhabitants are great traders. Their manners, religion, and government, are the fame as in Loango. It lies in the lat. 5. o. S. Cacorla, a town of Spain, in Anda. lufia, on the rivulet Vega, between two mountains. It belongs to the archbiffiop of Toledo, and is 15 miles E. S. E. cif Ubeda. Lon. 2. 55. E. lat. 37. 40. N. Cadenac, a town of France, in the department of Lot, and late province of Querci, feated on the river Lot, 27 miles E. N. E. of Cahors. Len. 2. o. E. Iat. 44.-32. N. Cadenet, a town of France in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone, and late province of Provence, 28 miles S. E.of Avignon. Lon. 5. 30. E. lat. 43, 42. N. Cadillac, a town of France, in the department of Gironde, and late province of Guienne, feated on the Garonne, with a magnificent caftle, 1 5 miles S. E, of Bourdeaux, Lon, 0, a, W, lat, 44. 40. N. Cadiz, C A E CAF Cadiz, a handfome, large, and rich ney. It is thought that the walls, now in town of Spain, in Andalufia, with a good ruins, were built by the Romans, whofe harbour. It is a biffiop's fee, and feated coins are dug up here. It is five miles N. ein an ifland, about i8 miles in length, and of Landaff, and 158 W.of London. Lon. nine in breadth; but the N. W. end, 3. 18. W.lat. 51. 33. N. where the town ftands, is not two broad. Caerleon, a town of Monmouth- It has a communication with the continent, ffiire, with a market on Thurfday. It by a bridge. The bay formed by it ij_i2 was a Roman town, as is evident from the miles in length and fix in breadth. The S. fide is inacceffible by fea, becaufe it is edged with craggy recks, and the two forts, called Puntal and Matagorda, com. mand the paffage into the harbour. It is a very ancient place, being built by the Phoenicians ; it was afterward a Roman town; and there are ftfll feveral remains pf Roman antiquities. All the Spaniffi ihips go hence to the W. Indies, and re antiquities found here. It is feated on the Ufk. The houfes are generally built of ftone ; and there are the ruins of a caftle. It is 19 miles S. W. of Monmouth, and 148 W. by N. of London, Lon. 3. o. W. lat. 51. 40. N. Caerwent, a village of Monmouth- ffiire, famous for a beautiful mofaic pave ment, difcovered here in 1777; and af- ferted to be fuperior to any fuch difcovered turn hither. It was taken and plundered Pn this fide the Alps, and equal to thofe by the EngUffi in 1596; but being at- preferved by the king of Naples at Por- tempted again in 1702, they had not the tici. like fuccefs. It contains about 50,000 Caerwis, a town of Fhntffiire, with inhabitants; and the cathedral is a hand- a market on Tuefday, It is feated on an fome ftrufture. It is 45 miles W. of afcent, five mfles W. of Flint, and 203 Gibraltar, and 90 W. by S. of Malaga. N, W, of London, Len. 3. 30. W, lat. Lon. 6. 6. W. lat. 36. 31. N, C ADORE, the capital of a diftrift called Cadorino, in Italy ; famous for the birth of Titian the painter. It is 15 miles N. of Belluno. t,on. 12. 9. E. lat. 46. 28. N. Cadorino, a province of Italy, in the territory of Venice ; bounded on the E. by Proper Friufi, en the S. and W. by the Bellunefe, and by the biffiepric of Brixen on the N. It is a mountainous country, but populous. The only town is C adore. Cadsand, an ifland en the- coaft ef Flanders, at the mouth of the Scheld, which gives the Dutch the command of that riyer. Caen, a confiderable town of France, in the department ef Calvados, and late prpvince of Lower Normandy, of which it was the capital. It has a celebrated 53. 12. N. Caffa, an ancient town of the Crim, with an excellent harbour. It was taken by the Genoefe in 1266, who made it the feat ef trade in the Eaft, and one of the moft flouriffiing towns in Afia. It was taken from them, by the Venetians, in 1297, but foon recovered. The Genoefe were treated with great diftinftion by the khans of the Crimea, who left them un- difturbed poffeffion of the feaperts ; fo that they foon poffeffed the whole trade of the Eaft. But their arrogance produced theur deftruftion, and incenfed the khans, whom the Porte had long ineffcftually endeavoured to prejudice againft them. In 1474, the Tartars, affifted by the Turks, took the town of Caffa, the laft poft in the Crimea of which the Genoefe retained the fove- reigniy. Caffa was the Theodofia of the ancients ; a name which has been reftored univerfity, and an academy of literature, to it fince the Ruffians became poffeffed The inhabitants are computed at 40,000. The caftle has four to-.vers, built by the Englilh. The tewnhoufe is a large build ing, with four great towers. "The firft ftone ef the noble barracks was laid in June 1786, by the late unfortunate Lewis XVI. The late abbey of St. Stephen was founded by William the Conqueror, who was buried in it. The riyer Orne runs through the town, to which the tide brings up large veffels. Caen is 6 5 miles W. by S. of Rouen, and 125 W. of Paris. Lon. o. 17. W. lat. 49. 1 1. N. Caerfilly, a town of Glamorgan- ffiire, with a market en Thurfday. It is feated between the rivers Taff and Rum- of the- Crimea. It is feated on the Black Sea, 150 miles N. E. of Conftanti nople. Lon. 3 5. 45. E. lat. 45. 8. N. '•¦' Caffa, Strait of, the ancient Cimmerian Bofphorus, a ftrait that fprms the communication between the Black Sea and the Sea of Afoph. Caffraria, a country of ./If rica, ly ing to the S. of the tropic of Capricorn, and extending along the Indian Ocean to the mouth qf the Great Fiffi River, in lat. 30. 30. S. By this river it is divided from the ceimtry of the Hottentots; its other boundaries cannot, at prefent, be af- certained, it having never been vifited by any European, before the journey whi.-h H 2 lieutena.nc G A E CAH lieutenant Paterfon made into thefe parts in 1779. The Caffres are tall and well- proportioned ; and, in general, evince great courage in attacking lions and other beafts of prey. Their colour is a jet black ; their teeth"- white as ivory, and their eyes large. The clothing of both fexes is the fame, confifting entirely of the hides of oxen, which are as pliant as cloth. The men wear tails of different animals tied round their thighs; pieces of brafs . in their hair, and large ivory rings on their arms : they are adorned alfo with the hair of lipns, and feathers faftened pn their heads, with many pther fantaftical Prna. lAents. At abcut 9 years of age, they are circumcifed. They are fo fond of dogs, that if one particularly pleafes them, they will give two bullocks in exchange fer it. Their whole exercife through the day is ^ hunting, fighting, or dancing. They are expert in throwing their lances, and, in time ef war, ufe ffiields made of the hides of oxen. The women are employed in the cultivation of their gardens and corn." They cultivate feveral vegetables, which are not indigenous to the country, as tobacco, watermelons, kidney beans, and hemp. They have great pride in their cattle : they cut their horns in fuch a way as to be able to turn them intP any ffiape they pleafe, and teach them tp anfwer a whiftle. Some of them ufe an inftrument for this purpofe fimilar: to. a beatfwain's pipe. When they wiffi their cattle to re turn, they go a little way from the houfe aud blow this inftrument, which is made of ivory or bone, and fo conftruftcd as to be heard at a great diftance, and in this manner bring all their cattle home, with out any difficulty. " The women," fays M. 'V'aillant, " are daily employed in making earthen ware ; and they make likewife a curious kind ef bafkets, of a texture fo compaft as to contain milk. In perfon the Cafites are taller, and in fea tures more agreeable than the Hottentots : their huts too are higher and more com. modious than thofe ot the latter, and their lands more fertile. But notwithftanding the beautiful forefts that adorn Caffraria, and the delightful paftures that fpring »rp and almoft cover the cattle that feed on them, their oxen, and almoft all their ani mals, are much fmaller than thofe of the Hottentots. Induftry is the leading trait ill the charafter of the Caffres, who are diftinguiffied from their neighbours to the S. by their fondnefs for agriculture. They have a high opinion of the Supreme Being, and of his power : they believe in afuture'ftate of rewards and puniffimcnts, but think that the world had no begin- ning, and will be everlafting. They have np facred ceremcnies, and never pray. They inftruft their children themfelves, having np priefts. Inftead pf thefe, they have a kind pf cpnjurors, whom they greatly revere. They are governed by a king whofe pcnver is very hmited, receiv ing no tax, having no troops at his com mand, but being the father of a free peo- pie ; neither attended npr feared, but re. fpefted, and belpved,and pften ppprer than many of his fubjefts. Being permitted to take as many wives as he pleafes, it is ne. ceffary that he ftpuld have a larger ppr. tion of land to cultivate, and a greater number of cattle to tend and feed, Thefe being his only refources, he is often in danger of being ruined. His cabin is neither higher, nor better decorated than the reft : his feragiio a.nd whole family live around him, compofing a group of about 12 or I 5 huts. The diftance of the different hordes makes it neceffary that they fliould have inferior chiefs, , who are appointed by the king,- The fovereignty is hereditary." See Hottentots, Country of. Cagli, an ancient epifcopal town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, at the feet ofthe Appennines, 20 miles S. of Urbiho. Lon. 12. 42. E. lat, 43. 26. N, Cagliari, an ancient, large, and rich town, capital of the ifland of Sardinia, with an archbiffiop 's fee, an univerfity, a caftle, and a good harbour. It was taken by the Enghffi in 1708, who transferred it to the emperor Charles VI. but it was retaken by the Spaniards in 1717, and ce. ded to the duke of Savoy, in lieu of Sicily. The French made an unfuccefsful attack upon this place in January 1793. Lon. 9, 14. E.lat. 39. 27. -N. C AHO rs, a confiderable town of France, . in the department of Let, and late pro vince ef Querci, with a biffiop's fee, and an univerfity. It is feated on a penin fula made by the river Lot, and built part ly qn a craggy rock ; there are three bridges over the river. The cathedral is a Gothic ftrufture, and has a large fquare fteeple. Before the late abolition of nobflity in France, the biffiop of Cha- hors was alfo baron and count ; and to defend ' himfelf againft the Albigenfes, thofe heretics, who, even at the commence- ment of the 14th century, were no longer to be dreaded, this prelate had, fo late as the year 1739, the privilege of depofiting on the altar,, when he officiated, the hel. met, cuirafs, fword, gauntlets, and the reft ef the military, though not very apoftoUcal, attire. On the day when he texik pof. feffioa of the fee, the baron de Ceffac, bare. C A I C A I feareheaded, his right leg naked, con- dufted him from the gate of the city to the palace, holding the biffiop's mule by the bridle, and afterward waiting at ta. ble. The fervice of plate, valued at 3000 livres, and the mule, were his perquifite. Cahors, for fome years paft, has had a manufaftory of fine cloths, and ratteens, and it furniffies excellent red wines. It was taken by affault, in 1580, by Henry IV. by means of petards, which were firft employed here : the garrifon confifted of 2000 men ; the affailants were not more than 1 500 ; and they fought five days and nights in the ftreets. In one of the fuburbs, the remains ef a Roman am. phi theatre are ftill to be feen. Cahors is 50 miles N. W. of Albi, and 287 S. ef Paris. Lon. i. 32, E, Iat. 44. 26. N. Cajanaburg, the capital of Eaft Bothnia, in Sweden, on the lake Cajania, 300 miles N. E. ef Abo, Lon, 27, 45. E.lat. 64. 13'. N. Cajazzo, or Cajizzo, an epifcopal town of the kingdom ef Naples, 22 miles' N. E. ef Naples. Lon. 14, 34, E, lat, 41. 10. N. Caicos, iflands of America, to the N. of St. Domingo, which take their name from the principal. Lon. from 75, to 70. degrees W. lat. 21. 40. N. C AIPONG, a large, rich, and populous town in China, feated in the middle of a well-cultivated plain. When befieged by the rebels in 1642, they cut the dikes of the river Hohang-ho, which drowned the city, and deftroyed 300,000 ofthe inhabi- tants. Lon. 113. 27. E. lat. 35. o. N. Caiman Islands, inthe W; Indies, lying between 81 and 86 degrees of W. lon. and in lat. 21. o. N. The inhabi tants of Jamaica come hither to catch tor- toifes, which they carry heme alive. They lie to the N. "W. ef Jamaica. ' '-" Cairngorm, a mountain of Scot land, in the eaft of Invernefsffiire, the lofty top of which is patched with fnow,. It is fampus fpr its beautiful rock-cryftals of various tints. They are much efteemed by lapidaries ; and fome of them, having the luftre of fine gems, bring a high price. Cairo, or Grand Cairo, a large city of Africa, capital of Egypt, built in 795. It confifts of three towns, about a mile apart ; Old Cairo, New Cairo, and the pert termed Billac. The ancient town had the name of Mefra. Old Cairo is reduced tP a fmall place, thcugh the har. bpur fpr bpats that cpme from Upper Egypt. Seme of the beys have country houfes here, to which they retire when the country is overflowed by the Nile. New Cairo is about a mile from the river. and is feven miles in circumference. It has three or four grand gates, of excellent workmanffiip ; but the ftreets are narrow, and look like lanes. The fineft houfes arc built round a court, in which they make the beft appearance ;' but there are few or no windows next the ftreet. The caftle, ftands upon a rock. To the W, of the caftle are the remains of fome grand apartments, covered with domes, and adorned with mofaic piftures of trees and houfes ; they are now ufed fer weaving and embroider ing. Still higher is Jofeph's Hafl, whence there is a delightful profpeft over the city, the pyramids, and all the country round. It was probably a terrace to that magni. ficent room which is now open on the top, and is adorned with large beautiful pillars of red grahite. There are feveral public bagnios, which are very handfome. within, ahd are ufed as places of refreffi- ment and diverfion, efpecially for the we.. men, who go there twice a week ; but the wives of great inen are deprived of this- pleafure, by having baths at hpme. This city is exceedingty pcpulpus ; feveral fa. mihes living in one houfe, and a number of people in each room ; for this reafon, in the bufy time of the day, the ftreets are fo crowded, that it is difficult to pafs along. The women have greater liberty here that in other parts of Turkey ; and there are particular ftreets, where the courtezans fit at the doors, richly dreffed, to invite cuftomers. Here are likewife many cara vanfaries. The Califfi is a canal, which conveys the waters of the Nile into the city : it is about 20 feet broad, and houfes built on each fide of it. As foon as the water begins to rife, they clofe the mouth of the canal with earth, and place a mark, to fliow the time when this arid all other canals in the kingdom are to be opened, which is done with great folemnity. . The mouth of Jofeph's Well (fo called, not from the patriarch, but from a grand vizir, who, abqut 700 years ago, had the care of the work under SultanMahomet)is 6ofcet in circumference, and in depth 276, being cut in a rock ; and oxen are employed in drawing up the water. This city was a place of much greater trade, before the difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope. Jofeph's Granary is m Old Cairo, and is fur- rounded by a fquare wall. Here they lay up the corn that is paid as a tribute to the Grand Signior. Notwithftanding its name, it was certainly built in the time of the Saracens. According to M. Savary , there are not lefs than 300 mofques in Cairo, the lofty minarets of which prefent a very pifturefque appearance. The Eoropeans ftiU have their confuls and faftors here, H 3 Cai.--o GAL GAL Cairo is fuppofed to contain 700,000 in. habitants ; it is feated near the E. hank of the Nile, 100 miles S. of its mouth. Lon. 31. 23. E. lat. 30. 3. N. Cairoan, or Kairoan, a town of Tunis, in Africa, on the river Magrida, 80 miles S. of Tunis. Lon. 10. 12. E. ¦lat. 35. 20. N. '-¦¦ Caithness, the moft northerly county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the Pentland Frith, which divides it from the Orkney Iflands, on the S: E. by the Britiffi Ocean, and en the W. by Sutherlandffiire. Its greateft extent is 35 miles from N. to S. and 20 from E. to W. The whole S. W. part is occu. pied by great mountains, the abode of roes and variety of game. The rocky fum mits flicker eagles and other birds of prey ; and the lakes are often reforted to by fwans and numerous ether waterfowls. A vaft ridge of hills forms the S, W. boundary, ending in the promontory call ed the Ord of Caithnefs. Along the fide of this fteep hill, impending, in a manner, ¦above the fea, a winding road is cut, which is the only entrance into this fhire from the S. The climate is good, and the foil around the coaft very improveable. Its chief exports are beef, meal, and bigg, butter, cheefe, yarn, ikins, feathers, and kelp. EngUfli is chiefly fpoken -on the coaft, but, in the high lands, the Gaelic " prevails. The women were formerly fub jeft to the moft humiliating drudgery ; it being no uncommon thing, about, 40 years ago, to fee a pajrty of them trudging to the fields, loaded with the dung-bafket, or returning home, in harveft,- under a heavy burden of ffieaves. This fhamc- ful treatment is now aboliffied ; the far mers employing horfes, carts, and men, as in other counties. Caret, a town of Perfia, near Mount Caucafus. Its trade eonfi-iis chiefly in filks. Lon. 46. 15. E. lat. 33, o, N. CalabPvIA, a country ef Italy, in the 'kingdom ef Naples, divided into Calabria Ultra, and Calabria Citra, commehly call. .ed Ulteriore and Citeriore, or Farther and Hither Calabria. Calabria Citra -is one of the 12 provinces pf N-apIes, and bpunded pn the S. by Calabria Ultra, on the N. by Bafilicata, ahd on the W. and .E. by the fea ; Cofenza is the capital. Calabria Ultra is waffied by the Meelitef- ranean Sea on the E. S. and W. and bpunded by Calabria Citra on the N. P-eggio is the capital. In the beginning ef 1783 a great part ef Calabria, as well as of Sicily, was deftroyed by one of the moft terrible earthquakes on record. Be fide the deftruftion of many towns, villa-^ ges, and farms, abpve 40,000 people pe- riffied by this calamity. Mountains were, , levelled, and vaUies formed in an inftant : new rivers began to flow, and old ftreams were funk into the earth and deftroyed : plantations were removed from their fituations, and hills carried to places far diftant. At Cafal Nuovo, the princefs Gerace, and upward of 4000 inhabitants, loft their lives; at Bagnara, 3017; at Radicina and Palmi, 6000 ; at Terra Nuova, 1400. At Scifla, a wave, which had fwept the country for three miles, carried off, on its return, 2473 ef the in habitants, with the prince at their head. The earthquakes (for there were feveral Aocks) vented their greateft force from the foot of thofe mountains ef the Appen nines, called Monte Dejo, Monte Sacro, and Monte Caulone, extending weftward to the Tyrrhenq Sea; in all .which vaft traft, there was not a fingle village or town, which was not either totally de. ftroyed, 01' very much damaged. Calahor.ra, an epifcopal town of Spain, in Old Caftile, en the fide of a hill, which extends to the banks of the Ebro, 70 miles E. of Burgos. Lon. 2- 7- W. lat. 42. 12. N. Calais, a town of France in the'de- partment of the Straits of Calais, and late province ef Picardy, with a citadel and a fortified harbour. It was taken by Ed. ward III. in 1347, after a memorable fiege of more than 1 1 mont'ns, which has given rife to fome hiftorical as weU as dramatic fiftion (See Hume, Vol. II. Note H.) In 15 57, in the inglorious reign of queen Mary, it was taken by the duke of Gui.fe, " and has remained, ever fince, in poffeffion of the French. It was bombarded by the EngUffi in i6g5, without receiving much injury. The fortifications are good : but its greateft ftrength is its fituation among the marflies, Avhich may be overflowed at the approach of an enemy. In time of peace there are packet-beats, which go twice a week between Dover and Calais. It is 21 miles E. S. E. of Dover, and 152 N. of Paris, Len. i. 56. E. lat. 50. 58. N. Calamata, a- confideirable town of Turkey in Europe, in the Merea, and province of Belvedere. It was taken by the Venetians in 1685; but the Turks retook it. It ftands on the river Spinar- za, eight miles from the fea. Lon. 21. 55. E. lat. 37. o. N. Calamianes, three fmall iflands of Afia, between Borneo and the Philippines, aVid N. of Parage. They are famous for their edible bird-nefts, Lon. 118. 5. F), lat. 11. o. N. Calata- CAL GAL Calatajud, a large and handfome town of Spain, in Arragon, at the conflu ence of the Xalon and Xiloca, with a caftle on a rock, 37 miles S. W. of Saragoffa. Lon. I. 9. W. lat. 41. 42. N. Calatrav A, atownof Spain, inNew Caftile, the chief place of the military order ef the knights of Calatrava, infti tuted by Sancho II. king of Caftile, in 1 1 58. It is feated near the river Guadi ana, 80 miles S. ef Madrid. Lon. 3. 20. W. lat. 3g. 4. N. Calben, atown of Germany, in the Old Marche of Brandenburgh, with a good caftle, 32 miles N. of Magdeburg. Calcar, a ftrong town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves, feated near the Rhine, eight miles S. E. of Cleves. Lon. 5. 55. E. lat. 51. 40. N. Calcinato, a town of Italy, in the duchy ef Mantua, remarkable fer a viftory gained ever the Imperialifts by the French in 1706. It is 25 miles N. E. of Milan. Lon. g. 52. E. lat. 45. 45. N. -* Calcutta, or Fort William, the emporium of Bengal, and fhe feat of the governor-general of India, is fituated on the Hoogly river, or weftern arm of the Ganges, at about 100 miles from its mouth. It extends from the weftern point ef Fort William, along the banks of the river, almoft to the village'of Coffipoor, four miles and a half. The breadth, in many parts, is inconfiderable. Gene rally fpeaking, the defcription of one In dian city is a defcription of all; they being all built on one plan, with very narrow, confined, and crooked ftreets ; an incre dible number of refervoirs and ponds, and a great many gardens interfperfed. A few of the ftreets' are paved with brick. The houfes ajre varioufly built: fome of brick; others with mud; and a greater proportion with bamboos and mats, and theft different kinds of fabrics ftanding in termixed with each other, form a motley appearance : thofe of the latter kinds are invariably of one ftory, and covered with thatch : thofe of brick feldom exceed two floors, and have flat-terraced roofs. The two former claffes far outnumber the laft, which are fo thinly fcattered, that fires, which often happen, do not, fometimes, meet with the obftruftien of a brick houfe through a whole ftreet. But Calcutta is, in part, an exception to this rule of build ing; for there, the quarter inhabited by the Engliffi is compofed entirely of brick buildings, many of which have more the appearance of palaces than private houfes. The line of buildings that furrounds two fides of the explanade of the fort, is mag nificent , and it adds greatly to the fa- perb appearance, that the houfes are de tached from each other, and infulated in a great fpace. The buildings are all on a large fcale, from the neceffity of having a free circulation of air, in a climate, the heat ef which is extreme. The general ap proach to the houfes is by a flight ef fteps with great projefting porticoes, or fur rounded by colonadfcs or arcades, which give them the appearance of Grecian temples, and, indeed, every houfe may be confidered as a temple dedicated lo hofpi- tality. But, the remainder of the city, and by much the greateft part, is built as above defcribed. "Within thirty years paft, Calcutta has been wonderfully improved,. both in appearance and the falubrity'ef the air, for the ftreets have Veen properly drained, and the ponds filled up; thus re moving a vaft furface. of ftagnant water. It is an extenfive and populous city, being fuppofed to contain at leaft 500,000 in habitants. The mixture of European and Afiatic manners, that may be obferv ed in Calcutta, is curious : coaches, phae tons, fingle-horfe chaifes, with the pal- lankeens and hackeries of the natives, the paffing ceremonies of the Hindoos, and the different appearances of the fakirs, forni 1 fight more novel and extraordinary, per haps, than any city in the world can pre fent. The hackery here mentioned is a fmall covered carriage upon two wheels, drawn by bullocks, and ufed generally for the female part of the family. The fitu ation of Calcutta is not fortunate ; for it has fome extenfive muddy lakes, and a vaft foreft, clofe by it. Indeed, it is. re markable, that the Engliffi have been more inattentive to the natural advantage? of fituation, in their foreign fcttlements, than ether European nations. Calcutta is a modern city, having rifen on the fite of the village of Govi,ndpour, about 94 years ago. The Ganges is navigable up to the town for the largeft ffiips that vifit India, Here is the feat ef the governor-general and council of Bengal, who have a controul over the precidencies of Madras, Bombay, and Bencoolen. Here is likewif,: a fu preme court of judicature, in which j'lftice is difpenfed, according to the laws of En:>, land, by a chief juftice and three inferior judges. In 1756, Calcutta was taken by the fenbah of Bengal, who forced the fee ble garrifon, to the amount of 146 per fons, into a prifon called the Black Hole, a cube ef iS feet, out of vvhich only 23 came alive. It was retaken, the next year, by colonel Chve and admiral Watfon. The viftory of Plaffey followed ; and the inhuman fenbah was depofed, and put to death by his fucceffor. Immtdiatcly a:er H 4 this CAL CAL this viftory, colonel Clive began to ere5t the prefent citadel of Calcutta, which is fuperior to any fortrefs in India, It is, however, upon too extenfive a fcale, Cal cutta is 1030 miles S, W, by S. of Madras. Lon. 88. 28. E. lat. '22. 23. N. Caledonia, New, the largeft ifland, inthe S. Pacific Ocean, except New Hol land and New Zealand. It exten.ds from lat. 19. 37. to 22. 30. S. and from lon. 163. 37. to 167. 14. E. It was difcovered by capt. Cook in 1774. It is full of hiUs and vallies, of various extent, both in height and depth. From the hills fpryig numbers 'of rivulets, which contribute greatly to fertflize the plains. The fum mits of the hills are in gener;i! barren, though feme are clothed with .wood, as are all the plains and.vahies. Among the trees are a fort of pine, very fit for mafts, the wood being clofe-grained, tough, and light. The inhabitantyare ftrong, aftive, and well-made; their' hair is black, and much frizzled, but npt woolly ; their beards are crifp and thic?^ ; they befmear their faces with black, pigment ; and their only covering is a wrapper, made freni the bark of a tree, or of leaves. They cultivate the foil with fome art and induftry, but fubfift iKlefly on roots and fiffi. Plantains and f'lgar-canes are not -plentiful, bread fruit is very fcarce, and the cocoa-nut trees are but thinly planted; but their. yams and taras arc in great abundance. Their houfes are circular like a beehive, and as clofe and warm. The framing of their houfes is of fmall fpars and reeds, and both the roof and fides are covered with long coarfe grafs. The floor is laid with dry grafs, and here and there mats are fpread for the principal people to lie or fit on. The^dfipofit their dead in the ground, and decorate the graves of their chiefs with fpear^, darts, paddleS, &c. aft ftuck upright in the ground about it. They are of a pacific difpofition, and their women are f^r more chafte than thofe of the more er.ftern iflands. Cal.enberg, a caftle of Germany, in .•rhe circV of Lower Saxony, and capital of the d'jchy of Brunfwick Calenberg. It is fiv.ted on the river Lcinc, 10 miles S. ;,'¦ Hanover, and fubjeft to the eleftor of Hanover. Lon. 10. 5. E. lat. 52. 15. N. Cali, a town of S. America, in Po payan, in a valley of the fame name, on the river, Canca. The governor of -the province, generally refides here. Lon. 77. 5. W. lat. 3. 15. N. CalicOulan, or Quilon, atown on -the coaft of Malabar, in the peninfula of Hindooftan, where the Dutch have a fac tory. It is 1 50 mile^s S. of Calicut, Lon, 74. 21. E. lat. 8. Z.N. Calicut, a town in the peninfula of Hindooftan, on the Malabar coaft, 320 miles S. "VV. of Fort St. George. The Engliffi have a faftory here. This city is remarkable for being the firft Indiai^ port, vifited by European ffiipping ; it being difcovered by the Portuguefe, when they came to the E. Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, in 1498. It was then the moft flouriffiing place on the Malabar coaft, but appears to have decfined in its confe quence foon after; the new power ef the f orcuguefe having occafioned a revolution throughout the 'maritime parts ef the peninfula. Lon. 74. 24. E. lat. 11. 18. N. Calicut, a country in the peninfula of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Malabar, 62 miles in length, and as much in breadth. It is full of woods, rivers, and marffies ; produces pepper, ginger, aloes, and rice ; and the trees are always green. There is a tree, which produces ' a kind of dates, from which they obtain fugar and oil. This country was fubjeft to Tippoo Sultan, regent of Myfore ; but, by the definitive treaty ef peace, March 18, 1792, part of it (63 talooks) was ceded to the Engliffi E. India Company. Caficut is the prin cipal town. California, a peninfula of N. Amc^ rica, oil the S. Sea. It was vifited by fir Francis Drake in 1578, who caUcd it New Albion, and took poffeffion ef it in the name of queen EHfabeth. In fum mer, the heats are violent along the coafts, for it feldom rains during that feafon ; but up the country, the air is more temperate. In winter, the rains are exceffive ; and, when they are over, there is a great dew every morning. It is very healthy ; for ftrangers, who have- been there for five years together, neveF had any ficknefs. It abounds with extenfive plains, pleafant vallies, and excellent paftures, full of fine fprings : en the banks of the rivers are willows, reeds, and wild vines. California has feveral trees and fruits pecuhar to the country. They have fourteen forts qf grain ; and they make bread of the roots of trees and plants. They have two kinds of quadrupeds peculiar to the country, one of which is about the fize of a calf of two years old, with a head like a ftag, and horns like a ram ; their hair is long, and the hoofs is like oxen : the other a kind of ffieep, fome white and others black ; but they differ from the European in feveral refpefts. The ether animals are like thofe, of Mexico, "The inland country, efpecially jic^th- CAL CAM northward, is populous ; but they live in a fort o£ arbours, made of the boughs of trees, in fummer; and in winter they creep into caves dug in the earth. The men go naked, except a piece of fine linen about their heads ; and they have orna ments made of ffiells, mixed with httle round berries, about their neck and arms. Their weapons are bows, arrows, and javelins, which they always carry in their hands ; for they are often at war with each other. The women wear an apron made of plaited reeds, and cover their ffioulders with the fkins of beafls, wifh a fort of network on their heads. They have alfo necklaces and bracelets like the men : they make thefe ornaments of a kind of grafs; as alfo bags for different ufes, and fiffiing nets : with this grafs they alfo make cups, plates, difces, and fome- times umbrellas. They have ne form of government, and little rehgion. They are ef a red copper colour, with coarfe black hair, and no beards, like the reft of the native Americans. If this country can be faid to belong to any European na tion, it muft be to the Spaniards ; becaufe no ether Europeans have ever made any ftay here. Callao, a feaport of S. America, in Peru. The harbour is the beft in the S. Sea. The govet'nor is fent frqm Spain, and is. changed every five years. It was almoft totally deftroyed -by an earthquake in 1746. It is five miles from Lima, of vvhich, indeed, it is the port. Lon. 76. 53. W. lat. 12. 2. S. ' Call A Susung, a large town of the ifland of Bouton, in the Indian Ocean. It is about a mile from the fea, on the top of a hill, encotnpaffed with cocoa-nut trees. There is a ftrong ftone wall round the town, and the houfes are built upon pofts. "The religion of the inha bitants is the Mahometan, and they fpeak the Malayan language. The people are fmall, well-ffiaped, and of a dark olive colour. Lon. 123, 45. E. lat. 5. c. S. Callen, a town ef Ireland, i-i the county of Kilkenny, 10 miles S. W. of Kilkenny, Lon. 7. 6. W.lat. <3. 28. N. C ALLOO, a fortrefs of the Netherlands, in the territory of Waes, on the Scheld, fubjeft to the Houfe of Auftria. ' The Dutch were defeated here by the Spa- ¦ niards in 1638. It is five miles W. of Antwerp. Lon. 4. 20. E. lat. 51. -,3.N. Caljiar, a ftrong feaport ef Sweden, in the province of Smaland, divided from the Ifle of Oeland by a ftrait, about fevcn piles broat4 in its narroweft part. It is a i'mall toiyn, fc.uce'y a mile in eirqutnfer- ence. The ftreets crofs each other at right angles. It is celebrated in the hif tory of the North, as the place where the deputies of Sweden, Denmark, and Nor way, were appointed to'affemble for the eleftion of a king, according to' the union of Cahnar. On an eminence half a mile from the town, is the caftle, the only re mains of the ancient magnificence of^Cal- mar. This palace, the refidence of the illuftrious Margaret, is now converted into a diftillcry. It is 150 miles S. W. of Stockholm. Lon. 16. 27. E. lat, 56. 40. N. Calmucs. See ICalmucs. Calne, a borough of Wiltffiire, with a market on Tuefday ; feated on a river of the fame name, 25 miles E. ef Briftol, and 88 W. of London. Lon. i. 5g. W. lat. 51. 30. N. '¦ C alv ados, a department uf France, including part of Normandy. It is fo called from a rock of the fame name. Caen is the capital. Calvary, Mount, ahiU near Jeru- falem, on which Jesus Christ vv^as cru. cified. Calvi, an epifcopal town of the king dom of Naples ; -eight miles N. of Capua. Lon. 14. 19. E. lat. 41. 15.N; *' C A.LVI, a town in Corfica, on a craggy mountain and gulf of the fame name, with a ftrong fortrefs, and a good harbour, 32 miles S. W. of Baftia. Lon. 9. 16. E. lat. 42. 26. N. Cam, a river which rifes in Hertford- ffiire, runs N. E. by Garr bridge, and N. to the Ifle of Ely, where it falls into the Oufe. Camarana, an ifland -of Arabia, in the Red Sea, whofe inhabitants are little and black". Here they lyh for white co. ral and pearl oyfters. C AM aret, a feaport of France, in the department of Finiftere, and late province of Brittany. In an expedition- againft Breft in 1694, the Engliffi landed here, and loft a great number of men. It ftands on a bay of the fame name. Camba, ?. large city of Hindooftan Proper, in the province of Guzerat. It ftands on a deep and dangerous gulf of the fame name, and was the Camanes of Pto lemy. Its produfts and manufaftures are inferior to few towns in India ; for the country aboutjds in corn, cattle, and filk ; and cornehan and agate ftones arc found, in its rivers. The inhabitants are noted for embroidery ; and fome of their quilts have been- valued at 40 1. It is fubjeft tf> the Poonah Mahrattas, and is =7 miles S. of Amedabad, of which, it is the port. Lon. 72. 10. E.lat. 22. 25. N, ':¦ Cam- CAM CAM . * CambeRwell, a fine village 'of Surrey, two miles S. S. E. of London. Its parifli includes the villages of Dulwich and Peckham. , Cambodia, a kingdom of Afia, bound ed on the N. by Laos, on the E. by Cochiaa China and Ciampa, and on the S. and W. by the gulf and kingdom of Siam. It is divided by a large river called Mecan, or Cambodia. The chief town bears like. wife the n'dme of Cambodia, and is feated on the fame river, about 1 50 miles N. by W. of its mouth. This country is annu ally overflowed in the rainy feafon, be- tween June and Oftober; and its produc. tions and fruits are much the fame with thofe ufually found between the tropics, Lon, 104. 5.E. lat. 13. 10. N- Cambray, a handfome, large, and ftrong town of France, in the department of the North, and lat- province of the Cam brefis. It was lately an archiepifcopal fee, but is now only a biffiopric. It has a ci tadel and fort, and a confiderable manu. faftory for hnen, and efpecially cambrics, which took their name from this city. It is feated on the Scheld, which divides it in two, and is 22 miles S. E. of, Arras, and 102 N. of Paris, Lon. 3. 20. E. lat. 50. II. N.** CAMEREsis,a late province of France, a; miles in length; bounded on the N. and E. by Hainault, on the S. by Picardy, and on the W. by Artois. , Cambray is the capital ; and it is now included in the department of the North. Cambridge, the coUnty.town of Cambridgeffiire, and feat of a celebrated univerfity, is fituated on the river Cam, which divides it into two unequal parts. It confifts of 14 pariflies, and is governed by a mayor, 12 aldermen, and 2 4 common council. The m^yor, when he enters upon his office, takes an oath to main. tain the privileges ef the univerfity. The townSiall and ffiirehoufe are the only buildkigs of note that do not belong to the univerfity. The houfes are old and the ftreets narrow, but well-paved. The markets are every day in the week, Sun day and Monday excepted. The county gaol is the gatehoufe of an ancient caftle, built by Willam the Conqueror. In the market-place, which confifts of two fpaci ous oblong fquares, united together, is a conduit that is conftantly running. The origin of the univerfity is concealed in the obfcurity ef antiquity : it is fuppofed to have been founded during the heptarchy. It contains 12 colleges and four halls, which, unlike thofe at Oxford, have equal privileges with the colleges. The colleges are, Peter Houfe, Corpus Chrifti or Ben. net, , King's, Queen's, Jefus, Chrift 's, St. John's, Magdalen, Trinity, Emanuel, and Sidney Suffex. The halls are Clare, Pem. broke, Trinity, and Catharine. Of the colleges, Peter Houfe is the moft ancient, being founded in 1257; and King's and Trinity colleges the moft confiderable. King's college is the nobleft foundation in Europe, and the chapel one of the fineft pieces of Gothic architefture in the world. The library, chapels, &c. of Trinity col. lege juftly place it in the firft rank. The other ftruftures belonging to the univer. fity are the fenatehoufe, a fine edifice, which, with St. Mary's church, the fchools, the univerfity Ubrary, and other buildings, forms a noble fquare. Cam bridge is 80 miles E. N. E. of Oxford, 17 S. ot Ely, and 51 N. by E. of London. Lon. u.'g. E. lat. 52. 13. N. Cambridge, a viflage of Gloucefter ftiire, near Berkeley, on the river Cam, Here the Danes were attacked by Ed- ward the Elder, as they returned from a plundering excurfion, and fome thoufands of them were killed. Cambridge, a pleafant village of Maffachufets Bay, in N. America. It contains a number of well-built gentle. men's feats, and has a flouriffiing univer fity, which confifts of four elegant brick houfes, handfomely inclofed. This uni. verfity, with refpeft to its library, philo.; fbphical apparatus, and profefforffiips, is,i at prefent, the firft literary inftitution on the American continent: Since its firft eftabliffiment in 1638, it has conferred ho. nerary degrees en 3146 ftudents. It has generally from 120 to 150 ftudents. The names of the four buildings are Harvard Hall, Maffachufets Hall, Hollis Hall, and Holden Chapeh Cambridge is four mfles W. of Bofton. Len. 70. 45. W. lat; 42. 25. N. Cambridgeshire, a county of Eng land, bounded on the N. W. by Lincoln- fliire, on the N. E. by Norfolk, on the E, by Suffolk, en the S. by Effex and Herts, and on the W. by the counties of Hunt- ingdon, Bedford, and Northampton. It is 50 miles in length from N. to S. and 25 bread from E. to W. It hes in the diocefes of Ely and Norwich; contains 17 hundreds, an epifcopal fee, an univerfity, feven market-towns, and 163 pariffies; and fends fix members to parliament ; namely, two for the county, and two each for the town and univerfity of Cambridge. The air and foil vary extremely ; fome parts, efpecially the fouthern and eaftern, are pleafant and healthy ; but the northern, or fenny country, is low and watery, from the confluence of many rivers. All the waters GAM G A N^ waters of the middle part of, England, -ivhich do not run into the Thames or the Trent, fall into thefe fens ; and in the lat- ter part of the year, when they are pyer- flowed by water, they appear covered with fogs ; *"o that while the higher grounds of the adjacent country glitter with the beams of thfe fun, the Ifle of Ely appears wrapt in a mift. To clear thefe fens, drains have been made at a very great ex. pence, by which a grett deal of ground has been rendered fertile, and the air much improved. In thefe fens are abundance of decoys, for the wild fowls which migrate hither during the winter, from the colder climates of the north ; and it is incredible what quantities are caught ef ducks, mal lards, teal, &c. Camelford, a borough of Cornwall, with'a market on Friday. It is feated on the. river Camel, and is governed by a mayor, aldermen, and recorder. It has one church, half a mile out of the town, and has a large market for yarn ; a great quantity of which is fpun in this place and its neighbourhood. It is 24 miles W. of Launcefton, and 229 W. by S. of Lon. don. Lon. 4. ,55. W.lat. 50. 42. N. Camerino, an ancient and populous town of Italy, in the Patrimony of St. Peter, with a biffiop's fee. It is feated on a mountain, near the Appennines and the river Chiento, 37 miles S. W. ef Ancona. Lon. 13. o. E. lat. 43. 15. N. Caminha, a feaport ef Portugal, in the province of Entre-Duero-e-Minho, at the mouth of the river Minho, 12 miles N. ef Viana. Len. 8, 29. W. lat. 41. '50. N. Cammin, a feaport of Germany, in Pomerania, on the river Oder, oppofite the Ifle of Woflin, 30 mfles N. of Stetin. Lon. 14. 55. E. Iat. 54. 4. N. Campagna, or Campania, a tov/n of the kingdom of Naples, with a biffiop's fee, 40 miles S. E. of Naples. Lon. 15. jg. E. lat. 40. 35. N. , Campagna di Roma, anciently La. tium, a province of Italy, bounded on the W. by the riyer Tiber and the f"ea, on the S. W. by the fea, on the S. and on the N. by Sabina. Though the foil is good, it produces little or nothing, on account of the heavy duties upon corn ; and the air is unwholefome. Formerly the beft. peopled and beft-cultivatad fpot in the world, few villages, little cultivation, and fcarcely any inhabitants are now to be feen : no trees, no inclofures ; nothing, in ffiort, but the fcattered ruins pf temples and tombs, which prefent the idea ef a country depopulated by peftilence. In the midft of thefe deferred fields, Rome, the ancient miftrefs of the world, rears her head in melancholy majefty. The Cam pania extends 60 miles along the Mediter ranean, and is fubjeft to the pope. Campbelton, a borough of Scot land, fituated on a bay, toward the S. ex tremity of the peninfula ef Cantyre, in Argyleffiirq. It is a large town, having a confiderable trade ; for which it is princi pally indebted to its being the general ren dezvous of the fiffiing veffels that annually vifit the W. coaft. It is 10 miles W. of the Ifle of Arron. Lon 5. 42. W. lat. 53. 29. N. Campden, a town in Gloucefterffiire, v/ith a market on "Wednefday. It is 22 miles N. E. of Gloucefter, ahd 87 N. W. by W. of London. Lon. i. 50. W. lat. 52. 4. N. Campeachy, a town ef S. America, in New Spain,, in the peninfula of Yuca tan, on the W. coaft of the Bay of Cam- peachy, defended by ftrong forts. It is ' noted for logwpod, though it does not grow very near it. It was taken by the Engliffi in 1659, by the buccaneers in 1678, and by the freebooters of St. Do mingo in 1685, who burnt it, and blew up the citadel., Lon go, 57^ W. lat, 20. u. N. ^ ¦^ Camp en, a town of the United Pro vinces, in Overyffel, with a citadel, and a harbour almoft choked up. It was taken by the Dutch in 1578, and by the French in 1672 ; but they abandoned it in 1673. It is feated near the mouth of the YfTel, en the Zuider Zee, 44 miles N. E, of Amfterdam, Lon, 5. 55, E, lat. 52. 38. N. Campli, or CampoLi, a town of the kingdom of Naples, 28 miles N. by E. of 'Aquila. Lon. 13. 57. E. Iat. 42. 42. N. Campo Major, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 100 miles E. of Liffion. Loni. 7. 4. W.lat. 38. 53. N. Campredon, a town of Spain, in Ca- .talonia, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and on the river Ter, 45 miles N. of Barce- celona. Lon. 2. 16. W. lat. 42. ej. N. * C A M p s E Y H I L L s, a ridge ,of hills in Stirlingffiire, which extend from E. to W. and occupy the centre of the county. Canada, a large country of N. Ame rica, bounded on the W. by the ocean, on the S. by the Miffiffipi, on the E. by the N. parts of the United States, and on the N. by the river St. Lawrence, and the territory of the Hudfon's Bay company. It lies between 61° and 81° W. lon. and 45" and 52"° N. lat. and was difcovered by John and Sebaftian Cabot, father and fon, in i4g7. This country, in general, is pretty good ; but the winter continues for fix months very fevere. The land that is. cleared is fertile, and the wheatfowed CAN CAN fowed in May is reaped at the end of Au guft. Of all their animals, the beaver is the moft ufeful and curious. The rivers and lakes are full of fiffi, and there are a great number of trees unknown in Europe. Canada turpentine is greatly efteemed fer its balfamic qualities, and for its ufe in diforders of the breaft and ftomach. The different tribes of Indians, or original na tives, in Canada, are almoft innumerable ; but they have been obferved to decreafe in population where the Europeans are moft numerous, owing chiefly to their immoderate ufe ef fpirituous Hquors. But as liberty is the ruling paffion of the In dians, it is probable that, as the Europeans advance, the former will retreat to more diftant regions. Canada was conquered by the Enghffi, in the war of 1756, and confirmed to them by the French at the peace of 1763. By an aft of parhament in 1774, this country was formed into a province, called Quebec, from the name of the capital ; a government was inftituted conformably to the French laws of Cana da ; and the Roman Catholic rehgion was not merely tolerated, but eftabliffied. By another aft, in i7gi, the country was di vided into two provinces ; namely. Upper Canada, of which Montreal is the capital, and Lower Canada, ef which Quebec is the chief town ; and a conftitution, in imi tation ef that of England, was given to eacli of thefe provinces. -* Canal, the Duke of Bridge- -WATEr's, a ftupendous work, begun in 1758,. at Worfley Mill, 7 miles from Man chefter ; where, at the foot of a moun tain, which proves to be compofed of coal, a bsfin is cut, capable of containing all the boats, and a great body of water, which fcrves as 3 refervoir to the navigation. T'r.c canal runs thrqugh a bill, by a fub. tcrranean paffage, large enough for the ad- raiffion of long l^at-bottomed boats, towed by hand-rails on each fide, near three quarters of a mile, to the duke's coal works. There the paffage divides into fwo channels ; one of which goes 500 yards to the right, and the other as many to tlic left ; and both may be continued at pleafure. In fome places, this paffage is cut through folid rock ; in ethers arched over with brick. Air-funnels, fome of v.'h!ch are 37 yards perpendicular, are cut ar certain diftances through the rock, to the top ofthe hill. The arch, at the en- -irapce, is 6 feet wide, and 5 feet above the furface of fhe water. It widens within, fo that in fome places the boats may pafs each other ; and, at the pit, it is ten feet wide. The coal is bpought to this paffage in little low waggons, that hold nearly a ton each ; and, as the work Is on a de fcent, they are eafily puffied, or pullcd- aleng, by a man on a railed way, to a ftagc over the canal, and then ffiet into one of the boats ; each of which holds 7 er 8 tons. Each boat is drawn out by one man to the bafin at the mouth, where 5 or 6 of them are linked together, and drawn along the canal, by a fingle horfe, or two mules, on the towing paths. The canal is there bread enough for the barges to, go abreaft. At Barton Bridge,-3 miles from the bafin, is a noble aqueduft, which, for upward of 200 yards, conveys the canal acrofs a valley, and alfo mere than 40 feet above the navigable river Irwell. There are three arches over this rivet, which with their piers, are aU of hewn ftone. The centre arch is 63 feet wide, and 38 feet high above the water, and will admit the largeft barges to ge through with maft and-fails ftanding. At Long ford Bridge, the canal turns to the right, and croffing the river Merfey, paffes near Attringham, Dunham, Grapenhall, and Kaulton, into the tide way of the Merfey, at Runcorn Gap, where the duke's barges can come into his canal from Liverpool at low water. This navigation is more than 2g miles in length; it falls g5 feet, and was finiffied in 5 years, under the direftion of that exceflent engineer Mr. Brindley. Coal, which, before this canal was finiffied, was retailed to the poor of Manchefter at 7d. per hundred weight, is now fold to them (feven fcore to the cwt. ) at three pence halfpenny. '¦' Canal, the Grand Trunk, or the Staffordfiiire Canal, was begun in 1766, under the direftion pf the fampus Brind ley, in order to form a communication be tween the Merfey and the Trent, and, in courfe, between the Irifli Sea and the Ger man Ocean. The length of this canal is g3 miles ; namely, 3 1 miles on the N. fide, from Harecaftle-hill, where it was begun, to the duke of Bridgewater's' canal at Prefton on the Hill in Chefhire, and 6i miles from the S. fide of the hill to Wil- don-ferry, in Derbyffiire, where it com municates with the Trent. Tp effeft this work, 40 locks were conftrufted on the- S. fide, there being 316 feet faU. On the N. fide there is only one lock, Avhich is near Middlewich, and is 14 feet wide. The canal is 2g feet bread at the top, 16 at the bottom, and the depth four feet and a half. It is carried over the river Dove, in an aqueduft ef 23 arches, and the ground is raifed, above a mile, to i con fiderable height. It is alfo carried over the Trent by an aqueduft qf 6 arches. At Harecaftle-hill, it -is conveved under •ground' ^ mile and a half; at Barton in Cheffiire, a fubterraneous paffage is ef. fcfteil CAN G A f^ fefted of 560 yards in extent; and in the fame neighbourhood, another ef 350: at Prefton on the Hill, where it joins the duke's canal, it paffes underground 1241 yards. From the neighbourliood ef Staf ford, a branch is made from this canal, to run near Wolverhampton, and to join the Severn near Kidderminfter : from this again two other branches are carried, one to Birmingham, the other to Worcefter. "' Canal, Great, a noble canal, in Scotland, which forms the long wiffied- for junftion between the Forth and Clyde. " This vaft and fplendid under taking," fays the ingenious author of Scotland Delineated, " propofed above a century age, and now happily completed, upon a fcale far above the ufual dimen fions of the largeft canals in England, will facilitate the carriage of grain and ef raw materials from the more fertile parts of the ifland, to thofe diftrifts where manufac tures and population require conftant fup plies. For this purpofe, veffels conftrufted for foreign trade, can now be employed upon this Great Canal, provided the breadth of the beam be fomewhat lefs than 20 feet, and their draught of water a little under 8. The extreme length pf this canal, from the Forth to the Clyde, is 3 5 J Engliffi miles ; in the courfe ef which navigation, the veffels that pafs along it are raifed, by means pf 20 locks, to nearly the height of 1 60 feet above the level ef the fea, Paff ing afterward upon the fummit of the country, for above iS miles, they then de fcend, by means of i g locks more, into the river Clyde, and thence haye free accefs to the Weftern Ocean, In the fpace of 30 miles, this canal is carried over no lefs than 36 rivers and rivulets, befide two great roads, by means of 38 aqueduft bridges ; all of them built ef hewn ftone, and very eleg-ant. The road from Edinburgh to Glafgow paffes under it near Falkirk, and over it, by means of a drawbrid:;c, fix miles from Glafgow. In the courfe of thiS' inland navigation, which may, in ge neral, be performed in lefs than i8 hours, many ftriking- fcenes prefent themfelves to view, . But, above all others, the beauti ful and romantic fituation of the ftupen dous aqueduft bridge over the Kelvin, near Glafgow, 400 feet in length, carrying a great artificial river tiver a natural cue in a deep valley, where large veffels fail along at the enormous height of 70 feet above the bed of the river below, is.one of the features of this great work, which gives it the pre-eminence over any of a fimilar nature in Europe. Yet, however fingular and ftriking this may appear, with refpeft to pifturefque beauty, the utility of this important communication by wa ter, between the Eaftern and Weftern Sea, to the commerce of Great Britain and Ireland, to thp towns of Liverpool, Lancafter, and Whitehaven, to Dublin, Newry, and Belfaft on the one hand ; to HuU, Newcaftle, Leith, and Dundee on the other, and alfo to all ports in or near St. George's Channel, in their trade to Norway, Sweden, and the Bakic ; ought to be the chief confideration, and muft be ¦ flrikingly evident, as it ftortens the nau. tical diftance in fome inftances 800, and 'in others 1000 miles ; affording a fafe and fpeedy navigation, particularly at the end of the feafon, when veffels are too long de. tained in > the Baltic, and cannot attempt the voyage round by the N. Sea, without danger ef ffiipwreck, or of the market be. ing loft from delay. Such is the direftion, magnitude, beauty, and importance of this commercial channel of conveyances, which runs nearly in the fame traft, and fome times on the fame ground, where a military fortification once forbade all intercourie and communication between the fouthern and northern parts of this ifland." Canal Royal, or the Canal of Languedoc, in France, was begun in 1666, in order to effeft an inland commu nication between the Atlantic and Medi terranean, and finiflied in 1682. From the port of Cette, in the Mediterranean, it croffes the Lake of Thau, and, below Thouloufe, is conveyed by three fluices into the, Garonne. At St. Ferreol, near Revel, betyveen two rocky hills, in the form of a crefcent, is a large refervoir, -7200 feet long, 3000 broad, and 120 deep; the whole furface being 687,438 feet. Into this bafin, the rivulet Laudot, which de- fcends from the hills, is received and in clofed by a wall, 2400 feet long, i324iigh, and 24 thick ; having a ftrong dam fe- cured by a wall pf freeftone. Under the dam runs an arched paffage, reaching to the main wall, where three large cocks of eaft brafs are turned and fliut by means of iron bars ; and thefe cocks difcharge the water, through mouths as large as a man's body, into an arched aqueduft, where it runs tl-uough the outer wAU, and when got beyond it, goes under the name ofthe river Loudot ; continuing its courfe to the canal called Rigole de la Plaine. Thence it_is conveyed to another fine refervoir near Nauroufe, 1200 feet long, and goo broad, and 7 deep; and out of this. bafin it is conveyed, by fluiccs, hoth to the Me- diterranean and to the ocean, as the canal requires it. Though the cocks remain open for fome months furceffively, yet there is no vifible diminution of the water CAN CAN in the great, refervoir. Near Beiieres are eight fluices, which form a regular and grand cafcade, g36 feet long, and 66 high, by means of which veffels may pafs crofs the nver Orb, and continue their vpyage on the canal. Above it, between Bazieres and Gapeftan, is the Mal-Pas, where the canal is conveyed for the length of 720 feet, under a rnountain cut into a very lofty arcade, the greateft part of which is lined with freeftone, except toward the end, where it is only hewn through the rock, which is of a foft fulphurcous fub. ftance. At Agde is a round fluice, with three openings, three different depths of the water meeting there ; and the gates are fo ingenioufly contrived, that veffels may pafs through by opening which fluice the mafter pleafes ; an invention that ftruck the great Vauban himfelf with ad. miration. This canal coft fomething more than half a million fterling, part of which money was furnifhed by the king, and part by the ftates of Languedoc. The king generoufly granted to Riquet, the inventor and conduftor, and his male heirs, all- the jurifdiftion and revenues belonging to it ; fo that the crown could not come into poffeffion till the extinftion of that line. The annual income is ftated tobe^g4,5oo fterling, from which, dedufting the cur rent expences and repairs, the annual net profits are upward of ^24,000 fterhng. The length of this canal, from Touloufe to Bezieres, where it joins the river Orb, is 1 52 miles. " The fyftem of inland na vigation," fays Mr. Swinburne, "has been fo much improved of late years, that I make no doubt but this canal would be ffiortened many leagues, were it to be undertaken afreffi. It is full ef angles and turns that do not appear neceffary ; and, on the contrary, in one or two places, has been driven ftraight, at an enormous expence, through numberlefs obftacles, when a ffiort fweep would have conveyed the waters, with greater eafe and lefs ex- pence, to the place of their deftination. There are 15 locks upon it in the, fall to ward the ocean, and 45 on the fide of the Mediterranean. The higheft point be tween the two feas is at Naurouge, which is elevated more than 200 yards above the level of each ffiore. The canal is carried pver thirty-feven aquedufts, and croffed by eight bridges." Cananore, a large feaport of the pe- ninfula of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Ma. labar. It was ceded by Tippoo Sultan to the Enghffi E. India Company in 1792, Lon. 74. 10. E. lat. 12. o. N. Canara, aprovince in the peninfula of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Mahabar, It is fubjeft to Tippoo Sultan. Its moft northerly port is Onore, in lat. 14. x6. N, Canaria, or the Grand Canary, the principal of the Canary Iflands, and that which gives name to the whole. The temperature of its air is delightful ; its water plentiful and good ; and abundance of trees, herbs, and delicious fruits, are found upon it. It is about 42 miles long, ard 27 broad ; and lies 18 leagues W. by S. of Fuertaventura. Lon. 15. 34. W. lat. 28. 14. N. Canary Islands, anciently called the Fortunate Iflands, are feven in num. ber, lying in the Atlantic Ocean, near the continent of Africa ; namely, Palma, Fer. ro, Goraera, Teneriff, Canaria, Fuertaven tura, and Lancerota ; to which may be added feveral fmaller ifles, as Graciofa, Roccas, Allegranza, St. Clare, Infierno, and Lobos. They belong to the Spaniards, and produce barley, fugar-canes, ande.xcel. lent wine ; and it is thence that the Ca. nary birds originally came. Lon. from 12". to 21°. W. lat. from 27. 30. to 2g 30. N. Canary, the capital of Grand Canary, with a biffiop's fee, an inquifition, and the fupreme conned ef the Seven Iflands. The caftle is feated on a hill. Moft of the houfes are well built, and the cathedral is handfome. The inhabitants are gay and rich. The air is temperate. They have two wheat harvefts, in February and May, and the corn makes bread as white as fnow. They have alfo fugar-houfes, in which a great quantity of fugar is made. The wine called Palm Sack has its name hence, as well as common fack, often termed Canary. It is computed that 10,000 hogflieads are fent annually to England in time ef peace. Lon. 15. 50, "W. lat, 28, 4. N. Cancalle, a bay on the coaft of France, 10 miles E. of St. Maloes, where the Engliffi made a defcent, under the duke of Marlborough, in 1758, and hence proceeded to burn the fliipping at St. Ma. Iocs. Candahar, a rich trading town of Afia, capital of a kingdom of the fame name. While the Perfian and Mogul empires were each entire, it was the fron tier city and fortrefs of Hindooftan toward Perfia : it was efteemed the key ef the weftern provinces ef the latter, and fre- . quently changed mafters, although very ftrong by fituation, being furrounded by fens and rocks. It is 145 miles S. W. of Cabul. Lon. 67. 15. E. lat. 33. o. N. Candahar, a kingdom of Afia, be tween the river Indus and Perfia, bound. ed on the'N. by Cabul-, on the E. by La. hore, on the S. E. by -Moultan, and -on the CAN CAN the W. by Perfia. The dpminipns pf Ti- mur Shah Abdalla, the king of this coun try, extend weftward to the neighbour hood of the city of Terffiiffi ; including Cabul, Peifeore, Ghi'zni, Gaur, Seiftan, and Korafan ; a traft, not lefs than 650 miles in length ; its breadth unknown ; and, on the E. fide ofthe Indus, he pof feffes the territory of Caffimere, and fome inconfiderable diftrifts .above the city of Attock. Thefe countries are all called by the general name of the country of the Abdallis. Ahmed Abdalla, the father of the prefent fovereign, and founder of this kingdom, was originally the chief of an Afghan tribe, named Abdal (whence the name Abdalli) who was ftript- of his country by Nadir Shah, and compelled to 'join the Perfian army in 1739. On the death of Nadir, he fuddenly appeared among his former fubjefts, and erefted for himfelf a confiderable kingdom in the eaftern part of Perfia, adding to it moft of the provinces to the W. ef the Indus, which had been ceded by the Mogul to Nadir Shah, together with Caffimere on the E. of that river. Candia, an ifland in the Mediterra nean, formerly Crete; lies to the S. of the Archipelago. The capital is of the fame name, which, though populous formerly, is now little, better than a defert, there being nothing but rubbiffi, except, at the bazar or market-place ; likewife the harbour pf Candia is now fit for nothing but boats : however, the walls pf the tPwn a^e ftand- ing, and it is the fee of a Greek arch biffiop. This ifland was taken by the Turks in 1669, after a war of 25 years. It was attempted to be retaken by the Vene tians in 1692, but without effeft. The produfts are corn, wine, oil, wool, filk, and exceUent honey. The air is good ; and it is chiefly inhabited by Greeks, who bear a good charafter. Mount Ida, fo fameils in hiftory, is in the middle of this ifland, and is nothing but a huge, ugly, ffiarp-pointed eminence, with not the leaft ffiadow ef a landfcape ; no delightful grot to, no public fpring, nor no purling rivu let, are to be feen thereon. Candia is 200 miles in length, and 50 in breadth. It is 500 miles from Conftantinople. Lon. 25. 2*3. E.lat 35. 10. N. Candeish, a rich and populous pro vince of Hindooftan, in the Deccan, fub^ jcft to the Poonah Mahrattas. It is bounded on the N. by Malva, on the E. by Berar, en the S. by Dowlatabad, and on the "VV. by Baglana. Candy, a kingdom of Cewon. It contains about a quarter of the ifland ; and as it is cncompalTed with high mountaius, and covered with thick 'forefts, throu^ which the roads are narrow and difScuIt* the king has them guarded, to prevent his fubjefts from going into other countries. Ic is full of hills, whence rivulets proceed ; but, as they run among the rocks, they are not fit for boats : however, the inha bitants are very dexterous iu turning them to water their land, which is fruitful in rice, pulfe, and hemp. The king is abfo lute, and his fubjefts are idolaters. The capitial is of the I'aine name. Candy, the capital of a kingdom of the fame name, in the ifland of Ceylon. Ic was often burnt by the Pprtuguefe, when they were mafters pf thefe coafts. Lon. 80. 52. E. lat, 7. 45. N. '-¦' Cane, Grotta del, a celebrated grotto, on the banks of the Lake d'Ag- nario, f"even miles from Puzzoh, in the kingdom of Naples. Here many dogs have been cruelly tortured and fuffocated, to ffiow the effeft of a vapour, which rifes a foot above the bottom of this little cave, , and is deftruftive of animal life. A dog having his head held in this vapour, i-s convulfed in a few minutes, and foon after falls to the earth motionlefs. The ex periment is repeated for the amufement of every unfeeling perfon, who has half a crown in his pocket, jind affefts a turn for natural philofophy. The fel- • lews who attend at the cave, have always fome miferable dogs, with ropes about their necks, ready for this cruel purpofe. Cane A, a confiderable town of the ifland of Candia, with a good harbour. The environs are adorned with forefts of ohve-trees, mixed with fields, vineyards, gardens, and brooks, bordered with myrtle- trees and laurel-refes. It was taken by the Turks in 1645, after a glorious de fence of two months, in which the viftors loft 20,000 men. Lon. 24. 15. E. lat. 35. 20. N. Caneto, a town in Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, on the ri\ er- Oglio, feveral times taken and retaken by the ' French and Imperialifts. It is 20 miles W. of Mantua. Lcn. lo. 22. E. lat. 45. 9. N. '•" Cangerecora, a large river of the peninfula of Hindooftan. It defcends from the Gaut Mountains, and flowing S. \V. to the coaft of Malabar, enters the Weftern Ocean, 4 miles to the N. of Mount Dilla ; previous to which its courfe is parallel \\-ith the feacoaft for ahomt 1 1 miles, being feparated only by a fpit of fan-J. Canina, the capitil of a diftrift of the fame name, in the N. part of Albsnia, a province of Turkey Ln Europe, lying near CAN CAN °ear the entrance pf the Gulf pf Venice, eight miles N . pf Valpna. Lpn. 19. 25. E. lat. 41. 12. N. * Caniaderago, Lake, a narrow lake of N. America, in the ftate of New York. It is about g miles long, and lies to the W. of Lake Otfego." A ftream called Oaks Creek, iffues from it, and falls into the river Sufquehannah, five miles beltiw Otfego. The beft cheefe in the ftate of- New York is made on tfiis creek. '* Cannay, one of the weftern ifles of Scotland, to the S. W. of the ifle of Skye. In this verdant and fertile ifland, are vaft bafaltic columns, which rife above each other to a great height, in many fuccef- five ranges, each feparated from the other by a ftratum of pebbly concretions, re fembling puddingftone. On the E. fide of the ifland, the tops ef an immenfe number of thefe columns appear at low ¦water, forming a fort of caufeway of furprifing extent, and of which the fur face is fmooth and regular, like aii ordi nary paved ftreet. Cann^:. See Canosa. -'--' Canoge, a tovvn of Hindooftan Proper, in the province of Agra, feated on the W. bank of the Ganges, near its confluence with the Calini. It is faid to have been built more than 1000 years be fore the Chriftian era, and to have been the capital of all Hindooftan, under- the predeceffor of Porus, who fought againft Alexander, in the year 326 before Chrift. In the 6th cenjury, it was faid to contain 30,000 fliops, in which betel-nut (which the Indians almoft univerfally chew, as fome Europeans do tobacco) was fold. It , is now reduced to the fize of a middhng town. It is 127 miles S. E. ef Agra. Lon. So. 13. E. lat. 27. 3. N. Canobia, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, on the Lago Maggiore, 35 miles N. N. W. of Milan. Lon. 8. 44. E. lat. 45. 55. N. ''¦' Canosa, a town of the kingdom of Naples, in the Terri di Bari. It contains not more than 300 houfes, but ftands on the fite, of the ancient Canufium, one of the moft populous and magnificent cities ef this part of Italy. Between Canofa and the river Ofanto, 'are ftill fome traces of the ancient town of Cannae, in the plain cf which was fought the celebrated battle between Hannibal and the Romans, in which the latter loft at leaft 45,000 men. Lon. 16. 3;. E. Iat. 41. 30. N. C,\Nso, a feaport of Nova Scotia, in N. America, on a ftrait which feparates Nova Scotia, from Cape Breton. Near this town is a fine fiflicrv for cod. Lon, 60 55. W. Iat. 45. 2C. N. Canstat, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, feated on the river Neckar, two miles N. E, of Stutgard, Lon. g. 14. E. lat. 48. 53. N. Cantal, a department of France, in cluding part of the late province of Au. vergne. It is fo caUed from a high moun- tain, near St. Flour and Aurillac, almoft always covered with fnow. The capital is St. Flour. CantazAro, an epifcopal town of the kingdom of Naples, near the fea, 20 miles E. of Nicaftro. Len. 16. 47. E, lat, 3g, 3. N. Canterbury, the capital of the county of Kent, with an archbiffiop's fee, the metropolitan of all England. The ca. thedral, a large ftrufture, was Once famous for the ffirine of Thomas a Becker, vifited by pilgrims from all parts of Europe, This turbulent prieft having been mur dered here in 1 1 70, was afterward made a faint ; miracles were pretended to be performed at his tomb ; and 100,000 pil grims, vifiters to this tomb, have been re- giftered at one time in Canterbiirv, where the devotion to him had quite effaced the adorati(»n of God, and even of the Virgin, At the altar of God, for inftance, there were offered, in one year, ^3:2:6; at the Virgin's, £(>¦} i 5 : 6 ; at St. Thomas's, ,^832 : 12:3. The ne>.t year the difpro- portion was ftill greater : there was not a penny on God's altar ; the Virgin gained only ,^4:1:8, but St Thomas had got ^([954: 6 ; 3. Lewis VII. of France made a pilgrimage to this tomb, and beftowed en the ffirine, a jewel, efteemed the richeft in Chriftendom. But Henry VIII. in 1538, not only pfllaged this rich ffirine, but caufed the faint to be cited in court, tried and condemned as a traitor ; he pr- dered his name tp be ftruck out of the calendar, his bones to be burnt and his affies thrown into the air. In this cathe dral are interred Henry IV. and Edward the Black Prince. Here are likewife 14 pariffi churches ; the remains of many Ro. man antiquities ; an ancient caftle, with walls and a deep ditch. Canterbury is an ancient and meanly-built city, in a declin- ing ftate, notwithftanding- it poffeffes a ffiare, of the filk manufaftures introduced by the French refugees, who have here a ehurch under the cathedral. This city is noted for its braw.n, and the adjacent country produces abundance of hops. It has two markets, on Wednefday and Sa. turday, f"ends two members to parhament, and is feated on the river Stour, 26 miles S. E. by E. of Rochefter, and 56 from London. Lon. i. 4. E. Iat. 51. 19. N. C A.N tin Cape, a prortiont'ory of the Atlantic CAP GAR Atlantic Ocean, on the coaft of Morocco, iu Africa. Lon. 9. 5. W. lat. 32. 49, N. Canton, a large, populous, wealthy city and feaport of Chin?j> feaied on one of the fineft rivers in the empire. They have manufaftures of their own, efpecially in filk ftuffs, and the number of tradef. -men is incredible. It confifts of three towns, divided by high walls, and is about as large as Paris. The ftreets are long and ftrait, paved with flag.ftones, and adorned with triumphal arches. The bazars, or covered market-places, are full of fliops. The houfes are only a ground floor, built of earth, and covered with tiles. The better fort of people are carried about in chairs ; but the common fort walk bare footed and bareheaded. Their goods are carried by porters, for they have no waggons. At the end ef every ftreet i-i a barrier, which is ffiut every svening, as well as the gates of the city ; fo that peo ple are obhged to be at home early. The river is co-/ered with barks, which have apartments in them for families, where many refide. The number of inhabitants js computed at 1,000,000. Lon. 113. 7. E.lat. 23. 8. N. -* Cantyre, a narrow peninfula of Argylefliire in Scotland, 50 miles long from N. to S. and from five to eight broad, Jt is cennefted on the N. by a narrow neck of lanS, to the mountainous diftrift of Knapdale, adjoining to Argylefliire Proper. Acrofs this ifthmus, which is fcarce a mile brrad, a canal might eafily be cut. It has been ufual for many ages, to draw boars and fmall veffels over it, in order to avoid the dangerous navigation round the headland, amid ffioals and cur rents. Hence, probablv, this place has .obtained the name of Tatbat, which fig. nifies, in the language of the country, a " carrying-place." — To the S. the penin. fula terminates in a great promontory, furrounded by a group of dangerous rocks, called the Mull of Cantyre. The foil, in general, is fertile, particularly in the ,S. parts. Caorlo, a fmall ifland in the Gulf of Venice, 20 miles S. W. pf Aquileia, fub jeft to Venice. It has a town of the fame name, with a bifliop's fee. Capacio, an cpifcopal town of the kingdom of Naples, 16 miles S. of &alcr- i}o. Lon. I 5. o. E. laf, 40. 20. N. CapeBreton', See Breton, Cape; ^rid other Capes, in like manner, fee under their refpeftive names, as Good Hope, Cape of, i-c. Capeli.e, a town of France, in the department of Aifne, and late pr>-ivince of jpicardy, eight railes N, E of Guife, taken by the Spaniards in 1636; but retaken the year after. Lon. 3. ;o. E. lat. 49. 58. N. Capestan, a town of France, in the ^ department of Aude, and late province of Languedoc, near the river Aude and the royal canal. Lon. 3. 8. E.lat. 4/ 21.N. Capitanata, a province of the king. dom of Naples, bounded on the N. by the gulf ef Venice, on the E. by Terra-di- Bari, on the S. by Bafilicata apd the Far. ther Principato, and on the W. by the county di Molife and Abruzzo. It is a level country, withoSt trees, a fandy foil, and a hot air ; the land, however, near the rivers, is fertile in paftures. The ca. pital is Manfredonia. Capo Fir.'o, a barren rock in the ter. ritory ofthe Genoefe with a caftle on its eaftern peak. Near il is a harbour of the fame name, 13 miles E. \u S. of Genoa. Capo d'Istria, a c.'nfidcra'Dle town of Italy, in f ftria, on the Gulf of Triefte, with a bifliop's fee, fubjeft to the Venc. tians. The air is wholefome and tempe rate : its principal revenue confifts in wine and fait. It is eight miles S. of Triefte. Lon. 14. 6. E. lat. 45. 49. N. Caprai.a, an ifle in the Tufcan Sea, to the N. E. of Corfica, on which it de- ponds. It is populoui, has a ftrong caftle, and is 1 5 miles in circumference. Lon. 10. o. E. lat. 43. 5. N. Ca pri, an ifland of the Mediterranean, in the kini.:d,-,ni of Naples, oppofite So. rente, fam-ius for beii-ig t'rie retreat of the emperor Tiberius. A vaft quantity of quails come here every year, \A'hich makes the principal revenue of the bifhop, who is hence called the Biffiop of Quails. It is five miles in length, and two in breadth. Capri, the capital of an ifland ofthe fame name, in the Tufcan Sea, with a bifliopric, and a caftle. It was once a de. lightful place, and embclliflied with mag nificent works, which were demolifhed after the death of Tiberius. Lon, i.[. S. E. lat. 40. II. N. Capua, a town of the kingdom of Naples, with an archbiffiop's fee. It is two miles from the ancient Capua, and was built out of its ruins. It is *he place where Hannibjl and his officcre trifled away their time in pleafure, during which the Romans recovered from their conftcr- nation after the battle of Canna-. It was taken by the allies in 1707; and i-- foafed on the river Vplturno, 1 5 miles N of Na ples. Lon. J4, 19, E. lat. 41. 7. N. Caracas, Caracos, or St. John DE Leo.v, a confiderable tojvn of S. Ame- rica, in. Terra Firma.^ It was plunde- ed by the Frenchin 1679. Lou, 64. 48.-W. lat 9. 32. N. I Caeama- GAR CAR Caramania,. a province of Turkey in Afia, in the S. part of Natolia. Moft of the houfes have turrets fo contrived, as to cool the rooms in fummer. Satalia is the capital. Caramanta, a town in S. Ame. rica, capital of a province of the fame name, in Terra Firma. Lon. 75. 15. W. lat. 5. 18. N. Caramanta, a province of S. Ame. rica, lying on both fides the "river Cauca; bounded on the N. by the diftrift ef Car thagena, on the E.r.by New Granada, en the S. and W. by Popayan and Panama. It is a. valley furrounded. by high moun. tains, and there are rivulets ,whence the natives get very good fait. C ARARA, a fmall town of Italy, in the duchy of Maffa, between the towns of . Maffa and Sarzana, five miles -from each. Near this place are quarries of marble of various colours. Lon. 9. 55. E. lat. 44. 5.N. Carasu, a river of Natoha, which vifes in Caramania, croff£:s part of Aladula, and falls into the Mediterranean. The water of this river is fo cold, that when Ale-xandei: the Great bathed in it, it threw him into a dangerous difeafe. The em peror Barbaroffa was killed by it on his return from the Holy Land, in iioo. Car.asu Mestro, a river of Roma nia, in Turkey in Europe, which takes its rife in Mount Rodolpho, and falls into the Archipelago. Carasui, a lake in Bulgaria, faid to be 55 miles in circuinference, and to con. tain feveral iflands. It is formed by a branch of the Danube, not farfrom its en. trance into the Black Sea. Caravacca, or The Cross of bark of trees. They have, manufaftures of all forts of cloth. It is i ; mil^s W. of Narbonne, and 400 S. of Paris. Lon. 2, 25. E. lat. 43. 14. N. Cardiff, a town of Glamorganffiire, with two markets, on Wednemay and Saturday. It is feated on the riyer Tave, over which is a handfome bridge, and is a large, compaft, well-built town, having a caftle, a wall, and four gates. It has a confiderable trade with Briftol; fer vef. ftjls ef fmaller burden may come to the bridge. It has but one church, the water having deftroyed the other. The confta- ble of the caftle is the chief magiftrate, whom they cafl mayor : befide him, there are two baihffs, a recorder, 12 aldermen, and 1 2 common ceuncil.men. It contains two pariffies, and about 300 hpufes, fprm- ed into broad paved ftreets. Here the affizes and felfions for the county are'held 5 and it fends one member to parliament. Near it are feme iron--works. In the an cient caftle, died Robert the depofed duke of Normandy, eldeft fon of 'William the Conqueror, after having been cruelly blind. ed, and confined 28 years, by his brother Henry I. It is 12 miles E. of Cowbridge, and 164 W. of London. Lon. 3. 12. "W, lat, 51. 30. N. ^ Cardig.vn, the county town of Car. diganffiire, with a market on Tuefday and Saturday. It is is a populo'us well.built town, pleafantly fituated on the river Tyvy, over which is a handfome ftone bridge. It fends one member to pariia. ment, and is 33 mfles N. E. by E. of St, David's, and 22; W, N. W. of Lpndon. Lon. 4. 38. W. lat. 52. 10. N. Cardiganshire, a coimty in S. Wales, is bounded on the N. by a fmall Caravacca, a town of Spain, among part of Merionethffiire and Montgomery, the mountains near the river Segura, in " ' .-.,..,... Murcia. They pretend to have a crofs here, brought by an angel to a prieft, who was going to fay mafs to a moorifc king. It is 50 miles N. W, of Cartha gena. Lon. 2. 5. W. lat. 38. 5. N. Carcassone, an ancient and rich town of France, in the departriaent of Aude, and late province of Languedoc, with a biffiop's fee. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Town by the Aude, 'over which is a handfome ftone bridge. In the Upper Town is a ftrong caftle and the cathedral. The Lower is fquare, regularly built, and kept very neat, by means of an aqueduft, which brings the water of the Aude to different foun tains. This_ part is modern ; but the ' Upper -Town, which is alfo caUed the Citv, is very ancient, and in the caftle are preferved fome old records writteii on the of tame and wild fowl ffiire ; on the E. by Radnorffiire and Brecknockffiire ; pn the S. by Carmar. thenffiire and a fmall part of Pembroke. - ffiite ; and on the W. by Cardigan Bay in St. George's Cliannel. It extends 42 miles in length from N. to S. and 20 in breadth from E. to "VV. aud is divided into five hundreds, which contain fix market. towns, and 64 pariffies. It lies in/ the diocefe ef St. David, and fends two mem-, bers to parliament, one for the county, and one for Cardigan. The air is milder here than in moft parts ef Wales. To the S. and W. are plains fruitful in corn; but the N. and E. parts are a continued ridge of mountains, which, compared with the reft, are bleak and barren : yet, in the worf|: parts of this county, there are paf. tures in which are bred flocks ef fteep and large herds of cattle. Here is alfo plenty and near the rivers ar$ CAR CAR are great nunabers of otters. In the val leys are feveral lakes. The mountains abound with veins of lead and filver ore ; a ton pf which laft will yield 70 ounces of filver. The mines have been worked feveral times to great advantage ; and, particularly, fir Hugh Middleton is faid tt) have cleared 2000L a month, for feve ral years together, which enabled him to bring the New River water to London ; he expended the whole on that great ob jeft. The principal rivers are the Tyvy, the Rydal, and the Iftwith. Cardigan Bay, en the coaft of Car- diganffiire at the mouth of the Tyvy, ex. tends to Barfey ifland in Carnarvonffiire ; is 40 miles from one cape to the other, and affords good ffieker for ffiips. Cardona, a handfome town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a ftrong caftle. Near it is an inexhauftible mpuntain of fait, of feveral colours, but which when waffied becomes white. There are alfo vineyards, which produce excellent wine, and very lofty pine-trees. It is feated en an emi nence near the river Cardenero, 30 miles N. W. of Barcelona. Lon. 1. 30. E. lat. 41. 3''6. N. Carelia, the eaftern part of Finland; belonging partly to the Swedes; and partly to the Rulfvans. See Finland. Carentan, a town of France, in the department of the Channel, and late pro vince ef Normandy, with an ancient caftle ; eight miles from the fea, and 95 W. of Rouep. Lcjn. i. 4. W. lat. 49, 16. N. Cariati, a town of the kingdom of Naples, with a biffiop's fee, two miles from the gulf of Taranto. Lon. 17. 19. E.lat. 3g. 35. N. Caribbee Islands, See Indies, West. Carignano, a town of Piedmont, in a diftrift of the fame name. It is feated on the river Pe, three miles S. of Turin. Len, 7. 45. E. lat. 44. 57. N. -* Carim AN Java, a clufter ef iflands to the N. of Java, at the principal of which European ffiips touch for refrcffi- ments, in their voyage to Borneo. Lon. no. 12. E. lat. 5. 56. S. Carinola, an epifcopal town of the kingdom ef Naples, near Mount Maffico, 25 miles N. W. of Naples. Lon. 14. 18. E. lat. 41. 15. N. Carinthia, a duchy ef Germany, in the dominions of Auftria, bounded on the N. by, Auftria, on the E. by Styria, on the S. by Carniola and Friuli, en the W. by Tirol, and the archbiffiopric of Saltz burg. It abounds in corn. Clagcnfurt is the capital. Carisbrook Castle, in the middle of the Ifle of Wight, the place where Charles I. was imprifoned in 1647. Lon. I. 17. W. lat. 50. 40. N. Caristo, an epifcopal town ef Greece, in the eaftern part of the ifland of Negro- pont. Lon. 24. 45. E. Iat. 38. 4. N. Carlingford, a feaport of Ireland, on Carlingford Bay, in the county of Lowth, 2 1 miles N. of Droghe'da. Lon. 6. o. W. Ia:t. 54. II. N. Carlisle, an ancient city of Cum. berland, of which it is the capital, -with a market on Saturday. It is waUed round, and is pleafantly fituated above a rich traft of meadows, bordering the Eden and two ether rivets, which here unite their ftreams to it. The gates arc called the Engliffi, Iriffi, ahd Scotch. It has a caftle, which ftands on the W. fide of the town : the houfes are well built, and the cathe dral is .a ftately ftrufture. Carhflc has a confiderable manufaftory of printed linens and checks, and is noted fPr the making of whips and fiffi-hooks. It was taken by the rebels in 1745, but retaken by the duke of Cumberland. It fends two mem. bersgto parhament; and is 60 miles S. of Edinburgh, and 301 N.N. W.of Lon. don. Lon. 2. 53. W. lat. 54. 56. N. * Carlisle, the county townof Cum. berland, in the ftate of Pennfylvania, in N. America. It contains 3 places of wor. ffiip, about 300 ftone houfes, and 1500 inhabitants. They have alfo a court-houfe and a college. Thirty-five years ago, this fpot was a wildernefs, inhabited by Indians and wild beafts. A like inftance of the rapid progrefs of the arts of civi- lized life is fcarcely to be. found in hiftory. It is 100 miles W. by N. of Philadelphia, Lon. 77. 30. W. lat, 40, 10. N. Carlowitz, a town of Hungary, in ScUvenia, remarkable for a peace con. eluded here between the Turks and Ger mans in i66g. It is feated on the Danube, 38 miles N. W. of Belgrade, Lon. 20. 5. E. lat. 44. 45. N. ^ Carlscrona, or Carlscroon, a feaport of Sweden, in the province of Blehinge. It derives its origin and name from Charles XL who laid the founda tions of a new town in 1680, and removed the fleet from Stockholm to this place, on account of its advantageous fituation in the centre of the Swediffi feas, and the fuperior fecurity of its harbour, which is large and commodious, with fufficient depth of water for firft -rate ffiips to carry their lower tier of guns. The entrance into this harbour, which is extremely dif ficult, from a number, of ffioals and rocky fands, is ftill farther defended by two ftrgrig forts, «ach built on an ifland, under I 2 the CAR CAR the batteries of which all velMs muft pafs. T.t; greateft part ef the town ftands upon a fmiH r,jcky ifland, which rifes gently in a 'oa-; of the B-dric : the fubur'o: e: terio' ovei another f.n.ill rock, and along the moh, chofc to the bafin wheje the fleet is moored. The way into the town, from the main land, is car- ried over a dyke to ari ifl.'-.id, and thence along two long -ivooek.i bridges joined by a barren rock. The town is fp-acious, cpntains abo-^jt iS,ooo inha'oitants, and is itdorned with a few. tolerable houfes of brick', the generality of the ho'jfes be ing of wood. The fuburbs are fortified, toward the land, by a ftone wall. For. merly, veffels in this port, when careened and repaired, were laid upon their fides in. the open harbour, until a dock was hol lowed in'the folid rock in 1724, capable of receiving a firft-rate man of war. According to the original plan, it was in tended to conftruft 30 docks, for build ing and laying up the largeft ffiips, at the extremity of the harbour. A large bafin, capable pf containing two men of war, was defigned to communicate, by fluices, with two fmaller bafiiis, from each of which were to extend, like the radii of a circle, five rows of covered docks ; e-ach row to be feparated by walls of ftone, and each dock to be provided with fluice-gate-s, fo as to be filled or emptied by means qf pumps. Clofe to the docks, magazinesfor na val fteres were to be conftrufted; the whole to be inclofed by a ftone wall." The projeft was begun in 1757 ; but it Avas neglefted' till the acceffion of the late Guftavus III. who warmly patronized the arduous un dertaking. The firft dock was finifhed in i77g, and gives a complete idea ofthe expence and greatnefs of the plan. The bottom and fides are ef hewn granite : rows of granite pillars fupport the roof, and bear rather the appearance cf a colon nade to a temple, than a receptacle for ffiips. But the progrefs made in this vaft undertaking has hitherto been fo flow, that it .is thought a century will elapfe be- fore it can' be completed. Carlfcrona is 220 miles S. W. of Stockhohn. Lon. 15. 25. E. lat. 56. 20. N. CaRlstadt, a town of Hungary, capital of Croatia, and ufual refidence of the governors of the province, on the river Kulp, 140 mfles S. of Vienna. Lon. 15. 21. E. lat. 46. 2. N. Carlstadt, a town of Sweden, m '\yerraeland,. on the, ifland of Tingwalla, which is fo-med by two branches of the Clara Elb. The ftreets are broad and ftraight, - The houfes are built of wood and painted. The epifcopal palace is alfb off wood, but not paihte.t ; and has fuch an extenfive front, and fo.many windows, aS to look like a manufaftory. The town con tains 1 500 inhabitants, who carry on a trade in iron and wood, acrofs the Lake Wenner. It v-. 133 miles W. of S-ock- holm. Lon. 13. 43. S. lat. 5g. 16. N. Carlst.aot, a town of Germany, in the biffiopric ef Wurtfturg, feated on the river Maine, 16 miles N. of Wurtffiurg. Lon. g. 12. E. lat. 4.9. 56. N. Carma&niola, a trading town of Piedmont, which has a ftrong citadel, and was taken by the French in i6gi, but retaken the fame year. It is feated on ^ fmall riyer, which runs into the Po, 14 miles S. of Turin. Lon. 7. 45. E. lat. 44. 51. N. Carmarthen, the county town ef Carmarthenffiire, with two markers, on Wednefday and Satureiay. It is I'eateel on the river Towy, over which is a large ftone bridge, to which fmall veffels may come up. it was once fortified with a wall and a ftrong caftle. It is a well- built, populous town, ufually reckoned the firft in S. Wales. It fends one mem- to parhament, and is 24 miles S. E. of Cardigan, and 207 W. by N. ef London, Lon. 4. 23. W. lat. 51. 52. N. Carmarthenshire, a county of S. Wales, 48 miles in length, 2 5 in breadth, and bounded by Cardiganffiire on the N. the Briftol Channel en the S. Brecknock and Glamorganffiire on the E. and Pem. brokefliire on the W. It is fruitful in corn and grafs, having many pleafant and rich meadows ; alfo wood, coal, and fea- fiffi, efpecially falmon. The air is mild and wholefome, it not being fo moun tainous as other counties. It contains 145 pariffies, eight market-to-ivns, and fends two members to parliament, one for the county, and one for the ffiire- tpwn. Carmel, a mpuntain in Paleftine, npted for being the retreat of the prophet Efias, and for a monaftery of Carmelites. It is covered by ffirubs and groves, which flicker game of every kind. Carmona, a town of Italy, in Friuli, on a mountain near the river Indri. It belongs to the houfe of Auftria, and is feven miles N. W. of Goritz. Lon. 13. 23. E, Iat, 45. 25. N. Carmona, an ancient town of Spain, in Andalufia. The gate toward Seville is one of the moft extraordinary pieces of antiquity in afl Spain. It is 25 miles E. of SeviHe. Lon. 4. 48. W, lat. 37. 24. N. Carnarvon, a pleafant well-built t,own| CAR CAR town of Carnarvonffiire, in N. Wales, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the feaffiore, and is inhabited by many genteel families. It carries on a,confi. derable trade with Ifeland and the prin. cipal Engliffi ports. It is furrounded on all fides, except the E. by the fea and two rivers. It has a caftle of remarkable gran deur, built by Edward I. the conqueror of Wales, in which he gave the 'VVelffi, according to his equivocating prpmife, a native prince for their fovereign, in the perfon of his unfortunate fon, Edward II. who was born ih. this caftle." Carnarvon fends one member to parliament, and is governed by the conftable of the caftle, who, by patent, is always mayor. It is feven miles S. W. of Bangor, and 251 N. W. of London, Len. 4. 20. "VV. Iat. 53. 8. N. Carnarvonshire, a county of N. Wales, 50 miles in length, 13 in breadth, and- bounded on the N. and Vv''. by the fea; on the S. by Merionethffiire, and on the E. by Denbighffiire. The air is fliarp and cold ; this county being the moft rug ged and truly alpine diitri£t of N. Wales. Its central part is entirely occupied by the famed Siiowdon, and the feveral crag. gy fummits, deep dells, moors, chafms, and lakes, which conftitute its dreary re gion. The woods which ence clothed this traft are now no more. Cattle, ffieep, and goats are almoft its fole rural riches." Thefe are fed, during the fumraer, very high on the mountains, tended by their owners, who refide for that feafonjn tem. porary huts, and make butter and cheefe for their own confumption. The vales yield a little grafs for hay, which is got in v/ithout the aid ef wheel carriages, the uneven furface of the ground not admit ting their ufe. The inhabitants, who five in a ftate of the utmoft Simplicity, manu fafture their clothes from the wool of their own flecks. A little oatmeal, added to the produce of their dairies, conftitutes their food. The profpefts around are rude and favage in the higheft degree ; but not without a mixture of beauty, when the dimenfions ef the vales admit the varieties of wood, water, and mea dows. In fome of the lakes are found the char, with the gwvniad, another al- pine fifll. Foxes are the chief wild ani. mals. Many rare vegetables, met v.ith only on the moft elevated fpots, grow here. Copper mines have been worked in various parts of thefe mountains, and are at prefent about Llanberris. Other places afford lead ; and qifantities of flone, excellent for hones, are dug near "Snow- don ; to the 'ijlc'ak region of which the Vale of Conway below, in fertifity and beauty, forms a very pleafing contraft. Carnarvon. ffiire contains fix market-towns, 68 pa. rifhes, and fends one member to parliament for the county, and one for Carnarvon. '¦' Car.n'-atic, the, a country of the peninfula of Hindooftan, eiftending from„ the Guntoor Circar, along the whole, coaft of Coromandel, to Cape Comorin ; including its appendages, which. are Tan- jore, Maravar, Tritchinopoly, Madura, and Tinevelly. It is 570 miles in length from N. to S. but no where more than 120, and commonly 75 miles wide. The revenue of the fovereign, who is caUed nabob of Arcot, is ftated at 1,500,0001. per ann. out of which he pays a fubfidy of i6o,ooql. to the E. India Company, to ward the expence of their military eftab- lifhment. 'The Bririfh poffefficns in the Carnatic are confined chiefly to the traft called the Jaghire, which extends loS miles along the coaft, and 47 inland in the wideft part ; it- revenue 150,000!. , There is, befides, a land revenue rt -/2 ;,cco!. de pendent on Madras. The Carnatic is a rich, fertile, and ponulous country, and contains an iucredi'ole number of for- trelTes. Public monuments too, the une- quivocal marks of civilization and o-- lilence, are more common here than m the N. parts of India. Iri 1787, the E. India Company took the whole adminiftration ef the Carnatic, and the colleftion of the nabob's .--evenucs, into their own hands ; on which account his highnefs has infti tuted a fiiit in the Britiffi court of Chan. eery againft the company, and likewife prefented a petition for redrefs to the houfe of Commons. Carniola, a province of Germany, in the territories ofthe houfe of Auftria, bounded en the N. by Carinthia and Sty- , ria, en the E. by Sclavonia :jnd Croatia, on the S. by Morlachia and Htria, and on the W. by Friuli. It is full of rocks and mountains, but produces corn, wine, and oiL Laubach is the capital, Carolina, is divided into N. and S. comprche,..;ing two of the United States of North America. It is bounded on the N. by Virginia, on the E. by the ocean, on the S. by Florida, and on the W. by Louifiana, lying between 30 and 3 ^ de grees N. lat. The chief produce i.5 to bacco, indigo, and rice. The anim.als, trees, fruits, and plants, are much the fame as in Virginia. Thty have bears, whofe fteffi is efteemed good catino-; and they mjke hams of their legs. Befide thefe they have wild cats, wolves, a fort of tigers, beavers, otters, muflc-rats, ep- poffums, racoons, minxes, a kind of rab- I i bits CAR t AvL bltsi elks different from the European, flags, fallow-deer, feveral forts of fquir- rels, foxes, and two forts of rats. The birds are fo numerous, that it would be tedious to mention their names ; and there are many forts of fifties, quite un. known to Europe. Their native fruits are chiefly peaches, but they have fome of the beft fruits tranfplanted from Eu. rope, which thrive well. Carpathian Mountains, are thofe which divide Hungary and Tranfyl. vania from Poland. C-ARPENTRAS, an ep'ifcopal town of France, in Provence, and capital of Ve. naiffin. Before the late revolution, it was fubjeft to the pope, and is feated en the river Aufon, at the foot of a mountain, 14 miles N. E. of Avignon. Lon. 5. 6. E. lat, 44. 8. N. Carpi, a town ef Italy, in the duchy of Modena, with a caftle, eight miles N. of Modena. Lon. 11, 16. E. lat. 44. 41. N. Carpi, a town, of Italy, in the Vero. nefe, memorable for a viftory gained by the Imperiahfts over the French in 1701. It is feated en the Adige, 24 miles S. E. of Verona. Lon, 11. 3g. E. lat. 45. 10. N. Carrick, the fouthern divifion of Ayrffiire, in Scotland, divided from the diftrift of Kyle by the river Doori. Carrick on Sure, a townof Ire land, in Tipperary, 14 mfles N. W. of Waterford, Lon. 7. 10. W. lat. 52. 24. N. Carrickfergus, a borough of Ire land, in the county of Antrim. It is rich and populous, with a good harbour and a caftle, and is feated on a bay of the Irifli Channel of the fame name ; 85 miles N. of Dubhn. Loh, 5,, 46, W, lat. 54. 43. N. '-¦' Carron, a river of Stirhngftire in Scotland, which rifes on the S. fide of the Campfey Hills, and flows into the Frkh of Forth, below 'Falkirk. Two iniles frefh its fource, it forms, a fine cafcade, caUed the Fall of Auchinlilly ; and en its banks arc the celebrated Carron works. * Carron Works, an extenfive foundry, belonging to the Carron Com pany, and feated on the river Carron, one mile from Falkirk. This foundry con- fifts of the greateft iron works in Europe. •AU forts ef iron goods are made in it, from the moft trifling article for domeftic ufe, to a cannon that dlfcharges a ball of 42 pounds. Above a thoufand men are here employed ; and hence a great quan tity of large cannon are exported to Ruffia, Germany, and other foreign parts. Thefe works were erefted in 1761 ; be fore which time there was not a fingle houfe qn the fpot. " Thefe forges," fays Mr. Gilpin, " exhibit a fet of infernal ideas. In one place, where coal is con- verted into ceak, by difcharging it of its fulphur, and the fire fpread of courfe over a large furfac, the volumes of fmoke, the fpiry flames, and the fuffocating heat of the glimmering air, are wonderfully affefting. How vaft the fire is, we may conceive, when v/c are told, that it often confumes 100 tons of coal in a day. At night, its glare is inconceivably , grand. The maffy bellows' -v-i-hich ro'ufe the fur naces are put in motion by water, and re ceiving the air in large cylinders, force it out again through fmall orifices, roaring with aftoniffiing noife. The fire of the furnace thus roufed, becomes a glowing fpot, which I the eye can no more look at than at the fun. Under fuch intenfe heat, the rugged ftone inftantly diffolves in ftreams of hquid' iron." The ffiort piece of ordnance, called a carronade, and introduced into the navy ih the late war, was firft made here, and hence received its name. Carshalton, a village in Surrey, fituated S. W. of Croydon. It li'es among many fprings, which, joining others from Croydon and Beddington, form a river, in the very ftreet, called Waiidel. * Cart, the name of two rivers of Renfrewffiire in Scctland, diftinguiflied by the appellations of Black and White. The Black Cart iffues from the lake called Lochwinnock, or Caftle Semple Lock; the White Cart defcends from the N. E, ' angle of the county ; and, uniting their ftreams, they both flow into the Clyde, hear Renfrew : oppofite this town, in the road to Port Glafgow, is a handfome bridge of ten arcl;ics, built exaftly at the confluence of thefe two rivers. Three roads meet upon this bridge, fo that it has three ends or entrances. Cartama, a townof Spain, in Gra nada, at the foot of a mountain near the river Guadala Medina, eight miles N. W. of Malaga, 'Lon. 4. 43. W. lat 36. 40. N. '-¦¦ Carteret Island, an ifland of the S. Pacific Ocean, feen by captain Car teret in 1767. It is about 6 leagues long from E. to "VV. Lon. 159. 14. 'E. lat. 8. 26. S. Carth.agen-a, a feaport of Spain in Murcia, built by Afdrubal, a Carthagi- nian geheral, and named after Carthage. it has the beft harbour in Spain. It was taken by fir John Leake in 1706, but the duke of Bervick retook it. It is feated GAS CAS feated on a gulf of the fame name, 27 miles S. of Murcia. Lon. o. 36. W. lat. 37-33. N. Carthagena, a large, rich, and ftrong town of S. America, on the coaft of Terra Firma, with a biffiop's fee, and one of the beft harbours in America.' The entrance is fo narrow, that only one ffiip can enter at a time ; and it is defend ed' by three forts. All the revenues of the king of Spain from New Granada and Terra Firma, are brought to this place. It was taken by the Engliffi in i 58 5, and by the French in 1697, who found a great booty: but admiral Vernon, in 1741, though he had taken the caftles, was obliged to abandon the fiege. Lon. 75. 22. W. lat. 10. 27. N. Carthaqe, a famous town in Africa, which once difputed the empire of the world with Rom'e, but was at length le velled with the ground by the Romans. Some of the ruins are to be feen on the coaft of the Mediterranean, 10 miles N. E. of Tunis, near a promontory called Cape Carthage. Lon. 10. 25. E. lat. 36. ¦ 50. N. CartjiaGo, a rich trading town of N. America, in Mexico, with a biffiop's fee. 360 miles W. of Panama. Lon. 83. o. W. Iat. 9. 5. N. Cartmel, a townof Lancaffiire, with a market on Monday. It is feated among the hiUs called Cartmel Fells, not far from the fea, and near the river Kent ; with a handfome church, built like a ca thedral. The market is well fupplied with corn, ffieep, and fifn. It is 12 miles N. by W. of Lancafter, and 260 N. N. W. of London. Lon. 3. 6.,W. lat. 54. 12. N. Carwar, a feaport of the peninfula of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Malabar, It is fubjeft to Tippo Sultan, regent of Myfore, and is 60 miles S. by E. of Goa. Lon. 74. 34. E. lat. 15. 0. N. Casa del Campo, a palate belonging to the king of Spain, feated en the W. ' fide ef Madrid, oppofite the caftle on the other fide of the river. Casa'l, a ftrong town of Italy, in Montferrrat, with a citadel and a biffiop's fee. It was taken by the French from the Spaniards in 1640 ; and the duke of Mantua fold it to the French in 1681'. In 1695 it was taken by the allies, who demoliffied the fortificatioiis, but the French retook it, and fortified it again. The king of Sardinia became mafter of it in 1706, from whom the French took it in 1745; however, the king of Sardinia got pofl'effion of it again in i - 46 . A ter rible earthquake happened Lcrc j;i the beginning of the year 1783. See Cala bria. It is feated on the river Po,. 37 miles N. E. of Turin. Lon, 8. 27. E, lat. 45. 18. N. Casal Maggiore, a ftrong town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, feated on the river Po, 20 milqs S. E. of Cremona, Lon. 10. 35. E. lat. 44. 56; N. Casan. See Kasan. * Casco Bay, on the coaft of the province of Main, in New En^and, is fituated betweeen Cape Ehfabeth and Cape Small Point. Itis 25 miles wide; and is a beautiful b^y, interfperfed with fmall iflands. Lon. 69. 30. 'W. Iat. 44. 5.N. Casein, or Caswin, a large town of Perfia, in Irac Agemi, where feveral of the kings of Perfia have refided. The houfes are below the furface of the earth. The air is fubjeft to fuch fudden changes, from heat to cold, and the contrary, that 'it is very unwholefome for ftraiigers. Nadir Shah built a palate here, inclofed by a wall a mile and a half in circumfer ence ; and the town is encircled, by one four miles in circuit. It carries en a great trade, and is feated near the high mountain Elwend, where there are fine quarries of white marble, 180 miles N. of Ifpahan. Lon. 52. 16. E. lat. 35. 30. N. Cascais, a town of Portugal, in Ef tramadura, at the mouth of the Tajo, 1 7 mfles E. of Liffion. Lon. 8. 43. W. Iat. 38; 40. N. Ca^chaw, er Cassovia, a town of Upper Hungary, on the river Herat, 1 1 5 miles N. E. of Buda. Lon. 21. 25. E. lat. 48. 46. N. Cashel, a town of Irek';id,'in the courtty of Tipperary, \\ith ?n archbiffiop's fee, 13 miles N. "VV. of Clonmel. Lon, 7. 33. W. lat. 52. 26. N. Cashen. See Cack,'.?:. C asiigur, a kingdom of Afia, in Tar- tarv, otherwife called Little Bocharia ; bounded on the N. by the Calmucks and Mungals, on the E. by Thibet and the Deferts of Gobi, on the S. by Hindooftan, from which It is feparated by the high mountains of Hindoo-ko, and on the W. by Great Bccharia. This country is po- pulous ^nd fertile, but the air is cold on account ofthe mountains. Here arc ricr. mines of .gold and filver, which the na tives do not work, becaufe thev are em ployed wholly in feeding cattle. The mufk-anim^- are found in this country j and tlicy have feveral precio-ds ftones be-, fide diapiond!. CasuG'UR, a town of Afia, capital of a kingdpm pf the fame name ; it ftands at the fppt of the mouucain;, and enjoys I 4 » good GAS CAS a good trade with the neighbouring coun tries. The houfes are. of ftone, aud very good. Both fexes drefs ahke. Their complexion is fwarthy, and they have aU black hair. Lon. 73. 25. E. lat, 41. 30. N. -'¦'- Cashmere, a province of Hindoof. tan Proper, fubjeft to the king of Can. dahar. It is bounded on the 'VV. by the Indus, on the N. by the Indian Caucafus,, and on the E. and S. by Lahqre. The country is celebrated for its romantic beauties, the fertility of the foil, and the temperature of the atmofphere. Thefe particulars may be accounted fer, when it is confidered, that it is an elevated and e.xtenflve valley, furrounded by fteep mountains, that tower abrvs the regions of fnow ; and that its foil is compofed of the mud depofited by a capital river, which originally formed its. waters into a lake, that covered the vvhole va'ky, un. til it opened itfelf a paffage through rhe mountains, and left tliis fertilized vafley an ample field to human induftry. " Al- thtjugh this account," fays major Ren nell, " has ne living teftimony-to fupport it, yet hiftory and tradition, and what is yet ftronger, appearances, have impreffed a cenviftion of its truth on the minds of all whp have vifited the fcene, and con. templated the different parts pf it." The periodical r.ains, which almoft deluge the reft of India, are ffiut out of Calhmerc by the height of the mpuntains, fo that only light fliowers faU there. Thefe, hpwe^¦er, are ' fufficiently abundant tp feed fome thoufands of cafcades, which are precipitated intp the valley, frpm every part of the ftupendous and rpman. tic bulwark that encircles it. The foil is the richeft that can be conceived, and its produftions thofe of the temperate zone. A vaft number of ftreams frpm all quarter.s pf the valley, bring their tribute to the Chelum, the parent of the fpil, and a large navigable river. Many fmall lakes are fpread over the furface, and fpme of them contain floatingdflands. In a word, the fcene is beautifully pifturefque, and a part of the romantic circle pf mountains makes up a portion of every landfcape. The fuperftition of the inhabitants has multiplied the places of worffiip of Maha. dso, Befchin, and Brama. All Caffimere . is holy land, and ntiracuTous fountains abound. But to one dreadful evil they are conftantly fuljjeft, nameljOCarthquakes; and, to guard againft the moft terrible ef fefts, all their houfes are built of wopd. Among Pther curious manufaftures cf Caffimere is that of fli.awls, which are diftributed all over the weftern and fouth ern Afia. They make a part pf the drefs of the Egyptian Mamlouks as well as of the Britifli fair. The delicate wool of which they are hiade, is the pr,jduft ef a fpecies of goat of this countrv, or of the adjoining Tlubet. Here are bred a fpe cies of ffieep, called Hiindoo, which, like thofe of Peru, are employed in carrying burdens. The Caffimireans have a Ian- guage of their own, faid to be ariterior to that of the Shanfcrit, 'and a rehgion too, it is thought, different from that of the Hindoos. In fine, to ufe the words of an Oriental writer, " Cafhmcre is a garden in perpetual fpring." It is 80 miles long and 40 broad. '¦¦¦ CASHiiERE, a large city of Hindoof tan Proper, capital of the province er val ley of Caft.mere. It is built on both fides of the river Chelum, and is 285 miles E. by S. of Cabul. Lon. ^3. 11. E. Iat. 33. 49> N. '" Cashna, a vaft kingdom in the centre of Africa, being part of the region called Soudan by the -Arabs, and Nigritia or Negroland by the Europeans. It is bounded o'n the N. by the mountains of Eyre, which feparate it from Fezzan, and by a diftrift of Zahara in the Defert; on the S. hy the Niger; and on the E. by the kingdom of Zamphara and the cm- pire qf Bornou. It refembles Bornou much iu climate, foil, and natural produc. tions, and in the colour, genius, religion, and government of the people. The rains, indeed, are lefs violent than thofe of Bornou. Its monkeys and parrots (but feldom feen in Bornou) are numerous and^ of various fpecies. The common people are lefs courteous in Caftna than in Bor. nou. A thoufand towns and villages are fi'id to be included in this empire, vvhich, like Bornou, confifts of different tribes or nations, fubjeft to the dominion of one ruling power. '•'¦ Cashna, the capital of the empire of Caffina in Africa, It is 370 miles S. by W. of Mefurata, in 16. 20. N. lat. Caspian. Sea, a great inland fea pf Afia, bounded on the N. hy the country pf the Calmuck Tartars ; on the E. by a tribe cf the Turcpmans ; on the S. E. the S. and S. W. by I'erfia ; and on the W, by Georgia and Circaffia. It is about 680 miles in length, rcekcning from Gu. rief to Medfhetifar, and in no part more than 260 miles in breadth. It has no tide, and, on accr>n,nt ef .its frequent flioals, is navigable only for veffels drawing from 9 to 10 feet water. It has ftrong cur. re,nTS, and, like alt inland feas, is fubjeft to violent ftorms, which the Rulfian veffels, wretchedly conftrufted, \veather with Jifficulty. CAS difficulty. Its waters are brackiffi. The lifficry is a nurfery for failors. The Ura- lian Coffacs enjoy the right of fifli ing on the coaft 47 miies on each fide of the river Ural ; and the inhabitants of A"n-acan have the exclufive privilege on the re. maining ffiores belonging to Ruffia. The roe of the fturgeons and beluga fupply large quantities of caviare ; and the fifti, which are chiefly faired and dried, form a confiderable article ef confumption in the Ruffian empire. The Cafpian abounds with feadogs, which are hunted and caught in great numbers. Lon. fr(,m 48°. to ^3°. E. lat. from 37°. to 47°. N. C ASSjy^o, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a caftle ; memorable for an obftinate battle fought here by the Auf. trians and French in 1705. It is feated on the river Adda, 15 miles N.E- of Mi lan. Lon. 9. 24. E. Iat. 45. 30. N. Cassano, a town ef the kingdom of Naples, with a bifhop's fee, 3 5 miles N. of Cofenza. Lon. 16. 20. E. lat. 39. 55.N. Cassel, a town of Germany, capital ofthe landgraviate of Heffe-Caffel. The town is divided inte the eld and the new ; the laft of which is well-built. The ftreets are beautiful; the market-places fjpacious; and there are four churches. The caftle, or palace, whence there is a delightful profpeft, is built of freeftone. The gar- dens, the arefenal, and the cabinet of cu. riofities, deferve the attention of travellers. The French refugees have a church of their own. It is feated on the river Fulda, 40 miles S. of Paeierborn. Lon. 9. .34. E. Iat. 51. 19. N. Cassel, a town ef France, in the de. partment of the North, and late French Flanders, feated on a mountain, whence may be feen 32 towns, and the fea, though 50 miles from it. It is 10 miles N. E. of St. Omers. Lon. 2. 36, E. lat. 50. 48. N. -''' Cassel, a fmall but ftrong town of Germany, fn the circle ef the Lower Rhine. It is fittiated on the E. fide of the P,.hinc, oppofite the city of Mentz, with which it has a cominunication by a bridge of boats. * Casserta, a magnificent palace of his Sicilian majefty, 16 miles N. of Naples. This immenfe building is e.f a reftangular form, 750 feet by 580; about ri2 feet high, comprehending five habi table ftories, which contain fuch a num. ber of apartments, as to accommodate the moft numerous court, without any necef fary buildings. The gardens are propor- tionably extenfive and magnificent. Cassovia^ a ftrong town of Hungary, with the fineft arfenal in that kingdom. It CAS is near the river Herat, 55 miles N. E. o£ Agria. Lon. 21. 13. E. lat. 48. 48. N. Cas-Tanovits, a town cf Auftrian Croatia, on the river Unna, which divides that country from Turkey. Lon. 17. i^j. E. lat. 41;. 40. N. Castelamar a, a feaport of the kin;;. dom of Naples, with a bifhop's fee, i- miles S. E. of Naples. Lon. 14. 35. K. lat. 41. 40. N. Castel-Aragon'ese, a feaport cf Sardinia, with a bifliop's fee, 20 .miles N. E. of Saffari. Lon. 9. i. E. lat. 40. 56. N. Castel-Baldo, a town of Italy, iu tlie Veronefe, on the river AJige, 31; miles S. E. of Verona. Lon. 12. 7. E. lat. 4:. 5.N, Castelbar, a town of Ireland, i-a the county of Mayo, 35 miles N. of Gal- v/ay. Lon. g. 15, V/, lat. 53. ^4. N. Castel-Br ANCO, a town of Portu. gal, capital of Beira, on the river Lin, 38 miles N. W. ef Alcantara. Lon. 6. 40. W. lat. 39. 52. N. Castel. de-Vide, a ftrong town of Portugal, in Alentejo, eight miles N. of Port Alcgre. Lon, 7. 31. \V. iat. 30. 15.N. -^ Castel-Folit, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on an inacceffible eminence, be- t-,vcen Gironne and Campredon, 15 miles from each, and near the river Fulvia. Cagtel-Gondolfo, a little vill.^e in the Campagna of Rome, near the Lake Albano, on one extremity of which i\: a caftle, to which the pope retires in the fummer. Near this village is the villa Barbarini, within the gardens of which are the ruins of an immcnle palace, built by the emperor Domitian. I'i: is 10 miles S. by E. of Rome. Lon. 12. 36. E. Ut, 41.44. N. ' Castel-Jaloux, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, and late province of Guienne. It U feated on the river Avancc, Lon. o. 25. E. lat. 44. 20. N. Castel-Nuovo, a town of Venetian Dalm.atia, on the Gull of Cataro, 12 miles N,. by W. of the town of that name, Lou.. I j. 29. E..lat. 42. 36. N. Castel-Rodrigo, a trwvn of Portu. gal, in tlie province of Tra-los Monies, 30 miles N. W. of Ci-.idad-Rodrigp.- Lon. 6. 22. W. lat. 41. o. N. , Castel-Nuovo de Carfaona- Na, a town of Italy, i,i the Modenefe, with a ftrong fort. It is the capital of the valley ef Caifagnana, and feated on the river Serchid", 17 uiiles above Lucca. Loft. 10. 40. E. lat. 44. c,. N. Castelia.n'E, a pkafant towh in France, CAS CAS France, in the department of the Lower Alps, and late province of Provence. It is feated on the river Verden, in a moun tainous country, which, however, is fertile in corn and pafture. About a mile from the town, is a fait fpring, from which the water iffues in fuch abundance as to turn a mill at the very fource. Many of the ancient lords of Caftellane were diftin- guilhed among the Provenqal poets, call ed Troubadours. It is 27 miles S. by E. of Senez. Len. 6. 34. E. lat 43. 55' N. Castellazo, a town of Italy, in the duchy ef INIilan, remarkable for a battle fought between the French and Auf- trians in 1704. It is twp miles E. pf Alexandria. Lon. 8. 50. E. lat. 45. 3. N. Castellon, a town of Spain, in Ca talonia, five miles N. W. of Rofes. Lon. a. 58. E. lat. 42. 18. N. Castelnaudary, a confiderable town of France, in the department of Aude, and late province of Languedoc, on on eminence, at the foot of which is the Royal Canal, which here forms a ba fin about 3600 feet in circumference. Near this town, in 1632, marffial Schom- berg defeated the army of Gafton, duke of Orleans, and tPok the unfortunate Montmorency prifoner, Caftlenaudary is 15 miles W. of Carcaffonne. Lon. 2. 0. E. lat. 43. 19. N. Castiglione, a fmall town of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, with a caftle. It was taken by the Germans in 1701, and the French defeated the Imperialifts near it in 1706. It is 20 miles N, W.of Man- tap. Lon. 10. 32. E. Iat. 45. 23. N. Castile, New, or Toledo, a pro- ,vince of Spain, bounded on the N. by Old Caftile, en the E. by Arragon and Valencia, on the S. by Murcia and An dalufia, and on the W. by Leon. It is divided into three parts;! Argaria to the N. Mancha to the E. and Sierra to the S. Madrid is the capital. The air is pure and healthy ; but the land is mountainous, dry, and uncultivated, through the indo- lenre of the inhabitants. The north part produces fruits and' wine, and the fouth good paftures and fine wool. Castile, Old, aprovince of Spain, about 192 miles in length, and 115 in breadth ; bounded on the S. by New Caftile, on the E. by Arragon and Na varre, en the N. by Bifcay arid Afturia, and on the W. by Leon. Burgos is the capita^ town. Castile. de-Oro, a large and fertile country of S. America, in "Terra Firma, lying to the W. of Oronoko. Castillara, a toyv'u of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, fix miles N. E. of Man tua. Lon. 10. 54. E. lat. 4^. 14. N. Castillon, a town of France, in the department of Gironde, and late pro vince of Guienne'; famous for a viftory gained by the French ever the Engliffi in 145 1. It is feated pn the Dordogne, 25 miles E. of Bourdeaux. Lon. o. 2. E, lat. 44. 52. N. Castle-Cary, a town of Somerfet. ffiire with a inarket on Tuefday. It is 12 miles S. E. of Wells, and 1 12 W. by S.'of London, Lon. 2. 42. W. lat. 51. 5. N. '"¦ Castle-Comb, a town of Wilt ffiire, fo called from its eld caftle. It for merly had a market. Is 12 miles N. N. E. of Bath. Lon. 2. 45. W. lat. 51, 30. N. Castle-Hedingham, a village, in Effex, fo called from the*ancient caftle of the extinft family of the Veres, earls of Oxford ; a fine tower of which, on an emi nence, is ftill entire. It is fevcn miles S. W. of Sudbury. Castle-Rising, a borough in Nor folk, which had a market, new difufed, on account of its harbour being- choked up. The caftle, whence it has its name, is ftill ftanding. It is feven miles N. E, of Lynn, and 103 N. N. E. of London, Lon. o. 30. E. lat. 52. 50. N. Castletown, the capital of the Ifle of Man, with a caftle, but of no great im portance, on account of its diftance from the rocky and ffiallow harbour. Lon. 4. 35.W. 53. 5 5.N." Caston, a town in Norfolk, with 1 market on Monday. It is'io miles N. by W. of Norwich, and 113 N. E. of Lon- don. . Lon. i. 22. E. lat. 52. 48. N. Castor, a town of Lincolnffiire, with a market en Saturday. It is 20 miles N. E. of Lincoln, and. 159 N. of London. Len. o. 9. W, lat. 53. 30. N. Castres, a town of France, in the department of Tarn', and late province of Languedoc, of which it was recently an epifcopal fee. It is feated in a fine valley, on the river Ageut. In the _ reign of Lewis XIII. Callres was a kind of pro. teftant republic; but in 1629, its fortifi cations were demoliffidd. Near this town, are mi'ries ef Turciuoife ftones. It was the birthplace ef Rapin Thoyras, Abel Boyer, and M. Dacier. It is 20 miles S. of Albi, Lon, 2, 20, E, lat. 43. 37- N. Castro, a town of Italy, in the patri mony ef St. Peter, 40 miles N. "W. of Rome. Lon. 11. 54. E. lat. 42. 23. N. Castro, a feaport ef the kingdom ef Naples, fix miles S. of Otranto. Lon. iS. 3 1. £. lat. 40. l6. N, Castrqj t; A t ¦ Castro, a town of S. America, iri Chih, cii^ital of the ifland ef'Chilpe. - It is 180 miles S. pf Baldivia, Lon, nc.. t. W.lat. 42. 4. S. ^ Castro del Rey, a town of Gaheia, in Spain. ' Lon. 3. 24. W. lat. 43. 20. N. Castro-Marino, a townof Portu gal, in Algarve. It is ftrong by fituation, and feated near the mouth of the Gua diana, .55 miles S. of Beja. Len. 7. 12. W.lat. 37. 6. N. Castro.Veregna, a town of S. America, in Peru,' remarkable for mines of filver, good tobacco, and wholefome air. It is 125 miles S. E. of Lima. Lon. 74. 45. W. lat. 12, 50, S. . ' ' Catalonia, ' a province of Spain, bounded en the N. by the Pyr'enees, on the E, and S, by the Mediterranean, and on the W. by Arragon and Valencia. Its greateft extent, from E. to W. is 112 miles, and from N. to S. 148. The air is .wholefome; and it is full ef high moun- tains, covered with foreft and fruit-trees. It abounds in wine, corn, and pulfe, and has quarries of marble and feveral forts of mines, Barcelona is the capital, Catania, an ancient, rich, and cele- brated town of Sicily, on a gulf of the fame name, with a biffiop's fee, and an univerfity, the only one in the ifland, and the' nurfery of all the lawyers. The chiirqh is a noble fabric, the largeft in Si cily ; and the organ is much admired by mufical connoiffeurs. The principal ftreets of Catania are wide, ftraight, and well- paved with lava. The inhabitants are , computed at 30,000. The city ftands near Mount Etna, and has often fuffered by earthquakes on that account,, parti cularly in i66g and 1693. In the laft, the town was entirely deftroyed, and 18,000 pepple buried in the ruins. It has ftnce been rebuilt and repeppled, the land about it being fertile in corn, excellent wine and fruits. It is 52 miles S. W. of Meffina, ' Lon. 15. 29. E. lat. 37. 36. N. Catanzaro, a populous town ef the kingdom of Naples, with a biffiop's fee, feated on a moimtain, 15 mfles S. W. of Beicaftro, Lon. 16. 48. E. lat. 39. o. N. Cataro, a town of Dalmati'a, with a caftle, and a biffiop's fee. It is fubjeft to Venice, and feated pn a gulf pf the fumt- name, 30 mfles W. of Scutari. Lon. 18. 40'. E. lat. 42. 40. N. Cateau Cambresis, a town of France, in the department of the North, and lateprovince ofthe Cambrefis, with a magnificent palace, belonging to, the bi fliop of Cambray ; 12 miles S. E.of Cam- bray. Lon. 3', 31, E, lat. 50. 3. N. Catesate, a gulf by which the Bal- CAT tic communicates with the ocean, betweea Sweden and Denmarlc, '* Cath.arinenslaf, one of the 41 government's of tho Ruffian empire, being the new name of the extended govern ment of Afoph, which is nrvw made to comprife New Ruflia and the Crimea. This government is divided into twp pro vinces ; namely, Catharinenflaf, which. includes New I-luffia and the late govern ment of Afoph ; and the province ofTau- rida, which includes the Crimea. * Catharinenslaf, the capital of the province of the fame name, lately- built by the prefent emprefs of Ruffia. It is ' feated near the fpot where the iinall river Kiltzin falls into the Samara. Its name fignifies, " The glory pf Catha rine ;'^ and it is colonized by many Greeks and Armenians from Crim Tanary, and others of the. nations who ferved in the preceding war againft the Turks. It is 178 miles N. E. of Cherfen. Lon. 35, 15. E. lat. 47. 23. N. Catherlough, a town of Ireland, in the county of Catherlough, on the river Barrow, 16 miles N. E. of Kilkenny. Lon. 7. 14. W. lat. 52. 48. N. Catherlough, a county of Ireland, 28 miles in length, and eight in brcadili; bounded on the E. by Wicklo'w and Wex- ford, on the W. by Queen's County, ou the N. by Kildare, and on the S. and S. W. by "VVexford. It contains 42 pariffies, and fends fix members to parlfamenti viz. two for the county, two for Catherlough, and two for Old Leighlin * Catmandu, the capital of Napaul, in Hindooftan Proper, 445 miles E. of Delhi. ' Lon. 84. 51. E. lat. 28. 6. N. Catouch Cape, the N.E. promon. tory of Yucatan, in S. America. Lon. 86. 30. W.lat. 22. 10. N. * CATTACK,orCuTTACK, the Capital of Oriffa, a prpvince pf Hindppftan, in the Doccan. It is a poft of crtnfequence, as.tt lies on the only read between Bengal and the Northern C-ircars ; and fhe poffefllou of this city and its dependencies gi\'c-s the Berar rajah (a Mahratta prince) more confequence in the eyes of the govern ment of Bengal, than even his extenfive domain and centrical pofition in HiridOof. tan. Cartack -is feated,- on the river' Ma- hanuddy, near its entrance into the- )(ay of Bengal, and 220 miles S. W. ef Cal cutta. Lon. S6. 1. E.' Iat. 20. 5 1 . N:, C ATT A KICK, a village, near Rich. mond, ih the W.ridiri'g of "Yorkffiire. It has a bridge ovc-'r the river Sv/ale, and there is a fort -A ciraraft near it, from which it feems to have derived its, name. Il Siipeaiscq ha^e been a 'great city inthe - time C A U CAY time of the P.omans, one of whoff high. ways crQlf,.d the river here. On the banks of it are the foundations of great walls, and a m.ount eaft up to a vaft height. Many Roman coins and urns have been dug up here. The final deftruftion of this city was "oy the Danes. Cava, a confiderable town ofthe king dom of Naples, with a bifhop's fee. It is feated at tho foot of Mount Mctelian, three mfles W. of iSalern,,'. Lon. 14. 55, E.lat. 40. 26. N. Cavaillon, a town of France in Ve- nailfm, -,vith a late epil"copal fee, then fub- jeft to the pope. It is feated on the river Durance, 20 miles S. E. of Avignon. Lon. 5. 17. E. Iat. 43. 34. N. Cavan, a borough of Ireland, capital of a county of the fame name, 60 miles N. .W. of Dublin. Lon. 7. 9. W. lat. 54. 4.N. Cavan, a county of Ireland, 47 miles in length, and 23 in breadth, bounded on the E. by Monaghan, and on the S. by. Longford, Weft and Eaft Meath. It Las ¦but two towns of any note, Ca'.-an and Kilmore. It fends fix members to par liament ; tvvo for the county, two for Ca van, and two for Bclturbet. It contains 37 pariffies. Cau<;asus, a chain of mountains ih Afia, vvhich extend from the Black to the Cafpian Sea. They are the higheft in Afia, and their tops always covered with fnow. The lov/er parts abound in honey, corn, wine, fruits, gum, hogs, and horned cattle. The vines wind about high trees. Thefe mountains are inhabited by fevcn diftinft nations, each fpeaking a different language ; namely, the Tartars, thS Ab. kas, the Circaffians, the Offi, the Kifti, the Lefguis, and the Georgians ; which fee tefpeftively.- ""* Caucasus, one ef the 41 govern ments into which- the Rulfian empire has been lately formed. It is divided into the two provinces of Aftracan and Cauca- fus, but is not yet fubdivided into diftrifts. The province of Caucafus is to comprife the Cuban, and all that diftrift to the E. and S. now in the poffeffion of Ruflia, be- tween the rivers Don and Cuban, and be. tween the Black Sea and the Cafpian, ex tending as far as the confines of Georgia, and continually augmenting by the reduc tion and fubmiffion of the wandering hordes of Mount Caucafus, Caudebec, a rich, populous, and trading town cf France, in ike depart ment of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy, at the foot of a mountain, near the Seine,. 18 miles N, W. pf Rouen, Lon. 1. 26. E. lat, 49. 31. N. •'¦' CaUvery, pr CaVERY, 4 Confi derable river pf the peninfula pf Hin« dppllart, which rifes amcng thfe GautS, takes a S. E. dlreftipn through Myfore, and watering Seringapatam .and Tanjore, enters the Bay of Bengal, by fei-eral mouths, between Cuddalore and Tritohi- nopoly. C A VINA, a town in the ifland of Ma nilla, with a ftrpng caftle, a harbcur, and a dpck. It is lo miles frpm the city of Manilla. Caune, La, a fmall town of France, in the department of Tarn, and late pro vince of Languedoc, near the mountains, where the river Agout has its fource. It is 21 miles N.E. of Caftres. Lcm. a. 43, E. Iat. 43. 40. N. '-¦¦ CauTep.et.s, a village of France, in the department of the Upper -Pyrenees, and late province of Bigorre, noted for its mineral waters, and 18 miles S. W, of Bagneres. Cawood, a town in the E. riding of Yorkffiire, with a market on Wednefday, 12 miles S. of York, and 186 N. W. of London. Lon. i. o. W.lat. 53. 47. N. Caxamalca, a town of S. America, in Peru, capital of a territory of the fame name. Here Pizarro, the Spanifli gene ral, took Atahualapa, inca of Peru, and murdered him in 1533. It is 90 miles from the S. Sea, and 300 N. N. E. of Lima. Lon. 74. 53. W.lat. 7. 25. S. C.AXTON, a town in Cambridgeffiire, with a market on Tuefday. It is 10 mfles W. by S. of Cambridge, an.d 49 1^. of London. Lon. o. 10. W. lat. 10. N. Cava, a river of Portugal, which rifes near Portalegre, and running S. E. divides Spain from Portugal, and falls into the Guadiana, at Badajoz, in Spanifli Eftra. madura. Cayenne, a rich town and ifland of S. America, capital of the French fettles. ments there, bounded on the N. by the Dutch colonies of Surinam. It lies at the mouth of the river Amazon ; and the French have given it the title of Equi. noftial France, from its fituation nearly under the lire. It is 45 miles in circum. ference, and the anchorage for veffels is be. tween Cape Ceperou in the ifland, and that of Corbin in Terrra Firma. The French fettled here in 1635, but leaving it in 1654, the Enghffi ftaid here till 1664, when the French took ppfielRon. pf it again. The Dutch became mafters cf it in 1676, but the French drove them away the year following. The greateft heats begin toward the end of June, and termi. nate at the end of November, . and this is the dry feafon; but from December till the C E D C E R the end of June, it rains more or lefs : however, on account of th'eir eafterly ¦winds, the air is healthy. Sugar and coffee are the principal commodities. Lon. '52. 15-. W.lat. 4. 56. N. Cazimir, a haiidfome town of -toland. in the palatinate of Lublin, feated on a hill covered" by trees, 10 miles from Bclgitz. Lon. 22. 3. E. lat. 51. o. N. Cebu, one of the moft foutherly of the Phflippine Iflands in the Indian Ocean. * Cedar Creek, a water of James P.iver in Virginia, in the county of Rock. bridge. It is fufficient, in the dryeft fea. fons, to turn a griff-mill, though its fource is not more than two miles abpve. But it is mpft remarkable fpr its natural bridge, which is certainly one of the moft fublime of Nature's works: It is en the afcent of a hill, Whi.ch feems to have been cloven through its length by fome great ccmvul- fion. The fiffure, juft at the bridge, is by feme admeafurements. 270 feet deep, by others only 250, It is ahont 45 feet wide at the bottpm, and 90 feet at the top. This, of coUrfe, determines the length of the bridge, arid its height from the water. Its breadth in the middle is about 60 feet, but more at the ends, and the thicknefs ofl the mafs at the fummit ef the arch, about 40 feet. A part of this thicknefs is con- itituted by a i:oat of earth, . which gives growth to many large trees. The refi. due, -with the- hills on both fides, is one fohd reck of Hmeftone, The arch ap proaches the femie'Hiptical form' ; h'ut the larger axis of the ellipfis, which would he the cord of the arch, is many times longer than the tranfverfe. Though the fides of the bridge are proyided in fome parts with a parapet of fixed rocks, yet few men have refolution to walk to them, pnd look over into the abyfs. You invo luntarily fall en your hands and feet, creep to the parapet, and look over it. " Lookr ing down from this height about a minute, gave me>" fays Mr. Jefferfon, '* a vio- lent headach. If the view from the top be painful and intolerable, that from be. low is dehghtful to the extreme. It is impoffible for the emotions ariflng from the fublime to be felt beyond what they are here ^ on the, fide of fo be,autifnl an arch, fo elevated, fp light, and. fpringing 3S it were up tP heavein, the rapture of the fpeftator is really indefcribable ! The fiffure continuing narrow, deep, and ftraight, for a. confiderable diftance above ijnd below the bridge, opens a ffiort hut very pleafing view qf the North Moun. tain en one fide, and Blue Ridge on the ether, at the diftanqe each of tl'^eip of about five miles." This bridge give* name to the county of Rockbridge, and affords a public and commodipus paffage- pver a valley, which cannot be crolfed elfewhere foF a confiderable diftance. Cedonga, a towri of the kingdpm pf Naples, with a biffipp's fee, at the foot of the' Appeimine-s, 12 miles N. W. of Melfi. Lon. 15. 38'. E. Iat. 41. 5. N. Cefalonia, a confiderable ifiand of Greece to the S. of Albania, and to the N. E, of the Morea. It_ is fertile in oil, and excellent Mufcadine wine. The cli mate is hot, and there is bloffom on the trees throughout the winter. It is fub. jeft to the Venetians, and the capital is of the fame name, Lon. 20. 36. E. lat. 38^ 22. N. Cefalu, a town of Sicily, in the val ley of Demona, with a caftle, a harbour, and a biffiop's fee. Lon. 13. 58. E. lat. .38. 25. N. CfitANO, a town of the kingdom of Naples, a mile from the lake .of Celano. Lon. 13. 39. E. Iat. 41. 56. N. Celebes, an ifland of Afia, in the In dian Ocean, likewife called Macaffer, tP the S. of the Philippines, to the E. of Borneo, and to the W. of the Moluccas, The heat would be infupportable but for the N. winds, and the raiiis, which con ftantly fall five days before and after the full moons, aud during two months that the fuh is nearly vertical. The fruits are ripe at all times of the year, and there arc a great number of monkies. The natives are Mahometans, and the heft foldicrs hi thefe parts. The Dutch have ftrong forts here, by which they keep the native.- in awe. . The inhabitants go almoft naked. They are of an plive colour, and the wo men are well ffiaped and tolerably hand. fome ; but both fexes are of a low ftature. The Ion. of the N. W. point is 121. o. E. lat. I. 22. N. ' Cenada, an aneient town of I'-aly, in the marche of Treviliria. with a biffiop's fee. It is 18 miles N. ef Trcvigioi Lon, 12. 26. E. la.t. 46. z. N. Cenis, a mountain which is a part of the Alps, and feparates the marquifate of Sufa from the Morianne. » Cenu, a town of S. America, in T'err^ Firma, eight miles. S. of -'Ca-rihatcna, Lon. 75. 24. W. Iat. 10. ig. N. Ceram, a confiderable ifle in the In dian Ocean, and one of the Moluccas, to the W. of New Guinea, and to the'N. of Amboyha and Banda, 140 miles in length, .and 40 in breadth. It. is a mountainous ' aiid woody country, and the Dutch have a fortrefs to keep the natives in fubjeftion, and to defend the Spice Iflands, having deftrcyed C E V C E Y deftroyed the clpve-trees here. Lpn. frpm -^.^26° to, 129° E.lat. 3. S. ;;. C£p.riAGNA, a fmall diftrift, partly of Spain, in Catalo^iia, and partly of France, in the department ofthe Eaftern Pyrenees, and late province ef Rouifiilen, Piiycerda is the capital in Spain, and Mount Lewis iu France. Cerenz.a, a town of the kingdom of Naples, with'a bifnqp's fee; feated pn a. rock, 12 miles N. "VV. pf St. Seyeriiia. Lon. 17. 2. E. lat. 39. 23. N. CerEt, a tPwn of France,. in the de partment ofthe Eaftern Pyrenees, and late province ef Rouffillon, with a magnificent Irtidge of one arch, over the river Tet. Here the commiilioners of France and Spain met, in i66q, 'to fettle thc-limits ofthe two kingdoms. - Itis 12 miles from ' Pcrpignan. Lon. i. 46. E. lat. (42. 36. N. C'EliGO, an ifland of the Archipelago, to the S. of Morea, and to the N. of Candia, formerly known by the name of Cvtberea. It. is full of mountains, with a dry foil. There are a great number of haires, quails, and turtledot'es. This siland- is 45 miles in circumference, and Sjas a fmall town of the fanie name. Lon. 23. 22. E. lat. .36. 20. N. Ceristes, a town of Cyprus, with a caftle, harbour, and a Greek bifliop's fee. Lon. 33. 35. E.lat. 35. 59. N. ^C'erney, North, a, village in Glou- ccfterfhirc, riear the Downs, where Ciren cefter races are run. In an adjacent field S3 a camp of confiderable extent. It is foi;ir miles from Cricklade. CiiRTOSA., a celebrated Carthufian monaftery, in the duchy of- Milan, four jniles from , Pavia. Its park is furround- etJ by a" Wall 20 miles in circumference ; but there are feveral villages therein. Cehvera, a town ef Spain, in Cata lonia, on a river of the fame name, 22 jniles N. W. of Terragona. Lon. i. 9. E.lat. 41. 25. N. .# Cervia, a- feaport of Italy, in Ro magna, with a ^ifliop's fee, on the Gulf »f Venice, 10 miles S. E. of Ravenna. Lon. 12. 17. E. Iat. 44. 30. N. Cesen.i, a town of Italy, in Romagna, with a bifliop's fee, on the river Savin, i 5 miks S. E, of Ravenna, Lon. 12. 20. E. lat. 44. 2 5. N. Cette, a feaport of France, in the department of Herault, and late pro vince of Languedoc, feated at the place w-fccre the Royal CanaJ begins, b'et\veen Montpelier and Agde, on the Mediter- lanean, Lon. 3. 47. E. lat., 43. 24. N.'' .Ceva, a town pf Piedmont, on the Tanaro, with a fort, tight miks S. E. of Mondovi, Lon. 8, lo. E. kt, 44, 26. N. CEVENNESj'mpuntains pf France,' in Languedoc, once remarkable for the mcerings of the proteftants, as a place of feeiurity againft the tyranny of tlieir go- yeraprs. In queen Anne's reign, au at tempt was macte tP affift them by an Eng liffi fleet, but withPUt fuccefs. Ceuta, a feapprt pf Africa, with a biffipp's fee. Jphn, king pf Pprtugal, took it from the Mpprs, in 1,41 5) but np\v it 'belpngs tP Spain. It fuftained a ,fiege in i&g7 againft the Mpprs, and is feated on fhe Straitg ef Gibraltar. Lon, 5. 20. W. lat. 35. 50. N. Ceylon, a large ifland ih the Indian Ocean, 250 miles in length, and 195' in breadth. Ln general the air is very good ; and though the country is full of moun tains, there are fertile vaUies : in fome places the mountains are high and bar ren, beirig nothing but dreadful rocks without water. It>is particularly remark able for its plenty of cinnamon, which is all in the poffeffion of the*Dutch, vvho- drove away the Portuguefe, In fome places there are rich mines, whence are get rubies, fapphires, topazes, and other ftqnes of lefs value. In the kingdona of Candy is plenty of cardamoms, very large. The pepper here is fo good,' that it felb deai'er than that of other places^ Here is plenty of wood for aU forts of ufes, and fome proper fer dying red. It abounds in corn, buffaloes, goats, hogs, deer, hares, dogs, jackals, monkies, tigers, and bears t they have a quadruped no bigger than a hare, which perfeftly refembles a deer. Befide the buffalo there is another of the beevc-kind, which hath a high back and four white feet ; but this is a great ra rity. Their elephants are like thofe iji ether places, ahd they have fome that are fpotted, but very fcarce. They have great variety of birds, feme of which are net to be met with in other places. They have very dangerous ferpents and ants, which do a great deal of mifchief. The moft remarkable tree in this ifland is the tallipot, one of whofe leaves will cover ten men, and keep them from the rain ; they are very light, and travellers carry them from place to place, and ufe them inftead of tents. The inhabitants are divided into feveral tribes, from the noble- ' man to the maker of mats, and all the children follow, the fame bufinefs as their fathers; nor is it lawful to marry into any other tribe. They are Pagans ; 'and- though they acknowledge a fupreme God, ' they worfhip none but the inferior 'fprt, aud among thefe they reckon the fun and . ' mopn. G H A C H A Hioon, In their temples are images, well executed, though their figures are mon ftrous : feme are qf filver, copper, &c. The different forts of goeis have various priefts, who have . all fome privileges.' Their houfes are fmall and low, with walls. made isf hurdles, fmoothly covered with clay, and the roofs thatched. They have no chimpies, and their furniture is only a few"- earthen veffels, with two cop- per bafons, and two or three, ftools ; none but the king, being allowed to fit in a chair. Their food is generally rice and fait, and their conmaen drink is water, which they pour intp their mouths put of a veffel fike a tea.pot, through the fpout, never touching it with their lips. There are feme infcriptions on the rocks, which muft be very ancient, for .they are not Underftood by any of the prefent inhabi. tants. The Dutch are poffeffed of aU the principal places along the coaft. Lon. from 80''. to 82°. E. lat. from 6°. to 100, N, , ^ Chablais, aprovince of Savoy, bound. ed on the N. by the Lake Geneva, on the E. by Vallais, on the S. by Faucigny, and on the W. by the republic of Geneva. Thenon is the capital. Chablis, a .town of France, in the department of Yonne, and. late province ef B.urgundy, remarkable for white wines. It is 15 miles from Auxerre. Lon. 3. 59. E. lat. 47.42. N. Chacktoole Bay, in Norton Sound, was difcovered, by capt. Cook in 1778. It is expofed to S. and S. W. winds. Lon. 162. 47. W. lat.. 64. 3 I.N, Chagre, a fort of S, America, in the province of Darien, at the mouth of a river of the 'fame name. It was taken by admiral Vernon in 1740. It is a little to the S. W. of Porto.Bello. Lpn. 80. 7. W. lat. 9. 20. N. Chais-Dieu, a tpwn pf France, in the department pf Upper Lpire, and late province of Velay. Its late Benediftine abbey was much celebrated. It is 12 miles E. of Brioude. Lpn. 3. 4. E. lat. 45.' 15. N. Cha.ldea. See Irac Arabia. Ch.alon-s-sur-Saone, an ancient town pf France, in the department pf Sapne and Lpire, lately an epifcppal fee pf the province of Burgundy. It is the ftaple ef iron for Lyons and St. Etiennc, and of the wines for exportation. The great Roman way from Lyons t6 Bou logne paffed by Chalons'; and here are various indications of Roman magnificence, particulary the ruins of an amphitheatre. The- city contains the Old Town, the Nc-,v Tc.vn, and the fuburbs of St, Law- rence. in the firft is the court cf juftice, a mpdern ftrufture, the cathedral, and the hotel-de.yille. In the church of the late Carmelites, is the' tomb- qf the epicure Des Barreaux, immortalized by the fin^e fonnets : " Grand Dieu, tes ¦ jugemens, &c." Chalons is feated on the river Saone, . .35 miles S. of Dijon, Lon, 4. 57, E, lat. 46. 47. N. ^ Chalons-sur-Marne, a handfome town of France, in the department of Marne, lately an epifcopal fee in the province of Champagne, It containis 1 5,000. inhabitants, who carry on a con fiderable trade. in. fhslloons and other wpol- len ftuffs. The famous promenade, called the Gard, has been formed into a new- ring much fuperior to the former. ' Here is ari academy qf the fciences, arts, and beUes-Iettres. Chalons is feated between two fine meadows en the rivers Marne Man, and Nau, 40 miles S. W. of Ver-, dun, and 95 E. pf Paris, Lon. 4. 27 E. lat. 48. 57. N. . Cham-b, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Bavaria, capital ef a county of the fame name, and feated on the river Chamb, 37 miles /N, E, of Ratifljon. Lon, 12. 55. E. lat, 49, 14, N, Chamberry, a pojiulous tpwn of Savpy, with a caftle. ,It is the capital cf the. duchy, and well-built, but has no fortifications. It is watered by many ftreams, which have their fources in St. Martin's HiU, and run thrpugh feveral of .the ftreets. There are piazzas under moft pf the hpufes, where pepple may walk dry .in the wprft weather. It has large and handfpme fuburbs, and in the centre pf the town is the ducal palage. . The parliament meets here, which is compofed ' of four prefidents, and a number ef fena tors ; being the fupreme . tribunal of the whple duchy. This tPwn was taken hy the French in 1792. It is 27 miles N. E. pf Grenpble, and .85 N. W. of Tu-' rin. Lon. 5. 50. E. lat. 4;. 35. N. Chambort, a rnyal palace in France, nine miles E. of Blois. It was built by Francis II. and fr.nm the number and trifling minutenefs ef its parts, has been compared to a houfe of cards. It ftands -in a park, 21 miles in circumference ; but has no gardens. The ftyle ef this ftruc ture is Gothic, and it is btiilt of free, ftone. King Staniflaus,. refided here nine years ; and it was the retreat of marflial Saxe, who died here in 1750. ChamonD, a town of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire ; -and late province of Lyonois, with a.cafjle, qn the river Giez, 17 miles from Lyons. Lon, 4. 35. E, Iat. 45-. 29. N. Cham, C H A C H A Ch AMP AG NE,alate province of Fi'anee, 162 miles 111 length, aud 112 in breadth, t'cnirided on the N. by Hainault and Lux- cmbcrg, on the E. by Lorrain and Fran- die Comte, on the S. hy Burgundy, and on the W. by the Ifle of France and Soiffonnois. Its principal rivers are the Meufe, SeinCi Marne, Aube, and Ain, It how forms the departments of Ar. dennes, Aube, Marne, and Upper Marne, Champlain, Lake, a lake of N. America, which divides the ftate of New York from that ef Vermont. It is 80 miles long from N. to S. and 14 in its broadeft part. -Len. 74. 10. W. lat. 4;. o. N. Chanicha, a rich town of Egypt, five miles from Cairo, at the entrance of the defert which leads to Mount Sinai. '-' Chan DA, a confiderable City of Be. rar, in. the Deccan of Hindooftan, fubjeft to the chief of the eaftern Mahrattas. It is feated on a branch ef the Godavery, 70 miles S. of Nagpoiir. Lon. 79. 40. E. ¦ lat. 20. 10. -N. -* Chandernagore, a neat and pretty large town ef Hindooftan Proper, in Bengal. It is a French fettlement, and had a .very ftrong fort, which was taken .and deftroyed by admiral Watfon in 1757. It is feated on the W. fide of the -river Jloogly, a little N. N. W. of Calcutta, : , '^ ChanManning, a city of Thibet in Afia, which has beep the refidence of the grand lama. It is about 130 miles W, of Laffa, Lon, 89. 45. E. lat. 31. o. N. ChanneraY, a village of Rofsfliire, in Scotland, near the Frith of Murray, formerly a biffiop's fee. It is 30 miles W, of .Elgin, the fine cathedral of which town is called Channeray church, it hav ing been intended, it is faid, to be built here. Chanttlly, a town of France, 17 friilcs from Paris; celebrated for a fine for(,ft and magnificent hunting-feat, which belonged, before the late rcvplutipn, tP flic prince pf Conti. Lon. 2. 36. E, lat, 49' "•'N- " Chaparang, or DsaproNg, a confiderable city of Thibet in Afia, feat- (.-n a plain, three miles in length, having- only one entrance, which is ffiut up hy a^ gate. It was the chief of the monafteries of the order of Chartreux,' and it is lb large, that there'were lodgings for K ' all C H A C H A all the deputies pf the prder, thrpughput Franec, with a late Auguftine abbef,/ France, who met here once a year. The feated on a hill, five miles S.'of Ne- mpnks were , emplpyed in all fprts pf mpurs, and 50 S, by E. of Paris, Lon. mechanic arts, and fpun and wove their 2, .38.' E. lat. 48, n. N,. own clothes. Lon. 5. 49. E. lat. 45, zo. N. CharybdiS", a w'hirlpppl 30 paces di. ametet, in the firait'of Meffina, between Italy and Sicily. It is faid to have been entirely removed by the dreadful earth quake in 1783. Chateaulin, a town of Franc^, in the , departinent of Finiftere, and late province of Brittany, 18 miles N. of Quimper, oh the little river Auzpn,' where there is a falmpn fiffiery, : Chateau-Meillant, ' a town . of France, in the department of Cher,, and Chateau-Bria'nt, a town ' of late province of Berry, nine miles E, ef France,, 1 in the depai'tmcnt of Lower La Ch^tre, Here is a caftle, with a Loire and late province of Brittany, with tower, faid tq have been built by Julius an old caftle. It is 24 m,iles S, pf Reni . Cefar. lies. Lon. I. 16. W.lat. 47. 46. ,N. Chateaunrup, a tPwn pf France, CH|Ateau-Chinon, ,a town pf in the department pf Cher, and late France, in the department pf Nievre, and prpvince pf Berry, i5 miles S, of late province of Nivernois, with a con .fiderable manufafture of cloth. It is feat ed on the Yonne, near the fpurce of that river, 36 miles E, of Nevers, Lon, 4, 8, E. lat. 47. o. N. ¦ ^ Chateau-Dauphin, a.ftrong caftle of Piedmont, in the marquifate of Salu- Bourges. Chateauneuf, a town of France,' in the department of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce, 12 miles N. E. of Chartres. Chateauneuf, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, ces. It was taken by the French and and late province of Berry, en the Sarte, Spaniards' in 1744, and reftored by the 12 miles from Angers. Chateau-Renaud, • a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, 10 mfles N. W, of.Am-boife, and 88 Len. 1. I. W. lat,;47. 33- "¦ treaty ef Aix-la-Chapelle.- C hat eau - DU-Lo i R, a town ef France, in the department of .Sarte, and late province of Maine, famous fer fuf- taining a fiegeof feven years againft the' S. W, of Paris, - count ef Mans. It is feated en the 33. N. -*' S. E. of Mans, and 97 Lon. o. ^o. E. lat. ''47. Loir, 22 miles W. of Paris. 40. Ni 'Chateaudun, an ancient town > of France, in the |lepartment of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce. Here is a caftle, and a holy chapel, built by the famous 'count of Dunois. The treafury of this church contains a magnificent crofs of gold, enriched with precious ftones, and a glafs vafe which bears the name ef Chateauroux, a town of France, in the ,Iate province of Berry, and re cently erefted irite the epifcopal fee of the department of Indire, wifh a caftle. It has a manufafture in cloth, and feated en a pleafant plain on the, river Indre, 15 miles S. W.of Iffeudun,^ and 148 S. of Paris, Lon, i, 51, E. lat. 46. 46. ?J. Chateau-Thierry, a town of France, in- the department of Aifne, and Charlemagne, and is faid to be a prefent late province of Champagne, with a hand. from Aaron king of Perfia. The flNreets are ftr,aight ; the- houfes' uniform ; and the great fquare is very, fpacious. Cha teaudun is feated on. an eminence, near the Loir, 30 miles N. of Blois, and 72 S. V/. ef Paris. Lon. i. 22. E.'lat. 48. 4.-N. - Chateau-Gontier, a town of France, in the department of May'enije, and late province ef Maine, feated on the river Mayonne,'with a caftle. It 'has. a -mineral fpring ; its trade confifts in lin ens; and it is 22 miles N. W. of An gers, and 147 S. W. pf Paris. Lon. o. 36. E.lat. 47. 47. N. C hateau .Landon, a town of France, in the department .of Seine and feme caftle on an erriinence, feated on the river Maine, 27 miles S. W. of Rheims, and 97 N. W. of Paris. LPn. 3. 33-. E. lat. 49. 2. N. If is the birthplace pf the inimitable .La Fpntaine. _ Cha-tel, a town of France, in' the department of the Vpfges, and late prp vince of Lorrain,; feated on the Mofelle, eight miles from Mirecourt. Chatel.Ch ALON, a town of France, in the department, bf Jura, , and -late pro vince of Franche-Comte, remarkable for its late Benediftine nunnery, 20 miles . S. of Dole. Lon. 5. 38, E." lat. 46, 46. N. Chatellerault, a town of France, in the department of ¦ Vienne, and late Marac, and late -province, of the Ifle. of province of Poitou ; feated in a fertil? * ' ' , ' 9 " arid C H A CHE arid pleafant country, on the river Vi enne, ovei which is a handfome ftone bridge. It is noted'for its cutlery, watch making, and the cutting ef falfe diamonds. It gives the title of duke to the Scotch duke ef Hamflton. It is 22 miles N. E. of Poitiers, and 168 S. W. of Paris. Lon. u. 42. E. lat. 46. 51. N. Chatham, a town of Kent, adjoining to Rochefter, and feated on the Medway. It is one ef the principal ftations ef the royal navy ; and the yards and magazines are furniffied with all forts of naval fteres, as well as materials for building and rig ging the largeft men of war. The entrance "into the Medway is defended by Sheer- nefs and other forts ; and, in the year 1757, feveral additonal fortificatiohs were legun at Chatham ; fo that now. the ffiips sre in no danger of an infult, either by ^and or water. It has a market on Satur- iday, a church, a chapel of eafe, and a Ihip ufed as a church, fer the failors. It as 31 miles E. S. E. of London. Lon. o. 36, E. lat. 51. 22. N. Chatillon-les-Dombes, a town in the department ef Ain, and late pro vince of Breffe, 12 miles W. of Bourg. Chatillon-sur-Indre, a town of France, in the department of Indre, and late province of Berry, 10 miles S. of Loches. Lon. o. 55. E. lat. 47. 22. N. Chatillon-sur-Marne, a town of France, in the department of Marne, and late. province of Champagne, 17 miles S. of Rheims. Len. 4. 5. £. lat. 48. 58. N. Chatillon-sur-Seine, a town ef France, in the department of Cote d'Or, and late province ef Burgundy, divided into two by the river S^ine. It is 36 miles N. \V. of Dijon, and has iron- works in its neighbourhood. Lon. 4. 35. E. lat. 47. 42. N. * Chatocjue, Lake, a lake of N. America, in the ftate of New York. It is the fource of the river Conawongo, which runs into the Allegany, The lower end of it, whence the river proceeds, is in lat. 42. 10. N, From the N, W, of this lake to Lake Erie is nine miles, Chatre, a town in France, inthe de partment ef Indre, and late province of Berry, feated on the. river Indre, 37 miles from Bourges. It has a confiderable trade in cattle, Lon, i. ^5. E. lat. 46. 35' N. Chattesworth, a village In Der- byfliire, near the river Derwent, in the Peak, and reckoned one ef its wonders. Here is the magnificent feat of the duke of Devonffiire. It is fix miles from Chef- terfield. Chavez, a town of Portugal, in the province of Tra-Ios-Montes ; feated at the foot of a mountain, en the river Tamega. It has two fuburbs, and two forts. Be. tween the town and the fuburb Magda- lena, is an eld Roman ftone bridge. It is 30 miles S. W. of Braganza. Lon. 7. o. W. lat. 41. 45. N. Chaumont, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, and late province of Champagne. The principal gate of the church of the college is much admired, although, in the opinion of the connoiffeurs, there is too great a profiifion of ornament. It is feated on a mountain near the river Marne, 14 miles S, of Joinville. Lon. .5. g. E. lat. 48. 8. N. Chaumont, a towfi of France, in the department of Oife, and late province of the Ifle of France, 30 miles N. W. ef Paris. Lon. z. 7. E. lat. 4g. 18. N. Chauny, a town of France, in the department ef Aifne, on the river Oife, 20 miles E. ef Noyon. Lon, 3. 18. E, lat. 4g. 17. N. Cheadle, a town in Staffordfliire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated in the mo'ft fertile part of the moor.Iands, 12 miles N. E. of Stafford. Lon. i. 56. W. lat. 53. o. N. '* Cheam, a village in Surrey; of which it is remarkable, that, between the years 1581 and 1624, of fix of its rectors fueceffively, five became biffiops. Adjoining to this pariffi, is the fite of the .viflage of Codinton, or Cudington, near which Henry VIII. built the palace ef Noiifuch, fo much celebrated, by Cam den' and Hentzner, fer its magnificence. It was a favourite refidence ef queen Elifabeth ; but being granted by Charles II. to the duchefs of Cleveland, ffie pulled down the houfe, and difparkcd the land. . Cheam ife 13 miles S. by "VV. ef London. Chebukto Harbour He's in Nova Scotia, in. N. America, near Hahfax. Lon. 63. 18. W. lat. 44. 45. N. Chebrechin, a town of Poland, in Red Ruffia, which carries on a great trade in wax. It is 15 miles S. E. ef Toroubin. Lon. 28. 41 E. lat. 50. 35. N. Chedder, alarge village of Somerfet- ffiire, famous for its cheefes, which are the next beft to Stilton cheefe in England, and as large as thofe of Cheffiire. It is three mUes E. of Axfbridge. Leni 2. c7. W.lat. 51. 13, N, Chedworth, a village of Glou cefterffiire, four mfles S. W. of North Leach, through which the river Coin runs to Fairford. It is fituated on the declivity ef two hills. In this pariffi, in 1760, a Roman bath was difcovered. Tije'Rp- K 2 maa CHE CHE ftian Feffe lies about two miles N. W. of this fpot. There is a tumulus on a hill near this bath, with a remarkable large ftone fet upright on the tpp pf it, on the renSoval of which great quanti fies of human bones were difcovered, '¦* Cheitore, or Oudipour, one of the principal pf the Rajpopt ftates, in Hindppftan Prpper. It confifts, in gene. ral, of high mouhtains, divided by narrow vallies ; or of plains environed by moun. tains,- acceffible only by narrow paffes or defiles : in reality, one of the ftrongeft countries in the world ; yet having an ex. tent of arable land fufficient for the fup. port of a numerous population, and bleffed -with a mild climate, being between the 44th and 28th degrees of N. latitude : in fine, a country likely to remain for ever in the hands of its prefent poffeffors, and to. prove the afylum of the Hindoo reli. gion and ctiftoms. "Notwithftanding", fays major Rennell, " the attacks that have beeh made upon it by the Gaznavide, Pattan, and Mogul emperors, it has never been more than nominally reduced. Some of the fPrtreffes, with which the country abounds, were indeed taken : but the fpi. rits of independent nations do not refide in fortreifes, nor are they to be conquered with them. Accordingly, every war on thefe people, even by Aurungzebe, ended in a compromife, or defeat, on the fide of the affailants". The country, however, is now tributary to the Mahrattas. * Cheitore, or Oudipour, a town, in a province of the fame name, in Hin dooftan Proper. It was the capital of the Rana, or chiefprince of the Rajpoots, in !the days of his greatnefs; and was a fortrefs and city of great extent, fituated on a mountain ; but it has been in ruins fince the time of Aurungzebe ih 1681. It is 120 miles S. by E. of Nagpour. Lon, 74. 56. E. lat. 25. 21. N, ChEkiaNg, a maritime province of China, to the W, of Peking, one of the Ihoft fertile and trading provinces of that empire. It is interfperfed with moun tains, fruitful fields, rivers, and canals. The hihahitants are famous for making gold and filver brocaded fihks, which are vt;ry cheap ; for they breed quantities of filkworms. In the lakes of this country is to-be found the golden fiffi, well known for its beauty, as aMb a tree which pro duces tallow. It contains 1 1 large cities, 77 towns, and many populous villages. Chelm, a towh of Poland in Red Ruflia, capital of a palatinate pf the fame name, with a bifhop's fee ; 100 miles BJ. S. E. of Warfavir. Lon. 23. ig, E. lat, 51. io. N, '* Chelmer, a river of Effex. -which rifes near Thaxted, flows S. by Dunmo-vv to ChelmsferJ, thence takes an eafterly direftion to Maiden, where it joins the river Blackwater, and forming the eftuary called Blackwater Bay, or Maiden Water, enters the German Ocean. Chelmsford, a handfome town ii» Effex, fituated in a beautiful valley, be tween the Chelmer and the Can, the gardens ef the inhabitants, on each fide of the town, extending to thofe rivers. It was an inconfiderable place till the year iipo, when Maurice bifliop ef London (the prelates of that fee being then lords of the manor) built a bridge of three arches over the Can, which diverted the road, that before went through Writtle, to this town, and rriade it the thorough fare to the N. and E. parts of the county, as well as to Suffolk and Norfolk, Thiss ancient bridge, though calculated to en dure for ages, being top narrpw, fince the fine imprpvements in the entrance pf the tpwn, was lately taken dpwn, and an ele gant ftone bridge of one arch erefted in its ftead. Chelmsford is divided into two parts by the river Can ; namely, the town, and the hamlet of Moulffian. The entrance frpm Lpndon is by this hamlet, a long,ill-buiIt, and for fp great athprpUgh- fare, a very narrpw ftreet. But, pn crpff- ing the bridge, and entering the tPwn, a fpacicus well-built ftreet ppens by a gentle curve, and prefents, as a terminatipn, a magnificent new ffiire-hpufe, frpntedwith Pprtland ftone. Behind this appears the tower and fpire pf the pariffi church, an ancient and handfome Gothic ftrufture. The oblique pofition of the ffiire-houfe (which has a pleafing effeft) indicates a farther opening, in which is a new con duit, which affords a plentiful fupply of excellent water, and the elegant figures of which are from Coade's artificial ftone manufaftory. A fmall theatre was lately erefted ; but, though convenient and ele gant in the iufide, its fituation in a private yard, is unfortunate. In Duke-ftreet, is a freefchppl fpunded by Edward VI. In this towj», the affizes, quarter-feffions, and eleftions of kriights of the ffiire are conftafitly held, as well as the principal meetings oh public bufinefs. The county gaol, a large arid handfpme new edifice, ftands in Moulffiam, near the bridge, and has two fronts of Portland ftphe, one to the ftreet,, ahd the other to the river. The natural corifluence of the two rivers is about half a mile from the town ; but, a little below the bridge, the Chelmer, though the principal ftream, is direfted ihto'the Caa by an artificial channel. On enter- CHE CHE entering the town, the great road divides ; that to Colchefter, Ipfwich, and Harwich, turning abruptly to the right, over the mean timber bridge of the Chalmer ; and and that to Sudbury, Bury St. Edmund's, and Norwich, proceeding direftly through the main ftreet ; while the traveller to Yarmouth may take either road. An aft of parhament was lately obtained, to watch, pave, and light the town ; but, in confequence ef fome oppofition to this aft, a curious circumftance occurred by way of compromife ; the foot-way, on one fide of the main fti;'eet, being paved with flag- ftones, in the fame manner as in London, while the. other fide, as well as the car riage-way, is gravel. The ftreet, how ever, lying en a gentle defcent, with a fmall current ef water from the conduit, is conftantly neat and dean. This town lias a confiderable market for -corn, cattle, and provifions on Friday. It is 43 miles S. by W. ef Bury St. Edmunds, 21 S. W. by W. of Colchefter, and 29 N. E. by E. of London. Lon. o. 33, E, lat, 51, 43. N. Chelsea, a village in Middlefex, on the Thames, one mile W.of Weftminfter; is remarkable for its magnificent hofpital for the invafids of the army, and for the noble rotundo in the garden of Ranelagh Houfe, a place of faffiionable amufement in the fummer evenings, and the fineft ftrufture of the kind in Europe. Here is alfo an excellent phyfic garden, belonging to the company ef Apothecaries. Cheltenham, a town of Gloucefter. ffiire, with a market on Thurfday. It has a handfome church ; but is moft noted for its mineral waters, which are fome what like thofe of Scarborough. It is nine miles N. E. of Gloucefter, and g5 W, by N, of London, Lon, 2. 21. W.lat, 51, 55. N. '* Chelum, a river of Hindooftan Pro- perj being the wefternmoft of the five eaftern branches of the river Indus, It rifes above Caffimere, waters that city, and flowing through the province of the fame name, in a S. E. direftion, unites with the Indus below Moultan. This river is the famous Hydafpes of Alex ander. Chens I, a province in the N. W. part of China. It contains eight cities of the firft rank, and 106 ofthe fecond and third, befide many forts en the great wall. The air is temperate, and the inhabitants mere civil and affable ta ftrangers than others in the northern parts. The foil is fertile, and abounds in wheat and millet. They have alfo rhubarb, honey, wax, mufk, cin. nabar, and C94-mines ; they have a |rcat number of deer, bears, wild buUs, and an animal refembhng a tiger, whofe fkin is very curious. There are alfo mufk-. goats, and bats as large as hens, befide two or three other forts of animals quite unknown in Europe, Cbepelio, an ifland of America, in the bay of Panama, 3 miles from the town of Panama, which it fupphes withprovi. fions and fruit, Lon. 80, 15, E.lat. 8. 46. N. Chepstow, a town pf Mpnmouth- -ffiire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated pn the fide of a hill, on the Wye, near its cpnfluence with the Severn. It was fprmerly a Cpnfiderable place, and had a large cattle on a rock, and-a pripry, pare pf which laft isccnverted into a church. It has a handfome hig.h bridge over the river, and fends provifions and bther cpmiupeii. ties tp Briftol. This town is walled round, and the ftreets are broad and well-paved. The tide is faid to rife higher here than in any other part of Europe, it fwcUing to 50 or 60 feet perpendicular, It is 18 miles N. of Briftol, and 127 W. ef Lon. don. Lon. i. 36. W. lat. 51. 42. N, -¦' Cher, a department of France, in cluding part of the late province of Berry, It receives its name from the river Cher, which rifes in Auvergne, and watering Tours, &c. falls into the Loire, five miles above the mouth of the Indr?. Bourge* is the caoital. Che RASCO, a confiderable town of Piedf mont, capital of a territory of the fame name, with a ftrong citadel, to which the king of Sardinia retired in 1706, during the fiege of Turin. It is feated at the confluence of the Sturia and Tanaro, upon a mountain, 24 miles S. E. of Turin. Lon. 7, 58. E. lat. 44. 45. N. Cherburg, a feaport of France, in the department of the Channel, and late province of Normandy, with a harbour and late Auguftine abbey. It is remarkr able for the feafight between the Engliffi and French fleets in i5g2, when the latter were beat, and upward of twenty of their men of war burnt near Cape la Hogue, The Enghfh landed here in Auguft 1758, and teek the town, with the ffiips in the bafin, demoliffied the fortifications, and ruined the other works which they had been long about, in enlarging the harbour, and rendering it more fafe and convenient for ftipping. The works were relumed^ on a very ftupendous f'cale, by thp late un fortunate Louis X VL but their progrefs was interrupteel by the late unexpeftpd feries of events in France, At Cherburg is a fociety, whofe principal objeft is the natu- ral hiftory of the country, with a proper X- 3 BttSJitjoa CHE C H E attention to navigation and commerce. It is 50 miles N, W, of Caen, Lpn. i, 33, E,lat, 4g. 3S.N.- ' , :"Cheresoul, a tPwn pf Turkey, in Afia, cipital of Curdiftan, 150 miles N. ¦of Bagdad, Lon, 44, 15, E, lat. 35. so. N. '-* Cherokee River, See Broad Tennessee, ' Cherry Island, in the Nprthern Ocean, between Norway and Greenland, Lpn, 20, 5, E. lat. 74. 30. N. Cherso, an ifland in the Gulf pf Ve. nice, with a town Of the fame name near Croatia, belonging, to the Venetians. The air is good, but the foil ftony ; however, it abounds in wine, cattle, oil, and vCxcel- Icnt honey. Lon. 14. 40, E, lat, 45, II. N, * Cherson, the capital of New Ruf. fia, a new town, erefted by the emprefs Catharine II. on the N. bank of the river Dnieper, 10 miles below the mouth pf the Ingulec. It is net yet very large ; but the church, and • many pf the hpufes are built pf ftone, ih a pretty tafte. It is in. tended to be the principal mart of all the commodities of expprt and import. It has , a dock for the conftruftien of large veffels, from which feveral men of war and mer. chant ffiips have been already launched. It is fupphed with fuel by reeds only, of vvhich there is an inexauftible foreft in the ffiallows qf the Dnieper, oppofite the town. Rails, and even temporary houfes, are made of them. They are tall and ftrong," and afford ffielter to various kinds of aqua. tic birds, fome of which are very beautiful. The fortifications are made, and the planj- tations formed, by malefaftors, who amount to fome hundreds. In 1787, the emprefs made a triumphant journey to this capital, and here met the emperor Jofeph II. Her inj;ention, it is faid, was to be crbwiied here queen 6f Taurica, and emprefs of the Eaft. But the defign, whatever it was, did not take place ; and Catherine was content to have ipfcribed .over one, of the gates pf the city. " Through, this gate lies the road-tp By zantium." In this place, in -17^0,, the celebrated Mr. Howard, fo wefl known ifor his plans of reform qf the different hof- ' pittils and prifons of Europe, fell a \ iftim to his indefatigable humanity. Chcrfon i-s 50 miles E. of Oczakow. Lon. 33. ig. E. Iat. 46. 5. N. Chf-RTSl-.y, a town of Surrey, with a m.aikct on Wednefday. Jt is in a low, V-' t fituation, .not far from the river Thames, over which there is'a-handfomS ftone.bridge of fevcn aicht-, built in 1785-. Xt is fcvc,n mi]'-.s \V. cf ICoi^iion, and 20 W. by S. of London, Lonv 0, 20, W, h.U 51. 25, N. ChErz, an'-ancient to\Vn of Poland, in Mafevia, 15 mfles from Warfaw. Lon. 21. 8, \V". lat. 52.1. N. Chesepeak, one of the largeft bays ia the known world. Its entrance is, be. t\yeen Cape Charles and Cape Henry, in Virginia, 12 miles wide, and it extends 270 miles td the N. dividing Virginia and Maryland. ¦ It is frcJm "7 to 1 8 miles broad,, and generally 9 fathoms deep ; affording a fafe and eafy navigation and many com. modious harbours. It receives the Suf quehannah, Patomac, Rappahannoc, York, and James Rivers,- which are all large and navigable. Lon, 76. o, W. lat. 36. 45. N. C-HESHAM, a town pf Bucks, with a market pn V/ednefday. It is 12 miles S. E. pf Aileftury, and 29 W. by N. of London. Lon. o. 36'. "VV. iat. 51- 42. N. Cheshire, an Engliffi county palatine, feparated on the N. from Laiiicaffiire by the ri'ifer Merfey, but juft at the N. E. point itborders on Yorkffiire ; on the E., it is bounded by Derbyffiire; on the S.-E.-by Staffordffiire; on the' S. by Shropfliire ; bri the W. by Denbighffiire and Flintffiire, from which latter it is feparated by the Dee ; and on the N. W. ' it is waffied by the Iriffi Sea, into which projefts a penin. fula about 13 miles in length, and fix'in breadth, formed by the 'mouths ef the Merfy and the Dee. The whole county extends 33 miles in length from N. to &. - and 42 in breadth from E. to W. without including the peninfula juft mentioned on the W. or narrow traft of land which, ftretches between Lancafhire and Derby ffiire, quite to Yorkffiire, on the N. E.^ It is ' divided into feven hundreds, ceii. .taining one city, 1 1 market-towns, arid 10 1 pariffies. It fends two members to parliament for the county, and two for the city pf Chefter. The air is temper. ately cold, and very heajthy ; for the ge nerality ef the inhabitants five to a gqod old age. It is rich in pafture and corn land ; but there are feveral heaths upon which horfes and flieep feed, among which are the extenfive. forefts of Mac clesfield arid Dt;lamerc. The country is generally level ; the higheft hills-in it are about Frodfliam ; and the extenfive paf. tures with wliich it abounds feed a great number of cows, whofe milk is pecijli'arly rich,, and of which is made-thc excellent cheefe well known. by the name of Che. ffiire ; pf which fuch quantities are made, that- London .alone is faid to take annually fourteen thoufand' tons of it : vaft- quanti. ties arc alfo fcnt to Briftol, York, Scot^ ' , l*hvo markets, on Wednefday and Sa turday. It is feated in a plain, en the ri ver Levant. It is a biffiop's fee, and has a cathedral, -livith feven fmall churches built with flint ftone. It fends two mem- bers to parliament, and is governed by a mayor, rcdorder, deputy-recorder, 14 al dermen, fix baihffs, 27 commoners, and a portreeve. The city bemg walled round, a perfon may ftand in the market-place, which is the centre, ahd fee the four /gates. It exports corn, malt, &c. and has fome foreign commerce, and a manufac tory of needles. The haven affords fine lobftcrs. It is 6 ? miles S. W. ef London. Lon. o. 48. W. lat. 50. 50. N. ' ' Chif.lefa, a town ef Turkey in Eu- rope, in the Morea. It was taken by the Venetians in 1685; but the Turks re took it. Lon. 22. 28. E. lat. 36. 35. N. " Chiemsee, a lake of Germany, in Bavaria, whicli contains a town ef the fame name, where there is a biffiop's fe.e. The ifland in which it ftands, is 17 miles in circumference, and fies 22 miles W, S, W. of Saltzburg. CniiRi, a fortified town of Piedmont, feated on the dechvity of a hill, in a plea^j fant country, bounded on ah fides by hills' povered with vines. It is eight miles E. bf Turin. Chieti, a town of the kingdom of Naples, capital of the Hither Abruzzo, with an archbifhop's fee. It is feated on a mountain near the river Pefcara, eight miles S. W. of J^efcara. Lon. 15. 7, E, lat. 42. 20, N, ^ Chigwell, a village in ElTex, near Epping Fpreft, Here is a freefchppl, fpunded by archbiffipp Harfnett, whp hart been vicar cf this place. He was buried in the church ; and his gravcftpne was adorned vv'ith his figure in brafs, in his pontifical robes. This, for the better pre. feryatien of it, has been fixed on a pedef tal ill the chancel, fhigiyell is 10 miles N. E. of London. Chihiri, or Port-Cheer, a town of Arabia Felix, with a harbpur. It car ries on a confiderable trade. Lon. 49. 25, E. lat. 14. 40. N, " Chili, a large country of S, America, on the S. Sea, 750 miles in length, and from 37 to 50 in breadth. Jt was difco vered by Don Diego d'Almagro in 1525. It abounds in trees, fruits, Jndian corn, cattle, and mines of all kinds. The great eft part is inhabited by the native Ameri cans, who' have neither to-wns nor villages, properly fpeaking, but only wretched huts, at a diftance from each other. The por lour ef their fkin is that of a red copper, as in all other parts of America ; and; fince the introduction ef horfes by the Eu ropeans, they feldom travel without one, there being plenty of them. It is boundetj on the W. by the S. Sea, and on the E. by the Andes. "^ Chilka, a lake in the Deccan of Hindooftan, which bounds the five Cir. cars on the N. It lies on the coaft of the Bay of Bengal, and feems the effeft of the breach ef the fea over a flat fandy furface, whofe elevation was fomething above the leVel of the country within. It commu. nicates with the fea bv a very narrow but deep opening, and is fhallow within. It is 40 miles long from N. E. to S. W. and, in moft places, 12 or 15 wide, with a nar. row flip of ground between it and the fea. It has many inhabited iflands in it. On the N. W. it is bounded by a ridge of mountains, a continuation of that which extends from the Mahanuddy to the God. avery River, and ffiuts up the Circars to. >vard the continent. To thofe who fail at fome diftance from the coaft, this lake has the appearancd of a ^eep bay ; the flip of land n'ot beirig vifible. Chiloe, an ifland of America, on the coaft of Chili, in the S. Sea, about 125 miles in length, and 17 in breadth. The principal i'own is Caftro. ChiItern, a chain of chalky hills, running from E. to "VV. through Bucking. hamffilre. They are covered, in various parts, with woods : and feme of the emi. nences are of confiderable height, and af. ford rich profpefts. This diftrift belongs to the crown, which, for time immemprial, has C H I has had an officer under it, with the title of Steward ef the Chiltern Hundreds. Of this office, as well as that of Steward of the Manor of Eaft Hundred in Berks, it is remarkable, that, although frequently conferred upon members of the houfe of commons, it is not produftive of either ho- nuor or emolument ; being granted, at the requeft of any member of that houfe, merely to enable him to vacate his feat, whenever he may choofe it, by the acceptance of a nominal office under the crown ; and on this account it has not unfrequently been granted to three or four different members in a fingle week, Chimay, a town of France, in the de partment ef the North, and late province of Hainault. It is feated on the river Blanche, 20 miles S. S. W. of Charleroy. Lon. 4. 15. E. lat. 50. o. N. Chim.s:r A, an ancient town of Turkey in .Europe, in Albania, capital of a terri tory of the fame name, which compre hends a chain of mountains, of which one part is free, and the ether fubjeft to the Turks. It is feated on a rock near the fea, 29 m.iles N. of Corfu, at the entrance ofthe Gulf of Venice. Lon. 20. 8. E. lat. '40. 8. N. Chimleigh, a town in Devonffiire, with a market on Wednefday. It is al moft furrounded by the river Dart, and is 21 miles N. N. W. ef Exeter. Lon. 3. 53. W.lat. 50. 57. N. China, an extenfive empire in Afia, bounded on the N. by E. Tartary, from which it is feparated by a great wall above 1000 iniles in length; on the E. by the Yellow Sea and the Chinefe Ocean ; on the S. by that ocean and the kingdoms of Tonquin and Burmah ; and en the W. by mountains and deferts which divide it from Thibet. It lies, between 100° and 125" E. len. and 20° and 41° N. lat. It js 2000 miles in length, from N. to S. and 1 500 in breadth, from E. to W. and is divided into 16 provinces, which contain J55 towns of the firft rank, 1312 ofthe fecond, 2357 fortified towns, and about 50,000,000 of people. There are feveral large rivers, and where thefe are wanting, there are artificial canals. It is chiefly a flat open country ; but there are fome mountains, which are well-cultivated, and covered with trees, and there are mines cf iron, tin, copper, quickfilver, gold, and -filver. There is abundance ef corn and pulfe of all forts, efpecially rice. A great number of fimples, and feveral trees and -fruits are pecuhar to the country, particu larly a tree that produces peafe, very lit- tie different from thofe of Europe ; an. -other bearing a kind of gum, wliich makes C H I excellent varniffi ; and a third beariilg white, berries, of the fize of a hazel-nut, whofe pulp is nothing but a fort of tallow, of which candles are made ; and a fourth, called the white wax tree, producing white ffiining wax, of greater value than the common bees-wax. The bamboo cane grows to the height of an ordi nary tree ; and, though it is hollow with in, the wood is hard, and proper for many ufes, luch as pipes to convey water, boxes, bafkets, and the making of paper, after ic is reduced into a i"ort of pafte. China is the only country whence all forts of teas are imported. The complexion ef the Chinefe is a fort of tawny, and they have large foreheads, fmall eyes, ffiort nofes, large cars, long beards, and black hair; and thofe are thought to be moft hand fome who are moft bulky. The women affeft a great deal of modefty, and' are re- markable for their little feet. The men endeavour to make as pompous an appear ance as poffible, when they go abroad; and yet their houfes are mean and low, confifting only of a ground floor. Learn ing, with the arts and fciences in general, is much, cultivated in this country. The govei'nment is abfolute, and the emperor has a privilege ef naming his fucceffor ; but the chief mandarin has permiffion to tell him of his faults. He leeks upon his fubjefts as his Children, and profeffes to govern them with paternal affeftion. There is ne country in the world where the inhabitants are fo ceremonious as here ; and yet they cheat as much in their deal ings as in the moft uncivilized countries. Their empire is very ancient, and they pretend that it exifted many thoufand years before Noah's flood. It is generally allowed to have continued 4000 years, though they have had 22 different families on the throne. The family now reigning is that of the Tartars who conquered China in 1640. Their religion is Pagan ifm. They allow polyganiy, and keep their wives pretty dole. Their writing is very particular; for every fftter is a word, and confequently they have as many letters, or charafters, as words in their language. All their towns are fo much alike, that thofe that know one, are ac quainted with all. Peking is the capitak The annual revenues ef the crown are computed at 2 i,ooo,oool. fterling, und the forces arc faid to confift of 5,000,000 of men in time of peace ; but they have no enemies tp cope with. The Chinefe pre- tend to have a great veneration for their anceftors ; and fome keep images of them in their houfes, to which they pay a fort ef adoration. They have laws which re. 7 gulate C H I t FI O j^latc the civilities and ceremonious fain- tation they pay to each other, fer which reafon they always appear to be extremely geiodnatured ; and yet they are as deceit. ful as any people iri the world. ' Chinca, a valley qf S. America, in ^Peru'. It has a feaport of the fame name, . .on a river go miles S. of Lima.. Lon. 76. ,15. W, lat. 13. 10. S. , Chiney, a town of the Auftrian Ne. ¦ therlands, on the confines ofthe biffiopric . .'of Liege, eight mil^s fi. of Dinaiit. Lon. 4. 57. E. lat. 50. 18. N. Chinon, an ancient town of France, in the department of hidre and Loire, and late provinc'e of Touraine. In the caftle . of this place, Henry II. king of England, expired; and here the celebrated Joan of 'Arc firft prefented herfelf, in a military habit, before Charles VII. Chinon was the birthplace of Rabelais and of Quillet. It is feated qn the river Vienne, xo miles . N. of Richefieu, and 150 S. W. of Paris. Lon. o. 22. E. lat. 47. 12. N. '* Chinsura, a neat and pretty large town of Hindooftan Proper, in Bengal. It is a fettlement of the Dutch, and is feated on the river Hoogly, nearly mid. . way between Chander-Nagore, and the old town of Hoogly. It is very diftin- - guiffiable at a confiderable diftance, and has a handfome appearance. It contains feveral good houfes, and a church, with a little mole projefting into the river. Chiourlic, an ancient town of Tur. key in Europe, in Romania, with the fee 'of a Greek, biffiop. It is feated on a river cf the fame -jiame, 47 miles, W. of Con. ftantinople. ' Lon. 27. 57. E. lat. 41. 8. N. Chiozzo, a town and ifland, ef Italy, in the territory of Venice, with a biffiop's See, and a, harbour, defended by a fort. 'It is 18 miles S. of Venice. Lpn. 12. 9. E. lat. 45. 17. N. Chippeijham,. a borough of Wilts, with a market pn Saturday. It is feated .on the Aven, pver which is a handfpme -ftpne bridge pf 16 arches. It is 21 miles E, pf Briftol, and 94 W, of Lpndpn. Lorn 2. 8. W. lat. 51. 27. N. Chirk, a village S, pf Wrexham, in Denbighffiire. It had fprmerly two caftles, on the top of a hill, one of which is ftill entire in many parts, and feems to ' have been a magnificent ftrufture. ¦'¦' Chislehurst, a viflage of Kent, near Bromley. Here is Camden Place, the ancient* feat of earl Camden, and the refidence ef the - celebrated antiquary ef that name who died here. Chiflehurft wa'i alio the birthplace ef fir Nicholas Bacon and fir Francis Walfin^ham, It is i J, miles Sr E, of Loudon. * Chisme, a feaport of Natolia, on the ftrait that parts -the continent from the ifle of Scio. It was anciently called Cyf. fus, was celebrated by the great viftory which the Remans gained here ever the fleet ef Antiochus, m the year 191 B. C.« and has been recently fliftinguiffied by -the total deftruftion of the Turkiffi fleet by the Ruffians in 1770. * Chiswick, a village of Middlefex, on the Thames. Here is Chifwick Houfe, a 'celebrated villa ef the duke of Devon. fliire, built by the earl of Burlington, after a defign ef Palladio's. In the churchyard is a monument to the memory of Hogarth, .with an' epitaph by Garrick. Chifwick, is five miles W. by S. of London. Chitro, a townof Turkey .in Europe, on the bay ef Salonichi ; the place where the mother, wife, and fon of Alexander were murdered by Caffander ; an.d where ..Perfeus, king of Macedonia, was defeated by the Roman?. Lon. 22. 35. E. lat. 40. 20. N. * Chittedroog, a town of -the pe. ninfula of Hindooftan, in the kingdom of Myfore, 117 miles N. by W. of Seringa patam. Lon, 76. .15. E. lat. 14. 5. N. C h I v A s, a town of Piedmont, which has been feveral times taken and re taken. It is fo advan'iageoufly fituated near the river Po, that it is. the key of .Italy. It is 12 miles N. E. of Turin. Lon. 7. 47. E. lat. 45. 13. N. Chiusi, an epifcopal town of Italy, in Tufcany, poorly peopled, on account of, the unwholefome air, 35 miles S. E. of . Sienna. Lon. 10. 52. E; lat. 43. o.. N. Chiutaye, atown of Turkey in Afia, capital of Proper Natoha, and the refi- dence of the Grand Signior before the taking of Conftantinople, It is feated on the river Ayala, 75 miles E. of Burfa. Lon. 30. 47. E- lat. 39. 30. N. Choczim, a town pf Moldavia, on tlie Dnicfter. It was taken by the Ruffians and Auftrians in 1788, but reftored to the Turks at the fubfequent peace. It is no miles N. W. of Jaffy. Lon. 26. 25. E. lat. 48. 46. N. Choisey, a village of France, in the department ef Oife, and late province of the'Ifle of France. It is three miles from Compcigne, on the river Aifne, in the fine foreft of Compiegne ; on which account here was a handfome royal hunting palace. , Cholet, a town ef France-, in the de partment of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjou, with a caftle, 170 miies S. W. of Paris. Lon. u. 45. "VV. lat. 47. 10. N. f Chonat, an epifc»pal town of Hun gary, capital of a cpunty of the fame name. C H R G H R name, pn the Merich, 2 ; mfles E. pf Se. gedin. Lpn. 21. 4. E. lat. 46. 20. N. ; Chorges, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Alps, and late prpvince of Dauphiny, burnt by the duke of Savoy in 1692. It is 10 miles E. of Gap. Lon. 6. 23. E. Iat. 44. 35. N. '¦' Chowle, afmall towo of the Dec- can pf Hindooftan, on the coaft f)f Mala- bar. It has a harbour for fmall veffels, and is fortified. It beloflgs to Portugal,- 1 and ^^'as formerly noted for its fine em. broidered quilts and a good trade. It is 15 miles S. of Bombay. Lon. 72. 45. E. lat. 18. 42. N. Chremnitz, the chief of the mine towns in Upper Hungary ; 90 miles N. E. of Preffiurg. Lon. 19. 27, E. lat. 48. 59. N. • : Christ - Church, a borough of Hampffiire, "with a market on Monday. It is feated between -two rivers, 98 miles S. W. of London. Lon. 1. 46. W. lat. 50. 45. N. '¦• Christiania, a city ef Southern Norway, in the government of Agger huys, fituated at the extremity of a fertile valley, forming a femicircular bend along t'ne fhore of the beaUtiful Bay qf ^iorn- ing, which forms the N. extremity of Ihe gulf of Chriftiania. It is divided into the city, and the fuburbs ef "Waterlandt, Peterwigen, and Fierdingen ; the fortrefs of iiygerhuys ; and the old town of Opf- loe or Anfloe. The city contains 418 houfes, the fuburbs 682, Opflee 400, and the inhabitants ampunt tP about 9000. The city was rebuilt in its prefent fitu ation by Chriftian IV. after a plan de figned by himf"clf. The ftreets are carried in a ftraight line, and at right angles to each other, arc uniformly 40 feet broad, and very neat and clean. The caftle of Acgerhuys is built on a rocky eminence pn tiie ""v^'. fide of the bav, at a fmaU diftance from the city. The governor is the chief governor of Norway, and prefides in the high court of juftice. Opfloe was the fite of the old city, burnt in 1624 : it contains the epiTcopal palace. Chriftiania has an txcellenj harbour, and carries on a con fiderable trade. Its principal exports are tar, foap, iren, copper, planks, deals, and ¦alum. The pianks and deals are of fupe rior eftimation to thofe fent from Ame rica, Ruffia, and the other parts ef the Baltic ; becaufe the trees which yield them, grow on the rocks, and are there fore firmer, more compaft, and lefs.hable to rot than the otliers, which fficot chiefly from J fandy or loamy foil. There are 136 privile:;ed fawmills at- Chriftiania, of »w!:i^h 500 bcionij to a fingle famUy of the name of Anker, Chriftiania is 30 mfles from tho open fea, and 290 N. by W. of Copenhagen. Lon. 10. 50. E. lat, 59.. 6. N. Christianople, a ftrong feaport of Sweden, on the Bakic, and capital of" Elckinge. It is 13 miles N. E. of Carle- fcroon. Lon. 15. 47. E. lat. 56. 26. N. Christiamburg, a fort cf A-'rica, on the Gold Coaft of Guinea, fubjeft to the Danes. Lon. 1. 55. E. lat. 4. 10. N. Christian'stadt, a fmafl, neatly- built town of Sweden, in the territory of Blekinge. The houfes are afl of brick, and moftly ftuccoed white. Engliffi vef fels annually refort to this port, for alum, pitch, and t^r. The inhabitants have ma nufaftures of cloth and filken ftuffs. The town is f"eated in a marfliy plain, clofe to the river Helge-a, which flows into, the .Baltic at Alius, about the diftance of 20 miles, and is navigable only for fmall craft of fevcn tons burden. It is efteemed the ftrongeft fortrefs in Sweden, and -is 50 miles N. E.of Copenhagen. Lon. 14. 10. E. lat. 56. 25. N. Christina, St. one of the iflands ia the S. Sea, called Marijuefas. Len. 130. g. W. lat. I). 56. S. ' Christmas Island, fo named by capt. Cook, on account of. his firft landing there en Chriftmas-day. It is 45 miles in circumference ; bounded by a reef of coral rocks, on the W. fide of which is a bank of fine fand, extending a mile into the fea, and affording good anchorage. The foil, in fome places, is light and black, com pofed of decayed vegetables, the dung of birds, and fand. In other places, nothing but broken corals and ffiells are to be feen. No freffi water was found by digging. The vegetable produftions are only a few cocoa-nut trees, and feme low frees, ffirubs, and plants, fuch as are found on other iflands ef the fame appearance, in a foil half-formed. Here are a few forts of birds, and plenty ef fiffi and turtles, Lcn, 157. 30. "VV". lat. I. 59. N. Christopher's, St. or St. Kit's, one of the Leeward Iflands in the W. .Indies, 60, miles W. of Antigua. It was formerly inhabited by the French and Engliffi; but, in 17 13, itwas ceded to the , latter. It is 20 miles in breadth, and feven in length, anel has high mountains in the middle, whence rivulets flow, w'nich are pf great ufe to the inhabitants. Between the mountains are dreadful rocks, horrid precipices, and thick weeds ; and in the S. W. parts, hot fulphurous fprings at the foot ef them. The air is good, the foil light, fandy, and fruitful ; b'ut it is fu'ojeft to hurricanes. The produce is chiefly l',i-3r. C H U C I R fugar, cotton, ginger, indigo, and the tro- once a faftory, Lon. 1*4. o. E, Iat, joi pical fruits. It was taken by the French o. N. in 1782, but reftored the next year. Lon. Ciampa, a kingdom of Afia, bpunded 63. 14. W. lat. 17. 15. N, pn the E. and-S, by the Indian Ocean, on '* Chenaub, or Jenaub, a river of the N, by Cpchin-China, and on the W. Hindooftan Proper, one ofthe five eaftern by Cambodia. branches of the Indus, It runs through Calhmere and Lahore, between the Che. lum and rhe Rauvee, It is uuited with both thefe rivers at fome diftance above Moultan ; and, at their confluence with the Indus, 20 miles W. of Moultan, they form a ftream as large as that river. The ^henaub is the Acefines of Alexander, Chudleigh, a town pf Devpnffiire, with a market en Saturday. It is feated near the river Teigne, nine mfles S. W, of Exeter, and 183 W, by S. pf London, Lon. 3. 39. W, lat. 50. 38. N. ' * Chunar, a fort of Hindooftan Pro. per, in the province of AUahabad. It is feated on the Ganges, 20 miles above Be. Bares, and is built on a rock, which is for. tified all rPund by a wall, and tpwers at various diftances. At the end, overlooking the river, is fituated the citadel, which has formerly been ftrong. This fort is faid to be of the higheft antiquity, and originally built by the Hindoos. In the citadel is an altar, confifting of a plain black marble flab, on which the tutelary deity of the place, is traditionally fuppofed to be feated at all times, except from funrife till nine in the' morning, when he is at Benares ; CiCLUi, orCiCLUGH, a frontier town of Dalmatia, on a rpcky hill pn the W. banks pf the Narentha. It was taken frpm the Turks by the Venetians in 1694. Lpn. 18. 22. E. lat. 43. 29. N. CiLLEY, an ancient tpwh pf Germany, in Upper Carnipla, It is the capital of a municipality of the fame name, and feat ed on the Saan, 36^ miles N, E. of Lau- bach. Lcn. 15. 15. E. lat. 46. 31. N. Cimbrisham, a feaport of Schcnei^ in Sweden, Lpn, 15, 30, E, lat, 56. 40. N. C intra, a cape of Pcrtugal, in the prpvince pf Eftramadura, called the Rpck pf Liffipn, pn the N. fide pf the entrance pf the Tajo ; and on it is a town of the fame name. Lon. g. 30. W. lat. 38. 46. N. Ciotat, a feaport of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence. The har bour is defended by a ftrong fort, it is famous for Mufcadine wine, and is feated on the Bay of Laquee, between Mar- feiUes and Toulon. Lon. 5. 46. E. lat. 43. 12. N. Circars, Northern, five provinces on the Bay of Bengal. They were origi- .during which time, from the fuperftition of nally denominated Northern from their po- the Hindoos, attacks may be made with a profpeft of fuccefs. Chunar has always been confidered as a poft of great confe- quence on the Ganges, from its infulated fituation, projefting forward to a great ex tent, and being of confiderable height. It was unfuccefofully attempted by the En- gliffi in 1764 : the next year, it was fur. rendered to them : they reftored it to the Nabob of Oude at the fubfequent peace ; but, in 1772, it was finally ceded to thei Engliffi, by that prince, in exchange for AUahabad. At this place is kept the ma gazine of ammunition and artillery for the brigade at Cawnpore. It is 385 miles N."W. of Calcutta. Lon. 83. 50. E. lat. 25. 10. N. Church -Stretton, a town ef Shropffiire, with a market on Thurfday. It is 14 miles S. of Shrewftury. Lon. 2. 46. 'VV.lat. 52. 32. N. Cho'ichill Fort, en the E. fide of Hudfon's Bay, in N. America, the moft northe.Iv of thofe belonging to that com pany. Lon. 94. 3. W. lat. 58. 48. N. Chusan, an iftand, on the E. coaft of China, where the E. India Company had fitipn in refpeft to Madras, on which they depend. Of thefe Circars, Cicacole, Ra- jamundry, Ellore, and Cpndapilly are in the ppffefTipn of the Engliffi ; and Gun toor belongs to the Nizam bf the Deccan, The firft four occupy the feacoft, frcm the Chilka Lake, on the confines ef Cattach, to the N. bank of the Kiftna ; forming a narrow flip of country 3 50 miles long, and from 26 to 75 bread. It is eafily defen. fible againft an Indian enemy, having mountains and extenfive forefts on one fide, and the fea on the other ; the extre- mities pnly being ppen. Its greateft de. feft is in point of relative fituation to Bengal and Madras, it being 350 miles from the firft, and 250 from the latter; fo that the troops deftined to proteft it, cannot be depended on, for any preffing fervice that m-ay arife in either prefidency. The Enghffi Circars had been ceded to the French, by the Nizam of the Deccan in 1753; but they were conquered by colonel Chve in 1759, and now produce an annual revenue of 360,0001. That of Guntoor is 70,0001. ¦•- CiRCASSiA, one of the fevcn Cau- cafia& C I R C I R calian tiations, lying between the Black Sea and the Cafpian. It is bounded by the gpvernments qf Taurica and Caucasus on the N. and by Mingrelia and Gecrgia on the S. being feparated from Taurica by the river Cuban. It contains the dif. trifts of Great Cabarda, Little Cabarda, Beflen, Temirgei, Abafech, Bfeduch, Ha- tukai, and Bffiani. This nation, from ex tent of territory, which includes nearly lo degrees of longitude; and, from their extraordinary courage and military genius, might become very formidable, were they united under one chief. But a nation ef mountaineers, who fubfift by raifing cattle, and are therefore forced ro fix themfelves cm the banks of rivers, for 'the fake of water and pafturage, foon forget their origin, and divide into feparate and hoftile tribes. From this principle of difunion, the Circaffians of the Cuban are fo little powerful, as to be fcarcely known even to Ruffians, butjjy the general appellation of Cuban Tartars, in which they are con. founded with the Abkas and Nogays, their neighbours. The Cabardian Circaffians, however, are ftill, the moft powerful people of the N. fide of Caucafus ; and this fuperiority has introduced among their neighbours fuch a general imitation of their manners, that, from a defcription of thefe, an idea may be formed of all the reft. They are divided into three claffes ; namely, the princes ; the nobles, called uf- dens ; and the vaffals er people. A ccr. tain number of the people is allotted to each princely family. In each of thefe, the eldeft individuals is confidered as chief of the family, and as judge, proteftor, and father of all the vaffals attached to it. No prince can be a landholder; he has no other property than his arms, horfes, flaves, and the tribute he may be able te extort from the neighbouring nations. The perfon of every prince is facred ; and this extraordinary privilege e.xtended even to the princes of the Crimea. This is, however, the only diftinftion of birth when unaccompanied by perfonal merit. The greateft honour a prince can acquire is that of being the firft of the nation to charge the enemy. The princes are not to be diftinguiffied in time of peace from the nqbles, or even from the peafants : their food and drefs are the fame, and their houfes are little better. The nobles are chofen by the princes from the inferior clafe. They arc the officers ofthe prince, and the executors of the laws, and are employed in the general affeihblies of the nation te gain the affent ef the people tp the meafures propofed by the princes. The people, as well as the ufdcns, are proprietors of lands. By an odd kind of contradiftipn, the princes claim, and fpine- times attempt to exercife the right of feizing the whole property of their vaffafe ; but, at the fame time, the vaffal has a right to transfer his allegiance to any other prince, whenever he thinks himfelf ag grieved : by this privilege, the princes 'are compelled to gain the affeftions of their vaffals, on whofe readinefs to follow them into the field, all their hopes ef greatnefs and wealth muft abfolutely depend. The Circaffians do net appear to have ever had any written laws, but are governed by a kind pf ccmmpn faw, er colleftion of an cient ufages. On great pccafions the whole nation is affembled : a meafure is pro pofed by the eldeft of the princes ; It is firft debated among the ufdens, and after ward by the deputies of the people, who are old men, who often poffefs greater influence than the prince himfelf. If the propofition be accepted, it is confirmed bv a fclemn oath by the whole people. They have few manufaftures. Their coats of mail, which are very beautiful, are broujibi: from Perfia, and their fire-arms from Ku. befcha. Their agriculture produces "parcly fufficient for their own fubfiftence. Sheep and horfe^. are the principal articles of their commerce ; particularly the latter, which fell at a high price; but notwith ftanding this, the balance of trade would be confiderably againft them, were it not for the flaves which they make in their 'predatory excurfions. At the birth of a prince, fome ufden, or fometimes a prince of another family, is chofen by the father as his future preceptor. At a year old he is prefented, at the fame time, with fome playthings and arms : if he appear to pre- fer the latter, the event is celebrated in the family by great rejoicings. At feven (or, according to others, at twelve) years of age, he leaves his father's houfe for that of his preceptor. By him he is taught to ride, to ufe his arms, and to fteal, and conceal his thefts. The word thief is a term ef the utmoft reproach among them, becaufe it iraphes deteftion. He is after. ward led to more confiderable and dan. gerous robberies, and does not return to his father's houfe, until his cunning, ad. drefs, and ftrength, are fuppofed to be per. feft. The preceptor is recompenfed by nine tenths of the booty made by his pu. pil while under his tuition. It is faid that this mode of education is perfevered in, with a view to prevent the bad effefts of paternal indulgence. The cuftom is fup. pofed to be peculiar to the Circaffians; but the objeft of education is the fame among all the moimtaineers pf Caucafus, who C I R C I R ,j«"'ho .univerfally fubfift by robbery,- The education of a child renders the pri:ceptor a kind of adopted father ; therefore, as this is a very vindiftive nation, a perfon ¦who has killed any prince, endeavours to, ftsal away fom.e child of the fame family in order. to educate him. The accom,- -pli'ffiment of this is the only way to effeft a reconcillatipu. Some travellers report, that a vaffal fometimes contrives to fteal ziid educa,te the fon ef his prince, and by his fuccefs infure his own advancement tp nobility. The ppint in which all agree is the neceffity that the chfld flipuld be edu- the rearing watew-. The powers of recolleftion. remains fuf. pended by this fudden ffiock ; and it is not till after a confiderable time, that' you are enabled to contemplate the fublime . herrofs ef this majeftic fcene." The wa terfall at Cereheufe, called Cc.-a-lin, is no lefs remarkable. The water iihere pre cipitated at leaft lOP feet be '.ween twp vaft rugged' precipices. On a pcinted rock, overhanging this ftupendous fcene, ^ ftands a folitary tower. It was lately in. habited, 'but is now ruinous.- In floods, the rock and tower have been obferved to ffiake in fuch a manner as , to fpill water in a glafs ftanding on a table in the, caftlo. A path leads to the top of the fall, where, from a projefting rock, the fpeftator has a tremendous view down the furious ca. taraft, as" it po-urs below the eye. The banks ef this river are adorned en both , fides with woods and orchards, and en. riched with many elegant villas. See Canal, Great. ,* Clydesdale, a wild diftrift in the S. part of Lanerkfliire in Scotland. Amid the mountains here, panicles of gold have fometimes been found waflied dovvri by the raiiis and ftreams ef water ; but this traft is chiefly remarkable for producing metals of inferior worth. " Nothing," fays Mr. Pennant, " can equal the ginmy appearance of the country round. Nei ther tree, nor ffi.rub, nDr verdure, nor pic- turefque rock, appears to amufe the eye. The fpeftator muft plunge into the bowels of thefe mountains for entertainment." The veins of lead lie moftly N. and E. and their t'uck-jeft, wh'fch feldom exceed^ 40 feet, ' varies greatly in diife,rent parts. The fcanty pafture-'here feeds 'fo)r'C ffieep and Cattle; tu5i thjfe, in the iieijih'j'-J.ihood of the mines, fpmetimes periffi by drinking 'th« water in which the lead pre has been waflied ; for this ore communicates a de. leterious quality tp the water, though that liquid acquires no- noxious taint from re, maining in leaden" pipes and cifterns. Sea Leadhills, CoA?T Castle, Cape, the principaj fettlement pf the Englifli Pn the cpaft of Guinea,- with a ftrpng citadel. It lies un der, the meridian pf Lpndon, in 5- N. lat. Cobham, a village in Surrey,-remark-* able for Paine's Hill, the elegant feat and beautiful gardens of Mr. Hopkins. Cpb-: ham is ig miles S. W.'by' VV!. pf Lpndpn. Coblentz, an ancient and handfcms town -of Germany, in the eieftorate of Treves, at the cpnfluence bf the Rhine an'd Mofelle.' It is the ufual refidence of the eleftor pf Treves; ahd is 50 miles 'N. E. pf Treves. ^Lpu. 7. 32. E. lat. 50. 24. N. CoBURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, capital of a territory of the fame name, with a college, a fort, and a caftle. This town, with its princi pality, belongs tP the hpufe qf Saxony. It is feated Pn the Itch, 20 miles N. pf B|ami- burg. Lpn. 11. 18. E. lat. 50. 22. N. Coca, a tPwn of Old Caftile, iii Spain, feated among mountains ; .and near it- is a itrong caftle for ftate prifoners. CocHiEiM, a tPwn in the ele.ftorate of Treves, formerly imperial; feated on the Mofelle, 25 miles S. W. of Coblentz. Lon. 7. z. E. lat. 50. 12. N. Cochin, a feaport of Travancorc, in the peninfflla ef Hiadooftan. It belongs to the Dutch, and is 120 miles S. by E. of Caficut. Lon. 75. '30. E. lat. JO. o. N, Cochin China, a kingdom of Afia, bounded en the E. by the Eaftern Ocean, on the. N, by Tonquin, on the W, .by Cambodia, and on the S, by Ciampa, It is larger and richer than Camliodia ; but the inhabitants are net fp civil tpi ftrangers. It abpunds in gold, raw filk, and dtug^. Their religion is much the itime as that: of China, and their cities and towns hav^ gates, at the end 'of each ftreet, which are ffiut. every night. If any fire break out in a ward, all the ihhabitants are deftroyed, except. the women and children. The in habitants are of a light,brown complexion, well-ihaped, with long hair and thin beards. , . .. -' * Cocker, a river which rifes in the S. of Cumborland, and fio-wing through the lakes of B'uttermerc, 6rewmaok Vv'"ater, and Lowes Water, joins the Der went, beidw Cockcrmou^h. O o c .e E ;t r J o u t h , a populous borough of Cj-.ii'js.-Und,-. v/ith a market on Mon- day-3 C O I COL fe)*. It lies between the-rivers Derwent •and Cocker, over which there are twp, ftpne bridges. It is between two hills, en pne of which flands a handfome church ; on the other a ftately caftle. It has a thriying manufaftory of ffialleons, worfted ftockings, and hats,, The market is the beft for com in the cpunty, except Pen- rith. It is 44 miles N, Vi[, by N. of Kendal, and 290 N, N, W;, of Londpn, Lpn. 3. 25. W, lat, ^4, 42, N. CocONATO, a tPwn pf Piedmpnt re. markable fbr being the birthplace pf Cp- lumbus.i It is 20 miles E, of Turin, Lon. 8. 9, -E. lat, 45, 5, N. Cod, Cape', on the S,^ fide bf Bofton Bay, in the ftate of Maffachufets, in N, America, Len, 70. 18. W. lat. 42. o, N. ' , - CopoGNO, a town pf Italy, in the duchy pf Mflan, near the confluence; of the Adda and Po, 33 miles. E. of Pa^'tia. Lon. 10. 49. E.,lat 45; 6^ N. CoESFELDT, a town of 'Germany, in the territpries qf the biffipp pf Munfter, where he pften refides. If is :near the river Burkel, 22 mile.s S. W. of Munfter. Lon. 7. 30. E. lat. 51. 48; N, ' 'CpEVORDEN, a town of the United Prpvinces, in Overyffel, fprtified by, Cp. horn, and furrounded by a niora'fs, 30 miles S, of Groningen, Lon. 6. 44. E. lat. 52, 44, N- Cognac, a town of France in the de. partment of Charente, and late prpvince pf Angoumpis, with a caftle, where Francis, I. was bprn. It is feated pn the Charente, ahd is remarkable fpr excellent brandy. It is 17 miles W, cf Angpuleme, Lon. o. 10. W. lat.- 45, 44. N, ' Cogni, an ancient town of Turkey in Afiai, iu Carimania, iri a ccuntry abpund. ing in ccrn, fruits, pulfe, and cattle. Here are ffieep whpfe tails weigh 3P ppunds. It is 270 miles S. E. pf Cpnftan tinpple. Lpij. 33. 56. E.lat. 37. 56. N. Coggeshal, a town in Effex, with a market on Satureiay, It is feated on the river Blackwater,. and has a manufaftory of baize. It is 43 miles E. N. E. of Lon. dPn. Lon. o. 47, E. lat. 51. 52. N, * CoiMBETTORE, a province and town of the peninfula of Hindooftan, in the kingdom of Myfore-, It was taken by'generalMedows, Jan, 22, 1790, but re taken by a detachment df Tippoo Sultan's army, in Oftober 1791, and confirmed to him by the peace of r792. It is 100 miles- S, by E. pf Seringapatam. , Lpu, 77. 10, E. lat. JO. 5. N. , ¦' CoiMBRA, a hahdfciBe town qf Portu gal, capital of Beira, with a bjffipp's fee, and a uijiyerfity. The cathedral and the' fountains are magnificent. It ftands pn s mountain, by the fide pf the rivfef Mon- degp, 100 miles N. E. of Lifcon. Lon. 8, 17. W. lat. 40. 12. E. , i CoiRE, a tow'n of Swifferland, capital of the country of the Grifons, with a bi ffiop's fee, whofe prelate, has' the right pf cpinmg mpney. It is fituated at thefoot pf the Alps, in a rich plain, between two and three mUes wide, ahd partly on the fte?p fide of arock. It is furrpunded by- ancient brick walls, with fquare and rpund tpwers, in the ftyle pf fortification,' prior to the invention of ppvyder. The ftreets are narrpw and dirty ; and it cpntains 'abput 3P00 fpuls. ' It is divided intp two parts, the leaft of which is of the Roman CathoUc religiph, and the greateft pf the Pfpteftant. It is gpverned by its awn laws, and is half a mile from the Rhine^ and 48 miles S.,,of Conftance. Lon, 'g. 25. E. lat, 46, 50. N. ' Cokenhausen, a ftrong town of LivPnia; on the river Dwina, 50 miles S. E. of Riga. Lon. 2§. 56. E. lat, 56, 30. N. ¦ * Col, one qf the -weftern iflands, p£ Scctland, nine miles S. W. frcni the ppint pf Ardnamurchan in Argyleffiire. It abcunds in ccrn, pafture, falmPhs, eels, and cpds. Lpn, 7. 15. W. lat. 57I o.N, CoLBERG, a handipme feaport eif Ger many, in Ppmefania, belonging , to the king of Pruffia. It is remarka'ble fpr its fait-\yorks', aud is, feated at the mouth of the river Perfant, on the Baltic, 60 miles N. E. of Stetin. Lon. 15. 39. E,. lat. 54. 21. N. ¦ . Colchester, a large borough of Ef fex, with a market on Wednefday and Saturday. It is*a place of great antiquity, feated on a fine eminence, on the Cphi, which is navigable within a ¦ mile pf the tPwn, at a place called'thc Hythe, which may be termed the Wapping pf Colchefter, and in which the cuftomhoufe is fituated. The town was furrounded by 'a wall, which had fix gates and three pofterps; but thefe are now flemoliffied. It had 16 pariffi-churches (in and, out of the- walls) but now only 1 2 are ufed :. thefe are noc large, and moft of them were' damaged in 1648, when the town furrendered to, the army of the pariiament after a memorable fiege, in which t'hey ,had fuffered all the extremities of famine. There -is a.^arge, manufaftpry ef baize; and the. town 'is famous for oyfters and eringo-roets. It is a corporation, governeiil by a mayor, aldermen, recorder, &c, To the Ei are the ruiiis of ari eld caftle,- in which is one cf the town prifons. It is 22 miles E, N. E. pf Chelmsfprd and 51 E, N, E. cf Lpndon, Lon, i, o. E. lat, 51. 55, N' L 2 ' CohDiKOft COL COL Co'l'b-ingham, a heathy traft ncst- the Cpaft, in the cPunty of Berwick, in Scotland, anciently noted for a nunnery, built in the bcginnirig of the 12th century by Edgar, king of Scotland. Ebba, one ni the abbeffes, renowned in eruditen for her chaftity, gave name to the neighbetu-- ing prpmpntpry called St. Abb's Head. CoLDiNG, a town pf Denmark in N. Jutland, remarkable fpr its bridge, over which all the oxen and cattle pafs, that go from Jutland into Holftein, and they pay a fmall toll. Here is a royal palace con- taining a magnificent fiiife of 190 rooms, which have not been furniffied fince the time of Frederic HI. The harbour is two miles in circumference, and deep enough for ffiips of the largeft burden, Cplding, which is fituated at the extremity pf a bay of the Little Belt, is 50 miles S, by E, ef Wyberg, Lpiv, 10, 15, E. lat, 55, 35' N, Coldstream, a fmaU market-town, on the Tweed (over which is a handfome bridge) in the county of Berwick,, in Scotland. It had a famous monaftery; and here general Monk .raifed the two battalions, now known by the name of the Celdftream Regiment of Guards, Lon. 2, 5, W.lat. 55, 36. N. ''' CoLEBROijK Dale, on the banks cf the Severn, in Shropffiire, is a winding glen, between two vaft hills, which break into various forms, being all thickly co vered, and forming beautiful ffieets of hanging woods. Here are the moft con fiderable iron works in England. " The noife ef the forges, mflls, &c." fays Mr. Young, ¦with all their vaft machinery ; the flames burfting from the furnaces with the burning of coal, and the fmoke of the limekilns ; are altogether horribly fub lime." A bridge entirely made of eaft iron, which has been lately thrown over the Severn, giv«s thefe fcenes a ftill nearer refemblancc to the ideas in romance". There is alfo, in the' Dale, a remarkable fpring of fpffil tar, pr pctrolium, which has yielded a vaft quantity of that fub ftance ; but it is now much diminiflied. A work, for obtaining a fimilar kind of lar, from the condenfed fmoke 6f pit coal, has been eredted in the Dale. CoLERAiN, a large borough of Ire land, in the cPunty pf Londonderry, on the river Bann, 2 5 miles N. E. of Lon donderry. Lon. 6. .3 9. W. lat. 55.16. N. CoLESHILL, a tpwn in Warwickffiire, with a market pn Wednefday. It is feated on the fide pf a hill', on the Coin, «vcr which is a flone bridge. It is 1 1 miles N. 'VV. of Coventry. Leo. j. 35. W.Ut. 52. 31.N, * Co-LEsmLt, a village, focft" milec W. of Rickmanfworth, in Berts, and in « part of that coimty, which is infulated in Bucks. It was the birthplace of the ppct "Vi'aller. CoLFORD,. a town af e natives and Unteili, who are now in poffefflon af it. The natives live in the old town, witliout the walls of the new. The ftreets of this ¦laft are wide and fpacious ; the buildings in the modern tafte ; and the governor s houfe is a handfome ftrufture. Lon. 80. 25. E. lat. 7. 10. N. Colombotz, a caftile of Turkey in Eurppe, in Bulgaria, on a hUl, under which is. the ftrong pafs of -Urania. 1 Colomey, or Colomia, a town ef Poland, in Red Ruffia, on the river Pruth, 41 miles S. E. of Hahes. Lon. 25, 40. E. lat, 48. 41, N. CoLONNA, a fmafl town of Italy, in the Campagna of Rome, 18 mfles E. of ^ Rome, Lon. 12, 56, E. lat. 41. 55. N. * CoLONSA, a fertile little ifland, on theijV, coaft of Scotland, feven miles W, of the ifland ef Jura. * CoLOOR, a diamond mine ef the pe- ninfula of Hindooftan, near the fort of Condavir, in the Guntoor Circar, CoLORNO, a town of Italy, in the Parmazan, near the Po, eight miles from Parma, The duke of Parma has a plea fure- houfe here, one -of the moft delight ful in Itaiy. Lon, 10, a. E. kt. 44. 54. N. CoLOswAR, a large tpwn_pf Tran- fylvania, where the fenates meet. It is feated on the river Samos, 37 miles N. W. of Weffemburg, and 250 E, by S. of Vienna, LPri,23. 15. E. lat, 46, 5 3. N. Columna, atPTvn pf the Ruffian em pire, in the duchy pf Mpfcow, with an archbiffiop's fee ; 50 miles S, E, of Mof cow, Lon. 38. 25. E. lat, 55, 5, N, CoLURi, an ifland of Greece, formerly called Salamis, The principal town is of the fame name on the S. fide, at the bot tom of the harbour, which is one ef the fineft in the world. Though Ajax, who makes fuch a figure in Homer, was king of this ifland, it is but a poprjilacc. It i^ feven miles S. pf Athens, Lpn, 24. 5, E.lat. 38.0. N. Com, a large populous town of Perfia, in Irac-agem, 100 miles N. of Ifpahwj;. Lon. 51. 56. E. lat. 34. 5. N. CoMACHio, an epifcppal tp^vn of Italy, in the Ferrarefe. The air is bad,' fpr which reafon it is inhabited by a few fiffiermen only. It is 27 miles S. E. of Ferrara. Lon. 12. 10. E. lat. 44. 45. N, CoMACHio, a lake of the Ferrarefe, in Italy, between the two mouths of the tuvr Po, and about 10 miles in circum ference -; but dry in feveral places, on one of which the tovvn of the fame name is built. Co MAN A, afeaport of S. America, in Terra Firma, on the coaft of Curaicpa, 3 5 L 3 miles COM COM miles E. of Languara, Lon. 64. 29. W. lat. IP. 10. N. Comanagotta, a townof S.Ame rica, in Terra Firma, 10 mileS W. of Co- mana. Lpn. 64. 40. W. lat. 10. 10. N. Comb-Abbey, a village in Warwick ffiire, three miles from Coventry, was fa mous for a rich abbey ef monks. The church is demoliffied, but the abbey, with fpme -mpdern imprpvements, is the feat pf Iprd Craven. Comb-Martin, a town pf Devon ffiire, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated en the Severn Sea, where it has an inlet which runs through the town. It is feven iniles E of Ilfracomb. Len. 4. 2. W. lat. 51. 13. N. Cometeau, atown of Bohemia^ith a handfome town-heuf"e. It was raken by ftorm in 1421, and aU the inhabitants, men, women, and children, were put to the fword. It is feated on a fertile plain, 60 miles N. Wj of Prague. Lon. 13. 25. E. lat 50. 30. N. CoMiNES, a town of France, in the department of the North, and late French Flanders, feated on the river Lis, five iniles S. W. of Menin. Lon. 3. 4. E. lat. 50. 45. N. CoMMERCY, a handfome town of France, in the department of Meufe, and late duchy of Bar, with a magnificent caftle, built by cardinal de Retz. It is feated on the Meufe, 160 miles E. of Paris. Lon. 5. 44. E. lat, ,48, 40. N. CoMO, a populous town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a biffiop's fee. It is delightfully fituated in a valley, in clofed by fertile hills, on the S. extremity of the beautiful lake of the fame name. It is furrounded by a wall, guarded by pifturefque towers, and backed by a co nical eminence, on which are the ruins of an ancient caftle. The houfes are neatly built of ftohe ; and the cathedral is a hand- . fome edifice ef white marble, hewn from the neighbouring quarries. On the out. fide of the church, is the ftatue of Pfiny the Younger, in a niche, with a Latin in. fcription bearing the date ef Hgg. Pfiny was born, here ; and, in his Letters, fpeaks with rapture and enthufiafm of the delight ful fituation of his native town, and the romantic fcenery of its environs. The inhabitants have eftablifhed feveral manu faftories of cotton and filk, and carry 'on fome trade with the Grifons. Cemq is 80 miles N. E. of Turin. Lon. 9. 7. £, lat, 45, 45. N. COMO, the largeft lake in Italy, in the duchy of Milan. It is 88 miles in cir cumference, but it is not above fix miles ever in any one part. * C'omora Islands, a clufter of iflands, in the Indian Ocean, lying op pofite the ewaft of Zanguebar in Africa, N. of the Channel ef Mofambique and the ifland of Madagafcar. They are five in number, and are called Johanna, May. otta, Mohilla, Angezeia, and Cemora, Lon. from 4" to 46° E. lat. from ip° to 14° S. Comorin, a promontory of Afia, the moft fouthern point of the peninfula of Hindooftan, and N. W. of Ceylon. Lon, 77: 32. E. lat. 7. 50. N. Comorra, a large town of Lower Hungary, capital of a territory of the fame name. It is fo well fortified, that the Turks could never take it. The greateft part of the inhabitants are of the Greek rehgion. It is fixated on the Da nube, in the ifland of Sibut, 70 miles S. by E. ef Vienna. Lon. 18. 5. E. lat. 47. 46. N. Compiegne, a handfome town of France, in the department pf Oife, and late prpvince pf the Ifle pf France. It is feated near an extenfive foreft, at the confluence of the Aifne and Oife. Here is a palace, in which the kings of France often refided. The Maid of Orleans was taken prifpner herein 1430, It is 45 miles N, E. pf Paris, Lon. 2. 55, E. lat. 49. 25. N.. Compostella, a celebrated town of Spain, capital of Galicia, with an archbi ffipp's fee, and a univerfity. The public fquares, and the churches, are magnificent. It has a great number cf mpnafteries fpr bpth fexes,, and abput 2000 hpufes. It is pretended that the body of St. James was buried here, which draws a great number •f pilgrims frcm many parts of Chrif tendom. They walk in proceflion to the church, and vifit his wooderi image, which ftands on the great altar, and is illumi- uatcd with many wax-candles. They kits it three times, with great devotion, and then put their hats on its head. In the church there are 30 filver lamps, al ways lighted, and fix charideliers ef filver five feet high. The poor pilgrims are re ceived inte hn hofpital, built for that pur pofe, which ftands near the church, and round it are galleries of freeftone, fuppert- ed by large pillars. The archbiffiop is one of the richeft prelates in Spain, hav ing, 70,000 crowns a year. From this town the military order ef St. Jago or St. James, had its origin. It is feated in a peninfula, formed by the rivers Tambra and Ulla, 275 miles N. W. of Madrid. Len. 8; 17. W. lat. 42. 52, N. Compostella, New, a town of N. America, in iSJew Spain, near the S. Sea, 40a CON CON 400 miles N. W. of Mexico. Lon. 109. 42. W. lat. 21. 20. N. -* Concan, or Cockun, a low traft ef country, on the W. co, ft ef the Deccan of Hindooftan. From this tra6t rifes ab ruptly that ftupendous wall qf mountains called the Gauts. It is fubjeft to the Mahrattas, aud lies between 15° and 20° N. lat. CoNCARNEAU, a town of France, in the department of Finiftere, and late pro vince of Brittany, with a harbour and a caftle. -It is 12 miles from Quimper. Lon. 4. z. E. Iat. 47. 46. N. Cq-nception, a feaport of S. Ameri- oa', in Chili, with a bifhop's fee. It has been taken and ravaged feveral times by the native Americans, and is feated onthe S. Sea. Lon. 72. 35. W. lat. 36. 43. S. Conception, a town olf N. America, in New Spain,, feated near the fea, -100 'miles W. of Porto-bello. Lon. .81. 45. W.lat. 10. o. N. Concordia, atown of Italy, in the duchy of Mirandola, on the river Sechia, five miles W. of Mirandola. Lon. 11. 13. E. lat. 44. 52. N. Concordia, a fmall town of Italy, in Friuh, iri the territory of Venice, with a biffiop's fee. It is now almoft ruined, and the biffiop refides at Porto Gruaro. '* Condavir, a fort in the peninfula of Hindooftan, the principal poft of Gun toor, one of the five northern Circars. It is ftrongly fituated on a mountain, 16 miles W. of Guntoor, and 20 from the S.bank ofthe Kiftna. CoNDE, a ftrong town of France, in the department cf the North, and French part of Hainault. It has a caftle, and gave the title of prince to a branch of the royal family of Bourbon. It is feated en the Scheld, feven miles N. E. of Valencien nes, and 117 N. by E. of Paris. Lou. 3. 39. E. Iat. 50. 27. N. CoNDE, a town of France, in the department cf Calvados, and late province of Normandy. It carries on a confider able trade ; and is feated on the Nereaii, ,-15 miles W. of Paris. Lon. o. 37. W. lat. 48. 50. N. CoNDECEDO, a cape of N. America, in Yucatan, 100. mfles W. of Merida. Lon. 91. 27. W. lat. 20. 50. N. Condom, a Urge town of France, in the department of Gers, and late province of Gafcony. As it has no trade, itis poor, and thinly peopled. It was lately an epif copal town, and is feated on the Baife, 22. miles W. pf Auch. Lon. q. 36, E. lat, 44. I. N. CojtDORE, the capital of a number of i&iaSli which lie in 8. 40. N. lat. 6p miles S. by E. from the mouth of the river Cambodia. The mangoes grow en trees, as large as apple-trees : the. fruit is ef the fize ef a fmallpeach, and., when, ripe, has a pleafant l"mell and tafte. Pickled man goes are now well known in England. The 'inhabitants are fmall in ftature,, well- ffiaped, and of a dark olive complexion : their faces are long, with black ftraight hair, fmall black eyes, high nofes, thin lips, white teeth, and little mouths. They are very poor, and their chief employment is getting tar out of the trees. 'When any ffiips arrive, they will bring their women on board, and offer them to the failors. They have a little idol temple, built ef wood, and thatched hke their houfes, which are very mean. The Enghffi E. India company had ar fettlement here in 1702 ; but the faftors falling out with the natives, moft of ther^ were murdered, and the reft driven thence in 1705. Lon. 107. 26. E. Iat. 2. 40. N. CoNDRiEU, a tPwn pf France, in the department of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Lyonois, remarkable fer its excellent wines. It is feated near the Rhone; 17 miles S. ef Lyons. Lon. 4. 53. E.lat. 45. 23. N.- Coneolens, a town of France, in the department .of Charente, and late previnca of Angoumois, on the river "Vienne, 30 miles N. E. ef Angouleme. Lon. 0. 43. E. lat. 46. '55. N. CoNGLETON, a towu of Cheffiire, with a market on Saturday. ¦ It is feated on the river Danae, and is a large mayor town, though it has nothing but a chapel of eafe, the church being two miles dif tant. It . has a manufaftory of leathei: gloves ; and a more confiderable one in filk, there being a large filk-mill, which employs 700 hands. It is feven miles S. of Macclesfield, and 1 64 N. W. of Lon don. Lon. 2. 10. W. Iat. 53. 8. N. Congo, a country of Africa, between the equinoftial line and 18 degrees of S. latitude, containing the countries of Lo ango, Angqla, and Benguela. It is bound ed on the N. by Benin, by the inland parts . of Africa on the E. by Matamon on the S. and by the Atlantic Ocean on the W. It is fometimes called Lower Guinea ; and the Portuguefe have a great many fettle ments on the coaft, as well as in the inland country. The heat is almoft infupport able. efpecially in the fummer months. They have many defert places within land, in which are elephants, tigers, leopards, momkics, and monftrous ferpents ; but, near the cpaft, the foil is mpre fertile ; anel there are fruits of many kinds, befide p-alra-trees, from which they get wine and L 4 •»! CON oil. The greateft part of the inhabitahts go almoft naked, wprffiipping the fun, moon, and ftars, befide animals pf different kinds ; but the Pprtuguefe have made a freat number of cpnverts, fuch as they are. , 'Prigp, prpperly fp called, is about 1 50 miles in length along the coaft, and 3 7 2 in breadth. From March to September is called the winter feafon, when it rains al. rnoft every day ; and the fummer is from Oftober to March, when the weather is always ferene. The inhabitants are flcill. ful in weaving cotton cloth ; and they trade in flaves, ivory, caffia, and tama- jinds. The river Zaire is full of croco. fliles, and river.horfes. The principal town is St. Salvador. The trade is open to all European nations. CoNi, a town of Piedmont, capital of a territory - of that name, with ^ citadel, at the confluence of the Greffe and Sture, 35 miles S. of Turin. Lon. t, 45, E, lat, 44- 30- N, ' CoNiNGSECK, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, capital of a county of the fame name ; 20 miles N. of Con ftance. Lon, 9. 20. E. lat. 47, 50. N. Conjngt'on, a village in llunting- d.onftire, near Stilton, at the head ef the river which forms Ug-mere, Brick-mere, and "Whittlefea-mere, It .has the ruins of a caftle ; and in a peel, juft by this village, was found the fkeletqn of a fiffi, near 20 feet long, in a perfei^ ftate, fix feet below the furface pf the g'rpund, * Coniston-Mere, a cpnfiderable Jake of Lancaffiire, in the hundred of Furnefs, It affords plerity of char.' CoNNAUGHT, a province of Ireland, bounded on the E. by Leinftcr, on the XV. by the ocean, on the N. and N. W. by the ocean and Ulfter, and on the S.and E. by Munfter. It is 130 miles in length, and 84 in breadth. It has no rivers of note befide the Shannon. It has feveral convenient bays and creeks, and is fertile in many places. It had feveral dange- rpus bPgs, overrun with woods, which are now, in fome meafure, cleared away. Lt produce? abundance ef cattle, fteep, deer, hawks, and honey ; but the inha bitants bejng indolent, it is the leaft cul tivated of all the four prpvinces. Jtcpn- tains pne archbiffiopric, five biffioprics, fix counties, fevcn market-towns, loboroughs, and 330 pariftes. Connecticut, one ef the five ftates of New England in N. America. It is 82 miles long aud ^-j broad, and is bounded On the N. by Maffachufets, on the E. by Rhq,de Ifland, on the W. by New York, ard on the S. by tjic., Sound, wl-.ich divides it f 1 om Long Ifland. . Though i'iibjeft to CON the extfemes of heat and cold in their fea« fpps, and tP frequent fudden changes, this cpuntry is very healthful. It is the mpft pppulpus, in prppprtion to its extent, of any of the 13 ftates. It refembles 3 well-cultivated garden, which with that degree of induftry, which is effential to happinefs, produces the neceffaries and conveniencies of life in abundance. Its principal rivers are the Conriefticut, the Houfatonik, the Thames, and their re fpeftive branches. It contains the coun. ties of Hartford, Newhaven, New London, Fairfield, Windham, Lichfield, Middlefex, and Tolland. In 1782, the number of inhabitants was -276,395, * Connecticut, a river of New England in N, America, which rifes in a fwamp in lat. 45. 10. N. and lon, 71.0, 'VV. and, taking a foutherly direftion, falls into the Sound, oppofite Long Ifland. Betweeii Walpole on the E. and "Weftmin. fter on the W. fide ef the river, are the great falls. Tiie whole river, compreffed between two rocks, fcarcely 30 feet afun. der, ffieets with amazing rapidity into a bread bafin below. Over thefe falls, a, bridge, i6o'"feet in length, under which the higheft floods may pafs without in. jury te it, was built in 1784; the firft bridge ever erefted over this noble river. From its fource to its mouth it is about 300 miles ; and on its banks are many pleafant well-built towns. Connor, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, with a biffiop's fee ; fix miles N. pf Antrim. Lon. 6. 6. E. ht. 54-59-N. CoNQUET, a handfome town pf France, in the department pf Finiftere, and late prpvince pf Britagne, ^^¦i'h a gopd harbpur and road. It is 12 miles "VV. of Breft. Lpn. 4. 41. W. lat. 48. 23. N, Constance, a town of Germany, in. the circle ef Suabia, with a biffiop's fee. It is delightfully feated en the Rhine, be tween the two lakes of the fame name. A dead' ftillnefs reigns throughout this town, once fo flouriffiing in commerce, and fo celebrated in hiftory. Grafs grows in the principal ftreets ; it wears the melan. choly afpeft of being almoft deferred, and fcarcely contains 3000 inhabitants. It T^•as formerly in alliance wirhLurick and Bafil, and, by their affiftance, had expelled the biftop, and embraced the reformation. But the proteftant cantons being worfted in 1 53 1, Conftance was obliged to fubmit to the emperetr Charies V. and to re admit the catholic religion. It thus loft its, independence, and being neglefted by the houfe of .A.uftria, fell by degrees into its prefent almoft annihilated ftate. In '783, CON CON 178;, heiwever, the emperor Jofeph II. Constantinople, the ancient By. invited hither the emigrants from the dif. zantium, one ef the largeft and moft cele. trafted republic ef Geneva, by the grant brated cities in Europe, ftanding at the of many privileges, and, in 1787, fevemy eaftern extremity of Romania, and capi- families, comprifing 350 perfons (among tal of the Ottoman empire. It is feated ¦whom were 5^4 watchmakers) were fet- on a fmall neck of land, which advances tledhere. The emperor alfo granted them toward Natolia, from which it is feparated the feculari'zed convent ef the Domini- by a ftrait of a mile in breadth. The fea cans, for a manufaftory of printed linens ; of Marmora waffies its walls on the S. and the refeftory was made the chapel of and a gulf of the ftrait of Conftantine- the new colony. Conftance is famous fer pie does the fame on the N. It is de- ' a council held here in 15 14, when there hghtfully fituated between the Black Sea were three popes ; but they were all de- and the Archipelago. Conftantinc the pofed, and Martin V. was elefted in their Great chofe this place fer his abode, and reiom. The council caufed John Hiifs and rebuilt it after the model of Rome. Ic Jerome ef Prague to be burnt, though "^vas taken by the Turks in 1453, who the emperor Sigifmund had given them a have kept poffeffion of it ever fince. The fafe conduft, in purfuance of this maxim. Grand Siguier's palace, called the Scrag. that no faith is to be kept with heretics, ho, is on the feafide, and is furrounded They likewife condemned the doftrine ef by walls flanked with towers, and feparat. Wickliffe, and ordered his bones to be cd from the city by canals. The number burned 40 years after he was dead. The of houfes muft be prodigious, fince ore fire houfe is ftill ffiown, in which John of Hufs has burnt 30,000 in-a day, withput greatly was feized, and uppn which is fixed his changing the afpeft pf the city. How. head carved in ftone. In the convent ever, in general, they are but mean, efpe- above-mentipned is alfp ffiown the dungeon cially on the outfide, where there are where he was confined : it is only eight few. or no windows, and the ftreets being feet long, fix broad, and feven high; and narrow, gives theha a melancholy look. there is the very ftone to which he was They reckon that there are 3770 ftreets chained. Conftance is 35 miles N. E. ef and lanes, but they are feldom or ever Zurich. Len. 9. 10. E. lat. 47. 38. N. clean ; and the people are infefted with Constance, the name of two lakes the plague almoft every year. The in- that feparate Swifferland from Germany ; habitant^ are half Turks, two thirds of the the one called the upper ; the other, the Qther half Chriftians, and the reft Jews. lower. The upper lake, or the Baden Here are a great number ef ancient monu- See, is 15 leagues in length, and fix in its ments ftifl remaining, and particularly the freateft breadth. Through this lake the fuperb temple of Sophia, which is con. .hine flews, and then enters the lower verted into a mofque, and furpaflcs all the lake. Like all the lakes in Swilferland, this is deeper in fummer than in winter; which is owing to the firft melting ef the fnow from the 'adjacent mountains. This lake exhibits on all fides, the moft en reft. The ftreet called Adrianople is the longeft and broadcft in the city, and the Batars, or Bezefteins, are the markets for' felling all forts of mcrchandife. They are large fquare buildings, covered with domes, chanting landfcapes. The lower lake, or fupported by arcades, and containing all the Zeller See, is i5 miles long, and ten in fi^rts of goods, which are there expofed its greateft breadth, '° fale. There is a market fer flaves, CoNST.ANTiNA, a confiderable town cf both fexes; and the Jews are the of Africa, in the kingdom of Algiers, principal merchants, who bring them here It is the largeft and ftrongeft place in all to be fold. There are a great number of fhe eaftern parts, and is feated at the top girls brought from Hungary, Greece, of a great rock. There is no way tP it Candia, Circaffia, Mingrelia, and Gcqrgia, but up fteps cut out of the rock ; and for the fervice of the Turks, who gene. the ufual way of puniffiing criminals here rally buy them for their feraglies. The is to throw them down the cliff. Here great fquare, near the mofque of Sultan are a great many Roman antiquities, par- Bajazet, is the place for public diver- ticularly a triumphal arch. It is 75 miles fiens, where the jugglers and mountc- from the fea, and 2 10 E. by 8. of Algiers Lon. 7. o. E. lat. 36. 4. N. CoNSTANTiNA, a town of Spain, in Andalufia, with a caftle feated on a moun. tain, 40 miles N. E. of Seville. Lon. 5 . 35. W. Iat. 37. 40. N. banks play a great variety pf tricks. The circumference pf this city is by fome faid to bif 15 miles, and by Tpumefprt 23 miles ; tp which, if we add the fuburhs in, may be 34 miles in cpmpafs. The fuburb called Pera, is charmmgly fitu. o ated CON GOP ated, and is the place where the ambaf- fadors of England, France, Venice, and ^Holland, refide. The city is built in the ' form of a triangle ; and "as the ground lifcs gradually, there is a view of the •vvhple town from the fea. The palaces, Mofe^^lies, bagnios, and caravanfaras, are rsiany of them magnificent! It is- iii- miles S. of Adrianople, 700 S. E. pf Vienna, "and 1500 S. E.^pf Lpndpn. Lon.. 28, 59. E. lat. 41, I. N. "^ Constantinople, the Strait OF, anciently, called the Thracian Bof. phorus, arid forming tSe corrim.unicaticn betwtien the Euxinc or Black Sea, and the Propontis, now the Sea pf Marmora. Tc is 20 mijes long, and a -mile and a quar ter broad, where it is narroweft. The- Turks have built two caftles, oppofite to ealch'^ other; to defend the. paffage. It forms the feparation here- between Eu- jrope and Afia ; and tlie adjacent ccuntry is delightful. On cne fide pf it is fituated Conftantinople, and, on the other, Scutari, vi'hcre.the g'.'and fignior.has his feragiio, and i-:rhich is confidered as a fubur'b to the city. Cowstantinow, a town ef Poland, -'in Vcilhinia, on thp river Selucza, 62 miles N. E. ef Kamieck. Lon. 27. 20. E. lat. 49. 53, N. CoNTESSA, a feaport of Turkey in Europe, on a gulf pf the fame Bame, in the Archipelago, 200 miles W. of Con- ftantfnople. Lon, 23. 5,8, E, lat, 41, S.N. ' , Conti, a town of France, in the de- partnient of Somme, and late province of I'icardy. It gave the title of prince to one ' ofthe branches of the late royal family of France. It is feated on the river Seille, , J4 miles S. V/, of Amiens, and 62 N. of . Paris. Lon, 2. 13. E. lat. 49- 42. N. CowvERS-ANO, a to,vn df the king- - ' ' * Cf>0PEP,.'s Hill, a fine hill in . Surrey, celebrated by fir John Denham's poem pf the fame name. Its- bafe ex^ tends along the edge of 'the famous Run ny mead ; .its fummit is crowned' by the beautiful fpot called Englefi'eld Green ; ' and it hes 19 miles W. by S. of London, on the road from Egham, through Wind for great Park, to Reading. Coos, an ifland in the -Archipelago, 56 -mfles N. W. pf Rhpdes, fubjeft to the Turks, Lpn. 27. -44, .E, lat. 37. ... N, Copenhagen, the capital pf Den:- mark, with a univerfity, it is the beft- built city pf the Nprth; fpr, although Peterffiurgh excels it iu fuperb edifices, yet, as Copenhagen contains nP>-«y0pden' hpufes, it dpes npt difplay that ftriking contraft pf mcannefs and, magnificence, but exhibits a more uniform appearaflce. It owes its priricipal beauiiy to a dreadful fire in, 1728, that deftroyed five churches and 63 ftreets, which have been, fince re built in the modern ftyle.. The new part of the town, -raifed by Frederic V. is very ¦beautiful : it confifts of an oftagori, con- -taining four uniform and elegant buildings of hewn ftone, and of four, broad ftreets, leading to it in op.pofite dire&ions. In the middle of the area is an equeftrian ftatue of that kitig in brorize, as big as liTe. It v,'as eaft by Saly, attheexpenfee ¦of the E. India Cpmpany, and cpft 8o,oo'ol. fterling. The ftreets are well paved, with a fpptway en each, but too , narrow COR COR narrow and inconvenient for general ufe. The greateft part of the buildings are of brick ; and a few are of freeftone. The palates of the nobility, are in general fplendid, and ornamented, in the Italian ftyle of archirefture. The palace, erefted by Chriftian VI. is a large ftrufture ; but its external appearance is mpre grand than elegant. The haven is always crowded with ffiips ; and the ftreets are inter- fefted by bread canals, which bring the merchandilb clofe to the warehoufes that line the quays. The citadel is a regular fortification with five baftions, a double ditch full of water, and feveral advanced works. The city is about five miles in .circumference, and is feated on the E. ffiore ofthe ifle of Zealand, 300 miles S. W. of Stockholm, and 500 N. E. of Lon don. Lon. 12. 40. E. lat. 55. 41. N. Sec Amak. Copilowats, a large town of Tur key in Europe, in Bulgaria. Lon. 36. 35. E. lat. 46. 40. N: Coporia, a town ofthe Ruffian em- pire, at the mouth of a river of the fame name, in Ingria. Lon. 29. o. E. lat. 59. 34-. N. " CoqLiET, a river of Northumbcr. land, which croffes the centre of that county, and enters the fea at Wark- worth, celebrated for its aneient caftle aud hermitage. Cot^iJiMBO, a feaport of S. America, in Chili, en a river cf ,,the fame name. It has been often pillaged by the Englifli. Lon. 71. 1 1. W. lat. 29. 54. S. '* Corah, or Corahjehenabad, a fmall city of Hindooftan Proper, in the Doab, or country between the Ganges and Jumnah, fubjeft to the nabob of Oude. It is 60 mfles S. S. W. of Lucknow. Lon. 79. 45. E. lat. 26. 5. N. ' CoRBACH, a town of Germany, in the principality of Waldeck, 10 miles N. W. of Waldeck. Lon. 8. 58, E. lat. 51. 20. N. CoRBECK, a town of the Auftrian Netherlands, in Brabant, three miles S. of Louvain. Lon. 4. 49. E. lat. 50. JO. N. Corbeil, a town ef France, in the department of Seine and Oife, and late province of the Ifle of France, divided into two by the Seine, 17 miles S. ef Paris. Lon. z. 26. E. lat. 48. 33. N. CoRBiF, a town ef France, in the department of Somme, and late province of Picardy, with a late celebrated Bene. diftine abbey; feated on the Somme, 10 miles E. of Amiens. Lon. z. 38. E, lax, 49, 54. N, Corby, a town of Germany, on the confines of Weftphalia, with a famous abbey, whofe abbot is a fovereign prince.- It is feated upon the river Wefer. Lon. g. 30. E. lat. 51. 50. N. CoRDOviA,an epifcopal town of Anda lufia, in Spain, remarkable for its anti- , quity, and for having preferved its fplen dour, and riches, through fo many ages, it being well kne-ivn to the Remans by the name of Corduba. It is feated on the Guadalquiver, over whieh is a magnificent ftone bridge. The circumference is large, but it is not peopled in proportion to its extent, for there are a great many orch ards and gardens within the wafls. There are many fuperb palaces, churches, and religious houfes, particularly the cathe- dral, which was a mofque, when the Moors poffeffed the town ; for which rea fon it ftill retains the name ef Mezquita. The fquare, called, thfe Plaza Major, is furrounded by fine houfes, under which are piazzas. The trade confifts of wine, filk, and Cordovian leather. In the neighbourhood, are a vaft number of orange and lemon trees. The beft horfes in Spain come from hence. It is 75 miles N. E. of SeviUe, and 135 S." by W. pf Madrid. Lon. 4. 4. V/. Iat. 37. 52. N. CoRDOViA. a town of S. America, in the province of Tucuman, with a bifhop's fee, 180 miles from St. Jago. Lon. 62. 5. W. lat. 32. 10. S. CoRDUAN, a famous lighthoufe of France, at the mouth of the Girond. It is 55 miles N. W. of Bordeaux. Lon. I. 9. W.lat. 45. 36. N. CoREA, a peninfula lying to the N. E. of China, between gg" and log" of E. lon. and 3r° and 460 of N. lat. The capital is Hanchin^, where the king refides. The people are well-made, cf a fweet and traft. able difpofition ; fond of learning, mufic, and dancing ; and, in general, refemble the Chinefe. Their houfes are mean, being covered with thatch ; and they have no beds, but lie on the floor. Their arms are crofsbows and long fabrcs. Their trade confifts in white 'paj-er, pencils, gin. feng, gold, filver, iron, yellow varnilh : fowls, whofe tails are three feet long^ horfes, no more than three feet high ; fable-fkins, caftor, and mineral fait. In general, it is a fertile country, though abounding in mountains. They never bury their dead till three years after their deceafc, but keep them in coffins for that time. It is tributary to China. CoRFz-C.ASTLE, a borough cf Dorfet. fliire, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated in a peninfula called Purbeck, on a river. COR COR a river, between two hills, on one of which ftands the caftle. It is 21 miles E. pf Dprchefter, and 120 W. by S. of London, Lon. 2. 4. W. lat. 50. 36. N. Co RFU, an ifland of the Mediterranean, near the coaft of Albania, fubjeft te the 'Venetians, and the moft important place they have in thefe parts, becaufe it com. Diands the Gulf of Venice, for which rea. fon they have always here feveral gallies aaid ether veffels. The metropolitan church of the Greeks, in the capital, is very handfome. This ifland is defended by an impregnable caftle. Here they make a great, quantity of fait ; and the country abounds with vineyards, lemons, and olives. The capital is of the fame name, en the E. coaft of the ifland, Lon, 20. o. E. lat. 39. 40. N. CoRiA, an. epifcopal town ef Spain, in Leon, on the river Alagon ; 120 miles S'. W. of Madrid. Len. 5. 30, W, lat. 40. o. N, CoRi.VTH, now called Corantho, er Gerame, an ancient and celebratecl town, in the Merea, with a Greek arch. biffiop's fee. It was one of the moft im- jjprtant places in Greece,, on account of its fituation on the ifthmus into the Mo rea ; its caftle, on the top of an almoft inacceffible rock ; its harbours on the gulf of Lepanto and Egina ; its riches, and its architefts, fculptors, and painters, who were the moft fkilful in Greece. It ence belonged to the Venetians, but the Turks finally became mafters of it in 1715, It js now greatly decayed ; for the houfes are not contiguous, but intermixed with fields and gardens, which makes it look like a village. The country about it abouiids with corn, wine, and oil; and, from the caftle, is one of the ^eft prof". pefts in the world, ever the fea to tho E. and W,. "and a fertile country N. and S. The narroweft part of the ifthmus is above fix miles over"; and on a mount there, called Onrius, were formerlv cele. brated the Ilthmian-game. There are ' ftill the ruins of a town upon it, and of the temples dedicated to the Sun, Plato, Diana, Neptune, Ceres, and Bacchus. The inhabitants are chiefly Chriftians, of the Greek church, whc) are allowed liber ty of confcicnce. It is 40 miles N. W. of Athens. Lon. 23. 3. E. lat. 38. 14, N. Corinth, the ifthmtis of, in the Mo rea, is a neck of land which joins the Mo rea to Greece, and reaches from the Gulf of Lepanto to that of Egina. Julius Cef'a'-, Caligula, and Nero, in vain at- tempicd to cut a channel through it : they thcrcfpre built a wall acrpfs it, eaTied Hexamilium, becaufe it was fix miles in length. This was dempliffied by Anu- rat II, rebuilt by the Venetians, and levelled a fecond time by Mahomet II. Corita, a town pf Spain, in Lcpn, 23 miles E. pf Salamanca, Lpn. 5, 49. W.lat. 41. 5.N, Cork, a cpunty pf Ireland, in the province pf Munftcr, 80 miles in length, and 50 in breadth, bpunded pn tho "VV, by Kerr and the fea, pn the N. by Lime rick, and pn the S. aud S. E. by the ocean. It contains 232 pariffies, and fends 2S members to parliament. It is fertile and populous, and has two remarkable rivers, the Blackwater and Lee. Cork, the capital of the county of Cork, in- Ireland, with a biffiop's fee. 'It is a neat, rich, and populous place, on the river Lee, where it has a commodious harbour. It furpaCfes all the tcKvns in Ireland for trade, except Dublin, It is 124 miles S. W. of Dublin. Lon. 8. 23. W. lat. 51. 54. N. CoRLiN, a town of Germany in Far- ther Pomeran'ia, fubjeft to the king of Pruffia. It is feated on theTiver Perfant, eight miles S. E. "of Colberg. Lon. 15, 47. E. Iat. 54. 16. N. Cormentin, a fortrefs on the Gold Coaft of Guinea, belonging to the Dutch. Below it is the town, which is large and populous. Lon. o. 1;. W. lat. 5. 30. N, Cormery, atown of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine. It had recently a rich Benediftine abbey, and is feated on the Indre, eight miles from Tpurs. Lpn. o. 28. E. iat. 47. 30. N. Cornet, a caftle on the ifland of Guernfey. Lon. 2. 40. \^Mat. 49. 30. N. Corneto, a town of Italy, in the pa trimony of St. Peter, with a bifliop's fee, feated on the river Marta, three miles E. ofthe fea, and 37 N. W. of Rome. Lon. II. 53. E. lat. 42. 15. N. CoRNV/ALL, a county which forms the S. W. extremity of Great Britain. It is bounded on the E. by the river Tainjr, which parts it from Devonffiire ; en the S. by the Enghffi Channel, and on the N. W. by St. George's Channel. Its length from E. to W. is ninety miles, its breadth next to Devonfhire, is above fifty ; but it ¦foon contrafts, and at St. Ives does not exceed five: it then fpreads a little to the S. and S. W. and terminates in two points, one of which is called the Lizard, and the other, the Land's End. It is in the diocefe of Exeter, and contains nine hundreds, 27 market-towns, and 161 parifcesj COR Jjarlffies ; and it fends 44 members toparlia- ment. The air is ffiarp and healthful to the ¦narives ; yet the vicinity of the fea exempts this county from liard frofts, and the fnow never lies long pp the grpund. The fame reafon may be afligncd for the frequent gufts of wind, which are very boiftereus, and fometimes pernicious. The hills in rhe centre of the cpunty, by attrafting the clouds and vapours, create abundance of rainy and foggy weather; but the inhabi tants are feldom troubled with infeftious difeafes. The feafons are femev/hat dif ferent from thofe in other parts, the fum mer being more temperate y and as the autumnal fruits are later, their harveft is feldom ripe fpr laying up till near Mi. ehaelmas. The foil, as it is ffiallow, is not very fruitful, efpecially en the hilly parts. The vaUies yield plenty of grafs ; and the lands near the fea, by being ma nured with fea..*vfied and fea-fand, pro. duCe corn. It has fome plants which are cither uncommon, or have never bctn found in other counties ; among thefe is a fort of grain fown plentifully toward the farther end e)f the county, which is naked oats, tailed pill-corn, from its being natu rally ftripped of the hull''. ; for which reafon it is much efteemed. There are plenty of fea-herbs, . as camphire, eringo, res foils ; and, what is peculiar to this sounty, the fweetbriar grows nattrrally here. No other county is fo advantage- tufty fituated for carrying on fifheries ; and the inhabitants avail themfelves fully ef their local advantages. It derives, however, its chief importance from the minerals, whieh the earth contains ; thefe confift of tin end copper : the mines of tin arc numerous, and are, in general, very rich in ore : theft have rendered this county famous in all a^es. There has been fometimes found a fmall quantity of geld and filver, but not worthy of notice. With the metalline ores are intermixed krge quantities of mundic and arfenic. Many forts of ftones are alfo found here, . particularly moorftone, which is ufed bottfin buildings and for millftones : its natural compofitien is beautiful, confifting for the greateft part of a whitifc granu- kted marble, variegated with a fort of black and yellow matter refembling tinfel and tinglafs, ffiining agreeably in the funbeams. 'I'lits- ftone, therefore, while »ew, gives a glaring afpeft to buildings ; but though prodigioufly hard at firft, it foon changes its colour and confiftence. When poiiffied, it appears much more fplendid and beautiful than any of the marble kind, and makes the riehcft furni- tsre, as tables, chimneypicccs, &c. but COR being exceedingly hard, the poHffiing ic very expenfive. The copper mines ara alfo numerous and rich ih ere. In many cavernous parts ef the rocks are foun'dl tranfparent cryftals, called Cornifb dia monds, they being very brilliant when well poKffied. The principal rivers arc the Tamar, Camel, and Fale. This county was one of the places te which the aneient Britons retreated, whofe lan guage they retained for a confiderable time, but it is now quite extinft. The king's eldeft fon is born duke of Cornwall, ani derives a revenue not only from lands ap pertaining to the duchy (which has an of fice ia Some'rfet-place) but frohi the mines ef tin and copper. He has under him an officer, called lord warden of the Stannary Courts, whofe jurifdiftion ex tends ever the mines and miners of Corn wall and Devonffiire; and he appoints, in his privy council, the ffieriff of the former county. CoRo, a town of S. America, in Teri;a Firma, feated at the bottom of the Gulf of Venezuela, 60 miles W. of La Guaira. I>en. 70. o. W. lat. 1 1. o. N. Coromandel, the CjOast of, is the eaftern ccaft pf the peninfula of Hin- dooftan, extending between 10° and 16* N. lat. Tliere is not a port for large ffiips on tb.e whole coaft, which is an even, few, fandy country ; and, about Madras, the land rif"cs fo little, and fe gradually from the fea, that the fpeftator is fcarcely able to mark the diftinftion, till afl^-fted by the appearance of the different objefts which prefent themfelves on the fhore. Co RON, a feaport ef Turkey in Eu rope, in the Morea; It is feated on a bay, 15 miles S. E. of Modon. Lon. 21. 50. E. Iat. 36. 50. N. Cos regio, a town ef Italy, capital of a territpry pf the fame name, in the duchy of Modena, with a caftle, nine miles N.E. of Reggie. Len. Ji. 12. E. lac. 44. 46. N. '-'' Correze, a department of France, containing the late province of Limofin. Tulles is the capitak CoRSHAM, or Cosham, a town in Wilts. The Saxon king, Ethched,. had a. palace here. Edmund earl of Cornwall,.in the reign of Edw. I. obtained a charter for a market ; and the inhabitants ftill enjoy fome privileges granted them by Richard, his predeceffor. Their chief fupport is the woollen manufafture, liere .being fonae confiderable ckithiers. This place is four miles S. W. of Chippenham. Corsica, an ifland in the Meditcrra- nean, 88 miles in length, and 40 in breadth. The air is unwholefome, and tjis. COS COS -the land hilly, full of ftones, and poorly cultivated ; however, the valleys produce . wheat, and the hills, olives, figs, grapes, almonds, and chefnuts. They have horfes alfo, pf a fiery nature. There are mines "of iron, and a great deal of fiffi and coral on the coaft. In the middle, is the moun tain Gradaccio, where there are two lakes jiear each pther, whence prpceed the twp principal rivers. A ridge pf mpuntains divide the iftand intp twp parts, the N. and S. The' capital is Baftia. It be- longed tp the Genpefe ; but the natives having been fpr many years in revplt againft thfem, that ftate furrendered its right to France, pf which it is new a de. partment. '*' Corsoer, a town of D«;nmark, en the W. fida ef the ifle of Zealand, on, a firiall peninfula, en the Great Belt, which feparates Zealand from Funcn. It has a good harbour for light veffels, and is de fended by a citadel. Lon. ii. 12. E. lat. 55. 12. N. Corte, a town of Corfica, with a ftrong caftle, 27 miles S. W. of Baftia. Lon. 9. 26. E. lat. 42. 6. N. Cortis, a town of Germany, in the biffiopric of Liege, 10 miles N. £. of Ra millies. Lon. 4. 59. E. lat. 50. 46. N. CoRTONA, a town of Italy, in Tuf cany, with a biffiop's fee, and a famous academy, 32 miles E. of Sienna. Lon. 12. o. E. lat. 43. 20. N. CoRUNNA, a feaport of Galicia, in Spain, at the mouth of the river Groyne. Lon. 8. ig. W. lat. 43. 18. N. Corvo, the fmalleft ifland of the Azores, having only about 600 inhabi tants, who cultivate wheat and feed hogs. Lon. 31. 5. W. lat. 3g. 42. N. *' CoRYVREKAN, a darigcrous whirl- pppl pn the W. ccaft pf Scotland, between the ifle pf Scarba and the N. point of that of Jura. It is fo named from a young Daniffi prince, who periffied in this place. As the tide advances, this unfathomable gulf, of which the dreadful vortex extends above a mile in circuit' begins to boil up ; and, at full fea, its numerous eddies form watery pyramids, which rife into the air, and burfting with the noife ef thunder, whiten the fubjacent waves with foam. Many fmaller whirlpools, and rapid cur rents are found in this neighbourhood; dangerous, however, to thofe only who are ftrangers to the coaft. CoRZO LA, an ifland in the Gulf of Ve. nice, en the coaft of Dalmatia. Lon. 17. o. E. lat. 43. 16. N. CosENZA, a confiderable town of the kingdom of Naples, capital of Hither Ca. kbna, with an , archbiffiop's fee, and a caftle. It is feated pn the river Crate, II miles frpm the fea, and 105 S. E. pf Naples. Lpu. 16. 20. E. lat. 3g. 20. N. CosLiN, atown of Germany, in Pruf. Jian Pomerania, 10 miles E. of Colberg, Lon. 15. 56. E. lat. 54. 20. N. CosNE, a town of France, in the de. partment of Nievre, and late province ef Nivernois. Anchors for ffiips are forged here ; and its cutlery and gloves are much efteemed. It is feated at the confluence of the Loire and Noain, 88 miles S. of Paris. Lon. 3. 6. E. Iat. 47. 23. N, Cossacks, a people inhabiting the confines of Poland, Ruffia, Tartary, and Turkey, They are divided into feveral branches, the Kefakki-fa-Parevi, the Ko- fakki-Donflci, and the Kofakki-Jaici. Thefe are thewildcft of them all, though they dwell in large villages, along the banks of the river Yaik, near its fall into the Cafpian Sea. They live on huffiandry, fiffiing, and their cattle ; but rob their neighbours as often as they have oppor tunity. In winter they keep at home ; but in fummer they rove in beats, on the Cafpian Sea, with an intent to attack the veffels failing thereon. Their religion is a mixture of Paganifm, Mahometanifm, and Chriftianity. Their only town is Yaikfkoy. The banks of the rivers are exceedingly fertile, and produce all the neceffaries ef life. Thefe people are large and well-made, have blue eyes, brown hair, and aquiline nofes : the women are handfome, well-ffiaped, and complaifant to ftrangers. The country which they new inhabit, is caUed the Ukraine, and is one continued fertile plain, which prp duces cprn, pulfe, tpbacco, and honey. The paftures are fo good, that their cattle are the largeft in Europe. Their towns are all built of wood, after the manner of the Ruffians. The Kofakki-Donfki dwell on both fides the Don, are under the protec tion of Ruffia, and prefefs the fame reli. gion. CosSERANS, a late province ef France, lying along the river Satat, and forming, with Foix, the department of Arriege. '¦'¦' Cossimbazar, a fmall city of Hin dooftan Proper, in Bengal. It has been at all times the refidence of the different European faftors ; this being the centre of their trade. It is feated on an ifland in the weftern arm of the Ganges, no m.iles N. of Calcutta. Lon. 85. 22. E. lat. 23. 40. N. ¦¦- CosTAGN AZZAR, the higheft moun tain of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, anciently called Hasmus. Costa Ricca, a province of N.. 'Ame rica, in New Spain, bounded en the N. E. by GOV E. by the ocean, on the S. W. b*^the S. Sea, on the N. W. by Nicaragua, and on the S. E. by Veragua. The foil is n;.rt fertile; but there is plenty of cattle, Carthage is the capital. CoTBus, a ftrong town ef Germany, in Lower Lufatia ; fubjee't to .th.e king ef Pruffia. It is feated on the river Spree, 60 miles S. by E. of Bcriin. Here are a great number of French proteftants, who have introduced their. manufaftures ; and it is noted for excellent beer, pitch, and the cultivation of flax. Len. 14. j2. £. Jat. 51: 36. N, '* Cote d'Or, a department of France, containing part ef the late province of Burgundy. Dijop. is the capital. '* C'oTES DuNoRD, a departmc,nt-of France, fo named from its northerly hiari- time pofition, and containing part of the late provincq of Bretagne. St. Brieux.-is the capital CoTiGNlAC, a town of France, in the department of Var, and, late province of Provence, on the river Argens. It-is-fa- mous for its fweefme-ats. * COTESWOLD, or COTSWOL'D Hills, a long , traft of high gro'upd in the E. part ef Gloucefterffiire. It is for the moft part tdcak and bare, yet afford ing in many places a fine fliort grafs for the feed of ffieep, and at prefent princi pally devoted tp the grpwth pf corn. The fides pf this Ipng .range are extremely beautiful as they fink IntP the yale, from the hills of Stinchcomb.and Nibley in the S. tp thatpf Bredon in the N. which has- been celebrated in ancient rhyme, CouCY, a town of France, in the de partment of Aifne, nine miles N. of Soif- f"onS. Lon. 3. 13. E. lat. 43. 30. N. Coventry, a large and populous city of Warwickfliire, which, with Lichfield, is a biffipp's fee. Its market is on Friday. It is a county of itfelf, governed by a mayor, 2 bailiffs, -a ffieriffsi and 10 alder men, and fends 2 members to parliament. It has 10 wards, 3 p,ariffi-ehurchcs, 2 free fchools, and feveral hofpitals. The houfes being moftly old, and built of wood and plafter, with ftories projefting over each other, make a meari appearance. It had very early a great trade in various articles of manufafture, as cloths, ftuffs, thread, &c. At prefent, its principal branch is that of filk ribands : fome gauzes, camlets, and laftings are alfo made here. The goods are fent to London by wjggons ; but this city has a communication with the Staf- fordfhire. Grand Trun'K, by a canal to Fradley ; and by another canal, which joins the Oxford canal at Bfatmfton: it has alfo a cora.municatioa with the Thames.^ COW Coventry is 91 miles N. W. of 'Lendon. Lon. 1. 28. W. lat. 52. 28. N. CovERDEN, a toAvn of the United Provinces, in Ovefyffcl, with a fortrefs in the marffies, ftrong both by nature and art. It is 35 miles N. E. of Dcvenler. Lon. 6. 35. E. Iat 52. 46. N. ¦ CouLAN, or QuiLON", a country of the peninfula of Hindooftan, on the coaft of..Mahbar. The inhabitants arc gene rally. Gentoos, with fome Chriftians of St. Thon^as. The capital is of the fame name, where the Dutch have a fettlement. Lon. 75. 30. E. lat. 8'. 30. N. : CouRLAND, a fovereign duchy of Eu rope, bounded on the North 'oy the Bal tic, en the E. 'oy Livon'i, and by Poland on the S. and W. It is divided into Cour. land Proper and SemlgaUia, and is 250 miles long and 40 broad. The country fwclls. into -gentle hills, and is fenile in corn, hemp, and flax. It is moftly open, and,, in fome parts clothed with forefts of pine and fir, dotted with occafional groves of fine oak, fprinkled with much under wood. The -village^ ar'e neat, the fcatter ed cottages and gentlemen's feats prettily fituated amid clumps of trees, and the inns provided with beds ; a great luxury to travellers juft come from Ruffia. It is nominally a feudatory province to Poland, but, in reality, dependent on Ruffia. Mit- tau is the capital. CouRTRAY, B town of the Auftrian Netherlands, on the river Lys, 12 miles E. ef Ypres. It was taken by the French in the fpring of 1792. It was evacuated foon after; their general, Jarry, on the ap. preach of the Auftrians, firit fetting fire to t-he fuburbs, which were deftroyed, to the great difpleafure of marflial Lucknci-, and of the French National Affembly. They took it again in the winter of the fame year, but were compelled to evacuate it once more in the enfuing fpring. Lcn. 3. 6. E. lat. 50.50. N. CouTAN'-CE,s, a feaport of France, in the department of the Channel, and lite province of Nor.'uandy, v.ith a biffiop's fee. The churches, and particularly the cathedral, are magnificent. It is 22 miles N. of Avranchcs. Len. 1. 23. E. Iat. 4,/. 3. N. CouTRAS, a town-of France, in the department of Dordogne, and late nro- vince of Perigord ; feated en the Dor^ dogne, 20 miles N. E. of Bourdeaux, Lon. q. 3. W. lat. 40. 4. N. Cowbridge, a fmall but ,ncat town , of Glamorganffiire, with a market ca Tuefday. It is called by the Welch Pont- Van, from the ftone bridge over the river, wliioh foon after falls into the '"'¦a. The CRA Th^ ftreets are broad and paved ; it is go verned by two bailiffs, 12 aldermen, and J 2 common-council, and here the affizes for the county are held. It is 12 miles W, of Cardiff, and 176 W, from Lon. fula in Afia, bpiuidcd on the S. and W. times taken and retaken. It is feated on \v the Black Sea ; on the N. by the pro- the Po, 30 miles N-. W, of Parma. Lon. vince of .^atharmenflaff, with vhich ic g. ;S. E. lat. 45. 8. N. " ¦ communicates by the Ifthmus of Pcrekopj Cremonese, a territory of Italy, in aud on the S, hy the Se-i of Afooh and M ' the C R I C R O fhe, Strait pf Caff?. It was early difiiil- -Was rtad.e th? .capital in 1785. fllefid* guifced by its extraprdinary fe.rtihty and the pprts pf Kerth and Jcnikal^, the rpad cpmmercial advantages. Lpng befpre the pf Caffa, and the harbpur of Baiuclavaj time of Herodotus, its S. coaft was pccu. there is, near Sebaft^pplj pne of the fineS pied by Greek fettlers, who built feVeral harbours in the world, fecurcd from all tpwns, which, hpwever, arc npt thpught winds, fufficiently cap^iciDus tc admit )arg« to have been exaftly on the fite of the mo. fleets, i^ith depth of water fpr ffiips of dem ones. Thefi Greeks became tribu- any burden. The Crimea now forijjs tary to the Scythians, who were afters one of the two provinces of the gpverfi'' ¦iyard driven frpm the cpuntry by Mithri. ment of Catharinenflaff, undjer the name dates, king of Poritus, On his defeat and of Taurida. In fpljje late maps jt i* called death) it became tributary to the Rbrhans. Taurica, It was fueceffively ravaged by the Sar- matae, the Alani, the Gpths, (whp made an eftabliffiment in the mpuntains tP the S.) the Huns, and the Khazari. Tpward the end of the nth century; the Genoefe fettled in this ccuntry ; bht they Were ex. pelledby the Tartars in 1474. (See Caf fa.) Thefe Tartars had been fettled in the Crimea above two centuries before the expulfion ejf fhe Geriqefe, They were fubjefts of Batu Khan, grahdfon of Zingis ; and their conqueft ,was annexed to the Croatia, a province of Hungary^ bounded on the N. by Sclavonia, 09 thp E. by Bpfnia, pn the S. by Dalmatia and the Gulf pf Venice, and Pn the 'VV. by Carnipla. The greateft part belong to the hpufe pf Auftria. Ckrloftadt js th^ capital. Croia, a town of Albania, in Turkey in Europe, with a biffipp's fee. It is feated near the Gulf pf Venice, jj miles N, E, pf Durazzo. Lph. 19* iy, E. lat* 42. 6. N, * CroMack.-water, a lake of Cum- kingdpm pf Cafan, till the death pfTa- irierlane in 1400, when Edegai Khan, an berland; between Buttermere and Lowes officer of that pfince; tpqk ppffeffipn of it, water,- with each of vvhich it is con- and was fucceeded by Deulet Gherai, in nested by the river Cocker. It is 4 miles whofe family, the fovereignty. continued lohg, an,d, in fome places', near half a mile till the prefent century. The khans, pver. It Is beautified with three fmai! however, were vaffals, or tributai'y te the ifles ; one pf them a rock. At the N. Ej Turks, till the year 1774, when their in. cprner, is a handfpthe ftpne bridge pf fpur dependency was ftipulated in the treaty pf arches pver its putlet, the Cpcker. The Cainargi, In 1783, the Ruffians topk ' water of this lake, though clear, is not fo poffeffion of the country with an army ; the following year, it was ceded to them by the Tui'ks ; and the peaceable poffef* fipn cf the whple was fecured tP thefn in 1791,, by the ceffion of the fortrefs of Oczakow. The Crimea is divided intP tranfparent as the kke of Derwent ; but, as well as Buttermere and Lowes-water, it is pf a much greater depth thaji the Derwent. It ab<>unds With Very fine char and red trput. '* Cromarty, a eoUnt y of Scotland, twP parts, by mpuntains -vthich run E. and which cprhprehends part pf a peninfula Prt W< The N, divifiph is flat, pppr, and fit the S. fide pf fhe Frith, tP which it gives fpr pafturage onlyl In the S. parts, the name. On the S,- and W. it is buuneied -tallies are aftpniffiingly prdduftivd, and by Rpfsffiire. It is 12 miles Ipng from the climate extremely mild', from tha ex- E. to W, and abput three is its greateft clufion pf thpfe violent- winds by which breadth. It is fertile and wefl^cultivated ; the N, divifion is frequeritlyJtocommpded. but it is npw almoft ^eftitute of old trees j The lower hills, extending- from Thee.- though, in the days of James "V, it was a dofia to the E, extremity of the country, foreft, and afforded ffielter to maiiy wolvesi are principally ufed iri gardenirig, and It fends on'e member to paflisment, alter"- produce excellent fruit. It is faid, thst the Tartar inhabitants do not at prefeni exceed 70,000. Many m'uft' have periffied iri their civil diffcnfions ; folfte in the de fence of their (Country againft the Ruf fians ; and many more muft have thi fta>ery with -Nairne. Cromarty, the capital of the ffiire of Cforftarty, in Scotland, at the mouth of the Frith pf the fame najne. This b'o- rpugh has a manufafture pf cc>arfe doth, and ? confiderable coafting trade in corn, grated frpm that diflrke which is generally thread, yarfi," fiffi, and ftiris pf various conceived againft S -new governrficnt. But, under all its prefent difadvantagcs, the poffeffion of the Crimea feems tp have decided fof ever the cpnteft for fuperiority "fcetwfien the rival courts pf "St. Petcrf- iturgh and Con&sntiiKiple. forts'. It is 16 miles N. of Invernefs. Lon. J. 53. \Y. kr, 57. 44. N( CiCOMKR, a fniall town of fcfojjcv ¦vifith a market oh Saturday. It is feate* near the fea, and vvas formerly more «on- Achiaetftad Svkp^i thap ,at igrefsnt j fof it had twi/ church-sSv t^6 fcnurehes, one of which, with . feveral Boufes, were fwallowed up by the fea. ¦The inhabitants are h'-.wchiefly fiffiermen. The part of a church, which ftill rertiains, .was built in the time of the Saxons'; of fcurious flint, anel the tovyelr was raifed to a great height '. this, indeed, is all that ftands, and the other part of tlie ftrufture Being decayed, divine fervice is performed pnce a fortnight in the fteeple. It is 22 miles N. pf Nprwick; arid i i 7 N. E. of ' Londqn. Lph. 1. 15. W. lat. 53. o. N. * Cromford, a viflage in Derbyfhire, (pn the river Derwent, iti the road froifh Derby to Manchefter, Here Mr. (after; ward fir Richard) 'Ark\'vright ctefted feme pf the new 'cotton-mills, a capital improvement of mechanifm due to him ) and by riieans of -which the various branches pf the cotton nianufafture have wonder^ f.ully fpread iii this, alnd. the adjacent coun ties. Hete alfo fir Richard Arkwright built before his death, a iioble fBfit,,and a church. Cromford is 14 niiles N. N. W. Iff Derby. CronAch, a towri pf (jermany, in thb jpircle pf Fratiijofiia, aud biffiopric of Bam berg, wit^ atitadel. tt is_2 5 miles N.E. of Barribferg. Lon. 11. 35, E, lat. 5C>. i7. N. . ., ; '* CronbOrg, a fortrefs of Denmark, on the ifle of Zealand, riear Elfiripre;'(vhich guards the paffage pf the Sourid. In this fortrefs is a royal palace, in which the late Unfortuhate and much injured queeii Ma tilda was imprifoned tifl fhe -wiab perrtiitted io, retire to ZelU About, half i,^n.ile from t;his, is a garden, called Hai-rilet's Gareicri; JT^id, by tradition, to be the: fpot where the murder of his father was pjffpe- trateel. Lori, 12, 54, E. Iat. 56..0. N. . Cronenburg, a town qf Germany; ih the lahdgravate.ef Heffe Caffel, with 'i taftle, ^t is feated af the foot 0^ a mouri-'- tainj arid is furrounded . by .a double Wall. |t is 10 rniles N. of Fraflcfort on ; the Maine. Lon. 8. 40. E. lat. 49. 55. R , CroNstadt, a town diid fpiftrefs pf feuiiia, fituated pn.tlie iflarid pf Retufiri, on the Gulf qf Finland. It has a good Karbodr, which is the ftation of the Ruf-, fian fleet; with the great ihagaziries of ilaval ftpres, is w.ell as dpcks and yards fpr building ffiips. It is 12 niiles "VV". of fe- ierfbtirg. Lon, 29, 56. E. lat. 59. 56. N. Crons.tat, a town of Tranfylvania, 60 miles "N. E. of Herihanftat. Lori; 26. b, E. lat, 46, 30. "t^. , ^ Crossei*, a handforhe town of Silefia, tapital of a principality of .the fame name, iit the fcoiifluerice ef ,the Bobar andOder, Jil a tofintry abounding .with wine and ruiti The' bridge oyer Sie Oder is forti- e tj6 fied; arid it is 35 miles N. 'w. ef Giij"- gaw. Lon. 15. 49. E.lat. 52. 5. N. ,. Crotona, a town , f the kingdom of Naples, on the gulf of Taranto, with i bi.Oiop's fee, arid a citadel; 15 miles S.,E, of St, SeVerina', Lori'. 17'. 27. E. lat. jgi g. N. . , '* Crouch; a river of Effev; whi'ojt irifes near Horndon,, and flowing eaftward*, divides the hu'ridred qf Rothford from that of. Dengy; and falls into the German. Ocean, between, Burnham and Foulnefs ifland'. The Walfieet and Ba-nhatll oyfters are the prcduft of its 'creeks arid pits, . . . , : ; CrowlaNd; a town. in Lmcln^'^.irei \Vith A riiarker ,ori Saturday, f i:- 'i-atecl in the Fens, apd had.formerh ari ab-^cy of great note. There is no bo;^'ii 2; at it But by narrow caufeways, which -vill ,iot ad^ mit a cart, tt has three ftreets, feparated fr6m each ether by '.Vatercourfes, whofe bank's are fupported By piles, and fet ¦• ith willow-trees. The chief trade i^ in fiffi and wild fowl, which ate irt great, plenty in the adja'Cent pieejls and mar!!ie,s. It, If i it miles N, of Peterb-irourgh, and g3 N. bjr W. bf Londpn. Lpu. o> io. W. lati 521 4'-N. ..... ., ^ „ ... .CRb'YDON; a large ,tp*ri,irt Surrey; with,a market on Saturday; Its f tuati'iri is low, near the, fource of the "Wandel. It has a large handfome church' and an hof pital arid-, freefchool; fpdttded by arch- biffiop 'Wiittgift. in .,tke church are man,y fine monumcrifs of the arehbi 'ipps ef Canterbury, to whom the hiantir be longed ever fince the Conqiieft|, . and whd had herp.,ari ancient palace, which was aljeriafed from the li:c, by -Virtue pf an aft of pariiament, iri 1780: the buiiding, and adjoining premifes, are .now occupied hy fqihe manufaftories, Croydon is .nine miles S. of Loriddni Lon. 0; }. \V: lat, 51. 20, N. . .. .V Cuba, or A.tcuBA, a.towfi of Portu gal, in Alentejo, 3S miles frpiii E'vpfit; Lpri; iri 25. E. Iat. .38. 20. N. Cuba, an ifland of N. .Anjerii:^; at tht eijtrance. of the Gulf of Mex'ico, about 700 miles in length, and Sj in breadth. l\ was difcovered - by Ceilumbus, in, J [.94, The Spaniards arc entirely matters of it} havirig eittirpated the ri^tives, 'The foil ii riot ^xtfonfeiy fertile^ biit thfcrd'are paf-,. tures fiifficjept to. feed a great riuhiber $tf' fteep, arid hogs, which were priginafl^" brpught thitfeiei-i There are fweral fort* bf mines in t|j!: mpuntains-, and forefts full of game; The pfodiire i§ fttgar.caftesj ginger, . caffia, wilel citmamon, and very good tPbaqco, Called by the Spaniards Cf; garroit The hillACCA, a city of Hindppftan Prpper, in the E- quarter pf Bengal, and on a branch of the Ganges. Few fituationj are better calculated fpr an inland empp. rium pf trade ; as the river ccmmunicates with al-l th? other inland navigations, and, thai npt by a circuitpus, but by a direft:! communication. St is the provincial ca pital of this quarter. Indeed, within th'r prefent century, it has been the capital of all Bengali syid it is the third city of that country in point of extent arid population. It has a yafl trade in muflins, and manu faftures the moft delicate ones among thofe which are moft fought after in Europe t and the cotton is produced within the pro vince. The country round Dacca lying lew, and being always covered with ver dure during the dry months, is not fubjefts tp fuch vipient heats a§ Moorffiedabad, Pat na, apd other places. It is 160 mitps- N'.E. of Calcutta. Lon. 90. 25. E.lat. 23. 55. N. Dachaw, a large town of Germany, in. Bavaria, on a mouatain. The elcftpr has DAL P A M tains, abounding in mines of copper and iron, fpme pf which are pf a prodigious depth. The towns are fmall, and Idra the capital. The inhabitants are Ka* a palace here, with fine gardens, in a and lOo in breadth. |t is full of moun- fweet air. It is fipated on the river Am- ber, 10 miles N, "VV, of Munich, Loh, II, 30, E. lat. 48, 20, N, Dach^t EIN, a town of France, in the ^ .. department ef Lovver Rhine, and late pro- rough, robuft, and warlike ; and aU th^ vince of Alface, with a palace'belonging great revolutions in Sweden had theif to the fee ef Straffiurg, L,on, 7, 45, E, rife in this province, Jat, 48. 35, N, Dalia, a province of Sweden, bound. DaFar, or DoFAR, a town of Afia, ed pn the N. by Dalecariia, on the E. by iri Arabia the Happy, fgated on a bay of Wermeland and the lake "V\'ener, on the the fame name, on rhe 5. coaft. Lon. 53. S. by Gothland, and on the N. by Nor. ii- E. (at. 16. 30. N. '^" Dagenham, a village in Effex, re. iharkable for the great breach made here by the Thames in 1703; which, after the interference ef parliament had be. come neceffary, was at laft repaired, in 1716, by captain Perry, who had been employed on fome Ruffian canals by fe- ter the Great. Dagenham is nine mil^s E. by N. of Lendon. Daohestan, a pro-yince of Afia, way and the fea. IJalkeith, a confiderable town of Scotland, in MidrLothian, with a great weekly market for corn and oatmeal. The palace of Dalkeith is a magnificent ftrufture, the feat of the duke ef Buc- cleugh. Dalkeith is fix miles S. E. of Edinbu,rgh. Lon. j. 12. W. lat. 55. 54- N- . -i DALJvfATiA, a province of Europe, bounded on the N. by Bofnia, on the S, bounded pn the E. by the Cafpiah Sea, by the Gulf pf Venice, pn the E. by Set on the W. by the mountains of Caucafus, via, and on the W. by Morlachia. Spa- on the N, by Circaffia, and en the S. by la,trp is the capital pf^that part belpnging Schirvan. It is inhabited by Tartars, tp the "Venetians ; and,Ragufa,of a repub, apd is now fubjeft te Ruffia. lie of that name ; the Turks have a third, Dagno, a town of Turkey in Europe, whofe capital i^ Herzegovina. The air is iri Albania, with a biffiop's fee, capital of wholefome, and it ^bounds in wine, corn, the diftrift pf Ducagini, neat the' qpuflu ^ittce pf the Drinp and Nero, 1 3 miles S. £, pf Scutari. Lon. 19. 39, E, lat, 42, 3tq.N. Dago, pr Dagho, aij ifland in the Baltic, pn the ccaft pf Livpnia, between the Gulf pf Finland and Riga. It is 2,0 miles in circumference, and has twp caf. ties, called Pagerwprt and Paden. Lon. »2. 56. E. lat. 58. 44. N. * Dahl, the fineft river pf Sweden, ivhich flpws thrpugh Dalecariia and Gef. tricia, and falls intP the Gulf pf Bothnia, to the E. of Gefle. Near Efcarleby, it forms a celebrated cataraft, fcarce inferior to the fall of the Rhine at SchaffhaUlcn, Dahomy, a kingdom of Africa, on the coaft of Guinea, to the N, of 'Whi- daw. The king of this country conquer ed Whidaw, and very much difturbed the fiave trade ofthe Europeans. pALAC.A, an ifland of the Red Sea, opppfite the cpaft pf Abex, 72, miles in and oil, Dalton, a town in Lancaffiire, with a market on Saturday, It is feated on the fpring-head of a river, in a champaign country, not far from the fea ; and the ancient caftle is made ufe of te keep the records, and prifcners fpr debt in the li berty of Furnefs. It is 16 miles N. W. of Lancafter, and 273, N- N. W. of Lpn- dpn. Lpu. 3: 18. "W. lat, 54, 14, N. Ram, a tpwn pf the United Prpvinces, in Grpningen, feated pn the river Dam-, fter,. three miles from the fea, and 15 Sc ¦VV. pf Embden. Lpn. 6. 48, E. lat, 55. 22. N. Dam, a tpwn pf Germany, in Ppme- rania, fubjeft tp Pruffia; feated pn the river Oder, i,o miles from Stetin. Lou, 14. 50. E. lat. 53. 3.1. N. Daiviar, a famous town of Afia, in Arabia. Felix. Lon. 49. 25. E. lat. 16. o,. N, Damascus, now called Sham, length, and 1 5 in breadth. It is fertile, town of Syria, in Afiatie Turkey ; a very populous, and remarkable fpr a pearl fiffi cry. The inhabitants are negroes, ah4 great enemies to the Mahometans. Daleburg, a town ef Sweden, eapi. tal of the province of Dalia, on the lake Werier; 50 miles N'. of Gottenburg. Lon. 59. E. lat. 58. 32. ISf, ancient place, and had once three walls, which are almoft entirely ruined ; and of the feveral fuburbs which it formerly had, there remains only one, which extends three rtiiles in length from N. to W. The foi'm of this town is an exaft fquare, each fide, being a mile and a half long. Dalecarlia, aprovince of Sweden, Tlie extraordinary beauty qf this place is near Norvyay. It is r75 miles in length, owing to feveral ftreams which run acrofs M 4 the DAN . the plain of Damafcus, and water all the gardens, fupply the public fountains, and run inte every houfe. The moft remark able things are the caravanfaries, which confift of long galleries, fupported by marble pillars, and furrounding a large fquare court. There is a mofque belong ing to one, which is very handfome, and adorned on the infide with columns of curious marble. The caftle is like a httle town, having its own ftreets and houfes, and the famous Damafcus fteel was kept here in a magazine. The houfes ef this place are built ef wood, with their fronts backward, and within is a court. In the ftreets there is nothing to be feen but ^valls without windows,. and yet the infides are richly adorned. The mofques are the handfomeft buildings, of which there are about 200, the moft ftately of which was a Chriftian church. The only thing be fide -this, worth notice, is the ftraight ftreet which runs acrofs the city and fub- ¦urbs in a direft line ; on each fide there are ffiops, where all forts of rich merchan- difes are fold. The gardens are always extremely handfome ; and 'they have feve. ral manufaftures, among which that of fabres 'and knives has been moft famous. It is an archbiffiop's fee, and contains great numbersof Chriftians and Jews. It ftands on the river Barida, in a very fertile plain, 112 miles S. of Antioch, and 112 N. ef Jerufalem. Lon. 37. o. E. lat. 33. 45' N. Damaun, a feaport ef the Deccan of Hindooftan, at the S. entrance ofthe Gulf of Cambay. It is fubjeft te the Portu. guefe, and is 50 miles S. ef Surat. Lon. 72. 25. E. lat> 20. 20. N. Damgartin, a town of Germany, in Pomerania, with a caftle. It belongs to the Swedes, and is feated on the river Recknils, 18 miles W. of Stralfund. Lon. 12. 57. E. lat. 54. 16. N. Damietta, an ancient and celebrated town ef Africa, in Egypt, feated at one of the eaftern mouths of the Nile, with a good harbour, and a Greek archbiffiop's fee. It is one of the richeft p||ces in Egypt, 100 miles N. pf Cairo. T? Damiano, St. a town of Italy, in Montferrat, famous "for a fiege it fuftained of three months in 1553. 'The fortifica. tions , are now demofifhed ; and it is 18 miles W. by N. of Vercelli, Len, 8. o, E. lat. 45. 33. N. , Damme, a ftrong town of the Nether. lands, belengirig to the houfe ef Auftria ; feated near the fea, five miles S. of Sluys. Lon. 3. 25. E. lat. 51. 15. N. Dancala. See Dongala. * Danbv&y, a village of Effex, fitu- DAN .atcd on a fine hill that cpinnaSS's, ijlf'fie- tenfi ve prpfpeft. T^ fpire pf the church was burnt by lightning, abput the year 175P, but was fppn after rebuilt, and fprms a cpnfpicupus feamark. It is 16 miles W. pf the ppen fea, and five miles E. pf Chelmsfprd. * Danger, Isles of, three iflands in the S. Pacific Ocean, feen by cpmmp- dpfe- Byrpn in 1765. They appeared crpwded with pepple, but were fp fur. rounded, in every direftion, b^ rocks and breakers, that it "was very unfafe to at tempt to land. The commodore fuppp. fed them tp be the iflands feen by Quires, in the beginning pf the 17th century, and named Splpmon's Iflands, but very im- perfeftly defcribed by him. Lon. 169. 28. W. lat. 10. 15. S. Danneberg, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Lower Saxony, capital ef a diftrift of the fame name. It belongs to the eleftor of Hanover, and is feated on the river Tetze, near the Elbe ; 4b miles S. E. of Lunenburg, Len, 11. 29, E, lat, 53, 4. N, Dantzic, one of the largeft and richeft towns of Europe, capital of Weftern Pruffia, and of Tomerania ia Poland; with a famous harbour, a bi ffiop's fee and a'univerfity. It is encom paffed with a wall and fprtifications of great extent. The hpufes are \Vell-built pf ftpne pr brick, fix pr feven ftpries'high; and the granaries, containing vaft quanti ties ef corn and naval fteres, are ftill high. er, to which the ffiips lie clofe, and take in their lading. The arfenal is well-pro vided, and the exchange is a handfpme ftrufture. It is reckcned tp ccntain 200,000 inhabitants, though there died of the plague, in 1709, abpve 30,000 pe'rfpns. The college is provided with very learned profeffors. It carries on a great trade, particularly in corn, timber, and njfval fteres. The eftabfiffied religion is the- Lutheran ; but there are Papifts, Calvi nifts, and Anabaptifts, who are all tole rated. The magiftrates confift of 30 fena- tprs, fpur pf whom are burgoriaafters : be fide thefe, there are 43 confuls, who eleft the burgomafters out of their own body, and they likewife appoint all ether officers : 100 burghers are elefted to reprefent the people's grievances, te defend their privi leges, and to infpeft the adminiftration of the government. Tliey ¦ coined money, with the king ef Poland's head on one fide, and the city arms on the ether. Tha jurifdiftion of this town extends about 50 miles round it ; and, they maintain a -gar- 'rifon at their own. expence. It was lately a free hanfeatic town, under the profec- tloa D A R D A R tion of Poland; but, in 1793, it fubmitted to the king of Pruffia, who forcibly ufurp. ed the fovereignty, in a fecond partition of the Poliffi dominions. It is feated on the weftern banks of the river Viftula, near the Gulf of Angil, in the Baltic ; 30 miles S. E. of Marienburg, and 160 N. ¦W, by N. of Warfaw. Lon. 18. 38. E. lat. 54.^22. .N. Danube, the' largeft river in Europe, rifing at Donefchingen in the BlackForeft, in the circle of Suabia in Germany; and running N. E. through " Suabia, by Ulm, the capital ef that country ; and then E. through Baffaria and Auftria, paffed by Ratiffien, Paffau, Ens, and Vienna. It then enters Hungary, and runs S. E. from Preffiurg to Buda, and fo on te Bel. grade ; . after which it divides Bulgaria from Morlachia and Moldavia, difcharging itfelf by feveral channels into the Black Sea, in the province of Beffarabia. It was called the Ifler by the ancients. It begins te be navigable for boats at Ulm, and receives feveral large rivers as it paffes along. It is fo deep between Buda and Belgrade, that the Turks and Chrif tians have had men of war upon it ; and yet it is not navigable to the Black Sea, on account of the catarafts. Dahda, a town and fort of Lower Hungary, built by the Turks in 1686, and taken by th° Imperiahfts the next year, in whqfe hands if remains. It is feated on the river Draw, 10 miles from its con fluence with the Danube, and at the end of the bridge of Effeck, ^ight miIes-3. of Baraniwar, and. 80 N. W. ef Belgrade. Lori. 19. 56. E. Iat. 45. 45. N, Dardanelles, a narrow ftrait be. tween Afia and Europe, which forms the communication between the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora. It is 33 miles long, in the broadeft part only one mile and a half, and, in the narroweft, half a mile. It was anciently called the Hellef- pont, and is celebrated for the ftory of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge ef boats thrown over it by Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. The entrance is defend ed by two caftles erefted by the Turks; one in Romania, and the oppofite one ih Natolia ; at the latter, the cargoes pf all . ihips frpm Cpnftant-mople arc fearched. I)arel-Hamara, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, buih by the Re- mans. Its trade confifts in oil and corn; and it is feated on a mountain. Lon. 6. 35. W.'lat. 34. 20. N. Darien, a narrow ifthmus, which' loins N. and S. America, haying the A.tlaritic Ocean on the E. fide, and the Pacific Ocean on the \V. It L alfo the ' name of a province in Terra Firma, which' is not tlie richeft, but of the greateft im portance of any in the poffeffion ef the Spaniards ; for all the wealth of Peru is brought hither, and thence imported into Europe. There are many high moun. tains; and the low grounds are often over flowed with the great riins. Here the men go naked, and they have a filver plate faftened to their nofes, which hangs over their mouths, in the Ihape of a half. moon. The women Ijave a ring, hang ing down in the fame manner, which paffes through the bridle of the n.ofe. They have alfb feveral chains of teeth, ffiells, beads, and the like, hanging down from the neck to the pit ef the ftomach. Their houfes are moftly thin and fcattered, and always by a river fide, with planta tions lying about them. They arc buiit with fmall pofts fets upright, about feyen feet high, which are hureilcd with flicks, and daubed -"over with earth. The men clear the plantations, and the women cul tivate them. The girls are emplovcd in picking and fpinning cotton, which the women weave, and the cloths are chiefly ufed for hammocks. It is the bufinefs of 'the men to make bafltcts, which they do very neatly with canes, reeds, or pai- meto-leavcs died of feveral colours. Each man has feveral wives, who five together in great harmony. They are fond of dancing 'to the found of a pipe and drum, and play a' great many antic tricks, like our tumblers. When they go out a hunt ing the women carry in their bafkets plantains, bananas, yams, potatoes, and caffa-/a-roets ready roafled. When they travel, they guide themfelves by the fun ; and, when it does not fhine, by the wind; "Vyhen they come to the rivers, the women and chUdi'o-n, as \\ cU as men, fwim over them. They hiveno diftinftion of days or weeks, but reckon their time by the couri'e of the moon. The animah arc the fame as in other couiitries of the fame climate. Darking, a town of Surrey, on the river Mole. The market, on Saturday, is noted for cprn, provifions, and -moi-e particularly for fowls. It is 23 miles S. W. of London. Lon. o. 14. W. Iat. 51. 17. N. Darlington, a large town in the county of Durham, with a market on Monday. It is feated en a flat, on the river Skerne, ivhich falls into the Tees. It has a fpacious market-place ; and the market is wefl fupplied with corn, cattle, and provifions, l^t has long been noted for the manufafture' ef huckabacks. It has likewife a thriving one of camlets. ' , Some BAR D A U Some fmall wares bf the Manchefter kind are alfo niiade here ; and there is a 9en- fiderable trade in dreffing leather, A cu rious water machine for grinding optical giaffes, and for fpinning linen yarn, has been erefted here, the invention of a native of the town. Darlington is 19 miles S. of Durham, and 239 N. by W. of London, Lpn. I. 25. W.lat. 54- 32- N- Da:^laston, a vilhtgc near Stone, in Staffordffiire, where are the remains ef an ancient caftle en a hill. It was here that Wulpere murdered his two fons. Darmstadt, a town bf Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and qapital of the l?ndgraviate' pf Heffe Darmftadt, with a handfome caftle, where its own prince generally refides. It has feveral handfome houfes and fuburbs and a gppd college. It is leated pn a river pf the fame name, 30 miles N. W. pf Heidelberg. Lon. 8. 40. E. lat. 49. 43. N. Dart, a river in E>evpnffiire, which rifes at the foct pf Dartmppr hills, and after pafBrig.Tptnefs, where it is naviga ble fpr fmall veffels, is jpined by the Jlarebprn, and, feyen miles farther, falls into the fea at Dartmputh Haven. Dartford, a town in Kent, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the river Darent, net f%r from its influx into the Thames. . Here are the remains of a, fine nunnery, founded by Edward HI. At the diffolution it was converted into a roy^ palace; but it was alienated by J:(mes I. The rebellnn pf Wat Tyler be^an in this tPwn, which is feven miles W". of Gravefend, and 16 E. hy 5. of London. Lon. o. 16. E. lat. 51,25. N. * .Dartmoor, an extenfive meriffi traft, in Devonffiire, bounded on the N, by bleak hills. This fort of country, clayey, wet, and fteril, extends north ward quite through the centre of the bounty, and en the Corniffi border to the fea. Mariy ffieep are bred here, but of a fmall kind, and fubjeft to the rot. The chief riches of the inhabitants are their black cattle, which thrive well on th^ coarfe four herbage ; and after being fat tened in better paljiures, ate, driven to the metropolis. Dartmouth, a feaport and borough of Devonffiire, with a market on Friday, It is feated on the declivity of a hill, by the river Dart, near its fall into the fea, and has a fpacious haven, capable of fteltering a large number of ffiips. It has a confiderable trade to the S. parts of of Exeter, and 204 W, by S. of Londoit, Lon. 3. 45, W. lat, 50, 22. N, Dassen-Eyland, or the Isle OF Deer, pne of the three fmall iftand* ;o the N. of the Cap of Good Hppe ; ft>. called, pn accpunt pf the great nunmer pf deer which were firft carried thither ii^ i6oi. There are alfp ffieep ^here, whpfe tails weigh igppunds, Lun. 18. 7. E.lat,, 33. 25. S,. Dav entry, a tPwn pf Northampton-. ffiire, with a market pn Wednefday. Here the diffenters had once a flouriffiing aca demy. It is 10 miles W. of Northamp-, ton, and 72 N. W, of London, Lon. i. 10. W. lat. 52, 15, N, David's, 8.t. an epifcopal town of Pembrokeffiire, with a market pn Wed- nqfday; and is feated in a barren fpil pa the river Hen, npt a mile frpm the fea. It was pnce a ccnfiderable place, and had walls, which are npw dempliffied ; it is npw an. inconfiderable place y but the cathe- dral is a pretty good ftrufture. From the cape, near this place there is ai profpefi into Ireland, It is 24 miles N. W, of" Pembroke, and 255 W, by N, of London^ Lpn. 5, 15, W, lat. 51. 56. N. David's, St. a fprt, belpnging to th^ Engliffi E, India Company, oa the coaft of Cprpmandel, whiqh was taken and dc- ftrpyed, by the French in 1758, and has RPt yet been rebuilt. It is 80 miles S. pf Fprt St. George, Lon, 79. 45, E. lat,^ II, 30, N, Davis' Straits, an arm of the fea between Greenland and N., America, difcovered by captain Davis in 158 5, when, he attempted to find a N. W. paffage tOj China. Daun, a town, of Germany, in the eleftprate of Treves, feated' Pn the rivef Lezer, at the fppt pf a mpuntain, pn which, a caftle is built that cpmmands it. It k 12 miles N. pf Mpntrpyal. Dauphin Fort, a fprt, built by the French, on the E. ccaft pf Madagafcar.., Lpn. 45. 10, E. lat, 24.. 55. S. Dauphiny, a province of France, bpunded on the W, by the Rhone, oa the N. by the Rhone and Savoy, on the S. by Provence, and on, the E, by the Alps. Hence the heir-apparent of the. late crown of France was called the Dau., phin ; a. title whiqh i^ derived from tha, following circumftance: In 1349, Hu-. bert II. count of Dauphiny, being incen-. folable fer the lofs ef his own fon, whoni, he had let fall from a window of his palace Europe and to Newfoundland, as well as at Grenoble into the Ifere, entered into ^ a ffiare in the coafting traffic. It contains convent pf Jacobins, and ceded Dauphiny three churches ; and is 30 miles S, S. W. (wluch» jnoreover, he had with diflScdlty, ieitnieA D E A defended againft the attempts of Amadeus, duke ef Savoy) to Philip, a younger fon of Philip ef Valors, fpr 120,000 florins of gold (each ef the value of 20 fols, or lod. Engliffi) en tfiis condirien, that the eldeft fon, of the king of France ffiould be ftyled the Dauphin. Charles V. furnamed the Wife, grandfon of Phihp of Valois, firft bore this ritle in 1530. Two thirds of Dauphiny are interfefted by mountains, which afford good pafturage, plenty of umber; fir-trees, in particular-, for the building of ffiips 5 and very fcarce fimples. In theie mountains, which are branches <>f the Alps, are bears, chamois (a kind of wild goat,' whpfe flr.in is much valued) marmpts, eagles, hawks, &c. A number of children gp frpm tpwn to town, aud gain a livelihood by making the marmot dance. T^^c valleys afford wheat, and the hflls, in the vicinity of the Rhone, excel lent wines, olives, ¦ and filk. Mines of irori, copper, and lead, have been worked- here to great advantage; and they have likewife been fuccefsful in working a mine of gold (the only pne in France) at Gardetfe, nine leagues from Grenoble. The principal rivers ef Dauphiny are the 9.hone, Durance, Ifere, and prome. It new forms the departments of Drome, Ifere, and Upper Alps ; including an ex tent ef country 40 leagues long from N. to ?• and 36 broad from E. to W. Dax, or Acqs, an ancient town of Franc^e, in th? department of Landes, and late province of Gafcony, with a tiifliop's fife, and fortie famous hot baths. It is feated on the Adour, 24 miles N. E. of Cayenne. Lon. 1. o. W. lat. 43. 42. N. JDead man''s-head, a qape, in Corn. ¦wall, between St. Maw's and Fqwey. Dead Sea, a lake of Afia, in Palef^ tine, into which the river Jordan runs. It is about 70 miles loug, and 20 brpad, inclpfed en the E. and W. by high moun tains. It abounds in bitumen. Deal, a feaport in Kent, which, though pretty large, has neither market nor fair. It is ffeated on the feaffiore, and is a member of Sandwich, gpverned by a mayor and jurats, It has a church, a chapel, and about 1000 hpufes. The inhabitants amount to about 4500; but as no manufafture is carried on here, the people chiefly depend en the fea-faring men who refort hither. This place is defended by a caftle built by Henry VIII. and near it are two others. Between this place and the Goodwin Sands are the Downs, where the ffiips ufuaUy ride at going out or coming home. It is feven Biiles S, by, E,pf Sand^w(i(h, and 72 E, by DEC S. pf Lpndpn, Lpn. 1, 29. E, Iat. EDDiNGT0N,a town of Oxfordffiire, ¦ -with a market on Tuefday. It is feated on a rifing grotmd, i6 miles N. of Oxford, and 70 W. N. W. of London. Lon. i, 12. W. lat. 52. 2. N. Dedham, a town of Effex, with a market on Tuefday. It has an ancient large church, which has a fine Gothic fteeple. It is fix miles N. of Colchefter, and 58. N. E'. of London. Lon. 1. o. E.lat. 52. I.N. Dee, a fine river in N. Wales, held in great veneration by our Britiffi an- ceftors, and the theme ef many a poet fince. Some trace its head to the foot of the lofty mountain Arun, which Spcn. fer, in his Fairy Qiicen, makes the re. CdenCe ef the fage Timon, fofter-father to prince Arthur. This is in the N. W. angle of Merionethffiire ; but others trace it no farther than to the Lake of Bala, whence it flov,-s through a fine vale, in a N. E. direftion to Denbighffiire, vifits the W. border ef Cheffiire, to which it ferves for fome time as a boundary ; then croffing over to Chefter, it flows thence to the fea, making a broad fandy eftuary, wliich feparates Cheffiire from Flintffiire, By embankments made here, muth larid has been gained from the tide, and a nar row, but deeper channel, "fitter for navi. gatien, has been formed from Chefter halfway to the fea. The Dee is navigable from near EUefniere, in Shropffiire, to Chefter; but, at this' city, the continuity of the navigation is broken by a ledge of rocks, running acrofs the bed ef the river, and caufing a fort bf cafcade. '* Dee, a river of Scotland, which rifes in Aberdeenffiire, amid the mountains of Mar foreft, and flows through a wild country for feveral miles, till jt reaches the fertile vale ef Brae-mar, whence it proceeds in an eafterly direftion to Aber deen, below which it falls intp the Britiffi Ocean. '"' Dee, a river pi Scctland, which rifes in the N. W. part cf Kirkcudbrightffiire, and joining the river Ken, below New Galloway, falls into the Irifli Sea at Kirk cudbright. Deeping, a town of Lincolnfliire, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated on the river Weland, in a fenny ground, fix miles E. of Stamford, and 90 N. of London. Lon. o. 21. W. lat. 52. 42. N. Deerhurst, a village, three miles S. of Tewkeffiury, in Gloucefterffiire, fub- jeft, by its low fituation, to frequent in. undations from the Severn. In 1770, the flood rofe to the top ef the firft floors, and continued fo for many days. Here was a palace built, and afterward converted to a monaftery in 715, which the Danes dc ftroyed ; but it was rebuilt and made an alien priory, under the patronage of the abbot of Tewkeffiury. Its being rebuilt in the reign of Edward the Confeffor, and its Confecration by the then bifliop pf V/orcefter, is denoted by a Latin inlcrip- tion on a ftone," which in 1675, was dug up in the orchard. Deinse, a town of Auftrian p'landcrs, feated en the Lis, eight miles S. W. of Ghent. Len. 3. 39. E. lat. 50. 59. N. Delaware, one ofthe United States qf N. America, bounded en the N. by Pennfylvania, on the E. by Delaware river and bay, and on the S. and W. by Maryland. It contains about 14000 fquare miles, being 90 miles long and 16 broad. In many parts it is unhealthy, being feated in a peninfula, where the land is generally low and flat, which occafions the waters to ftagnate, and fubjefts the inhabitants to intermittents. It is divided into the three counties of Ncvifcaftle, Kent, and Suffex. In 1787, the inhabitants were computed at 37,oco. '* Delaware, a fine river of N. America, which rifing in the State of DEL New Ynrk, in the Lake Uftayanthc, takes a S. W. courfe till it croffes into Pennfylvania in lat. 42°. Thence pro. ceeding S. it divides New York from Pennfylvania, tiU it ftrikes the N. W. corner ef New Jerfey, in lat. 41". 24'. and it then paffes off to the Atlantic Ocean, through Delaware bay, having New Jerfey on the E. fide, and Pennfyl vania and the ftate of Delaware on the "VV, From the mputh of this bay, at Cape Herilopcn, to Philadelphia, it is 118 miles, with a fufficient depth cf water, all the way, for a 74 gun fhip. * Delaware, a bay of N. America, which is 60 miles long, from CapeHcnlopcn tP the entrance pf the river Delaware at Boiribay-hppk. It is fp wide, in feme parts, that a ffiip, in the middle of it, can not be feen from the land. It opens into the Atlantic N. W. and S. E. between Cape Henlopen on the right, and Cape May en the left. Thefe capes are 18 miles apart. Delft, a large town of the United Provinces, in the province of Holland. It is clean and weU-built, with canals in the ftreets, planted en each fide with trets. Hers are two churches, in one ef which is the tomb of William I. prince of Orange, who was affaffinated, and in the ether that of admiral Van Tromp. It has a fine arfenal, is about two miles in circum- ference, and is defended againft inunda tions by three dikes. Here a prodigious quantity of fine earthen ware is made, known by the name of Delft wares. It is feated on the river Schie, eight miles N. W. of -Rotterdam, and 30 S. W. of Am- fterdam. Lon. 4. 24. E. Iat. 52. 4. N. Delfzy, a fortrefs of the United Pro vinces in Groningen, feated on the river Fivel, ,13 miles N,. E. of Groningen. Lon. 6. 5. E. lat. 53. 26. N. ¦-"- DELiCHi,'a river of Albania, in a province of Turkey in Europe. It was the Acheion of the ancient poets, who feigned it to be in hell. * Delhi, a province of Hindooftan Proper, bounded on the N. W. by La hore, on the N. E. by Serinagur, on the E. by the Rohilla country, on the S. by Agra, and en the W. by "Moultan. This province is in the moft wretched ftate that can be conceived. Having been the feat of continual wars for 50 years, the country is almoft depopulated ; the lands, in cburfe, .lying walte ; the wretched inha- bitants net daring to provide more than the bare means, cf fubfiftence, left they ffiould attraft the notice of tho("e" whofe trade is pillage. " Nothing," fays major Reaaell, "but the natural fertili'y.of the DEL foil, and the mildnefs of the climate, coul4 have kept tip any degree of population, and rendered the fovereignty uf it, at this day, worth c jntending for ; fo that a traft of country that poffeffes every advantage that can be derived from, i.ature, contains the moft miferable of inhabitants ; fo dearly dp mankind pay fpr the ambition pf their fupcriors, who, mifcalculating their power:, think they cari gwern as mucji as they can conquer." '" Deh-ii, the capital of a province of the fame name, in Jlindooftan Proper, is feated on the W.bank of the river Jumna. It is the nominal capital, at prcl"ent,-of ali Hindpoflan, and was the aftual capital during the greateft part pf the time fince the Mahomedan conejueft. It was faid to contain, during the latter part of the laff century, '2,o;o,ooo of inha'oitants. But Beraicr, an author of great varacity, who wrote in 1663, when the grandeur ofthe empire and its capital was at its height, docs not juftify fo high a calculation ; foe' he eftimates the circumference of Delhi at three leagues only, reckoning what was within the fortifications; befide which, he defcribes feveral fuburbs, but altogether, no extraqrdinary extent for a capital city of Incha ; and he defcribes Agra to be confiderably larger. In 173 8, when Nadir Shah invaded Hindooftan, he entered Del hi, and dreadful were the tumults, maf- facres, and famine ttiat followed : 100,000 of the inhabitants periffied by the fword ; and plunder, to the amount of 62,000,000!. fterling was faid to be collefted. The fame dreadfill calamities they endured on the fubfequent invafions of Ab. daUa, king of Candahar. Since the de cline and downfall of the Mogul empire, we may expeft, therefore, to find the prefent population to be very low. Delhi is 880 miles N. E. by N. of Bombay. Len. 77. 40. E. lat. 28. 37. N. Delmenhorst, a ftrong town, of Gc.-. many, in' the circle of Weftphalia, and county of Oldenburg, be'onging to Den mark ; feated on the Dclm, near the Wo- fer, eight miles S. W. of Bremen. Lon. 8. 38. E.lat. 53. 2. N. Delos, an ifland of the Archipelago, nPw called Dili. There are abundance pf fine ruins, fupppfed to be of the tem ples of Diana, and Apollo, whofe birth place it is faid to be. It is fix miles in circumference, but it is now quite deftitute of inhabi tants. Lon. 2 5. 5 9. E.lat. 37.30.N. Delphos, a town of Turkey in Afia, in the province formerly called Achaia, now Livadia ; formerly famous , for the oracle of Apollo, which they came from ail parts to co'.ifult. Del- n^n fe JE N Delsp6rg; atpwri of Swifierlaftd, in the biffiopric. of feaflfe; lo riaiies N. W. vf SoleUr; Loh; 7. 23. Ei lat. 47. 17. N. Delt A; a part of Lower £gypt, which takes up a confiderable fpflce of ground betwi^een the branches pf the Nile and the Mediterranean. The ancients called it the ifle pf Delta, Becaiilt It is ih the ffiipe of a triangle, like the Cjreek Ipttfer pf that name. It is abplit 430 miles along the coaft frpm Damietta tP Alexandria; and 70 on the fides, from the place where the Nile begins to divide itfelf. It is the Haoft , plentiful CPuntry,of all Egypt, and it riihs mure here than in Pther parts ; but the fertility fe chiefly pwirig teJ the inuridati- ens of the Nile, DemerarY) a Dutch ftttleriient in the province of Surinam, about three leagues to the W. of the city of that hame, it ¦was taken from the Dutch, by the Erig- lifh, iu the laft war ; but fhe French dif- poffeffed them of it fppri after; arid, by the treaty pf peace in 1783, the Dutch re gained ppffeffion of it, Demmin, an ancient town of Germa ny, in the duchy of iStetin, fuljjift to Swe den; and feated on the riyeir Peen. Lon. J3. 22. E. lat. 53, 52, N. Demona, a fqrt pf Piedmpnt; pn the tive'r Sture, 10 miles S, W. pf Cpni; Lpri; 7, 28. E, lat, 441 18, N, t)ENAiN, a village pf the Netherlands; in Hainault, feated pri the river Scheld, temarkable for an abbey pf canOneffeS; ind fpr a viftpry gained pver princie Eu gene, by haarfhal Villars in 17 12,. 13ENBlGH,thecPuhtytPwnpfDehbigh. fiiire, finely fituated Ph a rpcky declivity abpve thfe 'Vale pf Clwyd, pn a branch cf the river pf that name. Its ruined caftles, Vlth its vaft inclpfuf e crowning the top of the Hill, forms a ftriking objeft, tJen- bigh has a confiderable manufafture of gloves arid ftoes, which are fent to Lon. don for expprtatipji. It has a riaarket on Wednefday^ fends pne riiember tP pariia. ment, and is 27 miles W, pf Chefter, and ioS N. W, pf Lpridpni Lpu, 3.35. W, lat, §3. II. N. . E)ENBIGHSHiRB, a cpunty pf t^. "VVales, bpundcci on the N. by the Iriffi Sea and a part pf Fhntffiire ; pn the E. by Flintffiire and Shrppfliire ; pn the S. by Meripnethffiire and Mphtgoiheryffiire ; Snd pn the W. by Carriarvpn&ire, from which it is feparated by the rivet Conway. it extends from N. W. to S. E. 48. miles. End from N. to S. iri its broadeft part it is io miles ; but, in general, it is much lefs, it is divided into 12 hundreds, which cori. tains four market-tpwns, and 57 pariffies; It lies 1.1 the diocefes of Sti Afapli and Bangpr, and fends twp members to par liament, one for thfe county, and one for the borough of Deribigh. The foil is va-^ rious ; the Vale of Clwyd being extreme ly fertile, v/hich Is hot the 'cafe with the E, part of the tourity, and the W, is, in a manner, barren. The inhabitants gene rally live to a greit age ; and thofe who dwell in the Vale pf Clwyd are remark able fpr retaining great vivacity tp the Ipngcft perlpd pf life. The principal ri vers are the Clwyd, Elwy, Dee, and Cpn- way. The preaufts pt this cpunty are chiefly cprn, cheefe, cattle, lead, and cpali Bee Clwyd. Dendermond, a town of Auftriaii Flanders, with a ftrong citadel. It waS taken by the Allies in 1706, arid by th^ Frerich in 1745; It is furrounded by marffies and fine Hieadows, which the in habitants can lay iirider water. It i? feated at the corifluence of the Dender and Scheld, 16 miles W, of Mechlin, Lon, 41 10. E. kt. 51. 3. N. Denia, an ancient towp of Spain, iri Valeri.cia, with a comriipdipus harbpur; tt is feated at the fppt. of a mountain, 5I miles E. of Alicant. Lon, o, 36, E. lati 38. 44. N. ... Denmark, a. kingdpm. pf Eurppe; bounded on the E; by the Baltic Sea, oii the W. and Ns by the oceari; arid on the S. By Gerriaany: The country is gene^i rally flat, and thfe foil a barren fand. The air is rendered foggy by the neighbour- hopd of the feas and likes; of which it Is fufl. Denmark; properly fo called, coh^ lifts qf Jutland .arid the iflaijds of Zealand and Funeri; with .the little ifles abput them } but the king pf Denmart's dpminipns cpn^ tain the kingdpm pf Nprwayj and the duchies pf Holftein, Oldenburg, and Del- ihphhprft. There is np cpnfiderable river,' arid the -winter cpritinues feven p"r eight ilionths. tn the fuiriiher the heat is very- great, and the days are loilg. The com-J modities ar.e cp.rn, pulfe, hprfes, and large beeves. The kingdom of Dcrinaark v'/S!« forrherly limited and eleftive j but, iri il65o, it i*as rilade abfplute arid hereditary. This was the coiifequehce of a revolution^ almoft unparallcied in hiftory ; a free peO^: pie voluntarily refigriirig their libertieiS into the hands qf their foyereigri. Th6. inhabitants afe Proteftants fince the year i 522, when they griibraced the confeflioii of Augfburg. The forces wtlich the king ef tJeniriadc Kais ufuaUy on foot arc near 4o;o'odi 'The revenues are compu ted at 50o,o6ol. a year^^which, arife froiri- the crown lands and duties. The produce of Norway confilb in pitch, tar, fiffi, oil aud deal boards. Gopenhagfeii is the capital. » B'i;«Y»; DER DEifYS, St, a fampus tPwn of France, in the department cf Paris. Here king, Dagobert built a magnificent church in 6ji, in which are the tombs of many of the French kings, of the conftable Guef- din, ahd of marffial Turfenne. In the treafury, among other cutiofities, are the f'words of St. Lewis and the Maid of Or- iearis, and the fceptre of Charlemagne. The abbey qf the late Benediftines, a magnificent piece of mpdei'n architefture, has mere the appearahce of a palace than a convent, St, Deny's is feated on the river Crould, near the Seine, five miles N. pf Paris, Lon. 2. 26. E.lat, 48, 56. ji. DePtford, a town of Kent, confider able for its fine decks, and fpr the king's- yard and ftprehpufes, fet the ufe of the navy. It was anciently called Weft Greenwich, and is divided into Upper and Lower Deptford. It has two pariffi churches and two hofpitals ; one of which was iriucorporated by Henry VII t. and is called Trinity Houfe of tjeptford Strond. The brethren ef the Trinity Houfe hold Iheir corporation by this hofpital, and are obliged, at certain tithes, to meet here for Ibufinefs. It contains i i houfes : a mere tnoderrii ftrufture, and a finer one, called Trinity Hofpital, contains 38. Both thefe hoafes are for decayed pilots, or mafters of ffiips, or theii^ widpws; whp have a Ijandfome iripnthly allpwance. Deptfprd lis fpur niiles E. pf Lphdoh. Loif,' o, 4, E, lat. 51. 30. N. Dekbent, a feapprt ahd fnrtrefs bf Perfia, in the prpvince pf Schirvan, pn the W. cpaft pf the Cafpian Sea, tt is faid tp have been buik by Alexander the Great, and Is furrounded by high brick walls, ?h6 inhabitants are chiefly terfians, artars, arid a few Armenians, Its pert Js the worft on the Cafpian Sea; on which account it is little frequented. It is feated at the foot pf Mount Caucafus. Lpu, 50, «. E, lat, 42. 8.N, Derby, the cpunty-tpwn of Derby- ihire, \yith two iharkets, on "Wedlief- day, and Friday. It. is feated en the Derwent; over which is a handfome ftone bridge, and i fmall brook runs through the tovm, under feveral ftone bridges. It is A large, populous, well-built and well-in- Jiabiteatown, eofttainihg five churcnes, of which All Saints is the chief, whofe tower is as high as tiipff in the klrigderh, 'The ffiire-ihall is a ftone building. Ih I734, ^ machine was erfefted here by frr Thomas Lomtie, for the manufafturing of Silk, the model of whiih he brpught frpm ttaly. It was the firft pf its kind erefited in England ; and its pperatipns are to %ind, dauble, and twift the fil^, 1« m to DER render it fit fpr weaving. It has em plpyed many hands in the tpwn, but the wprk is now on the decline. Derby ppf- feffes alfp a confiderable manufaftory of filk, cpttpn, and fine worfted ftockings ; and has a fabric of pprcelain, equal, if noc fuperior in quality, to any in the king dom. Several hands are employed in the lapidary and jewellery branches ; and the yvork of this kind, executed here, is in high eftihiation. Derbyffiire and foreign marbles are alfo wrought here into a va riety of prnamental articles. The malt ing trade is likewife carried on in this town; frprti which the Derwent is navi gable tp the Trent. Derby fends two members tp parliament, and is gpverned by a maypr; nine alderiPert, &c. 't'he re bels cartie as far as this tpWn in 1745, ^nd then returned tp Scptland. It is 36 miles N. of CoVfetttry, and 126 N. W. by N. pf Lpridon. Lon. i. 254 'VV. lat. 52. 58. N. Derbyshire; an Engliffi county, bpunded on the N. by Yorkfhire ; on thi E. by Npttinghamffiire j pn the S. by Leicefterffiire and a ppint pf Warwick ffiire ) pn the W. by Staffprdffiire; and Ph the N. W. by Cheffiire. it extend* 59 miles in length frpm l4. tp S..and 34 frpm E. tP 'Vv. where broadeft 5 but ia the 8. part it is net above fix. It is di^ vided into fix hundreds, in which arc i i market towns and io6 pariffies. It iB feated in the diocefe of Lichfield and Coi ventry, and fends four miembers to par liament, twp fpr thfe dpunty, and two for the town of Derby.. The air, efpeciafly on th6 E. fide, is wholeforiie and agtee- able ; but in the mpuntains of the Peakj toward the N. it is ffiarp and cold. Th^ N. and W. parts are hilly and ftpriy. Th» hills in the northern part of thfe county; by attrafting the paffing clouds, caufe the raih to defcend there ih greater abundance than on the circumjacent counties; Little timber, or even underwoPd, grew here, and the fields are univjirfally inclpfed by ftone walls. The S. and E. parts have rich lands, that are, pleafant «nd fertile; producing rtioft kinds pf grain, particu larly bariey. Even the N. W. part, called the Peak, is abundantly rich 5 fer tha bleak mpuntains abpiind iri the beft lead; with rtiarble, alabafier, millftones, iron, ccalj and a coarfe fprt pf cryftal ; and th* inttrmediate valleys are fruitful in grafs. The terta ponderoja, ot heavy earth, ii here fouftd in great quantities, as well as in fpme othfer parts pf the kingdpm. This kind pf earth feems to be the medium fubftance between earths and preSrSnd fuch Gcnneftive feries is pbfervable thrpughp'ut n«ure, in inimalsi vegetables, aad foffiis, Dri DES D E V Dr. Crawford has lately difcovered in this heavy earth important medical virtues, particularly in the cureof fcrephulous dif eafes. The principal rivers arc the Der went, iJove, Erwafh, and Trent. Derehai^, ato\*n of Norfolk, with a market on Friday. Its market is noted for woollen yarn. It is 14 miles W. ef Norwich, and 100 N. N. E. pf London. Lon. J. o. E. lat. 52. 42. N. Dereote, oriiEIROUTE, a tPWH pf Africa, in Egypt, and in the ifle fprmed by the canal which runs frcm Cairp tp Rofetta, where there is a magnificent temple. Lon, 31. 4<;. E. lat. 30. 40. N. Derp, a town of Livonia, with a bi ffiop's fee, and a univerfity. It fies hear the river Ambec, 50 miles N. W. of Plefco. Len. 26. 15. E. lat. 58. 30, N. Derwent, a river ef Dcr'oyffiire, which, rifing in the high Peak, flows di reftly through the middle ef the county, dividing it into two nearly equal parts ; and, a^ftcr paffing Derby, it empties itfelf nte the Trent on the borders of Leicefter ffiire. Derwent, a river ef Yorkffiire, which rifes in the N. ri'J.ing, and running S. falls into the Oufe, below York. * Derwent, a river ef the county of Durham, which rifing near the wild bor ders of Northumberland, makes the boun dary of the two counties for feme fpace; then croffing a corner of Durham, flews through a beautifully romantic traft to the Tyne, tvhich it joins a little above Newcaftle. On its banks, near its termi nation, are feme capital iron-works. ¦* Derwent, a river of Cumberland, which rifes in Borrowdale, and flowing, firft through the lake to which it gives name, and then through Baffenthv/aite. water, turns to Cockcrmouth, and enters the Iriffi Sea near Workington. Derwen't-water, a lake of Cum berland, in the vale ef Keffwick : it is three miles in length, and a mile and' half \yide. Fiv€ iflands rife out of this lake, which beirig covered, either with turf or trees, add greatly to the beauty of the ap. pearance. On one of thefe iflands is an elegant modern built houfe. From this lake, the river Derwent flews te Baffen. thwaite-watcr. Deseada, one ofthe Caribbee Iflan'ds in the W. Indies. It is 10 miles long, ajid five broad, and belongs to the French. It is generally the firft land that is made in failing te the W. Indies. Lon. 6-1. 20. W.lat. 16. 40. N. D SI ADA, or. Cape Desire, the foiuh n point of the Straits of Magellan, in S. America, at the entrance of the South Sea, Lun, 74, 18, W, Iat, jji 4. S. , Dessaw, a^ftrong tpwn pf Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and pro. vince pf Anhalt. It belongs to its own prince, and is feated on the Elbe, 3 7 miles- N. of Leipfick. Lon. 12. 22. E. lat. 51, 53- N. Dethmold, a town of Germany, in the circle ef "VVeftphalia, feated on the riyer Wehera, 1 5 miles N. of Paderborn, Lon. 8. 55. E. lat. 52. o. N. ''** Detroit, a town of N. America, fituated on the W. fide of the ftrait, or river, that forms the communication be. tween lake St. Clare and lake Erie. Lon. 83. 2. W. lat. 42. 22. N. Dettingen, a village of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and terri. tory ef Hanau. Here George II. gained a- viftory over the French in 1743. It is 4 miles E. of Hanau, and 4 W. ef Afchaf- fenburg. Lon. 9. 5. E. lat. 49. 55.N Deva, a feaport of Spain, on the Bay of Bifcay, and prcvince pf Guipufcpa, 1 5 miles S. E. pf Bilbpa. Lpu. 2. 40, W. lat. 43. 24. N. Develto, a tpvi'n pf Bulgaria, in Eu- rppean Turkey, with a Greek archbiffiop's fee. It is feated. on the river Paniza, 65 miles N. E. of Adrianople. Len. 37, 33.- E. lat. 42. 33. N. Deventer, a large, trading, and pp. pulous town of the United Provinces, in Overyffel, with a univerfity. It is fur rounded by ftrong walls, and ditches full ef water. It is feared on the river Iffcl, 50 miles E. of Amfterdam. Lon. 5, 56. E. lat. 52. 18. N. Devizes, a large and populous bo rpugh pf Wihs, feated on an eminence. It has a manufafture of ferges and other woollen ftuffs, and is 24 miles N. W. of Sahffiury, and "89 W, of Londpn, Lon. 2. 2. W. lat. 51. 20.- N. * Devon, a river of Scotland, which rifes on the S. fide of the Ochils (or Oak Hills) in Perthffiire. It fometimes ruffies precipitately down the brpken declivities of the mountains, and, at others, glides gently in the bottoms between them. Af ter an uncommonly meandering courfe, it paffes through the beautiful vale of .Glen- devon. Here is a " Rumbling Bridge," fimililar to that ever the Braan. It confifts of one arch, thrown over a horrible chafm, worn by the river, about 80 feet deep, and very narrow. The bottom is ftrewed with fragments of rocks, where the water is feen gufhing between tliem. .In many places, the fides projeft, and, almpft lock. into each other. A few ffirubs and pen. dulpus trees fhoot out,- here and there, from D E V from the riltoed cliffs, and contribute to increafe the gioom ofthe fcene, while the ear is filled with the cawing of daws, the cboing of woodpigeons, and the noife of the ruffiing waters. In other places, the river has forced its way in a furprifing inanner, through the rocks. At the Cal. dron-hn, it has wprn away the fpfter parts of the ftpne, and fprmed immenfe pits, into which the water falls with a tremen. dpus npife. The hpllpw fpund which prPceeds frpm the bpttpm pf the chafm, ^njl the bpiUng turbulence pf the water daffiing pn the rPcks, have a terrifying ef. feft. Below this, the whole river is pre. tipitated in one fhtet, frpm a height pf 40 ffeet, uppn large ftones tpm frpm the face of the rpcki Devonshire, an EngUffi cpunty, bpunded on the N, and N. W, by the Briftol Channel, on the ' E. by Spmerfet. ffiire and Dorfetffiire, on the S. and S, EAlby the Engliffi Channel, and on the "VV, by the ceunty pf Cprnwall. In extent; it is the fecpnd cPunty in Eng. land, beirig 69 miles lpng from N. tP S. 64 broad from E. tp W, and cpntaining 33 hundreds, one city, 37 market-towns, arid 3^4 parifhes, arid it fends 26 members to parliament. The air is . very mild and healthful in the vallies ; infomuch, that the myrtle grows unffieltered on the fea-cpaft ; but it is very cold and bleak on the moun tains. The foil is varipus, for the lower grounds are naturally fruitful, and yet are made much more fo by the art and in- duftry of thofe who poffefs the lands ; but the mils are very barren. In the eaftern parts there is plenty not only of good cprp, but pf fine pafturage fpr ffieep, -where the grpurids are dry arid chalky. "The fputhern part of the county is remarkably fertile, and is as juftly Called The Garden of Devonffiire, as ttaly is The Garden of the XVorld. The trees are in as great variety here as ih afty ether part of the king dom ; and fruit-trees are particularly plentiful; efpecially apples, with ' which they make a great quantity of cider. The merchants Who go Ipng vpyages to fea, fiiid this Very ferviceable on beard their ffiips, and therefore lay in great fteres of it j' for it is faid one ton of cider Will go as far is three of beer, and it is found by experience to be much rtiOre wheleferhe in hot climates, Ori the coaft is found plenty ef a peculiar rich fahd, of fingular fervice to the hufbandmeh, as thofe who live at a diftance' frorh the fea purehafe it in order to improve their poor lands ; for it renders the moft barren foil fruitful, and, as it were, impregnates the glebe, " Thofe hufbandmen who live D 1 E at tod great a diftance from the fea to purehafe a fufficient quantity of this ya. luable manure, ufe marl, lime, arid the turf of trie-ground pared off and burnt to affies. This county prpduces abundance pf hprfes, kine, hpgs, gpats, ffieep, rabbits, and fpwls. In the weftern parts are great quantities pf game, efpecially hares and pheafants, which, with wcpdcocks, are in fuch abundance as tc render them very cheap ; and in that part of the county is a bird fo very frilall, that it is reputed a humming-bird, and, like that, co'riftrufts hs neft on the extreme branches of trees, The inhabitants affert, that no veriemous creature, ef what nature or fpecies foevcr, will live among them. In the S. V/. parts are great quantities of marble, and in many places marble rocks are foUnd to be the bafis pf the high rpad. This marble, when pohffied, is little inferior to fpme which is procured frotn fpreign parts, and accprelingly is much ufed in this county. 1'he principal rivets are the Tamur, Ex, Teigne, and Dart. Deux Fonts, a handforiie town of Germany, in the Palatinate of the Rhine, and capital of a duchy of the fame name, feated on the river Erbach; 49 miles N. by W. of Straffiurg, itld ;d S. W. of Mentz. Lon. 7, 26, E. lat, 49, lo. N. Deynse, a town of Auftrian Flanders, on the Lis, nine miles S, V/. of Ghent. Lon. 3. 44. E. lat. <^o. 58. N. DiARBECK, pr Diarbekar, a prp vince pf Turkey in Afia, between the rivers T'gris and Euphrates; It is bound- ed^n the N. by Turkorhania, ori the E. by Perfia, pn the S. by Irac- Arabi, ani on the "VV, by Syria. It v(fas the ancient Mefopotamia. iJiARBEKAR, a largfe and ancient town of Turkey in Afia, capital of a province ef the fame name. It is feated en the rivcf Tigris, and the Turks ate more affable here than in other places, with regard to the Chriftians, who are above 20,000 in number. They carry on i great trade in ted Turkey leather, and ccittoh cloth of fhe fame Colour, tt is i 50 miles N, W, of Aleppo. Lon. 39. 40. Bjlat. 37. 18. N. Die, a town of France, in the depart- ffient ef Drome, arid late- province of Dauphiny. Till the year ifgi, it was an epifcipal fee, and is feated pn the Drpme, 24 miles S. E. pf Valence. Lpn. 5. 23. E,, lat. 44. 42. N. DiEGEM, a tPwn pf Auftrian Brabant, three miles N. pf Bruffels. Len, 4. 27. E. lat. 50. 54, N. DtEPHOLT, a tPwn pf Germany, in the circle pf Weftphalia, and capital pf a county of the fame name, fubjeft to the N eleftor D . I G D I N eleftor qf Hanover. It is feated on the Dummer Lake, 30 miles N. W. of Min. den. Lon. 8. 45. E. lat. 52. 36. N. Dieppe, a town of France, iri the de. - partment of Lower Seine and late pro vince of Normandy, with a good harbour, formed by the ih'outh of the river Ar- ques, an old caftle, and two piers. Packet- boats pafs between this port and Bright- elmftone, in time pf peace. The churrfi ef St. James is a very fine ftrufture, -; aiid there is a tower from which, in fine weather, the coaft of England may be Cen... The principal trade confifts in herrings, whitings, mackerel, ivory toys, and laces. It was bombarded by the Engliffi in 1694, and is not now fo Con- . fiderable as formerly. It is 30 miles N. f'-of Rouen,- and 132 N. W. of Paris. Lon. I. g. E.lat. 49. 55. N. -DiesseNhofen, a large, rich, and . handfome .town of Swifferland, , in the canton of Schaffhaufen. It has the fame priyileges as the other towns of this can- ton, .and' embraced the reformation in 1^29. It is five miles. S. of Schaffhaufen. Lon. 8. 42. E. lat. 47. 31;. N. DiEST, a town of Auftrian Brabant, not fo confiderable as fqrmerly. It was : .taken by the French in 1792, but retaken io: March 1793. It is feated en the river Demer, 1 5 miles N. E. ef Louvain. , Lon, 5. g. E. lat. 50. 59. N. ¦ , ¦ DiETZ, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and in Wete. ravia, capital of a county of the fame name, with' a ftrong caftle. It is fubjeft to the prince of Naffau-Diflemburg, and is feated en the Loan, 16 miles E,. of Cob- kntz. Lon. 7. 3 5- E. lat. 50. 1 2. N. DiEUZE, a town of France, in the de partment of Meurthe and late province of Lorrain, remarkable for wells of fait water, which produce much falt._ It is feated on the river Seille, 22 miles N. E. of Nanci. Lon. 6. 45. E. Iat. 48. 53. N. Diez,'St. a town of the department of the Vofpes and late province of Lorrain. -It had lately a celebrated chapter, whofe Canons were obliged to produce proofs of Bobihty. It is feated on the Meurthe, 30 miles S. E. of. Luiievflle. Lon. 7. 4. E- Lit. 48.20. N. Digsan, a town of Italy, in Iftria, thre,: miles from the fea ; fubjeft to the Vs'ietians. L'm. 13. 5. E. lat. 45. lo. N. DiGNL, a handfome town of France, m the department of the Lower Alps and late pr.ovince of Provence, with a bilhop's fi'-. It is famo'an for the hot baths that Ave near it, and i^; featied on the, river ><.!roru', 30 tniles S, bv W. of EmbruB, Lon. <». 12, E. lat. 44- lo. ;>J. Dijon, an ancient, handfome, and rich town ef France, in the department of Cote d'Or and late province of Burgun dy; It was lately an archbiffiopric, but is now the epifcopal town of the depart ment, and contains 20,000 inhabitants. . It has an academy of fciences and belles- lijttres. The public ftruftures, and par ticularly the churches, are very fine. In . front of the -Place Royale, is the ancient palace of the dukes pf Burgundy ; and at the gates pf Dijpn is a late Chartreufe, in which are feme magnificent tcmbs pf . thpfe princes. Dijon is feated in a ple^- . fant plain, which produces excellent wine, between two fmall rivers, 48 miles N. E. of Autun. Lon. 5, 7, E, lat, 47. 19. N, '•¦¦ Dilla, Mount, a remarkable pro. montory of the coaft of Malabar, in the peninfula of Hindooftan, fituated 20 miles iSF. by W, of Teflicherry, Len. 75. a, E.lat. 12. I.N, DiLLEMBURG, a towu of Germany, in Weteravia, capital of a .county of the fame name. It is fubjeft tq a prince of the houfe of Naffau, and is 22 miks N, W, of Marpurg. Len. 8. 27. E, lat. 50- - 48. N. DiLLENGEN, a tPwn of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, with a univerfity, and , where the biffipp pf Augffiurg refidqs. It is feated near the Danube, 17 miles N. E, pf Augffiurg. Lon, jo, 20. E, lat. 48. 30. N. Dimotuc, a tPwn pf Romania, in Eu. ropean Turkey, with a Greek arehbi. ffiop's fee. It is feated on a mountain, furrounded by the river Meriza, 1 2 miles S. W. ,of Adrianople, Len, 26, 15, E. lat, 41. 35. N. DiNANT, a. ftrpng and cpnfiderable tpwn pf France, in the department pf the Nprth Cpaft and late prpvince of Bretagne. It is feated on a craggy mountain, at the fppt pf which is the river Ranee. 20 miles S. of St. Malpe's, Lpn. i. 58. W. lat. 48. 20. N DiNANT, a rich town pf the Nether. lands, in the biffiopric of Liege, with a caftle. It is feated near the river Meufe, 12 miles S. of Namur. Lon. 4., 51.E. Iat. 50. 17. N. DiNAsMONDY, a tpwn pf Merioneth ffiire, with a market pn Friday. It is 18 miles' S. pf Bala, and 196 N. W. of London. Lon. 3. 4.0. W. Iat. 52. 37. N. DiN'CHURCH, a village in Rpmncy Marffi, in Kent, adjpining tp the fea. In a place called New Hall, built abpve 100 ¦years ago, are kept the recd-rds of Rom- ney Marfh ; and a court, called the Lathe, is held by the lords of the Marfli and the members of the corporation, whp are ap pointed, D I X D N I .JJointed, by a ftatute 33 pf Edward III. tP meet here, . pr at fome other place, a fortnight after Michaelmas, to regulate all differences, ito ..make new laws for the ¦better, management of the Marffi lands and walls, and to take care rhat the old (Ones be ftriftly • obferved. It.is^ three . miles and a half N. E. of Remney. .. DlNCiiELSPiL, a free and imperial town of Germany, in Suabia, feated on the, river, Wernitz. 'It has agreat and a . little coujjcil : !the former is a mixture bf Papifts and'Lutherans ; ,but the! little one ,arp jail Papifts. It carries on, a trade in cloth and reaping-hooks, and is 37 miles S. W. of Nuremburg. Lon. 10. 20. E. lat. 4Q. N. . . . DlNGELFiNG, a towri pf Germariy, in \Lov/ev Bayaria, ! feated pn the river I fer, 30 milfes::N. E. ef Landffiut. Lon. 12. .36. E.lat. 48. 40. N. D.INGLE,' a feaport of Ireland, in. the ceunty of 'Derry, feated on Dingle Bay, four.,miles.W. of Limerick. Len. 8.40. . W. lat. 52. 42. N. Dingwall, a royal borough of Scot land, in the ffiire of -Rofs, feated, on the head ef the Frith of Croniarty, ig miles W. pf the, town of Cromarty. Some li nen-yarn is; manufaftured here, and there is a lint-mill in the neighbourhppd. -Lpn. 4, 23. W.lat. 57. 45."N. -' -1. Diss, a. tpwn of Norfolk, with a-' mar- Icet on -Friday. ; It if feated oh the riVer Waveney, en; the fide of a. hifl,. and: the market is fupplied with cloth, .yarn, and provifions.-, Itis a neat flouriffiing -town : . the ftreets a/e -w?elU paved, wide, and clean. At the W. end of the town is a large lake, but fb, muddy*,' that the inhabitantstcan make po other. ufe of it but in catching of eels.- In the toWh is carried on manufac- tPi'ies.pf fail-cloth, hofe, and the making of ftayg. , It is .1 9 miles S. of Norwich; and 92 N. N.' E. of London. Len. i. 9. E. lat;. 52. -25. N.. '' .-- Diu, an iflar{d:'pf Afia, at tlie entrance . ofthe.Ghlf.'of Cambay, in the Deccan of Hindooftan. , On it is a large, well-built, and well-fbrtified town of the fame name. The ftruftures are built, ef ftee-ftone and marble ; and it contains fome fine church es, erefted. by, the Portuguefe, about the tirfte they took ppffeffion of the ifland in 151 5. 'The trade ef this town, once fo . important, ,^is almoft entirely rempvcd to Surat. The ifland is three miles lpng and one broad. It is 180 miles W. by 9.' of . Surat, and 200 N. W. by N. of Bombay. d^he moft weftern part of Diu Head is in Iqn. 69, 52. E< lat. 20. 43. N.,_ '¦¦- DiXAN, the firft town in Abyffinia, on the'fide of Taranta. It is built on the top of a ccnical hill; a' deep valley -fur rounds it like a trench, and the road wihds fpiralfy up the hill till it ends ampng the ". houfes. The town is pppijlons, and con fifts of 'Moors and Chriftians ; and the only trade of either is die felling -of chfl- - dren. ' The Chriftians briug fuch as they have ftolen in Abyfiinia toJDixan, .where • the jVloors "receive them, arid carry thefh ..^to a market atMafuah, vVherice they are fent to Arabia or India. .The priefts of the province of Tigre.are openly 'j;on- .cerned.in.this infamous traffic. Lon. '40, . 7. E.kt. 14. 57. N. ' . " ;. . . DixM.UDE, a fortified tov/n.of Auftrian Flanders, feated 'en the river Iperlee, 10 miles N. W. of Ypres. Lon. 2. 57. B. lat. ^t. 2,.N. , DiziER, St. a confiderable town of France, in the department of. Upper Marne-and late province of Champagflfe, ,en the riyer Marne, where it begins to be navigable for boats, 15 mfles', S. E. of Vi- -tri-le-Franqois. The road between thefs two towiis, levelled and planted with trees, forms one of tire fineft walks in France. This town received its name from St, Dizier, a biffiop of Langres, who is infer- red here, Lon, 4. 54. E, lat, a&. 35- N. ¦ , - ' '-¦-" Dniepek , anciently the Borifthenes, -a large river of -Europe, wliich rifes in the government ,. of Smolenflto in Ruffia, and flowing, in its geileral courfe, in a fouth^Jy direftion, enters the Black Sea, betweea Cherfoh and Ockzakow. From its. fource ¦ . to. its mouth, it riew flows entirely threJUgh the Ruffian dominions; and through this whole courfe, of above 800 miles, its-:na. vigation is only .once interrupted by a fe. ries of catarafts-,, x^'hich begin .below the mouth of , the Samara, arid continue for, above 40 miles. They, are not, hoiYfivet, fp dangerous as they have been reprefent. e:l ; for they may be paffed in fpring, without much ha-^ard, .even by lejaded barks. In Other part's of the -year, the goods are larided at Kemenfk, eppofite the meuth'cf the- Samara, and tranfported 40 miles by land to Kitchkafe, fix miles from the fortrefs of Alexandro'wfr., w.here they are again embarked, and def"c,cnd the ftream to-Cherfpn. Thel'e catarafts might, at a confiderable expence, be^rendered na-' viga'ivle at afl feafons. "¦' Dniester, 'a.fine river qf Europe, which rifes. iu. Galicia,. in Auftrian Poland, and, taking a fputh-eaa-erly.direftibn, vi fits ChoCzim, dividirig Podoha froni Mol davia : it then feparates the, Turkiffi pro- vinc(;_pf Beffarabii frpiis the late -Ruffian, acq-uifitions, called the.ij;overnmcnt of Ca-' thkrinemlaJ; .a;id ha.in^ watered Ecnd-;'r, N 1 r'-iw D O L DOM falls into the Black Sea, between the mouths of the Dnieper and the Danube. Do BE LIN, a town of the duchy of Courland, 20 miles S, W. of Mittau. Lon. 23. 35. E. lat, 56. 28. N. DoBRZiNj a town of Poland, in Ma. fovia, capital of a territory of the fame nariK, feated ori a rock near the river Vif. tula, 14 miles N. W.pf Plpcfow. Lon. 19, 5, E. kt. 52. 54. N. DocKU.M, a town pf the United Pro vinces, in Weft Friefiand, at the mouth pf the river Avers, 10 miles N.E, of Le. warden. Lon. 5. 41. E. lat. 53. 18. N. DoEL, a town of Dutch Brabant, on the "VV. fide of the Scheld, oppofite LUlo, nine miles N. W. of Antwerp, Lon. 4. 15. E. lat. 51. X7.N. DoESBURG, a town of the United Provinces, in Zutphen, feated pn the river Iffcl, 10 miles S. of Zutphen, Lpn. 5, 56, E, lat, 42, 2, N. DoGADO, a prpvince pf Italy, in the territpry of Venice, bpunded pn the E. by the Gulf of Venice, pn the S. by Pplefinp, on the W. 'oy Paduanp, and pn the N. by Trevifana. It lies pn the feacpaft, and comprehends a great number of fmall iflands near it, caUed The Lagunes of Venice, DoL, a town of France, in the depart ment of Ille and 'Vilaine and late pro- -«ince of Bretagne, Before the revolution of 1780, it was an epffcopal fee. It is fituated in a morafs, five miles from the tea, and 21 S. E. ef St. Malo, Lon, 1. 41. W.lat. 48. 33. N. DoLCE-AcyJA, a town of Piedmpnt, aapital pf a marquifate of the fame name, with a caftle. It is feated on the riyer Ncrvia, five miles N. of Vintimiglia. Lon. -7. 42. E.lat. 43. 58. N, EJoLciGN.o, a ftrpng tpwn pf Turkey in Europe, in Albania, with a bifliop's fee, a gootl harbour, and a citadel ; feated on the river Drin, 10 mites S, E. pf Antivari, Lon. 19. 20. E. lat. 42. 12. N. Dole, a large, populous, and hand fome town of France, in the department of Jura and late prpvince of Franche Comte, feated on the riyer Doubs, 25 ' miles S. W. of Befan9on, Len. ;. 38, E, • iat. 47. 6. N. DoLEGELLY, a town of Merioneth- ffiire, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated on the river Avon, in a vale fo called, and at the foot of the great rock Cader-Idris, which is extremely high. It ¦has a good manufafture of Welch cottpn, is 31 miles N. W. pf Mphtgpmery; anej 205 N. W. pf Lpndon, Lon. 3, 48. W. lat. 52. 42. N. &0LLART Bay, a large galf, feparat- - ing; E^ft Friefiand in Germany, froltt Groningen, one pf the United Prpvinces. DoMAZLizE, ,a tpwn pf Bohemia, feated on the rivulet of Cadburz, in the circle of Pilfen, 17 miles S. pf Pilfen, and remarkable fpr a battle fpught between the Crufaders'and the Huffites in ^466, fo the great difadvantage of the former. It was taken by the Swedes in 1541, ' DoMF^oNT, a town of France, in tie department of Orne and late province of Nprmandy, feated pn a craggy rpck, which has a large cleft from the funvmit ¦ tp the bafe, thrpugh which flpws the little river Varenne, It is 35, miles N. W, of Alen9Pn, Lpn, o, 43, W, lat, 48, 38, IJ. Domingo, St, one pf the richeft of the Caribbee Iflands in the W, Indies, It is 400 miles in length, and 7 5 in breadth. It was difcovered by Chriftopher Colum bus in 1592, and is furrpunded by craggy rpcks and dangerous ffioals. The heat to the N. and S. E. would be infupportable for fix months of the year, if not qualified with the eafterly winds, and frequent rains; but the latter foon fpoil the-fleft, bread, and fruits. It has a great man/ rivers, and mines of gold, talc, and cryftal. The Spaniffi name pf it is Hifpanipla, The W. part pf it belpngs tp the FreBch ; the E. tP the Spaniards. Since the great revplution in France, the French part of this fine ifland has been fubjeft to the mpft dreadful calamities, as well frpm an infur- reftipn of the negroes, as from a civil war between the patriots and the royalifts. It lies between Jamaica to the W. and Porto RicQ to the E, Domingo, St. ahandfometpwhofthe W. Indies, capital of Hifpaniola, or St, Domingo, with an archbiffiop's fee, whofe cathedral is a fuperb ftrufture. It belongs to the Spaniards, and is feated on a large navigable river, and very difficult of ac cefs. It has an excellent harbour. Lon. 70. IP. W. lat. 18. 20. N. Dominica, an ifland in the W. Indies, one of thpfe fprmedy called The Neutral Iflands, but ceded tP Great Britain by th^ peace pf Paris in 1763. It lies in 15. 18. N. lat. and 61. 23. W. lpn. abput half-way between Guadaloupe and Martinico, and is near 28 miles in length, and 13 in breadth. The fpil is thin, and better adapted to the rearing, of cpffee than fugar ; but the fides pf the hills bear the fineft trees in the W. Indies, and the ifland is well fupplied, with rivulets pf water. Dominica, one ofthe iflands in the S. Sea, called the Marquefas. Lon. 139. ». W. lat. g. 41. S. DoMiTZ, a ftiJong. town, of Germaity, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and dwhy DON «f Mecklenburg Schwerin, with a ftrong fort. It is feated at the confluence of the Elbe and Elve, 25 miles S. bf Schwerin. Lon. n< 41 E. lat. 53. 1 5, N, Domo-d'Oscela, a towri of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, to the S, of the lake Maggiore. It is feated on the river Tola, at the foot of the Alps, and has a ^aftle. DoMREMY-I.A.PuCELLE, a village !of France, in, the department of Meufe and late province of Barrois, remarkable for the birth of the famous Joan of Arc, the Maid of QR-leans. It is feated on the Meufe, five miles from Neufcha. teau. Don, one of the principal riyers in Eu. I'ope, which feparates it from Afia. It jflues from the fmall Lake of St. John, pear Tula, in the government qf Mofcpw, and flpwing through part pf the province qf Voronetz, a fmall portion of ttie Uk. •raina-Slobpdikaia, and the whple province of Afcph, divides, near Tcherkafle, into three ftreams, which fall into the Sea of Afoph. This river has fo many windings, is fo fliallow in many parts, and has-fuch numerous ffioals, "as to be fcarcely na-v'iga. , ble, except in the fpring, on the melting of the fnows; and its mouth alfo is fo choked up with fand, that flat-bottom bpats Pnly, except in the fame feafcn, can pafs into the Sea of Afpph. '* Don, a river of Scptland, which I'ifes in the wild country of Aberdeen. ih.jte, four miles N. ofthe Caftje of Brae- Mar. At Inverarie, it joins the riyer called Urie Water, and pafEng by itin- tore, falls into the Britiffi Oeean at Aber deen, within two miles of the mouth of the Dee, Both thefe rivers are noted for the falmon fiffiery. A fpace of be tween 200 and ^00 yards, Pn the Don, has been knpwn to produce 2000U in one year. The Qiethod of taking falmon here, is by heaping a, ridge of loofe ftones acrofs the river, in an oblique direftion, apd of ? height fufficient to overtop the water. Several openings of nine feet wide are left in this wall ; and in thefe a kind of boxes, called cniives, are fixed, in which the falmon are caught, Don AT', 6t, a fprt in Dutch Flanr ders, tP thp W, of Sluys, which it ccm? mands, DoNAWERT, a ftrong town of Ger many, on the frontiers of Suabia, and fub jeft to the duke of Bavaria, It is feated on the N. fide of the Danube, over which was a bridge that was burnt by t(je French in 1743. It is 25 miles N, of Atigiburg. X/on, II. ;, £. lat, 48. iifN. - JJoifCASTER, atown jn,the Y^, ridibg t DOO of Yorkffiire. v»ith a market on Saturday. It had its name from the river Don, oa which it is feated, and a caftle, npw ii»., ruins. It is a large, well-built cprppration tpwn, arid has gopd manufaftures in ftpck ings, knit waiftcpats, and glpves. It is 37 miles S. of York, and 160 N. by W. of London. Lon. 1. 12, W, lat, 53, 33. N, DONCHERRY, a handfomc tqwn of France, in the department pf Ardennes and late province pf Champagne, feated on the Meufe, three miles from Sedan. Lon. 5, 2. E. lat. 49. 42. N, Donegal, a county of Ireland, 58 miles in length, and 44 in breadth ; bound ed on the E, by Londonderry and Tyrone, on the W, and N. by the ocean, and on the S. by Fermanagh, and the hay of Donegal, It contains 40 pariffies, arid fends J 2 members to parliament. It is, in general, a champaign country, and abounds with harbours. The principal tpwn is pf the fame name. Donegal, a town of Ireland, capital of a county ^of the fame name, feated on the bay of Donegal, 10 miles N. pf Balliffiannpn. Lon. 7, 47, W, lat, 54. 42, N. * Doneschingen, a town of Ger many, in the Black Foreft, and in the circle of Suabia. It is the chief refidence of the prince of Furftenburg, in the court-yard of whofe palace the Danube takes its rife. Some fmall fprings, bub bling from the ground^^ form a bafin of clear water, about 30 feet fquare. From this ilTues the Danube, which is here only a little brook; and though the fmalf ri vers Bribach and Brege, uniting below the town, are far more confiderable than this ftreain, which flows into- them foon after their junftion, yet has this alene the hpnpur of being calle^ the fburee of th^ Danube. V, * Dongala, orDANCALA, a town of Africa in Nub^, feated on .the £. bank of the Nile, The ftreets are reprefented to be half deferred, being filled with heaps of fand, brought down by the waters from the mountains. The caftle is large, but ript" ftrpng. It is 1 5p miles N, of Sennar, and 69P S, of Cairo, Lon. 30. 35. E, Jat. 21. o.N, DoN?Y, a town of France, in the de. partment of Nievre, and late territpry pf Nivernois, 12 miles N. of Nevers. Lon.' 31 14, E» lat, 47. 22, N. * DoOAB, or ElOABAH, a fertile traft of land in Hindooftan Proper, lying be tween the Ganges and^umna, anj formed by the confloence of thofe riverp, < It is fa mttoed hy 'way of eminence pics^ word N-j - '-'¦ ., .figai- DOR DOR figriifying a traft ef land formed by the approximamon or junftion of two -rivers. The principal 'part of it is fubjeft to the nabob of Oude. , '-'¦' DooN, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the S'. E. part of the diftrift of Kyle, in Ayrfhire. It is fix miles in length, and ef confiderable breadth. On an ifland io this lake ftarids Ballock Caftle. ¦•¦• Doon, a' riyer" of .Scotland, which iffues. from Lech Doon, and taking a N. W. direftion, divides the diftrifit of Kyle from Carrick, the ftiuthern --divifion of Ayrfhire, arid falls into the .Frith of Clyde, a little tP the S. pf Ayr. i)ORAT, a town of France, in the de partment of Upper Vienne and late terri tory ef Limofin, fcated'on the Abran, near its. junftion with the Sevre, 25 miles N. r,f Limo-g's. Len. 1. 24. E. lat. 46. 12. N. Dorchester, the couhty town of Dorfetffiire, with a market on Wednef day and Saturday, It is a town of great antiquity, and was much largei* than it is at prefent, the ruins ofthe -ivalls'bting ftill to be feen in feme places. It is feated on , thejriver.Freme, on a Roman road. The lioufes are well-built, and it has three handfome ftreets. Jt fends two mem bers to parliament, and is governed by a mayor, 12 aldermen, a recorder, and 24 common council-men. It has 3 churches, and about 600 houfes. The ftreets are broad and paved, and a fine terrace-walk, planted with trees, almoft furrounds the tewm This place was formerly a city. It has no manufaftures, but is famous for its excellent ale, which is, exported to alt parts of the kingdom. At about half a , mile's diftance ftands Maide'n-caftle, with intrenchmentsi 40 feet deep, 'hrowh up round it in the time ef the Remans, It gives title of earl to tjaei family of Darner, and is eight miles N. ef "Weymouth, and T20 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2. 45. W. lat. 50. 42. N, Dorchester, a to-wn in Oxford- ffiire, whofe market is novy .'difufed." It was a bifliop's fee, till 1086, when Wil liam the Conqueror tranflated it to Lin coln, and it had five ftately churches, though n'ow but one. It. appears like- wife to have been a Remap ftation. It gives the the title of baron to the- family of Carleton. It has a bridge over the Thame, about three quarters of a mile before the junftion of that river with the Thames ; and i§ 10 miles S. E. of Oxford, arid 49 W. N. W.pf Londpn. Lon.' 1, c,\V. lat. 51. 39. -N. . , ^ P.o.5;t)OGNE, a departmeftt pf France, v.jhiclS'J^ls.tdes the late province pf Peri- gi.rdv( " receives its'riame frpm a river, which rifes in the mountains of Auvergne, and running W. through ,Guienne, falls ' into the Garonne,' near Bourdeaux. ' ' DoRN, a village, in the pariffi ¦ of BIpckley, in Worcefterffiire, on the bor ders of Gloucefterffiire, -from which the Roman foffeway runs through it. - The people have a tradition that it was once a city ; and here are plain tokens of its an tiquity, aud- of its having- been a Roman colony, abundance of cpin, both Roman and Britiffi, having been found here. '* DoRNOCK, the county town ef Sutherlandfliire in Scotlanel, fituated at the entrance of a noble frith of the fame name. It is a fmall place, and half in ruins,_but was the refidence pf the biffipps pf Caithnefs. - Part pf the cathedral ferves for the pariffi church : the pther part is in ruins. About, nine miles above' Dpr- noch Ferry, at Inverffiin, is a fine water,i fall, and falmcn-leap, where the fiffi that fail in the leap are pften caught in a baf ket, placed pn purppfe belpw where the water ftppts over the rock in a great body. Dornoch is 87 miles N. W. pf Aberdeen. DoRPT, pr DpRPAT, a town pf Li- v6nia,ion the Ember, between the lakes Wofero and Pepas, 60 miles S. df Narva. Lon. 27. 52. E. Iat. 58. 18. N. . Dorsetshire, a coiinty'of England, bounded' on the N. by Somerfe.tffiire and Wiltffiire; on the E. by 'B^ampffilre ; en the S. by the Britiffi Channel; !and'en the W. by Devonffiire and Somerfetffiire ; extending 50 miles in length from E. to W. and 38 from N. te S. where broadeft; containing 248 pariffies and 22 market. towns. The-air is for the moft part very good and wholefome.' On the hills it is fomewhat bleak and ffiarp, but it is' very mild, aud pleafant near the coaft. The foil is-generally rich and fertile, thevigh in fome parts very fandy, T^he northctn part, which is divided 'by a range ,pf chalk hills from the fouthern, was anciently oyerfpread with forefts, but npw affords go6d pafture for cattle ; while the fputhern part chiefly confifts cf fine downs, and feeds incredible numbers of ffieep'. The chalk hills', which run thrpugh' every • ccunty from the S. E.. part of the king dom thus far, terminate at the farther ex. trepiityof this; buton the coaft, chalkchffs extend beyond it intq De'vonfhire. ten miles W...of Lyme. From the Hampffiire, border te the neighbourhood ef Blandferd, a heathy common extends, which caufes an. exception to the .general charafter of fertility whit:h this county m'erits ; but the rich vales to the S. W; make ample amends. The downs and hills are covered with great _ flocks D O U DO U ftocks.of ffieep, whofe fleffi is fweet a!nd the folid rock delicate, and wool very fine. Here is of Saumur, plenty ef fowls, as poukry of all forts, fwans, woodcocks, pheafants, partridges, fieldfares, &c. The commodities are corn, cattle, wool, fifh, hemp, fine Port land ftone, and fome marble. The peninfula ef Purbeck furniffies a par ticular kind of ftone, caUcd by its name, and tobacco-pipe clay. This county is diftinguiffied for its wooUen manufaftures. It is nine mfles S. W. Dover, a feaport of Kent, with two markets, en Wednefday and Saturday, It is ftrong both by nature and art, being fituated between high cliffs ; and it has an ancient caftle, built on a high hill E. from the tov.'n. It was repaired in 1756, and there are barracks in it for ^000 men-. The town was once walled round, and had ten gates ; but there only now remains and its fine ale and beer. It fends 20 three, and thofe much out of repair. It ' '¦ ^ '"" -..:--.-.--i is one of the cinque ports, and a corpora tion, conhiting cf a mayor and 12 jurats. It fends two members to parliament, and is the ftaition of the packet-boats that, in time of peace, pafs between Dover and Calais, from which it is diftant only 21 miles. It was ence of much .larger extent, and had feven churches, which are now re- duceci to two in the town, and one in the caftle. It was formerly a place of the greateft importance, and deemed the key of the ifland. The harbour is made by a gap in the cliffs, which are here of a members to parliament, and its principal riyers are the Stour and Frome. DoRT, or Dordrecht, a handfome, ftrong, and rich town of the United Pro vinces in Holland, famous for a fynod held here in 1618, and for its falmon-fifcery. It is feated in an ifland, at the place where the river Merwe falls into the Maefe, 10 miles S. E- of Rotterdam, and 37 W. ef Amfterdam. Lon. 4. 48. E. lat. 51. 50. N. Dortmund, a fmaU, but ftrong, rich, populous, and imperial town of Germany in the circle of 'Weftphalia, and county ef fublime height, though certainly exaggc Mark, feated on the river Emfter, 35 miles N. E. of Cologne. Lon. 7. 35. E. lat. 51. 26. N. DouA Y, a confiderable town of France, in the department of the North and late French Flanders. It has a fine arfenal, a foundety for cannon, and a military fchool. The fort of Scarpe, within cannon-ffiot, ferves for a citadel. It has three famous colleges ; and the great fquare in the cen atcd in Shakfpeare's celebrated defcription. Hence, in fine weather, is a profpeft of the coaft of France. Dover is 1 5 miles S. E. of Canterbury, and 72 S. E. of London. Lon. i. 23. E. lat. 51. 8. N. '¦'¦¦ Dover, a town of the county of Kent, and ftate of Delaware, in N. Ame- < rica. It is the feat of the government, and ftands on Jones' Creek, a few miles from the Delaware River. Four ftreets tre of the city, and the principal church, interfeft each other at right angles, in the are worthy of notice. It was taken by the French in 1712, after the fufpenfion of arms between Great Britain and France. It is feated on the river Scarpe, whence there is a canal to the Deule, 1 5 miles N. W.of Cambray, Lon, 3. lo. E. lat. 50. 22. N. '* DouBS, a department of France, in. eluding part of the late previne of Franche Comte. It fo named from a river which falls into the Rhone. Dove, a river ef Derbyffiire, which centre ef thfe town, whofe inCidencies form a fpacious parade, on the E. fide of which is an elegant ftateheufe of brick. The town has a lively appearance, and drives a confiderable trade with Philadel. phia, "Wheat is the principal article of export. The landing is about fix miles from the townof Dover. Lon. 75. 30. W.lat. 39. ic.N. DouERO, or DouRO, ariver of Spain, which rifes in Old Caftile, in the Sierra of Urbion. It runs from E. to W, paff. rifes in the Peak, parts that county from ing by feveral towns, and croffing Por. Staffordffiire, and falls into the Trent, four miles to the N, ef Burton upon Trent. -•¦¦ Dove Dale, one of the moft re. mantic fpots in Derbyffiire, in the neigh bourhood of Affiborn. Here the river Dove runs in a chafm between precipi tous rocks. "'' DouE, a fmall town pf France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou. It has one of the fineft fountains in France; and near it is tugal, falls into the ocean near St, John de Fez, -'¦'¦ Douglas, a town of Scotland, in Lanerkffiire, on a river of the fame name, that falls inte the Clyde, above the town of Lanerk. Near Douglas is Douglas Caftle, for many ages the refidence of the fecond family in Scotland. A modern building has been ei'efted en the fame fite, in imitation of the ancient caftle. It is 37 miles S. W. of Edinburgh. Douglas, -a feaport of the Ifle ef a vaft Roman amphitheatre, cut cut of Man, nearly at, the fame diftance from tiie N 4 Erighfn DOW D R E Enghffi, Scotch, and Iriffi ffiores, being the beft harbour in the ifland, Lon. 4. 20. W. lat. 54. 12. N, Douglas, Cape, en the W, coaft of N. America, difcovered by captain Cook, in 1778, arid named after the prefent hi- ffiop of Carlifle, It is a lofty promontory, ^vllofe fummit appears above the clouds, forming two exceedingly high mountains, Lat, 58. 56. N. DouRAK, a town of Perfia, feated near the confluence ef the Euphrates and Tigris, and remarkable fer the reed ef which they make their pens. Lon. 56. 57. E. lat. 32, 15. N. DouRDAN, a town ef France, in the department of Seine arid Oife and late province of the Ifle of France, with a manufaftory of filk and worked ftockings. It is feated en the river Orge, 25 miles S. W. ef Paris, Len, 2. ,10, E, lat, 48, 35-N. DouRLACH, a handfome town of Germany, in Suabia, capital pf Badeu- Dpurlach. It was burnt by the Freuch in 1689.- The inhabitants are Prpteftants. It is feated pn the Gieffen, 12 miles S, pf Philipfourg, Lon. 9. 28. E. lat, 4g. 2. N. DouLENs, or DouRLENS, a tPwn pf France, in the departme^it of Somme and late prpvince pf Picardy, with two cifa. dels. It is feated on the river Autie, 15 miles N. pf Amiens, Lpn. 2. 23. E, lat. ^o. 10. N. -¦¦ Dowlatabad, formerly called Amednagur, a province of the Decern of Hindooftan. It is "oounded on the N. by Candeiffi and Malwa; on the W. by the Gatte, pr Balagat mountains; en the S. by ViffiapOur and Golconda ; and on the E. by Berar. Aurungabad is the capital. '¦'¦ Dowlatabad, a fortrefs in the Deccan of Hindooftan, 15 miles from Aurungabad. In the neighbourhppd are the pagpdas pf Ebra, moft of which are cut out of the natural reck. M. Thevg. net fays, that for two leagues together, nothing is tP be feen but pagodas, in which there are fome thoufands of figures. But he docs not greatly commend the fculpture; and major Rennell thinks they are cf early Hindoo origin, Lon, 76. o, E. lat. 19. 55. N. Down, the capital of the ceunty of Down, in Ireland. It is a bprough and market.town, and is feated pn the river Newry, feven miles W. of Strandford Bay. Lon. 5, 42, W. lat. 54. 20. N. Down, a county of Ireland, in the province of Uifter, 42 miles in length, and 34 in breadth; bounded pn the E. by St.- Geprge's Channel, pn the "W". by Ar magh, on the N. W, by Antrun, and on the S. by Carhnfprd Bay and the pcean, It cpntains 72 pariffies, and fends 14 mem^ bers tP parhament. It is a fertile cpuntry, thpugh in fpme places incumbered with bogs. Down, a fmall place in Scotland, in Perthffiire, that gives the title of baron fo the earl of Moray's eldeft fon. Downs, The, a road en the coaft of Kent, between the N. and S. Foreland, through which ffiips generally pafs, in going out and returning home : Here alfp fquadrons ef men of war frequently reur dezvous. See Goodwin Sands, DowNTON, a borough of Wiks, with a market on Friday, It is feated on the Avon, and is fix miles S. E. of Saliffiury, and 84 W, S, W. of Lendon, Lon. i, 36. W. lat. 51.0. N, Downham, a town ef Norfolk, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the Oufe, and is noted for the prodigious quantity of butter that is brought hither, and fent . to Cambridge up the Oufe, whence it is conveyed in the Cambridge waggons to Lendon, and generally knowi^ there by the name of Cambridge butter. It is 35 miles N. E. of Cambridge, and 86 N. by E. of London, Len. o. 20. E. lat. 52. 40. N, Draguignan, a town of France, in the department of Var and late province of Provence, 10 miles N. W, of Frejus. Lon. 6, 35. E, lat, 43. 31, N, Drave, a confiderable river of Ger many, which rifes, in the Tirol, on the confines of thp archbiffiopric of Saltzburg, It runs acrofs Carinthia, paffes by feveral towns, and then entering Stiria, conti. nues itg courfe to Marpurg ; then it runs^ along the confines of Sclayenia and Lower Hungary, paffing by Effecjc, and a little after falls into'the Danube. Drayton, a town of Shropffiire, with a market on Wednefday. It is feated on the river Torn, which feparates this county from Staffordffiire. It has a goqd market for horfes and cattle; is 17 mile? N. E, of. Shrewftury, and 1 54 N. W. of London, Lon, 2. 22. W. lat. 52. 54. N. Dresden, a town ef Germany, and capital of Saxony. It is divided by the Elbe into the Old and New Town, which are joined together by abridge 685 paces lorig. Both towns are furrounded by ftrong fortifications : however, it was takeri by the king of Pruffia in 1745, but was foon rendered back in confequence of a peace between him and the then eleftor. All the houfes are built of freeftone, and are almoft all of the faoi? height. 'There is D R O D R U is a magnificent church for the Roman Cathpfics, which ftands between the Elbe, the bridge, and the caftle ; and there are fo many payees, that^it is one of the handfomeft cities in Germany, Before the place where they keep guard in the New Town, is an equelftrian ftatue of Auguftus II, looking toward Poland, Travellers take much nptice of the elec tor's ftables, ef the cabinet ef curiofities, the arfenal, the court of the hunters, the garden, the palaces of Japan and of Hoi. laud, the mint, the green magazine, the elefter's library, the great garden without the walls, and other things, which cannot be feen without admiration. With re gard to ecclefiaftic affairs, there is a fupe. rior confiftery, on which the two univer. fities depend, as well as the two confif- tories of .Wirtemburg and Leipfick. The principal church is that of the Holy Crofs, which is a fuperb ftrufture. The fitu ation of this city is lew, and yet there is a fine profpeft all round it. The palaces of Holland and Japan are full of curiofities from that country and China, with a great variety of Drefden porcelain. This city was again taken by the king ef Pruf fia in 1756: but retaken in i75g. It is 75 miles N, W. of Prague. Lon, 13, 50, E. lat. 51. IP. N. Dreux, a large and ancient town in the department ef Eure and Loire and late province ef Beauce, in France ; which has a confiderable manufafture in cloth for the army. It is feated on the river Blaife, at the foot of a mountain, 48 iniles W. of Paris. Lon, i, 26. E. lat. 48. 44. N. Driessen, a town of Germany, in the New Marche of Brandenburg, with a ftrpng fprt, pn the river Wart, 20 miles E. of Landfterg. Lon, 15. 43, E. lat, i^-53'N. _ Drin AW ARD, a tPwn pf Turkey m Eurppe, in Servia. It ftands ph a fmall ifland fprmed by the Drino, 20 miles E. of Sarino. Drino, a river of Turkey in Europe, which has its fource on the frontiers of Albania, and falls into a bay of the fame Iiame, Drino, a feaport of Turkey in Eu- rope, on a bay of the fame name, in the Gulf ef Venice, 50 miles S. E. of Ra. gufa. Len. 10. 19. E, lat, 42. 48. N, Drogheda, a feapprt and bprpugh pf Ireland, in the ccunty of Lowth, It is a ftrong place, and well-inhabited, having an excellent harbour. It is feated pn the Boyne, five miles W, pf the Iriffi Chan nel, and 23 N. of 'Dublin, Lpn, 6, i, '^, lat. 51, 53, N. Droitwich, abprpugh pf Worcefter ffiire, with a market pn Friday. It is feated en the river Salwarp, and is pf great npte fpr 1 its falt-pits, frpm which they make fine white fait. It is fix miles E. N. E, pf Wprcefter, and 118 W, N, W. pf Lpndpn, Lpn. i. 48. W. lat, 52. i5:..N. '¦- Drome, a department pf France, including part pf the late prpvince pf Dauphiny. It is fp called frcm a river pf the f^me name. Dronero, a tpwn of Piedmont, feated at the foot of the Alps, on the river Macra, over which is a bridge of a pro digious height. Dronfield, a handfome town in Derbyffiire, with a market on Thurfday, and a freefchool. It. is fituated among the mountains, at the edge of the Peak, in fo wholefome an air, that the in habitants commonly live to a great age, and it is therefore fo reforted to, that ic abounds with gentry and fine buildings. It is 28 miles N. of Derby, and 155 N. N. W . ef London. Len. j. 25. W.lat. 53- 18. N. Drontheim, a confiderable town of Norway, capital of a government of the fame name, with an archbiffiop's fee, and a good harbour. It carries on a great trade ; is almoft furrounded on every fide by the' fea and the river Piddet ; and ic 270 miles N. W. of Stockhplm, Lon. II. 9. E. lat. 63. 26. N. Drontheim Hus, a province pfNpr- way, lying alpng the feacpaft. It is bpunded pn the W. by the ocean, pn the N. by the gpvernment pf Wardhus, pn the S. by that pf Bergen, and on the E- by Sweden, from' which it is feparated by high mountains. It is but thin pf pep ple : the capital tPwn is of the fame name. ¦- Drowned Lands, a large and valuable traft of cpuntry, fp called, in N. America, It cpntains 4P pr 5p,ooo acres, and lies in the ftate of New "Tcrk, on the N. fide of the mountains, in Orange County. The waters, which defcend from the furrounding hills, being but flowly difcharged by the river iffuing from it, cover thefe vaft meadows every winter, and render them extremely fer tile ; but they expofe the inhabitants in the vicinity to intermittents. The river Wallkill, which paffes through this ex tenfive traft, and falls into Hudfon's Ri ver, is, in the fprjng, very plentifully ftored with large eels. Drum bote, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghan, eight miles W, of Dundalk. Lon, 6. 31, "VV, lat, 54. 10, N, Drum- D U B D U'K Drumxanrig, a town ef Dutnfries- fhire in Scotland, in the diftrift of Nithf-^ dale ; remarkable for a M-opd of pak :fix niiles in length. Here is a npble feat of the duke of Queensberry's, flcreened by -n'oody hills, and adorned with beautiful garden^. In one of the parks here, Mr, Gilpin faw a few of the \\ ild cattle which anciently inhabited the woods of Scotland. Thefe animals, he fays, are milk-white, except their nofes, ears, and the orbits of their eyes, which are black. They are defcribed by old writers as having manes ; but thefe have none. They refemble the common cow in many refpefts ; but their form is more elegant, with a fpirited wild. nefs in their looks ; and when they run, inftead ef the clumfy cow-gallop, they bound dike deer. Drumlanrig is feated oh the river Nirh, 13 miles N. of Dum fries. Lon. 3. 31. W. lat. 55. 25. N. ' 'Drusenheim, a fmafl fortified town of Afface, en the river Meter, near the Rhine, five miles S. E. of Hagenhau. Lon. 7. 58. E. lat. 48. 43. N. Druses, apcople of Syria, near the Holy Land, on the mountains Libanus and Antihbanus. They pretend they are defcended from the French that went to conquer Jerufalem. They call therafeves Chriftians ; but they may 'as well be faid to be Mahometans. However, they are warHke, inured to labour, are great ene. mies of the Turks, and have their parti cular princes, called Emirs. Dublin, the capital of Ireland, in the county of the fame name. It is a rich, handfome, and populous city, with an archbiffiop's fee, and a univerfity ; and is the fame for Ireland, as London is fer England. The buildings are daily inereaf- iiig in the fame manner. The compafs of the -walls is not great ; but it has four large fuburbs, the principal of which are Oxmariton and Oxmanby, to the N. of the river Liffy, and joined to the city by a bridge. The number of houfes in 1753, was 12,857. The cathedral, called St. Patrick's, lies in the S. fuburb, and is very ancient and handfome ; befide which there are about twelve ether churches. Trinity College, or the univerfity, in the E. fuburb, was founded by queen Elifa beth, in 1 591, and contains about 630 ftu. dents. Dublin is feated in view of the fea on one fide, and a fine country on the Other, Tad would have had a comm.edious and fecure harbour, if the mouth had not been fo choked up, that veffels of burden cannot come to the tpwn. The houfe of commons, part of the magnificent par liament houfe, was deftroyed by fire in 1792. Amcng Pther npble ftruftures th'at adprn this city, is a new and elegant cuftomhpufe. It is feated on the river Liffy, 60 miles W. of Holyhead, in Wales, and 330 N. W. ef-London. Len. 6. 2. W. lat. 53. 21. N. Dublin, a county of Ireland, in the ' province of Leinftcr, 27 miles in length, and 1 7 in breadth ; bounded on the E. by the Iriffi Sea, on the W. ahd N. W. by Kildare and Eaft Meath, and on the S, by Wicklow. It contains 87 pariffies, four market-towns, and one city, and fends 10 members te parliament. The foil is rich and fertile in corn and grafs. The chief place is Dublin. -* Duck Creek, a town of N. Ame. rica, in the ftate of Delaware. It carries en a confiderable trade with Philadelphia ; and though it confifts, at prefent, of only one ftreet of 5o houfes, it certainly merits a more po.mpous name. It is • 1 2 miles N. W. of Dover. Dudley, a town in Worcefterffiire, with a confiderable market on Saturday. The inhabitants have a great manufafture for nails and other iron-wares ; and there are two churches placed at each end of ' the longeft ftreet. It is 10 miles N. W, ef Birmingham, and 120 N. W. of Len d-on. Lon. 2. o. W. Iat. 52. 33. N. Duerstade, a town of Utrecht^ in the United Provinces, feated on the river ,Leck, 1 4 miles S. E.of the city of Utrecht. Lon. '5. 25. E. Iat. 51. 59. N. Duisburg, a town of Germany, in the duchv of Cleves, with a univerfity. The fortifications are demoliffied. It is feated on the river Roer, near the Rhine, 12 miles N. of Duffeldorp. Lon. 6. 51. E. lat. 51. 24. N. '¦' Duke of York's Island, an ifland of the S. Pacific Ocean, difcovered by commodore Byron, in 1765, and named after the late duke of York. It hes W. N. W. of the Ifles of Danger, E. of Ncav Guinea, and N. of the Friendly Iflands. Great numbers of feafowl were feen fit ting on their nefts, and fo devoid of fear, that they did not attempt to move at the ' approach of the feamen, but fuffered themfelves to be,, knocked down, having ne apprehenfion of the mifchief intended them ; a fign, that ne human being had ever before been there. The ground was covered by land-crabs, but no other animal -was feen. Len, 172. 30. W. lat. 8, o. S. '¦¦¦'Duke of York's Island, an ifland inthe S. Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles long, of moderate height, arid flat. The huts are fmall, and neatly made, chiefly of bamboo, and placed under the ffiade of a grove of cocoa-nut trees, with a fence before D U L DUM before them, within which the ground is well-cleared and trodden. In thefe in clofures, the plantam, banana, yam, fugar- cane, &c. are cultivated with fome pains. In ffiort, Jhe ifland is a perfeft garden, and produces, befide the. plants abuve- roentioned, betle-nut, mangos, bread fruit, and guavas. . There are alfo dogs, hogs, poultry, and fome i^^-iiccs. The nutmeg was feen by captajn Hunter, who anchored in- Port Hunter Bay, in- this ifland, in May 1791. Their canoes are neatly made, and have an outrigger. The nativesare ftout, well-made, and of a light copper colour. T.hey ge entirely naked. Their hair is woolly, but they drefs it with greafe and .powder, and make it hang like candlewicks, er the thrums of a mop reverfcd : they are generally as fully powdered as a beau dreffed for an affem bly ; and none are feen with their hair of its natural colour. The powder is a lime made from fliells or coral :. they generally carry it about them in afmall gourd; and, when they are hoftily difpofed, take a quantity of it in the hollow of .their hand, from which, with 'a ftrong blaft of the mouth, they blow it before them ; and, at a fmall diftance, it has exaftly the ap pearance ef firing gunpowder, and, no doubt, is meant as a token of defiance. Captain Hunter, conjefturcs, with good reafon, that what captain Cook fuppofed he faw, on the coaft of New Guinea, namely, " fire and fmoke iffuing from a bamboo," was nothing more than the praftice obferved here. Their Weapons are lances, either made of a hard wood, like ebony, about 10 feet long, or of bamboo pointed with hard wood. They have alfo flings, from which they eaft a round pebble with great force and exaftnefs ; and a long unhandy kind of club. Moft of them chew the betle, and ufe with it the chaiaft and a leaf, as praftifed inthe E. Indies ; by which their mouths appear red, and their teeth, in time, become black. The only mufical inftrument among them is compol"ed of feveral hoUqw reeds, ef different lengths, faftened together. This ifland lies be tween Lord Howe's Group and the S. E. point ef New Ireland. Lon. 152. 42. E. lat. 4. 7. S. , ' DuLAS, a village on the N. E. fide of the ifle of Anglef"ey, is a place much fre quented on account of the corn and butter trade ; arid upon ,aU the crtaft they make fern-afhes, which are fold to foapbeilers, glafsheufes, mclting-hnufes, and refiners. Near it is a red ochrey earth, fit for painting, and veins of lead -ore. i>c LDtRSTADT, a town of Germany, in the duchy ef Brunfwick, fubjeft to the eleftor of Mentz, feated on the river Whipper, 15 miles E. of Gottingen, and 130 N. E. of Mentz. Lon. 10. 14. E. lat. 51.2S. N. Dulmen, a town ef Germany, in the circle of Weftphaha, and bifl-iopric of Munfter; 18 miles S. W.of the city pf that name. DuLVERTON, a town of Somerfet fliire, with a market on Saturday. '' It .is feated on a branch of the Ex, 24 iniles E. of Barnftaplc, and 164 W. by S. of Lon don. Lon. 3. 30. V/. lat. 51. 3. N. '•'. DuLWiCH, a village of Surry, in the pariffi of Camberwell, famous for. its college, founded by MK Edward Alleyn, an after, and principal performer of" Shakfpeare's plays, in the reign of Eli-' fabeth. He called it. The College ef God's Gift, and endowed it for a mafter, war den, and four fellows; three of whom were to be divines, and the fourth an or- ganift ; for fix poor men aud fix poor wo.'. men,and for 12 poor boys, to be educated by two of rhe fellows. The mafter and \\ arden .were always te be ef the name of Alleyn or Allen, andto be fingfo men. Dulwich was ence noted for. its medicinal waters. It is five miles S. of Lpndon. Dumbarton, a borough, the capital pf Dumbartonfliire, jn Scotland, feated. at the confluence pf .the Lev<^n and Clyde, 1 5 mfles N. W. of Glafgow. It is an an cient, fmall, but w ell-built town, and has a fton,e bridge over the Leven. Its prin- cipal manufafture is glafs ; but many of the young women are employed in the neighbouring print-fields on th'e banks of the Leven. Dumbarton Caftle, in which a garrifon is ftill kept, is a place ef feme ftrength ; and, in ancient times, was deemed impregnable. Its fituation is very pifturefque , being on a vaft reck, with two tops of unequal height, fteep en eyery fide, and rifing to the height of 50P feet, amid a plain, unconnefted with any high ground for the fpace of a mile. Lou. 4. 30. W. lat. 56. o. N. * Dumbartonshire, anciently called Lennox, a county of Scotland,, bounded on the N. by Perthfliire, on the E. by Stirhngftire, on the S. by the counties of Lanerk and Renfrew, and on the W. by Loch Leung, which divides if from Ar- -gyleffiire. Itf, greateft length is 50 miles ; its breadth not above 12. The W. part of this county abounds with great mo. raffes ; but near the rivers it is fertile in corn. See LocH Lomond. DuMBLAiN, a village ef Scotland, in Perthfliire, remarka'Dle for a battle, com. monly called the 'ealtle of Sheriff-muir, between. DUN DUN between the duke of Argyle and the re bels, commanded by the earl of Mar, in 1715. At the upper end of this village is a. ruinous cathedral. It is 30 miles N. W^. of Edinburgh. Lon. 4. 2. W, lat, 56, II. N, Dumfries, the capital of a county of the fame name, in Scotland, feated be. tween two hills, on the river Nith. It is a royal borough, and a regular well-built town. The ancient ftone bridge of nine arches oyer the Nith, was to be taken down in i78g, and rebuilt at the joint ex- pence of gpvernment, and ef the neigh- bnuring gentlemen, Dumfries is eight miles N. pf Solway Frith, and 30, W, N. "W, of Cariifle. Lon. 3. 2g. "VV. lat. 55, 12 N, Dumfriesshire, a county of Scot. land, bounded en the N. by the ffiires of Lanerk and Peebles, on the E, by thofe of Selkirk and Roxburgh, on the S. by Solway Frith, and on the W. by the counties of Kirkcudbright ^nd Ayr, It is 50 miles long, and its greateft breadth is 30, See Annandale and Niths. bale, DuNALD. Mill-Hole, five miles from Lancafter, a great natural curiofity, being a cave at the fppt pf a mpuntain, intp which a large brpok runs, after it has driven a ¦mill near the entrance. It cen- tinues its cpurfe abput twp miles under grotmd, and then appears at Carnfprd, a village in the road tonKendal, The en trance is a rugged paffage from the mill, that defcends about ten yards perpendicu. lar, through chinks in the rocks and clumps of trees, Spme pf the vaults are fo high, that they refemble the rppf pf a church ; and in other parts fo low, that you muft creep on ypur hands and feet tP pafs by. The water dropping from the rocks has an awful and pleafing found. Dunbar, a royal borough of Scotland, in the ftirp of Eaft Lothian, feated near the German Ocean, where there is a good barbour, which was formerly defended by a caftle built on a rock, \\ hofe ruins are ftill remaining. It is a well-built town, and has an extenfive fiffi trade. Under the reck, on which the caftle ftands, are two natural arches, through ¦which the tide flews. Between the har. bour and the caftle, is a ftratum of vaft bafaltic columns of red grit ftpne. Dun. bar is remarkable for the defeat pf Jphn Balipl's army by earl Warrennc, in I2g6, and fpr a viftpry gained here by Crpm. well pver the Sects in i6;o. It is 25 miles E. pf Edinburgh. Lon. 2. 34. W. lat. 56. o. N. UoNCANNON, a fortrefs, and t_ov>'n of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, featei on the river Rofs, fix miles E. of Water ford. Lon. 6. 46. W. lat. 52. 16. N. DuND ALK, a feaport of Ireland, in the county of Lowth, on a bay of the fams name, 20 miles N. N. W. of Drpghedaa Lon. 6. 17. W.lat. 54. 12. N. Dundee, a royal borough of Scotland, in the fhire of Angus, It is a large and flouriffiing town, with an exceUent har bour. The new church and the town- houfe are elegant ftruftures. The lofty Gothic fquare tower, in the middle ef the town, is part of a magnificent confecrated edifice, built in the 12th centpry, Tha chief manufaftures cf Dundee are glafs, Ofnaburghs or coarfe linen, fail-cloth, cor dage, colpured and white thread, huck- ram, tanned leather, ffipes, and hats. There is alfo a fugar-houfe here, and the inhabitants are computed at 16,000, Dun dee is feated on the N, fide of the Frith of Tay, 14 miles N, W. ef St. Andrew's^ Len. 2. 55. W, lat, 56. 30. N, DufiEBURG, a town of Livonia, on the river Dwina, 90 miles S, E, of Riga, Lon. 27. o. E, lat. 56. 8. N, Dunfermline, a borpugh pf Scbtr land, in Fifeffiire, It is a cpnfiderable manufafturing tPwn, and has a gppd trade in linen gppds, particularly diapers. It is remarkable fpr its rpyal palace, the birth place pf Charles I. and pf the princefs Elifabeth, mother of the princefs, Sophia, great-grcat.grandmother of his prefent majefty. Adjoining to this was a magni- ficent abbey, part of the remains of which now ferve for a pariffi-church. In this place Avere buripd Malcolm and his queen, and feveral kings of Scotland, it is 15 miles N. W, of Edinburgh, Lon, 3,, 27, W. Iat. 56. 5.'N. DuNGANNON, a town pf Ireland, in the cPunty pf Tyrpne, 1 1 miles N. N. W, of Armagh. Lon. ^, 3g. W. lat. 54. 38. N. DuNGARVON, a town of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, feated on Dun- garven Bay, 22 miles S. W. of Water ford. Lon. 7. 2g. W, lat, 52. 6. N. DuNGENEss, a cape, on the coaft of Kent, eight miles S. by W. of Romney, Lon. I. 4. E. lat. 50. 52. N. '•¦' DuNiPACE, two noted artificial hills, in Scotland, on the N. fide of the CarrOfl, near its junftion with Bqnny-water, Thefe two mounts, covered with trees, a church between them, and the-river wind, ing through the vale, form a beautifully pifturefque fcene. DuNKELn, a town of Scotland, in the ffiire of Perth, fituated amid vaft rocks, partly naked, and partly woodpd, under Wlli9> DUN which the Tay rolls its majeftic ftream. Its romantic fituation, and the benefit of drinking gpats whey, render this place the refpn of much genteel company in the fummer feafon. Dunkeld is the market. town pf the Highlands on that fide, and carries pn a manufafture of linen. The duke pf Athpl has a fine feat -here, in a beautiful valley, fltreened by the Grampian mpuntains. The ruins pf a cathedral, al mpft cpncealed by wopd, ftand near the houfe. Part of this ancient ftrufture is now the pariffi church, Dunkeld is 12 miles N> of Perth, Lpn. 3. 36. W. lat, 56- 35- N, Dunkirk, a confiderable town of ,Frante,-in the department of the North and late French Flanders'. It was taken from the Spakiards by the Engliffi and French in 1658, and put intp the hands pf the Engliffi, but fold to the French by Charles II. in j«62. Lewis XIV. foon made it one of the moft refpeftable and beft fortified pprts in the kingdpm. But ¦ all' thefe vaft and expenfive wprks werp dempliffied, and the bafins filled up, in cpnfequence of the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. The F'renph afterward refumed the works ; but they were ordered to be demoliffied by the peace of 1763, when it was ftipulated that an EngUffi commiffary Ihould refide at Dunkirk, in order to fee that the terms of the treaty were ftriftly adhered to, But, by the peace of 1783, the Engliffi commiffary was withdrawn, and the French were left to refume tha works. It is 22 miles S. W of Oftend. Lon. 2. 28. E. lat. 51. 2. N. DuN-LE-ROi, a fmafl tpwn pf France, in the department pf Cher and late pro vince pf Berry, 20 miles S. pf Bourges. Lon. 2. 2g. E. Iat. 46, 45. N. * Dun LOP, fometimes pronounced Delap, a village of Ayrffiire, in Scot. land, in the diftrift of Cunningham, and on the borders of Renfrewfliire ; cele brated for rich and delicate cheefe. DuNMOW, Great, a town of Effex,' with a market on Saturday, 13 miles N. of Chelmsford, and 40. N. E. of London, Lpn. o. 24. £. kt. 51. 54. N. * DuNMOw, Little, a village, in ¦ Effex, adjpining to Great Dunmow. It had pnce a priory ; and is ftill famous for the cuftom inftituted in the reign of Henry III. by Robert de Fitzwalter, and which is now the tenure of the ma nor ; namely, that whatever married couple wiU go to the priory, and fwear, kneeling upon tvvo ffiarp-pointed ftones in the church, that they have not quar relled, nor repented of their marriage, within a year and a day after it took DUN place, ffiall receive from the Iprd df the manor a flitch of bacon. Seme old re cords mentipn feveral that have claimed and received it. It has been aftually re. ceived fo lately as fince the year 1750, by a weaver and his wife, of Coggefhal, in Effex. It has been demanded raorei re cently ftill ; but the ceremcny being at tended with a very great expence to the lord of the manor, the demand is new evaded. Dunnington, a town pf Lincpln ffiire, with a market pn Saturday, 27 miles S. E. pf Lincoln, and iii N. cf Lpndpn, Lpn, o, 7. W. lat. 52. 55, N. Dunnose, a cape, on the S, of the Ifle of Wight, Lon, i, ii, W, iat.' 50. 33- N. Dunrobin Castle, in the county of Sutherland, in Scptland, is beautifully fituated pn an eminence, near the fea, and is the feat pf the couhtefs ~of Sutherland. It is 15 miles N. of Cromartie, Lon. 3. 51. W, lat. 57, 59, N. DuNSE, a pppulpus tpwp of Scotland, in the ffiire of Berwick, with 3 good market. It is fituated between the forks of the rivers Blackadder and Whiteadder, in a rich and fertile country, 1 2 miles W. of Berwick upon Tweed. Lon. 2. 5, W, lat, 55. 46, N, Dunstable, a town of Bedfordffiire, with a market on Wednefday. It ii feated on a hifl, on a dry chalky ground. It has four ftreetSj which, regard the four cardinal points. The church is the re mainder pf a pripry, and oppofite to it is a farm.heufe, once a -royal palace. Dun- ftabk is famous for the elegant bafkets, &c, made of ftraw, which are even aa article of exportation. It is 17 miles St. of Bedford, and 34 N. W. of London, Lon. o. 29. W. lat. 51, 59. N. Dunstaffnage, a venerable caftle pf Scotland, in the ihire of Argyle, for merly a royal palace, and afterward the feat of the lord of the ifles. It lies near Loch Etive, Dunster, a caftle on a high rock, on the feacoaft, in the county of Kincardin, in Scotland. It ftands 1 2 miles S. of Aber deen ; belonged to the family of Keith, earls marffial of Scotland ; was large, ftrong, and magnificent, but is now in a ruinous condition. Dunster, a town of Somerfetffiire, with a market on Friday. It is 20 miles N. W. of Ta-unton, and 1 58 W. pf Lon don. Lon. J. 41. W. lat. 51. 13. N. Dun WICH, a borough pf Suffolk, with a market pn Saturday. It is feated at the tpp of a loofe cliff, and was formerly of good account, h^vijjg^ been a biffiop's fee, but D u k D Y S but is now only the remains of a town, afl but two pariftes being fwallowed up - by the fea. Their only bufinefs isfiffiing for herrings, mackerel, foles, fprats, &c. It is 24 miles S. ef Yarmouth, and gg N. of London. Lon. i. 55. E. lat. 52. 21. N. DuraNgo, a populods town of Spain, in the Bay ef .Bifcay, 14 milbs S. E. of Bilboa.' Loh, 2, 56. W. Iat. 43. 18. N. DurangO, a town of N. America, in New Bifcay, with a biffiop's fee, and good falt-works, in a fertile country. Lon. 105. o, W. lat. 24. 50. N. DuRAZZo, a village of Turkey in Eu- .jrepe, in Albania, with a Greek" archbi ffiop's fee. It has a ruined fortrefs and a ¦gpod harbour on the Gulf of Venice. It is 50 miles N. of Valona. Len. 19. 19. E. lat. 41. 54. N. '..- DuRBUY, a tov.'n ofthe duchy of Lux- yemburg, capital of a couhty of the fame Iriame. It was ceded to France in i6g8, and is feated on the river Outre, 20 miles . S.of. Liege. Lon. 5. 28. E.lat. 58.1S.N. DuRCKEiM,'a town of Germany, in ,the Palatinate, 12 miles N. E. of Newftat, J Lon. 8. 21. E. lat. 4g. 26. N. DuRFN, a town of Gerrri&ny, in the , duchy of -Juliers, on the river Roer, 12 „ miles S. of Juliers. Lon. 6. 40. E. lat. 50. 44. N. Durham, the capital of the bifhopric of Durham, with a market on Saturday. It is a biffiop's fee, and a confiderable place, irregularly built on a beautiful - winding of the M'ere, whofe banks are -covered with woods,' and edged with . lofty crags. Its- cathedral is a large^ and "magnificent edifice. T'he building,s ofthe city, . in general, are old. It has two i ftone bridges, over the ¦ Were, is fur- . Tounded by a wall, and has a caftle, now the biffiop's palace, feated on the higheft part of the hiU. It contains fix parifli ' churches, befide the cathedral, and is well inhabited. Durham has a m-anufaftury of flialloons, tammies, 'and caIamancoe,s. Around it are grown large quantities of the beft muftard. Nevili's Crofs, near this city, was erefted in memory of the great viftory obtained by queen Philippa, in 1346, over David Bruce, king of Scotland, who was taken prifoner in this battle. Durhamfends two members to parhament ; ..is- 14 mfles S. of Newcaftle, and 257 N. by W of London. Lon. i. 27. W. lat. 54.50. N. Durham, a county in England, com- -morily called the biffiepric of -Durham, is bounded on the N. by Northumberland, from which it is, feparated on the N. E, .-by the river Tyne; on the E. ¦ by the German Ocean ; on the S. and S. \V. by Yorkffiire and the river Tees^ arid ort the W. by Weftmorland and Cumfae'f-^ land. It is 37 miles in length, from N. to S. and 47 in breadth, from E. to W. It is in the diocefe of its own name; and coii- tains one city, feven market-towns, and 113 parifhes, but fends only four menl. bers to parhament. The air is whole- feme, and though very ffiarp in the wef. terri parts, is milder toward the fea, whofe warm vapour's mitigate the feverity of the winter feafous. The foil is very differerit ; the weftern fide being moun. tainous and barren, while the eaftern and fouthern patticularly . refemble the S. qf England, and confift of beautiful-ineSdo\^?s, rich pafturtis', woods; and corn-fields. Im menfe qu'antities of coal, lead, and iroii, are found in the' bowels .of the earth. The pri.-, cipal rivers 'are the Were, Tees, Tyne, and Derwent. Dursley, a town of Gloucefterffiire, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated ..near a branch of the Severn, and had a caftle, now in ruins. It is inhabited by clothiers ; and is 13 miles S. W. of Glou- cefter, and 107 W. ef Loudon. Lon, 2. 23. W. lat. 51. 40. N. - Dusseldorf, ^ftrong town of Ger. many,' capital of the duchy of Berg, ba. longing to the eleftor Palatine, whofe palace is very handfome, and adprned with fine piftures. It is feated pn the river Duffel, near the Rhine, 22 miles N. W, ef Cologne. Len. 6. 52. E.lat. 51. 12.N. Dutlingen, a tPwn of Germany, in - Suabia, with a bridge pver the Danube, and a caftle, feated on a mountain. It be. longs to the duke of Wirtemburg, and is 33 miles N. W. of Conftance. Lon. 9: 2. E. lat. 48. 10. N. DUYIVELAND, or DiVELAND, Orie of the iflands of Zealand, in the United Provinces, E. ef Schonen, from which it is feparated by a narrow channel. DwiNA, a province of Ruffia, bounded on the E. by that of Coiidinfki, on the S. by Uftibg, on the W. by Kargajiol, arid on the N. by the White Sea. Archangel is the capital town. . Dwina, a river ofthe Ruffian empire, which runs from S. to N. and falls into the White Sea, a little below Archaii,gel. Dwl.-^A, a river which rifes in Lithu- • ania, and running N. W. divides Livonia from Courland, and falls into the Baltic, at Dunamundarfort, below Riga. . . Dysart, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeft-ire, feated on the N. coaft of the Forth, 1 1 miles N. of Edinburgh. It has a confiderable tratle in coals. Lon. 3. 5. W. lat. 56. 9. N. • EARL- E A-S E.C Y E, EArlston, er Ersii ef Scotljind, in the Cc ILTON, a town county of Ber- wick. It is I'eated 'ori the river Leader, and is the birthplace ef the celebrated Thonias the Rhymer, whofe real name was Thomas Lermoht. ' The ruins of the little tower he poffeffed, ftill remain at the W. end of the town. A little be. lew Earlfton, on a rocky bank, overlook ing the Leader, ftands" the hq'ufe of Cow- deiT-kriows, an old, building, now feme. ¦what modernized; and, en the' adjacent - knolls, may be feen the remains of its broom, fo renowned in Scottiffi ditty. '-• Earn, a confiderable river of Scot. land, which iffues from a lake ofthe fame name in the S. W. of Perthffiire, meanders beautifully . fer above 20 miles, through the charming yalley ef Strathearn, 'and joining the Tay below Perth, 'falls into -the' Frith to which'- that river gives name. ^ ¦." ' ''' Earne, a great lake, of Ireland, in the county of Fermanagh; ^o riiiles in length. - It .is narrow in the middle; and in this part is an ifland on which ftands Inni. -Ikilling. ¦'--''¦'-' Eastngwold, a town in the N. rid- irig of Yorkffiire, -vvhofe market is 'dif ufed'. It -is 12 miles N. of York, aud ¦.210 N-.'of London. Lon, .. 4. W. Ia^ .54. 10. ,N. Eaj'st BOURN, a town of Suffex, whofe riiarket.is difcontinued. It is feated near the fea, and is chiefly noted fer the plenty ¦ of birds hereabout called wheatears, and as a place of refort for bathing. It is 15 miles E. .S. E. ef Lewes, and 65 S. S. E. cf Lonilon. Len. o. 22. E. Iat. 50. 4.9- N. Easter- Island, an ifland in the S. Sea, gbput 1 2 leagues in circuit. It has a hilly and 'ftpny furface, and an irpn- bpund fliore. The hills are pf fuch a height, as to be feen 1 5 or 16 leagues. It affords neither fafe anchorage, freffi water, nor wood for fuel. It is the fame -that was feeri" by Davis in 1686; it was next vifited by Roggewein in 1722, and again by captain Cook in i774' The country is naturally barren, and without wood ; what little it yields muft be raifed by cultivation. Rats are the only quad. rupeds, and there are but' few birds. The ears of fhefe people are long beyond proportion, and their bodies are fcarcely any thing ofthe human figure. Lon. 109. 46. W. lat. 27. '5. S. East Looe. See Looe, East, ahd fo with other, words that have the fame name of pofition, EAsTOffNi'ss, the moft eafterly cape ori the coaft of Suffolk, and the N. point ef Southweld Bay. '^ ' Eause, an ancient town of Frari"ce,'ia the department of Gers and late provinec of Armagnac, 17 miles S. W. of Con dom. Lon.o. IP. E. lat. 43. 51. N. ' Eberbach, a town in Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, feated on the river Necker, a mile and a half from Maf- bacli, and reinarkable for its wine. Eberberg, a caftle of Germany, in the. palatinate ofthe Rhine. It is feated at the confluence of the Naw and Alfeii, eight miles S. W. of Crcufnach. Lon. 7. 52. E. lat. 49. 38. N. EBERSDOkF, a houfe ef pleafure, belonging to the court of Vienna, in Lower Auftria, feated on the Danube, nine rriiles E.of Vienna. Len. 16. 34. E. lat. 48. 8. N. ¦ Eberbtein, a diftrift of Germany, in Suabia, fubjeft to the margrave of Ba den, The caftle of .Eberltcin is the e:hief place, and is "fix, niiles S. E. of Baden. Lon. 8. 20. E.". lat!' 48. '46. N, ' - EsersteiV, a town in Gcrihany, in Alface, eight miles S. W.'of Strafburg. Lon. 7. 46. E. lat. ,48! 2g. N. Ebervil, a town of France, in the department of Puy-de-Dorae and late province of Auvergne, with a late rich Benediftine abbey. It is feated en the river .Seioule, eight, miles from Riem, Len. 3. 15. E. lat.'45. 59- N^- Ebro, a celebrated river ef Spain, which rifes on the Confines of Old Caf tile, in the mountains of Santillane, arid paffmg through Arragon and Catalonia, falls into the Mediterranean, above Tor- tofa. ¦' EcATfeRRINENSLAF. See CA- THAPvINENSLAF Eccleshal, a town of Staffordffiire, with a 'fmafl market en Friday. It is ¦feated on a branch of the river Sow, and the bifliop of Lichfield and Coventry has a caftle here, where he refides. It is fix miles N. W. of Stafford, and 143 N. W. of Londqn. Lon. 2. g.W^Iat. 53. 2. N. EcCLESTON, a town of Lancafhire, whofe market is difcontinUed, It is '24 iniles S. of Lancafter. Lon. 2. 55, W, lat. 53. 40. N. ' Eckternac, a town of Auftrian Luxemburg, on the riyer Sute, in 'a vaU ley furrounded by mountains, i^ miles N. E. of Luxemburg. Lon. 6. 33. E. lat. 4g. 50. N. ' EcYA, or EzrjA, an cpifcopal town of Spain, in Andihifia, feated on 'the E D D ED I river 2enil, 28 miles S. W. of .Cordova. Lon. 4, 27. W. lat. 37. 39. N. Edam, a town pf HpUand, famous for its cheefes; feated pn the Zuider Zee, 20 miles N. E.^pf Amfterdam. Lpn, 4, 58, E. lat. 52. 32, N, .'* Eddystone, the name pf . Ibme rocks in the Enghfh Channel, which are .fo called, from the great variety of con trary fets ef the tide er current in their vicinity. They are fituated nearly S, S. W. from the middle of Plymouth , Sound. Their diftance from the port ef Plymouth is about 14 miles. They ai;e almoft in the line which joins the Start .and the Lizard Points, and as they lie nearly in the direftion of veffels coafting up and down the Channel, were neceffa- ' rily, before the eftabhffiment of a light. houfe, very dangerous, and often fatal to ffiips. Their fituation with regard to the Bay of Bifcay and the Atlantic is fuch, that they lie open te the fwelis of the bay and ocean, from all the fouth- weftern points of the compafs, fo that all the heavy feas from the fouthweft come uncontrolled upon the Eddy ftone rocks, and break thereon with the utmoft fury. When the fea is to all appear. ance fmcpth and even, and its furface unruffled by the flighteft breeze, the grpund-fwell. meeting the flppe pf the rPcks, the fea 'peats uppn tliem in a fright. ful manner, fp as tp pbftruft any wprk being dpne pn the rock, pr even landing upon it. On this principal reck, hpw. ever (fpr the reft are under water) Mr. Henry Winftanley, in 1696, undertopktp build a lighthpufe, and completed it in 1700. This ingenious mechanic was fp cert,ain pf the ftabihty of this ftrufture, that he declared it was his wiffi to be in it during the mnft tremendpus ftprm that cpuld happen : unfortunately, he had his wiffi. It was deftroyed in the dreadful ftorm, November 27, 1703, when he periffied with it. In 1709, another built of wood, but on a different conftruftien, was erefted by Mr. John Rudyard, which was confumed by fire in 1755. Another of ftpne, was begun by the late celebrated Mr. John Smeaton, on the 2d pf April 1757, and finiffied Auguft 24, 1759. The rock which Hopes toward the S. W. is cut into horizontal fteps, into which are dovetafled, and united by a ftrong cement, Pprtland ftpne and granite : fpr Mr. Smeaton difcovered, that it was imppf fible tP make ufe pf the fprmer entirely, as a marine animal has ppwer to deftrpy .. it ; and pf the latter, as the labpur pf wprking it WPuld have added tP the ex. pence : h? made \jfe, thjsrefpre, pf pne fpr the internal, and the other for the external part of the ftrufture. Upon the principle of a broad bafe, and accumulatipn of matter, the whole, to the height of 35 feet from the foundation, is a folid of ftones, engrafted into each other, and unit. ed by every means of additional ftrength. The building has four ropms, pne over the other, and at the top a gallery and lantern. The ftone floprs are flat above, but cpn- cave beneath, and are' kept frcm prefling agaipft the fides of the building by a chain let into the walls. It is nearly 80 feet high, and has been ftanding 34^ years ; during which time it has been affaulted by the fury of the elements, without fuffering the fmalleft injury; and, in all probabi- lity, as Mr. Smeaton thought, nothing but an earthquake can deftroy it. Its diftance from the Ram Head, the neareft point of land, is 12I miles. Eden, a river which rifes in Weftmor land, on the confines of Yorkffiire, and running N. by Appleby and Cariifle, falls into the Solway Frith. '* Edenton, a town of N. Carohna, in N. America, fituated on the N. fide of Albemarle Sound. It has 150 indifferent wooden houfes, a few handfome buildings, and a brick epifcopal church. Its fitua tion is advantageous for trade, but not for health. It is the coimty town of Chowan County. It is 78 miles S. by W. of Williariifcurgh, Lon, 76, 40 W, lat. 35. 58. N. Edghill, a> village near Kenton, in Warwickffiire, where the firft battle was fought between the forces of Charles I. and'iliofe of the parliament, in 1642. It is 14 miles S. of Warwick. Lon. 1. 35. W.lat. 52. 6. N. Edgware, a tPwn in Middlefex, wjth a matket on Thurfday. It is eight miles N. W. of London, Lpn. o. 14. W. lat, 51. 37, N. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, fituated in a county of the fame name, on three hills, or ridges, which run from E. to W. In a direftion almoft parallel. On the middle ridge, which is narrow and fteep, ftands the Old Town, T^e North Towri is feated on an elevated plain, gently floping on every fide ; and the S. part of the city ftands alfo on a fimilar floping em.inenee. The fituation of the Old Town is very peculiar ahd ftriking, A fine ftreet, a mile in length, and generally 90 feet broad, extends from the caftle, on the W, fummit of the hill, to Holyrood Hpufe, It is called the High Street. On each fide pf this fteep hill, the houfes form narrpw lanes, which are called clcfes, 3nd extend N, and S. Many of them are very E D I E G R Ytry lofty, but fo crowded, and piled, as it were, upon each other, that they- afe far from being diftinguiffied either for ele gance or cleanHnefs, The form ef the Old Town refembles that ef a turtle ; the caftle being the head ; the High Street, the ridge of the back ; the clofes, the ffielving fides ; and Holyrood Houfe, the tail. On each fide of this hill was once a lake. The S. vaUey, drained of its waters, is occupied by .Cpwgate Street. The N. vaUey is alfo drained ; but a difagreeable morafs remains, which is ftill called the N. Loch. The ancient caftle (the origin of which no hiftorian can trace ) is feated on a high, craggy, and precipitous rock, with a drawbridge on the only fide that is acceffible. In former times, therefore, it was deemed impregnable. The vifitors to this caftle, are here ffiown the apart ment in which was born James VI. ef Scotland, afterward James I. ef England. On the S. fide of the High Street is the ancient church of St. Giles, a fine Gothic ftrufture, which has four churches under its roof. Near this is the, building in which the Scotch parliamept were ufually convened. It is now occupied by the courts ef juftice; and its magnificent lofty hall merits particular attention. The palace ef Holyrood Houfe forms a grand quadrangle, with a court in the centre furrounded by piazzas. The N. W, towers .were built by James V. and the whole was completed in the reign of Charles II. ' A fpacioas gallery here is hung with the piftures ef- 1 1 1 monarchs, from Fergus I. to James VI. the 'greateft part of them imaginary. In the JST. W . tower is ffiown the chamber where queen Mary fat at fupper, when Rizzio was dragged from her fide apd murdered, and the private ftaircafe by which Ruthven entered, with the affaflins, to perpetrate the ruthlefs deed. Adjoining are the magnificent ruins of an abbey, founded by David I. in 1128, and converted by Charles II. into a royal chapel. The communication between the N_. and S. parts of Edinburgh is by two noble bridges; the N. one buik in 1763, and the S. in 1785, The N. Town has many new fquares and ftreets, adorned with uniform and elegant houfes. The buUd- ings ef the S. Town are likewife ele- gant and eitenfive, though not equal to thofe of the N. But, in this part, the New College will foon form a very ftriking objeft. It was begun,, in i7Sg, on the elegant plan ef the late Mr. Robert Adam, The moft liberal fubfcriptions from perfons of all ranks, and even from the E. Indies, have been procured for this important work. Of the Univerfity of Edinburgh it will be fufficient te ebferve,- that it is celebrated in all quarters of the world ; and its medical fchool, in particular, is -entitled to. the firft rarik. Of the other buildings in Edinburgh, a few only can be mentioned ; namely, the Royal Ex-, change, built in 1753 ; the Regifter Office; the Phyfician's Elafl; Heriot's Hofpital, a beautiful Gothic ftrufture, founded in ^ 1628, fer the education ef 140 poor boys ; Watfen's Hofpital, for the fuppOrt ef the fens pf decayed merchants ; two hofpitals for girls; three charity' werk- heufes ; an almshoufe ; an hofpital for orphans; a Royal Infirmary, incisrporated by charter in 1736; and the Public Dif- penfary. The churches, both preffiy- terian and epifcopal, and ether places qf .worffiip, of various denominations, are nunterous. The public places of amufe- ment are the Affembly Rooms, the Con cert Hall, the Hall for the Royal Arch ers, the Theatre Royal, and the Equef trian Circus, Edinburgh, with its de pendencies, is fuppofed toconfain ioo;ooo inhabitants. It is fupplied with y/ater, conveyed in caft-iron pipes, from Comif- ton, four miles to the "VV. It is governed by a Lord Prevoft, four bailiffs, and a common council, and fends one member fo parliament. It is two miles S. " of Leith, 54 W. N. W. of Berwick upon Tweed, and 38g N. by W. ef Lendon. . Lon. 5. 7. W. lat. 35. 58. N. See Leith. -* Edinburghshire, a county of Scotland, called alfo Mid-Lothian ; bound ed on the N. by Fifcfhire, from which it is divided by the Frith of Forth ; on the .E. by the ffiires ef Haddington and Ber wick; on the S. by that of Peebles; and on the N. and N, W. by the counties of Lanerk and Linhthgow. Its length, be tween the extreme points, is 35 miles; its greateft breadth 16. -* Ednam, a -viflage ef Scotland, riear Kelfe, in Rexburgffiire, on the N. fide of the Tweed. It is the birthplace of the poet Thomfen. Efferding, atown of Germany, in Upper Auftria, eight miles W. ef Lintz ; defended by two caflfes. Len. 13. 52. E, lat. 48. 18. N. "¦-- Egg, a fertile fittle ifland, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, to the S. pf fhe Ifle pf Skye. Egltsow, an ancie.nt town pf Swif ferland, in the cantpn pf Zurich, feated on the Rhine. Lon. 8. 30. E. lat. 47, 33' N, Egra, a handfome and ftrong town of Boheiriia, formerly imperial. It was taken by the French' in' 1741, but they were O forced E G Y E G Y forced to evacuate it the next year. It contains a number of ingenious artifvs, ahd its mineral waters are famous. It is feated on the river Eger, go miles W. of Prague. Lon 12. 40. E. lat. 50. 9. N. Egremont, a town in Cumberland-, *'ith a market on Saturday. It is feated not far from the fea, on the banks of a river, over which are twp bridges ; 4n'd on the top of a peeked hill is a ftrong caftle. It fent members to parliament in tlie reign of Edward I. but never fince. It is 14 miles 9. W. by S. of Cocker- mouth, and 2gg N. W. of London. Lon. 3. 35. V/. lat. 54. 32. N. Ecjypt, a country of Africa, 600 miles in length, and 250 in'' breidth, where broadeft; bounded on the N. by the Me diterranean, on the S. by Nubia, on t'ne Fj. by the Red Sea and the ifthmus of Suez, and on the W. by the deferts' to the E. of Fezzan. The broadeft part is from Alexandria to Damietta, and thence it gradually grows narrower, till it approaches Nubia. This country, fo famous i."i hiftory, has not an extent pro portionable to the defcription the ancients have given of it ; namely, that it contained 20,000 towns, or cities ; that the number qf the inhabitants amounted to feveral millions ; that the kings kept annies of 300,000 men, and executed the prodiijious tvorks, whofe magnificent ruins are ftill remaining: but. when we confider the fertility of the country, that not a foot of ground remained uncultivated, snd th.it there was a grdat number of canal-j, which are now filled up, their accounts do not feem impro'pable. Egypt is divided into the tJpper, the Middle, and the Lower ; which lift comprehends the Drita. Since Egypt has been under the -dominion of the Turks, it has betm governed by a bifl-.aw, who refi. Us at Cairo. Under him arc i'lferior gflvcraors, in the .feveral parts of this country : thofe in Upper Egypt are generally Arab?, who pay tribute to the Grand, Siginr-r, and make prefents to the bafhaw, hving like httle tyrant"^, and '('.fiiiii frequently at war with each other. Befide thefe, there arc feveral theiks, who prefide over parilcuhr places, and are -mafters of a few villages. Though the air of Egypt is naturally hot, and not very wholefome, it enjoys fo mariy o'thcr act.v'antagts, that it h^S been always ex tremely populous. Their ancient kings governed Egypt, till Camhyfes became mafter pf it, 525 years B. C. and in their time ali thofe wondei-fal ftru.-tures ¦were raifed, which we cannot behold with am aftonifement. Thefe are the pyraiuidf, the labyrinth, the immenfe grottos of thf Thebais; the obelifks, temples, and pom pous palaces ; the lake Mccris, and the vaft canals, which ferved both for trade, and to render the land fruitful. After this conqueft, Cambyfcs demoliflied the temples, and perfecuted the priefts. This equntry continued under the Perfian yoke tin the time of Alexander the Great, who, having conquered Perfia, built the city of Alexandri'a. He was fucceeded by Pto lemy, the fon of Lagus, 324 years B.C. Ten kings ef that name fucceeded each other, till Cleopatra, the fifter of the laft Ptolemy, afcended the throne; when Eg*pt became a Roman province, and continued fe till the reign of Omir, the- fecond calif of the fucceiTors of Mahomet, who drove away, the Romans, after it had been intheir hands 700 years. When the power of the califs declined, Saladine fet up the empire of the Mamlouks, which ' became fo powerful in time, rhat they extended their dominions cn'er a' great part of Africa, Syria, and Arabia. Laft of all, Selim, a Turkiffi emperor, con quered Egypt. The. prefent population of Egypt is computed ,at 2,300,000. The inhabitants are compofed of four different races of people ; fhe Turks, who pretend to be mafters of the country ; the Arabs, who were conquered by the Tuiks; the Cophts who are defcended from the fii^ft Egyptians that became Chriftians ;. andthe Mamiouk";, w'no were originally Ciixaf- fian or Mingrclian flaves, and being tha only military force, are t'l-te real mafter* of the country. Of thel"'e laft, M Volney obfervcs, that during the 550 years they have been eftabhfhed in Egypt, not one ef them has founded a fubfifting family ; not one family exifts in the fecond generation ; but all their children perifli in the firft or fecond year. The method of perpet'.iating rliem is the fame as that by which they were eftabliflied ; that is, they are kcps nn by flaves tranfported from the origi nal countiY. The Ruffians have, there fore, rendered a very important fervice to the Turk-:, by chccliing the traffic of flavcs in Mount Caucafus. Egypt has been, for many years, diftrafted by the civil wars between the different contend ing beys, l^y which its 24 provinces v.-ern .governed. The famous Halfan Ali, the Turkifli admiral, gaimed feveral viftories ever them in 1786; but though he re- preffed, he could not totally fubdue them ; and the Ottoman power in this" country is now fuppofed to be e:etremely precarious. Egypt has been ,ever noted for plenty of crrn,'and they had vineyards on the banks oj" the Nik j but fince the. Turks cs«mc they E G Y til'ey are neglefted. A cpnfiderable trade Was carried on here in E. India commodi ties, tin the Portuguefe found the way found the Cape of Gpod Hope. How ever, the merchants pf Eurppe vifit the harbours in the Mediterranean, and im port and export feveral forts ef mcrchan dife ; and from other parts fhe natives get elephants teeth, ebony, gold duft, mufk, civet, ambergris, and coffee. The gold duft is brought froln Negroland tq Fez and Morocco, and thence to C-airo, over immenfe deferts. The, principal commo dities which the merchapfs purehafe here, are, coffee, fenna, caffia, rhubarb, fal am- moniaq, myrrh, faffron, fahpetre, aloes, opium, indigo, fugar, fandal wood, dates, cotton cloth, &c. The complexion of the Egyptians is tawny, and the farther S. the darker, infomuch, that thofe on the con fines of Nubia a^e almoft black. They are moft of them indolent and cowardly. The richer fort do nothing all day but (drink cotree, fmoke tobacco, and fleep; and they are ignorant, proud, haughty, and ridiculoufly vain. Egypt lies between 20°. and 36°. E. Ion. and 23°. and 31". N. lat. M. Volney obferves, that during eight months of the year, from March to November, the heat, to an European, is almoft infupportable. During the whole of this feafon, the air is inflamed, the fky fparkting, and the heat oppreffive to all unaccuftomed to it. The other mOnths are more temperate. The S. winds are, by the natives called " poifonous winds," or " the hot winds of the defert." They are ef fuch extreme heat and aridity, that no animated body expofed to it can with- ftand its fatal influence. During the three days that it generally lafts, the ftreets are deferted; and woe to the traveller whom this wind furprifes remote from flielter. V/hen it exceeds three days, it is infup portable. The inhabitants are often al moft blinded by drifts of fand. It rajns very feldom jn Egypt ; but fhat want is happily fupplied by the annual inundation of the Nile. When the watcrS.retirc, all the ground is covered with mud ; thin they only harrow their corn into it, with out farther trouble, and, in the following March, they have ufually a plentiful har veft. Their rice fields are fupplied. with water from canals and refervoirs ; becaufe rice never thrives but in watery grounds. There is no place in tlie v.orld better furnifned with corn, fleffi, fiffi, fugar, fruits, and all forts of garden-ftuff; and in Lower Egypt they have eran;',-es, le mons, figs, dates, almond.';, caffia, and plantains, in great plenty. The lands are fo ftibtile here, that they irifinuate EIF themfelves into the clofcts, chefts, and cabinets, which, tegefher with the' hot winds, are probably the caufe of fore eyes being fe very common here. The largeft of the pyramids takes up ten acres of ground, and is, as well as the reft, built upon a rock : the external part is chiefly of large fquare ftones, of unequal fizes, and the. height of it about too feet. There are caverns, out of which they get the mummies,, or embalmed dead bodies, \vhich are, found in coffins fet upright in the niches of tho walls, and have cntrnued there at leaft 4000 years. Many of thefe have been brought to England, and were formerly deemed of great ufe in medi cine. The animals found in Egypt are tigers, hyeriaa, antelopes, apes with the head like a dog's, camels, black cattle, ffne horfes, and large affes ; crocodiles which were once, thought peculiar to this country ; the hippopotamu", or river horfe ; the camelion, and a kind of rat called ich neumon; oftriches, eagles, hawks, peli cans, water-fowls ef all kinds, and the ibis, which refembles a duck,- and was dei fied by the ancient Egyptians, on account of its deftroying ferpents and noxious in- fefts. They have a ferpent here called the ceraftes, or^ horned viper (perhaps the afpic which Cleopatra employed to pro cure her death") whofe bite is fatal to thofe who have not the fecret of guard ing againft it. But both M. Volney .and Mr. Bruce have expatiated on the curious fubjeft of the incantation of ferpents, and have no doubt of its reahty : it is certainlv alluded to in Holy Vv^rit. "(See Pfal. Iviii'. 4. 5. Ecclef. X. II. and Jerem. viii. 17.) Some of the natives can play with the ceraftes, which to them i^s perfeftly harm lefs ; for it will not attempt to bite them; but when applied to a hen, or any other animal, they, have inftantly bit and killed them; fo that the fecret certainly con fifted, not in depriving the ferpent of its noxious powers, but in fome irrefiftible charm. The principal city is Cairo. Egyptek, a town ef the duchy of Courland, 100 miles S. E. of Miitau. Lon. 26. 40. E. lat. 56. 2. N. Ekingen, the nam.e of two fmall towns of Germany, in Suabia, the one near the Danube, and the ether 'on the Neckar; they belong to the hpufe of Auftria ; the former is, in lon. 9. 45. E. lat. 48. 18. N. arid the latter in lon. 8. 45. E. lat. 48. 25. N. Eienhoven, a town of Dutch Bra bant, 15 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Lop,, 27. o. E. Iat. 51. 26. N. Eifeld,, or ELFELD.a town ofGcr- ma.ay, caphil ef the county- i,f Rhin';gaw, Q - ia ELB ELE in the circle of Lower Saxony, feated on the Rhine, fix miles N. W. of Mentz, and fubjeft to the eleftor of Mentz. Lon. 8. 15. E. lat. 49. 54. N. Eimeo, an ifland in the Pacific Ocean, and Orie of the Society Ifles, lying riear Otaheite, and vifited by captain Cook in-' his laft voyage. There is little differ. ence between the produce of this ifland and that of Otaheite, though it has not the leaft appearance of it in its form. Otaheite is a hilly country, has little low land, except fome deep vallies, and the flat border that almoft furrounds it near the fea ; hut Eimeo has fteep rugged hills, running in different direftions, leaving large vallies, and gently rifing gtouiid about their fides. The hills, though rocky, are generally ccwered with trees almoft te the tops. Here captain Cook was abund antly fupphed with fire-wood, and re ceived a large ftock ef refreffiments in hogs, bread-fruit, and cocoa-nuts. EiMBECK, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and territory of Grubenhagen, 25 miles S. of Hilde- ffieim, fubjeft to Hanover. Lon, 10, o. E. lat. 51. 46. N. EisLEBEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and countv ef Mansfeldt, five mfles E. ef Mansfeldt. Luther was born here. Len. 12. 16. E. lat. 51. 42. N. EisNACH, a handfome town of Ger many, capital of a diftrift of the fame name, in Thuringia, with a celebrated college, 36 miles W. of Erfort. Lon. 10. 25. E. lat. 50. 59. N. EiTDEVET, an ancient town of Africa, in Morocco, feated on a, fteep mountain, and has famous fchools. It is furround ed by craggy recks and two rivers. '¦* EitHan, or Ythan, a river ef Aberdeenffiire in Scotland, which croffes that county in a fouth-ealterly direftion, and falls into the Britiffi Ocean, at New- burgh, Ekereeord, atown of Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick, feated en the Bal tic, 12 miles S. E, of Slefwick. Lon. 10. 20. E. lat. 54. 56. N. Elba, an ifland-of Italy, on the coaft of Tufcany, remarkable fer mines of iron and loadftone, and quarries of marble. It is fubjeft to the prince of Piorabino, under the proteftion of the' king ef Na- pies, who is in poffeffion of Porto-Lon- gone ; and the great duke of Tufcany has Porto-Feryara. Elbassano, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Albania, 45 miles S. E. of Durazzo. Len. 20. 9. E. Iat. 41. 34. N. Elbe, alarge river of Germany, which rifes in the Mountain of the Giants, oHI tjie confines of Bohemia and Silefia, and flowing S. to Koningfgratz, afterward runs N. W. till it receives the Muldaw at Malnick below Prague; thence it con tinues its courfe N. and paffes through the duchy of Saxony, vifiting Drefden, Meif. fen and Wittenburg; then to Magdeburg; after which it runs through Brandenburg, where it receives the ilavel; It then divides the duchy of Lunenburg from Mecklenburg, and the duchy of Bremen from Holftein, paffing ori to Hamburg, and fo to the fortrefs of Gulckftadt, faUing into the German Ocean a little below it. It is navigable for great ffiips as high, as Hamburg, which is 70 miles from the fea. Elbeuf, a town of France, in the department -of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy. ' It has a manu fafture of cloth, and is feated on the Seine, 10 miles S. of Rouen, and 65 N. W. of Paris. Lon. i. 8. E. lat. 49. 19. N. Elbing, a handfome, rich, and ftrong town of Poland, in W. Pruffia, and in the palatinate of Marienburg. It carries on a corifiderable trade, arid the inhabi tants are a mixture of Papifts and Protef tants. It is feated near the Baltic, 30 miles S. E. of Dantzick, and 100 N. by W. of V/arfaw. Lon. 19. 35. E. lat. 54. 9' N. \ . . Elbogen, a town oFBohemia, capital of a circle of the fame name, with a ci. tadel, on the river Eger, 1 5 miles N. E. of Egra. Lon. 13. u. E. lat. 50. 16. N. Elburg, a townof the United Provin. ces, in Guelderland, on the E. coaft ef the Zuyder Zee, ten miles N. E. of Harder. wi.ek. Lon. 5. 50. E. lat. 52. 30, N. Elc ATIF, a feaport of Afia, in Arabia Felix, on the W. coaft of the Gulf of Perfia, 300 miles S. ef Buffarah. Lon. 53. 5. E. Iat. 26. o. N- Elche, a handfome town ef Spain, in Valencia, 20 miles S. W. ef Alicant. Lon, o. 23. W.lat. 38. 7. N. ElEphanta, an ifland ori the W. coaft of the Deccan of Hindooftan, five luUes from Bombay. It contains ene ef the moft inexplicable antiquities in the world. The figure of an elephant, of the natural fize, cut coarfely in ftone, ap pears on the landing-place, near the foot of a mountain. An eafy flope then leads to a ftupendqus fuhterranean tempic, hewn out of the folid rock, 80 or 90 feet long, and 40 broad. The roof, which is cut flat, is . fupported by regular rows of pillars, about ten feet high, with capi-' . tals rcfcrn'oliug round cufhionj, as if prelicd ELL ELS by the incumbent mountain. At the farther enel are three gigantic figures, •which were mutilated by the abfurd zeal of ,the Portuguefe, when this ifland was in their poffeffion. There are various other objefts worthy the attention of a vifitor. Mr. Grofe, who has given a co pious defcription of the whole, is ef opi nion, that the immenfe work of fuch an excavation is a far bolder attempt than that of the pyramids of Egypt ; and major Rennell thinks that this and the fubter- ranepus temple in the adjacent ifland pf Salfette, are mpnuments of a fuperftition anterior to that of- the Hindoos. Ele- phanta was ceded to the Enghfh by the Mahrattas. Elgin, the county-town ef Murray. ffiire in Scotland. Its name, in the Celtic, anfwers to the French word belle ville. Here are many large old buildings erefted over piazzas.' Its cathedral, founded in 1224, was one of the moft magnificent Gothic ftruftures in Scptland ; of which its ruins are a fufficient proof. It is pleafantly feated on the river Loffie, five miles S. of Murray Frith, and 37 E. of Invernefs. Lon.. 3. 15. W. lat. 57. 37. N. ELGfNSHlRE. See Murrayshire. Eltham, a town in Kent, with a market on Monday. Here are the re. mains of a royal palace, in which Edward II. often refided, and his fon, John of Eltham, was born. Its ftately hall is ftill entire, and is converted inte a- barn. It is eight miles S. ef London. Elisabeth's Island, on the coaft , of Maffachufet's Bay, in N. America, hay ing Cape! Cod to the N. the ifland of Nan tucket to the E. and that of IVfartha's Vineyard to the W. The natives are chiefly employed in the fiffieries. Lon. 69. 3. W. lat. 42. o. N. '¦¦Elisabeth Town, ene of the eldeft towns ofthe ftate of New Jerfey, in N. Am.erica. It was purchafed ef the Indians in, 1 664, and fettled foon after. It has a handfome preffivterian church ef brick, an Epifcopal church alfo of brick, and an academy. It is 15 miles from New Yfirk. Elkholm, a feaport ef Sweden, in the territory ef Bleking, feated on the Baltic, 24 miles W. of Carlefcroon. Lon. 14. 50. E. Iat. 56. 20. N. Ellerena, an epifcopal town of Spain, in Eftramadura, 54 miles N. of Seville. Lon. 5. 20. W. lat. 38. 26. N. Ellesdon, a town of Northumber land, who,'"e market is neglefted. It is 28 miles N. W. of Newcaftle. Lon. 1. 49. W. lat. 55. 20. N. Ellesmere, a^ town of Shropffiire, with a market pn Tuefday ; feattd on a large mere, in a fmafl but fertile dif trift of the fame name, 16 milci N. N, W. pf Shrewftury, and 176 N. W. of London. Lon. 2, 52. W, lat. 52. S3. N. '-'' Ellichpour, the capital of the W. part of Berar. It is a fine city, fub. , jeft to the Nizam of the Deccan; 39; miles N. E. by E; ef Bombay. Lon. 77. 46. E. Iat. 2 1. 12. N. Elmadia, or Mahadia, a town of Africa, in the kingd'om ef Tunis, feated on the Gulf of Capes, eppofite the ifland of Schcreara. It is furrounded by the ftii, is well-fortified, and has a good har. bour ; was taken by the emperor Charles V. but retaken foon after. Lon. 8. 47. W. lat. 35. 4. N. Elme, St. a caftle of the ifle of Malta, feated on a ro^Jc near the city of Valetta, at the mouth of a very fine harbour. '•'' Flora. See Dowlatabad. Elsimburg, a feaport of Sweden, in the province of Gothland, feven miles E. ef Elfinore. Lon. 13. 20. E. lat. 56. o. N. Elsinore, pr ElsinoOr, a feaport of Denmark, feated on the Sound, in the ifle of Zealand. It was a fmall vil. llge, containing a few fiffiermcn's huts, until 1445, when it was made a ftaple town by Eric of Pomerania, who cori. ferred upon the new fettlers confiderable immunities, and built, a caftle for their defence. From that period it gradually increafed in fize and wealth, and is now the moft "commercial place in Denmark, next to Copenhagen. It contains 5000 inhabitants, among whom are a confider. able number of foreign merchants, and the confuls of the principal nations trading to the Baltic. The paffage ef the Sound is guarded by the fortrefs of Cronborg, fituated on the edge of a penirifuiar pro. montory, the neareft point ef land from the oppofite coaft of Sweden. It is for. tified toward the fliore by ditches, baftions, and regular entrenchments ; and toward ihc fea by fevcial batteries, .mounted with 60 cannon, the largeft of -\',h:cli are 48 pounders. Every' veffel, as it paffes, hm'ers her top-fails, and pays a. toll at Elhnore. It is afferted, that this fortrefs fruards the Sound; and that all ffiips muft, en account of the ffioal waters and cur rents, fteer fo near the batteries as to be expol"ed to their fire in cafe of fefufal. This, however, is a miftaken notion. On account, indeed, ef the numerous and op. pofitc currents in the Sound, the fafe It paffage lie, near the fortrefs ; but tlie O 3 waicr E L W E M B water, in ~ any part is of fufficient depth for veffels to keep at a diftance from the batteries, and the largeft ffiips can even fail clofe to the coaft of Sweden. ,j The conftant difcharge, however, ef the toll, is net fo much owing to the ftrqngth of the fortrefs as to a compliance with .the pubfic law of Europe. Many difputes have arifen concerning the right by which the crown of Denmark impofi^s fuCh a duty. The kings of Sweden, in . particular, claiming an equal title to the free paf fage of the Strait, were for fome time exempted by treaty from paying it; but in 1720, Frederic I. agrged that all Swed. ifli veffels ffiould, for the future, be fubjeft to the ufual impofts. All veffels, befide a fmall duty, are rated at i| per cent, of their cargoes, except the Engliffi, French, Dutch, and Swediffi, which pay only one fer cent, and, in return, the crown takes the charge of conftrufting lighthoufcs, and erefting fignals to mark the fli.eals and rocks, from the Categate to the en trance into the Baltic. The tolls ef the Sound, and of the two Belts, fupply an annual revenue ef above ioo,oooL Lori. 13. 23. E. Iat. 56. o. N. See Cron borg. Elteman, a town ef Franconia, in the biffiopric of Wurtzburg, on the river Maine. L6h. 10. 52. E. Iat. ;o. 8. N. Eltor, or Tor, a town of Arabia Petraea, feated on the Red Sea,, 50 miles S. of Mount Sinai. It has a citadel, w.here the Turks have always a garrifon. Eltz, a town of Germany, in the cir cle of Lower Saxony, and biffiepric of Hildeffieim. It is feated on the river Leina, 10 miles S, W. of Hfldeftieim. Lon. 10. 5. E. Iat. 52. 5., I'-f. Elvas, a large and ftrong town of Portugal, in Alentejo, with a caftle arid bifliop's fee, and one of the moft important places in Portugal. The ftreets are hand fome, and the houfes well-built. There is a ciftern fo large, that it wiU hold water eaioiigh for the town for fix months. Itis brought by a magnificent aqueduft, three miles in length, which is in fome places fupportd by four or five high arches, ene u}-ion another. On the fide of it is a foreft of olive-trees, three miles in length, among which are walks and fine fountains. It was bombarded by the French in 1706, to no purpofe. An academy for young , gentlemen was founded here, by the king, ¦in 1733. It is feated on a mountain, near the river Guadiana, 50 miles N. E. of Eyora, and 100 E. of Liffion. Len. 7. 3. W. lat. 38. 43. N. Elwange.v, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, with a chapter, whofe prevoft is a prince of the empire, and lorei of the town. It is feated on the Jaxt, 17 miles S. E. of HaU, and 25 S. W, of Anfpach. Lon. 10, 28, E, lat, 49.- 2. N. Ely, a town of Cambridgeffiire, with a biffiop's fee, and a market on Saturday. It is feated on the river Oufe (which is navigable hence to Lynn) in the fenny and unwholefome traft, called the Ifle of Ely. The aflizes are held here once a year only. It is a courity of itfelf, includ. ing the territory around, it, and has a dif. tinft. 'civil and criminal jurifdiftion, of which the bifnop is the head, in the fame manner as the bifliop of Durham is of that fee. It has a very fine cathedral, but it is otherwife a mean place. It is 17 miles N. of Cambridge, and 68' N. of Lendon. Lon. o. g. E. lat. 52. 24. N. '" Ely, Isle of. See Cambridge shire. Embden, a hand.lime and ftrong town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, capital of a county ofthe fame name, called alfo E. Friefiand, with a good harbour. It is divided into three parts, the Old Town, the Faldren, and the two fuburbs. The town-houfe, library, and cathedral, are worthy ef attention. The greateft part of the ihhabitants are Calvinifts, anit there are fome Lutherans, Papifts, and Jews. It was formerly under the pro teftion ofthe United Provinces, but they fold their right to the king ef Pruffia in 1744, to whom it is row fubjeft. It i^ feated on the river Embs, near the fea, 23 miles N. E. of Groningen. Lon. 7.-5. E. lat. 53. 26. N. '•'? Embo, a village near Brora, on the E. coaft of Sutherlandffiire, in Scotland. Here an uniprtunate perfpn was burnt iij 1727, for the imagiqary crime cf witcli- craft; 'the laft inftance of thefe frantic executions in Scotland. Emboly, a town of Turkey in Eu rope, in Macedonia, with a Greek arch biffiop's fee ; feated on the river Stromo- na, 40 miles N. E. of Salonichi, and five W. of Cohtefla. Lon. 23. 55. E. lat. 40. ?g. N. Embrun, an ancient and confiderable city of France, in the department of the Upper Alps, and late province ef Dau- phiny. Before the rcvclution, it was an archbiffiop's fee, but is now only a biffiop ric, fuffragan to Aix. It is a ftrong place, and ene of the moft elevated towns in Europe. The cathedral, and the epifco pal palace, are v.ortky of attention. It furrendered by capitulatiein to the duke of Savoy, in 1693 ; but he was compelled to evacuate it three weeks after. It is feated ne-jf ENG E N -G tiear the riyer Durance, upon a cr.aggy rock, 17 miles E. of Gap. Lon. 6. 34. E. lat. 44.' 34. N. Embs, a river in Germany, which has its fource in the 'county of Lippc, in Weftphaha. It runs' firft weftward, through the county' of Ritberg, and then turning N. paffes through the coun:y of Tecklinberg, and continuing its courCe N. through the county of Embden, empties' itfelf into Dolart Bay at the townof Emb den. ' Emessa, an ancient town of Afia, in Syria, 'in the government of the baflia-^v of Damafcus. There are ftill feveral no ble riiins, that fhow it was formeriy a magnificent city. Emmerick, a large, rich, and hand fome town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves. It carries en, a confiderable trade with Holland, and is feated near the Rhine, 8 miles'E. of Clc'yes. 'Lon, 6, 4. E. lat. 51.45.N. . Empoi.i., a town of Italy, in Tufcany, with 3 biffiop's' fee. It is feated en the river A,rne, 17 miles S. W. ef Florence. - Lon. II. 6. IC. lat. 43. 42. N. .Enchuysen, a feaport ef the United Provinces, in Holland, formerly more confiderable than at prefent, its liartsour fifling up every day. It is feated on' the ZuyderZee, 25 m'lcs N. E. of Amfter dam. Lon. 5. 4. E. lat. 52. 4;. N. ''" En'deAvour Sir AIT. See-Gui- nea. New. ' Endrioping, a fmall town of Sweden, jn the province of Upland, fituated on ,'a river, clofe to an inlet pf the Lake Meier, and -confifting cljiefly pf wppden houfes, painted for the moft part red. It is 40 miles W. pf Stpckhqlm. Lcn. 16. jg, E, lat. 52.45,N.. ;, '^ , ¦ Endin c, a' tpjvri' pf Germany, in Brif- , .gaw; it,w?s formerly free,_arid imperial,, but now belongs tp, tihe houfe of Auftria. It is feated near the Rhiiitj jo miles be- "low Brifach, Enfield, a town pf Middlefex, with a ¦market pn Saturday. It was pnce famous for its extenfii-e royal chafe, \vhich wa,s disforefted by an aft ef parliament in 1779. Here was a royal palace, whence Edw. VI. went in proccffibn to the Tower, on his acccflion to the throne. After the death ef queen Elifabeth it was alienated frpm the crown ; and only a fmall part of it is left ftanding, the whole of the front having been ^lately taken down, and its fite occupied by fome fmall new houfes. It is 10 miles N. ef London. Lon. o. 0, 'lat. 51. 41. N., EngaOina, a country of the Grifons, in the mountains . of the Alps, Itis di- i;idcd into the Upper a^d Lower Erigaj- dina, extending along the banks of the river Inn, froni itS fource to the Tirolefe, Upper Engadina is a beautiful valley ; yet, on account of its elevation, produces nothing but rye and barley. The winter'' fets in early, and ends 'late here, during vvhich time fledges are the common vehi cles. Even, in fummer, the air is cold and piercing, and the corn occafionally much damaged by the hoar-froft. -Hence the Italian proverb, -" Engadina terra jtnei, fe nonfoffe l.zpruina" — "Engadina woulj, be a fine country, were there no froft." ' _ Enger,s, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and in the elec- leftiirare of Treve.^, capital of a county of the fame name. , It is feated on the Rhine, '11 miles N. of' Coblentz. Lon". 7. 32, E. lat. 50. 35. N. E'iMGHiEN, a ric'n tovyn of Auftria.n Hainault, famous for'a battle fought pear it in 1692, between the French and En- glifh, when the former w-crc viftorioiis. This is commonly called the battle of Steenkirk. It is 15 miles S. W. of'Bruf- fels. Lon. 4. 5. E. lat. 50. 4.2. N. ' Engia, orENCJiNA, ah ifland of Tur- key in Europe, in a gulf ef the fame name, between Livadia and the Morea, 22 miles S. ef Athens. There is a town iipon it of the fams name. I,,on. 23'. 5g. E. lat, 37.^4,VN- England, the fouthern and moft con fiderable part of the ifland ef Great Bri. tain, bounded on the N.' by Scotland, on the N. E. and E. by the German Oceah, en the S. by the, Englifh Channel, and en the W. by 'St. George's Channel,' the principaHty of Wales, and the Iriffi Sea. It lies tietw^en 2° E. and 7° W. Ion. and between 49° and 56° N. lat. It is of a triangular form. From the S. Fore land in Kent, which may be termed the E. point of the triangle, to Berwick upon Tweed, which is the N. its length, in'a ftraight line, is 345; miles ; 'from thatpr/in-t fo the Land's End, in Cornwall, which is the W: it is 42 5 ; and the breadth therice to the S. Foreland is 340. But the breadth diminilhes, in general, as we approach the North ; and, on the other hand, the length would be confiderably more, if we were to follow all the windings of the fea coaft. " The face of the country in Eng land," fays Dr. Aikin, in his^ England Delineated, " affords all that beautiful variety which can be found iri the moft e'xtcimve trafts. of the globe. In- feme parts, verdant pla'ins extend as far as the eye can reach, watered by cepioits ftreams, and covered by innumcjable cattle. In others, the pleafing viciiruudes of gently- O 4 , rifing ENG ENG rifing hills and bending vales, fertile in corn, waving with wood, and interfperfed with meadows, offer the moft delightful landfcapes of rural opulence and beauty. Some trafts abound with profpefts of a more romantiq kind ; lefty mountains, craggy rocks, deep narrow dells, arid tumbling torrents. Nor are there want ing, as a contraft to fe many agreeable gree than in parallel climates on the con tinent ; a circumftance common to all iflands. While the feaports ef Holland and Germany are, every winter, locked up with ice, thofe of England, and even of Scotland, are never known to fuffer this inconvenience. The weftern fide of the kingdom, receiving firft the. great clouds from the Atlantic Ocean, which are fcenes, the gloomy features of black barren afterward intercepted in their paffage by ' '' ,,•..,.¦ ^ the middle ridge of hills, is confiderably more expofed to rain than the eaftern; but the latter is" more frequently involved in fogs and mifts. The whole country, fome particular fpots excepted, is fufn- ciently 'healthy ; and the natural longevity of its inhabitants is equal to that of al. moft any region. All the moft valuable produftions, both animal and vegetable, of this country, have been imported from the continent, and have been kept up_and im proved by conftant attention. OriginaUy, moors and wide uncultivated heaths. On the whole, however, few countries have a fmaller proportion of land abfolutely fteril and incapable of culture." The richeft parts are, in general, the midland and fouth ern. Toward the N. it partakes of the barrennefs of the neighbouring Scotland. The E. coaft is, in many parts, fandy and marffiy. A range of rude and elevated land, fometimes rifing into lofty moun tains, extends from the borders of Scot- land to the very heart of England, run ning froni N. to S. and forming a natural this great ifland feems te have been, like divifiori between the E. and W. fides of the kingdom. Cornwall is alfo a rough hilly traft ; and a fimilar charafter pre. vails in part of the adjacent counties. Thefe mountainous trafts abound with various mineral treafures. .The rivers are numerous ; but the comparatively fmall extent of England, will not permit them to vie, in length of courfe, with the great rivers on the cohfinent. The moft con fiderable of them are the Thames, Severn, Medway, Trent, Oufe, Tyne, Tees, Eden, Avon, Derwent, Dee, Merfey, &c. ivhich, with many others, are defcribed ,under their refpeftive -heads. The' lakes are neither numerous nor extenfive. They are chiefly in the N. W. counties ; and thofe ef Weftmorland and Cumberland, in particular, exhibit fuch varieties of- beautifully romantic and pifturefque fee- nery, as to haye bccoirie, for fome years paft-, the fafliionable qjijcft of fummer ex curfions, from thq metropolis, and every part of the country. " With refpeft to climate," fays Dr. Aikin, "England is fituated on the N. part of the temperate zone, fo that it enjoys but a fcanty ffiare of the genial influence of the fun. Its atmo. fphere is inclined to chilnefs and moifture, fubjeft to frequent and fudden changes ; and is mote favourable to the growth, than to the ripening, of the .produfts of the earth. No country is clothed with fo beautiful and laftirig a verdure ; but the harvefts, efpecially iu the northern parts, frequently fuffer from unfeafonable rains ; the wilds of America, almoft entirely ever-run v,'ith wood, and peopled only by the inhabitants of the foreft. Here for. merly roam.ed the bear, the wolf, and the wild boar, now totally extirpated. J^arge herds ef ftags ranged through the woods, roebucks bounded over the hills, and wilci bulls grazed in the marffiy paftures. By degrees, the woods were deftroyed, in or- der tP make way for cultivation ; the marflies were drained ; and the wild ani. mals, invaded . in their retreats, gradually difappeared, and their places were fup plied by the domeftic kinds. England now poffeffes no other wild quadrupeds than fome of the fmaller kinds ; fuch as the fox, the wild cat, the badger, the mar. tin, and others of the weafel kind ; the otter, the hedgehog, the hare and rabbit ; the fquirrel, dormoufe, mole, and feveral fpecies of the rat and moufe. On the other hand, every kind of domeftic ani mal, imported from abroad, has been reared to the greateft degree ef perfeftion, The horfe has been trained up for all the various purpofes of ftrength' and fwift. nefs, fo as to excel in thofe qualities the fame animal in eyery other country. The horned cattle have been brought to the largeft fize and greateft juftnefs of ffiape. The different races of flieep, in England, are varioufly diftinguiffied, either for un. common fize, goodnefs of fleffi, and plenty or fineuefs of wool. The deer of our parlc;, v.'hich are originally a foreign breed; are i'uperior in beauty of fkin, and and the fruits often fall fhort of their per- delicacy of fle'fli, to thofe of moft countries. feft maturity. The rigours of winter, ' Even the feveral kinds of dogs, have been however, as well as the parching heats of trained to degrees ef courage, ftrength, lu.-umer, are felt here in a much lefs de-' and fagacity, rarely to be met -with elfe- ¦yvhere. ENG ENG where. The improvenient in the vege table produfts ef this ifland is net lefs ftriking than in the animal. Nuts, acorns, crabs,' and a few wild berries, were almoft all the variety of vegetable food which our woods could boaft. To, foreign coun tries, and to the efforts of cukure, we are indebted for our , bread, the roots and greens of onr tables, and aU our garden fruits. The barley and hops fer our malt liquors, and apples , fer our cider, are equally the gifts of other lands. The meaneft labourer is now fed with more whelefcmie ahd delicate aliments than the nifter juftice twice a year) contain 3* counties. They are, i. The tlomfr Cir cuit, which c ontains the counties of Effex, Herts, Kent, Surry, and Suffex. 2. The Norfolk Circuit, containing the countie» of Bucks, Bedfordj Huntingdon, Cam bridge, Suffolk, and Norfolk. 3, The Oxford Circuit, containing the counties of Oxford, Berks, Gloucefter, Worcefter, Monmouth, Hereford, Salop, ' and Staf ford. 4. The Midland Circuit, contain-- ing the ffiires of Warwick, Leicefteri Derby, Nottingham, Lincoln, Rutland, and Northampton. 5. The Northerii petty kings of the country could obtain Circujt, 'containing- the counties of York, in its favage and uncultivated flate. The DurHam, Northumberland, Taricafteri rivers and feas of England are ftocked Weftmorland, and Cumberland,- 6. Tlie ¦with a, great variety of fifli, which, yield Weftern Circuit, containing Hants, Wilts, a plentiful article of provifion te aU ranks Dorfet, Somerfet, Devon, and Cornwall^ of people. The river fiffi, indeed, from Middlefex being the feat ef the fupreme the populoufnefs of the country, and the' court of juftice, and Cheffiire being i. number of fiffiers, are, in many parts, much diminiffied. But the fea is an inex- hauftible fource ; and every exertion of induftry, to procure food from thence, is amply repaid. The fiflieries, at prefent, are a great objeft of attention ; and the whole feacoaft, is enhvenedby^ numerous inhabitants, who gain their chief fub fiftence from the deep." . The manufac tures and commerce of this country are fo vaft, fo extenfive, and fo various, that an account of them would lead us beyond orir limits. Referring, therefore, to the various counties, cities, and towns, under their refpeftive heads, ftir farther infer- mation en the fubjeft, it is hardly necef fary to obferve here, that in the woollen, cottoh, and .hardware manufaftories, this country has long maintained a pre-emi nence ; 'and, though nature has denied it county palatine, are not included ip any circuit. The eftabliffied rehgion of the country, as' Contained in the 3 9 articles of the Church ef England, is Calvinifm i but thefe articles are interpreted, by the ¦ clergy in' general, according to the mere liberal principles ef Arminius, But all religions are tolerated in England ; and, of I late years, the Reman Cathohcs and Pro» [ teftant Diffenters, in particular, have beea j releafed from all apprehenfions, on ac count of many feva'e penal laws,, which, | in lefs enlightened times, were enaftei againft them ; and, if they have not been reftored to the complete enjoyment of, their rights as Enghfli fubjefts, wlthouti any civil difqualification en account o£. their religious opinions; it is, no doubt, be,-, caufe the legiflature have thought, that fo clofely cennefted as is the religious eftab-', the rich fruits of ether countries,, yet the lifliment ef this country with the civil go- manufaBure, if it may be fo cafled, of our vernment, any farther cenceffions might home-made wines, in imit'dtion of all the be dangerous, if not fatal, to the fafety of varieties ef the foreign, has been brought both. The ccclefiaftical divifipn pf Eng-' tP an uncpmmpn degree pf perfeftipn. land is intP two archbiffioprics, called, the The" government pf this ccuntry is a li- provinces pf Canterbury and "Y'prk. That mited mpnarchy ; the legiflative power re- of Canterbury (whofe archbiffiop is me- fiding in the king, the houfe of lords, and tropofitan and primate of all England) the houfe of commons ; and the executive contains the diocefes ef London, Win- power in the king, the great officers of chefter, Bath and Wells, Briftol, Chichef- flate, the judges, and aU the inferior gra- ter, Ely, Exeter, Gloucefter, Hereford, dations of maglftracy ; and, under this Lichfield and Coventry, Lincoln, Nor- Qonftitutiori, we have enjoyed, a degree of wich, Oxford, Peterborough, Rochefter, prafperity and happinefs, fo uniform and Salifbury, and Worcefter, befide the four Uninterrupted, as to oe fhe admiration and envy of furrounding nations. The civil divifion of the country is into cir cuits, and ffiires, or counties : thefe laft are fubdivided inte wapentakes, er hundreds. Welffi biffioprics of St. David, Bangor, Landaff, and St. Afaph. The province of York contains the diocefes of ipurham, Chefter, and Carlifle, and that nfSpdpr and Man; and afl. the, prelates pf the fees. and pariffies. The circuits (which are enumerated (the latter excepted) have .a fi.x in number, and in each pf which, fpr ftat in the hpufe of lords. the moft paft, two qf the judges admi. England, New, a country of N. America,. EP H E P P America, bounded oh the N. by Cauada, on the E. by Nova Scotia and the Atlantic Ocean ; pn the S. by that ace^p arid Lpng Jfland Spund, and pn the W. by New , Yprk. It cpntains the following five ¦ iftates ; namely. New Hampfliire, Maffa chufet's, Rhode Ifland, Connefticut, and Vermont ; which fee refpeftively, Eno, or Enos. a town of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, near the gulf of the fame name, with a Greek archbifliop's fee. It is 125 miles W. of Conftantinople. l,on. 26. 15. E. lat. 40. 46. N. Ens, a town of Germany, in Upper Auftria, on a river ef the fame name, 1 2 -jplilestS. E. ef Lintz, and 90 W. of Vien- jia. Lon. '14. 22. E. lat. 48. 13. N, Ensisheim, a' town of France, iri the •iiBepariment of the Upper Rhine and late province of Alface, ftated on the river 111, JO miles S', W. of Brifach, Lon, 7. 3P. E. lat. 47. 58. N. Enskirken, a tPwn pf Germany, in the duchy ofjuriers,^ 15 miles S. "W. of Cologne. Lon. 6. 29. E. lat. 51. u. N. ENTREfDuEROrE-MiNHO, a pro vince ef Portugal, 45, miles in length and breadth. Braga is the capital. -¦' Eoo A, one ofthe Friendly Iflands in the S. Pacific Ocean. When viewed from the ffiips at anchor, it formed one of the moft beautiful profpefts in nature, and very different from -the others ef the Friendly Iflands, which being low, and perfeftly level, exhibit nothing to the eye but the trees which cover them ; whereas, here, the land rifing gently to a confider able height, e.'.hibits an extenfive profpeft, where groves of fine trees are interfperfed, at irregular diftances, in beautiful difor- der ; and all the reft is covered with grafs, except near, the fl-ieres, where it is entirely covered with fruit and other trees, among which are the liabltations of the natives. This ifland was named Middleburg by Tafman, who diJ'covfered it in 1643. It, is fitpated in about 175° W. lon. and 23° S., lat. Eperies, a toivn of Upper Hungary, capital ofthe county of Saros, remarkable for its fairs and mines of fait. It is feated on theiTatza, 20 miles N. of Caffovia. Lon, 21., 13. E- lat. 49. 8. N. Epernay, an ancient and handfome town of France, in the department of Marne and late province of Champagne. It ¦\y,as taken by Henry IV. in 1 592, when marflial de Biron was killed, while that monarch h'a.d his hand on his ffioulder. The wines produced in its neighbourhood, ' are very exquifite. It is 17 miles N. W. of Chalons. Lon. 4. o. E. lat. 49. 5. N, Ethesus, an ancient and celebrated tov.'n of Turkey in Afia, and in that part of Natpha anciently called Ionia. It is now caUed Ajafalouc, and has ftill many remains of its ancient fplendour. Therp is nothing to be feen about it but heaps of marble, overturned walls, columns, capitals, and pieces of ftatues, heaped upon one anotlipr. The fortrefs, which is upon -aq eminence, feems to' be the work ofthe Greek emperors. The eaftern gate has three baffo-relieyes; taken from fome ancient raonunn'cnts : that in the middle was conftrufted by the Romans, The moft remarkable ftrufture of all, was the temple of Diana, wliich the, ancient Chriftians had turned into a church ; but it is now fo entirely ruined, that it is.no eafy matter to find the ground-plot : how- ever, there are feme ruins of the walls, apd ef five or fix marble columns, all of a piece, 40 feet in Length, and feven in diameter. It is feated near a gulf of the fame name, and has ftill a good harbour, 40 miles S., of Smyrna. Lon. 27. 33. E. lat. 37, 48. N. Epin A L, a confiderable town of France, in the department of the Vofges and- late province of Lorraip. It is feated en the Mofelle, near the mountains pf the Vpf. ges, and is fampus for its paper mills. , It was taken by marflial Crequi, in 167c, when its fertificatipns were difmantled. It had a late chapter pf cancns, who were all npble. It is 35 miles S. E. pf Nanci, Lon. 6. o. E. lat. 48. 9. N. Epping, a tovyn of Effex, with, two markets, on Thurfday for cattle, and en Friday ,for provifions. They are each kept in Epping-ftreet, a mile and a half from the church. The butter made in this neighbourhood, and called Epping butter, is highly efteemed in London. Epping is 17 iniles N. by E. of London, 'Lon.o, g. E. lat. 51. 46, N. "¦" Epping Forest, a fine foreft inthe S. W. of Effex, formerly a much more extenfive diftrift, that contained a great part of the county." It then went by the name of the Foreft of Effex ; and after- war,d, when its boundaries had been con fiderably contraftcd, it had the .name of Waltham Foreft, from its vicinity to the town of X-Valtham" Abbey. Various parts of this delightful fpot are adoi-ned with handfpme villas. On this foreft a ftag is annually turned, put pn Eafter '^pnday, fpr the amufement pf the London fpprtf- meri. Eppingen, a tpwn pf Germany in the palpt'^natc pf the Rhine, with a caftle. Tt is ''eated pn the river Elfats, 20 miles N, E. pT Phifipfburg. Lon,- 9, o, E. lat, 49, 24. N, " . ' Fp cji, E R I E R P Epsom, a town of Surry, once cele brated for its mineral waters, and the falts produced from them. On the neighbour ing Downs are horferaces every year. It is 15 miles S. W. by S. pf Lpndon. Lon. c, 15. W. lar. 51. 25. N. Ep-woRTH, a viflage pf the ifle pf Ax- hplm, in Lincolnffiire, The celebrated John Wefley, fpunder of the feft of the Methodifts, was born in this place, cf which his father was reftor many years, Erfort, atownof Germany, capital of Upper Thuringia, wifh a univerfity. It was formerly imperial, but is now fub jeft te the eleftor ef Mentz. It is a large place, but thinly peopled ; defended by two ftrong forts, and furrounded by ditches full of water. A fire happened here in 1736, which burnt down 180 houfes, and feveral churches. It is feated on the river Gere, 30 miles E. S. E. ef Mulhaufen. Lon. 11. 23. E. lat. 51. o. N. Its terri tory comprehends 73 villages, and the in- habitants are at fe fmall a diftance from 26 towns, that they can go to each and return the fame day. "With regard to religion, the principal magiftrate is fome times a Proteftant, and fometimes a Pa- pift ; but the greateft part of the burghers are Proteftant-^. There are three fine li. braries, ene of which belongs to the Pa pifts, another to the univerfity, and a third to the Proteftant niinifters * Eribol, Loch, an arm ef the fea, on the N. coaft of Sutherlandftire, in Scotland, capable of affording a fafe re- treat te the largeft veffels. It receives feveral ftreams ; particularly that which flews from the great lake called Loch Hope. * Ericht, Loch, a lake of Scotland, .jn the N. W. of the diftrift of Athol, in Perthffiire. It extends feveral miles inte Invernefsffiire. Near this place wan dered the fugitive pretender, in 1746, lurking in caves, and among rocks, and expofed to' all the rigours' of an inhof- pitable climate. The waters of this lake defcend into another, called Loch Ran. noch. Erie, a lake of N. America, fituated between 4i°.and 43°. N. lat, and 79°. and 84°. W. ion. It is nearly 300 miles long from E. to W, and 40 in' its broadeft part. The iflands and banks toward its W. end are fe infefted with rattlefnakes, as ro render it dangerous to land on them. The lake is covered near the banks of the iflands, with a large pond lily ; the leaves of which are thickly fpread on the furface of the water, to an extent of many acres : on thefe, in the fummer, fie myriads ef water fnakcs balking in die fun. Of the venomous ferpents that infeft this lake, the luffing fnake is the moft remarkable. It is about 18- inches long, fmall, anti fpeckled ; when approached, it flattens it felf in a moment; and its fpots, which are of various colours, become vifibly brighter through rage : at the fame time, it blows from its mouth, with great force, a fubtile wind, faid te be of a naufeous fmell ; and, if inhaled by the unwary traveller, it wiU inevitably bring on a de cline, that, in a few months, will prove mortal : ne remedy has yet been found to counteraft its baneful influence. This lake at its N. E. end communicates with LakS Ontario by the river Niagara. Erisso, a town ef Turkey in Afia, in Macedonia, a biffiop's fee, at the hot-' torn of the Gulf of Monte Sanfto. Erith, a village in Cambrielge ffiire, between Holtwell Fen and Sonierffiam, on the Oqfe. It has a caufeway leading from St. Ives into the Ifle of Ely. There is a piece of antiquity near this place, called Belfar's HiU, an artificial mount, generally fuppofed to be the place where the people took up arms againft William the Norman, in 1066, after he had defeat. ed Harold at the battle of Haftings. At that time it was furrounded by marffies and bogs. Erith, a village in Kent, en the Thames, 14 miles E.' S. E. of London. Near it is Belvedere Houfe, the fine fe-it ef lord Eardley. Erivan, a large town of Afia, capi tal of Perfian Armenia, with an Armenian patriarch. It is defended by a fortrefs, in which is the governor's palace, and by a caftle, which is feated on the river Zu- engui, near a lake ef its own name. The Meidan is an open fquare, 400 paces ever, where'n are very fine trees. The baths and caravanfaries have likewife their beauties, but the churches of the Chrif tians are fmall, and half under ground. The lake is very .deep, and 60 n-iiles in circumference. It is 105 miles N. W. of Aftrabad. Lon. 44. jo. E. lat. 40. 20. N. El^KELENs, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, with a caftle'; 10 miles N. W. of Juhers, and feated on the river Rout. Len. 6. 35. E. lat. 51. 4. N, Erlang, atown of Germany, in the circle of Franconia and marquifate of Culembach ; feated on the river Regnitz,' 12 miles N. W. of Nuremburg. Lon. 1 1. 5. E. Iat. 49. 35. N. Erpach, atown of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, 30 miles S. E. of Francfort, Lon. g. 10. E. lat. 49. 32. N, Ekpach, ESC E S K Erpach, a caftle of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, with a town, capital of the county of the fame name ; eight miles Si. E. of Ulm. Ldn. lo. 19. E. lat. 48. 20. N. Er^uiko, a feaport of the Red Sea,. on the coaft of Abex, in Africa, and fub jeft to Turkey. It is 320 miles S. W. of Mecca. Len. 39, 5, E. lat, 17, 30. N, Erzerum, a large and ftrong town pf Turkey in Afia, with Armenian and Greek biffiops fees. It ftands in a penin- fiila, formed by the fources of the river Euphrates, called Frat hy the Tjirks. It is a large place, five days journey from the Black Sea, and lo from the frpntiers of Perfia, built in a beautiful plain, at the fo(jii of a chain of mountains, fruitful in all fprts of corn. Wppd is very fcarce, fpr which reafon their fuel is only cow dtmg. It is furrounded by double walls, defended by fquare towers. The Turks, ¦wrho are all Janifaries, are about 12,000 fe number : they are moft of them tradef men; and receive no pay. The Arme- niarns have two churches, the Greeks but ent. The lattef are moftly braziers ; and, as they are always making a -noife, night and day, with their hammers, they 3re obUged to live in the fuburbs. They drive a great trade here in furs and gall- Buts. This town is a thoroughfare, and a refting-plaee for the caravans which pafs to the Indies. Their mcrchandife is Perfian filks, cottons, calicoes, and drugs. Lon. 40. 41. E. lat. 39. 57. N. EscHELLES,-a town of Savoy, on the frontiers of D-auphiny, five miles from the Great Chartreufe, remarkable, f;>r its marble fcpulchre, 10 miles S. W. of Chamberry. Lon, ,5. 45. E, Iat. 45. 30. N. Eschwegen, atown of Germany, in the landgravate of HeffiD-Caffel, and fub jeft to the landgrave. It is feated on the river Warra, 22 miles S. E. ef Heffe- CaffcL Lon. 10. 6. E. lat. 51. 9. N. Escurial, a village of Spain, in New Caftile, where Philip II. built a famous monaftery in 1563, in memory cf the viftory gained- pver the Frewch near St. Qjj^intin. It is called by the Spaniards the eig'nth wonder of the world. It con fifts of a royal palace, a.church, cloifters, a college, a library, fliops of different ar- tifts, apartments for a great number of people, beautiful walks, large alleys, an extenfive park, and fine gardens, adorned with a vaft num.ber of fountains. It ftands in a dry barren country, furrounded by rug.ged mountains, and where nothing grov/s but what is cultivated with extra- 9 •' ordinary care. It is built of grey ftones, found m the neighbourhood, which was the principal reafon of its being erefted on fo difagreeable a fpot. They worked at this ftrufture 22 years, and it coft 6,000,000 of crowns. It is a long fquare of 280 feet, and four ftories high: they reckon 800 pillars, 1 1,000 fquare win dows, and 14,000 doors. The moft re markable, part is the vaulted chapel, wherein is a magnificent fcpulchre, called the Pantheon, becaufe it is built in imita- uon ef that church at Rome : it is the burying-place ef the kings and queens of Spain, and is thought by fome to be the moft curious piece of architefture in the world. The fathers, belonguig te the monaftery, are 200 in number, and have an income of 40,000 ducats a year, which is fufficient to maintain them in great plenty. The ehurch is. built after the model of St. Peter's at Rome. It is feated en the river Guadara, 1 5 miles N. W. of Madrid. Lon. 3. 35. W. lat. 40. 3 5' N. EsENS, a town of Germany, in Weft phalia, feated on the fea, 20 miles N. ef Embden. Lon. 7. 14. E. lat, 53. 47. N.- EsFARAiN, a town in the N. part of Perfia, famous for the great number of writers it has produced. Itis go mfles E, ef Aftrabad. Lon. 41. 23. E. lat. 36. 48. N. EsHER, a village in Surry, five miles S. V,^ of Kingfton. It is diftinguiffied by a noble Gothic feat, belonging to Mifs Pelham, the two towers of which are as they were originally built by cardinal Wolfey. The river Mole winds through the beautiful plantations. Here alfo is Claremont, the elegant villa of the earl of Tyrconnel, built by the late lord Chve. EsK, a rivcf of Dumfriesffiire in Scot. land, which is part of the boundary be. tween England and Scotland, and falls into the Solway Frith. * EsK, a river of Edinburghffiire, form. ed bv the junftion of two ftreams called. N. and S. Efk. They feem to encircle the to^yn of Dalkeith, paffing on each fide of the eminence on which it ftands ; and uniting a little below the tov/n, this river enters the Frith of Forth at Muffelburgh. * EsK, N. AND S. two rivers of An. gusfhire in Scotland, which defcend from the hills called the Braes of Angus. The former divides this county from Kincar. dinffiire for feveral miles, and reaches the Britiffi Ocean, a little to the N. of Montrofe. The latter, after traverfing the whole breadth of the county, falls into the bay on the W, of the fame tmvn. - ¦'* EsK, ESN E S:5 * EsKDALE, the moft eafterly divifion of Dumfriesffiire in Scotland, fo named frpih the river Efk, which flows through it, in a courfe of 20 mfles, to the towri of Langhblm. EsKiMAUx, a people ef N. America, inhabiting all that vaft traft of country caUed Labrador, or New Britain. They have no fixed apbode, but rove from place to place ; for they fometimes come as far S. as Newfoundland, and fomertimes are met with on the coafts ef the ftraits and bays that the Engliffi have been in when they went in fearch ef the N. W. paffage. They are of a different race from the other native Americans ; for, as they haye no beards, thefe have them fo thick and large, that it is difficult to difcover any features of their faces : they have fmall eyes, large dirty teeth, and black rugged hair. They are always well- clothed, for there is nothing to be feen but part of their faces and their hands. They have a fort of ffiirts, made of the guts of fiffi, with a coat of bear er bird ikins, and a cap on their heads. They have likewife breeches, made of fkins, with the hair within, and covered with fars without. They have alfo two pair of boots, one ever another, of the fame fprt of fkins. In fummer, they have nothing to cpver them in the night, but, in winter, they lodge together pro- mifcuoufly ih caves. The drefs ef the women is nearly the fame as that of the men. They are very fuperftitious, and have feme fort of facrifices. Their chief employment is hunting and fiffiing. EsLlNGEN, a large imperial town of Germany, in the duchy of Wirtemburg. It is feated on the river Neckar, eight miles S. E. of Stutgard. Lon. 9. 20. E. kt. 48.47.N. EsNE, or EssENAY, a town of Egypt, on the Nile, fuppofed to be the ancient Sycna, but Norden thinks it was Latopo- lis. It is a large place, in the . centre of which is ah ancient temple, with walls on three fides, and in the front 24 columns,: well-preferved : they fupport ftones, placed orofswife, on which grpat tables, are laid, which form a roof. Within the temple are three ftories of hieroglyphics, of men about three feet high, and at one end the loweft figures are as big as the life : pne pf them had the head pf Ibis. The ceifing is curioufly adorned with all forts of animals, painted in beautiful co lours. This temple appears to have been ufed as a church, for there are feveral in fcriptions on the wall, in black letters. On' the N. fide of the town, is another temple, with pillars fomewhat like thole of the Corinthian order. The wholt buildin.g is richly carved, with hierogly phics. A man with a goat's head, and ^ another with that of a crocodile, are cujt over the 'middle of the door: there are other crocodiles heads, and whole croco diles, fe that. it is probable that this ani mal was worffiipped here. However, k muft be obferved, that Strabo mentions the city of Crocodiles as diftinft from Aphroditopolis and Latopolis. A - mile to the S4 is the monaftery of St. Helen, by whom feme fay it was founded. It now appears to have been alarge buiying- ground, and there are many magnificent tombs in it. Efne lies near the grand ca taraft. Lon. 31. 40. E. lat. 24. 46. N. EsPEiRES, a town of Auftrian- Flan ders, on the Scheld, 20 miles N. rf Tournay, Lon. 3. 25. E. lat, 533. 53. N. EspERlE, a town of Hungary, near which are fome fimous fait mines. It is 22 .miles N. of Cafchaw. Lon. 21. 38. E. lat. 4g. 5. N. EsPERNON, a town of France, in the department .of Eure and Loire and late province of Beauce, feated on the river Guefle, 12 miles from Chartres. Loa. I. 44. E. lat. 48. 36, N. Esquimaux. See Eskimaux. EssEC.'C, a confiderable trading towa of Hungary, in Sclavonia, with a ftrong caftle, and a magnificent bridge over the marffies, 8865 geometrical paces in lengA, and I 5 in breadth. It is a difficult pafs, and there have been feveral battles fo'.ight here, between the Turks and Chriftians. There are tovi'ers built on the bridge, a qAarter of a mile diftant from each pther, and if is handfomely railed on each fide. There are trees in all the ftreets of the town, which was taken from the Turks by the Imperialifts in 16S7, fince which time it has continued in the hands of tiie houfe ef Auftria. It is feated on the river Drave, So miles W. bv N. of Bel grade, and 175 S. by E. of Vienna. Lon. 19. 58. E. lat. 45. 40. N. Essen, a town of Germany in Weft phalia, formerly imperial, but now fub jeft to the abbefs of Effen ; eight miles E. of Duilburg. Lon. 7. 4. E. lat. 51. 22. N. EssEc^'lBO. See rssEt^,iB.o. Essex, a county of.Eugland, bounded on the N. by part of Cambr-idgefliire, and by the river Stour, which feparates it from Suffolk ; on the E. by the German Ocean ; on the S. by the Thames, which divides it from Kent ; and en the W. by Herts -and Middlefex, being divided front the former, in one part by the Stort, and theil Est EST then by the Lea, which feparates it like- wife frcm Middlefex. It is 54 miles lpng 'from E. to W. and 48 broad from N. to S. It is in the diocefe of London ; con tains 18 hundreds, 24 market-towns, and 41 5 pariffies ; and fends eight members tP parliament. It is not diftinguiffied by any cpnfiderable hills : it ppffeffes, hpwever, a variety pf foil and face of country. Its S. W. part is occupied principally by the two forefts of Epping and Hainault; and is noted for its butter, which is* fold at a high price in London, under the name of Eppingbutter. The N. W. part, from Saf. fron-Walden to Cambridge, is famous fer the growth of faffron, which is almoft pe culiar to this diftrift. The middle part is a fine corn country, varied with gentle inequalities of furface; and fprinkled with ¦woods. What are called the Hundreds of Effex (though included in the hundreds • of Barftaple, Rochford, and Dengy ) bor dering on the Thames and the fea, cen- . flit chiefly of marffiy grounds, which af ford excellent pafturage, yet are deemed unwholefoirie and aguiffi to a proverb ; , but more inland, they are dry, elevated, and : healthy ; and even the worft parts of them are rendered healthier, than formerly, by clearing the woods, draining the ft^agnant waters, and ether beneficial improve- - ments. Befide vaft quantities ef corn of aU kinds, abundance qf calves are fent to the London market ; alfo wild fowls, and the oyfters fo well known under the name of Colchefter oyfters. The' towns of Colchefter, Halftead, Coggeflial, Brain- tree, Bocking, and Dunmow, have been long diftinguiffied for the manufafture of baize, which, however, ia far from being fo flourifliing as formerly. The rivers of Effex, befide the boundary ones already mentioned, are the Chelmer, Blackwater, Coin, Crouch, and Roding. Chelmsford is the county town. Estaples, a town of France in the department ef the Straits of Calais and fate province of Boulonnois, not fo confi derable as it was formerly. It is feated at the mouth of the riyer. Canches, 12 miles S. of Bologne. Len. i. 56. E, lat. 50. 46. N. EsTAPO, a ftrong town of N. Arne- rica, in New Spain, inhabited by Spani- ards and native Americans ; feated at the mouth of the river Tlaluc. Lon. 103. 5. W. lat. 17. 30. N. EsTE, a town of Italy, in the territory of Venice, 1 1; miles S. W. of Padua. Lpn. 12. 44. E. Iat. 45. 1 5. N. EsTELLA, an epifcopal town of Spain, in Navarre, capital of" a territory of the fame name ; feated on the river Ega, 1 5 miles W. pf Pampeluna. Lon, i. o. \^, lat. 42. 40. N. EsTEPA, a town pf Spain, in Anda lufia, with an ancient caftle, ftanding en a mountain, 62 miles N. by W.'of Mala- ga. Lon. 4. 19.W. lat, 37. 16, N. '-¦' Esthonia, or Revel, one of the 41 governments into which the Ruffian empire has been lately divided. It lies to the E. of the Baltic, and is bounded 'on the N. by the Gulf of Finland, on the E, by Ingria, and on the S. by Livonia. After having been long an objeft pf bloody contention between the Ruffians, the Poles, and the Swedes, it was confirmed to the latter by the peace of Oliva in 1660; but it was fubdued by Peter the Great in 171P, and finally ceded to Ruffia in 1 72 1. > EsTRAMADURA, a province of Spain, about 175 miles in length, and 100 in breadth, bounded on the N. by Leon and Old Caftfle, On the E. by New Caftile, on the S. by Andalufia, and on the W. by Portugal. It abounds with corn, wine, and fruits ; but the air is bad for foreigners, on account ofthe exceffive heat. It no'w makes a part of New Caftile. EsTRAMADURA, a province ef Ppr. tugal, lying about the mouth ef the Tajo, bounded on the N, by Beira, on the E, and S. by Alentejo, and en the W. by the Atlantic Ocean. It abounds with wine, excellent oil, honey, and oranges. Here the oranges were firft planted that were brought from China, and which are known by the name of China oranges. Lifton is the capital. EsTRAV.iYER, a handfome town ef Swifferland, in the canton of Friburg, with a fine caftle ; feated on the eaftern banks ef the lake of NeufchateL Lon. 6, 56. E. lat. 46. 55. N. Es,TREMos, a town ef Portugal, in Alentejo, divided into the high town, and the lew : the high is commanded by a ci. tadel, on the top of a hill, ftrongly forti. fied, and f'urrounded by a large ditch. The houfes are white, and the principal are adorned with fine marble pjUars. There is alfo a tower of marble, fo finely poiiffied, that it glitters greatly when the fun ffiines upon it. The lower tbwn is the neweft, and in it is a large fquare, in the middle of which is a baf.n.' They make an earthen ware here, greatly ef. teemed for its beauty and fine fmell. The Portuguefe gained a complete vie. tory evqr Don John of Auftria near this place, in 1663. It is feated on the river Tera, A\'hich falls into ,the Tajo, i 5 miles W. of Badajoz, and 75 E. of Lifton. Loa. 7. 16. "W. lat. 3S. 44. N. • E3T«. t.T I E T Q ¦^ Esthwaite-water, ' a lake ia Lancafhire, between Hawkfhead and Wi- nandor.or Windermere-water. It is two miles and a half in length, and half a mile broad, interfefted by a peninfula from each fide, jutting far into the lake, finely elevated, crownc-d with cultivation, and bordered with trees and coppice wood. The lake is encircled by a good carriage road, and ever its outlet is ? narro\v ftone bridgle. On the banks are villages and fcattered houfes, fweetty fituated under woo'ds and hanging grounds, and clothed with delightful verdure ; all heightened by the deep ffiade of the woods, and the ¦ftrong back-ground of rocky mountains. At the ^ead of a gentle flope, a hand- feme modern houfe, called Belmont,- com mands a delightful view of fhe lake and its environs. Thifi fifli are pike, perch, eel, and trout ; but no char is found in this la)ce, though" it is connected with - Windermere, EswECEN, k town of Germany, in the territory of Heffe-Caffel, 25 ir^iles S. E. •of Caffel, Lon. 10. 9. E. lat. 51.- 11. N. "' ErAYA, a fown of Hindpofian Pre fer, in thq province of Agra, 'fituated on. a high bank of the Jumna, tho fides of which confift of what in India is called concha, which is originally land ; but the conftant aftion, of the fun, in the dry feafon, forms it almoft into a vitrification. Many parts of the banks are 60 feet high. On the tep,'near the ,river, are the remains of a f'ort. The town itl"clf is all built on the heights. It, is large but very wretch ed, i-iaving but two tolerable houfes. It, is 62 miles S. E. of Agra. Lon, 79. 25. E.lat. 26. 43. N. Etain, a -fmall tov.'n of France, in the department of Meufe, and late duchy of Bar, 15 miles N. E.'of Verdun. ,.Lpn. 5, 35, E, lat, 49. 15. N. ,Etampes, a confiderable town ef France, in the department of Seine and Oife and late province of the Ifle of France, feated on the river Loet or Etani- pes, which abounds with crawfiffi. It is 1 5 miles E. of Chartres. Lon. 2. 10. E. lat. 48. 30. N. Ethiopia. See Abyssinia. Etienne, St. a confiderable town of France, in the department of Rhone and, Loire and late province of Forez, remark able for its manufaftories in iron and fteel,- fer the tempering of which the water -e'f the bropk Eiirens, on which it is feated, is extremely good. Befide the manufafture' of arms, .hardware, and cutlery (the moft confiderable in France) the weaving of rih,ands forms a confiderable article of cpcKsrce, it would be a fine ciiLy, if the buildings were not blackened by the fmokef ef the forgei. Coal-mines are found ia, its neighbpurhppd, and alfp a f"pft ftpne fit for grindftpnes. The nffirchandife cf St. Etienne are conveyed to Paris, Nantes', and Dunkirk, by the Loire, which be gins tp be navigable fpr fmall barges at St. Lambero. St. E-tienne is 22 rriiles S- E. of Fucrs, and 260 S. by E. of Paiisj Lon. 4. 30. E. lat. 45. 22. N. Etlinge^', an ancient tovvn of Ger many, in ^iiabia, and in the margravate of Baden-Dourlach ; three miles S, ef Dourlach, at the confittence qf the Wiiiitt and Entz, Lon. 9. 36. E. lat. 48. 59. N.' Etna, Mount, the name of a volca no,, now called Gibel by the inhabitanti. it is ene of the moft celebrated mountains in Europe, and the higheft in Sicily (be ing 10,9 54 feet in height) feated in the Val-di- Demona, 10 miles W. of Catania. It is wel|l-cukivated,aH round, the foot, and covered with vines on rhe S, fidej but on the N, there is nothing "but kr^ forefts. The top is ahvays covered -with. fnow, though it never ccafes to fmoke, and often fends forth flames. The cinders, which are thrown out in fmall quantities, ferv,e for m.amire to the adjacent lands, but a large torrerit docs a great deal cf mifphief. There are new openings mad:ei, from tiine to time, -ijvith fuch a great noife, that the inhabitants arc put into terrible frights. The firft eruption of Etna, -re corded in hiftory, is that mentioned by Dioderus Siculus, without fixing the pe riod when it happened; but the' fecond^ recorded by Thucydides, happened in the year 734 B. C. From this period to the year 1447, there were iS more eruptions. After this it ccafed to emit fire near 90 - years. The next was in 1536 ; ethers fol lowed in 1537, 1567, 1603 (which cori- tinued tiil 1636) i664!(which cpritinufii; 14 years) 1682, 1686, 1693, 1755, 1763, 1764, 1766, 1780, and 1787. Of all the eruptions to which this celebrated moun tain has been fubjeft, from the moft remote period pf antiquity, that of 1693 "was the moft terrible. It' was, attended with an earthquake that overturned the town pf Catania in a moment,-" and buried i?,opa perfons in its ruins. This mountain is 63 miles in circumference at the fpot. Eton, a town of Bucks, oppofite Windfor. It' is- feated on the Thames, '..over which is a bridge. It is famous for a fchool and college founded by Henry VI. King's College in Cambridge adinit^ •BO other ftudents for fellow's but what have been brought up here. It is 20 miles W. of Loridon. L-on. o. 36. ''VV. lat. 51. jdN. * ElTRICK, EVE EUR * Ettrick, a river of Scotland, formed by the confluence of all the brppks that defcend from the mountainenis region in the S. W. of Selkirkffiire. It is a truly pafteral ftream, which feems to play round the prompntpries pf numerpus_ mountains tliat guide its courfe. F'rom the woods, formerly on the banks of this river, the ceunty, obtained the name of Ettrick Forieft. Ettrick Banks are the fubjeft. of. a paftpral Scptch ditty. Hav ing fprmed a junftipn with tHe Yarrpw, their united ftreams meet, fhq Tweed, -where that river enters the ffiire pf Rpx- 'hurgh. , , Eu, a feapprt pf France, in the depart ment pf Lower Seine and late prpvince of "Normandy, with a ftrong caftle, and a handfome fiquare. The principal trade is -lb ferges and lace. It is feated in a val ley, on the. river Brele, 15 miles N. E. of iSieppe. Lon. 1. 30. E. lat. 50. 3. N. EvAUX, a town of France, in the de. partment of Creufe .and late province of Marche, 20 miles from Mount Laqen. Lon. 2. 33. E. lat. 46. 13. N. EvERDiNG, a town ef Germany, in the. circle ef Auftria, feated on the S. fide of the Danube, 12 miles W, of Lintz. Lon. 13. 46. E. Iat, 48,, ig. N. EvERSHOT, a town of Dorfetffiire, -with a market on Friday; 12 miles N. W. of Dorchefter, and J2g W. by S. cf Londori. Lori. 2. 55, W, lat, 50, 52, N, Evesham, a borough of Worcefter ffiire, .with a market on Monday. It is' feated on a hill, which rifes with a gradual afcent from the Avon, which almoft fur rounds it, and over which it has a ftone '' bridge. It was formerly noted for its ab bey, and centaips three, churches. It is 14 miles, S. E. of Worcefter, and g5 N. "W. by W. ef London. Lon, i. 45, W. lat. 52. 4. N. , '* Evesham, the Vale of, in Worcefterffiire, on the banks ofthe Avon, which flows along the S. E. part of the county in its courfe to meet the Severn, It is celebrated for its fertihty and beau ty ; and, befide the ufual objefts ef agri culture, great quantities of garden-ftuff are here grown, and fent te the towns around to ,a confiderable _ diftance. In this Vale, Simon de Montfort, earl ef Leicefter, -was defeated and flain, in 1265, the very year in which', by virtue of his ufurped authority, that admirable part of - ourconftitutipii, the houfe of commons, is faid to have firft received its exiftence. This vale, cpmmunicating with the m'pre , fpacipus apd extenfive pne that borders 69th fides ef the Severn; gives to it, for no affignable reafon, the fame generai ' name of the Vale of Eveffiam, See Se vern, Vale OFr EuGU BIO, -an epifcopal town of Italy, in the territory of the ^ope, and duchy pf, UrbinP; 35 miles S. pf Urbinp, an4 87, N. pf Rome. Lon. 13, 37, E. lat. 43, 18, N. EviAN, a town of Savoy, in Chahlais, on the S. of the lake pf Geneva, 22 miles N. E, of Gene-va, and io*S. of Laufanne, Lon. 6. 50. E. lat. 46. 21. N. , EvoLi, an ancient. town qf the king dom of Naples, 12 miles E. of Salerno.. Lon. 15. 16. E. Iat. 48. 46. N. EvORA, a confiderable town of Por tugal, capital of Alentejo, with an arch bifhop's fee, and a univerfity. It is feated in a country, which, though a little un equal, yet is very pleafant, furrounded on all fides by mountains, ahd planted with large trees of divers forts. It is well-for tified, and is 6'k miles E. by S. of Liffion. Lon. 7. 40. VV. lat. 38. 30. N. Evor.«-DE-MoNTE, a town ef Por tugal, in Alentejo ; 15 miles from Ebora, and eight from Eftremos. Euphemla, a feaport of the kingdom of Naples, on a bay 50 miles. N.' E. pf Reggie. Lon. i6. 32. E. lat. 38. 44. N. Euphrates, one of the moft cele- brked' rivers in the world, and the prin cipal ef Turkey in AfiaJ It has its rife about a clay's journey from Erzerum ; and another fource about two days jour ney from the fame place. They both lie to the eaftward, on high mountains co vered with fnow almoft the year rpund The plain pf Erzerum is inclpfed betweea two fine ftreams, v.-hich, when unired^ are called the Euphrates, er the Frat. After their junftion, three days journey from Erzerum, it begins to be naviga ble for beats ; but the channel is fo rocky, that the navigation is not fafe. At firft- it runs S. S. W. then S. till it approaches neareft to Aleppo ; when it turns S. E. till it reaches Rakka. It afterward turns mor-e to the S. till it comes to Mefficd j and then paffesS. E. "again by Anna, Hit, Cubeffa, and Felugia ; and, not far thence, vifits the fpot where Babylon ftood. It then fetches a compafs like, a bow, till it runs E; and unites,with the Tigris ; and, ftill retaining its name, runs to Buffarah, and thence into tlie Gulf of Perfia, about 50 miles belpw it. It firft divides Arme nia J'rpm Natplia ; then Syria frpm Diar- beck ; after which it runs thruugh tire Irac Arabi till it meets with the Tigris. It is alfp the nprth-eaftern boundary of the great Defert of Arabia, * Eure, a department of France, -which Mi^aved fir Srooke^ Gazetteer ^« ^sg^a :i< "Wars, Trypt C^ .^ ^ ^ Ojf/A: '""'sS Vr. -r ^r^oIC^ J^ lolon AWf" JE \Sen>"^ A R l&.af Sidrai Itmgitaae Jl Eaft SeaoL JoZanAcai /i-Cfliro k!^ V^ ,..'E-U"-R E W'-.E^ , Which includes, part .cf t'ne late provincf .Norway, Sweden, -Denmark, Great Brii '.of Normandy, and' is io .named from a tain, ireland, Ruffia; 'France, Germany '.river vvhich rifes in Perchc, in tlie 'foreft Poland, Spain, Italy,' Portugal, Hungary' 'bf Logny, and falls into the Seine,' a little Swifferland, and pais, of Tun'cey, befide ^.above Pont-d'Arch'e. Eyreux is the feveral iflands in tlie Mediterranean anfl capitd. - elfewhere.. There are three 'empires ' '•':' Eure and Loire, a departnient_'of namely, of Gerriiany, Ruflia, arid Turkey' France, fo called from the riv.£rs of that ,The kings are thofe of Great Britain arid ¦ name. It contains the late province of Ireland, Spain, Portueal. Poland Pruiiia .Beauce, and its Capital is Chartres. Denmark, Sweden, Sardinia, Bohemia' ^^ ¦ Eyreux, an ancient town of France, Hungary, and the Twq Sicilies." Be-^ in the deparfmeht .pf Eure, and late pro- fides, there is an Archduke of Auftria" vince of Normandy, with a biffiop's fee. and a Great Duke of Tufcany. ,There The cathedral is a handfome , ftrufture ; ¦are four confiderable republics ¦' nameh- ¦ 'and the trade confifts in corn, linen, and Venice, the States of Holland the S->vi'i"s _wppllen clpth. It has a manufaftpry of Cantons, and the republic of Genoa cotton velvets, and "ariofher of ticken. There are four lefs, viz. ef Geneva Luc- '.which is not inferioi' te that 'of Bruffels. ca, 'San Marino, and f-tapufa. ' To' thefe' The Uttle wine produced ih it's neighbour- at prefent, mull be added the late kiii'j- ' a; mues b.ot.Kouen,, and 55 IN. w..ot ,whicn' are dialefts of the Latin' the Paris. Loh. I. 14. Et Iat, 49. I.N. German,, Flemi'ft, Dutch, Swe.difli.i Da- EuROPE, called by the p,eop"Ie qf Afia niffi,- and Engliffi, which proceed' froni - Frankiftari, one of the four general parts the Teutonic ; the Sclavonian," which • of the world, is .bounded on the N. by the . reigns (though in difguife) in' Poland Frozen Sea,, on the S. by the Meditei-ra- (Ruffia, Bohemia, arid a [;reat part o^" ;nean, on the- Wi by the Weftern arid" Turkey iaEurope ; the Celtic, of which ^Northern oceans, apd ori'lhe E. hy Afia. . there are fialefts in "VVales, the Highlands ¦ Jt lies between 9,3 y^W^ aiid '72, 25. E: Ion. of Scotland, Ireland, Bretagne, in Fran^ "and 'betweeii-,3'5 and 72 degrees of N. lat, and Lapland ; the modern Greek and From Cape' St. Vincent to the mouth of feveral ethers. The princin,ql rivers are . the Oby, it is near 3,600, miles iri length ; the Danube, Dnicfter, Dnie-tier Viftula' anei from Cape Matapatam iri the Morea, "Volga, Dwina, Bog, Oby, Don, Scheld' te the N, Cape in Lapland, a'ooiit 2,200 Rhine, Rhone, Seine, Loire, Garonne' miles in breadth. It is much lefs th^ Groyne, Tajo, Thames, -and Severn* either Afia ,or, Africa, but furpaffes theiti -The principal lakes are thofe of Cohftanco' in' many particulars; .arid, , is entirely Geneva, Laufanne, \"Venncr, Ladoga' ' -*vithin 'the' temperaie zone, except a fmall and Onega. The chief .mountains are* '.part of Norway and' Ruffia; fo that the Alps, Appennines, and Pyrenees. there is neither the exce.liye heat, nor the The prevailing religion is, the Chriftjaft' infupportable cold, of the -other parts of divided into the 'Greek, Romiih, arid Pro- the continent. It dees not abound in gold teftant churches. There are alfo Jews and filver' mines, much lefs in precipus in every cpuntuy, and Mahometajiifm is . ftehes; it produces neither fugar nor the efta'oUflied religion of the Turks. ' .' fpices ; npr 'dpes it npuriffi jackals, hyanas, Eustatia, St. cne .pf;{he leaft pf lynxes, leppards, tigers,lions, rljinocerefqs, the .Leeward Iflands' in thej \V. Indies elephants, dromedaries, camels, or croco- which properly is riothing'but. a moun- diles; but it produces corn, .wine, fruits, fain in the form of a fugar-Ioaf, whofe top fheep, oxen, horfes, and.all'the neceffa- is hollow. It is ftrong by -fituation and fies pf life'. It is miich mqre, pppulpus, has a good. fort. Ir Hes to the N. W. of and better, cultivated, than either Afia or St. Chriftopher's, .and belongs .^tp the '' Africa, it is fuller of villages, towns, Dutch, from whom, it 'was tgkddKy ad-'^ and cities, and^'the buildings are fti-Qiiger, mir.U Roduey, in 17S1, hut was foon rinore elegant and commodious, geiiei'ally after taken by th^ French, and reftored ^I'peakiiig, than -in the two fprmer. The " to the Dutch by the peace of 1783. . Lon. ' mfiabitants are 9II whites, and, for the 63. 5. W. lat. 17. 29. N. "moft part, much better made, than ,the :rT.'RG, a town ef the Auftrian Netherlands, in the duchy of Limburg, feated on the river Gucul, feven miles E. of Maeftricht. L.in. 5. 50. E. lat. 50. i;2. N. F.iYENCE, a town ef France, in the (kpartment of Yar and late province of Provence, near the river Biafon ; 10 miles from Graffe, Lon. 7. o. E. Iat. 43. 38. N. Fecamp, an ancient and tradisg feaport of France, in the de'partment of Lower Seine and late province of Nor mandy. It had lately a Benediftine ah- bey, remarkable for its opulence and great privileges. The church is one cf the largeft in France.- Fecamp is 24 miles N. E. of Havre-de-Grace. Feldkirk, a handfome town of Ger- many, capital ef a county of the fame -name, in'Tirol. It is a trading town, aAd has many privileges ; is featod " on the river III, near the Rhine, i ; miles E. of Appenzeh Lea. g. 49-. E. lat. 47. 10. "N. '"¦- FEi,LETrN, a fmall town of France, ih the department of Creufe and -late pro vince of Marche, noted for its manufafto ry ni tapeftry. Felli.v, a' town in' the Ruffian g:o- vernmqnt of P.iga, or Livonia, fbated on a' fmall river of the fame name. It was ceded to Ruffia in 1721^ and is 62 miles S. E. of Revel, Len. 24. 5. E. fat. 58.- 22. N. Feltri, an epifcopal" to-.ya of Ita'»v, ift F E R F E1R'! in t-he Trevifano, capital of a diftrift of - the fame name ; feated on the riyer Afo- na, 40 miles N. ef Padua. Lon. 11. 5.5. E. lal*' 46. 3. N. Femeren, a fmaU ifland of Denmark, ill the Baltic, three miles fr6m the coaft of Holftein, and fubjeft to the duke of that name. It is fertile in corn and paf. tures. Fenestrelle, a ftrong town . and - fort of Piedmont in the valley ef the Vaudeis. It was taken by the duke of Savoy from the French in 1708, and ceded to him- by the treaty of Utrecht;' 18 miles W. of Turin. Len. 7. 21. E. lat. 45. 10. N. Ferabad, a handfome town of Perfia, among the mountains Avhich bound the Ca.'"pian Sea to the S. and 12 miles from it. Shah- Abbas often paffed his, winters here ; it is 140 miles N. E., of Gilan. Lori. 53. 21. E. lat. 37. 14. N. Ferabad, a town of Perfia, fituated one mile and' a half from Ifpahan, and extending almoft three .miles along the banks of the Zenderoad. " It was built by Shah-Abbas, who. brought the Armeni ans here from the town rrientioned in the preceding article, after they had revqited from the Turks. FerIs, a tqwn .of France, in tho de partment qf Aifne and late province of Picardy, famous, for its- powder-mill, and- fchool of artillery. It is feated at the con fluence of the Serre and Oife, 2P miles N- of Soiffons', and 75 N. E. of Paris. Near this town is the caftle of St. Gobin, famous for its manuflfftory ef fine plate glafs, Loh. 3. 25. E. lat. 4g. 2g. N. Ferentino, er FiORENTo,,an, cpif- ¦ copal -tqwn of italy, in the Campagna of Rome ; feated qn a moimtain 44 miles S. E. of Romi:, - Len. 13, 27, E, lat.' 41. 46.. N." .. , Ferm.anagh, a county in Ireland, in the' province of yifter, 38 miles in length, and 23 in breadth, bpunded on the N. by Donegal arid Tyrone, on the E. by Ty. rone and Monaghan,. pn the S. by Cavan and Leitrim, and pn,the W. by Leitrim, and the oceap. It contains 19 pariftes, and fends four members to parliament. Innifkilling is the capital town. FEa.Mo", an^ ancient and' ftrong town of Italy, in the marquifate ef .^ncoria, ' with an archbiftop's fee. It is feateei near, the Gulf pf Venice, 17 miles S. E. of Macerata. Lon. 13. 50. E. Iat. 43. 7. Ivf. Fernando da Noronha, an ifland near the coaft of Brafil, beloiiging to the Portuguefe^ Though mountainpus, it is wellTwooded and fertile, Lon,, 32. 33, >V. lat, 3,56, S. " Ferrara, fL large, handfome, and., fampus tp',5'n pf Italy, capital of a d.ichy ef the fame name, with.a -biinrp's_fce. Its magnificent ftreets, and nuipwir of fine buildings, evince, that it was formerly a rich and flourifliing city. The prefent - inhabitants, however, who are very few in proportion to the extent qf the fown, bear every mark of poverty. But they ftill retain a^i old privilege of wearing fwords by their fides ;, a privilege,' extend ed to the loweft mechanics, who ftrut about with great dignity. Fencing is the only fcience in a flourifliing condition ip . this town, which furmflies all Italy with fkilful fencing-mafters.' It was famous . formerly for a manufaftory of .fvvord- blades. The Scotch Higlflanders^- who had' a greater , demand for fwords, and were nicer in their choi(ce of blades thau any other people, ufed to get them from a celebrated maker of this town, of the name of. Andrea di Ferrara; and the. beft kind of broad fvprds a;-e ftill called, by 'the Highlanders, " True Andrew Ferraras." In tho Benediftine church ; here, Arjefto . is interred. . Ferrara is feated on the riyer Po, 25 miles N. E. , of Bologna. Lon. n. 41. E. lat. 44. 5.4- N, ¦ , ^ Ferrara, or the. Ferrarese, a provinpe ef Italy, in the tcrrittiry ofthe Church, bounded on the N. by the Pole. fino de Royige, on the W. by the duchy , ef Mantua, on the S. by the .Bolognefe and Romagna, and 'on the E. by tlie Gulf of Venice. It hjd its own dukes till I5g7, when pope Clement VIII. united it to the apoftqlic chamber. Since , that time it has .been ahnoft all unculti vated, fhough it was one. of the fineft countries in Italy, The air is unwhole ¦ . fonJie, on account of the marftes, and the inhabitants are too few to drain them, Ferrara is the capital, Ferrendina, atown of the king. dom ef Naples, near the river Bafianto, 25 miles S. W. ef Matera. Lon. 16. 34., E. lat. 40. 40. N. Ferro; or Hiero, one of the Canary. Ifles, remarkable for this circumftanccj, that feveral geographers . have reckoned their firft meridian from its wefternmoft extremity, it is a dry and barren fpot, affording no water except what is fup. plieel in a furprifing martper, -by the fountain - tree, which grows in this^ iiland, and diftils water frpm its leaves, in fuch plenty, as te anfwer all the pur. pofes_ of the inhabitants. This tree (ac cording to the author of the Iliftory of the Canary Ifl'ands, who. has given an ftmplc 'defcription of it) is ¦ not peculiar P 3 ' U FET - FEZ to this ifland, as one of the fame kind is faid to be in the ifland of St. Thomas, in the Gulf of Guinea, Lon, 17. 46, "W. lat. 27, 47-. N, -* Ferro, Faro, Farro, or Fero£ Islands, a clufter of fmall iflands in the Northern Ocean, between 5° and 8° W, lon. and 61" and 63" N. lat. They are fubjeft to Denmark, There are 17 which arc habitable, each of which is a lefty mountain rifing out of the waves, divided from the others by deep arid rapid currents, "Snme of them are deeply in. dented with fecure harbours, all of them fteep, and mnft pf them faced with tre. Iliendpus precipices. The furface cpnfifts of a feallpw foil of remarkable fertility ; for barley, the only corn grown here, yields above 20 fpr pne ; and the grafs af. fords abundant pafturage fet ffieep, Tl\e exports are faked mutton, tallow, gopfe.quiUs, feathers, eider-dpwn, knit ¦wppUen waiftcoats, caps, and ftockings. No trees above the fize of a juniper or ftunted willow will grow here ; nor are any quadrupeds to be feen except the ffieep, and rats and mice, originally efcaped from ft.ips, Vaft quantities of - feafowls frequent the rocks, and the tak'- ing of them furniffies a perilous employ. ment 'for the inhabitants, Sorhetimes a dreadful whirlwind agitates the fea te a great degree, catches up a vaft quantity of water, fo as to leave a great temporary chafm* en the fpot on which it falls, and carries away with it, te an amazing dif. tance, any fiffi within reach of its fury. Thus, great ffioals of herrings have been found here em the higheft mountains, Ferrol, a town ef Spain, in Gaficia, with a famous harbour, not pnly pne pf the beft in Spain, "but even pf all Europe ; for here the veffels lie fafe from all winds, and here the Spaniffi fquadrohs frequently rendezvous in time of war. It is feated on a bay ofthe Atlantic, 20 miles N. E. cf the Groyne. -Len. 8, 4. W, lat, 43. 30. N. Ferte-Alais, a tpwn pf France, in the department pf Seine and Oife and late prpvince cf the Ifle pf France, 18 rniles S. pf Paris. Lpn. 2. 27. E. lat, 48. 30. N. Feute-Bernard, a tpwn pf France, in th.e department cf Sarte and late prp vince of Maine, feated pn the river Kuifne, 20 miles N. E. of ^ans, Lon. e, 39,(E, lat, 48, 8, N. " ' Fetu, a fmall kingdom of Afr'ica, op the coaft of Guinea, abput 10 miles in length an4 breadth. It was fprmerly fo powerful and pppulpus,. that theit neigh. hours were in idread pf it ; but it is hpw almoft juined, the iEhabitants not being fuffitrent to till the ground, though it is t pleafant arid fertile country. It abnund* in cprn, cattle, palta wine, and nil, and is full pf ftraight paths, bordered with Ihady trees. The Dutch have a foft here. Fe-Yersham, a large tqwh qf Kent, feated on a creek of- the Medway, anel much frequented by fmall vefl'els. It is a member of the port pf Dover, and is gpverned by a mayor, i2,al4ermen, and 24 jurats, it has a nrarket on Wednef day 'arid Saturday ; is fampus fpr the beft oyfters for laying in ftews ; and has feve ral gunppwd^y-mills in its neighbpurhpod. Here that mifguided prince James Ii, attempted to embark fbr France, after the fuccefs of the prince of Orange, but was ftopped by the populace, and con veyed back te London. Feverffiam is nine miles W. of Canterbury, and 48 E. by S; of London. Lon. o, 55. E. lat, 51, 22. N. Feurs, an ancient town of France, in the -department of Rhone and Loire and late province ef Fcirez, feated on the Loire, 23 miles S. W. of Lyons. Lon. 4- 12. E. lat. 45. 42. N, . Fez, a country of Africa, in Barbary, bounded on the W. by the Atlantic Oce. ?n, on the N, by the, Mediterranean Sea, pn the E, by Algiers, and on the S, by Mprpccp and Tafilet. It is about 12-5 miles in length, and the fame in breadth,. The air is temperate and wholefome, and the country full of mountains, particularly to the W, and S, where Mount Atlas lies, Hoiveyer, it is populous and fer tile, ptqducing citrons, lempns, oranges,*. dates, alriaonds, olives, figs, raifinS, fugar, hpney, flax, cotton, pitch, and corn in abundance, Tlie inhabitants breed ca mels, beeves, fteep, and the fineft horfes in Barbary, It is 'Cvatered by feveral ri vers and ftreams, and the priricipal tewii is Fez. Fez, the capital of Fez, in Africa. It is an ancient, ftrong, arid one of the largeft and handfomeft cities in^all Africa, compofed of three towns, caUed Eelej'de, Old Fez, and New Fez. Old Fez is the moft corifiderable, and contains about 80,000 inhabitants. The palates are magnificent, and there are 700 niofques, 50 of which are very confiderable, adorned with marble pillars, and other ornaments. The houfes are 'built of brick or ftPne, and adprned wfth Mpfaic wprk : thofe pf brick are prnamented with glazing and colours, like Dutch tilesj and the -wood- work and ceilings are carved, painted, and gilt. There is a court to every hopfe, in which arc fquare marble bafins. "The roofs are flat, and they fleep tfierccn in the F E 2 FEZ rtie fummer. Here are twp colleges fot ftiidejits, finely built of marble and adorn. cd with paintings : one of thefe has lOo rqpms,' and the fides are adprned with triarble pUlars of various colours, whofe capitals are gilt, and the rppf glitters with gold, azure, anel purple. Here are many hpfpitals, and abpve iop public ,baths, many pf which ar« ftately ftruftures. All the trades live in a feparate paft of the city, and the exchange, full of all fprts of rich mcrchandife, Is itfelf as large as a fmall tpwn. Tlie gardens are beautiful, and fuirpf all kinds of fragrant flowers and ffirubs, fo that the city, in general, is a fort cf terreftrial paradife. The in. habitants are clothed like the Turks, and the, ladies drefg is very expenfive in the vvinter ; but, in the fummer, they wear ilnthing but a ffiift. It is the centre of the trade of this empire, and hence cara. vans gp to Mecca, carrying with them ready-made garments, Cordpvan leather, indigp, cpchineal, and oftrich feathers, for which they bring in return filks, muflins, and drugs. Other caravans go to Tom- buftoo, and the river Niger; one of which confifts of 20,000 men. They trayel over fuch dry barren deferts, that every other camel carries water. Their commodities are fa.lt, cowries, wrought ftlk, Britiffi cloth, and the woollen manu faftures of Barbary, Here are a great number of Jews, who have, handfome fy- nagognes, but the bulk of the inhabi- tants are Moors, of a tawny complexion : there are alfo a great number of blacks. It is i6p miles S, of Gibraltar, and 250 N. E. of Morocco, Lcn, 5. 5. W. lat. 33. 40. N. '* FezzaN; a country pf Africa, whpfe finall and circular dcmain, placed in tl^e ¦yaft \v'ildernefs, as an ifland in the midft of the ocean, is boundefl pn the N. by Trippli,'"pn the E, hy deferts that di- viele it frpm Egypt, on the S, by Bornou, ,apd qn tl^e "W. by the Deferts of Zahara, lying between 2 5°, ahd 30' N, lat. An- extenfive plain, encompaffed by moun- tains, except to the W, compefes this king. dom. To the influence of thefe heights it may be oyving,^that here, as well as in Upper Egypt, ho rain is ever known. But .though the charafter pf the furface, which, in general, is a light fend, and the want of ram, may' feem fo annpunce an eternal fterility, yet the fprings are fp adundant, and there is fuch an ample ftpre of fubterrancan water fupplied by the neighbcuring heights, that few pf the re- gipns in the N, nf Africa exhibit a richer vegetatipn. From wells of 8 pr 10 feet Aep, with feveral pf which every, garden and every field is furniffied, the hufban ipouth of the river Eflc. Itcontains many' handfome houfes, and fome elegant villas- are feen in its vicinity. FisKARD, a town in ,Pembrekeftire, •, fituated on a fteep cliff, on the fea. It is. governed by a mayt.'r, bailiff, kc. and car- ries on a good trade in herrings. Ic has a market on Friday, and is 242 miles W. by N. of London. '-'' Fish River, Great, a confider able river of Africa, which rifing in thcun-; known interior regions, ta!f Cliarlerey. ' Lon. 4. 18. E; lat. 50. 23. N. i " Fontarabia, a feapPrt of Spain, in Bifcay, feated on a pepinfula on the fea- ffiore, and on the river Bidaffoa. It is fmaU, but is wcll-fortified both by na- ture and -art; and has a good harbour, ' 'though dry at low water. It-is built in the form of an amphitheatre," on the de. ciivity of a hill,- and furrounded on the. '4 " F OR 'land ¦fide 'by^^t^e Pyreheaii moimtiiins. -Jt-i3,«-very- important place, being ac- ccr.ited, tht;,,key pf Spain Pn that fide. It is 22 miles S. W..pf' Bayonne, and 62 E, pf Bilboa. .Lon. i. 33, W. lat. -43. 23, N, Fontenai-le-Comte;, a ¦ handfome town of France, hi the department nf Vendee and -bte province of Poitoa. It has a woi,;llen manufafture, and its fair is famous for cattle, and particularly for miiles, on which laft account it is reforteii to by the Spaniards. ' It is feated op the river Vendee, near the fea, 25 miles N. J-^. of Rochelle. Lon. o. 55,. 'iv. lat. 46. , 30. N. ' ,, - , FoNTENOY,- a viflage, of Auftriaa Hainault, remarkable for a battle between the Allies, and the-French in 1745, ™ which the former ^vcre. worfted. It is four miles' S. W. of Tounu^j;.- Lon. j. 26. E.'lat. 50. 32. N.i FoNTENOY, a village of France, ia the department ef Yonne and late pro vince of Burgundy, remarkable ,fer a b.w- tle fought here in in 841, Iwtween- tbe Germans and the French, in which were killed aibove 100,000 men ; and the Ger-, mans were defeated, , It«is 20 miles S. E. of Auxerre. Lon. 3, 481,1 E, lat 47, 28, N, ., FoNTEVRAUT, a town pf France, Sa the department pf Maine and Loire and ¦ late province of Anjou. Here 'was a iji- mous -abbey,-. found.ed by Ro'aert d'Arbri!"- fel in the year'iioo. It wa^ the -chitf of a religious order,, which, by a fini>-a_ lar whiip. of . the -founder, confifted of both fexes, and the general ef which was a - woman.' Queen Bertrade-, fo famous ia hiuory, was aiiiohg the fiirft mms that entered, this abbey. It is mne mites S. W. ,ef Saumur, a'nd 160 S. W. ofPat& Lon. o. o. ht. 47. g. N. FoieCALcjuiER, an ancient and eoE- fiderable- town of France, in the depatt- nient of the Lower A!p,s and late paj^- vinte of Provence, feated en a hill, 'at the foot of which ruift the little rrBer Laye, ¦ Its Roman name was Forum Ne- ronis. It is ' 20 rriiles N, E of Asss Lon. ;. 49. E. lat. ,t3." 58.N. .. ' . FoRCHAiN, * ftrong. town, of Gcr^ rr.-'.iy, in Franconia, 'and in the bifhopric of Banibcrg, with a fine. arfenal; feated on the river Rcdnttz,. i8- miles S. '«if Bamberg. .Lon. 11. la. E, lat. 43.- 44. N. ' < FoKDlNfl.BRlDGE, a tpw:n of Hamp- ffi.ire, with a market on Saturday. It is 20 miles S. W. of Wuichefterj and ,87 W, by S. ,of Londen, Lon. 1. 49..W. kt. 50, 56, N... ' • Fo D- FOR. FOR FoRDlNGTO.N, a large village, near Dorchefter, in Dorfetfliire. A caufeway was made over the moor here to the E. end of Dorchefta', with a bridge over the Froorae, in 1747, for the more conve nient and lefs dangerous road, to Dorchef tcr, to which it w-as formerly a fuburb. FoRDWicH, a member of the town and pert pf Sandwich, in Kent, feated on the. river Stour, and governed by amayor, jjurats, and cpipmonahy. It is nPted for its excellent trputs, and lies three mile« from CanterUury, and eight "W. of Sand wich. * Foreland, North, a promon tory, which is the N. E. point of the Ifle ef Thanet, in Kent It is alfo the moft' fouthern part of the pert of Lon- don, which is thence extended N. in a right fine, to the point, called the Nafc, in Effex, and forms the mouth of the Thames. Here is a round brick tower, near 80 feet hi^i,h, erefted by the Trinity Houfe, for a feamark. * Foreland, South, a headland, forming the E. point of the coaft ef Kent, and called South,- in refpeft to its bearing from, the other Foreland, which is about fix mile-i to the N. Between thefe tvvi capes, is the noted road called the Downs, to which they are a great fe curity. Forest-Towns, four towns of Ger many, in the circle of Suabia, lying along the Rhine, and the confines of Swifferland, from Bafil to Zurich, at the entrance of the I31ack Foreft. Their names are Waldfliut, Lauffenburg, Seckingen, and Rheinfeld, and they are fubjett to the houfe of Auftria. Forez, a late province of France, bounded on the W. by Auvergne, on the S. by Velay and the Vivarais, on the .E, by the Lyonois, and on the N.by Bur gundy and the Bourbonnois. Itis watered by the Loire, and feveral other ftreams, -and has feveral mines of coal and iron. It now forms, with the Lyonois, the dc- partment of Rhone and Loire. Forfar, a county ef Scotland. See Ansusshire. Forfar, the county-town of the ffiire of Angus, or Forfar, in Scorf-md. It con tains many neat modern houfes, and is '"tu- ated in an extcnfiVe plain. Near the town was .•'ormerly a lake, no.v almoft drained, on aocount of a ftratum of rich rBLiri found at its bottom. Forfar is 14 miles W. of Montrofe. Lon, 2. 54, W, kt. 56. 35. N. Forges, a town of France, in the department of the Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, remarkable for its mineral waters. It ir 60 miles N, W, of Parts, Lon. o. 40. E.lat, 4g; 38, N. FoRLi, an ancient and confiderable town of Italy, and capital of a territorv of the fame name, in Romagna, with a biffipp's fee. The public ftruftures are very handflSime, and it is feated in a fertile, healthy, and pleafant cpuntry, 10 miles S. E. of Fazena, and 40 N. E. of Florence. Lon. 1 1. 44, E. lat. 44. 16. N. Formello, a tpwri of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, with a fine palaee-- belprigirig tp the prince of Chigi. Formosa, alarge ifland in the Eaftern Ocean, between 119° and 121" E. lcn. and 22" and 25° N. lat. abput 100 milcs^ E. of CantPn in China. It is fubjeft to the Chinefe, whp, nptwithftanding its prpximity, did not knew ef its exiftence till the year 1430. It is about 255 miles long and 75 broad. A long chain ef mountains, running from N. to S. divides it into two parts, the E. and W. ,The Dutch built the fort of Zealand,. in the W. part, ia 1G34. This fecured to them the principal port of the ifland ; they were driven thence in 1661, by a Chinefe pi. rate, who had made himfelf mafter of all the "VV. part. But, in 1682, the whole ifland fubmitted to the emperor ef China. It contains extenfive and fertile plains, watered by a great number of rivulets that fall fro'm the mountains. Its air is pure, and wholefome ; and the earth produces abundance of corn, rice, &c. Moft of the Indian fruits are found here, and many of thofe of Europe. Tobacco, fugar, pep. •per, camphire, and cinnamon are alfo com. men. Wholefome water, fit for drinking, is the only thing \\ anting in Formofa ; and it is very extraordinary, that every kind pf water in it is a deadly poifpn tp ftrangers, for which no remedy has been , hitherto found. On the 22d cf May 1782, this fine ifland was overwhelmed, and almoft totally deftroyed, by a furious hurricane and dreadful inundation of the fea. Forres, a pleafant little town of Mur. rayffiite, in Scotland, fituated on an emi. nence, clofe to a fmall river, two mfles to the E. of the river Findhorn. It contains feveral handfome houfes, and manufaftures fome linen and fcv.ing thread, A little to the N. E. near the road, is a remark. able column, called King Sevens or Sweno's Stone, above' 20 feet high, and three broad, covered on both fides by antique fculpture ; and faid to have been erefted iri memory of a viftory obtained over the Danes, before their final retreat from Scotland in 1008. Forteventura, an ifland of the At. lantic Ocean, one of the Canaries, 6j iniles F O W miles in length, and of a very irregular breadth, confifting of tv/o peninfulas joined by an ifthmus 12 miks in breadth.. It produces plenty of wheat, barley, beeves, and goats. Lon, 14, 26. W. lat, a8, 4. N. '* Forth, one of the fineft rivers in Scotland, which rifes near the bottom of Lomond Hills. Between Stirling and Alloa, it winds in a beautiful and furprif- •ing manner ; fo that, although it is but -fcur miles by land, it is 24 by water be. tween thefe two places. After a courfe ¦of near 40 miles, it meets the fea a little below Stirling, where it forms the noble eftuary, called the Frith ef Forth. A communication between this river and the Clyde, by a canal, is now happily accom.- ptiffied. See Canal, Great. * FoRTROSE, a decayed borough ef Rofsftire, in Scotland, fituated on the -Murray Frith, nearly eppofite Fort George. Foss ANO, a ftrong tPwn of Piedmont, with a biffiop's fee ; feated on the river Stura, 10 miles N. E, pf Cpni, and 27 S. E.of Pignerol. Lon, 7. 56.E.lat.44.45.N. FossomBrONE, a tPwn pf Italy, in the territory of the Church, and in the '*luchy of Urbino, with a biffiop's fee ; feated near the river MetrOj 16 miles S. W. of Pefaro, and 12 S, E.of Urbino. Lon. 12, 48. E. lat. 43. 40. N. Fotheringay, a town ofNorthamp- tonffiire, four miles from Staneford, near the river Nen. It is chiefly noted for the ruins of the caftle, in which Mary, queen of Scotland, was beheaded. Foue, an ancient and large town of - Lower Egypt, feated on the river Nile, in a delightful country, 25 miles S. of Ro fetta, arid 40 E. of Alexandria. Lon 31. 15. E. lat. 31. 12. N, Fougeres, a to-wn of France, in the department ef Maine and Loire and late province of Bretagne, with an ancient caftle. It is feated on the river Coefnom, 2 5 miles N, E. of Rennes, and 1 50 W. of Paris. Lpn. i. 13. "^'V. lat. 48. 22. N. FouLSHAM, a town of Norfolk, with a market ou Tuefday, 16 miles N. W. of Norwich, and 1 1 1 N. E. of London. L«n. 1. 7. E. lat. 52. 51. N.. FOURNEAUX Island, a fmall circu- "lar ifland in the South Sea, fituated in 17. II. S. lat. and 143. 2. W. lpn. Fow&Y, pr FoY, a borough anJ fea. port of Cornwall, with a market on Sa. turday. It is feated at the mouth of the river Fowey, and has a confiderable ffiare in the pilchard fiffiery. It is 32 miles S. W. of Launcefton, and 240 \V. by S. of -London. Lon. 4. 35- 'W- lat "50. 19, N. FOX * Fowey, ariver of Cornwall, which rifes in the N. E. part of the county, and taking a S.W. direftion, paffes by Left. withiel, and enters the E.n.^lilh Channel at the town of the fame name. '¦¦-- Fox Islands, a group of iflands ia the N. Archipelago. They are 1 6 in num. ber, and are fituated between the E. coaft of Kamtfchatka and the W. coaft of Ame. rica, between 52" and 55" N. Iat, Each ifland has a particular name ; b'jt this ge neral name is given te the whole group, on account of the great number of black, grey, and red foxes with which they abound. The drefs of the inhabitants confifts ef a cap, and a fur coat, which reaches down to the knee. Some of them wear common caps ef a party-coloured bird fkin, upon which they leave part of the wings and tail. On the fore part of their hunting and fiffiing caps, they place a fmall board, like a fltreen, adorned with the jawbories of feibears, and ornamented with glafs beads, which they receive in barter from the Ruffians. At their fcfti- vals, and dancing parties, they ufe a much- more fliowy fort of caps. They feed upon the fleffi of all forts of fea animals, and generally eat it raw. But, when they drefs their food, they make ufe ef a hoi. low ftone, in which they place the fiffi or fleffi t they then cover it with anothv, and clofe the interftices with lime or clay. They next lay it horizontally on two ftones, and light a fire under it. The provifion intended for keeping, is dried without fait in the open air. Their weapons are bows, arrows, and darts ; and, for defence, they ufe wooden fliields. The moft perfeft equality reigns among them. They have neither chiefs nor fu- periors, neither laws nor punifliments. They five together in families," and focie- ties of feveral families united, which form what they call a race, who, in cafe of at tack er defence, mutually aid each other. The inliabitants of the fame ifiand always pretend to be of the fame race ; and each one looks upon his ifland as a pofl'effion, the" property of which is common to all in dividuals of the fame l"ooiety. Feafts are very common -among them, and, mere particularly, when the inhabitants of one iflarid are vifited by thofe of another. The men ef the village meet their guefts, I:,eat- ing drums, and preceded by the women, who fing and dance. At the conclufion of tho dance, the hofts ferve up their beft provifions, and invite their guefts to par take of the feaft. They feed their chiU dren, when very young, with the coarfeft fleffi, anel. for the moft part raw. If an infant cries, the mother immediately car. lies F R A F R A ,ries it to the, feafide, and whether it be , ', .fummer or winter, hpldsit naked in the water till it is q-uict, This is fo far from" doing . th? children," any harm,, that it , hardens them againft the cold ; and they , accordingly go barefooted thscugh the winter, without the Ic-aft, inconvenience. They feildom heat their .,dwellings ; Ijut when they would warm, themfelves,- they ^ight a bundle ef hay,. and-'ftand. over it; or they fet fire tP -frairi oil/ ."which they pour into a holl'w ftone.: .-¦iThey have, a good ffiare of plain natural fenfe, but are rather flow - of undcrftanding. ' They .'feem cold -and indifferent in moft,of their adtions,; but let an injury, or even a mere fufpicion, route them from, this phlegma tic ftats, and thsy become furious and in- flexible, taking the moft violent revenge, without "any regard to the confequefeces. • The leaft affliftion prompts, them tq fili cide ; th^ apprehenfion ef even an imcer-^ tain, event often leads them to.defpair; ' 'And they put, an end to their days with great apparent infcnfibility. - The- Rufi-' fia'ns call thefe ifland the Lyffie Oftrova. I'raga, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a handforiEte caftle. It is ftrong by fi- " tuation, among the mountains", haying the jriyer Cinca before it, vvhofe high banks arc difficult of accefs, and at its back a h'iJI, which caririot eafily be, approached with ' large caanon. The gardens produce herbs and faffron, but the parts about it are barren. Alphonfo VII. king of Ar- ragorii and the iirft, ef that'naiiie ef Caf tile, was killed hereby the Moors in 1 134, when he befieged this .tpvi'n. 1 It is 46 '. miles E;- of Saragoffa. Lon. .0,. 28. E. lat. '41. 46.-N.' , - '. /Framli'ngham, a large town of Suf. folk, with a market on Saturday. It is feat- ' ' ed near the' her d of a fmail rivulet, and has ' the remains of a caftle, faid t6 .have been built iri the tirrie of the Saxon heptarchy. , To this caftle the princefs Mary, after. ward Mary I, retired, when lady Jane '.'Grey was proclaimed quecri, and hfre flie found that powerful fupport pf the people of Suffolk, which fo -foon .feated her on the throne.'' Here'is alfp a-ftately chureiK, in which are, the mpnuments .pf fpipe npble families. Itis 3P miles E, pf " Bury, and 87 N, E, qf Lpndpn, Lpn, i, 26. E, lat. ,52.25. N. . .'Frampton, .a tPwn in Dprfeffliire, with a market. PU Tfiurfdayf It'is feat ed pn the riyer Frpme, 12 miles N. W,;.. of Weymoiith, and 126 V/, by S. of Lqn. :_dpn. Lpn. 2,50. W. .Iat. 50; 45„.N, France, a country of Eurppe, bpund ed pn the N- by the .Engliffi iChannel and the Aiifiriati Netherlands ;.' on the E. by G.crriiari5',''and the .Alps, ¦vvhich feparat^ it from Swifferland, Savpy,.and Piedmpnt; pn the S, by the Mediterranean Sea and Spain, frcin which kingdcm ' it- is divided by. the Pyrenees; and, on the W.by. the' Atlantic 'Ocean; extqpding frpm. 5*5' , IW. tp.7°-47* E,. Ipfl. an'd*frprii 42°" 30' to' 51° N. lat. Frpm the Pyrenees in. the S: tp Dunkirk in the N._its .extent; is ,62; miles; and fcmething .mqre from the meffi eafterly part of Alface to the moft.ijKefterji point qf Brittany ; which prq*ince,it.muft be obferved,.extends abeVe.isomilesfarther into the ocean than any other part of the country. .The climate is tempera'te; the air pilre . and wholefome i and the foil, which is agreeably diverfified, produces all the neceffaries ef fife, aed, among 'its^ luxuries, fome ofthe m.oft excellent wines. The principal rivers are the. Seine, Loirfe, Rhone, and Girpnde, with many pthers, that give name tp th^ ne-w gcpp'raphical divifioa^ of this country inte departments. The- moft confiderable mountairis, ,befide the Alps and'- i'yrenees, are thofe ef the Cevennes and' Auvergne. France was lately ari abfolute monarchy, .and -was di. vided. into feveral military governments,,, .or provinces. Thefe were Alface, An- goumois, Anjou, Armagnac, ^rtoi?, Au nis, Auvergne, Barrois, Bafques, Be^arn,- Berry, Big'Tre, Blafois,. Boulonnois, Bour-" . bonnois, Breffe, Brittany, Burgundyj Cambrefis, Champagne, Coufferans, Dau phiny, Forez, Foix, Franche Comte, French Flanders, Gafcony, Gevaudan, Guienne, Frenc'n Hainault, ifejfle of France, Languedoc, Limofin, Lorrain, Lyonois, Marclie, Maine, .Marfan, Na varre, Nivernois, Normandy, O-rleanois, Perche, Perigord, Picardy, Poitou, Pro vence, Qu^erci, Rouergue, ^.Roufillon, Saintonge, Soiffonnois, Touraine, Velay, and Vermandoisj Thefe .varied much from each .other in point of extent and importance, and there were others, of ftill inferior confideration. The population ofthe whole is eftimated 'by the French at 25,ooo,opo. The eftabliffied religion was the Roman Catholic; and the eccte- fiaftical divifion of the. cqimtry was into, 18 archbifcpprics and 113 'Miifcopal fees, exclufive pf Avignpn, Carpentras, 'Cai- vaillon, and Vaifen, which .belqnged to' the- pope. But, in 1789, a very wonder ful revolution topk place. The .detangg d fituatipi\.pf the fin.ances pf the country,- occafioned, in a confiderable'' degree, by the American War, had ind'uced his mpft. Chriftian majefty tP epn'vpke, firft, ari. af fembly pf the nptaWes, pr principal men in the kingdcm,- and next (qn the inef- fcftual refult of their deliberations), tlje States- F R A F R A States General,, which had net beep af- p:mbled fince the. reign of Lewis XIII. in 1614-. Thefe confifted of three orders, the nobility, the clergy, , arid the , third eftate, or commons. The laft were double the number of the other two orders uhited; and, when the States General were affem- hledvat Verfailles, a conteft arofe, whether the three brders ffiould make three diftinft houfes, or^'jaj -blended in/one affembly.. -The third eftate ijjfifted upon the latter ; they- were iitfljifible qn this point-^j-'-^aadV.!^ ¦affmning the title- 'of' tlif" National Afl'e'nj-" bly, they declared, that as fuch, they -iivere competent' to proceed to bufinefs, without the concurrence of the two ether orders, if they ftill re'fufed to join them. In the fequel, the nobility and clergy found it ex pedient to concede the point, and they all met in one haU. In the mean time, Paris was encircled by an army of .50,000 men, with the apparent .view of coercing that city, if heceffary. 'Notwithftanding this, ¦on the removal of the popular minifter, M. Neckar, jn July 1789; a dreadful in- furreftion^ enfued in Paris ;, the Inihtary refufed fo fire upon the people ; the for-- , midable Baftile ivas captured by the- ci tizens ; the governor, and ifome other ob noxious perfons, were beheaded, and their heads carried about, in horrid triumph, on poles ; in a word, eight weeks after the opening of the States General, on the 5th of May, a revolution was cffefted, which then excited aftonifliment ; and, fince that period, even terror and 'Ularra in all Eu rope.- On-tha. i7,th.of July, the king vi fited the Hotel de VHle in Paris, and fur rendered himfelf, ^s it were, to his people. I' rem fhat moment, from being an ;abfo- lute monarch, he became ope of the- mcft limited in Europe. The national affem bly, now triumphant, proceeded to the moft extraordinary m.eafurcs. , They abo- hfficd nobility and th.e whole . feclda] fyftem, and, confifcatin-g the poffeffiens pf the clergy, rendered them dependent for fUpporr, en a public allowance, like' fhe fervaats of the ftate; and all, the mona fteries were fuppreffed. 'In Oftober, in cenfequence of another dreadful riot at Verf"aiUei!, the king, the royal family, and the -natioijal affeinbly, were removed tq Paris. The king was now, > n faft, a ftate-- prifoner,' treated with the formalities ap pendant te royalty, but v.-a-ched in all his motions, with the utmoft dircumfpeftion. From this irkfome fi.tu.ation, he attempted to elcape, in Jime 17 91, v/ith the queen, his fitter, the d.'iuph.in, rrr.d the princefs his daughter. He h,ad' almoft reached the frpntiers, when'ii* v/as arreited at Vafen- Bes, and ccndufttd- 't-'ack to Paris. Such, hp%vever, was then fhe moderation ef fhe pqpiflar - party, that no difaftrous ccnfc- quences- enfued. The national affembly ccinplcted a new ccnftitution, which was accepted by the king in September of the fame year, when a new pafional affembly was' elefted. - Harra'pny did not long pre vail between this affembly and the king. Sonae pf their decrees he refufed tP fanc- t,io»; ahd, on their part, among other fteps, which could not fail td give umbrags to a. once powerful monarch, was the dif- banding cf his guard. France was now involved in a war againft the king of Hungary ; and the executive power wa? fufjiefted, not only of not properly, exert ing the national force againft the enemy, but of afting in concert xVith him, and with the einigrant princes, and others, who w'ere in arms againft. their i:punfrv. To lofe the reputation of fincerity is the greateft .unh-ippinefs that Can befall a prince. It was fatal to Levis JiVI. one of the iPoft_ humane, arid well-meaning fovereigns that ever. ruled jn France. In Auguft 1792, the-mayor ef Paris, at the head of a deputation from that city, ap peared at the bar of the national affembly, and demanded the depofition of the, king. Before they could deliberate- on this de mand, a dreadful infurreftion eiifucd-j the Thuillerios, the royal refidence, was attacked; the Swifs guards were defeated. and maffacred ; and the, king and royal .faniily took refuge in the national affem bly. That body , jnftantly decreed the fufpenfion of the executive power in the h:inds of the :king, and-; the convccation pf a national convention. The king and his family were conveyed to a houfe in Paris, ,called the Temple, and there kept in clof"e confinement, with circumftances ofthe' moft humiliating tkgrad'ation. Be- fv/een the prifon and the grave of a de pofed fovereign, the diftance, it has beep obferved, is not very remote. The con vention met on the 21ft of September, and inftantly decreed the abaliticn of roy- alty; and the fprmaiion of a repubfic on the principles of " liberty and eq'aality." In December f(,l!owing, they decreed,- t'iiat the king fi:'^jv,ld be tried before ihem. The trial accordingly took place-; and this tribunal, cxercifmg at once the incompav tible,,4harafle-rs cf accuferj, profecutors, a-ad judges,, condemned fhe unfortunate monarch ; who, in purfuance of thei.'' fen- tehcc, was publicly bcheaded„jn,tlie Place de la,R,( v'„Iutipn, lately c;.!lcd the Place d,2 Louis 'XV. on the 21ft ef January 170,3. AU Europe e.toteijtned againft the injuftice and crueky, nCt to fiy the iinT-ioli.cy, of this prccesdi!,g. .¦Powe.rs, hitherio neutral Qw -¦ , in F R A F R A in the war, were eager to take an aftive part in it ; and the new republic, in addi tion to the arms of Auftria, Pruffia, Sardi nia, and the empire, had te encounter the powerful combination of Great Britain, the United Provinces, and Spain. This is not the place for political conjeftures. Whether the French republic will be per manent, or the ancient order of things re ftored, is a queftion foreign to this work , in which the prefent geographical ftate of the country muft be noticed, whether that ftate be permanent er not. France then, it muft be obferved, was divided, by the firft legiflative affembly, into 83 depart ments, inftead ofthe ancient military pro vinces ; and thefe departments were fub divided into diftrifts, cantons, and muni- cipahties. The names of the depart. ments, are Ain, Aifne, Allier, Alps Up per, Alps Lower, Ardeche, Ardennes, Arriege, Aube, Aude, Aveiron, Calva dos, Cantal, Charente, C'uarente Lower, Cher, Correze, Corfica, Cote d'Or, Cotes du Nerd, Creufe, Dordogne, Doubs, Drome, Eure, Eure and Loire, Finifterre, Gard, Garonne Upper, Gers, Gironde, Herault, Indre, Indre and Loire, [fere, Ille and Vilaine, Jura, Landes, Loir and Cher, Loire Upper, Loire Lower, Loiret, Lot, Lot and Garonne, Lozere, Maine, Maine and Loire, Manche, Marne, Marne Upper, Meurthe, Meufe, Morbihan, Mo. felle, Nord, Nievre, Oife, Orne, Paris, Pas de Calais, Puy de Dome, Pyrenees Upper, Pyrenees Lower, Pyrenees Eaft. ern, Rhine Upper, Rhine Lower, Rhone, Benches du ; Rhone and Loire, Saone Upper, Saone and Loire, Sarte, Seine and Oiie, Seine Lower, Seine and Marne, Sevres Ics deux, Somme, Tarn, Var, Vendee, Vienne, Vienrie Upper, Vofges, and Yenpe. Each of thefe departments (which fee under its refpeftive name) has an archiepifcopal er epifcopa,l tqwn ; there being now only ten archbiflioprics, or me. tropolitan circles, and 73 bifliop's fees. Some of thefe fees are pf ricw creatipn, as Colmar, Vefoul, Laval, Chateauroux, Gueret, and St, Maixcnt. Every tpwn of France mentipned in this work, is E laced in its refpeftive department ; the ite province, in which it is fituated, 'be. ing preferved, as effentially neceffary tp the elucidation of former hiftories, what. ever may be the termination of. a revolu. tion, which has unfortunately been di. ftiftguiftcd hitherto by a- feries of dreadful nsaS'acres, confifcationS; exiles, proferip- . eioes, and all the calatpilies of foreign and doti'ieftic Ivar. Fs.Ai'SCE, Isle of, a late 'proyinceof FraMc, f'5 called, becaufe it was formerly bounded W the riyers Seine, Marne, Oife, Aifne, and Ourque. It now includes the four departments of Oife, Seine aud Oife, Seine and Marne, and Paris. '¦¦¦ France, Isle or, or Maur:i- Tius, an ifland in the Indian Ocean, 200 leagues E. ef Madagafcar. It was early difcovered by the Portuguefe. After them, the Dutch fettled on the S. E. ffiore, and gave it the name of Mauritius, in honour of prince Maurice, their fladt. holder. But they abandoned it, on their a'cquifition of the Cape of Good Hope. It then remained uninhabited, till the French landed there in 1720. This ifland is about 45 leagues in circumference. Indigo is the general objeft of cultivation ; of which four er five crops, a year are produced. In lySg, one perfon only, fent to Europe 30,000 lb. weight ef it of a very fuperior quality. Attempts have been made to rear cochineal, as the ifland abounds with the plant on which the infefts lie, but a fmall bird deftroys the infeft. The foil of this iftand is little fuperior te that at Port Jack. fon. At the diftance of three leagues is a pub. lie garden, which, before the late French revolution, was kept with the utmoft care, and was called the King's Garden. Here a gardener lived at the king's expence ; he reared the plants, and diftributed them gratis to the colonifts. The town and harbour are called Pert Louis, and are ftrpngty fortified ; but no velTel ought to touch at this ifland in the hurricane , months, Oftober, November, and Decem ber ; as the harbour cannot afford flielter for more than fix or eight veffels. The town is large, and covers a great deal of ground, but the houfes, in^ general, are mean. - Here are large fteres, and every thing neceffary for the equipment tif fleets. The number of inhabitants en the iftand, exclufive of the military, is 8000, and blacks 12,000. Lon. 57. 29. E. Iat. 20. 10. S. Francfort on the Maine, au aneient, large, and free imperial town of Germany, in the circle ef Franconia. The chief ftrufture is the town-houfe, which is large and handfome, but built iu the an cient tafte. In this the golden bull is pre ferved, which is the original of the funda mental laws ef the empire ; and here is the chamber in which the emperor is elefted. All reKgions are tolerated at Francfort, under certain reftriftions ; but Lutheranifm is the eftabliflied faith, as the magiftrates are of' that communiori. The principal church is ia the poffeffion of the Roman Catholics ; but np public proceffion through the ftreets is pertnitted. In this church is a chapel, to which the smpC'. F R A F R E *P.ipcrot is condufted immediately after the Cape, by way of eminence. It has his eleftion, in order to be crowned by the fuffered much by the dreadful commotions eleftor of Mentz. The Jews have a fy- that were the corifequences of the great nagogue in this city ; but the Calvinifts revolution in the mother country. Lon. have never been allowed any place of 72. i8. W. Iat. ig. 46. N. worftip in the territory of Francfort They attend divine fervice at Becken- heim, in thf county of Hanau, where theyhave built a church. It is remark able, that in all funeral proceffions here, the crucifix lead^ the way, whether the deceafed 'has died a Roman Catholic, a Lutheran, or a Calvinift. The Calvi- hifts are very numerous. They are thought to be the moft induftrious, and Certainly are the richeft part of the inha bitants. The numberof the Jev/s is very great, notwithftanding they are compefled to live together in a fingle narrow ftreet. Franconia, a circle of Germany, bounded on the N. by Thuringia, en the ^- by Suabia, on the E. by the Upper Pi atmate ; and on the W. by the Lew'er I'alatmate ; being about 88 miles from N to S. and 95 from E-. to W. The middle IS very fertile in corn, wine, and fruits, but the borders arc full of woods and bar ren mountains. The Franks, who con. quered France, came from this province and gave their name to that kingdcm. ' Franeker, or Franker, a ftron°- town of the United Provinces, in W° Fnefland, with a caftle , and uriUerfity'. built up at one end. There is a large gate The public buildings and palaces are at the ether, which is regularly ffiut at a certain hour of the night, after which no Jew dare appear in the ftreets. They are obliged to fetch water, when a fire hap pens in any parr of the city ; and the ma giftrates, in return, permit them te choofe judges out ef their own body for deciding difputes among themfelves ; but an appeal is open to the magiftrates. Frankfort is one of the moft trading places in Europe, and two great fairs are held here every year. Ir was taken by the French in Ottober of Zuebruggen, 12 miles N. W. of Lan- nificcnt. It is feven miles W. of Le. warden. Lon. 5. 33. E. Iat. 53. 1 r. N. Fr ankendal, a ftrong town of Ger. many, in the dominions of the eleftor Pa. latine. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1623, by the Swedes in 1632, and was burnt by the French in 1688. It is feated near the Rhine, fevcn miles S. of Worms. Lon. 8. 29. E. lat. 49. 25. N. Frankenstein, a town ef Germany m the palatinate of the Rhine, and duchy 1792, who were difpoffeffed of it by the Pruffians in December following. It is feated on the river Maine, which divides it in two, 1 5 miles N. E. ef Mcntz, and 350 W. by N. pf Vienna. Lpn. 8. 40. E, lat. 49. 55. N. Francfort on the Oder, a rich and handfpme tpwn pf Germany, in the middle marche of Brandenburg, formerly imperial, but now fubjeft to the king of Pruffia. It is remarkable for its three great fairs, and for its univerfity. It is 4.5 miles S. E. of Beriin, and 72 S. of Ste. tin. Lon. 14. 39. E. lat. 52. 23. N. dau. Lon. 7. 55, E. lat. -r,. .„. ,,. Frauenfeld, a town of Swifferland and capital of the Thorgau ; feated on an eminence. It is remarkable as the place, where, fince 17 12, the deputies of the! Swifs cantons affemble at the general diet. Lon. 8. 56. E. Lat. 47. 3 5. N. Fraustadt, a town of Silefia, re. markable for a battle the Swedes gained here over the Saxons in 1706. It is 20 miles N. W. of Glegaw. Lon. 16 ? E. lat. 51. 48. N. ' ^' _ '* Frazersburgh, a fmafl but plea. fant town of Scotland, in Aberdeenffiire, Franche Comte, a late province of built by fir Alexander Frazer ef Philorth' France, bounded en the N. by Lorrain, on in i6oo; is feated clofe by the promon-^ the E. by Alface and Swifferland, on the tory, cafled Kinnaird's Head, en which a W. by Burgundy, and en the S. by Breffe. fighthoufe has been lately erefted. This Itis 125 miles in length, and So in breadth, tPwn has a tolerable harbour, and is aq and abounds in corn, wines, cattle, horfes, miles N. of Aberdeen. mines of iron, copper, and lead. It was Fredberg, a large, rich, and fine conquered by France in 1674, and ceded town of Germany, in Mifnia, remarkable to it by the treaty. ef Nimeguen in 1678. for its mines, and for being the buryin? ~ - ' 1^1.3,.^ rtf .Lrt ,...^:„.,.„ „r .1. . 1. ,. i- ^ ¦' 0- It is now included in the three depart. ments of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. Franchemont, a town of Germany, in the biffiepric ef Liege, 12 miles S. E. of Liege, Lon. 5. 55, E. lat, 50, 32. N. '-I-- Francois, Cape, a fine town in the N. part ef the ifland of St. Domingo, belonging to the French, who often cali k place of the princes ofthe houfe of Saxony It is a delightful place, feated en the river Multa, 15 miles S. W. of Drefden. Len. 13, 36. E.lat. 51. o. N. FrEd.-.nburg, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Weftphalia, 50 miles W. of Caffel. Lon. 8. 16. E. Iat. 51. 10. "N FrEderica, a town of N. America, in Georgia, on the --iver Alatamaha. The Q>.» iflmi F R E- 1^ R t ifland it ftands ori 'is called St. Simon's, "and is a'oout 13 miles ill length, and four in breadth, Lon. 80. 20. W. lat. 31. 6. N.4^ . FREDERlcsnuRti, a caftle and palace of the king of Denmark, in the ifle of Zealand, 15 miles N, W. of Copenhagen. Len. 12. 25. E. lat. ^5. 52. .N. ,* FllEDERicsijuRG, a' town of Vir. . ginia, in N. America, fituated" on the S. fide of Rappahannoc river, 116 mites from: its mouth. It contains about .zoo houfes, principally ill one ftreet, which runs nearly parallel with the river. It is 50 miles S. by ,'^V. bf Alexandria. Lon. 77. 20. W.lat. 38. 2. N.' Fredericsburg, a fprt, pn the Gpld Coaft of Guinea,, in Africa, near Cape Tiireepoints, and 62 miles from Gape Coaft C.aftle. It is fubjeft to Den mark. Lcn. I. 5. W; lit. 4. 30. N. Fre-de,r-icsh ALL, a townof Nprway, in the province of Aggerhuys, and on the frpritiers pf Sweden, fituated onthe extre mity of the Swinefund, at the mouth of the riyer Tiffc. The harbour is fafe and eomm'odio'.is- ; but the large quantity of faw-duft brought down the rivfer, Jrom- thq different faw-mills, occafions an annual ¦expehce te clear it away. On the fummit eif ah almeft perpendicular rock, whiclv overhangs the town, ftands the ftrong and , hitherto impregnable fortrefs of Frederic- fiein, rn the fiege:. of which Charles XII. kirig of iSwed.en, was killed, by a mulket- ball, in 1 7 18.. The fppt was Pnce -marked by a pillar erefted bythe king of Den mark, but demofifliectat the requeft pf the king pf Sweden. This tp\vn is 31 mUes S. E. ofdhriftiania. Lon. 10. 55. E'. Iat. 59. ^'N.^ ' ' , ' ,. Frederics-Ode, a town pf Dec- ' m^ark, in Jutland, feated near fhe fea, f;o miles N. of Slefwick. Lon. 10. o. E. l^t. 'SS'- 30''N-- , • FredeRicstadt,, a, town of Dent- mark, in S. Jutland, feated, on the river Eyder, 17' miles S. W. of SleAvick. Lon. g. 43. E.. lat. 54. JO. N; Fredericstadt,, a' tpwn pf Nor- way, ip the province of A.ggerhuyf. It ftands. pri the; .river Glpmm'e, and is tho moft regular fortrefs in. this part of Nor,- ¦vvay, coataining an arfenal amply fupplied. . "1, fc-fi years ;tgo, the town was confumed by fire, and the houfes ';.rc moftly pew. Clofe to the town is the new fortrefs cf .K-ongflein, on a rocliy eraineiice, in which icvtral couv(,fls are. condemned tp hard kibp'..ir. It,i^'''.2'6 .miles W. of Frederic- ffialh. Lon.: 10. 50.- E. lat. .50. 12. N. -,'¦'' 'FRli,DE#;.'CST0WN, a fine tlpilrifli- jr.g to'.vn pf N, America, in Marylan.i, feated pn the Potpm.ac, 60 riiiles W. by N. pf Annapplis. Lpn. 77. 30. W. lat. 39. 20. N. , . < Freisengen, a handfome and confi derable town of Germariy, capital of a biffiopric of the fame name, in the circle pf Eavaria. It is fpated pn a mountain, near the river Ifcr,"^'2o miles -N. by E. of Munich. Len. 11. 5cJ.,.E. lat. 48. 26. N. , Fre>us, a town of France, in the de partment of Var and late province of Prp-- ¦^lErice. In the time of the Rpmans, it ¦was called Fcrum Juliu It had -then, a ^ pp'rt on the feacoaft, which is now a mile and a half frpm it. It was the birthplace ' of that great Roman general and ^hilofo- pher Agricola ; and near it, fome fine remains pf, antiquity are ftill vifible. It, is feated near the little ri'yer Argens, in a morafs, that renders the air unhealthy, 40' miles N. E. of Toulon. Lon. 6.. 50. E., lat. 43. 26. N. ™ Frescati, a delightful -village of Ita-ty, on the' declivity of a hifl, la, miles , frpm- Rpme. It derives' its name, /rpmi the cppliiefs pf the air, and /r^y!J verdure' of' the fields arpund. It is a bifliop's fee, and always, poffefled 'by one of the fix eldeft cardinals.' At prefent, if belonfes tq the cardinal duke of "^ork (as he is called )' the fole furviving defcendant of Jiiries II. In-^the neighbourhood of Fi;efc-ati,are fitu. ated fome 'of the ippft magnificent viH-dS in Italy. The ancient city of TufcuUim is. fuppofed to have ftoqd on the fpot, or very near it, where Frefcati is now built ; and,- at the diftance of a mile and a half, it is ' generally believed, was the Tufcutafi villa .cf Cicero, at a place "now- called Grotta Ferrata. , Some Greek monks bf fhe^or- dcr of St, Bafil, flying from the perfecu. tion of the Saracens, in the i ith century, were permitted to buiM',a convent en tbe- ruins of- Cicero's t"iimous houfe. They ftill perform the fervice in the Greek lan- .guage. Frefcati, 'with TivoH and Al bano, is thq favourite abode of the land'. fcape painters who travel into Italy fqr improvement. Nothing can fur'pafs the admirable affemblage of hills, meadows, lakes, cafcades, gardens, ruins,, groves, and terraces, which charm the eye, as it wan ders among the ffiadcs of .thefe delightful villages. Lon. 11. ,42. E,. lat. '41. 48. N. /FreudExstadt, a handfome '.and ftrong town of Germany, in the Black. Foreft, built tc? defend the paffage ipto' this foreft. It is 12 miles S. E. of Straf- bu'-g. Lon. 8. 21. E. lat. 48. 28. N. Freyst'aI>T, atownof Hungary, ia the ctHinty of Neitra, \^'ith a ftrong, caftle, .feated" -on the river Wag, oppofite Lo-. poldftadt. Lori. i8. jo. E. lat, 48. 32. N, I Frey- F R I- f R 1 ¦ 'Feeystadt, atownof Silefia, in'the ^territory of Teffiin, 20 miles E. pf Trop- paw. Lon. 18. 15. E, lat. '50. o. N- Frias, a confiderable towp of Spain, in Old Caftile, feated on a mountain, near the river' Ebro, 35 miles N. W. ef Bur gos. Lon. 3. 46. W. lat. 42. 52. N. Friburg, a large town of Germany, <;apital of Brifgaw ; remarkable for the fteeple of the great church, which, except that of Straffiurg, .is. the fineft in Ger- •many,'and for its. univerfity. The inha bitants are famous for polifning cryftal and precious ftones. It has been feveral times -taken, and retaken, particularly by the French in 1744, who demolifhed the for- ,tificatioris. it ,is feated on fhe river Tri- fer, 10 miles E. of Brifach, and 26 S. ef Straffiurg. Lon. 7. 57. E.-lat. 48. 10. N. ' Friburg, a town of Swifferland, and capital of the canton of tlie fame hame. The public buildings, efpecially the cathe.- dral; are very handfome, and the inhabi- '' tants are Papifts. . Ic is governed ip-fpiri- tuals bythe biffiop of Laufanne, who re fides here, and in temporals by a council, over which an avoyer prefides." Its fjtu- 8tien is very extraordinary, for only the weftern fide is near plain ground, and all the reft is built among rocks and hills. The. ftreets are clean and large, and itis dUvided into four parts, the tOAvn, the city, the ofland or meadpw, arid the hofpital. Threp miles from this town is the hermi tage of a, celebrated hermit. It is ciit in a reck,- and contains a church and fteeple, a v^ftry, a kitifhjin, a large hall, two rooms on each fide two pair of flairs, anda cdlar. ' The church is 63 feet long,' 36 broad, and ^1 high, "But the m-oft wonderful thing of all .is the fteeple, which is -'70 feet high abpve the rock.. The chimney of the kitchen is alfp very furprifing, for the paffage np is go feet in height. It is al moft inconceivable how one man, with his fervant, coUld perform fo diff.cult a work, though they were 25 years about it. Fri- •burgh is feated on the river San, i c; miles' , .S. W. of Bern, and 7 5' S.' '^V. of ¦Zurich. Lon. 6;'53.E. lat. 46.''48. N. Friburg, one of the cantons of Swif ferland. It is ftirrouridqd on all fides by •the canton of Bern, and the land is fruitful in corn, fruits, and paftures. FRIcENTi, an epifcopal town of the kingdom of Naples, near the river Tria- palto, 20 miles S. E. of Benevento. Lon. J :;. g. E. lat. 46. 59. N. Fridberg, a town of Germany, in Weteravia, and the- landgravate of Heffe. It vvas muejh mere confiderable formerly .th,an at prefent, though an imperial town. Jt is feated on a mcuntain, t-, miles N. E. of- Francfort. Lon. 8. 46;' E. lat, 50. 10. N, Fridberg, the name of 'two fmall towns in Silefia, the erne in the duchy of Javer, and the other in the duchy of Schweidnitz." ' The laft is temar.kable for a battle gained there by the king of Pruf^ fia over the Auftrians in^Jmie 1745,, Fridberg, a town of Gennany, in Bavaria, with a caftle, taken and plunder ed b-/ the Swedes in 1632. Itis 30 miles, N. W. of Munich. Lon. 1 1. .10. E. lat.-, 48. 28. N.' J '! Fridburg. See Fredberg. Fridbueg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upp.r Saxony, and province of Thuringia, Jcated oh the river Uiiftrue, 30 miles \V. of Leipfick, Len. 11, 41. E, lat. ;i. ig.'N..' ' ' -. Fridin.g, a town of Germany, in Suabia, on the, Danube, 30 miles N. E..of Conftaii|Ce. Lon. g.. 3 1. E. lat. 48,, 1 1. N; Fridland, a town of Bohemia, on the confines of Silefia; 5 5' mile*, E. of Dref den. Lon. 15. 15. E. Iat, ,52. 4. N- FRiDLENGEN,'a town of'Germauy, in Suabia, three miles E. of the Rhine, and four N. of Bafle. Lon. 7. 36. E. lat. 47, 40.' N. *'-' Friedensberg, a royal palace of D'evunark, four miles iirom Frcdericffiurg, It is delightfully' fituated at' a fmall dif- itanee frcm the I^ake pf Etferpm, which is abput 15 miles in circumference,' the -ground gently floping tp its banks, and adorned with large foreft trees. This beautiful fituation is fpofled by cut yews, ftraight ^-I'alks, arid a profufipn pf ftatues and triumphal arches, where 'riature arid fimplicity are expelled. The palace is a brick building, ftuccoed white, and con fifts pf a. front 'anel. twp wings. It jv-as, buik by- Frederic IV. and icalled Fric- denfberg'; cr, *' The Manfipri of Peace," becauf'e it was finiflicd in 1720, v.'|hen peace was ecncluded with Sweden, after a long war which had deibiared b.oth coun tries. Since the p,rincc-royal affumed the adminiftration of atTairs, this palace has been the refidence of the queen-dowap-er Juliana Maria. Fri'endly- IstLan.ds, a clufter of iflands in the S. Pac8|c Ocean, fo named by captain Cook, in i>j-]i, on account of the iriendftip that appeared rb fubfift amongthe inhabiiants', and their courteous bchavSour te ftrangers... Tafrcau, the ce lebrated Dutch riavigatoi^ firft touched here in 1643, rand gave il^iainescf New Amfterdam, Pvotteidam, and Middlebnrtr, to three of. the principal iflatids'. C.-ipram Cctk explored'the whole clufter, whicK he found to confift of -mcre-than 60. New Q„3 " ,^mftcr- F R I FRO Amfterdam is tl>e largeft, extending 2i miles from E. to W. and 13 from N. to S. Ic is interfefted by ftraight and pleafarit roads, with fruit-trees on each fide, which provide fliade from the fcorching heat of the fun. Middleburg is called Eooa by the natives, who have given the names ,of Annamooka, Tangatabop, Hapaee, and Lefooga, to the other principal iflands, which fee'refpeftively. The general ap pearance of thefe iflands conveys an idea cf the moft exuberant fertility : the fur face, at a diftance, feems entirely clothed with trees of various fizes, fome of which are very large, particularly the tall cocoa- palm, and a fpecies of fig with narrow- pointed leaves. On defer examination, it as almoft wholly laid cut in plantations, jn which are fome pf the richeft produc tions ef nature ; fuch as bread-fruit, co coa-nut trees, plantains, yams, fugar-cane, and a fruit hke a neftarine. In ffiort, here are moft of the articles which the Society Iflands produce, and fome which they have nqt. Their ftock ef quadrupeds is as fcanty as that at the Society Iflands ; but they- received from capt. Cook the fame valuable additions, both te the ani mal and vegetable kingdom. Their do meftic fowls are as large as thofe of Eu rope. Among the birds are parrots and par. Toqucts of various forts, which furnifli the red feathers fo much efteemed in the So ciety Ifles. The numerous reefs and ihoals afford ffielter fer an endlefs variety of ftellfifli. Agriculture, architefture, boat-building, and fiffiing, are the employ ments of the men ; to the women is con- fined the manufafture of their cloth. Thefe iflands lie between 170° arid 180'' W.lon. and 20°' and 23° S. Iat. Friesach, a town of Germany, in the archbiffiopric of Saltzburg, with a ftrong caftle, built en a mountain. It is 5^ iniles S. E. of Sajtzburg. Lon. 14. 12. E. lat, 47. 12. N. Friesl AND, West, one of the Unit. ed Provinces, bounded en the N. by the fea, on the W. by the Zuider Zee, on the S. by the fame and Overyffel, which alfo, with Groningen, bounds it on the E, Leuwarden is the principal ^ewn. Friesland, East. See Embden, Frinwalt, a town of Germany, in the margravate of Brandenburg, feated on the river Odet-, 30 miks N. E, pf Berlin. Lon. 14. 25. E, lat. 52. 38. N. Frio, Cape, a promontory of Brafil, in S. America, in the province of Rip Ja. peiro. Lpn. 41, 31. W. Iat. 2i. 54. S. P"rischaff, a bay cf the Baltic Sea, af the mouth of the river VifE',!|a, Fritzlar, a tpwn in the landgravate pf Heffe-Caffel, 20 miks S. W. pf Caffel. Lon. g. 16. E. lat. 51. 8. N. Friuli, a province of Italy, bounded on the N. ,by Carinthia, on the S. by the Gulf of Venice, on the E. by the county of Goritz and the Gulf of Triefte, and on the W. by Trevifano and fhe Bellunefe. It is fertile in wine and fruits, and be longs partly to the Venetians, and partly to the houfe of Auftria. Udino is the ca- pital. Frobisher's Straits, a little to the northward ef Cape Farew ell and Weft Greenland, difcovered by fir Mar tin Frobiflier. Lon. 42. o. W. lat. 63, o. N. Frodingham, a tPwn pf the E. rid ing pf Yorkfliire, with a market on Thurf. day. It is 36 miles E. of York, and 194 N. of London. Lon. 0. 12. W. lat. 53, 56. N. Frodsham, a town pf Cheffiire, with a market on Wednefday. It is feated near the Merfey, by Fredffiam Hills, the higheft in the ceunty. At the W. end there is a caftle. It is 11 miles N. E. of Chefter, and 182 N. N. W. of Lendon, Lon. 2. 58. W. lat. 53. 20. N. * Frome, or FRooM,'a river of Dor fetffiire, which comes from the S.W. part of the county fo Dorcheftcr ; whence, proceeding to Wareham, it empties itfelf intp the bay that fprms the harbpur pf Pool. '* Frome, a riyer of Somerfetffiire, which flows by the town of Frome, and unites with the Avon at Briftol. Frome, a town of Somerfetffiire, with a market on Wednefday. It ¦ is feated en the river Frome, and is wefl in habited by clothiers, The article chiefly made here is fecond cloths, the principal material of which is fine Engliffi wool. ¦It is 12 miles S. of Bath, and 104 W. by S. ef London, Lon. 2. 16, W, lat, 51, IP. N. Fronsac, a town of France, in the department of Gircmda and late province ef Guienne, feated on the riygr Dordogne, 22 miles N. E. ef Beurdeaqx. Len. o. 16. W.'lat. 45. 5. N. Frunteira, a town of Portugal, ia Alentejo, 17 miles N- E. of Eftrepios, Lon. 7. 34. W. lat. 38. 54. N. Frontigniac, a town ef France, in the department of Herault and late pro- vince of Languedoc, remarkable for its excellent Mufcadine wines, and its hand fome townhoufe. It is feated en the Lake Maguleone, 14 miles S. W. of Montpelier, Lon, 3, 48, E, lat, 43, 46. N. fUEGO, FUL Fuego, or Fogo, one of the Cape de Verd Iflands, in the Atlantic Ocean. It is much higher than any of the reft, and feems to be one fingle mountain at fea, though en the fides there are deep vallies. There is a volcano at the top of it, which burns continually, and may be feen a great way off at fea. It vomits a great deal of fire and fmoke, and throws out huge pieces of rock to a vaft height ; and fometimes torrents ef brim- ftone run down the fides. The Portu guefe, -.vho (irft inhabited it, brought ne groes with them, and a ftock of cows, horfes, and hogs ; but the chief inhabitants now are blacks, of the Romifli religion. It is 300 miles W. of Cape de Verd, and 100 "\'V. of St. Jago. Lon. 24. 30. W. lat. 14. 54. N. Euente Duegna, a townof Spain, in New Caftile, on the Tajo, 35 miles S. E. of Madrid. Lon. 3. o. "VV", lat. 40. 14. N. Fuesen, a town of Germany, in Sua bia, belonging to the biffiop of Augf burg, with an ancient caftle. It is feated on the river Lech, 50 miles S. by E. of Augffiurg. Lon. 11. 15. E. lat, 47, 40. N, FuiDENTALL, a town of Germany,' in Silefia, It was taken by the king of Pruffia ih 1741 and 1744. '* Fula, er Thule, a fmafl ifland, to the W. of the Mainland, er principal of the Shetland Iflands fo called. It is thought by fome te be the fame, which the ancients reckoned the ultimate limit of the habitable globe, and, to which they therefore gave the appellation of Ukima Thule. It is very doubtful, however, whether this be really the ifland fo called ; becaufe, 'had the ancients reached it, they muft have feen land ftill farther to the N. E. the Mainland, Yell, and Unft, be ing all farther N. FuLDE, a confiderable town ef Ger many, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, with a celebrated abbey, whofe abbot is primate of the abbeys of the empire, per petual chancellor ef the emperor, and fo vereign of a fmafl territory lying between Heffe, Franconia, and Thuringia. It is feated on the river Fulde, 55 «i'lcs S. of Caffel. Lon. g. 43. E. lat. 50. 40. N. FuLHAM, a village of Middlefex, four miles W, of London, feated on the river Thames, over which is a wooden bridge, te Putney. It has been the demefne of the bifliops of London ever fince the con queft : here they have a palace ; and in the churchyard are the tombs of fome of the prelates ef that fee. * FVLLAN, a country ip the interior FUR parts pf Africa, to the W. ofthe king- dom of Cuffina. Its bo'undarics have not yet been afertained, nor has the face of the country been defcribed. AU the infor mation obtained of it, by the African af fociation, is, that the drefs of the natives refembles the cloth of wliich the plaids of the Scotch Highlanders arc made. FuN'CHAL, the capital of Madeir.i, fituated round a bay, on the gentle afcent of the firft hill,. in form of an amphithe?.- tre. Its pubfic and private buildings, are, in general, entirely whi'c. On the f"ca- fide are feveral batteries. An old caftle, which commands the road, i^ands on the top of a fteep black rock, furrounded by the fea at high water, and called by the Englifli Loo Rock. On a neighb-guring- eminence above the town, is another, called St. John's Caftle. The hills be yond the town are covered with vine. yards, inclof"urcs, plantations, and groves, interfperfed with country houfes anel churches. The ftreets are narrow, ill- paved, and dirty ; the houfes are built of frecflxinc, or of brick, but they are dark, and only a few of the beft belonging to the Englift merchants, nr the principal inha bitants, are provided with glafs wind,nvs : afl the others have a kind of lattice-w.M-'-. in their ftead, which hangs on hinges, a may be lifted up occafionally. Lon. 17. ; , W.lat. 32. 38. N. Fundy, a bay of N. America, between New England and Nova Scotia, remark able for its tiJes, which rife to the height of 50 or 60 feet, and flow fb rapidly, as to overtake animals whicli feed upon the fliore. FuN'EN, an ifland in Denmark, fepa rated from Jutland by a ftrait, called the Leffer Belt, and from the ifland of Zealand by another called the Great Belt. It is about 340 miles in circumference, is re markably fertile in pafture and grain, and experts annually to Norway, barley, oats, rye, and peafe. The paffage acrofs the Little Belt is nine miles. Odenfee is the capital town. FuRNES, a tqwn ef Auftrian Flanders, feated near the fea, on a canal which runs from Bru^:-es to Dunkirk, 12 miles E. of Dunkirk. Lon. 2. 4;. E. lat ci 4. N. -'-- Furruckabad, 3 fmall diftrift of Hindooftan Proper, contiguous to the W, bank of the Ganges, and furrounded by th€-domi:-.ions of Oude. Iris little more tl\an 30 miles in extent, and belongs to a chief of the P,atan Rohilla tribe. Its ca- pital is of the fame name, and lies in lon. 7g. .30. W.lat. 27. 28. N. FuRSTENBURG, the county of a fo. vereign ftate of Germany, in "Suabia, with 0^4 a caftle F.Y A' G A I a caftle qf^the fame name, feated pn a mountain, near the river Danube. Itis bpunde'd by the duchy of Wirtemberg,, th,e county pf Hohenburg, and ether ter ritpries- pf the houfe of Auftria, by the Brifgaw, the Black Foreft, and the lake and the bilhopric of Cpnfi'ance. FuRSTENFiELD, a town of Germany, in Lower Stiria, with, a, caftle, on the river Auftnitz, 50 miles S. of. Vienna. Lon. 16. 5. E. lat. 47. 23. N. FuRSTENW AiD, a to-ivn ef Germany, in ihe middle marche ef Brandenburg, feated en the river Spree, '20 miles W. of Francfort en the Oder, ft was; taken by the Swedes in 163 1. Lpn. 14. 8, E, lat,,- 52. 23. N. . ' ' -..-' FuTTYPOUR StCRi, a Confiderable tov/n qf Hindooftan Proper, in the pro vince of Agra, feated under a range of -hills, the fouthern boundary of an im- iPenfe plain, in which, for the greateft part not a-fhrub is to be feen, and the f'o,iI is light, and al'.noft as fine as hair pow der ;. a circumftance, produflive of the moft difagreeable effefts", when this fine duft is taken up by the .hot winds from "he weflvvard. Its .fituation too is un healthy, from the indifferent water -ivith v/hic'n the whole coiuitry abo-Unds. How-' ever,- the country immediately near this town, is in tolerable cultivation.. On the fummit of the higheft hill is a large' mofque, built by the empei'or 'Acbar, in the 'firft ftyle of Moorift ar&hifeft-ure ; and, at the foot of this hill, are the ruins of an imperial palace, which occupy a grent extent of ground. Futtypour Si- cri is 42 miles W,ef Agva. Lon. 77. 45. E. Iat. 27. 0. N. , Fyal, One pf the Azores, or weftern , iflands. It is v/ell cultivated, and yields wheat of the bearded fort, barley, Indian- corn, cucuhfibers, gourds, melons, water melons, flax, lemons, oranges,. plums, apri cots, figs, pears, apples, cabbages, carrcits, -potatoes, lai'ge fweet onions, garlic, and ftraw'oeriies. There are a few vineyafdson the ifland ; but the quantity pf wine is in:orifiderable, and the quality indifferent. Here are abundance, ef chefnuts, beeches, myrtles, and afpen-trees. Their o.xcn art fmaU, but the ipeat,ver^-good, as are alfo their ffieep ; and thsy havi plenty of long- legged goats, hogs, and poultry. Their horfes are fuiaU and ill-looking ¦. but a.Tes and mules are more numerous, and more feryicealjle in fuch a hilly cquntrv. They have a variety^ of birds, particujiriv pu3.ils, American -vvoodcockSi'Can'iry .-birds, black birds, and other forig-birds, with a fmall f, cclcs of, hawks.- The cntiages of the coipmon "people arc ^pilt . pf clay, a;i4 thatched whh ftraw ; and are fmall, bufi clearily arid cppI. The 'pepple, in ge. neral,, are fairer than thofe of Madeira; and Mr. Forfter fays, that he did net fee ene idle, perfon or beggar among them. The moft confiderable place is called Villa de Herta!. Lon. 28. 36. W. ht. 38. 32. N. '¦" Fyers, a river of Invernefsffiire in Scotland, which defcending from the S, flows tbward Loch Nef?. Over this river is .built a ftupendous bridge, on two op. ¦pofite recks ; the -top of the a'rch being above ibo feet from the level ,qf the, wa:'. ter. A fittle below the bridge is fhe ce lebrated Fall of Fyers, where a great body of water darts threu,gh a, narrow .gap be tween two rocks, then falls oyer a vaft precipice into the bottom of, fhe chafm, where the feam rifes and fills the air hke a great cloud of fmoke. * Fyne,, Loch, a gre'at inlet of the fea in Argyle,ftire, near 40 miles in length. It receives and returns a tide on each fide of the Ifle ef Arran, which ftands di- reftly oppofite to its entrance, ft is beau. . tifully indented with bays, and furrounded by woodland mountains. At certain fea. fons, its waters are filled with herrings, when it becomes the refort of numerous , -fifliing vcffcls. '¦'" Fyzab AD, a large city of Hindoof tan Proper, in' the territory of Oude, of ¦which it was once the capital. ' •' Here arc , the' remains bf a vaft building, the- palace of the late nabob Sujah ul Dowlah. The ^ city is very populous ;>but fince the removal of the court, ef Oude te Lucknow, the people are of the loweft clafs. It is feat. ed on the river Gogra, a very larg? river from Thibet,, and is 80 miles E. of Luck. now, and 560 N. W. by W. of Calcutta, Lpn. 82, 30, E. lat, 26. 34, N. / G. ABARET, a tPwn pf France, in the department bf Gers and late pro vince of Gafcony, feated- on the river Ge- Iiffe,-,2o miles 'VV. of Condom. Lon. o, 6. E. lat. 44. 59. N. G.ABiAN;,a vUlage of .France,'- in the department of Hermit and late province .of Languedoc, famous for its mineral wa. ters,, G A BINT, a town of Poland, in the pala. tinate nf R.ava, 50 miles N, W, ef War. fa-.v. L'^n, 19'. 4;. E. lat. 52. 26. N. ' Gai3ta, an ancient, tevv'n of the king. dom of Naples, with a fort, a citadel, a hai-bcur, and a biftcp's fee. , It was takei)' ' by th'j Auftrians in 17.07, -by ftcrin, »nr\ b-y GAL GAL by the Spaniards in 1734. It is feated at the foot of a mountain, near the fea, 30 miles N. W. of Capua. 'Lon, 13, 47, E, lat. 411 30. N. Gaillac, a town ef France, in the department of Tarn and late province of Languedoc, remarkable for its tra,de in wines. It is feated en the river Tarn, 10 miles S. W. of Alby. Lon. 2. 5, E. lat. 4^. 54..N. ' Gaillon, a towri ef France, in the department of Eure and late province of Normandy, remarkable for its magnifi cent palace, belonging to the archbiffipp of Rpuen, and fpr its' late handfome Char treufe, which is abpujt three quarters of a , mile, from it. It is a mile and a half from the river Seine, five from Andely, and 22 from Rouen, Gainsborough, a large, well-built town of iLiniialnftii'c, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated pn the Trent, pver which a handfpme ftpne bridge has been lately erefted. , It is a river-port of .ftme. confequence, being acceffible to veffels of fufficient fize to navigate the fea. It ferves as a. place pf e-xpprt and impprt fpr -the nprthern part pf the cpunty; and is 17 miles N, W, pf Lincpjn, and 151 N. by W. pf Lpndpn. Lpn. o. 36. W. lat. 53, 28, N. '•¦• Gairloch, jflarge'bay pf Scotland, pn the W. ccaft pf Rpfsffiire. In. this bay (>yhich gives name tP a traft pf land riear it) the fiffiing pf cod, and other white fiffi, is very confiderable. . ," , . Galacz, a town of Turkey in Eu rope, in Bulgari,a, feated near the Danube, ' between the mPUths 'pf the Pruth ahd Seret. " ' ^ * Galashiels, a village of Scotland, in Selkirkffiire, fituated at the N. E. an- gle of the cpunty, near the confluence of the Gala and the Tweed., A flourifting manufafture of woolleri'cloth is carried en in this village'". The ftuffthiy comiPonly make, has obtained the naipe of Galaf- hiels-grey, being of a dark colour" and - poarfe teieture. Lately flanriels and fupe- rior cloths haye been tried with tolerable fuccefs. It is 25 miles S. by E. of Edin burgh. . - , Galaso, a river of the kingdom' ef "Naples, in Otranto: it rifes in the open- jng near Oria, and falls .into the Gulf ef Tarento', near the city of that name. Gal ATA, the principal fuburb of Con. ftantincple, feated oppofite the feragiio, on the o'her fide ef the harbour; inhabit ed by Chriftians of afl forts, as well as Jew.s', whoexercifc their religion publiclr, and where wjne is fold in taverns, which is upt allowed in the city itfelf. The S X ¦ houfes are much better built than, thofe of Conftantinople, and there -are fiye Reman Catholic convents here, Galfa'lly, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary,, 23 'miles S, E. of Limerick, Lon. 8. 20, W.lat. 52. 15. N, : '* Galicia, a large country in the S. pf Poland, which was forcibly feized; by. the Auftrians in 1772. It confifts-of that parf of Little' Poland v,'hich* is on fhe S. fide ef the riyer Viftula, almoft the whole of Red Ruffia, and a flip, of Podolia; and it is incorporated into the Auftrian dqini- nions, under the appellation ef the, king. doms ef Galicia and 'Lodomeria ; whaoh kingdqms; as the court of Vienna alledged, feme ancient diplomes reprefent as fituateei in Poland, and ffibjeft to the kings of. Hungary ; but their moft powerful and convincing argument was the " ultimct ratio regiim," derived from an army ,of 200,000 men. The population, of .Gall-, cia and Lodomeria, according to the ,nu- ' meration made in 1,776, amounted :to 2,580,796. The mountainous parts pro duce fine pafture ; the plains are moftly fandy, but abound in forefts, and are fer tile in corn. Tb^ -principal articles of traffic are cattle, hides, -ivax, and honey ;- and thefe countries contain mines ef cop per, lead, iron, and 'fait, of which the lat ter are the' moft valuable. Lemburg, or I,eopold, is the capital'of the whole coun try, which extends 380 miles from E. to W. its greateft breadth being 190. Itis bounded on the N. by that part of Little Poland which is on the N. fide bf the Viftula, and the palatinates of Lublin and Chelm; en the N. E. by Volhipia; on the E. by ppdolia ; on the S. by Hungary and Moldavia, and on the' W. by Silefia. Galicia, a province of Spain, bpund ed pn the N. and W; by the qceSn, on the S. by Portugal, and on the E. ,bv Afturias and Leon. The air is temperate along the coaft, but, in other places, it is cold and irieifl, jt is thin, of people. The produce is wine, flax, and citrons ; - here alfo are good paftures, copper, arid lead ; , and .the forefts yield wopd fpr build ing pf ffiips. St. Jagp di Comppftella is ¦ the capital. ¦ .,«»•-, 'Galicia, now, called, alfo Guada.- LA JARAi a country of N. America, in New Spain, bounded on the E.' by Old Mexico, on the N. by the New, and pn the W. by the S. Sea. The air is temperate, and there is abundance of corn and pulfe ; here are alfo mines of filver and copper. Galilee, anciently a province rot -Judca, but, now of 'Turkey in Afia. The bounds are not now certainly known, GaLIStio, a tpwn of Spain, in Eftra madura, GAL G A N madura, lo miles Ni W. of Placentia. LPri. 5.-8. E. lat. 40. 2. N. Gall, St. or St. G.allen, a confi derable town in Swifferland, and in the IJpper Thurgau, with a rich arid cete- brared abbey, whpfe abbpt is tiKular'prince of the German empire, and is chpfen by the 72 Benediftines" who .compofe the chapter. He formerly poffeffed the feve- reignty'of the tovvn ; but tlie inhabitants ffiook-pf his authority," and became inde pendent ; and the various difputes, which, . finccthat perio'd, have arifen between the tv/o rival parties, have been compromifed by^ the interppfitipn of their allies, the Swifs cantoris. The Ipwn is entirely prptef- tant, and its, gpvernment ariftp-democrati- cal : the fubjefts pf'the abbpt, whofe ter ritory is diftinft, .are moftly cathohcs. The abbey, in which this prince refides, is fituated clofe to the teSvn, and in the midft pf its territpry ; as the latter is alfp entirely furrpunded by the ppffeffipns pf the prince. The tPwn pwcs its flpuriffiing ftate tp the uncpmmpn induftry pf the in habitants, and. to a very extenfive pom- - merce, arifing chiefly from its manufac. tures of linen, muflin, and, embroidery. To the library belonging to "the abbey, ¦which is very numerous and well-arartged, and which contains feveral MSS. of the claffic-writers, we are indebted for -Petro nius Arbiter, Silius ItaHcus, Valerius Flaccus, and Quintilian, copies ef which -were found here in 1413. , St. Gallep is feated in a narroAv, barren yalley, be tween 'two mountains, and en two fmall ftreams, 37 miles N. E. of Zurich. Lon. 9. 20. E. iat. 47. 26. N. . Galea, a fort of Ceylon, /belonging to the Dutch, .who drove -the, Portuguefe thence in 1640, Some call it Punta de Gallo, Lon. 80. 30. E. lat,. 6! 20. N. Gallipago Islands, in the S. Sea, Iving under the equator, difcovered by the Spaniards, tq whom they belpng."' They are not inhabited ; for the Spaniards only call there for frefh water and provifions, when they fail from America to Afia. Here are a great number of birds, and ex- eellent tortoifes. Gallipoli, afeaport of the kingdpm of Naples, with a biffiop's fee, and a- fort. It is 'feated on a reck, furrounded by the fea, and joined to the main land by a bridge. It is 2-3 miles W. of Otranto. Lon, i8. 5. E. lat. 40. 20. N,' Gallipoli, a feaport of Turkey in Europe, iq Romania, feated at the en trance of the Sea of Marmora, with a. gogd harbour, and a biffiop's fee. It con. tains about io,oPO Turks, 3500, Greeks, befide a great' number of Je,\vs. It is- an open place, and has no other defence than a fbrry fquare caftle. The houfes of the Gr^eeks and Jews have doers not above three feet and a hfilf high, to prevent -the Turks riding into their houfes. It is lop miles S.W. of Conftantinople. Loh. 26, yg. E.lat. 40. 26. N, Gallo, an ifland pf the S. Sea, near 'the coaft of Peru ; the firft place poffeffed by the Spaniards, when they attempted the conqueft bf Peru ; it is alfo- the place where the Buccaneers ufed to cpme fpr wppd and -water, and tp'refit their veffels. Lpu. 80. o.'W.lat. 2. 30. N. - '-¦' Galloway^^ New, a fmall inlind borpugh pf Kirkcudbrightfliire, in Sect. land, pleafantly fituated pn t^ie riyer Ken, 14 miles N. pf Kirkcudbright. * Galloway, Upper, or West, See Wigtonshire. • G.ALWAY, a county pf Ireland, in the province pf Cpnnaught, 82 miles in length, and 42 iri breadth, bpunded by the cPijn. ties pi Clare, Tipperary, Kirig's Cpunty, RpfcPinmpn, aneJ, the fea. The river Shannon waflies the frpritiers pf the E, and S.- E. and fprms.a lake feveral miles in length. It contains 136 pariffies, and fends eight members tn parliament. The capital is pf the fame name. Galway, a tp-tvn pf Ireland, in the county ef tlie fame name, of which it is the capital. It is furrounded by ftrong walls"; the ftreets are large and ftraight; and the houfes are generally well-built of ftone. It has a good trade into foreign parts, pn acccunt pf its harbour, which is defended by a fprt. It is feated pn Gal- way, a bay bf the fame name on the Atlan tic Ocean, 40 miles W. S'. W. pf Athlpne, and IPO W. pf Dublin, Lpu, 9, o. W. kt. 5.3. 18. N. ' Gamb'ia, a great . river pf Africa, which running frpm E. tP W. falls intp the Atlantic Ocean. It pverflows the cpuntry annually Hke the Nile, and is fup-i pofed tp be a branch pf the Niger. Gandersheim, a tPwn pf Germany, in fhe circle pf Lower Saxony, and in the duchy of Brunfwick Wolfenbutttle, with a celebrated nunnery. It is 17 Tniles S. W. of Goflar. Lon. 18. 20. E, lat. 51. 54. N. Gandia, a feapprt of Spain, in Va. Iciicia, with a finall univerfity. It is feated near the fea, 5 5 miles N- "rf AUca^t, Lon. o. -20. E. lat. 39. 6. N, * GANDIC9TTA, a tpwn pf the pe ninfula pf Hindppftan, arid dpminipn-s pf Tippoo Sultari, remarkable for a ftrpng fortrefs, and a diamond tnine near 'it. It is feated on the river Pcnnar, between Gopty and C)t4dapa. Cangesj G A N GAR Ganoes, a large and celebrated river of Afia, it has its fource in two fprings, on the W. fide of Mo'anc Kentaiffe, in the kingdom of Thibet, about the 82nd "de gree of E. lon. and the 3 5th of N. lat. The tv,-o infant ftreams take a W. direftion, inclining confiderably to the N. for about 300 miies in a direft diftance,; when meeting the great ridge of Mount Him- maleh, which extends from Cabul along the N. of Hindooftan, and through Thi bet, they are compelled to turn to the S. in which courf"e they unite their waters, and form what is properly called the Ganges, from the Hindoo word Ganga, which fignifies the River; 'a term given to it by way ef eminence. This great body of water now forces a paffage through the ridge of Mount Him- mcleh, at the diftance of about 100 miles below the place of its firft approach to it, and, fapping its very foundations, ruffies through a cavern, and precipitates itfelf into a vaft bafin which it has worn in the rock, at the hither foot of the mountains. The Ganges thus appears, to incurious fpeftators, tp derive its pri- ginal fprings frpm this chain of mountains. The mind ef fuperftition has given to the mouth of this cavern the form of the head of a cow ; an animal held by the Hindoos in a degree of veneration, almoft equal to that in which Egyptians held their god Apis ; and, accordinglv, they have ftyled it the Gangotri, or the Cow's Mouth. From this "fecond fimrce (as it may be termed) pf the Ganges, it takes a S. E. direftion, through the country of Siriria- gur, until, at Hurdv-ar, it finally efcapes from this mountainous traft, in which it has wandered about 800 miles. From Hurdwar, in Iat 30° N. where it guffies through an opening in the mountains, and enters Hindooftan, it flows with a fmooth pavigable l>ream through deUghtfUl plains, iduring the ren-iainder of its courfe to the Bay of Bengal, which it enters by feveral mouths. In its courfe through thefe plairis, it receives 11 rivers, fome of which are equal te the Rhine, and noric fmaller than the Thames, befide many of inferior note. In the annual inundation ef this immenfe river, the country is overflowed to the e.etcitof more than 100 miles in width; nothing appearing but villages and trees, excepting, very rarely, the top of an ele vated fpt.t, the artificial mound of fome defert', d village, appearing like an ifland. The rife of the water, is, en an average, 3 1 feet, *n a word, it is, in every re fpeft, one of the moft beneficial rivers in the world ; diffufing plenty immediately by means of its hving produftions, and fecondarily by enriching the l^nds, affor4- ing an eafy ccnveyance for the produftions of its borders,' and giving employment to many thoufand boatmen. It is no won der, therefore, that the Hindoos regard this river as a kind ot deity, that they hold its ¦.', aters in high veneration ; and that it is vifited annually by a prodigious number of pilgrims from all parts ef Hin- dooftan. "' Gann.vt, a fmall town of France, in the department of AUier and late provinec of Bourbonnois, 30 miles S. of Meulins. '¦¦¦ Ganjam, a tO',vn of the peninfula of Hindooftan, in one of the Northern Circars fubjeft to the Englifh. It lies en the Bay of Bengal, betw-ecn a river and the S. W. end of the Chilka Lake. Lon, 85. 20. E. lat. 19. 22. N. Gap, an ancient town of France, in the department of the Upper Alps and late province ef Dauphiny. It is of no great. extent, but yet populous, and was lately a biffiop's fee. If was taken by the duke of Savoy in 1692, who burnt a great part of it : and, it has not been long fince that difafter that the principal church has been repaired.. Gap is I'eated on the* fmall river Bene, at the foot of a moun. tain, in which fome mineral waters ars found that are deemed febrifuge. It is 27 miles N. of Sifteron. Lon. 6. 10. E. lat. 44. 34. N. Garack, a confiderable ifle cf Afa, in the Gulf of Perfia, remarkable for the fine pearls fifficd up on its coaft. Lon, 48. o. E. lat. 2S. 15. N. ,* Gard, one of the 83 departments of France, part of the late province of Languedoc. Nifmes is the epifcopal town. G ard, an ancient Roman aqueduft, in France, nine miles N. E. of Nii'mes, erefted, it is fuppofed, by Agrippa, in the time of Auguftus Cefar. It is 160 feet in height, and confifts of three bridges rif ing above each""other, and which unite two craggy mountains. The higheft cf thefe bridges has fix arches, of great blocks of ftone, without cement: the centi-c bridge has eleven ; and the loweft (under which flows the Garden, an inconfider able, but rppid river) has 36. Lewis XIV. when he repaired, in 1699, the da mages which this ftupendous worl; had fuftained by time, caufed a real 'bridge, over which travellers now pafs, to be con ftruftcd by the fide of the lower range of arches. - This aqueduft was built in order to convey to Nifmes the water cf the fpring of Eure, which rifes near Uzes. Garda, a town of Italy, in the terri tory "of Venice, and in'the Veronefe; feated at the end of a great lake of the fame name, 17 miles N. "\\', of Verona. J-on. If, ^. E. l-t,'43. ^6. N, G.IRL'E, G A V GEF Gardeleeen, a town of Germany, in the eld marche of Brandenburg. It has a trade in hops and excellent beer; and is feated on the river Beifc, 32 miles N. by W. of ivTagdeburg.- Lon. 11. 35. E. lat. 52.41. 1^. Garonne, a fine rii-er cf the S. of , France, which rifes in the Pyrerees, and taking a N.' W. direftioh, waters Touloufe and Bourdeaux, below v/hich it is joined by the Dordogne, and thence to its entrance into the Bay cf Bifcay, is called the Gironde. It has a navigable communication with the Mediterranean, by its junftion with the Royal Canal. See Canal, Royal. ' * Garonnne, Upper, a, department of France, which contains part of the late province of Languedcx;. Touloufe is the capital. Garrison, atown of Ireland, in the county pf Fermanagh, lO miles S. E. of Bally Shannon. , Lon, ,7, 43, W, Iat, 54, -15. 'N. - ' ¦ _ Garstang, a town of Lancaft.ire, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated on the river Wyrc, and is a good tho roughfare te Lancafter, from which it is 10 miles S. and 225 N. N. W. of Lon don. Lon. 2. 53.,"W. lat. 53. 56. N. Gartz, a town of Germany in Po- meranja, on the confines of the marche of Brandenburg, fubjefit to the king of Pruf fia. Lon. 14. 1 8, E. lat. 53. 23. N, Gascony, a late province of France, bounded on the W. by the "i'ay of Bifcay, on the N. by Guienne, pn the fi. by Lan guedoc, and pn the S. by the Ryrenees. The charafter of the inhabitants has been long that of a lively people, famous for boafting ef their valour, v. hich has ccca- 'fioped the name of Gafconade to be -given to all Jiragging ftories. This province, with Armagnac, now forms the dcp,art- ment of Gers. Gassenhoven, a town of the Adf- trian Netherlands, 4 iniles N. E. of Tir^ Icmont. Lon. 5. 12. E. lat. 50. 50. N. * Gatehouoe, a rifing village of Kirkcudbrightftire, in Scotland, at tlie mouth of the river Fleet. It confifts of three regular ftreets, all buih within 30 years. Ilere is a cotton-mill; and fmall flobps come up the river, within a fr,ort diftance of the tmvn. It is nine miles N. W. of Kir'kcudbrighr. , Gatton, a borough of Sr.rrv, which was formerly very large, but is how much reduced and has ncithe-r !T;'.irket miles W. of the Lake di Gardal- Leo, 10. 9. E. Iat. 45. 40. N. , Gaudens, St. a pppulous tpwn pf France, in the department of Upper Ga- r-^nne and late prpvince pf L-dni3g, the 'niftory ef Geneva cpn- . tains' little more than a narrative of con-- ' lefts between the ariftocratic and/the po pular, parties, the hiftory of which w,6'jld, require a volume to folate. If may fuf- fic- te obferve here, tliat the years'1768, 17S2, and 'i-Sg, were difting,-ui|hed ' by gr'tat revelijtions ; and that, by^h'e laft, • the conftitution is now wifely modelled into a mean between the too popular ,form ' eftabfiffied in 1768, and the top ariftocra- tical form eftabliffied in 17*82. ,Thc houfes,, of Geneva are kif ty ; and many, that . . ftand GEN GEN ftand in the trading part of the city, have arcades of wood, which are raifed even to the upper ftories. Thefe arcades, fupported by pillars, give a gloomy ap pearance to the ftreet, but are ufeful to the inhabitants in prptcfting them frpm the fun and rain. Playing at cards, or drinking at public-houles, is not permit- ed ; but they exercife their militia, play at bowls, and have other divcrfioris on Sunday ; where, however, the duties of the day, during the hours appropriated to di. vine fervice, are obferved with the moft refpeftful decorum. The citizens, of both fexes, are remarkably wcfl inftrufted ; and, " it is not uncommon," fays Dr. Moore, " to find mechanics, in the inter- yals of their labour, amufing themfelves with the works of Locke, Montefquieu, Newton, and other produdtions of the fame kind." Geneva is 40 miles N. E. of Chamberry, and 13 5 N. W. of Turin. Lon. 6. 5. E. lat 46. 12. N. *¦ Geneva, L.ake of, a magnificent cxpanfe of water in Swifferland, which, from one extremity of it, at the city of Geneva, to the other, at the town of "V"il- Icneuve, extends 54 mfles in length ; and its breadth, in its wideft part, is 12. It is in the ffiape of a crefcent, ef which Swifferland forms the concave, and Sa voy the convex part. Savoy affords a rude and awful boundary of afpiring Alps, craggy, and covered with the ice ef ages. From Geneva to the environs of L-aufanne, the country flopes, for a con. fiderable way, to the margin ef the lake, and is enriched with all the varieties that nature can beftow. The long ridge ef the Jura, fertile in pafturage, and varied with woods, backs this beautiful traft. Near Laufanne, the banks rife confider. ably, and form a oliarming terrace. A few miles beyond that town, is a rapid de. fcent. Near Nevay, begins a plain, which is continued far beyond the end of the lake, but contrafting, by the approach ef the mountains, toward the water ; the colour, of which is extremely beautiful, clear, and at a diftance f"eems of a lovely blue. The depth is various ; the greateft, yet found by founding, i5o fathoms. Like all inland lakes, inclofed within high . mountains, it is fubjeft to fudden ftorms. Among the birds which frequent this lake, are the tippet grebes, (Pennant's Brit. Zool. vol. u. N-^. 222.), which ap. pear in December, and rdtire in Fe. bruary. Their fkins are an elegant ar. tide of luxury, and fell for 12 or 14s. each. Thefe _birds are obhged to breed in other places, this lake being almoft to tally deftitute of reeds and rufhes, hi which they form their floating neft. Thd river Rhone runs through the whole ex. tent of this lake, from its E. to its S. W* extremity. Gengenback, a tpwn pf Germany, iu Suabia, ten miles S. E. pf Straffiurg, Lon. 7. 53. E. lat. 48. 28. N. Gengoux' be Royal, St. a towri of France, in the department of Saone and Loire and late province of Burgundy, remarkable for its excellent wines. It is feated at the foot ef a mountain, 17 miles S. W. ef Chalons. Lon. 4, 43. E. lat. 46, 37. N. '* Geniez, St. a town of France, iu the department of Aveirpn and late pro. vince ef Rouergue. It is the birthplace of the abbe Raynal ; and is 24 miles N. E. of Rhodez. Lon.3.0. E.lat. 44.3 5. N. Genis, a town of Savoy, feated on the riyer Guier, 12 miles W. of Chamberry. Lon. 5. 30. E. Iat. 45. 40. N, Geno \, a city of Italy, capital of a re public of the fame name. It is very an cient and large, being about fix miles irt circumference, built like an amphitheatre, and is full of magnificent churches and palaces ; whence it has the name of Genoa the Proud. It is very populous, and one ofthe moft trading places in Italy. They have great manufaftures of velvet, filk, and cloth; and the banking bufinefs is a very profitable article ef commerce. The nobility here de net fcruple to engage in the manufaftures or trade. Genoa is an archbiffiop's fee, has an academy, a good harbour, and lofty walls. There is a large aqueduft, which fupphes a great number ef feuritains with water, in all parts of the city. The houfes are well-built, and are five er fix ftories high. The government is ariftocratic, none but the nobility having any ffiare in it. Thefe are ef two forts, the old and the new, whence there arc 80 perfons chofen, who make the great council, in which their fovereignty refides. Befide thefe, there is a fenate, compofed of the doge and 12 fenators, who have the adminiftration of affairs. The doge con- tinues in his office but two years. The harbour is very confiderable, and to pre ferve it, they have built a mole of 560 paces in length, 1 3 in breadth, and 1 5 feet above the level of the water. Genoa was bombarded by the French in 1684, and was taken by the Auftrians in 1746. Their oppreffion of the inhabitants was fuch, that the latter fuddenly rofe and ex pelled their conquerors, who again be fieged the city, the next year, but with out effeft. The ordinary revenue of this republic is 2oo,oool. a year, and there is a , bank which is partly fupported by public duties. GEO GEO duties. They generally keep two or three years pro,'ifi'>n ef corn, wine, and oil, in their mag'dzines, which they fell to the people in fcarce rimes. Genoa is 62 miles S. E. of Turin, and 225 N. V/. of Rome. Lon. 8. 41. "E. lat. 44. 25. N. Genoa, the territory of the republic of, extends along that part of the Mediterra nean, which is called the Gulf of Genoa, for about 152 miles; but its breaeith is very unequal, being from about 8 to 12 miks. Where it is not bounded-by the fea, it is bordered from W. to E. by Pied mont, Montferiat, Milan, Placentia, Far- ma, Tufcany, and Lucca. It is populous, well-cukivated, and fertile mar the fea ; b'ut the inner parts are inountahious, and barren in feveral places, having neither trees nor grals upon them. '-'- George Fort, a ftrong and regu lar fortrefs of Inverncfsfliire, in Scotland. It has feveral handfome ftreets of bar racks ; and is feated on the Point of Ar- derfier, a peninfula running into the Frith of Murray. It completely commands the entrance into the harbour of Inverncfi-. '-'-' George, For^T St. See Ma dras. ¦¦¦ George's Key, St. a fmall ifland of N. America, off the coaft of Honduras. . It is hkewife culled Cafina or Cayo Ca- lina. By a cohvcntion in i 7S6, the Eng. liffi logwood cutters in the Bay of Holi- duras were permitted, under certain re ftriftions, to occupy this ifland. '* George, Lai-le, a lake of N. Ame rica, in the ftate of Nc\v York, ft lies S. W. of Lake Champlain, and is 3 5 miles long from N. E. to S. W. but is narrow. The adjacent country is' mountainous ; the valhcs tolerably good. George, St. del Mina, a fort on the Gold Coaft of Guinea, and the prin cipal fettlement of the Dutcii in thofe parts. It was tnken from the Portuguefe in 1630. The fort is the b^ft on the coaft. Under it is the town, called by the natives Oddcna, which is very long, and pretty broad. The houfes arc built Avith ftone, which is very extraordinary; fjr, in all other places, they are compofed only of clay and wood. It was once very popu lous, but the inhabitants were deftroyed by the fmallpox, fo that it is greatly re duced, and they are become veiy poor. It . is about 10 miles V.''. of Cape Coaft Caftle. Lon. o. 22. 'V\^ lat. 5. c. N. George's, Sr. a i'mall ifland in the Gulf ef Venice, Iving to the S. ofthe city of that name, to which it is fu'r jcft. In it there is a Benediftine monaftery, whofe church is one of the fineft in Italy. George's, St. the largeft of the Ber. muela pr Summer Iflands, lying 500 miles E. of the continent of N. Ameriea. Loa. 63. 30. W. Iat. 32. 45. N. '"" George's, St. an ifland in the Gulf of Mexico, oppofite the mouth of the Ap. palachikola. Lon.84. 50. W.lat. 29. 30.N. George, S.t. ene of the Az. res, in habited by about 5000 perfons, who cul- tivate m'jch wheat. Lon. 2S. W. lat. 3S. 39- N. ¦••' Georgc, St. an Hland of the United States of N. America, in the Strait of St. Mary, that forms the com munication between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. '" George Town, the feat of juftice, in a diftrift of the fame name, in S. Caro lina, fituated near the junftion of a num ber of rivers, which, when united into qne broad ftream, named the Tedee, fall into the Atlantic Ocean, 12 miles below the town. It is 55 miles N. by E. of Charlcfton. Lon! 79. 30. W. Iat. 33, 20. N. Georgia, a couuti-y of Afr., cilicd by the Perfians Gurgiftiu, and by ilie Turks Gurtflii, is one of the fevcn Cau- cafian nations, in the countries included between the Black Sea and the Cafpiao, and comprehends the ancient Iberia and Colchis. It is bounded on the N.hv Ci:-- caffia, on the E. by Dr.ahcftan and Schir van, on the S. bv Armenia, and on the "\"^^ by the Cuban, or new Ruffian go vernment of Caucafus. It is divided into nine provinces. Of thefe, five are fuhjecj to Hcraclius, and form what is commonly called the kin.gdom of Georgia ; and four, which are fubjeft to David, form the kingdom or principality of Imcrctia. This vountty is fo extremely beautiful, that fome fanciful travellers h-ave imagin ed they had here found the fituation of the original garden of Eden. The hills are covered with forefts of o-ak, afh, beech, chefnuts; walnuts, and elms, cncirclceJ with vines, grovv-ing perfeftly wild, but producing vaft quantities of grapes. From thefe is annually made ns much w-inc as is nece.ffary for tlie yearly confumption ; tlie remainder are left to rot on the vines. Cotton grows fpontaneouflv, -as welt as the fineft European fruit-trees. Rice," wheat, millet, hemp, and flax, arc railed on the plains, almoft without cuUnrc. The valleys afford the fineft pafturage ia the world ; the rivers are full of" fifh "; the mountains 'ab:)und in mineral- ,- and the ch'Uatc is dchci,ous ; fo that nature ap- pears to have laviflied on this favoured country every produftion th.at can contri bute to the happinefs of its inhabitan's. On the other hand, the rivers-'of Georgia, bcin.ij GEO GEO being fed by mpuntain tprrents, are al. ways either tpp rapid pr tpp ffiallow for the purpofes of navigation : the Black Sea, by which commerce and civilization might be introduced from Europe, has been till very lately in the exclufive pof. feffion ofthe Turks: the trade of Geor gia by -land is greatly obftrufted by the high mountains of Caucafus ; and this obftacle is ftill increaf"ed by the fwarms of predatory nations, by which thofe inoun- tains are inhabited. The inhabitants are Chriftians ef the Greek communion, and appear to have received their prefent name from theicattadiment to St. George, the tuteliry faint of thefe countries. Their drefs nearly refembles that of the Cofl'aks ;' but men of rank^ frequently wear the ' habit 'of Perfia, They ufually 'die their hair, beards, - and nails with red. The' women employ rhe fame colour to Itain the palms of their hands. On their heads they wear a cap or fillet, under which their black hair falls on their fore heads ; behind, it is braided into feveral treffes : their eyebrows are painted with black, in fuch a manricr as^ te form oric entire line, and their faces are perfeftly coated with white and red. Their air and manner -ate extremely voluptuous, and being generally educated in convents, they can all read and write ; a qualification which' is very unufual among the men, even pf the higheft rank. Girls are be trothed as foon as poffible, often at tluee or four years of age. In the ftreets the women ,of rank are always veiled,, and then it is indecent in any man to accoft them: it is likewile uncivil in cqnverfa- tion to inquire after the wives qf any of the company. TraveUers accufe ihe Georgians of drunkennefs, fuperftition, cru elty, floth, avarice, and cowardice ; vices which are every where common to flaves and tyrants, arid are by no means peculiar to'the natives of this country. The de fcendants ofthe colonifts, carried qff by Shach Abbas, apd fettled afPeria, near Ifpahan, andinMafanderan, have changed their cha- raft'er with their government; and the Georgian troops, employed in Perfia againft the Afghans, were advantageoufly diftin guiffied by their docility, their dif"cipline, 'and their courage. The other inhabi-. tants of Georgia are Tartars, Offi, and Armenians. Thefe laft are found all over Geeirgia, fometimes mixed with the natives, and fometimes in villages of their own. They fpeak among themfelves their own language, but all underftand and can talk the Georgian. Their religi on is partly the Armenian, and partly the ileman Cathplic. They are the mofl: op- preffed of the inhabitants, but are ftill dif tinguiffied by that inftinftive induftry which every where charafterizes the na tion. Befide thefe, there are in Georgia confiderable numbers of Jews ; fome ha-y- ing villages of their own, and others mixed with thfe Georgian, Armenian, and Tar tar inhabitants, but never with the Offi : they pay a fmall tribute above that ef the natives, Tifflis is the capital of Georgia, See Imeritia. Georgia,, the mpft fouthern pf the United States pf N. Amerie:a, bounded ori the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. by E. and W. Florida, on the W. by. the river Miffiffippi'; and on the'N. by N. and S. Carolina, being divided from the latter by the river Savannah. It is- about ' 606 miles long and 2 50 rbroad ; lying be tween 80° and 91° "VV. lon. and 31° and 3 5" N. lat. It is divided ipto 1 1 counties ; namely, Chatham, Effingham, Burke, Richmond, Wilkes, Liberty, Glynn, Cam. den, Wafliington, Greene, arid Franklin. The capital is Augufta. The principal rivers are t'ne Savannah, Ogeechee, Alata. maha. Turtle Riyer, Little SitiUa, Gre'at Sitilla, Crooked River, St. Mary's, and Apartichikola. The winters in Georgia arc very mild and pleafant. Snow is fcl. dom or never feen. The foil and its fer. tility 'are various, according to fituation and different improvements. By culture are produced rice, indigo, cottoji, filk, India corn, potatoes, oranges, figs, pome. granates, ,S,'c. Rice, at prefent, is the ftaple commodity; but great attention be. gins to be paid to the raifing ef tobacco. The wliole coaft of Georgia is bordered with iflands, the principal ef which are Skida. way, Waffaw, Offahaw, St. Catharine's, Sapcio, Frederica, Jekyl, Cumberland, and Amcha. Georgia, Soutiieen, an ifland ef the S. Pacific Oceah, difcoyercd by capain Coo!, in 1775, and fo named, by him. It is 31 leagues long, and its greateft breadth is abbut' lo.- It feems to abound with bays and, harbours, which the vaft quan., titieu of ice render inacceffible the greateft pi'rt of the year. Two rocky iflands are fituated at the N; end,; one of v^'hich was named '^'/illis' Ifland, from the perfon who difcovered it. It is a craggy cliff, nearly perpendicular, whic'n contained-the nefts of many thoufand fliag.s. The other received the name of Bird Ifland, from the innumerable flocks of birds of all forts that ¦\\ ere' feen near it,' from the largfjft alba. troffes down to the leaft petrels. Several porpoifes and feals were likewife pbfer^'cd. . Here are'pcrpcridicular ice cliff's, cf cpnfi. dei'-able height, hke thpfe at Spitzbergen. Pieces GER GER Pieces -were Continually breaking off, and Ideating out to fea. The vallies were co vered with fnow ; and the only vegetation obierved, was a bladed grafs growing in tufts ; wild burner ; and a plant, like mefs, which fprung from the rocks. Not a ftream of freffi water was to be feen on the whole coali. This ifland heshetween 38. 13. and 35. 34. W. Ion. and 53. 57. and 54. 57. S. lat. Gepping, an imperial town of Ger many, in the circle of Suabia.and duchy of "VVirtemburg, feated on the river Wils, 25 miles E. of Stutgard. Lon. I). 45. E. lat. 48. 44, N, Gera, a town of Germany, in Mifnia, with a handfome college, oh the river Elfter, Lon, 11. 56. E. lat. 50. ;o. N. Geraw, atown of Germany, in Heffe- Darmftadt, capital of a diftrift of the .fame name, 10 miles N. W. cf Darmftadt. Lcm. 8. 29. E. lat 49. 45. N. Gerbef.oy, a town of France, in the department cf Oife and late province of the Ifle pf France, with a handfome chap. ter-hpufe, 10 miles frpm Beauvais, and 50 N. pf Paris. Lpn. i. 54. E.lat. 49. 32.N. Gerbes, Gerbi, or Zerbi, an ifland of Africa, in the coaft of the kingdom ef Tunis. It bears no corn but barley ; though there are large quantities ef figs, olives, and grapes, wliic^h, v^'hen dried, form their principal trade. It depends on the dey of Tripoh. Lon. 10. 30. E.lat. 33.5<5. N. Gerbevillers, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe and late pro vince of Lorrain, with a handfome caftle.^ The church of the bte Carmelites is very elegant. It is feated on the river Agen, five miles from Luneville. Gergenti, a town of Sicily, with a caftle, and a biffiop's foe. It is feated near the river St. Blaife, 50 miles S. of Palermo. Lon, 13. 24. E. Iat. 47. 24. N. Germain, St. a town ef France, in the department of Seine, and. Oife and late province of the Ifle of France, with a'magnificent palace, embellilhed by fe-.-e- ral kings, particularly by Lewis XIV. who was born in it. It is one ef the moft beautiful feats in France, as wefl on ac count ef the apartments and gardens, as cf the -fine foreft that is near it. Here James II. found an afylum, when he fled to France. It is feated en the river Seine, 10 miles N. W. of Paris. Lon. -2. 15. E. lat. 48. 52. N. Germain's, St. a fmall borough of Cornwall, with a fmafl market en Friday. It was once the largeft town in. the ceunty, and a bifhop's fee. 'Vyhat re mains of the cathidral is ufed as the pariffi church; and near it is the priory, yet ftanding. It -ftands near the fea, had_ formerly a good fiftei;y, and is 10 m'les W. of Plymouth, and 224 W. by S. of London. Lat. 50. 22. N. ion. 4. 24.'W. Germain Laval, Sr..a tow-n of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire and late province ef Fotez, feate I in a territory fertile in excellent wine ; I'S miles S.of Roanne, and 225 miles .S. E. of Paris. Lon. 4. 2. E. Iat. 45. 50. W. Germano, St. a to'.vn of the kins;- dom of Naples, at the foot pf Mpunt Ca "- fanp, and behngrng to an abbey ori th: top of that mount. Lon. 13. jg. E. lat. 41. 13. N. Germany, a country of Europe, bounded en the E. by Hungary and Po land, on the N. by the Baltic Sea an,'! Denmark, on the W. by France and the Netherlands, and on the S. by the Alps, Swifferland, and Italj' ; being about 6",j.o miles in length, and 550 in breadth. The air is temperate and wholefome ; but,,as to the particular produftions, they will be taken notice ef where the circles are de fcribed. Germany contains a great many princes, feeular and .ec,;!:fiaftic, who ar.; independent of each ether; and thee are a great number of l^.-e-.- i-nperial cities,. which are fe many little republics, poi-ern- ed by their own laws, and u:iited bv a head, who has the title cf empcrpr. The weftern Roman empire, which h-:d termi nated in. the year 47.% in the pcrfe-n of Auguftulus, the laft Roman empercr, and which was fucceeded by the reign of the Huns, the Oftrogoths, and ihe Lombards, was revived by, Charlemagne, king of France,, on Chriftihas Day, in the year 800. This prince being then at Rome, pope Leo III. crowned him emperor, in St. Petsr's church, amid the acclamations of the clergy and the people. Nicepho. rus, who mas, at that time, emperor qf the Eaft, confented to this coronation. After the death ef Charlemagne, and' of - Louis Is Debonnaire, his fon and fucceffor, the eiupire was divided between the four fons of the latter. Lothario the firft, was emperor ; Pepin, was king ef Tiquitaine ; Louis, king of Germany ; and Charles le Chauvc (the Bald) king of France. This partition was the fource of inceffant feuds. The French ke^t t'ne empire under eight emperors, tin the year gi2, when Louis III. the laft prince of the fine of Charle. magne, died, without iffue male. Conrad, count of Franconia, the fon -in-law of Louis, was then elefted emperor. Thus the empii-e went te the Germans, and be came eleftive ; for it had been hereditary under the French emperors, its founders, E. Th.« G E R GER The empefpr .was chpfen by the princes, the lords, and the deputies of cities, tfll tPward the end qf the 13th century, when the number pf the eleftcrs vtas fixed. Rodolphus, count of Hapfobrirgh, was elefted emperor in 1273. He is the head of the hpufe of Auftria, which is defcend ed from the fame ftock. as the houfe pf Lprrain, reunited tP it in the perfpn pf, Franci-, father cf the twP late empcrprs, Jofeph and Leopold; On the death of Charles VI. of Auftria, in 1740, ah em peror was chofen from the hoiffe of Ba- varia, by the name of Charles 'Vil. . On the death of this unfortunate prince, in 1745, Francis, grand duke qf Tri'cany, was elefted emperor; whofe grandfeiv Prahcis, new epjpy's the imperial dignity'; the prerpgatives of which were formerly much more extenfive than they are at pre. fent. At the clofe of the Saxon race, in 1024, they exercifed the right of con. ferring all the ccclefiaftical benefices in (jcrmany ; of receiving their revenues during a vacancy ; of fucceeding to the effefts of inteftate ecclefiafttcs; of confirm- irig or annulling the eleftions of the popes; ef affembling| councils, and of ap. pointing them to decide cpncerning the affairs of the church ; of conferring the title of king en their vaffals ; of granting vacant fiefs ; ef receiving the revenues of the empire ;' of governing Italy as its pre. per fovereigns ; of erefting free cities, and eftablifliing fairs; of affembling the diets ofthe empire, and fixing the time of their duration ; of coining money, and conferring the fame privilege on the ftates of the empire v. and ef adminifter. ing juftice \v-ithin the territories ef the dif ferent ftates; but, in 1437, they were re. duced to the right of conferring aU digni. ties and titles, excepttheprivilegeef being a ftate ofthe empire ; qf appointing once during their 'reign a dignitary in each chapter, or religious houfe ; ef granting difpcnfations with refpeft to the age of majority ; of erefting cities, and confer. ring the privilege of coining money ; pf caUing the meetings pf the diet, and pre- ftding in them, Tp this'fpme have added, I, That all the princes and ftates pf Ger. many are pbfiged tP fwear fidelity tq them, 2. That they, or their generals, have a right tp cpmmand' the forces cf all the princes pf the empire, when tmited togather. 3, That they receive a kind qf tribute from all the princes and ftates of the empire, fpr carrying pn a war which ' cpncerns the whole empite, which is called tho Roman Mpnth. But, after all, there is npt a foot of land, pr territpry annexed to this title : for, ever fince the reign-of Charles ly, tfie emperprs have depended entirely bn their hereditary dpminiphs as the only fource of their power, and even of their fubfiftence. The eleftors of the cippire are three ccclefiaftical ; namely, the archbiffiops . of Treves, Cologne, and Mentz ; , and five feeular, namely, the king of Pruffia, as eleftor of Branden. burg ; the king of Great Britain, as elec. tor of Hanover ; the prefent emperor as •king ef Bohemia ; the eleftor of Saxony, and the eleftor palatine ,of the Rhinew Each eleftpr bears the title of one of the principal officers of the empire ; the elec tor ef Hanover, for inftance, being " arch,- treafurer and, eleftor of the holy Roman empire," To prevent the calamities of a contefted eleftion, a king of the Ro mans has been often chofen in the lifetime of the emperor, on whofe death he fuc ceeds to the imperial dignity-; as a circum ftance of courfe. ' The emperor always afliimes the title of auguft, of Cefar, and of facred majefty. Although he is chief of the empire, the fupreme authority re- fides in the diets, which are compofed of three colleges ; the firft, that of the elec- toi;s, the fecond that of tbe princes, and the third that of the imperial towns. The eleftors and princes fend their depu ties, as well as the imperial towns. When that of the -eleftors an'd that of the princes difagree, that of the towns cannot decide the difference ; but they are obliged to give their confent when they are of the fame opinion. The diets haye the power of making peace er war, of fettling gene ral impofitions, and of regulating all the important affairs of the empire. But their decifions have not the fprce pf law till the emperpr gives his ccmfent. All the fcve- rcigns eif Germany have an abfolute au thority ih their own dominions, and can lay taxes, levy troops, and make alliances, provided they do not prejudice the em^ pire,' They determine all civil caufes defirijtively, unleisi in ferae particular cafes, in which art appeal may be made. Thefe appeals are to two courts,, called. the Imperial Chamber, and the, .Aufic Council, The three principal religions are, the Roman Catholic, the Liftherans, and the Calvinifts. The firft prevails in the dpminions ef the emperor, in the ede- fiaftical eleftorates, and in Bavaria; the, fecond, in the circles of "Upper and Lower Saxony, great part of Weftphalia, Fran conia,' Suabia, the ''Upper Rhine, and in moft pf the imperial tPwns ; the third ia the dominions of the landgrave oi Heffe- ¦ Caffel, and of fotne other princes. But Chriftians of alpoft every denomination are tolerated in zdany parts of the empire ; aD# GES G H E and there is a muhitude of Jews in all the great towns. The principal rivers ef Germany are, the Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Wefer, Maine, and Oder. ,Germany is divided inte nine circles : each of which comprehends feveral other ftates ; the prin ces, prelates, ahd counts of which with the deputies of the imperial towns, meet together about their cpmmpn affairs. Each circle has one ,or two direftprs, and a cplpnel : the direftprs have a ppwer pf convoking the affembly of the ftates of their circle, and the colonel cominands the army. The nine circles are thefe of Auf tria, Bavaria, Suabia, Franconia, Upper and Lower Rhine, "Weftphalia, and Up per apd Lpwer Saxpny. The language of Germany is a dialeft of the Teutonic, which fucceeded that called the Celtic. Germersheim, a town of Germany, in the palatinatS of the Rhine, fubjeft to the eleftor palatine. It is fituated near the Rhine, five miles W. of Philipfturg. Lon. 8. 27. E. lat. 45. 10. N. * Gers, one,of the 83 departments of France, which includes the late provinces of Gafcony and Armagnac. It has its name from a river that waters Auch and Leftoure, and fall? inte the Garonne above Agen. Auch is the capital. GerTruydenberg, an antient, handfome, and ftrong town of Dutch Bra bant, and one of the principal bulwarks of the Dutch. It was taken from the Spa. niards in' 1573, and retaken in 1589; but prince Maurice became mafter of it again in 1593, after a fiege ef three months. It was taken by the French in 1793, but retaken foon after. It is feated pn the river Dungen, which falls intp Lake Bies-bps, 10 miles N, pf Breda, Lqn, 4, 52, E. lat. 52. 44. N. Gerumenha, an ancient tnwn pf pprtugal, in Alentejo, feated on a hiU, near the river Guadiana, It has a ftrong caftle, and, in 1662, maintained a fiege for a 'month before ft was taken by the Spaniards. It is iS miles below Badajox, Lon. 7. 10, W.lat. 38. 26. N.' Ges EKE, a town pf Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia ; feated en the river Weyck, eight miles frcm Lippe. Gestrike, a prpvince pf Sweden, bpunded pn the N. by Helfingia, pn the E, by the Gulf qf Bpthnia, pn the S. by Upland, and on the W, by Calecarlia, It is richly diverfified by an alternate fuc-' ceffion of forefts, rocks, hills and dales, pafture and arable land, lakes and riyers. The beauty of the landfcapes is much heightened by the Dahl, the fineft river in Sweden, which meanders thrpugh the Vfhole extent of this province. GEvAtlDAN, a late territory of I^ranCSj 'in Languedoc, bounded on the N. by Auvergne, on the'W, by Rouergue, en the S, by the .Cevennes, and en the E. by Velay. It is a mountainous, barren coun try ; and now forms the department of Lozere. Gever. See GowER. Gex, a town of France, in the depart" ment of Ain and late province ef Breffe, feated at the foot of Mount St. Claude, between the Rhone, the Lake of Gene^va, and Swifferland. .It is noted for excellent cheefe; arid is jo miles N, ,W. of Gene va. Lon, 6, I. E. lat. 46. 20. N. Gezira, a town of Afia, in Dlarbeck, in an ifland formed by the Tigris; 70 miles N. W,. of Meful. Lon. 40. 50. E. lat. 36. 36. N. * Ghanah, pr Ghinnah, a tpwn p& the empire cf Caffina, in Africa. It is feated between a lake and the river Ni ger, which is here called Ncel-il-Abeed, pr fhe Nile pf the Negroes, It is go miles N. E. of the city of Caffina, an.-, ever-memorable fiege, which iafted from the i6th of July 1779, when GIG the blockade commenced, to the begirimng- of February 17 S3, when the fiege was fi. nally raifed, on advice being received that the prehminaries of peace were figned. But the fiege may be properley confidered as terminated on the 13th of September 1782, on th-e failure of the grand attack then made by the Spaniards, whofe dread. ful floating batteries were all deftroyed by the red hot ffipt of the garrifon. This fiege well deferved a diftinft hiftory ; and an- excellent one has been written of it by capt. Drinkwater. The governor, gene ral Eiiott, whofe defence w,as the admira. tion of all Europe, was created, in 1787, a peer of Great Britain, by the title of baron Heathfield of Gibraltar ; an annuity of 1200I. a year was fettled on himfelf and two fives ; and in his arms he was, allowed to bear thofe of Gibraltar. On the fnnimit ef the rock is a plain, whence th.cre is ,a'fine profpeft ef the fea en each fide the ftrait, of Barbary, Fez, and^Mo. rocco, befide Seville a'ld Granada in Spain. The garrifon here are cooped, up in a very narrow compafs, and have no provi fions but vvhat are brought -from Barbary and England. The ftrait of Gibraltar is 24 miles in length, and i 5 in breadth, and a ftrong current always runs' through i-t . from the ocean to the Mediterranean. Gibraltar is 25 miles N. of Ceuta, and, 45 S. E. ef Cadiz. Lon. 5. 17. W, lat, 36. 6, N, GiEN, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loiret and late province ef Or. leanois, feated on the river Loire, 76 miles S.E. of Paris. Lon. 2. 43. E.lat. 4.7.34. N. GiEN'/OR, a town of Barbary, in the - kingdom of Tripoli, from the chief city of which it is 10 miles. , Gierace, an epifcopal town cjf the kingdom of l-Japles,. feated on a mountairi, near the fea, 32 miles N. E. of Reggio, Lon. 16. 40. E. lat. 38. 13. N. Giessen, a town of Germany, in the land'gravate ef Heffe-Caffel, with a ftrong caftle and a univerfity., It belongs to the houfe of Darmftadt, and is-feated-on the. river Lbhn, 16 miles W. S. W. of M-ar- purg. Lon. 8. 41. E. lat. 50. 30. N. •* Giga, a fmall iflarid on the W. coaft of Scotland, lying betweqp the Ifle, of SI'.ye and the Peninfuk of Cantyre, in Argylft.ife, in which county it is -in cluded. The ihhabitants annually expert a confiderable quantity of grain. Giglio, a fmall ifland' ef Italy, on the coaft of Tufcany, with a caftle. It makes part of the feates-of Sienna, and is 15 miks W. of Porto Hcrcoic. Lon. 11. 16. E* lat. 4e. 1. Ni GiLOLO; • G I R .Giro'LO, a large ifland of Afia,'; with a-town ef the fame name, in the Archipe lago of the Moluccas. The Philippine Iflands Jie on the N. the ocean on the E. Seram, Amboyna, arid Banda, en the S, and the Moluccas and Celebes, on the W. It does not produce any fine fpiccs, though it lies near the Spice Iflands ; but it has a -great deal of rice, and the inhabitants are fierce and cruel. It is feated under fhe line. Lon. 130. o. E. Gin gen, a free imperial town of Ger many, in Suabia, 16 miles N. of Ulm. Lon. 10. 13. E. lat. 48. 39. N. GiNGEE, a town of Afia, in the peninfula of Hindooftan, and ori the coaft .of Coromandel. It is a large town, well- peopled, and .ftrong both by art and na ture, being feated on a mountain, whofe top is divided into three points, on each ef which is a caftle. The great mogul, in 1 6 go, began a fiege, which continued three years, to no purpofe. It is 33 miles W. of Pondicherry. Lon. 79. 25. E. lat. 11. 42. N. GioDDA, or Geddah, a feaport on the. E. coaft ef the Red Sea, in Arabia. It is the port of Mecca, and carries on a great trade. Lon. 39. 27. E.lat. 21. 30. N. GiovANAZzo, a town ofthe kingdom of Naples, feated on a mountain, near the fea, IP miles N. W. of Bari. Lon. 16. .50. E. lat. 41. 26. N. . .Girest, a large town of Perfia, in Kerman : its trade confifts in wheat and dates. Lon. 57. 55. E. lat. 27. 30. N. '-'¦ Gironde, a department of France, which includes part of the late province ef Guienne. It lies On both fides ofthe Ga ronne, and has its name from the part of that river, which,below its junfti',in'with the Dordogne, is called the Gironde. ,Bourdeaux i-s«the capiqil. GiRONNA, an ancient, ftrong, and con fiderable town .of Spain, in Catalonia, with a biffiop's fee. It is feated on a hill, on the fide of the river Onhal, which falls into the Ter, 17 miles from the fea, end 45 miles N. E. ef Barcelona. Lon. 2. 52. E. Iat. 42. o. N. GiRON, St. atown of France, in the departmi^t of Arriege and late province of Couferans, feated on rhe river Satat, three milfs S. of St. Lifter. Several fairs are kept hcr« for cattle and mules, Lon. 1. 1,6. E. Iat. 42. 53., N. '* GiKvAN, a village ef Ayrffiire in Scotland, at the mouth ef a river of the fame name, almoft oppofite the rock of Ailfa. Here are fome manufaftures; particularly in the tanniri.g of leather, and the miking of ih-ies and boots. It'is 16 pailcs S. by V\', of Ayr. G L A G,isBORN,a town in the V/., ridirig of Yorkfhire, with a market ori Monday. It is 60 miles V/. pf York, and 219 N. N. W. pf London. Lon. 2. 22. W. lat. 53¦55'^"• . u XT -^ GisBOROUGH, atown in the JN. na. ing of Yorkffiire, with a market on Mon day. It is four miles from the-^mouth of the Tees ; and is noted .for being the firft place where alum was made, as it was for merly for its abbey. It is 22 miles N, W. by W. of Whitby, and 1 5 5 'N, by W, of London. Lon.o. 55. W.lat, 54. 35' N- GisoRS, a town of France, in the de . partment of Eure and late province of Neririandy. It belonged to the fauipus marffial Belleifle, whofe pnly fon, the count de Gifors, being kiUed at the battle of Crevcit, in 1758, the marflial, at his own death in 1761, prefented it to Levis XV. It is feated on the river Ept, 28 miles S.'E, of Rpuen. Lon. 1. 43. E. lat, 49. 15. N. GivET, a handfome town in the bi-' ffi'opric of Liege, divided in two by the river Maefe. It was fortified by Vauban, and is "2 1 miles S. W. of Namur. Lou, 4. 34. E. lat. 50. 13. N. GiviRA, atown of Italy, in the Mila nefe, feated en a lake of the fame name, eight miles from Anghiera. GiuLA, a ftrong town of Upper Hun gary, on the frontiers of Tranfylvania. It was taken by the Turks in 1566, and retaken by the Imperialifts in 1695. It is feated on the river Kercfblan, 30 niiles N. W. of Arad. Lon. 20. 40. E. lat. 46. 40. N. GiuLA Nova,' a town of the king dom of Naples, feated on the Gulf of Ve- nice. GiuLTANA, a town ef Sicily, on a craggy rock,- between Palermo and !;Iacca, 30 miles from the former, and- 12 from the latter. GiusTANDEL, a large and ftrong town ef Turkey in Europe, in Macedonia, with a Greek archbifliop's fee. It is feat ed near. the Lake Ochrida, 60 miles S, E. of Durazzo. Lon. 20. 36. E. lat. 41. 40. N. * Glaciers, a name given to fome very extenfive fields of. ice among the Alps. " If any perfon," iays Mr. 'Coxe, " could "be conveyed te fuch an elevation as to embrace at one view the Alps of Svvifferland, Savoy, and Dauphiny, _he would behold a vaft chain of mountains, interfefted by numerous vaflies, and com. pofed ef'many parallel chains, the higheft occupying the centre, and the others gra dually t^iininifting in proportion to thei"r diftance fr.m that center. The moft ele- R 3 -Vaied G LA G L A rated, or central chain, would appear briftled with ppinted rbcks, arid cpvered, even in fummer, with, ice and fnow, in aU parts that are not abfolutely perpen dicular. On each fide of this chain he would difcover deep vallies clothed with verdure, peopled with numerous villa ges, and watered by many rivers. In cenfidering thefe objefts with greater at tention, he would remark, that the central chain is compofed of- elevated peaks and diverging ridges, whofe fummits are ever- fpread with fnow; that the declivities of'' the peaks and ridges, excepting thefe parts that are extremely fteep, are covered with fnow and ice ; and that the intermediate depths and fpaces between them are fifled with immenfe fields of ice, terminat ing in thofe cultivated valHes which bor der the great chain. The branches "moft contiguous to the central chain wpuld pre fent the fame phenomena, only in a leffer degree. At greater diftances no ice wpuld be pbferved, and fcarcely any fnpw, but uppn fome of the moft elevated fum mits ; and the mouhtains diminiffiing in height and ruggednefs, would appear co vered with herbage, and gradually fink into hills and plains. In this general fur- vcy, the Glaciers may be divided intp two "forts ; the firft occupying the deep vallies ll.tuated in the bofom of the Alps, and termed by the natives Vafley of Ice, but which I ftall diftinguiffi by the name of Lower Glaciers ; the fecond, which clothe the fummits and fides of the mountains, I ftiafl caU'Upper Glaciers, i. The Lower Glaciers are by far the moft confiderable in extent and depth. Some ftretch feveral leagues in length ; that of des Bois in par ticular is more than fifteen miles long, and above three in its greateft breadth. The Lower Glaciers do not, as is generally imagined, communicate with each 'Other ; and but few of them are parallelto'the central chain; they mOftly ftretch in a tranfverfe direftion, are bordered at the higher extremity by inacceffible i-ocks, and on the other exterid into the cultivated , vallies. The thicknefs qf the ice varies in different patts. M. de Sauffure found its general depth in the glacier des Bois from eighty to a hundred-feet; but qucftions not the infprmation of thbfe whp affert, that in foirie jjlaces its thicknefs' exceeds even fix hundred feet. Thefe immenfe fields of ice ufually reft on an inclined plain ; being puffied forward by the pref- • fure of their own weight, and, but weakly fupported-by the rugged rocks beneath, are interfefted by'large tranfverfe chafms ; and prefent the appearance of walls^pyra- jpids, aijd Other fant'afti? ftiap es, obferved at all heights and in all fituations, where- ever the declivity exceeds thirty er forty degrees. But in thofe parts, where the plain on which they reft is horizentaf, or only gently inclined, the furface of the ice is nearly uniform ; the chafms are but few and narrow, and the travefler croffes on foot, without much difficulty. The fur face of the ice is not fo flippery as that of frozen ponds or rivers : it is rough and granulated, and is only dangerous to the paffenger ih fteep defcents.' It is not tranfparent, is extremely potoiis and full of fmall bubbles, which feldom exceed the fize of a pea, and confequently is not fo compaft as common ice : its perfeft refem- blance to the congelation of mow impreg- nated with water, in its opacity, rough. nefs, and in the number and fmallnefs of the air.bubbles, led M. de Sauffure tp conceive the following fimple and natural theory on the formation of the Glaciers. Ah immenfe quantity of fnow is continually accumulating in the elevated vallies which are enclofed within the Alps, as well from that which falls from the clouds during nine months in the year, as from the maf fes which are inceffantly rolling from the fteep fides of the circumjacent mountains. Part of this fnow, which is not diffolved during fummer, impregnated' with rain and fnow- water, is frozen during winter, and forms that opacnic and porous ice of which the -Lower Glaciers are compofed. 2. The Upper Glaciers may be fubdivided into thofe which cover the, fummits, and thefe which ex:tend along the fides of the Alps.- Thofe which cover the' fummits of the Alps, ovve their origin to the fnow that falls at all feafons of the year,' and which remains nearly in its original ftate, being congealed into a hard fubftance, and not converted into ice. Fer although, according to the opinion of foitte philofo. phers,.the fummit ef Mont Blanc, ahd of other elevated mountains," is, from the gliftening of the furface, fuppofed to be covered with pure ice ; yet it appears, both from theory and experience, that it is not ice but fnow. For, in fe elevated and cold a region, there cannot be melted a quantity of fhow fufficient to iniipreg.; nate with water the whole mafs, -i,vhich remains uhdiffolved. Experience alfpjuf. tifies this reafohing. M. de SaUffure found the top of Mont Blahc pnly''en, crufted with ice, which; though cf afirm cpnfiftence, Was yet penetrable with a ftick ; and en the declivities ofthe fuiiimic he difcovered, beneath the furface, a foft fnow withput coherence. The fubftance which clothes the fides ef the Alps is, neither pure fppw like that of the fum. mits. G L A G L A mits, nor ice which fcrms the Lower Gla. ciers, but is an affemblage ef both. It contains lefs fnow than the fummits, be. caufe the fummer heat has more power to diffolve it, and becaufe the liquefied fnow defcending from above, the' mafs is penetrated with a larger quantify ef vyater. It contains more fnow than the Lo>ver Glaciers, becaufe the diffolution of the fnow is comparatively leffer.,- Hence the ice is even more porous, opaque, and lefs compaft than the ice of the Lower Gla. ciers ; and is of fo doubtful a texture as renders it, in many parts, difficult to de. cide, -whether it may be called ice or, fro. zen fnow. In a word, there is a regular gradatipn frpm the fnpw pn the fummits to the ice pf> tlie Lpwer Glaciers, fprmed by the intermediate mixture pf fnPW and ice, which becpmcs mere cqmpaft and lefs pcrpus in prppprtipn as it approaches the Lower Glaciers, until it unites and affi- milates with them. And it is evident, that the greater or leffer degree of denfity is derived from the greater pr leffer quan tity pf water, with which the mafs is im pregnated." Cpncerning thefe Glaciers a queftipn has rifen ampng philpfpphers ; namely. Whether they are in a ftate pf increafe pr diminutipn. Referring tp Mr. Cpxc fpr a cppious difcuffipn pf this fub- jeft,' we ffiall pnly pbferve here, that he feems tP adopt the opinion ef an occa. fional increafe and diminution of the Gla. ciers ; contrary to that of fome iphilofo. phcrs, who maintain, that they continue always the fame, and of others, who affert, that they are continually increafing, Glamorganshire, a, county of S. Wales, bounded oh the N. by Carmar- , thenffiire and Brecknpckffiire, cu the E. by Monmouthfhire, and en the S. and W. by the Briftol Channel, It extends from E, to "Vy. 48 miles, and only 26 frpm N. tp S. It hes in the dipcefe pf Landaff; is divided intp 10 hundreds ; contains i city, 8 market-towns, and 118 pariftes; and fends one member to parliament for the cpunty,. and Pne fpr the tPwn qf Car. diff. On the N. fide pf this cpunty, where it is mpuntainous, the long continuance ef the fnpw renders the air ffiarp ; but the country -being .mot;e level on the S. fide, it is there ,miidcr, more populous, and. bears very large crops of corn, with very fweet •grafs ; yvhence it is called the Garclen of Wales. Cattle abound in all parts, there being fruitful valleys among the moun. tains, that yield very good pafture. Its other .^ommpdities are lead, coal, iron, and .limcftone. Its principal rivers are the ^.umnqy, which feparates it frpm IVIon. (poijijhfliirc I the Tjafe, Elwy, Nsath, and Tawy, Cardiff is the principal town, and Swanfey the moft oom.tnercial; but the affizes for the county are held at Cow- bridge. See GOwbr, * Glammis, a village of Scctland, in the S, W, part ef , Ahg-usffiire ; near which is Glammis caftle, the ancient feat pf the earl of Strathmere, furrounded by extenfive wpods. - In this, caftle is fliown the, apartment, in which Malcoip IL was affaffinated in 1034, , Glandford-Bridge, a tpwn of Lincplnihire, with a gppd market pn Thurfday, It is feated pn the river Ari- cam, 24 miles N. pf Linccln and 156 N, by W. pf Lpndpn. Lon. o. 23. W. lat. 5-3- 3 5-N. Glarus, one of the 13 cantons in Swifferland, bounded on the E. by the Grifons ; on the S. by the fame and ihe canton of Uri, and that of Schweitz ; and on the N. by the river Linth. It is a mountainous country ; and their chief trade is in cattle, cheefe, and butter. The government is democratic : every perfon ef the age ef fixteen has a vote in rhe Landfgemeind, er , General Affembly, which is held annually in an open plain. This affembly ratifies new laws, lays con tributions, enters into affiances, declares war, 'and makes peace. The Landam- man is the chief of the republic ; and is alternately chofen from ampng the Pro. teftants and the Catholics ; with this dif. ference, that the fprmer remains three years, in pffice, the latter pnly twp. Bpth fefts five together in the greateft har mony : in feveral parts, they fueceffively perform divine fervice in the faipe church; and all the offices of ftatp are amicably ad- miniftered by both. The executive power is in a council of regency, compofed of 48 Proteftants and 15 Cathohcs,: each feft has its particular court of juftice ; and it is neceifary, in aU.,lawfuits between per fons ef diltcrent religions, that the perfon having the cafting .yqice, among the five or nine judges, whp are to det,ermtue-the caufe, ffiqulel be pf the fame religion as.tl e defendant. t)uring the prefent and pre ceding-century, the Prpteftants haye cen- fidcfably inqrcafed , in number ; and .their induftry, in eyery branch of commerce, is greatly fuperior; "an evidept .proof," fays Mr. Coxe, " ho\y much the tenpts of the R,oniSh -Catholic church fetter .the ge nius, apd dcprefs the powers of exertion." Glarus is entirely furrounded by the Alps, except toward the N. and there is no other eptrance.but through this opening, , which lie,? betyv^ea the Lake of Wallcriftadt, and the mountaws feparating this cantpn frojB thst of Schweitz, R 4 (?tA'» GLA GLE Glarus, a large and handfome town of Swifferland, and capital of the canton of the fame.name. It is feated on the rii'cr Lith, 32 miles S. E.of Zurich. Lon. 9. 1. E. kt. 46. 56. N. Glasg-ow, a city of Scotland, in the county of Lanerk, which, froin its extent, and fro'm the beauty and. regularity of its "buildings, may be juftly cftccined the fe cond city in the kingdom. It is feated on the N. banks of the Clyde, -ever which it has two bridges ; cne cf them an elegant new ene of 7 arches, ;go feet long, and .33 wide : it v/as completed iri 1772. The ftreets arc clean and well-paved ; and feveral of them intcrfefting each other at right angles, produce a very agreeable -e.ffeft. The four principal fretu., thus interfefting each other, di', ide the city nearly into four equal parts ; and the dif ferent views of them from the crofs, er centre of interfeftion, have an air of great magnificence. Glafgow was once a'n ar chiepifcopal fee. The cathedral; or high church, is a magnificent ftrufture, and contains three places of worfl.iip. St. An drew's is the fineft piece of modern archi tefture in the city, and was finifted, in 1756, after the model of that of St. iVfar- tin's in the Fields, in London. The Tron church, with the Seff,on-houfe at the W. end ef it, which had been, for fome time paft, occupied as a guard-houfe by the town-guard, was entirely deftroyed by j fire that broke out in the latter building," on the 15th of February 1793-. There arg four other churches, befide an Englifli chapel, an Highland church, and many places of worfhip for different denomina tions. There are feveral charitable efta- bliftments ; particularly the M,erchant"s Hofpital, and t'nat of the towri. Here is a celebrated univerfity ; the fingle college belonging ,to which is'an elegant and'com- niodio'js bu'idiiig. A confiderable trade ¦was formerly carried on in Glafgow, in tobacco and rum ; but it has been lately on the decline. Their cotton manufac-' tures rival thofe of Manchefter in cheap nefs and elegance; and, before the late- univerfal check to that branch of ourma- nulaftures in- both kingdoms, it is faid, that cotton g.icds were manufaftured ip Ghigow anel its vicinity, to the annual ariio'urit of 2,ooo,oool. fterling.- A pot tery is likewife* carried on here, that emu lates in be.iutv and elegance the Stafford ffiire ware. The pri'iring types eaft h,ere, have been Ir/og diftinguilhed for their ncatnefs and regularity ; and the glafs n - nufaftory has been very fuccefsful. The inhabitarits of Gla%ow,and its fub urbs, are computed to be above 50,00a, It has the advantage of two canals, be fide the Great C-nal that joins the Clyde te the Forth ; and is 10 miles S. W'. of Dumbarton, ^and 35 W. ef Edinburgh. Lon. 4. 2. W. lat. 55. 52. N. '¦¦- G'lasgow, Port, a town on the S. fide ofthe Clyde, erefted, in 17 10, in order to ferve as the feaport of the city of Glafgow, whofe m.agiftrates appoint a baihff for the government of it. It has an exceUent harbour, with a noble pier ; but ftill moft of the fliips that trade to the W. Indies, fail from Greenock, and- re turn to that port. The herring fifteries ip. the Frifh of Clyde form a confiderable part of its trade. Indeed, the sxcellence of a Glafgow herring has long been pro verbial. This, port is fituated 21 miles W. by N. of Glafgow. Glastonbury, a town of Somertfet- ffiire, with a market en Tuefday.- It is feated near a high -hill, called the Tor, and is noted for a fam.ous abbey, fome magnificent ruins of-which are ftifl re maining ; but t'ney have been much di minifhed for the fake of the ftones : how-,, ever, the curious ftrufture called the ab bot's kitchen, is entire, and is ef a very unufual contrivance. The only manufac ture here is ftockings ; but the chief fup port of the place is the refort of people te fee the ruins of the abbey. The George Inn was formerly called the Abbot's Inn; becaufe it was a receptacle for the pilgrims that came te the abbey. It was pretend ed, that the bodies of Jofeph of Arima- thea, of king Arthur, and of king Edward the Confeffor, were buried diere. The laft abbot ef this place was hanged on the top of the Ter, by order of king Henry VIII. fer "not acknowledging his fupre- macy. This place is at prefent pretty large and well-built, containing two parifh churches. Nearly adjoining, en a high fteep hill, is pla,ced a tower, which com- mands an extenfive profpeft, and ferves as a landmark to feamen. It is fix miles S. W. ef Wells, and 129 W. by S. of Lop. don.' Lon. 2. 40. W. lat. 51. 8. N. Glatz, a hanelfome well-fortified town of Bohemia, capital of a county of the fame, name. It is feated ou the river Neiffe, and has a ftrorig caftle built upon a moun^ tain. The county was ceded to the king of Pruffia, by the queen of Hungary, in .J742, and fs about 45 miles iu lerigth, and 25 in bre-adth. It has mines of coal, filver, and iron, good quarries, plenty o'f cattle, and fine fprings of mineral waters. The town is. 4 5 miles from Breflaw, and 82 E. by N. ef Prague. Lon. i6. 50. E. lat. 5c. 25. N. '*_Glencpe, the Yale of, in Scpt- laneSj G L O G L O land, near the head of Loch EtivE, in Argyleffiire, noted for the cruel maffacre of its unfufpefting inhabitants in i6gi. King W'illiam had publilhed a proclama tion, inviting the Highlanders, who had been in arms for kin-j James H. to ac cept a general amnefty before' the ift of January, on pain of military execution af ter that period. Alexander Macdonald, laird cf Glencoe, went accordingly to Fort William, on the very laft day of Decem ber, and offered to furrcnder te the go vernor, who informed him, that he muft apply to a civil magiftrate. Upon which he repaired, v-ith all poifible expedition, to Inverary, the county fown, and fur- rendered to the ffieriff, the time prefcribed by the proclamation being then expired one day. The ffieriff, however, in con fideration of his having offered to furren- der to the governor of Fort V/illiam be fore the 'time had expired, accepted his fubmiffiqh ; -and Macdonald, having taken the oaths, returned to Glencoe, in full confidence ef feCurity and proteftion. Notwithftanding which, on the 13th of February following, this dreadful cata- ftrephe took place. According to Smol- let (Continuation, voL i. p. 156) the earl of Breadalbane, from motives of perfonal enmity to Macdonald, had concealed the circumftance of his furrender from the mi- niftry ; and, an order for the military execution, figned by king "William, was tranfmittcd to the fecretary of ftate for Scotland, an'd but to fataUy obeyed. '* Glencroy, the Vale of, a wild and romantic fituation, near the N. E. ex tremity of "Loch Loung, in Argyleffiire. The two rjnges ef mountains which over- hang this valley, approach each other, and between thefe the traveller is immured. Their ftupendous height, and the roaring of numerous catarafts, that pour over their broken furface', produce an eft'eft awfully fublime. '¦* Glbnshee, Spital of, a noted pafs into the Grampian mountains in Scotland, a httle to the S. of the point where the counties of Perth, Angus, and Aberdeen meet. In 17 18, a fmall body cf Highlanders, with 300 Spaniards, took "poffeffiori of this pafs; but, at the 'ap proach" of the king's forces, they rerired to the pafs at Strachell. They were driven from one eminence to another till night, when the Highlanders dlfperfed ; and, the next day, the Spaniards furren dered theipfelves prifoners of war. Gloucester, a city of Gloucefter fhire, with two markets, on Wednefday and Saturday. It is feated- on the E. fide pfth'i Severn^ ^here, by two ftreamsj it makes the ifle of Alney. It is a large and well-inhabited place ; has been lately much improved ; anel its four principal ftreets are admired for the regularity of their junftion in the centre of the town. It contains 12 churches, of which fix" only are in ufe, befide the cathedral of St. Peter, which is a handfome ftrufture, re markable for its Urge cloifter, and whif- pering gallery ; Gloucefter is a city apd county of itfelf, and governed by a mayor, 12 aldermen, and 26 common council, a townclerk, and fword-bearer; the mayor is recorder of the city. It contains five hofpitals and two. freefchools, and was for tified with a wafl, which king Charles II. after the reftoration, ordered to be demo liflied. It fends two members to parlia ment. The eminent perfons buried here were, Robert duke of Normandy, eldeft fon (f V/illiam the Conqueror, and the unfortunate Edward II. Great quanti ties of pins are made here. It is 24 miles N. E. by N. of Briftol, and 106 W. by N. of Lendon. Len. 2. 16. W. lat. 51. 50. E. Gloucestershire, a county of England ; bounded on the W. by Here- fordft.ire and Monmouthfliire ; ou the N, by Worcefterfiurc ; on the E. by V/ar- wickftire and Oxfordffiire, and on the S. by Wiltfliire and Somerfetffiire. It ex tends from N. E. to S. W. more than 60 miles, but is not more than 26 in breaeith.. It contains 13 hundreds, 1 city, i-j market- towns, and 218 parift.es, and fends 8 mem.bers to parliament. The foil and appearance of this county vary in different parts ; but the air is healthy throughout ; ffiarp in the E. or hilly part, which con tains the Cotefwold ; but as mild in the rich vale ef Severn, uhich occupies the centre. The W. part, v.'hich is by much tlie fmalleft diftrift, is entirely varied by hifl and dale, and is chiefly occupied by the Foreft of Dean. The ftaple commodities of the county "are its wcollen cloth and cheef'e. Its principal rivers are the Se vern, the W -.rwickfhire Avon, the Lower Avon, the Wye, Thames, Coin, .and Lech. See CoTESwoLD ; Dean, Fo-" rest of; .Evesha.m, Vale of; and Severn, Vale of. Glogaw, a town of Silefia, capital ef a d-Lichy of the f"ame name. It is not very large,' but is well-fortificd on the fide of Poland. It has a caftle, with a tower, in which feveral cpunfellors were condemned by duke John, in 140^, to periffi with hunger. Befide the Papifts, there lis 'a great number of -Proteftants and Jews^ It was taken by affault, -by the king of Pruf fia, in 1741, After the peace, in i-ja:^, diat . , G O A GOD ¦that king fettled the fupreme cpurt of juftice here, it being, next to Breflaw, the moft populous place in Silefia. It is feated on the river Oder, 50 miles N. W. of Breflaw, and 115 N. by E. of Praghe, Lon. 16. 31. E. kt. 51. 40. N. Glogaw, Little, a tpwn pf Silefia, in the duchy pf Opelen, fubjeft tp the king of Pruffia. It is two miles S. E. pf Great Glpgaw, and 45 N. W. pf Breflaw. Lpu, 16. 33. E. lat. 51. 3S.N. * Glomme, the Ipngeft river pf the province cxf Aggerhuys, iri S. Norway, -whic'u flpws intp the Nprth Sea at Frede- Ticftadt. It receives the river Wormc, which iffues from Lake Miofs, It is not navigable in any part of its courfe from this take to Fredericftadt, its ftream being intercepted by fuch frequent catarafts and ffioals, as, in fome places, te render it ne ceffary to drag the trees, which are floated down, over the ground. At leaft 50,000 trees are annually fipated by this river tp Fredericftadt. ' Gluckstadt, a cpnfiderable tnwn of Germany, in the circle qf Lower Saxony, and duchy of Holftein, with a ftrong caftle, fubjeft tp- Denmark, and is feated on the Elbe, near its mouth, 30 miles N. W. of Hamburg, and 55 N. of Bremen. Lon. g.-J5. E. Iat. 53. 53 N. Gnesn.a, a large and ftrong town of Great Poland, of which it is the capital, with an archbiftop's fee, whofe prelate is primate of Poland, and viceroy during the vacancy ef the tlirone. It was the firft town built in the kingdom, and fprmerly mere confiderable than at prefent. It is 90 miles N. by E. of Breflaw, and 125 W. of Warfaw. Lon. 17. 40. E.lat. 52.28.N. Goa, a confiderable city of the penin fula of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Mala bar ; the capital of the Portuguefe fettle ments in India, and the feat of a viceroy. It was firft taken by Albuquerque, in I 510, from a prince of Saracen eretraftion. It ftands in an ifland about 22 miles in length, and fix in breadth ; and is built on the N. fide of it, having the conveniency of a fine river, capable of receiving "ffiips bf the greateft burden, where they lie- within a mile -of the town. The banks, of the river are beautified with a great, number of handfpme ftruftures, fuch as. churches, caftles, and gentlemens' hpufes. The air within the town is unwholefome ; for which reafon it is not fo \vell inhabited . now as it was formerly.., The viceroy's palace is a noble, building, and ftands. at a., fmall diftance from the river, pver' ohe.pf , the gates of the city, which leads to aftia-- cious ftreet, terminated by a beautiful fhoreh. This city contaipii a great nuiji" ber of handfome churches and convents, with a ftately hpfpital. The market-place takes Up an' acre pf, grpund ; and in the ffipps about it may be had the prpduce of Europe, China, Bengal, and ot'ner coun tries. Their religion is the Roman Ca tholic, and they have a fevere inquifitipB. The clergy are numerpus and illiterate : the churches , arc finely embellifted, and have a great number pf images. Their hpufes are large, and make a fipe appear ance, but are ppprly furnifted. The in habitants are cpntented with greens, fniits, and roots, which,, with a httle bread, rice, and fifll, is their principal diet, though they have hogs and fowls in plenty. It is remarkable, that only one pf the churches has glafs windows ; for they make ufe of clear oyftcr-ftells inftead of glafs, and all their fine houfes have the fame. Goa has few manufaftures or produftions, their beft trade being in arrack, which they diftil from the fap ef the cocoa nut-tree. The harbour is defended by feveral forts and batteries. Goa is 292 miles S. by E. of Bombay. Lon. 72, 45, E, lat, 15. 28. N, GoBCEiN, a town of Germany, in the Palatinate, 18 miles S. E, of Philip&urg, Lon, 8, 56. E. lat, 49. 6. N. '* Gobin, St. See Fere. Goch, a town of Germany, in the duchy ef Cleves, featqd on the river Neers, fix miles S, ef Cleves, Lon. 5.52. E. lat. 51. 39- N. , GociANO, a town of the ifland of Sar- diriia, feated ou the river Thurfo, 2 5. miles E. ef Algher. It has a caftle, and is the capital ot the county of the- fame name. GoDALMiNG, a town of Surry, with a market on Saturday, It is feated en the river Wey, where it divides into feveral ftreams. It is four miles S. W. of Guilford, and 34 S. W. of, Londpn. Lon. o. 34. W.lat. 51. 1-3. N. '•¦ Godavery, or Gonga Go- DOWRY, ariver of , the Deccan of Hjn. dooftan, vvhich has - its fource about ^o miks to the N. E. of Bombay; and, in the upper part of its coiijfq, at leaft, is efteemed a facred river by the Hindoos ; that is, ablutions performed in its ftream have a 'religious efficacy, fuperior to thpfe performed in ordinary ftreams. After croffing Dowlatabjd, ,and Golconda,.frpm W. to E. it turns to the S. E. and receiv. ing the -Bain Gopga, about 90 miles ,£^'qoye the fea, it divide's into two principal phan- ; pels at Rajamundry ; .and, thofe fubdi. viding again, form all together feveral fide harbours, fer veffels of moderate burden, Ingeram, Coringa, Yalam, Bandarma- lanka, and - Narfapour, are ampng- the . plsces fituated at th« movith- of this river, which G O L G O L ivhich appears to be the moft confiderable one between the Ganges and Cape Co morin. Extenfive forefts of teek tiniber border on its banks, within the mpuntains, and fupply ffiip timber fpr the ufe pf the abpvemehtipned ports. The wprd Gonga is the Indian name fpr a river. "¦* 'Godmanchester, a tPwn pf Huntingdpnffiire, parted frpm Hunting. dPn by the river Oufe. It wa6 incorpo rated by James I. and is feated in a rich and fertile foil, which yields great plenty of com. It is inhabited by a great num ber of yeomen and farmers, who are faid to haye very extraordinary teams of horfes. GopoLEHiN, a hifl in Cornwall, E. of Mount's Bay, famous for its tin-mines. Goes, or Ter Goes, a ftrong and confiderable town in the United Provinces, in Zealand, and capital ef the ifland of South Beveland. It communicates with the fea by a canal, and is 20 miles E. of Middleburg, Lon. 3, 50. E. lat. 51.33.N. GoGMAGOG Hills, three miles from Cambridge, remarkable for the intrench- ments and other works eaft up here ; whence fome fuppof: it was a Roman camp ; and others, that it was the work cf the Danes. They are covered with a fine dry carpet turf; for which reafpn they are reforted to by the Cantabrigians in the winter. The people, near thefe hills, tell ftrange ftories about them. ' * GoHUD, a territory of Hindooftan ¦ Proper, in the province of Agra ; fubjeft to a rajah, who is tributary te the Poonah Mahrattas. Gwalior is the capital. '* Gogra, or Soorjew River, a large river, which rifes in the Lake Lanke Dhe, in Thibet,''in' Iat. 33. ,17. N,. and forcing its way through Mount Himma- leh, takes a S. E. direftion, arid unites with the Garvges, above Chuprah, in the provirice of Bahar. GoiTO, a town ef Italy, in the duchy pf Mantua, taken by the Germans in 1701, andby.the prince of Heffein 1706. It is feated on the river Mincio, between the lake of Mantua and that of Garda, 1 5 miles N. W. of Mantua. Lon. 10, 40, E. lat, 45, 16. N. ' Golconda, a country of the Deccan of Hindooftan, fituated between the lower part^ of the rivers'Kiftna and Godavery, ¦and the' principal part of Dowlatabad. It was formerly called Tellingana, or Til. ling, and'is now fubjeft to the Nizam of the Dectan, It abounds in 'corn, rice, and cattle ; but it is moft ^remarkable for its diamond mines, the moft confiderable in the world, - The black merchants buy parcels of grouiid to fearch for thefe pre. fious ftopes in, They foraetimej; fail ii) ' meeting wifh any, and in others they find immenfe riches. They have alfo mines of fait, fine iron for fword-blades, and curions calicoes and chintfeS. Hydrabad is the capital, '*' Golconda, a celebrated fortrefs ia the country of the fame name, fituated about fix miles W. N. W. ef Hydrabad, and joined to that city by a wall of com munication. It occupies the fummit of a hill of a conical form, and is deemed im pregnable. When A urung'zebe conquered the kingdom of Golccnda, in 1 7 8 7, this for trefs was taken poffeffion of by treachery. Goldberg, a town of Silefia, in the duchy pf Lignitz, 36 miles W. pf Breflaw. Lpn. 16. 23. E. lat, 51. 3. N. Gold Coast of Guinea, -^ mari time country of Africa, where the Euro peans have feveral forts and fettlements. It reaches from the Gold River, 12 miles W. pf Affine, and ends at the village df Ponni, eight miles E. of Acraw. It in cludes feveral diftrifts, in which are two or three to-\vns or villages, lying on the feaftore. Seven of thefe diftrifts are dig nified with the title of kingdoms, though they cont'ain but a f"mall traft cf land ; fer the whole Gold Coaft is not above i8» miles in length. The negro iiffiabitants are generally very rich, as they carry on a great trade with the Europeans for gold ; and many tif them are emplcvid ra fifliing, and cultivating their rice, wirich grows in incredible quantities. This ther exchange with o'ffiers for Indian "corn, yams, potateies, and palm oil. JNToft cf the inhabitants go naked; and th'jfc whn are beft clothed have only feme -yards cf ftuff wrapped about their middle. Golden Island, at the mouth of th; River cr Gulf of .Darien, in the province ef Terra Firma, in S America. Here the Scots attempted to make a fettlement in 1698; biit'findingita barren fpot, they changed tlieir minds, and took poI'"cfh,?.ii of the oppofite ffiore, in a place f"b ftron" by nature, that the Spaniards could not have difpoffeffed them,' had not the En ghffi afiifted. Lcn. 77. 10. W. lat. q. o. N. ¦ Goldingen, a trvwn of the duchy of Cpurland, with a- handfpme caftle;' feated Ph the river Wcia, 6b miles, "V\\ of Mit tau. Lon. 22. 21. E. lat. i6. 48. N. GoLEiTA, an iflarid of Africa, at ths entrance of the 'bay of Tunis; taken by the emperor Charles V. when he attempt. ed the 'fiege of Tunis, and .kept bv-the Chriftians feveral years. - It is' 29 miles N. pf Tunis, and 37.5'E.'pf Algiers. Lpn. 10. 20. E. lat. '37. IP. N. (JoLffAW, a town of Germany, in Farther G 0 N GOO Farther Jomerania, fubjeft to the king, of Pruflia ; feated on the river Una, ih miles N, E. of St'Stin, and 22 S. ef Commin. Lon. 14. 59. E. lat. 53. 46. N. Gombroon, a confiderable feaport of Perfia, in the province of Farfiftan. It is called by the natives Bandar Abaffi, and is feated on a bay, 12 miles N. of the E. end pf the ifland of Kifraift, and nine miles from the famous ifland of Onnus. The beft houfes are built with bricks dried in the fun, and ftand clofe to each other, being flat at the top, with a fquare turret, having holes on each fide fer the free paffage of the air. Upon thefe roofs; thofe that ftay in the town fleep. every nighf in the fummer feafon. The common people have wretched huts, made with the boughs of palm-trees, and, covered with leaves. The ftreets are narrow and irregular. The Englifli and Dutch have faftories here, which is a great advantage to the trade ofthe place. The foil is barren, but provifions brought frcm other countries are very plentiful. The weather is fo hot in June, July, and Auguft, that this place is extreriiely unhealthy ; ,and therefore the Englhft faftory retire te Affecn during thofe months. It is frequented by people of feveral nations, as -well Europeans as others ; and the Banyans are fo numerous, that they bribe the governor not fo ptr- m.it any cows to bo killed in the town. Lon. 36. 35. E. lat. ..27. 30. N. Gome r A, ene of the Canary iflands, lying between Ferro and Teneriff. ft has one good town ef the fame name, with an excellent harbour, where the Spaniffi fleets often take in refreffiments. Th'»y have corn and fruits fufficient to fupport thq inhabitants; and one fugar-work, with great plenty of wine and fruits. Lon. 17. 3..W. lat. 28. 6. N. GoN"DAi\, the metropolis of Abyffinia, fituated en a hill of confiderable height, arid containing about 10,000 families in time of peace. The houfes are chiefly of clay ; the roofs thatched in the form of cor'eis, \vhich is always the ccnftruftiou within the tropical rains. They have no ffiops -, b,ut carry on their trade in a large fquare, where they expofe their merchan - dife to fale, laid upon mats; and gold and rock-falt, are the onlv money made ufe of. Each bar of fait is a foot in length, and they break off as much as thev agfee for in the purehafe of fmall wares. Tliere are about 100 churches, and their patriarch depends on that of Alexandria. The priefts have a g'reat power with the people, and fometimes abufe it grofslv. The rainy feafon begins in April, and does npt ceafe all the end of September, whence the Nile, and pther rivers that have -their fpurce in Abyffinia, pverflo-yv their banks every year. The inhabitants are tall and cpmcly, and their cpmpl.exipu a dun, or phve colour. The habit of the better fort is made of filks and cottons ; but the common people have only drawers to hide their nakednefs. It is 180 miles S. E. of Sennar, and near 1000 S. of Grand Cairo. Len. 37. 33. E. laf,, 12. 34. N. '¦¦¦ G O N D E G A M A , 0 r G 0 In' D 1 A C O M M A , a river of the peninfula ef Hindooftan, vv'hich rifes near Combam, forms the no. minal boundary of the Carnatic on the N, and enters the Bay of Bengal at Medi. pilly. G0NDB.EC01JRT, a town of. France, in the department of Meurthe and late duchy of Bar, feated on the river Orney, 20 miles S. of St. Michel. Lon. 5. 37. E, Iat. 48. 30. N. GoNDREviLLE, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe and late pro. vince of Lorrain, feated on the river Mo fellc. It had formerly a fdmeus palac'e, and has now a caftle, and a magnificent hofpital, ihe chapel of which, in particular, is very fine. It ftands on the top of a hill, eight miles from Nancy. Lon. 6. 9. E.lat, 48. 40. N. ' GoNEssE, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oife and late province of the ifle of France. It is re. markable for the goodnefs of its bread, which is brought twice a week te Paris. It was the birthplace of Philip Auguftus, king of France ; and is feated on the river Crould, IP miles N. E. ef Paris. Lon. 2, 30. E. lat. 4S. 58. N. G.ONGA, an ancient town of Turkey in Europe, in Romania ; feated near the Sea of iMarniora, 37 miles N. E. ef Gali- poli. Lon. 37. 31. E. Iat. 40. 53. N. * GoNj AH, a kingdom of Africa, lying between the coaft of Guinea on the S.and Tombuftou on the N. and fuppofed, by major Rennell, to be the Conche ef M, d'Anville, and the'Gonge-.of M. de I'lfle, Gonjah,'the capital, is coniputedto.be 87.0 iniles W. by S. of Caffina. Len. 6. 10. W. Iat. 13. 20. N. Good Hope, Cape of, the fouthern extremity ef Africa, in 81. 23. E. lon. 34. 29. S. Iat. difcovered by the Portu guefe in 1493. Here is a neat well-built town, rifing in the midft of a defert, fur rounded by black and dreary mountains.; or, in othpr words, the pifture of fuccefs. ful induftry. The ftorehcufes of the Dutch Eaft India company are fituated ne-t the water, and the private buildings lie beyond them, on a gentle afcent. The principal fort which commands the rpad, Go 6 is on the E. fide ; and another ftrong fort, called Amfterdam Fort, has been built on the'W. fide, fince the laft war with Eng land. ' The ftreets are broad and regular, interfefting each otlier af right angles. The houfes, in general, are built of ftone, and .white-waffied. There are two churches ; one for the Calvinifts, the efta bliflied rehgion ; the pther fpr. the Lu therans. The. religion pf the flaves is as little regarded here as in the" colonies of other Eurppean ftates. In other refpefts, ' however, they are treated with humanity, and are lodged and boarded in a. fpacious houfe, whore they are likewife kept at wor.k. Thefe flaves, a few Hottentots excepted, were all originally brought from the E. Indies, and principally from Ma lacca. Another great' building ferves as ap hofpital fer the failors belonging to the Dutch Eaft India ffiips which touch here. It is fituated clofe to the Company's gar dens. It is an'honour to that commercial bpdy, and an ornament to the town. The corivalefcents have free accefs to thefe gardens, where they enjoy the -benefit of a pure wholefome air, . perfumed by the fragrance of a' great number of ' rich frUit. trees, aromatic ffirubs, -and cdoriferpus plants and flowers : they hav3 likewife the ufe pf every produftion in it. The inhabitants are fond of gardens,: which they keep iri 'excellent order. Though ftout and athletic, they have not all that phlegm about them which is. the cha- rafteriftic of the Dutch in general. The ladies are lively, good-naturedj. familiar and gay.' The heavy draught- woi-k about the Cape is cjiiefly performed by oxen, which are here brought te anuncoriimon degree of docUity and ufefulnefs. The in habitants,' in. general, travel in a kind of covered waggons, drawn by Oxen, which better fuit the rpughhets pf the country tKan more elegant vehicles ; but the^go- verner, ahd fome of the principal people, keep coaches, which are ' m'Jth in the' Engliffi ftyle, and are drawn by fix horfes. The ground behind the town gradu.illy ' rifes pn all fides fo'.vard the mountains, called the Table-niouritain, \'\'liich is the higheft ; the Sugar-loaf, fo named from its feirm ; the Lion's Head, Charles Mount, and James Mount, or the Liqii's Rump.- From thefe mountains defcepd feveral - rivulets which fall i"nfo the dif ferent bays, as Table-bay, Falfe-bay, fee. The view from the Table-mountain is Very extenfive and pifturefque ;^ and all along the vallies and rivulets among thefe mountaius, is a great number of delightful plantations. Sei KoTieNTOTS, COVN^' ¦x.-eY OF, G O R * Goodwin Sands, famous fand^ banks off the coaft ef Kent, lying betweea the N. and S. Foreland; and, as they. run parallel with the coaft for three leagues together, at about two leagues and a half diftant from it, they add te the fecurity of that capacious road, the Downs ; for, while the land ftelters ffiips with the wind from S. 'Wt to N. W. only, thefe -fands break afl the forcS of the fea when the wind is, at E. S. E. The moft dangerous.^ wind, when blowing hard on the Downs,^ is the S. S. W. Thefe fands occupy the fpace that was formerly a large traft cf low ground belonging to Goodwin earl of -Kent, father of king Harold ; and which, being afterward given to the monaftery ef St. AuguftiiT, at Canterbury, the abbot neglefting to keep in repair the wall that defended it from rhe fea, the whole traft was dro.vned, according to Salmon, in the year iioo, , leaving thefe fands, upon which fo many fliips have fince been wrecked. 'f GoOMPTY, a river of Hindooftait Proper, which rifes in the Rohilla Coun try, and flowirig S. E. by Luckitow and Jionpour, falls into the Ganges, a little be low Benares. '•'¦' GooTY, or GuTTi, a ftrong for trefs in the peninfula of Hindooftan, for merly the feat bf govcrrimcnt of Morari Rovvf, a Mahratta prince. It is now fub- jeftto Tippoo Sultan, re.gent ef Myfore, and.lies beyond the river Pennar, 2 5 miles S. by E. of Adoni. Lon. 77. 35. E. lat* .5. i5:n. GoRCUM, a town of the United Pro,- yinces, in 3. Holland,, which carries on a confiderable trade in cheefe and butter. It is feated on. the rivers Linghe and Maefe, 12 miles E. of Dordrecht, and 32 S. of Amfterdam. Lon. 4. 51. E.lat. '51. 51. N. GoRDO.s" Castle. Sec Focha bers. Goree, a fmall ifland of Africa, near Cape de Verd, fubjeft to'the French.' Ic is barren, but qf -great importance on ac count of its good trade. Lori. 17. 25. "W. lar, 14. 40. 'N. GoREr, acapital towp of the ifland of the fame name, in H.'lland, 8 miies ,S. S. Vvf. of Bri,:l. Lon. 4. 20. E. lat. '51. 44. N. Gore Island, fo named by captain Cook, who difcovbred it in his lait voya'Je. It appeared to be barren, and deftitute pf in'habitan'ts. It lies 'in about lat. 64. N. Ion. 1 69. V/. G'5p,ooN-\, a fmail, iil.md of Italy, in the fea of Tufcany, about eight miles in circumference, remarkable for the laro>a q'jantjty of anch-.'vies taken near it. Lon. IP. 0. E. iat. '4}. 22, N. 5 Go ¦¦„. GOT G O U GorgonA, an ifland pf the S. Sea, t2 miles W. pf the ccaft pf Peru. It is high ¦land, very wppdy, and fpme pf the trees are tall, large, and prpper for mafts. It is 10 miles in circumference, and has feveral rivulets ef excellent water. There are a great number of monkies. Guinea-pigs, ,lions, hzards, and floths, remarkable for their uglinefs and the flownofs of their motions, thotigh by their ffiape they feem to be of the monkey kind. Lon. 77.' 50. W, lat. 3. 20, S, GoRHAMBURY, in Hcrtfordffiii'e, near St. Alban's, belonged to its abbey in 1 16 1, when its abbot was Robert de Gorham, from whom it had its name, and ¦was the p-aternal eftate of the great lord Bacon. It was a fuperb fpecimen of an cient architefture; but the prefent pro prietor, lord Grimftone, has lately rebuilt it in the modern ftyle. GORITIA, or Goritz, a ftrong town of Germany, in the duchy of Carniola ; with a caftle, feated on the river Lizonzo, 16 miles N. E. of AqiiUeia, and 66 N. E, of Venice. Lon. 13. 30. E. lat. 46. 20. N. Gorlitz, a town of Germany, ii^ Up. per Lufatia. It is a iKindl'ome ftrong place, on the river Neiffe, 55 miles E. of Drefden, Lon. 15.40. E.lat. 51. 10. N. GoRZE, a town of France, in the de. partment of Mofelle and late province of Lorrain, feated on a hill, three .miles from the river Mofelle. It had lately a rich abbey, arid is eight miles S. W. of Metz. GosLAR, a large and ancient town ef Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and in the territory of Brunfwick. It is free and imperial ; and it was here that gunpowder was firft invented, by a monk, as is generally fuppofed. In 1728, 280 houfes, and St. Stephen's fine church, were reduced to affies. It is feated on a mountain, near the river Gpfe ; and near it are rich mines of iron and lead. The inhabitants are famous for brewing excel. lent beer. It is 28 miles S. of Brunfwick. Lon. IP. 42, E. lat. 52. p. N. Gosport, a tPwn in Hampffiire, pn the W.fide ofthe harbpur pf Pprtfmputh, over which ic has a ferry. It has a market on Saturday. It is well fprtified, and here is a npble hpfpital fpr the fick and wpunded qf the rpyal -navy. It is fituated in the pariffi pf Alverftpck, 79 miles S. W. pf Lpndon. GostyNen, pr Gostavin, a town of Ppland, in the palatinate pf Rava, 36 miles N. E. pf Rava. Lpn, 20, 40, E. lat. 51. 54. N, GoTHA, a town of Germany in the circle of Upper Saxony . and capital of a duchy of the fame name, Itis 18 mik« W, of Etford, Lpn, 10, 52, E. lat. (t, o. N. * GOTHA, a river of W, Gothland in Sweden, which iffues out pf Lake "VVen. •ner, and falls intp tlie.N, Sea at Gothe. berg, GoTHARD, St. one of the higheft, mountains of Swifferland, being 9P75 feet abpve the level of the fea. It is 8 miles frpm Altorf, GOTHEBORG, Pr GoTTBNBURG, 3. rich and flcuriftiing tPwn pf W, Gpth- land in Sweden, feated at the mputh pf the river Gotha, which forms an excellent harbour; and it is the beft fituated for fpreign trade pf any in the kingdPm, as it lies withput the Spund. The inhabitants are cpmputed tp be 2P,ooo. Here is a confiderable herring fiffiery;. and, frcm this pprt, the Swediffi E. India ffiips take their departure. The fprtificatipns pf this town are fo weak, that the Danes, who attacked the Swedes in 1788, under the pretence pf an alliance with R.uffia, muft have taken it, with the king pf Sweden in perfon, but for the interference of Mr. Elliot, the Britiffi minifter, under whofe mediation an armiftice, and afterward a convention, were concluded between the two contending powers. Gotheborg is 188 miles S.'W. of Stockholm, Lon, 1 1. 44. E, lat 57, 42, N. Gothland, one ef the five general divifions of the kingdom of Sweden, con taining the provinces of O.ftrogethia, Smo- land, Weftrogethia, er W, Gothland, the ifles of Gothland and Eland, Wermland, the fief of Bohus, Dalia, ilalland, and Blekinge, Gothland, a confiderable ifland ef the Baltic, on the eaftern coaft of S-\yeden. Wifty is the only town in it. Lon. 1 9. 45. E. lat. 57. o. N. Gottenburg, See Gotheborg, GoTTiNGEiN, a confiderable town of Germany in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy ef Brunfwick, formerly free and imperial, but now fubjeft to the elec tor of Hanover. Here king Georgc II, founded a univerfity. It is feated on the river Leine, 25 miles N. E. of Caffel. Lon. 9. 53. E.lat, 51.-32. N. Gottorp, a town of Denmark, in the dUchy of Slefwick, and' capital of the duchy of Holftein Gottorp, where the duke has avery fine palace. Lqn. 9, 56. E. lat, 54, 36, N, - Gottsberg, a toWn of Germany, ia Silefia, and in the duchy of Schweidnitz, remarkable for its filver mines, GouDA, or TuE-GOW, a confiderable town of the United Provinces, in S, Hol land, remarkable for its ftately church. It t i» GRA GRA K leated on the river Iffel, eight miles N, -E. of Rotterdam, Len, 4. 41. E. lat. 52. i. N. Goudhurst, a town-' in Kent, with a market on 'Wednefday, It is 12 miles S,. W, from Maidftone, and 44. S. E.. of London. Lon. u. 31, E. lat, 51. 8. N.- GovERNOLO, a tpwn pf Italy, in the duchy , of Mantua, feated, on. the 'river Mincio, near the Po, 12 miles S. E.of Mantua. Lori. 10. 56. E. Iat. 45.. 4. N. GouRA, or GuR A, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Mafovia, belonging to the bifhop ef Pofnania. Lon. 21. 50. E, lat. 52. I. N. ¦ . Gordon, atown of France, in the de. partment of Lot and late province ef Is feated on the river Save, 20 miles S. W, of Pofega. , Lon. 18. 39. E. lat. 45, 21. N. Gradiska, a ftrong town of Italy, ip the county of Geritz, feated on the river Lifoi^zo, on the frontiers, of Friuli, It- belongs to the houfe of Auftria, and is 15 miles S.E, of , Udino, Lon, 13. 14. E. iat. 46. 6. N. Grado, a ftrong town of Italy, in a finall ifland of the fame name, on the coaft of Friuli, and in the territory of Venice, 50 mfles E. by-N. ef Venice. Lon, 13. 10. E. lat. 45. 46. N. Grafton, a viflage of Northampton. ffiire, between Stony Stratford and North ampton, where there is a manor-houfe and Querci, iS miles N. W. ef Cahors. Lon. park, given by Charles II. to the duke.of 24. E. lat. 45, 43, N GouRNAY, a town ef France, in the department of Lower Seine and late pro. vince of Normandy, remarkable for its market of fine butter. It is feated on the river Epte, 52 miles N. W.of Paris, Lon, o, 36, 'VV. lat. 49. 32. N. * GouROCK, a town ef Renfcewft'ire, in Scotland, fituated on a bay ef the Frith cf Clyde. In thie neighbourhood ef this town, a copper mine was lately worked. * GowER, the peninfulated extremity of Glamorganffiire, in S. Wales, to the W. of the Bay of Swanfey. It has very lofty Hmeftone cliffs next to the fea, whence large quantities of lime are ex ported to the Engliffi counties acrofs the Briftpl Channel. The ccaft abpunds with oyfters. The land is a fertile traft of arable and pafturage.' GowER, or St. Goar, ^ town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and in the territories of the houfe of, Heffe Rhinefeldt. It is feated on the Rhine, 1 5 miles S. E. of Coblentz. Lon. 7. 32. E.-lat. 50. 10. N. G'Ozzi,,orGozES, anifland ofthe Me. diterraneari, to the S. ef the Ifle of Can- dia, 1 2, miles from fprt ScHriP, GoRZO, a well.fortified ifland , of Africa, pn fhe cpaft ef Barbary, five miles N, W, of IVIalta, and belonging to the knight of that iflarid, Grabow, a town pf Germany in the Grafton, whence the title is derived. '¦'¦' Graham's Muir, between the Carron Works and Falkirk in Scotland, a field celebrated for being the fpot where fir WiUiam Wallace, in 1298, cut his way through the midft of his viftorious ene mies, with the lofs of the brave fir John Graham, whofe monument and epitaph arc in the churchyard at Falkirk. Grammont, atown of Auftrian Flan ders, feated on the river Dender, 18 miies N. E. of Tournay, and 17 S. E. of Ghent. Lon. 3. 59. E. Iat, 50. 47. N. Grammont, a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne and late pro- viqce of Limofin, remarkable for its late abbey, which was the chief of the ordei-. It is 15 mfles N. E ef Limoges, Len. .. 30. E. lar. 46. I. N. Grampound, a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Saturday. It is feated eu the river Valles, and the inhabitants have a confiderable manufafture of gloves. It. is 46 miles S. W. of Launcefton and 244 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4-. 40. W. Iat. 50. 22. N. Cran, a handfome, large, and ftrong tPwn pf Lpwer Hungary, with an archbi- flmp's fee. It has been feveral times taken and retaken, but laft pf all .by theTmpe- rialifts, in 1683. , It is feated on the river Danube, 87 miles E. by S, pf Vie'nna. Lon, j8. 6. E. lat, 47. 46. N, Granada, a provipcepf Spain, bound- circle of , Lower Saxony, and , duchy , of ed Pn the N. and W, by Andalufia, on the Mecklenburg, 18 miles S., of Schwerin. E. by Murcia, and on the S. by the Mc- Lon. II. 44. E. lat. 53.;26. N. diterranean-St-a. rij,iS:abqut 175 miles in GRACloaA, one^.of, the Azores, or length, and 75 in, beadth; is a mounia'',- weftern iflands. Its inhabitants are about . ous qpuntiry, andyes the foil is good ; but 3000,,and its produce is-wheat, wine, but- it has not been, -vyell-^ cultivated fince the ter, and cheefe. Moprs were expelled frpm, it in 1492. Gradiska, a ftrpng town of Hun- However, it produces corn, wine, , oil, fu- gary, ip Sclavonia, on the frontiers of gar, ftax, hemp, excellent fruits, hpney, Crpatia, taken bythe Turks in J 69 1, It v,'«ut, grapes, and mulberry .trees;^ which feed GRA fted a great number of filkworms. The forefts produce gall-nuts, palm-trees, and oaks. Granada is the capital. Granada, a large, handfome, and delightful city ef Spain, capital ef the kingdom of Granada, with an archbift.op's fee, and a univerfity. It is built on four hills, and divided into four parts, in one of which is the large church, containing the tombs of Ferdinand and Ifabelli, who took this place from the Moors in 1492. In another is the palace ef the kings of Spain, and an ancient palace of the Moor- ift kings, w-ith fe many room^, that it is like a labyrinth ; in the third the univer. fity ftands ; the fourth has nothing confi. derable : but all the public buildings are ¦very magnificent. It is feated not far from the river Oro, near its confluence with the Xcnil, 12; miles S. W. of Mur cia, and 225 S. ef Madrid. Lon. 3, 30. W.lat. 37. S.N. - Gr ANADA, an ifland in the W. Indies, the principal of the Granadillas, or Grana- dines, fituated in 61. 40. W. lon. and be tween II. 55. and 12. 23. N. lat. Itis the laft of the Windward Caribbees, and is 30 leagues to the N. W. ef Tobago. The chief port, called Lewis, is on the W. fide, and is very fpaci'ius. This ifland is finely wooded ; and the foil is fuitcd to produce fugar, tobacco, and jndigo. It was taken from t'ne French in 1762, con firmed to the Englifh in 1763, taken by the French in 1779, arid reftored to the En.elifh in 1783. Granada, a town of N. America, in the province of Nica-ragua, feated on the lake Nicaragua, 70 m.iles from the S. Sea. It was taken twice by the French buccan- ncers, and pillaged. The inhabitants carry ori a great trade by means of the lake, which communicates with the Atlantic Ocean. Lon. 87. o. W. lat. 11. 28. N. ' Granada, New, a province of S. America, in Terra Firma, about 75 miies iri length, and as much in breadth. Ii is - bounded on the N. by Carthagena and St. Martha, en the E. by Venezuela, en the S. by Popayan, and on the W. by Darien. It contains mines ef .gold, copper, -and iron ; horfes, mules, good paftures, corn, and fruits. Sapta-Fe-de-Bagota is the capital. Grande. PRE, a town of France, in thi' department of Ardennes and'late pro vince of ' Champagne, feated en the river A-yre, 32 miles E. of Rheims. Lon. 4. 55. E. lat. 49. 21..N. ' Granic, or Gra-nicus, a fmall river of Natolia, in Afia, 'which has its fource in Mount Xda, Pear the" ruins of ancient GRA Trey. It falls into the Sea of Marmora, fo the E. of Lampfaco. Granson, a town of , Swifferland, in the county of Vaud, and capital of a baiU- wic of the fame name, with- a caftle. Charies the Bold, duke of Burgundy, took it by ftorm; but, in a fubfequent battle near it, in 147 6,. he was totally defeated. Lon. 6. 30. E. Iat. 46. 50. N. Grantham, ar borough of Lincoln fliire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the river Witham, and has a freefchool, and a handfome church, fa. mous for its high fpire", which feems to lean on ene fide. It is 21 miles N. by W. ef Stamford, and no N. by W. from Loridori. Len. o. 36. "VV. lat. 52. 59. N.' -' Grasmere- Water, a fmall lake of Weftmorland, net far to the N. of Amblefide. Its margin is hollowed into fmall bays, with bold eminences j fome ef reck, fome of turf, that half conceal and vary the figure of the little lake they com- mand. From the ffiore, a low promontory projefts far into the water ; and on it ftands a white village, with the pariffi church rifing in the midft of it. Granville, a feaport ef France, in the department of the Channel and late province ef Normandy, partly feated on a rack, and partly en a plain. It is 15 miles S. by E. et Coutances, and 185 W. of Pa. ris. Lori. I. 32.W. lat. 48. 50. N. Grasse, a town of France, in the de. partment of Var and late province of Pro vence. It was lately a biffiop's fee ;" and is feated on an eminence, i 5 miles "VV. of Nice, and. 70 N. E. of Aix. Lon. 6. 56. E. lat. 43. 39. N. '-¦-', Grasse, L."., a town of France, in the department of Aude and late province of Languedoc, feated on the river Othieu, at the foot of the mountain of Courbiere, 1 8 miles S. E. of Carcaffonne. . Grateli.y, a viflage in Hampffiire, on the S. E. fide pf Quarhy-hill, in the road from Andiver tP Saliffiury, where, in 926, king Athelftan held a grand coun cil pf the nobility. Gratz, a handfome ftrong town of Germany, capital of Stiria, v/ith a. caftle, fe:jted on a ',"cck, and a univerfity. Here. are many handfome palaces, and a fine arfenal. The caftle ftands on a lofty hill, and communicates v/ith the riyer, by means of a very deep well. It is feated on the river Mu'ehr, 85 miles S. W. of Vienna. Lon. 1 5. 30. E. lat. 47. 4. N. Graudentz, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Culm, with a handfome caitle ; feated on the river Viftula, 30 miies G R A G R E miles N. ef Thorn, and no N. W, of Warfaw. Lon. i8. 52. E. lat. 53. 36. N.' Grave, a ftrong town of Dutch Bra. bant ; feated on the river Mael"e, beyond which there is a fort, eight miles S. of Nimeguen. Len. 5. '45.' E. lat. 51. 47. N. Gravelines, a ftrong feaport of France, in the department ef the North and late French Flanders. It was ceded to France, by the treaty of the Pyrenees, and is feated on the river Aa, 12 miles E. of Calais. Lon. 2.' 13. E. lat. 50. 59. N. Graven AC, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, and capital of a county of the fdme name, 30 miles W. of Ulm. Lon. 9, 28. E. lat. 48. 22. N. Gravesend, a town in the county ef Kent, with a market en Wednefday and Saturday. It is feated en the Thames, and is a place ef great refort, being the common landirfg-place for feamen and ftrangers in their paffage to London. It has a block-houfe ever againft Tilbury fort. A great part pf it was burnt down, with the church, in 1727 : the latter has been fince rebuilt 'as one of the 50 new churches. It is commonly called the cor poration of Gravefend and Milton, thefe two places being united under the govern ment of a mayor, 12 aldermen, 24 c.'m- mon-council, a townclerk, &c. They were incorporated by queen Elifabeth ; but, long before, Richard II. had granted them the e;;clufive privilege of convey ing paffengers to London in boats, at two pence a head, er a whole boat's fare at four ffiiUings. They ftill enjoy this privilege ; but the fare is now .ninepencc a head. The boats depart from Billinglgate near London Bridge at high water, and from Gravefend at low water; the ringing of . a bell at each place, for a quarter of an hour, giving notice of the time. Coaches attend the arrival of the boats from Lon don, to convey the paffcn-gers to Rochef ter, at one ftifling and fixpcnce each. The townhoufe was erefted in 1764. The chief employment of the labouring- people is fpinning ef hemp, te make nets for fifting and ropes. It is alfo famous for afparagus. It is 22 miles S. E. of Londori. Lon. o. 27. E. lat. 51. 25. N. Gravina, a town of the kingdom of Naples, with a bifhop's fee, 32 miles S. W . of Bari. '* Graulhet, a town, of France, in the department of Tarn and late province of Languedoc, 12 miles N, W, of Caf tres. Gray, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Saone and late pro vince of Franche Comtd. It is a trading- place, and feated en the riVer Saone, 2j miles N. E. of Dijon. Lon. 5. 41. E. lat, 47. 28. N. GRAYs-THURROCK,atpwii of Effex, with a market en Thurfday. It is l"eated on the Thames, 24 miles E. of Londpn, Lon. o. 24. E. lat. 51. 26. N. Greece, the ancient name of that part of Turkey in Europe, which contains Ma- cedonia, Albania, Livadia, the Morea, the J^rchipelago, and Candia; which fee re- fpeftivelv. Greenland, a general name by which are denoted the moft eafterly parts of America, ftretching toward the N. Pole, and likewife feme iflands te the N. ef the continent of Europe, lying in very high latitudes. This country is divided inte W. and E. Greenland. W. Green land is now determined by our lateft maps to be a part of tlie continent of America ; tho'jgh bn what authority is riot very clear. That part of it, of which the Europeans have any knowledge, is bounded on the W. by Baffin's Bay, en the S. by Davis' Straits, and on the E, by the northern part pf the Atlantic Ocean. E. Green land was, for a long time, confidered as a part of the continent of W. Greenland, but is npw difcovered to>be an affemblage of iflands lying between 9° and 20° . E. lon. and 76. 46. and 8-3. 30. N. Iat. It w,is dil'covered by fir Hugh Willoughby, in 1533, who called it Greenland, fuppo'f- ing it to be" a part of the weftern conti nent. In 1595, it was vifited by WiU liam Barentz and John CorneUus, two Dutchmen, who pretended to be the ori ginal difcoverers, and caUed the country Spitzbergen, er fliarp mountains, from the many ffiarp-pointed and rocky mountains with which the country abounds. The few inhabitants of Greenland are favages, and much like the Efquimaux. It is a cold miferable country, and has very few animals, except deers, white bears, foxes, and a few wild fowls. Here the Englifh, Dutch, and other "nations, go every. year to catch whales for the fake of their fins and oih It was fo called, becaufe thpfe that difcovered it firft, found the ffiore co vered with green mpfs. ' Attempts have been made tp fettle in it ; but the men periffied with the feverity pf the cpld. '"¦ GreeS-l.aw, the county town of Berwickffiire, in Scotland, feated on i ri ver that joins the Tweed, before it reac"ties Berwick. It is 17 miles W..by S. of that town. ;-" "i G.HEENOCK,-a confiderable feaport of Scotland, in the county of Renfrew, at the mouth of the Clyde. It is a plape of S _ . great G R E great refort for ffiipping; but its trade chiefly depends on Glafgow. It has a great ffiare in the herring fiffiery; and the town has much increafed within the laft ^o years. Here is a fugar houfe, and a rope and fail manufaftory. At the W. end of the town is a fmall fort for the de fence of the harbour. It is 22 miles W, of Glafgow, Lon, 4, 29, W. lat. 55, 54. N. , '* Greensted, a village near Chip ping Ongar, in Effex, remar'nable for its ancient little church, the walls of which are formed of the foUd trunks of trees placed in rows, and feem calculated to en- dure for ages more, though built pripr to the Cpnqueft, Greenwich, a tuwn in Kent, five miles E, pf Lpndpn, noted for its magni ficent hofpital for decayed feamen, its de hghtful park, and its aftronomical obferva- tory, on the fummit of a lifll, called Flam. fteed Hill, from the great aftronomer of thatpame, who was here the firft aftrono mer royal. The Engliffi compute the longitude from the meridian ef this place. The hofpital is thought to be the fineft ftrufture ef the kind in the world; and its noble hall is finely painted by fir James Thoriihill. The chapel was de ftroyed, Jan. 2, 1779, by a dre:jdful fire, which likewife . confumed the dming-hall and eight wards. The whole, is rebuilt; and the chapel was pperied fpr divine fer- vice, en the 2Pth pf September 1789, The rebuilding pf this beautiful ftrufture, ivhich is decprated in a" ftyle of the mofl elegant fimplicity, coft 84,0001. Here was once a royal palace, in which queen Mary and queen Elifabeth were born, and in which Edward VI. died. It has been long pulled down, and on part of the fite of it now ftands the houfe belonging to the ranger of the park ; and which, from the Thames, appears in the centre, beyond the tvvo extremities of the hofpital. The church, one of the 50 new churches, is dedicated to St, Alphage. In this town is a college, called the Duke ef Norfolk's College, although founded by Henry earl of Northampton, father of the celebrated earl of Surry, It is for the maintenance of 20 decayed houfekeepers ; 12 from Greenwich, and eight chofen alternately from Snottiffiam and Caftle Rifing in Nor. folk. Here is alfo an hofpital, called ;0GO, a rich tovvn of S. Ariieric?, capital ofa diftrift of the fame name, that abounds in all the neceffaries of hfe. Ir is J 12 miles N. E. e>f Lima.- Lon. 74. 55. W. iat. 9. 55..S. ,GUAN-, GUA G U I t GuANZAVELCA, a rich town eif S. America, in Peru, in a country abounding in mines of quickfilver.. It is 159 miles from Pifce. Lon. 74. 39. W. lat. 12. aS. S. ' Guardafui, a cape of Africa, at the eaftern extremity of Adel, and the entrance of the Strait of BabelmandeL Lon. 52. 5. E. lat. n.46. N. , - GuARDiA, or GuARDA, a town of Portugal in Beira, with a bifliop's fee. It is fortified both 'by art and nature, and has a ftately cathedral. It is 138 miles E. of Lifton. Lon. 6. 37. W . lat. 40, 22. N. Guardia-Alferez, a town of the kingdom ef Naples, with a bifliop's f"ee, feven miles N. -W. of Larino. Lon. 14. 56. E. lat. 41. 3g. N. GuARMA, a feaport of Peru, in S. America, 120 miles N. W. of Lima. Len. 77. 49, W. lat. 10. 10. E. GuASTALLA, a ftrong town of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, ceded' to the duke of Parma in 1748-. Here the Iinpe- rial generaLKonigfeg attacked the French army in 1734, but was repulfed with the lofs qf 5-000 men. It is fe-ated near the river Pp, i §' miles, N. of Reggip. Lon. loT 38. E. lat. 44. 56. N. GuASTO, or Vasto, a, tpwn of the k'ngdqm of Naples, -between the mo'aths of the Trigno and Afienella, in the Gulf of Venice, 15 miles S. .E. of Lancjano. Lon. 15. 6. E. Iat. 42. 2g.. N. Guatimala, the audience of,' in N. America, and in New Spain, is above 7 50 miles in length, and 450 in breadth. It abounds in chocolate, which they inake ufe of inftead of money. It has 12 pro- vinces ; and the native Americans, under the- dominions of Spain, profefs C'hrif. tianity ; but it is mixed with a- great many of their own fuperftitions. A great chain of moyntaius ruris acrofs it fTom E. to W. and it is fu'ojeft to earthquakos and -ftorms.. It is, however, very ferlilol suid produces great qUant,ities of chocolate, cp chineal, and cptton. Guatimala, a province of N. Ame rica, in New Spain, in the audLence ef tlie fame name. ' Guatimala, a large and rich town' of N. America, in New , Spain, capital of the province and audience of rhe fame name, with a biffiop's fee, and a univerfity. It was fwallowed up by an cartiupuafce on the 7th of June 1773, when 800.0 families inftantly periffied. The city has been r,ebuiit on, a fpot jif fume diftance from fhe former. 'Lon. 90. 30. W. Iat. 13. 40. N, GUAXACA, a province of N. America, in Now S""pain, very fertile in wheat, fn- dir;i corn, coqhineal, and caffia. It is bounded by the Gulf of Mexico on the N. and by the S.'Sea on the S, It con- tains mines pf gold, filver, and crytlal. , GuAXACA, a town of N. Amprica, capital of a province ef the fame name, with a biffiop's fee. It does not contain above 2000 inhabitants ; but it is rich, and they make fine fweetmeats and chocolate. Jt has, feveral rich convents, Lon, 100. p. W. lat. 17. 45. N. Gue EN, a haridfpine town ''of Germany, in Lower Lufatia, feated on the Nitflc, and fubjeft.- to fhe houfe of Saxe-Merfen. burg. It is 62 miles N. E. of Drefden, Lon. 14. 39. E. Iat. 51. 58. N. vGuBio, orEuGUBio, atown of Italy, iri the duchy of Urbinp, with a bi.fliop's fee, 82 miles N. of Rome. Lon. 12. 38. E. lat. 43. 16. N. Guelderland, or Gueldres, a territory of the Netherlands. 'That part which is a diftrift of the town of ..Guel dres belongs to the king of Pruffia; Rure- mond and its dependencies to the hoiife of Auftria ; and "Venice apd Stephenfwa- ert to the States General. Gueldres, a ftrong town of the' Ne therlands, in the. duchv ofthe fameinarae, ceded to the king of Pruffia by the peace . of Utrecht. ' It is to miles N. E. of Ven ice. Lon. 6. o. E. Iat. 51. 26. N, . GuERAND, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire and late, pro vince of Brittany. It carries on a cenfi- dorable trade in white-falt, and ' is three iniles from the fea, and 2^0 W. S. W. of Paris. Lon. 2. 20. W. Iat. 47. 20. N. Gueret, a town of FraEce, in the de- partment of Creufe and late province of Marche, feated on the river Gartampe ; 35 -miles N. E. of Limoges, and 170 S. of Paris'*. Lon. i, 56. E. lat. 46. 10. N', , Guernsey, an ifland on the ceift of Normandy, fubjeft to Great-Britain. It is naturally ftrong, being furrouifdcd by high rocks, and is wefl-fituated for trade in time of peace ; and iri tiriie of war, to annoy the French with their privatet^rs. Jt is 10- miles in length, as much in breadth, and cemtains 10 pariflies. The natives fpeak l-'rench, it having been a parr of Normardy, and is ftifl governed by the Norman,laws. Lon. 2. 37. W. lat. 49, 32. N. Gueta, an ancient town of Spai,?, in New Caftile, 60 miles E. of Madrid. Lon. i; i;6. W '. lat. 40. 22. N. GutaNa, a country cf S. A-*nerica, be. tween the rivers Or'.-cncko arid Amaz,os}, S 3 and G U I G u r Jmd tp the E. pf Peru. The inward parts ofthe cpuntfy are inhabited by favages, who have different languages and cuftoms ; ,-nd fome pf them make their hpufes pn trees, tp be fecure from the inundations of the rivers. The French poffefs a part of the coaft, which is cafled Equinoftial France, and the Dutch another. Here is a per petual fpring, and it produces large quan tities of fugar-canes. It is between the equator and eight degrees of N. lat. See Cayenne and Surinam. Guiaquil, a town, bay, and harbour of S. America, iu Peru, capital ef an audience of the fame name. It faces a Jew ifland clpfe by the river, partly pn the fide, and partly at the fppt pf a hill, which llefcends gently tPward the riyer. It is divided intp twp parts by the ftream, called the Old and the New, jcined by a bridge for fppt-paffengers, half a mile long. The iituation is in fuch a boggy ground, and fo dirty . in winter, that, withput the bridge, there wpuld be fcarce any paffing frpm pne houfe tp anpther. It has bpt pne regular ftreet, alpng the river fide. ¦pefpre the church pf St. Jagp, is a hand- Ibme parade, but the church itfelf is gpne tP decay. Thire are three other churches, well-adprned with altars and piftures. It is 140 miles N, E, of Payta. Lon, 81. (6. W. lat. 2. ii,N. Guiara, a feapprt pf S. America, and on the Caracca foaft, Lpn, 66, 5, W, lat. 10. 35. N. Guienne, a late province of France, •which new forms the department of Gi. ronde, and that pf Lpt and Garpnne, Guilford, a large bprpugh in Surry, with a market pn Saturday. It is feated on the river Wey, and pn the declivity cf a hiU. It had a large caftle, pf which fome of the walls are yet ftanding. The fum. mer affizes fpr the ccunty are alternately held here and at Crpydon. The Wey is navigable to the Thames,' and much corn and timber are carried uppn it. It is 17 miles S. W. pf Kingftpn, and 30 S. W. pf ippndpn. Lpn. o, 3P. W. lat. 51. 16. N. GuiLLAiN, St. a tPwn pf Auftrian Hainault, and in the prpveftffiip ef Mens, -which is defended by its fluices. It is feated in marffiy land on the river Haine, fix mfles frepi Mens. Lon. 3. 53. E, lat. £0. 27. N. Guillestree, a town and caftle in the Alps, pnce belonging to Dauphiny, in France ; and taken by prince Eugene in 1692. it is nine miles N. E. ef Em^n^n, iLon. 6. 36. E. lat. 44. 41. N. GuimaraeNs, an ancient, handforiie, ^d fonfiderable town Pf f prtugal, in tjip province of Entre Dpurp-cMinhp, It has forinerly been the refidence cf their kings, and is divided intp the Old arid New. The public buildings are magnificent. It is 165 miles N. E, pf Lifbpn, Lpn, 8,21, W. lat, 41, 35. N. Guinea, New, an ifland pf the S.Pa cific Ocean, tp the N, pf New Hplland, from which it is feparated by Endeavpur Strait, The length pf this ftrait, frpm N. E. to S. W. is Ip leagues, and its breadth about fiye, except at the N. E, entrance, where it is contrafted to feme- what lefs than two miles, by the iflands, called Prince of Wales' Iflands, Except this ftrait, and the land of Cape Defiver- ance, the whole coaft, and the circumja cent iflands, feem to have been minutely examined both by the Putch and Spa. niards. Some traces of a paffage, between New HoUand and Nfiw Guinea, are alfo to be found in the accounts of former voyages ; but captain Cook, in 1770, had the merit of eftabUfting the fa£i beyond difpute. New Guinea was thus found to be a long narrow ifland, extending S. E, from the equator to 12 S. lat. and from 131 to 153 E. lon. The land in genera} is low, but covered with fuch luxuriance of weed and herbage, as can fcarcely be conceived. The cocoa-nut, the bread-fruit, and the plantain.free, befide moft of the trees, ffirubs, and plants, that are common to the SoHth Sea iflands, are found here in the greateft perfeftion. The inhabi tants make much the fame appearance a« the New Hollanders. Guinea, a country of Africa, of which little is known except the coaft, thence called the Coaft of Guinea, It is divided into the Lower and Upper. This laft comprehends - the Malagueta Coaft, th(S Tooth Coaft, the Gold Coaft, Whidaw, Great Ardra, and Benjn. The lowep part is commonly called Congo, It is very unhealthy for Europeans, though the negroes live a confiderable time. The water is fe bad, that it is common for worms to breed between the fkin and the fleffi, of a white filver colour. The in habitants in general go almoft naked, and there feems to be little religion or honefty among them. The commodities pur chafed there, are gum-feneca, at Sene gal ; grain, upon the Grain Coaft ; ele phants-teeth, upon the ToOth Coaft ;' the greateft plenty of gold, upon the Geld Coaft ; and all, in general, furnifli flaves, mere or lefs ; indeed, fome pf all thefe ppmmpdities are tP be had in all parts of it. The Englilh, Dutch, French, Danes, .and Qtljf J patiofls/have faftori^is upon this 'eosft ' GUT *!>afl, and purehafe flavcs, and other com- tnodities. There are abundance of little ftates, whofe chiefs the failors have digni fied with the name of kings; however, there are very few who deferve that title. When they are at war with each other, as they often are, the people taken, on both fides, are fold for flaves ; and it is net uncommon for the neareft of kin to fell each other. Though they come on Ijoard the ftips Jiaked, they feldom fail of ftealing fomething or other, though ever fo well watched. GuiNCAMP, a town of France, in the tlepartment of the North Coaft and late province of Bretagne, 258 miles W. of Paris. Loh. 2, 56, W, lat, 48, 36, N, GuiPUSCOA, aprovince in the N. of Spain, bounded on the E, by Bafques ; on .the N. by the ocean ; on the W, by Bif cay ; and on the S, by Navarre. "Tolofa is the capital. Guise, a iinali toiivn ef France, in the department pf Aifne, with a ftrpng caftle, feated en the river Oife, 15 miles N. E, of St, Quintin, and 95 N, E, of Paris, Len, 3. 42. E. Iat. 49. 54. N. GuNDELFiNGEN, a town of Ger- many, in Suabia, with a caftle ; feated on the Danube, 15 miles from Ulm, Len, 10, 24. E. lat. 48. 36. N. '-'" Guntoor, one of the Northern Circars, in the peninfula of Hindooftan, It is alfo called Mertinazagur and Conda. vir, and occupies the fpace between Con. ' dapilla, the fouthernmoft of the four Eng lifh Circars, and the N. part of the Car. natic ; extending more than 30 miles along the coaft ef the Bay pf Bengal. Although the maritime ports of this circar are flat and open, the iriterier parts of it contain fome very ftrong fortreffes and pofts. It 15 fubjeft to the nizam ef the Deccan. GuNTSBERG, a town ef Germany, in Suabia, and in the margravate of Bur gaw ; feated en the Danube, 16 miles N. E. ef Ulm. Lon. ip. 25. E.lat. 48. 35. N. Guntzenhausen, a town of Ger many, in Franconia, five miles from Weif femburg ; feated on the river Altmul, ' near a foreft, and fubjeft to the king of Pruffia. GuRK, a town of Germariy, iri Cariri- thia, with a biffiop's fee ; feated en the river. Gurk, 55 miles E. of Saltzburg, Lon. 14.' 18. E. lat. 47. 12. N. GusTROw, a confiderable town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, with a magnificent caftle, where the dukes refide, tt is 35 miles N. E. pf Schwerin. Lpn, II, 13, E, lat, 53, 57, N, GuTTA, a tpwn of Hungary, feated on th^e £. fide of the Panu^e, oppofite th? H A C ifland of Schut, 25 miles E, of Prefburg. Lon, 17, 47, E, lat. 48. ib. N. Guzerat, a peninfula of Hindoo ftan Proper, about 200 miles lpng, and 140 brpad, formed by the Arabian Sea and the gulfs of Cambay and Cutch. The weftern parts pf this peninfula are mpun- tainous and woody, inhabited by a wild hardy race, and govenied by rajahs of their own. But the largeft and fineft part is included within the extenfive empire of the Mahrattas ; and is divided between two of their chiefs, the Paiftaw and Futty Sing Gwicuar. Amedabad is the capital, ¦¦ Gwalior, an ancient and cele. brated fortrefs of Hindppftan Prpper, in the prpvince pf Gphud, It ftands pn a vaft rock, abput four miles in length, but narrpw and pf unequal breadth, and nearly flat pn the top. The fides are fo fteep as to appear almoft perpendicular in every part ; for where it was not natu. rally fo, it has been fcraped away; and the height, from the plain belpw, is from 200 to 30b feet. The rampart conforins to the edge ofthe precipice all around j and the only entrance is by fteps running up the fide of the rock, defended on the., -, de next the country by a wall and ba ftions. The area within is full of noble buildings, rpfervoirs ef water, wells, and cultivated land ; fo that it is a little djif- trift within itfelf. At the N. W. foot pf the mountain is the town, pretty large, wefl-built, the houfes all of ftone. In a word, this place is confidered as the Gib raltar of the Eaft, If was taken, how. ever, in 1780, by major Popham, who performed this exploit by an unexpefted nofturnal efcalade, Gwalior is 80 miles S. of Agra. Gyfhorn, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Lower Saxony, and duchy of Lunenburg ; feated on the rivers Ailer and Ifa, 2 5 miles N. of Brunfwick. Lon, IP, 49, E, lat, 52, 49. N, H, HAAG, or Hag, a town of Ger many, in the duchy pf Bavaria, feated pn a hill, pn the river Inn, 30 miles E. pf Munich. Lpn, 12. 15. E. lat. 48. 18. N. Hacha, a feapprt pf S. America, in Terra Firma, at the mouth of a river of the fame name. Here the Spaniffi galleons touch at their arrival in S. America, and hence expreffes are fent to all the fettle ments, to give them notice of it, Lon, 72. o. W. lat. II. 30, N, * Hackney, a rich aad populous vil- S 4 lags H AD H A I lage to the N. E. ef London. The' pariffi contains the hamletsiof Upper and iLower Clapton, Dorlefton, Skactlewell, ailAHo- merton. This village was the firft near London,, that was' accommodated with carriages for pccafional paffengers ; ahd hence thg' origin of the name of the Hack ney coaches of London.; , '. Hadamar, a, towu of Germany, in Weteravia, with .a handfomeicaflile';. feated ' near the river Elfs,. 22, miles, N. W, of Mentz.. Lon. 8. c. E. lat. 50. 23. N. ¦ Haddington, a populous borough of Scotland, in the county of the fame name. It is feated pn the Tvne, tp the' inunda- tipiis pf .which it has been fpmetitries fub- jefted.. The Francifcan mpnaftery here has b&n a very handfome building. Part of it is occupied asa parifli, church. Ata finall diftance are the .ruins of a nunnery," founded in 1 17S. Haddington is iS miles E. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3. 39. W.lat. 55. 58. N. , " -» Haddingtonshire, or East LoTHi.AN, a county of Scotland, bound ed on the W. by Edinburghffiire, on the .N. by the Frith of Forth, on the E. by the German Ocean, and on the S. hy the county ef Berwick. It, is about 25 miles long from E. te W. and 15 miles where broadeft. A great traft of this country, extending to the S. and E, is for the moft part champaign, and , very fertile and beautiful. The foil is, in many places, dou'oly produftive. Rich crops are raifed on the, furface; apd the mines ef coal are inexhauftible. The fouthern part of this county is verymPUritainous, cpmprehend. ing the N. fide pf Lammermuir Hills, Thefe high grpunds, hpwever, feed many fteep. HAiiERStEBEN, a feaport pf Den- m.ark, in the, duchy cf Slefwick, -with a ftrong citadel, buUt pn a fmall ifland, in a bay of the Baltic, 25 miles E. of Ripen. Lob. <;. 50. E;. Iat. 55. 18. N. H,aDHP,amut, a town and. province of " Arahia Felix, 115 miles W. of Careffen. Lon. 45. 30. E.lat. 'IS.. o. N. Kadlei.gh, a village ih Effex, near Prittlewell, had anciently a caftle, of w'bich there ,ar5. 19. E. lat. 49. 20. N. Hah,and, a province ef Gothland, in .Sweden, on the "VV. coaft of that king. dom. It is 60 miles along the coaft, but EPt above 12 in breadth. Halmftadt is the capital. Hallaton, a town of Leicefterffiire, with a market on Thurfday. It is 12 miles S. E. of Leicefter, and go N. by E. of London. Lon.o. 50. E. lat. 52. 32. N. Halle, a little difmantled town of Auftrjan Hainault, The church contains an image of the Virgin Mary, held in great veneration. It is feated on the river Senne, eight miles S. W. of Bruffels. Lon. 4. 20. E, lat, 50, 46. N. Halle, a handfome and confiderable town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and duchy of Magdeburg, with a famous univerfity and falt-works. It is feated on the river Sale, 40 miles E. of ^agdeburg. Lon . 1 2 . 8 . E. lat. 5 1 . 3 6 . N. Halle, a free imperial town of Ger. many, in Suabia, famous for its falt-pits ; feated on the riyer Kocher, amon,g rocks and mountains, 37 miles N. E. of Stut. gard. Lon. 9. 52. E. lat. 4g. 20. N. . Halle, a town of Germany, in Tirol, .fix miles N. E. of Infpruck. Lon. 11. 33. E. lat. 47. 12. N. Hallein, a town of Germany, in the archbiffiopric of Saltzburg ; feated en the river Saltza, among the mountains, where in are mines of .fait, which are the chief riches of the town and country. It is feven miles S. E. of Saltzburg. Lon. 13, »2. E. lat. 47. 33. N. Haller, a town of Auftrian Brabant, 10 miles S. of TirlemoAf. Lon, 5, i8. £. lat. 50. 42. N, HAM •"* Halmstadt, a ftrong feaport of Sweden, capital of the province of Hal. land, fituated on a bay of the N, Sea, 80 miles S. S, E, of Gotheborg, Lon, 12, 48. E. lat, 56, 3g, N, Halstead, a town in Effex, with a market on Friday. It has long had a ftarc in the manufaftory of baize and - fays ; and is feated en the declivity of a hill, at the foot of which runs the river Coin, 16 miles N, of Chelmsford, and 47 N. E. of London, Lon. o. 45. E.lat. 51. 59- N. Halteren, a town ef Germany, in the bifliopric of Munfter ; feated on the river Lippe, 25 miles S. W. of Munfter. Lon. 7. 27. E. lat, 51,. 40. N. Haltwhistle, a well-built town ef Northumberland, whofe market is dif ufed. It is 37 m.iles W. of Newcaftle, aud 315 N. N. W. of London. Lon. 2, 17. E. lat. 55. 2. N. Halva, a towu ef Africa, jn the kingdom of Fez, feated on the river Ce. bu, eight miles from Fez. Lpn. 5. 5. W, lat. 33. 32. N. Ham, a ftrong town pf Germany, in Weftphalia, capital cf the cpunty of Marck. It is feated en the river Lippe, 24 mfles S. of Munfter. Lon. 7, 50, E, lats 51. 36. N. Ham, a town of France, in the depart. mcnt of Somme and late province of Pi. cardy, feated on the river Somme, 10 miles N. from Noyon, and 48 N. of Paris. Lon. 3. 6. E. lat. 4g. 45. N. Ham, a village in Surry, between Pe. terftam and Kingfton, the houfes of which furround a pleafant commpn. Near it is Ham Houfe, the feat of the earl of Dy. fart, and , Ilam Walks, celebrated by Thomfpn and others. This Village is a hamlet tp Kingftpn, ji| miles W. S. W, pf Lpndpn. * Ham, West, a village of Effex, where are the remains ef an ppulent ab. bey, fpunded in 1135. This village "is feated on the river Lea, about four miles E. by N. of Londpn. * Ham, East, a village in Effex, adjpining to W, Ham, In this parift is a fpring cafled Miller's Well, the excellent Avater of which has never been known to freeze, or to vary in its height, A part of Kent, in the pariffi ef Woolwich, li«s on this fide of the Thames, and divides the pariffi, ef E. Ham from that river. Hamah, a large town of Afia, in Syria, feated among the hills. The houfes be. ing built pn the afcent pf a hill, pne abpve anpther, make a very agreeable appear. ance. Many pf the beft hpufes arc half ruined ; b^t thofe that ^re Jtjll ftanding, witk HAM ¦with the mofques, are built of black and ¦white ftones; as well as the caftle. The river Affi, fprmerly called Orcntes, runs clpfe by the caftle, and fills the ditches abcut it, which are cut deep into the folid rock. The market-places are pretty good ; apd they have a trade for linen of of their own manufafture. It is 78 miles S. W.of Aleppp. Lpu, 34. 55. E. lat. 36. 15. N. Hamamet, i. tpwn pf Africa, in Bar bary, feated pn a gulf pf the fame name, 45 miles frpm Tunis. Lpn. 10, 15. E, lat. 36, 35,' N. ' Hamar, a tPwn pf Norway, in the government Of Aggerhuys, 60 miles N. E. of Chriftiania. Lon, 11, 5, E, lat, 60, 30, N, Hambledon Hill, in Dorfetffiire, at one end of Cranburn Chafe, near Stur. minfter. Here was a Roman camp, and many Roman coins have been dug up. It is the antagonift camp tP that of Ilog Hill. It extends eaft and weft three quarters of a mile ; and hence is an extenfive view ef the Vale ef Blackmore. Hamburg, one of the largeft towns in Germany, confifting of the Old Town and the New Town ; both nearly of an equal fize. Moft ef the houfes arc built ¦after the manner ef the Dutch, and richly furniffied within. The principal ftreets of the Old Town have long and broad ca nals, which are filled twice every 24 hours by the tide. Thefe are not only ufeful for trade, but ferve to keep the houfes and the ftreets clean. It is feated en the river Elbe, which is ef vaft advantage to the inhabitants ; and on the fide of Hol ftein is the Alfter, which, before it enters the town by fluices, forms a fine bafin that cannot be equaUed in Germany. •Hamburg is well fortified, and on the rampartsare handfpme walks. The burgh ers mpunt guard themfelves, and are divided intp feveral ccmpanies. The ftreets are well lighted every night ; and there is a guard, which patrcles, all pver the city. This is a pleafant place for foreigners ; becaufe, befide the cheapnefs of provifions, they are fure to meet with pepple of their own nation ; and there are operas, plays, affemblies, balls, _ con certs, mafquerades, and other parties of pleafure for their diverfion. The fenate of this town is compofed of four burgo mafters, of whom one pnly is a tradef- man ; fpur fyndics ; 24 fenatprs, of whom II are men eif letters, and the reft tradef. men; four' fecretaries, One cf xvhpm isa prPthoBotary; and another belpngs tP the archives ; fo that the .whole fenate confifts pf 36 perfops, Tbe tpwn je djyided into HAM five pariffies ; arid out of each are foixBcd '' feveral colleges, or companies, who take care of public affairs, unlefs there is any thing too high for their detcrminatioa, and then it is judged by a fort of general affembly. It is a place of great trade; which they carry on with Portugal, Spain, France, England, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Italy, and Ruflia. 'They alfo fend vcffcls every year to Greerdand to catch Avhales ; and there are not lefs than 200 ffiips at a time, belpnging tP fpreign^ merchants, at anchcr before the city y and there is a handfomc exchange. The in. habitants are all'LuthCrans, and none but the Englifh have the liberty of perform ing divine fervice in a chapel of their own. Orher religions arc tolerated at Altena, a large town near the harbour of Ham burg ; except the Jews, who have no fy nagogue. Befide the 5 principal churches, theyhave 11 fmaller ones for particular occafions, fome of which belong te hofpi tals. The cathedral of Notre-Darae is a very fine ftrufture ; and has a chapter, confifting of 1 2 canons, who are all Fro. teftants. It is 55 miles N. E. of Bremen. Lpn. 9. 55. E. lat. 53. 34. N. Hamelburgh, atown of Germany, in Franconia, and in the territory of the abbey of Fuld ; feated onthe river Saab, 2 8milcs S. E. of Fuld, Lon. 10.12. E. lat. 50, 16.N. H AMELiN, a ftrong town of Germany, in the duchy of Calenberg^ at the extre mity of the duchy of Brunfwick, of whidi it is the key. It is fituated at the con fluence of the Hamel and Wefer, 2 5 miles S. W. of Hanover. Lon, g. 36. E. lat, 52. 6. N. , HAMiL'roN,'a town of Lanerkfliire, in Scotland, which contains many hand fome houfes, with the ruins of a coUegiate church, founded in 145 1. N'ear this town is Hamilton Houfe, th'e magnificent feat ef the duke of Hamilton, feated betweea the Clyde and Avon, and furrounded. by- venerable oaks. The town alfo is fituated on the Clyde, 10 miles S. E. of Glafgow. Lon. 4.,i6. W. lat. 55. 58. N. Hammersmith, a large village in Middlefex, four miles W. of Lpndon, and a little to the N. of the Thames. I-lAMMERstEiN, a .fortrcfs of Ger- many, 'upon the Rhine, oppofite Coblentz, belonging to the eleftor of Treves. Lou,' 7. 35. E.'lat. 50. 27. N. Hamont, a towp of Germany, in the biffiepric of Liegb, nmiles W.'of RurCT mond._ Lon^ 5. 31. E. lat. 51. 17. N. Hampshike, LIan-ts, or South- AM?TON,a coUhly pf England, bpunded on t)je N, by Berks, on the E. by Surry and HAM HAN and ,Snffej(, on the S. by the Engliffi Channel, and en the \\^_b•/ Dorfetfhire and Wilts. It extends; exclufive of the Me of Wight, 42 miles from N. to S. and 38 from E. to W. It is divided into 39 h'lindrcds, and contains one city, 20 markct-teMvns, and 253 pariflies; and fends, with the Ifle of Wight, 26 meni- ^rs to parliament. It is one of the moft agreeable, fertile, and populous counties in England. The air, in the higher parts, is clear, and pure ; .toward the fea, mild, and inclined" to moifture. Its produfts are the fineft corn (efpecially wheat) hpps, cattle, ffieep, wppf, excellent bacpn, honey, and timber. For the laft it has been particularly famous, on account pf its great woods-, pf which the principal are the New Fpreft, and the. foreft of Eaft Bere. The principal rivers are the Avpn, the Teft pr Tefe, the Itchcri, and the Stpur, Hampshire, New, one ofthe United Krovinces of North America, bounded on the N. by Canada, on the N. E. by .the province of Main, on the S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. by Maffachu- fets, on the W. and N. W. by the river Connefticut, which feparates it from Ver mont. It is divided into the five counties of Rockingham, Stafford, Hilftoreugh, Che • fiiire, and Grafton. The land near the fea is generally low, but, advancing into . the country, it rifes into hills. The air is ferene and healthful ; the weather not fo fubjeft to variation as in the mere fouthern' climes. From the Vicinity of fome mountains, whofe fummits are co vered with fnow three quarters of the year, this country is intenfely cold in winter ; in fummer the heat is .great, but of ffiort duration. The capital is Portf. mouth. Hampstead, a village of Middlefex, formerly famous for its medicinal waters. It is' feated on the declivity ef a hfll, on the top ef which is a fine heath that com mands a delightful profpeft of the metro. pohs and all the adjaceiA country. It is four miles N. N. W. of London.' Hampton, a town in Gloucefterffiire, \^ith a market bn Tuefday. It 'is feated on the Cotfweld Hills, 14 miles S. of .Gloucefter, and 90 W. of London. Lon. I. 15. W. Iat. 51. 3.6. N. Hampton, a feaport of N. America, in New Hampftirc, 40 miles N. of Bof ton. Lon. 74. o. W. lat. 43. 5. NT ' .Hampton, a town- of Middlefex, fa mous for a royal pak,ce, calk-d-Hampton Court, built by cardinal Wolfey, who gave it to Henry VIII. The buildjng'\, gardens, an'd parks, tp which king 'VVil- Mam rii'iadc many additions, are 4 miles la circumference, and feated pri the N. fide of the Thames, 14 miles S. W. of Lon. don. Len. o. 9. W. Iat. 51. 25. N. Hanau., a handfome and ftrong town of Germany, in the circle of fhe Lower Rhine, capital ef a county of the fame name. It belor)gs to its own prince. It is divided into two towns, fhe Old and the New, and is feated near the river Maine, 18 miles N, E; of Darmftadt, Lou, 8. 55. E.lat. 49. 56. N. Hanau, the county of, bounded on the E. by the cpunty pf Rhyneck and th? abbey of Fuld ;' oh the W. by the coun ties of Weiffemburg and Solms ; and on the N. and S. by the territories of Mentz and Francfort. It is 45 miles 'in -length, but its breadth is fmall. Its foil is very fruitful. Hanover, a town ef Germany; capi. tal ofthe king of Great Britain's German dominions. The eleftor refided here be fore he afcended the throne of Great Bri. tain. The regency is adminiftered in the fame inanner as if the fovereign was pre. fcnt. It is a large well-builttown, and well fortified. The eftabfiffied religion is the Lutheran ; but the Roman Catholieis are tolerated, and have a handfome church. It . has fuffered greatly by the French, who got poffeffion of it in 17 57 ; b'jtrhey were foon after expelled. - Hanover is noted for a particular fort of beer, reckoned excel- lent by the people of thofe parts. It is feated on the river Leina, which divides it in two ; 25 miles W.of Brunfwick. Len. IP. 5. E. Iat. 52. 25. N. Hanover, the territory of, compre- hended at firft nothing but the county, of Lawenroad ; but now it contains the du chy ef Zcll, Saxe-Lawenburg, Brcme.n, Lunenburg, the principality ef Verden, ' Crubenhagen, and Oberwald. George I. king of Gr,eat Britain, was the firft that gained peffoflibn of all thefe ftates, which lie moftly between the rivers "Wefer and Elbe, and extend 200 miles in length from S. W. but the breadth is different, being in fome places 1 50 miles, and in others but 50. Their produce is timber^ cattle, hogs, mum, ht-er, and bacon ; a little filver, copper, lead, iron, vitriol, briraftone, quickfilver, and copperas.^ ^-Ianover, a fine large ifland, oppo fite the N. W. extremity of New Ireland. It is high, and covered with trees, among which are many plantations, prefenting a moft btautiful appearance ; and ftill fur ther weftward, in lon. 147° E. he the Admiralty Islands, between 20 and 30 in number, many of them of confider able extent. Hanuye, HAR HAR H \nuye, a town of Auftrian Brabant, 20 miles S. E. ejf Louvain. Lon. 5. 16. E. lat. 50. 41". N. Hapaee, the name of four of the Friendly Iflands in the Pacific Ocean. They arc of fimilar height and appear ance, and conneftcd by a reef of coral recks, dry at low water. The plantations are very numerous and extenfive ; and feme of them are inclofed in frich a man ner, that the fences, running parallel te each other, form fpacicis public roads, that would appear ornamental in coun tries, where rural conveniencies have been carried te the greateft perfeftion. Thefe iflands extend about 19 miles. Hafsal, a f"eapi.rt ef the go'vertimcnt of Revel, er Efthonia, in the Ruffian em pire. It is fe'atcd on the Baltic, five miles S. W. of Revel, oppofite the ifland of Dago. Lon. 22. 47. E. lat. 59. 4. N. Hapsburg, an ancient caftle, now in ruins, on a lofty eminence, near ihe town of Schintznach, not far from the river Aar, in the cjnton of Bern, in Swiffer land. This place was the cradle, as it were, of the houfe of Auftria, whofe an ceftors may be traced back to the begin ning of the 13th century, when they were no more than fimple barons of SwifTer land ; and this caftle commands an un bounded view over hills and dales, plains and forefts, rivers and lakes, towns and villages, mountains and Alps, emblems of that extent of power to which the ta lents of one man, who derived his title from this caftle (Rodolph count ef Hap("- burg) raifed himfelf and his defcendants. What is left of this caftle is now inhabited by the family of a peafant. There is another caftle of the fame name, near the Lake of Lucern, which fome authors have erronepufly afferted to be that from which the counts derived their title. See Germany. Harborough, Market, a town of Leiccfterfliire, with a market on Tuef day. It is feated on the river Welland, which feparates it f"rom Northampton- ffiire, and is 14 miles S. nf Leicefter, and S3 N. by W. of London. Lon. o. 52. W. Iat. 52. 28. N. Harburg, a town ef Germany, in the duchy of Lunenburg, with a ftrong caftle, feated on the Elbe, oppofite Ham burg, 37- mfles N. W. of Lunenburg. Lon. 9. 56. E. lat. 53. 30, N. ^ HarCourt, a town of France, in the department of Cal\'ados and late province of Normandy. Hence a late noble fa mily in Fr;ince derived their ducal title ; and hence arigiiuijly came the noble fa- milv of the fame name in England. It is 12 miles S. of Caen. H.A'RDERWICK, atown ofthe United Provinces, in Guelderland, with a univer fity. It is feated on the Zuyder-zee, 32 miles E. of Amfterdam. Lon. 5. 40. E, lat. 52. 23. N, Ha.t.j'LEur, a tovvn of France, in tlie d-epartirient of the Lower Seine and late province of Normandy. Its fortifications have been long demolifted, and its har bour choked -up. The Englift took it by affault in 141 5. It ftands at the mouth of the Seine, 36 miles N. W. of Rouen,' Lon. o. 19. E. lat. 49. 30. N. Harlebeck, a town pf Auftriaa Flanders, on the rtVer Lis, 3 miles N. E. of Courtray. Lon. 3. 29. E. Iat. 50. 52. N, Harlech, a town of Merionethffiine, with a m.arket on Saturday. It is feated on a rbck, on the feaftore, and but a poor place, though the county town, and go verned by a mayor, &c. Jt is diftin guiffied by a caftle built by Edward I. which is almoft entire. It is 223 miles W. N. W. of London. Lon. 4. 6. W. lat._52. 54. N. Harlem, a large and populous towa of the United Provinces, in Holland, nuie.' morable for the fiege it held put againft the" Spaniards in 1573, for te-u months; the tewnfmen, before r'ney capitulated, being reduced to cat the vilcft animals, and even leather and grafs. The church, whieh is the largeft in Hohand, is adorned with the fineft organ in Europe. ,It con fifts- of So.oo pipes; the largeft 3S feci long, and 16 inches in diameter ; aud there are 68 fteps, of -which the mu'.t wonderful is the vox humana. Harlem is feated on the lake of thfc fame nam-e ; and te the S. ef the tov/n is a wood, cu,t into delightful walks and villas. This piae* cl?ims the invention of printing ; 'and, in fat't, the firft attempts in the art are inehfputably to 'oe attributed to I^auren. tins Coftar, a magiftrate of the city. It is- fituated 10 miles W.of Amfterdam. Lor.. 4. 38. E. lat. 52. 24 N. ' *-' Harlem MerF, a lake of Holland, near Harlem, about 14 mites long an.-i r>,e fame broad. _ It lies, between Lcydcn, Harlem, and Amfterdam; and is navi.-.i- ble, but fubjeft te dangerous ftorms; on which account, the canals from Leyderi to Amfterdam were made, as a fafcr though more tedious paffage. HarlE^ton, a town ef Norfolk, with a. large market on Wednefday.' It is fe'dted on the river Waveney, 16 milts 3. of Norwich, and 100 N. E, of Londoh. Lon. I, 20. £, iat. 52. 26. N.' Har- H A R HAS Hakling, atown in Norfolk, with a at the head of the navigatioii on the Vf* market on Tuefday, It is feated on a ri- fide ef the river Cennetlicut, about 50 vulet, 3xA the market is chiefly for linen- miles from its entrance into the Sound. It, cloth. It is a pretty, neat, genteel town, is divided by a fmall river, with high ro- ¦bufhas no church, and only a Iinall chapel mantic banks. Over this river is a bridge. in the middle pf the place, and a preffiy- terian meeting-houfe. It manufaftures a 'Kttle linen-cloth, and is 24 miles S, W. of Norwich, and 88 N. E. of London. Lon. I. o. E. lat. 52. 28. N. Harlingen, a feaport ofthe United Provinces, in "W. Fricfland, ef which, aext to Lewarden, it is the largeft and moft populous It is' 13 miles W. of Lee- ¦warden. Lon. 5. 14. E. lat. 53. 9. N. Ha,b.low, a tosvn in Effex, whofe market is npw difufed ; but, on a commpn, twp miles frsm the tpwn, is a fampus an nual fair, pn the gth of September, for ¦feorfes, cattle, he. It is called Harlow Buffi Fair, and is nrach frequented by the neighbouring gentry. Harlow is 17 miles W. of Chehnsfqrd, and 23 N, E. of London, Lon. o. 12, E, lat, 51, 49, N. Ha«.mondsworth, a village in Mid dlefex, 1 5 miles frpm London, and two from Colnbrook. It is reinarkable for conhefting the two divifions of fhe town, which is 50 miles W, of Boftcm, Lph. 71. 39. W, lat, 42. 2p. N. Hartland, a tPwn in Devonfliire, with a market pn Saturday, It is feated on the Briftpl Channel, near a promon tory, called Hartland-point, 28 miles W. of Barnftaple, and 213 W, by S, of Lon don. Lon. 4. 31. W, lat. 51, 12. N. Hartlepool, a feaport of the county of Durham, with a market on Monday. It is commodipufly feated pn the feafhpre, and is partly furrpunded by rocks and. hills. It is a pretty large place, but the market is ccme tp npthing. It is 16 miles S. E. of Durham, and 254 N. by W, of London. Lop. i. 4. W. Iat. 44. 44. N. Harwich, a feapprt and borough nf Effex, with a market on Tuefday and Friday. It is feated on a tongue of land, opppfite to the united mpuths of the StPur and Orwell. It is npt very large, but i» one pf the largeft barns in England, whofe well inhabited and frequented, and here fupporting piliaars are of ftpne, and fup. the p^cquet-bpats are ftatipned that gp to pofed tP be pf great antiquity. H aro, a tpwn of Spain, in Old Caftile, feated on the river Hebro, and the chief place of a county. Lon. 2. 23. W. lat. 22. 4=i-N- Harris. See Lewis. *Harrowgate, a village inthe W. riding of Yorkffiire, in the pariffi of Knarelborough, remarkable for its medi Holland. It has a capacious harbour, and a deck for the building of men of war. The entrance into the iiarbour is defended hy a ftrong fortrefs, called Landguard Fort, which is built on a fandy point on the Suffolk fide of the water, but within the jurifdiftipn of Effex. Here is only a chapel of eafe, the mother-church being at Dnver.cpurt, twp miles diftant. Har. cinal fprings ; ppcpf which is th'efirqngeft wich is 42 miles E. by N. pf Chelmsfprd fulphuf water in Great Britain. Bathing is the iPpft general mpde pf ufing it ; and it is fuccefsful in dropfical, fcorbutic, and fouty cafes. The feafon is from May to 'lichaelmas; and the company affemble and lodge in five or fix large inns on the heath, a mile from the village, each houfe having a long room and an ordinary. The beft company ufed to lodge at Knarefto. rough, which is three miles off. Harrow. gate is 2o5 miles from London, in the road to Thirik. * Harrow on. the Hill, avillage and 72 E, N, E, of London, Lon. i. 25. E. lat. 52. o. N, Haslemere, a fmall borough of Sur ry, with a market on Tuefday. It i; 12 miles S, "W, of Guilford, and 42 S. W. of London. Lofl. o. 35. W, lat, 511 7.N, - . Haslinden, a town of Lancaffiire, with a market on Wednefday. It is 1$ miles N. byW, of Manchefter, and 196 N. N. W, of London, Lon, f.. 24. W. lat. 53, 41, N, Hasselt, a handfome town in the in Middlefex, on the hiehcft hill in the United Provinces, in Overyffel, feated on county ; on the fummit of which is the the river Wecht, fiye miles from Zwoll. church, with a lofty fpire. Here, is one Len. 6. 10. E. lat, 23, 36, N, of the moft celebrated frqcfishools in. Eng. H^g'g-^LT, a town of Germany, in the hnd, founded by Mr. John Lyons in the territory of Liege, feated on the river De- reign of queen EHfabeth^- Harrow is 10 mer, 14 miles.N, W, of Maeftricht, Lon. miles W.N, 'W. of Lendon. 5, 15, E. lat, 5'o.-57. N. Hartford, a flouriffiing commercial Hastings, a borough of Suffex, \vith town in the province of Connefticut, one a market on Wednefday and ' Saturday. cf the United States of N. America, feated it is one of the Cinque .ports, and noted HAV HA U for being the place where Will'iam the Caflqucror landed. It is feated between a high cleft toward the fea, and a high hill toward the land fide. The chief em ployment of the people is fiffiing. It had once a ftrong caftle, now in ruins, and its harbour is maintained by a fmall river. It is 24 miles E' of Lewes, and 64 S. E. •f London. Lon, o, 46. E. lat: 50. 52. N. Hatfield, a town of Herts, with a market on Thurfday, formerly belonged to the fee of Ely, but was alienated to the crpwn in the reign pf queen Elifabeth, It had be'fpre been, an pccafipnal royal re fidence, nptwithftanding it was the prp. perty of the church, William of Hatfield, fecond fon of Edward III, was born here ; and hence Elifabeth, on the death of Ma. ry, was condufted to afcend the throne. King James exchanged this royal demefne with fir Robert Cecil, afterward earl of Salifbury, for Thepbalds. On the fite pf the ancient epifcppal palace, that ncble- man built the prefent magnificent feat of the marquis of Saliffiury, called Hatfield Houfe. It is feated on the river Lea, 20 miles N. N, W. of Lendon, Len. o. 10. W. Iat..5i.48. N. Hatfield. Broad-Oak, er Hat. field-Regis, a town of Effex, with a -market on Saturday. It is 30 miles E. N. E. of London. Lon. o. 23, E. lat. 51. 56, N. Hatherly, a town of Devpnffiire, with a market pn Friday, It is 26 miles N, \V. pf Exeter, and 2c i W, by S, pf London, Lon, 4. 9. W. lat. 50. 52. N.' Hatten, a town pf the United Prp vinces, in Guelderland, feated pn the river Uffcl, five miles S. W. ef Zwpll. It vvas taken by the French in 1672, whp demo liffied the fortifications. Lpn. 6. 6. E. Iat, 53.30. N, HATTENGEN.a tpwn pf Gcrroany, in the circle pf Weftphalia, and in the cPunty pf Marck, feated en the river Reer. Lon. 7. 14. E. lat. 51. 17. N. Hatuan, a tPwn and fprt.pf Upper Hungary,, feated on a mpuntain, 28 miles N. E. pt Buda. Lpu. 18. 54, E. lat. 47. 44- N. Ha-yanna, a feapprt pf the ifland pf Cuba, pn the N. W. part pf it, ppppfite Flprieia. It is fampus fpr its harbpur, which is fp large that it may hpld lopo veffels, and yet the mputh is fp narrow, that only one ffiip can enter at a time. This is the place where aU the ftips that come from Spanifli fettlements rendez vous on their return to Spain. It is near two miles in circumference, and, in 1700, - was computed to contain 26,?oq inhabi tants, Spaniards, Mulattoes, and Negrocgj a number, which muft have been confider ably Increafed fince. The entrance into the harbour is well defended by forts and platforms of great guns. The buildings are elegant, built of ftone, and fome of them fuperbly furniffied; and the churches are rich and magnificent. Here is the re fidence of the governor and captain -gene ral of Cuba, and of the .rpyal officers, as well as of.an affcffor for the affiftance of the governor and captain-general ' of the W. Indies, of the biftop of St. Jago da Cuba, and of moft of the men of falhioa and fortune belonging to the ifland. It was taken by the Enghffi in 1762, but reftored tp the Spaniards by the treaty ef peace in 1763, It is feated cu the "VV. fide pf the harbpur, and is watered by tw.9 branches pf the river Lagieia. Lon. ga^, 13. W. lat. 23. 12. N. Havant, a tpwn of Harapftire, vnth a market pn Saturday. It is feven miles N. E. pf Portfmouth, and 64 W. -by S, of Lpndpn. Lon. u. 58. E. lat, 50. 52. N. Havelberg, a to^wn if Germany, in the elettorate ef Brandenburgh, with a fecularized biftop's fee. It is feated on the river Havel; 37 miles N. W. t^ Brandenburg. Lon. 12. 36. E. kt. 5J, 5. N. Haverford West, a tPwn of Pemw brpkeffiire, with a market pn Tuefday and Saturday. It is a tpwn and cpunty pf itfelf, feated pn the fide of a hHl, pp a creek of Milfprd-Haven, over which is a ftone. bridge. It is a large handfome place, inhabited by many gen teel families, and contains three parifli churches ; has a confiderable trade, vihh. feveral veffels belonging to it, and fends one member to parliament. The affizes and county gaol are kept here, and it iiad once a wall and caftle now demolifted. It is 15 miles S. by E. pf St. David's, and 239 W. by N. pf Lpndon. .Lon.5,0. W, lat, 51. 50. N. Haverill, a tcwn ef Suffolk, with m market on WednHday. It has a confi derable manufaftory of checks, cottons, and fuftians, and is 59 miles N. E. of Lon don. Lon. P. 30. E. Iat. 52. 10. N. Hav're-de-Grace, a large, popu lous, and well-biftit commercial town qf France, in the department of Lower Seine and late provihce of Nprmandy. It has an excellent h.arbpur, a ftrong citadel, and a gppd arfenal. It was bpmbarded, bv the Enghffi in 1694 and 1759, and is feated at the mouth of the Seine, 45 miles W. pf Rpuen, and 112 N. W. of Paris. Lon. o. II. E. lat. 49, 29, N, Haute-kive, a town of France, in the H E B H E I the department of Upper Garonne and late province ef Languedoc, on the river Arriege, lo miles S.of Touloufe. Lon. I. 26. E. Iat. 43. 26.' N. Hautvilliers, a town of France, in the department of Marne and late pro vince of "Champagne, with a late famous rich abbey. It is feated on the river Marne, 20 miles from Rheims. '* Hawick, a town of Scotland, in Roxburghfhire, feated en "the river Ti- viot, in a very romantic fituation, the fcenery of which is compofed of wooded rocks, catarafts, and bridges. It is 15 miles S. W. of Kelfe, Hawkshead, a town of Lancaftire, with a market en Monday; 24 miles N. N. "Vy. of Lancafter", and '273 N. N. W, of London. Lon. 3. 6. W. Iat. 54. *4- N. '**. Haws-Water, a fmall lake of Weftmorland, to the W. of Penrith. It is above 3 miles long, half a mile over in fome places, a quarter in others ; almoft divided in the middle by a promontory of inclofures, joined only by a ftrait, fe that it confifts ef two ftects of water. Hay, atown of Brecknockfliire, with « market on Saturday ; feated between the rivers Wyll and Dular, 15 miles N. E. of Brecknock, and 151 W. by S. qf London. Lon. 3. 4. W. lat. 51. 59. N. Ha-ve, a town of Fraiice, in the de partment of Indre and Loire and late pro vince of Touraine. It is the birthplace of Des Cartes, ahd is feated on the river Creufe, 25 miles from Tours, and 135 S. W. of Paris. Lon. o. 46. E. lat. 46. 56. N. Haylsham, a town of Suffex, with a market on Saturday ; 1 2 miles E. of Lewes, and 58 S. E. of London. Lon. o. 20. E. lat. 50. 55. N. *'j*Heaufokd, a town oflreland, in the county of Galway, 12 miles N. of Galway. Lon. 9. 3. W. lat. 53. 29. N. ''* Head of Elk, a town of N. Ame. flea, in Maryland, fituate near the head of the Bay of Chefapeak, ori a fmall river that bears the name of the to,wn. It en joys great advaniages from the carrying trade between Bakimore and Philadelphia. Hean, a town ef^fia, in Tonquin, on the river Domca, 20 miles S. of Cachao, and 80 N. of the Bay of Tonquin. Hebrides, or Western Isl.\nD5, fome numerous iflands pn the W'. coaft. of Scotland, the principal of which are Skye, St. Kilda, Lewis and Harris, N. and S. ¦Uift, Cannay, Staffa, Mull, Jura, Iflay, &c. 'which fee. Hebrid«e, New, a group of iflands firft difcovered by Quiros in 1606, and eqnfidercd as part ofa great fouthern con tinent, under the name of Tierra Auftra- lia del Efpiritu Santo. They were next vifited by i\L de Bougainville in 1768, who did no mere than difcover that the land was not cennefted, but compofed of iflands, which he called the Great Cy- clades. Captain Cook, in 1774, afcertain ed the extent and fituation of the whole group, and gave them the name they now bear. They' are fituated between the la titudes of 14. 2g. and 20. 4. S. and be tween the longitudes of 166. 41. and 170. 21. E. extending 125 leagues. The prin cipal iflands are Tierra del Efpiritu Santo and MalicoIIe, befide feveral ef lefs note, fome of which are from 18 te 25 leagues in circuit. In general, they are high and mountainous, abounding with wood and water, and the ufual produftions of the tropical iflands. The inhabitants are of very different appearances at different iflands. They are in general, of a flender make and dark colour, and moft of them have frizzled hair. Their canoes and houfes are fmall, and poorly conftrufted ; and, except their arms, they have fcarcely any manufafture, not even for clothing. They are, however, hofpitable and good- natured, when not prompted to a contrary conduft by the jealoufy, which the unu fual appearance of Europ'ean vifitors may naturally be fuppofed to excite. Hedamora, a town of Sweden, in Weftmania, feated on the river Dahl, 55 miles N. W. of Upfal. Lon. 17. 7. E. lat. 60. 14. N. ' - Heidenheim, a town of Germany, in Suabia, and in the territory of Brentz- hafl, V ith a handfome palace, belonging to the houfe of Wirtemberg, 22 miles N. of Ulm. Lon. 10. g. E. lat. 48. 4^. N. HEiDELHrRG, a confiderable and po pulous town of Germany, capital of the Lower Palatinate, with a cclebfated uni. verfity. It is noted for its great tun, which heJds 800 higftciJs, generally kept full of gcod Rhtiiii'i wine. It ftands in a pleafant rich country, and was a famous. feat of learning ^ but it has undergone fo many calamities, that it is nothing now to what it was formerly. It was firft re duced to a heap of ruins in 1622, by the. Spaniards; and the rich library was tranf. ported, partly to Vienna, and partly to the Vatican at Rom.e. After this it enjoyed the^ benefits nf peace, till the Proteftant eleftotal houfe became extinft, and a bloody war enfued, in which the caftle was ruined. This happened in 1693; and the people, of the Palatii'atc were obliged to leave their dv/elli;igs, and tb so for HEL HEL for refuge imp foreign countries,"^ To three mUes frpm the tPwn, he faw feveral add tp thefe mjsfprtunes, the eleftor refid- plants pf Eurppe, Africa, and America, ed at Manheim, and carried mcft pf the and particulaj-ly a profufion ef rofes and people ef diftiriftion with him. The lilies, interfperfed with myrtU- and laurel, great tun was broke to pieces in i6g3, by Several walks of peach-trees were loaded the French, and at a great expence, in with fruit, which had a peculiar rich fla- 1729, was repaired. The town ftands on the river Neckar, over which is a hand fome bridge, 12 miles N. E. ef Spire. Lon. 8. 48. E. lat. 49. 26. N, Heila, a town ef Weftetn Pruffia, feated at the mouth of the Viftula, on the Bakic Sea, 12, miles N. ,of Dantzick, Lon, 19. 25. E. lat. 54. 53. N. Heilegej^-Have, a feaport of Ger many, in Holftein, feated on the Baltic, over againft the ifland of Femeren. Lon. 10. 57. E. lat. 54. 30., N. Heiligs-land, an ifland ofthe Ger- man Ocean, between the mouths of the Eyder and the 'Elbe. It belongs to the king of Denmark. Lon. 8. 20. E. Iat. 54. 21. N. Heiligenstadt, atown ef Germa ny, capital of the territory of Etchfet, be longing te the eleftor of Mentz ; ftated at the confluence of the Gcifland and Leine, 30 miles N. W.'of Eifenach. Lon. 10. 14. E. lat. 51. 22. N. Helena, St. an ifland in the Atlan tic Occean, belonging to the Bngliih E. India Company. , Its circumference is about 20 miles. It has fome high moun tains, particularly one called Diana's Peak, which is covered with woods to the very top. There are other hills alfo, vvhich your, different from that of our peaches,; but the other European fruit-trees throve but indifferently, and never bore fruit. Vines had been planted feveral times, but had not fucceeded, on account of the cli- mate. Cabbages and other greens thrive extremely well, but are devoured by ca terpillars; and the barley, and other kinds of corn, are generally devoured by rats, which are incenccivcably numerous. The grouiid, for that reafon, was laid out chiefly in paftures, the verdure of which was fiirprifing ; and the ifland can fupport 3000 head of their finall cattle. The beef is juicy, delicious, and very fat. The ifland.abounds with goats, rabbits, a fmafl breed of horfes,'' ririg- pheafants, red- legged partridges, rice-birds, pigeons, &c. ef feme of which the breed is indigenous, but others have been brought from Africa, Europe, or the E. Indies. The number ef inhabitants on the ifland docs not ex. ceed 2000, including near 500 foldiers, and 600 flaves, who are fupplied with all ibrts of manufaftures by the company's ffiips, in return for refrefhmcnts '; and many of the flaves arc employed in catching fift, which are very plentiful. To Mr. Forf- tcr's account may be added, that the town is fmall, and ftands in a valley at the bot- bear evident marks pf a volcanic origin; tem of a bay on the S. fide of the -ifland, and fome have huge rocks of lava and a between twp fteep dreary mpuntains. kind of half-vitrified flags. The country. The buildings, both public and private, however, is far from being barren, the in- are plain, but neat, arid tho town is well tenor vaUies and even mountains being defended by forts -and batteries.. This pleafant and fertile. Mr Forfter, who made an excurfion about half a mile into the country, informs us, that he was tranf ported with one of the fineft profpefts he had ever feen, confifting of feveral little hills, covered with rich verdure, and inter fperfed with fertile vallies, which con tained gardens, orchards, and various plantations. Many , paftures, he adds, were furrounded bv inclofures of ftone, and filled with a fmall, but fine breed of cat tle, and with Enghfh ffieep. Every val- ley was watered by a rivulet. The moun ifland was difcovered by the Portuguefe in 1502, on St. Helen's Day, whence it had its name. Afterward the Dutch were ih poffeffipn pf it tifl 1600, when they were expelled by the Engliffi. In 1673, the Dutch retppk it by furprife ; but it was fpon after recoverad by the brave captain Muiidcn. This ifland is fitu:ited between the ccntincnts of Africa and S. America, about 1200 miles W. ef the former, and 1800 E. of the latter. Lon. 1;. 49, W..lat. 15. 55. S^ Helier, St. the capital of the tains, in the centre of the ifland, were Ifland pf Jerfey, in the Engliffi Channel, hung with woods. The foil, whieh co. feated in the Bay of St, Aubin, where it -yered the rpcks and mountains, was in has a harbcur, and a'ftonc pier, having the ' general a rich mould, from fix to ten in- fea on the S. W. and hills on the N. that ches deep, clothed with a variety of plants • flielter it frorn the cold, .^nether large and fhrubs, among which was a tree, hill projefts, in a manner, over the town, which the inhabitants call a cabbage-tree and has a pleafant walk, that affords an (though pnly ufed fpr fuel) gum-trees, extenfive prpfpeft. The ftreets are wide a.1^ rf'i wooci, I Kthe governpr's garden, and well-paved. The inhabitants arc ccm- T puted HEL puted tp be 2opo.; In the ch^urch, pray ers are read, alternately, in Englift and Frerich, At the tpp of the market-place is the ftatue of George II, in bropze, gilt. In the church, is a monument, erefted at the public expence, to the memory ef ma jor Pierfpn, whp fell in the moment of viftpry, in the attack ofthe French troops, who had made a defcent on this ifla,nd, in which aftipn, the French general alfp was mprtally wpunded. Lpn. 2. 10. W. Iat. 49. II. N. See Jersey, * Helier, St. a.httle ifland, near the town of the fame name, in the Bay of St. Aubin, on the S. fide "of Jerfey, It took its name from Elerius, or Helier, a holy man, who lived in this ifland many cen turies ago, and was fl?iri by the Pagari Normans, at their coming here. He is mentioned among the martyrs in the Martyrolog-y of Coutances. His little cell, with the ftone bed, is ftill ffiown among the rocks ; and; in memory ef him, a no ble abbey was founded in this ifland. On the fite of this abbey, now ftands Elifabeth Caftle, a very large and ftrong fortifica tion.' It is the refidence of the governor and garrifon of St. Helier, and occupied' the whole ifland, which is near a niilc in circuit, and furrounded by the I'ea, at every half flood ; and hence, at low water, is a paffage to t'ne town of St Helier, call ed the Bridge, half a mile long, and form ed of fand and ftones. '•¦- Helmsdale, a river of Sutherland ffiire, in Scotland, which defcends from the mountains bordering en Caithnefs, and 1 rolling over its rocky bottom toward the Ord ef Caithnefs, becomes, at that place, deep, rapid, and -dangerous, there being ne bridge over the river. At its mouth, in the German Ocean, is a good falmon fiffiery. Helmont, a town of Dutch Brabant, with a ftrong cattle, feated on the river Aa, 70 miles E. of Bruffels. Len. 5. 37. E. lat. 51. 31. I-J. Hel.msley, or Helmsley-Black- MORE, a town of the N. riding of York ffiire, feated on the river Rye. The houfes are well built of ftone, and covered with flate. It had ferm.erly a caftle, and has now a market on Saturday. It is 20 miles -N. of York, and 220 N. by W, of London. Lon. i. o. W. lat. 54, ig, N, Helmstadt, a tojvn of Germany, in the duchy of Brunfwick, with a univerfi ty ; 22 miles N, E. ef Brunfwick. Lon. J I. 16. E. Iat. 52. 16. N. Helsinburg, or Elsineurg, a fea port of Sweden, in the province of Goth land, and territory of Schcneu, feated on HEN the oppofite fide of the Sound, feven miles E. of Elfinore, and 37 S. of Halm ftadt. Lon. 13. z. E. lat. 56. 2. N. Helsingfors, -a town ef Swediffi Finland, in a romantic fituation, on a rif ing ffiore, near feveral rocks and huge fragments of granite. The harbour is ip the Gulf of Finland, and is the moft commodious of any in the province of that name. Helfingfors is 150 miles E. of Abo. Lon. 25, o, E, lat, 60. 20. N. Helston, a borough of Cornwall, with a market on Menelay. It is feated en the riyer Cober, near its influx into the fea. It is ene of thofe appointed for the coinage ef the tin. A little below the town is a tolerable good harbour, where feveral of the tin ffiips take in their lad ing. It is well inhabited, and governed by a mayor, four aldermen, a town-clerk, and deputy-recorder. Here is the largeft market-houfe in the ceunty. It is 11 miles S. W. ef Falmouth, and 274 W. by S. of London. Len, 5. 15. E. lat. to. 2. N. Helvoe'tsluys, a feapprt pf the United Prpvinces, in Hplland, pn the ifland pf Vpprn. It is frequented by a great number of ffiips, particularly by the Enghffi packet-boats, from Harwich. It is five miles S. of the Brieh Lon. 4. 23. E. lat. 51. 45. N. Hempsted, or Heme'l Hempsted, a town of Herts, with a market on Thurfday ; feated among the hills, on a branch of the river Coin, 18 miles S. W. of Hertford, and 23 N. W. of London. Lori. 0. 15. W. laf. 51. 47. N. Henbury, a village in Gloucefter ffiire, near Briftol, two miles from St. Vincent's Rock. In this parifli is a camp, with three rampircs and trenches, fuppofed to have been Britiffi. In digging up this hill in 1707, great numbers of Roman coins were found. Henley, a town qf Oxfordftire, with a market on Wednefday, -Friday, and Sa turday. It is feated on the Thames, over which is a handfome bridge, and fends malt, corri, &c. te London, by barges. It is 24 miles S. E. of Oxford, and 3 5 W. of LondOii. Lon. o. 46. W. lat. 51. 3 5' N. Henley, a towri in Warwickffiire, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated on the river Alne, 10 miles N. ,W. of Warwick, and 102 W. N. W. of London. Liin. I. 50. W; lat. 52. 23. N. Henneberg, a ceunty ef Germany, in the circle of Francpnia. It is bounded on the N. by Thuringia, on the W. by Heffe, on the S, by the biffiopric of Wurtzburg, and on the E, by that of Bam- HER Bamberg. It abounds in mountains and woods ; and is populous and fertile. It is divided among no lefs than feven diffe rent fovereigns. Mainangen is the capi tal. Henneberg, a town-of Germany, iri the circle of Franconia, and county of the fame name, with a caftle. It is 34 miles N. W. ef Bamberg. Lon. 10. 38. E. lat. 50. 40; N. Hennebon, a town ef France, in the department ef Morbihan and late province of Bretagne, feated on the river Blavet, 2160 miles W. by S. of Paris, and 22 N. W. of Vannes. Lon. 3. 4. W. lat, 47. 50. N. Henrichemont, a fmafl town of France, in the department ef Cher and late province ef Berry, fituated on the river Saudre, It was the capital ef a dif trift which Henry IV. gaVt to his illufr trious minifter the duke of Sully. Its original name was Bois-BeUe ; but Sully gave it the prefent name, in gratitude for the privileges which the king had annexed it. As the foil in the environs is npt ex ceflent, the town is, in a manner, defert ed ; and the uniform houfes, with which Bully has adorned it, are in a Wretched conditior*'' The family alienated it to Lewis ;^V. in 1767. The tpwn is 15 miles from Bourges. Henry, Cape, the S. capeofVirgi- 'nia, at the entrance of Chefapeak Bay. Lon. 76. 5. W. lat. 36. 56. N. Heppenheim, a town of Germany, in the eieftorate of Mentz, with a caftle and an abbey.; feated between Heidleberg and Daamftadt, about 14 miles from each. Lon. 8. 41. E. Iat. 49. 29. N. Heraclea, an ancient feaport of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, with a Greek archbiffiop's fee. It was formerly very famous ; and there are ftill confider. able remains of antiquity. It is 50 miles W. ef Conftantinople. Lon. 27. 58. E. lat. 40. 59. N. Herat, a tpwn pf Perfia, in the prp vince pf Cliprazan, 160 miles S. E. pf Mechid. Lpn. 61. o. E. lat. 34. 30. N. ¦'¦ Herault, one ef the 83 depart ments cf France, fo named from a river which falls into the Gulf of Lyons. It includes part ef the late province of Lan- guedoc ; and the capital is Montpellier. Herbemont, a town of the Auftrian Netherlands, in the duchy of Luxemburg, with a caftle, feated on a mountain, near the river Semoy, three miles from Clii. pey. Herborn, a .town of Germany, in the circle ofthe Upper Rhine, and terri tpry of Naffau, with a famous -aaivcrfity H E ^ and wppllen manufafture ; eight miles S'. W. pf Dillenbu'rg. Lpn. 8. 20. E. lat. 50. 40, N. Hereford, the capital of Hereford- ffiire, with a market on Wednefday, Fri day, and Saturday. It is almpft encom. paffed by the Wye and two other rivers, over which are two bridges. It is an an. cient decayed place, and had fix parift. churches, but two ef~them were demo." lifted in the civil wars. It is a biftop's fee ; arid the cathedral is ari aricient and venerable ftrufture. The W. tower, in particular, was efteemed a beautiful and magnificent piece of architefture : ft was 125 feet high, and was buflr, in the 12th century, by Giles de Bruce, then biftop of Hereford; but, in April 1786, the whole pf this' tpwer, with a part pf the' bpdy of the church fell down. A fub- fcriptien, however, having been fet ou foot, this tower has been fince rebuilt. The chief manufafture is glbves. It is govern ed by a mayor, fix aldermen, and a fword- bearer; and is 24 miles "W. N. W. of Gloucefter, and 130 W. N. W. of Lon don. Lon. 2. 35. W. Iat. 52. 4. N. Herefordshire, a county of Eng land, bounded en the E. by Gloucefterffiire and Worcefterftire, on theW. by Radnor- ftire and Brecknockffiire,, on the N. by Shropflijrc, and on the S. by Monmouth- ftire. It extends 35 miles from N. to S. and 47 from E. to W. It is divided into 1 1 hundreds ; contains one city, eight mar ket-tpwns, and 176 pariffies; and fends eight meipbers to parliament. The air is healthy and delightful; and the inhabi tants generally live to a great age. The foil is exceedingly rich, producing excellent corn, wool, and fruit, as is evident from the Leominfter bread, Weobly ale, and Hereferdftire cider ; the laft of which is fent te all parts ef England. The apples producing the cider grow in greater abun dance here, than in any other county, be ing plentiful even, in the hedge-rows. of thefe are various kinds, yjelding liquors of different ftrength and qu.ahties. The moft celebrated is the redftreak, which is faid to be peculiar ta this county. The Styer cider is remarkable for a fuperior ftrength and body, and for keeping very well. The fteep ef Hereferdftire are fmall, affording a fine filky wool, in qua lity approaching ,te the Spanifli. "The principal rivers are' the Wye, Mynnew, and Lug ; all which are well ftored with fift. The falmon of this county are very remarkable ; fer in other parts of England they are fo far out ef feafon, after fpawn- ing, as to be un-whelefome feed, till they hay; been again at fea to recover them- T a. felv?! i HER H E S felves ;.but here, they are always found, fat, and fit .for the table, Herenhausen, a palace, near !ila- nover, belonging to the king .of Great Britain, Here are gardens of vaft extent, in which are fiiife waterworks, a labyrinth, and many pther curiofities, . , Herent.hals, a town, of Auftrian Brabant, feated en the river Nethe, 20 miles N. E, of Louvain. Lon. "4. 54. E., lat. 51. 13. N, Herforden, 'cir Herwerden, a free imperial town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, capital of the county of Ravenfturgh, with a famous nunnery, belonging tp the prpteftants of the eon feffion of, Augffiurg, whofe abbefs is a princefs of the empire, 'anff has a voice and place in the diet. It is feated en the river Aa, 17 miles S, W, of Minden, Len. S. 47. E. lat. 52. g. N. Hergrundt, a town of Upper Hun gary, remarka'ijle for its mines of vitriol, 'which are extremely rich. Thofe who 'work in the mmes have built a fubter raneous town, \yith a great number of inhabitants. It is 65 miles N. of Buda. Lon. 18. 15. E.lat. 48. 30. N. *.Heki, a pleafant ifland in the Indian Ocean, two miles N. N. W. of Ternate. It is pretty high, and not mere than two miles in circumference. The cultivated parts, contrafted with the brown. fhade of the trees, and the interfperfed fituation ef the houfes, give this little fpot a very pifturefque appearance. It appears, as well as Ternate, tp he in a perfeft ftate pf cultivatipn, and tp be well inhabited, , Herishaw, an ancient tpwn of Swif. ferland, tire moft confiderable poffeffed by the proteftants in the canton of Appen- tel. It is feated en the fmall river Bul- bach. Herk, a town of Germany, in the biftopric of Liege, feated on a river ef the fame name, near its confluence with the Demer, two r.iiles W. of Maeftricht. Lori. 5. 38.. E. Iat. .50. 52. N. Hermanstadt, a handfome, large, populous, and ftrong town ef Hungary, - capital of Tranfylvania, .with a bifhop's fee. It is feated on the river Ceben, 25 miles E. ef Wciffcmberg, and 205 S. E. of Buda. Lon, 24. 4p, E. lar. 46. HerNosaNd, a .feaport. pf. Sw;eden, en the Gulf pf Bothnia. Lpn. 17, 58, £, lat. 62. 38. N,. , ,„ . Herstal, a town of Germany, in t'ne hiffiopric of Liege, with an ancient caftle ; feated on the river Maefe, thr'ee miles N. «f Liege. Lpn. 5.. 40, E. lat. jp. 40. N. Hertford, the cpunty tpwn of Herts, with a market on Saturday. In the be. ginning of fhe heptarchy it was con. fidered as one' of the principal citie-s of the E. Saxons. It is feated eh the river Lea, which is npw navigable for barges, but, at that peripd, was equally navigable for fhips, to this, town. In 879, the Danes erefted two" forts here, for the fecurity of their ftips ; but Alfred turned the courfe of the river, fo that their, veffels were left en dry ground. Edward, the eldeft fon ef Alfred, built a caftle here, which has been eft"en -a royal refidence. It is ftill entire, and the habitation of a pri. vate family. The towh fends two menr- bers to parliament, and is governed'by a high fteward, mayor; and nine aldermen, a recorder, &c. Here were formerly five churches, but now only two. Hertford is two miles W. by S.of Ware, and 21 N.of London. Lon. o. i. E. lat. 5:. 50. N. Hertfordshire, or Herts, a county ef England, bounded on the N. by Carabridgeftire, on the E. by Effex, pn the N. W. by Bedfprdftire, Pn the W. by Bucks, and on the S. by Middle. fex, Itis, 36 miles long from N, te S, and 28 broad from E. to W. It is di vided into eight hundreds, which con. tain 19 market-towns, and 174 pariftes, and fends fix members to pariiamenf. The northern flcirts of this county is hilly, forming a fcattered part of the chalky ridge- which extends acrofs the kingdona in this direftion. A number of ftreams take their rife from this fide, which, by their clearnefs, ftow the ge. neral nature of the foil to be i'nclineei to hardnefs, and net abundantly rich. Fhnt ftpnes are fcattered in great prpfufion over the face of this cou.aty; and beds bf chalk are' frequently to be met with. It is found, however, with the aid of proper culture, te be extreipely favour. able to corn, both wheat and barley, which come to as great perfeftion 'here as in any part of the kingdom. The weft.ern__part is, in general, a tolerable rich fo'il"; and under excellent cultivation. Indeed, the traffic'pf the cPunty is;'iri corn and malt. The air is, wholefome; and the princU pal rivers are the Lea, "Stort, and Coin. Heregovinza, a territory of Tur. key in Europe, in Bofnia, hear Dalmatia. Caffel-nuovp t'ne capital belongs to the Venetians, and the reft te the Turks. HertzBERG, a confiderable town, in the eieftorate of. Saxony, '35 miles lil. W. ef Drefden'. Lon. 13. 17. E. lat. 51.41.N. ', Heedin, a ftrpng tPwn of France, in the HEY HI G the department of Straits of Calais and late county of Artois, feated on the river Canche, 25 miles S. S. W. of St. Omer, and 165 N. of Paris. Lon. -2. 6. E. lat. 50. 24. N. Hesse, a country in the circle of the Upper Rhine, in Germany, boundediPn the N. -by the biffippric pf Paderbprn and duchy of Brunfwick ; on the E. by Thuringia; on the S. by the territory of F.ulde and Weteravia ; and on the W. by the counties of Naffau, Witgen- fteln, Hatz.feldt, and Waldeck, The houfe of HeJTe is divided into four branches, namely, Heffe-Caffel, Hom- berg, Darmftadt, and Rhinefeldt, each of which has the title ef landgrave,- and take their names from the four principal towns. This country is about 100 miles in length, and go in breadth, and fur rounded by« woods and mountains, in which are mines of iron and copper : in the middle are fine plains, fertile in corn and paftures, and there is plenty of aU forts of fruit and honey. They likewife cultivate a large quantity ef hops, which ferve te make excellent beer. Birch-trees are very, common, and they make a great deal of wine ef the fap. The landgrave of Heffe-Caffel is an abfolute prince, and derives a confiderable part of his reve nue from his, troops, which he lets out to. fuch of the powers of Europe as may be induced to give him an advanta. geous fubfidy. Hever, a tpwn pf Auftrian Bra bant, twp miles S. of Louvain, Lon, 4. 49. E. lat. 50. 51. N. Heukelum, a town of the United Provinces, in Holland, feated eh the ri ver Liege, five miles from Gorcum. Lon. 4. 55. E. lat. 51. 55. N. Heusden, a ftrong town of the Unit ed Provinces, in Holland, feated on the river Maefe, with a handfome' caftle ; eight miles N. W. of Bois-le-duc. Len, 5. 3. E. lat. 51. 44. N. Hexham, a fown tif Northumberland, with a market en Tuefday. It is feated on the river Tyne, and was formerly fa mous for an abbey and church, orie of which is now decayed, and a great part of the other was pulled down by the Scots. Near this place, in 1463, was fought a bloody battle, between the houfes of York and Lancafter, in which the latter W'as defeated,- Hexham is noted for its manufaftory of tanned" leather, ffioes, and gloves ; and is 22 miles W. of Newcaftle, and 284 N. N. W.of London. Lon. 2. I. W. lat. 55. 3. N, Heydon, a borough in the E, riding 9 of Yorkffiire, with a market on Thurf day. It is feated en a river, .which foon falls into the Humber; and was formerly a confiderable town, but is, now much decayed. It is fix miles W. of Ffull, and 181 N. by W. of London. Lon. 0. 5. W. lat, 53. 45. N. Heylshen, a tpwn-pf Auftrian Bra. barit, 14 miles S. E. pf Lpuvain. Lpn. 5. 7. E. lat. 50, 45. N; Hb'ytsbury, a bprpugh pf Wilts, whpfe market is difufed. It is 20 ipil's N. W, of Sahffiury, and 93 W. by S. of LpndcJn. Lpn, 2, 8, "W, lat, 51. 12. N. Hieres, a town of France, in the department pf Var and late prpvince of Prpvence, feated in a pleafant fruitful cpuntry; but its harbpur being chpked up, it is npw much decayed. In no ether part ef France is Nature fo uni. formly beautiful. During great part of the winter, the verdiu-e is as fine as in the fpring ; and', in many gardens, green peas may be gathered. The winters, how ever, have been fometimes very fevere ; particularly iu 1709, 1768, and 1789. This tPwn is the birthplace cf Maf- fillon, the celebrated French preacher. It is 12 miles E. of Toulon; and 350 S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 6. 2p. E. lat. 43. 5. N. HiEREs, iflands pf France, en the cpaft pf Prpvence. They are four in number ; namely, Porquerolies, Porteros, and Ba- gueau, which are inhabited, and the ifle of Titan, fhe largeft of them, which is capable of ' cultivation. Between thdfe iflands and the continent, is- the read pf Hieres, which is fp capacicus and excel lent, that it has affprded ffielter for the largeft fquadrpns, and np inftance pf a ffiipwreck has ever pccurred here. It is defended by three fprts. Highgate, a large village in Mid dlefex, feated Pn a hill, E. pf that pf Hainpftead ; pn which accerant, thefe two hills have been poetically eialled ''the fifter-hills." Here, lord chief baron .Chol- mpndeley built « freefchpol 'in ;' -1562, which was erilarglH, in 1570, by, Ed-w'in Sandys bifhop of London, who' added a chapel tP it, which is a chapel pf eafe to the twp pariftes pf Pancras and Hornfey. Highgate is 4 mites N. by W. qf- Lpn don. Higham-Feurers, ,a borough pf Nprthamptonihire, with a great market on Thurfday and Saturday. It is'fcated on an afcent, pn the river. Neh, and fends one member tp .parliament, it had fpr merly a caitle, npw ip ruins ; and « is T 3 33 niiles H 1 N H I N 35 miles E. S. E. of Coventry, ahd.66 N. N. W. of London. Lon. u. 40. W. lat. 52. 19. N. Hiero. See Ferro. HiESMES, a town of Fra-nce, in the department ef Orne ahd late province of Normandy, feated on a barren mouh- rain, 10 miles from Seez, and 90 W. "^of Faris. Lorf. o. 15. E. Iat. 44. 46. N.. HiGHWORTH, a town of V/ilts, with a market on Wednefday, It is feated on the top of a hill, which ftands ih a rich plain, near the vale of White Horfe. It is 36 miles N. of Saliftuty, and 77 W. of London. Lpn. i. 42. W. lat. 51. 38. N. Hildesheim, a ftrpng tp^tvn pf Ger many, in the circle pf Lpwer Saxpny, and biftopric of the fame name. It is free ahd imperial.; and in the cathedtal is the ftatue of Herman, the German chief... It is divided inte the old and new towns, each of which has its feparate council; and its inhabitants are a mixture of Lu therans and Papifts. It is feated on the river Irnefte, 17 miles S. S. E. of Han over. Lori. 10. 10. E. lat. 52. 10. N. HildburghAusen, a tswn of Ger- •ipariy, in a duchy of the fame name, in the circle of Franconia, arid principahty of Cobourg. It is feated eu the "wcr- ra, and is a handfome , well-built place, fubjeft to the duke of Saxe-Hildburg- haufcri, who has a palace here. It is 22 miles N. by W. of Ce'bourg. Lou. 11. 3. E. Iat. 50. 53. N. * Himmaleh Mount, a vaft chain of mountains in Afia, -vvhich eitends from Cabul alpng the_ N. pf Hindooftan, and appears to be the general boundary of Thibet, through the whole extent from the Ganges to the river Teefta; inclef- ing between it and Hindooftan, a traft of country, from 100 to 180 miles in breadth, divided into a number of fmall ftates, none ef which are underftood to be cither tributaries or feudatories of Thibet ; fuch as Sirinagus, Napaul, &c. This ridge was known- to the ancients by the names of Imaus and fhe Indian Caucafus. The natives now call it {lindeo-Ke (the In. dian Mountains) as well as Himmaleh ; which laft is a Sanfcrit word, fignifying fowy, -its fummit being covered with: "fnow. See Ganges and Gogra. HiNCHINBROOK IsLAND, one of the Hebrides in the South Sea, in the neigh bourhood of Sandwich Ifland. Len. 168. 3;;. E.lat. 17. 25. S. HracKLEY, a town pf Leicefterffiire, wi^b. a market'pn Monday. It is adorn ed wit'n a' large handfpme church, which has a lofty fpire, Hinckley "nas a ccnfidfer- able ftpcking manufaftpry, and is 12 miles S, W. of Leicefter, and 91 N. N. W. of London. Lon. i. 20. W. lat. 52. 34. N. HiNDEtOPEN, or HinlOpen, a feapprt of the United Provinces, in W. Friezlahd, feated en the Zuider-Zee, be. tween Staverin and Worcem. HiNDON, a borough of Wilts, with a rijarket on Thurfday; 20 miles 'W. pf Sahftury, and 97 'W. by S. pf Lpii. don. Lon. 2. 9. W. lat. 51. 6. N. '-* HiNDOo-Ko. See Himmaleh Mount, and Cabul. Hindoostan, or India, a celebrat ed region of Afia, -which, in its moft ex tenfive fignificatien, comprifes all the countries between the mountains ef Tar. -tary and Thibet on the N. the river Bur. rampeoter, and the Bay ef Bengal'on the E. the Indian Ocean on the S. and the fame ocean and Perfia on the W. But this country muft be; confidered under the three grand divifions of Hindooftan Pro per, the Deccan, and the Peninfula, Hindooftan Proper includes all the coun. tries that he to the N. of the river Ner budda, and of the Sourbahs ef Bahar ahd Bengal. The principal fourbahs, or pro vinces, ih Hindooftan Proper, are Agi- rricre, Agra, Caffimere, Delhi, Guzerat, Lahore, Malwa, Moultan, Oude, Rohil cund, Sindy, &c. for an account of which fee their refpeftive names. The term Deccan, which fignifies the South, has been extended to the whole region that lies to the S. of Hindooftan Proper 5 but, in its moft proper and limited fenfe, it means only the countries fituated between Hindooftan Proper, the Carhatir, the Weftern Sea, .--nd Oriffa; namely, the provinces of Candeifli, Dowlatabad, Vifi- apour, Golconda, and the weftern part ef Berar ; its boundary to the N. being the river Nerbudda, and that to the S. the river Keftna. All the traft S, of this laft river is generally called the Pehin.= fula ; although its fize is far from au. thorizing that appellation. The name India, by which this country, as far as it was known, is diftinguifhed in the earlieft Greek hiftories, appears te be derived front Hind, the name given to it by the ancient Perfians, through whom, .doubtlefs, the knowledge of the country \vas tranfraitted re the Greeks. The word Hindoojlan is, indeed, entirely of Perfian origin, compounded of Slan, a re gion, and Hind, or Hindoo. Our limits will not allow us to enter into the ancient hiftory of India, which more properly be longs tb a fyftem of ancient geography. To give an idea of the mere modern re- vplutipns H i N H I N voiutions in the empire ef Hindooftan, it is proper to obferve, that from a pure Hindoo government, it became at laft, a Mahometan ftate,' and continued to be fp; under various dynafties, till the begin. ning ef fhis century. The firft irruption. of the Mahometans was in the year ipqo. From this period, it is to be obferved, that the provinces of Hindooftan were held ra. ther as tributary kingdoms, than as pro vinces ef the fame empire ; and that the conqueft of the Deccan, in.particular, was for ages an objeft of confiderable import. ahce to the emperors. In 139S, the Mo gul Tartars, under the conduft of Timut, or Tamerlane, invaded Hindppftan ; but the conqueft pf the country ' was net ef- fefted till 1525, by Sultan Baber, one of his defcendants, who, from this cir cumftance, was, in reality, the founder ef the Mogul dynafty ; and hence Hindoo ftan has been called the Mogul empire, and its chief, the Great Mogul. The il- luftrious Acbar, his fon, failed in his at tack upon the Deccan ; an attempt, in which many ef his fucceffers were equally unfortunate, and which tended, in the fe- quel, to the decline and diffolution of the empire. In 16 15, the emperor Jehan- guire, his fon, received fir Thomas Roe, as the firft Engliffi ambaffador ; and the Portuguefe had, by this time, acquired cohfi^ierable fettlements in Bengal arid Guzerat. in the reigri of his graridfon Aurungzebe, which lafted from 1660 to 1707, the eippire attained its full extent. His authority reached from 10° to 35" lat. and nearly as much in lon. and his revenue exceeded 32,000,000 1. fterling, in a country, where the produfts of the earth are four times as cheap as in England. But, in the courfe of 50 years after his death,, a fucceffion of weak princes, and wicked minifters, reduced this aftoniihing empire te nothing. Bloody contefts for the empire .enfued, en the death of Au rungzebe; II years after which, fiye princes of his line who had mpuntcd the throne, were depofed and murdered; and the degraded ftate ef the imperial au thority had introduced a difpofition in all the governors of the provinces, to ffiake of their dependence oh the head of the, empire,. In a worel, inftead of find ing the emperors attempting no'.v the conqueft ef the Deccan, we perceive their empire attacked by the powerful Ni^am of that country, by whofe con trivance, Nadir Shah, the Perfian ufur- pur, invaded Hindooftan in 1738. The weak emperor, Mahomed Shah, threw himfelf on the clemency of the invader, who entered Delhi, and demanded thirty millions fterling, by way ef ranfeuii Tu mults, maffacres, and famine, were thd refult : 100,000 of the inhabitants were maffacred, and fixty-twe milliqnsof plun- der faid to be collefted. He evacuated JDelhi, however, and left the Nizam in poffeffion ef the whole remaining power of the empire, which he facrinced to his own views in the Deccan, where he eftabliffied an independent kingdom. Ma- hpmed Shah died in 1747, haying feen the Carnatic and Bengal become likewife independent, under their refpeftive na- ' ^bobs; an independent ftate too, formed by the Rohillas (a tribe from the moun. t'iins between India and Perfia) on the E. of the Ganges, within 80 miles of Delhi; and the kingdom of Candahar erefted by Abdalla, one of the generals of Nadir Shah. Ahmed Shah, the fon of Mahomed, fucceeded; in whofe reign, the entire divifion of t'ne empire took place ; nothing remaining to the houfe pf Tamerlane but a fmall territpry rpund Delhi, with the city itfelf (no longer a capital) expofed to depredations, maffa cres, and famines, by the contefts of in. vaders. The laft Imperial army, was de feated by the Rohillas, in 1749. The Jats, a Hindoo tribe, founded a ftate in Agra; Oude was feized by the grand father of the prefent nabob ; Allahabad, by Mahomed Keoli. The Mahrattas, befide their ancient domains in the Dec- can, obtained great part of Malwa, Gu zerat, Berar, and Oriffa. The Mogul Empire was now become merely nominal; and the emperors mutt, in future, be re,« gardcd as of no political confequence, otherwife than as their names and per- fons were made ufe ef, by different par. ties, to promote their own views. That the name and perfon of the emperor were of ufe, as retaining a confiderable degree of veneration amorig the bulk of the peo ple in Hindooftan, is evident, from .the application made, at.dufferent times, for grants of territory, forcibly obtained by" the grante'e, but which required the fane tion of the lord paranleunt, to reconcile the tranfaftion to the popular opinion. Another remarkable inftance pf the e.ffeft ef this opinion is, that the coin throughout the whole traft, known by' the name of ' the Mogul Empire,, is tb this day ftruck in the name qf the nominal emperor, Ahmed was, depofed in 1733, ahd his fucceffor was depqfed and murdered in 1760. He was fucceeded, hpwever, hy his fpn, Shah Aulum, whp was alter nately dependent pn the ccntending pow ers, and mpre particulariy uppn the Eng liffi, who obtained froin him a grant of T 4 -the H I N H I N the provinces pf Bengal, Bahar, and Oriffa, together with the Northern Cir- cars. He continued long a kind pf ftate prifpner; living on the produce of a trifling domain; allpwed him partly put of veneratipn fpr his anceftprs, and partly fpr the ufe of his name. In the fequel, he ?vas dethroned and blinded by the Rohillas. Thefe being defeated by Ma- dajee Sindia, a Mahratta chief, his fori, Jewan Bucht, was permitted to fucceed him, and ta live in the fame, deplorable ftate of degradation. The whole pf Hin dooftan may now be faid to confift of fix principal ftatcs, which hold, as- tribu- taries, or feudatories, feme numerous in ferior ftates. -Thefe fix principal ftates are the Brhiffi ; .the Peopah Mahrattas.; the Berar Mahrattas; Nizam Ally, fou bah of the Deccan ; Myfore, or the do. minions ef Tippoo Spltan; and the Seiks: for, whatever verbal diftinftiens may be made, a conipulfive alliance is at leaft a dependent, if not a tributary fituation. The Britifh poffeffiens are Bengal, Ba har, Benares, the Northern Circars, the Jughire in the Carnatic, Bombay, Sal fette, the diftrift of Midnapur in Oriffa, and feme confiderable ccflions from Tip poo Sultan ,in 1792. The allies ef the Britiffi, who may ,be copfid.ered as de pendent upon them, are the nabob of Oude, the nabob of the Carnatic, and the rajahs of Travancorc, and Tanjore. For the five other principal ftates, fee their refpeftive names ; and for an ac count ef feme inferior ihdcpendent ftates, fee Bundela, Ballogiftan, the Jats, Rohil- iiund, &c. According to Mr. Orme, the inhabitants of Hindooftan are comput ed at io,opo,opo Mahomcdaiis, and 100,000,000 Hindoos. TheMahomedans, or Muffulmans, whom the Englifn com monly, but improperly, call Moors, or Moormen, are reprefented, by Mr. Scraf- ton, to be ef fuch a deteftable charafter, that he never knew above two or three exceptions, and thefe were among the Tartar and Perfian officers of the armv. The Hirideos, or Gentoos, are of a black complexion ; their hair is long, their perfon ftrai.ght and elegant. Their UiPbs. are finely proportioned; their .fingers long a'nd tapering ; their countenances open and pleafant. They differ materially from all other nations, by being divided into tribes pr calls The fpur principsl tribes are, the Bramips, Splditrs, Labourers, and Mechanics. Thefe are fubdivided into a multfpUcijy of inferior diftinftiens. There. are Biamins of various degrees of excellence, who have the care of religion allotted tg theQU. ...'Thefc are held facred hy the reft. It is difficult to draw a. gerieral charafter of the Bramins, as they vary much in their purfuits, apd in their degrees of knowledge. " Some that I have converfed \vith," fays Mr. Scrafton, " acknowledge the errors that have crept into their religion, own one Supreme Being, and laugh at the idola- try of the multitude, but infift upon the neceffity of working upon the weakneffes ef the vulgar." The generality of the Bramins are as ignorant as the laity. Such as are net engaged in worldly pur. fuits, are a very fuperftitious, ' innocent people, who promote charity as much as they can, both to man and beaft4 but tliofe who engage in the world are gene. rally the worft of all the Gentoos ; for, perfuaded that the waters of the Gangts win purify them from .their fins, and being exempt from the utmoft rigour of the courts of juftice (under the Gentoo governments) they run into much greater exceffes. ' The Soldiers are commonly called Rajah-Poots; that is, defcended from rajahs. They arc much mere robuft than the reft, have a great ftare of cou rage, and a nice fenfe of military honour, which confifts, among them, in fidelity to thofe they ferve. Fighting is their profeffion ; they readily enter into the fervice of any that will pay them, and will ^follow wherever he leads ; but, as feen as their leader falls in battle, their caufe is at an end, and they run off the field, without any ftain en their reputa- tion. The Enghft E. India company have many batallions ofthem intheir fer. vice : they are called Sepoys, and are clothed and difciplined in. the European manner. The Labourers include farmers, and all who cultivate the land. The Mechanics include merchants, bankers, and all who follow any trade : thefe again are fubdivided into each profcf. fien. Befide thefe are the Hallachorcs, who cannot be called a tribe, being ra. ther the rcfufe.cf aU the tribes. They are a fet ef .poor unhappy wretches, deftined to mifery from their birth. The,y perform .all the vileft offices of life, bury the dead, and carry away every thing that is polluted. They , are held in fuch abomination, that, on the Malabar fide of Hindooftan, if one of them chande -to, touch, an Hindoo of a fupejior tribe, the latter draws his fabre, and cuts hira down on the fpot, whhout. any check, either from his own confcience, or the laws e)f the- country. All the different tribes are kept diftinft from each other by .infurmouiitable barriers : they are forbid. den to intermarry, to cohabit, tp eat with, each H I N H I N each other, or even to drink out of the fame veffel with pne pf another tribe. Every deviation from thefe points fubjefts .them te be rejefted by their tribe, renders them polluted for ever, and , obliges them from that inftant, to herd- with the Hal lachorcs. "The members of each eaft," fays Dr. Robertfon, *' adhere invariably . to the prpfeffipn of thehr forefathers. From generation to generation, the fame famifies have followed, and will always continue to follow one uniform line of life. To this nfey be afcribed,'that high degree of perfeftion confpicuous in many of the Inelian manufaftures; and th.^Ugh veneratipn for the praftices pf their ancef tors may check the fpirit of invention, yet, by adhering to thefe, they ace]uire fuch an expertnefs and delicacy of hand, that Europeans, with all the advantages of fuperior fcience, and the aid of more com plete inftruments, have never been able to equal the execution of their workman ffiip." Te this circumftance alfo, Dr. "Robertfon afcribes a ftriking peculiarity in the ftate of Hindooftan, the perma nence of its inftitutions, and the immu- tabUity in -the manners of the inhabitants. Hence it is, that the Hindoos admit no converts, nor are themfelves ever con verted, whatever the Roman miffion-arics may pi'etend. The Hallachorcs may be here excepted, who are glad to be admit ted into any fociety where they are treat ed as fellow' creatures. " But thefe converts," fays Mr. Scrafton, " do no honour to the chriftian religion ; for, as far 'as my obfervation has reached, thefe half chriftians are the moft profligate wretches of the human fpecies." The Hindoos vie w ith the Chinefe, in refpeft to the antiquity of their nation ; and the doftrine of tranfmigration is one of their diftinguifting tenets. . Their inftitutions of. religion form a regular and complete fyftem of fuperftition, ftrengthencd and upheld by every thing which can excite the reverence, arid fecure the attachment of the people. The temples confecrated te their 'deities, are magnificent; their rehgious ceremonies fplendid ; and the abfolute dominion which the Bramins have obtained over the minds of the people, is fupported by the command of the immenfe revenues, with which the liberality, pf princes, and the zeal pf pil grims aiid dcvptees, have enriched their pagcdas. The dominicm pf religipn ex- tends, indeed, tP a thpufand particulars, which, in pther cpuntries, are gpverned by the civfl laws, pr by tafte, cuftom, or faftipn. Their drefs, their fpeid, the coaimbn intercourfes of life, their mar riages", and pr-ofeffions, are allunderthe jurifdiftion' of religion. The food of ilw Hindoos is fimple, confifting chiefly of rice, ghee (a kind of imperfeft buffer) milk, vegetables, and oriental fpices. The warrior eaft may eat of the fleffi of goats, ffieep, and poultry. Other fuperior cafts may cat poultry and fift i but the inferior cafts are prohibited from eating fleffi or fift pf-any kind. Their greateft luxury cpnfifts in the ufe of the richeft fpicerics and perfumes qf vvhich the great people are very laviffi. ' They efteem milk the ptireft of food, becaufe they think it partakes ef feme of tiic properties of the neftar of their geek, and becaufe they efteem the cow itfelf almoft as a divinity. Their manners ars gentle. Their happinefs confifts in the folaccs ef domeftic life ; and they arc taught by their religion, that matrimony is an indil"penfable duty in every man, who does not entirely feparate himfelf from the world, from a principle of d,c- votien. Their rcli.gion permits them to have feveral wives ; but they feldom have mere than one ; and their wives arc dif tinguifhed by a decency of demtanour, a folicitude in their famifies, and a fide lity to their vows, which might do ho nour to human nature in the moft civi lized countries. The cuftom ef women burning themfelves on the death of their huftands is ftill praftifed in Hindooftan. Mr. Hclwell fays, that he has bfcen pre. fcnt at many of thefe facrifices, and re lates an inftance of one in 1743, near ~Ceffimbuzar, when a widow, about 18, with three children, the eldeft net four years of age, was ftrongly urged to live ; for the fake of the future care ef her infants. Notwithftanding this, and though the agonies of death were de. fcribed to her in the ftrongeft colours, fte put her finger into the fire with a calm and determined countenance, and held it a confiderable time. She then, with one hand put fire into the palm of the other, fprinkled incerifc en it, and fumigated the ' Bramins. Being then told, that ffie would net be permitted to burn, ffie re- folurely anfwcred,- that death was in her own power, and'that if fte were not al. lowed to biirn, fte would ftarve herfelf. Her friends were obliged, at laft, to cen. fcnt to the dreadful facrificc ef this lady, who was of high rank. But, in 1781, Mr. Hodges was witnefs near Benarc*, to the facrifice of one of ap jnfericr eaft, the widpw of a merchant. " Re. pairing tp the fpot,''-fays he, " pn thp b?inks of the riyer, where the ceremony was to take place, I found fhe body of ^he -^ man H I N H I N man on a bier, covered with linen, al ready laid at the edge of the river. At this time, ten in the morning, only a few people were affembled, who difplayed the moft perfeft apathy and indifference. After waiting a confiderable time, the wife appeared, attended by the Bramins, and mufic, with a few relations. The proceffion was flow and folemn ; the viftim moved with a fteady and firm ft'ep ; and, with a perfeft compefure ef counte nance, approached clofe to the body, where for fome time they halted. She then addreffed thofe who were near her without the leaft trepidation of voice or' change of countenance. She held in her left hand a coqea nut, in which was a red colour mixed, and dipping in it the fore- finger of her right hand, fhe marked t'nofe near her, to whom fte wiffied to ftow the laft aft ef attention. She might be about twenty-fou'r years of agev Her drefs was a loofe robe of white flowing drapery, that extended from her head to the feet. The pile was compofed ef dried branches, leaves, and ruffies, with a dopr pn one fide, and arched, arid covered on the top : by the fide of fhe door ftood A man with a lighted brand. From the time the woman appeared, to the taking up of the body te convey it into tha pile, might occupy half an hour, which was employed in prayer with the Bra mins, in attentions to thefe near her, and converfation with her relations. When the body was taken up, ffie fol lowed clofe to it, attended by the chief Bramin ; and when it was tlepofited in the pile, flie bowed to all around her, and entered without fpeaking. The moment ffie entered, the door was clef. td; the fire was put to the combuftibles, which inftantly flamed, and quantities of dried wood were thrown upon it. This laft part of the ceremony was accompa. nied with the ftouts of the multitude, who new became numerous, and the whole fecmed a mafs of confufed re- joicing. In ether parts of India, as the Carnatic, this dreadful cuftom is accom panied with ftill greater horror. It is af- f'erted, that they dig a pit, in which is depofited a large quantity ef combufti- ble matter, which is fet on fire, and the body being let down, the viftim throws herfelf into the flaming mafs. In ether places, a pile is raifed extremely high, and the body, with the wife, is placed upon it, and then the whole is fet en fire." In the Code ef Gentoo Laws, tranflated by Mr. Halhead, is the follow. ing remarkable paffage concerning this praftice. " It" is proper for a woman, after her huffiand's death, te burn hei^- felf in the fire with his corpfe. Every woman, who thus burns- herfelf^ ffiall re main in 'paradife with her huftand three crore anei fifty lacks of years, by deftiny. If ffie cannot burn, ftie muft, in that cafe, preferve an inviolable chaftity : if ffie remain always chafte, ffie goes to paradife ; and if ffie do net preferve her chaftity, ffie goes te hell." This code of laws, with their facred books, the Veidam and the Shaftah, were written ih the Sanfcrit language, which is very co pious and nervous, although the ftyle of their beft authors is wonderfully concife. Hindooftan, toward the N. is pretty tem. perate ; but hot toward the S. and it rains almoft conftantly for three months in the year. Its produfts are rice, mil. let, cotton, figs, pomegranates, oranges, lemons, citrons, cocoa, trees, &c. There are mines of geld, filver, and diamonds. Befide domeftic animals, here are ele. phants, rhinecerefes, buffaloes, lions, ti gers, leopards, panthers, and monkies, with camels and dromedaries. Its prin. cipal experts are indigo, faltpetre, filk, cotton, and precious ftones ; and, parti cularly, calicoes, chintzes, muflins, &c, A variety of other particulars concern ing this fine country, will be fonnd un - der the different names of provinces; cities, towns, mountains and rivers, de. fcribed in the courfe of this work. See India. Hingham, a town of Norfolk, with a market on Saturday. It is 12 miles S. W. ef Norwich, and 97 N, E. of Lon. dpn. Lon. i. 4. E. lat. 52. 43. N. Hinzuan, or Joanna, ene ef the Cemora Iflands, between the N. end of Madagafcar, and the continent ef Africa, has been governed, about two centuries, by a colony of Arabs, and exhibits a curi ous inftance of the flow approaejics to. ward civilization, which are made by a fmafl community, with many natural ad vantages. Of this African iflapd, in which v/e hear the language and fee the mariners ef Arabia, an account has been written by fir WiUiam Jones, for the Society for the promoting of Oriental Knowledge, of which he is prefident. He vifited this ifland, on boird the Crpcpdile frigate, in July 1783, On anchcring in the bay, the frigate was foon furrounded by canoes, and the deck crowded with natives' of all ranks, from the high-born chief, wh» . wafted linen, te the half-naked flave who only paddled. Moft of- them had letters- pf reccmmendatipn from Engliftmen, which none pf them were able tp read, thpugh they fp-oke Englifh intelligibly,} and H I N and feme .appeared vainpf thles which oUr countrymen had given them in' play, ac cording te their fuppofed ftations. " We had," fays fir William Jones, " lords, dukes, and princes, on board, foliciting our cuftom, and importuning us fer pre fents. In faft, they are too fenfible to be proud ef empty 'founds, but juftly ima gined that thofe ridiculous titles would ferve as marks of diftinftion, and, by at trafting notice, procure -fpr them fome thing fubftantial." The appearance cf the ifland' frpm the bay of Hinzuam, is thus defcribed by the fame writer : " We were at anchor iri a bay, and before us was a vaft amphitheatre,' ef which you may form a general notion by pifturing in your minds a multitude of hills, infinitely varied in fize a.nd figure, and then fup- pofiiig them te be thrown together, with a kind of artlefs fymmetry, ip all imagin able pofitions. The back ground was a feries of mountains, ene of which is pointed, near half a mile perpendicularly high from the level ef the fea, and little more than three miles from the ffiore ; all of them richly clothed with wood, chiefly fruit-trees, ef an exquifite verdure. I had feen many mountains of a ftupendous height in Wales and Swifferland, but ne ver faw one before, round the boforh of which, the clouds were almoft continually rolling, while its green fummit rofe flou riffiing above them, and received from them an additional brightnefs. Next to this diftant range of hills was another tier, part ef which appeared charmingly ver- dant, and part rather barren ; but the contraft of colours changed even this -nakednefs into a beauty : nearer ftill were innumerable mountains, or rather cliffs, which brought down their verdure and fertility quite te the beach ; fo that every ffiade of green, the fweeteft of colours, was difplayed at ene view, by land and by water. But nothing conduced more to the variety of this enchanting prof''peft than the many rows of palm trees, efpe. cially the tall and graceful Arecas, on the fteres, in the vaflies, and en the ridges of hills, where ene might almoft fuppofe them to have been planted regularly- by defign. A mpre beautiful appearance can fcarce be cpnceived, than fuch a number of elegant palms in fuch afituatiori, with luxuriant tops, hke Verdarit plumes, placed ¦ at juft intervals, and ffipwing. between them part pf the rempter landfcape, while they left the reft tP be fupphed by the be. hplder's imagination. Neither the terri. tory pf Nice, with its plives, date-trees, and cypreffes, nor the ifles of Hieres, with their delightful orange-groves, ap- H I N peared fq charming to me as the view froiii the read of Hinzuan." This ifland has likewife beeri defcribed by major Rooke, who obferves, that it is a proper place of' refrcftme-nt for .the India fliips, \vhofe crews, when ill of the fcurvy, foon reco ver by, the ufe of limes, lemons, and Oranges; and from the air of the land. The town where the king refi-des is at the E. fide of the ifland.; and though it is three quarters ef a mile in length, it dots net contain above 200 houfes. This town is clofe to the fea, at the foot ef a very high hill. The houfes are inclofed either with high ftone walls, or palings mad? -with a kind ef reed ; and the ftreets are little narrow alleys, extremely intricate, and forming a perfeft labyrinth. The better kind of houfes are built of ftoHe, within a court-yard, have a portico to ffi.icld. them from the fun, and one long lofty room where they receive guefts ; the other apartments being facred te the wo men. The fides of their rooms are co- vered with a number ef fmafl mirrors, hits of china ware, and ether fittle orna.. ments th^t they procure from the ffiips : the moft fuperb of them are furnifted with cane fofas, covered with chintz and fatin matraffes. The horned cattle are a kind of buffaloes, having a large hump on their fliouiders, which is very .delicious eating ; but there is not one horfe, mule, nor afs, in all the ifland. The original natives, in number about 7000, occupy the hills, and are generally at war with the Arabian interlopers, who eftabliffied them. felves on the feacoaft by conqueft, and are: about 3000 in number. Though Joanna is not the largeft, it may be reckoned the principal of the Comora iflands ; it claims fovereignty over, and exafts. tribute from all the others : thefe pretenfioris it is, how- e-,'er, fometimes obliged to" affert by the fword, and, when major Rooke was here, they were .meditating an. expedition againft Mayotta, wliith was in a ftate of rebellion. The natives, on being aflted the caufe of thi-ir war with that people, -anfwered, " Mayptta like America." They get their fupplies of arms and ammunition from ft.ips that touch here ; ahd it is cuftoiPary for all to make prcl'ents of arms and pew'. der to the prince when he pays a vifit on board, which he does tp every pne. They have a regular fprm of government, and exercife • the Mahprnedan religipn ; bpth being intrpduced by the Arabi^ans. The cplpur pf thefe twp races pf men. 'is. ve ry different : the Arabs have not fo deep a tinge as the ethers, being pf a copper ccmplexipri, with better features and a more animated countenance. They H I N H I R They confider a black ftreak under the eyes as crnamental ; and this they make every day, at their toilettes, with a pain ting brplh dipt in a kind of ointment. The cuftom or chewing the betelnut pre. vails greatly here, as in moft of the eaft. ern countries ; and anfwer to the faffiion of fmoking tobacco or taking fnuff with us, except that with them it is mere gene ral. No one is without a purfe or, bag ef betel; and it is looked on as a piece of ci vility to offer it to your friend when you meet him, or take leave. Their rehgion licenfes a plurality ef wives, and hkewife concubines. They are extremely jealous of them, and never allow any man to fee the women: but female ftraugcrs are ad mitted into the haram ; and fome Eng liffi ladies, whofe curiofity has led them there, make favourable reports ef their beauty,, and richnefs of apparel, dif played in a profufion ef ornaments of gold, filver, and beads, in form of necklaces, bracelets, and earrings : they wear half a dozen er more in each, through holes bored along the outer rim of the ear. The men feem not to look with indifference on our fair country women, notwithftanding they are of fuchadifferent complexion. One of the firft'rank among them being much fmitten with an Engliffi young lady, wifted to make a purehafe of her at the price of 5000 doUars ; but en being inform ed that the lady would fetch at leaft 20 times that fum in India, he lamented that her value was fo far fuperior to what he could afford to give. They are very temperate and abftemious, wine being forbidden them by the law ef Mahomet. They are frequent in prayer, attending their mofques three or four times a day. We are alloweil to enter them, on con dition of taking off our ftoes. In prayer the people proftrate themfelves on the ground, frequently kiffing it, and expref- fing very fervent devotion. Moft- of tbe people fpeak a little Englift ; they pro fefs a particular regard for eurnarioo, and , are very fond of repeating to you, that " Joanna man, and Enghlb-man all 'oro- thers ;" and never fail to aflv " how king Ge-orgc do ? " In general they appear te be a courteous and weU-dii'pol"'ed people, and very fair and honcft in their dealings, though there ate among fhem, as- in all other nations, fome vicioufly inchned ; and theft is much praftifed bythe lower clafs, notwithftanding the punifhment of it is very exemplary, being .unputation of _both""hands pf the definquen.t. The'inha- ¦ :'bitants, Hke thefe of moft hot and tropical cpuntries, are indolent, and do not im prove by their labour the richnefs of that foil with which nature has bleffed them. " Climate here," fays major Rooke, " promotes vegetation to fuch a degree as requires little toil in the hnftandman ; but that little is denied 1 fo that beyond oranges, bananas, pine. apples, ctxoa-nuts, yams, and piirflain (all growing fpentaPe- pufly) few vegetables are met with, Npr are the natural beauties pf the ifland in. ferior to its other advantages of plenty and fertility ; the face of the country , is very pifturefque and pleafing, its fcenes being drawn by the bold ftrokes pf Na. ture's mafterly pencil ; lefty mountains clothed to their very fummits, deep and rugged vallies adorned by frequent cata. rafts, cafcades, weeds, rocks, and rivu lets, internaixed in " gay theatric pride," form the landfcape. Groves are feen e5^- tending over the plains to the very edge of the fea, formed principally by the co coa-nut trees, whofe leng and naked ftem.s leave a clear and uninterrupted paffage beneath ; while their tufted and over- fpreadirig tops form a thick ffiade above, and keep off the fcorchirig rays of the fijri. In the interior part of the ifland, furrounded by mountains of a prodigious height, and about 1 5 miles from this town, is fituated a facred lake, half a mile in circumference; The adjacent hills, cover ed with lofty trees, and the unfrequented folitude of the place, feem mere calculat- ed tp infpire religious awe in thofe who vifit this fequeftered fpot, than any fanc- tity that is to be difcovered in a parcel of wild ducks inhabiting it, which are dein. ed and worffiipped by the original natives, who confult them as their oracles on all ihiportant affairs, and facrifice to them. Being extremely averfe te conduft ftrang. , ers there, they ftipiilate that aU guns ftail be left at a place five miles from the lake. The worfhip paid to thefe birds enfures' their fafety and tranquil lity ; and rendering them of courfe perfeftjy tame, they fearlefly approach any eoe who goes there. The Arabian part of the ifianders hold this barbarous fuperftition. in the utmoft deteftation ; but dare not forbid tlie praftice ef it, fo bigetted to it arc the others. Lon. 44. 15. E..Iat. 12.. 30. S-. , Hio, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth land, ftated . on . the Lake Wetter, 145 m'tles S. W. of .Stpckhplm. ,Lon. 14, o, E. Iat. 57. 53. N.-. HiRCH-HoR,";, a tpwn of Germany, in the- circle pf the Lpwer Rhine, with a ftrpng caftle. It is feated pn the fide of a hill, on the Neckar, and belongs tg - the eleftor Palatine. Lon. 9, 0. E.lat. 49. jS. N. HrRscH- H O L HirscHfeld, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, capi- tal of a principahty of the fame name, depending on a famous abbey, which was fecularifed in favour of the houfe pf Heffe-Caffel. It is feated pn the river Fulde, 1 6 milqs N, E. pf the tPwn of Fulde, and 32 S. E. of Caffel, Lon, 9. 50. E. lat. 50, 56. N. HiRsberg, a town of Silefia, famous for its mineral baths. It is feated oh the river Bofar, 44 miks S. W. pf Breflaw, Lpn, 16, 14, E, lat. 50. 50. N. Hispaniola. See Domingo. HiTCHiN, a populous town of Hen- fordlhire, with a market en Tuefday. It is feated near a great wood, called Hitch. Wood. The inhabitants makeigrcat quan tities of malt ; and the market is very cpnfiderable for wheat. It is 15 miles N. N. W. of Hertford, and 34 N. W. of London. Lon. o. 10. W.lat, 51, 58, N, HocHBERG, a marquifate of Brifgau, iu Germany, in the circle of Suabia, and in Brifgau. It belongs to the prince of Baden Dourlach, " Hochstet, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, remarkable for the great battle gained near it by the duke ef Marlborough, in 1704, and which the Engliffi call the battle of Blenheim, from a village ef that name, three miles S, W. of fhis. It is feated on the Danube, 22 miles N. E. of Ulm. Len. 10. 33, E, lat. 48. 38. N, HoDDESDON, a town of Herts, with a market on Thurfday, It is ftated near the river Lea, arid is a hamlet in the pa. riffies of AmweU ' and Broxburn. A fine fountain, in the centre of the town, fup. plies it plentifully with water. It is 17 miles N. .of London, and three S. pf "Ware. Lon. o. 5. E. lat. 51. 49. N. ' HoESHT, a town of Germany, in the eieftorate of Mentz,' feated in a plain, on the river Ma'lne, three miles from Franc fort. Lon. 8. 35. E. lat^ 49. 55. N. HoENZOLLERN, a town pf Germany, in the circle of Suabia, capital of acounty of the fame name, '25 miles 8, of Stutgard, Lon. 9. 5. E. lat. 48. 24. N. HoGUE, Cape La, on the N. W. point of Normandy, near vvhich admiral Rooke burnt the French admiral's 'ftip, with 12 more men of war, the day after the viftory obtained by -admiral Ruffel near Cherburg, in 1692. Lon. i. 52. W.lat. 49.45. N- lioLBECHE, a town in Lincolnffiire, with a market:on Thurfelay ; 12 miles S: of Boftori, and 108- N. of London. . Lon. o. 5. E. I?.t. 52. 50. N., ¦ HoLDEiiNESS, a divifion of the E. rid- H O L ing of Yorkffiire, which has a very rich- foil, and is remarkable for its large breed of horned cattle and horfes. ' HoLDswoRTHY, a large town in De- vonftire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated between two branches of the Ta mar, 43 miles E. N. E'. of Exeter, and 2 1 5 W. by S. ef Lendon. Lon. 2, 42, W. lat. 50. 50. N. Holland, the moft confiderable jaf the Seven United Provinces, lying between the Zuidcr-,Zee, the North Sea, Zealand, and Utrecht. It is' divided into N. Hol land, W.Friczland, and S. Hplland ; and thefe together make but ene province, whofe ftates take the title of Holland and W. Friezland. The Ye, a fmall bay, which is an extepfion of the Zuider-Zee, fepa rates Hplland from W. Friezland. The extent is nor large, being not above 180 miles in circumference. The land is al moft every where lower than the f'ea. The water is kept out by dikes, which they are particularly careful to keep in good repair, left the whole province ftouid be laid under water. It is croffed by the mouth ef the Rhine and Maefe, by' feve ral finall rivers, and by a great numberof canals, on which they travel day and night at a fmall expence. Properly fpeaking, St is nothing but a large meadow, and yet ali things are in great plenty, in confequence of its trade ; and the land feeds great numbers of cattle. It is fo populous, that no country in the \yorld, of fuch a fmall extent, can equal it. The paftures are fo rich, that they have plenty of but- ter and cheefe, and the feas and rivers fur. nift them with fifh. There are 400 large towns, and 1 8 cities, which make up tht ftates. of the province, and feveral others that have not the fame privilege. The houfes are well built, and extremely neat and clean. They have linen and woollen manufaftures, befide the building of a great number of ftips. This province has a court pf juf tice, which finally determines in all cri minal and civil affairs ; and its ftatcs, in which the fovereignty refides, arecompefcd of the deputies of the nobility and of the cities, befide the ftadiholder. The cfta- blifted religion is Calvinifm ; but all reli gious fefts arc tolerated. Amfterdam i.- the capital. . ' . ¦ - ,- ¦Holland, a, diftrift of Lincplnffiire, inthe S. E. part of the county. It is divided into Upperand Lower, and' lies contiguous to the.ffiallovv inlet of the- fea called the Waft; . In nature, as well as in appcllatio», irrefcmblcs. a province pf the fame name in 'the- Netherlands. It confifts enrirelyof fens' and, marffies; foTne H O L fome .ia a ftate pf nature, bU-t- others cut by , -numberlefs drains and canals, and crpffed by raifed caufeways. The lower, ' pr fouthern divifion, is tpe. moft watery, and is preferved from conftanfi inundations by nqthing but vaft banks, raifed on the feacoaft and rivers. The air is unwhole fome, and the water, in general, fb brack- jffi, as tp be unfit fpr intcrnil pttrpofes ; op -vvhich. accpunt, the inhatiitants are ob liged to fnake refprvoirs of rain-water. In iummer, vaft fwarms of 'iiifefts'filjithe air, and prow a great nuifance. Yet even ^ere'iiiduftry, has produced comfon ,and opulence, by: forming exceflent pafture land out .qf the fwamps and bogs, " and even making them capable ef producing large crops of corn,. The fens too, m their native ftate, are not withput their iitility ; and affprd various objefts of cu riofity to the naturafift, The reeds with which their waters are covered make the beft thatch, and are annually haryefted in ¦great quantities for that purpofe. Pro digious flecks of geefe are bred among the undrained .fens, forming a confiderable objeft of commerce, as well for their quflls and feathers, as for the bird itf'elf, which is driven in great numbers to the Londpn markets. The princip;il decoys in Eng land for the varicus' kinds pf wild'ducks, •teal, widgeon, and pther fpwls pf the duck kind, are in thefe parts. Wild geefe, grebes, gcdwits, whimbrels, cppts, ruft"s, and reeves, and a great variety of other fpecies of waterfowl, breed here in amaz ing numbers ; and-ftares or ftariings, re fort du^ng winter, in myriads, to rooft on the reeds, breaking them down by their •weight. Near Spalding is" the greateft feeronry "in England; where the herons huild together on high trees, like rooks. The avol"et, or yelper, is found in great jrasnbers about Foffdyke Waft, as alfp knots iind dpttrels. Holland, New, .the largeft knpwn land fhat does nqt bear the name of ¦ a contiiient : it extends from.lat. 43. 42. S. tp '*ithln 1.0. 30. of the equator }¦' and from ISO. 30, to 153. 30. E., lon. fo that its >qua!-e furface confiderably 'exceeds that <5f Europe. .When tiiis .vaft, ifland was firft d.ifcpvered, is unc'ertain. 'About the -be- j;k;r,ing of tjhe laft ccn'tury,, the- N.. and. W. coafts were traced by tbe Dutch ; the S. extremity was difcovered by Talman, ip 1642. - Captain , Cook, in '177®, ex plored the E. and N. E. from; 38°. S. and a;"c'.-nained its feparation, from New Gui- .,-.t;. ; and, in 1773,. capt. Furne^x, by ! v,rjne6ting Tafman'sdilcoverips v/ithcapt. C(/ok'b, completed the circuit. In that ^,ail of it, which Ta-fr,-,::!! e'.'',"linguifr.ed l-y H O L the namf, of Van Dieman's Land, .and which- was vifited by qapt. . F.urnealix in 1773. and again by capt. Cook- in" 1777, the land, is, tor the moft part, of a good height,, diverfified; with hills and vailies, See Wales, New South. Holme, a fmall town of Cumberland, -\vith a market on, Saturday.- Itis fome- tinies, called Abbey ^Holme, from an .ab bey th?t fprmerly ftoqd there. Jt is- feat, ed on an arm of the fea, 12 miles N. of Coekermeuth, and 3 1 p N. N. WI pf Lpn^ dpp. Lpu,, 3. 19. W. lat. 54. 53. N. ' Holmesdale, a rpugh anffwqody traft, in Surry, lying immediately beneatti the hills tp ttie S. and E. pf that ccunty, and extendm-g imp Kent. Red deer are Itill found here ;. and it is faid' to take its name frpm the hplm pak with which it abounds. HpisTEiN, a duchy pf Germany, is, the circle ,pf Lpwer Saxpny, fubjeft tp the king of Depmark. It is .bounded pn the .N. by Slefwick, pn the E.by th.e.Bakie and the duchy ot Saxe Lawenburg, pa the S. by the duchies of Bremen .and Lunen burg, and oh fhe W. by the German Ocean, being about iqo miles in length, aud 5Q in breadth. It is a pleafant fruitful coun try, and is veil feated for trade ; having fome 'confiderable harbours, particularly, thot"e of Hamburg and Lubeck, There are lome imperial cities, vvhich are governed by their refpeftive m'agiitrates, ' but the religion of the whole country is Lutheran.. The king of Denmark, .as duke .of Hpl- Itein, is a prince pf the empire. The diftrift, pf Kiel, in' this ccuntry, was formerly in the poffeffion pf the fine pf Uplftein Gottorp, aud belqnged tp the late czar Feterlll. as part of his hereditary dcminipus ; but, in 1 7 7 3 , the prefent emprefs ceded it tp his Da,, nilh majeuy', in exchange for the cpunties of Oldeiiburgh and Dalmenhorft, which fte gave to the prince biffiop pf Lubep ; fp tuat the king of Denmark now poffeffes the whole duchy qf Hclftein, and. the in-. tended junftion ,befwe,«n the Baltic- and the:. North Sea wiU be formed entirely tlirough the IJsnifh territories. I^oLT, afovypiniNorfolk, with a mar ket qn Saturday ; 20i,)jiiles N- N. W. of Norwich, and 122, N. It,, of London., Lun. 1. 6. lat. -53. 5. N- , ' * - H o L Y H E A D , a feaport and cape pf th'q ifle pf- Anglefea, where people ufually .embark ,for Dubhn, there being three packet-boats that fail fpr that city every Monday, Wednefday, and' Friday, wind .a\id .weather permitting. Qn the adjacent rocks the herb girowsof which they make' 'kelp, a fixed ialt ufed in makihg glafs, and in alum worlis ; and ,in. the neigh- 3 ^ boufhbod; HON HON bourhopd is a large vein pf white fullers. earth, and anpther pf yellow. On the ifle pf Skerries, nine miles tp the N. is a lighthpufe. Large flpcks of puffins are often feen here ; they all come in one night, and depart in the fame manne'r. Lon. 4. 22. W, lat, 53. 19. N. HoLY-IsLAND, a fmall ifland, onthe coaft' of Northuniberland, fix miles S. ef Berwick. It is twp miles arid a quarter liipg, and one in breadth. The foil is rocky and full of ftones, for which reafon it is thinly peopled ; it has but one town, with .a church and a caftle, under which there is a commodious harbour, defended by a blockhoufe. Holywell, a town of Flintffiire, with a market on Friday. Although in great part a new town, it is now, from its -i/icinity to the mines, become the moft flouriffiing in the county. It takes its name from the famous well of St. Wini fred, concerning which fo inany fables and fuperftitious notions have prevailed. It is a copious ftream' of very cold and pure water, burfting out of the ground with great impetuofity, at the foot of a hifl. Befide the cold bath, celebrated fpr wpnderful cures, formed at the fprings head, and covered with a beautiful Gothic ffirine, it is now applied to the purpofe of turning feveral mills for the workilig of copper, making brafs wire, paper, and fnuff, and fpinning cotton. It is 10 miles E. of St. Afaph, and 212 N. E. of Lon don. Lon. 3. 21. W. lat. 53. 13. N. Homburg, a tpwn of Germany, in the. circle of the Upper Rhine, and land graviate of Heffe. it is 60 miles N. W. of Francfort, and fubjeft to ene ef the branches ef the houfe of Heffe. Lon. 8. o. E. Iat. 50. 58. N. Homburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux-Ponts, 50 miles S. E. of Treves. Len. 7. 32. E. lat. 49. 16. N. Honduras, a large province of N. America, bounded on the N. by the bay- of the fame name, on the E. by the Mof- quito Shore, en the S. by Nicaragua, and on the W. by Chiapa and Guatimala. It is comprehended in the governmeht of New Spain, although pf this province, and the peninfula pf Yucatan, pn the pther fide pf the bay pf Honduras, it has been obferved, that anciently they can hardly be faid to have formed a part ef th: Mexi can empire. ' Honduras and Yucatan do not, like the' other terrifqries of Spain in the New V/orld, derive their value either from the fertility of their, foil, er the rich nefs of their mines ; but th'ey produce, in greater abundance than any part ef America, the Icgxypod-tree, which, in dying fpme cclpurs, is fp far preferable to any Pther material, that the confumpticn pf it in Europe is confiderable, and it is be come an article in commerce ef great va lue. During a long period, no European nation intruded upon the Spaniards in thefe provinces, or attempted to obtain any ftare in this branch of trade. But, after the conqueft ef Jamaica by the Englift,' one of the firft objefts ef the fettlers, on that ifland, was the great profit arifing from the logwood trade, and the facility of wrefting fome portion of it from the Spaniards. Their firft attempt was made at Cape Catoche, the S. E. promontory of Yucatan. When moft of the trees near this cape were felled, they removed to the ifland of Trift, in the Bay of Cam- peachy ; and, in later times, their prin cipal ftation has been in the Bay ef Hon duras. The Spaniards, alarmed at this encroachment, endeavoured by negociatien, remonftrances, and open force, to prevent the Engliffi from obtaining any footing on that part of the American continent. But, after ftruggling againft it fer mpre than a century, the difafters pf an unfpr- tunate war extprted from the court of Madrid, in 1763, ^ reluftant confent to tolerate this fettlement of foreigners in the heart of its territpries. This privilege was confirmed by the definitive treaty ef 1783; by which, hcwever, it was ftipu lated, that nothing in this conceflion ftouid be confidered as derogating, in any refpeft, from the fovereignty of his catholic ma jefty ; that, if the Engliffi had erefted any fortifications in the country, they ftouid be demolifted, and none erefted in future.; and that tlfey fliould confine themfelves within a certain diftrift, lying between the rivers Wallis, er BelUze, and Rio Hondo, taking the courfe ef the faid tvi'o rivers for unalterable boundaries, fo as that the navigation of them be common tc< both nations, to wit, by the riyer Wallis, from the fea, afcending as far as oppofite to a lake, which runs into the land, and forms an ifthmus, with another fimilar inlet, which comes- from the fide of Rio Nuevo, or New River ; fo that the fine of fepa ration pafs ftraight acrofs the faid ifthmus, and meet another lake formed by the wa- ter of Rio Nuevo, at its current, the faid line to continue with the courfe of Rio Nuevo, defcending as far as oppofite to s river, which enters Rio Hondo, ariej thence defcending by Rio Hondo to the fea. But, by a convention figned in 1786, thefe limits were extended ; the Englifh line, beginning from' the fea, was tp take the centre pf the river Sibiin, pr J^iboii, and continue up to the fource of the fai,; river , H O O H O R river ; thence to crpfs, in a ftraight line, the intermediate land, till it iriterfefteel the river Wallis ; and by the centre pf the ¦fame river, the faid line was to defcend to the point where it would meet the line already fettled m 1783. By this convcri- tion, moreover, the Englift were not pn ly pernaitted tP cut Ipgwpod, but mahp- gany, or any other kind of wood, and to carry away any other produce of the coun try ; with certain exceptions, however, againft the eftablifhing of any plantations t* fugar, coft'ce, &c. and they were like- wife permitted, with certain reftriftions, to oercupy the fmall ifland called Cafina, St. George's Key, or Cayo Cafina. The Engliffi fettlement in this country had fprmerly been confidered as foreign ; but, jn 179Q, by an aft of parliament, they -vvere allowed the fame advantages, in their lexports and imports, as a Britift co'lony. The capital of Honduras is Valladoiid. SeeMosejtriTO Shore. Honfleur, a confiderable feajjort of France, in the department of Calvados and tate prbvtnce of Normandy. It has a very capacious and fafe harbour, at the mouth of the Seine ; and its principal trade is in lace. It is eight miles N. of Pont I'Eveque, and iipN. W.pf Paris. i,on. a. 15. E. Iat. 49. 24. N. HoNiTON, a,.borough of Devonftire, 'with a matket on Saturday. "A dreadful fire happened bere in July 1747, which tflnfuincd three parts of the town, and the dam-age was computed at 43,0001.' It has one church, half a mile from the town, and a chapel within it. Here is' a large manufaftory of bonelace, J.uft before the entrance into the town, from London, is a hill, which comi-nands ene of the mcft beautiful profpefts in the kingdom, Kenirnn is feated on the river Otter, 1 6 miles E, of Exeter, and 156 W, by S. nf London. Lon. 3. 12. W. Iat. 50. 45. N, Hood Island, an ifland in the .S.iuth Pacific Ocean, the' moft northern of the Marquefas, firft difcovered and named by captain Cook, in 1774. Lon. 13". 47. W. 'tat. 9. 26, S. ^ Ho,OGHLY, a fmajl but ancient city cf Hindoottan, 'in Bengal. It is no'w nearly in ruins, 'out poffeffes many veitigcs of its former greatnefs. In the beginning of this ccn'urv, it was the great mart of the export trade of Bengal to Europe. It is feated o'n an arm of the Ganges, ivhich i". CLuIed'the Hooghly, 26 miles N. of Cal- cu-'a. Lon. 88, 2«.' E. lat. 23. 30. N. '¦• HoeiGHLV RivER, an arm ef the Ganges, fo cilled and firmed by the union of its two wefternmoft branches, named the- Coffimbuzar and YcUinghy rivers. It' is the port of Calcutta, and the only- branch pf the Ganges that is ccmmpnly navigated by ftips. H^oogstraten, a tPwn pf Dutch Brabant, capital of a cpunty, pf "the fame name, 10 miles S. of Breda. Lon. 4. 52. E.lat. 51. 25., N. Hope, a finall river of Effex, which rifes near Laiudon Hills, waters Stanford. le-Hope, and entering the Thariies, be- low Mucking, gives name tp a npted reach of that river. Horeb, a mountain pf Afia, in Arabia Petraea, at the fppt pf which is a mpnaf. terv, where a biffipp pf'the Greek church refides. There are twp or three fine fprings, and a great numberof fruit-trees. Horn, a' confiderable town of the United Provinces, in' W. Friefiand, with a good harbour. Here they fat cattle that come from Denmark and Holftisin. It is feated on the E. fide of the Zuider-Zee, 13 miles N. E. of Amfterdam. Lon. 4.' 59. E.lat. 52. 3?. N. Horn, a town of the Auftrian Ne. therljnds, capital of a county of the fame name, in the biftopric of Liege. Lon. 5. 55. E. Iat. 51. 12. N. HoRNBACH,atown ef Germany, in the duchy of Deux-Ponts, feated en the river Hern, with a Benediftine abbey, five miles S. E. of Deux-Ponts. Lon, 7. 36. E. lat. 49., 10. N. HoRN'BERG, an ancient town of Ger. many, in the Black Foreft, and in the du. chy of Wirtemberg, with a fortrefs upon a mountain. It is feated en the river Gutlafli, 21 miles N. E. of Friburg. Lon, 8. 27. E. lat. 48, 12, N. HoRi^, Cape, the moft fouthern part of Terrai-del- Fuego, in S. America, round which all ffiips new pafs tlltit fail' inte the S. Sea, Lon. 67. 26. W. lat. 55. 58. N. Horn Castle, a large well-built town in Lincolnffiire, with a market en Satufday. It is feated on the river Bane, and three parts of it furrounded by water. It is 20 miles E. of Lincoln, and 136 N. of London. Lcn. 0. 2, W. lat. 53. 14. N. * HoRNCHURCH, a yiUage in Effex, the only pariffi in the liberty of Havering. A large pair ef horns is affixed to the Ei end of the church, for which tradition affigns a reafon too idle to be repeated. It is two miles E. by S. ef Rumford, ef v/hich it is the mother church, arid 14 E. by N. of London. HpRNDON ON THE HiLL, a town pf Effex, with a market pn Saturday., The hill on which it is, fituated commands a brautiful' profpeft. Itis 16 mUes S. by - W, of .HOT W, pf Chelmsfprd, 5 N. by E. of Til bury Fort, and 19 E.of London. Lon. o. 35. E. Iat. 51. 32. N. IIoRNSEA, a town in the E. riding of Yorkffiire, with a market pn Mpnday. It is 40 miles E. of York, and 188 N.of London. Lon. o. i. W. lat. 53. 56. N. * HoRNSEY, a village of Middlefex, between Highgate and Southgate. Varied with -hill and dale, and the New River winding through it, there is net a more rural fpot inthe vicinity of the metrppplis, frpm which it is 5 miles .N. by W. HoRjSENs, a feapprt pf Denmark, pn the E. ccaft pf Jutland, feated on the N. fide of a bay,, that opens into the Cate gate, near the Iflaud of Hiarnpe, 125 miles W. hy N, pf Copenhagen. Horsham, a borough of Suffex, with-.a market on Saturday, which' fupphes London with much fine poultry. The affizes are occafionally held here, and it is 36 miles S. E. of London. Lon. o, 12. W.lat. 51. 8. N. '* HoRTON, a village near CelnbrocJc in Bucks, where Milton, after he. had left the univerfity, refided -five years with his father. ¦¦ HOTTENTOTSyCoUNTRY OF T.HE, alarge region in. the .fouthern extremity of Africa, which extends N. by W. along the coaft, from the Cape ef Good Hope, beyond- the mouth of Orange River, and from that cape, in an E. N. E. direftion, to the mouth of the Great Fiffi River, which parts it frqm Caffraria. The Hot tentots are as tall as moft Eurppeans ; but as they are mpre ftiuted in their fppd, they are mpfe flender. Dr. Sparrman was the firft that pbferved a charsfteriftic markpf this natipn, namely, the fmallnefs pf their -hands and feet ccmpared with the pther parts pf the body. Their fkin is pf a yel- lowiffi brown hue, fomewhat refembling that of an European \yho-has the jaundice in a high degree ; but this colour is not at afl pbfervable inthe whites pf the eyes. There are not fuch thick hps among the Hottentots as among their neighbours the Negroes, the Caffres, and .the MoZ-am. biques. Their mouth is of the middhng fize ; and they have in general, the fineft fet of teeth imaginable. Their heads are covered with hair, more woolly, if pof fible, than that of the, Negroes, In fine, with refpeft tp their ffiape, carriage, and every mption, their whele appearance in dicates health and cpntent, tn their mien, mpreovcr, a degree of carcleffnefs is pb fervable, that difcovers marks of alacrity ahd refolutipn ; qualities which, upon oc- caficn, they certainly can exhibit. Not •oly the men, but the women alfo are HOT . clothed with ffieep-feins ; the wool being worn outward in fummer, and inward during the winter. They wear one fleip over their ffioulders, the ends of it croffing each other before^ and leaving their neck bare. Another fkin is faftened .rpupd their middle, and .reaches down tq their knees. They befmear their bodies all over, very cppipufly, Vyith fat, in whi.qh there is mixed up a little fpQt, and .this is heyqr wiped pff. They likewife perfume thqipfelves with ppwdet of herbs, wifh which they powder both the head and bo dy, rubbing it all over them, when thtj befmear themfelves. The odour criF thi*' powder is .rank and aromatic, and e,omes neareft to that of the ,pqppy mixed with fpices. Such of the women, moreover, as are ambitious to pleafe, adprn thein. felVes with necklaces of ftells : " fpreven in t-his counti-y," fays the abb^ dc la Caille, " the fex have their charms, which they endeavour to heighten by fuch arts as are peculiar to themfelves, a'li.d would meet with little fuccefs elfewhei-e. To this end, they not only greafe all %fj.e naked parts ef their bpdy, fp make them ftine, but they braid er plait their. hair -as an additional elegance. AHpttentpt lady, thus bedizened, .has exhaufted all the arts pf her tpilette ; and hpweyer Urifavour- able nature may hayeb.een tp her, with re- gard tP ffiape and ftature, her pride js wpnelerfully flattered, while the fplendpur of her appearance -gives her the hi^gheft degree of fatisfaftipn." ..But with all this vanity; they are 'nPt devpid pf a feriff of modefty. " Among the .Hottentots," fays Dr. Sparrman, " as well as, in aU probability, among the reft of mankind, difperfed over the whple globe, we muft acknowledge the fair fex to 'be fhe. moft mpdeft ; fpr the females of this nation cover themfelves. much more fcrupuloufly than the men. They feldpm content themfelves with cne covering, but almpft always have two, and Very often th.^ee. Thefe are made of a prepared and well- greafed flcin, and are faftened about their bodies with.a thong, almoft like the aprons of our ladies. The putermoft.is always the largeft, meafuring frpm abput fx inches to a foot over. This is likewife, generally, the fineft and. mcft ffiowy, and frequently adprned with glafs beads ftrung in different figures, in a manner that ftovvs, even among the unpolifted Hottentots, the fuperior neatnefs of the fair fex in works of ornament, as well as their pow. ers of invention, and their difpofition to fet off their perfons to the beft advan. tage." Both the rrien and women gene. rally go bareheaded. Neither their ears U n»r HOT Bor nofe are adorned with any. pendent ' ornaments, as they are' among other fa. ' vagcs. The nofe, hpwever, is fometimes, by way of greater ftate, marked with a black ftreak of foot, or with a large fpot '*f,red lead; of which latter, on high days and holidays, they likewife put a little on theii" cheeks. Both fexes wear rings on '.their arms and 'legs; moft of thefe are made of thick leather ftraps, cut in a cir. eular ffiape ; and thefe have given rife tP the alrapfl univerfally-received notion, that ' the Hottentots wrap guts about their legs, " in order to eat them occafionally. Rings t>{ iron, copper, or brafs, of the fize of a g'oofe.quifl, are confidered as more genteel than tppfe of leather ; but the girls are not' allowed to ufe any rings tifl they are marriageable. The Hottentots feldom • Wear any ffioes. What they do wear, are made pf undrcffed leather, with the hairy fide outward- they are rendered foft and pliable, by being beat and moiftened, and are very hght and cool. Their habitations are. adapted to their wandering pafteral life, .They, are merely huts ; fome of them of a circular, and fome of an oblong ffiape, refembling a round bee-hive or a vault. The ground plot is from i8 to 24 feet in diameter. The higheft of them are fo low, that it is fcarcely poffible for a mid- dle.fized man to ftand upright, Butnei. ther the lownefs of the hut, nor that of the door, which is barely three feet high, can be confidered as any inconvenience to a Hottentot, who finds no difficulty in ftooping and crawling on all fours, and who is, at any time, more inclined to lie down than ftand. The fire-place is in the jniddle, and they fit or lie round it in a circle. The lew door is the only place that admits the light, and, at . the fame time, the only outlet that is left for the fmoke. The Hottentot, inured to it from his infancy, fees it hever round him, with out feehng the leaft inconvenience arifing from It to his eyes ; while, rolled up like a hedge-hog, 'and wrapped up fnug in his fkin, he lies at the bottom of his hut, quite at his eafe, in the midft of this cloud, except that he is new and then obliged to peep out from beneath his ffieep-fkin, in order to ftir the fire,' or perhaps to light his pipe, or elfe, fo.metimes to turn the fteak he is broiling over the coal. The ©rder of thefe hut.i in a craal or clan, is moft frequently in the form pf a circle, with the dpprs. inward ; by which means a kind cf yard is fprmed, where the cattle ' arc kept at night. The milk, as fpon as it. is taken front the cow, is put to other milk, which is. curdled, and jp kept in a leather, facjt, th« hairy fide tf wluch, be.t HOT ing confidered as the cleaneft, is turnel inward : fe that the milk is never drank while it is fweet. Such are Hottentots in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope. Lieutenant Paterfon, in 1778, vifited a Hottentot village in the Small Nimiqua Land, in the N, W. part-of the country : it confifted of 19 huts arid about 150 in- habitants. The enfign of authority, worn by their chief, was a cane with a braft top, given to him by fhe Dutch Eaft In. dia company. The Hottentots amufed them, part ef the night, with their mufie and, dancing : their vifitprs, in return, treated them with tobacco and dacka, or hemp leaves, which they prefer even to tpbaccp. Their mufic was pruduced frcm flutes, made pf the bark of trees of dif. fercnt fizes. The men fprm themfelvcc intp a circle, with their flutes ; and the womeri dance round them. In this man- ner they dance in parties the whole night, being relieved every twp hpurs, Ampng Pther tribes pf Hottentots are fhe Boffi. mans, who inhabit the mountains in the interior part of the country, N. E. of the Cape of Gopd Hope, , 'They are fwotn enemies to the pafteral life. Some of their maxims are to live on hunting and plun der, and never to keep any animal ahve for the fpace of one night. On thisac- cpunt, they themfelves are purfued and exterminated, like the wild beafts whpfe manners they hav-'e affumed, Spme of them, when taken, are kept alive, and made flaves of. Their weapons are ppi. foned arrpws, which, ffipt frpm a fmall bpw, will hit a mark, with a tplerable degree pf certainty, at the diftance pf ip« paces, Frpm this diftance, they can with ftealth, as it wtre, cpnvey Ifeath to the game they hunt for food, as well as to their fpes, and even to fuch a tretncndous beaft as''the lipn. Safe in his ambuffi, the Hpt- tentpt is certain pf the pperatipn pf his Eoifon, which is fq virulent, that it is faid, e has only to wait a few minutes, tp fee the beaft expire. Their habitatiens are npt mpre agreeable than their manners and maxims. Like the wild beafts, buffies and clefts in rocks ferve t"fiem'by turns for dwellings. . Many ef them are entirely naked ; but feme of them cover their bp. dy with the fltin pf any fprt of animal, great or fmall, from the ffioulder dpwn- ward as far as it will reach, wearing it till it fall off their hack in rags. As igno. rant of agriculture as apes or monkies, they are obliged, like them, to wander over hills and dales, after certain wild roots, berries, and plants, which they cat raw. Their table, however, is compofed of feveral other di&es, among which are th* HOT .the larvsB of infefts (the caterpillars from which butterflies are produced) the -termites, or white ants, graffioppers, fnakes, and fpiders. With all thefe changes of diet, the Boftman is, never. thelefs, frequently in want, and to fuch a degree, as to wafte almoft to a ffiadow, ¦VVhen captured as a flave, he exchanges his meagre fare for the luxury of butter milk, frumenty, or hafty-pudding, which makes hira fat in a few weeks. This food living, however, is foon embittered y the grumbling of his mafter and mif- trefs, "The words T'guzeri and T'gua- matfi, which, perhaps, are beft tranflated . oy thofe pf young forcerer and imp, he muft frequently bear, with perhaps a few curfes or blows, for negleft and indolence. Detefting, indeed, all manner, of labour, and, from his corpulency, become ftill more flothful, he now fenfibly- regrets his former uricpntrpuled and wandering life, which he generally endeavours to regain by c.'"caping ; but, what is wcnderful, whenever one of them cffeifts his efcape, he never takes any thing away that does not belqpg to him. Another tribe of Hot tentots, near the nlouch of Orange River, were obferved by lieutenant Paterfon, in his journey te the N. W. in 1779. Their huts were fuperior to thofe of the genera lity of Hottentots : they were loftier, and "thafclicd with grafs ; and were furniffied .with ftppls made pf the back^bpnes of the grampus. Their mode of living is in the higheft degree wretched, and they are apparently the moft dirty ef all the Hot tentot tribes. Their drefs is coippofed of the flsins of feals and jackals, the fleffi of which they eat. - When a grampus is eaft aftore, they remove their huts to the place, and fubfift upon it as long as ai.y part pf it remains ; and, in this manner, it fpmetimes affords them fuftenance fpr half a year, thpugh in a great meafure de cayed and putrified by the fun. They fmear their fkin with the oil, the odour of which is fo powerful, that their apprpach may be perceived fpme time befpre they prefent themfelves to view. They carry their water in the ffiells of oftrich eggs, and the bladders of feals, which they ftopt with arrows, the fame as the other Hot tentots. With refpeft to the Hottentots, in general, none ofthem feem to have any religion. On being qiicftidned on the fub jeft of a Creator and Governor of the UniiVerfc, they anfwer, that they know- nothing of the matter ; nor do they ap^- pear v.-ifling tp receive any inftrufticn. All of them, however, have the firmeft opinion in the power of magic ; whtnce it might be inferred, that they believe in HOT an evil being, analogous to what we, call the devil ; but they pay no religious wor ffiip to him, though from this lource thejr derive all the , evils that happen ; and a- mong thefe evils they reckon cold, tain; and thunder. So monftroufly ignorant are they, that many of the cplpnifts af- fured Dr, Sparrman, that fhe Bpftman* ivpiild abufe the thunder with many pp- . prpbripus epithets, and threaten tP affault the lightning with pld ffipes, prany thing that comes to hand. Even the moft intel ligent pf them cpuld npt be convinced, by all the arguments the -dpftpr cpuld ufe, that rain was not always an evil, and that it would be an unhappy circumftance were it never to rairi, 'They feem', however, tp have fome idea pf a future ftate, as they reproach their friends, when dead, with leaving them ft) fppn ; admnniffiing them tP behave hencefprth more properly : by which they mean, that their deceafed friends ffiould not come back again and haunt them, nor allpw themfelves tp be made ufe pf by wizards, to bring any mifchief on thofe that furvive them; Some eld authprs have faid, that the Hptten- tPts fleep prpmifcupufly in the fame hut, and are neither acquainted with the dif ference pf age, npr with that invincible horror which feparates beings cennefted by blood, M. 'Vaillant, after obferving that this circumftance had led feme to the moft infamous fufpiciens, exclaims, " Yes 1 the whole family inhabit the fame hut ; the fatheir lies by the fide of his daughter, and the mother by the fon, but Pn the return of Aurora, each rifes with a pure heart, and without having occafion to bluffi before the author of ail beings, or any of the creatures that he has marked with the feal of his refemblance," The country poffeffed by the Dutch, is of pretty cpnfiderable extent, cpmpre- hending not only the large traft, between Table Bay and Falfe Bay, but that which is called Hottentot Holland, extending from Falfe Bay to the Cabo dos Agul- has, or Cape of Needles, and the country farther E, beyond St. Chrifto pher's River, called "ITerra de Natal. The whole of this country is naturally barren and mpuntainnus ; but, the induf trious Dutch have overcome all natural difficuhies, and it prpduces, not only a fufficiency of all the neceffaries pf life for the inhabitants, but alfo fpr the re- freftment of all the Eurppean ffiips that touth here. The Dutch cpnfider the year JS divided intp twp feafens, which they term monfoons ; the wet menfppn, pr winter; and the dry pne, pr fummer. The firft begins with PUr fpring in March j U I th^- H O T "ttO u the latter with September, when ourfuffl. mer ends. In the bad feafon, the Cape is much, fubjeft to- fogs ; in June and July, It rains almoft continually till fummer. The weather in winter is cold, raw, and unplcafant-; but neyer more rigorous than .autumn, in - Germany. Water never freezes to above the thicknefs of half, a crown, and -as foon as the fun appears, the ice is diffofved. The Cape is rarely vifited by thunder and lightning, except ing a little near the turn of the feafons, which never dees any hurt. Amongthe quadrupeds bf this country are antelopes which go in herds of 20 er 30,000 each ; buffaloes ;, cameleopardiUfes ; the gems- bock, or chamois, a fpecies of antelope, which has temarkably leng ffiarp horns, and, when attacked by dogs, will fit on its hind qiiaiters, and defend itfelf; wi;ld dogs, much larger than the jackal which travel in herds, and are very deftruftive to flocks of ffieep; elephants ; elks ; hyenas j the koede, an animal of a mqulc colour, rather larger than our deer, y/ith three "white ftripesevcr the back, and the male having very large t wifted horns j liens; jackals; tigers; the quacha, a fpecies of ' the zebra, but more traftable ; rhinocefs>fes ; horfes ; domeftic horned Cattle ; common ffieep ; and a pecuhar fpe cies ef ffieep, which are covered with hair inftesid 'of'vropl. The hippppqtamus or river horfe is frequently feen here. A- mong the birds are vultures ; oftriches, Vvhofe eggs -are- excellent food; and the loxia, a fpecies of gregarious bird, 'which' builds its curious neft in the mi. snofa tree ; where it forms a kind of thatched houfe, with- a regular ftreet of nefts on -both fides, at about two inches diftance from each other, and containing under its reo,-, in one that lieutenant Pa- terfon farw,, from 800 to a thoufand birds. The termites, or white ants, which do Roinjurv to the wood as In the E. Indies, but to the grafs, the deftruftion of which they occafion by raifing- a number of hills, w-nich impede the prpgrefs of' vet^ctation, the Hottentots eat them ; and lieutenant Paterfon, who rafted this feiod, found it farfrom difagreeable. The locufts alfb are -efteemed excellent, food by the Bbffimans, by whom they -are - dried and kept- fur ufe. The.- black, or rock icorpion,' 'is nearly as yenemous here as any of the ferpent tribe, of which ther,-; are numerous kinds. There are fi.x" fpcci-es about the Cape; namely, the, hiirned fnake, about 18 inches lohg, the' moft poiforious of them all ; the koule band, or garter fnake, about the fame k-Bg'th, dangerous to travellers on ac count of refembling the foil fo much in colour, that it is not readily perceived j the yellow fnake,. which difitrs-in colour only from the hopded fnake pf India, and being frpm fpur to eight f^et in length',, " their fize and bright yellow colour renders it eafy to avoid them ; the puft, adder, about 40 inches in length, fo called from blpwing itfelf up to near afoot in circum. ference ; the fpring adder,- very danger ous, but not common, from three to four feet long, and of a jet black, with white fpots ; and the night fnake, more beauti ful than any of the others, about 20 inches long, very thin, belted with black, red, and yellow, and when near, at night, has the appearance qf fire. The countrv of the Hottentots lies between the tropfc ef Capricorn and 35° S. lat, and is bound ed on the W, S, and E. by the Atlantic, Southern, and Indian Oceans, and on the N. by regions very little, if at all ex plored, HouAT, an ifland on the coaft of France, 10 miles from Belle-Ifle, It is about I o miles in circumference, and was attacked by the Engliffi, in 1697, but ia vain, Houdan, a fmall town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire and late. province of Beauce, . It has a nianufafture of woollen ftockings, and feated on the river Vegi'e, 10 miles from Dreux, and 32 S, W. of Paris, Lon. i. 41, E, lat. 48, 47, N, ' - HouNSLOW, a town of Middlefex, vyith a market on Thuifday, It belongs to two pariffies ; the N, fide ofthe ftreet to. Hefton, and the S, fide to Ifleworth, It is fituated on the edge of the heath of the^ fame name, on which are feme powder- mills, on a branch ef the river Coin. On this heath, James II. formed an encainp- ment, after the fuppreilien of the dufee of Monmouth's reoellion, in order the more effeftually to enflave his fubjefts; and here he firft perceived the little de- penderice he cpuld have Pn his army by their rejoicings pn receiving the news of acquittal of the feven biftpps. Hpun- flow is I p miles W. by S. pf London. Hou-QuANG, a province of China, is divided into the N.and S. parts : the fpr mer contains eight cities of the firft rank, and 6a of the fecond and third ; and the latter, feyen of the firft rank, and five of the fecond and -third'. It is a flat, open country, watered' every where by brooks, lakes, and rivers. Here is plenty of wild fowl and cattle; and the foil pro duces cprn and varipus kinds of fruit. Gold is found in the fands of the rive'rs ; and they have iron, tin, and tutenague. Ia H U A H U D In ffiort, there is fuch a variety of all forts Otaheite, and feven in compafs, and has of commodities, that h is called the ma. " ' ' - ^ ,- ¦ gazine of the empire. How DEN, a large town in the E. riding of Yorkffiire, with a confiderable market on Saturday. It is feated on the rivers Oufe and Derwent, and gives name , to, a fmall diftrift called Howden- ffiire. It is 16 miles S, E. ef York, and 179 N, by W, of London, Lon. o, 5i,W, iat. 53.-46. N, HoxTER, a town of Germariy, in Weftphalia, feated on the river Wefer, 27 miles N. E. of Paderborn, Lon, 9, jg, E, l.at, 51, 50, N. Hoy, one of the Orkney Iflands, fitu ated between the ifland ef Pomona and the N. coaft of Caithnefsffiire. It is about 10 miles long. On this ifland befide the great conic hill of Hoyhead, which is a feamark, there is a ftupendous rock called the Beary, where a bird, here named the layer, fuppofed to be a fpecies of penguin, is found. It is about the fize of a fmall duck, remarkably fat, and ef teemed by many a great delicacy, Thefe birds burrow in the rabbit holes. The perfon employed in taking the young is a commodious harbour,. Its furface is hilly and uneven, Lon, 151, i . W. lat, 16. 44. S. - ' Hubert, St. a town ef tlie Auftrian Netherlands, in Luxemburg, with a hand- feme abbey. It is 20 miles N. E. of Bou"il- lon, and 150 N. E. of Paris. Lon. 5. 12. E, lat, 50, o, N, Huddersfield, a town in the -W, riding of Yorkffiire, with a market en Tuefday, It has rifen up within thif. century, is fituated amid barren moors, and is the m.art for narrow cloths, called plains,. It is 42 miles S, W, of York, and 189 N. N. W. of London, Lpn. .. 40. W. Iat. 53. 40. N. Hudson's Bay, a large bay of N. America, lying between 51° and fuj' of N. latitude, and difcovered, in 16 10, by Henry Hudfori. This intrepid mariner, in fearching after a N. W. paflage to the S. Sea, difcovered three ftraits, through vvhich he hoped to find out a new way to Afia by America. He hafl made two voyages before on the fame adventure ; the firft in 1607, and the fecond in 1608. In his third and laft, in 16 10, he entered the ufuafly let down by a rope from the top ftraits that lead into this new 'Mc^iterra. of the precipice. In this ifland too, in a gloomy valley is an entire fl:one, 36 feet long, and 18 broad, called the Dwarfic ftone. It is hollow within, having the form, of a bed and pillow cut in the ftone. It nean, the bay known by this name; coafted a great paft of it, and penetrated to. 80 degrees .and a half into the' hcrtrt of the frozen zone. His ardpur for '.he difcovery not being abated ' by the diffi- is fuppofed to have been once the habita- cfilties he ftrQggled with in this empire '¦ ' "- '¦ - - '"' '" ° of winter, and world of frpft and fnPw, he ftaid here till the einftiing fpring, anel prepared, in the beginning of i6'ii, to purfue his difcoveries ; but his crew, who fuffered equal hardftips, withput the fame fpirit tp fupport them, mutinied, feized upon him and feven of thofe who were riipft faithful to him, and committed them to fhe fury' of the icy feas in an open boat, Hudfon and his companions were either fwallowed up by the waves, or gaining the inhofpitable coaft, were deftroyed by the favages ; but the ffiip and the reft ef the men returned heme. Other attempts toward a difcovery, were made in i5ii and 1667 ; and a patent fer planting the cpuntry, with a charter for ?¦' cpmpany, was potained in 1670. In 1746, captain Eflis wintered as far nprth as 57 degrees and a half ; and captairi Chriftcphisr at^ tempted farther difcoveries in 1761, But tion of^ a hermit. Lon. 3. 20, W, lat. 58 56. N, HoYE, a town of Germany, in Weft phalia, capital of a ceunty of the fame name, and fubjeft to the eleftor of Hano- ver. It is feated oh the;river Wefer, 43 miles N. W. of ZeU. Lon. 9. 6. E. lat. 52. 57. N, -Hradisch, a tpwn pf Germany, in Mpravia, feated on an ifland in the river Morave, 30 miles S, E, of Olmutz, and 30 E, qf Brinn, Lon, 17. 53, E. lat, 49. «, N, Hua, or Kahua, a large town of Afia, capital of Cochin China, with a tiandfome palace, where the king com monly refides. It is feated m a beautiful plain and divided into, two parts by a large river, The inhabitants are fincere, gOod- natured, arid civil to ftrangers, and ^eir religion is like that of China. They all blacken their teeth, thinking it a ftame to befide thefe, and the late voyages, which to have them white, hke dogs, and they fatisfy us that we muft not look for a paf- yvear their nails very" long. There is alfo a fage on this fide ef the latitude 67 degrees garrifon kept here, and there are a few north; we are indebted to the Hudfon's Chriftians. Lon. 105, 5. E. lat. 17. 40. N. Bay company for a jpurney by land, ivhich HuAHiNE, Pne of the Spciety iflands thrpws much aditipnal fight pn this matter, i}i tjjip' Paci^c Pseap, 30 leagues frem \y affording wh?t may be called demop.. U 3 ftrjtiop. HUD HUE ftration, how much farther north, at leaft in feme parts of their {royage, ffiips muft go, before they can pafs from one fide ef America to the other. The north. ern Indians, who come down to the cpm- pany's faftpries tP trade, had brpught tP the knowledge pf our pepple a river, which, pn accPunt of much copper being found near it, had obtained the name ef Copper-mine River. The company being defirous of exanjining into this matter with precifien, direfted 'Mr. Hearne, a young gentleman in their fervice, to proceed over land, under the convoy of thofe Indians, for that river ; which he had orders to furvey, if poffible, quite, down to its exit irito the fea, to make obfervations for fix ing :h'- latitudes and longitudes, and to bringffieme maps and drawings both of it jmd the countries through which he ffiould pafs. Accordingly, Mr. Hearne let out from Prince of Wales' Fort, on Churchill River, lat, 5.8, 47. N. and lon. 94. 7. W, on the 7th of December 1770, On the 13th of June, he reached the Copper. mine River, and fonnd it all the way, even to its exit into the fea, encumbered with ffioals and fafls, and entering it over a. dry flat of the fhore, tho tide bein.g then out, which feemed, by the edges of the ice, to rifi; about 12 or 14 feet. Th's rife, on account of the falls, will carry the tide but a Uttle way within the river's mouth, fo that the water ip it had not the leaft brackiffi tafte. • Mr. Hearne was, neverr thelef?, fure of thp place it emptied itfelf into, being the fea, or a branch of it, by tlie quantity of whale and feal fkins which the Efkimaux had at their tents ; and alfo by the number of feals which he faw up. on tlie ice. The fea, at the river's mouth, was full of iflands and fhoals, as far as he could fee by the affiftance of a pocket te lefcope ; and the ice was not yet (July 17th) broken up, but thawed away only for about three quarters of a mile from the ffiore, and fot a little way round the iflands and ffioals which lay off the river's mouth. ]?ut he had the moft extenfive view of the fea when he was about eight miles up the river ; from which ftation, the extreme parts of it bore N. W. by W. and N. E. It appears from the map which Mr. Hearne conftrufted of this fingular journey, that the mouth ef the Copper mine River lies in lat. 72° N. gnd Ion. 25° W. from Churchill River; th.at is about 1 1 9° "W. of Greenwich. Mr. Hcarne's journey back, from the Copper mine River to Churchill River, lafted till June 3P, 1772; fo that he was abferit al moft a year and fevcn months. The eoimtry lying round Hudfon's Bay is called New Britain, including Labrador, npw New N. and S. Wales. The en trance pf the bay, from the ecean, after leaving to the N. Cape Farewell and Da vis' Straits, is between Refolution Ifles on the N. and Button's Ifles on the La brador coaft to the S. forming the eaftern ' extremity of the ftraits, diftinguifted by the name of its great difcoverer. The vaft countries that furround Hudfon's Bay, abound with animals- whofe fltins , and furs are far fuperior in quality to thofe fpund in lefs nprtherly regions. In 1670, a charter was granted to a cpmpany, which dpcs net confift of above ten perfons, for the exclufive trade to this bay ; and they have afted under it, ever fince, with great ¦ benefit to themfclves. They employ four ftips and 130 feamen, and have feveral forts ; namely. Prince of Wales' Fort, ChurchiU River; Nelfon, New Severn,- and Albany, which are afl feated on the W. fide of the bay. The French, com manded by the late unfortunate navi gator, M. Dc la Peyroufe, deftroyed thefe forts, and the fettlements, &c. valued at 500,000!. But the damage has been fince repaired, and the commerce in a flouriffi- irig fituation. See New Britain, Es kimaux, and Labrador. Hudson's River, one of the fineft rivers in N. America, rifing in the moun tainous country, between the Lakes On tario and Champlain. It waters Albany and Hudfon, and proceeds in a foutherly direftipn te New York, where it gnters the Atlantic Ocean, at Yeirk Bay, after a ceurft of 2 50 miles. The tide flows a few miles above Albany, which is 160 miles- from New York. It is navigable for' fleops to Albany, and for fiiips to Hudfon. * Hudson, a town of N. An:ierica, in tho ftate of New York, which was begun to he built in 1783, and has had the moft rapid progrefs of any place in America, except Baltimore, in Maryland. It is feated on the E. fide of Hudfpn's River, Pn an eminence, 3P miles S. of Albany,- and 130 N. of New Yprk. Lpu. 75. 20. W. lat. 42. 23. N, HuEN, an ifiand of the Baltic, fix mile* from the coaft of Zealand, and three frem that eif Sweden. It is fubjeft to the Swedes, to whom it was ceded by the Danes in 1658. It has one fcattered vil lage, and produces hay and every fpecies of corn, more than fufficient for its own confumption. In this ifland was the ob fervatory of the celebrated Tycho Brahe, Huen is fix miles in circumference, nine miles S, by E. of Alfineor, and 14 N. by E, of Copenhagen, Lon. 12. 38. E. lat. 55. 54, N. .! HUESCA, HUL Huesca, an aneient and cpnfiderable town of Spain, in Arragon, with a bi ffiop's fee, and a univerfity. It is feated on the Ilfuela, 35 miles N, E, of Sara- goffa. Lon. o. 2. W. lat. 42. 18-. N. HuESCAB, atown of Spain, in Gra nada, with a caftle, 6e miles N. E. of Granada. Lon. 2. 20. W. lat. 37. 45. N. Huetta, a town of Spain, in New Caftile, 67 miles E. of Madrid. Lpn. i, 55. W. lat. 40. 22. N. Hull, pr Kingston-upon Hull, a town in the E. riding of Yprkftire, with a market on Tuefday and Saturday. It is feated on a river called the Hull, en the N. fide of the river Humber, and is a handfome large town, with two parift- churches. It is fprtified, and is the firft tPwn that ftut its gates againft Charles I. but its fprtificatipns are now inconfider- able, while its commerce has increafed fo much, that it is probably the fourth port in the kingdom. Irs fituation is extremely advantageous ; for, befide its communica. tion with the Yorkfliire rivers and canals, it has accefs alfo, by the Humber, to the Trent and all its branches and communi cations. Hence it has the import and ex. port trade of many of the northern and midland counties. The foreign trade is chiefly to the Bakic ; but it has alfo regu. lar traffic with the fouthern parts ef Eu. rope, and -with America. More ftips are fcnt hence to Greenland than from any other pert, that ef Lendon excepted. The coafting trade for coal, corn, wool, manu. faftured goods, &c. k very extenfive. The harbour is artificial, confifting of a dock, faid to be the largeft in the king dom, with which the river communicates. Among the public buildings, arc the Tri. nity Houfe, fer the relief ef feamen and their widows ; an exchange, and a town. hall. The noble ftone bridge, over the river, te Heldernefs, was rebuilt in 1787, and confifts ef i4arches. Hull fends two members to parUamept, and is '41 miles N. of Lincoln, 36 S. E. bf York, and 173 N. of London. Lon. o. 14, W, lat, 53. 45- N. Hulhen, a town of the Auftrian Ne therlands, nine niiles S. E. of Bruffels. Lon. 4. 37. E. lat, 51. 44, N. HuLST, a ftrong town of Dutch Flap. ders, capital of a bailiwick of the fame name. It was taken by the French in 1747. It has a very fine townhoufe, and the palace of the commander is the handfomeft in all Flanders. It'is feated on a plain, which may be overflowed, 15 miles "N. W. of Antwerp, and 17 N. E. of 9hcnt, Lon. 4, 6, E. l?t. 51, 18, N,' HUN Humber, a river formed by the Trent, Oufe, Derwent, and feveral ether ftreams. It divides Yorkftire frem Lincolnffiire, and falls into the German Ocean, pes* Heldernefs, * HuMMOCH, an ifland of Afia, in the Eaftern Ocean, about fix miles long. Here is a rajah, fupported in his authority by the Dutch E. India Company. The na tives have a great deal of the Malay, both in appearance and difpofition, and fpeak the fame language as Mindanao. This ifland is exceedingly fertile, and produces moft of the tropical fruits. But theif principal articles of trade with the Dutch are bees-wax and honey. They lie five leagues S, of Mindanao. Lon, 1 j 5. 1 2, E. lat. 5, 27. N. HuNDSFELD, a towp of Germany, in Silefia, feated on the river Wide, eight, miles N. E. of Breflau, Len. 17, 18 E,' lat, 51, 9, N. Hungary, a kingdom of Europe, bounded on the N, by Poland, on the W. by the circle of Auftria, on the S, by the rivqr Drave, which feparates it from Scla. vpnia, and by the Danube, which parts it frpm Turkey in Eurppe ; and pn the E. by Walachia and Tranfylvania. It is di vided into Upper and Lower Hungary ; and to thefe may be added the Bannat of Tamefwar, incorporated into the kino-. dpm of Hungary in 1778, Hungary for. merly included Tranfylvania, Sclavcnia, Dalmatia, Servia, W;alachia, and Pther cpuritries. The principal rivers are, the Danube, Save, Drave, Treffe, Marp?, Raab, "Waag, Gran, and Zarwiefe, They are fp full pf fift that they give them to the hpgs ; but the waters are all unwhnle. fome, except that cf the Danube, The air is very unhealthy, pccafipncd by th? lakes and bpgs, infpmuch that a fort of plague vifits them every three or four years, pn which accpunt it is called the grave pf the Germans. It abounds in ali the neceffaries of life, and the wine, efpe- cially that called Tokay, is excellent. There are mines of gold, filver, copper, and iron ; and they have fuch plenty of game, that hunting is allpwed tP all. The inhabitants are wcU-ftapcd, brave, haughty, and revengeful. Their hprfe- mcn are called Huffars, ahd their foot, Heydukes. Almoft all the to'wns of Hun- gary have two names, the one German, and the other Hungarian; and the lan guage is a dialeft pf the Sclavpnian, The gpvernment is hereditary in the houfe qf Auftria, and the eftabliffied religipn is Pppery, thpugh there area great number of Proteftants. Np cpuntry in the world, is bettrr fupplied wntb mineral waters and V 4 )>aths; HUN H Y D baths ; and thofe ef Buda, when the Turks had it in poffeffion, were reckoned' the fineft in Europe. Buda is the capital to\yn of Lower Hungary, and Preffiurg of the Upper, HoNGERFORD, a town pf Berk ftire, with a market on Wednefday, feated Pn the riyer Kennet, and npted for the beft trout and crawfift in England. It is 64 miles W. of London. Lon. i. 26. W. lat, 51. 26. N. puSNiNGUEN, a town ef France, in the department of Upper Rhine and late prqvihce of Ah'ace. It was fortified by Vauban, and is feated on the Rhine, five miles N. ef Bafle. Lon, 11. 40, E.lat. 47. 40. N. HuNMANBY, a town in the E. riding of ."Yorkfliire, with a market en Tuefday. it. is 34 miles N. E. of York, and 209 N. of London. Lon. o. 12. W. lat. 54. 12. N. Huntingdon, the county town of Huntingdonftire, witha market on Satur. d,iy. It is feated 00 a rifing afcent, on the river Oufe, over which is a handfome ftone bridge, which leads te Godmanchcf- ter. It was once a large place, haying no lefs than fifteen churches, which are pow reduced te two ; and fends two mem. bers to parlianient. Huntingdon was the birthplace ef Oliver Cromwell. It is 16 miles W. by N. of Cambridge, and 65 N. by W. of London. Lon.u. 25. W. lat. 52. 17. N. Hu.ntingdonshire, a county of England, bounded on the W. and N. W. by Ndrchamptonftire, on the N. E. the E. and S. E. by Cambridgeftire, and en the S. W. by Bedfo.-dft.ire. It extends 25 miles from N. to S. and about 20 from E. to W. in its broadeft part. The prin cipal rivers are the Oufe and Nen. The borders' ef the ,Oufe, which flews acrofs the S. E. part, confift of fertile and beau tiful meadows.. The ipiddle and weftern part's are firiely varied in their furface, fertile in corn, and fprinkled with woeds^ The w'liole Upland part was, in ancient times, a foreft, peculiarly adapted for hunting, whpjopc the name of the county took its rife. The N. E. part confifts of fens, v/hich join thofe of Ely. They are drained, fo as- to afford ricfa'pa-fturage for cattle, and even large crops of corn. In the midft of thern are fome ftallew pools, a'ooiindirig witji Kft, The largeft of thefe is a lake of confiderable fize, qaljed Whittle fea Mere. The air is .goqd, ex cept in tlie fenny parti, wfiich are aguift. Its chief commodities are porn,, malt, and cheefe ;' and they fatten "ab'andance of cattle. It fends four members to parlia- picnt ; aud tl»e high ffieriff, who js chofen alternataly from Cambridgeffiire and Huntingclonffiire, is iheriff of both coun- tjes at the f^me time. HuNTSPiL, afmall town in Somerfetr ffiire, feated at the mouth of the river Barret, five miles N. of Bridgv\«ter, and 143 W. by S. qf London. Loh. 3. 12. W. lat. 51. II, N- '¦'¦' Hurdwar, a town of the province of Delhi, -where the Ganges firft enter? the plains of liindooftan. It is 117 miles N. by E. of the city of Delhi. Lon, 78. 15. E. lat. 29. 35. N. Huron, a lake of N. America, which lies between 80° and 8 5" Vd. lon, and 42° and 46" N. lat. '"'With Lake Michigan, which lies to tha "W, it has a communica. tion by the Straits of Michillimackinac '; with the Lake Superior to the N. E. by the Straits of ^t. Mary ; and with Lake Erie to the S. by the. Straits of Detroif. Its ffiape is nearly triangular, and its cir. cumference ' about loop miles. The Chipeway Indians liye fcattered around this lake ; and, op its banks are found amazing quantities of fand cherries. See Manataulin andTf^u^'DER Bay. Hurst Castle, a caftle in Hamp. ffiire, not far from Lymington. It is feat. ed on the extreme peipt of 3 peck of land, which ffioQts into the fea tovvard the Ifle of Wight, from which it is diftant two miles. In this caftle Charles I. was con fined previous to his being brought to trial. '* HussiNGABAD, a town ef Hindoof tan, in the province ef Malwa, but on the S. fide of the river Nerlfuddah, and on the frontiers of Nagpour', the eaftern divifiep of the Mahratta empire.' It is 140 miles N. W. of the city of Nagpour. Lon. 77, 54. E. lat. 22.42. N. HusuM, a towp of Depmark, in the duchy of Slefwick, capital of a bailiwick of the fame pame, with a ftrong citadel, and a handfome clwrch. It is feated near the riyer Qw, on the German Ocean, 20 miles 'VV, of Slefwick. Lon. 9. u, E. lat. 54. 45. N. Huy, a town df the bift.bpric of Liege, in Germany, feated pn the river Maefe, 12 miles S.W. of Liege. Lop. 5. 22. E. lat.' 50. 32: N. ^ Hydrabad, a city of the Deccan of Hindppftan, capital of Golconda. It is feated op a river that falls into the Kiftna, 352 piles N. by E. of Ma and the year is diftinguiflied info two fea fons, which are the wet arid dry ; but the rains are not fo frequent as they were for merly, -«'hich is fuppofed to be owing to- the cutting down ef the woods. The months of July, Auguft, and September, are called the hurricane months, becaufe then they. .are the moft frequent ; and there is,.' ligh-wing almoft every night. -, Theie JAM There is net above a third part of the ifland inhabited, for the plantations are all by the fi;afide. Here and there are fa- vannahs, pr large plains, where the pri ginal natives ufed to plant their Indian corn, and which the Spaniards made ufe of for breeding their cattle, but thefe are nPw quite bare and barren. The gentle mens houfes are generally built, Ipw, be ing pnly one ftory, on account of the hur ricanes and earthquakes ; and the negroes huts arc made ef reeds, and will hold only two or three perfpns. The ccmmpn drink is Madeira wine, or rum punch. The common bread, or that which ferves for it, is plaintains, yams, and cafi'ava-reots. The yams are like potatoes, only cearfer, and of a much larger fize. But, in Fe bruary 1793, by the benevolent direftions of his Majefty, a great number ef the bread-fruit trees were brought here from Otaheite, by the Providence frigate, cap tain Bhgh, in order .to be introduced inte the different plantations. Hogs are plen tiful, and their mutton and lamb pretty good ; but the fervants generally feed upon Iriffi falt-beef, and the negroes have herrings and falt-fifh. The common drefs here of the men is, linen drawers and waiftcoats, thread ftockings, and hand kerchiefs tied round the head ; but, upon public occafions, the gentlemen wear wigs, filk coats and waiftcpats, trimmed with filver. The ladies are richly drcft,. and the fervant-maids wear hnen gowns. The current coin is all Spanifli money, for that of the Enghft is kept as a curiofity. The general produce of this ifland is fugar, rum, ginger, cotton, indigo, pi mento, chocolate, feveral kinds of woods and medicinal drugs. They have fome tobacco, which is but indifferent, and ufed only by rhe negroes, who can fcarce five without it. They have no forts of Euro- pcan grain ; but they havp Indian corn, Guinea corn, and peafe of various kinds, but none like ours, with variety ef roots. Fruits are in great plenty, fuch as Seville and China orariges, commori and fweet lemons, ftadocks, citrons, pomegranates, mammes, fourfops, papas, pineapples, ftarapples, prickly pears, alicada pears, melons, pompions, guavas, and many other forts. The common diftempers are, fevers, fluxes, and the dry gripes. There are four negroes to a .v^hitc man ; and, of the former, there are about 100,000, befide a mixed breed, between the blacks, whites, and mulattoes. This ifland was taken by the Englift in i6;6. The principal town is Kingfton ; but St. Jago de la Vega, or Spanifh Tow.n, is the feat of government, JAN Jamana, a town of Afia, in Arabia Felix, capital of a principality that lies be tween Hagiaz, Oman, and Arabia Defcr ta, feated on the river Aftan, 150 miles , W. of El Catif, Jambi, or Jameis, a feaport and fmall kingdom of Afia, on the eaftern coaft of the ifland of Sumatra. It is a trading place. The Dutch have a fort here; and export pepper hence, with the beft fort of canes, it is 160 miles N. of Bencoolen, Ltm. IC2. 35. E. lat. o. 59. S. -* James Island, an ifland of Africa, 30 miles up the river Gambia, in the middle ef the river, and three miles from its neareft ftore. On this iflarid, which is about a mile in circumference, the Eng - lift have a fort and a confiderable fafturyw Lon. 16. e. W. lat. 13. 15. N. * James Island, an ifl;ind of N. America, oppofite Charlcfton, in S. Carp. lina. It contains about 50 families. * James Rivek, a fine river of Vir ginia, of N. America, which enters the bay of Chefapeak, near James Town. * J AMES, St. an hofpital and burying- ground, not far from Bafil in Swifferland', and near the fmall river Birs. It is cele- brated for a defpcrate combat, fought by about 3000 Swifs againft an army of 30,000 • French, commanded by the dauphip, after ward Lewis XI. in which only 32 ofthe for mer rcmairicd alive, defperately wounded, on the field of battle. Sixteen that efcap ed from the field, were branded with in- famy, for not having facrificed their lives in defence of their country. The con. queror himfelf, who was compelled to re tire with his ftattered army inte Alface, declared, that fuch another viftory would ruin it. James Town, a town of N. America, once the capital of Virginia, feated in a peninfula, qn the N. fide of James River. Lbn. 76. 29. W. Iat. 37. 3. N. ''¦ James Town, a borough of Ire land, in the county of Leitrim, five miles N. Vv''. of Carrick on Shannon, and 73 N. W. ef Dublin. Lon. 8. 15. W. lat. 53. 44- N. Jamets, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meufe and late province of Barrois, 12 miles S. of Stenay, Lon, 5* 30. E.lat. 49. 28. N. Janiero. See Rio Janiero. Janna, a territory of Turkey in Eu. rope, in Macedonia, bounded en the S. by Livadia, on the W. by Albania, and oil the E. by the Archipelago. It is the Thcffalia ef the ancients, and Lariffa is the capi al. J ANN" A, a towri of Turkey in Eup-pe, in the province of Janna, It is inhabited by JAP JAP 'uv rich Greek merchants, and is 6i miles fumed the ecclefiaftical govemmenlr, re- ¦\V. of Lariffa. Lon, 2i, 36. E. lat. 39. taining the fame title; while the other, 44. N. who ruled in civil affairs, wjis called Cuba ; J ANO witz, a town of Bohemia, in the and things have remained on the fame circle of Kauftim, famous for a battle, in fopting tp this day. The Dairo is the 16,45, between the Swedes and Imperial, chief emperor, and confers the dignity ~al. ifts, when the latter were defeated. It is 48 miles S. E. of Prague. Lon. 15. 38, E, lat. 49. 45. N. Japan, a large country in the moft eaftern part ef Afia, with the title of an upon the ether, as if he were his vaffal, He refides at Meace, and has no lands : but he has a right of felling titles and dig nities ; and the idolatrous priefts make great contributions. He wears a black empire. It is compofed of feveral iflands, habit, and a cap upon his head. His feet in the principal pf which are Niphpn and muft never tpuch the grpund, nor muft Saikokf, or Sacock. It was difcovered by the Portuguefe in 1542, being eaft upon ftore by a tempeft. The whele empire is divided into feven principal countries,, which are fubdivided into 70 provinces. It is the richeft country in the world for geld, and the air and water he ever be expofed to the rays ef the fun. He never cuts his hair, nor his beard, nor his nails ; and all his viftuals muft be dreft in new veffels. When he gees abroad, he is carried by 14 men in a litter, furrpund ed with curtains, fo that he may fee, and not be feen. He has generally 12 wives. are very good. It produces a great deal who has each a palace, with nnging and of rice, which they reap in September ; dancing women for his diverfion. He has millet,, wheat, and barley, which they get alfo an unlimited number of concubines, in in May. Cedars are commpn, and fo Pis palace is adorned with 365 idols, large that they are proper fer the mafts of The religion of the whole country is pa- fhips and cplumus for temples. They ganif"m ; but there are twp different fefts. have a large quantity pf pprcelain, filk, Th^re were pnce a great number bf Chrif- and fkins, as alio red pearls, which are not tians in different parts of the empire ; but, in lefs efteem than the white. In ftort, in 1638, they underwent great perfscuti Japan is accounted one of the beft coun tries in Afia. The inhabitants are natu laily ingenious, and have a happy meino. ry; but their manners are diametrically " oppofite to thofe of the Europeans, Our common dri'-.ks are cold, and theirs are all hot ; wc uncover the head out of refpeft, aiid they the feet ; wc arc fond ef -white teeth, and they ef black ; ve get on horfe- back on the left fide, and they on the right; and they have a language fe pecu. liar, that it is underftood by no other na- tion. The fciences are -highly efteemed srpoiig them, and they have feveral fchools it different places. Thefe they ftudy rrioft are arithmetic, rhetoric, poetry, liif^ tary, and aftronomy. Seme ef their fchools at Meaco have each 3 er 4PP0 fchp- Jers. They treat the women with great feverity, and punift adultery with death ; vet a man may take as many wives as he ons, infomuch, that they were all rooted out ef Japan, The caufe of this was the oppofition of the priefts j the haughty "be haviour of the Portuguefe, they not allow ing feveral wives ; and the perfuafions of the Dutch, who told them, that their em peror would become a flave to tlje Pope, The emperor of Japan is a fovereign mo narch, and all the petty kings are his vaf fals. His army generally confifts of 100,000 foot, and 20,000 horfe, cxcUifive of thofe maintained by his vaffals. His ordinary revenue is immenfe. The pa- lace of the emperor is at Jeddo,. in the ifland of Niphon, and it is the capital of the whole. The only Europeans, that trade with Japan are the Dutch ; and whenever their ftips arrive, they take away their guns, fails, and helms, and car ry them on ffiore till they are ready to re turn back. In the abfcnce of the ffiips, picafei. The J^panefc are naturally good, the faftors are ft.ut up in a fmall peninfula, (bii-htrs, and Ikilful at fliooting with a and are not fuffered fe much as to have a, bow : however, as they inhabit nothing lighted candle in their hopfcs in the nighty but iflands, they are feldom at war with time. The merchandifp which the Dutch their neighbours. They formerly carried carry to Japan are fpices,. fugar, filks, li on 4,trade with the neighbouring coun tries ; but now -all communication with pthers is forbidden, efpecially with Chrif tians ; for they de not look upon the Dutch to be fuch. Their emperor is-call- nen and woollen cloth, elephants teeth, and haberdaftery wares ; for which they receive gold, filver, cabinets, and other japanned and lacquered wares. The Japanefe have neither tables, beds, nor ed Dairo ; and in the minority of one of fhairs, but they fit and lie , on carpets and them, in 1 1 50, when they had civil wars, mats in the manner ef the Turks, cne cf the cem.pciitors of the cro'.vn af- Jap'ara, h feaport. qf th? £i. Indies, in J A S in the ifland of Java, feated pn the "N' cpaft, with a gppd harbour. This was the capital of a confiderable kingdom, till the Dutch made themfelves mafters of it ; and now they have a colony here, and a confiderable trade. There are a vaft number of Mahometans here, and the wpmen are very ugly and very debauched. It is 253 miles E. of Batavia. Lon. iii. S.E. lat. 6. 35.5, Jargeau, an ancient town of France, in the department of Loiret and late pro vince of Orleanois, taken by the Englift in 1438, aud retaken by Jean of Arc the next year. It is 10 miles S, E, of Or. leans, and 70 S, W, of Paris. Lon, 2, 13. E.lat. 47. 50. N. Jarislau, See Ya'roslaf, JarnaC, a town ef France, in the de. partment of Loiret and late province of Orleanois, and in Angoumois, remarkable for a viftory gained by Henry III, then duke of Anjou, over the Huguenots in 1569, when their general Lewis I, prince of Condt', was kUIed, It is feated on the river Charente, 20 miles W. of Apgop. lefme, and 235 S, by W, of Paris, Lon. e, 4, W, lat, 45, 43, N, Jaromitz, a town 6f Bohemia, feated on theriverfelbe, 27 miles S.W. pf Glatz, and 52 N. E. of Prague, Lpn, 15. 57, E, lat," 50. 22, N. Jaroslow, a handfpme town pf Auf. trian Ppland, in fhe palatinate .pf Red Ruffia, with a ftrpng citadel. It is re- hiarkable -fpr its great fair, its handfpme buildings, and a battle gained " by the Svvedes in 1656, after which they took the town. It is feated pn the river Saine, 55 mile^ "VV. pf Lemburg and 100 E. of Cracow. Lon. 22, 43. E, lat. 50, Jarrow, a village in the biffippric of Durhain, fituate.d- near Shields, pn the Tyne; where,-in 1763, a ftpne was dug Up in the church, hnpprting, that the fpundatipn of that building vvas begun ip 674, in the reign of Egfrid, king of Nor thumberland, by Ceelfrid, its abbot, JaseNItz, a town of .Germany, in Pruffian Pomerania and in the duchy ef Stetin, it is, feated at the .mouth ef the toder, eight miles belovy the town of Ste. tin, jASqjTE, a feapprt of Perfia, in the Gulf Of Ormus, and in the province, of Tuberan. Lon, 59, 15, E. Iat. 26. lo.N. -* Jasselmere, a town of Hindooftan. Proper, in a fmall territory of the fame name, fubjeft' te a petty rajah, and in the province of Agimere. It is 680 miles N. ©f Bombay. 'Lon, 73, o, E, lat, 27, 31, f^- J AV Jassy, a confiderable city of Europe, the capital ef Moldavia, and refidence of the hofpodar of that country, who is a vaf fal of the grand fignior. In 1753, the whole city, with the palace of the hofpo dar, feme popift convents, and a new Lutheran church, was deftroyed by fire. It is feated on the river Pruth, and is 3 well-fortificd place, defended by a caftle. However, it has been feveral times taken. in the wars between the Turks and the Ruffians or Auftrians ; the laft time by the latter in 1788, who reftored it by the peace of Reichinback in 1790, Lon. 27. 35. E, lat 47, 8, N, Java, an ifland pf the Eaft Indies, lying tP the S. pf the equator. It is gene rally knpwn by the name of Great Jav^, to diftinguift it from Bali, by fome named the Leffer Java ; and is about 420 miles in length, and of various breadfh. The N. coaft has a great many commpdious creeks, bays, harbpurs, and towns, .with many little iflands near the ftpre, in fpr mer times, it had as many petty kings as there were large tpwns ; but now it has twp kingdpms pnly ; pne of which is under the jurifdiftion of the king of Ma- taram, and the other under the king of Bantam. The inhabitants are a barba rous, proud, and fierce people, of a brow* complexion, flat faces, ffiort coal-black hair, large eyebrows, and large cheeks with fmall eyes, and large eyelids. The men are.yery robuft and ftrong-limbed, and very pro per for war; but the women arc fmall. The men wear a piece of calico wrapt two or three times" round their middle ; and the women wear them from their arm pits down to thier knees; but all other parts are bare. The men have two or three wives, and feveral concubines, ac cording to their abilities. Thofe living near the feafide are generally Mahonac- tans; but within land they are Gentpps, abftaining from flefli of all kinds. It is a fertile ifland, and has very high moun tains, reaching to the clouds, particularly the Pepper mpuntain on the S. fide of the ifland. It has likewife impaffable forefts and wilderneffes ; but tq the N. between Batavia and Bants m_, is a very populous , country, fuU ef rice-fields, and all -fens i of wild -and tame animals. Here alfo i? plenty of fait and pepper, befide moft fprts pf fruits . prpper tP the climate. They have alfp plenty -of hogs, beeves, and fteep, with other tame creatures, They have like wife:fowl, -both wild anel tame, in great abundance. ' In;the woods, are large ti gers, rhinecerefes, and orher wild beafts 3 and iri the rivers ->re crocodiles. The air is as temperate and healthy as any part of the ICE I D A the Eaft Indies, The moft agreeable fea fon begins in May, with the eaftern breezes and a very ferene fky, till Novem ber ; and then the rains begin, which lay the low grounds under water, kill the in- I'efts, and continue till May. In March they begin to few, and in July the fugar •and rice begin to ripen ; but September and Oftober arc the beft months for all forts of fraits. It has a river which rifes in the mountains, and, dividing itfelf into many branches, waters the circumjacent country : thefe afterward reunite, and pafs through the midft of Batavia, divid ing it into two parts. This iflarid is moftly under the dominion of the Dutch ; and, befide the native Javanefe, it is inhabited by Chinefe, Malayans, Amboynefe, Te- paffes, Bugaffes, Timoreans, and many other people, brought from eliftant coun tries by the Dutch, who have fleets here that command thefe feas. In 1740, the Dutch pretended that the Chiriefe were going- to make an infurreftion, and upon that account difarmed them; and yet, after that, barbaroufly maffacred them all, to the number of 20,000 men, women, and children, and feized their effefts. Java is to the S. of the ifland of Sumatra, frem which it is only feparated by the ftraits ef Sunda. Lon, frem 105 to 116" E. Iat. frem 6 to 8° S. Jawer, a ftrong town ef Germany, in fiilf fia, capital of the province ef the fame name, with a citadel, and a large fquare, furrounded by piazzas. It is 12 miles S. of Lignitz, and 83 E. of Prague, Lon, 16. 36. E. lat. 50. 58. N. * Jaypous. See Jyepour. IboRg, or Iberg, a town of Germa ny, in the circle of Weftphalia, and bi ffiopric of Ofnaburg, 10 miles S. W. of Olnaburg, and 30 N. E. of Munftcr, Lon. 8. 20. E. lat, 52. 14, N, * Ice, Valley, or Sea of. Sec Glaciers, Iceland, a large ifland to the N, of Europe, about 400 miles in length, and 150 in breadth. For two months toge- ther the fun never fets ; and in the win. ter it never rifes for the fame fpace, at leaft not -entirely. The middle of this iftand is mouritaineus, ftony, and barren ; but in fome places there are excellent paf. tures, and the grafs has a fine fmell. The ice, which gets loofe frpm the more nor. thern country in May, brings ¦with it a large quautity of wpod, and feveral ani. malt, fuch as fpxes, wplves, and bears, Mpunt Hccla is the moft nPted mountain, and is a volcano, which fpmetimes thrpws cut fulp'nurepus tprrents. The inhabitants believe that fpme of thS fouls ef the damp<„ ed go tp this mountain, and that other* are .confined to the ice near this ifland. Their hpufes are fcattered about, at a dif. tance from each other, and many of them arc deep in the ground, but they are all miferable huts, covered with fkins. Many of the inhabitants profefs Chriftianity ; but thofe that live at a diftance are Pagans. They are moftly clothed with the fkins of beafts. The Danes trade with the natives for hides, tallow, trainoil, whalebone, and feaherfes teeth, which arc as good; as ivory. Iceland, which was confidered by the ancients as the Ulrima Thule, or the extremity ef the world, and by us as fcarcely habitable, once abounded in learn. ing and fcience, at a time when great part of Europe was involved in darknefs. Their language was the eld Gothic or Teutonic, the vernacular tongue ef the ' Swedes, Danes, and Norwegians, before it branched into the feveral dialefts fince fpoken by the natives of thefe three king doms. Lat. from 64. to 67. N. ' Ickworth, a finall town of Suffolk, with a market on Friday, Here are the ruins of an ancient priory, and feveral Roman coins have been dug up. It is 23 miles N, W, by N, of Ipfwich, and 74 N, N. E. of London, Lon. i, o, E, lat. 52. 22. N. * ICOLMKILL, formerly Iona, a not- cd little ifland, one of the Hebrides, near the S. W. point of the Ifle of Mull. It is about three miles long and one broad. On this ifland, which is very fertile, are a mean village, and the ruins of an auguft monaftery and cathedral, faid to have been founded by St. Columba, where there are three royal chapels, or rather cemeteries, iri vvhich feveral aricient kings of Scot, land, Ireland, and Norway are buried. In former times, this ifland was the place, whore the archives ef Scotland, and many valuable and aricierit MSS. were kept. Many of thefe, it is faid, were carried to the Scotch College at Douay in- France. This once celebrated feat of royalty and .learning is now almoft deftitute of an in. ftruttor, to teach the people the commc-p duties of religion, Ida, Mount, See Candia, Ida, a mountain of Turkey in Afia, in Natolia Proper, famous, in ancient fable, for the judgment bf Paris, and for being the refort of the gods during the Trojan war. Idanha.la-Nueva, a town of Por. tugal, in the province of Beira, 3 miles S. W. of Old Idanha, Lon, 6. 16, W, lat. . 39. 37. 1'J- Idanha-Vella, a town of Portugal, in the province af Beira, The French took. J E A 4t)ok it by affault in 1704, It is feated on the river Ponful, 25 miles N. E. of Caftle Branqo, and 20 N. W. of Alcan tara. Lon. 6. 14. W. lat. 39. 39. N. Idria, a town of Italy, in Friuli, and in the county of Geritz, with a caftle. It helongs to the houf"e of Auftria, and there are rich quickfilver mines in the town it felf. It is 17 miles N. E. of Goritz, and 15 N. of Triefte. Lon. 13. 52. E. lat. 46. »o. N, Idstein, a town of Germany, in "We teravia, which is the refidence of a branch of the houfe of Naffau, to whom it belongs. It is 12 miles N. E. of Mentz, Lpn. 8, 13. E. Iat. 50. 2. N. Jean, St. a tPwn of France, in the department pf Mofelle and late prpvince of Lorrain. It is feated on the river Sare, 12 miles "W. of Deux. Fonts, and 8 N. W. pf Sarguemines. Lon, 7. 12, E, lat. 49, 1 6. N. Jeand'Angely, a town pf France, in the department pf Lower Charente and late province of Saintpngc, with a late fihe Benediftirie abbey. Ic was taken from the Huguenets, in 1621, by Lewis XIII. who demofiffied the fortificatipns. It is fampus fpr its brandy, and is feated en the river Beutpnne, pn which are twp ppwder.- mills; 15 miles N. E. of Saintes, and 32 S. E. of Rpchelle. Lpn. o. 20. "VV. lat. 45. 59. N. jEAN-DE.LoNE,ST.atownpf France, in the department pf C6te d'Or and late prpvince pf Burgundy, feated on the river Saone, 15 miles S. E. of Dijon, and 155 S. E. of Paris. Lon, 5. 19, E. iat 47. *. N. Jean-de-Luz,'St. a town of France, in the department ef Lower Pyrenees and late province of Bafques, the laft next Spain, with a harbour. This little tovvn owes its opulence to the cod and whale fifliery. It is feated on a fmafl river, near the fea, 10 miles N. E. of Fontarabia, 12 miles S. W. ef Bayonne, and 315 S. by W. of Paris. Lon. ». 40. E.lat, 43. 23. N. Jean.de.Maurienne, a town of Savoy, capital pf the cpunty pf Maurien- ne, in a vafley pf the fame name, with a bilhpp's fee. It is feated pn the river Arc, 1 5 mfles S. 'by W. pf Montier, and 2 5 N. E. of Grenoble; Lon. 6. 20. E. lat. 45. 17. N. ¦ '* JeaS-Pied. de-Port, St. a con- fiderable town of France, in the depart. ment of Lower Pyrenees and late province of Lower Navarre. It is feated on the river Nive, and defended by a good cita- del, upon an eminence, at the, entrance of thofp paffages, or defiles, in the Pyrenees,. JED which, in this country, are called Ports. It is 20 miles S. E. of Bayonne, and 3» N. E. of Panipelune. Lon. i. 33. E, Iat, 43. 12. N. * Jed, a river of Roicburghftire, ia Scotland, which joins the Teviot, a little below Jedburgh, at a place where tbe marquis of Lothian has an elegant feal^ called Mount Teviot ; and near this, on the W. fide of the river, are the beauti ful ruins ef an abbey, founded by king David ; a part of which ancient pile ftiH ferves for a parift church. On the banks ef this river, are alfo feveral large caverns, which were the ftrongholds, eir hiding places, of ancient border warriors. Jedburgh, a confiderable borough df Roicburghftire, fituated almoft in the cen tre of fhe county, on the banks of the Jed, and near its confluence with the Te. viol. It has a good market for corn and cattle, and is the feat of the courts of juf tice fbr the county. It is 36 miles S. E. of Edinburgh, Lon. x. 25. W. lat, 55, 35' N. j EDDO, the capital of the iflands of Ja pan, where the emperor refides. It is open en all fides, having neither walls nor rampart's ; and the houfes are built with earth, and boarded on the outfide, to pre vent .tlic rain frpm deftroying the -walls. In every ftreet Is an irpn gate, which is fhut up in the night, and a kind of cuC tcmhpufe or magazine, to put mcrchan dife in. It is 9 miles in length and 6 in breadth, and contains 1,000,000 inhabi tants. A fire happened in 1658, which in the fpace of 48 hours, burnt down 100,000 houfes, and in which a vaft num ber of inhabitants perifted. The emper or's palace was reduced tp aftes ; but the whple is rebuilt. The royal palace is in the middle of the town, and is defended by walls, ditches, Mwers, and baftions. Where the empereir refides are three towers, nine ftories high, each covered with plates of gold ; arid the hall of audi- erice is fupported by pillars of maffy gold. Near the palace are feveral Pthers, where the relatibris of the emperor \iv-e. The emprefs has a palace of her own, and there are 20 finall ones for the concubines. Befides, aU the vaffal kings have e?ch a palace in the city, with a handfome garden, -and ftables for 2000 horfes. The houfes of the common fort are nothing but a ground-floor, and rooms are parted by folding fcrcens ; fo that they can make the rooms larger or fmaller at' pleafure. It is feated in a plain, at the bottom of a fine bay ; and the river which croffes it is divided imp feveral canals, Lon, 139. 30, £. lat. 36. 10. N. * Jehud, J ER ^ Jehud, or JouD, mountains in the N. W. part of Hindoottan Proper, extend ing from Attock, eaftward to Bember They are part ef the territory of the "mountaineers, called Gickers, Gekers, or Kakares. After Tiniur had paffed the Indus, 'in 398, the chiefs of thefe "rrioim- lains came to make their fubmiffion to him, as Ambifares, the kirig ofthe fame country, did ta ¦ Alexander about 1730 'years before. Jekyl, a fmall ifland of N. America, at the mouth of the river Alatamaha, in Georgia. * JemaFpe. See Gemappe. Jena, a ftrong town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and in Thu- 'ringia, with a univerfity. It is feated on the river Sala, 10 miles S. E. of Weimar, and 25 S. E. ofErford. Len, 12, 4, E, lat. 51. 2. N. Jenaub, or Chunaub. See Che naub. Jenisa. 'See Yenisei. Jeniskoi. See Yeniseisk. Jeno, or Geno, a town of Upper Hungary, 20 miles S. of Great Waradin, and 48 "N. E. ef Segedin. Lon. 21. 5. E. Iat. 46. 40. N. Jericho, an ancient and famous town of Afia, iri Paleftine, built by the Jebu- fites. It is now called Herubi by the Arabs, and is neithing but a few wretched 'huts, where feme beggarly Arabs refide. It is five miles W. ef the river Jordan, and ao E. by N. of Jerufalem. Lon. 35. 50. E.lat. 31. 58. N. * Jermah, a tpwn pf Africa, in the kingdom of Fezzan. It is diftinguifted by the numerous herds, efpecially of fheep and goats, that are feen around it; by the varipus and aburidarit prpduce cf the adja cent fields; and by numerpus and majef tic ruins, that exhibit to the ignorant in habitants of its clay-built cejttages, infcrip tions of which they know not the nieah- ing, and veftiges ef greatnefs te which they are perfeftly indifferent. Jermah is '60 miles S. E. of Mourzouk. Lon. 17, 17, E. Iat. 27. 5. N. Jersey, an ifland in the Enghft Chan. 'nel, 18 miles from the coaft of Normandy in France, and 84 S. of Portland in Dor. fetftire, fubjeft to the Enghfli. It is ¦"about 30 miles in circumference, and "dif- 'ficult of accefs, on account of the rocks, ^fands, and forts erefted for its defence. It contains 12 pariftes; and the chief "town is St. Helier, in the S. part bf the 'ifland. It lies extremely well for trade iri time of peace, ^d to arinoy the French ¦privateers in time of war. It is well wa. J E R tered with rivulets, and is Well ftocked with fruit trees. They have a noted manufafture fer wooUen ftockings and capo, and are ftiU gpverned by the anci.« ent Nprman laws. In 1781, a bpdy of French troops landed en this ifland, fur- prifed the lieutenarit-governer, made him prifoner, and compelled him to fign a ca pitulation : but major Pierfen, the com. mander ef the Engliffi troops, re'fufed to abide by this forted capifulatien, and at. tacked the French in t'he tovvn of St, He lier, The French were compelled to fur^ render prifoners of war; but the gallant major was killed in the moment of viftory, Lon. 2. 10. W.lat. 49. 11. N. Jersey, New, one df the United States of N. America, bounded on the E. by Hudfon's River and the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. by Delaware Bay, on the W. by Pennfylvania, and on the N. by a line drawn from the mouth ef Mahakkam& Riyer in lat. 41. 24. to a point in Hudfon's River in lat 41. It is 161 miles long and .52 broad. It is divided into 13 counties. Its produce is much the fame as that df the neighbouring ftates, Trenton is the ca pital, Jerusalem, an ancient and famous tov.n of Afia, formerly capital bf Judea, after David had conquered the Jebufites. It was taken by Neou'chadnezzar in the eleventh year of the reign of Zedekiah, and the Jews were led captive to Babylon. It was afterward taken by the Roman?, and ruined, together with the Temple, 70 years after the birth of Chrift, being one of the moft remarkable fieges in hiftory. The emperor Adrian built a new city, near the ruins of ancient Jerufalem, It was taken by the Perfians in 614, and by. the Saracens in 636. In logg it was re taken by the Crufaders, who founded a new kingdom which lafted 88 years, uu- der g kings, Saladih, "king of Egypt and Syria, got poffeffion of it in 1187. The Turks drove away the Saracens in 1217, have kept poffeffion of -it ever fince, arid ' call it Heleods, that is. The Holy City. It is now inhabited by Turks, Arabs, Jews, and Chriftians. It ftands on a high rock, with fteep afccnts on every fide, ex cept to the N. It is almoft furrounded with vallies encompaffed with mountains, fo that it feems to ftand in the middle of an amphitheatre. It is about 3 mites in circumference, and includes Mount Calva- ry, which was formerly without the walls. The only, thing that renders it confidera ble is the great refort of pilgrims ; for the inhabitants accommodate them with lodg ings and provifions, which is their chief bufinefs. / E R tulinefs. A baftaw, with a guard of Ja niffaries, always rcfide here, tp prpteft them frpm the infijlts pf the Arabs. The church of the Holy Sepulchre, which the pilgrims chiefly cpme tp vifit, is a large ftrufture, with a rpund nave, which has nc light but what cpmes thrpugh the tpp, like the late Panthepn at Rpme. The dpme is cpvered on the outfide with lead, and within with cedar-wood. The open- ing of the dome is clofed with a net of wire, to hinder the birds from coming inte the church. In the middle of the nave, and direftly under the opening of fhe dome, is the Holy Sepulchre, which is placed in a chapel, whofe door is three feet high and two broad. It is fo fmall, that it will hold but three perfons en their knees at a time. At the entrance, on the right hand, is the place where the body of our Saviour was laid. The table pn which he vvas faid to have beep laid at firft, is two feet and a half high frem the pavement, vvhich is now covered with white marble, becaufe the Chriftians who came to vifit it were all fer carrying away a fmall bit. This chapel is cut out of the rock, and, there are three holes in the roof, to let but the fmpke of the lamps, which are 44 in number, and always kept lighted. The whple is cpvered with white marble, bpth within and withput ; and pn the outfide there are ip fine columns of the fame. It is covered with a platform, the middle of which is exaftly above the three holes, and forms a fmall .dome, fix feet in height, covered with lead and fupported with 12 columns ef porphyry, placed by pairs en the platform, and fo making fix arches, having three lamps under each. Before the gate of the fcpulchre is a filver lamp, fo large, that two men cannot fathom it. Every year, on Good.Friday, all the parts of our Saviour's paffion are" folemnized and afted here. They have firft a fermon, and then every one takes a lighted taper in his hand, with crucifixes, &c. to begin the proceffion. Among the crucifixes is one as large as life, being crowned with thorns, and befmeared with blood. They vifit firft the pillar of flagellation ; next the prifon ; afterward the altar of the di vifion of Chrift's garments ; then they ad. vance to the chapel of derifion, and thence to Mount Calvary, leaving their flioes at the bottpip pf the ftairs. Here are twp altars ; pne where pur Lprd was fupppfed to' be nailed to the crofs ; and another where it was erefted, and where they fet up the crucified image, which finiftcs the ceremony : only they ptfll out the pails, take down the body, and wrap it in a winding-ffieet, Jerufalem is 1 1 j miles S. Jio W. of Dama.''cus, and 45 from the Medi terranean Sea, Lon. 35. 25. E. lat. 311 55. N. Jesi, an ancient town of Italy, in the marquifate of Ancona, with a bifliop's fee. It is feated on a mouritaiii near the river Jefi, 17 miles S. W. ef Ancona, and iii N. E. of Rome. Lon. 13. 16. E. lat. 43. 30. N. '¦" Jeso. See Kuriles. Jesso, Jedso, or Yedso, a large ifland of Afia, to the ,N. of the ifland of Niphon, governed by a tributary prince, dependent on the empire of Japan. It is full of woods, and the inhabitants are ftrong, robuft, faVage, and flovenly, when compared to the Japanefe. They live by fifting and hunting, and are very little known to the Europeans. Jessop's Well, in Surry, a fulphu rcous fpring, four miles from Epfem, fomething ef the fame kind as that of Harrogate in Yerkftirc, Jever, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and capital of Jever- land, with a citadel; 17 miles N. E. qf Aurick, and 28 N. E. of Embden. Lori, 7. 41. E. lat. 53. 33. N. Jeverland, a territory ef Germany, ¦in Weftphalia, belengirig te the houfe of Anhalt-Zerbft. Jew, Market. SccMerazion. If, an ifland of France, the moft eaft ern of the three before the harbour bf Marfeilles. It is well fortified, and its port one of the beft in the Mediterranean. Igis, a town of the country ef the Grifons, with a magnificent caftle, ih which is a cabinet of curiofities, aud a handfome library; 23 miles S. W. of Coire, and 23 S. ef Glarus. Lon. 9, o. E. lat. 46. 33. N. Iglaw, a confiderable and populous town ef Moravia, where they have a ma nufaftory of gpod cloth, and excellent beet. It is feated on the river Igia, 40 .miles W. of Brinn, and -62 S. E. of Prague. Lon. 15. 42. E.kt. 49. 8. N. Iglesias, a town in the S. part of the iflarid of Sardinia, with a biftop's fee. Lon. 8. ^9. E. Iat. 38. 30. N. '-¦' Jionpour, a fmall city of Hindoo ftan Proper, capital ef a circar of the fame name, in the diftrift of Benares. Ic is feated on the Goomty ; and, not fir from the confluence of that river with the Ganges, ftan J s the fort of Jionpour, r building of confiderable extent, on a high- bank commanding the bridge over the Goomty. It is now chiefly in ruins; al- though, foriherlv, it commanded the coun try frem the Gani'cs quite to Lucknow. This place wa-;, at ons um.-:y the f:*! of X ap I L E I L M an" empire. Chaja Jehan, vizier to fultan Mahummud Shah, during the minprity of his fon, Mamoed Shah, affumed the title cf fultan Shirki, or king of the Eaft, took poffeffion ef Bahar, and fixed his refidence at Jipnpour, where he built the great muf- jiid, or maufoleum, which is ftill remain ing, for himfelf and family. The bridge over the Goomty is built of ftone, and con fifts of 1 6 pointed arches. On the top ef the bridge are many little fteps en both fides, built of ftone. It was built in 1 567, upon fuch found principles, as to have withftood, for fuch a length ef time, the force of the ftream, which, in the time of the rains, is very great. The inundations have been known to rife frequently over the bridge, infomuch that in the year 1774, a whole brigade of the Britifli army (that is, 10,000 men) paffed over it in boats. Jionpour is 49 miles N. W. of Benares. Lon. 84, 7. E. lat. 25. 45. N. Ila. See IsLAY. Ilants, a town in the country ofthe ' Grifons, capital ef the Grey League. It contains about 60 houfes, and is partly fur- •rounded by walls ; bein.g the only walled town, except Coire, among the Grifons. It is remarkable for being the place where the general diet ofthe three leagues affembles every third year. It is feated on the Rhine, 17 miles S. W. of Coire. Ilchester, a town of Somerfetftire, with a market on Wednefday. It is feated en the river Yeovil, and is a town of great antiquity, as appears by the Ro man coins dug up. It once had fixteen churches, now only tvvo ; is a corporation, fends two members to parliament, and here the county gaol is kept. It is r6 miles S. of 'W'"ells, and 123 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2. 37. W. Iat. 50. 56. N. Ildefonso, St. a magnificent palace cf the kingof Spain, in New Caftile, and in the territory of Segovia, built by Phihp •V. It is a fuperb ftrufture, with fine waterworks and gardens. Ildefonso de los Zapotacos, Sr. a town of N. America, in Nc-at Spain, feated on a mountain, 50 m'lcs N. E. of Antequera, Lon. 27. 30. W.lat. 17. ;. N. Ildekton a village in Northumber- land, fituated S. ef Woller. On a hill near it is a fc:-nicircular encampment, de fended by tvyp high rampiers of earth, and a deep fofs, with an inner circle of ftones, vvhich appear unceracntcd. The area is about I OP yards diameter, and cpntains many remains pf buildings. Ilesugaguen, a ftrong town of Afri ca, in fhe kingdom pf Morrocco, arid pro. vince qf Hca, feated un a mountain. - '" Ilford, Great, a large viflage of Effex, on the river Roding, vvhich i^ made navigable hence to the 'i'hamcs. This place, and httle Ilford adjoining, are ham. lets to the town of Barking. It is 7 miles N. E. by E. of London. Ilfracombe, a feaport of Devon- - ftire, with a market on Saturday. It has a fpacious bafin, formed by a good pier projefting into the Briftol Channt;]. iThe high tides here allow large veffels to enter the harbour. This port employs a number of brigs and fleops, chiefly in car. rying ore from CornwaU, coal from "Wales, and corn te Briftol. A number of fifting fkiffs belong to this place, which, with thofe of Minchead, fifh on a bank off the coaft during the fummer, and take a number of foals, turbots, &c. for the Briftol market. It is feated almoft oppo fite to Swanfea, in Glamorganfhire, and is 49 miles N. N. W. of E.xeter, and 18 i W. by S. of London. Lon. 4. 5, W, lat. 51. 14. N. IlHeos, a feaport of S. America, capi. tal of Rie-dos-IUieos, in Brafil. It is feated- in a fertile country. Lon. 41. 25. W. lat. 15. 5.S. Ilkuch, a town of Poland, in the pa. latinate of Cracow, remarkable fer its fil ver mines mixed with lead. It is feated in a barren country, at the foot of feveral mountains, 15 miles N, W. ef Cracow, Len, ig. 40. E. lat. 50. 20. N, Ille, a tovvn of France, in the depart- ment of the Eaftern Pyrenees and late prpvince of Roufillon, 10 miles from Per- pignan, Len. 3. 5. E. lat. 42. 35. N. Iller., a river of Germany, which rifing in the mountains of Tirol, runs N. through Suabia, paffing by Kerripten, Memmingen, and Kirchberg, and falls into the Danube at Ulm, Illinois, a large river of N, Ameri ca, which rifes in the weftern territory, near the S. end ef Lake Michigan, and taking a S. W. courfe, falls into the Mif fiffippi. Between the Illinois and the Ohio, is the country of a noted Indian na tion, called the Illinois. I L lock, a ftrong town of Germany, in Sclavonia, feated on the Danube, 1 5 miles from Peterwaraden, and 5; N. W. of Belgrade. Lon. 20. 6. E. lat. 45. 36. N. Ilmen, a lake of Ruffia, in the govern- ment of Novogorod, vvhich has communi cations with the lake Ladoga, by the river Volkhof. Lon. 34. u. E. lat. 58. o. N. Ilminster, a towh of Somerfetfhirc, with a market on Saturday. It is feated in a dirty bottom, among the hills, and has formerly fuffered greatly by fire. It is 26 mfles 1 M E I N C 3* miles S. W. ef Wells, and 137 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2. 54. W, lat. 50. 55. N. Ilsley, East, a town of Berkftire, with a market en Wednefday. It is feat ed in a pleafant valley, between two hills, and excellent downs fer feeding ffieep. It is 14 miles N. W. of Reading, and 53 W. of Lpndpn. Lpn. 1.12. W. lat. 51. 32. N. Ilst, a town of the United Provinces, in W. Fricfland, 12 miles from Lewardin, Lon. 5, 24. E. lat, 53. i. N. Ilstadt, a town ef Germany, in Ba- varia, feated at the confluence of the Da. nube and Ills, oppofite Paffaw. Lon. 13. 37. E.lat. 48. 27. N. Imenstadt, atown of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, 20 miles E. ef Lin- daw. Lon. 10. 20." E. lat. 47. 3 5. N.' Imeritia, a country of Afia, between the Black Sea an-d the Cafpian ; bounded on the S. by the Turkift dominions, on the W. by Mingreha, en the N. by Of- fetia, and on the E. by Georgia, of which it is, properly fpeaking, a part. The late fovereign ef the czar Solomon, having forbidden the fcandaleus traffic of the noblemen in their peafants, offended the Tui'ks fo much, that he was driven frem his throne, arid compelled te five like a vyild man, fer 16 years, in the woods and caverns of the mountains, till the Ruffians reinftated him in his dominions. The re venues arife from a contribution of the peafants in wine, grain, and cattle, and from the tribute of the neighbouring princes. Among the; e-iation pr tribe, they will cpntSin, in afl, 20,000 fouls, and, confequently, may. fur nifli between 4 and 5000 warriors, Thefe Indians are not born white ; and take a great deal of pains to darken their com plexion, by anointing themfelves with greafe, and lying in the fun. They alfb .paint their face, breafts, and fhoulders, pf varipus cplpurs, but generally red ; and their features are well formed, cfpecially thofe ofthe vvomeiii Thev are of a mid. die ftature, their hmbs clean and ftraight, jiid fcarcely any crcoksd or deformed perfon is to be found among them. In many parts pf their bpdies they prick in gunpowder in very pretty figures. They ftave, or pluck the hair off" their heads, except a patch about the crown, vvhich is ornamented whh beautiful feathers, beads, wampum, and fuch like baubles. Their ears are pared, and ftretched in a thong down to their ffioulders. They are wound round with wire to expand them, and adorned with filver pendants, rings, and bells, vvhich they likewife wear in their nofes. Some of them will have a large feather through the cartilage of the nofe ; and thefe who can afford it, wear a coUar of wampum, a filver breaftplate, and bracelets on the arms and wrifts. A bit of cloth about the middle, a ftirt of the Englift make, on which they beftow innumerable breaches to adorn it, a fort of cloth boots and meckafons, which are ftoes ef a make peculiar to the Indians, orna mented with porcupine quills, with a blanket or match-coat thrown over ali, complete their drefs at home ; but when they go to war, they leave their trinkets behind, and mere neceffaries ferve them. There is little difference between the drefs of the men and vvpmen, excepting that a ftprt petticoat, and the hair, which is exceeding black, and long, clubbed b&. hind, diftinguift feme of the latter. . Ex cept the head and eyebrows, they pluck the hair, with great diligence, from all parts of the body, efpecially the loofer pant of the fex. Their warlike arms are guns, bows and arrows, darts, fcalping-knives, and tomahawks : this is ene ef their moft ufeful pieces of field-furniture, ferv- ing all the offices ef the hatchet, pipe, and fword. They are exceedingly expert in throwing it, and will kill at a confiderable diftance. The world has no better markfmen with any weapon. They will kill birds flying, fiffies fwimming, and wild beafts running. They are not fo ig norant as fome fuppofe them, but are a very intelligent people, quick of appre henfion, fudden in executicn, fubtlb in bufinefs, exquifite in inventien, and induf. tripus in aftipn. They are pf a very gentle -and amiable difpofitipn tp thpfe they think their friends, but as implacable in their enmity ; their revenge being ,pnly completed in the entire deftruftion of their enemies. They are very hardy, bearing heat, cold, hunger, and thirft, jn a furprifing manner ; and yet no people are mere addifted to excefs in eating and drinking, when it is conveniently in their power. The follies, pay mifchief, they commit, when inebriated, are entirely laid to the licjuor ; aud np one will revcni;e X J any I N D I N D any injury (murder excepted) received frpm pne whp is np mpre himfelf. Ampng the Indians all men are equal, perfonal qualities being mqft efteemed. No diftinc. tion ef birth, ne rank, renders any man capable of doing prejudice to the rights ef private perfons ; and there is ne pre-emi nence from merit, vvhich begets pride, and which makes others too i"erifible of their ewri inferiority. Though there is, perhaps, lefs delicacy of fentiment in the Indians than amorig us, there is, however, abundantly more probity, with infinitely lefs ceremony, or equivocal compliments. Their public conferences ffiow them to be men ef genius ; and they have, in a high degree, the talent ef natural eloquence. They live difpfrfed in fmall villages, either in the woods, or on the banks of rivers, where they haye little plantations of Indiari corri, and roots, not enough to fupply their families half the year ; and fubfift the remainder ef it by hunting, fifliing, and fowling, and the fruits of the earth, which grew fpontaneoufly in great plenty. Their huts are generally built of fmall logs, and covered with bark, each one having a chimney, and a door, on which they place a padlock. One ef their towns, called Old Chelicothe, is .built in form of a Kentucky ftation, that is, a pa rallelogram, or long fquare ; and fome ef their houfes are ffiingled. A long council- houfe extends the whole length of the town, where the king and chiefs of. the nation frequently meet, and copfult of all matters of importance, whether of a civil or military nature. Some huts are built by letting up a frame on forks, and placing bark againft it ; pthers pf reeds, and fur rounded with clay. The fire is in the middle ef the wigwam, and the fmoke paffes through a httle hole. They join reeds together, by cords run through them, which ferve them for tables and beds. They moftly lie upon fkins ef wild beafts, and fit on the ground. They have brafs kettles and pots te, boil their food. Gourds or cr,labalhes, cut afundcr, ferve them for pails, cups, and diftes. The ac counts of travellers, concerning their re ligion, are various ; and although it can not be abfolutely affirmed that they have icnc, yet it muft be oonfeffcd very diffi cult te define what it is. All agree that thev acknowledge ene Supreme God, but do not adore him. They have pet feen him, they do net know him, believing him to be too far exalted above them, and too happy in himfelf tp be concerned about the triP.ing affairs of poor mortals. They feem alfo to beheve in a future ftate ; and th&L. after death they ffiall be removed to their friends, who have gene before them, to an elyfium, or paradife. The Wyan- dotts, near Detroit, and fome others, have the Roman Catholic religion introduced among them by milfionarics. Thefe have a church, a minifter, and a regular bury- ing-ground. Many of them appear zea- lous, and fay prayers in their families. Thefe, by acquaintance with white people, are a little civilized, vvhich muft of neceffity precede Chriftianity. The Shawanefe, Cherokees, Chickafavvs, and. fome ethers, are little concerned about religion. Others continue their former .fuperftitious worfliip of the objefts ,of their love and fear, and efpecially thefe beings whom they moft dread, and whom there fore we generally denominate devils ; though, at the fame time, it is alloweii they pray to the fun, and other inferior benevolent deities, for fuccefs in their un. dcrtakings, for plenty of feed, and ether neceffaries in life. 'They have their fefti. vals, and other rejoicing-days, on which they fing and dance in a ring, taking hands, having fo painted and difguifed themfclves, that it is difficult to knew any of them ; and after enjoying this diver. fion for a while, they retire te the place where they have prepared a feaft of fifh, flefh, fowls, and fruits ; te which all are , invited, and entertained with their country fongs. They believe that there is great virtue in feafts fpr the fick. Fpr this purppfe, a ypung buck muft be killed, and boiled, the friends and near neigh. hours of the patient invited, and having firft thrown tobacco on the fire, and co vered it up clofe, they all fit down in a ring, and raife a lamentable cry. They then uncover the fire, and kinelle it up; and the head of the buck is firft fent about, every one taking a bit, aud giving a loud creak, in imitation ef crows. They after. ward proceed to eat afl the buck, making a moft harmonious, melancholy fong ;. in vvhich ftrain their mufic is particularly ex cellent. As they approach their towns, when fome of their people are loft in war, they make great lamentations fer their . dead, and bear them long after in remem. brance. Some nations abhor adultery, do npt apprpve of a plurality of wives, and ate net guilty of theft ; but there are other tribes that, are not fo fcrupulous. Among the Chickafavvs, a huftand may cut off the nofe of his wife, if guilty ef adul tery ; but ipfn are allowed greater liberty, This nation dcfpifes a thief. Among the Cherokees they cut off the nofe and ears of an adultrefs ; afterward her huftand gives her a difcharge ; and from this time ihc is not permitted to refufe any Pije vyhq I N D I N D who prefents himfelf. Fprnicatipn is un. mild inftitutipns, tp refpeft their fpeSies, noticed ; for they allow perfons in a fingle and te melt into tendernefs at the fight of ftate unbounded freedom. Their form of human fufferings. The prifoners are tied marriage is ffiort : the man, before wit- naked to a ftake, but fo as te be at liberty neffes, gives fhe bride a deer's foot, and to move round it. Afl prefent, men, wo- ffie in return, prefents him with an ear of men, and. children, ruffi upon them like corn, as emblems of their feveral du- furies. Every fpecies of torture is applied. ties. The women are very flaves to the Some bum their limbs with redhot irons, men ; which is a common cafe in rude, feme mangle their bodies with knives, unpolifted nations, throughout the world, others tear their fleft from their bones, They are charged with being revengeful ; pluck out their nails by the roots, and rend but this revenge is only doing themfelves- and twift their finevvs ; and fuch is their juftice on thofe who injure them, and is cruel ingenuity in torturing, that, by feldom executed, but in cafes of murder avoiding to touch the vital part, they often and adultery. "Their king has no power prolong this fcene of anguift for feveral to put any one te death by his own autho- days. In fpite of all their fufferings, the rity ; but the murderer is generally deli- viftims continue to chant their death-feng vered up to fhe friends of the deceafed, vvith a firm voice, they boaft ef their own to do as they pleafe. When one kills exploits, they infult their tormentors fer another, his friend kills him, and fo they their want of fkiU te avenge the death ef continue until much blood is fted ; and at their friends and relations, they warn laft the quarrel is ended by mutual pre. them ef the vengeance that awaits them f"erits. Their kings are hereditary, but en account of what they are now doing, their authority extremely limited. No and excite their ferocity by the moft pro. people are a more ftriking evidence of the yoking reproaches and threats. To dif. mif"eries of mankind in the want of govern. mcnt than they. Every chief, when of fended, breaks off vvith a party, fettles at fome diftance, and then commences hofti- lities againft his own people. They are generally at war vvith each other. When they take captives in war, they are ex. ceedingly cruel, _ treating the unhappy prifoners in fuch a manner, that death would be preferable to life. They after. ward give them plenty of food, load them play undaunted fortitude in fuch dreadful fituations, is the nobleft triumph of a war. , rior : te avoid the trial by a voluntary death, er to flirink under it, is deemed cowardly and infamous. If any one be tray fymptoms of timidity, his tormentors often difpatch him at once, with contempt, as unworthy of being treated like a man. Animated by thefe ideas, they endure, without a groan, what it feems almoft im poffible that human nature 'ffiould fuftain. with burdens, and when they arrive at Weary, at length, with contending vvith their towns they muft run the gauntlet, men, whofe conftanc'y they cannot van- In this, the favages exercife fo much cru- quiffi, fome chief, in a rage, puts a period city, that one would think it imppffible to their fufferings, by difpatching them they ffiould furvive , their fufferings, vvith his dagger or his club. The people Many are kiUed ; but if one outlives this of S, America gratify their revenge in a trial, he is adopted into a family as a fon, manner fomewhat different, but vvith the and treated with paternal kindnefs; and fame unrelenting rancour. Their prifon. if he avoids their fufpicions of going away, ers, after meeting, at their firft entrance- he is allowed the fame privileges as their vvith the fame rough reception as among own people. But fometimes their prifoners the N. Americans, are not onlv prt-m,^ •?'. -Americans, are not only exempt are deftined to be tortured to death, m or. trom injury, but treated with the greateft der to fatiate the revenge ef their con querors. While their lot is in fufpenfe, the prifoners themfelves appear altogether unconcerned about what may befal them. They talk, they eat, they fleep, as if there. were no danger impending : when the fatal kindnefs. They are fcafted and carcfll-ei, and fome beautiful young wpmen are ap pointed lo attend and fdace them. But by a refinement of cruelty, while they feem ftudious to attach their captives to life, their dppm.is irrevpcably fixed. On fcntence is intimated tP them, they receive an appcinted day, the viftorious tribe af it with an unaltered countenance, raife fembles, the prifoner is brought forth with their death-long, and prepare to fuffer like great folemnity, he meets his fate with men. The viftors affemble as te a folemn undaunted firmnefs, and is difpatched bv feftival, refolved to put the fprtitude pf a fingle blow. The momept he falls th the captives tp the utmpft prpof. A fcene women feize the body, and drefs it for th feaft. They befmear thpir ^mu..- ...:.i. cnfues, the bare defcription ef which is enough to chill the heart with horrpr, ¦wherever men have been accuftpmed, by ^7 befmear their children with the blopd, in prder tp kindle in their bo- Ipms a hatred pf their enemies, and all ^ 4 joia I N D I N G join In feeding upon the fleffi with amat- ing grcedinefs and exultatipn. Wherever this praftice prevails, captives never ef cape death ; but tliey are not tortured whh the fame cruchy as amcng tribes which are lefs accuftomcd tP fiich hprrid feafts. The Indians of S. America im- ffiediat&ly under the Spanifli governipent, although the moft depreffed order of men in thq country which belonged to their anceftors, are now far .from being treated with that rigour and, cruelty vvhich was laid to the charge ef the firft conqucre^| of that continent. They are no longer confider. ed flaves : en the contrary, they are reput ed as freemen, and entitled to the privi leges of fubjefts. A certain tax, or tri- butc, is indeed impofed upon them, aud certain fervices required ; but thefe are ail under the due regulations of poHcy- apd humariity. The Indians who five in the principal towns, are entirely fubjeft to the Spaniffi laws and magiftrates ; but, in their own villages, they are governed by caziques, fome of vvhom are the defcend. ants of their ancient lords ; others are named by the Spaniffi viceroys. Thefe regulate the petty affairs of the people un. der them, according- to maxims of juftice, tranfmittcd to them by tradition from their anceftors. Te the Indians, this jurifdic- tien lodged in fuch friendly hands, affords fome confelatien ; and fo little fprmidable is this dignity tp' their new mafters, that they often allow it to defcend by heredita. ry right. For the farther relief of men fo much expofed te oppreffion, the Spaniffi court has appointed an officer in every diftrift, with the title of Proteftor of the Indians. It is his duty, as the name im. plies, to affert the rights of the Indians ; to appear as their defender iu the courts of juftice ; and to fet bounds to the en. croachments and exaftions of his country men. A portion of the annual tribute is deftined for the falaries of the caziques arid preteftors ; another part is appropriat. ed to the payment of their tribute in years of famine, or when a particular diftrift is afflifted by any extraordinary local cala. mity. Provifion -too is made, by various laws, that hafpitals ftouid be founded iu every new fettlement, for the reception of Indians. Such h.pfp"itals have accord ingly been erefted, both for the indigent and infirm, in Lima, Cuzco, and Mexico, Yvhere the Indians are treated with ten dernefs and humanity. See Eskimaux, Indies West, Patagonia, and St, Vincent's. Indrapore, 3 Dutch fettlement on the weft-ern coaft of Sumatra, in the E, ipdif.s, 160 miles N- W, of Bencoohn. '^ Indre, a department of France, which includes the late province of Berry. It has its name from a river, vvhich riles in this department, and paffing into that of Indre and Loire, falls into the Loire between Chinon and SaiBnur, Chateau roux is the capital. '" Indre and Loire, a department of France, which includes the late pro vince of Touraine. Tours is the capital, '* Indore, or Endore, a modern city of Hindooftan Proper, capital of a territory in the province of Malvwa, fub jeft to one of the Poonah Mahratta chiefs. It is 30 miles S, of Ougeiu. Lon. 76, 5.E. lat. 24, 31, N, Indus, or Sinde, a great river of Hindooftan Proper, called by the natives Sinde, or Sindeh, It is formed of about ten principal ftreams which defcend from the Perfian and Tartarian mountains ; but, according to major Rennell, the fources of thefe ftreams muft be far more remote than the fides of thefe mountains. From the city of Attock, in about lat, 32, 27, downward to Moultan, to the conflux pf the Jenaub, pr Chunaub, it is cpmmpniy named the riyer bf Attock. Below the city of Moultan, it proceeds in a S. W. direftion, through the province of that name, and that of Sindy, and enters the Arabian Sea, by feveral mouths, N. W. of the Gulf of Cutch, Ingatestone, a tovvn in Effex, with a market on Wednefday. The town confifts of ene ftreet, the north fide of which, and half ef the fouth fide, are in the parift of Fryerning. It is 6 miles S, W.-of Chelmsford and 23 N. E. of Lop. don. Len. o. 28. E, lat. 51. 39. N, Inglesheim, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhirie, remarkable fer having beeri the refiderice of the em perors. It is feated on the river Salva, on an eminence, whence there is a charming profpeft, five miles S, W, of Mentz, and five W, of Bingen. Lon, 8. 15, E, Iat, 49. 48. N. Ingleton, a town in the W, riding of Yorkftire, eight miles N, W, of Settle, and 246 of London, Ingolstadt, a handfome town of Germany, in Bavaria, with a famous nm~ verfity, and a fine church. The houfes are built of ftone, and the ftreets are large. It is the ftrongeft town in Bavaria, bul; was taken by the Auftrians in 1742. It is feated on the Danube, five miles N. E, of Newberg, and 45 N. by W. of Miinich. Lon. ti. 10. E. lat. 48, 46, N, Ingria, a province of the Ruffiaiv empire, which now forms the govern. mept of ^t. Pete^fburgl^, ^t is bounded OR, ING I N G on the N, by the river Neva and the Gulf of Finland, on the E, and S. by the government of Novogorod, and on tlic W. by that of Livonia, It is about 430 miles long and 50 broad. The czar Peter the Great wrefted it frem the Swedes, and it was confirmed tp them by the treaty pf Nyftadt in 172 1, ,At this time, the in habitants pf the flat cpuntry were a Fin- " nift pepple, but little different from the Fins of CareUa as to their language and manners. They were caUed Ifcherki, and Ifchortzi, from the river Ifchora, which runs into the Neva. Ingria did npt retain its ancient Swediffi privileges ; pp the cpntrary, Peter made a prefent pf one part of the Ifchprtzi fp certain Ruffian nobles ; whp, pn their fide, were pbliged tP pepple the lefs-cultivated cantons of In. gria with cclpnies pf Ruffians frpm their eftates ; and thence it is, that we pften fee a village pf Ruffians furrpunded by vil. lages pf Finns, Thefe Ifchertzi have leng fpUowed agriculture. Their econo. my is an ill chofen mean between that ef the Ruffians and that of the Fins, They affemble in fmall villages, of five or ten farms each ; and live miferably in fmall dirty huts. Their houfehold furniture indicates the greateft penury ; and their manner of living is fqualid and difgufting, Notwithftanding that the land each family occupies is of tolerable extent, their agri- eukure and cattle are equally poor. Their inclination to idlenefs and drinking leads them often to fell their ftock, and the very corn they have faved for fewing the fields. The money 'which that produces they fquander in a ftort time, and are thus re duced to the moft deplorable indigence. In this ftate they beheld their cattle die of hunger and cold with the moft perfeft in. difference. . Some of them, however, imi tate the Ruffian villagers, who are better managers, more at their eafe, and in bet ter circumftances. The Ingrians are a ftupid, fufpicions, thievift race, and dan. gerous from their phlegmatic and pitfering temperament. Thofe who live along the road to Riga refemble the gypfies, are vagabonds like fhem, calculate nativities, and tell fortunes. The drefs of the men is exaftly like that qf the Fin boors ; but th§ habit of the women betrays a vanity, which, confidering the poverty of this peo. pie, and the tyranny which their huftands ^nd fathers exercife over them, may pafs for luxury. The lower part of their drefs refembles that of the Fin country women. Their ffiift reaches down to their knees, has a neck, and clofe vvriftbands, both of fhem pinHed ot wrought, Th? flfeye? are large, and whimfically worked. The body of the ftift is large and puffed with numberlefs plaits ; and the makirig of it is ufually four weeks vvork. Inftead of a petticoat, the Ingrian women tie on each fide a linen apron without gathers. Thefe aprons arc fometimes of cloth and feme. times of linen worked vvith different colours. Thofe behind come over one another, but before they are at fome dif tance, the open part of the petticoat then left, is concealecl by a fmaller apron adorn ed vvith glafs beads and httle ftells. Seve ral firings of thefe beads are worn rpund the neck, and fall upon the breafts. They carry, rather than wear, heavy ear-rings, with the addition generally of firings of beads. The girls wear their hair loofe and uncovered-: the n^arried women, on the contrary, conceal their hair, hke the Finnift women, vvith a piece of finen,four yards and a half in fength, folded toward the middle into a kind of cap, while its extremities fall upon the back, and are fupported by the girdle in fuch a manner that the vvhole makes a kind ef fpread fail over the ftpulders. When they drefs themfelves to go to town, they commonly -put on the Rufs cap, which is ornamented vvith a peak in front, is lined with fur, and laced round the edges : vvith this they wear a long gown, made of coarfe ftuff, and fattened down the breaft with but tons. Before the Ruffians conquered this country, the Ingrians had Lutheran mi- niflers for every canton ; but numbers of them have been fince converted te the Greek faith. They are full of abfurd no tions and Pagan fuperftitions, vvhich they mix vvith the ceremonials of Chriftianity, They commonly confider t-he figures of the faints as idols to be adored, TKey carry them inte the wpods in prpceffion, and there pay them a formal worffiip. When a man is inclined te marry, he buys-' himfelf a girl, _and cekbrates his nuptials. All the way to the church they are accompanied by two women in veils, who fing compofitiens, if one may call them fo, totally deftitute of cerrimpn fenfe. No feoner is the marriage ceremony per- formed, than the huftand begins to treat his wife vvith the utmoft feverity, and thenceforward keeps her under ftrift dif- cipline, though not always vvith the greateft attention to jufticp. She is often beaten for the faults ef the children, and fometimes for thofe of the demeftics. The dead are buried by the prieft of ^ the profeffion to vvhich they belong : but thefp fuperftitious people return to the grave, Hildsr ppver pf the • night, and, having taken I N O I N V taken Up the fod, depofit eatables for their departed friend, vvhich they renew during a fortnight or three weeks., Dogs and other animals eafily fcratch up thefe vic tuals and devour them, while the fimple people that placed them there, believe they were confumed by the deceafed. Their general opinion is, that they con tinue to five in the fubterrancan world in the fame manner as they did en the fur face of the earth; and. that the grave is little more than a change of habitation : for which reafon, they bury their mqney, that they may have it to ufe in the other world. They fpeak to their deceafed friends,' and go to their tomb for that pur pofe ; but, at the fame time, are much afraid cf them. Among their holy places there is ene on the road frem St. Peterffiurgh to Riga. It is formed by alarge lime-tree, v/hofe branches are interwoven with thofe cf the foreft that are neareft to it, and form a delightful bower. On the feftival of St. John, at night, the Ifchortzi affemble under this tree, and remain till morning, ffirieking, and linging, and dancinj;, round a great fire ; concluding their orgies with burning a white cock, and making the moft abfurd geftictilations and grimaces. ' Ingushi. See KisTi. Inn, a river of Germany, vvhich has its fource in the county ef tlie Grifons, and at the foot of the mountain Septimer- berg. It runs'N. E. through Tirol, by Infpruc, and continuing its courfe N. E. tlirough Bavaria, paffes bv Kufstcin, Val- fcburg, Braunaw, and other towns, t^id fills into the Danube, between Paffaw and Inftadt. Innaconda, a fortrefs of the Dec- can of Hindooftan, in the Guntoor Cir car, fituate on a hill, 46 miles N. W, by N. of Ongolc, and fubje-ft to the nizam of the Deccan. ¦* Innerkeithing, a village of the county of Peebles in Scotland, on the N. fide of the river Tweed ; near which is an excellent medicinal fpring, rifing into <,';lebrity. • Inniskilling, a ftrong town pf Ire. land, in the counry of Ferman.igh. The inhabitants difting-jiihed themfelves in fa vour pf king William, foon after the Re volution, againft king James' party. It is feated between tvvo lakes, twenty miles E. of Ballvfliaaiion. Len. 6, 50, W. Iat. 5.i. 2;. N. Inn'THAL, a diftrift ef Germany, in the Tirol, watered by the river Inn. Infpruc is the capitaL Inowsi ADisi.ovv, a ftrong and con- CQeFn"Dlc t'jwn of Pohnd, capital of Cu javia, with a fort, and a palace where the biffiop of Cujavia refides. Itis 3g miles N. E. of Gnef'na, acd go W. of Warfaw, Lon. 18, 50. E. lat. 52.-i;8. N. Inspruc, atownof Gcrmanv, inthe Tirol, with a ftrong caftle. It is very pi-i- pulous, v\ as formerly -the place where the archd'ukes of Auftria refided ; and is felt ed in a pleafant valley, on the river J;in, 27 miles N. W. of^ Brixen, and 60 S. of Muriich. Lori. II. 2-'. E. lat. 47, IP. N. Instadt. SccPassau. Inverary, a royal borough ef Scot land, in Argyleffiire, feated on tiie N.W, fide of Loch Fyne. In tlrj neigiibour- bood of this place is a coi.fiderable iron work. It is 75 miles N. \V. of Edin- burgh, and 45. N. W. of Glafgow. Lon. 5.0. W.lat. 56 16. N. Inverbervie. See Bervie. ¦•¦' Inveresk, a viflage of Scotland, in Edinburghfhire, fituated on the E. fide of, th.e mouth ef the river Efk, on the Frith ef Forth. In 1783, the fubterraneous re. mains of a Roman hypocaft, or hot bath, were difcovered in this village. Inver keithing, a borough of Fife. ffiire, m Scotland, fituated in a beauiiful bay of the Frith of Forth. It has a con. fiderable trade in coal and ether articles ; and is i.3 miles N. W. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3. 25. W. lat. 57. p. N. Inverness, a royal borough ef Scot. land, capital ef a ceunty of the fame name, pleaf"antly fituated en the S. bank of the river Nel's, and overlooking the Frith of Murray. It has a fafe and convenient harbour, and a good deal of ffiipping. Several large builtlings have been erefted on the N. fide of the town, in which a confiderable manufaftory cf ropes and can. vafs is carried on. It is a populous and flourifliing town, being the chief market to a wide traft of furrounding country. An academy is intended to be erefted here on an extenfive fcale ; a liberal fubfcrip. tion having been entered into for that be nevolent purpofe. On an eminence above the town -are the ruins of the old caftle of Invernefs, demofiffied by the rebels in 1746. Over the river Nefs is a handfome bridge of feven arches. The falmon fiftery in this river is very confiderable, and is let te fome fifcmengers of London. Near this town, en the wide heath, called CuUoden Muir, the duke of Cumberland gained a decifive viitory over the rebels in 1746; and a little to the W. of this town is the remarkable vitrified fprt, called Craig Phadrick ; the ftpnes, cpmpofing its walls, appear tP "have been partly mdted by J O A by fire. Invernefs is 50 miles N. E. of Fort William, and 106 N. ef Edinburgh. Lon. 4. 5. W. lat. 57. 30. N. Inverness, the moft extenfive county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by Rofs- ffiire ; on the E. by the counties of Nairne, Murray, and Aberdeen ; on the S. by thofe of Perth and Argyle, and on the W. by the ocean. Its extent frem N. to S. is above 50 miles ; and from E. to W. abput 80. The nprthern part is very mountainous and barren. The woody mountains are the haunts of ftags and roes. The capercailzie is alfo feen fometimes among the lofty pines : the heath is pof feffed by black game and greufe ; and the lofty fummits by ptarmigans and Alpine hares. This county has feveral confider. able lakes; being divided, in a manner, inte two equal parts, by Loch Nefs, Lech Oich, Loch Lochy, and Lech Eil ; all vvhich might be united by a canal, that would form a communication between the two feas. Of moft ef the great lakes in this county, it is remarkable, that, notwith-' ftanding the coldncfs ef the climate, they are feldom or never kriown te freeze ; much lefs are the arms of the fea, even in the moft northern parts of Scotland, fubjeft to be frozen in the hardeft feafens ; while the Texel, and many bays and great rivers in Holland and Germany, are cover- ed with ice'. The fouthern part ef the ffiire is alfo very mountainous, and is fup pofed to be the moft elevated ground in Scotland. The extenfive plains which furround the lakes, are, in general, fertile; and the high grounds feed many fteep and black cattle, the rearing and felling of vvhich is the chief trade of the inhabitants. Limeftene, iron ere, and feme traces nf different minerals have been found in this county, vvith beautiful rock cryftals of va rious tints ; but no mines have been worked hitherto with much fuccefs. The princi- pal river is the Spey ; but there are many others of inferior note, as the Nel"s, Fyers, Glafs, Lochy, &c. The common people in the high parts of the country, and en the weftern fhore, fpeak Gaelic ; but the people of faftion in Inyernef"s, and its neighbourhood, ufe the Englift language, and pronounce it vvith propriety. '-¦¦ Inverury, a fmall borough of Aberdeenftire in Scotland, fituated on the beautiful and fertile hanks of the river Don, juft above its confluence with the river called Urie Water. Inverqry is 1 5 miles N. W. ef Aberdeen. ,Joachims-Th al, that is to fay, the valley rf St. Joachim, a town and valley of Bohemia, in the elrple of Elnobogcn. J O H A rich filver mine was difcovered in it at the beginning of the i6tli century. Joanna. See Hinzuan. Johansberg, a town of PolaPd, in Weftern Pruffia, with a citadel. It is feated on the river Pych. Lon. 22. 3g, E. Iat. 53. 16. N. * John-o-Groat's House, the re. mains of a noted houfe, reckoned the moft northerly dwelling in Scotland, and fituate on the promontory, caUed Duncanftay, or Dungftiay Head, which forms the north. eaftern point ef Great Britain. ^ John's, St. an ifland in Afia, one of the Philippines, E. ef Mindanye, from vvhich it is feparated by a narrow ftrait, Lon. 126. 32. E. lat. 9. 30. N. John's, St. an ifland of N. America, in the Bay of St. Lawrence, having Nova Scotia on the S. and W. and Cape 'Breton on the E. The Englift got poffeffion of , it when Louifturg vvas furrendered to them, in 1758. * John's, St. a river of N. America, in Nova Scotia, vvhich running N. to S. enters the Bay of Fundy. ,-* John's, St. a new town of N. America, in New Brunfwick. It is fitu. ated at the mouth of the river St. John's, in the Bay ef Fundy, and was at firft call. ed Parr Town. Lon. 65. 15, W. lat. 45. 12. N. JoHNQUERA, a Very ancient town of Spain, in Catalonia, feated at the. foot of the Pyrenees, 20 miles S. of Perpignan, LOri. 2. 5g. E. lat. 42. 22. N, JoHORK, JoR, or Ihor, a town of the peninfula ef Malacca in Afia, It was taken and deftroyed bv the Portuguefe in 1603, but has been fince rtbtult, and is now in the poffefllon of the Dutch. Lon. 93. 55. E. lat. I. 15. N. '¦'•' Jor.sAGUR. Sec Jyepour. Joign'i, a town of France, in the de partment ef Yonne and late province of Burgundy. Its red wines, although not ofthe firft quafity, have a giyat demand. Here is a caftle, vvhich would be a maynj. ficent one, vvere it finifhed. The t!^-.vn cpnfifts of three pariftes, apd is fuuated on the river Yonne, 1 7 miles from Sens, and i 5 frem Auxerre. Lon. 3.35.E.lat.47.5c!.N. Joinville, an ancient and confider able town of France, in the department of Upper Marne and late province of Cham pagne, vvith a large magnificent caftle. It is the birthplace ef the celebrated car. dinal of Lorrain, and here are many tombs of the houfe of Lorrain. It is feated on the river Marne, 25 miles S. Vv. of Bar- le-duc, and 12; S. E. of Paris. Lon. 5. 20. E. Iat. 48. 20, N. Ion A. I P s IRE lOKA. Sec ICOLMKILL, ''¦ J ON KID PING, atownof Sweden, «- pital of the province ef Smoland, and feat of the parliament. Or fuperior court of juftice , for the kingdom of Gothland, The houfes are chiefly of wcpd cpvered with turf: fpr, except in the largeft tpwns, and gentlemens feats, few pf the buildings in Sweden are roofed with tiles. They arc principally cpvered with turf pr mpfs ; np thatching being ufed, as both too dear, and tco dangerous in cafe of fire. In order to keep out the rain, large layers e>f birch bark arc fpread ever the timber- work of the roof, under the covering ef turf or mofs. Thefe turf reefs make a fingular appearance, many ef them pro- ducing herbage, which are occafionally cut for the ufe ef the cattle ; and a few are ornamented with flowers. The town is feated on the S. fide ef the Lake Wetter, with a ftrong citadel. It is 50 miles N. W. pf Calmar. Lpp, 14. 46. E. lat. 57, J2. N. Jordan, a river of Turkey in .^fia, in Paleftine. It rifes in Mpunt Libanus, and runs from N. to S. forming two lakes, the one formerly called the Sea of Galilee, or the Lake of Tiberias, and the ether, the Dead Sea. Jos.'VPATH, a valley of Paleftine, in Afia, between Jerufalem and the Mount of Olives. It is pretty long," but not broad; and fome people, miftaking a paffage of fcripture, beheve that this is the place where all mankind are to meet at the day of judgment, after they have rifen agairi. '¦'' JossELiN, a town of France, in the department of ^.lorbihan and late pvtjvince of Bretagne, 25 miles N. E. of Vannes. Lon. i. 23. W, lat. 48. o. N. , JouARE, a town of France, in the de partment of Seine and Marne and late province of the Ifle ef France, with a late famous and magnificent Benediftine ab- ircy, eight miles frem Colomiers, 10 frem Meaux, and 35 from Paris. ' Joux Valley and Lake of. See Jura Mount, * JoYEusE, a fmall tovvn of France, in the department of Ardeche and late province ef Dauphiny, feated on the river Baune, 27 miles S. W. ef Privas. Ipsala, a town of Turkey jn Europe, with a Greek archbiftop's fee. It is feated on the river Lariffa, 20 miles S. W. ef Trajanopoli, and 118 W. ef Con. ftantinople. Near it are mines of alum, Len. 26. 10. E. Iat. 40. ;7 N. Ipsera, a fmall ifland in the Archipe. lage, to the N. W. of the ifland of , Scio, from which it is 15 miles, It is in the form of a heart, and over-againft it, to the W. is another fmall ifland, called Anti. Ipfcra. Ipstones, .a village in Staffordffiire, near the river Churnet, one mile below Kirigfley. The foil here is rioted fpr prp ducing the beft ruddle, Pr red-pchre fpr marking ffieep. Ipswich, a bprpugh pf Suffplk, vvith markets, pn Wednefday, Friday, and Sa turday. It is feated pn the river Orwell, near the place where the frefh and fait water meet. It is a place cf great anti quity, and was pnce furrpunded by a wall, traces pf vvhich are yet tp be feen. It is divided intp 4 wards, containing 12 pa riffi churches, with a Preftyterian, an In dependent, and a Quaker's meeting-houfe, and has a handfome guild-hall, two hofpi tals, a freefchool, with a good library, feveral almffieufes, and a cuftomhoufe, vvith a good quay. It is governed by tvvo bailiffs, a recorder, 12 portmen (frpm whom twp bailiffs are chpfen) a tpwn- clerk, 2 chamberlains, 2 cprpners, and 24 common council-men. It is populous and well inhabited, thcugh irregularly built ; but it is declined frem its former confe quence. Its manfaftures of broad cloth and canvafs are at an end ; and its prefent commerce chiefly depends Upon the malt. ing and exportation of corn. It has a con fiderable coafting trade and a fmall fliare of foreign commerce, and has lately fent ffiips to Greenland, Veffels of large bur den are obliged te flop at fbme diftance be. low the town. It is noted for being the birthplace of cardinal Wolfey ; is 20 miles N. E. of Colchefter, and 6g N. E. of Lon don. Len. I. 16. E. lat. 52. 8. N. -* Irab attey, the name given by the n-atives of Burmah to the river Ava. See Ava. Irac, a large country of Afia, divided into Irac-Arabia, and Irac- Agemi. Irac. Arabia, or Babylenian-Irac (the ancient Chaldea) is watered by the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, and takes its name frem the defert ef Arabia which lies te the W. of it. It is almoft all under the dominion of the Turks ; and Bagdad is the capital, Irac-Agemi, or Persian-Irac, lies between Ghilan Tabriftan, the terri tory of- Heri Sableftan, Farfiftan, Lauref-, tan, and Turcomania, It is under tlie dominion of the Perfians, and ifpahan is the capital, Ireby, a town of Cumberland, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated in a valley, at the fpring-head ef the river Elian ; and many Roman antiquities have been dug up hsK. it is divided into the 1 R E I R E higher and lower town, and is lo miles N.E. ef Coekermeuth, and 299 N.N.W. of London. Lon. 3. 18, "W. Iat, 54. 50. N. IrekeN, or Jerkin, Yarkan, a rich, pppulpus, and large tPwn pf Afia, in Tartary, capital of Bocharia, with a caftle. It is the ftaple town of all the trade carried on between the Indies and the N. part pf Afia. The Kalmucs are mafters ef if ; and never difturb any pne on accpurit of their religiori. It is eight miles N. of Caffigur. Lon. 73. 25. E. lat. 41. 40. N. Ireland, one of the Britiffi iflands, lying to the W. of that of Great Britain. It is bounded on the E. by St. George's Channel and the Iriffi Sea, which feparate it from England and Wales ; ori the N. E. by a charinel about 20 miles broad, which feparates it from Scotland ; and on every other fide by the ocean. It lies be tween lon. 5, 25, ahd 10, 40, W. and be tween lat. 51, 1 5. and 55. 15. N. being about 278 miles in length, and 155 in breadth. It is divided into four large provinces ; namely, Ulfter to the Ni Leinftcr to the E. Munfter to tho S. and Connaught to the W. and thefe are fubdivided into counties. The air is mild and temperate, being cooler in fum mer, and warmer in winter, than in Eng land ; though it is not fo clear and pure, nor fo proper for ripening corn and fruits. It is more humid than in England ; fer which reafon, ftrangers, at firft, are very liable to colds, &c. but this quality is pretty much mended, and will be mere fo, when the bogs, and moraffes are drain ed. In general, it is a fruitful, level Country, wcll-watcrcd vvith lakes and. rivers; and the foil, in moft parts, is very good and fertile : even in thofe places, where the bogs and moraffes have been drained, there is good meadow ground. It produces corn, hemp, and flax, in great plenty ; and there are fo many cat tle, that their beef and butter are ex ported into foreign parts; and not only the Engliffi, but other ffiips, frequently come to be viftualled here," The prin cipal riches and cpmmpdities pf Ireland are, cattle, hides, vvppI, tallpw, fuet, but ter, cheefe, wpod, fait, hpney, wax, furs, hemp, and, m.pre efpecially, fine linen clpth, which they have brpught tp great perfeftipn, and their trade in it is vaftly increafed. This country is exceedingly well fituated for foreign trade, on ac count cf their many fecure and cpmmp dipus harbours. "Their laws differ but little frpm thpfe pf England ; and the eftablifhed religion is the f.ad weather." They are fiibjeft to the Ruffians, and their trade confifts in furs and fliins. * K.anem, a city of,' Africa, ip the em- pira'of Bornou, capital of an extbnfive .and fertile province of the, fame name, and in which the inhabitants, who arc com- pofed of Muffulmans and Pagans, breed multitudes of cattle, and raife inriumerable ,jiorfes' for the fervice ef the king. It is 150 miles N. W. by N. of Bornou. Kaniow,, a ftrong town of Poland, in the Ukraine,,, and ip ¦ the palatinate of Kiov'v. It, is near the , river Dnieper. 62 , miles S. by E> ef Kiow, and ipo N. E. ef 'Brackla--w. - - Kanisca, a ftrong town of Lower Hungary, capifal of , the ; county of Sala- war. ..Itwas tafcen by the Imperiahfts in 1690, and is feated en the river Drave, .54 miles S, W. 'pf lAlha Regalis, and joo S. by E. of Vienna. Lon. 17.' 40. E. l^t. 46. 43. N. .. Kaposwar, a fort of Lower Hungary, Y 4 'fo KAY K E L fo called from thq riyer Kapos, that waffies its walls, It is 55 milts V/. of Tolna. Lon. 18. 13. E. lat. 46. 31. N. -*' Kareck, an ifland in the Perfian Gulf, lying nearly in the middle of it, a'oout 7 kaf-ues from each fide,, and about 30 leagues from Buffarah River, where all the fliips bound for that pert muft call for pilots. It is al)eut,five miles long, and two bro?.d. Here baroriKniphaufen, about the middle of this century, formed a tio.^iiliing Dutcli fettlement ; 'out on his quitting, their f'ervice, it became fubjett again to its former mafter, the ffieick of Bund.aric. ¦* KAii.LSCRUCH, a handfomc town of Germany, in the circle ef Suabia, and ter ritory of the margrave of Baden Durkch, who has here a magnificent palace. The town is built on a regular plan, and. the houfes are all as uniform as the ftreets. It is 12 miles N. by E. of Baden. '* Kasan, a large country ofthe Ruf fian empire, lying on both fides ef the river Volga. It was formerly an inde. pendent kingdom, fubjeft to the Kalmuc Tartars, to whom tlie great d'ukes of Mof cow, vvith the other pcty principalities of iluffia, -.vere tri'oulnry. Ijv.i Ivan Vaf"fi- lievicch I. the founder ^of the Ruffian grc-i^nefs, toward the end ,of the 1 5th ccn- tur-/ refcued his country from, the Ta-rtar yoke; and, in 1552, the fecond duke of the fame name conquered Kafan, which now forms the three Ruffian governments of Kafan, Simhirfk, and Penza. '* Kas,'\n, the capital of the Ruffian government of the fame name, feated on the rivule;- Cafanka, where it falls into the V,-,Iga. It is 414 miles E. by N. cf Mof cow. Lon. 4Q. 35. E. lat. 55. 23. N. Kauff-.iEuren, a free and imperial town of Germany, in the circle of Suahia and territory of fSempton. The inhabi- , tants confift of Papifts and Proteftants. It is feated on the river Wardach, iS miles N. E. of Kempten, and 30.' S. by "iV. of . Augfturg.^ Lon. 10. 43. E. lat, 47. 58. N. K aye's Island, an ifland in the North Pacific Ocean, vvhofe fouthweft point is a naked rock, confiderably ele- vated above the land within it. Some parts of the ffiore are interrupted by fmall vallies, filled with pine-trees^ Thefe alfo abound i-i other pans of the ifland, which, indeed, is covered, in a manner, vvith a broad girdle of wood. The trees, however, are far from being of an .extraordinary growth ; fo that they would be of no great ftrvicc for fhipping, excepting as materials for fmall things. The pine-trees appear ro be all of one fpecies ;• and neither the Canadiap pine, nor cyprefs, v,'as to be feen. This ifland, which was dilcovered by captain Cock, in 1778, lies ih Ion. 131, 4:J.,''.V. and lat. 59. 51. N. Kaysersberg, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine and late province ef Alface, five miles N. W. of Colmar, and 25, N. W. of Bafil. Lon. 7. 25. E. lat. 48. IP. N. Raysersl'auern, a town of Ger many, in the Lower Palatinate, belonging to the Eleftor Palatine ; feated pn the river Lauter, 22 m.iles S. W. pf Worms, and 38 S. by W. pf. Mentz. Lon. 7. 51. E. Iat. 49. 20. N. Kaysarsthul, er Keisertoul, a town of Sv/ifferland, in the courity of Ba. den, with a bridge over the P.hine, and a caftle. It belongs te the biftop of Con. ftance, and is eight miles S. E. of- Zur- zuach. Lon. S. 24. E. Iat. 47. 8. N. Kayserverd, er Keisewert, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft phalia and duchy of Berg; fiibjeft to the Eleftor Palatine. The fortifications arc demoliffied. It is feated en the Rhine, eight miles N. ef Duffeldorp, and 22 N. "\V. of Cologne. Lon. 6". 45. E. Iat. 51. 14. N. Kefteen, a large village of Afia, in Syria, 1$ miles, from Aleppo, on the road to Tripoly. It gives its name te a large, fertile, wcll-ciiltivated plain, where they feed a great number of pigeons. ' KEGW0RT.H, a village in Leiccfter fliire, 10 miles S. E, of Derby, and 12. S. W, of Nottingham, It is fituated on a beautiful eminence, vvhich commands an extenfive profpeft over the counties of Nottingham and Derby, Near it is a handfome flone "liridCTe, oyer the Trent, called Cavendiffi Bridge, it being built at the duke of Devonfliire's expence, Kehl, or Keil, once an important fortrefs of Germany, in the circle of Sua- bia. It is f"eated on the Rhine, oppofite Strafturgh, to which, when the latter was an imperial city, it belonged. It vvas alfo ftrongly fortified by the French, who took poffeffion ef it in 16S4. Being ceded to the empire, at the peace of Ryfwic, the emperor configned it te the houfe of Baden, referving. to. himfelf, however, the right of a garrifon. .But this garrifon has been fince withdrawn ; and now there are only the ruins of the ancient fortifications, and, as a garrifon, a few invalids belong ing to the mareiuis of Baden. Len. 7. 5.3. E. lat. 50. 30, N. Kellington, or Callington, a borough in Cornwall, vvith a good market on Wednefday. It is 12 miles S. of Laun cefton, and 5.17 W. by S. of London, Lon. 4. 35, Vv'. lat. 50. 30, N, Kelso, KEN KEN Kelso, a neat and populous town of, Scotland in ' Roxburghfhire, with a good market fer corn, and a handfome bridge ef fix arches- ever the Tweed, near its con. fluence vvith the Tiriot. The abbey, the magnificent ruins of vvhich ftill remain, was founded by David I. in 1128. The environs ef Kelfo are very fine. From the Chalkheugh is a beautiful view ef the fork-, of the rivers Roxburgh Hill, Spring- vvdcd Park, and the Fleurs. From Pin nacle Hill is feen a vaft extent of country, highly cultivated, watered by long reaches ofthe T-.veed, and well wooded 011 each m.argin. Much wheat is raifed in this neighbourhood, and the fleeces ofthe fteep are remarkably fine. Kelfo is 20 miles S. W. of Berwick, and 256 N. N. W. of London. Lon. 2. 18. W.lat. 55. 36. N. Kemac, a celebrated fort of Afia, 17 miles from Arzengain, on the confines of Natolia. It is feated on the river Etl- phrates. K em PEN, a town of Germany, in the elcftorate of Cologne ; feated on the river Nicrs, 30 miles N.W. ef Cologne. Lon. 6. . 30. E. lat. 51. i3. N. Kempten, a free imperial town of Germany, in the territory of the abbot of Kempten, who is a prince ef the empire. The inhabitants are Proteftants. It is feated on the river Iller, 45 miles S. by W. of Aygffiurg. Len. 10. 21. E. lat. 47. 49. N. I'Cbmptbn, a territory In the circle of Suabia, in Germany, between the biftopric of Augfturg, and the barony of Walburg. It is about 47 miles leng and broad, and has no confiderable place but the to-ivns of Kempten and Kauffbeuren, which are im perial. ¦-¦'¦' Ken, or Kan, a river of Weftmor land, which flows by Kendal, and empties itfelf into the fandy wafc- of Lancafliire, called Morcambe Bay. li has a cataraft near its mouth, which renders it incapable of navigation ; fo that the village of Mil- threp, fituated on a little creek,- near the- mouth of the Ken, is the only port of Weftmorland ; and this is capable of re ceiving very fmall veffels only. Hence are exported the fine Weftmorland flates, to Liverpool, London, Hull, &c. "^ Ken, a river of Scotland, vvhich de- fcendingfrem the mountains in the north cf Kirkcudbrightftire, flews in a foutherly direftion to the tovvn ef New Galloway, . below which it expands into a fine lake, about four mUes in length, and one in breadth. ,The river Dee, which defcends from the weft, joins the ftream th'at iffues from this lake. 'Their upittd waters tak^ the name of that river, and flow to the S. "^V. till they meet the Iriffi Sea at Kirk cudbright. Kendal, a large, handfome tovvn of Weftmorland, with a large market on Saturday. It is feated in a valley, among hills, on the W. fide ef the river Ken, over vvhich are two ftone bridges, and one pf wood, which leads to the caftle, now in ruins. The church is a fpacious ftrufture, and has 12 chapels of eafe belonging te it. The freefchool ftands on the fide of the churchyard, and is well endov.'cd, having exhibitions to Queen's College in Oxford. Kendal has been long noted for it's woollen manufaftories ; particularly, woven and knit ftockings ; a thick ftuif, called cottons, for the clothing ofthe negroes, and for fail ors jackets, and linfeywoolfey. There is likewife a confiderable tannery ; and fiffi- hooks, wafte filk, and wooi-cards are ma nufaftured here. The mills fir fcouring, fulling and frizing cloth ; for cutting and rafpiiig dying wood, &c. are well worth feeing. So early as the reigns of Richard II. and Henry iV. Kendal was noted for its manufaftures ; fpecial laws having been enafted in thofe reigns, for the better re gulation ef the Kendal cloths, 2cc. and fuch has been the fpirit arid induftry of the in habitants, that they have continued to flourift ever fince, notwithftanding the difadvantage ef poffeffmg no water car riage. Kendal is 46 miles S. of Carlifle, and 259 N. N. W. of London. Lon, 2. 52. W. Iat, 54. 15. N. '¦" Kennebek, a river ef N. America, which rifes in the northern part of the province of Main, in New England ; and flowing in a foutherly direftion, falls into the Atlantic Ocean, between the Bays of. Cilco and Penobfcot. . '* Kennet, a river, which rifes among the chalky hills in the mi'idle of Wilt=, and flows to Newbury, in Berks, where it becomes navigable, and below which it is augmented by the Lamborn. It then keeps along tlie fouthern edge of ihc county, till, turning up to Reading, it; mingles with the Thames. Pope has ce lebrated the river, as " the" Kennet fwift, for filver eels renown'd," -•'- Kennington, a village of Surry, ip the parift of Lambeth. Elcre is a barn, called the Long Barn, the remains- of a royal palace, which was the refidence, iit- • particular, ef Edward the Black Prince. Kennington Common is the pl-ace ef exe cution for the county of Surry. Ken oe^E, a fort in Auftrian Flanders, between Ypre? and F.urnes, fix miles from Dh^eim^de. I^EN- KEN KEN KEttsiNGTON, a village of Middlefex, two miles W. of London. Here is Ken fington Palate, a feat of the lord Chancel lor Finch, afterward earl cf Nottingham, but purchafed ef that nobleman by king Wilham. The extenfive gardens, origi nally defigned by Kent, were much im proved by Brown, and, of late years, have become a very fafliionable walk, particu larly on Sunday. Kent, a counry of England, bounded on the N, .by the Thames, which divides it frem Effex, and by the German Ocean ; on the E. and S. E. by that ocean and the Straits of Dover ; on the S. by Suffex and . the Englift Channel, and on the W. by .Surry. From E. to \V. it is about 58 miles, and from N. to S. about 36. It is divided inte five lathes, under each of which are feveral hundreds. It contains two cities, 29 market-town", and 408 pa- k^iftes ; and fends 18 members to patha- iricnt. In the foil and face of the country, there is great diverfily. The banks of the Thames are low and marfliy, but backed by a range of chalky eminences, fometimes rifing to a moderate height. This kind of hard chalky foil, inclining to barren nefs, extends to the N. E. extremity of the county, and thence round te Dover, exhibiting its nature in the lefty white ciiffp, which here bound the ifland, and produce that ftriking appearance at fea which gave it the name of Albion. The S. patt of Kent, called the Weald, is a flat, woody traft, of a clayey foil; fertile, but unv.hclcfome on account of its moifture. If terminates in'the great marft ef Rom ney. It is in this part, particularly, that the opulence of the farmers has given rife to the proverbial apptUation ofthe wealthy Kentifh yeomen. The midland and weft ern diftrifts are a happy mixture of hill and vale, arable and pafture, equal ' in pleafantnefs, and variety of ,produ£ts, to any part ef England. This county pro duces, befide the ufual objefts qf agricul ture, large quantities of hep. ; fruit of va rious kinds, efpecially cherries aijd apples, cf which there are large orchards for the London markets ; madder for dying ; timber in the woody parts ; and birch twigs for brooms, which form no i'ncon- -fademble article of commerce for the meV tropolis. The country inland from Dover, confifting chiefly of open downs, is excel lent for the feeding of ffieep ; and many bullocks are fattened to an extraordinary fize in Romney, Marft. The principal rivers, befide the Thames, are the Med way, Darent, Stour, Cray, and Rother. Maidftone is the county town. * Kentaiffe, Mount, a ridg€ of mountains, in the fouthern part of Thibet, bordering on Hindooftan Proper. On the W. fide of this ridge are the two heads of the Ganges, and from its E. fide iffues the Sanpoo or Burrampooter. ; Kentsinguen, a tovvn of Germany, in the Brifgaw, whofe fortifications were demolifted in 1703. It is feated on the river EIz. Lon. 7. 57. E. lat. 48. 18. N. " Kentucky, a country in N. Ame rica, fituated in its central part, near the latitude of 38" N. and 8,5° W. longitude. It is bounded on the north by Great Sandy Creek ; by the Ohio en the N. W. by N. Carolina on the S. and by the Cum- b£;rland mountain on the E. being upward of '2 50 miles in length,'and 200 in breadth ; and at prefent divided inte five counties, Lincoln, Fayette, Bourbon, Mercer,' and Jefferfon. The principal rivers are the Ohio, the Kentucky, the Licking River, the Red River, the El'iihorn, Dick's River, Green River, Cum'oerland_River, and the Great Kenhaway or New River. Thefe are aU navigF-bh: for boats almoft to ihtir fources, without r.apids, for the greateft part of the year. This country is gene. rally level, and abqunding vvith hmeftone,, VI hich ufiaally lies about fix feet deep, c.v. cept in hollows, where ftreams run, where we find the rock in the bottom of the channel. The fprings and ftreams leffen in June, and continue low, hindering na. vigation, until November, when thq au. tumnal rain., foon prepare the rivers for boats, and replenifh the whole country vvith water. The foil is amazingly fertile ; the inhabitants diftinguifh its quafity by firft, fecond, and third rate lands ; and fcarcely any fuch thing as a marft or fwamp is to be found. This country is more tem perate and healthy than the other fettled parts of America. The winter begins about Chriftmas, and ends about the firft of March ; at fartheft docs not exceed the middle of that month. Snow feldom falls deep or fies long. The W. winds often bring ftorms, and the E. winds clear the fliy ; but there is no fteady rule of - wcatlier in that refpeft, as in the northern ftates. The W.-winds are fometimes cold and nitrous. The Ohio running in that direftion, and there being mountains op that quarter, the wefterly winds, by fweep. ing along their tops, in the cold regions of the air, and ever a long traft ef frozen water, cpUeft cold ih their courfe, and convey it over the Kentucky country ; but the weather is not fe intcnljely fevere as thefe winds bring vvith them in Penn. fylvania. The country, in general, may be confidered as well-timbered, producing large KEN large trees of many kinds, and to be ex ceeded by no country in varic-ty. Thefe which are peculiar to Kentucky are the fugar-tree, vvhich grows in all parts in great plenty, and furniftes, every family with plenty of excellent f'jgar ; and the honcy-locuft, which is curioiifly furround ed with large thorny fpikcs, bearing broad and long pods in form ef peas, has a fweet tafte, and makes excellent beer. Here are alfo the coffee-tree, which greatly refembles the black oak, grows large, and alfo bears a pod, in which is inclofed cof fee ; the papwa-tree, vvhich does not grow to a great fize, is a foft wood, bears a fine fruit, much like a cucumber in ffiape and fize, and taftes fweet ; the cucumber'tree, vvhich is fmall and foft, vvith remarkable leaves, and bears a fruit much refembling that from which it is named ; black mul berry-trees in abundance ; the wild cher- ,ry-tree, which is of a large fize, and fup plies the inhabitants vvith boards for all "their buildings ; rhe buck-eye, a very foft "ivood, bearing a remarkable black fruit; and fome ether kinds of trees not common elfewhere. Here is great plenty of fine cane, en which the cattle feed, and g'.'ow 'fat. This plant, in general, grows from three to twelve feet high, of a hard fub ftance, with joints at eight or ten inches diftance along the ftalk, from vvhich pro ceed leaves refembling thof"e of the wilhiw. There are many cane-brakes fo thick and tall, that it is difficult to pafs through them. Where no cane grows, there is abundance of w-ild rye, clover, and buffalo- grafs, covering vaft trafts of country, and affording excellent food for cattle. The ¦fields are covered vvith abundance of wild herbage not common to other countries. The Shawanefe fallad, wild lettuce, pep- *ier-grafs, and many, more, as yet un known to the inhabitants, but vvhich, .no doubt, have exceUent virtues. Here are feen the fineft crowrt-imperials in the world, the cardinal flower, fo much ex tolled for its fcarlet colour ; and all the year, excepting the winter months, the plains ai)d vallies are adorned with- variety of flowers of the moft admirable beauty. Here is alfo found the tulip-bearing laurel-tree, or magnolia, vvhich has an ex quifite fmell, and continues ti bloffom and feed for feveral months together. Iron ore and lead are found in abun-I.inte, but we do not hear of any filver or gold mines. •The weftern waters produce plenty of fift and fowl. The fi;*!, common to the 'Ohio, are the buffalo-fift, ef a large I'ze, and catfifli, fometimes exceeding ene hundred weight. Trout have been taken in Ken- KEN tucky, weighing 30 pounds weight. The mullet, rock, perch, garfift, and eel, are here in plenty. Suckers, funfiffi, and other hook-fift, are abundant. On thefb waters, and efpecially on the Ohio, the geefe and ducks are amazingly numerous. The land fowls are turkeys ; a fpecies o'f greufe, which the inhabitants call phea fants ; and quails, to which they give the name of partridges. Here 'hkewife is the parroquet, a bird every way refem.bling a parrot, but much fmaller ; and the ivory- bill woodcock, of a whitift colour, with a white plume. It flies fcreaming exceed ingly fliarp ; and it is afferted, "tliat i(s bill" is pure ivory; a circumftance ver-,- fingular in the plumy tril.e. Here alfo is the !;rcat owl, refembhng its kind in other parts, but remarkably differc*-. in its vocifera tion, fometimes making a ftrange-, fur prifing noife, like a man in the moft ex treme danger and difficulty. Serpents are . not numerous, and are fuchasaretobefound in other parts of the cci. tinent, except the bull, the horned, and the mockafon fnak''?. Among the native animals is tlie buffalo, much refembling a large bull, of a great fize, wtih a large head, thick, ftort, crooked horns, and broader in his forepart than behind. Upon his ftouldcr is a large lump of flefh, covered with a thick bofs of long wool and curly hair, of a dark brown colour. They do net rife from the ground ak our cattle, but fpring up at pnce upon their feet ; are ef a bread make, and clumfy appearance, vvith fhort legs, but run faft, and turn net afide for any thing when chafed, except a ft,anding tree They weigh from five to ten hundred weight, are excellent nieat, fiipplving the inhabitants in many parts with beef, and their hides make good leather. They are innocent harmlefs creatures. -There are ftill to be fotmd many deer, elks, and bears. There are alfo panthers, wild cats, and wolves. The waters have plenty ef beavers, otters, minks, and miiik rats ; nor are the animals common to other parts wanting, fuch as fn.-.es, rabbits, i'quin-els, racoons, ground-he'gs, polecats, and epof- fums. Muft of the fpecies of the domef tic quadrupeds have been introduced fince the fettlement, fuch as horfes, cows, flieep and hogs, -which are prodigioufly muhi- plicd, fuffered to run in the woods with- out a 'keeper, and only brought home when wanted. Many caves are found in tl-is country amazingly large ; in fome of which you may travel feveral miles under a fine limeftone rock, fupported by curious arches and pillars : in moft of them runs a ftream of water. Kentucky, vvhich, in the K E R K E S the year 17 84, was computed to contain 30,000 f'culs, . has been fince rapidly m- creafing in pppulatipn, and npw forins one of 15 United States ef America. Lex ington is the capital. ' '* Kentucky, a river of N. America, which rifes vvith three heads from a mountainous part of the country of the fame name. Its N. branch, vvhich inter locks vvith Cumberland River, runs half way in a W. direftion, and N.'Vl'". the ether half, and falls into the Ohio in latitude 38. 27. N. It fs amazingly crooked for upward of 200 miles in length. Am.oBg the natural curiofities ef the country, are the winding banks of this river, and of that called Dick's River. They are rather precipices., than banks ; for, almoft every where, the aftoniil.ed eye beholds three or four hundred feet of a fohd perpendicular limeftone rock ; in fome parts a fine white marble, either curioufly arched, pillated, or blocked up into fine building ftones. Thefe precipices are like the fides of a deep trench, or canal; the land above be jng level, except where creeks fet in, and crowned with fine groves of red cedar. It js only at particular places that this river can be crcffed, pne pf w-hich is wprthy of admiration ; a great read, large enough for waggons, made by the buffalo, floping with an eafy defcent from the top te the bottom of a very large fteep hill, at or pear the river above Leeftown. * Kercolang, anifland of Afia, in the Indian Ocean. It is between 80 and JOO miles in circumference, and, in ge neral, pf a very gppd height. The face of the country feems to be fteep hills ' and extenfive valhes, and every pprt to be covered with trees and verdure, with fome pleafant cultivated grounds. The houfes ftand on pofts, and appear to be wcfl-built, and neatly thatched. Their fifliing hooks ¦ and lines are moftly European ; and the inhabitants are Malays. "Their clothing JP general, is made of a coarfe kind ef ca- {ico, though fome wear filk, and moft of ^hem have a kind ef turban round their bead ; and a few have been feen vvith a Phinefe pointed hat. They are a mild 3nd apparently quiet people ; and the con fidence they put in Itrangers proves, that the latter a'e not unwelcome guefts. Lon. 126. 31. E. lat. 4. 28. N. Kerguelen's Land, an ifland in the Southern Ocean, vifited by captain Cook, in 1779, which, frem its fterility. Blight properly have been called the Ifland of Defiilation ; but captain Cook was pn- -vvillirig te rob M. Kerguelen of the hon our of its bearing his name. Mr. Ander- fpp, whq accpmpanied captain Cook in this vpyage, fays, that np place liithert* difcovered, in either hemifphere, affords fo fcanty a field for the naturalift as this fpot. Some verdure, indeed, appeared when at a fmall diftance from the ffiore, which might raife the expeftation of meeting with a little herbage*; but all this lively appearance was occafioned by one fmall plant, refembling faxifrage, which grew upon the hills in large fpreading tufts, on a kind ef rotten turf, vvhich, if dried, might ferve for fuel, and was the only thing feen here that could peffibly be applied te that purpofe. Len. 69. 37. E. Iat. 49. 3. S. Kerman, a province of Perfia, lying on the Gulf of Perfia. Here are ffieep, vvhich, after grazing frohi January to May, have their fleeces fall off their backs, and becom.e as naked as fucking pigs ; and the inhabitants drive a great trade in their wool. Kqrman is the capital. Kerman, a tc',vn of Perfia, capital of a province of the fame name. It is 120 miles N. ef Gombroon. Lon. 57. 55, E, lat. 29. 40. N. Kerpen, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Weftphalia, and duchy ef Juh- ers, 14 miles S. E, of Juliers, Lon. 6. 56. E. lat. 50. o. N. Kerry, a county ef IreUnd, in the province of Munfter, bounded en the E. by thofe of Limerick and Cork, en fhe W. by the Atlantic Ocean, en the N. by the riyer Shannon, which feparates it frem Thomond, and on the S. by Defmond, with a part of the Ocean. It is 57 miles long, and 45 broad. It is a mountainous country, but in many places there are good corn-fields ; contains 84 pariffies, and fends 8 members to parliament. Ard- fert is the eapital town. '' Kertsch, a fortrefs, fituated on tl\e E. coaft of the Crimea, and near the N. entrance of the Straits of Caffa. This fortrefs, and that ef Yenikale, are ef the . greateft importance, as they command the paffage vvhich forms the communication between the Sea ef Afoph and the Black Sea. Kesroan, a chain of mountains, in Afia, on the cpaft of Syria, which makes a part cf Mount Libanus. It is one of the moft pleafant countries in the Eaft, as well on account of the goodnefs of the air, as the excellence pf the ccrn, fruits, and all the neceffaries cf life. Kessel, a tPwn pf the Netherlands, in Upper Guelderland, with a handfpme caftle. It was ceded to the king of Pruf fia by the treaty ef Utrecht, and is feated en the river Maefe, between Ruremondc and Venlovv. Lon 5.49. E. lat. 51. 16. N- Kesseldorfe, a village pf Qerraapy, 4 ia K E S K I A in the circle ef Upper Saxony, three miles below Drefden, remarkable for a viftory gained here by the king of Pruffia, over the Saxons, December 15, 1745, Kesteven, one of the three divifions of Lincolnfliire, containing the weftern part of the county, from the middle to the fouthern extremity. It poffeffes variety of foil ; but, on the vvhole, though inter mixed with large heaths, is a fertile coun try. Part of the fens of Lincolnfhire are in this diftrift ; the air of which, however, is more falubrious than that of the diftrift of Holland ; and the foil, moreover, is more fruitful, * Keston, a village in Kent, 8^ miles N. W. by N. of Wefterham, and 14 S. E. by S. of London. On Holwood Hifl, in this pariffi, is Holwood Houfe, the feat of the right hen. William Pitt, in whofe grounds are the remains ef a large fertifi- cation (probably aRpman pne) of an oh. long form ; the area of which is partly in. clofed by rampires and double ditches of a great height and depth. It is two miles in circumference, inclofing near 100 acres of ground. A path defcends from, the cjfmp to the fpring-head ef the river Ra- venfbourne. Of this fpring an excellent cold bath was formed, furrounded by pales and trees. This river flows hence through Bromley and Hayes, to Beckenham and Lewiftam, and croffing the^reat road at Deptford bridge, falls into the Thames below. Keswick, a town ef Cumberland, with a market on Saturday ; feated in a vale furrounded by hills, near the rapid rivrer Greeta. It was known formerly fer its copper mines, which rendered it a confiderable place ; but it now confifts only of one long ftreet. It is 2 5 miles N. W. by N. of Kendal, and 287 "N. N. W.of Lendon. Lon. 3. 16. W. Iat. 58. 3.1- N. * Keswick, Vale of, a delightful fpot, in the fouthern part of Cumberland, lately much vifited by the admirers of na. ture. Here is the Lake ef Kefwick, or, more properly, the Lake of Derweut^^wa- ter. To the N. of this romantic piece of water, foars the lofty mountain Skiddaw, one of the moft diftinguifted in England, and the haunt ef e-agles and ether birds of prey. To the S. is the dreary region of Borrowdale. The water of the Derwent- water is fubjeft te violent agitations, and often without any apparent caufe. It has one peculiar charafteriftic ; namely, that it retains its form, viewed from any point, and never affumes the appearance of a river. See Borrowdale, Dek-vVi:;.'!- water, and Skiddaw. Kettering, a town of Northampton- ffiire, with a market on Friday. It is pleafantly feated on an afcent, and is a pretty good- place, with a feffion-houfc for the juftices, where they fometimes meet. It is 12 miles N. E. of Northamp- ton, and 75 N. \V. of London. Lon, o. 59. E. lat. 52: 20. N. Kew, a village of Surry, on the banktf' of the Thames, about feveu miles W. by S. of London. It was formerly a hamlet to Kingfton ; but, in 1769, an aft of par- liament vvas obtained, formiiag Kew ^nd Peterftam inte one vicarage. Here is Kew Houfe, a royal palace, celebrated far its fine gardens, and his msjefty's exotic garden. The laft has been brought to great perfeftion by the introduftion of many new plants from Africa and New South Wales ; and is known throughout afl Europe, by the late Mr. Alton's Hor- tus Kewinfis. . From Kew to Brentford is a handfome ftone bridge of feven arches over the Thames, built, in 1789, from a defign ef the lati Mr. Paine. Kew Gar dens are opon te the public, every Mon day, from Midfummer to the end of au tumn. Kexholvi, a town of the Ruffiaa empire, in the government of V/ibUrgh , It is feated on two fmall iflands of the ri ver Woxcn, which here falls into the Lake Ladoga. It is not very large, but is well fortified, and has a ftrong caftle. The houfes arc built with wood. Near it is a confiderable falmon fi.Oiery. It is 615 miles N. E. of Wiburg, and 67 N. of Peterfturg. Lon, 30, 25, E, lat, 61. 3. N. Keynsham, a town of Somerfetffiire, vvith a market on Thurfday. It is com- monly called Smoky Keynftam, and is feated on the river -•Avon, 5 miles S. E of Briftol, and 115 W. of . Louden, Loa. 2. 34- W. U. 51.24. N. -' Kharkof, a , government' of the Ruffian empire, formerly cemprifcd in the government of Ukrania-Slovodfltaia. Its capital, ef the iame name, is feated on the river Uda, vvhich falls into the Denetz. * Kherson, er Cherso.v, the capi^, tal of die Rulfian government of Catha- rincnfl.af. See, Cherson. Kian-Nan, a province eif Afia, in China, bounded on the W. by Hanan and Hou-Quang, on the S. by Tihe-Chian and Kian-fi, en the E. by the Guif of Nan- quin, and on the N. by Chantong. It is of V3ft extent, -and contains 14 cities of thi firft rank, and 93 pf the fecond and third,- winch are very populous, and 'of the greateft note for tr.ade in the empire. It ii full of lakes, riyers, and canals ; and their K 1 E K I t thtir filks, japanried goods, ink, and paper, are iri hij^h efteem. Iri the city of Chang- hi only, there are 200,000 weavers of plain cottons and muflins. KiA-M-Si, a province of China, bounded oil the N. by Kian-Nan, on the 8. by Hqu-Quang, on the W. by Quang-Tong, and on the E. by thc.m6untains of To- .ktin. The mountains' that lie to the S. are ahnoft inacceffible ; but there are fine vaUies among them, which are well culti vated. It is watered by brooks, lakes, and rivers, vvhich abound vvith fift ; and there are mine's of gold, filver, lead, iron, and tin. The arrack here is excellent; but it is mere particularly noted for its fine porcelain, which is made at King Tech- irig. ' Kiburg, a town of Svvifferland, and in the canton of Zurich, vvith a caftle. It is feated on the river Theoff, 14 miles N. E. of Zurich, and 15 S. E. of Schauffhau- fen. Lon. 8. 46. E. lat. 47. ^S. N. Kidderminster, a town of Wor- eefterfliire, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated under a hill, on the river Stour, and is the principal m-anufafturing place in the county. Its former trade of ftuffs is much declined, on account of the general ufe of cotton goods ; but its carpet manufaftory has greatly increafed ; and this towri is the firft market in England for pile er plufli carpets, which, for beauty of colour and patterns, eVccd any ether. Thefe are frequently called Wilton, from having been firft made at that tovvn ; but at prefent by much the greater part arc made at Kidderminfter. The worfted ffiag tfade has alfo been introduced here, and employs many looms. The goods go chiefly to Portugal, and their carriage has boen much facilitated by the late canal communications. It has a g.ood freefchool ; and is 14 miles S. E. of Bridgenorth, and 125 N. W. ef London. Lon.. 2. 18. W. lat. 52. 28. N. Kidwelly, \a town of Carmarthen ffiire, in S. Wales, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated on a creek of the Briftol Channel, near the mouth of the Towy. From this town, a canal has been rut to fome collieries, whence coal is brought dbwn and expbrted. It is eight miles S. of Carmarthen, and 224 W. by N. of London. Lon, 4. 20, W, lat, 56, 44. N. Kiel, a ftrong, rich, and confiderable town of Germany, capital of the duchy of (Holftein, -vvith a caftle, and a univerfity. It ftands upon a fmall peninfula in a bay . of the Baltic, and has a very commodious harbour for fliips of the largeft fize. It is already one of the moft cpmmercial places in Holftein ; and its trade will be ftill far* ther augmented, when the inland uaviga* tion acrofs the peninfula is finifted. By this navigation it is propofed to unite the Northern Sea with the Baltic ; and it is to be formed acrofs the duchy of Holftein, by the Canal ef Kiel, and the river Ey der, which paffes by Rendfturgh, and falls into the German Ocean at 'Toiinin- gen. This canal was begun in 1777, is almpft finifhed, and, it is fupppfed, will be opened for' navigation in I7g4 pr 1795. . Kiel is 3 7 miles N. W. pf Lubec, and 4& N. cf Hamburg. Lpn, 10, p. E. lat. 54. 20. N. * KlEM A, a prpmpntpry pf Swifferland, pn the weftern ftore of the lake ef Zug, of vvhich it is remarkable, that the ground belongs to the canton of Lucern, the tim ber to that of Zug, and the leaves to the canton of Schweitz. * KiLBARCHAN, a village of Ren- frewftirc in Scotland," to the N. W. ofthe lake called Loch Winnoeh. It is a manu. fafturing place, and-has feveral extenfive bleaching grounds. It is about five miles S. W. of Renfrew. '¦¦ Kilbeggan, a borough of Ireland, in the county ef Weftmeath, feated en the river Brofna, 44 miles from Dubhn. * Kilda, St. a fmall ifland of Scot. ¦ land, ene of the Hebrides, about 18 leagues te the W. of North Uift. A great num. ber of the poor people in this ifland Kve chiefly by fifting and catching wildfowls. In the latter employment, they are feme. times incredibly adventurous ; being often let down by a rope from the fummit of high precipitous rocks, where they clam. ber among the rugged cliffs, in fearch of the eggs and nefts ef various birds. But the more fafe and common method ef catching thefe fowls is, by fpreading a large net over the face of the rock where they lodge, in vvhich great numbers are at once entangled, and lowered down inte a boat. St. Kilda is the moft wefterly ifland of Great Britain, There is no, land between it and N, America, Kildare, a town ef Ireland, capital ef a county of the fame name, vvith 'a bi. ftep's fee. It is 27 miles S, W, of Dub lin. Lon. 6. 37. W. Iat. 53. g. N, Kildare, a ceunty of ireland, in the province of Leinftcr, It is 37 miles in length, and 24 in breadth ; arid is bounded en the E, by Dublin and Wicklow ; on the W, by King and Qu^een's ceunty ; on the N. by Eaft ^eath ; and on the 'S. by Catherlough. It is a rich plentiful coun. try, contains 160 pariflies, and fends icy members to parliament. Kilgarren, a tovvn of Pembroke- Aire, K I L Jhire, with a market on Wednefday. It hacl formerly a caftle, now iu ruin's. It is feated on the river Tyvy ; and near it is a remarkable falmon-leap; from which circumftance, that fiffi is caught in great abundance. Above this place, are large works for the fabricating of tin plates. It is 30 miles N. ef Pem.broke, and 227 W, N. W., of London. Lon. 4. 40. W. lat. 52. 4. N. KiLHAM, a town in the E. riding of Yorkfliire, with a market on Saturday. It is 36 miles N. E. of York, and 200 N. of London. Lon. o. 16. W. lat. 54. 5. N. KiLlA, a fortified tovvn of Turkey in Europe, in the province of Beffarabia ; feated at the mouth of the river Danube, in an ifland formed by it. It vvas taken by the Ruflians on the 29th of Oftober 1 7 go, but reftored at the fubfequent peace. It is 86 miles S. W, of Bialogorod, and 290 N. E. ef Conftantinople. Lori. 28. 46. E. Iat. 45. 22. N. Kilkenny, a town ef Ireland, capital of a county of the' fame name. It is ene of the moft populous and trading towns of Ireland ; and confifts of tvvo parts, the Irift and Engliffi Town, the laft ef which is the principal. It ence had a biftop, and the cathedral is yet ftanding. It is 26 miles N. of Waterford, and 54 S. W. of Dublin. Lon, 6, 55. W. lat. 52. 36. N. Kilkenny, a county of Ireland, in the province ef Leinftcr, 40 miles in length and 20 in breadth. It is bounded on the E. by Catherlaugh and Wexford, on the W. by Tipperary, en the N. by Queen's-ceunty, and on the S. by Water ford. It is ene of the beft counties in Ire. land, contains 96 pariftes, and fends 16 members to parliament. KiLL.ALA, a feaport of Ireland, in the courity of Mayo, with a biftop's fee. It is 21 miles N. of Caftlebar. Lon. 9. n. W. Iat. 54. 15. N. KiLLALOE, a city of Ireland, in the ceunty of Clare, vvith a bifliop's fee, and feated on the river Shannon, over vvhich is a bridge of 19 arches; and here is a confiderkble falmon and eel fifhery. Itis lo miles N. W.of Limerick. '¦¦• KiLLARNEY, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, on the fide of the lake of the fame name. Within half a nule of this place are the njins of the cathedral of Agadee, an ancient biftopric united to Ardfert. Itis 143 miles S. W. of Dub hn. '- KiLLA.iiNEY, a beautiful lake of Ireland, in the county of K^erry, other- wife called Lough Lean, from i;s jjcmg K I L furround'ed by high mountains. It is prrr- pcrly divided into three parts, called the Lower, Middle, and Upper Lake. The nor thern, or lower lake, is fix miles iri len.gth, and from three to four in breadth. The country on this and the eaftern boundary is rather of a tame charafter, but is here and there diverfified vvith gentle f"wells, many cf which afford delightful profpefts of the lake, tho iflands, and furrounding fcenery. The- S. ftore is compofed of immenib mountains, rifing abruptly from the water, and covered with woods of the fineft timber. Frem the centre ofthe lake, the view of .this range is aftoniftingly fub- hme, prefenting to the eye an extent of foreft fix miles in length, and from half a mile to a mile in breadth; hanging in a robe ef rich lux'driancc on the fides of two mountains, whofe bare tops, rifing above the vvhole, forrn a perfeft contraft to the verdure of the lower region. On the P.de ef one of thefe mountains is O'Sulhvan's cafcade, which falls into the lake vvith a. roar that ftrikes the timid vvith awe. The view of this ftcet of water is uncom- monly fine, appearing as if it vvere de. ' fcending from an arch of wood, vvhich overhangs it,above 70 feet in height from the point ef view. Coafting along this fliore affords an almoft cndlef"s entertain ment, eyery change of pofition prefenting a new fcene; the rocks hollowed and worn into a variety qf forms by the waves, and the trees and ftrubs burfting from the pores of the faplefs ftone, forced to affume the moft uncouth ffiapes, to adapt them felves to their fantaltic fituations. The iflands are not fo numerous in this as in the upper lake ; but there is one of un common beauty; na'-nely, Inni^fallen, nearly oppofite O'Sulhvan's cafcade. It contains 18 Iriffi acres. The coaft is formed into a variety of bays and prom.on- tories, fkirted and crowned with arbutus, holly, and. other ffirubs and trees. The interior parts are diverfified with hills and dales, and gentle decUvities, on which every tree and ffirub appears to advantage : the foil is rich even to exuberance ; and trees of the largeft fize incline acrofs the vales, forming natural arches, with ivy intwining in the branches, and bantling in feftoons of fqhage.The promontory of Mucrufs, which divides the upper from fhe lower lake, is a pcrl-'cft land of enchantment ; and a ro;id is carried through the. centre of this promontory, whieh unfolds all the interior beauties of the place. Among the diftant mountains, Turkajjpcars an objeft ef mag- nif.cence; and Mangcrton's more lofty, though iefb interefting fummit, foars above the vihcle. Th'; P'.iTa^.- to the upper lake K I L K I L lake is round the extremity pf Mucrufs, which cpnfines it pn Piie fide, and the ap- pfpachihg mountains on the other. Here is that celebrated reck, called The Eagle's Neft, vvhich prcxluces wonderful echoes. A French horn founcTed here, raifes a con cert fuperior to iop inftruments; and, the report of a fingle cannon is anfwered by a fucceffion of paals refembhng the loudeft thunder, vvhich feems . to travel the fur rounding fcenery, and die away among the diftant mountains. The upper lake is four miles in length, and from two to three in breadth ; it is almoft furrounded by mountains, from which defcend a num- fcer of beautiful cafcades. The iflands in this lake are numerous, and 'afford an amazing variety ef pifturefque views. The centre lake, which communicates 'with the upper, is fmaU in comparifon 'with tlie other two, and cannot boaft ef. equal variety. The ffiores, however, are, in many places, indented with beautiful bays, furrounded with dark groves ef tr',..-', fome ef which have a very pifturefque appearance, when viewed from the water. The eaftern boundary is formed by the bafe of Mangerton, dpwn the fteep fide of which defcend a cafcade, yifible for 150 yards. This fall of water is fupplied by a circular lake near the fummit ef the mountain, called The Devil's Punch Bowl ; which, on account ef its immenfe depth, and the continual overflow ef water, is confidered as ene of the greateft curio fities in Killarney. One ef the beft prof pefts Vvhich fhis admired lake affords, is from a rifing ground near the ruined ca thedral ef Aghadoe. KiLLEVAN, a town ef Ireland, in the county^ ef Monaghan, eight miles S. W, of Monaghan. Lon. 7. 26. W.lat. 54. 10. N. -* KiLLlCRANKiE, a noted pafs of Perthffiire in Scotland, near the junftion of the Tumel with the Garry. It is the grand entrance inte the Highlands in thofe parts, and is formed by the lofty mountains impending over the Garry, which ruffies through in a deep, durkfome, and rocky channel, overhung with trees, forming a fcene of horrible grandeur. In the laft century, this vvas a,pa.f"s of much difficulty and danger : a path hanging oy,er a tre mendous precipice threatened deftruftion to the leaft falfe ftep of the traveller. At prefent, a fine road, formed by the foldiery lent by government, and encouraged by an additional fixpence a day, gives an eafy accefs te the remote Highlands ; and the two fides are joioed by a fine arch. Near the N. end ef this pafs, in its open and unimproved ftate, king WiUiam 's army, under general Mackey, was defeated, in i63g,'by the Highlanders, commanded by Vifcount Dundee, who was killed in the moment of viftory. Here alfb, a body ef Heffians, in 1746, made a full paufe, re- fufirig to march farther : fer it appeared to them as the ne plus ultra ef habitable country. -¦¦¦ KiLLlLEAGH, a borough oflreland, in the county of Down, feated on an arm ef the lake ef Strangford. It fuffered much in the calamitous war of 1641 ; but it is now a thriving place, with a linen and thread manufaftory. At the up per end of the great ftreet is a caftle, for. merly the feat of the family of Hamilton, now earls ef Clanbraffil ; and at the hot. torn of this ftreet is a little bay, where ftips may be fteltered from all winds. The celebrated fir Hans Sloaqe was born in this town, which is 80 mfles N. by E, of Dublin. KiLLiNAULE, a' towh of Ireland, in the county ef Tipperary, 14 mfles N. of Clonmell. Lon. 7. 26. "W. lat. 52. 27. N. KiLLONY, a town of Ireland, in the county ef Sligo, 6 mile's S. of Sligo. Lon. 8. 25. W.lat. 54. II. N. * KiLLouGH, or Port St. Anne, a feaport ef Ireland, in the county of Down, agreeably fituated on the N. ef St, John's Point. Some degree of caution is neceffary in failing into the harbour ; fer a rock ftands in the middle of the en trance, covered at half flood. Either fe the F^. or W. of this rock is a fecure paffage, the inlet lying S. by E. and N. by W, Here is a profitable manufafture of fait. It is 76 miles N. by E. of Dubhn. KiLLYEEGS, a borough ef Ireland, in the county ef Donegal, with a fpacious harbour on the N. fide of Donegal Bay, It is 12 miles N. W. of Bally ffiannon, and 123 miles N. W. of Dublin. Len. 8. 6, W. Iat. 54. 40. N. Kilmac-Thomas, a town of Ire land, in the ceunty ef Waterford, 12 miles S. E. ef Waterford. Lon. 7. 10. W. Iat. 52. 14. N. * KilmAinham, a town of Ireland, fituated about half a mile from Dublin. It has a feffion-heufe and handfome gaol; and here the quarter feifions are held for the county ef Dubhn, and fhe knight^ of the fhire for that county elefted. It was fometimes the feat of government; before the Caftle at Dublin was apprepiatcd to that purpofe. Kilmallock, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, 18 miles S. of Limerick. Lon. 8. '34. W. lat. 52. 24. N. * Kilmarnock, a populpus tovvm of Ayr- K I N K I N Ayrffiire in Scotland, noted for a great manufafture of gloves, carpets, ftockings, nightcaps, bonnets, and other woollen goods. It is 15 miles S, W, of Glafgow, lilLMORE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cavan, -with a biffiop's fee, 3 miles S. W, of Cavan, Lon, 7, 11, "W. lat, 54, 2. N, , Kiltearn, a town of Rofsffiire, in Scotland, the burial. place of Donald Men- re, who gave Buchanan the account of the Iflands and Highlands of Scotland, which he has inferted in his hiftory, '¦• Kilworth, a thrivipg town of Ire. land, in the county of Cork, with a good church, at the foot of a large ridge ef mountains, called Kilworth Mountains, Below the town, runs the river Funcheon, on which ftands the caftle of Clough-leagh, which has ftood feven, fieges. It is adjoin. irig to Moor Park, the noble feat of the earl of Mount Caffiel. Kilworth is 108 miles S, W, of Dublin. Kimbolton, a town in Huntingdon. ihire, vvith a market pn Friday, The caftle has been much imprpved, pr rather new built, in an elegant ftyle. Queen Catharine, after her divprce from Henry Vin, refided fome time in this caftle. It is 64 miles N, of London, KiMi, a town of Sweden, capital ef the province of the fame name, in Eaft Beth. nia, at the mouth of the river Kimi, which here falls into the Gulf of Beth. nia, 10 miles S, E, of Tornea, Lon, 23, 40, E,lat, 65, 50, N, '* Kin burn, a fortrefs of the Ruffian empire, fituated at the mouth of the Dnieper, oppofite Ockzakow, In their laft war with Ruffia, the Turks made fe. yeral attacks upon it both by land and fea, but were finally repulfed, and their admi. ral was rewarded fer his unfuccefsful bra. very, by the bowftring. * KiNCARDINE-O.NIEL, a village of Scotland, in Aberdeenffiire, feated on the river Dee, 23 miles W, of Aberdeen, Kincardineshire, or Mearns, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by Aberdeenftire ; on the E, by the Ger. roan Ocean ; and on the S. W. by Angus. Ihire, Its length along the coaft is fcarcely 30 miles ; its greateft breadth about 20. The "only borough in it is Inverbervie. Kineton, a town in Warvvickftire, with a market on Tuefday. King John kept his court in a caftle here. It is 80 miles N. W. of London. King George's Sound, the name given by captain Cook, in 1778, to the harbour which he difcovered on the W. coaft of N. America, at th« mouth of a great river, in lon, 126. 48. W. and lat, 49. 33. N. But the natives called it Nobtka; the name now generally adopted by the Englift. Upon the feaciaft, the land is , tolerably high and level ; but, within the Sound, it rifes into fteep hills, vvhich have an uniform appearance. The trees, of which the wopds are compofed, are the Canadian pine, white cyprefs, and two or three other forts of pine. In gene ral, the trees grow here with great vigour, and are of a large fize. About the rocks and borders ofthe wppds, were feen fpme ftrawberry plants, and. rarpberry,_ciurrant, and gppfcberry buffies, aU in a flourifting ftate. The principal animals feen here were racoons, martens, and fquirrels. Birds are far from. being numerous, and thofe that are to be feen are remarkably fty, owing, perhaps, to their being conti- nu.dly haraffed by the natives, cither to eat them, or to become poffeffed of their feathers te be worn as ornaments. The ?|uebrantahueffos, ftags, and gulls, vvere een off the coaft ; and the laft two vvere alfo frequent in the Sound. Though the variety of fiffi is not very great here, yet they are in greater quantities than birds. The principal forfs are the common her ring, a filver-celeured bream, and another of a brown colour. The ftature of the na- lives is, in general, below the common ftandard ; but their perfons are not pro portionably fl.ender, lieirig ufually pretty. plump, though not mufcular. The wo men are, in general, ef the fame fize and. form as the men ; ner is it eafy to diftin. guift them, as they ijcffefs no natural fe minine graces. There was not a fingle one te be found, even among thefe whtj vvere in their prime, who had the leaft .^irctenfioris to beauty orcomelinefs. Theif bodies are always covered with red paint, but their faces are ornamented with a va- riety of colours, a black, a bright red, of. a white colour: the laft of which gives them a ghaftly and horrible appearance. They appear to be, decile, courteous, and goednatured ; but they are quick in re- fenting irijuries, and, like moft other paf- fienate people, as quickly forgetting them. A rattle and a fmall whiftle are the only inftruments pf mufic that were feen ampng them. Their hpufes cpnfifts pf very long broad planks, refting upon the edges of each ojher, tied, in different parts, with withes'cifcpine-bark. The furniture of .their houfes confifts principally of chefts Vnd boxes of various (izes, piled, upon each other, at the fides or ends of their houfes, in vvhich are depofited their garm.ents, and whatever they deem valuable. They have Z alf« K I N alio fquare and oblong pails, bowfe to eat their food out df,,&c. The irregularity and confufion of iheir houfes is far exceed ed by their naftinefs and ftench. They pot only dry their fiffi withiri doors, but they alfb gut therti there ; whiih together with fheir bones and fragments, thrown upon the ground at meals," occafions feve- tal heaps of filth, which are never remov- Id, till it becomes treublefoirie; from their bulk, te pafs over them. Every thing ibout the houfe flinks of trainoil, fift, and fmoke ; and every part of it is as fil- thy as can be imagined. This remote, and- feemingly unimportant part of the globe", had nearly occafioned a very ferious rupture between the Courts of Great Bri tain and Spain. In 1786, a fmall affocia tion of Britift merchant;, refident in the E. Indies, had formed the projeft of open ing a trade to this part of the world, for o inhabitants. It ftands on the Pregel, a n,ivigable river, which flows from the north-weftern provinces of Po land, and here falls into the eaftern extre mity cf the Frit'chb Haf, an inlet of the Baltic. No fhips drawing nrore than fevcn feet water can pafs the bar, and come up to the town ; fo that the large veffels an chor at Pillau, a fmall town on the Bal tic, which is the port of Koningfterg; and the mcrchandife is fent in fmaller vef fels to this place. T'ne trade of Koningf- Verg is very confiderable. It is 62 miles N. R- 01 Elbing, and 125 N. of Warlkvv, Lou. 20. 55. E. lat. 54. 42. N. Konimgs'grat.',, a town pf Bphe mia, ftated pn the river Elbe, with aa tun. fhop's fee ; 35 miles S. W. pf Glatz, and 1 1 5 N. by W. pf Vienna. Lpn, 16, S.E, lat. 50. 6. N. Koningshofen, a ftrpng tpwn pf Germany, in the circle of Franconia, with a biffipp's fee. It is 25 miles N, W, pf Bamberg, Lon. 9. 36, E. lat, 49. 34. N. KoNiNGSTEiN, a tPwn of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and ter ritory ef Mifnia, vvith an impregnable fort. It is a place of confinement for ftate prifoners, and is feated on the ri-- ver Elbe, 10 miles S. E. of Pima, and 10. S. W. of Drefden, Lon, 13. 43, E, lat. 51, 2. N. KoNiTZ, a tovvn of Eaftern Pruffia, 10 miies N. W, ef Culm, and 50 ,S, W, of Dantzick, Lon, 18, 16. E, lat. 53-3(5.N. KopYs, a fmafl fprtified tpwn of Lithuania, feated on the river Dnieper, Lpn. 2g. 43. E. lat. 54, 22. N. Koriacs, a natipn pn the bprders pf Kamtfchatka, tributary tp the Ruffians. There are two forts of Koriacs. Thofe who are properly called by that name have a fixed refidence : the others are wanderers, and are known by the ap pellation of Raindeer Koriacs. Their flocks are very numerous, and they maintain them by condufting them to thofe canfons that abound wiih mofs. When the'.'e paftures are exhaufted, they feek for others.- In this manner they wander about inceffantly, encamping un der tents of fkin^ and fuppprting them felves with the prpduce pf their deer, which are as ferviceable for draught to the Koriacs, as the clegs arc te the - Kamtfchadales. There is in many re, fpefts a great refemblance between the fixed and the wandering Kpriacs : we cannot therefore but wonder at the little cordiality, or rather at the mifunder- ftanding that ffubfifts amopg them, .on account of vvhich they may be confider. ed as tvvo different people. Their coun. try, however, is the -fame, and takes in a vaft extent, terminated to the fouth by the peninfula of Kamtfchatka, and the Gulf of Pengina ; to the eaft by the country of the Olurerians ; to the N. by that c[ the Tcheukchis, anel to the \V, by the Tongoufcs, the Lamouts, .and the Yakouts. It is confidently afferted that this country vvas formerly very populous, but that the fihaflpex had made very confiderable ravages. But M. Leffeps doubts whether that difeafe had carried off more of the inhabitants than their fre quent contefts vvith their neighbours, and vvitkt%^Siie&<. 'Bi&wi^r Q£!li»£4 Korii K O R ¦jkoriaoB -fcarcely exceeds at prefent nine linndred; and though it is not caly to calculate that of the v^'ande^ing Koriacs, it is unagined that they do not much fur. pafs this' aujouut. Thq manners ef the former are a mixture of duplicity, mif- truft, and avarice. They have all the vices of ttie northern nations ef Afia, without the virtues. Robbers by nature, they are fufpicions, cruel, incapable ci ther of benevolence or pity. To ptei- cure tire leaft fervice from them, it is firft neceffary to offer, and even to give them fome recompenfe. Nothing out prefents caji excite their attention, or roufe their aftivity. From this perfi dious and favage difpofition, it would not be eafy for them to live ra peace, or form any durable ties with their neighbours. So unfociable a fpirit muft alfp give them an abhorrence of all fereign- .dominien. Heri'ce their coritinual mfur- reftipn againft the Ruffians, their atro cious robberies, their daily incurfions on the people who furround them ; hence the refpeftive animofities and revenge that inceffantly fpring up. This ftate of war foments in every individual a fero cious fpirit. The praftice of attacking, and of defending themfelves, creates in them an inflexible courage that delights in perpetual combats, and glories in a contempt of Iffe. Superftition lends its aid to ennoble in their eyes this thirft of blood, by impofing a law that obliges them to conquer or to die. The more important is the caufe that calls them to arms, the more greedy are they of death. Neither the bravery, nor the number ef their adverfaries, can at all intimidate them : it is then they fwear to deftroy the fun. They dffcharge this terrible oath by cuttmg the threats ef their wives and children, burning all their poffeffiens, and ruffiing madly into the midft of their enemies. The combat can only terminate by the total deftruftion of ope ef the parties. The vanquifted never feek their fafety in flight ; honour forbids it ; and not a Koriac will fur vive the flaughter of . his countrymen. Their regular occupation is hunfing and fifliing; but every feafon vvilj not permit them to fellow it. During thefe inter vals, ftut up in their profound habita tions, they fleep, fmpke, and get drunk. Thoughtlefs of the future, wuhout regret for the paft, they come not out of their vpuEts.. till tbe m,oft urgent nepoffity com, pels them- Thefe yourts are larger thap Jhofe of the northern Karotfchiid?Ie!, but are diftributed nearly in the fap)? man- ner. Perhaps, thpir fijfhiijefs is ft),ll, ifipre K OR dilgufting: as there is neither door, nor vent-hole, the fmoke muft be infufferable, Thefe people, enemies to induftry, five like the Kamtfchadales upon dried fift, and the flefli and fat. of the- whale, and feawolf. The whale is commonly eaten raw, and the feawolf dried apd cooked in the fame manner as their fiffi, e.vcept the finevvs, the marrow, the braip, and now and then a fliec of the fleft, which they devour raw with extreme avidity. Rain- deer is their favourite dift. "veg^table^ alfo fprm a par: of their food : they ga ther in autumn various forts of berries, of a part of which they make themfelves a. refreffiing beverage, and the reft is bruif. ed to powder, and kneaded with the oil of the- v.'hale, or feawplf. Their paffiott fpr ftrong liquors, increafed by the dear. nefs of brandy, and the difficulty ef pr%» curing it on account of their extreme dif tance, has led them to invent a drink equally potent, which they extraft from a red muftreem, known in Ruffia as a ftrong peifeu by the name of Meukha- mprr. They put it in a veflel with certain fruits, and it has fbarcely timeT to clarify when their friends are invited. to partake of it. A noble emulation in. flames the guefts, and there is a conteft of vvho is beft able to difturdcn the maf< ter of the houfe ef his neftar. The en- tertainment lafts fpr pne, twp, or three days, till tin; beverage is exhaufted. Fre quently, that they may not fail pf being tipfy, they eat the raw muffiroom at the. fame time. It 4s aftoni.fting that there are net more examples of the fatal effefts of this intemperance. Some of theffl have been made fcrioufly ill, apd recovered, with difficulty ; but expejrience docs not correft them, apd upon the firft occafion that offers, they return to their brtitith praftice. It is not frpm abfplute fepfua- lity, it is npt frcm the pleafure pf drink. irig a liquor, that by its flavour creates ' an irrefiftible craving fpr more; they feck merely in thefe orgies a ftate of oblivipD, of ft-upefaftion, of total brutiffi-. nefs, a kind of ceffation of exiftence, which conftitutes thejr only enjoyment, The features of the majority of the Ko riacs are not Afiatic, and they might be confidered as Europeans, but for their low ftature, thei? ijl ffiape, and tlie co- lout of their fltin. The other Koriacs have the fame charafteriftic outlines as the Kanatfchadalcs. Amopg the- women, particularly, there are vfryfevv vwho have not funk eyes, flat }»pfes, and promincnc cheeks. The men are almoft entirely beareilefs, and . have fhort hair, Tht women carry their children ia a kind of Z 4 neft K O R K O R jfcft or bafk^ arched ever, in which the infaiijt is placed in a fitting ppfture, and fteltered frpm the weather. Among their ftrapge cuftoms, is the probation to which a young man fubjefts himfelf when he is defirous of marrying. As foon as he has fixed his choice, he waits upon the relations of his ipiftrefs, and offers tp drudge for them, as the phrafe is. The young lady is immediately en. yeloped in a multiplicity of garments, whrich conceal her to fuch a degree, that tile face itfelf is fcarcely vifible. She is rot left alone for a fingle inflaht ; her m-'ther, and a number of old matrons ac- C'jmpany her wherever fhe goes, fleep with her, and do not lofe her frpm their fight Pn any pretext whatever. The aim of the lover, the point of happhiefs tp vv'hich all his cares tend, is tp touch her naked bpdy, the only way by vvhich he can pbtain her. In the mean time, he ex. ecutes wi'h zeal and fubmiffion ail the funftipns that the relations impofe on him, Bccpme, as it were, the flave pf the fa. mily, he is emplpyed in all the dpmeftic labours, to cut wood, fetch water, provide ice, &c. Love, and the preferice of his iritended, infpire him vvith courage. If he relax, a fingle look, however indif-' fferent, is fufficient te make him forger the fatigues and drudgery pf his fervitude. The hppe pf abridging its dur^tipn influ. ences all his aftions. His eye is invari. ably fixed on the idol of his heart, he watches her motions, follows her fteps, ^d is inceffantly in her way. But how deceive the A.rgus eyes ef the duennas that furround her ! It is a continual conteft of vigilance againft cunning ; each party afta with equal zeal and perfever ance. F>rom fuch affiduitics, from the agitation of the lover, and the precautions that are taken to counteraft his manoeu vres, one would fuppofe that he was about to carr'y off ferae extraordinary beauty. Who would imagine that the pbjeft pf the "thpughts and defires of this whining Ko- fiac, was uglinefs itfelf, and that he af^ pired to no other reward for fo niany ex. , ertipns, than tP tPuch a callous, yellow, ' greafy flcin ? In his leifure moments, at liberty to fee and approach his mif- trefs, he endeavours to merit her affec. tion by fome (ly attempt to pbtain a touch ; but the number and thicknefs of her garments are ^n ipvinrible barrier. Enraged at fo many obftacles, he tears and pulls off this te^zing cjrefs. Woe betide him if he be furprifed in his raft attack I The relations, t^e inexorablg fpi es, dan upon him, and fprce him tq relinquiffi his prize, It' js commonly by ihe elpquerice pf the fppt, or a ftick, that they entreat him to withdraw, and find fome better opportunity. If he rcfift, he is dragged by the hair, or the nails pf thefe pld hags are imprinted on his face. If he be diiheartencd, pr murmurs at this cruel treatment, he is inftantly dif- miffed, and fprfeits for ever all claim to the alliance, vvhich is confidered as the moft fignal dlfgrace that can be infliftcd on a Koriac lever. But difficulties only render his defires more vehement. Far from defponding at thefe rigorous pro ceedings, he corifiders himfelf as the more worthy of the felicity he has in view. He rejoices, he glories in all the tribulations he experiences during his amo- rpus and painful fervitude.. It is fre. queritly not till after the expiration of two er three years, that he obtains his end. Elate vvith his viitory, .he - flies to in. form the relations of his fuccefs. The vvitneffes are fummoned, and the yourig ladv interrogated. Her eonfeffion is ne ceffary, as well as fome proof that ffie was taken by furprife, and made fruit- lefs efforts to defend herfelf. ]-Icr hand is then beftowed on the conqueror, bpt he is obliged ftiU to wait till it is fccn whether ffie can reconcile herfelf to liv ing with him. Frem this moment, freed from his labours, he makes his court without reftraint to his future wife, vvho is not perhaps ferry to find herfelf deli vered from her cumberfeme attire. This fecond ftage tif courtffiip is feldom very long ; the damfel, in the prefence of the family, foon accords her confent, and no thing more is requifite to give him afl the claims of a huftand. The' nuptial cercr mony and feaft confift merely in affemr bling the relations of the parties, who are eager to get drunk in imitation ef the new married couple. A plurality of wives is net allowed among the Koriacs; although there have been inftances how ever of its being firaftifed without fcru ple. Funeral rites have a ftriking fimi- iarity to the ancient inftitutions of pa ganifm, ftill obferved by various uncivi lized people of the new hemifphere. When a Koriac dies, his .relations anj neighbours affemble to pay him their laft refpeits. They ereft a funeral pile, upon vvhich they place a porticn pf the wealth pf the deceafed, and a ftock of provifi ons, copfifting ef raipdcer, fift, brandy, in fliort, whatever they conceive he will warit for his great journey, and to keep him from ftarving in the other wprld. If it be a v*anderirig Kpriac, his deer ccn- duft him to the pile ; if a refident Ko- fiac, he is drawn by has dogs, or carried by K O R K O W his relations. The body is exhibited, clothed in his beft attire, and lying in a kind of coffin. There it receives the adieu of the attendants, vvho, vvith torches in their hands, confider it as ah honour fpeedily to reduce their relation or friend tp aflies. They feel pnly the regret of a ffiprt abfence, and npt ef an eternal feparation. They wear rio mourriing, arid tho funeral pomp terminates in a fcene of intemperance, where the fumes of their liquor and tobacco gradually efface the remembrance of death. After a few months widovvhocd, the women are per mitted te marry again. The fuperftiti ous praftices obferved at their funerals, and their tranficnt grief at the lofs pf perfpns the moft dear to them, feem an evident proof of their indifference te hfe, rhe brevity of which neither aftoniftes nor afflifts thcrt^. Death is in their eyes but the paffage to another life ; and in quitting the world, they do not ima gine that their pleafures terminate, but that other enjoyments are referved for them. They acknowledge a fupreme being, the creator of all things. He in habits the fun, vvhofe burning orb they confider as the throne or palace of the Lord of Nature, whom they probably crnfound with that celeftial fire, which is fuppofed to be his dwelhng. They nei ther fear; nejr worftip him. They ad drefs ne prayer to him ; goodnefs, they fay, is his effencc ; all the good that ex ifts in the world proceeds from him ; and it is impoffible he ftouid do an injury. The principle ef evil they confider as a malignant -pirit, who divides with the good being the empire ef nature. Their power is equal. As the one is intent on the happinefs of mankind, the other en deavours to render them unhappy. Dif eafes, tempefts, famine, calamities ef every kind, are his work, and the inftruments of his vengeance. It is to pacify his wrath, that they facrifice their perfonal intereft, and have recourfe to devotion. Their ho- mage is diftated merely by the terror with which this meriacing deity fills every heart, and confifts of expiatory facrifices. They offer to him various animals, that have juft began to exift, raindeer, dogs, the firft-fruits of their hunting and fift. irig, and whatever they poffefs that is moft valuable. Their devotional excr. cifes confift of fuppiications and thanf. givings. There is no temple, no fanc- tuary fet apart for his v^otaries. This fan. taftic god is equally vvorftipped in all places, and hears the Koriac vvho prays alone to-hirif in the defert, as well as the affembled family, who conceive that they render him propitious by pioufly getting drunk in their yourt j for drunk. ennefs is become with thefe people a re- • ligious praftice, and the bafis of all their folemnitics. This demon 'is, doubtlefs, the fame being as the ' Keutka of the Kamtfchadales, whofe minifters and inter preters the chamans confider themfelves. Here, as in the peninfula, the myftic lan guage of thefe magicians works upon the credulity, and obtains the verieratien of the multitude. They exercife phyfic and furgery with equal fuccefs, "Thefe ex clufive funftions, vvhich are fuppofed to be aided by infpiration rather than the hght of experience, procure thepi an un bounded power. They are fent for from all pai;ts of the country, and tcftimonics of gratitude heaped upon them before hand. They demand with haughtinc'fs whatever they pleafe, and confider every thing that is given them as a tribute. It is upon the pretext of making an ac ceptable offering te the god, vvhofe or gan they arc, that they appropriate to themfelves whatever the inhabitants pof fefs, that is the moft coftly and beauti ful. It is not neeiRrary to fupppfe that thefe impoftors gull their votaries by a parade of virtue, by rigid obfervances, and a more fcrupulous life ; en the con trary, they fuj-pafs them in their vices, and fall fliort of them in fobriety. On the eve of their magic ceremonies, they pre tend, indeed, to faft all the day, but they make up for this abftinence at night by a profufion .of the moukamorr, the intoxi cating poifon defcribed above, which they eat and drink to fatiety. 'IThis prepa ratory intoxication the,y confider as a duty. It is probable that they feel 'its effefts the next day, and that they derive from it an elevation of fpirits that contributes to derange their minds, and give them the neceffary ftrength to go through their extravagant tranfports; KoRSAvv, or KosoA, a towp of Den mark, in the ifle of Zeala;nd, with a. fort, 45 miles W. by S. of Copenhagen. Lon. II. 10. E. lat. ;;. 29. N. KosAL, or KossEL, a fortified town of Silefia. ntar the river Oder, between Little Glogaw and Buten. Lon. 17. 56. E. Iat. 50. 26. N. '* Kostroma, a government of the Ruffian empire, formerly included in that of Mofcow. 'It is divided into the two provinces of Keftrbma and Urifta. The capital ef the former is Koftroma, which is feated at the mouth of the river Vo|o-a : the capital ef the fecond is Makarief, which Is fituated on the ri-ver Unfta. KowNO, a town of Lithuania, feated on K U B m the rivers Wilna and Niemen, 40 miles W. of Wilna. Lon. 24. 12. E. lat. 54. 56. N. Krainburg, a town of Germany, in •the circle of Bayaria, feated on the river Inn, 35 miles E. ef Munich. Lon, 12, 25. E.'lat. 48. i5.,N. Krainburg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Auftria, and duchy of Carniola, feated en fhe river Save, 18 miles N. W. of Laubach- Len, 14, 6, E.'lat. 46, 34. N. Kf.ainowitz, a town of Upper Si lefia, between Ratibor and Troppaw. Lon, 17. 49. E. lat. 50. 7. N. .l\.RAiNsLAW,.a tqwn of Poland, in the province ef Red Ruffia, and palati- nate ef Chelm, no miles S. E. of War- ¦faw. Lon. 23. o.-E. lat'. 51. 15. N. Krapitz, a town of Silefia, feated en the .liver Oder. Lon. 18. 10. E. lat, 50. 39- N. Krekythe, a town cf Carnarven- fhire, in N. Wales, with a market on Wednefday. It is feated on the Iriffi Sea, near Traeth-Amawer Bay, where a caftle formerly ftood, now in ruins. It is a fmall place, tlj^ugh a corporation, J 3 miles S. by E. of Carnarvori, and »37 N.W. ef London. Lon. 4. 14. W. lat. 52. 56. N.- Krempen, a ftrong town of Den mark, in the duchy of Hclftein, with a taftle. It is 30 miles N. W. of Ham burgh, 60 W. ef Lubec, and five N. of Glucfladt. Lon'. 9. 15. E, lat, 53, 58. N. Krems, a tovvn ef Germany, in the circle ef Auftria, feated on the river Danube. It is 35 miles W. ef Vienna, Lor. 15, 40, E. Iat. 48. i8. N. Kriezow, a ftrpng tPwn pf Lithu ania, with a bifhop's fee,, Lpu. 33. 15. E, lat. 53. 5p. N. Krumlaw, a tPwn of Germany, in M'oravia, 50 miks S. W. of Olmutz. Lon. 1 6. 4g. E. lat, 48. 46, N. KuBESHA, a town of Afia, in ¦ the country of the Lefguis, one ef the feven Caucafian Nations, between the Black Sea and the Cafpian. Colonel Gaeber, who wrote an account of thefe countries in 1728, gives the following defcription of this very curious place : " Kubefta is a large, ftrong to'.yn, fituated on a hill, be- t-.vecn high mountains. Its inhabitants call themfelves Franki (Franks, a name common in the E. to all Europeans) and ¦ rcUte, that their anceftors vvere brought hither by feme accident, the particulars ef vvhich are now forgotten. The common conjefturc is, that they were eaft away K U P upon the coaft ; but tjiofe who pretend t.) be better verfed in their hiftory, ^ell the ftory this way ; "The Greeks and 'tho Genoefe," fay they, " carried on, during feveral centuries, a confiderable trade, not only^ on the Black Sea, but on the Caf- plan, and were certainly acquainted with the mines contained in thefe mountains, from vvhich they drew, by their trade with the inhabitants, great quantities Pf filver, copper, and other metals. In or. der to work thefe upon the fpot, they fcnt hither a number of vvew-kmen, to efta. blift manufaftures, and inftruft the inha- bitants. The fubfeciucnt invafions of the Arabs, Turks, and Monguls; during which the mines were filled up, and the manufac. tures abandoned, prevented the ftrangers frpm effefting their return ; fo that they continued here, and erefted themfelves into a republic. What renders this ac. count the more probable Is, that they are ftill excellent artifts, arid make very good fire-arms, as wefl rifled as plairi ; fabrr,-, coats of mail, and feveral articles in gold and filver, for exportation. They have, likewife, for their ewn defence, fmaU copper cannons, of three pounds calibre, eaft by themfelves. They coin Turkiffi. and Perfian filver money, and even ru- bics, which readily pafs current, becaufe they are of the fufl weight and value. In their vaflies, they have pafture and arable land, as vvell as gardens ; but they purehafe the greater part ef their corn, trufting chiefly for fupport tp the fale of their manufaftures, which are much admired in Turkey, Perfia, and the Crir mea. They are generally in gopd cir. cumftances, are a quiet, incffenfive pep ple, but high-fpirited and independent. Their tpwn is cpnfidered as a neutral fppt, where the ncighbouriog priuces can depofit their treafures with fafety. They eleft yearly twelve m.agiftrates, tc whom they pay the moft unlimited obedience ; and, as all the inhabitants are on a foot- ing of the moft perfeft equality, each individual is fure te have, in his turn, a fhare in the government. In the year 1725, their magiftrates, as, well as the Uf. niel, or Khan of the Caitalcs, acknew. ledgedthe fpvereignty pf Ruffia, but withr put paying any tribute." Lqn. 67, 59. E, lat, 42. 30. N. Kudach, a ftropg fort of Poland, 'in the Ukraine, and jn the palatinate of Kiori, feated en the river Dmepcr; Lon, 35. 45, E, lat. 47. 58. N. ' Kufstein, a fmall, handfomc; and ftrpng towrn of Germany, in the Tirol, with a ftrong caftle, q^ a rock It i-s feaf- K U R «d on the river Inn, 46 miles S. by E. of Munich. Lon. 12. 5. E. lat. 47. 26. N. Kur, a river of Perfia, which rifes in mount Caucaf"us, and paffing by Tefflis falls into the Cafpian Sea. KuRAB, a town of Perfia, capita^ pf the previrice p£ Kefcar, twp miles frpm the Cafpian Sea. Lpn. 50, 15. E.. lat. 37. 36. N. Kurgan, a river of Perfia, which has its fource in rhe province of Coraian, and falls into the Cafpian Sea. . '-¦* KurilEs, a chain ef iflands, extend ing from lat. 51. to 45. N. running from the fputhern prprtipntpry pf Kamtfchatka tc Japan, in a S. W. direftipn. The in habitants of the neighbpurhppd pf Lppat ka, who were themfelves cafled Kuriles, gave thefe iflands the fame name, as fppn as they became acqiiainfed vvith them. Spanberg fays they are 22 ip number, ex. clufive pf the very fmall pnes. The northernmoft ifland, which is called Shoomflca, is about three leagues diftant frpm the prpmpntpry Lppatka, its inhabi. tants cpnfifting of a mixture of natives and Kamifchadales. The next, vvhich is named Parameufic, is confiderably larger than Shoomflca, and is inhabited by the real »atives : their anceftors, according te a tra. dition among them, having ceme from ap ifland a little farther to the fouth, called Onecutan. Thofe tvvo iflands were firft vifited by the Ruffians in 17 13, and at the fame time brought under their dominion. The others in order, are at prefent made tributary down to Oofteflieer inclufive, as captain King was informed by the worthy paftor of Paratopnca, who was their roiffionary, vifited them ence in three years, and fpoke of the iflanders in terms of the higheft commendation, reprefenting them as a friendly, hofpit&ble, generous, humane race ef people, and excelling their Kamtfchadale neighbours, not lefs in the formation ef their bodies, than in docility and quicknefs ef undorftanding. Though Oofteftcer is the fouthernmoft ifland that the Ruffians have yet brought under their dominion, yet they trade to Ooroop, which is the eighteenth ; and, according to their accounts, the onlv one where therq is a goeid harbour for ffiips of burden. Be yond this, to the S. lies N^deegfda, which was repre.fentcd by the Ruffians, as inhabited by a race of men remarkably hairy, and vvho, like thofe of Ooroop, five in a ftate ef entire, independence. Spah- berg places this ifland in 43. 50. N. lati tude, and mentions his having watered upon it ; and- that this watering party brought qS tight of the natives ; of vvl'jom LAB he relates the following circumftances I that their bodies vvere covered afl ever with hair; that they wore a loofe ftriped filk gown, reaching as low as their ankles; and that fome of them had filver rings pendant frpm the ears ; that, pn fpying a live cpck pn deck, they fell on their knees befpre it ; and likewife, befpre the pre- ferits that were brought put tp them, clof ing and ftretching fprth their hands, and bpwing their heads, at the fame time, dpvyn tp the ground ; that, except the pe culiarity ef their hairinefs, they refembled the other Kurile iflanders in their features and figures, and fpoke the fame language. In the fame direftion, but inclining fome what more te the weftward, lie a group of iflands, which the Japanefe call Jefe ; a name which thoy alfo give to the whole chain of iflands between Kamtfchatka and Japan. The fouthernmoft, called Matmai, hath been long fubjeft to the Japanefe, and is fortified and garrifoned en *he fide tPward the CPntinent. The twp iflarids tP the N. E, pf Matmai, Kunachir, and Zellany, and likewife the three ftiU farther tc the N. E. called the Three Sifters, are perfeftly' independent, * Kursk, a gpvermnent of the Ruffi an empire, fprmerlv part pf that of Biel- gerod. Its capital, of the fame name, is feated on the Tukor, which falls into the Seine er Seip. Kuttenberg, a tov^ n of Bohemia, re markable for its filver mines, in a neigh- bouring mountain; 35 miles S. E. of Prague. Len. 15. 37. E. lat. 49. 56. N. Kylburg, a town of Germany, in the eieftorate ef "Treves, feated en the river Kyll, 1,6 miles N. W. ef Treves. Lon. 6. 37. E. lat. 5p. 1. N. Kyneton, a village in Somerfetftire, on the N. E. fide ef Somerten. It is riafurally paved, fer half a mile, with ene fmooth broad rock, vvhich looks hke ice, L. LAA, Laab, or Lahab, a townof .Germany, in Auftria, feated on the rivet Teya, 27 miles N. W. pf Vienna^ Lpn. 16. 9. £. Iat. '48. 48. N. Lab APIA, a ftrong town of Italy, in the peninfula of Rovigp, fubjeft ,tp the Vc. netians. It is feattd ori the river Adige, 20 milts N. "VV, of Ferrara. Lon. 11. 5.4. E.lat. 45. 39. N. Labia, a town pf Turkey in Eurppe, in Servia, 62 miles S. W. of Miffa. Labiau, a town of Weftern Pruffia, atthc mputh. pf the river Deirae,near Cu. rifchhaif^ LAB LAD rifchhaff, with a ftrong caftle ; 30 miles N. E. of Koningfterg. Lon. 21. 40. E. lat. 54. 57. N. Labourd, a territory of ' France, which makes part of Bafques. It abounds in fruit, and the inhabitants are faid to be the firft that went to fift for whales. It is now included in the department of Low. er Pyrennees. Librador, one ef the names of the vail countries that furround Hudfon's Bay, in N. America. The climate, even about Haye's River, in only lat. 57° N. is ex. celhvely cold diirin.a; winter. The i"nows begin to fall in Oi^'-ber, and continue fall- - jng, by intervals, i.i,e whole winter ; and, when the froft is moft vigoieus, in form of the fineft fand. The ice en the rivers is eight feet thick. Port wme freezes in a folid mafs ; brandy coagulates. The very breath falls on the blankets cf a bed in the form ef a hoar froft. The fun rifes in the fliorteft day at five minutes paft nine, fets five minutes before three. In the longeft, it rifes at'thrce, and lets about nine. Therice begins to difappear in May, and hot weather commences about the middle of June, which, at times, is fo violent, as te fcorch the faces of the hunt- ers. Thunder is not frequent, but very violent. But there muft be a great dif ference of heat and cold in this vaft extent, which reaches from lat. 50. 40. to lat. 63. N. Mock funs and halos are not unfre. quent : they are very bright, and richly tinged vvith all the colours ef the rainbow. The fun rifes and fets with a large cone of ycllowift light. The night is enfiven- ed by. the aurora borealis, vvhich fpreads a thoufawl different hghts and colours over the whole concave cf the fky, not to be eclipfed even by the fplendour of the full mo'in, and the ftars ef a fiery rednei's. The animals in thefe countries, are the niopfedeer, ftags, raindeers, bears, tigers, laffaloes, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martins, fquirrels, ermines, wild cats, and bares. The feathered kinds are g'efe, buftards, ducks, partridges, and all kinds of wild fowl. Their fifli are whales, morfes, feals, codfift, and a white fift preferable to herrings ; and, in their rivers and frefh waters, pike, perch, carp, and trout. AU the quadrupeds ip the("e coun- tries are clothed with a clpfe, fpft, warm fur. In fummer, there is here, as in other places, a variety in the colour ef the feve ral animals : when that feafon is over, which holds only fer three moriths, they alt affume the hvery of winter, and every fort^of beafts, and molt of their fowls, are of the colour of the fnow : every thing animate and inanimate is white. This is a furprifing phenomenon. But what is ftifl mere furprifing, and one of the moft ftriking things that draw the moft inattentive to an admiration of the wifdom and goodnefs of Providence, is, that the dogs and cats frem Britain, that have been carried into Hudfon's Bay, en , the approach of - winter, have changed their appearance, and acquired a much longer, fefter, and thicker coat of hair than they originally had. See New Bri tain, Eskimaux, and Hudson's Bay, Lack, or Bischoffs-Lack, a town of Germany, capital ef Carniola. Here is not orily a great deal of irori, fteel, quick filver, and corn, but a large quantity of linen is made here, and fent to Flume and Trieft. It is 35 miles N. of Trieft. Len, 14. 7. E. lat. 46. 31, N. Ladenburg, a town of Germany, in the palatinate ofthe Rhine, feated on the river Neckar, eight mfles N, W, of Heid elberg. Lon. 8. 42. E. lat. 49. 30. N. Ladoga, a lake in Ruffia, fituated between the Gulf pf Finland and the Lake of Onega. It is 1 50 miles long, and 90 broad, and is efteemed to be the largeft lake in Europe. Among the fiffi with which it abounds, are feals. It is full of quickfan-'s, which, being moved from place to place, by the frequent ftorms to vvhich it is fubjeft, caufe feveral flielves along its courfe, which often prove fatal to the flat-bottomed veffels ef the Ruffians, This induced Peter the Great to ciufe a canal to be cut from the S, W. extremity ef this lake to the river Neva, by which it has a communication vvith the Gulf of Finland. It was begun in 17 '8, and fi nifhed in 1732; and is 67 miles long, arid 70 feet broad. ¦ Ladoga, New, a tovvn in the Ruf fian government of St. Peterffiurgh, feated on the river Vplkhof, between the lake and the canal of Ladoga. It is 70 miles E. of St. Peterffiurgh. Lon. 30. 32. E, lat. 60, o. N. Old Ladoga an incon fiderable place, is higher up the Volkhof. LadogNa, er Lacedogna, a town of the kingdom of Naples, with a biftop's fee. It is 60 miles fi. of Naples. Lon. 15, 46. E. lat, 41, I, N. Ladrone Islands, iflands of tho S. Sea, about 1800 miles E, of Canteri in China, Thejl- are about 12 in number, exclufive of the fmall iflets and rocks, ly ing in about 140° E. lon. and between 11^ and 28" N. Iat. They were difcover ed by Magellan, in 1521. He touched firft at the ifland of Guam, where the na tives ftole fome of his goods, which caufed t hita. L A H LAM him to give thefe iflands the name of the Ladrones, or Iflands of -Thieves. . Befide the other fruits natural to the foil and cli mate, here is the bread-fruit tree in abun- ¦dancc. The names of the principal iflands are Saypan, Tinian, Guam, and Rota. Lagny, a town of France, in the de- partment pf Seine and Marne and late province of the Ifle of France, with a late famous Benediftine abbey. It is feated on the river Marne, ij miles E. of Paris. Len. z. 45. E. lat.-48. 50. N. Lagos, afeaport of Portugal, in Al garve, with a caftle. Here the Enghffi fleets bound to the Straits ufually take in freffi water. Near this town is Cape La gos, near which, in 1759, admiral Bof- cawen defeated a French fleet commanded by M. de li Clue. It is 120 miles S. E. of Liftcn. Lon. 8. 33. W.lat. 37. 2. N. Laguna, a handfome tovvn of the ifland of Teneriff, ene of the Canaries. The governor has a palace here, but ge. nerally refides at Santa Cruz. The lake from which it has been fuppofed to derive its name, is new a very inconfiderable piece of water. Lon. 16. 13. W. lat. 28, 30. N. Lagunes of Venice, are tnarftes or lakes in Italy, pn which Venice is feated. They communicate with the fea, and are the fecurity of the city. There are about 60. iflands in thefe Lagunes, vvhich toge. ther make a bifliop's fee. Eurano is the mbft confiderable, next tethefe on which Venice ftands. Lahom, a feaport of Sweden, in the province of Halland, feated near the Bal. tic, with a caftle, 50 miles N. of Copen hagen. Lon. 12. 40. E. lat. 56. 31. N. Lahore, the capital of a province of the fame name, in Hindooftan Proper, and in the Panjab, or country of the Five Rivers, or five eaftern branches of the In dus. It is fituated on the S. bank of the Rauvee. It is a place of high antiquity, and was the refidence of the Mahomedan conquerors of Hindooftan, before they had eftabliffied themfelves in the central parts of the country. It owed its mbdern improvements, however, to Humaieen, the father of Acbar, who made it his refidence during a part of his troublefomc reign. Thevenot fays that, "including the fu burbs, it was three leagues in length at that period ; and, when he faw it about the year 1665, the city itfelf was above a league in extent. Ice is brought from the northern mountains to Lahore, and fold there all the year. The fampus avenue pf ftately trees, fp much fppken pf by the early Lidian travellers, began at Lahpre, and extended to Agra, near 50* , Engliffi miles. Lahore is now the capital of the Seiks, a new ppwer, vvhofe name, even as a feft, was hanlly known till the rapid decline pf the Mogul's empire, in the prefent century. Here they have ma nufaftures of cotton cloths and ftuffs of ali kinds, and they make very curious carpets. It is 212 miles . N. by W. of Delhi, and 320 N. by V/. of Agra. Lon. 73. 45. E. lat. 31. 15. N. L.iHORE, a province in Hindooftan Proper, bounded on the W. by Kandahar, on the N. by Caftmere, on the E. hy Si- rinagur and Dclli,i, "and on the S. by Moultan. It is .oftencr called Panjab. It is very extenfive and remarkably fertile ; affprdln.LT, in additipn to ail the nec:irarie3 pf life, wine, fugars, and cotton wool. In the traft between the Indus and the Che- lum are fait mines, wonderfully produc. tive, and affording fragme-nts of rock fait, hard enough to be formed into veffels, &c. Geld, according to the Ayin Acbarce, was found, in the channels of its rivers, * Laindon Hills. See Langdon. Laino, a town of the kingdom of Naples, near a river of the fame irame. Lon. 16. 11. E.'lat. 40. 4. N. Laland, a fmall ifland of Denmark, in the ' Baltic, lying S. of Zealand, from which it is feparated by a narrow channeL It is fertile in corn, with which it fupplies Copeniiagen. Naxko is the capital. Lamb ale, a town of France, in the department of t'le North Coaft and late province of Bretagne. It is the chief town of the late duchy ef Pcnthievre, and g"\'e the title of princefs to the beautiful and unfortunate. lady, who was mafl'acrcd kt Paris in September 1792, in confequence of her inviolable attachment to her un happy miftrcfs, the queeii of France. Lambale has a good trade in cattle, linen, and parchment. It is 37 miles N. 'W. of Rennes. Lon. 2. 21. W. lat. 48. 27. N. Lambesc, a town pf France, in the department pf the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Prpvence ; g miles N. of Aix. Lon. 5, 31. E. lat. 43. 40. N. Lambeth, a village of Surry, on the Thames, oppofite Weftminfter. Here the archbifliops pf Canterbury have an ancient palace.' By the vaft increafe of buildings, Lambeth is new joined to the ffietropohs, in a direftion to each of the three bridges. Here is an afylum for fe male orphans, and the Weftminfter Lying- in Hofpital. Here alfo is a. manufaftorY of artificial ftone, which anfn-ers every purpofe oS ftone carving, arid extends, not only to ftatues frpm the fineft models, but ¦ LAN LAN 'cut lo every kind of architeftnral otha- jBents, Here likewife are extenfive vine. gar and home-tnade wine wprks, a wool- len.y arri and a patent ffiet manufai.ory , and numerous timber wharfs, fupplied with almoft incredible ftores of foreign timber. LAMBokN, a town in Berks, with a market on Friday. It is feated on a river ©f fhe fame name, which falls into the Kennet below Newbury, and is feven miles N. by W. of Hungerford, and 68 - W. pf Lpndpn. Lpn. i, 26. W, lat, 51, 30, N. Lamego, atpwn pf Pprtugal, in Beira, with a biftpp'a fee,' and a ftrpng citadel. It is 50 miles N. of Lifbon. Lon. 7. 30, W.lat. 41, li.N. Lammermuir, a mountainbus ridge in Scofland, vvhich divides the County ef Berwick from that of Haddington for above 20 miles. Thefe mouritains are, iri general, very Weak and barren, covered vvirfi heath, and affording but fcanty paf. ture for the fteep that feed en them. Soutra Hill is the moft elevated of this ridge. Lamo, a kingdom ahd ifland of Africa, on the coaft of Melinda, between the ifland of Pate and Cape Formofa, Its capital, of the fame name, is well fortified. The king and government, being Maho metans, are frequently at war with the reft of the inhabitants, who are Pagans. In i58g, the king of this ifland was be- headed by the Portugufe, His crime, whether real or pretended, was his having bafely betrayed the governor of the coaft. For this he vvas feized, with feui' of his Mahometan fubjefts, iri his ewri capital, and carried to Pate, where they vvere publicly executed, in the preferice ef tho king of thdt ifland, and of feveral petty kings ef the neighbouring iflands ; ever fince which, Lamo has been tributary to the. Portuguefe. ' LampedOsa, a fmall ifland of Africa, en the coaft of Tunis, about 12 miles in circumference. It is 50 miles from Tunis, and 112 from Malta. It is defert, but has a gpod harbour, where ftips water, Lpn, II. o. E. lat, 36. IP. N, Lampsaco, an ancient and fampus town of Afia, in Natolia, with a Greek archbiftop's fee. It is now ap inconfider. able place, and is feated on the fea of Mar- mpra, fix miles frpm the Dardanelles, Lon, 27, 20. E. lat. 40. 12. N. Lancashire, a cRunty of England, -bounded on the N. by Cumberland and Weftmorland, on the E. by Yorkftire, on the S. by Cheffiire, and pn the W. by the Irifh Sea. It is 74 miles from iioith to fouth (rndudihg a detached 'hundfeB on the. north weft, called Furnefs, which is fepa'rated from the reft by a creek, at the head of Morecambe Bay) and it» greateft breadth from eaft to weft, is 42 miles. It is divided into fix hundreds^ containing 27 market-towns, aad 63 pa. riffies; and ferids 14 members to pariia. ment. It is a county.palatine, under the title of the Duchy of Lancafter ; the onl^ duchy cif England (that of Cornwall ex'. cepted ) which is not merely titular, THe air, in general, is very healthful, the in. habitants living to a great age. TMs county comprifes a variety of foil and face of country ; but, "upon the whole, it is onfc of thofe vvhich are the leaft favoured by nature ; a proof of which is the ancieiSt thinnefs of its population, ffiown by thfe very fmall iiumber of pariflies into which it is divided. The hundred of Furnefs is a wild and rugged region, ftored with quantities of iron pre and flate, and covered with a growth of underwppd, which is cut in fucceffion, and made into charcoal for the ufe of the iron furnaces. The eafterh part of the county between the Ribblfe and the Merfey, comprifing the ancient forefts of Wyrefdale and Bowland, is mpuntainpus and generally barren ; but the fouthern part pf the traft between thefe twp rivers is flat, quite frpm the fea tp the cpinmencement pf the ridgje called Blackfton-edgc, that 'feparates the county frcm Yorkftire. Much of this is a ferrile country, though occafipflally defprmed by the black turf bpgs, here called mpffes ; fpme pf which are pf large exterit, and abfolutely impaffable iri wet feafens. In the northeaft part of this divifion are fefiie lefty hills, the moft noted of which is Pendle-hill. The remaining; part is varied with hill, dale, and moor. The natural produfts pf this countv afe of little confequence, except the coaf and turf vvith which its fputhern parts abound. Of the fprmer is a fpecies, ealled cannef, far exceeding all pther, not prtly in making a clear fire, blit fpr being capable pf be ing manufaftured intP candlefticks, Cups, ftandiftes, fnuff-bpxes, &c, and of being ppUfted, fp as tP reprefifnt a beautiful blapk marble, Lancaftire is little adapted fpr a cprn cpuntry, not. only, in many parts, frpm the nature of its foil, but from the remarkable wctnefs of its climate, oc- cafioned by the frequent clouds, ¦vvhich, in their paffage from the weftern fea, are here firft ftopped by the inlarid ridge of hills : the land, however, is fingularly fitr ted to the growth of the potatoe. All the riy«rs afford fahoonj and the Merfey is ¦vi&tei LAN Vifited by annual ffioals pf fmcks; here ealled fparlings, of remarkable fize and flavour. Af a commercial and manufac turing county, Lancaftire is diftiriguifced heyond any other in the kingdom. Its principal manufaftures are linen, filk, and cotton goods ; fuftians, counterpanes, flial loons, bays, ferges, tapes, fmall wares, kats, fail-cloth, facking, pins, iron goods, eaft plate-glafs, &c. Of the commerce of this county, it may fuffice to obferve, that Liverpool is the fecond port in the king dom. The principal rivers are the Mer fey, IrvveU, Ribble, Lohe, Leven, Wyre, Hodder, Rpche, Duddcn, Winfter, Ken, and Calder,and its tvvo confiderable lakes, ¦^Vinander Mere and Cortifton Water. Lancafter is the ceunty tovvn. LANCAS'tER, the county -towa of Lan caffiire, is governed by a mayor, recorder, feven aldermen, &c, and fe,- js two mem bers to parliament. It is an ancient, well- built, and populous town ; is feated on the rlVcr Lon, which here forms a port for veffeli of moderate burden, and over vvhich is a handfome ftone bridge of five arches. It has but one church, cin the fide of a hill, on the fummit of which is the caftle, fery- iiig both as the ffiire-houfe and the cOunty- ^bh drf the top of this caftle is a fquare tower, called John of Gaunt's Chair, •nyhere ' there is a fine profpeft of the mountains of Cumberland, and of the courfe of the Loft; the view tovvard the (ii, eltinding to the Iflie of Man, The tOvvn-hall i^ a liandfome ftl?ufture, Lan cafter carries on a confiderable trade, efpe cially to the Weft Indies ; and is noted for the making pf mahogany cabinet ware. It is 68 miles S. pf Carlifle, and 235 N' N. W. pf Lppdbn. Lpn. 2, 56. W, lat. 54. 4. N. * Lancaster; the ccunty-tpwn pf a cpunty pf the' fame name, in Pennfyl- 'V'Snia. Its trade is already ferge, and m^ift increafe iri prpportioh as th'e furrpuriding cp^intry populates. Befide its 'churches, aiid other public buildings, it contains an elegant courthoufe, and a coUege founded in 1787, and named Franklin College, af ter the late celebrated Dr, Franklin. The truftees of this liberal inftitution confift- of an equal number of Lutherans, CaJvinifts,- and members, of the Chpitch of England. The principal is a Lutheran, and the vice- principal a Calvinift. Lancafter is feated on the Coneftogo Creek, near the river Sufguehanna, 66 miles W. by N. of Phi ladelphia. Lancerota, one of the Canary-Ifles, It is very high, and may be difcovered at a' great diftance. It ifi about 15 miies long 7 LAN and IP brpad, Lpn, 13. 26. W, lat. so, 14. N. Lanciano, a cpnfiderable tpwn of the kingdom of Naples, with an archbi ftop's fee ; famous for its fairs, vvhich arc held in July and Auguft, It is feared on the river Feltrino, near that of Sangro, 87 miles N, E, of Naples. Lon.' 14. 50, E. Iat. 42. 18. N. Landaff, a very fmall and mean place of Glamorganftire, in S. Wales, bat honoured with the appellation of a city, on account of its being an cpifcopal fee. It is feated en an afcent, en the river Tafe, near Cardiff; but the cathedral, a large ' ftately building, ftands en low ground. It is 30 miles N, "iV, of Briftol, and 166 W. pf Lpndpn, Lpn. 3. iS. W.lat. 51. 33. N. Landau, an ancient, handfome, and' ftrpng tpvvn pf Germany, in the palatinate pf the Rhine. It vvas fprmerly imperial, but was ceded tp the French by the treaty of Munfter. It is feated on the rive'r Queich, g miles S. of Newftadt, and '27/* E. of Paris. Len. 8. 12. E. Iat. 4^. 12. N, Landen, a town of Auftrian Brabant, famous for a battle gained ever the French by the Allies, in July 1693. Here like- wife was fought a decifive battle, March 18, I7g3, between the Auftrians and French, by which the latter were foon compelled to evacuate all the Auftrian Netherlands. Landen is feated on the river Beck, 17 miles N. W. of Huy, and 18. N.E.of Namur. Lon. 5. 5,E. lat. 52. 41. N. Landerneau, a tPvvn of France, in the department ef Finifti-rre and late pro vince -pf Bretagne, feated en the river Efliorn, 16 miles N. E. pf Ereft. LpP. 4. 20. W. lat. 48. 28. N. Landes, a department of France, includ ing fhe late territory of Marfan in, Gafco ny. It takes its name from a efiftrift, called Landes, extending along the coaft. of the Bay of Bifcay. This is a batreii fandy country, covered with fern, pines, and the hofip.tree ; pf the bark pf vvhich corks are madel It is thinly peopled. The foil, hpwever, is impnroved by manuring isf- vvith marl, and lowing it with rye. Morit. de-Marfan is the capital pf this" depart ment, aad Dax the epifcppal fee. Landguard Fort, a fort on ths Suffolk fide of the harbour of Harwich, but within the Hmits pf Efl'ex. It was erefted fpr the defence pf the port pf Har- vvich, the entrance pf whkh it ccm- mands,. La^jdrecy, a tov.'n of France, in the dcparrmcnt pf the Nprth and late province of Hainault, It was befieged in vain by' prince LAN LAN prince. Eugene in 1712. It is feated on the riv'erSambre, 18 miles S. W. of Mau. bcuge, and 100 N. by E, of Paris. Lon. 3. 47. E. lat.- 50. 7. N. * Langdo.v, the name ef two pariffies in Effex, contiguous to the ether, in the road frqm Chelmsford to Tilbury Fort. The firft is called Langdon vvith Bafildon ; the fecond Langdon Hifls, er Landon with Vv''ell-Lea. This, which is likewife more commonly called Laindon Hills, was ence fupppfeei tp.be the higheft ground in Effex, but, pn a furvey, it was found not to be fo high as Danbury. The afcent on the N. fide is. eafy ; but on the fouth, S. E. and S. W. the traveller is aftoniffied at the defcent before him, which exhibits a very beautiful and extenfive valley, vvith a view of London to the right ; the Thames wincling through the valley, with- the ihips fa,ilih'g, up and down ; the view ex. tending t&. the left beyond the Medway, and bounded, jri front by the hills of Kent. Lapgdon Hills are 22 miles E. by N.of London. ' Lanscroon, a fort of France, in the department of Upper Rhine and late pro. vince ef Alface, feated en an eminence, three mfles from Bafil. Lon. 7. 32. E, lat, 47. 36. N, Landscroon, -or Landscrona, a feaport of Sweden, in the province of Schonen, feat,ed on the Baltic, within the Sound, 22 miles N. of Copenhagen, Len, 12. 52. E. Iat. 55. 52. N. L.i.nd'3 End, a promontory of Corn. wall, the moft' wefterly point of Great Britain, and a vaft aggregate of moor. ftone. Len. 5. 40. W. lat. 50. 6. N. Landschut, a town of Silefia, in the duchy of Schweidnitz, feated, en the river Zieder; 12 miles W. of Schweidnitz. Landshut, a tovvn of Germany, in Lower Bayaria, with a ftrong caftle, on an adjacent' hill. It is feated en the river ll'cr, 35 miles N, E, ef Munich. Lon, 12. IO. E. lat. 48. 30. N. LAndshut, atown of Moravia, feated on the riyer Morava, on the confines ef Hungary and Auftria. Landsperg, a town of Germany, in the circle pf Upper Saxpny, and in the marche of Brandenburg. It is feated on the river Warta, 32 miles N. E.of Franc fort on the Oder. Len. 15. 10. E', lat. 52. 50. N.- LandspErc, a town of Gennany, in the circle of Bavaria, feated pear the river Lech, 23 miles S. of Augfturgh. Lanerk, a borough ef Scotland, in Lanerkfliire, feated on the river Clyde, 20 miles S. E, ef Glafgow. Lon, 3. 49. W, lat, 55.40- N, Lanerkshire, a cpunty of Scotland, bounded on the N. by Dunbartonffiire ; ep the E. by the ceurities of Stirling, Lin. lithgow, Edinburgh, and Peebles ;,on the S. by Dumfriesffiire ; and on the W, by the ffiires of Ayr and Renfrew, Its ex'. , tent, from N, to S, is about 40 miles, and frem E, to W. 36. The fouthern part of this county is generally called Clydefdale. See Clydesdale. Langeac, a town of France, in the department of Cantal, and late province of Auvergne, feated near the river Allier, among mountains, 17 miles E. ef St. Flour. Lon. 3. 3 5. E, lat, 45, 5, N, Lange Ais, an ancient town of France, m the department of Indre a;id Loire and late province of Touraine, once famous for its e'xcellent melons. It is feated on the Loire, 12 miles W, of Tours. Len. o. JI. E. lat. 47., 26. N. Langeland, an ifland of Denmark, in the Baltic, in the ftrait called the Great Belt. It produces plenty of corn, and the principal town is Rutceping. Lon. 11. o. E. lat.' 55. 4. N, Langioke, a large, rich, and ftrong tpwn of Afia, capital pf the kingdom, of Laos, vvith a magnificent royal palace, feated on a fmall river, 140 miles S, E, pf Ava, Lpn. loi, 15, E. lat, 21, 12, N, L ANGON, a tovvn of France, in the de. partment pf Gironde and latf; provipce ef Guienne. It is noted for excellent wine, and is feated ori the river Garonne, 15 miles N.of Bazas. Lon. o.- 10. W.lat. 44. 33- N. Langport, a tovvn in Somerfetftire,. with a market on Saturday. It is feated on a hill, on the river Parrot, vvhich is na. vigable for barges to Bridgewater. It is 10 miles S. E. of Bridgewater, and 12S W. by S. of London. Lon. 3. o. W. lat. 51. o. N. Langres, an ancient and confiderable town ef France, in the department of Up. per Marne and lafe pr&vince ef Cham. , pagne, vvith a biftop's fee. The cutlery wares made here are in high efteem. It is feated on a mountain, near the fources of the river Marne. This town is thought to ftand the higheft of any in France ; and the profpeft from the towers of the prin. cipal church is beyond conception. It is 3.5 mfles N. E. of Dijon, and 100 S. by E, of Rheims. Lon. 5. 24. E. lat. 47. 52, N. , Lan guedoc, a late proijince of France, bounded en the N. by Querci, Rouergue, Auvergne, and Lionnois; on the E. by Dauphiny and Provence ; on the W. by Gafcony ; and on the S. by the Mediter. raneap and Rouffillon. It was ^25 miles, in length, and 100 'in breadth; where broadeft* LAP LAP broadcft, The clergy vvere mpre rich and Snow. Thefe Alps cpmppfe the fummic numerpus here than in apy pther parts pf pf that chain pf mountains called Severnoi, France, there haying been before the re volution, three archbiffiops and 20 biftops, , It was divided Into Upper and Lower Lan guedoc. Touloufe was the capital. It is now included in the department of Aude, , Gard, Upper Garonne, and Herault. '-'- Lanion, a town of France, in the department of the North Coaft and late province of Bretagne. Its trade confifts in wine and hemp, and it has feme mineral waters. The inhabitants of Lanion, Guin. gamp, and the environs, fpeak the Welch language, which vvas probably brought hither by the Britons, vyho topk refuge in thefe parts, in the fifth cerituty. Lanien Is 1 5 miles W. pf Treguier. Lannoy-j a tPwn of France, in the department of the North and late province of French Flanders, five miles from Lifle. Lon. 3. 15. E. lat. 50. 35. N. ''¦' LaWsinburgh, a flourifting town of N. Anwrica, in the ftate of New York. It was formerly called the New City, and ftands on the E. fide ef Hudfon's River, oppofite the S. branch of Mohawk's River, and 9, miles N, ef Albany, Lanzo, a town of Piedmont, feated on the river Sture, 12 miles N, W, of Tu- tin, Lon, 7, 28. E, lat. 45. g.N. Laon, il corifiderable town of Frarice, in the .department of Aifne and late pro. vince of Soiffonnois, with a caftle and late biftop's fee. Its principal trade confifts in corn and wine ; and It is noted for ex. cellent artichokes. It is advantageoufly feated on a mountain, 77 ihiles N. E. of Paris, Lon. 3. 43. E, lat. -49. 34. N. Laos, a kingdom of Afia, bounded on the N. by China j en the E. by Tonquin and Cochin China ; ori the S. by Cambo. dia, and en the W. by Burmah. This country is full of forefts, and abounds in vvhofe declivity toward- the E. and S.con- fifts ef lower mountains, deferts, forefts, fens; and lakes. Swedifh Lapland occu pies the fouthern divifion of this country, which is the largeft ; Ruffian Lapland is fjtuatcd in the eaftern part ; and Dariiffi Lapland, vvhich is the fmalleft divifion, extends the whole length ef that chain ef high mountains, on their northern fide. The Laplanders are of a middhng ftature. They have gencTally a flattift face, fallen cheeks, dark grey eyes, thin beard, brown ¦ hair, are ftout, ftraight, and of a yelluwiffi complexion, occafioned by the wca'hcr, the fmoke of their habitations, and their habitual filthinefs. Their manner of life renders them hardy, agile, and fupplc,. but, at the fame time, much inclined to lazinefs. They have plain common fenfe, are peaceable, obedient te their fupcriors, net given to theft; nor fickle, chccrfid in company, but miftruftful, cheats in com. meree, and fo proud of their country and conftitution, that, when removed from the place of their nativity, they ufually die of the noftalgia, or longing te refurn. Their women are ftort, often well-made, com. plalfant, chafte, and extremely nervous ; vvhich is alfo obfervable fometimes among the men. The language of the Laplanders comprehends fo'many dialefts, that it is with difficulty they underftand each orher. Notwithftanding the introduftion Of Chrif. fianity, they have preferved their pafteral manners ; fo that agriculture profpcrs not much among them. They are divided ' into Fifters and Mountaineers. The for. mer make their habitations in the r.cigh. bourhood of fome lake, whence they draw their fubfiftence. The others feek their fupport upon the mountains, poffeffin"- herds of raindeer, which they ufe accord. rice, fruits, and fifli. The inhabitants are ing to the feafon, but they ge generally well made, robuft, ef an ohve complexion, on foot. They are very induftrious herd'.. and mild; but very fuperftitious, and men, and arc rich in compariftm of the much addifted to women. Their princi- Fiffiers. Some pf them, ppffefs fix fnin- pal pccupation is tilling the grpund, and dred or a thoufand raindeer; and have fifting. The king is abfolute, and has ne often filver in money, er plate ; thofe who other law thari his own will. He ftews poffefs but a fmall ftock gi\-e to every in. himfelf but twice -a year, and has a large revenue frem elephants teeth found in his dominions. Their religion is much the fame as in China. Langione is the capital. Lapland, a large country in the N. of dividual a propr-r name. They caltrate the fuperfluous males by crufting the tef. tide with their teeth : fuch raindeer are alert, tame, large, ftrong, and handfome; en which account they ufe them fer Europe, bounded on the N. by the North draught, and hold them in fuch eftimation, ¦ " ~ ~ . -.^ . j^^j. jj. j^ ^ comphmcnt among them to call each other a gelt raindeer. The Lapland fifhers, vvho are alfp called Laplanders of the woods, becaufe jn. fummer they dwell upon the borders ofthe lakes, and in win. ern fide of it, the Frozen Alps, or Alps of ter in the forefts, live by fifhing aud hunt. A a ing, Sea and the Frozen Ocean, on the E. by the White Sea, on the S. by Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia, and on the W. by Nor way. It is fituated between 69 and 75° of N. lat. comprehending, on the moft riorth- LAP Ing, and choofe their fituation from its con- ^-'eniencc for either. The introduftion, ef firearms has almoft entirely abolifficd the Iffe of the bow and arrow. With refpeft to the large game, fuch as wfld raindeer, wolves, &c. they' moft frequently knock them down with clubs, as it is eafy to come up with them by their fnow-flioes, which are very leng, and prevent them from finking inte the fnow : bears they gene rally fhoot, and finifli them wifh fpeSrs. Befide looking after their raindeer, tl-re fiihery, and the chace, the men employ themfelves in the cpnftrudtion of their canoes, vvhich are little, light, and compaft. They alfo make fledges, to which they give the form ef a canoe ; harnefs for the raindeer ; all forts >ei^ utenfils in wood, fnch as cups, bowls, &c. which are fome- ' times pre-ttily carved, fometimes orna mented vvith bones, brafs, or horn : it ]s the man's bufinefs, hkewif"e, to look after the kitchen. The empleymerit of the women confifts in making nets fer the fifhery, drying fiffi and meat, milking the raindeer, making.' cheefe, and tanning liides. They prepare the nerves of the raindeer in fuch a manner as to make them ferve for thread ; and dra'V brafs wire by the help of. the herns of the raindeer pierced, inftead of a drawing iron. They embroider their clothes with brafs wire, filver, ftam geld, or wool, vvhich they have the art of dying in all forts of colours. Thefe people liye in huts in the form ef tents, covered with briars, bark, linen, turf, coarfe cloth, felt, or raindeer fkins ; and the door is of felt, made like two curtains, which ppen afiinder. They are npt able to ftand upright in thefe huts, but con- ftaritly fit upon their heels round the fire. At night, they lie down quite naked ; and, to feparate the apartments, place upright fticks at fmall diftances. They cover themfelves with their clothes, and in win ter put their feet into a fur bag. Their houftold furniture confifts of iron or cop per kettlei, wooden cups, bowls, fpoons, and fometimes tin, or even filver bafons : to thefe may be added their implements of fi-ffiing and hunting.* That they may not be obliged fo carry fuch a number of things with them in their excurfions, thoy build, at certain diftances, in the fo refts, httle huts made like pigeon-houfes, and placed upon the trunk uf a tree cut off at about the height of fix feet from the root. In thefe elevated huts they keep their goods and provifions ; and though they are never ftut, yet are they never lundcrsd. In their drofs they 'ufe no The men wear clofe breeches, reaching dpwn to their flioes, which i-re i LAP made ef untanned flcin, pointed, turned U^ before ; and, in winter, they put a httle hay ip them. Their doublet is made to- f.t their fliape, and open at the breaft ; over this they wear a clofe coat, vvhofe fkirts reach down to the knees, and it is faftened round them by a leathern girdle, ornamonted with plates of tin or brafs. To this girdle they tie their knives, their iriftruments for getting fire, and their fmoking apparatus. Their clothes are made of fur, leather, or cloth; always bordered with fur, or cloth of different co lours. Their caps are edged vvith fur, pointed at top, and the four feams adorr„ed with lifts ef a different colour. The Ruf fian Laplanders generally border their caps vvith rat-fkins. The women wear' breeches, ftoes, doublets, and clofe coats, like the men ^ but their girdle is com monly embroidered with brafs wire. Be fide thefe, they wear kerchiefs, and httle aprons, made of Ruffian painted cloth, rings on their firigers, aritf ear-rings, to which they fometimes hang chains bf fil ver, which pafs tvvo er three times round the neck. They fometimes wear caps folded after the manner of turbans; and fometimes caps to the ftape of the head ; but alt aro ornamented . with the era- br-oidery ef brafs wii'e, er vvith lift of dif ferent colours. The raindeer fupply the Laplanders vvith the greateft part of their provifions; the chace and the fiftery fur- nift the reft : but the fleft of the bear is their moft delicate meat. They eat every kind of fiffi, even the feadog ; as well as afl forts of wild animals, not excepting birds "of prey and carnivorous, animals. Their winter provifions confift of fleft and fift, both- of vvhich they eat raw. They put the milk of the raindeer into the ftomachs of that animal, and fo let it freeze ; and When they want to ufe their frozen milk, they chop off pieces with a hatchet. The feafoning ef their food is the fat of feadogs and fait, if they can get it. They make fiups of a fort of cheefe, vvhich is fo fat, that it takes fire on ap plying a- candle. Their conimon drink is water, fometimes mixed with milk j brandy is fcarce with them ; but they are very fond of it. Their moft confidcrable- traffic is with the Norwegians. Formerly this trade was carried on in the way of barter ; but coin is now current .among them. The balance i.s always in favour of the Laplanders; becaufe they cari'futnifh more mcrchandife in flcins and furs, than they buy flour, cloth, and hardware good*. Al! the money, vvhich they have not im mediate occafion for, they bury in the earth,, as well as th.-eir plate, and whatever they LAR LAV they think of value. Nor even at the point of death de they declare the fpot where it is hidderi, imagining that they ftafl want it in the other world ; gnd thus the beft part of their property is en tirely loft. Sterility is a reproach among the women. They are generally dilivcred without difficuhy ; the huftand affifts at the labour, and affords his wife the ne ceffary help. Their cradle is fmall, light, and made in the ffiape of a canoe pointed at the two extremities ; and, in their jour- nies, the women carry them at their backs. Their weddings are kept at the bride's houfe, who is dreffed in her beft manner, and appears with her head quite iiricovered, which, at other times, is never the cuftom, vvith either women or maidens: the feaft is a kind of club-mefs, to which each of the guefts brings meat and drink. Their diverfion at weddings, and ether merrymakings, is the ' game ef fex and geefe : they w.reftle, and jump over a ftick ; and are fond of giving grotefque accounts of different adventures. They likewife dance arid fing, or rather howl in difagreeable meafures. The new-married people live with the woman's relations fer the firft yeajr ; at the end of which they retire to their own hut. The Laplanders bury their dead in coffins ; in fome can- tons with their clothes on, in others quite paked. Afl the Swediffi and Norwegian, as well as the greateft number of the Ruf fian Laplanders, bear the name ef Chrif- ¦tians ; but their religion is full ef fuperfti tion, and A eompdtund of Chriftkn and Pagan ceremonies. Lar, a town ef Perfia, in the province of Lariftan, with a caftle. It carries on a great trade In filk ; and its territory a- bounds in oranges, lemeris, and very large tamarinds. Len. 52, 451 E, lat, 27, 30. N. -Laracha, an ancient and ftrong town ef Africa, in the kingdom of Fez. It is feated at the mouth of a river of the fame name, with a good harbour. It. was tonce in poffeffion of the Spaniards, but the Moors took it from them. Lon. 5. 5g. W. lat. 35.40. N, ' . Laredo, a feaport of Spain, in the Bay of Bifcay, vvith a large fafe harbour. It is 30 miles W. of Bilboa. Lon. 3. 53. W. lat. 43. 2:. N. Larino, a towri of the kingdom of Naples, vvith a bifhop's fee ; 60 milei N. E. of Naples. Lon. 15. u. E.lat. 41.33.N. Larissa, an aricient, rich, ahd famous town ef Turkey in Europe, in the .pro vince ef Janna, with a Greek archbifliop's fee, a palace; and fome handfome. mofques. It WAS famous as tbe refidence of Achilk-ey and ftifl retains its ancient name. It car ries on a large trade, and is pleafantly feated on the river Penea,, 50 niiles S. of Salonichi, and 120 N. by W. of Athens, Lon, 22, 47. E. lat. 3^. 48.' N, L ARisT AN, a province ef Afia, in Per- fia, -vvhich lies N. of the Gulf of Perfia, Lar is the capital. Larrybundar, a feaport of Hin dooftan Prpper, at the mouth ef the river Indus, with a harbour capable of 'receiving fliips of 200 tons burden. Lon. 67. 37. E. lat. 24. 44. N. Larta. See Arta. '-*¦' Lassa, er Lahassa, the capital of the country ef Great Thibet, in Afia. It is not a large city ; but the houfes are of ftonfe, and are fpacious and lofty. About feven miles on the E. fide of the city, is the mountain of Putala, vvhich contains oh its fummit the palace of the grapd lama, the high prieft arid fovereign of Thibet. Laffa by the read, is 24 miles N. E. ef the croffing place of the river Sanpoo, vvhich is feven miles from the foot of Mount Kambala ; and it is S 50 miles N. by E. of Calcutta. Lon. 91. 40. E. Iat. 30. 34. N. Latakia, formerly Laodicea, an ancient and confiderable town of Afia, in Syria, with a harbour, a biftop's fee, and beautiful remains ef antiquity. It is be come the moft flourifting place on tha coaft, and 75 miles S. W. of Aleppo, and 24; N. of Jerufalem. Loh. 34. 30. E, lat. 3 5. 40. N. '-'-' Latton, a village in Effex. between Eppitig and Harlow. It had once a priory of Auguftine monks, whofe church, now ufed for a barn, ftands about three miles S. of the parifli church. Latton is about 2 1 miles N. by W, of London, Lavagny, a town of Italy, in ths territory of Genoa;. It lies on the E. fide of Genoa, eight miles from Rapallo, and is feated at the mouth of a river ef the fame name, Laval, a confiderable tovvn of France,' in the department of Maine and'late pro- 'vince of the fame narrie. It has be'en re cently erefted into, a biftopric, fuffragan to Rennes. The inhabitants are computed at 21,000. Linen of all kinds and qua lities is manufaftured here ; and th« neighbouring quarries . produce green marble er black, veined with .white. It has two caftles, ahd is feated ori the .river Maine, 15 miles S. from the tovvn of that name, and '46 W. of Mans, Lon. o, -42. W. Iat. 48. 7. N. Lava.mund, er Lavant MitfoE, a tpvvn of Germany, in Garinthia, with a caftle, and a biftop's fee: It belongs to the archbifliop of Sattfturg, and is feated A a 2 oa LAU LAU on the river Drave, 40 miles E.pf Clagcn furt. Lpn. 15. iS. E. Iat. 46. 44. N. Lavaur, a tPvyn pf France, in the department pf Tarn and late prevince cf Languedoc. Before the revolution it was a biflipp's fee ; and it is feated on the river Agout, 20 miles N. E.'of Touloufe. Len. I. C2. E. lat. 43. 40. N. Laubach, a handfome and ftrong town of Germany, in Carniola, with a biftop's fee, and a caftle. It is feated on a river of the fame name, in which.are the largeft crawfift in Europe, 32 miles S. of Cla gcnfurt, and 155 S.by W.of Vienna. Lon. 14. 25. E. lat. 46. 24. N. Laud A, a town of Germany, in the biffiopric of VVurtzborg, 18 miles S. W. of Wurtzburg. Lon. 9. 45. E. lat. 4g. 28. N. LaodEr, a borough of Scotland, in B.erwickfhire ; a fmall town, but lately much improved. Near it is Lauder Caftle, 22 miles S. of Edinburgh, Lon, 3, 5, W, lat. 55,- 36. N. Lauderdale, a diftrift of Berwick ffiire, in Scotland. It is fo called from the river Leader, vvhofe name is fuppofed to be a corruption of Lauder. Lavello, ari ancient town of the kingdom of Naples, with a biffiop's fee ; 80 miles E. by N. of Naples. Lon. 15. 55. E. lat. 41. 5. N, Lavelt, or Lafelt, a village in the bifliiipric of Liege, near Maeftricht, re inarkable for a battle gained here by the Frerich iri 1747. Lavenham, a tovvn of Suffolk, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated ori a branch of the river Breton, and is a large clothing town. Its church is one ef the hue it in the county ; the ftSepIe is 137^' feel high. It is 12 miles S. by E. of St. Edinund's-Burv, and 61 N. £. of Lon don. Lon. o. 51. E. lat. 52. 39- N. "" Laver, fhcnanTc of three contigu- .^eius pariftes in Effex, lying between Har low and Ongar, and diftinguiflied by the appellations ef HlGI-I, Magdalei^, and Little. In High Laver, that illuftrious philofopher John Locke, fpent the greateft part ef the laft ten years of his hfe, at the feat of fir Francis Marftam, bart. Here he died, in 1704, and was interred on the S. fide of the. (ffiurchyard, under a black marble gravoftone. Thefe pariftes are about 2 I miles N. by ^V. of London. -' Laui-pen, afmafl village of Swifl'er- hnd, in the c.-inton of Zurick, about a le'i,,;uc I'rom the tpwn of Schaffhaufen. Here is a celebrated cataraft of the Rhine ; the perpendicular heig'nt of which Mr. Co:;e thinks to be about 50 or. 60 feet, and the brciiilth ?oo. L ,^1'pfkn, a town of Germany, in the duchy pf Wirtemberg, feated on the river Neckar, 10 miles S. of Hailbron. Lon. 9. 25. E. lat. 49. 3, N, Lauffenburg, aftrongtown of Ger mariy, iri the circle of Suabia, and one ef the four Fereft-Towns, with a caftle. It belongs to rhe houfe of Auftria, and is feated on a rock, on the Rhine, which di. vides it in two parts. It is 17 miles E, of Bafil.- Lon. 8. 2. E. lat, 47. 35. N. , Laughton, a village in the W. riding of "V'orkftire, on a. high hifl near Roch- Abbcy. It has a church, whofe tower and fpire, for delicacy and juft proportion, are not excelled by any Gothic piece of the kind. The height of the fteeple is 19; feet, and it is feen, in fome places, at the diftance of 60 miles, Lavington, a town in Wilts, with a good market on Wednefday, for corn and malt. It is 20 miles N. W. ef Sali&Ury, and 88 "W. by S. of Louden. Lon. 2. 3. "W. lat. 51. 13. N. Launceston, a borough of Cornwall, with a, market on Saturday, feated en the river Tamar, and is the county town. It had a caftle, which is now in ruins ; and a little without the town ftands the old priory. It is 28 miles N. of Plymouth, and 214 W, by S. of London. Lon. 4. 35, W, laf. 50. 40. N. Laun.u, a town of Bohemia, near Egra, on the road from Leipfick to Prague, feated in a territory abounding in fine paf. tures and excellent fruits, particularly ap. pies, which are held in high efteem, Loa. 14. 20. E. lat. 50. 21. N. ¦ - LavOra, TeKra, di, a province of the kingdom of Naples ; bounded on the ' ; W. by the Campagna ef Rome and by ' Abruzzo Citeriore ; on the N. by Abruz. zo Citeriore and Molife ; and on the S. by the Principato Citeriore. It is 63 miles in length, ahd 3 5 in breadth ; arid it is proper for tillage, whence it took its name. It is fertile in excellent vipes. and fruits. There are alfo mineial fprings, and mines cf fulphur ; and Mount Vef"uyiiis feme. times throws eiit torrents of that mineral. Naples is the capital. Lausanne, a large, ancient, and-hand. fome town of Sw'ifferland, capital of the country of Vaud, and in the canton of Bern, vvith a fampus cpllege,aBd a bifhop's fee. It contains about 7000 inhabitants. It is built upon fuch a fl:ccp afcent, that, in feme places, the horfes canriot, v.'ith- out great difficulty, draw up' a carriage ; arid foet-paffengers afcend. to the upper ' part of the town by fteps. But thefe in- ' conveniencies are amply cPmpenfated by the moft fubhme views in natirre, com-^ manding the Lake of Geneva, the Pays LAX L E B de Vaud, and the rugged coaft of Chab- -lais. The church, the townhoufe, and other public buildings are magnificent ; and it is feated between three hills, a mile ffom the lake of Geneva, 30 miles N. E. of Geneva, and 50 S. W. of Bern. Lon. 6. 50. E. lat. 46. 31. N. Lauterburg, a town of Poland, iri Eaftern Pruffia, and in the palatinate of Culm ; 50 miles N. E. pf Thprn. Lpn. 19. 51. E. lat. 53. 20. N. Lauterburg, a tPwn pf Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, on the frontiers of Alface, 10 miles S. E. of Weifemb'jrg, and fubjeft to the French. Lon. 8. 26. E. Iat. 48. 48. N. Lawenburg, a confiderable town pf Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, eapital of a duchy of the fame name, fub. jeft to the eleftor of Hanover. It is feat. cd on the riyer Elbe, with a faftle on an eminence. It is 40 mUes S. E, of Ham burg. Lon. 10. 50, E. lat. 53. 26, N, Lawenburg, the duchy of, a fmall territory of Germany, in the circle ef Lower Saxony; bounded en the E. by Mecklenburg, and en the other fides by Holftein, except te the W. en which the duchy of Lunenburg lies, being about 3 5 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. Law. enburg is the capitaL Lawenburg, a town of Pomerania, capital bf a territory of the fame name, vvhich now belongs to the king of Pruffia. Lob. 17. 39. E. lat. 54. 33. N. . Lawingen, a to-^n of Germany, in the circle ef Suabia, formerly imperial, but now fubjeft to the duke ef Neuburg. It is feated on the Danube, 32 miles N. W. of Augffiurg. Lon. 10. 25. .E. lat, 48. 38. N. ''*¦' Lawrence Kirk, a handfome lit tle town of lyincardineffiire in Scotland ; the patriotic proprietor of which,' the late -lord Gardenfton, eftablifted, a few years age, a flourifhing manufafture of lawn, cambric, lirien, and various other artitles. •He had the generofity, moreover, to re nounce freely all the oppreffive fervices due from his tenants. This place is fix miles W^. of Inverbervie, Lawrence, St. the largeft river in N. America, proceeding from the lake Ontario, frpm which it runs a cour-fe ef 700 miles to the Atlantic Ocean. It is navigable as far as Quebec, vvhich is above 400 miles ; but beyoncf Montreal it is fo full of ffioals and rocks, that it will "ot' admit large veffels without danger. Laxemburg, a town of Germany, in the, circle of Auftria, vvith a palace, where the princes ef the houCc of Auftria go for pleafure. It is '''.'.'tcu on the river Sc.ho-.'ha., 10 miles S. of Vienna. Lon. 16. 28. E. lat. 48. 3, N.- ¦¦' LAYTONS-roNE. Sec Low Lay. TON. Lea, a river, which rifes near Luton, in Bedfordthire, and running S. E. to Hertford and Ware, and afterward S. di viding Effex from part of I-fertfordfhire, and Effex from Middltfcx, falls into the Thames a little below Blackwall. By this river there are large quantities of corn and mah brought out of Hertfordftirc to London. , _"'' Leaphills, a village of Lanerk- ffiire, in Scotlarid, fituated amorig the mountains of Clydefdale, by fome faid to be the higheft human habitation in Great Britain. Here refide m-apy hundreds of miners, with their families. Thefe mi riers, though, in a great meafure, excluded fl-om fociety, by their fituation, not only find means to procure a comfortable f"ub- fiftence, but pay -pore attention to the cul tivation' of the mind, than many of their countrymen, fituated feemingly in more - favorable circumftances for the attain ment ef kriovvledgc. .'Is an evidcricc of this, they are very intelligent and have provided a circulating library for the in- ftruftion and amufement of the little com munity belonging to the viflage. * Leatherhead, a town in Surry, which had formerly a market. Here is a bridge over the river Mole, which having funk into the earth near Micklehaon, at the foot of Box Hill, rifes again near this town. It is 18 miles S.W. by S.of London. " Leathes Water", called alfo Wytheurn, orTniRLMERE Water, a fine lake ef Cumberland, which lies S. by E. of Kefwick. It begins at the feet of Mount Hclwellyn, which it flcirts for the fpace cf fpur miles, Receiving nume- reus torrents that del"cend from the moun. tains. The fingular beauty of this lake is its being almoft interfefted in the mid. die by two peninfulas, that are joined by a bridge. The outlet of this lake joins the rapid river Greefa at New Bridge, and thus has a communication with the Lake of Derwent. Leawaya, a feaport on the E. coaft of Ceylon, which yields a great deal of fait. Lon. 83. 15. E. lat.^ 6. 40.' N. Lebeda, an ancient feaport cf Africa, in the kingdom of Tripoli, vvith a ,good harbour, and an old caftle ; feated on the Mediterranean, 85 miles E. of Tripoli, Lon. 14. 50. E. lat. 32. 50. N. Lebrixa, an ancient, ftrong, and plea. fant tovyn ef Spain, in Andalufia; feated in a territory abounding in corn, wine, and olive-trees, which produce the beft oil in A a 3 Spain, L E E LEE Spain, It is 12 miles JJ, E, of §t. Lucar, Lon. 5. 44. V- lat. 37. '8. N. . ' Lebus, a tPvvn of Germany, in the circle fef Upper Saxony, apd; marqui fate of Brandenburg, vvith a . bifliop's . fee, fecularized in favour of ¦ the houfe of Brandenburg. It is feated on the river Oder 10 naiTes N. of ; Fraiicfort, and 43 E. of Beriin.' Len. 'i4.- 39, E, lat. 52. '31. N. Lecce,. a rich, populous, and beautiful tovyn ef the (kingdom of Naples, with a bifhop's fee ; 10 miles 'Vy. of the Guff pf Venice, apd 195 E. S, ,E, of Naples, Lon. 18. 20. E. lat 40. 36.. N; LiECGo'ia tpwn pf Italy,, in ,the duchy pf Milan, feated pn Lake Cpmp, 26 miles N,- of Milan. Lon. g. ii. E. lat.45. 53. N. 'LE.CH,,a-river of Germany, which rifes in "Tirol, divides Suabia frpm Bavaria, and fails intp the Danube belpw iDppawert. Lech, a river pf Hplland, fprmed by the Rhine, vvhich runs frpm E. tP W, thrpugh Guelderland and Utrecht, and uniting ,with- the Maefe, falls into ,the German OCe-an near the Briel, Lechlade, a tpwppf Glpucefterffiire, with.a market pu Tuefday. It is 'feated 'at the cpnfiuenca. pf the river Lech with the Thames, 28 miles E. by S. of Glpu cefter, and 77 W. by N. pf Lpndpn. ' Lpu. 1 . 3 5. W. lat. 51. 4P. N.' ' ' ' Lechnich, a town pf Germany, in the eleftprate of Colpgne, 10 miles S. W. of Cologne, Lon. 7. 8. E. lat, 50, 46, N, LectoUre, an ancient apd, ftrong town of France, in the d'epartnient ef Gers and late' prevince of Armagnac, vyith, a caftle. It was lately an epifcopal fee, and IS fituated on' a mountain, at the foot ef which ruri^ thq' river Gers, 12 :miles E, of *Condpir(L Lpii. 6;.42. E. lat. 43. 56. N. LEpByR'y,'a towp of Hereferdfcire, with a market en Tuefday. It is a well- built place, inhabited by 'ma.ny clotniers, vvho carry On a' pretty large trade ; 1 3 niilcs E. of Hereford, and'ii6,'W'. N. W, bf Loridon. ' Lon. 2. 17. W. lat. 52., 3. |^. Ledesma, an 'ancient and'ftron'g town pf Spain,' in Leon, feated on the river Tome, 20 miles 'S. W. ef Salamanca. Lon. 5. 3'. yV- lat. 41.0. N. ¦" ¦* Lee, a village; in ICent, in the church yard pf .which the great afteonbhier royal, Pr. Halley is interred. ' It is 6 m.iles S. E. by E. ef Loudon.' .; " "Leeu's, a to->vn in the V/. rjding bf , ^Y'.rkftlti,, with two mar'kets, ori". Tuef day ana ' Sariirday! It is fituated in a '\'Ae, vvhic'd trade has rendered one or the moft 'pe.'pulpus. Tpots in F.ngliind,' and -js tl',.- prinelpai of the clo'hing towiis *in "yurkihire. It is particularly the mart' for ttie ce.lourcd snd v.hite bread sloths, of which vaft qiiantitics are fold in its Cloth'-, Halls, That. Called the -Mixed-Cloth- Hall is . a' building of amazing extent, in vvhich the cloth Is placed on "benches, fqt fale, every market-day ; and the whole. bufinefs is tranfafted within the fpace of an hour, without the leaft 'confufion. The White-Cloth-.HaIlis a fimilar building. The manufaftures, that fupply thefe two halls extend about ten miles te the S. 15 to the S.',W. and 8 to the N. and W. the mixed cloths being moftly ipade in the neighbourhood of the river Aire, and the white cloths in that ef the Caldeh Leeds has a manufaftory of camblets, which ha* declined, and a flourifting one. of carpets refembling thofe of Wilts and Scotland. Here are alfo fome mills for the cutting bf tobacco, and a great (lottefy. Within three miles of the town are numerous ,col- Heries. Ir is 22 miles W. S. W.'. of York, and 192 N. by ¦ W. of London. Lsn. I. '29. W. lat, 53. 48. N. '* Leestown, a'town of N. America, in the ftate of Kentucky, and ceunty of Fayette, It is feated on the E. bank of the river Kentucky, is regularly laid out, and is flOuf iffiing, ¦ As the banks of the Kentucky are remarkaibly high, in fome places 306, arid eyeh„4ibo feet, cpmppfed ia general pf ftupendous perpendicular rbck : • there are few croffing places ; the • beft is at Leeftown ; a circumftance ^ vyfeich muft greatly contribute to its increaCe, It lies a few miles W, of Lexington, Sec Kentucky River, ¦ Lepooga, one of the Friendly Iflands, in the S, Pacific bcean, vifited by capt. Cook in 1776, ' Many parts of the coun try, near the fea, are ftiU wafte, owing, perhaps, to the fandipefs ef the feU ;' but, in the internal patts, the, fpil is .bqtter; and the marks pf cpnfideriibl'e pppulatipn, and pfah imprpved ftate pf cultivatipn, are cwnfpicucus. Many of the, plantati ons are inclofed in' fuch a manner, that the fences, , running parallel to each other, form fpacious public reads. Large fpots, covered with the paper . mulberry -tree, were, obferved, and the plantations in ge neral were abundanfly ftocked vvith plants and fruit-trees. To thefe captain Cook made fome addition, by fewing the feeds of melons, {ndian corn, &c. The ifland is - but feven jnilcs ih length, arid ijs 'brradih, in fome places,, not above three. Tee,",, a tovvn, in Staffordffiire, vvith a i'ood market on XVedriefJay. It is 18 'miles ^^ of Stafford, and 154 N'- N. . W. of Lt^nd.-inl Lejn. i. 56. W. lat. 53. r6.N. Leerdam, a-'t Lenha'.t, a tovvn of Kent, wi-th a mar ket on Tuefday. It is feated en an emi- tience, 10 miles E. of Maidftone, and 47 E. -S. E. of London. Lon. o. 45. E. Iat. 51. 18. N. Len.vox. See Dumbartonshire. Lens, a town of France, in the depart ment of the Straits of Calais and late pro- v'race of Artois, vvhofe fortifications are «cmolift,ed. It is eight miles N. E. of Arras, and 95 N. E. ef Paris. Lon. 3. 5. E. lat. 50. 26. N. Lentini, or Leontini, an ancient town of 'Sicily, in the valley of Note. It ¦%vas greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1693, and is feated on a river of the fame nam.e, 1 7 miles S. W. of Catanja. Lcn. 15. 14. E. lat. 37. 18. N. Lenzburg, a town in Swifferland, on a fmall river, in the cantcn of Bern, eight miles W. of Baden. Lon. 8. 8. E. lat. 47. 24. N. Leominster, a borough ef Hereford. ¦fliire, with a market on Friday. It is noted for its fine wool, and is feated on the river Lug, 25 miles W. by N. of Worcefter, and 137 W. N. W. of Lon don. Lon. 2. 35. W. Iat. 52. 20. N. Leo, St. a fmall biit ftrong town ef Italy, in the territory of the church, and duchy of Urbino, '\ ith a biftop's fee. It is feated en a mountain, near the river MaiTcchia, eight miles S. W. of San Ma rino, and 15 N, W. of Urbino. Lon, 12. ¦ 2 :;. E. Iat. 43. 55. N. Leon, a province ef Spain, formerly -i kingdom, bounded on the N. by Afairi::-, , on the \V. by Giflicia and' Portugal ; and on the S. by Kfiramadura and Caftile, which alfo bounds it on the .'¦",. It is aD-nr 125 miles in length, an,! leo in (jr^-'Rii'.h, and i^ divided ir.io aimnll two t-j-ia- ¦j..-::z by the li,..! D'dir:,.. ,,;- Douro. It produces all the neceffaries cf life ; and Leon is the capital.* Leon, an ancient and large, town of Spain, capital of the province of that name, built by the Fomans In the time of Galbs, vviih a biftop's fee. It has the fineft ca thedral in all Spain. It was formerly richer and more populous than at prefent ; and boafts the i-'-r':'ur of being the capital ¦of the firft Chriftian kingdom in Spain. It is feated between two fources of the river Efra, 50 miles S. E. of Oviedb, and 165 N. by'W. ef Madrid. Lon. 5, 13, W. lat. 42. 45. N. Leon, New, a kingdom of N. Ame- rica, in New Spaii',, which is very popu. lous, and there are mines of filver in the adjacent mountains. Leon de Nicaragua, a town of N. America, in New Spain, and in the pro. vince of Nicaragua; t'he refidence' of the governor, and a bifliop"'s fee. It vvas taken by the buccaneers in 1685, in fight ef a Spanift army, who vvere fix te one ; is feated at the foot ofa mountain, which is a volcaDo, and occafions earthquakes. It confifts of about 1000 houfes, aud has feve. ral monafteries and nunneries belonging to it. At one end of this town is a lake, vvhich ebbs and flows like the fea. It is 30 miles frcm the South Sea. Lon. 88. 10. W. Iat. 12. 25. N. Leonard le Noblet, St. an. an. cient town of France, in the departm'ent of Upper Vienne and late territory of Lj. mofin, with a confiderable manufaftory of -paper, and another of cloth for clothing of the army. It is feated on the river Vienne, 12 miles N. E. of Limoges, and 195 S. of Paris. Lon. i. 32. E.lat. 45. 54." N. Leonhart, a tov.n of Germany, in the circle of Auftria, aud duchy pf Carin thia, 42 m.iles E. of Clagenfurt. LOn. 1 5, 23. E. Iat. 46. 57. N. Leontini. See Lentini. ' Leopold. See Lemburg. Leopols.tadt, a fmall but ftrong town of .Upper Hungary, built by the em peror Leopold in 1665 ; feated on the Waag, ;6 miles N. W. of Newhaufel, and 62 ET oi" "\"ieni;a. Lon. iS. 6. E. -Iat. 48. 3?-N.' Leotokh, a la-se countrv n^ Afia, bounded by p.irt of (."hina, ,-;nd a p;n!f nf the fame r,::,iT; on ih,- S. by Chinefe Tar tary en the ¦' by Korea on the E. and by another prvt ',f Tartary on the W. It was ir'-m this coiiri-t:y liiat the Tartars entered Ch:i:a, when they made thcm- Jelves lTlai"tor^ cf it. The inhi.bifants arc .more v. a'-likc, lefs pi lue, and not fb in- P duftricUi LER L E S duftrious as the Chinefe; they neither like trade npr huffiandry, althpugh their country is very proper for both. Leoteng, the principal town, is large and populous. Lepanto, a confiderable town ef Turkey in Europe, ia Livadia, with an archbifhop's fee, and a ftrong fort. It is built on a mountain, in the form of a fu gar-Ioaf, and is divided Intel four towns, lurrounded by as many walls, and com manded by a caftle,' on the top ef the mountain. The harbour is very fmall, and may be ffiut up vvith a chain ; the entrance being but 50 feet wide. It was taken by the Venetians from the Turks, in 1687, but vvas afterward evacuated, and the caftle of Bomcli demohfted by the Venetians in i69g, in confequence of the treaty of Carlowitz. It vvas near this town that Don John of Auftria obtained the famous viftory ever the Turkift fleet in 1 571. The produce of the adjacent cpuntry is wine, eil, corn, rice, Turkey leather, and tobacco. The wine would be exceedingly good if they did net pitch their veffels en the infide, vvhich renders the tafte very difagreeable to thefe vvho are net ufed to it. The Turks have fix or feven mofques here, and the Greeks two churches. It is feated on the Gulf of Lepanto, 100 miles W. N. W. pf Athens, and 350 S. W. of Conftantinople. Lon. 22. o. E.lat. 38.. 30. N. Lepers, Isle of, one ofthe Hebrides, in the South Sea, lying in 15. 23. S. lat. and 168. 0. E. len. Leria, er Leiria, a ftrong tovvn of Fortugal, in Eftramadura, with a caftle, , and a bifhop's fee. It was formerly the- refiderice of the kirigs of Portugal; is 30 miles S. of Coimbra, and 60 N. ef Lifton. Lon. 8. 46. W. Iat. 39. 37. N. Lerici, a feaport ef Italy, on the eaft ern coaft ef the Gulf of Specia, in the ter ritory of Genoa. Lon. g. 55. E. Iat. 44. 5. N. Lerida, an ancient, large, and ftrorig town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a bi ffiop's fee, a univerfity, and a caftle. This place declared for king Charles after the reduftion of Barcelona, in 1705, but it was retaken by the duke of Orleans in 1707, after the battle of Almanza. It is feated on a hill, on the river Segra, 16 miles S. W. ef Balaguer, and 200 N. W. of Madrid. Len. e,. 45. E. lat. 41. 44. N. Lerins, the name of two in.arids in the R.Icditerraneari, lying on the ccaft ef Pro- vcncc, in France, five miles from Antibes. That near the coaft, called St. Margaret, vvas guarded by invahds, ftatc-prifoncrs having formerly been fent here. It was take.n by the Enghft in 1746, but mar- ftal Belleifle retook it in 1747. The other is called St. Honorat, is lefs than the former, and had lately a Benediftine ab bey. Lf.rma, a tovvn ef Spain, in Old Caf^. tile, feated on the river Arlanza, vvith a palace and a park. Lon. 3.25. W. lat. 42. 16. N. Lernica,. formerly a large city, in the ifland ef Cyprus, as appears frem its ruins : but now no more than a large vil. lage, on the fouthern coaft ef that ifland, where there is a good road, and a fmall fort for its defence. Lero, or Leros, anciently Leria, an ifland of the Archipelago, on the coaft of Natolia. Lon. 27. o. E. lat. 37. u. N. '¦'-' Lerwick, the chief tovvn ef the Shetland Iflands, fituated on the E. fide of the Mainland, as the principal ifland is called. It is the rendezvous of the fift.. ing buffes from Britain, Holland, Den. mark, and ether patts-. Len. 1. 30. W, lat. 60. 20. N. Lescar, a town of France, in the de. partment of the Lower Pyrenees and late territory of Bearn. It was lately a bi ftop's fee, feated on a hifl, three miles N. W. of Pau, and 42 S. E. of Bayonne. Lon. o. 7. W. lat. 43. 17. N. '* Lesgu.is, Country of the, ene ef the feventeen Tartarian nations fituat. ed between the Black Sea and the Caf. pian. Their country is indifferently call ed by the Georgians, Lefguiftan, or Dag- heftan. It is bounded en the S. and -E, by Perfia and the Cafpian; on the S. W. and W. by Georgia, the Offi, and Kifti ; and on the N. by the Kifti and Tartar tribes. It is divided inte a variety of dif trifts, generally independent, and govern. ed by chiefs, elefted by the people. To one of thel'e diftrifts, fubjeft te the Ufmei, or khan of the Caitaks, colonel Gaeber at. tributes the following fingular cuftom : ' Whenever the Ufmei lias a fon, he is carried round frem village to village, and alternately fuckled by every woman vvho has a child at her breaft till he is weaned. This cuftom, by eftablifting a kind cf bro. therhood between the prince and his fub jefts, fingularly endears them to each .other.' — The Lefguis are probably def cended frem the tribes of mountaineers, known to ancient geographers under the name of Lcu,3e or Ligyes. The ftrength of their country, which is a region of mountains, whofe paffes are known only tq thei-tifelves, has probably, at all times, le'ju'ed them from foreign invafio.-i'. They X E S LEV They fubfift .by raifing cattle, andh"y pre datory expeditions into the countries of their more wealthy neighbours. During the troubles in Perfia, toward the begin ning of this century, they repeatedly fack- ed the towns of Shamachie and Ardebil, and ravaged the neighbouring diftrifts ; and the prefent wretched ftate of Geor gia aud part of Armenia, is owing to the frequency of their incurfions. In their perfons -and drefs, and general habits ef life, as far as rhefe are known to us, they greatly refemble the Circaffians. Leskeard, a borough of Cornwall, -«-ith a market en Saturday. It bad for merly a caftle, now in ruins, and has a good freefchool, and a ccmfiderable manu- faftuK of yarri, vvhich is chiefly fold at Exeter. It is 49 miles W. by S. of Exe ter, and 221 W. by S. of Loridon. Len. 4. 36. W. Iat. 50. 27. N. -'- Lesparf., a tovvn of France, in the department ef Gironde and late province of Guicnnc, in the environs of which are found tranfparent pebbles, refembling the falfe diamonds ef Alcnqon, and known by the name of the cailloux de medoc, nicdoc ftones. .J.ESSINES, a town of Auftrian Hai nault, feated en the river Dender, and fa. Bious for its linen manufafture. It is fix miles N. E. of Ath, and 22 S. W. of Bruffels. Lon. 3. 46. W. lat. 51.40.N. Lestoff, or Leostofp, a town of Suffolk, with a market on -Wednefday. It is feated on the feaftore, and is concerned in the fiflieries ef the North Sea, cod, her rings, mackerels, and fprats. The town confifts of ;oo houfes. The coaft is very dangerous for ftrangers. It is 10 - miles S. of Yarmouth, and 117 N. E. of London. Lon. i. 55. E. lat. 52. 35. N. LESTORMAL-C.AS'rLi?, in Cornwall, near Leftwiihlel, formerly the refidence of the car's of Cornwall. This caftle is fituated on the edge of a hill, overlooking a deep valley, furrtnindcd by a ditch, which is very deep and -.-i-idc, and was for- merly filled .eith water, brought by pipes from an adjoining hill. On the higher fide, leading to the principal gate, there 'are traces eif buildings to be found. Lestwithiel, a borough of Corn- 'vall, with a market en Friday. It is feared on the river Fey, not far from its fall into.Foy K,vay is the only tpwnin Lewis which belongs to Rofs ffiire. There are fevera! inferior ifles and rocks, which are comprehended under Invernefsfhire. The whole lie 20 miles N. W. of the Ifle of Skye. '¦¦' Lewisham, a large viUage in Kent, in the road to Sevenoaks. The parift church is a neat and elegant new edifice. It is 5 miles S. E. by S. of Lendon. •¦¦* Lexington, a town of N. Ame rica, capital of the ftate of Kentucky and county of Fayette. Near this town are to be feen curious fepulchres, full of human ikeletons, which are thus fabricated. Firft on the ground are laid large broad ftones ; on thefe were placed the bodies, feparated from each other by broad ftones, covered with others, which ferve as a bafis for the next arrangement ef bodies. In this order they are buik, without mortar, growing ftill narroyvcr to the height ef a man. This method of burying appears to be to tally different from that now praftifed by the Indians. In the neighbourhood of Lexington alfo, the remains of two an- .cienf fortifications are to be feen, furnifn ed with ditches and baftions. One of thefe contains about fix acres of land, and the ether nearly three. They are now over grown with trec'-, which, by the number of cir,:'.es in the wood, appear to be not lefs than 160 years old. Pieces of earthen veffels have alfo been plowed up near Lexin-gcori, a manfa.fture with which the Indians wee never acquainted. Thefe fortifications, with the burial grounds, mentioned abpve, have been urged as an arp-ument, that this country was formerly inhabited by a people different from t'le pruien* Indians, and farther advanced than they in the arts of life; it. being v.^ell- knowp, that no Indian nation has ever praftifed the method of defending them felves by entrenchments ; and inch a work would eveti be no eafy one, while thefe nations were un.acqu'dinttd with the ufe of iron. In a word, I.^r. Filfon, in his recent account of this country, has ad vanced f'everal arguments to prove, that' thefe people vvere, in all probability, ' an ancient colony frem Wales. Lexington ftands en the head of the river Elkhern, about. 470 miles W. pf the new city pf Waffiingtpn. Lpn. 85. ip. W.lat. 38. 2p.N. Leyden, a city of the United Pro- vinces, in Holland, and, next to Amfter. dam, the largeft place in the province. It is feated in a country full of gardens and meadows, furrounded by a great number of ditches and ca.nals, near the ancient bed of the Rhine, which now looks like a ca. nal. It is about four iniles and a half in circumference ; and its ditches are bor dered vvith rows of trees. It has eight ¦ gates, and contains 50 iflands, and 145 bridges, the greateft part of vvhich are made with freeftone. The principal' church is a fuperb ftrufture, vvhofe high roof is fupported by three rows of co lumns ; and the reft, of the pubhc bufld- ings are very handfome. There are feve ral large hofpitals, and a univerfity, which has generally about 200 ftudents, thpugh there are but twp colleges ; fer thefe fcholars board, in the town, and have no drefs to diftinguift them. The f"chool confifts of a large pile of brick building* three ftories high ; in the uppermoft of ' vvhich the famous Elzevir had h-s print ing-office. . Adjoining to the fchool is the phyfic-garden, where the prefeffor reads Icftures in botany. The library contains curious manufcripts ; and the theatre for anatomy is the fineft in Europe. Here are manufaftures ef the beft cloths and ftuffs in Holland, there being ne lefs than: 1600 workmen employed in them. Leyden is famous for the long fiege it fuftained in 1573, againft the Spaniards,' It is four miles E. of the fea, and 1 5 S. S, W. ef Haarlem, and 20 S. W. of Amfter dam; Lon. 4. 33. E. Iat. 52. 10. N. Leyte, one of the Pnilippine Iflands,' in Afia, about 40 leagues in lerigth, and 95 in circumference. Its foil, on the E. fide,' is very fertile ; but there are very high mountains that cut it almoft through the middle, and occafion fo great an alteration in the air, that when it is winter on the K. fide, it is fummer on the S; fide ef the. ifiand. Thus, when the inhabitants of one part 6f the ifland reap, the others: fow ; and they have two p.lentiful harvefts in the year, to v.'hich the rivers defcend ing from the abovementioned mountains' not a little eontri"Dute. The ifland con tains ab.:'uc gooo inhabitants, who pay tri bute to the Spaniards in rice, wax, and quilts, Lon, 125.' 0, E. lat, 1 1, o. N. / LUZINA, L I C L I E Lezina, a town of the kingdom of Naples, feated on a bay ofthe Gulf ef Ve nice, 75 miles N.E. ef Naples. Lon. 15. 14. E. lat. 41. 44. N. Lhon, a river ef Germany, which rifes in Heffe Caffel, and running S. W. paffes by Marpurg, Wctzlar, arid Naffau, falling into the Rhine a little 'above Co blentz. Libanus, the name of mpuntains pf Turkey'in Afia, which he between Proper Syria and Paleftine, extending from W, to E. from the Mediterranean Sea as far as Arabia. The fumniits ef thefe mountains are fo high, that they are always covered with fnow ; but below they are very pleafant and fruitful vailies. They vvere formerly famous for cedar-trees ; but now there, are fcarce any remaining. Geo graphers diftinguift them inte Libanus and Anti-Libanus : the latter lies en the S. fide of the vafley, rifing near the ruins of Siden, and terminates at others in Ara bia, in Iat. 34. They are fep-aratcd from each other at an equal diftance through out, and form a country, called by the an cients Ccelo Syria. LiBAU, a feaport of Courland, lying on the Baltic, It confifts of wooden houfes, belongs to the duke of Courland, and is 45 miles N. ef Memel. Lon. 21. 40. E. lat. 56. 31. N. LiBOURNE, a fmall, but well-built and populous town ef France, in the depart ment of Gironde and late province ef Guienne. It is one of the ftaples of the commerce of Bourdeaux, and is feated on the river Dordogne, 20 miles N. E. of Bourdeaux, and 20; S. by W. of Paris. Lon. o. 12. W. lat. 44. 58. N. Lich, or LiCHA, a town of Germany, in the landgravate of Heffe, and county of Solms, 21 miles N. of Francfort. 'Lon. 8. 42. E. lat. 50. 15. N. Lichfield, a neat well-built city cf Statl^rdftire, with two markets, on Tuef day and Saturday. It is a city and coun ty ef itfelf, and unites with 0,',-entry in forming one epifcopal fee. It contains 3 parlft-churches, befide the cathedral, which is a handfome ftrufture. Here is a freefchool and two hofpitals. Lichfield is feated in a firie champaign country, 14 miles S. E. ef Stafford, and 119 N. W. of London. Lon. 1. 44. W. lat. 52. 54. N. Lichtenberg, a caftle of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late province of Alface, feated on a rock, near the Vofges mountains, and confidered as impregnable, "It is 12 miles from Ha- gucnaa, Lon. 7. 45. E. lat. .]8. 55. N. Lichtensuro, a town of Gijrminy, in the circle pf Francpnia, and margravate pf Cuilembach, 20 miles N. E. of Cullem- bach. Lon. 12. 2.E. lat. 50. i--,. N. LichteUfEls, a town of Gennany, in the circle of Franconia, and biftopric of Bamberg, feated on the river Maine, i ; miles N. E. of Bamberg. Lon. 11. 1 2. E. lat. 50. 16. N. LiCHSTALL, a handfome townof Swif ferland, in the county of Bafle ; feated on the river Ergetz, five miles from Bafle. Lon. 7. 3g. E. lat. 47. 29. N. LicoLA, or Lago-di-Licola, a lake in ths kingdom of Naples, formerly famous fer plenty of excellent fift ; but, in 1538, an earthquake happened, which changed one part of it into a mountain ef aftes, and the ether into a morafs. It wa^ anciently known by the name of the Lu- crinc Lake. Lid A, a town of Lithuania, in the pa latinate of Troki. Lon, 25. 34. E. Iat. 53. ' 54. N. _ ' LiDD, a town of Kent, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated in Rumney Marft, and is a member of the Cinque Ports, On the eaft fide of it is a heap of ftones, which they pretend vvas the tomb of Crifpin and Crifpianus, It is 26 miles S. ef Canterbury, and 71. S. E.of Lori don. , Lon. 1. 4. E. lat. 50. ;8. N. * LiDFORD, a viflage of Devonffiire, fituated on the river Lid, about three miles E. of Brent Tor. It vvas once a famous town, vvith a caftle, the euftody of which was cpmmitted to men of high rank ; and ic twice fent members tp parliament. The parifli may now cqmpare for lands and li- berties with any in the kingdom, the vvhole foreft. of Dartmoor being in the verge ef it. The briilr,'e is thrown over a part of the river that is pent between two rocks ; and the Vvfiter is at fuch a depth below, that paffengers can only hear the noife of the water without feeing it. Near this is a very fine cataraft. It is niae miles S. by W. of Okcliampton,-and 204 S. W. of London. -'- LiDDEL, a riverof S,:otland,inRox- burghftire, the only river in that county that flows fouthward. It falls into the Solway Frith, near the mouth ef the Efk. LiDDisDALE, a diftrift of Roxburgh - ftire, in Scotland, comprehending the whole fouthern angle of tha-t countyr The country aelmits ef little cultivation, and is chiefly employed in pafture. Liechtenau, a town ef Germany*-, in th'e ."ircle of F.'-anconia, and margravate of Anfpach, 17 miles S. of Nurem'uerg, and fubjeft- to that city. Lon. 11. 12. E. lat. .59. 10. N, Ltef- L I E L I G Liefkenshoek, a fortrefs of Dutch •Flanders, Cjated on the W. fide of the ri ver Scheld, over agairift-Fort Lillo. It is feven miles N. W. of Antwerp. Lon. 4, 12. E. lat. 51. 17. N. ' , , * Liege, a large, ancient, and populous city of Germany, in the circle of Weft phalia, and capital of a biftopric of the fame name. He-re , the riyer Maefe is divided intp three branches, vvhich, after haying paffed through the ftreets under feveral bridges, unite again. .Formerly the inhabitants would not fubmit to the biftop; but, after he had built, two for tified caftles, they "were forced to fubmit. The old caftle is in the .town, and ftill fub- fifts ; and though the new, which is on the other fide,-vvas.demohfhed fince 1-714, yet the fertificatipns on the fide of the city are ; ftiU - ftariding. ..This town has 10 large fuburbs, in which are" a great number of rehgious houfes and churches.; which laft, with thofe in the city, make. 100 in all. The cathedral contains many relicks, and has a chapter, whpfe canons muft be all noble. The .public .ftruftures are, the bifhop's . palace, the townhoufe, and the - arfenal. On the fides-of the river are fine walks. Here is alfo a famous univerfity, - and a convent of Englift nuns. This place is about four miles. in circuinference, and has 150 ftreets, 'and 16 gates. They make a great many firearms here, vvhich are ex ported to different countries. It was bom barded in i6gi, and delivered up to the Frenchin 1701. The alliesretook it in 1702, and the French befieged it again in 1705, but were obliged to raife the fiege at the approach of the duke of Marl borough. In March 1734, a fire hap- pEned here, which confumed the biffiop's palace, vvith all the furniture and writings. The biftop is one of the moft cpnfider able ecclefiaftical princes of Germany, and has. an annual revenue of 300,000 ducats. In the latter part cf the year 17S9, the inhatritants having vehemently cpmplained of the pppreffion vvhich they experienced Vridcr rlie government of their bifliop, at laft infifted upori a regular charter of privileges'. As the bifhop and chapter did not think proper to comply with their dem.ands, the cici-/.cns had recourfe to "arms ; and the bifliop, apprehenfivc for -his perfonal 'fafety, Ic'ft the city, and ap pealed to the imperial chamber pf Wctz- Icr. Th,it chamber iflucd feveral decrees jn his favour : the king.6f Pruffia, during the greater part pf 1790, feemed tp aft as a mediator for the citizens : the fehtenCes, however, ("uecclfivelv iffued by iho impe- ri--il chairber againft the infurgents, were at laft followed by rcepifitorial letters ad- 7 dreffed to the government of Auftriatf- Nctherlauds, deCring that his imperial majefty's.trepps wpuld affift thpfe pf the cleftpral princes, iu enfprcing their de crees ; in cpnl"equencc pf which, the Au. ftrians entered Liege en the i2t-h of Ja nuary 1 79 1, reftored the old magiftracy that had been expelled te their funftions, and completqiy reinftated the biftop and chapter iri their authority. In 1792, the French toqk poffeffion of the city, and ef- fefted another revolution ; but beingdrivcn from the place in 1793, the citizens vvere once more obliged to f^ubmit. Liege is feated on the river Maefe, 15 miles &i W. of Maeftricht, and 62 S. W. of Co logne. Lon. 5. 40. E. lat. 50, 37. N. Liege, a bifhopric of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, bounded on the N. by Brabant and Guelderland ; on the Ev by the duchies of Limburg and Juliers; on the S. by Luxemburg and the Arden. nes ; arid on the W. by Brabant, and the county qf Namur. It is fr .itful in eprn and fruits, and contains mines ef iroh, lead, and coal, befide quarries of marble. The biftop is elefted by the chapter, compofed of 60 canons ; and the capital • is of the fame name. LlEsiNA, an ifland ef Dalmatia, in the Gulf ef Venice, about 58 miles long, and . 12 broad. It abounds in corn, olives, faffron, and wine ; and belongs to the Ve netians. Liesina, a feaport of Dalmatia, capi tal ef the ifland of the fame name, with a biftop's fee, and a fortrefs on an in acceffible mountain. It was attacked by the Turks in 1500, but they -Were en- tirely defeated, Lon. 16: 23. E. lat. 43.- 30. N. LiESSE, a to-,vn of France, in the de- partment of Aifne and late province of Picardy, famous for an image of the Vir. gin Mary, to vvhich a great number of pilgrims ufed lo refort. It is fix miles E. of Laon. Lon. 3. 51, E, lat. 49* 35' N. Liffey, a river of Ireland, which, rifing in the county of Wicklow, runs W. thence into Kildare, and then turn. ing N. E. paffes through the county of Dublin, anel by the city of that name, falls inte the Irifli Sea, a Httle below it. LiFFORD, a town of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, 24 miles N. E. of Donegal. Lon. 5. 45. W. Iat. 54. 47. N. LiGNE, a town of Auftrian Hainault, on the river Dender, 12 miles N. W. of Mons. Lon. 3. 45. E. lat. 50. 35. N. LiGNiERES, a town of France, in the department of Cher and late, province of Berry, with a collegiate church and a caf tle, L I M tic, 2 2 miles S. S. W; pf Bourges. Len. 2. 24. E. kt. 46. 47, N. . Lignitz, a town of Germany, in Silefia, with a caftle, and capital of a principaHty of the fame name ; feated on the rivulet Cet, 30 miles S. ef Glegaw, Len. 16. 36. E. iat. 51. 10. N. LiGNY, a handfome town ef Frarice, in the depattment of Meufe and late duchy of Bar, with a caftlf, a collegiate ' fchurch, and i h'andfoiPe park ; feated on the river Orne^, 8 miles S. E. of Bar-le- duc, and 125 S. E. of Paris. Lon. 5. 26. " E. lat. 48. 39. N. LiGQN, a feaport of Afia; in the periiri- frila of Malacca', capital ef a fmall territo- ty of the fame name, vvith a magazine be. longing to the Dutch E. India Cotripany, It is feated on the eaftern coaft, and is in the kingdom of Siam. Lon. too. 5. E. lat; 7. 40. N. I LiGUEiL, a town of France; in the de. partment of Indre and Loire and late pro- y ince ef Touraine, feated on i brook , in a fertile country, 23 miles S. S. E. ef Tours, Len, o, 52, E.'lat. 47, 3, N, LiLLERS, d tovvn of France, in the de. partment of the Straits of Calais and late province qf Artois, vvhofe fortifications are 'demoliffied. It is feated on the river Na- vez, 17 niiles N. "VV, of Arras, Lon, 2. 35, E, kt; 50, 30. N. Lillo, a fortrefs of Dutch Brabant; feated on the E; fide of the river Scheld, Z miles N. of Antwerp. It was built to comiriand the navigation of the Scheld ; but when the French invaded Holland in 1793, they eafily captured, and were foon as eafily coriipelled to evacuate it. Lon. 4. iS. E. lat. 51. 18. N. LiM.'V, a city of S. America, capital of Peru, with an archbifliop's fee; and a uni. verfity, tt gives its name to the princi pal audience of Peru, and is furrounded by brick walls, fortified with ramparts and baftions, eight yards high. The ftreets are hahdfome and ftraight ; but the houfes are generally only orie ftory high; on account of the earthquakes, Hovy. ever, they are pretty, and well adorned, having long galleries on the front. One part of the roofs is covered with coarfe-H- rieri cloth, arid the ethers orily with raeds, whick is not incorivcriient, bcCaufe it ne ver rains here ; biit the rich inhabitarits 'cover theirs with fine mats, or beautiful fcetton cloths. There are trees planted all rpund their houfes, to keep off the heat qf the fun. What the houfes want in height they have in length and depth ; for fome of them arc 200 feet lorig, ind pro- pertionably bread, fo that they have 10 or ti large apartnr.e.its on the ground floor. L 1 M The royal fquclre is vety handfome ; and in the middle is a fountain of bronze, aderried with the image of Fame, which fpeiits out water. On the E. and W. fides arc the public ftruftures, vvhich are well built. The river v/hich croffes Lima forms canals, or ftreams, vvhich ruh to moft ofthe houfes, and ferve to water their gardens, 8cc. The churches and convents are extremely rich, and many images of the faints are of maffy gold, adorned vvith jewels. The city is tour miles in length, and two in.breadth, and is divided into 8 pariftes. They make ufe of mules to draw their coaches, and of thefe there are about 5000. Lima is the feat of the vice roy, and contains feveral courts; as that of the viceroy, of the archbiffiop, of the inquifition, of the crufado, and ofthe wills. Earthquakes are here very frequent, ani fome have done this city a gtcat deal of damage, particularly that in 1746, by which it was almoft deftroyed; The in. habitants are fe rich, that when the vice. roy, f"crit from Spairi in 1682, iPade his pubhc entrance into this city, the inhabi tants paved the ftreets he was to paf» through with ingots of filveri The inha bitants are very debauched, but, at the fame time, cxtrciPely fuperftitious ; and they have a ftrong belief in the power of charms. • About a foiirth paft of the city confifts of mori'KS arid riuns, vvho are net niore chafte thau the reft ; and if any one happen to rival a monk; he is in danger pf his Hfe, fer they always carry a dagger under their frocks. The moft profligate of them think they can atorie for all their crimes, by hearing a mafs, or kiffing the robe of St. Francis, or St. Dominic ; and then they return to their former praftices. Lima is feated in a pleafant and fertile plain, en a fmall river, near the fea. Lon. 76. 44. W. lat. 12. I. Si Lima, the audience ef, a largeprovince of p. America, in Peru, lying' on the S. Sea, with-an extenfive valley ahd a river of the fame name. It is bounded on the N. by the audience of Quito, on the E. by the Andes, on the S. by the audience de los Charcos, and on the W. by the S. Sea. There are feveral animals in this province, vvhich are very fierce and dangerous, ef pecially near the mountains ; but that which they call a Hon is not one, for it is more like a wolf, and never attacks man kind. Hov/ever, there are very large tawny tigers, which are as wild and fierce as thofe of A-frica. Li MALE, a tovvn of Auftriin Brabant, felted on the river Dyle, 13 miles S. E. of Bruifeli. Lon. 4.. it. E. lat. 50, 42.iS[, • ¦ B b LiM- L 1 M LIN Limburg, a town ef the Auftrian Netherlands, capital of a duchy of the fame name. It was taken by the French in ,1675, and by the aUics in 1702, but aftetward ceded to the Auftrians, the for tifications having been iirft demoliflied. Here is a manufafti^rc of woollen cloths, and it is' fameils for its excellent cheefe. It is feateei on a mountain, near' the river Verfe,- 17 miles S. of Aix-la-Chapclle, and 15 S. E. of Liege. Lon. 6. 5. E. lat. 50. 38.N. Limburg, the duchy of, a province of the Auftrian Netherlands, bounded oh the N. and E. by tlie duchy of Juliers, on pai-t of the E. by the territory of Aix- la-Chapclle, and on the S. and W. by the territory of Liege, from vvhich it is fejva- rated by the river Maefe. It is about 30 miles in length, and 42 in breadth; It cpntains feme pf the beft irpn mines in the Netherlands, and the foil is gppd fpr corn ' and pa'fturcs. Limerick, cr Lough- Meath, a city of Ireland, in the county of the fame name. If is the metropoHs of the province of Munfter, and was the ftrongeft fortrefs in Ireland. Within a century, it vvas reckoned the fecond city in the kingdom : ^ at prefent it has loft its rank ; not becaufe it flouriftes lefs, but becaufe Cork flou- riftes more. It is ftill a commercial, rich, and populous place ; and confifts ef the Irift and Engliffi Town ; the latter fituat ed en an ifland, formed by the river Shan non, and called King's Ifland. Li.merick is three miles in circumference, and has markets on Wednefday and Saturday. The Hnen, woollen, and paper manufac tures ate carried on here to a great extent; and the'export ef provifions is very con fiderable. Befide the cathedral and other churches, here ' are many hofpitals, and fome handfome public ftruftures. Aiid- fert and Achadoe, in the county of Kerry, arc united to the fee of Limerick. King William vvas obliged to raife the fiege -of this city in 1690; but, in 1691, the gar rifon 'llirrendered pn a "very honourable capitulation. It is 40 miles S.of Galway, and 94 S. W. of Dublin. Lon. 8. 34. W. kt. 52. 42. N. Limerick, a county of Ireland, in the proviifcc. of Munfter, 48 miles in length, and 23; in breadth, bounded on theN. by 'the r-iver 'Shannon, ori the. W. by Kerry, on the S. 'oy Cork, and on the E. by Tip perary. It contains 1 30 pariftes.'ahd fends' eight iriembers to parliament. It is a fer tile country, and well,- inha'oited, though the' W. parts are mountainous. Lime rick is the cajTital. LImml, a village in Kent, four miks from Romney. It was formerly a port, till choked up by the fands ; and, though it thereby became a poor town, yet it has the horn and mace, and othe'r to.kens left of its ancient grandeur. It ufed tb be the place where the lord warden ofthe Cinque Ports vvas fworn, at his entrance upon his office. The Rofnan read from Canterbu- ry, called Stanc-ftrect, ended here,- and frem the brew of its' hill may be fecu tbe ruins of the Roman ualls. Here vyas_ formerly a caftle, now converted inte a farm-houfe. LiMAVADY, a town oflreland, in the ceunty of Londonderry, 14 miles N. E. of Londonderry. Lon. 6. 50. \V.'. at. 55. 12. N. '"¦¦' LimMat, a river of Swifferland,, vvhich is formed by the junftion of the Mat and the Linth; the former iffuing from the N.W. extremity of. the lake of - Watlenftadt, and the latter flowirig from the S. The Lim mat, continuing its courfe N. W. flows through the Lake of Zurich, and watering Baden, falls into the river Aar, below that town. Limoges, an ancient and confiderable town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne and late territory of Limo fin, with a bifftop's fee. It is a trading place, and its horfes are in great efteem. It is feated on- the river Vienne, 50 miles N. E. of Perigueux, and 11.0 E. of Bepr- . rleaux. Lon. t. 2c. E. lat. 45. 50, N. Li.'.iosiN, a late prevince of France, bonneted en the N. by La Marche, pn the E'. by Auvergne, pn the S. by Querci, and pn the W. by Perigord and Angou mois. Itwas divided . Into the Upper and Lower, the former of which is very cold, but the latter more temperate. It is co- vered vvith forefts of Chcfnut- trees, and coritains mines ef lead, copper, tin, and iron ; but the principal trade confifts in cattle and horfes. It is now the depart ment of Upper Vienne, of vvhich Limoges is the capital. LiMOux, a commercial tovvn ef.Franee, in the deijaftment of Aude and late province of Languedoc. It has a manu fafture of cloth ; and its environs produce an excellent white wine, called La Blnn- qxette de^VmoHX., the Perry of Ljmoux, It is feated on the river Aude, "37 miles W. by S. of N.irbDnnc, and 50 S. E. of Touloufe. Len. 2. 16. E, lat. 43. 4. N. L IMPURE, a town of Germany, in the eieftorate 'of Treves^* formerly free and irnperial. It i'-. feated on thc"~rivcr LliW, 10 miles E. of Naffau, and 20 N'. of Mcntz. Lon. 7. ;i. F2. lat. !;o. 24, N. LiKCHA'iCHi, a towp of N.' America, in New Spain, and in the territoi'y of Yuca- L I N, Yucatan, lo miles from Selcm, Lori, 87, 50. W, lat. 20. 40. N. LiNCHE, or LiNKE, a ftrong tovvn of France, in the department of the North and late province ef Frerich Flanders, feated, on a river 10 miles S. W.of Dun- kirk. Lon, 2. 20. E. Iat. 51. bi N. Lincoln, the capital ef Lincolnffiire, with a market on Friday, It is pleafantly feated en the fide ef a hill, en the Witham, which here divides into three ftreams. It had formerly 50 churches, which are now reduced to 14, befide the cathedral. It is a biftop's fee, whofe diocefe is the largeft in England. The cathedral is much ad mired for its interior Architefture, which is in the richeft and lighteft Gothic ftyle. The, great bell, cafled Tem of Lincoln, requires 15 able men to ring it. Lincoln fends two members to parliament, and is a county of itfelf; whofe liberties extend twenty miles in circumference. The chief trade is in coals brought by the Trent and Foffdyke ; and bats and wool, which are fent by the river Witham. Here is a fmaU manufafture of camlets. Lincoln 1^-32 miles N. E. ef Nottingham, and 133 N. of Lendon, Len, o. 25. W. lat. 53. 15. N. Lincolnshire, a. county of England, bounded en the N. by the Humber, which divides it from Yorkfliire ; on the E. by the German Ocean, en the S. E. by the Waft and part ef Norfolk ; onthe S. by Cambridgeftire and, Northampton ftire ; on the S. W. by Rutlandftire ; and on the WI by the counties of Leicefter and Nottingham.' It is 77 miles from N. to S. and 45 in breadth, where wideft. It is divided into three parts; namely, Hol land on the S. E. Kefleven en the S. W. and Lindfcy en the N. It contains 30 hundreds, one city, 3 1 market towns, and 630 pariftes; and fends twelve members te parliament. Its principal rivers are tho Trent, Humber, Witham, and Wel land. The air is various, according to its three grand divifions, each ef which fee. The foil, in many places, is very rich, the inland part producing corn in great plenty, and the fens cole-feed, and very rich paf tures ; whence their breed of cattle is larger than that of any other county in England, except Somerfetftire ; their horfes are alfo ¦ excellent, and very large ; their hunting hounds and hares are particularly noted for their extreme fwiftnefs; and their ffieep are not only of the largeft breed, but are clothed with a long thick wool, peculiarly fitted for the worfted and coarfe woollen manufaftures. Lincoln is the ca pital. LiNDENFELLS, or LlNDE.NTELD, a L I N town ef Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 17 miles N.of Heidelburg. Lon. 8. 47. E. lat. 49. 42. N. ' LiNDKOPiNS, a towri ef Sweden, ca- pital of the prevince of W. Gothland, vvith a biffiop's fee. - It is feated on the Lake Wenner, 12 miles N. W. ef Skara, and 178 S. W. of Stockholm. Lon, 13. 5. E. lat. 58. 25. N. LiNDAU, a ftrong, free, and imperial town ef Germany, in the circle of Suabia. Here is a celebrated' abbey of canoneffes, vvhofe abbefs is a princefs ef the empire, and a Roman Catholic, though the inha bitants of the town are Proteftants. It is a trading place, and is feated on an ifiand ofthe Lake of Conftance, 12 miles S. E. of Buckhor.n,,,anJ 75 S. by W, of Au;^-.'. burg. Lon. g.- 50. E. lat. 47. 38. N. LiNDSEY, the largeft of the principal divifions ef Lincolnftiire, including all the ceunty that lies N. of Lincoln, and the Foffdike, vvhich Henry I. cut between the Witham and the Trent. It'is the moft elevated part of the county ; and the air is generally efteemed healthy, efpecially on the weftern fide. Toward the N. E. part is a large traft of heathy land, calleil the V/olds, the S. part of which is well inhabited ; but the N*. is very thin of peo ple : great flocks of flieep are bred throughout this traft. See Axkolm. Lin GEN, a ftrong town of Gechiany, in the circle of Weftphalia, capital of a county of the fame -name. It belongs to the king of Pruffia, and is feated on the river Embs, 30 miles W. ef Ofnaburg, and 37 N. ef Munfter. Len. 7. 36. E., lat. 52. 30. N. Linlithgow, a borough of Scotlapd, the county towri'-'of Linlithgowftire. It ftands on a. rifing ground, overlooking a lake at the E. end of the tovyn ; and is an ancient, large, regular, and well-buflt place. Here the kings of 'Scotland had one of their nobleft palaces,''now in ruins : but here is ftifl fliown the room in vvhich Mary queeri of Scots was born, Linhth- govv» is 16 miles W. of Edinburgh, Lob. 3.34. W. lat. 56. o. N. Linlithgowshire, or West Lo thian, a,cpunty of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the Frith of Forth, on .the E. by Edinburghftire, on the S. W. by L.i- nerk fliire, and on the W. by Stirlingfliire. It is near 20 miles 'long from N. Et to S. W. Its breadth, except ou the ^ffiore of the Frith, does not exceed 12. Linos A, an ifland of the" Mediterra nean, on the coaft of Africa, 12 miles from Lampedofa: it is about 12 miles in circumference. Lon. 12. 31. E. Iat. 36. 50. N. B b a Li.-JT-^, LIP L I S Lintz, a handfomc town of Germany, capital of Upper Auftria, with two fprti fied caftles, the one. upon a hill, arid the other below it. Here is a hall, in vvhich the ftates affemble, a bridge over thp Da nube, and feveral manufaftories. The French became mafters of it in 1741, but rhe Auftrians retqok it in 1742. It is feated at the confluence ef the Danube and Traen, 42 miles E. of Paffau, and 100 W. of Vienna. Lon. 14, 3. E. lat. 48. 1-6, N. Lintz, a town of Germany, in the dircle of the Lovver Rhine, and eieftorate ef Cologne, feated on the Rhine, 15 miles N. W.of CobIcntz,^and i8 S. ef Cologne, Lon. 7. 10. E. lat. 50. 37. N. Linton,- a tov/n pf Cambridgeftire, with a market pn Thurfday, 12 miles S. E. of Cambridge, an.d 46 N. by E. of Lpndon. Lon. o. 22. E. kt. 52. 8, N. LiPAili, the common name ef 12 iflands in the Mediterranean, which lie to the N. of Sicily, between len. 14. 1. and 15. 12. E. and lat. 38. 20. and 38. 40. N. They were formerly called .Siolian, " becaufe,," fays M. de Luc,'" the terrible currents of air which fometimes iffued from them, had led the poets to feign, that the god jEolus kept the winds imprifoned here, and let them out at his pleaf"ure.'' They are nearly as follows, in the order of their fize; namely, Lipari, Strombolo, Volcano, ' Sahni, Pelicudi, Ahcudi, Panari, Volca- nelle, Vachclufe, Lifca, Dattolo, and Till Navi. Thefe iflands are fubjeft to the king efNapIcs,,to whom they bring in a good revenue. They produce great quan tities of alum, fulphur, nitre, c-Jnnabar, and moft kinds of fruits, particularly rai fins, currants, and figs, in great perfeftion. Some of their vyines are likewife much ef teemed; particularly the Malvafia, well known all- over Europe. Thefe ifl.ands are of Vulcanic origin. See Strombolo, Volcano, Sec. - Lipari, the. largeft, moft, fertile', and populous of the Lipari Iflaneis, ' about 15 miles in circumference. ,It w'as cele. brafed among the ancients; and, by the defcription olr Ariftqtle, it appears to have been confidered by the failors in his time, what Strombolo is in.qurs, as a lighthoufe,.' as its fires were never extingulfted. It has hot fuffered' from lubterranepus fifes for many ages, paft, though it every w.here -bears ttie, marks of its. former ftate. The form of this ifland is. very irregular ; and in this/yplcanic fppt fuqh a numoer of fpiracles. have been ppencd, th.at. the great's eft part of them.- are c infounded' vvith each- other. It -abounds vvith the currant grape ; cotton alfo grows here ; and great quanti ties of pumice- are 'gathered. Its capital Is of the -fame name; - Lipari, an, ancient town, fherCapital of the ifland of Lipari, in the Mediterra nean, with a Wfhop's fee. It vyas, ruined by Barbarofl"a in 1 5.44, who. carried , away all the -irihabicaiits into flavery, and demo liffied the place ;-.but it wa? rc'built, by the emperor C-harles V. The.principal' trade of the inhabitants is ip the exportation ,of the produfts of the ifland ; but the chief neceffaries of life they import from Sicily. This town has a garrifon.; and ftands on the S. fide of the ifland. Lpn, 15. 30, E. kt. 3.8. 35. N. LippA, a town of. Hungary, in the bannat ef Temefwar, with a caftle. It vvas taken by ^he Turks in 1552, and vvas retaken by the Imperialifts ip i688, and by the Turks again in i6gi, who aban doned it in i6g5, after having demohflied the fortifications. It is feated on a moun- tain, 22 miles N. E. of Temefvvar, and 75 N. E. of Belgrade. Lon. 22. 45. E. lat« 45. 51. N. Lippe, a river ef Germany, in the cir cle of Weftphaha, which has its fource in the biftopric ef Paderborn, waftes the town of the fame name,' and chat of Ham;. after which it falls into the Rhine, a Httle above Wefel. L'IPSTapt, a confiderable town of Germany, in the tirele of Weftphalia, capital of the ceunty of Lippe. It was formerly free and imperial ; afterward ic was fubjc6t to hs ewn .counts, and now to the king of Pruffia. It carries on a good trade in preparing timber for building veffels opthe Rhine, with which it has a communication by the river Lippe. It is feated in an unhealthy morafs, 17 miles 'VV. S. W. of Paderborn, and 30 S. E. of Munfter. Lon. 8. 3P, E. kt. 51. 42. N. - . - LiejuE, a town of Frarice iir.the depart- ' mdnt ofthe Stcairs pf Calais and late, pro- vince of Artoi';, 12 ipiles, W- ofStr O.mer. Lon.' 2. o.-E. lat. 50. 45., N. ; Lire, a' town, of Auftrian Brabant, feated on tha river Nethe, ninemiles N. of Mechlin, antf. 1.2- S. E. ef Antwerp* Len. 4. 16. E.;Iar,. », i..9.,N. '-" Lis, a river of: the'Nethcrlanda,, which has its'foiirce in Artoisj and running N, 'E. into Flardclis,,,paffe,^,-;by Aire, St. Vc- han»;- A-fmerttiertsViM^iin,. Courtray, and Deynte,:andthcit falls, into liie Sclield at Ghent-. ''- "1.' j,, "L'ls-noN, the oapit-ftl- ©f Portugal, a large, 'rich,'- ceiohrated city, .one of the principal- pfEuTojiO, .with an ardibiftpp's fee, a univerfity, a tribunal of the inquifi tion, a ftrprig caftle, and a harbcur 12 miles LIS aniles in length. The fquares, public buiiclirigs, and palaces, vve;.'c magnificent ; hut .it was almoft totally deftroyed by, an earthquake, Nov. i, 1755. The harbour will contain ten thoufand fail of ftips,, which ride in t.he greateft fafety ; and the city, being viewed from the fouthern ffiore of the river, affords a beautiful profpeft, as the buildings gradually rife above each other. It is feated en the river Tajo, 10 miles from the mouth of it, 178 W. by N. of Seville, arid 255 S. by VV. pf Madrid. Lpu. 9. 5. "W.lat. 38. 42. N. iLlsBURN, a bprPUgh pf Ireland, in the cpunty pf Antrim, ft vvas burnt down about. 50 years agp : but it is ppw rebuilt in a peat, handfpme manner, and has a large manufafture for Hnen-cloth. it is feated on the riyer Laggan, eight miles S. W. of Belfaft. Lon. 6. o. W. lat. 54. 41., N. LiscA, a fmall defert ifland, in the fea of Tufcany, and ene of the .Lipari Iflands, five miles frem that vvhich is properly fo called. LisiER, St. a fmall ancient town ef France, in the departiiiCnt of Arriege, lately an epifcopal fee in the province ef Couf"erans. It has a chapel, vvhich has been famous for the refort of pilgrims. It is feated'on the riyer Satkt, 50 miles S, E. of Auch, and 390 S, by W. of Paris, Lon. 1. 15. E. kt.'42. 56. N. LisiEux, an ancient town of Frapce, ip the department of Calvados, and lately an epifcopal fee in Normandy. The churches, and the late epifcopal palace and cuhverits, are handfome ftruftures. It is a place of good trade, particukriy in linen cloth, and is feated at the confluence qf the Teuque and Qrbec, 12 miles frem the fea, and'40 S. W, pf Rpuen. Lpii. o. 2P, E, lat. 49, 'II. N. LlsLE, a large, handfpme, and ftrpng town of France, in the department ef thp North arid late province ef French Flan. ders, of which it was the capifal. It Is efteemed one pf the richeft and moft cemr mercial tew/ns in France ; and the inhabi tants are computed to be 65,000. It is called Lifle (that is, Lljle, The Ifland) becaufe it was formerly furrounded by marftes, which have been drained by the induftry of the inhabitants. Its citadel, conflrufted'by Vauban, is fupppfed tp be the fineft iri- Europe next to that pf Tu rin. The ftreets, particularly thpfe pf the New ToWn, are.adornqd with'noble build ings. The Great Square, and the Little Square, are both diftinguifted in this re fpeft, and among the public ftruftures pioft worthy of notice, are the exchange, i^ inagafirift qf Y;;ft extent, and a general L I T hofpital very lately built. In another hofpital, called L'Hopital Comteffe, the poor vvere ficrved (at leaft before the laie revolution) upon plate. They have ma nufaftures -of all fprts ; but theip princi pal trade is in camlets.- Lifle was, taken by the duke of Marlborough, after three months fiege, and the lofs of many thou fands of men, in 1708 ; but it was reftor ed to 'the French by the treaty cf Utrecht, '^^ .'713) in confideration of their demo- lifhing the fortifications of Dunkirk. In 1792) it fuftained a fevere bambar,dment from the Auftrians •; who, however, vvere obliged to raife the fiege, en the approach of a fuperior French army. It is feated en the river Deule, 14 miles W. of Tour. nay, 32 S. W. of Ghent, 37 N. W. of Mons, and 130 N. of Paris. Lon. 3. 9. E, lat. 50. 38. N. LisMORE, one of the Weftern Iflands of Scotland, lying in a fpacious bay, be. tween Mull and the coaft of Argylefliire. It is a fertile ifland, about nine miles long, and two broad ; and vvas the refidence ^f the bifliops ef Argyle. LisoNzo, a river in Italy, vvhich has its fource in Upper Carinthia, runs through part of the republic of Venice, and falls into the Gulf ot Venice, at the harbour of the fame name. Liss.A, ari ifland in the Gulf of Venice, oil the coaft ef Dalmatia, belonging to the Venetians, where they have a fiftery ,ef 'fardiiies and anchovies. It produces ex cellent wine, and is 70 miles 'VV. <}f Ragu fa, Lpn. 17. o. E. kt. 42. 52. N. LisSA, a towp of Poland, in the pala tinate ef Pofnia, 50 miles W, of Kallih, Lon, 16, 50. E. lat. 52. o. N. LissA, a village of Silefia, 16 miles from Breflau, remarkable for a great vic tory gained by the Pruffians over the Auftrians, in 1757. Lithuania, a large country of Eu rope, which vvas anciently governed by its grand dukes, but, in 1569, vvas united to the repubhc of Poland, under one eleftive king. It is bounded on the S. by Vol- hinia ; on the W. by Little Poland, Po lachia, Pruffia, and Samogitia ; en the N. by Livonia and Ruffia, which laft alfo bounds it on the E, It is about 300 miles in length, and 2 50 in breadth, and is wa tered by feveral largo rivers, the prin cipal of which are, the Dnieper, Dwina, Neman, Pripecz, and Bog. It is a flat country, like Poland, apd the lands are very proper for tillage, The foil is not only fertile in corn, but it produces honey, wood, pitch, and vaft .quantities of %vnol. They have alfp excellent little horfe% which they nfver ftoe, becaufe thcit- hoofs' - B b 3 arc L I V L 1 V are very hard. There are vaft forefts, in which are bears, wolves, elks, wild o.xen, lynxes, beavers, glottens, wild cats,- &c. and eag'es and vultures are very common. In thefe foiefts, large pieces of yellow amber are froquently dug up. The coun try fwarms with Jews, who, though nu- me.rous in every other part of Poland, feem to have fixed their headquarters ip this duchy. " If you a\k for an interpre ter,." fays Mr. Coxe, "they brieg you a Je->v ; if you come to an inn, the landlord is a Jew ; if you want pofthorfes, a Jew procures them, and a Jew drives them ; if you wiffi to pu-rchafe, a Jew is your agent • and this, perhaps, is the only coun- try in Europe, where- Jews cultivate the ground; in paffing through Lithuania, we frequently favv them engaged in fow- ing, reaping, mowing, and ether works ef ¦ huffiandry." The peafants of this coun try are in a ftate of the moft abjcft vaffa- lagc. In 1772, the emprefs of Ruffia for cibly compelled the Poles to cede to her all that patt of Lithuania bordering upon Ruffia, and including at leaft ene third of the country. This ffie erefted into the two gpvernments of Polotfk and Mohilef. In 1793, in conjunftion with the king of Pruffia, file effefted another partition of Poland, in confequence ef vvhich, flie ex tended her dominion over almoft all the whole ofLithuania. The eftabliflied re ligion of the country, before this, vVas tlie Rom.m Catholic ; but there were Luthe rans, Calvinifts, Socinians, Greeks, and even Turks, as well as Jews. -'¦' LiTiz, a town of N. America, in the ftate of pennfylvania. Here is a flou riffiing fettlement of the Moravians, begun in 1757. There is now, befide an elegant church, and the houfes of the fingle bre-j ' thren and fingle fifters, vvhich form a large fquare, a number of houfes for private fa milies, vvith a ftore and t.ivern, all in one ftreet... It is 8' miles frcm Lancafter, and 70 miles W. cf Philadelphia. Liv.ADi-A, a province of Turkey in Europe. It is bounded on the N-. by Jan na, on the E. by the Archipelago ; en the S. by the Morea; and on the W. by the Mediterranean. This province includes ancient Greece properly fo called, and its capital is Setipes, the once celebrated .Athens. Lj'v^adia, an ancient tovvn- of Turkey. in Europe, in the province of that name. It carries on a trade in wool, corn, and rice, with vyhich it furniflies all Greece; aij.d is 58 miles N. W. of Serines, ^nd 64 S. E. of Lepanto. Lon. 23. 26. E. lat. 38,-40^ N. ¦ ' Li'/ADOST.i, d town of Livadia, feated on the Gulf of Lepanto, in the Ifthmus of Corinth, to the N. of a city of that name, with a bifhop's fee, LivENZA, a river of Italy, in the tetr ritory of Venice, which runs en the con. fines of Trevifano and ef FriuH. After it has received the Celine, it falls into the Gulf of Venice, between the mouth ef the Piava and the town ef CaorH, LivERDUN, a town of France, in the department ef Meurthe and late province of Lorrain, feated on a mountain, near the river Mofelle, eight miles N. E. of Toul. Lon. 6. 5. E. kt. 48. 45. N. Liverpool, a large, flourifting, and populous borough and feaport ,of Lanca. ffiire, with a market on Saturday. At the commencement ef this century, it vvas only a fmall village, a hamlet to the pariffi of "^Valton, about three miles off; but it has now become, with refpeft to extent of commerce, the fecond port in the king dom. It is feated on the river Merfey, and has an exceflent harbour, which has been formed with great labour and ex- pence, fliips being admitted inte noble wet docks, fecured by large floodgates. Since the completion of the duke of Bridgewater's canals, the laft of vvhich was th'it at Runcorn, a new dock has been formed by the duke, above the town. One very confiderable branch of trade car ried on from this port, is that ef procuring flaves on the coaft of Africa, and difpofing ef them in the Weft India iflands, the Carolinas, and ether parts of N. America, The trade te Ireland is very confiderable ; many fliips are fent to the Greenlancj whale-fifhery ; and the coafting trade hence te London employs a great number of ffiips ; the cargoes with which they are freighted confifting chiefly in corn and cheefe; and many good ffi-ip.s are buik hei;-e. Liverpool communicates, by means of tlie Merfey, vvith Warrington, and vvith a canal, called the Sankey Canal, running to fome coal-pits and qther v/orks, a- little way up the country ; by means of the IrwcH and of the duke of Bridgewater's Canal, vvith JVlanchefter ; b,y means ofthe Wcever, with the Cheffiire fait works ; jnd, hy means pf the duke of Bridgewa ter's Canal, with the Stafferdftire Grand Trunk and all its communications. The exchange is a handfome modern edifice of ftone, vvith piazzas for the merchants, and ever it is the town-hall, where the courts of juftice are held, and the bufinefs of the corporation tranfafted : it has likewife au. affembly room. "An elegant playhouSc is erefted in this town ; and in its vicinity is a racegrbund. The houfes, in general, are p.ev,', and built of brick. The ftone ufed L I Z L L A ufcd here is obtained from quarries in the neighbourhood : .it is of = yehi'w colour, and extremely foft when hewn in the quarry, but hardens by being e.xpofed to the air.. Here are four churches, whieh are noble ftruftures ; and ene ef them, St. George's, has the fronts of the galleries, the pulpit, and the altar, entirely of ma hogany. There are alfo feveral meeting- houfes fer ditTentcrs. There arc feve ral charitable foundations in this towii^ among vvhich muft not be forgotten' fpme almflieufes for the widows of feamen. Liverpool is 1 5 miles W. of Warrington, arid 203 N. W. bf London. Lori. 2. 54, W. Iat. 53. 23. N. LiVQ.viA, a large pjreviiKe of the Ruf fian emphre, which, with that of Efthonia, has been reciprocally claimed and poffeffed by the three bpfdcrirtg powers of Ruffia, Sweden, arid Poland, and, for more than two centuries, has been a conftant fource and perpetual fcene of the molt bloody wars. It was finally wrefted from the Swedes by Peter the Great, and confirm ed te the Ruffians by the peace of Nyftadt, in 172 1. It now forms the Ruffian go vernment of P-iga, or Livonia, of vvhich the town of Riga is the capital. Iwjs bounded on the- N. by the government of Revel, or Efthonia ; on the E. by that ef ¦ Pflcof, or Pleflcof ; on the S. by that of Poletflc and part ef Poland; and on the W. by the Gulf of Livonia. . It is about 25b miles from'N. to S. and 1 50 frem ,E. te W. The kud-is fo fertile in corn, that it is called the granary of the North; and jt would produce a great deal more, if it were "not fo full ef lakes, ' The fifh that abound here arc 'falmon, carp, pike, flat fifh, and many others. In the forefts are wolyes, bears, elks, reindeers, ftags, and hares. The domeftic animals are very numerous ; but the Ihcep beat very bad wool. Here arc a great number of forefts, vvhich confift of birch-trees, pines, and oaks ; and all the houfes of the inhabitants are built with wood. They export flax, hemp, honey, wax, leather, fkins, and potaft. The dzar Peter, perceiving the inhabltantg did not like- the change of fovereigns, compeUed them to abandon their country, and drove many of them as far as the Cafpian Sea ; but being perfuadx ed te recal them, moft of them perifted before the edift was pyblifted; fo that he vvas obliged to repeople their country with ether nations. Lizard, the moft fouthern promon tory bf England, whence fhips ufually take their departure, when bo'und to the weftward, Lon, 5, 10. W, lat, 49. 57. N, • ¦ • Llaneeder, a town of Cardiganfliire, in S. Wales, vvith a market on Tuefday. Ic is feated on the river, Tyvy, over which is a bridge into Carmarthenffiire; 24 miles E. by N. of:Ca''digan, and 197 W. N. W. of London. Lon. 4. 13. W. kt. 52..15. N. LlandiIovawr, a town ef Carmar- thenfhire, in S. Wales, vvith two markets, on Tuoiday and Saturday.- It is feated on an afcent, on tb,c river Towy, ever which is a handfome bridge, 13 miles N. E. of Car marthen, and 194 W. N. W. of Loridon, Lon. 4. 3. W. Iat. 51. 55. N. Ll.aneLly, a town, of Carmarthen- ftire, in S. Wales, vvith a market on Tucf- days. It is feated on a creek, trades much in coal, and is 13 miles S. by E. of Car marthen, and 216 "VV, N, W, of London, Lon, 4. 13. W. lat. 51, 43, N. Llangadock, a fmall town of Car. marthenffiire, in S. Wales, with a mar ket on 'Thurfday. It is feated between the rivers Brane and Savvthy, whieli foon join the Towy. It is 18 miks N. E.of Carmarthen, and 185 W. N. Vv'. of Lon don. Len; 3.^35. W.lat. 51. 54. N. Llangollen', a town of Denhigh- fliire, in N. Wales. Here is a beautiful bridge of four arches over the river Dee. The fcenes in the vicinity of this place arc very romantic and fublime, ef-. pecially in approaching the lofty Berwyn mountains, which feparate the two coun ties of Denbigh apd Merioneth. Llangol len is 7 iPiles'S. W. ef Wrexham, and 184 N. W. of London. Llanimdovery, a town of Carmar. thenft.ire, in S. Wales, vvith f.vo markets, on Wednefday and Saturday. It is feat. ed near the river Towy, and had once a caftle, now in ruins. It is 26 riiiles N, E.of Carmarthen, and 181 \V. N. W, ef London. Lon. 3. 53, W. lat, 51, 56. N. Llanroost, a town of Denbighffiire, in N. Wales, ^with a market on T'uefday. It is feated on the. river Conway ; and though it is but a fmall place, it has a - good market-houfe, and a freefchool. It is 15, miles S. W. of .Denbigh, and 222 N. W. of London. Len. 3. 58. W. kt. 53. 6. N. Llantrissent, a town of Ghmor-. ganftire, in S. Wales, with a market on Friday. It. is feated in a hilly part ef the country, and is an ancient place, go- . verned by a portreeve, who is fworn by the deputy coii.''tabIe of th'.' ca'tie that ftand; ncir ic. Ic is 10 mi!.-'. N. W. of Landaff,' and 166 W. of London. Lon, 3. 26. W. iat. 51. 37. N. Llanviliing, a tovv.i of Montgo. B b 4 mery LOA L O C meryftire, iri N, Wales, with a market on Tuefday, It is feated in a fiat, among the hilts, near the river Cane, and is -a pretty go, d place. I-i is 15 miles N. of Montj^omery, and 179 N. W. of Londori. Lon. 3. 8. W. lat. 52. 40. N. L L A N Y D lo s', a to wn of 'Montgomery - ffiire, in N. Wak-S, with a great market on Saturday, for woollen yarn,' - It is i8 iniles S, W. of Montgomery,"and 180 W, N. W, of Lopdori, Lori, 3. 28. W. kt. j2. 19. N. Llaugharn, a vvclUbuilt town of Cariphrthepftire, in S. Wales; vvith a market qn Friday, It is feated at the mouth of the river Towy, near the ruins of-two old caftles. It has feme trade, and is feven miles S. W. of Carmarthen, and 133 W. N. W. of London. Lon, 4, 33, \V. kt, 51. 57, N. Lo, St. a confiderable town of France, in the. department of the Channel and late province of Normandy, It is feated on the river Vire ; is defended hy fortifica tions in the ancient manner, dug in a fteep rock ; and there is a good citadel. It has confiderable manufaftories ef ferges, ffialleons, ribands, and gold and filver lace. It is feated in a fertile country, 12 miles frem Coutances, and 125 W, of Paris. Len. o. 53. W. lat. 49. 6. N. ' LOANDO, a town of Africa, capital of the kingdom of Angela, in Conge, or Lower Guinea, with a good harbour, a fOrt, and a bifhop's fee. It is krge and handfome, confidering the country, con taining about 3000 houfes, built of ftone, and covered ' with tiles. Befide thefe, there are a vaft number of negrpe's huts made bf ftraw and earth. The Jefuits had a college here, and there are feveral other rehglrius houfes ; but they have no freffi water. They have a prodigious huftiljer of flaves. ' ' It belongs to the Por tuguefe, Lon. 13. 25. E. lat. 8. 15. S. Lo.\'NGo, a cbnficlerable kingdpm of Africa,' in Congo, or' Lower Guinea, ly ing ori' the feafide, being a'bout 250 miles in ien^i^h; and 188 in breadth. " The king ?nd his cqur.t refide in a town ofthe fanie n?me ; and if '* laid, that the natives are cqnverted td' Chriftianity, at leaft ' the greater 'part pf them,'" The l;jiid is fp fruitful, that 'they'" have three crops of millet in a year ; arid there 'are ' a great number of trees, whence they dra'.v palEfi- -vvine. Their'ptincipal traeie ' copfifts in tlephantsfccth, 'copper, tin, lead, 'irpn, and flaves.'- The women cultivate the ground, fow, and get in the haryeir. The inha- bitantS aire black, vveH-made, mild., 'and traftable. This country hes between 10" and 15° E, lon, and 1° and j" S, lat. '- LoBAW, a t6wn ef Weftern Pruiiia, vvith a caftle, where the bifhopof Culm' -' refides. It is -25; miles from Culm, Lon, ig, o, E. lat-. 53. 8. N- - -' - -"' LoBOA, a town of Spain, in the- pro vince of Eltram.adura, feated'On rhe riyer Guadiana, 22 tniles- E, ef Badajoz,^ Lott.' 6. 22, W.'lat, 38. 32, N; - .' Locarno, a 'townof Swifferland, ca pital of a diftridt of the fame name, vvhich is ene of the four tranfalpine bailiwicks. It contains about 1 500 inhabitants. Part , of the tovyn is built en piazzaS, in the form ef a crefcent, with two "wings ; and, in the front, is a row of trees, and the pubhc walk. The old part of the" town is dirty and the ftreets narrow. It contains three convents, and a fmall Francifcan mpnaftery, perched pn a rpck pverhangirig the valley, and ppnimariding a fuperb view pf the Lake pf Lpoarpo and its magnificent bpundaries. The canppy, in the church pf the Capuqhins, deferves tp be mentipn. ed fpr its beautiful executipn ; it is pf ftraw wPrk, and almoft rivals velvet or gold fringe. Lofarno was once fituated on the lake, and had a pert capable of re. ceiving large barks : at prefent it ftands at tile diftance ef a quarter of a mUe, Vvhich is owing to the accumulation of fand brought down by the torrent Maggia. It is 46 iniles N. ef Nov ata, and 55 N.by W. pf Milan, LoUr 8, 31, E, Iat, 46. 10. N. ¦ Locarno, Lakq of. See Maggi. ORE. Loch aber, a bleak, barren, moun tainous, and rugged diftrift of Invernefs-- ftire in Scotland, in the fouthern- part of that co'unty. LocHEM, a town ef Dutch Guelder land, in the couhty of 'Zutphen. Itwas taken by the French ih 1672;' who aban doned it in 1674, after having demolifted the fortifications. It is feated on the river Borrcl, 10 miles E. of Zutphen, Lon, 6. 13, E.kt, 52', U. N: ¦¦' LocHER Moss, a morafs of Dum friesffiire in Scotland, aboUt 10 miles' in length and three in breadth. From, the vaft oak-trees that have been dug up here, itis evident that this mOrafs has-been, at fome diftant period, a great foreft. Ca noes and anchors have been frequently found lierc ; and as the prefent morafs is but lit. tie elevated above flood.mark', it is fup pofed to have been once covered by the tea, - ' ¦ ' LocHEs, 3 town of France, in the de partment of Indre and Loire and late pro vince of Tou'rairie. It is defended by a ftrong .caitle, the prpfpeft frpm vvhich is very extenfive. Here was one of thefe '' ' •' ' horridj L O DJ L O Ii hoi'uid dungeons, .built by the cruckLcwis' LoDpSA}.', a .fmall djftriftof Italy,' ipsrr. XI. thC' walls, floors, ceilings, and doors the duchy of Milan.. Tt'tfs.along the ,ri- - of which vvere lined, with plates of' irpn, •'ver Adda,, and is'very-fcrtjleand populous. faftened to bar.8 of the fame metah The.,, Its .pheisfes are, in very high efteem. Lodi unfortunate Ludpvic S.forza, duke of Mi- is the capnal. \fy „ , , e, ,- ^ - lan-, taken in battle, under Lciwis 3^11. ;end-,., Lodeve, a town of France, in 'the.,.. ed his days ip one of them. , In the choir , depar.tm,(:nt,,of- .Herault -apd kte -provinc^ ef the late collegiate church, isthe tomb ,, -of -Lang-iieclop,,-- It -was lately, a -'oiftop-'-s ,': ofthe celebrated Agnes Sorrel, miftrcfs. pf fee,, Its manufafture; of hats, and, of- cloth i-,.- Cb&rks' VIL to whofe patriotic exhorta- , for -i>he\arpi,yc, (-render it-vcry riqhj'buf jt is .. tions that monarch ovyed almoft all his gifeated i>r:^a ciry barren,.?ouniry, pn the ri- glory. Loches is feated on the river Indre, -ver Loguc, at the foot of the CcVenpes.sj heara-foreft, i5,miles S.of Araboife, and;, 27': milt-if}. Hj'.,, of Montpelier, and, 40 N.- 20 S. E. of Tours. Lon. o. 51. E. kt.ioi'^'^,' cf-Narbouji'f, Lon,. 3, .30. E,, lat. 42. C 47,,io. N. -'* 47, N. ,, ,-> ,' y,i,il ,1, • . -, LocH-MABEN, a bqrough of Scotland, Lodi, a krge and ftrong town of Italy, ti jn.Dumfriesfhire, fituated en the W. fide .in.the duc'ny ofMilan, and , capital of the ^. of the river Annan, nearly oppofite the Lndcfan.. --It is 20 railes,;S. E. of Milan'; , place where It receives the united ftreams r: and 1 5 N. W. of pjacentia. Lop. 9, zl,. of. Yea and Kinncl, no ipiks N. E..of ,E, kt. 45. 15. N. , ^V Dumfries, Lopi ,3, 19. W. - lat. .j-j. ig.-N,- .-r|; LocHRiDA,or OcRiDA, a large tovvn pf . Turkey ip Europe, feated on, a hifl, near a lake, of the fame name, in the pro- . vince of Albania, with a Greek arch'oi- ftop's fee. It is'well fortified, and i«j ()z miles S. E.of Durazzo. -Lon. 20. 40. E, lat, 41. 40. N. Ji. LocH'TA, a feapprt of Sweden, in E. .Bothnkj feated on the Gulf of Bothnia, go miles S. of Tqrmea. ' Lon. 24. 16. E. }at. 64. 20. N. - , ..J . I . '¦' LocHwiNNOCH, a town of Ren frewfliire, in Scotkrid, the inhabitants pf which aro chiefly emplpyed in manufac tures.- It is feated, pn. the W. fide of a lake of the fame name, called alfo Caftle Semple Loch, which is ,twp or three, miles in length, and of confiderable breadth. On: an iflahd ih this lake, is, feen an old fortrefs, called the Peel ; a name frequent ly given to old fortrofTes in Scotland. From this lake iffues the river Black Cart. - ij ¦'' LocHY, Loch, a lake pf Scotland, ,in the S. W. part of Invernefsfhire.. It is above 10 miles- ip length; and, from one to two in breadth. From the N., W. the waters of Loch Arkek defcend into this lake. Out of it runs the riven Lccliy, vvhich, aho,ut. a .mile, below, receives fhe Sp.ean, a corifiderable river, -over ,vtihii:tcnfive view, as the. metro polis, it confifts of the The City, properly fo called, the city of "V\'eftminfter, and the borough of Southwark ; befide. the - fuburbs in Middlefex and Surry, within what arc called the Bills of Mortality.. Lcgidon and Weftminfter are fituated. - in Middlefex, onthe N. fide of the river Thames. Southwark is feated on the oppofite bank, in Surry. The extent of the-vvhole, from Limehoufe and Deptford to Milbank and Vanxhall, is above feven miles ; but the greateft breadth dees not exceed three. 'With refpeft to the go vernment ef the metropolis, the City is divided into 26 wards, each governed by an alderman. From the aldermen, the chief magiftrate, the lord mayor, is an nually chofen. There are likewife 236 cpmmon council-men, a recorder, a com-. mon ferjeant, tvvo ft.eriffs (who are alfo fteriffs of Middlefex) a chamberlain, a townclerk, a city remembrancer, a water bailiff, a common hunt, and many inferior officers. Weftipinfter, which was once a mile from London, but is new united to it, is a diftinft city, the government of which, both civil and ecclefiaftic-al, was vefted in the dean and chapter of Weftminfter ; 'but fince the Refornaation, the civfl part has been committed to laymen. The high fteward, who is generally a nobleman of rank, is chofen by the dean and chapter, and has an under fteward vvho offici.aces for him. Next te him is the high bailiff, chofen alfo by the dean and chapter. His pov,-cr refembles that of a fterjff; fpr by him juries are fummoned, and he makes the return at the eleftion of members of parliament. The fuburbs are under the jtirifdlftipn pf the magiftrates pf Middle. fex, vvho, befide their cpu.nty h.all, on Clerk- LON Clerkenwell Green, - have an office in Bow-ftreet, long diftinguifhed for public fpirit and aftivity. But as there, were other juftices ef peace, who proftituted their office te mercenary views, an aft of pariiament pafl'cd in 1792, by 'which feven other public offices were eftabliflied. Three magiftrates officiate at each of thefe; and, to deprive them of all temptation to corrupt praftices, they are prohibited from taking any fees, in lieu of which they have each an annual falary of 400I. The fees pf pffice, vvhich are paid as ufual, are ap- prppriated tp defray the expences of thefe new eftabhftmeuts. Southwark vvas long independent of London, but Edward III. granted it to the city. Itwas then called the village of Southwark : ic was after. ward named the. bailiwick, and the corpo. ration of Lendon appointed the bailiff. In the reign of Edward VI. it was formed intd a tvventy-fixth ward, by the name ef Bridge Ward Without. On the death of tile alderman of this ward, he is fucceeded by the next in feniority, to whatever ward he may belong ; this ward being confidered as a finecure, and confeq'jcntly the moft proper' for " the father of the city." The city has Hkewife a high bailiff and fteward here. Among the churches in the metropolis, the cathedral ef St. Paul, as the moft Sonfpicuous, ftrft claims atten tion. This noble fabric is 2292 feet in circuniference, and 36:; in height tq the top of the crofs. "It is inferior to none in Europe, except St. Peter's at Rome. It is not/ deftined to be the receptacle of the monuments ef fuch illuftrious men, as may do honour to their country by their talents and their virtues. Two are already pre paring ; the firft, for that great philan- threpift Mr. Howard, and the fecond, for Dr; Samuel Johnfon. The Houfe ef Commons, moreover, at the conclufion of the feffions, in 1793, voted a monument to be placed in this temple of the Britift wor thies, to the memory of lord Rodnev'. Weftminfter Abbey, the collegiate church of St. Peter, is a noble fpeeimen , of Go thic architefture, i"aid to have been found ed by Sebert, king of the Eaft Saxons, in 610. Having been deftroyed by the Danes, it was rebuilt by Edward, the Confeffor, in "1066. Henry III. pulled down the Saxon pik, and began to build the prefent ftrufture in 1245. The work vvas carried on flowly by fucceeding princes, and can hardly be faid to have been finiffied before the time of fir Chrif topher Vv'rcn, who built the two tp-vvers at the weft end. This church is 360 feet iu length within the walls; at the nave it is 7; broad, and at the crofs 195. LON Here moft pf our monarchs haye been crowned, and many of them interred. It contains aifo a great number of monli. , ments .of kings, ftatcfmen, heroes, poets, and perfons diftinguifted by genius, learn ing, and fcience. The chapel ef Henry Vlf. adjoining, Leland calls " The, Wonder of the V-'orld." St. Stephen's, Walbrook, is a fmalf church of exquifite beauty, the mafterpicce of fir Chriftopher V/rcn : perhaps Italy itfelf can produce no modern building that can vie with this in tafteiand proportion. Bow Church, in Cheapfidc ; St. Bride's, in Fleet-ftreet ; St. Dunftan's in the Eaft ; and St. Martin's in the Fields, are among the ether churches moft diftinguifted for fine ar chitefture. The parifli churches, in what are called the Bills ef Mortality, amount to 146 ; namely, 97 within the walls, 16 v\-ithout the walls, 23 out parift.es in Mid dlefex and Surry, and 10 in the city arid liberties of Weftminfter. Befide thefe churches, is one belonging to the Temple, one of our celebrated feats of law. It was founded by the Knights Templars in the reign of Henry II. upon the model of that of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerufalem. There are likewife a great number of chapels for the eftablifted church, fo reign proteftant churches, Roman Catholic chapels, meetings for the diffenters of all perfuafions, and three fynagogues for the Jews. With refpett to palaces, the mag. nificenoe of royalty is' nee to be found in them. That of St. James was an hofpital for leprous females, dedicated to that faint. It was furrendered te',Henry V^II. who erefted on its fite the prefent palace ; of which it has been obferved, that notwith ftanding its mean exterior, it is the moft commodious for the parade of royalty of any in Europe. He likewire kid out a large piece of ground adjoining into a pirk, formed a canal and walks, calling it, in conformity to the name of the palace,, St. James' Park. Charles II. enlargetl and improved this fpot, adorning it with plantations of trees ; but, a few years age, it was improved in a &'[[ more beautiful degree. The Queen's Palace ftands in the moft favourable fituation that St. James' Park could furnifli. It was erefted by the duke of Buckingh.9m, in 1703, and called Buckingham Houfe, until it was purchafed, in 1761, for the royal refidence ; when it acquired its prefent name. Ip 1775, parliament fettled this houfe upon the q'deen,in cafe fte fhould furvive his majefty. Carlton Houfe, the refidence of the prince nf Wales, t.he gardens extcpd. ing to St. James' Park, is a ftately build- irii;, on vvhich vaft fums have been ex-" peuded ; LON . pepde.d ; but it is not yet completed. The Bipqueting Houfe, at Whitehall, was be gun in I619, from a defign ,,by Inigo J.-'iics. It is only a Ithall parr of the vaft plan of a palace," intended to be worthy of the refidence of the Britift monarchs, but Jnft incomplete. Befide the royal palaces, there are many fine houfes ef the princes ef 'tlie blood, and of the nobility and gcptry. Weftminfter Hall, and fpme btifldiags appendant to it, contain the Hpufes of Lqrds and Commons, and the fuperior courts of juftice. The great hall, in vVIiich are li^ld the trials of peers, and of perfons impeached, before the lords, ex ceeds, in dimenfion, any in Europe, which fs not fupported by pillars. Its length is 270 fee* ; the breadth 74 ; and the height iiii proportion. The Guildhall ef the city, ficwatcd at the end ef King's-ftrtet, Cheap- tide, vvas buik in 1431. Its great hail ig 153 feet long, 50 broad, and 58 high; in ¦which are the piftures of feyeral of the kings' ?.ad queens ef England, and of tho twelve judges vvho diftinguifted them felves in deterroinirig the differences be- tweCB landlords and tenants, on rebuilding the city, after the great fire : here- is like- wife a pifture of lord chief juftice Pratt, now carl Camden ; a marble whole-lcpgth ftatue of Mr. Beckford, who was twice f'jrd mayor ; and amagiiificqnt cenotaph, tq the memory of the carl of Chatham, TEie froijt of this hall has been rebuilt in the Gothic ftyle. Bcrc the Courts of Sing's Bench and Common Pleas hold fittings at Nffi Prius : here alfo the city clcftio-ns arc hyld, and'all the bufinefs of ihe corpora-don tranfafted. The SeSlons Houfe rn the Old Bailey, in which the fcri. minats both of Lendon and Middlefex are tfk-d; and the Cbijmy Hail for Middle- iVx, on CkikenvvcU Green, are /noble i"rr;i,iturcs. In D,„.-tors Commons, pr the Colh'gc of Civilians, fituated to the S. nf St. Paul's cathedral, sre held the Ee'cle- fiaftical Courts, and the Court of Admi ralty ; but the trial of offences on the high feas, under the jurifdiftion of the latter," is commonly trans'fc;rred to the Old Bailey.- Ofthe buildings appropriated to fhe great Bational offiiccs, military, naval," and fifcal, ^he moft ancient is fhe Tower of London. it is furrounded by a wall and ditch, ¦ivhich alfo indof; feveral ftreets. Here arc feme artillery ; a magazine of fmall arms for 6d",ooP men, 'ra'nged in beautiful order ; a hqrfc armoury, in whi.;h are- 1 ; figures of our kings on hprfcback ; ' and the civil branch of the Office'of Ordnance. Here arc likewife the crown and other regalia, the Mint,, and the Menagerie. The circumfcrc-iicc is about a hple. It LON contains one parift church, and is under the command of a conftable, and heutCr nant-governpr. It was a palace during 5C1S years; pur naopai'elis, on their accef". fien tO;'the thron£, conftantly holding their courts in this fortrefs ; but after the ac. ceffion of queen Elifabeth, this cuftom ceafed. The Horfe Guards, an elegant ftrufture, ftands oppofite the Banqueting Houfe. It contains apartmerits for the officers arid privates of the lifeguards, a troop ef vvhich coriftantly do duty he.re, The War Office is in this place, and here courts-martial for fhe army are held. The Ordnance Office, for the miHtary depart. ment, is in St. Margaret's.ftreet, "Weft minfter. The Admiralty is a large ftruc. ture, in which the higher departments of the bufinefs ef the navy are tranfafted, and the lords of the admiralty have houfes. The Navy, Navy Pay, and ViftualHng Offices, are in Somerfet Place, a ftupen- dous and magnificent ftruftuye, built on the fite of the old palace, erefted by the firft duke ef Somerfet in the reign of Ed ward VI. It vvas begun during the laft war, and was intended to bring into one fpot the moft confiderable public offices ; arid, although pot yet finiflied, it already contains, befide the offices above-men tioned, the following,' namely, the auditors of imprcft, clerk pf the eltreats, duchy courts ef Lancafter and- Cornf.'all, hack. ney coach, hawkers and pedlars, horfe duty, lord treafureris . remembrancer's, lottery, pipe and cemptroUer of- t'ne pipc,^ fait, fick and hurt, figriet, ftage coach duty, ftamp, furveyor of crown lands, tax, and wine licence offices. The king's barge-houfes are comprehended in the pian, with a dwelling for the barge-maf- ter ; befide houfes for the treafurer, pay- mafter, and fix commiflioners of the navy; three commiffioners of the viftualling and their fecretary ; one commiffioner of the ftamps, and ene of the fick and hurt ; with'comn-iodieijs apartments in every of fice for a fecretary, 'Or fome other afting officer, for a porter, and their famifies. In the frpnt, tpward-the ^trand, which cpn fifts of a rich bafement, fupporting an ex. cellent example of the Corinthian order, .and contain"ing a prinnipal and attic ftory, ^rc apartnxents for the royal academy, and the royal and antiquarian, fociefies. The grand entrance, by three lofty arches, leads into a fpacious -quadrangle, en each fide of w'nich, tP the eaft and weft, a ftreet is tp be fprmed, bfyond which the wings arc to he carried. The front to the '¦Fhames is erefted on -S noble terrace, 1;} 'feet wide ; and the building, when finifli ed, will extcn'd iioo feet. This terrace, U-l^i. L O N LON imparalleled for grandeur, and 1-ieauty of vic'.v, is fupported on a rough ruftic bafe. ment, adorned with a lofty arcade of 32 arches, each 12 feet wide, and 24 high. The grand femicircular arch, in the middle of the bafement, is that intended for the ireception ef the king's barges. The Treafury, which has a noble elevated front, is in St. James' Park ; and vvhat is called " The Cockpit," forms a part of this building, and is now the. councfl chamber for the cabinet minifters. In the city, is the Royal Exchange, eri- ginally built, in 1567, by fir Thbmas Greffiam. In 1 570, qiiecn EHfabeth vi fited every part ef it, and then, by found of trumpet, prpclaimed it the Rpyal Ex change. Beirig deftroyed by the great fire in 1666, it was rebuilt, in its prefent form, at the expence of 8o,oool. In each of the principal fronts is a piazza, and in the centre an area. The height of the building is 56 feet, and frem the centre of the fouth fide rifes a lantern and turret 178 feet -high, -on the top of Which is a vane, in the form of a graf"shepper, the crcft of fir Thomas Greftam. "The infide of the area, which is 144 feet long, and 117 broad, is furrounded by piazzas, to fcclter the merchants, in bad weather. The Bank of England, a magnificent ftrufture, is fituated in Threadneedle-ftrect. The Cuftom Houfe, to the weft of the Tower, is a large irregular pile, Ijeferc vvhich, ..ftips of 350 tons can lie, and difcharge their cargoes.. It vvas built in 17 18, on the fite ef a fbrmcr Cuftom Houfe, de ftroyed, by fire. The Excife Office, in Broad'-ftreet, is a building of magnificent fimpHcity, erefted, in 1768, en the fite of Grelham College. The Eaft India Houfe, in Leadeiihall-'ftTeet,, was bmlt. in 1726. The- front is very confined-; but it has great eiet'ent in depth, and contains all the offices neceffary for trapfafting the bufi- nefs of a ccrhmercial company. The South Sea Houfe in Throgmorton-ftrect, is a handfomc building ; but the General Poft- office, in--JjeiPbkrd.ftfeet, merits no atten. tion. Of the ftruftures, which more parti cularly belong te the city, the moft diftin guifted IS the Manfion Houfe, erefted in, 1752, for rhe refidence of the 'lofd mayor : it is magnifi-oenr, bur too ponderous. The Monument is" a noble-fluted Doric cohimn, '¦ »oi feet high, erefted in commemoration of the great fire in 1666.' The bridges are a great ornament to- the metropolis. The moft ancient; London Bridge, was begun in 1176, and fip'ifced in 1209.' The length of it is 915 feet. 'The nu,i ber of arches' was 1 9, of unequal dimenfions, and defprmed by the enormous fterHngs, and by hou'fes pn each-fid^, yvhicii pyerhv.flg' ia a terrific manner. Thefe v^cri; rcriioved Iri 1736, when the" upper part of the bridge affumed a modern appearance,; buf the fterliugs rerrrdin, thuugh they fo coii-^ traft the f"pace between' the pisrs, as to uc- cafioii, at the ebb of every tide, a fall cf five feet, pr a number of temporary cata^ rafts, which have bccafioned the lofs cf in. numerable lives. Weftminfter Bridge, the fiqeft ip-the vvprid, was built by Mr. Labelye, a native of Svvifferland. 'Thi firft ftone was laid in 1739; the laft in 1747; but, on account of the finking cf one ef the piers, the opening of the bridge vvas (retarded dU 1750. Tiie whole is of Portland ftone, except the fpandrcis of the arches, which arc of Purbeck. Itis 1223 feet in length. It has 13 large, and 2. fmail femicircular arches : the centre arch is 76 feet wide ; the other arches, on each ,fide, decreafing in width 4 feet. Bkck- friars Bridge, built by Mr. Mylnc, was , completed in 176S. Its length is 995feet; the breadth of the carriage way 28, and of the footpaths feven feet each. It confifts of nine elliptical arches, the centre one of which is 100 feet wide; and both this, and the arch on each fide, are wider than the celebrated Rialto at Venice. This noble ftru6ture is built of Portland ftone. In London arc feveral mufeums. The Britift Mufeum, vvhich is open to the public gratis, was founded by pariia. ment, in 1753, in purfuance ofthe vviU'of fir Hans Sloane, v.ho direfted his exe cutors to make are offer to the. pubhc of his colleftion of natural and artificial curiofi ties and books, fer the lum pf 2o,oooi. and the noble building called Montague Houfe, was purchafed for their reception. At the fame time were purchafed the MSS. coflefted by Edwa,-d Harliy .earl ef Oxford. Here are likewife the collec tions made by fir Robert and Cr John Cptton ; and large fipns .have, fince been voted tp, augment this noble rcpofitor,'. His 1,-ifc -majefty prefented to "it the libra ries of the kings ofEnglirid, from the rei_^H of Henry VII. his prefent ,m^"efty, an interefting colleftion elE the trafts pub hfhed in the reigns of Charles I. and IL and antiquities, bro'jght frppi Italy, wc.-e purcaai"ed by parliament, fpr 8,4ipi. in 176-2-. The Leveii?n Ivlufcum is fitu ated :ini Great Surry-ftreet, ori the S. fids pf Bkckfriacs Bridge. , This magnifictn,: mufeum was collefted by the late fir Aft ton Lever, and -contains the moft aftoniil'iin^ collcftbon in natural hiftory that had ever been formqd by an individu-ji. Sir Afo- tori having obtained an aft of parliament, empovvi-ring him to uitpol"e ¦/{ this ir,u- fc'.-ni LON L 0 M feum by a lottery, to confift of 36,006 tickets, at a guinea each, found fo little avidity in the public to adventure, that he had fold no more than 8,oop tickets when the apppinted time of drawing ar rived ; the event of vvhich proved very unfortunate to him ; for this invaluable treafure was transferred to the pofTeffor of two tickets only, James Parkinfon, efq. Avho erefted the prefent building for its reception. Another Mufeum, confifting of anatomical preparations, and natural curiofities, collefted by the late Dr. Wil liam Hunter, who biiilt a fpacious edifice for their reception, in Windmill-ftreet, Haymarket, is now open to the public, and is to continue I'o for thirty years from the time of his death in 1783. «Of the inns ef court, or focieties for the ftudy ef the law, the principal are the Middle and Inner Temples, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. Thefe are very fpacious, and have large gardens, vvhich arc open to the pub lic. The others are Clifford's Inn, Cle ment's Inn, Serjeants Inn, New Inn, Lyon's Inn, Barnard's Inn, Furnival's Inn, and Staples Inn. The Cpllege of Phyficians, unfortunately hidden in "VVar- vvick-lanc, vvas built by fir Chriftopher Wren. Greftam College, erefted by fir Thomas Greftam, for feven profeffors in divinity, civil law, aftronomy, geometry, rhetoric, phyfic, and mufic, ftood on the fite of the Excife Office : but in 176S, the reading ef the leftures was removed to a room over the P,.eyal Exchange. Sion College, near London Wafl, founded, in 1603, by the Rev. Thomas White, is go verned by a prefident, tvvo deans, and four affiftants ; and all the clergy within the bills of mortality are its fellows. Here is a Hbrary for their ufe, and almftoufes fer ten men and ten women. The Royal and Antiquarian Societies (as already obferv- cd) and'the Royal Academy of Artifts, have noble apartments ui Somerf'et Place, • The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufaftures, and Commerce, have a handfome houfe in the Adelphi. Of pub lic feminarics, the moft diftinguifted are Weftminfter School, adjoining the Abbey, nobly endewed"^.by queen Elifabeth ; St. Paul's School, founded by dean Colet ; the Charter Houfe, founded, both for a fchool and hofpifal, bv Thomas Sutton, efq. and a fchool, in Suffolk-lane, Thames- ftreet, founded by the company ef Mer chant Tailors, "W'ith refpeft to places of diverfion, the Opera Houfes have been re markably unfortunate ; that in the Hay- market, called the rung's Theatre, hav ing been eleltroyed by fire, ori the 17th eif June -i-Sg; and' the Pantheon, in Ox- ford-ftrcct, the moft magnificent ftrufture of the kind in Europe, which had been fitted up for the performance of operas, having met vvith a fimilar fate, on the 14th of, January 1792. The former, however, has been fince rebuilt. The Theatre Royal in Drury-Iane is rebuild- ing in a magnificent ftyle. The Theatre Royal in Covent Garden, the other win ter theatre, was rebuilt in 1792 ; and for the dramatic entertainments in fummer, is a fmaller Theatre Royal in the Haymarket, Sadler's Wells, near Iflington, is for pan tomimes, rope-dancing, &c. and Aftley's Amphitheatre, near Weftminfter Bridge, and the Royal Circus, in St. George's Fields, are for equeftrian exercifes, and other amufements. For the higher ranks ef life, are many noble rooms for concerts ; as In Hanover Square ; the Freemafon's Tavern in Great Quecn-ftreet, Lincoln's- inn-fields ; and the Crown and Anchor Tavern in the Strand. Ranelagh and Vauxhall are celebrated throughout Eu rope ; the former for its magnificent ro tundo ; the latter for its beautiful gardens, rotundo, temples, and nofturnal decora tions ; and both for mufical entertain ments, vocal and inftrumcntal. Of the halls of the city companies, the moft diftinguiflied, in point of architefture, are Surgeons Hall, in the Old Baile'y ;' Gold- fmiths Hall, Fofter-krie ; Irorimongers Hall, Fenchurch-ftreet ; and Fiftmongers Hall, near London Bridge. The prin. cipal hofpitals are Chrift's Hofpital, near Newgate- ftreet, , a royal foundation, for orphans and poor children ; St. Bartholo. mew's Hofpital, Weft Smithfield, another royal foundation fer the fick and lame ; Brldewefl, ip Bkckfriars, once a royal pa. lace, but nevv a royal hofpital, for the ap- , prenticing of the induftrious youth, and a prifon for the diffolutc ; Bethlem, in Moorfields, another, royal hofpital, for lunatics ; St. Luke's, iri Old Street, alfo for lunatics ; St. Thohaas', In the Bo rough, the fourth royal hofpital, for the fick and lame ; and for the fame purpofe are Guy's Hofpital adjoining ; the London ' Hofpital, in Whitechapel ; the Middlefex Hofpital, Berners-ftreet ; the Weftmin-- fter Infirmary, Petty France ; and St, George's Hofpital, Hyde Park Corner, The FoundUng Hofpital, in Lamb's Con. duit Fields ; the Afylum, at Larhbeth,, for orphan girls ; the Magdalen Hofpital, in St, George's Fields, for penitent prefti. tutes ; the Marine Society, in Bifhopf- gate-ftreet; the Smallpox Hofpitals at Clerkenvvefl and Pancras ; the Lock Hof. "pital, near Grofvcnor Place ; the Weft. milliter Lying-in Hofpital, and many others LON LON ethers for the fame purpofe, are alfo ex cellent inftitutions ;. and there are many difpenfaries for difpenfihg medicines to the fick, who keep to their houfes, under the direftion of a phyfician to each dif- penfary, and proper affiftants. The prifons are numerous: the principal are Ncwg'it^e, a ftupcnelous ftrufture ; the New Comp. ter, in G iltfpur- ftreet ; the Fleet Prifon, for debtors ; the King's Bench, in 'St. George's Fields, for the fame purpofe ; and a new county gaol (including a now feffions-heufe) in Southwark. Some bf the fquares and ftreets in the metropolis are magnificent ; and many of thol"e vvhich cannot beaft ef grandeur, are Iong,,fpaci. ous, and airy. Portland Place forms, per haps, tlie moft magnificent ftreet in the world ; Stratford Place is truly elegant ; and che Adelphi Terrace is the admira tion of foreigners, for the noble view which it affords of the river, the bridges, and other public buildings, and of the fine -hills beyond Southwark and Lambeth. Such, on a very curfory view ef it, is the metropoHs of Great Britain, to the extent and opulence of vvhich many caufes have contributed. Thefe cannot be better enu merated than in ,the vvprds of Dr. .Aikin : " The broad ftream of the Thames flowing between London and Southwark, conti nually agitated by a briOc current, er a ra pid tide, brings conftant fupplies of freft air, which no buildings can intercept. The country round, efpeciafly on the London fide, is nearly open to fpme dif tance ; whence, by the aftion of the fua and wind eh a gravelly foil, it is kept to lerably dry in all feafons, and affords no lodgment for ftagnant air or water. The cleanlinefs of London, as vvell as its fupply of water, are greatly ajded by its fituation ,on the banks of the Thames ; and the New Riyer, with many good fprings with in the city- itfelf, further contributes to tho abundance of that neceffary element. AH thefe are advantages, vvith refpeft to health, in which this metropolis is ex ceeded by few. Its fituation, with regard to the circuitiftance of navigation, is equally vvell-chofen : had it been placed lower on the Thames, befide being an noyed by the m.arlhes, it wpuld have been mere liable to infults from foreign foes ; had it been higher, it would not have been acccflible, as at prefent, to fhips of krge burden. It now poffeffes every advan tage that cari be derived from a feaport, without its dangers ; and, at the fame time, by means of its noble river, enjoys a very extenfive communication with the internal parts of tlic countrv, which fiip- ' ply it with ail forts of neceffaries, and, iu return, receive frpm it fuch commodities as they require. V/ith the grsa-; article of fuel, London is plentifully fupplied by fea from the northern colheries ; and to this circumftance the nation is indebted for a great nurfery of feamen, not depend ing upon foreign commerce ; vvhich is a principal fo-urce of its naval fuperiorit'y. Corn and various other articles are -Nvith , equal eafe conveyed to it- from all the ma- ritim.c parts of the kingdom, and great numbers of coafting veffels are continually employed for this purpofe. London, therefore, unites in itf"clf all the benefits, arifing from navigation and commerce, vvith thofe of a metropolis at- which all the public bufinefs of a great nation is tranf afted ; and is, at the fame tune, the mer cantile and political head of thefe king doms. It is alfo the feat of many confider able manufaftures ; feme almoft peculiar to itfelf, as miniftering to the demands i^f ftudied fplendour and refined luxury; ethers in vvhich it participates with the manufafturing towns in general ; with this di.fferencc, that only the finer and more coftly of their works are performed here. The moft important ef its peculiar ' manufaftures is the filk weaving eftablift ed in Spitalfiekls by refugees from France. A variety nf works in gold, filver, and jewellery ; the engraving of prints; the making of optical and mathematical in ftruments, are likewife principally or foIely executed here, and feme ef them in greater perfeftion than in any other coun try. The porter-brcwry, a bufinefs of very great extent, is alfo chiefly carried on ih London, To its port are Hkewife confined feme branches of foreign com merce, as the vaft Eaft India trade, and thofe to Turkey and Hudfon's Bay. Thus London has ril'en to its prefent rank of the firft city in Europe with re fpeft te opuknce ; and nearly, if not en- tirely fo, as to number of inhabitants. Paris and Conftantinople may difpute the latter with-it. Its population, like that of aU ether towns, has been greatly over. rated, and is not yet exaftly determined ; but it is probable, that the refidcnts in London, WeftmiiiiJer, Southwark, and all the out pariftes, fall friort of 600,000." London is a biffiop's fee, and fends four members to parliament. It is 165 miles* N. W. of Paris, ^go N. by E. pf Madrid, 70P N. W. of Rome, 600 W. N. W. of Vienna, 264 S. E. of Dublin, and 180 W, by S. of Amfterdam. Lat.5i.3i.N. See Thames, '* London, Nn',v. a feaport ef N. America, in the ftate of C-an'ctic'it, and County of the fame n^Uie, Its harbjur is tlij; LON LOO the beft in Connefticut, and as 'good as any inthe United States, and is deferided by two forts. It is fituated on the W. fide of the river Thames, near its entrance into the Sound, abcut 80 miles N. E. of New York. Lon. 73 10. W, lat. 41. 25. N. Londonderry, a town ef Ireland, capital ef a county cf the fame name. It is not very krge, nor arc its fortifications very ftrong, and yet it is remarkable for a long iiege it fuftained ag-ainft king James If. in 1689. It is a modern, place, built by a company ef London adventu rers in the reign ef James I. It confifts of only two ftreets, vvhich crofs ene ano ther in the middle ; but they are neat and well-paved, and the houfes are moftly built of freeftone. It has a handfome church, a fine market-place, and its harbour is bor- dered vvith a quay. At the fiege above. mentioned, when aU the comtnanding of ficers \wcre dead, they chofe Mr, Walker, a clergyman, for their head, who per. formed wonders by his bravery and con. duft, till a naval force from England, with fome troops under general Kirke, broke the boom acrofs the harbour, and brought a feafonable relief ; by which the eriemy were fo difpirited, as to raif"e the fiege, af ter having laid fix weeks before the town, and thrown 600 bombs into it. London derry is feated on the river Mourn, near its mouth, five miles S. ef the lake or bay of Loughfoyle, and 104 N. W. of Dublin. Lon. 7. 5. W. kt. 55. 4. N. LotJDONDERRY, a County ef Ireland, in the province of Ulfter, 32 miles in Icnglh, and 30 in brea'Jth ; bounded en the W. by Donegal, on the N. by the ocean, on the S. and S. Vv'. by Tyi'one, and by Antrim on the E. It contains 38 pariftes, and fends eight members te par liament. It is a fruitful champaign coun try, and its capital is ef the f"ame name. LoN'GFOP.D,a county of Ireland, in the pi-ovince of Leinfter, 25 miles in length, and 16 in breadth; bounded on the E. fend S. by "VVcft Meath ; on the N. and N. "VV. by Ijcitrim and Cavan, and on the W. by rhe river Shannon. Jt coritains 24 parift.es, and fends 10 members to parlia- Pient. It is a rich and ple.afant country, and the principal town is of ;:he fame name. Long Island, an ifland ef N. Ame rica, in the ftate ef New-York, feparated, from Connefticut by Long Ifland Sound, and dtvieled into three CPunties. It ex- tends from t'ne city pf New Yprk E. 140 miles, but is not more than 10 broad ori a mtdi'.ihi. Front this ifland, are exported to the 'iVcft Indies, •$.'£. whale-oil, pitch, pine boards, horfes, cattle, flax-feed, beef< &c. The produce of the middle and'vKef- tern parts of the ifland, particularly cprn, is carried to NevV York. This ifland, m 1792, contained upv-Vard pf 30,ppp inha- bitants. , LoNGiWico, a tpwn pf Turkey in Eurppe, in the Mprca; anciently called Olympia, fampus fpr being the place where the Olympic games were cele. brated, and fot the temple pf Jupiter Olympus, about a mile dillanti It is now but a fmall place, feated en the river Al. phcus, 10 miles froria its mouth, and 50 S. of Lcpantp. Lpn, 22, o. E, lat. 37. 40. N. LoNGTOWN, a tPvvn iri Cumbeciaridj with a market pn Thurfday. It is feated on the borders of Scotland, 12 miles N. of Carlifle, and 307 N. N.-W. of Lpndpn; Lpn. 2. 50. W. lat. 55. 8. N. , LoNGUEVlLLE, a tPwn of France, in the department of Lower Seihe and late prevince bf Normandy, fpated on a fmall river, 2'3 mfles N. of Rpuen. Lon. i. 10. E. lat. 49. 5c. N. LoNGWY, a towri of Franie, in the department of Mofelle and kte duqhy of Lorrain, with a caftle. It is divided into the Old and New Town'; the latter built by Lewis XIV. and fortified by Vauban. It vvas taken by the king of Pruffia in Auguft 1792, but retaken two months after. . It is feated on an eminence, 1.5 miles S. W. of Luxemburg, and 167 N. E. of Paris. Lqn. 5. 58. E.lat. 49,30. N. Lonsdale. See Kirby Lonsdale. LoNs. le-Saulnier, a town of France, in the department of Jura and late province of Franche Comte, vyith i late abbey of noble Bernardines. It dc rives its name from the fait fprings vrith vvhich it abounds. It is feated on the river Solvan, 30 miles from Dole. Lon; 5. 30. E.lat, 46. 37. N. . , Loo, a tovvn of Dutch Guelderland, where the prince ef Orange has a fine pa. lace. It is eight miles "VV. of Deventer, Len. 5. 44. E. lat, 52. 20. N. * Looe, East, and -West, tvvo con temptible boroughs ift Cornwall, feparated from each eflier by a creek, over whieh ia a narrow ftone bridge ef feveral ar'ches; They fend together as many members to parliament as London. The market of Eaft Looe is on Saturday. It is 16 mfleS. W. of Plymouth, and 232 \V. by S. of London. Lorii 4. 36. W. lat. 50. 23. N. Loots, a. town of Germany, in the biftopric of Liege, 16 miles W. of Mae ftricht. Lon. 5. ig. E.'lat. ;o. 52. N. * Loots, acoiintyfaf Gt.rrriany, iii the biftopric of Liege, bounded on the S. by Haftay, L 0 R LOR Hafby, on the N. by Campaigne, Ori^he W. by the duchy of Brabapt, and on the E. by Limburg. It had ferm.erLy its own counts, but . the family is now extinft. Toots is tJie capital to-,vn. Lor A, a town of S^iain, .in Andalufia, on the, river Guadalquiver, 28 miles N. E. of Seville. Lop. 5. a. W. lat. 37. 46. N. LoRA, a town of Germany, in the cir cle, of Upper Saxony, and ceunty ef Ho- heri.ftein, in Thuringia, 30 miles N. ef .Sa;ce Gj:;ha. Lon. 10. 55. E, kt. 51, 30, N. , '. . , Lore, a town of Spain, in Granada, 1 5 miles N. of Malaga. Lon. 4. 35. W, la't. ,3.6. 50 N. LoRBus, a town ef Africa, in the kiairdo'ai of Tunis, vvith a caftle, aneJ fine rcmairis of antiquity. It is feated on "a pleafant plain, fertile in corn,. i;o miles, ,-S. W. ef Tunis. Lon. g: o. E. kt. 35. 35.,N. LpRCv, a poor, but. ancient town ef .Spain, in J.Iurtia. It is feated in a fertile •country, upon an eminence, near the river Guadalantin, 30 miles W.. of Carthagena. Lpn. 1. 37. W. kt. 37. 44. N. LoRCA,.a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, and duchy of Wirtem- .berg, feated 'On the river Remms, 20 miles N. W. of Eflinguen. It had formerly a very .rich abbey, but its revenues pow be long tp the univerfity pf Tubingen, ¦ - '-'¦ Lord Howe's Group, anext«n- fiv^e group of iflands in the S. Pacific Ocean, difcovered by captain Hunter in i7gi, who, from the maft-hcad, could difr tintfly defcry 32 ot them, feme of confideri. .able extent. They appeared thickly cover ed with wood, among vvhich the cocoa-nut • was very diftinguiftable. Nine of the na tives came near, the fliip, in a canoe, which was about.-4o feet. long, badly made, aqd had an outrigger. They were a ftout, clean, vvell'-made people, of a dark copper colour ; their hair tied in a knot on the back of the head; and they feemed to have fome method of taking off the beard ; for they appeared as if clean ftaved. They had an'orn-ament, confifting of a number of fringes, like .an artificial beard, which vvas fattened between the nofe and mouth, and clofe under the nofe. To that beard hijng a row of teeth, which gave them the appearance of having a mouth lower than their natural ope. They had holes run tlirough the fides ef the nefe inte the paf fage, ipto which, as vyell as through the leptum, were thrijft pieces of rfcd or bone. The arms and thighs were marked ip the manner defcribed by captain Cook, of feme pf the natives of the iflands he vifited in jjji:|"c f^as, called Tatowing ; and fome .were pajnted vvith red and white ftreafa. They wpre a wrapper round their middle. Lon. frem 159.' 14. to 159. 37- L. Iat. 5, 30. S. -'' Lord Howe's Island, an ifland of the S. Pacific Ocean, abnit MP leagues E. of New S. Wales. On the W, fide is good anchorage, but the bottom is a coral rock. Many excellent turtle have been caught here on a fapdy beach ; a«d the ifland abounds vvith a variety of birds, which, when .our feamen landed here, vvere fo unaccuftomed to be efifturbcd, that they came near enough to knock down as many as they wanted with a ftick. Thi.s ifland was difcovered, in 1788, by lifflte- nant King, in his voyage from Port Jack fon to Norfolk Ifland. The S. -end of it is two very high mountains nearly perpen dicular from the fea, the. fouthernmoft named Mount Gower. About 14 ihilei to the S. is a very remarkable rock, nam ed Ball's Pyramid, vvhich had much the appearance of a fteeple at a diftance. Lord Flowe's Ifland is three miles and a half long, and very narrpw acrpfs. Lon, 159. ei. E. kt. 31. 36. S. LoREDO, atown of Italy, in the ter ritory of Venice, and in the Polcfino, feat ed on the liver Adige, 20 miles E.of Ro. vigo. Lon. 12. 50. E. lat. 45. 5. N. Loretto, a town of Italy, in the marquifate of Ancona, vvith a bifhop's fee. It is fmall, but fottifiied, and contains the Cafa Santa, or the houfe of N:izareth, in whifh they pre^tend Jefus Chrift was brought up ; and that it was carried by ange|s into Dalmatia, and thence to the place where it now ftands. The inner part of this houfe or chapel is very old, but it is furroppded by a marble wall, and within is a church built of freeftone. The famous lady of Loretto, ^yho holds the in. fant Jefus in her arms, ftands ppoji the principal altar : this ftatue is of qedar- vvood, three feet high, but her face cap hardly be feen, on account ef th"c fmoke of the numeroiis. lamps^^ound her, She is clothed with cloth ^Pgold, fet off vyitfi jewels, and the little Jefus is covered with a fliirr. He holds,a glpbc in his hand, and is adorned with rich jewels, There are prodigious numbers frequently go in piU grimage to Loretto, particularly at Eafter and Whitfuntide, among vvhom are man,r of the firit diftinftion. • Every pilgrim, after having performed his devotion, makes the Virgin a prefent proportionable to his ability ; whence it may be concluded, that this chapel muft be immenfely rich. Cfirif- tiana, queen of Sweden, made the Virgin a prefent of a crown ef gold, vyorth above 100,000 crowns; and IfabeUa, infanta LOR of Spain, fent her a garment vvhich coft 40,000 ducats. Lewis XIII. ef France, and his queen, fent her two crowns of* gold, enriched wkh diamonds. Befide thel"e crowns, they fent an angel ef maffy filver, holding in his hand tlie figure of the dauphin, ef fohd gold. The place where the governor refides ftands near the church, and the ecclefiaftics who arg eni- ployed in it, lodge ip the fame palace, where they receive the pilgrims ef high diftinftion. As for the town itfeff, ex clufive ofthe chapel, itis neither very con fiderable nor very agreeable, nor does it coritain above 300 inhabitarits, vvho are al mpft aU ffioemakers, tailors, or fellers of chaplets. The environs are. very agree able ; and hence in fine weather, the high mountainsof Croatia may be feen. Loretto is feated on a tPOuntain, three m.iles from the Gulf of Vcnke, 12 S. E. ef Ancona, and 112 N. E. of Rome. Lon. 13. 38. E, lat. 43. 27. N. ' LoRGUES, a populous town of France, in'the department of Var and kte pro vince of Provence, feated on the river Argeris, five miles W. hyS. ef Draguig nan, and 360 S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 6, 27. E. Iat. 43. 30. N. Lorn, a diftrift in the N. part of Ar gyleftire, in Scotland, lying between Loch Etive and Loch Awe. Lorrain, a late province pf France, bounded pn the N. by Luxemburg and the archbiftppric pf Treves, onthe E. by Alfece and the duchy pf Deux-Ponts, on the S. by Franche Comt^, and on the W. by Champagne and the duchy of Bar. It is about '100 miles in length, and 75 in breadth, and abounds in all forts ef corp, ,wine, hemp, flax, rape-feed, game, fift, and, in general, all the neceffaries ef life. There are fine meadows and large forefts, with mines of iron, filver, and copper, and falt-pits, The principal rivers are the Maefe or Meufe, the Mofelle, the Seille, the Meurthe, arid the Saire. In 1733, the French. coj;««>ered Lorrain ; and •at the conclufion' of tne'peace in 1735, 't was agreed, that Staniflaus, the titular king of Poland, father-in-rkw to the king of France, ftouid poffefs this duchy with that ef Bar, and that after his death 'they ffiould be' united to the crown of France. It was alfo agreed, that Francis Stephen, duke of Lorrain, and the emperor's fon- in-law, ffiould have the grand duchy of .Tufcany as an equivalent for Lorrain. After the death of the great duke ef Tuf cany, in 1737, king Staniflaus and the duke of; Lorrain took poffeffion of their v-efpeftiye dominions, and the celTion was LOU confirmed and guaranteed by a treaty Ta 1738. This province now forms the three departments of Meurthe, Mofelle, and the Vofges. '•'• LoRRis, a fmall town of France, in the kte prevince ef Orleanois. It was the refidence ef Philip the Long, in 1317, and of ether kings of France, Itis 15 miles W. by S. of Montargis, Lor, a riyer of. France, vvhich has its rife in Gevaudan, and falls into the Ga ronne at Aiguillon, Jt begins to be navi gable at Cahors, "' Lot, adepirtrnentof France, includ- ing the late province of Qiierci, It takes its name frem the river Lot, Cahors is the capital, " Lot and Garonne, a department ef France, including part of the late pro vince ef Guienne, and fo called from two rivers, which fee. Agen is the capital, * Lothian, East. See Hadding tonshire, ¦-'Lothian, Mid, SccEdinburgh- SHIP.E. * Lothian, West. See Linlith- GOvysHiRE. '* LouANs, a fmafl town of France, ip the departinent of Saone and Loire and kte province ef Burgundy, fituated in a kind ef ifland, between the river" Seilles, Salle, and Selnan. It has many manufac tories, and an hofpital; and is iS miles S. E?'!of Chalons. LouDUN, atown of France, in the de partment ef Vienne and late prevince of Poitou, feated on a mountain 30 miles N, W. ef Poitiers, and 155 S. W, pf Paris. Lpn. o. 17. E. lat. 47. 2. N. LovENDEGEN, a fprtrcfs pf Auftrian Flanders, feated Pn the canal between. Ghent and Bruges, five miles W. pf Ghent. Lpu. 3. 3S. E. lat. 51. b. N. Loughborough, a handfpme town pf Leicefterffiire, with a market pn Thurf day, pleafantly feated among fertile mea dows, near the foreft ef Charweed, and on the river Soar. Ic is 18 miles N. of Leicefter, and 109 N. W. by N. of Lon. don. Len. i, 10. W. Iat. i;2.,48. N. Louisa, a town of Swediffi Finland, 'feated on a bay of the Gulf of Finland, and defended toward the fea by a fmall fortrefs. The houfes are all of wood, two ft'ories high, and painted red. Louisburgh, atownof N. America, ' capital of the ifland of Cape Breton ; taken by the ErigHffi in 1745, reftored to the, French by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, taken again by the Englifli in 17 58, and ceded te them in 1763; fince which the fortifications have been deftrpyed. It has - an LOU LOU an excellent harbour, near four leagues in circumference. Lon.' 59.- 48. ¦W.'lat. 45. 54. N. Louisiana, a large country ef Ame rica, bounded on the E. by the Miffiffippi, onthe S.by fhe Gulf ef Mexico, on the W. by New Mexico, arid running indefinitely N; It is agreeably fituated betvveen the extremes ef heat and cold ; its climate vary ing as it extends toward the N. Thq fouthern parts, lying within the reach pf the refreffiing breezes from the fea, are not fcerched Hke thofe under the fame la titude in' Africa ; and its northern regi ons are colder than thofe in Europe under the fame parallels, vvith a wholefome fe rene air. From the favourablenefs of the chmate, two annual crops ef Indian-corn, as well as rice, may be produced ; 'and the foil, with Ijttle , cultivation, would furnifh grain ef every kind in the greateft abund ance. The timber is as fine as any in the world; and thd quantities of live oak, affi, mulberry, walnut, cherry, cyprefs, and ce- dar, are aftopifhing. The neighbourhood of the Miffiffippi, befides, furniflies the richeft fruits in great variety ; the foil is particularly adapted for hemp, flax, and tobacco ; and indigo is at this time a ftaple commodity, which commonly yields ' the planter three or four cuttings a year. In a word, whatever is rich and rare in the moft defirable climates in Europe, feems to be the fpontaneous produftion of this de lightful country. It is interfetted by a number ef fine rivers, among which are the Natchitoches, and the Adayes, er Mexicano. This country vvas difcovered by Ferdinand de Soto, in 1541 ; traverfed by M. de la SaUe, in 1682 ; and fettled in by Lewi-s XIV. in the beginning ef this century. In 1763, it was ceded to the king of Spain. •'¦' Louisville, a town of N. Ame rica, in the ftate of Kentucky, and cpunty of jefferfon. It is feated Pn the river Ohio, oppofite ClarkfviUc, at the Falls, Jn a fertile country, and promifes te be a place of great trade. Its unheakhinefs, , owing to ftagnated waters at the back of the town, have hitherto retarded its growth. It is '95 miles S. W.- ef Lex ington. Lon. 86. 30. W. kt. 38. 3. N. LouiTZ, a town ef Great Poland, in the palarinate of Rava, 55 mile's E. of Gnefna'. Lon. ig- o. E. kt. 52. 26. Ni -'* Loung, Loch, a great arm of the fea, in Argylefliire, which communicates, en- the S. with the Frith ef Clyde. Near its N. E. extremity is the wild and roman tic Vale of Glencroy. LouRDE, a town of France, in the'de- partment of Upper Pyrenncs ana late province of BIgbrre, with an ancient and very ftrong, caftle, feated en a rock, en the Gave dt Pau, 10 miles from Bag. neres. Lon. o. 5. W. lat. 43. 8. N. Louth, a county of Ireland, In the province ef Leinftcr, 29 miles in length,' and 13 in brcadtli ; bounded en the N. by Armagh and Carlingford bay ; en the E. by St. George's channel ; on the W. by Monaghan and Eaft Meath ; and on the S. E. by Meath, from which it is parted by the river Boyrie. ' It is a fruitful county, and proper to feed cattle. It con tains 50 parifhes, and fends le members to parliament. Drogheda is the capital. Louth, a tO'.\n of Ireland, in the county of the fame name," 19 miles N. by W. of Drogheda. Louth, a corporate town of Lincoln. ftire, with two markets, on Wednefday 'and Saturday. _ It is large, and well builf, and the market well frequented. It is 28 miles N. E. of Lincoln, arid 148 N. pf Londori. Lon. o. 10. E. lat. 53. 25. N. Louvain, a large and pleafant town of Auftrian Brabant, with an old' caftle, and a celebrated univerfity. The' walls of this place are nearly feven iniles in circum ference, but within them- arc a great many gardens and vineyards. The public build ings are magnificent, and the univerfity confifts ef a great number ef colleges. They formerly made krge quantities of, cloth, infomuch that there were 15,000 vvtavers ; but at prefent their trade is greatly decayed, and the place chiefly re. ' markable for its good beer, with which it ferves the neighbouring towns. It -waK taken by the French in 1746, vvho again took poffeffion of it in 1792, but vvere obliged to evacuate it the next year. It is feated on the river Dyle, 1 2 miles N. W. of Bruffels, and 40 N. E. of Mens. Lon. 4. 49. E. lat. 50. 53. N; I^ouvESTEiN, a fortrefs ofthe United Provinces, in Holland, feated on the W. part of an ifland, called the Bommel "Waert, formed by the Waal arid the Maefe. In this caffle, the patriotic chiefs vvere imprifoned by prince Maurice; whence that patty has ever fince been called the Louveftein party. Their prin ciples are ftrongly republican, and, of courfe, they are in direft oppofition to the -ftadtholder. Louveftein is 16 miles E. of Dort, Lon, 5. '13., E. lat. 50, 4'S. N. LouviEBs, a handfome town pf France, in the departmerit of Euro and late province of Normandv. Its walls are defended by good ditches, and it has a con. fiderable manufaftory of fine cloths. Lou-- viers is feated on the Eure, in a fertile C c a pkin. L O Z L U B plain, IO miles N. of Evreur, and 55 N. V/. of Paris. -Lon. 1. 15. E. Iat. 49. G. N. Louvo, a confiderable tovvn ef Afia, in the kingdom of Siam, with a palace, where the king paffes ene part of the year. It is very populous, and is feated in a pleafant plain, 50 miles N. of the city of Siain, er Judia. Lon. loo. 50. E. kt. 15. 8. N. ¦* LowDORE, a celebrated cataraft of Cumberland, on the "E. fide ef the lake of Derwenter, in the vale of Kefwick. It is formed by the rufliing of the waters of Watanlath through an awful chafm made by the contiguity of two vaft rocks. It is the misfortune of this vyaterf^ll to fail entirely in a dry feafon. '* Lowes-Water, a lake of Cum berland, about a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile in breadth. The extre mities are. rivals in beauty ef hanging weeds, little groves, and waving inclofuresj with farms feated in the fweeteft points of view. This lake, in oppofition to all the other lakes, has its courfe from N. to S. and, under the lefty Mellbrcak, falls into Cromacl'.-Water. It is of no great depth, and without char; but it abounds with pike and perch, and has fome trout. An evening view of both lakes is from the fide of Mellbreak, at the gate, under a coppice cf oak, in the road to Ennerdale. Lowicz,. a handfome and populous tovvn of Poland, in the palatinate of Rava, with a ftrong forirtfs ; feated ori the river Bzura, 21 \niles S. ef Ploc-/.ko, and 30 N. uf Rava. Lon. ig. 2g. E. lat. 52., 24. N. -' Low-Layto^, a viflage in Effex, (which, "'ith that of Lavtonftone, forms but one parift) is fituated on the fkirts of Epping Foreft. In this parifli are feme remains of a Roman ftation ; feveral foun- dations, with Roman bricks, and coins, having been found near the Manor Houfe ; and fome urn?, with aflie? in them, hav'e been dug up in the churchyard, and other parts of the parift. It is near fix rniles N. E. of London. Loxa, or LoYA, i confiderable town of Spain, in Granada, feated in a pleafant fertile countrv on the river Xenil, 18 miles W^. of Grana^da. Lon. 1;. N. 2. W. kt. 37. LoxA, a town of S. Apierica, in Pery, 200 miles E. ef Payta. Lon. 77. ipl W. lat. 4. 50. S. LoYiz, a town of Pomerania, in the I'ouniy of Gutzkow, feated on the fiver Pen>:, IP miles a'oove the city of G-tz- koiv. / -* Lozere, a dcpavtmePt of France, in cluding the late province of Gevaudan, frpm a mpuntairi ef vyhich it takes its name. Mendc is the capifal. LuBAN, a town of Livonia, 70 miles E. of Riga. Lon. 26. 36. E. lat, 56, 55- N. Lubansken-Sea, or, the Lake op LuBAN, a lake in Livonia, toward the confines of Courland and Liihuania. The. river Refitta falls intp this lake, LuBBEN, a tPvvn pf Germany, . in Lower Lufatia, fituated en the river Spree. It is the capital of a fmafl circle of the fame name, and has feveral churches, with a noble hofpital, and a larid houfe, or houfe where the diet? affemble. It is 60 miles S. E. of Bcriin. Lon. 14. 25, E. kt. 52. 0. N. . ' Lubec, a feaport ef Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy ef Holftein, It is a free imperial city, and vvas the head pf The fampus hanfeatic league, vyhich was formed here in 11 64, It was likewife the moft commercial city and powerful republic ofthe N. Her fleet fet the northern powers at defiance, and rode miftrefs of the Bakic. But L,ubec retains not a ftadow ef its former power. It has loft great part ef its trade ; vvhich will be ftill farther diminifted, if the canaJ of Kiel ftouid anfwer the purpofe for vvhich it vvas planned ; fer, by that means, gre:it part of the mcrchandife vvhich now. paffes through this tovvn, will be conveyed along that canal, down the Eyder, to Ton. ningen, and thence by fea, and up the Elbe, to Hamburgh. The houfes of Lu. bec are built in a very ancient 'ftyle pf architefture ; the dpprs being fo large as to admit carriages inte the hall, which fre quently ferves for a ceachheufe. The vyalls qf many houfes hear tlie date of the 1 5tli century, and, at that period, no doubt, the town vvas efteemed very beau. tiful. The townhoufe is a fuperb ftruc ture, and has feveral towers. Here is alfo a fine exchange, built in 1683. The inhabitants are all Lutherans, and there are 2 1 preachers, vvhofe chief has the title ef Supcrintendant. There ,are five krge churches, one of which is the cathedral, vvhofe body is of an extraordinary length, containing feveral curiofities ; fuch as, a hancifoipe ftatue of the Virgin Mary, a curious clocl^, and a prodigious large or gan. There were formerly four convents ; and in that ef St. John, there are ftiU 22 p_roteftant girls, under the government of an abTiefs. That of St. Mary Magdalene is turned hito an hofpital ; that of St. Anne is made a houfe of correftion ; and of the' monaftery of St. Catherine they have made a handfome college. In the great hofpital there is always a confider- ' abl? LUC LUC ?,ble number of poor men and vvoincp. Befide this, there are 14 other hofpitals, Orie for lunatics, a peft-houfe, and four others fer fick perfons. Lubec is feated ax the confluence bf feveral rivers, the largeft of which is the Trave, 14 miles S. W. of the Baltic, and 30 N. E. of Ham- burg. Len. 10. 44. E. Iat. 53. 52. N. LuBECi THE Bishopric of, afmall territory in Gerinany, in the duchy of Holftein. It has been enjoyed by pro teftant prindes of the houfe of Holftein, ever fince the year ,1561, when Luther- anifm was eftablifted here: , *'' Lit BEC, an iflarid of tlie Indian Ocean. Len. 112. 22. E. kt. 5. 50. S. 1.UBEN, a Ici.wn ef Silefia,: capital of a circle of the tune riainc, In the prin- fipahty of Lignitz, 22 miles' N. W. ef Breflau-. Lon. 16. 28. E. lat. 51. 20'. N. Lublin, a .handfome and corifiderable town of Poland, capital ef a palatinate of the fame name, with a citadel, a biftop's fee, an academy, and a handfome JevVifli fyriagogue. It is feated on the river 'Wieprz, no miles N. E. ef Cracow, and 75 S. E. of Warfaw. Loh. 22. 4^. E. iat, 51. 14. N. LuBOW, a tovvn ef Poland, in the pa latinate ef Cracow, 56 miles S. E. of that City. Lori. 20. 36. iJ. Iat. 4g. 36. N. Luc, a town of France, in the depart ment of Var and kte provihce ef Pro vence, 25 miles N. E.,of "Teulbn. Lon. 6. 25. E. lat. 43. 28. N. Luc, a town of France, in the depart- rnent ef Ifere and late province of Dau phiny, feated on the river Drome, 3 i mUes S. of Grenoble, Lon. 5. 48. E. iat, 4.4. 40. N. Lucar-de-Baremeda, St. a' fea port of Spain, in Andalufia, with a bifliop's fee. It has a very fine harbour, vvell defended; and is feated at the mouth cf the river Guadalquiver, 44 miles S. by W..of Seville, and 270 S. by W. of Ma'. drid. Lon. 5. 54. XV. lat. 56. ;8. N. Luc A R.DE-Gu A DIAN A, aftrongtown qf Spain, in Andalufia, vvith a fmafl har bour en the river Guadiana, 39 miles i^. E. of Faro. Lou. 8. 16. W. kt. 37. 18. N. Lucar-lA-Mayo", St. a town of Spdin, in Andalufia, with the title of a du-:hv, feated on the river Guadiana, 10 niiles N. W. of SeviHe. Lon. c. 33. W. lat. 37. 36. N. Lucca,, a town of Italy, capital of a repubhc of the fatnc name. It is abiiut three miles in circumference, and fur rounded by a wall arid other modern for tificatipns. It is an arclihiflipp!s fee, and the churches are very haadfome. The in- h'ab'tant^ have a confiderable manufafture of filk, and gold and filver ftuffs, in whicli they drive a great trade ; for this reafon it is called Lucca the Induftrious. They ' oblige all travellers to leave their arms ar the city gate, and will not fuffer any one tb wear a fword within it. It is feated in the middle of a fruitful plain, furrounded by pleafant hills, near the river Serchio, 10 miles N. E. ef Pifa, 37 W. cf Flo- rentie, and 155 N. by W. of Rome. Lon. IP. 35. E. lat. 43. 50. N. Lucca, the Repub lic of, a fmall territory of Italy, lying on tha Tufcan Sea; about, 10 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. The foil does riot produce much corn; but there is plehtvi of wine, oil, filk, wool, and chefnuts. Their oil, in parti. cular, is in high efteem, and the common people ufually eat chefnuts inftead of bread. ,It is Under the proteftion of the emperor,, and the government is arifto cratic. The head of this republic has the name ef gonfalonier, who has the ex ecutive power, together wit'n a council of nirie riacriibers, vvho are changed every two months; but the Icgifl-ative autho rity is lodged in a fenate ef 200 of the principal perfons. who ballot for the choice of ah oflicers. The revenues amount to about 3o,ooo1. per annum, and they can raife and pay 10,000 men upon occafion. ''¦' Luce, a great bay of V/igtonftire ih Scotland, Iving to the E. of the pro montory, called the Mull of Gallqway. Lui'ER.A. an ancient town of the king- dopi of Naples, with a biftop's fee; ^cj miles S. "W". ef Manfredonia, and 65 N. E.of Naples. Lon. 15. 34. E. kt. 41. 28. N. Luc ERN; one of the fcirteen cantons of Svvifferland, andthe moft corifiderable of them, exco^it Znrich and Bern. It is bounded ori the E. bv the cantons of Un- d-crwald, Sea'vcitz, and Zug : and on all the other fides by the canton of Bern. The inhabitants are Roman Catholics ; and they can fend 16,000 men inte the field. It is 30 miles. in length, and 20 in breadth. The government of this re public is eiitirolv .'.i'locra'ical, or rather oli j-archical. The fovereign power re fides in the cn-ancil of one hundred, com prifing the fenate, or little council. The former is the nominal fovereign ; but fhe v/holp power refides in the latter, confift- ing of ^h perfons. who are formed into two divjfnnii,' which exercife the offire bv rotation. The divifi'.'n vvhich retires at the end r.f fix months confirms that which comes inte offic, 'ind a« the vacant places in the fenate are filled up hv its own bo.-iy, the pp'.vsr remains in the poffeffion of a. C c 3 few LUC LUC few patrician faipilies. The fenatorial dignity, moreover, may be confidered 'in fome degree, as hereditary ; the fon gene. rally fucceeding his father, or the brother his brother. The chiefs of the republic are two magiftrates, called adveyers, vvho arc chofen from the fenate by the fove- leign, and annually confirmed. Lucern, the capital of the canton of Lucern, in Swifferland. It is divided into two by one of the branches of the river Reufs which falls into the lake, on which the tovvn is fituated. It fcarcely cpntains 3 POO inhabitants, has no manufaftures qf confequence, and little commerce ; and there is no place where learning meets. >vith lefs encouragement, and, confequent ly, is lefs cultivated. The pope has al- ¦ways a nuncio refident in this tpwn. The cathedral and the Jefuits' church are the pnly pub/ic buildings worthy of ob fervation ; but they are too loaded vvith rich orriaments, and difgraced by bad paint ings. In the cathedral is an organ of a fine tone, and of an extraordinary fize ; " the centre pipe," fays Mr. Coxe, " be ing 40 feet in length, near three in breadth, and weighing eleven hundred pounds." The bridges vvhich flcirt the town, round the edge of the lake, are fhe fafliionable wslk of the place, and rpmarkable for their length. B^ing covered at the top, and open at the fides, they afford a con ftant vievi of the delightful apd romantic countrv. They are decoratpd vvith coarfe paintints, reprc!"enting the hiftories ef the Old Teftament, the battles ef the.Swif"s," and the dance Pf, death. Lucern is 30 miles S. W. of Zurich, and 3 5 E. of Bern. Lon. 8. 6. E. kt. 47. 5. N. '* Lucern, Lake of. See Wald- STAETTER-iS.EE. Lu(:ern \, a town ef Piedmont, 15 miles .S. W. of Turin. Len. 7. 38. E, lat. 44. 52, N. Luc HEN, a town of Spain, in the king. dom bf Valencia, 30 miles S. of that city. Lpri. o. 10. E. kt. 38. 53. N. Lucia, St. an ifland ofthe "W. Indies, 22 miles in length, and,,2t in breadth. It is. partly hilly, ' and partly confifts of plains well watered with rivulets, and f utr nifted with timffier, having feveral good bays, and conimedious harbours. George I. granted this ifland to tji.e duke of Mon tague, who fettkd it ; but the colony was not profperous ; and difputes ayiiing be- tween the two nations, it vv.vs agrseef that the ifland ft.euld be abandoned, apd confi dered, with fome others, as a neutral iflaiid. By the pe-ace r-f 1763, it was ftipulated', that the neutral iflarids fhould be divided brtwesn the two jrrowns, arid St. Lucia was allptted tp France, In 1779, it was taken by the Englift, but reftpred tp the French by the peace pf 17S3. There are twp h|igh mpuntains, by vvhich this ifland may be knpwn at a^ cpnfiderable diftance. It is abpuf 70 miles' N. W. pf Barbadpes, and 21 S. pf Martinlcp. Lpn. 60. 45. W. lat. 13. 25. N. LuciA, St. pne of the Cape de Verd iflands, about 400 miles W. of the conti nent of Africa. Lon. 24. 32. W. kt. 16. 45. N. Lucignano, a town of Italy in Tuf cany, 10 miles S. ef Sienna. Lon. 1 1. 1 1., E. kt. 43. 0. N. * Lucknow, an ancient city pf Hin- dpoftan Prpper, capital of Oude. It is an extenfive place, but meanly built : the houfes are chiefly mud walls, covered with thatch; and many confift entirely of ffiats and bamboos, and are thatched with leaves of the cocoa nut,'^palm-tree, and feme- times vvith ftraw. "Very few ef the houfes of the 'natives are built with brick : the ftreets are crooked, narrow, and vvorfe than moft in India. In the dry feafon, the duft and heat are intolerable; in tht rainy feafon, the mire is fo deep as to be fcarcely paffable ; and there is a great number of elephants belonging' to the Nabob and the great men ef his court, ¦ivjiich arc continually paffing the ftreets, either to the palace, or to the river, to the greaf danger and annoyance of the foot paffenger, as well as the inferior ckfi of ftopkcepers. The comforts, conveniency, er property ef this clafs of people are, in. deed, little attended to, either by the o-reat men br their fervants ; the elephant itfelf being frcquemly known te be infinitely more attentive te them as he paffes, and to children in particular. The palace of the Nabob is feated en a high bank near the Goomty, arid fcemmands an extenfive view both of that river and the country on the eaftern fide. Lucknow is 650 miles N. W. of Calcutta. Lon. 81. 25. E.'lat, 26. 35.N, LucKo, a confiderable town of Ppland, capital pf 'Volhinia, with a citadel, and a biftop's fee ; feated en fhe river Ster, 7 5 miles N. E.of Lemburg, and 175 S. E. ofWarfaw. Lon. 25. 30, E. lat. 51. i3,.N. Luco, a tovyn of the kingdom of Na. pies; feated on the weftern bank pf'the lake Celanp. LuqON, or Luzon, an epffcppa! tPwn pf France, in the department of Vendee. and late province ef Poitou. Thefanious cardinal .Richefieu was brftopef tllis place. It is feated in an unwholefome iriorafsi 17 miles N. of Re.cheHe, and 50 S. of Narites. Lon. I, 5. W,'lat. 46. 27, N. ..".'' LtfCO- LUG LucoNiA, or Manilla, the chief of the Philippine iflands, in Afia, 400 miles in lerigth, and 100 in breadth. It is net fo hot as might be expefted, becaufe it is well watered by large lakes and rivers, and the periodical rains, vvhich inundate all the plains. ; There, are feveral voleanos in the mountains, which occafioP earth quakes ; and a variety of hot baths. The produce of this ifland is, wax, Cettoh, wild cinnamon, fulphur, cocoa-nuts, rice, gold, horfes, buffabcs, and game. The inha bitarits are a mixture of feveral nations, befide Spaniards ; and they all produce a mixed breed, diftinft from any ef the reft. The blacks have long hair, and goed fea tures ; and there is ene tribe, vyho prick their flcins, and draw figures en them, as they de in moft other countries where they go naked. To this ifland the Spa niards bring all forts ef commodities ; fuch as filver, from NevV Spairi, Mexico, and Peru; diamonds from Golconda; filks, tea, Japan 5ind China-ware, and gold-duft, from China and Japan. The Spariiards ferid hence tVvo large ftips every year to Acapulco in Mexico with mcrchandife, and return back with filver. There is an inquifition here, but it does not affeft the' natives and the Mahometans. Lon. about 122° E. and Iat. 15° N. LuDERSBURG, a town ef Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and in the duchy of Lawenburgh ; feated on the river Elbe, five miles above the town of Law enburg. Ludgershall, a borough in Wflt- ffiire, vvhofe market is difufed. It is 15 miles N. of Sahftury, and yi N. tiy W. of London. Len, i. 45, W. kt. 51. 17. N. Ludlow, a bprough of Shrppftire, with a market on Monday. It is feated on the river Tame, and is a large well- built town. Here a court is held for the marches of Wales, and it is encompaffed by a wall, having 7 gates. It has Hke.- wife a caftle, where all bufinefs was for merly tranfafted for the pririeipality ef Wales, a ftately church, formerly collegi ate, and an almOioufe for 30 poor people. It is governed by two bailiffs, a recorder, 12 aldermen, and 24 mafters. It is 29 miles S. of Shrewftury, and 138 N. W. of London. Lon. 2. 42. W. kt. 52. 23. N. Lugano, a town of Swifferland, capi tal ef a bailiwick of the fame name, which is the principal of the four tranfalpine bailiwick. I:s fituation is delightful; be. ing bu'lt round a gentle curve of the lake of Lugano, and backed by a fine fuccef. fion of hills, rifing in geritle fvyells to a -LUN (iorifiderable height : iri frorit, a bold miiuntain, clothed with foreft, projSfts- intp the lake, pf which a noble branch ex. tCLids tp its right and left. It is the em porium ef the greateft part of the .mcr chandife; which paffes from Italy ever-the St. Gothard, or the Bernardin. It con. tains abouf 8po6- inhabitants. On an eminence above the town, is the principal church, which has a delightful prpfpeft from its terrace. Moft ef the houfes are built of tufstone ; and the refidence of the capitano, or governor, is a low building, en the walls ef which are the arms of 1 2 cantons to which this bailiwick is fubjeft ; for the canton ef Appenzel has no jurif"- difti^n over it. Itis 17- miles N. W. of Como. Lon. 8. 48. E. lat. 45. 54. N. * Lugano, a lake of Swifferland', on the Italian fide of the Alps. It is about 25 miles in length, and from two te four in breadth; its form irregular, and bend ing into continual finuefities. It is about 190 feet perpendicular higher than the lakes ef Como and Locarrio. The town of Lugano forms a fine objeft from this lake, being backed by an amphitheatre ot hills ; the banks on each fide bordered by a fucceffion ef gardens and villas. Lugo, an aricient city ofSpain, in Ga licia, with a biftop's fee. There are fprings in this city boiling hot. It is feat ed on the river Minho, 32 miles S. E. ef Mondonedo, and 60 S. W. of Oviedo, Lon. 8. 52. W. lat. 42. 46. N. LuLA, a town of S vcdift Lapland; feated at the mouth of the river Lula, on the W. fide ef the Gulf of Bothnia; 4a miles S. W. of Tornea. Lon. 22, 10. E. lat. 65. 29. N. Lund, a town pf Sweden, capital pf Scania, with an arehbi Ihopric, and a uni verfity. It is efteemed the moft ancient town in SvVeden, according to an old pro verb, that " when ouc Saviour was born, Lund was in its glory." It- contains fcarcely more than 800 houfes, carries on but little trade, and is principally fupport ed by its univerfity, founded by Charles XI. and from him called Academia Caro hna Getherum. Here Hkevvi''e a Royal Phyfiographical Society vvas inftituted in 1776, and incorporated by fhe king iu 1778. The fubjefts treated ef in its Afts relate only to natural hiftory, chymiftry, and agriculture. The cathedral is an, an cient irregular building. It is 20 miles S. E. of Landfcrona, and 225 S. W. of Stockholm, Lori. 13. 26. E. kt." 55, 83- N, Lun DEN, a town of Germany, iri the - duchy of Holftein, feated near the river Eyder, eight miles S, E. pf Toning-en. C c 4 and LUN L U t and 36 N. N. W. nf Glukftadt, Lon, 9. 20. E. kt. 54. 26. N. T^UNnY, an ifland in the mouth ofthe Briftol Channel, near the middle, between Devonfhire and Pcmbrokelhirg, Len, 4. 13. W. kt. 51. 25. N. LuNEL, a tovvfn of France, in the de partment of Gard arid late province of Languedoc, near the' river Ridourle. It produces excellent mufcadine wine. It is 16 miles E. of Montpelier. Lon. 4. 19. E. kt.. 43. 3-8. N'.- LuNp.N'Bu.RG, a duchy ef Germany, iri the circle of Lower SaXony, vvliich, in cluding Zcll, is bounded by the river Elbe, which feparates it from Holftein and Lavyenburg on the N. by the marquii'ate of Brandeii'bn'rgh on the E. by the duchy of Brimfwick on the S. and by the duchies of Bremen and Weftphalia on the W. It is about 100 miles i-n length, and 70 in breadth. It is watered by the rivers Til ler^ Elbe, and Ilmenow ; and past of it is full- rf heaths ahd forefts j but, near the riier.:, pretty, fertile. It abounds wich wild boars ; for vvhich reafon' the Ger man nobility eohie . to hunt here iii the proper feafini. It K fubjeft to the elec tor of Hanover. L-unenb'jrg is the capi tal. Lunenburg, a krge fortified 'town of Germany, capital of a duchy of the fam'c name. Here were formerly four monaf teries ; and out of the revenues ef one, of the Benediftine order, vvas founded- an academy for the martial exercifes, where young gentlemen of the duchy ef Lunen burg, are maintained gratis, and taught French, fencing, riding, and dancing. A Latin fchool was likewife founded out of the revenues. The chief public edifices are three pariffi churches, the ducal palace, three hofpitals, the townhoufe, the fait magazine, the anatomical theatre, the aca demy, and the conventual church of St. Michael, in vvhich are interred the ancient dukes, and in vvhich is a famous table, eight feet long and four wide, plated over with chafed gold, vvith a rim embefliflicd with precious ftones, of an immenfe value, vvhich was taken from the Saracens by the emperor fitho, and prefented to this church; but, in i6g8, a gang of robber's ftiipped .it of 200 rubies and emeralds, with a krge diamond, and moft pf the sold, fo that but a fmall part of it remains, Thefe robbers were in number twelve, and vvere afterward all taken, and broke upon the wheel. The fait fprings ne-r this place produce great quantities of fait, vvhich bring in a good revenue to the fo vereign and chiefly em.ploy the inhabitants. It i^ feated ou tile river Ihnenau, 31 mite S. E. of Hamburg, and 60 N. of Brunfwick. Lon. 10. 31. E. lat; 53. 16. N. Lu.N'ER A, a mountain of Italy, betvveen Naples and Puzzoh. It contat-ns a great deal of fulphur and alum ; and'the fprings .that rife from iJ" are excellent fer curing wounds. Luneville, a'krgc, handfome, and, well-inha'bifed tovvn of France, in the de partmerit ef Meurthe and late duchy of Lorrain, with a magnificent caftle, where the dukes formerly kept their court, as did afterward king Staniflaus. It is riow converted into barracks. The church ef tlic late regular canons is very handfome 5 arid here king Staniflaus founded i. miHta ry fchoid for young gemlemcn, a large H- brary, and a fine hofpital. It is feated in an agreeable plain,' on tlie rivers Vezouze and Meurthe, 12 raile-s &. E. of Nanci, aiicF -.2 W of Strafturg. Lon. 6. 35. E. kt. 48. 36. N. Lupo Gl.avo, a town of Iftria, feated near the mountains of Vena, 15 miles W. of St. Veit. It belongs tt the houfe of Auftria. • Lure, a townof France, in the depart- p-ient of Upper Saone and late province of Franche Comte'-, .remarkable only for are abbey of Benedittines, converted, in 1764, into a chapter of noble canons. It i.'j 3'o miles N. E. of Befanqon. Lon. 6. 33; E.fat. 47. 33. N. I..L''RI, all ancient town ef Corfica, be tween the point of Cape Corfica and the to\' ns of fiaftia and St. Fiorenzo. LusATiA, a marquifate of Germany^ bounded on the N. by Brandenburg, op the E. by Silefia, on the S. by Bohemia,. and on the W. by Mifnia. It is di-vided into the Upper and Lower. It is fubjeft te the eleftor of Saxony. LusiG.x AN, a town of France, in the department of Vienne and late 'province of Poitou ; feated on the river Vcnne, 12 miles S. V/. of Poitiers and 200 S. W. of Paris. Lon. o. o. lat. 46. 30. N. Luso, a riyer of Italy, which rifes in the duchy of Urbino, and after h.ivmi;, croffed part of Romagna, falls into the Gulf of Venice, 10 miles to t'ne W, of Rimini, LuTENBURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of Auftria, and d'uchy cjf Stiria ; feated on the river Meurt, 34 miles S. E. of Gratz. Lon. 16. 10. 'E. kt. 46. 46. N, Lutkenburg, a tpv.-n in Germany, in the dudiy pf Holftein, feated nea.- the BnUic, 'en miles frpm PI'oen. Luton, a town in Bedfordffiire, vvith a market '-n Mo.nday. It is plenfantly feated amont; fome hills, ti miles S. of Bed- L U T LUZ Bedford, and 3 1 N. by W. of London. Lon. o. 25. VV, l;i'. 52. 27. N. '' LuTSCHlN'hN, a river of the baili wick ef Interkck';n, and canton of Bern, in SwifTerland, formed by the junftion of two ftreams ; the one, caHed the V/eifs- Lutfchinen, flowing through the valley of Lauterbrunnen ; and the other called the Schwartz Lutfchinen, which comes from the v^alley of Gnndelwaldc. After having left the fertile plains ef Gifteig, and paff ed the village of. Vilderfwyl, the breadth of the valley leffen:, and continues to grow fo that the ftream of the Lutfchinen can hardly force a paflage. In a rainy feafon, the river forms a torrent, which ruftes impetuoufly through the grqat maffes of rock that obftruft its courfe, and, with inconceivable violence, forces from their beds the moft enonnous fragments. The road to Zwey Lutl"chinen and fjauterbrun- nen is over this river, by a kind of bridge, which, to a ftranger to the country, pre fents the moft terrific appearance. Suf- pended over a roaring torrent, and fixed agaiall the fides of rocks, t'uat almoft in a leaning pofition, it exhibits at once "the idea of a double danger. A huge verti cal ftone, raifed in the middle of the river, fupports feme thick planks, fb badly join ed, as to be neither fteady nor folid : and thefe form'a wretched infecure bridge, over which the inhabitants of the country daily pafs, with a firm ftep and undaunted eye; a p.ffage, which the traveller, unac cuftomed to fuch ftrange communications, would tremble to attempt. Hence the Lutfchinen flows till it falls into the Lake of Brient.'. LuTTER, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Rrurifv.jck, remarkable for the battle gained here over the Imperiahfts, by the Danes, in 1626. It is eight miles N. W. of Goflar, and 13 S. E. of Hllde- flieim. Lon. 10. 25. E. lat. 52. 4. N. LuTT.ERwoRTH, a town of Leicefter- fliire, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated on the river -Swift, in a fertile foil, and is a pretrv good place, adorned with a krge handfome church, vvhich has a fine hifty ft-eeple. Here the famous Wickliff, the firft reformer, was reftor, vvho died in 138:;; but vvas dug up and burnt for ' a heretic 40 vea.-<; after. It is 14 miles S. ef Leicefter, and 88 N. N. W. of London. Lon. i. 10. W. Iat. 52. 26. N. LuTZEN, a town of Germany, jn the circle ef Upper Saxony, famous tor a bat tle fought here m 1632, when Guftavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, Was killed, in the moment of viftory. It is l"eated on the rivei; hlftcr, 12 miies N. W. of Leip fic, and g S. E. of Metfperg. Lon.- ri. ^^ E. lat. 51. 24. N. LuT/ENSTEiN, a town of France, in the department of flower Rhine and late- province of Alface. It has a ftrong caftle, and is fe.ite'.l on a mountain, 30 iniles N. W. of Strafburg, Lon, 7. 17, E. Iat. 43'. 55. N. Luxemburg, a confiderable and very ftrong town of the Auftrian Netherknds^ .capital of a duChy of the fame- n'ame. It vvas taken by the French iri 1684, Who augmented the fortifications fb iiBcich, that it is one of the ftrongeft pkces in Europe ; but ic vvas ceded to- the houfe of Auftria by the treaty of Utrecht in 17 13. Itis dividcel by the rfver Elbe into the upper and lower towns ; the former, almoft ejuite furrounded' with rocks, but the lower feated on a plain. It is 2 5 miies S. W. of Treves, and 100 W. of Mentz. Lon. 6. I 7. E. lat. 4^. 37. N. Luxemburg, tfic duchy of, one of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands i bounded on the E. bv the archbiftppric of Treves; on the S. b" Lorrain; on the W. p'artly by Champa'.^ne, and parih- hy the biftopric of Liege, which iikevrife, vvith part of Limburg, b.iunds it on ?i:c N. It lies in t'ne foreft of .-Ardennes, which is ene of the moft famous in Eu rope. ] n fome places it is covered with mountains and woods, but is in genera! fertile in corn and wine ; and here are 3 great number of iron-mines. The prin cipal rivers are the Mofellej the Sour, the Ourte, and the Semoy. It bel'jngs partiy to the houfe ef Auftria, and partly tj the French. LuxEuiL, a town of France in the department of Upper Saone and late pro vince of Franche Cerate, remarka'ble for its mineral waters. From the number cf urns, medals, and infcriptions, found here, it is fuppofed to hav'e been a confiderable place in the time .of the Romans. It vs-as deftroyed by Attiia, in 450. Near the town was' a late celebrated "abbev, founded by St. Columban, an Iriflirnan. It is feated at the foot ef mount Vel"ge, 15 miles V,', of Vefoul. Lon. 6. 24. 'E. iat. 47. 50. N. ' LuzZARA, a ftrong town of Italv, en the confines of the duchies of Mantua aneJ Guaftall-i, near' the pijicc where the river Croftolo falls into the Po. li is remark able Jor a battle fought here bcrv.-een the French and Spaniards in 1702, when each fide claimed the viftory. It is 10 miks S.of Mantua. Lon. 10. 50J E.kt •- o. N.- f '' Luzzi, a tO'.vn of the kin^jebm. of Na ples, L t N MAC pies, hear the river Crate, -three miles S;, of Befigniano. Lycham, or Lytch AM, a town of Norfolk, whofe market is now difufed. It is 24 miles W. of Norwich, and g2 N. N. E. of Loridori. Lon. o. 50. E. lat. 52. 45- N. Lydsinp, a village in , Kent, near Gravefend. Here it was that 600 young Ne'rman gentlemen, who came over vvith the young princes Alfred and Edward, the fens of Ethelrcd, after the death of the Danift king Canute, to take pofl'effion of their father's throne, were maffacred oy Godwin earl of Kent, vvho thereby eh- dea'voured to fecure the crown to himfelf and his family, Lyesse, a tovvn of France, in the de partment of the North and late prov^ince of French Hainault, 1 5 miles E. -of Lan- drecy, and 22 S. of Mons. Lon. 4. 10. E. lat. 50. 6. N. Lyme Regis, a borough and feaport of Dorfetftire, with a market on Friday. It is feated en the declivity of a craggy hill, at the head of a Httle inlet ; and its harbour is formed by a kind of noble pier, called the Cobb, behind vvhich, fliips lie in fafety. It has a Newfoundland and coaft ing trade, but greatly on the dechne ; and it is a place ef refort for fea-bathing. Here the, duke of Monmouth, landed, in 1685, for the execution of his ill-ju^lged defign againft James II. vvhich terminated in the deftruftion ef himfelf and ef many of his adherents. Lyme is 28 miles E. by S. of Exeter, and .143 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3. o. W. Iat. 50. 40. N. Lymington, a borough ef Hants, with a market en Saturday. It ftands about a mile from the channel that runs between the mainland and the Ifle of Wight, and has a harbour for veffels of confiderable burden. It is go miles S. ,W. pf Lpndpn. Lon. 1. 42. W. kt, 50, 45- ^f- '¦¦ Lyndhubst, a village pf Hants, in the New Fpreft, Here is a feat, vvhich belongs to the duke of Gloucefter, as lord Warden of the Foreft, Itis 82 miles S, W.of London. ' Ly.vn Regis, or King's Lynn, a populous and fleuriftjng borpugh and fea port of Norfolk, with markets on Tuef day and Saturday. Notwithftanding a bad harbour, it carries on a large trade, by means of its inland communications. By the Oufe, audits affeciated rivers, it fupphes moft of the midland counties with coaj, timber, and wine ; and, in return, exports malt and corn in great quantities. It alfo partakes in the Greenland fifhery. Its air is iinwholefomc, on account of its vici nity te the fens. It is governed by a mayor, recorder, highftcward, 12 alder men, and 18 commoncouncil-men. It has two churches, a krge chapel, and two dif- fenting meeting-houfes, The ftreets are narrow, but well paved ; it has a good market-place; with ari elegant crofs ; and the.re are hefc foihe remains of monafte ries. It is 46 miles N. hy E. ef Cambridge, and 106 N. by E. of London. Lon, 0. 28, E, lat. 52. 45. N. Lyonois, a prpvince iri the S. pf France, which, with that of Forez, now * forms the department ef Rhone and Loire. Lyons is the capital. Lyons, a large, rich, handforne, anci ent, and famous town ef France, in the department of Rhone and Loire and late prevince of Lyonois. It is the moft con- fiderable in the kingdom next to Paris, vvith aff archbifhop's fee. It is feated in the centre ef Europe, on the confluence of the rivers Rhone and Soane ; on the fide of it are two high mountains ; and the mountain of St. Sebaftian ferves as a bul wark againft the N. winds, which often blow here with great violence. It con tains about 160,000 inhabitants. The houfes, in general, are high and vvell built j and it has fix gates, and as many fuburbs. The townhoufe, the arfenal, the Roman amphitheatre, the hofpital, and the nume rous palaces, are worthy of a traveller's. attention. The cathedral is a fuperb ftrufture. Lyons is a place of very great trade, which is extended hot only through France, but to Italy, Swifferland, and Spain ; and there are four celebrated fairs, every year. It derives vaft advantages from the rivers it ftands upon ; and is 1 5 miles N. ef Vienne, 70 S; by W. of Ge neva, 1 50 N. W. of Turin, and 220 S. E. of Paris. Lon. 4. 55. E. lat, 45. 46. N. Lypeze, or LiPCH, a town of Upper Hungary, capital ef the county of Lypezet It is' feated on the riyer Gran, fiye mfles above Biftricz, M. MABRA," a towri ef Africa, in the kingdom- ef Algiers, and province of Conftantinc ; feated en the Gulf of Bona, to the 'VV. of the town of that name, M.ACAO, a town pf China, in the prp- virice of Canton, feated in an ifland at the mouth of the river Tae. The Portuguefe have- been in poffeffion of the harbour 1 50 years: M AC M A'C years : formerly they had a great trade here, but now they have onlya'fort, with a fmall garrifon. The houfes are built after the fame manner as in Europe. The Chinefe are more numerous than the- Por tuguefe, which kit are a mixed breed ; for they take any wpmen tP their wives Here is a Pprtuguefe gpvcrnor, as well as a Chinefe mandarin, te take care ef the town and the neighbouring country. Lon. ri3. 51. E. lat. 22; 13. N. Macassar, a confiderable kingdom of Afia, in the ifland of Celebes, under the Torrid Zone. The heat would be infupportable, if they-had-net breezes'from the N. and if the ra,ins did not fall fome days before and after the full moons, and during the two months that the fun paffes over their heads. In the mountains there are quarries of very find -ftone, as well as mines of geld aiidcopper. The foil is ex tremely fertile, and there are ripe fruits at all times of the' year. There is a great number of monkies, whofe , natural ene mies are the ferpents ; and it is faid, that feme of them are fo' large, th'at they will fwallow a monkey vvhole. The Macaf- fars are large, robuft, courageous, and greatly addifted to war. They are Ma hometans by profeffion, and the flatteft- nefed women are the greateft beauties. They never fwaddle their children, but put them quite naked into bafkets as foon as they are born. They have neither law yers ner attornies, but every ene'pleads his owri caufe; and- Lex Tahoni'siis rigidly obferved am'ing them. Maca'iSar, a large, ftrong, and hand- feme tovvn ef the ifland of Celebes, capital of the kingdom of the fame name, where the king refides. The hqpfes are 'all,ef wood, and fupported by thick "pofts ; and they have ladders to afcen'd into them, which they draw up as foon as they have entered. The roofs are covered with very large leaves, that the rain cannot penetrate. It is feated r.ear the mouth ef a krge ri ver, which runs thrPugh the kingdom from N. to S. Lon. iig. 54. E. kt; 5. o. S. Macarska, a feaport of Dalmatia, capital of Primogria, vvith a biftop's fee; feated on the Gulf of Venice, 25 miles S. E. of Spalatro, and 27 N. W. of Nerenta. Lon. iS. 7. E. kt. 43. .;q. N. Macclesfield, a town in Cheftire, with a market on Monday. It is feated at, the edge of a foreft ofthe farnc name, upon a high bank, near the river BolHn; is a large handfome town, with a fine church, which has a very high fteeple. It has manufaftures of mohair, twift, hat- fends, buttons, and thread;-' Here arc- fe veral miUs, for the winding of filk, and » confiderable manufaftory of mohair but tons. It is 36 miles'E: of Chefter, and 171 N. W. of London. Lon. 2. 17. W. lat. 53. 15. N. IMacedon'ia, a province df Turkey in Europe ; bounded on the N. by Servia •' -and Bulgaria ; On the E. by Romania, and the Archipelago ; on the S. by Liva dia, and part of Albania; and on the W, by Albania. Salonichi is the capital. Macerata, a confiderable, hand fome, and populous tovvn of Italy, in the marquifate of Ancona, vvith a biftop's fee, and a univerfity. It is Pear the mountain Chiento, 12 miles S. W. of Loretto, and ' 20 S. W. of Ancona. Lon. 13. 27. E. kt. 43. 20. N. , Machechou, a t'bwn ef France, in the department ef Lower Loire and late- province- of Bretagne, feated on the river Tenu, 20 miles S. W. ef Nantes. Lon. I. II. W. lat. 47. 2.,N. Mac h IAN, one of the Molucca iflands in the fndian Ocean, abcut 20 iniles in circumference, and the moft fertile of them all. It Hkewife produces the beft cloves, and is in poffeffion ofthe Dutch, vvho have h'ei'e three inacceffible forts. Lon. 126. 55. E. lat. o. o. Machi AN, a promontory of Spain, in the Bay of Bifcay. ' Machinleth, a town of Montgo- meryfliire, in N. Wales, with a market pn Monday. It is feated on the river Douay, over vvhich is a large ftone bridge which, leads into Merionethfiiire, is -30 miles W. of Montgomery, and igS '.N. W. of London. Lon. 3. 45. W. kt. 52. 24. N. Mackeran, er Mackran, a pro vince of Perfia, bounded on the N, by Siguiftan, on the E. by Hindooftan Pro per, en the S. by the ecean, and en the "VV. by Kerman. The capital is of the fame name; ^nd is Too miles N. W. of Tatta. ' Len. 66. o. E. lat. 26. o. N. Macoco, a kingdom of Africa, ly ing to , tha E. of Congo, arid S. ef tne equator. The Portuguefe carry en a, trade with the inhabitants for flavcs, eIc-\ phants teeth, and Copper. It is but -little kijoH'n. Macon, an ancient town of France, in the department of Soane and Loire and late province of Burgundy, and lately a V bifhop's fee. It is remarkable for its good vine ; and is feated on the declivity ef a hill, near the river Sa-.mc, 3 5 miles N. of Lyons, and r88 S^ E. ef Paris. Len. 4. 55. E. lat. 46. 20. N. "Macres, a riv^ r of Africa, which runs acre is the kingd.jui of Tripoli; and falls '1 into MAD into the MediteK'arieari, a little tia the E, of Lebeda, Macri; an ancient town ef the ifland of Samos, in the Archipelago. Maciio, or MacronissE; a,h ifland of the Archipelago,, near the coaft ef Li vadia, 20 miles E. of Setiries. , ¦' Macu.va,, one of the Navigators Iflands iri thS S. Pacific Ocean. Here M. de la Peyroufe, commander of the French fiiips, the Bouffole and Aftrolabe, on a voyage of difcovery, met with his firft fatal accident ; M. de Langle, his captain of the Aftrolabe, with eight offi cers, four failors, ami one boy, being all maffacred by the natives. Lon. 169. o. W Iat. 14. 19. S; Maczua, a fmall ifland in the Red Sea, pear the coaft of Abex, and city pf Erco : CP, pr Arkiko, Madacjascar, an ifland lying on the ' eaftern coaft of Africa about 800 miles in length 300 in bread:h, and 2000 in cir cumference. It was difcovered by the Portuguefe in. 1492. The inhabitants are generally black, treacherous, f"avage, and cruel. Their hair is long and curled, at leaft on the coafts ; for they feem to have ¦had a great many Ar.abs among them, vvith vvhom they are mixed ; and there aft fome likewife of a yellow ifh complexion, who have better features than the reft. It is a populous country, but they have rio cities or towns, but a great number of villages a fmall diftance from each other. Their houfes are pitiful huts, with doors fo low, that a boy ef 12 years old cannot enter them without ftopping. They have nei ther windows nor chimnies, and the ropfs are covered with reeds or leaves. Their furniture confifts ef a few baflcets, to put their neceffaries in, and they can change their habitafions when they pleafe. Thofe rhat are dreft in the beft mariner have a piece of cotton -cloth, or filk, wrapt round their middle ; but the common fort have fcarce fufficient to hide their nakednefs. Beth men and women are fond of brace lets -and necklaces, and they anoint their bodies with ftinking greafe er oil. Their beds are only mats fpread upon boards, and a piece of wood or ftone ferves them for .a bolfter. There are a great many petty kings, whofe riches confift in cattle and flaves, and they are always at war with each other. The firft horfe that was ever feen in this ifland was brought ever from the,E. Indies by a Fren'.-'iiro'an. It Is hard to fay what their religion is, for they have neither (;h']rches nor priefts. They have no rules' relating to marriage ; for the men a'l'.l -S'omf n coha'nit together for fome rime, an J then lea', c each o-;her as freely again. MAD Here fire a great number ef locufts, croco diles,, cariaelions, and other animals .cemriioiiv to Africa. They have corn and grapes, and feyeral forts of excellent honey; a's alfo minerals and precious ftones. The Frerich have attetnpted to fettle here, but have always been driven hence; There are only fome parts en the cbafls yet known. The famous Avery; a pirate, forinerly had his ftation in a harbour ot this ifland, as well as pthers, and there were ffve Englift men of war fent to fub due them. They were fe powerful once as not to ,be afraid ef any enemies, either bv fea or larid. Lat. froin 12. 0. to 26, o. S., -¦'' M'iDAM's Court Hill, a hill in Kent, 19 miles from London, in the road to Sevenoaks. It commands a, very beau tiful profpeft of Kent ajid Suffex. , Madeira, an ifland of the Atlantic Ocean, in the_ form pf-a triangle, 240 miles' N, by E. of Teneriff, 360 from. Cape Cantin, on. the coaft of Africa-, and 300 N. of the ifland of Fcrre. It is faid to haye hccn difcovered by an Engliftman, captain Maftam, in the year 1344, and vvas conquered by the Portuguefe, under vvhofe government it ftill reinains, iri 1437. They fet fire to the forefts, vvhich burned for a confiderable time, and gave the foil that degree of fertility which it boafts of at pref"ent. Indeed, vvere it properly cultivated, Madeira might be termed the Garden of tha World. The fcorching heat of fummer, and the icy chili ef winter, are here equally unknown ; but fpring and autumn reign together, and produce flowers and fruit throughout, the year. It abounds in every kind of tropical and European fruits ; as oranges^ lemons of a prodigious fize, bananas, ci trons, peiches, figs, plums, and ftrawber- ries that grow wild in the m.ountains vvith aftonifting profufion ; grapes which ard as krge as our common plums, and re markable fer their pecuhar flavour. The oranges are of a fanguine red : this fpe. cies is produced from the-somihori orange bud ingrafted ou the pomegrariate ftock; There is likewife a kind of pear found here, net bigger than a walnut, and very crifp. The fugar-c'arie alfo Is cultivated with liiccefs, though not in any confider able quantity. The cedar tree is found in great abundance : it is extremely beau- tifid : moft. of the cielings and furniture p'i Madeira are made of that wood, which yields a Very fragrant fmell. The dragon tree is a native of this ifland. Flowers nurfed in the Enghft greenhoufes gr.-",v wild here in the fields ; the hedpej are moftly formed of myrtles, rofes, jeffsmine, 'and MAD and lippeyfuckle in everlafting bloffom, while the' larkfpur, the fleur-de-lis, the lupin, &c. fpring up fpontaneoufly iri" the meadows. There -are verv few reptiles to be feen iri the ifland ; the lizard is the moft common. Canary birds and gold finches are found in the mountains; ofthe former, numbers are fent every year to England. But Madeira is principally ce- lebrated fer its wine, vvhich it produces in great quantifies, and vvhich keeps beft in rhe hbttelt climate under the torrid zone. For this reafon the inhabitants ef the Weft India Iflaneis, that can afford it, drink little elfe ; and the Madeira wine that is brought to England is thought to be worth little, unlefs it has firft been a voyage: to the E. or W. Indit s. This ifland is well-watered and peopled, and the in habitants are good-natured, but great vo luptuaries. Funchal is the capital of this ifland, which is about 40 leagues in cir- pumference, and Hes in 16° "W". lop. and 33" N. lat, ''¦¦ Madia, or Maggia, a vafley of Svvifferland, on the confines of the Mila nefe, and the Upper Valais. It is leng and narrow, being between high moun- tains, and it is watered throughout its whole length by a river of the fame name. It is the fourth bailiwick of the . Swifs in Italy, and has a towp ef the fame name, feated en the river. Madras, or Fort St. George, a fort and town of the peninfula- of Hin dooftan, on the coaft of Coromandel. It is the principal fettlerrient of the Englifh Eaft-India Company ori the E. fide of the peninfula, and is a fortrefs of very great ftrength, including within it a regular well-built city. It is clofe on the margin of the f"ea, from which it has a rich ^nd beautiful appearance ; the houfes being covered wifh a ftucco called cliunam, which in itfelf is nearly as compaft as the fineft marble, and, as it bears as -high a polift, is equally l"plendld vvith that ele. gant material. They confift ef long co lonnades, vvith open porticoes, and flat reefs ; and they may be confidered as ele. gant, particularly fo, frem being finifted with fnch a beautiful material as the chu. pam ; and the city contains many hand fome and fpacious ftreets. But the inner apartments ef the houfes are net highly decorated, prefenting te the eye only white walla; which, however, from the marble like appearance ef the ftucco, give a frefli- pcfs grateful in fc hpt a country. Ceilings are very uncommon in the rooms. Jn. deed it is impoffible to find any which will refift the ravages of that deftruftive- infeft ihe white ant. Thefe animals are cliiefly MAD formidable from the immenfity of their numbers, which arc fuch as to deftroy, in one night's time, a ceiling of any dimcn. fions.' It is the wo,)d work which ferve'i for the bafis ef the cielings, fuch as the laths, beams, &c. that the!"e infefts attack. " The approach te Madras, from the fea," fays Mr. Hodges, "offers to the eye an appearance fimilar to what we may conceive of a Grecian city in the age of Alexander. The clear, bhie, cloudlefs fky, the peliftcd white buildings, the bright l"andy beach, and thii dark green fea, prefent a combination totally new tst the eye of an Englifhman, juft arrived frem Lendon, who, accuftemed te the fight of roHing maffes of clouds floating in a damp atmof"pherc, cannot but contem. plate the difference vvith delight : arid thq eye being thus gratified, the mind foon affumes a gay anff tranquil habit, analo. gous tq the pleafi^ig nbjefts with which it is furrounded. Some time before the fliip arrives at her anc^ioring ground, fte is hailed by the boats of the country filled vvith people of bufinefs, who come in crowds on board. This is the moment in vvhich an European feels the great diftinc. tion between Afia and his own country. The ruftling of fine linen, and thcgene- ral hum of unufual converfation, prefents to his mind for a moment the idea of an affembly of females. When he afcends upon the deck, he is ftruck with the long muflin dren"es, and black faces adorned v\ith very krge gold earrings and white turbans. The firft falutation he receives from thefe ftrangers is by bending their bodies verv low, touching the deck vvith the back of the hand, and the forehead three times. The natives firft feen ia India by an European voyager, are Hin. does, the original inhabitants of the penin. fula. In this part of India they are deli. catcly framed ; their hands in particular are m.ore Hke thofe ef tender females; and do not appear te be, what is confider. cd a proper proportion to the reft of the perfon, which is ufually above the middle fize. Correfpondent to this delicacy of appearance are their manners; mild, tran. quil, and fcduloufly attentive : in this laft ref"peft they are . indied remarkable, as they never interrupt any perfon who is fpeaking, but wait patiently tlH he has concluded ; and then anfwer vvith the moft perfeft ref"peft and compefure. From the ftip aftranger is conveyed on ftore in a boat of th? country, called a Maffoolah boat ; a work ef curio'js conftruftien, and well calculated tb elude the violent ftocks of the furf, that breaks here with great violence : tiiey ar. formed wit'.iput a keel, flat- MAD M'A'D Hat-bottomed, vvith the fides raifed high, and fewed together vvith the fibres ef the cocoa-nut tree, and caulked with the fame material : they are remarkably light, and are managed with great dexterity by the natives ; they are ufually attended by tvvo kattamarans (rafts, paddled by one man each, the intention qf vvhich is, that, fliould the boat be everfet by the violence of the furf, the perfons in it miy be pre ferved. The boat is driyi:n, as the failors fay, high and dry ; and the paffengers are landed on a fine, fandy beach ; and immediately enter the fort of Madras. The appearance ef the natives is exceed ingly varied, fome are wholly naked, and others fe clothed, that nothing but the face and neck is te be difcovered ; befide this, the Eurppean is ftruck with many other objefts, fuch as women carried on men's ftoulders on p.iknkeens, and men .riding on horf"eback clothed in linen dreffes like women ; vvhich with the very different face ef the country from afl he had ever feen, or conceived of, excite the ftrangeft emotions of furprife!" There is a fecop.d city, caUed the Black Town, feparated from Madras by the breadth of a proper efplanade only ; and, although near four miles in circuit, fortified in fuch a manner as to prevent a furprife from the enemy's horfe ; an evil te which every tovvn in the Carnatic is fubjeft, from the^ drynefs and evennefs of the country. Ma dras vvas fettled by the Englift about the year 1640. It was taken by the French in 1746, but reftored by the treaty of Aix- la-Chapelle. J^nded, it was hardly dt-fen- fible, until the deftruftion of Fort St. David, in 1758, pointed out the neceffity of fortifying it. The fort was planned by Mr. Robins, the real author of Lord Anfon's Voyage ; and it is, perhaps, one of the beft fortreffes in the poffeffion of the Britifh nation. Madras, in common vvith all the European fettlements on this coaft, has no port for ftippirig; the coaft forming nearly a ftraight line ; and it is incommoded alfo with a high and dan gerous furf. Madras is 100 miles N. by E. of Pondicherry, 1030 S. W. by W. of Calcutta, and 758 S. E. of Bombay. Lon. 80. 25. E. lat. 13; '5. N. Madre-de-Popa, a town and con vent ef S. America, in Terra Firma, feat ed en the river Grande, 20 miles E. of Carthagena. It is almoft as much reforted to by pilgrims ef America, as Loretto is in Europe ; and they pretend that the iimage of the Virgin Mary has done a great many miracles in favour of the fea- faring people, Loh, 76. o, W. kt. 10. 40, N. Madrid, the capital ef Spain, in New Caftile, It was- formerly an inconfider able place, belepging to the archbiftop of Toledo, but the purity of the air engaged the court to remove hither. The ftreets indeed are very .dirty, efpecially in 'the morning ; but the hot rays qf the fun foop render them ^dry. It is very populous. The houfes are all built with bricK, and the ftreets are long, broad, and ftraight ; and adorned at proper diftances vvith handfome fountains. There are above 100 towers. or. fteeples, in different places, vvhich coritribute greatly to the embcHift- ment of the city. It is feated in a larg^e plain furrounded by high piountains, but has no wall, rampart, or ditch. The royal pal'.ce is built on au eminence, at the ex- treraity of the city ; and asi it is but tvvo ftories high, it does not make any extra ordinary appearance. A fire happened in 1734, wt ich almoft reduced it te aftes, and it was a l-mg time in rebuilding. The fineft fquare in Madrid is the Placa Mayer, vvhich is furrounded with 300. houl"e? five ftories high, and of an equal . height. Every ftage is adorned vvith a handfome balcony, and the fronts are fupported by columns, which form very fine arches. Here the market is held, and here they had their famous bull-fights. However, it is obfervable, that the verv fineft houfes have ne glafs windows, they being only lattices. Cafa-del-Campo is a houfe of pleafure, a little above half .a mile^from Madrid, wich very fine gardens, pleafant walks, and a great many uncommon ani mals. It is feated beyond the river Man- zanares, Buen Retiro is on this fide the river, next the town, and is a proper place. to" retire to in the heat bf fummer, there being a great number of fifh-ponds, grottoes, tents, groves, and hermitages, vvhich yield a very pleafarit fight ; but as for the building, it is more like a monal"- tcry than a houf"e ef pleafure. When the inhabitants build a hqufe, the firft ftory belongs to the king, vyho may either fell tr let it, as he pleafes. PhiHp II. built a large and magnificent bridge ever the river, vvhich river being exceedingly fmall, has occafioned a great many jokes. It is 265 miles N.E. ef Lifton, 590 S. by W. ef Lopdon, 625 S. S. W. of Faris, .and 750 W. of Rome. Lon 3. 2c, W, lat, 40. 2--.N. Madrigal, atown of Spain, in Old Caftile, feated in a plain, fertile in excel lent wine, ten miles from Mej, a large tpwn of Afia, in Arabia Felix. Lon. 44. -15. E. kt. i6. 3- N. iVI ,\ GLI ANO, a fm'all but populous tcwn of Italy, in the territory t'f the pope, and diflriftof Sabina; feated on. a mountain, iic.ir the fiver Tiber, 30 miles S. W. cf Spolette^ MAH. Spoietto, and jo N. ef Romei, Loh. i4. 3j5.,E. lat. 42; 25. N. _. Magnavacca; a fmall town of Italy in the Ferrarefe, with a fort, 'feated at the Jhouth of the .Jake of .Comachie, in : the Gulf of Venice, 18 miles iN. of Ravenna. Len. 12. 4. E. lat. '44.- 52. N. Magnesia, a town of Afia, in Proper Natolia,,witih a biftop's fee ;, feated en the .Sarabat, 22 milts above the, city of Smyr na, It vvas formerly the feat of the Ot toman empire-; is ftill large, populous, and rich ; and ftands on an eminence, which is commanded by -another, Pn which a ci tadel is built, Lon, 27, 25, E, lat. ^8. 50. N. Magny, a town of France, iri t'ne department of Seine and Oife and kte pro vince of the Ifle of Francs, 32 miles N. XV. of Paris, Lon. i. 54, E, kt. 49, io„N, Magra, a river pf Italy, which rifes jn the Appennine mpunfaifts, in the vaUe)'- ef Magra, where it waftes PpntremOlI, paffes Pri to SarzSria, in the territory pf Genpa, and fall? a little after intP the Me diterranean, , Magra, the. Vafley pf, in Italy, arid in the grand duchy pf Tufcany. It is abput 27 miles in length and 1,5.., in breadth. fi M.4,i3UE.L0NE, a lake of Frane*, in the department of :Herault*tlrid ' late pro- vinqe of Languedpc, near a town of the feme name, which is feated on the coaft of . the Mediterranean, into which the lake difchai'ges itfelf by a fcanal that is." the beginning of the faniouS Canal at Laingue- do|C, Mahaleu, a handfome and confider. able tovvn of Egypt, capital of Garbia, It cirries on a confiderable trade in linen, -cottons, -and fal-ammoniac ; and the inha. hi tants have ovens here to hatch chicken, lis in "other' parts ef this country. Loh; 30. 31. E. lat. 31. 30. N, * MaJhanuddV, or Mahanady, a river of Hindooftan, vyhich rifes ih fhe N, ¦W, 'part of Berar, and falls by feveral mouths into, the Bay'^ef Bengal, at Cat- ' tack, Thefe mourhs form an affemblagfe of low woody iflands, Hke the Ganges, and many other rivers. At the mouth of the principal channel, near Falfe Point, is a fortified ifland, named Cajung or Cod- jung. , " '* Mahrattas, the name' o.f fwp ppwerful'ftates pf Indiaj vvhich deHve'their name frcm Marhat, an ancient prpvince pf the ' DepCan. ("rhey are called the Pppnah, pr Weftern 'Mahrattas ; ,and the Berar, pr Eaftern. CoIIeftively, -they »ccuj>y all ths fouthern part of Hindogfbn M A 1 Proper, with a large prcpprtiori pf thS Deecan. Malwa, Oriffa, Candcift, and Vifiappur ; , the ppiircipal parts pf Berar, Guzerat, and Agimerp ; apd a fmall part pf Dpvykta.bad, Agra, and Aljahabad; are cpmprifed within their exterifive em pire, which extends frcm fe'a tp fea, actpfs ' the wideft part pf the 'pfeninfula; and frqm the ccnfihes pf Agra nptthvvard to the river Kiftna fputhward; fprming a traft pf abput' rooo Iniles long' And 700 broad. The weftern ftate, the capital of vvhich is Poonah, is divided amorig a nuip- ber of chiefs, er princes, 'whofe obedience to thc-paiftwah, erliead, like that of the G'erman princes to the emperor, is merely nominal at any time ; and, in fome cafcS an oppofition of interefts begets .wars, not', only between the members ef tKe.e'mpird themfelves, b'ut alfp between. the members aa^ the head. Nagppur is the capital of the eaftern Mahrattas.- Both thefe ftates', with the Nizam of the Deccau, vvrere iii afllanCe vvith the Englift E. India, Com pany, in the -late war agaiftft Tippoo Sul tan, from whofe territories, on the termi nation of the war, they gained feme cori fiderable acquifitions. 'Their armies are- principally compofed of light hprfe. , Maidenhead, a tPvvn, df Berkfliire, with a market pn 'WcBriefday. It ii feated oh the river Thames, on the great weftern read, 12 miles E. by N. pf Read ing, and 26 W. by N, pf Lpridori. Lori._^ o. 40. W, lat. 51, 32. N. Maiitstone, a borough of Kcrif, with a market on Thurfday. Ij is feated oii the river Medway, a branch of vvhich runs through -the towri, and is a large, popu lous, and agreeable place, where the afii- zes are held for the coun'ty. , By means of the ^Medway, it enjoys a .brifk .trade in exporting'the commodities of the. county, particularly its hops., of vvhich there arq numerous plantations around it. Here are likewife fome capital paper mills, and a manufaftory of lineil t.hread; Il is 20 miles W. ef Canterbury, arid 35 S. E. by E. of Loridori. Lon. 0. 38. E. kt. 51. 16. N. ' ¦ Maillezais, a tPwn' pf France,, in. the department , pf Vendee arid late pro. vihee of Poitou, 'feated in a morafs, in ap ifland formed by the ri^rers SeuTe ahd Au. tizc, 22 miles N. E. of 'Rochelle, and 210 S. "^'¦.- of Paris.-' Lon. o. 4q. W. lat. 46. " 27. N. ' Ma IN A, a country of Turkey in Eu. rope, iri the Morea, lying betw'een tvvo chains of mpuntain.?. which advance into the fea. The inhabitants could never yet be fubdued by the Turks, .on.ace:e'unt of ijjeir valouar and their moaiitaifls. Their D d greateft M A I greateft -traffic confifts in flaves, whicli they take indifferently from the Turks and the Chriftians. They hive a harbour and" a to-,-,n of the fame name, and their langu.ige is bad Greek. Main, a province ef N. America, which belongs to the State ef Maffachu fets, It is 300 miles lpng and 104 brpad, lying betvveen 68" and 72° W. lpn. and 43' and 46" N. kt. and bpunded pn the N. V.^. by the high lands, which feparate the rivers that fall intn the. river St Law rence from thofe that faU' into the Atlan tic Ocean ; on the E. by the river St. Croix and a line drawn due N. from its fource to the faid high lands, which di vides this territory from Nova Scotia ; on the S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean ;._and en the W. by New Hampftirc. It is divided into three counties, and Portland is the capital. The heat in fumraer is intenfe, and the cold in winter equally : extreme all the frefli-water lakes, ponds, and rivers ire ufually paffable on ice, from Chriftmas till the middle of March. The chmate is very healthful ; many of the inhabitants living go years. Maine, a river of Germany, vvhich rifes in the E. fide of the circle of Franco nia, and running weftward, paffes through the bifliopric of Bamberg into the elcfto rate of Mentz, and falls into the Rhine at Mentz. It runs by Bamberg, Wirtz, berg, Afchaft'eiibUrg, Hanau, and Franc •fort. * Maine, or Mayfnne, a depart ment of France, wlil;h includes the late, province ef the fame name. It takes its name from the river Maine, vvhich foon .alter its junftion vvith the Sarte, falls into the Loire. Laval is the capital, '¦ Maine and Loire, a department of France, which includes the, late pre vince of Anjou, It is fo cafled frem the two rivers of the fame name. Angers is the capit'dl. Mainland, Orkney, or Pomona, .the principal of the Orkney Iflands, 24 Tiific; long and 9 broad. The general ap pearance of the country is not very differ- ent from the Mainlanei of Shetland. The f,^i!, however, is more fertile, and in fome parts bett/r cidtivated. Kirkwall is the capital. See Orcades. ' Mainland, the princi'pal ef the Shetland Ifles, 60 miles long, from N. to S. Its breadth, vvhich varies greatly, fel dom exceeds fix miles. The face of the country e/ihibits a profpeft of black crag- , py mountains, and marfliy plains, inter- fpe.-fed witfi fom.e verdant fpots, vvhich ap pear fmooth and fertile. Neither tree irer ihrub is to be feen, except the jurii. M A J per and the heath. The mouritains abouPa with various kinds of game. Lofty cHffs, impending over the fea,' are the haunts ef e iglcs, falcons, and ravens. The deep caverns underneath flielter feals and otters ; and to the winding bays re fort the fwans, geefe, fcarfs, and other aquatic birds. The feas abound with fifh, fuch as the cod, turbet, and haddock ; but, particularly, at certain feafens, with flioals ef herrings ef incredible extent ; and they are vifited, at the fame time, by whales, and ether voracious fiftes. Lob. fters, oyfters, mufcles, &c. are alfo plenti. ful. The hills are covered vvith fteep of a fmall brejd, and ofa fhaggy appearance; but their fleece is commonly very foft, and ofteci extrcmply fine. From their wool, ftockings of fuch a fine texture have been made, that, although ef a large fize, a pair vvas capable of paffiing through a common gold ring. Their horfes are of a diminutive fize, but remarkably ftrong and handfome, and are wefl knowri by the name of Shelties, from the name of the country. Many rivulets and confi. derable lakes abound vvith falmon, trout, &c. a mine ef copper, and another of iron, have lately been opened near the S. extre-i mity of this ifland. They are in tlie hands of the Anglefey company, and are faid to be extremely produftive. There is an iri. c.xauftible ftqre ef peat, but no coal. Ler^» wick is the capital. Maintenon, a towu of France, in the department of Eure and Loire arid late province of Beauce, feated in a valley be- tween two mountains, and on the river Eure, with a caftle, a kte coHegiate church, and a kte priory. It gave a title to the famous madame de Maintenen, miftrefc of Lewis XIV. It is five miles from CIrartrcs. Lon. i. 36. E. Iat. 48. 31. N, Maikungen, a town ef Germany, in the cirqic of Fr.ancenia, capital of a fmall diftrift belonging to the houfe of Saxe. Gothi ; eight miles N. of Henneberg, Lon. 10. 39. E. kt. 50. 46. N. Majorca, an" iflaud belonging t» Spain, in the Mediterranean Sea, between Ivica and Minorca,, about So miles S. of the Spanifh coaft. It is about 60 miles in length, and 45 in breadth ; is a mountain. ous country, but produces good corn, oHve-trees, and delicate wine. It has no rivers, though there are a i;reat many fine fountains and wells. The inhabitants are robuft, lively, and very good failors. The capital is of the fame name. Majorca, a krge, rich, and' ftrong town, capital of the ifland of the fame name, with a biftop's fee. The public fquares, the cathedral, and .the royal pa. lace, M A L M A L ^aee, are magnificent. There, are about tioqo houfes, vvhich are built after the an- .tique manrier ;, and there is a univerfity, mere ancient than celebrated. It has 22 .churches befide the cathedral, and the har bour is extreniely good. A captairi-gene- ral refides here, who commands the whole ifland, and there is a garrifon kept to de fend it againft the incurfions ofthe Moors. It vvas taken by the Englift in 1706, and retaken in 1715. It is feated on the S. W. fide of the ifland. Lon. 2. 15, E. kt. 39- 30. N Maire, Le, a ftrait of S. America, ly ing between Staten Land and Terra del Fuego, in lat. 55. S. Maixant, St. an ancient town ef France, in the department of the Two Sevres and late province of Poitou. It had lately a Benediftine abbey, and is one of the new biftoprics created fince the re volution of i78g. . It carries on a trade ih corn, ftockings, and woollen ftuffs ; and is feated on the river Sevre, 26 miles S. W. of Poitiers, and 2 1 5 S. W. ef Paris. Lon. •, 7. W. kt, 46. 24. N. , "* Makran, a prevince of Perfia, bounded en the W. by Kerman, en the N. by Segeftan,and Sabletan, on the E. by Sindy, arid on the S. by the Indian Oceah. It is tributary te the king of Candahar. Malabar, the name ef the weftern coaft ef the peninfula of Hindooftan, lying between 9° and 14° N. kt. It is divided among feveral petty princes and ftates, but as thefe are mentioned in their proper places, they need not be enumerated here, efpecially as the cuftoms and manners of the inhabitants are very different, as well as the produftions. However, it may be obferved in general, that the inhabitants are all black, or at leaft, of a dark ohve cemple-,eiqn, with long black h*ir, and to lerable features. In fonte places fhey are diftinguifted into ftribcs, all of vvhich are brougnt up to the fame employments as their parents. Thefe are the Gentoos, of whom fee an account under the article of Hindoostan. Malacca, a krge peninfiila in Afia, containirig a kingdom of the fame name ; bounded by Siam on the N. by the ocean on the E. and by the Straits of Malacca vvhich feparate it from Suriiatra, ou the S. W. being about 600 miles in length and 200 in breadth. It produces few commodities for trade, except tin and elephants teeth ; but there are a great many excellent fruits and roots, which yield good rdfrefliment for ftrangers that call here. The- pine apple is the beft in the world, and the marijoftain is a delicious fruit. In the fliapa of an apple, whofe fkin is thick and red. The ramboftan is ef the fize of a walnut, with a very agreeable pulp ; and the du- rian, though it has not a pleafarit fmell, yet has a. very delightful tafte. They have plenty of cocoa-nuts, and their ftells will hold an Englift ejuart ; befide lemons, oranges, limes, fugar-canes; and mangoes; There is but little corn, and fheep and bullocks are fcarce ; but pork, poultry, and fifh, are pretty plentiful. The reli gion of the natives is a mixture of Maho- mecanifm, and they are addifted to jug gling, The inland inhabitants are a favage; barbarous people, vvho take great delight in deiiig miichief to their neighbours. The Dutch have a faftory in the town of Malacca, vvhich they took from the Por tuguefe in 1640. Malaga, an aneient, rich, and ftrong tovvn of Spain, in Granada, with two caftlesj a bifhop's fee, and a good harbour,, which renders it a trading place. It is frequented by the Englifh and Dutch, vVho bring their veffels here to load thbm vvith fruits and wine. It is feated in the Mcditerfanean, at the foot of a craggy mej'.intain, 15 miles S. ef Cordova, and 235 S. of Madrid. Lon. 4. 35. W.lat. 36:3vN. MalamOCCo, a fmaU ifland and fea port town in the Lagunes of Venice, .'-.ve miles S. of,fhat city. Malathiah, an ancient tovvn of Turkey in Afia, capital of the Leffer Armenia, feated on the river Arzu, with an archbifliop's fee. Lon, 43. 25. E.lat. 39. 8. N. - Malchin, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, arid duchy ef Mecklenburg, feated on the river Peene, where it falls into the lake Camro'w, la miles N. of Wahren. Lon. 13. 12, E. lat, 53. o. N. Malden, an ancient borough ef Effex, with a market on Saturday. It is go verned by two bailiffs, eight aldermen, ahd, 18 commori council; and has two parifh churches ; a third church, which it had fprmerly, having been long converted into a freefchool. It is faid to have been the feat of fome of the eld Britift kings ; and vvas the firft' Roman colony in Brit-ain. It vvas burnt by the Britifh queen Beadicea; but rebuilt by the Romans." It is feated on an eminence, near the Confluence of the Chelmer vvith the Blackwater. Vef fels of a meJcratc burden ceme up to the bridge over the Cpelmer, called FulJ- Bridge ; Hut krre fliips are obllL'cd to unload at i confiderable diftanGS l-.-Jjv/, in e «i » she M A L M A L the arm of rhe fea called Blackwater Bay er Maiden Water. Maiden carries on a confiderable trade, chiefly in corn, coal, iron, wine, brandy, and rum. It is lo miles E. of Chelmsford and 37 N. E. of I^ondon. Lon. o. 41. E. lat. 51. 46. N. ^ Malden, a village in Surry, about two miles S. E. of Kingfton. Here are fome gunpowder mills, en the ftream that flows from Ewel to Kingfton. Maldives, a clufter of fmall iflands S. W. of Ceylon in the E. Indies. The northernmoft, called, by the French, The Head ef the Iflands, is in lon. 73. 4. E. Iat. 7. 5. N. and when oppofite to it on the N. Mr. l^opping counted 32 iflands, the fartheft bearing S. E. 'oy E. They are all low, fandy, and barren, hav ing only a few cocoa-nuts. Their chief trade is m couries, a fmall fteflfift, whofe ftells ferve inftead of money. They Iia'.'C a king in one of the iflands ; and the inhabitants are partly Mahome tans and partly Pagans. Malestroit, a town of France, In the dcparnnent of Morbihan and late pro- vinee-, of Bretagne, feated on the river O-.ift, 37 miles E. ef Port-Louis. Lon. 2. 23. "W. kt. 47. 45. N. Malicollo, one ofthe largeft ofthe Hebrides, in the South Sea, lying in 16. 15. S. kt. and 1-67. 45. E. len. It is about twenty leagues long from N. te S. Its inlanel mountains arc very high, and clad- with forefts. The foil is a rich and fertile mould. Its vegetable produftions are luxuriant, and in great variety ; cocoa- nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, fugar-canes, yams, eddoes, turmeric, and oranges. Hogs and common poultry are their do meftic animals. The inhabitants appear te be of a race totally diftinft fi em thofe of the Friendly and Society Iflands, Their form, language, and manners, are widely different. .They feem te corre- fpond in many particulars with the nati>'es of New Guinea and Papua, particularly in the^i' black colour and woolly hair. They are of a flender make, have lively, but very Irregular ugly features, and tie a rope fo faft round their belly, thatvit iild be fatal to a perfon unacci^ftomcd from his infancy to fuch a ligature. They ufe bOws and arrows as their principal armour, and their. arrows are faid to be foincriuics poifoned. The clirriate ef ?ri:i!icollo is very v.'ar-ii, but not at all ex traordinary for the torrid zone. Hence the inhabitants feel little inconvenience in ij;,iing alijioit quite naked, either from l,c_i or'cold. Their keeping their ' bo dies entirely free frem punftures, is o.ic particular, that remarkably diftinguifhes fhem from the other tribes of the South Sea. Malio, or Capo Malio, or St, Angelo, a cape ef the Morea, at the'S. entrance of the Gulf pf NapoH, 15 miles E. of Malvafia. Malling, West, 4i town in Kent, vvith a market on Saturday. , It is feated near Compherft Wood; had formerly a nunnery ; and tho tower of the church is remarkably fine. It is fix miles W. of Maidftone, and 3,0 E. by S. of London. Len. u. 33. E. kt. 51. 20. N. Mallo, a town' of Ireland, in the county ef Cork, feated en the river Black- water, 17 miles N. of Cork. Lon. 8. 32, W. lat. 52.10. N. Malmedy, a town ef Germany, in the circle ef 'Weftphalia, and biftopric of .Liege, with an abbey ; feated on the river Recht, nine miles S. of Limburg, and 4q N. ef Luxemburg. Lon. 6. z. E. Iat. 50. 18. N. Malmistrjv an ancient town of Afia, in Natolia, with an archbiftop's fee ; feat ed at the mouth of a river of the fame name, vvhich divides ic into the Old and New Town. It is 30 miles S. E. of Tarfiis. Lon. 36. 15. E. lat. 36. 50. N. Malmoe, a feaport of Sweden, in the province of Scania, feated on the ftrait called the Sound, .with a large harbour and a ftrong citadel ; 10 miles S. E. of Lund, and 15 S. E. ef Copenhagen. Lon. 13. 7. E. Iat. 53, 38. N. Malmsbury, an ancient borough in Wikfhire, vvith a market on Saturday. It is pleafantly feat'ed en a hill, on tiie river Avon, which almoft furrounds it, and over vvhich it has fix bridges.' It is 26 miles E. by N. of Briftol and g5 W. of London. ¦ Lon. 2. ». W. kt. 51. 34- N. Malo, St. a feap#t ef France, in the department ef Morbihan and lately an epil'copal fee in the province ef Brctagne. It has a large, vvell frequented harbour, but difficult of accefs, en account of the rocks that furround it : is a rich, trading place, of great importance, and defended by a ftrong caftle. It vvas bombarded by the Englilh in 1693, but without fuccefs. However, in June 1758, they landed men in Cancalle Bay, vvho went to the harbour by land, and' burnt above 100 fliips, great and fmaU, and then retired to the ftips, vvithout lefs. It is feated on an ifland united to the mainland by a caufeway; is chiefly inhabited by feafaring men, vvho in time of war fit out a great many pri- ' t vatcers M A L «Ts to crulfe upon , the" Englifh, This .place is Ijkewife guarded by a great num- Der ef krge dogs,, which roye all pight about the ftrand. It is 17 miles N. W, •of Dpi, and 205 W,, of Paris. Lpn, i. 57- ¦W.lat. 48. 3g. N. Maloria, a fmaU ifland of .Italy, on -'the coaft of Tufcany, 10 miles \V. of , Leghorn. Lon. 10. 4. E. lati- 43. 34. N.' . Malpartido, a tovvn of Spain, in Eftramadura. The duke of Berwick re-' tired to this place in -1706, aft^r the Al- Jies had taken Alcantara. ' It is 14 miles S.'of Placentia. Lon. 5. 30. W.lat. 3g.. _36. N. , Mj^lpas, a'town of Cheftire with a market en Monday ;, feated on a high .eminence, not far from the river Dee. It ¦is a " handforhe- place, containing, three ftreets, an hofpital, and a grammar-fchool. It is 15 niiles. S. E. of Chefter, and 166 K. W-. ofLomdph. Lpn. 2. 45. W. kt. S3- 2. N. - ¦ MALPLAquET, a village pf Hainault, fampus fpr a blpbdy battle gained pver tive French, by the duke of 'Marlborough, in i7og, and fometimes called, che Battle 'of Blaregnies, from an adjacent village. , It is about 7 miles S.'-by E. uf M-ons. Malta, ari ifland of the Mediterra- ' nean, between Africa ihd Sicily,' 20 miles in lehgth, and 12 in breadth. It was for-. merly reckoned a part of Africa, but npw "tielongs tp Eurppe. It vvas anciently little elfe then a barren rpck ; but- fuch quanti ties pf fpil have been brpught from Africa, that it . is new becpme a fertile ifland. .Hpwever, they fow but littb corn, becaufe they can purehafe it cheap in Sicily ; but they cuhivate krge quantities of lenhn, cotton-trees, and vines, which produce excellent wine. The heat is fo exceffive,' both day and night, that the water breeds ' great numbers of gnats," which are the plague pf the country. ' The number of the inhabitants are faid to be about ^0,000. The ^common people fpeak .Arabic, but ¦the better fort Italian. After the taking of Rhodes, the emperor Charles V. gave 'this Ifland to the grand mafter of the or der of St. John of Jerufalem, and it is ex tremely weH fprtified. It, vvas attacked !by the Turks in 1566, whp were pbliged ;tp abandon the enterprife vv^th the Ipfs pf 30,000 men. The knights of Malta for- merly cpnfifted pf eight nations : but now they -are but feveff,- becaufe the Englift have forfaken them. They are- obliged' to fupprefs all pirates, and are at perpe. tual war vvith thctTuf ks and other Ma hometans. They are all under^ a vow- of celibacy and chaftity ; and yet they make iBo- fcruple of taking Grecian women for MAN "miflreircs,. It is about 60 miles S. of Si. cily, and 200 E. of Tunis ih A,frica. Malta, .or .^-VAi ETTA, an exceeding ftrong ahd confiderable town ef-the ifland of Malta, ef wliich it is the capital, and well fortified, -. It .is a bifhop's fee, is the refidence of the grand raafter and knights ef the order, and has a magnificent hof'pi. tal. It is divided'into three parts, which are fo many peninfulas, confifting of folid rock, and feparated fjrom each other by channels, capable of receiving large fleets. The ftreets are " fpacious, and the houfes ¦ built with vvhite ftOne. It is feated on the feafide, facing Sicily. Lqn. 14. 34. E. kt, 3 5- 54- N. _' '.- . . ' \ Malton, a borough In the N. riding of yorkfhire, with two; markets, en Tuefday and Saturday. It is feated on the river Derwent, over vvhich is a- ftone ..bridge, and is compofed of: two town^, the New and the 01d_,.cach' containing three churches. It -is well inhabited, and is 20 mUcs N". Ev ofYerk, and 216 N. by \V. of London, Lon. e'. 40. W. lat. 54. g. N, ¦MalVasIa, a finafl ifland of Turkey in Europe, lying on the eaftern coaft of the Morea, and remarkable for its excel lent wines. The capital is feated on the feafide, at the foot of a rock, ori the top of wliicih is a ftrpng fort. Tha rich wine, called MalmfCy, is brought hence. It is the fee of a Greek archbifliop, and is 50 mile^ S. E. of' Mifitra,' and 75 S. of Serines, or Athens. Lon. 23. 22. E. Igt, 36. 57. N, See Napoli di Malv.a- SIA, ' ' Malvern-Hills, hills in the S, W. of ¦Vyorcefterftire, vvhich may be feen at a great di'tfanqe... In thefe hills^ is a fpring ef unc.mmon purity, much r't:i"orted- to in fi:rephulous and fcorbutifc cafes. Ma LW.-v, ^3' province of 'Hindopftari Prpper, bounded pri the W. by Guzerat, pri. the.N. by Agimere,, pn thg E. by Al-? khabad and Oriffa, and pn the S. by Can-. ' del ft. It is one of the moft extenfive, elevated, apd highly -diverfified trafts in Hindooftan, aud . is divided among - the paiftwah of the "VVeftern Mahi'attas, and .two of the inferior chiefs, Sindia and Hol- kar. Ougein is the capital of Siri'dia, and Indpm of Holkar. , ,., Ma VI ARS, an ancient town of France,, in the deipartment of Sarte "and late, pro vince of Maine,! It is feated on the river Dive, ,14 miles W. of Belefme. Lon.o., " 26. E. lat. 48. 20. N'.- Man, an ifl^iod in the Irifh ^ea, about 30 miles in length, and eight in breadth. It contains 17 pariftes, and t'ne chief towns are Ruthen, Douglas, and Peel. The foil is good, and prpduces more corn than is , ¦-, Pd 3 fuffi. MAN MAN fufficient to maintain the natives. The air is healthy, and the inhabitants live to a very old a^r,.and are a mixture of Eng lift, Scots, and Irifh. They have a biftop, called the biftop of Sodor and Man;. but he has nn feat jn the Britift parha;m'ent. The commodities of this ifland are wool, hides, and tallow. Ic is 12 miles S. of Scotland, 30 N. of Anglefea, in Wales, 3 5 W. of the coaft of Cumberland, and 40 E. oF the coaft ef Irfland. Manachia, an ancient, and confider able towri of Turkey in Afia, in Natolia, with a caftle, ' handfome bazars, mofques, and hofpitals, and vvas known to the an cients,, by the name of -Magncfia. It is feated in a fertile country, at the foot of a mountain. Lon, 27. 40. E. kt. 3S. 45' N. Manar, an ifland of Afia, in the Eaft Indies, on the eaftern coaft ef the ifland of Ceylon. The Portuguefe got poffeffion of it in 1 560 ; but the Dutch took it from them in 1658. Lon. 80. 45. E. lat.' g. o. N. '-'' Manataulin, an ifland of N. America, on the N. fide of Lake Huron. It is loo miles in length, and no more than eight broad. Its name fignifies <' a place of fpirits" ; and it is confidered as facred by the Indians; , Mancester, a village in Warwick fliire, anciently a Reman ftation en the Wathng-ftrect, where feveral brafs and filver coins have been dug up. It lies near Arherftonc and the river Anker. MaistcSa, a territory ef Spain, in the province of New Caftile, lying between the river G-uadiana and Andalufia. It is ¦ a mountainous country ; and 'it vvas here the famous Don Quixote was fuppofed to perform his chief exploits. ' '•'" Manche, or the department ofthe Channel, a departmerit of France, includ ing part of the late province of Normandy. Co'jtances is the capital. Manchester, a large, populous, and flourifhing town in Lancaftire, vvith a tnarkct on Saturday. It is feated between the rivers' Jrk and Irwell, upon a ftony hifl, and is, a place of" great antiquity. It has been long rioted for various brariches of the linen, filk, and cotton manufaftures, and is npw principally cpnfpicuous as the 'centre of the cottpn trade, an immenfe bufinefs, extending, in fome or other of its operations, from Furn'efs (where great cotton fpinning-mills have been eftablifli. ed) 10 Derby' N. and S. and frohi Hali fax to Liverpool E. and W. The labours of a very p'opulous ncij;hb,')urhood are col- ieftpd.at Maiichcllcr, vvhcn-cc they are fcnt to London, Liverpool, Hull, &c. Thefe confift of a great variety of cotton and mixed goods, fitted for all forts of markets, both at home and abroad,. fpread. ing over a great part of Europe, A^merica, and the coaft of Guinea, and bringing back vaft profits te this couritry. The manufafture of tapes and other fmall wares, of filk goods, and ef hats, ii alfo carried on at Manchefter ; from vvhich various fources of wealth it has attained greater opulence than almoft any ef the trading towns in England. Its buildings," efpecially the more modern ones, are on a proportional fcale of fize aud elegance,^ Its chief ornaments are. the college, the market-place, the exchange, and the col legiate church ; vyhich kft has_ ' a fmall choir, of excellent vv'erkrnanfliip. It has an additional church, begun in Q^ Anne's reign, and finifted iri 1723. Bythe river Irvvell, ever which it has an an'cient and lofty ftone bridge, it has a communication \yith the Merfey, and all the late various extenfions ef inland navigation. It is 67' miles W. S. W. of York, and 182 N. N. W. ef London. Lon. 2. 80. W. Iat. 53, 30. N. ' Manderschei;!, a town of Ger.. many, In the circle of the Lower Rhine, and in the eieftorate ef Triers, capital oP a county ef the fame name, betvveen the Triers and the duchy of Juliers. It is 24 miles N. ef Triers. Lon. 6. 50. E. kt." 50. 10. N. Mandria, a fmall defert ifland. In the Archipelago, ' furrounded by rocks, between Samos and Langos. It gives' name to the fea near it. M.ANFREDONiA, a town of the king dom of Naples, vvith a caftle, a good har bour, and an archbifliop's fee. It vvas, burnt by the Turks in 1620 ; is feated on' a gulf of the fame name, 50 miles N. of Cirenza, and 100 N. E. of Naples. Lon, 16. 12. E. lat. 41. 35. N. Mangalore, a feaport of the king dom of Canara, on the coaft of 'Malabar, and in the peninfula ef Hindooftari. It has an excellent road for fliips to anchor in, while the rainy feafop lafts ; is feated, on a rifing ground, and is inhabited by Gentoos and Mahometans. The former are of a tawny complexion, vvith long black hair, and go half naked. On thcip feftival days, they carry their idols in tri umph, being placed in a waggon, adorned on all fides with flowers. There are feve- ral ftarp crooked iron -hoops faftened ' tp the wheels, upon whibh the mad devo tees throw themfelves, and. are cruflied to pieces. They expofe th':ir criniinals quite' nakei^ MAN MAN naked on the fands, where they die a moft miferable and lingering death. It is the greateft place for trade .«if any in the king dom ; and the Portuguefe have a faftory here for rice, and a pretty kr'_'c church frequented by black converts. Tiie fields n-.ir this place bear two crops of corn iri a- year; and the higher grounds prciucc pep.ier, beetle-nuts, fandal wood, iron, and Iteel. The houfes are meanly built along the fides ef tU-- rivers ; and it has fcarce - aqy defence againft an enemy. Len. 74. 44. E. lat. 12. 50. N. Ma.vgeea, an ifland in the S. Sea, vifited by captain Cook in the beginning of his laft voyage. The coaft is guarded by a'reef of coral rocks, againft which a heavy furf is continually breaking. This ifland is about five leagues in circumfe rence, and though of a moderate and pretty equal hdgl.t, may be feen in clear weather at the diftance of ten leagues. In the interior parts it rif'es into fmall hills, whence there is an eafy defcent to the ftore. They have neither hogs nor dogs ; but they have plantains, taro, and bread-fruit. Captain.Cook reprel"ents this as a very fine ifland ; but the hoftile ap pearance of its inh-abitants obliged him to leave ic withouc making any ftay. Lon. 201. 1:3. E. kt. 21. 27. S. '* Mangushlak, a tOwn of Tur comania, on the E. coaft of the Cafpian Sea. Its cpmmerce is confiderable ; the neighbouring Taitars bringing hither the produftions of their own country, and even of Bucharia, fuch as cotton, yarn, and ftuffs, furs and flcins, and rhubarb, It is 37 miles S. V.''. of Aftracan. Lon. 48. 158. 7. W.lat. 44. 45. N. Manhartzberg, the northern part of Lower Auftria, in Germany, feparated from the' fouthern by the river Danube, and bounded on the E. by Upper Auftria, on the N. by Bohemia and Moravia, and «on the E. by Hungary. Manheim, one uf the mnft beautiful cities of Germany, in the ' palatinate of the Rhine. The ftreets are all as ftraight as a line", and interfeft each other at right angles. The inhabitants are convputed at 24,000, including the garrifon, which con fifts ef 5000. 'The town- has three noble gates, adorned with baffo- relievos, very beautifully executed. The fortifications are good ; and thevtown acquires great ad ditional ftrength from being almoft en tirely furroundhd by the Neckar and the Rhine,' and fituated in a flat, not com manded by any rifing .ground. The pa lace of the eleftor palatine is a magnificent ftrufture; and the cabinet of natural cu riofities, and the colleftion of piftures, are much vaunted. M.anheim is fi,x miles N. E. of Spire, and 10 W. ef Heidelberg. Lon. 8. 31. E. lat. 49. 26. N. ' Maniel, a mountain ef the iflantt of Hifpaniola, 20 miles in circumference, ahd fo high and craggy, that it is almoft inac- cellible. Manilla. Sec Lucotij.-^. Manin CTREE, a town of Effex, vvith a market on Tuefday, l"cated on the river Stour, nine miles E. N. E. ef Colchefter, and 60 E, N. E. of Londori. Lon. 1, 12. E. kt. 52. o. N. Manoscjue, a populous town of France, in the department of the Lower Alps and late province ef Provence, with a caftle ; feated on the river Durance, 10 miles S. of Forcalquier. and 350 S. bv E. of Paris. Lon. 5. 5 5. E. laf. 43. 5 1. N. M.anresa, an ancient town of Spain, in Catalonia, feated on the confluence of the rivers Cardonero and Lo'obregat, 20 miles N. W. of Barcelona, and 15 S. E. of Cardonna. Lon. i. 56. E.'lat. 41. 36. N. Ma.ns, Le, a rich, large, and ancient town ef France, the capital and epifcopal fee ofthe department of Maine. It was formerly very populous ; but the inhabi tants now fcarcely amount to 14,000. It has excellent poultry, known at Paris by the name of pullets of Mans ; and its wax and ftuffs arc very famous^ It is feated on a high hill, at the foot of which, runs 1 the Sarte, and near the confluence of that river with the Huifne. It is 20 miles S. of Alentjon, and 75 W. by N. ef Orleans'. Lon. o. 14. E. lat. 41. 58. N. * Mansarqar, a large lake of Afia, in Thibet, frorii which the fouthernmoft head of the Ganges is fuppofed to iffue. It is 1 1 5 miles in circumference, and Hes iri about Ion. 79° E. and kt. 33. i r. N. Mansfeldt, a town ef Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, capital of a county of the fame name, 35 miles S. W. ef Magdeburg. Lon. 12 5. E. lat. 51. 41. N. Mansfield, a town in Nottingharh- ftire, with a market on Thurfday. It IS feated on the edge ( f the foreft of Sherwood, and is a pretty large town ; has a great trade in corn and malt, and partici- pates in the ftocking manufafture. Itis 12 miles N ef Nottingham, apd 140 N. by W. of London. Lon. i. g. W. kt. 53! 10.' N. Mansili. 1," a town of Spain, in the province ef Leon-, 15 miles S. W. of the city of Leon. Len. 4. 55. W. ,k.t. 42. ,30. N. Mante, a, confiderable tpwn C"f France, D d 4 in MAR MAR in the department of Seine and Oife and late province of the Ifle, of France ; feated on-the river Seine, 27 miles N. W. of Paris. Lon. i. 51. E. lat. 49. i. N. Mantua, the duchy of, a country ef Italy, lying along the river Po, which di vide; it into t'vo parts. It Is bounded jOn th'.- N. by the Veronefe ; on the. S. by the duchies of Reggip, Modena, and Miran. dola ; on the E. by the Ferrarefe ; and on the W. by the Cremonefe.' It is about .50 miles in length, and 27 in breadth; is fruitful in corn, paftures, flax, fruits, and excellent wine. Charles IV. duke of Mantua, bein^; a vaffal of the empire, took part with the French, in the difpute relat ing to the fucceffion of Spain ; for which reafon he wa-; put under the baq of the empire, and died at Venice, in i7eSe Paving no heirs, the emperor kept the Mantuan in his own hands, and the duke cf Savoy had Montferrat^ vvhich were confirmed to thein by fubfequent treaties. . After th'.-: death of the emperor in 17.10, hia eldeft daughter, the emprefs queen,- kepc poffeffion of the Mantuan ; and the governor of the Milanefe had the admini ftration ef affairs. The Mantusn-c-mprc- hends the duchies of Mantua,. Guaftalla, a/nd Sabioneta ; the principalities of Cafti- ghonc, Sqiforlna, and Bofclo ; Iikevvif"e the county of Novellara. Tbe principal rivers arc the Po, the Oglio, and the Min- chio ; and the principal town is of the fame hame. M,5^-TU,\, thexapital city of the duchy of the fame name, in Italy, feated on an illaud in the ipiddle of a lake. It Is very lai.ac having 8 gates, 21 parifhes, 40 con vents and 'nunneries,, a quarter for the Jews to live in, and above 16,000 inliabi tants. .The ftreets arc broad and ftraight, and the • houfes well built. It is very ftrong by, fituation as well as "by art, and ; there is no coming at it but by two paufc- vvays, vvhich crqfs the lake; for vvhich rcar(,n, it is one of- the moft confiderable fortreifes in Europe ; and the allies, in 1735, though their army vvas iu the duchy, durft not undertake the fiege. It was greatly noted for, its filks, and filk manufaftures, which are now much de cayed. The air in the fummer-time is very unwholefome. Virgil was born at a village" pear this city. It is feated on the i-iver. Minchio, is 'an archbifliop's fee, and has a univerfity ; 35 miles N. E. of Par ma, ^22 S; V/. of 'Verona, and 220 N. by W. ef Roipe. Lon. 1,0. 50. E. lat. 45. IP. N. « Maracabo, a rich and confiderable tovv:p of S. America, capital of the pre vince of Venezuila. I;; carries on a great "trade iu fkins and checekte, v-Yfhich is tho beft in America ; and they have likewife very fine tobacco,*o It-was taken by the French buccaneers in 1666 and 1678. It is feated near a lake of the fame name, fiOn. 70. 45. E. kt. 10. o. N. Maragi^an, a province of S. Ame rica, in Brafil, which comp,rehends "a fer. tile populous ifland ef 112 miles in cir cumference, The French fettled here, in 16 1 2, and built a tpwn ; but they were foon driven from it' by the Portuguefe, vvho haye poffeffed it ever fince. It is little, but ftrong, and has a caftle, a har- bour, and a biftop's fee. ^The climate is very agreeable and wholefome,- and there is plenty of moft things. Lon, 54. 55. W, lac. 1. 20. S. , Marano, a town ef Italy, in the ter, ritory of Venice, and province of Friuli, vvith a ftropg citadel ; feated, in a marft, vvhich renders it difficult of accefs, and at the bottom of the Gulf of Venice. Lon. 13. 2 5. E. lat. 46. u. N. Marasch, a tovvn ef Afia, in Natolia, feated near the riyer Euphrates, 12 miles below Malahyah. 'It is a populous place, encompaffed by the mountains of Taurus, Anti-Taurus, and the Euphrates. Lon, 3S. 25. E.lat. 3S. 15. N. RTarathona, a village ef Livadia, formerly a city ; famous for a viftory ob tained by Miltiades, whh 10,000 Atheni ans, over 500,000 Perfians, vvho loft above 100,000 men, Maraycabo, a lak?, or an arm ef the fea, in Terra Firma, lying in about 70'^ W. Ion. and 10° N. kt. ][t opens into the Cari'obean Sea,- and is vvell de fended by ftrong forts, vvhich, however, did. net hinder fir Henry Mor'i,an, a buc- - canecr, from- entering it, and plundering feveral Spanift towns feated on the ccaft. He ah"o defeated a fquadron fcnt ouf fo take him. Marbach, a town 'of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, and duchy of \\^ir- temburg ; feated on the river Neckar. It was burnt by the French in 1693 ; is 12 miles S, of Hailbron, arid 13 N. of Stut^ gard. Lon. g. 25. E. Iat. 48. 59. N. Marbella, a town of Spain, in An^; dalufia, feated at the- ipeuth of the Rio Verde; 30 miles N. E. pf Gibrakar, and 28 S. W. "of Malaga. Lon. 5. 55. W, lat. 36. 2^. N. Marca, a fmall ifland in the Gulf of Venice, about fiye mfles from Ragufa, en which, it depends. It had formerly a bi fliop's fee ; but the tovvn is now in ruins. Marcellin, St. a handfome town of France, in the department of Ifere and late province of Dauphiny, agreeably , featcc^ MAR MAR feated on. the river Ifere, «t the feet of a hill, in a country that produces excellent wine. It is five miles from St. Antoine, and 253 S. by E. of Paris. Lpu. 5,32. E, lat. 45. 14. N. Marcelling, a fmafl river of Sicily, in the Val-dj-Noto, which falls into the fea, two miles from Augufta, Marche, a kte province of France, bounded on the N. by Berry ; on the E. by Auvergne ; on the VV. by Angoumois ; and on'the S. by Limofin. It is about 55 miles in length, and 25 in breadth, and pretty fertile in corn and wine. It now forms the department ef Creufe. Marche, La, a town of France, in the department of the Vofges and late province of Lorrain. It is 20 miles S. of Neufchateau, and 40 §. by W. ef Toul. Lon. 5, 50. E. Iat. 48. 6. N. Marc HEN A, a hapdfome, ancient, and confiderable town of Spain, in Andalufia, with a fuburb as large as the tovvn ; feated in the middle of a plain, particularly fertile in olives, though dry for want ef water. It is 18 miles W. of Seville. Lon. 5. 44. W. kt. 37. 34. N. MARCHiENNfis, a town of the Auf trian Netherlands, in rhe biftopric of Liege, feated on both fides the river Sambre, four miles W. ef Charleroy,' and 22 S. W. of Namur. Lon. 4. 22. E. lat. 50. 20. N. ¦ Marchiennes, a village of France, in the department of the North and late province of French Flanders, with la late abbey, feated in k ftiorafs, on the river Sc'arpe, between Douay and St. Amand. Marchpurg, a tovvn of Germany, in the circle of 'Auftria, .and duchy of Stiria, vvith a ftrong caftle, feated on the river Dravc, 18 miles W.' of Pettau, and 25 S. W. of Gratz, Lon. 15. 9. E. lat. 46. 44- N. Marcigliano, a town of the king dom of Naples, feven miles E. of the city of Naples, between. Nok and Acerra. ^Lon. 14. 30. E. kt. 40. 51. N. '•'¦¦ Marcigky, afmall town of Prance, in the department of Saone and Loire and . late province ef Burgundy. It is feated pear the river Loire, in a country fertile in corn. Mapck, a territory of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia; bounded on the N. by the biftopric nf Munfter, on the E. by the duchy of Weftphalia, and on the VV. by that ef Berg. It is pretty fer tile, ?nd belongs to the king of Pruifia. , Ham is the capital. Marco, St. a town pf the kingdpm tf Naples, with a. bifliop's fte, feated on the river Senile, 22 miles N. of the Co zenza. Lori. 16. 20. E. lat. 39. 41. N. Mardike, a feaport of France, in the department ef the North and late province of French Flanders, four miles W. of Dunkirk. Lon. 2. 20. E. lat. 51. o. N, '¦'-' Maree, Loch, a great freft water lake pf Rofsftire, in Scotland, 18 miles ' long, and, in" lome parts, four broad. Many finall iflands are fcattered over it ; and it abounds with falmon, char, anel trout. Marennes, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charente and late prevince of Saintonge, remarkable for the green-finned oyfters found near the coaft, and the l"alt it fends to other places. It is feated near the fea, 32 miles N. W. of" Saintes, and 270 S. "VV. of Paris. Lon. o. 49. W. kt. 46. i;. N. Maretimo, an ifland of Italy, en the weftern coaft of Sicily. It is about lo- miles in circumference, ha^ a caftle with a f':-,v farm-houfes, and produces a great deal ef honey. Lon. 12. 3 c. E, lat. 38. 5. N. Margaretta, an ifland of S. Ame rica, near Terra Firma, difceverdd by Chriftopher Columbus in 1498. It is about 40 miles in length, and 15 in breadlh. T''e continual verdure renders it very pleafant ; buc it is not confiderable fince the Spaniards retired rhenci to Ter ra Firma. The inhabitants now are Mu lattos, and the original natives. It was taken by thq Dutch in 1726, who pillaged and demohfted it. Lon. 63. 12. E.kt. 10. 46. N. Margate, afeaport of Kent, in the Ifle of Thanet, vvhich has -rapidly in- creal"ed, ef late years', by the great refort te it fer the purpofe of fea-bathing. Great quantities of corn are exported hpnce, and veffels are frequently paffing to and from the coaft of Flanders. There are, -moreover, regular paffage boats, to and from London, fome of which are ele- .fi-antly fitted up. It is 14 miles N.' of Deal, and 72 E. by S. of. London. Len. i, 28, E. kt. 51. 24. N. M A K G e n T H e I M, a tovvn of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, fubjeft to the grand maft,er of the Teutonic order; icated on the river Tauber, 16 miles, S. W. of Wirtzberg. Lon. 8. 50. E. lat. 49. 30. N. . ' ' MarI'VN Islands.^ See Ladrones. Marta, er St. Maria, an ifland of the Indian Ocean, five miles E. of Mada gafcar. It is 27 r.'ilcs in length, and five in breadth ; vvcH watered, and/urrounded by rocks. The air is extremelv moift, for it rains almoft every day. It is in- . habited M A R- MAR habited by about 600 negroes, but feldom vifited by fhips paffing that vvay. Maria, St. a confiderable town of S. America, in the audience of Panama, built by the Spaniards after they had dif covered the gold mines^ that are near it, and foon after taken by the Englift. It is feated at the bbttom cf the Gulf of St. Michael, at tlie mouth of a river of the fame n-ame. The Spariiards cortie here every year in the dry feafon, which con tinues three months, te gather the gold duft out pf the fands pf the neighbouring ftreams, and carry away great quantities. Lon. 7S. 12. VV. lat. 7. 43. N. MariAj, St. one pf the Azpres, pr Weftern jflandss It prpduces plenty pf wheat, ana has abput 5000 inhabitants. M.ARi.v, St. a handfome and confider able tovvn .of Spain, in Andalufia, with a frilall caftle. It was taken by the Eng lift ane^i Dutc'n in 1702 ; and is feated en the Guadeleta, at the mouth of vvhich is a tower, and a battery, 18 miles N. of Ca- diz^ Lon. 6. 6. W. kt. 36. 39. N. Marie - Aux - Mines, a town ef France, in the department of the Vofges ind late pr,ovince ef Lon'ain, divided in tvvo by the river Le'oer. It is famous fer its filver mines, antl is 2 5 miles N. W. of New Brlfac. Lcn. 7. 24. E. lat. 48. 16. N. Marienburg, a handfpme tPvvn df Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and in Mifnia, remarkable for its rich fil ver mines, It belongs to the eleftor of Saxeriy, and is feated among the moun tains, on the confines of Bohemia, 28 miles from Drefden. Lon. 13. 5. E. kt. 50. 49. N. Marienburg, an ancient and ftrong townof Eaftern Pruffia, capital of a pala tinate of the fame name, vvith a caftle; feated ori a branch of the. river Viftula, 30 miles S. W. of Elbing, and 30 S. E. of Dantzick. Lon. ig. 15. E. lat. 54. g. N. Marienburg, atownof JF ranee, in the department cf the North and late pro vince of French Hainault, formerly a ftrong place, b'ut difmantled by the French, after it vvas ceded fo them by the treaty ofthe Pyrenees. It is 10 miles S. W. of Charicmont, and 7 S. E. ef Phi- lipville. Lon. 4. 28. E. lat. 56, 2. N. Marienstadt, a town of Sweden, in 'W. Gothland,! feated on the Lake 'W^en- ner, 35 miles S. E. ef Carloftadt, and 162 S. W. of Stockholm. Lon. 14. 25. E. -lat. 58. 28. N. Marienwerder, a town of Eaftern Pruffia, with a caftle, and a magnificent churoh ; feated on the river Viftula. Lon. 19. 15. E.kt, 53. 42. N. Mariagalante, an ifland of the Weft Indies, fubjeft to the French. It extends about 16 inil^ from N. to S. and four from E. to W, It is full of hills, and along the E. ftore are lofty perpen-' dicular rocks, that ftelter vaft numbers of tropical birds. It has feveral large ca verns, with many little ftreams, and ponds of freft vvater. It is covered with trees ; and particularly abounds with tobacco and and the wild cinnanibn-tree. It is 30 miles N. of Dominica, and 40 E. of Gua daloupe. Len. 6i,fc,ii. W. lat. 15. 52. N. M.ARIGNANO, a town ef Italy, in the duchy of Milan, remarkable fer the defeat of the Swifs near this place by the French ill 1 5 15. It is feated en the river Lam- bro, 1.0. miles S. E. of Milan. Marino, St. a ftrong town ef Italy, capital ef a fmall republic, furrounded by the duchy ef Urbino, under the ptoteftion of the pope, vvith three caftles. It is feated on a mountain, 10 miles S. W. of Rimini, and 14 N. W.of Urbino. Lon 12. 33. E. lat. 43. 54. N. Marino, St. a town ef Italy in the Campagna di Roma, with a handfome caftle IP miles E. of Rome. Len. 12. 46. E. lat. 41. 54. N. Market Jew. See Merazion. Marlborough, a borough of Wilts, vvith a market en Saturday., It had a cajtle, and once a parhament vvas held here ; has often fuffered by fire, and been handfomely rebuilt. It contains two pariftes, and about 500 houfes, vvith broad and paved ftreets, and is governed by a . mayor, &c. It is feated on the river Ken net, 43 miles E. of Briftol, and 74 W. of Lendon. Lon. 1. 26. W. lat. 51. 28. N. Marlborough, Fort, an Enghft faftory in Afia, on the W. coaft of the ifland of Sumatra, three miles E. ef Ben coolen, and 300 N. W. of Batavia. Lorn 102. g. E. Iat. 3. 4g. S. Marlow, a borough of Buckingham- fliire, vvith a market on Saturday, feated oh the river Thames, ever vvhich. is a bridge into Berkftire. It is 17 mfles S. of Ayleftury, arid 31 W. ef Loridon. Lon. o. 4;. W.lat. 51. 35. N. Marly, a late royal palace in France, betvveen Verfailles and St. Germain ; feated in a valley, near a village and foreft of the fame name. It was noted for its fine gardens and waterworks, there being = curious machine on the river Seine, vvhich not only fupplies them vvith water, but alfo thofe ef "V^erfaifles. It is icmiles- N. W. of Paris. Lon. 2. 11. E. iat, 48. 52. N. ' ' Marmande, a town of France, in the. MAR MAR t'ne department of Lot and Garonne, and late province of Guienne. It carries on a great trade in corn, wine, and brandy ; and is feated on the river Garonne, 40 miles S. E. of Bourdeaux, and 320 S. by W.' of Paris, Lon, o. 15. E. lat. 44. 2-0. N. Marmora, the name ef four iflands in Afia, in the foa of the fame name. The largeft is about 30 miles in circum ference, and they afl produce corn, wine, and fruits. Marmora, a fea between Europe and Afia, which communicates vvith the Ar chipelago, by the Dardanelles on the S. W. and vvith the Black Sea, by the Strait of Conftantinople onthe N. E. It is 120 miles in length, and 50 in breadth, and was anciently called the Propontis. * Marne, -a department ef France, including part of the kte province of Champagne. It takes its name from a river which rifes near Langres, and flow ing N. W. joins the Seine, a little above Pari:;. Rheims is the archiepifcopal fee ; but Chalons, at prefent, is t;lie capital of tlie department. . ¦'¦- Marne, Upper, a department of France, which includes part of the late province of Champagne. Chaumont is thq capital. Marnhull, a village in Dorfetftire, on the Stour, five miles S. W. of Shaftf- bury. The church is an ancient lofty building ; the ceiling finely carved, but is .pow much decayed. The tower fell down in 1 7 10, in time of divine fervice, but is now handfomely rebuilt. There are . feveral ancient infcriptions in the church. Maro, a fmaU town of Italy, on the coaft of Genoa, in a valley of the fame name ; eight miles N. W. of Oncglia, and 48 W. 3. W. of Genoa. Len. 7. 41, E. lat. 44. 55- N. Marog.n'A, a tovvn of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Romania, with a Greek arch bifhop's fee ; feated near the fea, 70 miles S. W. of Adrianople, and 150 S. W. of Conftantinople. Lon. 2^. 41. E. lat. 40. 59- N, Marotier, a tov.'n of France, in the department of Lovver P.hine and late pro vince^ of Alface, with a late Benediftine abbey; 18 miles N. W. of Strafturg. Len, 7. 33.' E. Iat. 48. 38. N. Marpurg, a ftrong and confiderable town ef Germany, in the landgravate of Heffe Caffel, with a univerfity, a caftle, a palace, a handf'ome fquare, and a magni ficent townhoufe. ¦ It is feated on the river Lonn, i ; miles.-S. of Waldecl% and 47 S. \V. of Caffel. Lcn. 9. o. E. kt 50. 35 N. S Marpurg., gee Marchpurg, Marquesas, a group of iflands ia the South Sea, of which the 'moft confi derable are, St. Chriftina-la-Dominic, and St. Pedro. Captain Cook lay fome time at the firft of thefe, in his fecond voyage to the South Sea. It is fituated in 9. 55. S. kt. and 139. 9. W. Ion. The na tives are a well-made, handfome people, of a ta-,vny complexion, but look almoft black, by being punftured over the whole body. They go almoft naked, having only a fmall piece of cloth, perfeftly re fembling that made by the people of Ota- Iieite, round their waift and loins. Their bearel and hair are of a fine jet black, like thol"e of the other natives of the torrid zone. The ifland, though high and fteep, has many vaUies, which widen toward fhe fea, 'and are covered with fine forefts to the fummits of the interior mountains. On the S. fide of the bay, where capt. Cook anchored, rifes a peak, vvhich is very craggy and inacccflible. AH the N. fide is a black burnt hill, ef which the rock is vaulted along the feaftore, and" the top clad to the fummit vvith a ftrubbery of cafuarinas. The produfts ef thefe, arid the other iflands, are bread-fruit, bananas, plantains, cocoa-nuts, fcarlttbeans, paper- mulberries, of the bark of which their cloth Is made, cafuarinas, with other tropical plants and trees, and hogs and fowls.' They have alfo plenty of fifli. Mr. Ferfl ter fays he never faw a fingle deformed or even .ill-proportioned man among the natives: all vvere ftrdng, tall, wcll-limbed, and aftive in the higheft degree. Their arms are clubs and f"pears, and their gc- vernment, like that of the Society Iflands, monarchical. But they are not quite fp cleanly as the inhabitants ef the ^qgiety Ifles, who, in that refpeft, furpafs, per haps, any other peopk in the world. The drink of the Marqucfans is purely vvater, cocoa-nuts behig rather fcarce.' They are much given te pilfering, Hke the lower fort ampng the Otahekeans. Their mufic,' mufical inftrum.ents, dances, and canoes' very much referable thofe of Otaheite. In ftort, the inhabitants of the Marquefa' Society, and Friendly Iflands, Eafter Ifland, and New Zealand, feem to have all the f"ame origin ; their language, manners cuftoras,_&c. bearing a great affinity in iiiany refpefts. Mar Foue.st, a diftrift of Aberdeen ftire in Scotland, confifting of vaft wood land mountains, vvhich occupy the weftern angle of. that county. See 'BraE-Mar and Dee. Marsal, a town of France, in the de partment of Meunhe and kte province of Lor- MAR MAR Lorrain, remarkable for its falt-works ; feated in a marft on the river Selle, of difhcuit accefs ; which, with the fortifica tions, renders it an important place. It is 17 miles 1^. E. of Nanci. Lon. 6. 41. E. iat. 48- 49- N- Marsala, an ancient and ftrong town «f Sicily, in the vafley of Mazara. It is well peopled, and built on the ruins of the ancient Lilybseum, 53 miles S. V/. of Pa lermo, and 12 N. of Mazara. Lon. -12. 29. E. Iat. 38. 4. N. Marsan, or Moun^t-Marsak, a town ef France, in the 'department ef ¦Landes, and¬the capital of a late territory ,of the fame name, fertile in wine. It is feated on the river Midoufe, 2 5 miles from Dax. Lon. o. 23. W. lat. 43. 54. N. MARSAeyiivER, or Marsali^ui- ver, a ftrong and ancient town of Af.'ica, •on the coaft of Barbary, and in the king- ance*, into the middle of it. 1 , , ¦"**. '-. • "MARZiLLAja handfometowpof Spaing in Navafre, feated.riear the tiver Arragorij pp the rpad frpm Madrid tp Pahfipeluria, M'S'SBATEi; an ifland pf Afia, one of. the Philippines, ailmbft in tbe cerittfe of the reft. It is 7^ miles ip circumference; The natives are tributary tp the Spani- BjTds, Lon,i22, 25, E. kt, 11,' 36., N, ' '"MASBROUGHjoneoftlie moftfloitrlftj ing villages in Englahd, on' the .weft fide ,>of the bridge of Rotherham.^ Here was begun, about thifty-five years srgo,by three brothers, Aaron, Joftua, and Saijiuel Walker, . a confiderable iron, maniifefti^y,'. by which they acquired- veryv'great for tunes; and itjis new carried on by their ¦ fons. Here are furnaces for fmelting the iron out pf the ore, forgqs for making it malleable, and mills for flatting the tin plates, which are alfo tinned here. They . make great qUantityof goods, pf hammer ed irpn fpr expprtatipn ; and have eaft great quantity: pf cannpp bpth fpr our own gpvernment and fpreign natipns : they alfp make irori intp fteel, and eaft all_ kinds pf veffels, &c, in the fame metal", Mascalate, a tPwn pf Arabia Felix, capital of a prpvince, 50 miles frcm the Gulf, of Balfpra, and 125 E. pf Labfa, Masc-atE; a tpw,n pf Afia, pn .the cpaft pf - Arabia FeHx, wit^i a caftle feated pn a jTPck. It is built at the bcttpm 'pf at fmall bay, and was fprtified by flie Pprtu." guefe about the year le^oj-biit the. Arabs took if from them, and put all the gjrrifon to the fword, except 18, who turned Ma hometans;. It is very ftrong both by nature .^nd art, though the buildings are mean.^ The cathedral built by the Portuguefe is now the iing's palace. There are neither trees, flirubs, nor grafs to be, feen on the feacoaft near it, and only a few date-trees iri a valjey at the back or thetewn, though they have all things in plenty. The wea ther is fo hot frem May to September, that no people are to be feen in 4;he ftreets from ten in the morning, till four in the after noon. The 'bazars or market-places are covered with the lea,yes of d.ate-trees, ,laid enbeams vvhich reach from the heufe-tops on one, fide to thofe on the ot'.ier. The horfes, cattle, and ffieep are, ufed to eat roafted fift ; notwithftanding which, the beef and mutton are both good. Their rehgion is Mahometanif"m, and yet they,' fufter any one tP gp intp .their mpfques, contrary to tbe cuftpm of the Turks, The men's garihents are ajiait of breeches vvhich reach to their- ancles,- and a loofe veft on tlieir b'4cks,. vvith very krge ' ' flefevcs MAS MAT fleeves, vvhich Is faftened to their bodies by a faft, and they have a largo turban, carelefsly wreathed about fheir heads, with a dagger ftuck in their girdles. In . cold weather they ufe a loofe coat, made of camel's-'wool, without fleeves, Tbe womens drefs is much the fame, only the vefts fit their bodies better". The pro dufts ofthe country are horfes, dates, fine brimftone, coffee, and ruinofs, a root that dies red. Lon. 57, 26, E. kt, 24. o. N. Mas-d'Asil, a town ef France, in the department of Arriege and late county ef Foix. Before the revolution of i78g, it had a rich Benediftine abbey. It is feated on the rivulet Rife, eight miles from Pamiers, and 10 frem St. Lizier, Maskelyne's Isles, a, group of fmall but beautiful iflands, lying off the . S. , E. point ef Mallicola, one of the New Hebrides. Lon. 167. 55, E. kt. 16. 32. S. Massa, an ancient, populous, and handfome tovvn of Italy, capital of a Iinall territory of tfie fame name, vvith a ftrong caftle. It Is famous for its quar ries^ of fine marble, and Is feated on a plain three miles frem the fea, and 55 W. by N. of Florence. Lon, 10, o, E, lat. 44. o. N. Massa, a tovvn ef Italy, in the king dom of Naples, and in the Terra-di Lavo ra, with a biftop's fee; feated near the fea, in a place diflScult ef accefs, 20 miles S. of Naples. Lon, 14, 18. E. lat. 40, 31. N,' M^ssa, a town of Italy, in the Slen- flefe, with a biftop's lee ; feated on a mountain near the fea, 25 miles S, W, of Sienna, Lon, 10. 48, E, lat, 42. 40. N, Massachusets, ene ef the United States of N. America, bounded on the N. by New Hampftire and Vermont ; on the W. by New York ; on the S. by ¦Corineftlcut, Rhode Ifland, and the At lantic Ocean ; and en the E. by that ocean and the bay ef Maffachufets. It is 150 miles long arid 60 broad; arid is divided into 14 counties. It produces plenty of Indian corn, flax, and hemp ; •they have manufaftories of leather, Hnen, and woollen, cloth, and plenty ef bee'f, pork, fowls, and fift. They have alfo mines of cppper and irpn. Bofton is the capital. Mass AFRA, a ftrongtowii ofthe king dom of Naples, vvith a biftop's fee ; feated at the foot of the Appennines. Lon. 17. 30. E. lat. 40. 50. N. M.-^ssekano, a town of Piedmont, capital of a fmall principality of the fam! name. The -prince of this diftrift holds it as a fief of the churfh. It is feated en a mountain, 40 miles N. E. of Tu- riri. Lori. 8. 14. E. kt. 45. 38. N. Mastico, or CAPoMASTico,a cape Ori the S. fide of Scio, one ef the iflands of the Archipelago. .^ ¦* Masuah, a town of Abyflirik, fitu. ated en an ifland on the coaft of the Red Sea. The houfes, in general, are built ef poles and bent grafs, as in the towns iri Arabia. Bcfidc thefe, there are 20 of ftone, feme ef them two ftories higli. Lon. 3g. 36. E. lat. 15. 35. N. MasulipataM, a populous and com mercial feaport of Hindooftan. |It is feat ed near the mouth of the Kiftna, and op the coaft of Coromandel, on the VV. fide of the Bay of Bengal, 20a iniles N. of Fort St. George. Lon. Si. 12. E. kt. 16. 8. N. Mataca, pr MantaSa, a cpmmo- dious bay m the Weft Indies, on the N. coaft of the ifland ef Cuba. Here the galleons ufuafly come to take in freft vvater in their return to Spain. It is 35 mfles frem Havanna. Lon. 81. 16. "VV. kt. 23. 12. N. ' Matagorda, a fortrefs of Spain, feated at the entrance ef the harbour of Cadiz. Matalona, a town ef the kingdom of Naples, eight miles N. W. of CapuaJ and 19 W. by S. of Benevento. Lon. 14. 14. E. kt. 41. 12. N. Mataman, aceuntry of AfrIca,bound. ed on the N. by Benguela, on the E. by parts unknown, on the S. by the country of the Hottentots, and on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean. There is no town in it, and the inhabitants live in miferable huts, it being a defert country, little vifited by the Europeans, ' Matav, or Mactan, an ifland of Afia, one of the PhiHppines. The inha. bicancs have thrown off the 'yoke of Spain; and it was here that Magellan was killed iri 1521. Matapan, Cape, the moft feuthern promontory of the Morea, betvveen the Gulf ef Coran -apd that of Colo-ChlBa. Lon. 22. ,10. E. kt. 36.. 25. N. Mat ARAM, a large '^town of Afia, formerly the capital of an empire of that name, in the ifland ef Java. It is ftrong by fituation, and is feated in a fertile, pleafant arid populous country, furround ed by mountains. Lon. HI. 55. E. lat, 7. 15. S. ^ Mat ARO, a town of Spain, in Catalo. pia, remarkable fer its gkfs-works ; feat. ei MAU MAX «d onthe Mediterranean, 15 miles N, E. of BSrcelena, Lpn, 2, 29. E, kt, 41. 36. N. Matcowitz, a ftrpng tpvvn pf.Upper Hungary, in the ppunty of Scepus, feat. ed on a mountain. It was taken by the Imperiahfts in 1684. MatelTCA, an ancient town of Italy, in the marquifate of Ancona, 1 5 miles S. of Jefi. Matera, a confiderable town of the kingdom of Naples, with a biftop's fee, feated on the tiver Canapro, 3 5 miles N. W, of Tarento. Len, 16. 54, E. kt. 40. 59. N. Matlock, a village near Wirkf- werth, in Derby ftire, fituated. on the riyer Derwent. It has two baths, whofe waters are warm, and the place is much frequent'ed in the bathing feafon. It is an extenfive ftraggUng viUage, biulc in a Very romantic ftyle, on the fteep fide of a mountain, the houfes . rifing regularly one above another from the bottom to nearly the fummit. There are goed ac- eemmodations fer the company vvho re fort to- the baths; and the poorer inhabi- tants are fupported by the fale of petrifac tions, cryftals, and ether curiofities of na ture. Notwithftanding the rockinefs ef the foil, the cliffs ofthe rocks' produce an immenfe number of trees, vvhofe foliage adds greatly to the beauty of the place. M.attheo, St. a town of Spain, iu ArragPn, 10 miles ftom the Mediterra nean, and 55 N. of Valencia. Lon. 0. 36. "W. lat. 40. 12. N. ,Mattheo, St. an ifland ef Africa, a great diftance from the land, the near eft being Cape Palmas en the coaft of Guinea, vvhich rs 420 miles diftant. It was forriierly pkrited by the Portuguefe, but is now_ deferted. Lon. 6. 10. W, lat, I. 24. S. * Matthew's, St. Islands, in the Indian Ocean. Len. 123. 51, E, kt, 5. 23. S. Matumay, a feaport of Afia, in Yeffo, capital of a province of the fame name, tributary to Japan/" Lon. 138. 55. E. kt. 42. o. N. Maubeuge, a towri of France, in the department pf the North and late prpyince of French Hainault, with a late abbey of noble canoneffes. Tpis place is fortified after the mannerbf Vauban ; and is feated en the river Sambre, 12 miles S. of Moris, and 40 S. W. of Bruffels. Lori. 4. 5. E. kt. .50. 15. N. ¦*¦' Mauldah, a pretty neat city of Hindooftan Proper, in Bengal, fituated not far from the N. bank of the Gan ges, bn a-'river that communicates with it. It arofe out of the ruins of Gour, which are in its neighbourhood ;' is ,a place of trade ; and produces, in particular, much filk. It is about 190 miles N, of Calcutta, Len, 88. 28, E. kt. 25, 10. N. Mauleon, a town of France in the departirient of Lovver 'Pyrenees and late province -of Bearn, It is fituated on the frontiers ef Spain, 20 miles S. W. of Pau, arid 40, S. E. of Dax. Len. o, 31, W. lat. 43. 10. N. Mauleon, a tovvn of France, in the department of Vendee and late prevince ef Pekou, with a late famous Auguftine abbey ; feated near the rivulet. Oint, 52 miles N. E. ef Rochelle, and 52 N. 'VV. ef Poiftiers. Lon, o. 36. W. kt. 46. 54. N. ' Maura, St. an ifland pf the Medi terranean, near the coaft of 'Albania, 15 miles N. E. pf the ifland ef Cephalonia. Lon. 20. 46. E. kt. 39. 2. N. Maure, St. an ancient town ef France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Teuraipe, 17 miles S. ef Tours, and 148 S. W. of Pa- ' ris. Lon. o. 42. E.'lat. 47. g. N. Mauri AC, a town ef France, In the department of the Cantal and late pro. vince of Auvergne, a place of fome trade, and the horfes are the beft in France. It is feated near the river Dor dogne, 27 miles S. E. of TuHes. Lon. 2. 16. E. lat. 45. 15. N. . * Maurice, St. a fmafl town of the country of Vallais, - fitu'ated on the Rhone, between two high mountains, 16 miles from Martlgny. It' guards the en trance inte the Lower Vallais. Maurienne, a valley of Savoy, abouf ' 50 miles in length, extending to Mount Cenis, which feparates it from Piedmont. St. John is the capital town. ¦¦ Mauritius. Sec Isle of France;. * Maurua, one of the Society Iflands, iri the S. Pacific Ocean, 14 mile.s te the W. ef Belabok. _ MawaraLnahar, a name given to the country of ,fhe Ufteo Tartars. It is very populous and contains a great number of towns, Sarmacand is the ca pital. Mawes, Sr. a borough in Cornwall, whole market is difufed. It is feated on the E. fide of Falmouth. Haven, three . miles' frem the town, and 250 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4. 56. W. lat. 50. 8. N. Maxi.min, St. a town of France, in the department of Var and kte provhice of Provence, Before the revolution of 17899 M A 2 M E C t78g, here vvas a magnificent convent of Dominicans, in vvhich the goed fathers preferved the body of St, Mary Magdalen, Vvhich, in return, brought them in great richej by the refort of pious vifitors. It is feated on the river Argens, .20 miles S. E. of Aix, and 20 N. gf Toulon. Lon. 5. 57. E. lat. 43. 30. N. May, a fmall ifland of Scotland, at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, near the C'laft ef Fife, and about feven miles S. E. of Crail. The rocks about it render it almoft inacceffible. The Hghthouf"e on this ifland is ef great benefit to veffels entering the Frith. Mayence. See Mentz. * Mayenne. See Maine, Mayo, er the Isle of May, one of the Cape de Verd Iflands, lying iri the Atlantic Ocean, near 300 miles from Cape Verd in Africa, about 17 iniles in circum- ference. The foil in general is very bar. rcn, and water fcarce ; however, they have plenty of beeves, goats, and affes ;.as alfo fome corn, yain<^ potatoes, and plantains. What trees they have, are on the fide of the hills, and they have fome figs and watermelons. The chief commodity is fait, with which many Englift fliips are loaded in the fummer time. Pinofa is the principal town, and has tvvo churches. The inhabitants are negroes, who fpeak the Portuguefe language, and are ftout, lufty, and plump. There are nqt above 200 in number, and iriany of them go naked. Lon. 23. u. W. lat. 15. 10. N. Mayo, a county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, 62 miles in length, and 52 in breadth ; bounded on the E. and N. E. by Rofcommon ; by Sligo on the W. by the fea on the N. and on the S. by Galway. It is a fer. tile country, and abounds in cattle, deer, hawks, and honey. It contains 73 pariftes, and fends four members to pariiament. The principal town of the fame name, is much decayed. Lon. 9. 39. W. Iat. 53. 40. N, Mazagan, a ftrong place of Africa, in the kingdom of Morocco. It was for tified by the Portuguefe, and befieged by the emperor of Morocco, in 1562, with 200,000 men, but to no purpofe. It is near the fea, eight miles from Azamor, and 120 N. of Morocco. Len. 8. 13. W, lat, 33. 12. N. Mazara, an ancient feaport of Sicily, capital of a confiderable valley of the fame name, which is very fertile, and watered with feveral rivers. The town is a bi. ftep's fee, and has , a good harbour ; 2 5 Hwles S, W, pf Trapani, and 45 S. W, of Palernp. Lon. 12. 3,0. E. Iat. 37. 53- N. Meaco, a large and celebrated- town of the ifland of Niphon in Japan, ef which it vvas formerly the capital. It is the great magazine of all the manufac tures in Japan, and the principal place for trade. The. inhabitants are faid to- be 600,000 in number, befide ftrangers who come thither to trade. Lon. 134. 25. E. kt. 35, 30. N. Meadia, a- town of Hungary, in the bannat ef Temefwaer, feated on the N. fide ef the Danube, 15 miles E. of Belgrade. It was difmantled by tie Turks in 1738. Lon. 12. o. E. lat. 45. o. N. Meao, a fmall ifland of Afia, in the Indian Ocean, and one of the Moluccas, with a good harbour. Lon. 127. 5. E. lat. I. 12. N. * Mearns, See Kincardine shire, Meath, East, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinfter, 36 miles in length, and 3 5, in breadth, bounded on the N. by Cavan and Lowth ; en'-the E, by' the Irift Channel ; on the S. by KH- dare and Du'ehn ; and en the W, by Longford and Weft Meath. It contains 139. pariflies, and fends 14 members to parhament. Meath, West, a county of Ireknd,~ -in the province ef Leinfter ; bounded oa the N. by Longford, and Eaft Meath ; pa the E. by the Sea ; pn the S. by King's County ; and on the W. by Rofcommon. Ic is ene of the moft populous and fertile counties in Ireland ; contains 62 pariftes, and fends lo members te parliament. Meaux, an ancient tovvn of France, in the department of Seipe and Marne and late province of the Ifle ef France, in a fmafl diftrift called Brie. Ic is an epif. copal town, and is feated , on the river Marne, It is a large, handfome, and popukius town; and the fine market. place is ,a peninfula contiguous to the town, which was fprmerly well, fprtificd, and, U) 142 1, ftood a fiege of three months againft the Eriglifh. The country round fhis place, abounds in corn and cattle ; and the fine meadows produce a cheefe well knojyn by the name of the Cheefe of Brie. It is 10 miles N. W. of Cplp, miers, and 2 5 N. E. pf Paris. Lpn. i. 58. E. lat. 48. 58. N. ¦' Mecan, a large river pf Afia, vvhich rifes in Thibet, ta\i flpwing S. E. through the kingdoriis ef Lahos and Cam. bodia, falls by two mouths into the Eaftern Ocean, forming an ifland below the city E e of M E C of Cambodia, vvhich here gives name to the eaftisrn branch. Mecca, an' ancient and famous town of Afia, in Arabia Felix; feated en a barren fpot, in a valley, f'urrounded by little hills, abotft a day's journey froi-n the Red Sea. ' "Ic is a place of no ftrength, having neither \valls nor gates, and the buildings are very mean. Tliat which fupports it is the annual refort of a great many thoufand. pilg-i'iriis at a certain iea- f'ln ofthe year-; for, at other times, the Jhops are fcarcely ep"en. - The inhabitants are poor, vefy thin, lean, and fwarthy. The hills about fhe town aro numerpus; all confift ef a bkckift rock ; and fome of them are half ¦ a- mile in circumference. On the top of one ef them Is a' cave, where they pretend-' Mahomet' ufually retired to perform his devotions, and ht- M E C ham, as they preterid,' and they affirm that he erefted the Beat- Allah. The tomb is handfome, and not unhke thofe of the pepple pf faftion in England When the pilgrims have performed '^iAr devo tions here, they repair to a lull, which, however, 'is not large enough to contain them all at once, for there are no lefs than "70,000 pilgrims every year. When cer- tain ceremonies are over, they thenreceive the title ef hadgies or faints, and the next morning they move te a. place where they fay Abraham went to offer up his fon I-iaac, v/hich is about two er three miles from Mecca. Here they pitch their tents', , and then throw feven fmall ftones againft' a little fquare ftone 'building. This, as they affirm, is performed in defiance of fhe devil. Every erie'thcn purchafes a fteep, which is b'i^bUght for thaf purpofe, eating ther they affirm' the greateft part ' of the fcime of it the'ihfelves, ahd giving the reft Koran vvas brought him by the angel" to the poor people vvho attend upon that Gabriel. The town has plenty ef water, occa'fion. Indeed, thefe are miferable ob. and yet little garden-ftuff; but there are jefts, and fuch'ftarve'd creatures, that they feveral-fbrts of gobd fruk, as grapes, mc-: Ions, vvatfermeloris, and cucumbers. Nuiri-f bers of -fteep are brought hither td be fold to the pilgrims. ' Mecca ftands in a very hot climate, Snd the ihhabitants ufually fleep oft t'.ie tops of their houfes, for the fffke of cbblnefs. Its temple has 42 doors, and its form refembles the Royal Exchange iri London, but is near ten times as- krge. It is open in the middle; and the ground- covere'd with- gravel, ex. cept in two or three:. places that leid to the' Beat-Allah :through certain* dbors, and feem ready to devour cSch other. One vvOuld imagine, that this vvas a very fanc- tified place; but, a renegade who went in pilgrimage, hither, affii-ms, fhat there is as riiuch debauchery praftifed here as in any part of the Turkift dominions. It is 25 mile's- ftbiri Jodda, the feaport of Mecca, and 220 S. E.of Medina. Lon. 4o.55;'E, lat. .21. 45. N. '^J,. MecKlenp'urg, a country ef Ger-. 'many in the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the N. by the Baltic; on the E. by Pomerania; on the S. by Branden- thefe are pavea'vvith fhort ftories;'" There .bhrg ; and ori the W. by Holftein and are cloifters all round,' and" in 'the' 'fides are Lunenburg; lying between 13. 25. and cells for tlibfc'that' live a monaftic lifer 17. o- E. Ion', and 53. 10. and 54. 40. N- The Beat-Altalil''ftaridS i'n- the friiddle of ¦' lat. It extends 135 mile^ in length, the tempk; ,}s » fqpare ' ftrufture, ' each and Jo where-broadeft'. It is one ofthe fide abodt' 20 'paces long, arid '24 feet iri'bft fruitful 'Countries in Germariy, fot k high; cpvered' ^11'- cfver 'from top t& b'dt- abounds in corn,' pafturesi 'and .game ; and tom witha thick f§i*f 'of fllkV and the rnid- it is well fCated on the Baltic for foreign die embretdtre'd vvith letterS bf gold, each trade. This country was, fbr many cen- letter being abouf tvVO 'feet in length, and turi'es, under the government pf pns twp incKes'btoad'.-' The door is' covered prince; but en the death of the'fovfereign, ¦with filver '-plate?,-' -and tl'lere is a''curtain .jn"' i'5g2, 'it vvas divided 'betvveen his two before - it" thick with "gold etfibt'Oidery. fo'ri's; the elcfcft'' retainihg the duchy of This Boaf^'is'the prineipak objeft'of the Me^i^kleriburgh Schwerin, which is c'on. p;!griras'.\l'e'vbti&ri)-aHd- is open b'ut 'two fidijrably , the' fargeft ftare, vvhile the days in -the-'fpat-e of fix' 'weeks, rianaely, younger obtained the 'duchy of. Mecklen- one day -for the;-roah, arid ~the- nextfor the burg Strelitz. "This divifion ' ftill fub- women. Wifhin''- there- are orily tvyp fifts ;' and A_dolphus IV. the prefeut duke -wooden pillars in the middle -to- fupport 6f,Meckleriburgh Stf"eHfz',_ is'"",firother to the roof^; - vvith-' a ¦¦bai'^ of^-iron faftened' 'Charlott'e 'queeri (if Gr'e'atBritaip. . thereto, on 'vvshich "han-^ three br ' fou't _ Mechlin, a, handfpiri'e city bf the, filver lamps.- 'The-vvtlls "on th'e infide 'are.,' ^iiftriah NethOrUjids, capital of "a 'dilLrirf marble, 'ami' ''bo'vered' vvirh. '. filk, urilef^'" of t'he fatne* iiaiiie",. with an archbifliop's when the- fiilgrims en'rdr.'- About i''2 -paces fee. It confifis ef fev-'eraf fmall iflands trom tli'-' Beat is tae fepulchrs of Abra- made by artificial canals, over Which are a great- M £ D a great many bridges. The cathedral js a fuperb itrufturc,. vvith a very high fteeple, in which are harmonious chimes. There is a vcty I'lrge "houfe, in vvhich arc brought up 800 or 1000 yourig girls. It is a place of great trade, anjl here is a great fbundery fqr ordnance of all kinds. It is famous for its fine lace, and they brew a fort of beer, which is fent into the neighbouring pr.'Vinces. The tcrr:toryof this town is'a I >,-dftip, which comprehends two fmall di'Siift-,, containing nirii; towns of little c 'ofe-quence, and roi-iie villages. It fubmitted to the duke ef Marlborough in 1706, and was taken by the French in 1746, but w.as reftored by the peace of Aix-k-Chapelle, In i7'q2 the French again took poffeffion of- it, but evacuated it the next year. It is feated on the river Dender, 10 miles N.W of Louvain,,io N. E. of BrulTels, and 15 S. E. of Ant werp. Lon. 4. 34. £. tat. 51. 2. N. MeCHOACHAN, a province of N. America, in New Spain, bounded en the N. by Panuco ; on the E. hy Proper-' Mexico ; on the S. by the South Sea; and on the W. by New Galicia. It is about 200 miles in circumference, and is very rich, abounding in all the neceffaries of life. It has alfo mines of filver and copper, and great plenty of coc.a-n'its, bcfiefe a great deal pf filk. Valladoiid .is the ca pital. * Meckley, a, province of Afa, bounded en 'the N.' by Affam"; on the E. by China, ori the W. by Berigal, and on the S. by Ro'ftaan and Burmah, to whieh laft it is fubjeft. . ' Medelin', a fbvyn of Spain, in Eftra madura, feated in a fertile" country on the river Guadiana, 22 mfles E. 'of Merida. Lon. 5, 38, VV. lat. 38. 41- N. Medelpadia, a maritime province of Sweden in Norland, arid ori the Gulf of Bothnia, full of mountains ' and. ferefts; Sundevald is the capital. ' Medemblick, a town ef the United Provinces, in W. Fricfland, feated on the Zuider-Zce, witha good harbour, it has a houfe belonging" to -the E. India co'm- pany, and fends, deputies to'the ftates' of the provinec ;' is nine miles' N. ef Hoorri, and 22 N.E. of Amfterdapi. - ' Len. 5. o. E. lat. 52. 47. N. .' . " . Medina-Talnari, 'a "famous town of Afia, in Arabia, between Arabia De fcrta and Arabia Felix, celebrate'd for be ing the burial place ef Maheriiet. It is but a fmall, poor place, and yet is walled. round, and has a large mofque, but nothing like the temple at Mecca. In onfe corner is a place, 14 paces fquare, with great windows, and brafs gates, and in the mid- M E ty die the toi-nb. of Mahomet, iriclofed wi!:K curtains hke a bed. Some affirm there are 3000 lamps about it, but an cyevvitnels declares there' are not 100. ... The t,3mb is not expofed to any, except the eiiriuchs ap pointed ce take care of it, and to light the lamps'. The ftory of its being fufpended in the air by 'a loadftpri'e.is novy w'ell kno'.vn to be a fable. Provifions are bro.ugh-. tp . this place out ,of" Nuhia, a'c'rq'fs the" Red , Sea, in odd fort of veffels',' whoTe. jail, are made of mats. If is called the .C.ity.'ef the Prophet, becaufe here' he, Was' proteft- ' cd by the inhabitants .v^>hen He fle Voigtiand, and Luftadt. It is a very fine country, producing corn, wine, metals, and all things that contribure to the plea- fure ef life. The inhabitants are polite, hofpitable, and fpeak the pureft language in Germany, The capital town is Drcf. den. Melat.zo, an aricient town of Turkey in Afia, in Natolia, where there remain curious monuments of antiquity, with a biftop's fee. It is feated en a bay of the Archipelago, 60 miles S. of Smyrna. Lon. 27. 25. E. kt. 37. 28. N. A'Ielck, a fmall and well-fortified but ancient town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Auftria, vvith a celebrated Bene- diftine abbe/, feated on a hill, 47 miles W. of Vienn^. ' Lon, 15, 20. E. kt. 48'; II. N. Melcomb-Regis, a borpugh pf Dor. fetftire, vvith two markets, on Tuefday and MEL MEL «nd Friday. It is feated en an arm ofthe rounded on all fides by firie gardcns.and fea, and joined to Weymouth, they both has a good harbour, defended by a fort ; being incorporated into one body ; and but the entrance is very dangerous, on they have a communication by a timber account of the great number of ftoals and bridge, which was erefted in 1770, and rocks hid under vvater. The inhabitants has a drawbridge in the middle, to admit confift of Chriftians and Negroes, which the paffage of ftips into the weftern part kft have their 0"-n king and religion, of the harbour. Melcomb is feated in a and the number of both is faid to amount flat, and has a market-place, with good to 200,00c. Lon. 39, 40, E. kt. 3. ftreets and yards for their merchandif"e. The united to\i-ns arc governed by a may. or, aldermen, and a recorder ; and each fends tvvo members to parHamerit. Mcl-^ comb is eight miles S. of Dorchefter, and 129 W. S. W. of Lendon. Lon. 2. 40. W. kt. 50. 37. N. See Wey.'uouth. Meldela, a t-pwn of Italy, in Rp. magna, belonging to its evyn prince ; eight miles from Ravenna, Lon. 11. 48. E. kt. 44. 22. N. Meldert, a town of Auftrian Bra bant, eight miles S. ef Louvain. Lon. 4. 4g. E. lat. 50. 45. N. Meldokp, an ancient and confider able tpwn of Germany, in the circle ef Lower Saxony, and duchy of Holftein ; feated near th.e river Milde, 1 5 miles S. of Tenningen, and 45 W. of Hamburg.. Lon. 9. 6, E. lat. 54, 10. N. Melgazo, a town of Portugal, lying on the frontiers of Galicia, between the river Minhp, and the high mountains. Melfi, a cpnfiderable tpwn cf the kingdpm pf Naples, with an ancient caftle feated on a rock, and a bifliop's fee ; 16 miles N. E, of Conza, and 72 N. E. of Naples, Lpp, 15. 52. E. kt. 41. 2. N. Me LID A, an ifland pf Dalmatia, in the pulf pf Venice, and in .tjje republic of Ragufa, 25 miles ip length. It abounds in oranges, citrons, wine, and fift. It has a Bepediftine ifbljey, fix villages, and fe- veral harbours.. Melilla, an ancient tovvn of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, and in the prevince of Garet. It vvas taken by the Spaniards in 1496, who 'ouijt a citadel here ; but it was reftored to the Moors. It is feated near the fea, 75 miles from Tremefen, Lon. 2. 57. W. Iat. 34. 48. N, Melinda, a kingdom ef Africa, on the coaft of Zanguebar. The capital Meliteli.o, town of Italy; in the ifland of Sicily, and in the Val-di-Noto, eight miles W. of Leontini. Melito, a town .of the kingdom of Naples, vvith a '()iftop,'s fee ; 40 miles N, of Reggip, Lon. i5. 30, E. kt. 3S. 40. N. Melle, a town of Germany, in the circle of VVeftphalia, and biftopric of Ofnaburgh, 10 miles E. of Ofnaburgh. Lon. 8. 3;. E. kt. 52. 25. N. Melle, a tovvn of France, in the de- partment of the Two Sevres and late prp. vince pf Pojteu, 13 miles S. ef St. Maix' ent, MelLEB. Sec Mapler. Melli.ntgen, a tpwn pf Swifferland, in the baili'Vick pf Baden, which fince 1712, depends en fhe cantons pf Zurich and Bern. Jt is ftated in a fertile country on the river Reufs. MtL.N'icK, a town of Bohemia, feared at the confluence of the rivers Elbe and Muldau, 18 miles N. pf Prague, Lon, 14. 50. E, lat. 50. 22. N. Meloue, a handfpme tpwn of Africa, in Upper Egvpt; feated on the river Nile, with a remark'able mpfque. Lpq, 31. 55, E. lat. 27. 30. N. Melrose, a tpwn pf Roxburgftire, in Scptkrid, clofe by vvhich are the magnifi. cent remains of Melrofe Abbey, the fineft ef apy in Soctland, founded, in 1136, by David L Part of it is at prefent ufed for divine fervice. The cemetery contains the duft of many great men. Alexander IL it is faid, is buried under the great ajtar. James earl of Dpuglas, flain at the battle pf Ottcrburn, in 1388, arid whofe death is lamented in the celebrated battle pf Chevy Chafe, is alfo buried hete. The fituation of this abbey i§ remarkalijy towp is of the fame name, and feated at pleafant, jt being feated near the Twejed, the mouth ef the river Quilmand, in an and ftqdcd with trees, above whofe fum. agreeable plain. It is a large, populous place, in which the Portuguefe haye 17 churches, nine convents, and' warehoufes' well provided with .European goods. They exchange thefe for gold, flavcs, elephants teeth, pftrich feathers, vvax, aloes, fena, and other drugs. The coun- try prpdijpes plenty of rice, fugaf, cocoa. oats, apd othcf tropical fruits, It js fur- mits foar the venerable ruins, and the tn- capitated top of Eildon Hills, On one of the three fummits of thefe hills are the traces of a Roman camp. Melrqfc is 2S miles S. E. pf EdintHrgh, J^pi)', *, ui. W.ht. 55,38.x. MELRiscHTAD;r, a tqwn pf Germa ny, inthe rircle cf Fr.ancpnia, and biftop. ric of WlU'tzburg; ft is the' capital of a E e 3 baih- ME N bailiwick of the fame name, feated en the river Strat, and 'remarkable for a battle foaght near it, betvveen the emperor Hen ry iV. and Rof'c.'lph duke of Suabia. Melton Mowbray, a. town of Lei- •cefierftire, -vith a market pn Tuefday. It is feaied bn the river Eye, which ahnoft furi'ounds it, arid ever which are two hand fome ftbrie bridges! The houfes' are \v cll 'b'jilt ; -its'fiiarkeit is corifiderable for corn, cattlej hogs, 'fteep; and provifions ; and it is the belt place in the courity, next to Leicefter. It is 15 miles S. by' E. of Nottingham, 'and io6'N. by W.-of Lon don. Lon. o. 50. W.'lat. 52. 4'S.' N. MELUN,'ari'ancient town of France, in the'dfepSftm'enf'pf" Se'ine and Marne and late' province of the Ifle of France, feat'ed ori the river Seine, 10 miks from Fon- tainbleau, and 25 S. E. ef Paris.- Lon. 2. 3 5;.E..Iat.'4S.'3o: N. Membrillo, a' to-ivn -pf '"'Spain, in Eftramadura, 14 miles S. of Alcantara. Lon. 6. 6. W.-lat. 39. i'i. N. Mem'M'eL, a ftrong town arid caftle in Pruffia, vvith the fineft harbour in the Baltic; and a very extenfiVe'commerce; but ,t is an ill-built town, with narrow dirty ftreets,-- Ic is feated on the N. extremity of the Curii'clje Haf, an Inlet of the fea about 70 riiiles- in length, -which is here ¦joined to the Bakic by a harrow ftrait, 120 miles N. E. of Dantzick, and 2:''3 N. of Warfaw. Lon. 21. 40., E. Iat: j^. 46 N. RlF'MMiNCENj^a handfome and ftrong town., of Germany, in the' circle of Suabia, f.atcd in' a fertile pleafant plairi, 24 miles S..E. of Ulm, and .55 5. W. ef Aug- -fbiirg". Lon." 10: 16. E.kt. 48. 3. N. MenaN, a krge river of Afia, in the kingdom' of .Siarri, vvhith 'runs through it from N. to S. paffes'by the city df Siam, arid falls irito the'Guif of Si :m be'Iow Bari-' kok. There are fe'v'efal fingular fiftes in it, befide crocpdiks, vvhich 'arq- common in thefe parts. ' ' -, ' ' .-"-'. ¦ Menanc-abo, a towh of Afia,' in the - "ifland of Suraafra. It is capital bf a fmall kingdom" "of the' 'fame nam'e, and feated eh" the S. cbaft, oppofite th'e Ifle of Naffau, 250 miles' from the' Strait "of Sunda. ' ' Mende, an aricierit tovvn ef -Fanc'e, capital of- the department of Lozere and kte pr,-)vincc of Gevaudan, with a bifliop's -fee. The 'fountains, "'and one ' of the - fteebks of the cathedral,. are remarkable." It is very populous ;¦ has tnanufaftrires of l"crges anel other wool len ftiiffs;" -and is feated on th'e river Lot, 3 t;' miles S:" W, of Puy,'9rid 210 E. by E. of Pjris. Lon. -3, 35. E.'lat. 4.f.- 3'-N- ¦¦ Mbndelsh'am, a tewri of 'Suffolk, >(jrj.th 3- market op Tf iday, yfith ? hand- UL ^ feme church, .18 miles E. of Bury, aud 82 N. E. ef London. Lon. i. 12. E. lat. 52. z,\. N. Mendip-Hlll-s, a Ipftyjhineral traft, in the N. E. quarter of Somer 'etftirc, abounding in ceal, lead, and cal mine. The coal is carried ou^horfeback to Bath, Wells, F-ime, ,tc. The lead is. faid to be ef a harder quality than that of other countries, and is moftly exported for the iii^kin^ of bullets and fhet". The cakmino is earned to Briftol, &c. to be uf"ed in the making of brafs. Copper, mangenefe, bole, and red ochre, are alfo fotffid in thefe hills. On their fummits are ' krge fwam- py flats, dangerous to crofs. / - ¦'¦•' Mendrah, a province of -Africa, in the kingdom ef Fezzan, vvith a- tovvi^i of the fame name, 60 milts S. ofMourzouk. Although much' of the land in this pro vince is a continued level of hard and bar ren foil, the quantity ef trena, a fpecies of foffil alkah that floats on the furface, or fettles en the banks ef Its numerous i"mck- iiig lakes, has given it a higher' import ance than that of the moft fertile dift-rifts. ' Menehould, St. an ancient and con fiderable towh -of France, in, the depart ment of Marne and kte provmce of Cham pagne. It is fea'ted en a morafs on the river Aifne, between two rocks, with a caftle advantageoufly fituated ; but iti other fortifications have b-jcn demolifted. As the houfes in this town were formerly built ef wood, it vvas ahnoft totally de ftroyed by a dreadful conflagration on the 7th of Aug. 1 71 g. It is 20 miles N. E. of Chalons, and no E. of Paris;' Lon. 4, 59. E. kt. 4g. 2. N. Menin, a handfome town of Auftriap FiandeT-^, takeh by the French in 1667, vvho terrified if very' ftrongly. It was 1 retaken by the alHes in 1706, and added to the hqufe of Auftria by the treaty of Utrecht;' but recoi-eredby the French ia 1744, who demolifhed the fortifications. ¦It wa:s' reftored to the houfe of Auftria by the treaty of Aix-k-Chapelle, and is feat- ed" on the- fiver Lis 10 miles N. of Lifle, and eight S. E, of Yp'res. Lon. 3. 9. £, "kt. 50. 48. N. '_ Menton, a town pf Italy, in the prin. cipality of 'Monaco, with a'caftk; feated near the fea, 'five miles from Monaco, and eight from 'Ventiihiglia.' Len. 7. 35. E, lat. 43. 46. N. - -' ' ', ¦ ' - Mentz;, a (iopfiderable city qf Ger. "ma\i'y,'-iri the cJTc'le ofthe Lovver Rhine, capital ef the eleft'ora't'e ef Mentz,' vvith a univerfity, and ari archbifliop's fee; The "krchbiftop is an eleftor bf the 'triipire, archchancellor ofthe empire,' keeper of \ the . Upon nhe fite of this abbey are two calico manufaftories, -and a copper- mifl ; and about loco perfons are now employed on a fpot once the abode of mo naftic indolence. Mcrton is feven mfles S. W. of London. Merve, the north branch ofthe river Maefe, on vvhich the city of Rotterdam, in Holland, is feated. MervilLE, a town of France, in the department of the North and late province of French Flanders, feated on the river Lis, 10 mfles from Caffel, .and 24 S. W. of Menin. Lon. ». 43. E. kt. 50. 57. N. Mesa-de-Asta, formerly a large town of Spain, in Andalufia, feated en the river Guadaleta, between Arcos and Xeres do la Frontera ; but is now only a large heap of ruins. Here ijhe Arabs conquered Roderic, the laft king of the Goths, and by that viftory became mafters of Spain, in 713. - Mesched, a confiderable town of Per fia, and in the province of Korafan ; for tified with feveral towers, and famous for the magnificent fcpulchre of Ijnan Rif"a, of the familv of AH, to vvhich the Perfians pay great devotion. It is feated on a mountain, in which are found fine Turkey ftones, 120 miles S. E. ef the Cafpian Sea, Lon. 61. 20. E. kt. 37. 12. N. Mesembria, a town of Turkey in Europe, feated en the Black Sea, between Stravico and Narna, vvith an archbiftop's fee. Mesen, a feaport ef Ruffia, in the pro vince of Archangel, capital of a diftrift of the fame name, feated on the river Mcfen, on. the E. coaft of the White Sea, 160 miles N. of Archangel. Len. 44, 25, E, kt, 6 5. 50. N. MiisKiKK, a handfome town ef Ger many, in the circle of Suabia, and county of F-iritcnberg, i 5 miles N. of Uberlingen, Messa, a town of Africa, in the king dom of, Morocco, and province of Sus, comppfed of three fortified towns, vvhich lie in a triangle, at a finall diftance ("rem each other, a^nd a temple built with large fifli-bones, inftead of timber. It is feated at the f"oot of in-'unf Atlas, near the occin, in a country abound'ng with p.alm -trees, 40 miles "VV. of Sus. Lon. S, 55. W, Ut, 29. 20. N, Messina, ah ancient, large, handfome, and ftrong 'city ef Sicily, in the Val-di. Demona, with a citadel, fc'-eral forts, a fpacious harbour, and an archbifhop's fee. It is about five miles in qircumferenccand has four large fuburbs. The public build ings and monafteries, which are very nu merous, are magnificent, and if contains about 60,000 inhabitants. The harbour, vvhofe quay is above a mile in length, is en^ of the fafcft in the Mediterranean, and in the form of a half rnoon. It is fi-^^e miles in circumference, and extremely deep. The viceroy of Sicily refides here fix months in the year ; and it is a place of great trade in filk, oil, fruit, corn, and ex- lieflent wine, . efpecially fince it has been declared a free port. This place, in 1783, fuffered muth by an earthquake, which ftook great part of Calabria and Sicily to their foundations, overturned many rich and populous towns, and buried thoufan-ds in their ruins. It is feated en the feafide, 1 10 miles E. of Palermo, 260 S. by E. of Rome, and 180 S. E. ef Naples. Lon. 15, 50. E.lat. 38. 10. N. Mestre, a towu of Italy, in the do- gado of Venice, 16 miles N, E. of Padua. Lon. 12. 2. E. kt. 45. 26. N. * Messurata, a feaport of the king- dojn of Tripoli, in Africa. A caravan proceeds fronji this pkce to Fezzan, and other interior parts, toward the S. of Africa. It is 262 miles N. of Mourzouk. Lon. 15. 5. E. lat. 31. 3. N. MetELIn, an ifland of the Arcliipcla- gp, anciently called Leftos, to the N. of Scio, and almoft at the entrance of the Gulf of Gueftro. The foil cf this ifland is very good, and the mountains are cool, being covered vvith wood in many places. It produces good wheat, ejcccllent eil, and the beft figs in the Archipelago ; nor have their wines loft any thing of their ancient reputation. _ It is fubjeft tp tfce Turks, and Caftrp is the capital. Met H WOLD, a town ef Norfolk, with a market eh Tuefday. It is 15 miles N. W. of Thetford, and 86 N. N. E. of London. Lon. o. 40, E. kt, 52. 34. N, Metlin^g, a ftrpng ton'n and caftle of Germany, in the circle ef Auftria, and duchy of Carniola, feated on the river Kulp, 40 miles S. E. of Laubach. Len, 15. 10. E. kt. 46. 2. N. Metro, a river of Italy, in the terri tory of the Church, that runs inte the duchy of Urbiho, waftes Faffombrone, and falls into the Gulf of Venice near Fano. Mi-'T''. an ancient, large, and ftrong lown of Fr'-^ce, in the dcpartu'cnt of Mo felle and late province of Lorrain, vvith a cilarlti, ¦IP'] a bi'hop's fee, vvhol"e bift,-)c had the ti,.ie cf a prince of the empire. The MEW MEX The cathedral Is ene ef the fineft in Eu rope, and the fi^uare called Coiflin, and tjie hqufe of the gpvernor, are v/erth fee ing. The Jews, about 3000, five in a part cf the town" by themfelves, where, they have a fynagogue. The fweetmeats they make here are in high efteem. >Metz was formerly the capital of the kin:' ,the crown, vvhich are great, arife from a fifth part of the gold and filver, and from the. dunes - and cuftoms, as wefl as the lands held of the crown. Mexico, New, or Nevv Grenada, a large M I C M I D a ferge country of N. America, difceverea by the Spaniards in 1 580. It is bounded on fhe "VV. by the G ulf of California, on the S. by Nevv Spain, on the E. by Flo rida, and on the N. by an unknown cpuutry ; lying between 9° and 108'' VV. lon. and 23° and 43° N. kt. and being about 2000 miles long and 1600 brpad. The ait is very temperate, arid the foil generally fertile. It is inhabited by a great number of people, whofe languages and cuftoms arc very different ; fome wan der about, and feme dwell in towns and villages. The principal of the Spanift colonies are tliofe of St. Barbe, and jSanta t6, the capital town. Mexico, a guff of N. America, lying between the S. coaft of E. Florida and the N. E. point of Yucatan. Meyenfield, a handfome town in the country of the Grifons, in the league of the Ten Jurifdiftions. It is feated on the Rhine, in a pleafant country, fertile in esccUent wine, 15 miles N. E. ef Coire. Lon. 9. 36. E. lat. 47. 2. N. Meziers, a tovvn of France, in the department of Ardennes and late province of Champagne, vvith a citadel ; feated en the river Meufe, p-artly on a hill, arid pa.rt!y in a valley, 12 miles N. W. ef Se dan, and 127 N. E. ef Paris. Lon. 4. 48. "E. Iat. 49. 46. N, '¦¦-' Mezin, a fmall town of France, in the department ef Lot and Garonne and late province ef Guienne ; feated in a country that abounds in wheat ; with vanccs inte the Gulf of Venice, near th» tmvn of Zara, Michael, St, a ftrong town of the ifland of Malta, feated on a reck, and fe parated frem the main land by a ditch, Michael, St. aborough of Cocpwall, vvhich has neither market ner fair. It is 8, miks S. W. of St. Columb, and 249 W, by S. of London, ^ Len, 4, cj, W, lat, 5*, 23- N. '" Michael, St. a confiderable toVvn of France, In the department of Meufe and late duchy of Bar ; remarkable fer hs hofpital, and the rich library ef a kte Be nediftine abbey. It is feated nn the river Meufe, 20 miles N. E.of Bar-le-duc, and 165 E. of Paris, Lon, 5. 38. E, lat, 48, 51. N, Michelonia, a country of Pruffia, vyhich Is a part ef the circle of Culm, and feparated from the other part by the river Dribents, It takes its name from the caftle of Michelow, '* Michigan, a cpnfiderable lake ef N, America, whofe N. E. extremity com- municates with the N. W. end of Lake Huron, by the Strait of Miehillimackinac, *' Michillimackinac, a ftrait of N, America, which unites the Lakes MIchi. gan and Huron, and lies in about 85° W. lon, and 46° N, lat. It is remarlcable, that although there is no diurnal flood er ebb to be perceived in the waters of this ftrait ; yet, from an exaft actention to their ftate, a periodical alteration in them has been difcovered. It has been obferved, vines, from vvhich they principally make that they rife by almpft imperceptible de. brandy ; and with the cprk-tree, which they fell bpth in' its natural ftate, and in corks. It is nine miles N. W. pf Con dom. Mr.zo,' a town of Afia, in Proper Na- tolia, formerly the fee of a bilhop; itis 2 q miles E. of Makzzo. Mezuradv, a cape of Africa, on the f n-ift of Guinea, between Cape Palmas and Taarin. ¦SIezuhatv, a cape of Africa, in the kingdom of Tripoly, which lies 'VV. of the Guff of Sidra. Mezzano, a fmall lake of Italv, in the dnchy of Caftro, a province in the terri tory pi the Church. It is near Ptiliano, and is the fource ef the river Olpita, which walhcs the ruins ef Caftro, and falls into t.he Flora. Mia, or MiJAH, a large town of Ja pan, in the province of Owry, feated bn the S. conit of the ifle of Niphon, with a foui fied palace. Lon. 135. 40. E.lat. 35. 50. N-. , Micha, a.cape of Dalmatia, which sd- grees, till in feven years and a half they had reached the height pf about three feet ; and, in the fame fpace of time, they gra- .dually feflto their former ftate; fo that in 15 years they had completed this inexpli. cable revolution. Middleburg, a large, handfome, rich, and ftrong commercial town nf the Netherlands, capital pf the ifland pf Wal chcren, and pf aU Zealand. The fquares and public buildings are magnificent. It has a cpmmunicatipn vvith the fea by a canal, which will bear the largeft, veffels. It is 20 miles N. E. of Bruges^ 30 N, W. of Ghent, and 72 S, W. of'Amftcrr dam. Lon, 3. 39. E. lat. 51. 32. N. Middleburg, a town of the -Nether lands, in Fkndprs, which belongs te the prince of Iffenghein, Lpn. 3. 26. E, lat, 51. 15.N, ¦ " ¦ -. '* Middleburg. See Eooa. Middlesex, a ccunty pf Epglapd, bpunded -on the N. by Hertfordftirc ; en the E. by Effex; en the S. hf. Surry, and a corner of Kent ; and on the VV. by B,uqkirigr M I D "Buckinghamftire. It is one of the leaft counties in England, being onlv about 22 miles from E. to W. and 17 f'rom N. to S. but it is much the richeft, and pays mere taxes than any ten befide. It con. tairis 126 pariftes, befide London, and four market-towns, and fends eight mem bers te parHamerit. The air is healthy ; hut the foil, in general, being a lean gravel, it is naturally a diftrift of little fertihty ; though, by means of the vicinity te the metropolis, many parts of It are converted into rich beds' of manure, clothed .with al moft perpetual verdure. There are ftifl, however, very extenfive trafts of unculti vated heath. Befide the Thames, the Lea, and the Coin, vvhich are its boun daries to the S. the S. E. ahd the VV. Middlefex is watered by feveral fmall ftreams ; one ef which, called the New River, is artificially brouglit from Am. well, in Herts, fer the purpofe of fupplying London vvith vvater. Indeed, the whole county may be confidered as a demefne to the metropolis, the land being laid out in gardens, paftures, and inclo fures of all forts for its convenience and fupport. *' Middleton, a flourifting com. mercial town 'of N. America, in the ftate of Connefticut, feated on the W. bank of tkc river Connefticut, 1 5 miles S. of Hart ford. It is the principal tovvn of the coimty of Middlefex. '*MiDDLETOWN,a town of N. Ame- » rica, in the ftate of New Jerfey, and ad joining the town of Shrewftury, in the county ef Monmouth. Sandy Hook (fo cafled from its ftape and foil) is included in this townftip. On the point of the Hook ftands the lighthoufe, 100 feet high, built by the city of New York. Middletevvn is 50 miles E. by N. of Trenton, and 30 S.W. by S. of New York. Middlewich, a town of Cheftire, with a market on Tuefday. It is fe called, becaufe it ftands between Nantwich and Northwich ; is feated on the river Croke, and is alarge pkce, but Is chiefly noted for its falt-pits, and inaking fine fait. Ic is 24 mfles E. of Chefter, and 167 N. W. of London, Lon. z.30. W. kt. 53. 13. N MidhL'Rst, a krge borough of Suffex, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated on a finall river, which almoft furrounds it ; It miles N. by E. of Chichefter, and -50 W. by S, of London. Lon. 0. 46. W. Iat 51. o. N. Mid LAM, a town in the N. riding of Yorkftire, vvith a market on Monday ; feated on the river Youre, 10 miles S. of M 1 L Richniond, and 255 N. N. VV, qf Loti-« dpn. Lon. i. 37. VV. kt. 54, 17. N. MiECHAU, or MiEZAV?A,a handfomc town ef Polarid, in Cujavia, feated on the river Viftula, 10 miles from Thorn. Lon. 18. 46. E. lat. s2. 58. N, MiG'jEL, St. a tpwn pf S. America, in Peru, and in the government of C^iiitp. It is the firft cplony the Spariiards fent into this country, and is feated at the mouth of the river Catamayo, 225 miles W. of Quire. Lon. 80. 50, W. kt. 5. o. S. Miguel, St. one of the Azores, or Weftern Iflands, about 50 miles in length. It contains a great deal of land fit for tilling, but is much fubjeft tp earthquakes. Punta del Gado is the capital tovvn. Loh, 27. 37. W. lat, 37. 47. N. Miguei,*St. a tovvn ef N. America, in Nevv Spain, and in the province of Guatimala, feated pn a fmall river, i8» miles from Guatimala. Lon. 87. 45, W. kt. 12. 25. N. Milan, a city ef Italv, capital of a diichy of the fame name. It vvas the an cient capital of Lombardy, and is the largeft city in Italy, except Rome ; but, although It is thought rather to exceed Naples in fize, it does not contain above one half the number of inhabitants. It is feated in a delightful plain, betvveen the rivers Adda and Tcfin. It is about lo miles in circumference, and called by the Italians, Milan the Great. The chief in habitants are rich, and defcended from the moft ancient houfes. There is no pkce in Italy, nor perhaps in Europe, where foreigners are received in fuch an eafy hof pitable manner as at Milan. There are many fine palaces, but that ofthe g'lvernor is the moft magnificent. There are a great number pf churches, cpnvcnts, hof pitals, and !"chools. The cathedral is the fineft ftrufture, being 505 feet long, 200 bread, and 400 high. It ftands in the cen tre of the city, and, next to St. Peter's, is the moft confiderable in Italy. No church in Chriftendom is fo much Inaded, and, feme would fay, disfigured with ern.^menr. The number of ftatues, within and vvith out, is prodigious ; they are aU of marble, and many of them finely wrought. This vaft fabric, which the Milanefe call the eighth wonder of the world, is not fimply encrufted, which is not uncommon in Italy, but entirely buik of fohd vvhite marble, and^ fuppoTted by 50 columns, faid to be 84 feet high. The four piHars under the cupola are 28 feet In circumference- The finiift ftatue in this church is that rf St. Bartholomew, vvith his kin ffaycd, and ' hung M I L M I L hnn^ round his middle Hke a faft ; the mufcles are well expreffed ; but the fi gure might be placed, with more proprie ty, in the hall of an anatoniift. Tbe in fide ef the choi'r is ornam'ented vvith fome highly-e-fteemed fculpture in wood. Frbiri the roof hang^a cafe of cryftal, inclofing a nail, which, they fay, is orie of thofe by w'nich our Saviour was fixed to the crofs. The treafuty, belonging to the church is reckoned the'richeft in Italy after that of Loi'etto. The coUeg'e ef St. Amb'rofe has' V. library, which, befide a prodigio'js num ber of, manufcrip-fs, contains 45,000 print- td books. Its l:iperb s^allery i's adorned with rich paintirgs. The mr& confider able commerce of the irihabitants is in grain (efpeciaUy rice), cattle, and cheefe, vvhich they export ; and th'ey-' have 'm.anu-^' faftures of filk and Velvet' fluffs, ftockings, handkerchiefs, ribands, gold' and filver laces, and embroideries, woollen and linen cloths, glafs, and earthen ware iri' imitation of China. Milan has been' feveial times talcen and retal'.en in,' the wars that have ddfolated Ite','. It is the feeof an arch biftop, arid "is 35 miles N. W. of Caffel, 70 N. of'G'e'noa, 72 N. E. of Turin, 145 N. W. of FI'!-ence, and 270 N. W. of Rome. Lon. 9; 16. E. kt. 45. 2S. N. Milan, the duchy of, a' confider able country of Italy, bounded on the N. by Swifferland and th'e country ofthe Grifons ; on the E.by th'e republic of Venice, and the duchies of Parma and Mantua; -on the S. by the duchy ef Parma and the terri tory of Genoa ; arid o'n the W. by Pied mont and'Montferrat ; being 1 50 miles iri length, and 78 in' breadth. The foil is every where fertile in corn, wine, fruits, rice, and olives; 'there are alfo fjenty'of cartie. The-river's'are, th'e Sccchia, Tefin, Adda, and Oglio.. There are likewife feveral lakes, the three principal of vvhich are, thofe of Maggiore, Como, arid Luga- no. This couritry having formerly been poffeffed by the French, next by the Spaniards,' and afterward by the Germans, the troops of thofe nations' hS'/e, in the' diff"erent periods ef thc'ir refidence, pro duced a ftyle ef manners, arid ftamped a charafter in the inhabitahts of this duchy, different froq;i vvhat prevails in any other part of Italy ; "and hiee obfer'ver's imagine they perceive' in the mariners bf the Mila nefe, the polltqpefs, formality, and honefty imputed 'to thofe three nations, blended vvith the natural ingciiuity of the" Italians.''. This duchy is fubjeft to.thc houfe of Au'- . ftria, and - governed by a Gerriian noble man, refident at Milan, under the charafter of minifter from the court of Vienna. Milazzo, a haridfoihe and ftrong fea port of Sicily, in the Val-di-Dcmona, It is divided into the upper .ahdipwcr tpvv-p. The upper is very ftro'rig, and the lower has a fine fquare, vvith a fuperb fountain. It is feated on a rock, on the 'weftern banks ef a bay ef the fame riame", 1 3' m'iles W. "of Meffina, arid '1 8 E. of Pat:a. Lon. 15. "34. E. lat. 3 8.' "12. N. Milbokn-Port; a borough ef So merfetftire,' which has no mafi^et. Itis feated on' a branch ofthe river Parret, 38 miles W. by' S. of Saliftury, and 1 1 5 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2. 38. W. kt. 50. "53- N. MtldbnhaLi;, a large a.rid populous town in S'affolk, -vvith a market on Fri day. It is feat'ed oil a branch ofthe river Oufe, has a handfome church, with a lii.gh fteeple, 13 miles' N.by E. from Newmar ket, and' 69 N. N.E. of London. Lorn u. 26. E.'Lit. 52; 29. N." Mileto, an ancient town'of the king dom of Naples, "with a bifliop's -fee, five miles from Nicotera. '¦¦' MiLFORD, a town of N. Ameridk, in the ftate of Delaware, 'and' Couhty of Suffex, of whichjt is the little emporium. It is feated at the fource of a finall river, 1; rniles from- the Bay of Delaware, and 150 S. of Philadelphia. ."¦ ' MiLFORD Haven, a deep' inlet of the Irift Sea, ori the coaft. ef Pembroke- fhire, in S. Wales. It branches off into fo many creeks, feciired 'from all winds, fhat it is efteemed the fafeft and "mbft ca pacious harbour in Great Britain. Its re mote fituation, however, greatly" impairs its utility. Men of war, indeed, are fome times built here, an.d fb'rrs have beep erefted to defend the harbour. Here the earl'of Richmond, 'afterward Henry VII. landed, on his enterprife againft Richard HI. Oyfters are found in confiderable quantities in this bay. MiLiANE, a' large. an"d ancient 'town of Africa, iri the kingdoni of Tremeferi, vvith-a caftle that coramands it; feated in a country fertile in oranges', citrons,". 'and other fruits, the beft in alt Barbary^ L6ii.' 2. 35-. E. kt. 35. 15. N. , MiLHAUri; a tovyn of France; in thfe - department "of Ave,irori- and'late pro'v ince' ef Rouergue, ""It was difraantled in 1629,'' arid is feated ori the nver . Tarn', 50 miles N. VV. of Montpelier^ and 142' S. of P&ris! Lo'n^. 3. II. E. lat. 44. 3. N. "" ' ¦,MiLo', ari-"iflap''d of the Archipelagbj about, 50 miles' rri'cifcuriaferejice; vvrith' ani of tVe belt' aiid fargcfl ' harl-io'iirs "in 'the' Mediterranean, and which ferves as a re- treat for all veffels that go to, or come f , frpm •M I N 'MI N from the Leviht. It produces excellent fruits, dehcate wine, and abounds in very good cattle, efpecially in goats, and has mines of inm and' fulphur. In the fpring, the fields are enamelled with anemonies ef all forts. The inhabitants, who are all Greeks, except the cadi, are good failors. This ifland is remarkable for phimous ' alum, vvhich is found in large- lumps, and compofed bf threads as fine. as'the fofteft' filk, filvered over; andihining very pret tily; it has fhe. fame. tafte a.s rock alum. There is a waiwode, vvho is a Greek, and three conl'uls, vvho can dcpofe the cadi, when he fails in his duty. Here are like- wife two biftops ; one of the Grqek, and the other of the Latin church. There is a tovvn of the fame name, in 4:he eafl'crn part of the ifland, vvhich is a very dirty pkce, and contains ajioiit 500oinl',:ibitants. It is 60 miles N. pf Pandia. > Lou. 25. 6. E. kt. 36. 41. N. Miltenberg, a towp of Germany, iri the 'circle ,cf. Franconia, ahd eieftorate bf Mentz ; feafed on the river Maine, 20 njiles S. E. of Afchaffenberg. Lon. 9. 19. E. Iat. 49. 46. N, * MiLTHROP. See Ken. Milton, a town in Dorfetftire, vvith a market on Tuefday. It is an ancient place famous fer its abbey, now in ruins. It is 14 miles N- E. of Dorchefter, and 112 W.by S. of Loridon. Lon. 2.32. W. lat. 50. 50. N. Milton, a tpvyn in Kent, with a mar ket on Saturday ; feated on a branch of the Medvvay, near the Ifle of .Sheepyi and is of great note for its excellent oyfters. It is 14 miles N. E. of Maid ftone, and 42 E. ef London,. Len. o. 52. E. kt. 51V22.N. _ 'v * Milton, a town in Kent, one mile tP the E. of Gravefend, incofporated vvith it, by queen Elifabeth, by the name of the portreeve, .jurats, and inhabitants of the towns pfvGravefend and Milton. Henry VIII. raifed a platform or blockhoufe here, for the defence ef this town and Gravefend, , Mindanao, a krge ifland of Afia, in the Eaftern' Ocean, and one ofthe Philip pines ; iSi) miles in length, and 120 in breadth,! It is a mountainous country, fuH pf hills and vaUies ; and the mould is generally deep, black, and fruitful. The fides of the hills and vallies are ftony, and yet there are tall trees of kinds net known in Europe : feme of the mountains yield very good gold, and, the vallies are well watered- vyith rivulets. Tbe libby-trees produce the fago, which the poor people eat iaftea"d of bread, three or four months in the year. It produces all forts of fruits proper to the. chmate, befide plenty of rice. They have horfes, beeves, buffaloes, goats, deer, monkies, guanoes, bats ef a fare's fize, lizards, and fpakes ; but they have neither fions ner tigers! Their hogs are very ugly creatures, and they have all great knobs growing ever their eyes; however, their fleft is fweet. Their fovyls are, ducks, ' herts, pigeons, ;parrots, .paroquets, " arii- turtledoves, befide many fmafl bfrds. Th'e air is temperate, they having fea breezes by day, and cooling land-winds at night. The winds are eafterly ene part of the year, and wefterly the other: while'the ¦fbrraer blow, it is fair weather ; but while the latter; it is rau-,v, ftormy, and tempef- tuous. . The inhabitants are 'of a m-i;.'-! low.ftatfire, with fgSall Hmbs and lictle heads. Their faces are oval, with flat ¦ foreheads, black fmall eyes, ftort low nofes, and pretty large mouJh--. Thc'r hair is black a,id ftraight, and' their c'om- p!e;:i-,n. ta--.vny, but more inclined to yel low 'than that cf other Im'ians. The chief trades arc gnldfmiths, blackfriiifhs, and cc,rpente-,-s, and they can b'.iild pretty •j;:>od- veffels for the fe>. 'Their diftenipcFS areas in other place, except the . leprofy, which ' is very common here. The fdtan has; a quecri, befide 20 or'ner women, and all the men have feveral wives ; for their re ligion is Mahometanifm. Their h-jufes .are- buih o:i pcCts, from 14 to 20 feet hi"h'; and they have ladders to gp up out pf the ftreets. They have but one floor, vvhicih IS divided i'.Mo feveral rootas, and the roofs are covered with palmeto leaves. " Thole ' that h-ave been far up in the country, fay, that the people are ah blacks, and go quite - naked. The principal 'tovvm of the fame'-" name, is pretty large, and is 'feated on th^ ' eaftern coaft. MiNDELHEiM, a- tovvn. of.'Gerraahy, in'the circle of Suabia,' with a Ca-ftle. It is capital of a 'fmall territory between the' river.s Iller .and. L-ech,-fiibjeft to the houfe ef Bavaria. It vvas taken by 'the'Impe- rlahfts after the battle, of Blenheim's' vv^ho- erefted it into- a prrncip'aHty in. favour' of the duke.of Malborough;' btif'it returned " back to. the houfe of Ba¦v'aria';¦b^i; the treaty ' ^ of Raltaf, It is.^;p'miIes-S.'E. of Ulm. Lon', 10. 42..E. laf. 48. 3,''N. " '", ' Ivi'iN p EN, a copfi'derable to'wi^ of Gefl" mariy, in the circle ofiWelftplia'Ik, "and- capita! pf a territpry of the fame naipt; feated on- the river Wefer, '.vVhich refide-rs ,it a tracHng.pkce;.. NeJir this place, "prince' Ferdinand of Brunfwick;(!etii.lly defcaldd" the French marftal Contades, in 1759. It is f"u'DJeft to the king of Pruifi:a, and M I N M I R 5s 47 miles E. by S. pf Ofnaburgh, and 37 W. of Hanover. Lon. 9. 5. E. kt. 52. 22. N. MiNDORA, an ifland of Afia, in the Eaftern Ocean, one ef the Philippines,, 50 miles in circumference, and feparated from Luconk by a narrow channel. It is full of mountains, which abound in palm- trees, and aU forts ef fruit. The inliabi tants are Idolaters, and pay tribute te the Spaniards. MiNEi-iEAD, a borpugh pf Spmerfet- Hiire, vvith a market on "Wednefday ; and a very good harbour for ftips of large burden. It carries en fome trade te Ireland, and is 31 miles N. of Exeter, and 161 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3. 34. W. kt. 51. 12. N. Mingrelia, a province of Afia, which makes part of Georgia ; bounded on the W. by the Black Sea ; pn the E. by Imeritia ; on the S. by a part of Geor gia ; and on the N. by Circaflia. It is governed by a prince, who is tributary to the fovereign of Imeritia. The face of this country, its produfts, andthe cuftoms and manners of the inhabitants, are fimi lar to thefe of Georgia, which fee. Mi.N'HO, a river of Spain which has its fource in Galicia, near Caftro del Rey. It runs S. VV. and paffes by Lugo, Oi- tehfe, and Tey ; after vvhich it divides Galicia from Portugal, and falls into the Atlantic Sea at Caminha. MiNiATO, St. an epifcopal tovvn of Italy, in Tufcany ; feated on the river Arno, 20 miles S. W^ef Florence. Lon. 10. 45. E. kt. 43. 40. N. MiNORBiNO, a fmall town of the kingdom of Naples, with a biftop's fee,' 26 miles N. ef Cirenza. Lpn. 16. 19. E. kt. 41. 8. N. Minorca, a confiderable Ifland ofthe Mediterranean, lying 50 miles to the N. E. of Majprca. It is abcut 30 miles in length, and 12 in breadth, and chiefly va luable for its excellent harbour. It is a mountairic-us country, vvith feme fruitful vallies, where there are excelkrit mules, C'itadclla is the capital, befide which tliere arc Port-Mahon, Labor, and Mercadal. It was taken by the Enghft in 1708, and CBrifirmed to them by the treai-y of Utrecht. The French took it ip 1756, b'ut if vvas reftored tp the Enghft by the peace of 1763. It was retaken by the Spaniards the laft war, and confirmed to them by the peace of 17S3. MiNORi, a tovvn of. the kingdom of Naples, "ith a biftop's fee. If is feated on the Gulf of Sal'ernp, between the tcw'n of that name apdr Amailfi- MiJ^siNGEN, a town 0?" 'Jerman'v, i'« the circle pf Suabia, and duchy pf "Wir temberg, with a handfome caftle. Lbn. g. 35. E. kt. 48. 32. N. MiNSKi, a town pf Lithuania, and ca pital pf a palatinate of the fame name, with t vp citadels, one pf which is feated in a mprafs, and the other commands the tPwn. It is 55 miles S. E. pf Wilna. Lon. 26. 48. E. lat, 54. n. N. MiNsKi, the palatinate pf, a terriiory of Lithuania. It is pretty fertile, and there are fprefts cpntaining vaft numbers pf bees, whofe honey makes part of the riches ef the eountry. There are many Jcvys, who have the fame rights as the native inhabitants, and are employed in trade apd the praftice of phyfic. MiOLANs, a fortrefs of France, in the departmerit of the Lower Alps and late province of Provence, and vaUey of Bar- celonetta ; feated on 3 craggy rock, fix miles N. E. of Montmelian. Lon. 6. 20. E, kt. 45, 3;, N. '* Mioss, a lake ef Norway," in the province of Hedeniarke. It extends from N. to S. and is 80 miles in circumfe rence. It is divided by a large penin fula, is from 12 to i8 miles in breadth, and contains an ifland about 10 miles ip circumference, fertile in corn, pafture, anel wood, and fprinkled with feveral farm houfes. Miquelets, a name given to the Spaniards who inhabit the Pyrenean mountains on the frontiers of Catalonia and Arragon, and live by robbing. Micjuelon, a fmall defert ifland to the S.W. of Cape May in Newfound land, ceded to the French by the peace ef 1763, for drying and curing their fifti. They were difpoffeffed of it by the Eng. lift in 1793. Lon, 56. 10; W, lat, 46. 42. N. Mirande-de-Ebro, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile, with a ftrong caftle ; feated in a country that produces excellent wine, on both fides of the river Ebro, vvhich runs through it under a handi- fome bridge. It is 34 miles S. of Bfl- boa, and 160 N. of Madrid. Lon. 3, 10. W. kt. 42. 49. N. MiRANDE, a town of France, inthe department ef Gers and late province of Gafcony, feated on an eminence, near the river Baife. Wool, down, and. the feathers of geefe, arc its prinaipal ani. des ef commerce. It Is 15 miles S, W, of Auch, and 340 S. W. ef Paris. Lpn, o. 26. E. Iat. 43. ,30. N. MiRANDO-DE-DoURO, Or DuERO, afwpng town of Portugal, capital, of the pro. M 1 S M O C province of Tra-Ios.Mpntes, with a bi. fliep's fee. It is vveU fprtified, and feated on a rpck, near the cpnfluence ef the Douro and Frefna, 37 miles N. W. ef Sa lamanca, and 208 N. by E. Liftpn. Lon. 6. o. W. lat. 41.' 40. N. Mirandola, a large town of Italy, capital of a duchy of the fame name. It is well fortified, and has a ftrong cita del and a fort. It is fubjeft to the houfe of Auftria, and is 20 miles N. E. of Mo. dena. Lon, 11. ig. E. lat. 44. 52. N. Mirebeau, a town of France, inthe department of Vfenne and kte province of Poitou. It is famous fer the beauty and ftrength ef the affes which its en virons produce. It' is 16 miles N. of Poitiers, and 175 S. W. of Paris. Lon. o. 19. E. kt. 46. 46. N. Mirecourt, a confiderable town ef France, in the department of the Vofges and late province of Lorrain, famous for its violins, and fine laces. It is feated on the river Modon, 27 mikes S. of Nanci, and 30 S. E. of Toul. Lon. 6. 14. E. lat. 48. 15. N. MiREMONT, a tovvn of France, in the department ef Dordogne and kte pro- vince ef Perigord, near the river Vizere, a'oout 15 miles E. of Bergerac. Near it is a remarkable cavern, called Clufeau. Mire PO IK, a town of France, in the department "ef the Upper Pyrenees and late province of Bigorre. It was lately an epifcopal town, and is feated ori' the river Gers, 15 miles N. of Foix, and 40 S. E. ef Teukufe, Lon, i, 56', E, lat, 43. 7. N. Miseno, a cape of Italy, near Naples, betwecri Puzzoli arid Cuma. On it are the ruins of tho ancient Mifenuip, which was a biftop's fee, Miserden, a village in Gloucefter. fliire, two miles from Bifley, and nine frem iS-loHcefter. Here is a park feven miles in circumference, full of fine beech wood. In a yalley in this park, is a mount of a circular fprm, npw pvergrpwn with trees. It was the fite pf an ancient caftle, built in the reign pf king John, and part of the moat vvhich encpmpaffed ,the building, is ftill to be feen. MisiTRA, a very ancient and cele brated town pf Greece, capital pf the Mprea, vvith a Greek archbiftpp's fee, and a caftle vvhich paffes for impregnable. It is divided into four parts, the caftle, the town, and two large fuburbs. The church is one of the fineft in the world, and the' Turks have turned it irito a niofque, near which is a magnificent hofpital. There are a great number pf Chriftians, apd fo many jews, that they have three fyna gogues. It wa^ taken by the .Venetian' in 1687 ; but the Turks retpok it. It is feated. on the river Vafilipotamo, 100 miles S. W. of Setlnes, arid go N. by E. pf Lepantp. Lpn, 22, 30. E. kt, 37. 6. N. Misnia. See Meissen. Mississippi, a confiderable river of N. America, which is the great refervoir of the waters of the Ohio, the Illinois, and. their numerous branches from the E. and of the Miffouri and ether -rivers from the VV. Its fource is. unknown; but its length is fuppofed to be upward cf 3000 miles, in all Its windings, to its entrance intp the Gulf pf Mexico, It is the eaftern boundary -ef - the Spanift province of . Louifiana. In this river, in lat. 44. 30. N. are the falls of St. Anthony, where the whele river, vvhich is more than 250 yards ,vvide, falls perpendicular about 30 feet; but the circumftance moft remark.- able in thefe falls is, that they are ap proachable, vviihout the leaft obftruftion from any intervening hill or precipice, which, perhaps, cannot be faid of any other confiderable fall in the world. Missouri, a large river ef N. Ame rica, whofe fource is unknown. It joins the MifliffippI in kt. 39° N. but is a longer, broader, and deeper river than that, and is, in faft, the principle ftream. It has been afcended by the French traders upward of i2po miles, and frem the depth of water and breadth ef the river, at that diftance, appeared te be navigable much higher. '* Mitcham, a viHage in Surry, feated on the river Wandle, on which are fome fnuff- mills and two callico-printing manu faftories. It is eight miles S. VV. by S. of London. Mittau, a ftrong town ef the duchy ef Courland ; remarkable only for the krge palace built by the late duke Erneft John Biron, arid for its academv, founded by the prefent duke. It is feated on the river Belderau, 45 miles E. cf Goldingen, and 270 N. N. E. ef Warfaw. Lon. 23. 50. E. kt. 56. 40. N. Mocha, or Mokha, a confiderable tovvn of Afia, in Arabia Felix ; furround ed by walls, confifting of half ftone and half earth ; and feveral towers, with guns mounted on fome of them. They are inhabited by foldiers, who patrole in the night ; and, in the day, keep on the har bour, and near the bazar, to prevent dif orders. The women, except a fmall num ber ef the common fort, never appe-ar in the ftreets in the daytime, 'but vifit each ether in tlic eveffing. When they meet any men in the vvav, they ftand clofe up F f asainft MOD MOH •againft the wall to let them pafs. , Their habit is much Hke that of ether women 6f the E. and over all they wear a krge veil of painted calico, fo thin that they can fee through them vvithout being feen. They have alfo little bufkins of Morocco leather : fome of the women . of quality are very handfomc, and not browner than the Spanift women.- This fown carries on a great trade, efpeciafly in coffee ; and the inhabitants are, reckoned at 10,000, without comprehending the poor Arme nians, or the Jews, vyho inhabit the fub urbs. It is feated in a fandy couritry, and there are feveral palm-trees round it, ' which are watered from wells dug for that purpofe. , The fands are fo hot, and the refleftion of them from the fun is fo great, that it impairs the fight of foreigners who gp there fpr trade, unlefs they take a great deal of care. It is feated near the ftraits of Bab-el-Mandel, 500 miles S. of Mecca. Lon. 44. 25. E. lat. 14. o. N. MoDBURY, a town in Devonftire, with a market on Thurfday, well fupplied with cattle and provifions. It is 36 miles S.W. ef Exeter, and 208 W. by S. ef Londori. Modena, an ancient town of Italy, capital of the Modenefe, with a biftop's fee. It is feated between the rivers Sec chia and Panaro, and is a large handfome place, well fortified. There are feyeral. piazzas, a'nd a great number of fountains ; but the ftreets are very narrow. The ca thedral, feyeral ofthe churches, and fome of the monafteries, are handfome ftruc. tures ; aud the ducal palace, though not quite finifted, is richly furnifted, and contains fine paintings. The dtadel is very confiderable, and regular, but has been taken feveral times, particularly by the king of Sardinia in 1742. The inha bitants are faid to be 40,000 i and they make here the b;ft maflcs fer mafquerades in all Italy. It is 22 miles N. W, of Bo. logna, 34 S, of Mantua, and 60 N. by ¦VV, of Florence, Lon. ii. 18. E. lat. 44' 34- N- Moden'Ese. or the territpry pf Mode na, bounded on the W. by the duchy of Parma, Ori the N. by the duchies of Maritua and Mirandola, on the E. by the Bolognefe, and a part of the Ferrarefe, and on the S. by part ef Tufcany s.iid the republic of Lucca. It is about 50 mfles in length, and 40 in breadth ; and the foil is very fertile in corn, vyine,.oIl, andfrpits of different kinds. It alfo feeds a gre.at number of cattle. MoDicA, a town "of Sicily, feated pn a river pf the fame name, 25 miles S. W. pf Syracufe, Lpn, 15.. g. E. kt. 36. 48 JSf. Modon, an ancient, handfome, an3, ff rong town of Greece, in the Morea, vvith a fafe and commodious harbour, and a bi. ftep's fee. It is feated on a promontory, advanced into tlie fea of Sapienza, 1 5 miles frem Coron, and g5 S. W. of Napoli. di- Romania, - Lon, 21, 35, E. lat, 36, 56, N. Modzir, a town of Lithuania, capital of a diftrift of the fame name ; feated en the river Przpeic, iri a fertile and well. cultivated country, Lon. 29. 10, E. kt. 52, 5. N. "¦' Moffat, a town of Scotland, in Dumfriesfcire, feated near the river An nan. It has a manufafture of coarfe woollen ftuffs, but is chiefly fupported by its mineral fprings, vvhich attraft much genteel company. The waters are of a bracbg quality, and accounted the ftrong eft iri Britairi. Moffat is 20 miles N. by E. of Dumfries, ¦¦¦•' Moffat Hills, the higheft moun tains in the S, of Scotlapd, They occupy the northern part of the diftrift of Annan dale, in Dumfriesftire ; and from thefe de fcend, in different direftions, the Tweed, the Clyde, and the Annan, vvhofe fources are l«it little diftance frem each other. MoGADOR, an ifland and, caftle of Africa, In the kingdom of Morocco, near Cape Ozem, There are mines of geld and filver ih one ef the mountains, Len, 9, 55, W. lat, 31. 38. N. MoHATZ, a town of Lovver Hungary, in the county of Baraniwar, feated on the confluence of the Danube and Coraffe, 1 7 miles N. W.'of Effeck. Len. 19. 56. E. lat. 45. 46. N. Mohilla, er Mohilia, one of the Comora iflands, between the N. end of the ifland of Madagafcar, and the continerit of Africa. The irikrid parts are mouutairi- ous and woody, apd there arc villages fcattered here and there, vvhofe houfes are made of reeds and ftraw. The people ar.e blacks, with great heads, large Ups, flat nofes, fcai'p chins, and ftrong hmbs. They ge quite nalced, except only a few leaves. Their fkins are cut and pricked, fe as to make feveral figures en all parts of their bodies. Some of the inhabitants are Mahometans, vvho have a few wretched mofques, built with weed and ftraw with out, and matted neatly within. It produces plenty of prpvifipus- and animals, fnch as buffaloes, goats, tortoifes, hens, large bats, camelions, rice, peafe, "honey , cocoa-nuts, plantains, oranges, lemons, citrons, pincr apples, cucumbers, tamarinds, and fugar- canes. There are feveral fine ftreams, and the grafs .and,, trees are grec,n all the year ; in fcorr, it js a kind of paradife. The cattle M O L M O L tattle here are CaHed buffaloes, becaufe they have a great bunch pn their ftpulders,'. but in Pther refpefts they are npt like thpfe of the E. Indies. Here are a great number of birds, whpfe names are not known in Europe. Lon. 45. o, E, lat, 11, 55. S. '" Mohilef, a government ofthe Ruf. fian empire, cpntaining li diftrifts, part pf Lithuania, difmembered from Poland, by tjie partition treaty of 177I. MoHiLEFF, a populous and well-built town of Lithuania, in the Ruffian govfem- ment of the fame name. It has a cori- fiderable trade, and is feated on the Dnie-^ per, 3 5 miles S. of Ortza, and 57 W. ef Mifciflaff. Lon. 31. 2. E. lat. 53. 30. N. MoissAC, an ancient and rich town of France, in the department of Let and kte province of Querci. It has a great trade in cprn and flpur, and is feated pn the river Tarn, near the Garonne, 13 miles N. W, of Montauban, Lon, i, 17, E. lat. 44. 6. N. MoLA, an ancient town of the king dom pf Naples, feated pn the Gulf pf Ve nice, 14 miles E, pf Bari, Lpn, 17, 26. E. lat. 41. 25. N, Mold, a neat Httle town pf FHntftire, in N, Wales, where the affizes are held. It is five miles S. pf Flint. Moldavia, a province cf Turkey in Eurppe, bounded oh the N, by Ppland, frpm which it is alfp divided pn th'j N. E. by the river Dniefter ; on the E. by New Ruffia; on the S. E. by Beffarabia ; on the S. by Bulgaria, from which it is parted by the Danube ; on the S. W. by VValachia; and on the 'VV. by Tranfylvania and Hun. gary, being 270 miles in length, and 210 in breadth. The principal rivers are the Pruth, Moldau, and Bardalach, The foil is rich, and it abounds in good paftures, - which feed a great number of horfes, oxen, and fteep : it alfo produces corn, pulfe, honey, wax, fruits, vvith plenty of game, fift, and fowls. The inhabitants are Chrif. tians ef the Greek church, and Jaffy is the principal town. The Turks oblige the prince, who is appointed by them, to pay a heavy tribute, and to raife a large bndy of troops, at his own expence, in time of war, * Mole, a mountain of Savoy, which, from its height and fine flopirig peak, is ah objeft of great beauty, wheri feen frem the Lake of Geneva, At the foot of it is the towri" of Bprmeville, 20 miles' S, of Ge. neva,,- Lon. 6." 10. "W. lat. 36. 42. N, Mole, a river in Surry, which runs tinder ground frpm Bpxhill, near Dark. ing, till it appears again near Leather- head, and afterward enters theThames^ between E, and W, Mpulfey. Molfetta, a tpvvn pf the kingdpm of Naples, vvith a biftop's fee ; feated pil the Gulf of Venice, 10 miles N, W, of Bari. Lpp. 16. 52. E. lat. 41. 28. N. Molina, a ftrpng tPwn pf Spain, in Nevv Caftile, feated pn the river GaHp, in a territpry abounding in paftures, 35 miles S. E. pf Siguenza, and 88 E. N. E. -pf Madrid, Lon, i, 53, W, lat, 40,* 50. N. Molise, a territory of Italy, in the kingdpm pf Naples, lying between the Terra-di-Lavgra, Hither Abruzzp, the Capitinata, and the Farther Principatot It is in tha form of a triangle, vvhofe fides are 39 mfles in length; is a mocini tafepus country, but fertile in corn, wine, faffron, and filk. The capital is of the fame name. Molise; a town ef the kingdemof Naples, capital of a territory of the fame name. It is not populous. Its fituation is 50 miles N. of Naples, Lon, 14, 43. E, lat. 41. 36. N. Molen, a ftrong town of Germany, in the circle ef Lower Saxony, arid duchy of Lawenburg. It belongs to the city of Lubec, and is feated ori the rivet Steki- nefs, 12 miles E. of Lawenburg. Lon, 10. 50. E. lat. 53. 38. N. Molsheim, a town ef France, in the department of Lower Rhine arid late pro virice of Alface, feated on the river Bruch, 10 miles from Strafturg. It Is 228 miles E. of Paris. Lon. 7. 35. E. lat., 48. 32 N. Moluccas, or Spice Islands, a clufter of fmail iflands in the Eaftern Ocean, the largeft not more than 30 miles in circumference. The priricipal are Terriate, Amboyna, Tydere, Machian, Motyr, and Bachian. They are fituateei between Gilolo to the E. and Celebes to the VV. They prpduce neither cprp, rice, nor cattle, except goats ; bilt they 'have oranges, lemons, and ether fruits ; and are moft remarkable for fpices, efpe cially cloves. They have large fnakes, which are not yenemous, but very' dan gerous land crocodiles^ The Dutch, who are very ftrong here, keep out all other European nations, being jealous of their fpice trade. They are idolaters ; biit there are many Mahometans. They were difcovered by the Portuguefe in 151 1, who fettled upon the coaft ', but the Dutch drove them away. MoLwiTZ, a town of Silefia, in the province ef Grotflca, remarkable for -a bat tle which the Pruffians gair.ed over the F f 2 ' Auf- MON MOM Aulirians In April 1741. It is 40 miles S. of Breflaw, Lon, 17. 14. E. kt, 50, 23. N. MOMBAZA, or MONBAZA, a town of Africa, in an ifland of the fame name, with a caftle and a fort ; feated on the eaftern coaft, oppofite te the country ef MoNCON, er MoNZON, a ftrong town of Spain, in Arragon. It is feated at the confluence ef the rivers Sofa, and Cinca, fix miles S, of Balbaftro, and 50 N, E. ef Sarsgeffa, Lon, o. 28, E. kt. 42, 2. N. MqNCONTOUR, atown ef Frahce, in Monbaza in Zanguebar, 7P m.iles S. pf the department of' Ille and Vilaine and late prpyince of Brctagne, 39 miles. S. W, ef St, Malo. Lon, 2, 36, E, lat, 48. 15. N, , MoNDEGO, a river of Portugal, which has its fource near Guarda, and, croffing Beira, paffes by Coimbra, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, near a cape of the fame name. Mond ID IE R, an ancient town of Melinda, and fi-ibjeft to Portugal. Lon. 39. 0. E. lat. 2. o. N. MoMBAZA, a cpuntry pf Africa, in Zanguebar, fubjeft tc the Pprtuguefe, whence they expert flaves, - gold, ivory, rice, flefli, arid other provifions, with which they fupply the fettlements in Brafil. The king of this country being a Chrif tian, had a quarrel with the Portuguefe governor, took the caftle by affault, turned France, in the department ef Somme and Mahometan, aud murdered all the Chrif- kte province of Picardy, vvhere the kings tians in 163 1; but in 1729 they became of France formerly had a palace. It is mafters ef this territory again. feated on a mountain, 24 miles S. E. of Mona, an ifland of Denmark, in the Amiens. Lon. 2. 34. W. lat. 49, 39. N. Bakic, feated to the S. W. of the ifle of MoNDoifNEDO, a town of Spain, in Zealand, from which it is feparated by a Galicia, vvith a bifliop's fee ; feated in a narrow channel. Lon. 12. 30. E. lat. 55. fertile country, on a fmall river, 60 miles " - ' "" ¦ 10. W. 20. N. Monaco, a fmall, but handfome town of Italy, capital of a territory of the fame name, with a caftle, a citadel, and a goed harbour. It is very ftrong by riature, being feated on a craggy rock, and has its own prince, under the proteftion ef F" ranee. The rock ftretches out into the fea, and is eight miles W. of Ventimig- ha, and. 12 N. E. ef Nice. Lon. 7. 36. E. lat. 43. 48. N. Monaghan, a ceunty of freland, in the province ef Ulfter, 32 miles in length, and 22 in breadth ; bounded on the N. by N. E. of Compoftella. Lon. 7. lat. 43. 30. N. MoNDOUBLEAU, a tpwn pf France, in the department of Loir and Cher and kte province of Blaifois, with a caftle, rj miles N. of Vendome. Mondovi, a confiderable town of Piedmont, vvith a citadel, a univerfity, and a biftop's fee. It is the largeft and moft populous town in Piedmont, and is feated on a mountain near the river Elero, eight miles N. VV. of Ceve. ard 35 S. E. of Turin. Lon. 8. 6. E. kt. 44. 33. N. Monforte, a tovvn of Portugal, in Tyrone ; on the E. by Armah ; on the S, Beira, 30 miles N. by E. of Portalegre. by Cavan and Louth ; and on the V/. by Lon. 7. 21. W. kt. 3g. 32. N. F'ermanagh. It is full of woods and bogs, and a tlprd part of it taken up by Lough Earne. It contains 24 pariftes, and lends four members to parliament. Monaster, an ancient tovvn of Afri ca, in the .kingdom of Tunis, pleafantly feated near the fea, 70 miles S. E. of Tu nis. Lpn. II. 6. E. kt. 35. 5c. N. Moncallier, a town pf Piedmont, feated pn the river Pp, five miles S. E. pf Turin. Lon. 7. 48. E. lat' 45. 2. N. MoNCALVo, a fmall, but ftrpng tovvn of Italy in Montferrat, feated on a moun tain, 12 miles S. VV. of Caffel. Len, 7.' 19. E. kt. 45. 10. N. Mo.vcAON, er Monzon, a itrong town of Portugal, iu the province of En- tre-Dpurp-e-Minhp, with a ftrong caftle, Thb Spariiai'ets have attempted to take it fev>eral tiipe;, but in vain. It is fe.ted tl^ht miles S. E. of Tuv, and 26 N. of F:ra^a. Lon,-S'. :3.' W.' U. 42, S. N, Monforte, a town ef Portugal, in Alentejo, 20 miles S. of Portalegre. Lon. 7. 31, W. kt. 38. 47. N. '¦* MoNGHiR, a large town of Hin dooftan Proper, vvith Sn old fort. It 'is generally made a ftation for part pf the Englift troops, and is fea.tcd en the Gan ges, no miles E. by S. ef Patna, and 275 N. W. of Calcutta. Lon. 83. 30. E, kt, 25. 15. N. MoNGULS, a pepple who inhabit a country to the N. of China. They are of the fame original as thofe who accom. panied Tamerlane in the conqueft of India, Perfia, and other countries, and caHed ia moft hiftories Moguls, The country is very little known, except that part of it which the caravans pafs through in travel. ling .from Ruffia to China. They .are ge. nerally of a middle fize, but ftrongly made, vvith krge faces,'"flat npfeS, and fheir'eyes b ?.ck and large. Their cppipkxien is tawny. MON MON tawny,- their hair black and coarfe,.lIke herfe-hair, and they cut it clofe to the head, -leaving only a tuft at the top. They have very little beard, and wear large fhirts, and calico drawers. There are tvvo forts of thefe people, vvhofe language, religion, and cuftoms, are very different. Thofe of the E. have fixed habitations, but they have little or no reHgion. Thofe of the W. wear garments of flieep-fkins, vvhich they faften about their loins with leather girdles. Their boots are very large, and they have caps en their heads, bordered vvith fur. The women wear the iame fort ef garments, and are fairer than the men. They dwell in tents, er little moveable houfes, and live entirely on the produce of their cattle, which are horfes, camels, cows, and fteep. They change their commodities fer rice, fugar, tea, tobacio, cotton-cloth, and feveral forts ef houftold utenfils ; they not having the ufe of money. The religion of the Monguk of the "W. is that of Dali-Lami, vvhich is full of ceremoriics, not unhke popery; and they tell their beads as the Papifts de, but they knew nothing of Chrift. MoNHEiM, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, lo miies from Weiffemburg, and eight frem Donavvcrt. Lon. ii. 12. E. lat. 48. 5S. N, MoNiCEDAM, a town pf the United Provinces, in N. Holland, feated on the Zuider.^ce, eight miles N. E, of Am fterdam. Lon. 4. 56. E. lat. 52. 2g. N. Monmouth, the county town of Monmeuthftire, with a market on Sa. turday. It is pleafantly feated at the confluence of the rivcrs'Wye aud Myn- riow, vvhich almoft furround it. It was formerly furrounded with a wall and a ditch, and in the midft of the town is a caftle in ruins. At prefent it contains two parift churches, and tfiat called Monk's church is a very curious ftrufture. Here was born the warlike Henry V. who was called Henry of Monmouth. It is a large and handfome town, carries on agood trade with Briftol by the Wye, fends one mem ber to parliament, and is 21 miles W, pf Gloucefter, and i2« W. by N. ef Lon don. Lon. 2. 46. W. lat. 51. 4g. N. Monmouthshire, a county of .Eng,r land, bounded on the N. by Herefordfhire ; on the E. by Glouceftcrftire ; on the S. E. by the mouth of the Severn, and oh the W. and S. W. by the counties ef Breck nock and Gkrmergan in S. Wales. Its extent from N. to S. is about 24 miles, and frem E. to W. 20, It lies jn the diocefe of Landaff; is divided into fix hundreds ; contains feven market towns, ^nd 127 pariftes j and fends three mem. bers to parliament. The air is temperate 1 and healthy, and the foil fruitful, though mountainous and woody. The hills feed fheep, goats, and horned cattle ; and the vallies produce plenty of grafs and corn. Befide the Wye, which parts it from Gloucefterfliire ; the Mynpow, which fe. parates it from Herefordftiire ; and tljy Rhyney, or Rumney, which divides it , frem Glamorganftire, this county has almoft pecuhar to itfelf the river Vfk, which divides it inte two unequal portions, the eaftern, and largeft part of vvhich is a traft, fertile, in the vvhole, in corn and pafture, and well wooded. It abounds vvith Hmeftone, which is burnt on the fpot fer the general manure of the country. The fmaflcr weftern portion is mountain. 'ous, and, in great part, unfavourable for cultivation ; whence it is devoted to the feeding ef fteep. It has feveral long nar. row vallies, watered by ftreams that fall into the Briftol. Channel. AH the rivers above-mentioned, particularly the Wye and Uflc, abound with fift, efp'cciailv fal-- mon and trput. 'Monmouthfnire -was for- rrierly reckoned one of the counties of Vv^ales ; and, frem the names bf its towns and yillages, its mountainpus rug.!;cj fur face, as well as its fituatipn beyond a - large river, the Wye, which feems to form a natural boundary between Eng land and Wales in this part, it certainly partakes moft of the charafter of the latter countfy, though it is comprehended in the civil divifion ef the former. The gentle. men here generally fpeak Englift, though the common people ufe the Welft lan guage. The man'.ifafture of this co'untry is flannels. Monomotapa, a kingdom of Africa, bounded en the N. by Monemugi, en the E. by Sofak, on the S. by Caffraria, and, > on the W. by unknown regions. It is watered by feveral rivers, of which Zam- bera is the chief. The air is temperate, and the foil fertile in rice and fugar-cines, which laft grow without cultivation. There are a great many oftriches and elephants, vvith feveral mines of gold and filver. The houfes are built of wood, and covered with plafter, but they have very few towns, of which Monomotajia is the chief. The in habitants are negroes, vyho have as many wives as they can get. Their religion is Paganifm; however, they believe in one God that created the -'vorld. The army of the king confifts only of foot, for they have no horfes in the cmniry The Por, tuguefe had a fettlement here in 1560,' but they were all murdered, or forced av/ay foon after. It Hes on the feaftore, in the fouthern part of Africa, betvveen Ff3 41* MON MON 41' and ,56° E, lon. and 15° and 23* of S. lat, '*' MoNOMUGl, a kingdom of Africa, lying near the equator, between Abyffinia on the N, Zanguebar on the E, Monomo tapa en .the S. and Congo on the W. This country js very httle known to the Europeans. MoNOPOLi, an epifcopal townof the kingdom of Naples ; feated on the Gulf of "Venice, 28 miles S. E. of Bari. Lon. 17. 37. E. lat. 41. 2P. N. Mons, an aricierit, large, and rich city of Auftrian Hainault. There is a chapter, cpnfifting pf 30 ladies of diftinftion, who have the liberty of leaving the community when they intend te marry. They have, feveral manufaftures, and a good trade. It was taken by the aflies in 1709, and by the French in July 1746, but reftored by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. It vvas agairi taken by the French, in 1792; aad the Natiorial Converition of France aftuair ly decreed, that this place, and part ef Auftrian Hainault, ftouid be ' united tp their republic, as a department, under the name pf the department pf Gemappe. But this projeft of fraternisation, or con queft, vvas terminated by the expulfion ef their troops in 1793. Moris ftands partly on a hill, and partly on a plain, in a marfty foU, on the rivers Haine and TroiHe, by which the country about it "may be over flowed when they pleafe. It is 17 miles N. E. of Tournay, and 37 W. of Namur. Lon. 4. 3. E. lat. 50. 27. N. Mo.vSANTO, a ftrong frontier tovvn of Spain, in Eftramadura. Len. 6. 20. W. lat. 39. 40. N. MoNSARAZ, a town of PortrigaV-in Alentcjo, 25 miles S. W. of-E'hras. Lon. 7. 32. W. kt. 38. 26. N. Mo;-ISTERBERG, 01" MuNSTERBERG, a town of Lower Silefia, in a province of the fame name, 20 miles N. E. of Glatz, and 27 S.of Breflau. Lon.i7.i6.E.kt.5P.37.N. MoNSTiER. See Moutier. MoNTABo'uR, a fmafl fprtified tpwn pf Germany, in the eleftprate pf Treves, be tween Coblentz and LImpurg. Lon. 7. 50. "E. kt. 50. 30. N. "¦¦' MoNTAGNE, a caftle- ef France, in the department of Dordogne and kte pro vince of Perigord, famous for being the birthplace of the celebrated effayift Men-- tagne. It is 25 miles from Perigueux. MoNTAGNiAC, a confiderable town ef Afia, in Natolia, pn the Sea pf Marmpra. It carries on a great trade, efpecially in fruits, and is feated pn a bay pf the fame name, 12 miles frpm Burfa, and 60 S. E. ef Cpnftantinpple, Lon, 29, 40, E, lat, .^0, JO, Kf. ¦ ' Montague Island, one of the He. brides, in the South Sea, near Sandwich Ifland. Lon, 168. 37. E. kt. 17. 26. S. ¦* MoNTAlGU, a town of France, in the departmerit of Vendee and late prp. yince ef Peitpu,'24 miles W. pf Maulepn, Lpn. 1.30, W, lat, 47, o, N, Mont.Alban, a tovvn of Spain, in Arragon, vvith a ftrong citadel ; feated en the riyer Rip-martin, 44 miles S. pf Sara. gpffa, and/ 92 N. by W. pf Valencia. Lpn. o. 30. W, lat, 41, 9, N. Montalcino, a fmaH, populpus tpwn pf Italy, in Tufcany, and in the territory of Sienna, with a biftop's fee. It is feat» ed en a mountain, 17 miles S. E. of Sien. na, and 44 S. E.;ef Florence. Lon. 11, 30. E. lat. 43, 7. N. MoNTALTO, ari epifcopal tPvvn pf Italy, in the marquifa,te pf Ancona; feat ed on the river Monacio, 10 miles N, ef Afcolii, and 45 S. of Ancona. Lon. 13. 30. E. kt. 42. 54. N. Montargis, a confiderable town of France, in the department of Loiret and late province ef Orleannois. The muftard and cutlery bf this pkce are excellent ; and' from the river Loing is a navigable canal hence to the Seine. Montargis is the birthplace of the celebrated Madam Guyon. It is feated near a fine foreft, 1 5 miles S. of Nempurs, and 62 S. of Paris, Lon. z. 36. E. kt. 48. 1. N. , ¦ Montauban, a handfome and com. mercial town of France, in the depart. - ment of Lot, and lately the epifcopal fee ef the province of Querci. The inhabi tants amount to 40,000 ; and have manu faftures ef filk ftockings and ftufli>, ferges, ftalloons, &c. This town was taken frem the Huguenots in 1629, and the for tifications -vvere demolifted by order of cardinal de Richelieu. It is feated on an' eminence, on the river Tarn, 20 miles N. of Touloufe, and 30 S. of Cahors, Lon. J. £7. E. kt. 43. 56. N. ' ' ¦ Montbazon, a tovvn ef France, in the, department of Indre and Loire and late provirice of Touraine, feated at the feet of a hill, on which is an ancient caftle, 135 miles S. W. of Paris. Lon. o. 45. E, kt. 47. 17. N, 'MontbelliarDj a handfome and ftrong town, capital pf a territory of the fame name, between the department of Doubs and that of Upper Rhine, It is feated at the foot of a rock, on which is a large and ftrong citadel. The prince of Montbelfiard '"has a voice and feat in the college of t'he princes of the empire. It was taken by the French in 1674, whti "demnliflied the fortifications, but it vvas reftored to the prince, Jt is feated near the MON MON the rivers Alaine and Doubs, 33 miles W, of Bafle, and 45 N. E. of Befancjon. Len. 6. 50. E. kt. 47. 31. N. Montblanc, a town of Spain, in Catalpnia, 15 pples N. ef Tarragon, Lon, I. 5. E, Iat. 41. 10. N. Montbrison, a confiderable town pf France, in the department cf Rhpne and Loire and late province of Fprez, feated on the river Veziie, 40 miles W. of Vi- enne, and 250 E. .by E. of Paris. Lon. 4. 27, E, kt, 45. 32. N. Mont-Cassino, a mountain, in the kingdom of Naples, on the top of vvhich is a celebrated Benediftine abbey. Lon. 13. 44. E. lat. 41. 39. N. , Mont-Dauphin, a town ef France, in the dcparment ef Upper Alps and kte province of Dauphiny, eight miles from Embrun, feated on a craggy mountain, almoft furrounded by the river Durance. ,Lon. 6. 45. E. kt. 44. 40. N. MoNTECCHio, a confiderable tovvn ef Italy, in the ducKy of Reggie, 10 miles S. E. of Parma, and eight N. VV. of Reggie. Lon. 15, 54. E. kt. 3^8. 8. N. Monte-Falco, a town of Italy, in the territory ofthe Church, and, duchy of Spaktte ; feated on a mountain, near the river Clifunno, 12 miles W. of Spaktte. Lon. 12. 40. E. lat. 42. 58. N, Monte-Falcone, a tPwn of Italy, in Friuli, with a caftle. It belongs te the Venetians, and is near the river Ponzano, 10 miles N, W. ef Aquilei'a, and 12 N. W. ef Triefte. Lon. 13. o. E.lat. 46, 4-N. MoNTE-FiASCONE, a fmall but po pulous- tpwn of Italy, in the territory of the Church, with a biftop's fee ; feated on a mouiitain, near the 1, ke Bblfena, in a country abounding vvith excellent wine, 12 miles S. W. ef Orvieto, and 45 N. "VV. of Rome. Len. 12. 4. E. kt. 42. 26. N. Montelimar, a town of France, in the department of Drome and late pro.. pince of Dauphiny, wifh an ancient cita- del. Its inhabitants, in the 16th century, were the firft to' embrace the reformed religion. It is a populous trading pkce, and feated in a fertile plain, 2 5 miles S. of Valence, and 325 S. by E. of Paris, Len, 4. 1:5, E. kt. 44. 33. N. Monte-Marano, a populous tovvn of the kingdom of Naples, feated on the river Calore, i8 miles S. of Benevento, Lon, 15. ej, E, lat, 40, 48, N, MoNTE-MOX-o-Novo, or Mon- te.major-el-Novo, a confiderable fown ef Portugal, en the road from Lif. ben to Badajoz, Lon,, 9, 35, W. lat. 38, Monte-mor-o-Velho, or Mon- TE-major-el-Velho, a fown of Por tugal, in Beira, vvith a large caftle ; feated in a fertile country, 10 miles S. VV. of Cpimbra, and S3 N. pf Lifton. Lon. 8, 9. W. kt. 40. 5. N. Monte-Peloso, an epifcopal to'.vn of the kingdom of Naples ; feated on a mouniain near tho river Bafiento, 14 miles E. of Cirenza. Lon. 16. 2?. E. kt. 40. 46. N. MoNTE-PuLsiANo, a town of Italy, in Tufcany, vvith a bilhop's fee; feated ou a high mountain, near the river Chiana, in a country noted- for excellent wine, 25 miles S. E. of Sienna, and 50 S. by E. of Florence. Lon. 11. 49, E, kt, .. 43. 10. N. MoNTESA, a ftrong town qf Spain, in Valentia. It is the feat ef an order of knighthood ofthe fame name; and is five miles From Xativa. Lqn. o. 10. W. kt. 39. o. N. Monte-Sancto. formerly called ' Mount-Athos, a mountain of Turkey in Europe, on the Gulf of Conteffa. It is called Monte-Sanfto, or the Holy Mount, becaufe there are 22 monafteries thereon, in which are 4000 monks, who never fuf fer a woman to come near them. It is 17 miles S. of Salonichi, Lon, 24, 39, E. kt. 40. 27. N. Monte-Verde, a town ofthe king dom of Naples, with a biftop's fee, . 60 miles E. of Naples. Len. 15. 42. E. lat. 40. 5I-N. Montferrat, a duchy of Italy, bounded pn the -E. by the Milanefe and part pf the territory of Genoa ; en the N. by the Vercellefe and Canavcfe ; en the VV. by Piedmont properly fo called ; and en the S. by the territory ef Genoa, whence it is feparated by the Appennine mountains. It contains 200 towns and caftks, is very fertile and well cuhivated, abounding in corn, wine, oil, and filk, and belongs, te the king of Sardinia. Cafal is the capita!. Montfort, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oife and late province of the Ifle of France. Of this place vvas Simon dc Montfort, who made the cruel war againft the Albigenfes, about the year 1200. It is 16 miles 'W. ef Verfailles. Lon. 2. 50. E, lat, 48. 45' N. Montfort, a town of France, in the department of Ille and Vilaine and late province of Bretagne, 12 miles W. of Rennes. Lon. i. 58. W. lat. 48. 8. N. Montfort, a handfpme and ftrong town of the province of Utrecht, ip the Vn^ted Provinces, with an ancient caftle ; F f 4 featyi MON MON feated on the river YffeL feven mile S. by E. ef Utrecht. Len. 5, 0. E, Iat, 52, 4-N. . Montfort, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, on the confines of Tirol, 16 miles S. of Lindau and the lake Cpnftance. It is capital of a country ef the fame nanne, which has been almoft all purchafed by the Houfe of Auftria. Lpn. 9. 51. E. kt. 47. 22. N. Montfojct-de-Lemos, an ancipnt town of Spain, in Galicia, with a magni ficent qaftle, vvhere the Comarca of Le- mps refides. It is feated in a fertile coun try, "25 miles N. E. pf Orenfa and 55 S. E. of Compoftefla, Lon. 7. 9. W. kt. 42. 28. N. Montgatz, a town of Lovver Hun gary, in the county of Pereczas, vvith a 'fortrefs comppfed of three caftles, feated on a craggy rock. It is encompaffed by a great morafs, and art and nature have ren dered it almoft impregnable. It was de fended by the princefs Ragotflcy, wife of count Tekeli, when befieged by an army of the Imperialifts, who vvere pbliged to raife the fiege in 16SS. Montgomery, the county tovvn of Montgomeryihire, vvith a market on Tuef day. It'is a fmall neat town, without trade; is pleafantly feated en the afcent of a hill ; and had ence a tower and a caftle, which were demolifted in the civil wars. It fends one member to parhament, and is 26 miles S. W. by VV. of Hereford, and- 161 N. W. of London. Lon. 3. 5. W. kt. 52. 26. N. Montgomeryshire, acounty of N. Wales, hounded on the N. by Merione'ch- fhire and Denbighfhire ; on the N. E. and E. by Shropftire ; on the S. by Rad- nerftire ; on the S. W . by Cardiganftire ; and on the W. by part ef Merioneth fliire. It extends 36 mfles from N. to S. and ncarlv the fame from E. to W. containing five market towns and 47 pariftes, and fending r.vo.' members to parliament. Though barren and mountainous iriimany parts, it has_a greater mixture of fertile vale and plain than feveral of the Welft counties. Its riches proceed from its fheep and wool, the hilly trafts being al moft entirely ft.ecpwalks ; and the flecks, like thnfe of Spain, are driven from diftant parts to feed pn them during the fummer. This county alfo affords mine ral treaf'.ircs, particularly lead ; and it abounds with flate and Hme ; but there is pp ccal. Its principal rivers are the Sc- - vern, Vymew, and Tannat, which are remarkable for their great variety cf fift, asd fer fatmftn in particular. M0NTIVILLIEE.S, a town of France, in the department pf Lower Seine Sttd kte prpvince cf Nprmandy, g5 miles N. "W. pf Paris. Lpn. u. 20. "VV, lat, 49, 35.N. Mont-Louis, a fmaU town of Frarice, in the department of the Eaftern Py. renees, with a regular fortrefs, on a reck, at the foot ef the Pyrenees, built in 1680, by Lewis .XIV. for the proteftion ef th? frontiers. It is 430 miles S. of Paris. Len, 2. 5. E. kt. 42. 30. N. MoNT-LuET, a town of France, in the department ef Ain and kte province of Breffe, feated on the river Seraine, 1 2 miles N. E. of Lyons, and 205 S. E, pf Paris. Lpn. j. 8. E. lat. 45. 49. N. Mont-Luzon, pr MoNT-Lu^o.y, a tPwn pf France, in the department pf AUier and late province of Bpurbpnnpis ; feated pn the river Cher, 3 5 miles S. W. pf Mpulins, and 150 S. pf Paris. Lpn. a. 45. E. kt. 46. 22. N. MoNTMEDi, a fmall but ftrpng tpwn pf France, In the department pf Meufe and late duchy cf Bar, feated on the river Chier, which divides it into the upper and lower town. It is 22 miles S, E. of Sedan, 27 S. W. of Luxemburg, and 135 N. E. of Paris. Lon. 5. 23. E. lat. 49, 32- N. Montmelian, formerly aftrongtown of Savoy, vvith a good caftle ; but being taken by the French in 1705, they demo hfted the fortifications. It is 27 miles N, E. ef Grenoble, and eight S. E. of Cham berry. Lon. 6. 15. E. kt. 45. 30. N, Montmorenci, a tovvn of France, remiarkable for the tombs of the ancient dukes of Montmorenci, It is feated upon a hill feven miles from St. Denis, and 10 from Paris, Lon, 2, 24, E, lat, 48. 59- N, - '¦" MoNT-MoRiLLON, a fmall town of France, in the department of Vienne and kte province of Dauphiny ; feated on the Gartemp, pver which is a handfpme bridge. It is 24 miles S. E. of Poitiers. Montpellier, one of the largeft, richeft, and moft beautiful cities of France, in the department ef Herault and late province of Languedoc, vvith a citadel; a biftop's fee ; a univerfity, in vvhich is a celebrated fchool of medicine ; a late royal botanic garden, the firft eftabliflied in Eu rope ; a late royal cathedral was ruined by the Huguenots, but has beeri partly rebuilt. The diurch of Notre Dame, ene ef the three parilh-churches, is remarkable for its* hi.f;h fteeple, high altar, and diapel of the "Virgin. The townhoufe is remark able for its halls, which are embeUifted with fine paintings. The number of in habitants is computed at 32,000, The trade M 0,N MON trade of Montpellier confifts in filks, blan kets, cotton goods, printed calicoes, gauzes, hides, Hquors univerfally efteemed, per fumed waters, hair powder, and verdi- grife. The air is extremely healthy, and a great number ef perfons flock hither, frem all parts, to recover theit health. MontpeUIer is five miles from the Medi terranean, near the Lez, a fmall navigable river, upon a hill, and en the rivulet of Merdanfon, which is conveyed into differ ent parts of the city by fubterraneous ca nals. It is 27 miles S. W. of Nifmes, 47 N. E. ef Narbonne, and 180 S. by W. ef Paris. Len. 3. 58. E. lat. 43. 37. N. MoNTPENSiER, a town of France, in the department ef Puy de Dome and late province of Auvergne, feated on a hill, 20 miles N. E. ef Clermont, and 210 S, E, of Paris, Len, 3, 14, E, lat, 46, 4. N, Mont-Real, a town pf Spain, in Arragon, with a caftle ; feated pu the river Xilpca, 2 5 miles N, W, pf Tervil, and 40 S. E. of Gaktaiud, Lpu, i. 2. W, lat. 41. 9. N. Montreal, an Ifle of N. America, in the river of St. Lawrence, about 28 miles in length, and 10 in breadth. The foil lis very fertile, and the air wholefome. It was furrendered by the French, in 1760, to the Englifli, by a capitulation, by which all Canada was likewife ceded. It has a town of the fame name, is pretty vvell for- tified, with wide open ftreets, and built on the fide of the river, whence there is a gradual eafy afcent to what is called the Upper- Town. It has fuffered much by fires fince it has been in the poffeffion ef the Englift, It is now the capital of the province ef Upper Canada, It is 120 miles S. W, of Quebec, and no N. of Albany. Lon. 71. 20. W. lat. 45. 55. E. Mont-Real, a town of Italy, in SI. cily, in the valley of Mazara, with an archbiftop's fee ; feated on a rivulet, five miles W. ef Palermo, and 50 N. E. ef Mazara. .Len. 13. 31. E. kt. 38. 14. N. Mont-Real, or Mount-Royal, a fortrefs of Germany, in the circle of the Lovver Rhine, and eieftorate ef Triers ; feated on the river Mofelle, 22 miles N. E. of Triers. Lon. 7. 6. E. kt. 49. 59- N- .Montreuil, a ftrong town of France, in the department ef the Straits of Calais find late province cf Picardy, feated en a hill near the river Canche, It has a caftle ; and is 10 miles N. VV, ef Hefdin, fmd 117 N, of Paris, Lon, i. 52. E, lat. Montretjilj-Bellay, a tpwn of France, in the department pf Maine and Loire and kte prpvince pf Anjou ; f"eated en the river Touet, 12 miles from Sau mur, and 1 55 from Paris, Lon, o. 9, W. lat. 47. 6. N. ''' MoNTRiCHARD, a fmall town, of France, in the department of Loir andClier arid late prevince of Blafois, feated near the Cher, with a caftle built in leio. It is 12 miles S. E. of Amboif'c, and 112 S. W. ef Paris. Lon. 1. 22. E. kt. 47. 22. N. Mont ROSE, a borough of Scotland, in Angusftire, near the eftuary ofthe river- South Eflc. Over this river, a new bridge has been lately erefted. At high water, the town is almoft furrounded by the fea. The harbour is a fine femicircular bafin, vvith a handfpme ftone pier. A great number pf trading veffels belong to this port. The buildings are neat, and many ef them in the modern tafte. The moft remarkable are the townhoufe, the church, and an elegant epifcopal chapel. A great quantity of malt is made here ; and there are confiderable manufaftures of fail-cloth, Hnen, and thread. The falmon fifteries on the N. and S. Eflc form a valua'Dle branch ef commerce. Montrofe is 4S miles N. E. of Edinburgh. Lon. 2. 3 2. W. kt. 56. 40. N. MoNTSAUjEON, a town qf France, in the department of Upper Marne and kte province of Champagne, 15 miles from Langres, and 145 from Parisl- Lon. 5. 16. E. kt. 47. 36. N. Montserrat, a high mountain of Spain, in Catalonia, on which is a famous monaftery and chapel, dedicated to tho Virgin, vvhofe image is faid to perform many miracles ; fb that numbers of pil grims refort hither. It is inhabited by mor.ks of feveral nations, who entertain all that come out of devotion, or curiofity, for three days, gratis. This mountain is faid to be 10 miles in circumference, and five high, from the top of-which is a view of the country to the diftance of 150 miles. It is 25 miles N. W. of Barcelona. Lon, i. 26. E. kt. 41. 40. N. Montserrat, an ifland in the Weft Indies, difcovered, in 1493, by Columbus, and fo named by him from its refemblance to the mountain m'entioned in the preced ing article. It is about nine miles in length, and as much ia breadth ; and the mountains are covered vvith cedar, and other trees'. It belongs to the Englifh, and is 3Q miles S. W, ef Antigua, Lon. il. 34. W, Iat, 16, 54. N. 'Mont St. Andre, a tovvn of Auftrian Brabant, M O R M O R Brabant, tvvp miles N. of Ramillies, and II N. pf Namur. Lon. 4. 5P. E. kt. 50. 40. N. ' Mont St. Michael, a ftrorig towri of France, in the department of the Chan nel and kte province of Normaneiy, built en 3 rock in the fea, vvhich is afcended at low water. Its late Benediftine abbey ferved at once for a caftle of defence and 2 ftate prifon, and was much frequented, moreover, by pilgrims. The prior of the abbey was gpvernpr pf the tPwn, and the keys were brought tp him every evening. This place gave name tp the late military order pf St. Michael, founded by Lewis XI. in 1479. It is 10 miles S. W. pf Avranches, and 180 W. pf Paris. Lon. J. 3P. V/. lat. 48. 37. N. Mo.vzA, a tpwn of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, f'eated on the river Lambro, eight miles N. E. of Milan, and 20 S. W. of Bergamo, Lph, 9, 20. E. lat, 45, * MooRSHEDAB AD, a large ilt-built city pf Hindppftan Proper, the capital pf Bengal befpre the eftablilhment pf the Enghft power. It is feated on the weft ern arm of the Ganges, 120 miles N. of Calcutta. Lon. 88. 28. E. lat. 24.' 15. N. , Mora, a town of Spain, in New Caf tile, 18 miles S. E. of Toledo. Lon. 3. 4. W. kt. 39. 36. N. Mor.akt, Point, the moft eafterly promontory of Jamaica. Lon. 75. 56. W. kt. 17. 56. N. Morat, a rich, trading, and confider able town of Svvifferland, capital of a bailiwick of the fame name, belonging to the cantons of Bern and Friburg, with a caftle, where the baihff refides. Morat is celebrated for the' obftinate fiege it fuf tained againft Charles the Bold, duke, of Burgundy, which vvas followed by the battle 'of Morat, fought June 22, 1476, in which the duke vvas routed, and his army almoft entirely deftroyed, 10 miles W. ef Bern, and 10 N. E. of Friburg. Lon, 6, 53. E. lat. 46. 52. N. "* Morat, a lake of Swifferland, in the bailiwick of the fame name. It is fix miles long, and t->vo broad, in a weU-cnl- tivated country, lying parallel with the Lake of Neuchatel, from which it is fe parated by a ridge of hills, and into vvhich it empties itfelf by means ef the riv'er Broye. Moravia, the marquifate of, a pro vince annexed to the' kingdom ef Bohemia, and bounded on theN. by Bohemia and Silefia, en the E. by Mount Krapack, and en the S, by Hungary and Auftria, It is a mountainous country, watered by a great t number of rivers and brooks. It takes its name frem the river Morava, or Moraw, vvhich runs through it ; is very fertile and populous ; and hence the feft ef Chrifti- ans, called Moravians, take their name, their deftrines having been firft broacheel here, Olmutz was the capital town, but now Brinn claims that honour. MoRAW, er Morava, a krge river of Germany, vvhich has its fource on the cpnfines pf Bphemia and Silefia, It croffes all Moravia, vvhere it waters Ol mutz and Hradifch, and receiving the Tay a from the confines' of Lower Hunga- ry and Upper Auftria, feparates thefe two countries as far as the Danube, into which it faHs. MoRAVE, a river of Turkey in Eu. rope, vvhich rifes in Bulgaria, runs N. through Servia by Niffa, and falls iritP the ' Danube at Semendria, tP the E, pf Bel- . grade. Morbach, pr Mur BACH, a tpwn pf France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late prevince of Alface, 42 miles S. E. of Strafturg. Len. 8, 25. E. kc. 48. o. N. Morbegno, a handfome town of rhe country of the Grifons, in the Valteline, where the governor and the regency re fide. It is the handfomeft and moft com mercial town in the Valteline, feated en the river Adda, 12 mike S. E. of Chiaven na, and 20 N. E. pf Leccp. Lpir. 9. 31. E. lat. 46. 10. N. '•'' Morbihan, adepartment pf France, including part pf the late province of Bre tagne. Vannes is the capital of this de partment, which takes its name from a fmall bay between that town and the ifland of Belleifle. Its entrance is narrow ; but it expands within, and contains about 30 little iflands. MoRE.-i, formerly called Pelopon nesus, a peninfula on the fouthern part of Greece, to which it is j-.ined by the Ift'amus of Cprinth, lying between the Gulfs pf Lepantp and Engia. It is 180 miles in length, and 130 in breadth. The air is temperate, and the foil fertile, ex cepting the middle, where there are many mountains. It is watered by feveral ri vers, of which the Alpheus, the Vafili- Potamo, and the Stromio, are the chief. It is divided into three large provinces. The fangiack ef the Morea reficles at Mo- dpn. It vvas taken by the Venetians frpm, the Turks in 1 687, but they Ipft it again in 1715. MoRELLA, a town of Spain, in Va lencia, feated on the frontiers of Arragop, among high mountains. It was almoft deftroyed M O R M O R deftroyed in 1705, by the army ef Phi lip V. Moresby, a harbour, a little above Whitehaven, in Cumberland ; in and about vvhich many, remains of antiquity have been dug up, fuch as altars and ftones, with infcriptip'ns pn them : and feveral caverns have been fpund, called Pift's Holes. Here is fuppofed tp have been a Rpman fprtificatipn. Moret, an ancient tpwn pf France, in the department of the Ifle ef France, vvith a caftle ; feated on 'the river Loire, 35 mile's S. E. ef Paris. Len. 2. 52. E. kt. 48. 25.N. MoRETON, a large town of Devon fhire, with a noted market for yarn en Saturday, feated on a hill, near Dartm.oor, is'14 mfles S. W. ef Exeter,. and i:;5 W. by S. ef London, Lon 3. 46. W. lat. 50. 39' 'N. ' MoRETON, a town in Gloucefterfliire, whofe warket is difufed ; feated on the Foffeway, 29 miles E. S. E. of Worcefter, and 83''VV. N. W. of London. Lon. i. 36. W. lat. 52. o. N. MoicGEs, a handfome and, rich town of Swi.ffcrknd, in the canton of Bern, and ^ capital of a bailiwick, with a caftle where the bailiff refides. It is a place of fome trade on account of a canal, from which they tranfport merchandife from the lake of Geneva to other parts. There is a fine p'rofpeft from it, and it is feated on a beautiful bay ef the lake of Geneva, five miles from La'ufanne. Lon. 6. 42. E. kt. 46. 29. N. Morh.vnge, a town of France, in the department of MofeHe and late province of Lorrain, 24 miles N. E. ef Nanci, and ,200 E.of Paris. Lon. 6. 42. E.lat. 48. 51. N. Morlachia, a mountainous country of Dalmatia, the ihhabitants of which are called Morlacks, er Morlacchi. They in habit the pleafant vallies of ICoter, along the rivers Kerha, Cettina, Narenta, anel among the inknd mountains of Dalma- ria. They are faid, by fomar te be of Wakchian extraftion ; but this is denied by abbe Fortis, who thinks their origin involved in the darknefs of barbarous ages. The inhabitants ofthe feacoaft of Dalma. tia tell many frightful ftories of their ava-. rice and cruelty ; but thefe, M. Fortis thinks, are all either of an ancient date, or, if any have happened in latter rimes, ,ihey ought rather to be afcribed to the corruption of a few individuals, thai^ tothe bad difpofition of the nation in general. Indeed, amorig variety of curious particu lars refpefting their manners and cuftoms he prefents fome very pleafing traits ef charafter. " Friendfhip," he fays; " is kft'mg among the Morlacchi, They Have even made it a kind ef religious point, ani tie the facred bend at the foot ef the altar. The Sclavonian ritual contains a panicu. kr benediftion, fer the folemn union of two male or two female friends, in the pre fence of the congregation. He wjis pre fent at the union of two young women, vvho were made Pofeflre in the church of Ptrufficli. The fatisfaftion tliat fparkled in their eyes, when the ceremony was performed, gave a convincing proof, that dehcacy of fentiments can lodge in minds not fprmed, pr rather not corrupted, by fociety, which we call civilized. The male friends thus united, are called i'oira- timi, and the females Pofejlreme, which mean half-brothers and half- fifters, Friendftips between thofe of different fexes, are not bqund vvith fp much felem- nity, though perhaps in more ancient and innocent ages it vvas alfb the cuftom. From thefe confecrated friend.ftips amoi^ the Morlacchi, and other nations of the fame origin, it ftouid feem, that the fworn brothers arofe, a. denomination frequent enough among the common people in ma. ny parts of Europe. If dilcord happens to arife between twp friends, among the Morlacchi, it is talked ef over all the coun. try as a fcandaleus novelty ; and there have been fo.'pe examples of it of late years, to the great affliftion of the old Morlacchi, who attribute the depravity pf their countrymen to their Intercourfe vvith the Italians, Wine and ftrong liquors, of vvhich the nation is beginning to maice daily abufe, after our example, wifl, of courfe, produce the fame bad effefts as amonp, us." , Morlaix, a confiderable feaport of France, in the- department of Finifterre and late province of Brctagne, with a caftle and a tide harbour. The church of Notre-Dam.e Is a fingular ftrufture, and the hofpital very iiandforac ; the, inha,, bitants carry on a confiderable trade, in Hnen, hemp, and tobacco. It is feated on a river of the fame name, 30 miks N. E, of Breft, and 45 W. ef St. Brieux. Lon. 3. 46. W. kt. 48. 33. N. Morocco, an empire of Africa, com prehending a confiderable part of the an cient Mauritania, lying betv.ccn 28° and 360 N. kt.. and bounded on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the E. by the ri ver Mulvya, vvhich feparates it from Al giers ; on the N. by the Mediterranean ; and en the S. by Mount Atlas, or rather by the river Suz, which divides it from the kingdom of Tafiletz. Its greateft length, from N. E. to S. W. being above 590 miles; and, where wideft, not more than M O R M O R than -260 bread. The territories of Mo rocco are formed by the union of feveral fhaaU kingdoms, anciently limited to a fin gle province, and perpetually at variance with each ether, till, at kft, they vvere all fubdued, and united under one fovereign, by the iharifs. The S. part ef the em pire coritains the kingdoms of Suz, Taru. dant, Tvlorocco Proper, Tafiletz, and Su- g.ulipeffa, and the N.^ part thofe of Fez, Mequinez, and Tremeceri ; but the latter having bee.1 conquered by the Turks of Algiers, is now a part of that regency. The air of this cpuntry is very pure,' and pretty temperate, efpecially to the N. ef mount Atlas. The foil, thbugli fandy and dry in fofne places is fertile in others ; and the fruits, as well as the paftures, ate ex cellent, blit the country is not properly cultivated. The inhabitants are Maho. metans, of a fawny complexion, robuft, and very fkilful in managing a horfe, and Hi'ieldiiig a lance. However, they are un- pdHflied, jealou'-, fliamelefs liars, fuper ftitious hvpocrites, cheats, and of a cruel difpofition. There are tvvo forts of inha bitants ; the Arabs, vvho dwell in moveable villages, compofeel of abeiit 100 teut=, and the Bereberies, who are the apciept inha bitants, and dwell in cities and towns. There are a great number of Chriftian flavcs, and feme merchants, upon the coafts, liefide a multitude of Jews, who carry en almoft all the trade ; efpecially by land with the Negroes, to vvhom they fend krge caravans, who travel over vaft deferts, almoft deftitute of water. They carry vvith them woollen manufaftures, filk, fait, &:c. and, in return, have flaves, gold, and elephants teeth. Out of the ilavcs the emperor recruits his cavalry. They alio fend large caravans to Mecca e-yery year, partly out of devotion, and partly for trade, confifting of f"everal thou- I'ind camels, horfes, and mules. Their commodities are woollen manufaftures, Morocco leather, indigo, cochineal, and oftrich feathers ; in return for vvhich they have filks, muflini, cahcics, 'coffee, and drugs. In the deferts arc lions, tig'rs, leopards, and ferpents of feveral kinds. The fruits are dates, figs, almonds, lemons, oranties, pomegra'iatcs, and many others. They have alfo flax and hemp, but little tirabir. The naval force confifts chiefly of rovers, vvho no'.',/ and then take krge prraes, efpecially thofe belonging to Sal- lee. "The emperor is abfoku-c, his wifl be- ing' a law, and he often exercifes great cruelties. His ufual taxe? are, ene tenth ol the goods of his Mahometan fubjefts, and fix crowns a year of the Jews; but the emperor ofcep breaks through '-i'.efc rules, and feizes what he pleafes. He caa bring 100,000 men into the field, half of vvhich are foot and half horfe,. but they are poorly armed, and know little of the art of war, Morocco, the capital of the kingdom ef Morbcco ; feated in a beautiful valley, formed by a chain of mountains on the N, fide, and thefp ef the Atlas, from vvhich it is diftant about 20 miles, on the S. and E. Though one of the capitals of the empire (for there are three, Morocco, Mequinex, and Fez) it has nothing to re commend it but its great extent, and the royal palace. It is inclofed by remarks. ably ftrong walls, built of tabby ; the cir- cumference of vvhich is about eight miles : they are flanked by fquare towers, and furrounded by a wide and "deep ditch. The mofques are more numerous than magnificent,- The ftreets are narrow, dirty, and irregular, and many of the houfes uninhabited and falling to ruin. Thefe which are decent, are built of tabby, and inclpfed in gardens ; hut the generality pf them ferve pnly to imprefs the traveller vvith the idea of a miferable and deferted city. As polygamy is al. lowed here, and is fuppofed, infome de gree, to affeft' population, it would be dif. ficult to form any computation, near thp truth, vvith refpeft to the number ef the inhabitants. The Jews, who are pretty numerous here, have a feparate town, walled in, and under the charge of an al. cade, appointed by the emperor. It has two gates, vvhich are regularly ftut every evening at nine o'clock, after which no perfon can enter or depart, till they are opened the next morning. They have s, market ef their own ; and when theyt.en. ter the Mporifli tovvn, market, or palace, they are compelled to be barefooted, Morocco is 90 miles E. of Mogodore, and about 400 S. of.GIbraltar. Len. 6. 45. W, lat. 31. 12. N. Moron, a town of Spain, m Anda. lufia, in fl^ neighbourhood of which is a mine of precious ftones. It is 30 mfles S.E. of Seville. Lon. 5. lo. W.lat. 37. 10. N. MoROTOi, one of the Sandwich Ifles, about feven miles to the VV. N. VV. of M'jwce. Yams are its princiiaal produce ; yet it has but Httle wood. The coaft on the fouthern and weftern fides ef the ifland, forms feveral bays, which promife a tolerable ftelter from the trade-wirids, -•Lon. 117. 14. W. Iat. 21. 10. N. Morpeth, a borough of Nerthum^ befknd, vvith a market on Wednefday. It is feated on a river called Caipin,a9 Water, and has a caftle ftill ftanding. The market is very large for corn, -cattle, and provi. fions. M O S M O S fions. If is 28 miles N. of Durham, and- 2S7 N. By W. of London. Lon. i. 28. W. Iat. 55. 15.N. M0B.T-AGNE, a town of France, in the departmerit of Orne and late province of Perchc, well known for its ferges and tan neries. It is 19 miles E. of Seez,' and 70 W. of Paris. Lon. o. 40. E. Iat. 48. 33- N. MoRTAGNE, a town ef France, in the department of the North and late province of French Flanders, feated at the conflu ence of the rivers Scarpe. and Scheld, eight miles S. E. of Tournay. Lon. 3, 30. E. kt. 50. 29. N. MoRTAlN,.a tpwn of France, in the department of the Channel and late pro- vince of Normandy, feated en the rivulet Lances, almoft furrounded by craggy rocks, 20 miles E. pf Avranches. Lpn. o. 54. W. lat. 48. 37. N. Mortar A, a ftrpng tpwn pf Italy, in the duchy pf Milan, fubjeft tP the king of Sardinia ; 15 mfles N. E.of Cafal, and 22 S. .W. of Milan, Lori, 8, 40, E. lat. 45. 22, N. MoRTLAKE, avillage in Surry, feated on ,tlie river Thames, fix miles W. pf Londpn. Great part pf this parift is in. clofed in Richmond Park ; and his majefty has a farm here of So acres iri his ewn oc cupation, and in excellent cultivation. * MoRTLiCH, a village ef Banffft.ire, in Scotland, fix miles S. VV. of Keith. Here Malcolm II. in 1004, founded a biftopric, in memory of a fignal .viftory vvhich he gained here ever the Danes. This biftopric was tranflated to Aber deen by David I. MoRVEDRO, an ancient town of . Sj^in, in Valencia, built ori the. fite of the anciont Saguntura. The, ruins of a Ro man amphitheatre are te be feen here. It is feated en a river ef the fame name, 15 miles N. of Valencia. Lon. o. 10. E. lat, 39. 38. N, '*¦ MoRVEN, a diftrift of Argyleftire, in Scotland, Its mouritains are celebrated in the fengs of Olfian, as the country ef Fingal, MpSA, a town of Afia, in Arabia Fe lix, 25 miles N, E, ef Mocha, which fup plies it with fowls and fruits. MosAMBicyjE, a kingdom of Africa, on the ccaft of Zan.guebar, confifting of three iflands, the principal of vvhich is of the fame name. MosAMBlejUE, the capital of an ifland of the fame name, en the E. coaft of Africa. This ifland is not more than three -miles in length, and lialf as much in breadth, and is about tvvo miles from the eontinent. Jt vvas feized by the Portu guefe in I4g7, and they have kept ppf- lelfien of it ever fince. The town is krge,- handfome, rich, and vyeH-fortified, having a ftrong citadel te defend the harbour. It is the fame to the Portuguefe as the Cape of Goed Hope is to the Dutch ; for which reafon there is generally a good garrifon; but the Portuguefe governor is changed every three years. They have built feveral churches and monafteries, and they trade with the natives for gold, elephants teeth, and flaves. Their fhips always cafl here in going to the E. Indies ; and tho harbour is fe commodious, that whole fleets may anchor hero, and refit their veffeh, as wefl as provide them!"elves with all neceffaries; and' they have a large hofpital fer fick failors. Lon. 40. 10. E. kt. 15. 5. S. '* MosAMfiiQUE,' a ftrait or channel, inthe Indian Ocean, lying between theE. coaft ef Africa and the ifland ef Madagaf. car, and between 11° and 25° S. kt. MosBACH, a handfomc tovvn of Ger many, in the palatinate of the Rhine, vvith an elegant caftle ; feated on the river Neckar, 26 miles E. of Heidelburg. Lon. g. 21. E. kt. 49. 28. N. MosBURG, a town of Gerinany, ip Bavaria, feated at the confluence of the rivers Ifcr and Ambert, nine miles W. of Landftut. Lon. 11. 55. E. lat 48. 30. N. MoscovY. See "Russia. Moscow, ene of the moft ancient and confpit;ueus provinces of Ruffia, formerly a duchy, but now one of the 41 govern- ments of that vaft empire ; bounded on the N. by the government of Tveer, on the E. by that ef Great Volodimir, en the S. by the governments of Kaluga and Re. fan, and on the W. by thefe of Tweer and Smolenflce. Its capital is of .the fame name. Moscow, a krge dty of the Ruflian empire, Snd capital of the government ef Mofcow, and formerly of the vvhole em- pire. It may be confidered as a tovvn built upon the Afiatic model, but gra dually becoming more and more Euro- pean ; exhibiting, in -its prefent ftate, a motley mixture of difcordant architefture. It is diftributed inte the following divi. fions. I. Kremlin, vvhich is in the central and higheft pare of the city, furrounded by high walls of ftone and brick', two miles in circumference. This dlviuon is not deformed by wooden houfes. It con. tains the ancient palace ef the czars, feve ral churches, two convents, the patriar. cha! palace, and the arfenal now in rui.ns. 2. The Khitaigored, which is mu^h larger than the Kremlin : it cpntains the uni verfity, the printiiig.-houfe,- and .mny other M O S M O S •ther public . buildings, vvith all the tradf""emcns fnops. The houfes are moft ly ftuccoed or white-wafted; and it has the only ftreet in Mofcow in which the houfes ftand clofe to each other, without any interval betweeri them. 3. The Biel- gprpd, or White Town', which runs round the tvvo preceding divifions : it takes its name from a vvhite wall, by which it was formerly furrounded. 4. Semlainegored, which envirbus all the other three quar ters ; and is fo denominated from a circu lar rampart of earth by which it is en compaffed. The two kft mentioned di vifions exhibit a grotefque group ef churches, convents, palaces, 'orick and wppden hpufes, and mean hpvels. 5. The Slpboda, or fuburbs, vvhich form a vaft exterior circle round all the parts already defcribed, and are invefted by a lew ram part and ditch. .. Thefe fuburbs contain, befide buildings ef aH kinds, corn-fields, much open pafture, and feme fmall lakes, ¦which give rife te the Neglina. The Mofkva, from whiqh the city takes its name, flows through it in a winding chan nel ; but, excepting in fpring, is only na vigable for rafts. It receives the Yaufa in the Semlainegored, and the Neglina at the weftern extremity of the Kremlin ; but the beds of both thefe laft mentioned ri vulets are, in fummer, lictle better than dry channels. Mofcow exhibits' an aftn- nifhing degree pf extent and variety, irre gularity and contraft. The ftreets, in general, are very long and broad. Some of them are paved ; Pthers, particularly in the fuburbs, are formed vvith trunks pf trees, pr are bparded with planks like the flppr pf .a ropm. Wretched hpvels are blended vvith large palaces ; ccttages of one ftory ftand next to the moft ftately manfions ; many brick ftruftures are co vered with wooden tops : feme of the wooden houfes are painted ; ethers have iren doors and roofs. Numerous churches appear in eyery quarter, built in a peculiar ftyle of architefture ; fome vvith domes of copper, others of tin, gilt, or painted green, and many roofed with wood. In a word, fome parts of this vaft city have the appearance of a fequeftered defert; other quarters, of a populous town ; fome of a contemptible- village ; others ef a great capital. Mofcow is certainly the largeft town in Europe ; its circumference within the rampart, that inclofes the fuburbs, being 26 miles; but it is built in fuch a ftraggling manrier, that its popula tion correfponds, in no degree,' vvith its extent. It has, however, been pretty well afcertained : it contains within the ramparts 250,000 fouls. Ic is ftiU the moft populous tity in the empire, not-* withftandiiig the refidence of the court ia at Peterfturgh. Here the chief nobles refide, who do not belong to the court ! they here fuppOrt a large number ef re tainers; gratify their tafte fer a ruder and more expenfive magnificence in the an cient feudal ftyle ; and arc not, as at Peterfturgh, ecfipfed by the fuperior fplendour of the court. The places of divine worfliip in Mofcow, including chapels, amount to above 1000: pf thefe, 484 are public churches; 199 pf vyhich are of brick, ftuccoed, or white-wafted 5 and the others of wood, painted red. Some of their bells are of a ftupendous fize : they hang in belfreys detached from the church ; are fixed immeveably to the beams ; and are rung by a rope tied to the dapper. If has always been efteemed a meritorious aft ef religion to prefent a church with bells ; and the piety of the doner has been meafured by their magni tude. Accordingly, Boris Godunuf, vvho gave a bell of 288,000 pounds to the ca thedral of Mofcpw, was the mpft pious fovereign of Ruffia, till he was furpaffed by the emprefs Anne, vvho prefented a bell that weighs 432,000 pounds, and is the largeft in the known world. The imperial palacs in the Kremlin, is novV only remarkable for having been the birthplace of Peter the Great. In the cathedral of St. Michael, in which the fovcreigns of Ruflia were formerly in terred, are feveral ef their tombs. The bodies are not depofited in vaults, or be neath the pavement, but are entombed itt ral Ted fepulchres, moftly ef brick, in the ftape of a coffin, and about tvvo feet in height. The. moft ancient were covered with palls of red cloth, other? of red Vel vet, and that of Peter II.. with gold tiffiie, bbrdered vvith filver fringe and ermine" Each tomb has, at its lower extremity, a fmall filver plate, upon which is engraved the name of the deceafed prince, and the era of his death. Upon great fefUvals, all thefe fepiilchres are covered vvith rich , palls of geld er filver brocade, ftudded vvith pearls and jewels. The cathedral ef the Affumption ofthe Virgin Mary is the moft magnificent ip M^effcow, and has beeri long apprepriated^te the coronation of the Ruffian fovereigns. Among the public inftitutions iri Mofcow, is the Foundling Hofpital, endowed, in 1764, by the prefent emprefs, and fupported by voluntary contributions ; to ericeurage vVhich, her majefty grants to all benefac tors feme valuable privileges, in propor tion to the extent of their hberaiity ; apd, it is remarkable, that a private merchant, named M O S M O U named Dimidof, ha* expended on this . charity 20o,oo.ol. Mofcow is the centre of the inland commerce of Ruffia, parti cularly corinefting the trade Betvveen Eu- rope and Siberia. The navigation to this city is formed folely by the Moftya, which falhng into the Occa, near C-oIem- na, commuriicaces, by that river, with. the Volga. But as ' the Moflcva- is navigable ' in the fpring only, upe'n the melting ef the fuovys, the principal merchandife is conveyed uppn fledges in winter. This city is 460 miles S. E.of Peterfturgh, and 1200 N. by E. of Conftantinople, Lon, 37. 31- E.kt. 55.45'N. ''¦' Moselle, a department of France, including part pf the late prpvince of Lor. rain. It takes its name from a river, which rifesi in the mountains ef the Vof ges, waters Epinal, receives the Meurthe below Nancy, 'arid -paffing by Metz, Thionville, and Treves, falls into the Rhine at Coblentz. Metz is the capital of til-is department. '•* MosKOE, See Maelstroo-M. MosquiTO Shore, aceuntry of New ¦Spain, in Nortl) America, lying en the Atlantic Ocean, extending eaftward from Point Caftile, the. boundary dividing it from the Bay of Honduras', te Cape Gra- 'cies a Dios, 87 leagues ;' and fouthyvard, from Cape Grades a Dios, te St. John's Riyer, 94 leagues. ..The interior part of the country is bounded by the lake Nica- ragua, and fenced by "mountains ftretch ing to the weft. In magnitude it exceeds the kingdom of Portugal ; is well-watered by navigable rivers and lakes >, abounds in fifll, game, and provifions of all forts ; fur niftes every neceffary for raifing cattle and ftock on plantations of every kind, and to any extent ; ^.nd is clothed with woods, producing timber for every ufe and purppfe at land br fea. The fpil is 'ihperipr tb that ef all our Weft India iflands : the air and climate are more fa lubrious ; and the deftruftive ravages of -hurricanes and earthquakes have never been known here. When the Spaniards firft invaded this part of Mexico, they maffacred mpft of the natives, -which gave thpfe that efcaped intp fhe inacceffible part pf the cpuntry, an infuperable aver- fipn tp them ;' aiid they have always ap peared ready to join Europeans that came upon their coafts againft the Spaniards, and particularly the Englift, who fre. quently came hither; and the Mofquitp-; men being excellent markfmen, the .Eng lift employed them in ftriking the maratee fift, &c. and many of the Mpfqnitp In dians went to Jamaijca, arid failed with the Englifli in their voyages'. They are fp fituated betvveen mpraffes and inaeceffible mpuntains, and a coaft fuU of rocks and ftpals, that np attempts -againft them by tj;ie Spaniards, whom they naortally hate, could ever fucceed. Neyerthelefs, they are a mild and inoffenfive people, ,of great probity and virtue, and will never truft a man who has erice deceived them. Tfiey have fo great a veneration for the Englift, that they fppntanepufly put themfelves and their lands under the pro. teftipn and dpminion of the crown ef Great Britain. This was firft done, when the duke ef Albemarle was governor of Jamaica ; and the king of the Mofquiteis received a commifllon from his grace, un der the feal of that ifland ; fince which time, they vvere not only fteady in their 'aHiance with the Englift, but warm in. their affeftions, and very ufeful, to them on m?,ny occafions. When the king died, the rftale heir went to Jamaica, te certify that he was next in blood, and received a commiffion in form frorii the governor of Jamaica, to be king of the Motquitos; till which he could not be acknowledged as fuch by his countrymen. So fend were they of every thing Englift, that the com mon people vvere proud of every Chriftian or furname given them by our feamen, vvho conferred on their chief men the titles of fome of^eur nobilit". But the conneftion between the Enghft and the Mofquitos ne longer fubfifts. By a con vention with Spairi, ih 1786, the former, in confideration of certain ceflions en the coaft of Honduras, agreed to evacuate this country tptaHy ; and it is npw a province of Spain. See Honduras. MosTAGAN, an ancient, town of the kingdom of Algiers, vvith k caftle and a good harbour, 50 miles N. E. ef Oram Len. 0. 30. E.lat. 36. 20. N. MpsTAR, a confiderable town of Dal*, matia, vvith a Greek archbiftop's fee. ' It belongs tb the Turks, and i^ 20 miles N. E. of Narenta. Lon. iS. 37. E. kt. 43, 48. N. , Mot ALA, a town of the kingdom of Naples, with a biftop's fee ; it is five miles N. W. ef Maffatra, and 1 5 N.W. of Ta ranto. Lon.- 17. 14. E. lat. 40. 46. N. Mqtyr, an ifland of Afia, one ef the Moluccas, of great value to the Dutch, op account of its fpices. Lon. 12S. 20. E. kt. 0. 10. S. MoTBiL, a feapprt pf Spain, in Gra nada, vvith a good harbour, and a frich fiftiery. It is feated en the Mediterra nean, 37 miles 3. E. of Granada. - Lon. 3. I'S. VV. kt.,36. 32". N. ¦ ' Mot'AB, a nevv tPvvn of Afia, in Ara bia Felix, capital of Yemen, between Di nar M 0 tr M O U nar and Sanaa. It is the ufual refidence of the, king of Yemen, and is l"eated in a fertile country. The Jews are forced to fie in the fuburbs every night. Len. 46. 35 E. lat. 15.20. N, MouDON, an ancient and haftdfome town of Swifferland, the principal burgh of a bailiwick of the fame name, in the Pays de Vaud, and formerly capital ef all that part of the country which belonged to the duke of Savoy. The baihff ap pointed by the c-anten of Bern refides in in the caftle of Lucens, built on the fum mit of a mountain, in a fituation exceed- ingly pifturel"que. This ckftle, before the introduftion of the reformation, be- , ¦longed to the biftops of Laufanne. Mou- don is 12 miles N, by E. of Laufanne. Len. 6. 58. E. kt.46. 41. N. Mould. See Mold. MouLiNS, an epifcopal town ef France, in the departm.-nt ef Allier and late province of Bourbonnois. It is feated on the river AIHer, and takes its name from the great number of mills {moulins) that were formerly in its neighbourhood. It contains between 16,000 and 17,000 in habitants. The houfes of the late Char treux, and ef the Vifitation, are mag nificent. The ftreets are handfome ; and the bridge over the Allier, in the modern ftylc, has 13 arches. The cutlery of MouHns is more efteemed than that ef Chattelleraut. This town is 30 mfles S. of Nevers, and 55 N. pf Clermont. Lpn. 3. 25. E. kt. 46. 34. N. ¦-'-' MouLiNs - Engilbert, a fmall tPwn of France, in the department ef Nievre and late prevince of Nivernois, at the foot of the mountains of Morvan, five miles S. W. ef Chateau-Chinon. * Moultan, a province of Hindoof tan Proper,'bounded en the N. by Lahpre, on the E. by Ijelhi and Agimere, on the S. by Guzerat, and on the W. by Perfia and Candahar. Its produfts are cotton, fugar, opium, galls, brimftone, &c. It is or has been fubjeft to the Seiks; but its capital, Moultan, has been garrifoned by the king of Candahar, ever fince 1779. -¦' Moultan, one of the moft aricient cities of Hindooftan, capital of the pro vince of the fame name. Thevenot de fcribes it as a city ef fmall extent, for a ca. pital, but ftrongly fortified, and having a Hindoo temple of great celebrity. He defcribes the river that led to Moultan :-is having bccri partly choked up iu his time (1665) and that this had greatly Icffcned its tracle. He alfo takes notice pf a parti cular feft of Hindops in this city, called Catrv ; a tribe, which he elfewhere ex plains to mean Rajpoots, er warriors ; that is the liuitry tribe, which major Rennel fuppofes to be the Catheri or Catheh, vvith whorij-, Alexander Warred on the bapks of rhe Malli. Mpultan is feated pn one of the branches of tbe Indus, 200 miles S. W. of Lahore, and 800 miles from the fea by the courfe of the river, Lon, 70. 40. E.lat. ig, 52, N. ¦'* MouLTON, South, a town of De. vonftlre, vvith a market en Saturday, It was anciently, with North Migilton, a rpyal demefne. It fent mqmbers tp par. liament in the reign pf Edward I, and is ftill a cprpprate . town, governed by a mayor, 18 capital burgeffes, a recorder, &c, ft is feated'on the river Moul, 12 miles S'. E. of Barnftaple, and i7g W, by S. of Londpn. Len, 3, 55. W, lat, 51. 5. N. Mount Cassel, a town of France, in the department of the North and late province of French Flanders. Being feat. ed on a very lefty hill, about 30 cjties and tcwns, as weU as the fea, may be diftinftly feen frpm it. It is 15 miles S. W. of Ypres, and 15 S. E. by S. of Dunkirk, Lon. 2. 26. E. lat. 50. 5b. N. Mount Edgecumbe, a prodigious high peak, ac the entrance pf Cppk's Strait, in New Zealand, pn the W. fide. Its height is fupppfed nPt tp be much in ferior te that of the Peak of Teneriff. MouNTSBAY, a bay on the S, coaft pf Cprnwall, betvveen the Land's End and the Lizard Ppint, It is fp named frpm a Ipfty peninfulated rPck, called Mount St.. Michael, vvhich rif'es within it. Among the recks en this part Of the coaft, breeds the Corriift chough, or. red-legged crow, remarkable for its property of flealing arid carrying away whatever it finds ; vvlience it has been the canfe of the firing of houfes, by lighted brands conveyed to the. roofs. In Mountftay is a confiderable pilchard fifliery. MouNTsoRREL, a town in Leicefter- fliire, fo riamed frem a high mount, or fplid rPck, adjoining to the town, ef a dufky red, or forrcl-coloured ftone, ex tremely hard. Of rough ftones, hewn out ef this rock, the tpwn is built. It has a market on Monday. It vvas noted fpr merly for its caftle, and is feated pn the river Stpur, 20 miles S. E. by S. bf Derby, and 105 N. W. by N. of London, Lon, 1, g. V/. kt. 52; ,45. N. MoURA, a tovvn of Portugal, in Alen tcjo, with an old caftle ; feated ,at the con- fluence of the rivers Ardita and Guadiana, 87 mfles S. E. of Lifbon, Lon. 5. 59. W. kt. 38. o. N. , ' ¦* MouRZooK, the capital of Fezzan, in '.'ifrica, fituated on a iniall river,-'-and fupplied M O U MUL fupphed with vvater frem a multitude of fprings and wells. Being formerly built of ftone, it ftill retains the appellation of a Chriftian town ; and the medley which it prefents to the eye, ef the vaft ruins ef ancient buildings, and the humble cottages of earth and fand that form the dwellings of its prefent Arab inhabitants, is fingu larly grotefque and ftrange. It is fur. rounded by a high wall, which not only affords the means ef defence, but enables the government to coHeft, at its three gates, a tax on all goods (provifions ex. cepted) that are brought tor the fupply of its people. A caravan fets out annually from Msfurata to this place ; and hence, the Fezzanners themfelves difpatch, every year, a caravan to Caftna, and another to Bornou. Mourzook is 262 miles S. of Mefurata, 650 N. W. ef Bornou, and 710 N. by E. of Caftna. Lan. 15. 5. E. lat. 27. 20. N. ¦ MousuL, or Mosul, a tpwn pf Turky in Afia, in Dlarbeck ; feated on the river Tigris. It is a large place, fur. rounded by high walls, but the hpufes are ill-built, and in feveral places gpne to ruin ; however, it has a ftrong caftle and a citadel. It is a place of great trade, particularly in doth and all forts of cot tons and filks. At ferae diftance from Meuful is a mofque, in which they pretend the prophet Jonah lies. The inhabitants are Mahometans ; but there are a great number of Chriftians. In 1743 it'vvas be fieged by the Perfians, but to no purpofe. In 1758, this city and the adjacent couri try, vvere vifited by. a dreadful famine, in confequence of the preceding hard winter, and of the innumerable locufts by vvhich the fruits of the earth were deftroyed. It is 130 miles S. E. of Diarbekar, and 190 N. W. of Bagdad, Lon, 41,' 15. E, lat, 35, 40. N. -* MousTiERS, a town ef France, in the department ef the Lower Alps and late province of Provence. It is noted for a manufafture of fine porcelain, and for a once^ famous pilgrimage, called Our Lady of Beauvezer, feated between two very lofty and craggy mountains. Mouftiers is five miles N. E. of Riez. MooTiER, or MoNSTiER, a town of Savoy, capital of Tarentaile, with, a hand- feme archiepifcopal palace. It is feated on the river Ifere, 62 miles N. W. of Turin. Lon, 6, 23. E. Iat. 45. 30. N. MouzoN, an ancient town of France, in the department ef the Ardennes and late province of Champagne, with a late rich Benediftine abbey ; feated en" the river Meufe, eight miles S. E. of Sedan, and 120 N. E. of Paris. Lon. 5. 10. E. kt. 49. 37-N. Mo WEE, one of the Sandwich Iflands, is 162 miles in circumference. A low ifthmus divides it into two circular penin. fuks, of which the eaftern is double the fize of the weftern. The mountains in both rife to a great height, and may be feen at the diftance of more than 30 leagues. The northern fteres, like thofe of Owyhee, afi'ord nd foundings, and the country prefents the fame appearance cf verdure and fertility. Near the weft point of the fmaHer peninfula is a fpacious bay, with a fandy, beach ftaded with cocoa-nut trees. The country behind has a romantic appearance, the hills rifing al. moft perpendicularly in a great variety of peaked forms ; and their fteep fides, and the. deep chafms between them, are co vered with trees. The tops bf thefe hills are entirely bare, and of a reddift brown colour. The inhabitants are computed at 65,000. Lon. 175, 56. W. kt. 20.. 53. N. MoYENVic, a tovvn of France, in the department of Meurthe and late province of Lorrain, three miles from Vic. It is remarkable fer its fait pits. Len. 6. 37.E. kt. 48. 45. N, MozcisLAW, aftrong town ef Lithu ania, capital ef a palatinate of the fame name. It was almoft ruined by the Muf- cevites in 1660; but is rebuilt. It is feated on the river Sofz, 22 miles S. of Sraelenfko. Len. 31.26. E. Iat. 54. 28. N. '¦' MuciDAN, a fmafl town of France, in the department of Dordogne and late province of Perigord, feated on rhe river Ille, j8 miles S. W. of Perigueuv. MuEHR, or MuERAW, a confiderable to'vn of Germa'iy, in the circle ef Auf tria, and duchy of Stiria, on the river Muehr, 25 miles N. W. of Gratz, and 40 S. VV. ef Newftadt. Len. 15. 4. E. lat. 47. 16. N. Muehr, a. great river ef Germany, ^ vvhich has its fource in the archbiftopric of Saltzburg, croffes all Stiria, paffes b-y Judenburgh, Luben, Muehr, and Gratz, and falls into the river Drave, at Legrad, hear Kanilha, in Hungary. MuGGiA, or-MuGLiA,,a town of Italy, in Iftria, vvith a caftle, feated on a gulf of the fame name. It belongs to the Venetians, and is five miles S. E. of Triefte. Lon. 14. 2. E.kt. 45. 52. N. , '5 MuiRKiRK, a town of Ayrftire; in Scotland, feated on the river Ayr, and noted for a confiderable iron work. MuL,L OF Cantire. See Can- TYRE. Mull of Galloway, a rocky pro. G g montory. MUL M U N montory, the moft foutherly point of Scot, ftate te its manufaftures, which.are chiefiy land, in the county of Wigton. ' of printed linens and cottons. "The ge- MuLL, one of the weftern iflands of , vernment is ariftn-democratical. "rhe Scotland. It is about 25 miles iri length, and, In fome places, of an equal breadth. There arc many good natural harbours ; but there is only one village, which is called Tobermorcy. The foil i-o unfavour able for corn, being, for the mbft part, rocky and barren. The mountains, how. ever, abound with fprings, and are covered with cattle, ef which a great .number are annually exported. Thefe, with the fift. ings, and a confiderable quandty of kelp, are the only articles of commerce. The ruins of feveral ancient caftles arc feen on this ifland. In ijS.S, a ftip of the fine, belonging' to the Sp;milh Armada, vvas blown up on this ccaft. Muldaw, a river of Bohemia, which rifes en the confines of Moravia, and run ning by Budwcis and Prague, falls into the Elbe at Mdmick-. MuLDORE, a town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, and arch'Dilhopric of .feated on the river Feyle, 38 miles W. of Saltzburg; feated on the river Inn, 37 Dubhn. ,Lon. 7. 50. W. lat. 53. 30. N. miles N. W. of Saltzburg, and 40. E. of Mulvia, a krge river of Africa, Munich. Lon. 12, 25. E. lat. 48. 10. N. which has its fource in Mount Atlas, and Mulh.vusen, an imperial and Han- dividing the empire of Morocco from the fiatic town of Germany, in Thuringia, kingdom of Algiers, falls into the Me- under the prpteftipn of the eleftor of diterranean Sea. Saxony; feated in a fertile country, on Mund.a, an ancient town of Spain, in fupreme power refides in the great and little council, confifting together of 78 perfons, and drawn from the burghers, vvhofe number amounts to 700, diftributed into fix tribes. Mulhaufen is 1 5 miles N. Vv'. of Bafle, Lon, 7. 24. E. lat. 47. 48. N. MuLHEiM, a tovvn of Germany, in the eieftorate ef Cf lop.ne, feated near the ' river Rhine, ^on. 7. 10. E. kt. 59. 59- N. MuLLERAS, a town of Germany iu the circle of Upper Saxony, and middle Marche of Brandenburgh ; feated on a canal cut between the rivers Spree and Oder, 40 miles S. E. of Berlin. Len, 14. 31. E. kr. 52. 14. N. -' M^i'i-i'-''^-'^^) trie county-town of Weftmeath, in Ireland. It holds a great wool mart, is a place ef good trade, and fends two members to parliament. It is the river Unftrutht, 15 miles N. E. of Eifenach, and 45 E. 16y S. of Caffel. Lon. 10. 49. E. lat. 51. 13. N. Mulhausen, 3 tovvn of Alface, which, though fituated at the diftance of fome miles from the frontiers of Swiffer land, and entirely inclofed within, the do minions of France, is not only in alliance with the Helvetic confederacy, but is con fidered and refpetled as a part of it, and entitled to aU the privileges enjoyed by':-i,at body. The walls of the town inclofe a circumference of not more than two miles ; and its vvhole territory is confined within a prccinft of eight miles. This little republic maintained its privileges, which had been granted by the 'emperors in the feudal times, by contrafting al liances, at different periods, vyith Bafil, Straftiurgh, the towns of Alface and Suabia, Bern, Friburgh, and Soleure. In 1515, it vvas received into the Helvetic confederacy ; vvhich Ica'-.ue has preferved its liberty and independence from the en- croac'nment-i of the empire, on the ene hand, and, on the other, from the attacks of France. The town contains about 6000 inhabitants, who are Proteftants"; and there arc 2000 fi.'bjc.ts in its adjacent villages. Ic owes its prefent floprilhing aP impregnable ca Granada, 28 miles from Malaga. Lon, 4, 28. W. lat. 36. 50. N. MuNDiNGOEs, the name of a people -vvho live on the fides of the river Gambia, in Africa, and who are pf a jet black colour, ftrong and wcH-made. They have a prieft fcnt over every year from one ef the Cape de Verde iflands, to chriften and marry. MuNDERKiXGEN, a town of Ger many, in the circle of Suabia, feated on t'ne Danube, 2 s miles S. W^. of Ulm. Lon. y. 43. E. lat. 48. 15. N. '•¦' MuNDu, a very ancient city of.Hin- dooftan Proper, in the province ef Mal wa, ef which it was the capital, -about 200 years ago. It was then defcribed as a prodigious city, 22 miles in circuit, and containing many monumerits ef ancient magnificence' ; but when it was vifited by fir Thomas "I'^Lce, in. 161:, it vvas faHen murh fo decay. It occupied the top of a very l.u-n-e and lofty mountain ; and few cities wer^ ever placed in a bolder fitu ation. It is 46 miles S. of Ougein, and 454 N. E. pf E.jmbay. Lon., 75. .47. E. kt. 22. 50. N. MuN'GATs, or Munkats, a town of Upper Hungarr, with a biftcp's fee, and feated en a high ; rock. M U N MUR rock, 50 miles N. E. pf Tpckay. Lcn. 22. o. E. lat. 48. 30. N. Muni A, of Menie, an ancient, and confiderable town of Africa,- iu Egypt, leated on the river Nile, 140 miles S. of Cairp. Tbe veffels that go down the Nile are obhged te ftop here and pay cer- tain duties. There are feveral mofques and a great riumber of granite pillars. Lon. 31. 20. E. lat. 27. 45. N. Munich, one of the moft pleafant and populous cities in Gennany, capital of the duchy of Bavaria. The houfes are high, and the ftreets large and fpVcieus, with canals in many of them. The palace of the late eleftors of Bavaria, vvhich nevv belongs to the eleftor palatine of the Rhine, as duke of Bavaria, is a ftupendous ftrufture, magnificently adorned. The cabinet of curiofities, the library, the ar fenal, and the ducal gardens, deferving alio the attention of a traveller. The ca- thedral contains 25 chapels, and 30 altars ; but the two fteeples, and the tomb bf ene ef the emperors, of black marble, adorned with ftatues of bronze, are the moft re markable things belonging to it. There are many other fine buildings, both pubHc and private, in this dty. The market place is very beautiful ; and here are ma nufaftures of filk, velvet, woollen cloths, and tapeftry. This place has often been taken arid retaken in the wars of Ger many ; arid, in 1742, it vvas forced to. fub mit to the Auftrians. It is feated' en the river Ifer, 1 5 miles S. E. of Augfturg, and 62 S. of Ratifton. Lon. ii. 36. E. lat. 48. 10. N. V Munster, a fovereign biftopric of Germany, In the circle of W^eftphalia, 120 miles in length, and 80 in breadth. The river Embs runs acrofs it, from E. to W. It is bounded on the N. by the counties of Bentheim and Steinfurt ; on the E. by the biftoprits of Ofnaburg and Paderborn ; on the S. by the county of Marck ; ajid on the W. by the duchies ef Cleves aud Zutphen. The capital is of the fame name. Munster, a large, rich,. populous and famous city of Germany, in the circle of Weftphaha, capital ofthe biftopric ef the fame name, and of all Weftphaha. It is defended by a ftrong citadel, which. ftands diftinft frem the city, and was free and imperial tiU i56i ; but tn keep the inha bitants in awe, this citadel vvas built. In 1533, a tailor, called John ef Leyden, made himfelf mafter ef the city, and drove away the biftop and magiftrates: but it was taken from him in 1536, after 14 months fiege, when he was torti;red to death with re'.lIio!j pincers. Tiie fam-,'-as treaty, called the treaty of Weftphalia, vvas concluded here in, 1648, which put an end to the religious wars of 30 years' con. tinuance. It is feated on the river Aa, 70 miles N. b^ E. pf Cologne, 77 S. "by W. of Bremen, and 77 N. W. of Caffel. Lon. 7. 49. E. Iat. 52. o. N. Munster, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine and late pro' vince of Alface, with a late rich Bene diftine abbey, 30 miles S. W. ef Straf burg. Lon. 7. 5. E. kt. 48. 8. N. MuNSTEH, one of the four provinces of Ireland ; bounded en the N. by Lein fter and Connaught, and en the E.. S. and "VV. by ths ocean. It is about 135 miles in length, aud 120 in breadth. The chief rivers are the Sure, the Audluffe, the Lee, the Bande, the Leane, and the Cafton. There a e a great many bays and har bours, and many rich towns, and the air is mild and temperate. Some places are mountaiu'ius, but the valhes are cmbel- liflied with corn-fiylds. The moft general comm.oditlcs are corn, cattle, wood, wool, and fifh. It contains the counties of Clare, Tipperary, Waterfotd, Cork, Limerick, and Kerry; as alfb one arch biftopric, five biftoprics, and 740 pa riflies. The principal town is Cork. Munsterburg. See Monster- BERG. ' Munster-Meinfelt, a town of Germany, in the circle ef the Lower Rhine, >and eieftorate ef Treves, 12 miles S. W. of Coblentz. Lon. 7. 18. E. kt. 50. 19. N; MuRANO, an ifl.ind and tpwn of Italy, about a mile from Venice, formerly a very flourifliing place, vvhich ftifl boafts of /fome palaces that bear the marks of former magnlHccnce, though now in a ftate of de cay. The ifland is faid to contain 20,000 inhabitants. The great manufaiStori.:s of looking-gkfs, are the only inducements vvhich ftrangers have te vifit this place, vvhich formerly ferved all Europe \'.'ith leoking-glaffes. Inftead of being eaft, as in England and France, the Murano mir. 'rcfrs are aii blown in the manner of bottles. Lon. 12. 5. E. lat. 45. 26. N. Murcia, a province, formerly a king. dom of Spain ; bounded on the N. by New Caftile ; ei| the E. by Valencia ;¦ on the VV. by Andalufia and Granada; and on the S. by the Mcditerrane:m. It is about 62 mile? in length, and -58 in breadth. Its principal river is Segura. The f"oiI is dry, becaufe it feldom rains here, and theictore it produees little corn or wine ; but the'-c is pk-ntv of oran,'-cs, dtrons, lemons, olives, n.hiionds, muloer- ries; rice, pulfc, and fu^ar. it has alio :i G g 2 j,r..it N A n: NAN the French .feized, this city, but it was ceded to the houfe of Auftria by the peace of Utiecht. In 1715, it v\-as aliowed.to be garrifoned by Dutch tro-p", as one of the , barrier towns ef the United Provinces. In 1746, it vvas again taken by tlie Frenc"n, but reftored at the peace ef Aix- Ia-Chape!Ie. In 1781, the emperor Jo feph II. deftroyed the fortifications ef all the barrier towns, except thofe of Na mur, from Avhich, however, in violation of a feicnin treaty, he expelled the Dutch garrifon. In 1792', it vvas once more taken, by the. French ; but they vvere com pelled to evacuate it the following year. It is- fcatyd between two mountains, at the confluence ef the Maefe and Sambre, 12 miles S. W. of Huy, 32 S. V/. of Bruffels, and 30 S. by W. ef Louvain. Lbn. 4. 50. E. kt. 50. 29. N. Nam-Uj-;, a county of the Auftrian Netherlands,; lying, betvveen the rivers Sambre and Maefe; bounded on the N. by Brabant, on the E. and S. by the bi- fliopric of Liege, and on the W. by Hai nault. It is pretty fertile ; has feveral forefts, marble quarries, and mines ef ii'on, lead, and coal, and is about 30 miles in length, and 20 In breadth. Namur is the capital. . Nanci, a krge and handfome city of France, inthe department of Meurthe and late duchy of Lorrain, vvith a bifliop's fee. It , contains about 34,000 inhabitants, and is divided into the old tcwn and the new : the firft, though irregularly buflt, is rich and populous, and contains the palace of the ancient dukes cf Lorrain ; and their tombs'are in a rich falcon, which adjoins the church of the kte Cordeliers, anfi is, in miniature, a refemblance of that belong ing to the grand dukes of Tufcany at Florence. The new tpvvn, whofe ftreets arc as ftraight as a line, was already one of the fineft in Europe, befpre the magnifi cent works with vvhich Staniflaus I. titular ki.ng cf Poland, and duke of Lorrain, en riched it. -..The cathedral is a fuperb ftrufture. The two towns are feparated by a canal, and'the nevv was veiy well for tified, but the French demoliflied the works. It has been taken and retaken feveral times, particularly by the French. It vvas ceded to France by the treaty of Vienn:i, in 173(1, to enj,-)y it after the e'cath of king- Stanifl.aus, vvhich happened in 1766. It is 10 miles E. of Toul, 25 S. E. of Metz, and 62 S. E. of Luxem- burg. Lon. 6. 17. E. kt. 4S. 41. N. Nanfio, an ifland of the Archipelago, a little to the N. of the ifland of Santorino, 16 mile;, in circumference, but has no har bour. The mountains are nothing but bare rocks, and'therc are not fprings fufficient to water the fields. The inhabicants are all Greeks, and an idle fort of people, vvhofe trade confifts in onions, wax, and h'jney. There are a vaft number ef partridges, wliofe eggs they deftroy every year to pre. ferve the corn, vvhich h-as not the defired - eft'etl, for there are always. great riumbers of them. The ruins of the temple of Apollo are yet to be feen, and confift chiefly of m.arble columns, Lon. 26. 10. E. kt. 36. 15. N. Nangasacki, a largq ,and famous to.vn ef Japan, in the ifland ef Ximo. Fifen, with a vvell-frequented harbour. The inhabitants are very debauched, and carry on a great trade vvith the Chinefe and Dutch. The latter are never fuffered to come into the city, unlefs when their ftips arrive, and - then they dehver up their guns, helms, and fails, as pledges of their good behaviour, Lon. 128. 52. E. lat. 32. 32. N. Nanking, a city of China, capital ef the prevince of ICiangan. It is the largeft in China, being 17 miles in circiunference, and about three miles diftant from the great river Yang-tif"e-Chiang, from which canals are cut, fo large, that veffels may enter the town. This place is greatly fallen from its ancient fplendor ; fer it had a magnificent palace, vvhich is quite deftroyed, as well as many ancient monu ments, and a third part of the city itfelf is defolate. The fl.reets are narrow, but handfome and well-paved, and on each fide are fteps, neatly furnifhed. The pub- he buildings are mean, except a few tem ples, the city gates, and a tower, of porce. Jain. 200 feet high. .Tliey have feveral manufaftures in filk and wool. The num ber of the inhabitants are faid to be 1,000,000, vvithout comprehending the garrifon ef 40,000 men. Here the phy. ficians have their principal academy. It is 500 miles S. S. E. of Peking. Lon. 119. 25. E. lat. 32. 46. N. Nantes, an aricient tPwn of France, in the department of L'lwcr Loire aneJ late prevince. of Bretagne, vrith a. bifliop's fee, and a univerfity. It is one ef the moft confiderable pkces in the kingdom, and contains the richeft merchant:,. It vvas formerly the refidence of the dukes of Bretagne, whp built a ftrpng caftle on the fide of the river, which ftill exifts. The cathedral contain,^ the tombs qf the ancient dukes. The bridges over the river Loire, in which are fome iflands, are almoft a league in length. The fuburbs are fo large, thaf they exceed the city. The in. habitants, are computed at 60,000. The merchants have commonly, on their own accpunt. n a p nap account, more than 120 ftips for Guinea, tihe French \V. India iflands, Spain, and the Spanifh colonies ; veffels are likewife fitted out here for the ced-fiflicry in N. America; and, fince the peace in 17S3, Nantes has had a confiderable fl.are in the commerce vvith the United States. A great quantity of fait is made in the territory of Nantes ; both at the Bay of Bourgneuf, and in the fait marftes of Guerande and Cr.iilic. Li.i'ge veffels caii come no higher than Port Launai, which is 12 miles from Nantes. It was in this place that Henry IV. promulgated the famous edift of Nantes, in 1598, vvhich vvas revoked in 1685, by Lewis XIV. to the great detriment of the population and induftry ef the kingilom. It is 37. miles S. W. of Angers, and 217 S. W. of Paris. Lpn. i. 28. W. lat. 47. 13. N. Nantu.v, a tovvn of France, in the department of Ain and late province of Breffe. Charles the Bald was interred in this town, vvhich is fituated at the e.-etrc- mity of a great lake of the fame name, 18 miles S. E. of B.nirg. Nantucket, an ifland of N. Ame rica, in the flate of Maffachufet's, of vvhich it is a county. It lies to the S. of Cape Cod, and had once the moft confiderable whale fiftery on the coaft; but it was almoft ruined by the civil war. It has begun, however, to revive lately; the greatefl part, of the inhabi tants being whalers and fifherraen. As the iflaujj is low, fandy, and barren, it is calculatqd for fuch people only as are will ing to defcend almoft entirely on the watery element for fubfiftence. It has but one town caHed Sherburne. The inhabi tants chiefly apply themfelves to the whale fiftery. It is 80 miles S. of Bofton. Lon. 70. 30. W. lac. '41. 0. N. * N.APAUL, a province of Hindooftan Proper, bounded on the N. VV. by Sirina- gur ; on the N. E. and E. by the ridge of mountains called Himmaleh, by vvhich it is feparated from Thibet; ou the S. by Bahar; and en t'ne W. by Oude ahd the country of the Rohillas. Catmandu is the capital. Naples, an ancient, large, rich, and trading city of Italy, one ot the fineft in the world, capital of a kingdom of the fame name, with an archbifliop's fee, and univerfity. It is feated at the bottom of the Bay ef Naples, and is built in the form ,of a vaft amphitheatre, floping from the hills tq the fea. Although the ftyle of architefture is inferior to vvhat pre vails ac Rome, iyid ic cannot vie vvith that city in the number of palaces, er in the magnificence of the churches, the private houfes, in general, are better built, and the ftreets are broader and better paved. No ftreet in Rome equals in beauty, the Strada di Toledo at Naples ; nor can any ef them be compared with the beautiful ftree-ts which lie open to the bay. " This," fays Dr. Moore, " is the native country of the Zephvrs : here the exceffive heat of the fun is often tempered with fcabreezes, and with gales, wafting the perfumes of the Campagna Felice." The houfes, in general, are five or fix fto ries iu height, and flat af che top; ou vvhich are placed numbers of flower \ a^e^. or fruit trees, in boxes of earth, pr,->ducing a very gay and a2;re.eable effect. The for trefs of St. Ehns is built on a mountain ef the fame name : the garrifon has the entire command ef the town, and could lay it in aftes aC pleafure. Lower down, on the fame mountain, in a delightful fituation, is a convent of Cai'thufians, on which much expence has been lavifted, to render the building, the apartments, and the gardens, ^eqiial to the fituation. Naples is admit. ably fituated for commerce, and no king. dom produces the neceffaries and luxuries of life in greater profufion ; and yet trade is but in a languilhing condition. The beft filks come frcm I^yons, and the beft woollen cloths from England. T'he chief articles manufaftured here, are filk ftockings, foap, fnuffbnxcs of tortoife ftell, and of till- lava of Mount Vefuvins;. tables, and ornam.-intal furniture, of mar. bic. They arc thought to embroider here better than in France; and their macaroni is preferred to that made in any pirt of Italy. They excel alfb in hquors and confeftions ; particularly In one kind of confeftion, which is fold at a very high price, called Diabolonis, and ef a very hot and ftimulating nature. The inhabitants ate computed to be 3 50,000 ; vvhich is very probable ; for though Naples is riot ene third of the fize ef London, yet manv ef-the ftreets are here more crowded than' the Strand ; and a great proportiiin of tl e pooreft fort are obli^'ed tq fpend the n\'^,\'t in them, as well as the day, for want of jiabitations. There is not a. city in the world, perhaps, " ith the fams number of inhabitants, in which fo few contri. bute to the wealth of the community by ufeful and prod .'.trive labour, as i\'a)iles ; but the number of priefts, monkS, fidief, lawyers, nobility, footmen, and lazzarunis, or vagabonds, furpaffes all reaf";onable pro portion; and the kft alone are computed at above 30,000. ~" If thefe poor fellows are idle, it is not their own fault : they are contuiually running about the ftreets, G g 4 offering N A P NAP offering their fervice, and begging for em. ploy ment. The nobihty arc excefiively fond of fplendour and ftow ; as appears by, the brHIiancy ef tligir equipages, the number of their attendants, the richnefs of their drefs, and the grandeur of .their titles. The king, it is faid, courits a hundred perfons with the title of prince, and ftlH a greater number with that of duke, among his fubjefts. Six or feven of thefe have eftates, from lo to 13,000 1. a year ; a confiderable number h^ve for tunes of about half that, amount ; and the annual revenue of many is not above ene or two thoufand pounds. The inferior orders of nobility are much poorer ; many counts and marquiffes not havjng abt,ve three or four hundred pounds a year pa ternal eftate; many ftill lefs; and not a few enjoy fhe title without any eftate whatever. Although the churches and convents of Naples are not to be compared v.'ith thofe at Rome in point of architec ture, they fiirpafs them in rich jewels, and in the quan'dty of filver and golden cruci fixes, veffels, and other ornaments. The ^¦dthedral is a noble . Gothic edifice, in which are kept the head and blood ef St. Januarius, the tutelary faint ef Naples ; the latter in tvvo glaf"s or cryftal vials. The pretended liquefaftion of the dry blood, as foon as brought near the head of the faint, is well-known : " It is," fays Mr. Addifon, " one ef the moft bungling trlcks^I ever faw." Of all che palaces, that ef the king is net only the moft magnificent, but in the beft ftyle of sirchitefture. Tbe har'Oeur, which is fpa cious", is protefted by a mole, by the Caf. tel del Uovo, the Caftel Nuovo, and feve. ral batteries ; but thpfe could not proteft the city frorri effefts of a bombardment. The Bay of Naples is one of the fineft iu the w 'tld, being almoft ef a circular figure, about 30 miles in diameter; fliut out from the Mediterranean by the ifland of Caprea, and three parts of it fteltered by a aoble circuit pf wpods and mpun tains. Naples is 1 1© miles S E. ef Rome, 164 N. E. of Palermo, 217 S. E. of Florence, and 300 S. by E. pf Ve nice. Lon. 14. 20. E. kt. 40. 55. N. Naples, a kingdom of Jtaly, beu"tided on the N. W. by the Ecclefiaftical State, on the S. and W. by the Mediterranean ; and on the E. by the Gulf of Venice. Its greateft length, from N. W. te S. E. is 280 miles, and from N. E. to S. W. from' 96 to 100. It is divided into 12 .provinces; namely. Terra di Lavora, which was the ancient Campania Felix, and of which the city of Naples is the capital i Principatg Citeriore and Ulte riore (hither and farther) ; Molife, Ba filicata, Calabria Citeriore and UIf.eriore, Abruzzo Citeriore and Ulteriore, Capi tinata, Terra di Eari, and Terra di O. tranto ; the laft three forming the ancient Apulia (now called Puglia) en the E, fide of the kingdom. After mariy .revo- lutloris, the Normaris became m^^ers of this country, in the eleventh century ; and the fovereigns were called counts, then dukes, and afterward kings of Puglia : but, in 12S2; Peter III. king ef Arra. gon, caufed all the Normans in the ifland of Sicily to be maffacred ; and this maf. facre vvas caUed the^ Sicilian Vefpers, After this, Puglia vvas joined to Sicily, whence the fovereigns have had the title of The King of the Two Sicilies, for about 260 years paft. Ir has alfo been called the kingdom of Naples, from its ca, pital. France and Spain contended for the fovereignty in the fequel, and bloody wars and revolutions were the confequence. The French being defeated by the Spani ards in 1504, Lewis XII. formally re nounced all pretenfiens to the crown, and %he country was governed by Spanift vice roys. In 1647, happened the dreadful in furreftion of Maffaniello in the city ef Na ples, by which the Spaniards vvere nearly expelled. The people, however, return, ing to their allegiance, on the a'ffaffinatiep of MaffanieUo, the Spaniards continued in peaceable poffeffion of the kingdom till 1707, when it was conquered by prince Eugene, and ceded to the emperor by tha treaty of Rafdat in 1713. It vvas repover. ed, however, bythe Spaniards in '1734; and the eldeft fon of the king of Spain is now king of Naples and Sicily. Tha kingdom ef Naples is a fief pf the Holy See ; and the tenure by vvhich it is held is the annual paym.ent of 6000 dupafs, and the fending of a white palfrey te the Pope. Lately, however, his Neapolitan majefty has ihown a- difpofition to refift the papal claims, which has been produc- tiv e ef ferious difputes. The title ef-the king's eldeft fon is prince of Calabria. The chmate is extremely hot, efpecially in July, Auguft, and September. Mr. Bry- done defcribes it as one of the^moft incon. ftant and unfavourable to valetudinarians. He vvas affured, that in ibme feafons it had rained, every day, for fix or feven weeks together. But the moft difagree able part ef the climate, he adds, is thq firocc, or S. E. wind, which is very .com mon in May, and is infinitely mere re- kxing, and gives the vapours in a much higher degree, than the worft of the rainy months ef November in Great Bri- tain, In yvinter there is feldom any ica or NAP NAR ®r fnow, except on the mountains. On account of its fertility, the country is juftly termed a terreftrial paradife : it abounds with all forts of grain, the fintft fruits and vegetables of all kinds, with rice, flax, oil, wine, faffron, and manna. It affords alfo alum, vitriol, fulphur, rock- cryftal, marble, and feveral forts of mine rals, together with fine wool and filk. Befide thefe .produfts, apd the manufac tures fpoken of in our account of the city of Naples, waiftcoats, caps, ftockings, and gloves are alfo made of the hair er fila ments ef a ftellfifli, which are warmer than thofe of wool, and ef a beautiful gloffy green. The principal mountains, are the Appennines, which traverfe it from S. to N. and the celebrated volcano Mount Vc uvius. One ef the greateft inconveniences to which this kingdom is expofed is earthquakes (.Sqe Calabiua) which the erupiions of Mount Vefuvius contribute in f"ome meafure to prevent. The eftabhfted religion is the Roman Catholic ; and the clergy and convents poffefs- 1,> 0 thirds ef the whole kiii.d.im; but the Jews are allowed to fettle here. The inliabitants of this country have, at all times, borne but an indifferent charac ter among ether nations ; gluttony is here a predominant vice, vvhile inftances of cbriety arc comparatively rare. In the female fe% the palfinn for finci-y is almoft fuperior to any ether ; and, though chaf tity is not the charafteriftic virtue ef the country, Mr. Swinburne doubts whether a NearajHcan woman would not, nine times oat of ten, prefer a prefent to a. lover. That furipus jealoufy, for vvhich the nation was once fo remarkable, is riew greatly abated. The breach of the con jugal vow fometimes occafions quarrels and aflaffinations among people of an inferior rank ; and, in the metropolis, affaffinations are often perpetrated frem much Icfs co gent motives. Of thef"e vices, many are doubtlefs owing to the flavery and oppref fion under which .they groan, and to a radical defcft in the adminiftration ef juftice. Napoli-di-Malvasia, a !*eaport of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea; feated on a reck, er little ifland, at the entrance of the Gulf of NapoH-di-Ro- mania ; is defended by a good dtadel ; tias a firie harbour, and a long wooden bridge, which joins it te Terra- Firma. It gives name te that excellent wine, called Malmfy, It was anciently noted for the temple ef .^fculapius, and is 42 miles S, E, ef Napoli-di-Romania, Len, 23. 22. E. lat. 36,' 57, N. See Mal- VASJA, Napoli-di-Romania, a feaport of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea ; feated at the bottom ef a bay of the fame name. It has a krge harbour, with a narrow moi|ith, through which one ftip only can enter at a time. It is a large place in habited by 60,000 Greeks, tefide people ef dift'erent nations ; is an archbifliop's fee, and very ftrong both by nature and art. It is 56 miles S. W. of Scttiiies. Lon. 23. 4. E. lat. 37. 36. N. N.VK -V, a rich and handfome town of Japan, in the Ifland of Niphon, vvi;h «. magnificent caftle, 25 miles frem Meacu. Lon. 134.1 5. E. kt. 35. 50. N. Narb'arth, a town of Penibroke- ftire, in S. Wales, with a market on Wednefday. It is feated on a hill, anei is a pretty good town, with an old caftle, 12 miles N. E. of Pembroke, and 229 W. by N. of London, Lon. 4. 46. W. kt. 51. 50. N. Narbonne, an ancient dty of France, in the department of Aude and kte pro- vince of Languedoc. Before the resolu tion of 1789, it vvas an arcb.icpifcopal fee. Jn the time ef the Romans, it was the capital of that part of Gaul, callerl "Gallia Narbeijcnfis ; and it vvas the birth. place of the emperor Pviarcus Aure'iiis. Some Roman infcriptions, in different parts of the city, are ftill vifible, and the ¦canal, from the river Aude, through the city, to the Mediterranean, was cut by them. Narbonne is famous ftn: its honey. In the cathedral, vvhich is remarkable for Irs noble chair. Is the tomb ef Philip the Hardy, king of France. Narbonne is five miles from the Mediterranean, and 75 E. by S. of Toulouf"e. Len. 3. 6. E: kt. 43.. 11. N. Nar.borough, an ifland of S. Ame. rica, on the coift of Chili ; fp called, be caufe fir John Narborough re.freflied his men here, when he was fent to the S. Sea in the reign ef Charles II. Lon. 74. 3 5. W. kt. 45. 0. N. Nardo, a populpus tpvvli in the king dom of Naples, with a biftop's fee ; 20 miles N. VV. of Otranto. Lon. 18. 16. E. kt. 40. 18. N. Narenta, a town of Turkey In Eu, rupe, in Dalmatia, with a biftop's fee ; feated on a gulf of the fame name, 46 miles N. E. of Ragufa, and 53 S. E. of Spoietto. Lon. iS. 27. E. kt. 43. 35. N. Narni, a very ancient, rich, and hand fome town of Italy,, in Sabina, and in the territory of the church, with a biftop's fee. It contains a great many noble fami lies, and is feated en the river Nera, 20 mfles S. ^V. of Spoietto, and 40 N. E. of Rome. Here are the. ruuis of a marble bridge,. NAR N A V bridge, built by Auguftus, one -of vvhofe arches was 150 feet high, and 20P brpad, as alfp of an aqueduft that brings water from a fpring at the diftance of 15 miles. -' Narova, a river of the Ruffian empire, which iffues. from the Lake Peipus, and watering Narva, flows into the Gulf of Finland eight miles below that town. It is noted for two piftu refque water-falls, which, however, have been too pompoiifly defcribed by travel lers, they being far inferior to that of the Rhine at Schaffhaufen, of the Dahl in S'vedfn, and the ftupendous catarafts ef Trolhaiifa, on the river Gotha. iNarsls'gapatan, a town of Ana, in ths peninfula of Hineboftan and territory ot Bifnagur, in the dominions of Tippoo Sultan. It vv as the refidence formerly of a kinp,-, arid is fituated about 400 miks S. E.of Bombay. Lon. 76. 10. E. kt. 15. 30. N. Narva, a ftron;' t'Own of the Ruffian empire, vvhich, with its f"ub'jrbs, accord- jRi; to a geographical divifion, is fituat ed partly in Ingria, and partly in Eft honia, as the 4-iver Narova divides thbfe tv/o provinces ; but, in the prcf"ent new divifion of governm.ents, it is cemprif cd in Ingria, 'jr the government of Pe terfturgh. The houfes are built of brick ftuccoed vvhite ; and it has more the appearance of a German than of a Ruf fian town. In the fuburbs, called Ivan- gorod, or John's Tovvn, the ftupendous remains of- an ancient fortrefs, built by Ivan Vafiilievitch the Great, impend, in a pifturefque mannef, ever the fteep. banks of the Narova. In 1700,- Chailcs XII. cf Sweden, then only ig, obtained a great viftory here, over the Ruffians un der Peter the Great. According to M. I'Ev.efque, the Svvedift army amounted to gooo men, and that ofthe Ruffians to 32,000, althoug'n exaggerated by fome authors to 100,000. " I expefted," faid Peter, ", that the Swedes would -beat me ; hut, in time, they will teach us to beat them." Five years after the czar took the town by affault ; and, notwithftand ing his natural favage charafter, he had, in, this inftance, the humanity to fave the town, by his own perfopal exerrionsj from pillage and maffacre. The principal ex ports from Narva are hemp, flax, timber, and corn. It is fituated near leo miles W.of Peterfturgh, on the Narova, 24 miles frcm the point where that river iffues from the L'ake Piepus and eight miles from its mouth in the. Gulf of Fin land. Lon. 27. 52. E. Iat. 5g. 18. N. Narwah, or Narwha, a town of Hindooftan Pr,.'per, in the province of Agra; feated near the river Sinde, or Cally Sinde, which, falls belcw it, E. by N. into the Jumna. It is 127 miles S. of Agra. Lon. 79. 17. E. kt. 25. 40. N. Naseby, a village ih Northampton fliire, famous for the decifive viftory gained by the army of the parhament over that of Charles I. in 1645. It is 12 miles N. of Northamptbn. Lon. 1. 10. W. Iat, 52. 22. N. ^Nassau, a town ef Gennany, capital of a county of the fame name, the houfe of 'whofe fovereign is divided into feveral branches. It is feated on the river Lohn, 12 miles S. E. of Coblentz, and 35 S. E, ef Bonn. L-in. 7. 42. E. lat. 50. 18. N. Nassau, .a co'jnty in Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine; bounded on the N. by 'Weftphalia, en the E. by the county of Solmes, on the S. by the terri. lory of Mentz, and en- the W. by the ele,"'corate on Triers. It is very fertile, and contains mines - of iron, copper, and lead. Nat A, a feaport ef S. America, in the gove-rnracnt of Panama ; feated in ..a pleafant fertile country, on the bay of Pa- rita, 70 rniles S. W. of Panama. Lon. 81, 15. vV..Iat. 8. 10. N. iVATAL, a country on the E. coaft of Africa, lying N. E. of the Cape of Good Hope, inhabited by the Boflimen Hotten- tots. See Hottentots, Country OF THE. » '" Natchitoches, a fine river of N. America, in Louifiana, which falls into the Miffiffippi, at Point Coupee. Natoha, a country, formerij^scalled Afia Minor. It is the moft weftern part of Turkey in Afia, and is a large penin fula, extending from the river Euphrates as far as the Archipelago, the Sea of Mar- ' mora, the Dardanelles', and the Strait ef Conftantinople, which feparate it from Europe on the W. It is bounded on the N. by the Black Sea, and en the S. by the Mediterranean. It is a vaft country, the air temperate and wholefome, and the foil generaHy fertile. It is croA'cd by a chain of mountains, formerly called Taurus, from E. to W. and vvatered by a great number of rivers. Navariiv'O, a ftrong, large, and popu. lous town of Turkey in Europe, in the Merea, vvith an excellent large, harbour, defended by two forts. It is feated en a hill, near the fea, eight miles N. E. of Modon, and 17 N. W. of Coron. Lon, 21. 40. E. kt. 37. 2. N. Navarre, a kingdom of Europe, ly ing betvveen France and Spain, andeli- yided into the Upper and Lower. The Upper belongs to Spain, and is about 75 miles in length, and 60 in breadth. The air is more mild, temperate, and whole. feme, N A X N A Z fome, 'than in the neig'nbouring provinces of Spain ; and, though a mountaincjs country, it is pretty fertile, abounding in all forts of game, and in iron mines. The inhabitants are polite, handy, Hvely. arid laborious. It is divided into five diftrifts, whofe capital towns are Pampeluna, Eftclla, Tudek, Olita, and St. Gucfca. Lower Navarre belongs to France, and is included in the territory of Bafqucs, and department of the Lower Pyrenees. It is feparated from Spanifh Navarre by the' Pyrenees, and is a mountainous, barren ' country, about 2C miles in length, and 12 in breadth. From this country, the late king of France took the title of king ef Navarre. See Palais, St. N.vv.iRREiNS, a town of France, in the department of the Lovver Pyrenees and late territory ef Bearn ; feated on the river Gave d'OIeron, 26 miles S. E. of Bayonne. Lon. o. 45. VV. kt. 43. ig. N. Navidad, a feaport of Mexico, in N. America, feated en the S. Sea, 350 milesW. of Mexico. Lon. 106.0. W.lat. 19.0. N. •'' Navigators Isla.vds, a clufter of iflands in the S. Pacifi-c Ocean. The inhabitants are a very ftrong and hand- fome race of men, fcarcely ene to be feen among them lefs, than fix feet high, and well-proportioned. The women arc deli cately beautiful ; their canoes, houfes, &c. well-conftrufted ; /and they are much more advanced in internal policy and order than any of the iflands in this ocean. Tliey are furrounded by a' coral reef; but boats may land vyith great fafctv. Lon. igi! u. E. lat. 14. ig. S. Sec Macuna. Nauimburg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, capital of the duchy of Saxe Naumburgh; feated on the river Sak, 37 miles N. E. of Erfort, and 60. W. of Drefden. Lon. 12. 2c. E. kt. 51. 12. N. I-.' AXKOW, a town of Denmark, in the ifle of Lakrid, with a harbour commodious for trade. There is a plentiful fi-ftcry here. Ic is 60 miles S. W. of Copen hagen. Lon. 1 1. 31. E. k,t. 54. 52. N. Naxos, or Naxi.v, a confiderable ifland of the Archipelago, 25 miles in length, and 88 in circumference. The whole ifland is covered v\-ith orange, ohve, lemon, cedar, citron, pomegranate, fig, and mulberry-trees. It has no harbour, and yet they carry on a confiderable trade in barley, wine, figs, cotton, filk, flax, cheefe, fait, oxen, flieep, mules, and oil. They burn only oil of mallick, though olive- oil is exceedingly cheap. It! is inhabited both by Greeks and Latins, who live in great dread of the Turks. There are four archbiftops fees in this ifland, and a great many villages, but fo thin of pepple. that the vvhole ifland dpes npt contain above , Sooo inhabitants. The higheft. mountain is Zia, which fignifies the moun tain of Jupiter; however, there are but few 'antiquities, except fome fmall re mains of the temple of Bacchus. They have here a mine of emery, which is fb' common, and fo cheap, that the Englifli often ufe it for ballaft. The female drefs of this ifland has fomething truly ridicu lous in its appearance. The- tvvo wings of black velvet, vvhich they fix behind to their ftoulders, are altogether prcpofter-. ous. The Greek women at Smyrna cover their breaft with a fingle gauze ; at Naxia they wear a heavy ftomacher or brcaft- piece of velvet, covered vvith embroidery and fmall pearls. If we view them be hind, we ftall be again difgufted to fee round their loins vvhat, fer want of abetter name, we muft be content to call a circufar, ftelf, calculated to fupport the ends ofa kind of laced lappets hanging down from their fliouiders ; in which all we have to admire, is a compefition of abfurdity. They add te this romantic cumbereus drefs all the coquetry ef behaviour they can affume ; they paint, blacken thejr eyebrows and cyela&es, and cover their face with patches, made ef the leaves of a black fliining talc vvhich they find in the ifland. But in the form Of their patches,' tliey betray a ficklenefs .beyond even what is ftown in our climate ; they fbinetimcs cut thotn triangular, fometimes- like a ftar; bur a patch Hke a crefcent placed between the eyes, is thought to be irrefiftibly beau tiful. Te finifh the charafter ef thefe fantaftic ladies, it may be added, that they- are fe vain, that when they return out pf the country to their tovvn-heufes, they. will have perhaps forty wOmen in their train, feme en affes, and fome on feet ; one of vvhom carries a napkin or two; a fecond, a petticoat ; a third, a pair pf ftockings, aad fo on : all which compefes a very whimfical , kind of procelfipn to ftrangers. Naxos, or Naxia, a confidej-able town, capital of the Ifle of Naxos, over- againft the Ifle of Paros, with a caftle and tvvo arehbi ff.op's fees, the one Greek and the other Latin. The greateft part of the inhabitants are Greeks. Len. 25. 59. E.lat. 37. S.N. ¦ Nazareth, a to"-nof Paleftine, in Sy ria, famous for being the refidence of Jefus Chrift in the early part of his life. It is now nothing but a village, where the monks ef St. Francis have a convent. Lon. 35. 20. E. kt. 32. 30. N. -¦'- Nazareth, a townof N. America-, in the ftate of Pennfylvania. It is a flourifliing fettlement pf the Mpravians, and NED NEC and is delightfully fituated, lo miles N, of Bethlehem, and 63 N. of Philadciphia. -¦' Neagh, Lough, a lake oflreland, fituated in the counties qf Armagh, Down, Antrim, Londonderry, "and Tyrope. It is the largeft in Europe, thofe of La doga and Onega in Ruffia, and that of Geneva in Svvifferland excepted ; being 30 miles long and 1 5 broad. It is re markable fer a healing virtue ; and alfo for petrifying wood, vvhich is not only found in the water, but ip the adjacent foil, at a confiderable depth. On its ftores feveral beautiful gems have been difce- 'SBered. , Neath, a krge town ef Glamorgan- ihire, in S, "V\'ales, with a market on Sa- furday. It is feated on a river of the fame name, over vvhich is a bridge, where fmall veffels come to load coal. In the neig-hbourhocd are iron forges, fmelting works for copper, and many coal mines. it is an ancient town, governed by a portreeve, who is AVorn in by the deputy conftable of the caftle of Nekh. On the other fide of the river are the ruins of a fine monaftery ; but the houfe belonging to it, being a large ftrufture, is r.cpt in good repair. It is feated near the Eriftol channel, 32 miles N. Vv^. of Landaff, and 200 W. by N. pf London™ I,,on. 3. 45. W. kt.-5i. 43- N. Ne.ath, a river in Brecknock and Glamorganfhire, vvhich runs into the Eriftol Channel, near Coidfrank Foreft. Neb, a river in the Ifle of Man, which runs into the Irift Sea, at Peel Caftle. Nebio, or Nebbio, a ruined city en the N. fide of the ifland of Corfica, with a biftop's fee, whofe bifhop refides at St. Fiorenzo, from which it is a mile diftant. Necaus, an ancient town of Africa, in the kingdom ef Algiers, with a fu perb mofque ; feated in a territory-abound ing vvith exceflent figs, 50 miles from Tetzteza. -, Neckar, a river of Gerinany, which has its fource in the Black Foreft, croffes the duchies of Wirtemburg, and the pa latinate of the Rhine, and falls into the. Rhine at Manheim, after having paffed by Tubingen, Effingen, Hailbron, Heidel- bttrg, and other towns of lefs note. Neckers-Gemund, a town ef Ger- many, in the palatinate qf the,Rh4l^|feat. ed on the river Neckar. Lon, gT^I^Br- lat. 49. 26. N. -" "^',,-'," Neckers-UlM, a'tpvvn nf Germany, in Francpnia, feated pu the river Neckar. It belongs to the grand.mafier ef the Teutonic order. Lpu, 9, 5, E, lat, 49. ai.N. Ned-Roma, an ancient town of Afri ca, in the kingdpiu of Tremecen, built by the Romans, and, feated in a fertile foil, ten miles from the fea. Needham, a town of Suffolk, vvith a market on Wednefday, feated on the river Orwell. It has feme trade in Suffolk. blues, and cloths ; the poorer fort of wo. . men are employed in fpinning and weav. ing bonelace. It is 10 miles N. W. of Ipfwich, and 73 N. E. of Lpndpn. Lpn, I. 23. E. kt. 52. 15. N. Needles, two rocks at the W.,end of the Ifle of Wight, fo called from their ftarp extremities. Neeheeheovv, one ef the. Sandwich Iflands, about fiye leagues to.the weftward of Atooi. The eaftern coaft is high, and rifes abruptly from the fea. The reft of the ifland confifts of low grpund, except a round bluff head- on the foutheaft point. It produces abundance of yams, and ef a fweet root. It contains about ip,ooo in. habitants. NEFEi-tK, a viflage near Ncwpprt, in Pembi'pkefliire, in the churchyard pf which is a remarkable old crofs. The church has nc pavement in it, and the tret|uent burials- have raifed the ground within it to feven or eight feet higher than '.vithout it. In procefs of time, in ftead pf a church, it will be cnly a fe- pulchre. Nefta, a populous town of Africa, in the kingdom pf T'unis. .Lon.g. 25. E. i'2'. 33.0. N. Nngapatam, a neat city of the pe. ninfula of Hindooftan, on the coaf| of Co romandel. -¦ It was firft a colony of the Portuguefe, but was taken by the Dutch, The latter were difpoffeffed of it by the Englifli in 1782, but, by the peace of 1783, it vvas agreed to be reftored to the Dutch whenever they- fliould give an equivalent for it. Negapatam in 183 miks S. of Madras. Lon. 79. 56. E. Iat. 10. 46. N. Negoas, a krge populous ifland of Afia, and one of the PhiHppines, lying betvveen Luzon and Mindanao. Negombo, a feaport of Afia, on the W. coaft of the Ifle of Ceylon. It has a fort built by the Portuguefe, which was taken by the Dutch in 1640, Lon, 83. 45. E. kt. 7. 3D. N. Negrais, a feaport of Afia, i'eated on, •nhe E. fide ef the Bay of Bengal, 240 miles "W", of Pegu, Lon, g4. 4. E. laf. 1 5, 50. N. Necsril-Point, the moft wefterly promontory ef the ifland of Jamaica. Negro Cape, a promontory of Afri» ca, pn the W. ccaft pf Angpla, being the moft foutherly cpuntry tp which the Eu rppeans N E I ropeans ufually refprt tP purehafe flavcs. Lon. 10. 40. E. lat. ' 5. 54. N. Negroes-Island, an ifland of Afi.a, one pf the Philippines, lying between thpfe of P..anay and Cebu. Negroland, pr Nigritia, is a tract of land in Africa, through which the river Niger is fuppofed to run. It has the great defert called Zahara on the N. and ftretches far to the S. but the in land parts are very little known. How ever, the Europeans have many fettle ments on the weftern coaft, and the Por tuguefe have fome en the eaftern', where they barter European goods for flaves, gold-duft, and elephants teeth. Negropont, an ifland of Turkey in Europe, the largeft in the • Archipelago. It was anciently called EubcEa, and is near the N. coaft of Livadia, from whichit is feparated by a ftrait, ever vvhich is- a bridge. It is about 90 miles in length, and 2 5 in breadth, though in fome places much narrower. The Turks took it from the Venetians in 1469. Ic abounds in corn, wine, fruits, fleft, fifli, and fowls.. Negropont, a large and ftrong town of Turkey in Europe, capital of the ifland of that name, with a harbour, vvhich is commonly the ftation of the Turkift fhips. The walls of the tovvn in vvhich the Turks and Jews refide, are tvvo miles and an half in circumference, but the fuburbs, vvhere the Chriftians live, are much larger. The captaiii-baftaw re fides he're, who commands the vvhole ifland. The bridge, taken notice of above, - reaches from this city to the continent. It has a Greek archbiftop's fee, and pro vifions here are very cheap. It was taken from the Venetians in 1469, by the Turks, after a fix months- fiege, at the coft ef 40,000 men. The Venetians attempted te retake it in, i633, without effeft. It is feated on a ftrait bf the fame name, 30 mfles N. E. of Setlnes or Atheiis, and 260 S. W. of Conftantinople. Lon. 24. 8. E. kt. 33. 30. N. Nehavand, an ancient tpvvn pf Per fia, famPUs fpr a battle fought near it be tween the cahff Omar and Yez Degcrd, king ef Perfia, in 1638, when he loft that kingdom. It is 55 miles S. of Hamadan. Len.' 47. IP. E. Iat. 34. 20. N. Neidenburg, a tpwn ef Pruffia, in 'a county of the fame name with a caftle upon a mountain ; fe|ted ih a very delight ful country. H^ -¦•' Neilston, a village of RefVifrcw- ftire, in Scotland. It lies S. of Paifley, and is noted for a eottoit'msnufaftpry. ^ NEO' Neisse, a handfome town of Germa ny, in Silefia. It is furrounded by thick. walls and deep ditches, and moft of the houfes are wefl builf. The bifliop of Breflaw generally refides here, and has a magnificent palace. The air is very wholefome, provifions cheap, and the in habitants carry on a confiderable trade ia Hnens and wine. This pi ice fuffered greatly in 1729, by an inundation anda fire. It was taken by the Pruffians ia 1741,-who augmented the fortifications ., after the peace in 1742, and btult a citSr del, to which rhey gave the' name of Pruifia. It is feated on a river of the fame name, 35 miles S. E. of Breflaw, and 27 N. E. of Gktz. Len. 17. 35, E, kt, ro 3nN. Nellen'surg, a town of Germanv, in the circle of Suabia, capital of the land gravate of the fame name, 20 miles N. of Conftance, and 20 N. E. ef Schaffhaufen. Lon. 9. 8. E. lat. 47. 59. N. Nels,on, an Englifh fettlement in N. AmericT, on the W. fide .of Hudfon's Bay, feated at the mou'ch of the river Nelfon, 600 miles N. W. of RupcrtFort, and 250 S. E. of Churchill Fort. It belongs tu- the Hudfon's Bay Company. Lon. 01.. 35. VV^ kt. 57. 7. N. Nkm.'ea, a village of Turkey in Eu rope, in the Morea, famous fer the Ke. raaean games celebrated here. Nemours, a town of France, in tht department of Seine and Marne and kfe province of the Ifle of France, with an old caftle, between two hills, on rhe fpot vvhere ftood the town ef Grex, in the time of Cefar. Ic is feated on the river Loing, 10 miles S. of Fentainbleau, and 15. S. E.'of Parle. Len. 2. 37, E. lat. 48. 16. N. * Nen, or Nine, the principal river of Northampton, which rifes in the V'/. part ef th'e county. It is made navigable at Northampton, Ic'aies the county at Peterborough, and croffing the Ifle of^Eh', forms part of the W. boundary of Nor folk, and falls into the Lincolnfhire Waft. It likeTvife cemmunicateb, by feveral chan nels, with the Great Oufe. 'Neocastro, a fort of Turkey in Eu- • rope, in Romania, feated in t'ne middle of the Bofphorus, where the Turks alwavs keep a good garrifn. It is 12 miles from 'ConftantiriopTe. Lon. 29. 4.. E, lat. .^;. 10. "N. * "' Neots, St. a large, well-built town of Huntingdonftire, with a market on Thurf day. Itis feated on the river O'jfe, over vvhich is a ftone bril^e. It is adorned with a handfomc" church, vvhich h,as a fine "r Itccpie, NES NET fteeple, and the market is very confider able. It is 20 miles W. S. VV. ef Cam bridge, and 56 N. N. W. of London. Lon. o. 30. VV. lat. 52. 7. N. --¦ Nepean Island, an ifland of the S. Pacific Ocean, oppofite Port Hunter, en the S. coaft of Norfolk Ifland. It confifts entirely of one mafs of fand, held together by the furrounding cHffs, which are a bor der of hard rocks. Not'A'ithftanding there was not the leaft appearance of e.arth or .nould on the ifland, tliere vvere upward of 200 very fine pines growing on it. The furface was covered with a kind of coarfe grafs. Nepi, an ancient town ef Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, wich a biftop's fee. ,lt is feated en the river Triglia, 20 miles N. of Rome. Lon. 12. 34. E. lat. 42. 14. N. ' Nerac, a handfome town ef France, in the department of Lot and Garronne and late province of Guienne, divided by the river Baife into two parts. Great and Little Nerac. In the feudal times, this was the refidence and capital of the lords of Albret. Their ftupendous caftle is novy in ruins ; but, before the abolition of rey. alty, no true Frenchman could vifit it vvithout fentiments ef veneration ; for here their once favourite Henry I"V. fpent part of his youth., Nerac is 20 miles S. W. ef Agen, and 380 S. by W. of Paris. Lon. c. 13. E. lat. 44. 2. N. * Nerbudda, a river of Iridia, which iffues frorn a lake on the fouthern confines of the provirice of Allahabad, forms the boundary between Hindopftan Proper and the Deccan, arid falls into the Gulf ef Cambay, below Baroach. Nericia, a prevince ef'the kingdom ef Sweden, in the divifion of Sweden Pro per ; bourided on the N. by Weftmania, on the E. by Sudcrmania, en the S. by E. Gothland, and on the W. by W. Gothland. Ore'oo is the capital, and the only confiderable place in it. Nero, an ifland of Afia, in the E. In dies, the fecond of the Banda Iflands. The Dutch have a fort here, called Fort Naffau. They have large ferpents which are not venomous, and the mountains are covered vvith trees, in' vvhich arc birds of, a very fingular kind. Lon. 129. 45. E. kc. 4. 40. N. -' Nertchinsk, one of the four pro vinces of the Ruffian government of Ir kutzk. Its capital, of che fame name, is feated ori the river Nertcha," which falls into the Schilka. Nlsle, a to.vn of France, in the de partment ef Somme and bre provineei." Picardy. It is feated on the river Lin- gen, eight mhes N. F» ef Roye, and 66 N, by'E. of Paris- Lon. i. 59. E. lat. 49. 51. N. '* Ness, Loch, ^ beaudful lake of Scotland, in Invernefsftire, 22 mfles in length, and, fpr the moft part, one -in breadth. It is flieltered on the N. VV. by the high mountains ef Urquhart and Mealfourvoriey, and edged witn coppices of birch and oak. '¦ Ness, a river ef Scotland, vvhich is the outlet of Loch Nefs, and falls into the Frith cf Murray, below Invernefs. Netherlands, or the Low Coun tries, a large couritry of Europe, anci ently called Gallia Belgica. In the fifth century the Francs, a people of Germa- ny, coming fo fettle- in Gaul, founded a new kingdom, te which they gave the name of France. In the ninth century, the fens of the emperor Lewis the Pious hay. ing divided the dominions of their father, vvho poffeffed Germ.any, France, and Italy, a new kingdom was formed, comprehend. ing Gerinany and France, which extend ed from the Mediterranean te the ocean, and contained a part of the Netherlands. It was called Lotharia, but did not long fubfift ; fqr it was foon divided into two ; and that feated near the Mediterranean was cafled the kipgdom of Burgundy ; vvhile the other, te the N. had the name ef Auftrafia. Neither did this kft conti nue leng, it being divided intp fmall prp vinces under different names, vvhich ftiU depended pn the empire ef Germany, and were called Lovver Germany. In pro cefs of time, the houfe ef Burgundy pur chafed many of them, and vvas about to form them,. with Burgundy, into a king dom ; but Charles the Bold, the laft duke of Burgundy, being killed by the Swifs in 1477, his part of the Netherlands devolv- • ed on his only child and heirefs, Mary; by whofe marriage vVith the emperor Maximilian, the Netherlands vvere an ac- quifition to the houfe of Auftria. The emperorCharlesV. kingof Spain, in 1555, abdicated the fovereignty of^ the Nether. lands, and, fomctime- afterward, the Spa nifh crown, in favour of his fon Philip. The tyranny of this cruel bigot, PhUip II. vvho endeavoured to introduce the inqui- fition into the Low Countries, with the barbarities exercifed by the duke ef Alva, exal"pcratcd the people to fuch a. degree, that they threw off thg Spanift yoke, and, under the conduft of William I. prince of Orange, formed the famous league of Utrecht, in 1 579, vvhich proved the fnun. dativu ,).f the V'^public of the United Pro. vinces. NET N E U vinces. The provinces which compofe this republic, are thofe of H-.'lland, 'v-Veft Fricfland, Guelderland, Utrecht, Overyf fel, and Groriingep. After a long and bl'iody war the Spaniard^ agreed to a truce with the United Provinces, the very firft article of which ackuovledged them ro be free and independe^nt ftates. Th'? war . vvas renewed in 1621, till at laft, by the treaty of Weftphalia, in 1648, Philip IV. cf Spain exprelfly renounced all claim to fovereignty ever the United Provinces. The other 10 provinces, however, return ed under the dominion of Spain, b'ut with very f.ivoura'ole ftipuktions with refpeft to their ancient laws and liberties. On the death ef Charles IL king of Spain, and che fubfequenc acceffion of a branch of the houfe of Bourbon, to that monar chy, it was ftipulated, by the treaty of Baden in 1714, that the 'Spanift Nether lands ftouid return to the German branch of, the houfe of Auftria, in which they ftill remain : but net without diminution and difmemberment ; for fome C'mfider- able parts were obtained by conqueft, or ceffion, by the French and Dutch. The only territories that belong eqtirely to Auflria, are thofe of Limburg, Namur, Antwerp, and Mechlin. The Dutch have part of Brabant and Flanders. The French have Artois and the Cambrefis, and they have Hkewife part of Luxem burg, Flanders, and Hainault. Buc, on the other hand, part of Guelderland, one of the Seven United Provinces, belongs to Auftria, and another part to Pruffia. The emperor Charles VI. lef^ the Auftrian Netherlands to his daughter Maria The- refa^ queen of Hungary and Bohemia, vvho married Francis, grand duke of Tuf cany, ' afterward emperor. During her reign, no fovereign c'OuId be more beloved; no people mere content and. happy. But her I'on, Jofeph II. having projefted naany innovations in the conftitucion, both in church and ftate, and enforcing them vvith violence, an univerfal fpirit of revolt brojce out ; an army of 40,000 men rofe, as if by magic, te fupport the renunciation of all allegiance, which fevetal of the provinces now openly rnade ; a congrefs was formed fiom the different ftates, in whom the fupreme government was vefted; and: by the end of December 1790, the Aui'trian forces were entirely expelled from the Netherlands. The • nevv government, however, was not of long duration ; for which, indeed, the manner in vvhich the congrefs exercifed their powers vvas far from being calculated. Leopold II. (the fucceffor of the capricious and unfortu:ia'.e Jofeph, who died in the early pare of 1790,) was enabled, parcly by force of arms, parcly by coiiciliacory meafures, and parcly by the mediacion of the courts of London, Berhn, and Hague, to reco ver the entire poffeffion ef his authority in thefe provinces, and that, in a great meaftire, to the fatisfaftion of rhe peopk ; the minifters ef the mediating courts hav ing guarantierl the reftoration of the an cient Belgic confthufion; as enjoyed under the happy reign of the emprefs quren Maria Therefa. 'In 1792, when the French overrun the Necheriarids, they endeavoured to effeft another revolution, but being driven out of the country in 1793, their " revolutionary fyftem," as ic vvas called, totally failed; and the good underftanding between the Belgians and their prefent Ibvereign, the emperor Fran^ cis II. appears to be very cordial and fin. cere. The Netherlands, in general, are 360. miles long and 260 broad; lying be- tween z" and 7° E. lon. and 49° and ^4." N. kt. They are bounded en the iv. and N. by the German Ocean, on the E. by Germany, and on the S. by France. They once confticuted a part ofthe Ger man empire, under the name of the circle of Burgundy. The principal rivers are the Scheld, Rhine, Maefe, Mofelle, and Lis ; and there are many fine navigable canals, which arc of great advantage to the commerce ef the country. The air is temperate; but the mouths ef the rivers and harbours are fi-r,/.en up in winter. The foil is extremely f'ertile in c-)rn and paftures ; and there are feveral iiae ma nufaftures of lace, kvvns, canibricks, ta peftry, &c. See United Provinces of the Netherlands, and thepro- ' vinces under their refpeftive names. Nettuno, a handfome town of Italy, in the Campagna of Rome, tc is but thinly peopled, t.hough feated in a fertile foil. It ftands at the mouth of the river Loracina, 24 mfles S. of Rome. Lon. 12. 29. E. lat. 41. 32. N. ''¦ Neva, a river of Ruffia, which i.ffues out of the Lake Ladoga, and falls into the .Gulf^of Finland, below Peterf- burgh. Neusurg, a town of Germany, in the Brifgau, feated near the Rhine, be ;'.->-..«! Baile and Brifach, 12 miles N. ef the for- Iner, and as much S. of the latter; f-ab- je6t to the houfe of Auftria. L'.::i. 7. 3 r. E. lat. 47. 47. N. , ' " Neuburg, a to'.vn of Germany, in Lo-,ver^ Auftria, feated on the Danube, five miles from Vienna, with a famous monaftery. Lon. 16. .^o. E. kt. 4K. 13. N. -NtUBURC, a town of Germ.any, jn the N E U N E U the duchy ef Wirtemburg, featec! ori the river Entz, with a caftle, 25 miles W. of Stutgard. Lon. 8. 34. E. kt. 48. 1:2. N. Neuburg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, and capital of the duchy of the fame name, fubjeft to the Eleftor Palatine. It is 2S miles N. E. of Augfturg, and 40 S. W. of Ratifton. Lon. 1 1. 10. E. kt. 48. 45. N. Neuchatel, a territory of Swiffcr- knd, vvhich, with that of Vallengin, forms one principality, that ftretches from the Lake of Neuchatel to the Hmits of the late province of Franche Comte in France; containing in length, from N. to S. about 12 leagues, and about fix in its greateft breadth. By the death of the duchefs of Nemours, in 1707, the fovereignty of Neuchatel and Vallengin was claimed by Frederic I. king of Pruffia, as heir to the prince of Orange ; his right vvas acknow ledged by the ftates of the country ; and from him it defcended to his great-grand- fon, Frederic-WiUiam II. the" prefent king. The conftitution of this country is a kind of limited monarchy.' The inhabi tants are proteftants, except in the two diftrifts of Landeron and Creffier, where the Catholic religion is predominant. In 1529, this populous principality entered irito a ftrift alliance vvith the cantons of Bern, Friburg, Soleure, -and Lucern. The air is healthy and temperate, but the foil not every where equally fertile ; how ever, there are krge vineyards, vvhich pro duce vvhite and red wine, which laft Is ex cellent. The paftures on the mountains feed a great number of aU forts of cattle, and there aye plenty of deer in the foreft, befide large trouts, and other goed fift, in the lakes and rivers. The people arc ingenious, polite, aftive, and induftrious. '-'* Neuchatel, or Yverdun, a lake of Swifferland, vvhich ftretches about 20 mfles m, length from the town Yverdun to that of Neuchatel, in a direftion from S. W. to N. E. at which extremity it has a communication with the Lake of Bienne by a narrow outlet. Its fliorcs, near Yverdun, are covered vvith country- hf.u'es. Neufchatel, a handfome town ef Swifferland, capital of a principality of the fame name ; but it is a fmaU pkce, containing not more than 3000 fouls/ It lies partly on the little plain between the Lake ef Neuchatel and the Jura, and partly en the decHvity of that mountain ; and feme of its ftreets, in courfe, arelvery fteep. At the commenoement of the pre fent century, commerce vvas almoft wholly unknown in this town, as the ridiculous pride of its being deemed degrading, ge nerally prev'ailed among the inhabitatitS. This fenfelefs prejudice is now, however, nearly extingulfted. The chief article of exportation is wine produced from the neig'nbouring vineyards, and much ef teemed. Manufaftures alfo of printed li- nens and cottons have been eftabliflied with fuccefs ; and within thefe few years, feveral merchants have raifed large for. tunes. Many public works have been lately executed at Neuchatel, at an ex- pence far exceeding the revenues ef this Httle ftate ; but fer thefe they are indebt ed to a private citizen, Mr. David Pury, who befide contributions, in his Hfetime, to the amount ef 40,0001. left his coun try heir to a fortune of i6o,oool. ; he him felf, having none but diftant relations.- Among thefe public works, are the new tewnhoufe, and a fuperb caufeway leading toward the valley of St. Imier. Neucha tel has a grand and little coupcil ; the firft is compofed of perfons ; the fecond con fifts of 24 memhers, comprehending the mayor, who is' prefident. Thefe two councils affemble regularly every mouth. The town is fituated on the Lake of the fame' name, 2 5 miles N. E. of Laufanne, and' -a 5 W. of Bern. Lon. 7. o. E. lat, 47. 5- N. -¦' Neufchatel, a town of France, in the department ef Lower Seine and late province'of Normandy. It is noted for excelkrit cheefe, and is commodioufly feat ed on the river Arques, 20 miles S. E. of Dieppe, and 75 N. 'VV. ef Paris. Lon, 1. 30. E. lat. 49. 46. N. Nevil's-Cross, near the city of Durham, vvhere, in the year 1346, David king of Scotland vvas defeated and taken prifoner by the Englift. Neustadt, a to^vn ef Germany, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, feated en the river Kocher, 12 riailes N. 'E. of Hailbron. Lon. 9. 38. E. lat. 49. 17. N. Nevers, aconfiflerable town of France, in the department ef Nievre and late pro vince of Nivernois, with a bifliop's fee. It is built in the form ef an amphitheatre, and contains feyeral fine buildings ; par ticularly, the ancient ducal palace," in which John Cafimir, king ef Poland, ex- - pired in 1672. It is feated on the river Loire, over vvhich there is a handfome bridge, and at the end of it a fine krge cau'ewiy, reaching te the town. It "is 15 miles N. VV. of Moulins, and 75 S, E. of Orleans, Lon, 3. 14. E. lat. 46. 59- N. Neufchateau, a tovvn of the Auf trian Netherlands, in the province ef Lux emburg, 20 miles N. E. of Secan. Lon,' 5, 30. E, Iat. 49. 53. N, Neue- N E U Neufchate.au, a town of France, in the department ef Vofges and late pro vince of Lorrain, and capital ef the cha- teHanie ef Chateriois. Ic is a handfome, populous, trading town. It is feated in a bottom, in a foil fertile in corn, goed wine. NEW "tains 10 miles N. of Landau. Len. 8. 9. E. lat. 49. io. N. --'¦ Newark, a handfome flourifting town of N. America, in the ftate of New Jerfey. It has an cpifcopal church, two preftyterian churches' (ene ef v/hich, ef and afl the neceffaries ef life, on the riv^r ftone, is the largeft and moft elegant in "'^ '' "-"'-'---'- ¦ thg ftate) a court-houfe, and gaql. The town has the reputation of making the beft cider in the world. It is nine miles W. ef New York. Mouzon, 25 miles S. W. of Nanci, and 1 50 E. by S. of Paris. Lon. 5. 47. E. kt. 48. 24; N. Neuhaus, a ftrong town of Bohemia, in th^e circle of Bechin, vvith a caftle. Len. 1 5. 30. E. kt. 49. 8. N. Newark-upon-Trent, a bprough ef Nottinghamftire, vvith a market on Neuhausel, a fmall but very ftrong VVednefday. It is feated en the rlYer town of Upper Hungary ; feated en the river Neytracht, ip a marfliy plain, 15 miles N. ef Kemora, and 40 S. E. ef Prefturg. Lon. 18. 10, E, kt, 48, I, N, Nevin, or Newin, a town of N, -Wales, in Carnarvonfliire, feated on the Irift Sea, oppofite to Pulhelly. It has a fmaU market on Saturday, It is 20 miles S, M'^. pf Carnarvon, and 249 N, VV. of London. Lon. 4. 25. VV. lat. 52. 52. N. Nevis, an Ifland of the Weft Indies, di vided frem the E. end ef St. Chriftopher's by a narrow channel. It has but pne mpuntain, vvhich is in the middle very high, and cpvered with large trees up to the top. Here are fprings ef freft water Trent, over which is a bridge into a fmall ifland made by the river. It has a good trade, and once had a handfome caftle now in r:.ins. Here, in the midft of troubks, vvhich his own folly and bafenefs had ex cited, died the inglorious king John, Here too, the unforturiate Charles I. after Jiis defeat at Nafeby, put " himfelf into the hands of the Scotch armv, then befieging Newark, by whom he was af terward given up tp his wprft' enemies. It is 17 miles N. E. bv E. pf Nottingham, and 124 N. by W. of London. Lon. u. 45. W. lat. 53. 6. N. '¦* Newbern, the largeft town in the ftate' of N. Carolina, in N. America, the county town of Craven county. It ftands and a hot bath, much of the fame nature en a flat fandy point of land, formed by as thofe of Bath rn England, It is a fmall ifland, but very fruitful, and fubjeft to the Enghft, Lon. 62. 50. W. Iat. 16. IP. N. Neumark, a town ef Silefia, in the principality ef Breflau, 15. ihiles W. of Breflau. Lon. j6. 42. E. lat. 51. 5. N. Neustadt, a town of Germany, iri Wagria, feated op thp Baltic; Sea. Lori. II. o. E. lat. 54. lOi N. Neust.vdt, a town ef Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, feated near the river Elbe. Lon. 11, 50. E. kt. :;3. 24. N. Neustadt, a town of Germany, in Lower Auftria, with a biftop's fee, a magnificent caftle, an 'arfenal, and a very handfome park. It is 30 miles S. of Vi- enna. Lon. 16. 27. E. lat. 47. 48. N. Neustadt, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, and biftopric of Wurtzburg, feated en the rivijr Sale, •Len. 10. 25. E. Iat. 40. 24. N. Neustadt, a town of Gerniany, In the circle, of Lovver Saxony, and duchy of Brunfwick-Lunenburgh, vvith a ftrong caftle, 1 5 miles N. W, of Hanover. Lon. g. 55. E. Iat. 52. 34, N. Neustadt-ak-der-Hart, a town of Germajiy, in - the palatinate of the Rhine, feattd en d fmaU chain of moun- the confluence of the Neus on the N.,and the Trent on the S. the former being here a mile and a half wide, and the latter three quarters ef a mile. Here is a large and elegant palace ef brick, built by the prevince before the revolution, and on the pediment of which the arms of the king of Great Bricain/ftill appear. The epif copal church is the only place of public worftip. It is 4gg miles S. by W. of PJii. ladelphia. Lon. 77. 5. W. lat. 35. 20. N. Newborough, a tovvn of North Wales, in the Ifle of Anglefea,, vvith a. market on TuefeJay. ft is feated on the river Brant, 1 5 miles S. W. of Beaumaris, and 2j7 N. VV; ef Lendon. Lon. 4. 27. W. kt. 53. 10. N. Newburn-upon'-Ty.ne, avillage iu Northum.berland, on the "W. fide of New. caftle, inhabited chiefly by miners. Here, a part ef the army of king Charles I. un. dyr lord Conway, was defeated by the Scotch in 1640. Newbury, a town in Berkftire,' vvith a market on Thurfday. It is feated on the river Kennet, and is a large, vvell-fre-1 quented .corporation, with a handfome , market-houfe. 'It vyas formerly eminent for the clothing manufafture, but is much declined in this refpeft. Its pper are chiefly empl(!ycd in fpinning. Two H h battles NEW N E W bittles -were fought near this town vvith dubious fuccefs, between the forces of Charles I. and the parliament, in 1643 and 1644; in the firft of which was flain the gallant and vi''tuous lord Falkland. New bury iiHi6 miles W. ofRcadipg, and 56 W. of London. Lon. 1. 12. W. lat. 51. =.5. N. •" Newbury, Port, a tovvn of .N. America, in the ftate of Maffachufets. The bufinefs ef ftip-building is carried on largely here. It is fituated on the S. W. fide ef the river Merrimak, two miles frem the fea, and 45 E. of Bofton. Lon. 71. 5. VV. kt. 42. 45. N, NEwCAS-tLE, atown of Carmarthen ffiire, in S. \yales, with a market on Fri day, feated en the river Tyvy., It is but a poor tovvn, and its fine caftle is now in ruins. It is 17 miles N. W. of Carmar then, and 2ig W. N. ,W. of London, Lon. 4. 30. W. lat. 52. 4. N. .Ne^vvcastle, or Newc.vstle-un- BER-LlNE, a large borough in Stafford- Ihire, vvith a market on Monday. It is feated on a rivulet, and had four churches, now reduced co one. The caftle whence it had its name is quite demolifhed. It has a large manufaftory of hats, and is 15 miles N. of Stafford, and 149 N. N. W. of London, Lon, 2, 2, W. lat. 53. 12. N. Newcastle, or Newcastle- upon-Tyne, the largeft and moft popu lous town in Northumberland, fituated betweeri the Pifts-wall and the Tyne, ¦which is here a fine and deep river ; fo thalt ftips of three or four hundred tons burden may f"afely come up to the tovvn, though the large colliers are ftationed at Shields. It is fp fecure a haven, that veffels, when they have paffed Tyne- mouth-bar, are in rio danger eifher from (ftorms or Ihallows. It is. defended by Clifford's fl'ert, which effeftually com mands all veffels that enter the river. The town may bfc confidered as divided into two parts, of vvhich Gateftead on the Durham fide, is ene ; and both vvere joined by a ftone bridge, which had flood Sibove 500 years. It originally .'confifted of 12 arches, but by the emba;nkment of the riyer for the purpofe of forming the quays on the N. fide, they were reduced to nine. On this bridge vvere houfes, which, in general, ftood at fome diftance from each other. In 1771, a dreadful flood carried away four ef thefe arches, with the houfes that ftood upon them. This part of the . bridge was rebuilt in 1779. The town rifes on the N. bank of the river, where the ftreets, upon t'ne af cent, are e^xccedingly fteep, Moft of the houfes are built of ftone ; but fome of them are. ef 'timber, and the reft ef brick, ,- Through this town went- part ef that wall vvhich extended from fea to fea, and was built by tlrb Romans to defend the Britons againft the incurfions of the Pifts, after all their trained youth had been drawn from the kingdom to recruit the armies ef their conquerors. The liberty of the town and the power of the corpo- ration extended no farther than the gate ' upon the bridge, which fome years ago put a ftep te a terrible fire, which would otherwife, perhaps, haye burnt the whole ftreet of houfes- on chac fide of the bridge, as it did thofe beyond it. On the eaft fide ef this gate are carved the arms of the bifliop of Durham, and on the W. fide thofe of the 'town ef Newcaftle. The town is defended by a ftrong wall, 'in which are feven gates, and as many tur rets, with feveral cafemate? bomb-proof. The caftle, v\-hich is eld and ruinous, overlooks the whole town. Here is a very noble exchange, and the wall of the town, running from it parallel with the river, leaves a fpacious piece of ground before it, between the water and the wall, vvhich being vvell 'wharfed and faced with freeftone, forms the longeft and largeft quay for landing goods that is to be feen in England, except that at Yarmouth. Here are four parift churches, befide one at Gateftead. St. Nicholas' church ftands on the top of a high hill, and has a lefty fteeple of curious architefture. It was founded in the reign ef WilHam Rufus, and rrioderni;:cd in 1783. Among the - , other public buildings is a manfion-houfe for the refidence ef the mayor, vvho is al lowed fix hundred pounds for the year, to maintain a proper ftate. Here is alfo a hall for tbe furgeons ; a krge hofpital, built by the contribution of the keel-men, for the maintenance of thq poor of their fraternity; and feyeral charitable founda tions, fituated in the centre. ef the great collieries, vvhich have fpr centuries fup plied London, all the eaftern, and moft of the midland arid fouthern parts ef the 'kingdom with coal. This trade has been the fource of great opulence to Newcaftle ; vvhich, befides, experts large quantities of lead, fait, falmon, butter, tallow, a'nd grindftenes ; and imports wine and fruit frem, the S. of Eprope, and timber, iron, hemp, &c. from the Balt^c-and Norway. Ships are fent hence to the Greenland fiftery. It alfo poffeffes manufaftories pf fteel, irpn, and wPoHen doth ; and in the town and neighbourhood are feveral gkfs- houfes. The ftreets in- the old part ef Ncwcalile are unfightly and aarrew, and . the NEW NEW the buildings greatly crowded together ; but feme ef the newer parts are handfome and, commodious. The fuburbs are chief ly inhabited by keel-men ; a rough and fturdy race, employed in carrying the ceal down the river in keels, pr lighters, tP the large ftips. Newcaftle vvas made pf it in 16S3 (the laft pn recprd) it ex tends ffom'Godlhen on the N. W. to the fea on the S. E. about 20 "miles, and from Hardley on the E. to' Ririgwood 'on the W. abouc i; miles. Ic has advancages of fituation, witS refpeft to conveyance' by vvater carriage, and vicinage te the dock aborough by Wilham the Conqueror, and yards, fuperior to every other foreft, hav- .u., c„/L '_i ,. J:-i_ .1 ._ ^1.' : ;_ :^. ...,_i.i. . i. , ,- i .i the firft 'charter wliich was granted to thi tewnfmen fer digging ceal vvas by Hen ry III. in 1239; but,, in 1306, the ufe of coal for fuel was prohibited in Londori, Ijy royal proclamation, chiefiy becaufe it in ing, in its neighbourhood, feyeral places for ftipping timber. It vvas afforcfted by WilHani the Conqueror, vvho expelled the inhabitants, and laid waftb the country, for that purpofe. -His fon Wflliam Ru- jured the fale of wood fer fuel, great fus vvas killed in this foreft, by an arrow quantities of vvhich were then growing about that city ; but this interdiftion did not long continue, and we may confider coal as having been dug and exported from this pkce fer more than 400 years. New caftle is 14 miles N. ef Durham, 94 N. of York, and 271 N. by W.of London. Lon. 1. 27. W. Iat. 55. 3. N. '-¦-' Newcastle, a tovvn of N. Ame rica, in the ftate ef Delaware. It was fettled by the Swedes, about the year 1627, and was called Stockholm. It vvas afterward taken by the Dutch, and called New Amfterdam. When it fell inte the hands of the Englift, it vvas called New caftle. It contains about 60 houfes, which have the afpeft of decay. This was the firft tovvn fettled en the river Delaware, and was formerly the feat of government. It is feated en the W. bank of the Delaware, 3 5 miles below Philadel phia. ^ Newdigate, a viHage in Surry, five miles S. E. of Darking. In the E. part of this village is a medicinal fpring, of the fame nature as that ef Ep fom. fliot by Walter Tyrrcl, a French gentle- roan, and vvhich had accidentally glanced againft a tree; The fpot is pointed out by a triangular ftone, ereiled m 1745. Newfoundland, a large ifland ly ing on the eaftern coaft of N. America; betvveen 47" and 52" M. kt. It is a mountainous, barren country, and is much colder than England, being covered with fnow five months in the year. It feems to have no inhabitants of its own, bi?t ia the fummer-time is vifited by the Eflci- maux Indians. It has feveral commp dious bays and harbours, and there are about 500 Englifh famifies who continue there all the year, befide the garrifon of St. John's, Placentia, and other forts. In the fifting feafon it is reforted to by at leaft 10,000 people, en account of the fift- ing-banks to the E. of this ifland, foi; here they cure the cod, which is carried not only to England, but to all parts of Europe. It is 350 miles in length from N. to S. and 200 in breadth, at the bale, frem E. te VV. There is great plenty of yenifon, fift, and fowls, biit very hctle corn, fruit, er cattle ; upon vvhich ac- , Newenham, Cape,' a rocky point of couut the inhabitants have not only their confiderAble height, in the N. Pacific Ocean, and on the W. coaft of N. Ame rica. It ferhis the northern extremity of a vaft bay, called Briftol Bay, of vvhich the promontory pf Alaflca is the fouthern boundary. It was difcovered by captain Cook in 1778, and Hes in lon. 162. 24. W. lat. 58. 42. N. Newent, a tovvn of Glouceftcrftire, with a market on Friday. It is feated near a branch ef the Severn, eight miles N. W. ef Gloucefter, and 114 VV. N. W. of London. Lon. 2. 20. W. lat. 51. 56. N. Newfidle.r-Sea, a lake in Hunga ry, 17 miles in length, and fix in breadth, 20 S. by.W. of Prefturg. New Forest, a foreft in Hampftire, fituated in 'that part pf the ceunty vvhich is bounded on the E. by Southampton Water, and en the S. by the Englifli ^^hannel^ According to the plan taken 19; N. clothes and furniture, but provifions, from England. -Newhaven, a fmall town ef Suffex, whofe market is difufed. It is feated at the mouth of the river Oufe, and 'has a quay on the E. fide. It is feven miles S. of Lewes, and 56 S. ef London. Lon. o. 5. E. kt. 50. 48. N. ¦¦¦¦ Newhaven, a flourifting tpwn pf N. America, in the ftate pf 'Cpnnefticut. It lies round the head of a bay abput four miles N. of the Sound. Here is a uni verfity, confifting of one' college, called Yale College. Newhaven carries en a confiderable trade •'with Nevv York and the W. India ift.ancis, and is 132 raUes N. N.- E. of New York.'' Newm.ARK, a town", of Tranfylvania, feated ohjtje river Merift, 36 miles N. o: Ckufenbifr^. Lon. 23. 35. E. kt. .4.. Hh: New- NEW NEW Newmark, a town bf Germany, in Bavaria, 30 miles N, W. of Ratiib'on. Lon. It. 32. E. kt. 49. 14. N. , Nevvm AR!CET,"'a town partly in Cam bridgeftire and partly in Suffolk, with a market on Thurfday. It confifts of one well -built ftreet, and has one parift iri Suffolk, a'rid another in Cambridgeftire, but the market-place, apd afl the ftreet, are in Suffolk. It is the moft celebrated place in England for horferaces. Charles J I. built a houfe here, for the fake of this diverfion. It is 14 mUes E. ef Cam bridge, and 60 N. by E. of London. Len, o. 25. E. lat. 52. 20. N. Newmarrtt, a fmaU town ef Flint- fhire, in N. '\Vale-a, four mfles N. E. of St. Afaph. Newnh A.vr, a tov.'n ef Gloucefterfliire, with a market en Frid.iy. It is a corpo ration, and feated on tb.c VV. fide of the Severn, eight miles S. W. of Gloucefter, and 112 VV. N.-VV'''. of London. Lon. i. 23. W. kt.51. 46. N. Newport, a large borough of Hamp fliire, in the Ifle of Wight, with two markets, on Wednefday and Saturday; It is governed by a mayor and burgeffes. It is feated on the river Cowes, "which is navigable to jt for fmall veffels ; but it is a place ef little trade. It is '17 miles S. of Southampton, and gi" S. VV^. of London Lon. I. 15. VV. Iat. 50. 40. N. Newport, a tovvn in Shropftire, with a market on Saturday. It has a -handfome freefchool and a market-houfe; and is 17 miles E. of Shrev^ftury, and 140 N. W. of London. Lon. 2. iS, W. kt, 52. 45. N. - Newport, a town of Monmouthfliire, with atnarketon Saturday, It is feated en the river Ufk, over vvhich js a hand- feme bridge ; and h.is a good harbour, whence ic has its name. Itjs ig miles S. S. W". of Monm.ftuth, amf i r;2 W. by N. of London. Len. 3. 4. W. kt. 51. 36. N. Newport, a town of Penabrokeftire, in S. Wales, with a market on Saturday. It is feated at the foot of a high hifl, near the feaftore, arid has a handfome church, and the ruins of a caftle. It is governed by a mayor, 12 aldermen, a recorder, &c. It is fituated at the bottom of a bay of tbe fame name, iS miles N. E. of St. David's, aud 23-5 W. N. W. of London. Lon. 4. 50, W. Iat. 52. 6. N. i-iEwrosT, a bnroUj2-h of CornwaH,- v.-hoi"e iT.ar'Ket is dd'iifcd. It , is three Biiles N. of Lnu'iccilos, and 214 W. by 8. of Lendon. Lon. 4. 36. W^ kt. 50. 'K NKwp,0Rr, 'a J^'f.purt of N. Ameri ca, in the ftate.of Rhode Ifland. Its h'jr- bour, which is one of tlie fineft in the world, foreads weftward before the tewn,^ which Hes upon a gradual afcent, and ex hibits a beautiful view from the vvater. To the W. ef the town is Goat Ifland, f>n which is a fort. In Newport is a handfomc ftatehoufe and an elegant public library. It is 80 miles N. E. of New York Lon. 71. 6. W. kt. 41. 35. N. Nevvport-Pagnel, a town of Buck- inghamftire, vvith a market on Saturday. It is feated on the river Oufe, and is noted for the ' manufafture of. bonelace, for v iiich it Is a fort of mart ; and it flouriflies confiderably on that account. It is 14 miles E. N. E. ef Buci-;ingham, and 51 N. N. W. of London. Lon. o. 43. W. kt. 52. 4. N. '""-- New Rivek, a fine aitificial ftream, brought from two fprings at Chadvv^U and Amwell, near Ware, in Hcrtfordlhire, for the fupply of the metropolis vvith wa ter. It was finifted in 16 13, by fir Hugh Middleton, a rich citizen of London, wha expended his v/hole fortune in the under taking. This rive'r, with aU its windings, is 38 miles anel three quarters, and 16 poles long. It is under the management ef a corporation called -the New River Company, which is one of the moft flou- rifting-in the city. See Islington. -¦ Newry, a confiderable borough of Ireland, in the county of Down, fituated on the fide of a fteep hill, at the foot of which is the Newry Water, having over it two ftone bridges, and there is a third brid^-c over a navigable canal, by which its has a communication with Lough Nea and Carlingford Bay. New ry is fo much improved in its trade, and buildings, that ic is now the largeft town, in the county. It is 49 miks N. of Du'o- Hn. Lon. 6. 20. W. kt. 54. i ¦-,. N. Newsh AM, a village in Durham, fitu ated en the Tecs, five miles from Dar lington. This being the ufual ford over the river from the S. the bifnop of Dur ham is ufually .met here, at his firft com ing to the fee, vv'hen the lord of Stock- bourn, juft below it, being at the head cf the country gentlemen, advances with his truncheon to the middle of the river, and prefents it to the bifliop, who returns it, and then is c. -,-,e''ftcd along amid the ac clamations of the populace. Here was formerly a n'.muery. Nevvsol, a town ef Upper. Hungary, vvith a large cafiie. Ic is a handfomc place, and ac its upper end is a tower. lu the caftle is a chiirc'h, covered with copper. Near this rov.-n are the greateft copper-oiiiui in aH Hungary ; buc the ore. N I A N 1 C ere, after it is taken out of the mine, is melted 14 times before itis fit for ufe. It is feated on the river Grain, lo miles N. of Chremnitz, and 50. N. E. of Leopol- ftadt. Lon. ig. 20. E. kt. 49. 9. N. Newton, a borough of Lancafhire, with a market on Saturday. It is an in confiderable place, five miies N. of War rington, and igo N. '\V . of London. Lon. 2. 45. W. kt. 53. 23. N. entrance of this river, on its eaftern ftore' is Fort Niagara, ¦ about iS miles N. of vvhich are thofe remarkable falls which are reckoned amorig, the greateft natural curiofities in the world. The waters which fupply the river l-^iagara, rife near 2000 miles to the N. W. and pafEng through the Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie, receiviiv>:, in their courfe, conftant accumulations, ruft, at Newton, a town of Montgomery- kft, with aftonifliing grandc;ir, down a fliire, in N. Wales, with a market nn Sa- ftupendous' precipice of i.;o feet pcrpen- Uirday. It is feated on the river Severn, dicular ; and in a ftrong rapid that ex- fcven miles S. W. of Montgomery, and tends to the diftance of about nine iniles i6g W. N. VV. of Lpndon. Len. 3. 12. below, fall near as much nmre. The river W. kt. 52. 21. N. then lofes itfelf in Lake Ontario. The Newt'on, aborough of Hampftire, in noife ofthe Niagara Falls, in a clear day the Ifle of Wight, whofe market is dif- and fair wind, miy be heard 'Dctwcen 40 ufcd. Itis 14 miles S. ef Southampton, and 50 miles. '.--.Mien the water ftrikes and 93 miles W . by S. of London. Lon 1. 16. W. lat. 50'. 43. N. * Newton-Bushel, a krge tnwn in Devonftire, vvith a market on "V\'ednef- •day. It is feated on tiie river Teign, 15 miles S. by W. of Exeter, and 1S8 W. S. W.of London. Lon. 3. 3 S.W. Lit. 5o;32.N. '-¦- Newtonstewart, a tovvn of Wigton/hiro, in Scotland, fituated on the •river Cree, vvhich 'is navigable for fmall veffels to within two miles of the town. There is a handfome bridge over this river, vvhofe mouth, in Wigton Bay, af fords a valuable falmon-fiftery. Several manufaftures have been commenced with the -bottom, it bounds to a :j;reat height, in the air, eccafioning a tnick cloud of va pours, on vvhich the fun, when it ftiric-s, paints a beautiful rainbow. Nib AN'O, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, 57 miles W. of Parma, Lon, lo. o. E. kt. 45. 5. N. ' Nicaragua, a maritime province of N. America, in New Spain, and in the audience of Guatimala, bounded on the IS', by Honduras, on the E. by the At lantic Ocean, on the S. E. by Cofta Rica, and on the S. W. by the S. Sea, being 400 miles in length from E. to W. and i2p in breadth from N. to S. It is one of the fuccefs in this tovvn, which is indebted for moft fruitful provinces, in Mexico, and is its rife and name tn the noble family of Stewart earl of Galloway. It is 26 miles E. by N. ef Port Patrick. '¦-- Newtown, a village ef|P.enfrew- - ftire, in Scocland. it hes S. of Paifley, and is notedfor f"cverai krge print-fields. I'Jew-yeas's-Islan-ds, fmall iflands on the north fide of Staten-land. Great 'dl watered by lakes and rivers. The air is wholefome and temperate ; and this country produces ple.vty of fugar, cochi neal, and fine chocolate. Leon de Nica ragua is the capital. * Nicaragua, a lake of N. Ame- rica, in the province of the fame name. It is 200 miles in circumference, has feme numbers 'af fealions, feals, and a fpecies iflands in it, and ftretching frpm the city of vultures, r-efert to thefe, iflands, tege. of Leon N. W. to S. E. communicates riier with albatreffes, krge petrells, and with the Atlantic Ocean by the river St. periguiris. They are fituated in about 54. Juan. 46. S. Iat. and 64. 20. W. lon. Nicaria, an ifiand of the Archipe. Neyland, a town in Suffolk, vvith a lago, between Samos and Tine, about 50 miles in circumference. It vv-as anciently called Icaria, and extends from 27° to 28. 40. N. lar. Ic is full pf rocks ; the ca verns pf vvhich, the inhabitants, v/hp are very poor, make their abode. Thefe people are ef the Greek reli,;'inn, about 3000 in number. They apply themfelves to fwimming and diving for fp'ou'^e:, and ^market on Friday. It is feated en the river Stour, and has a woollen manufac ture. It is 16 miles S. "\V^ of Ipfwich, Lon. E. and 57 N. E. of London, kt. 52. I. N. N|;ytracht, a town of Upper Hun gary, b|pital of a county of the fame name, with a T^ifhop's fee ; feated on the river Neitra, 46 miles N. E. of Prefturg. Lon. for goods loft by ftipwreck. " The richeft 17. 49. E.kt. 4S. 28. N. ¦ menin the ifland," fays Thevenot, "give Niagara, a river of N. America, their d*.ig-hters te the beft divers, who whicli forms the communication between ar.e tried before the maid and her father ; Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and runs and he vvho remains longeft under water, from S. to N. about 30 miles. At the wins her. The women," he adds,, " have H h 3 th.e N'l C N I C the afceridency ; and as foon' as the huf. band arrives from any place, in his boat, the wife goes te the feafide, takes the oars, and carries them home ; after vvhich, the huftand can difpofe of nothing without her permiffion." Nic astro, an epifcopal tovvn of the kingdom of Naples, 17 miles S. of Co fenza. Lon. 16. 21. E. kt. 39. 3. N. Nice, a c 'unty, .of Italy, bounded en the W. by the river Var aud the Mari time Alps, vvhich divide it from France ; on the N. by Piedmont ; on the E. by Piedmont alfo, and the territories of Gcn,-,a-; and en the S. by the Mediter ranean. It was anciently an appen dage of Provence, in France, but has, for many years, belonged to the king ef Sar- dhiia. In 1792, it vvas ccnquered by the French. It is 36 miles long, 18 broad, and coritains about 120,000 irihabit.ants. Nice, an ancient, handfpme, and cpnfi- derable tpwn en the confiries ef France and Italy, capital of a county of the fame pame, vvith a ftrong citadel, a biftop's fee, and a fenate, which is a kind ,of de- moqracy. It has been feveral times taken by the French, and laft of all in 1792. It is very agreeably fituated, four miles from the mouth of the river Var, 83 mfles S. by W. of Turin, and 83 E. ef Aix. Lon. 7'. 23. E. kt. 43. 42. N. ¦Nice. See Isnic. NiCHABURG, a town of Perfia, the largeft and richeft of Korafan, is famous for a mine of Turkifli ftones in, its neigh-, bourhood. It is 37 miles from Mefted. Lon, 60. 21. E. Iat. 37. lo. N. NjCHotAs, St. a town "of France, in the department of Meurthe and late pro vince ef Lorrain, with a hanelfome church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, te which they formerly went in pilgrimage frem all parts. It is feated on the river Meurthe, five miles S. E. of Nancy, and 26':. E. ef Paris. Lon. 6..23.E. lat 48. 3 g. N. Nicholas, St. a feaport ef Ruffia, in the government- of Archangel ; feated at the mouth of the river Dwina, on the White Sea, fix miles S, of Archangel, Lon. 41. o. E. kt. 64. o. N. NiCKLESBURG, a liapdfome town of Germany, in Moravia, with a ftrong caftle, vvhich commands it, 27 mfles N. of Vienpa. Lon. 16. 37. E. kt. 48. 38.,N.. Ni,cobar Islands, the name ef fevcr.al ifla.nds in Afia, lying at the en trance of the Gulf pf Bengal. The na tives are tall and well-proportioned,' with waift. They have neither temples ner idols ; nor does there' feqm to be any great fuperiority among them. They are excellent fwlmmers, and fometimes will overtake fliips under fad. They live in little huts, having no tpwns, anei the cpuntry" is almpft covered with wood. They have ne corn, but a fruit which ferves them inftead of bread, and they catch plenty cf fift. They are ready to fupply the fliips that ftop there vvith provifions, fer they have hogs and poukry enough ; and, in return, they take iron, linen, and tobacco. They extend northward, from the N, point of Sumatra. The largeft of thefe iflands, which gives' name to the reft, is about 40 miles in lengih, and 1,5 ip breadth. Its S. end is iri lon. 94. 23. E> lat. 8. 0. N, Nicolas, St. orie of the moft cori fiderable of thofe ef Cape de Verde Iflands, lying between St. Lucia and St. Jago. It is ef a triangular figure, and about 75 miles in length. The laird is ftony, mountainous, and barren. Lon. 14, 10. W, kt. I''. 32. N. NicoLO, St. the moft confiderable and beft peopled of the ifles of Tremeti, in the Gulf of Venice, to the E. of St, Domingo, and to the S. of Capparata. It has a harbour, defended by feveral towers, and a fortrefs, in vvhich is an abbey, with a very handfome church, Lon. 1 5. 37. E, kt. 42, 10. N. NicOMEpiA, a town ef Turkey in Afia, -in Natolia, now called Ifchmit, er ' Schmit. It vvas formerly a very large place, as appears bythe ruins, and now contains 30,000 inhabitants; who confift of Greeks, Armenians, and Turks. The ruins of the ancient ftruftures and fine, palaces are very confiderable; however, itis ftill a place of confequence, and car, ries on a trade in filk, cotton, glafs, and earthen ware. It is the fee of a Greek archbiftop, and is 35 miles N, W. bf Ifnic, and 50 S. V/. of Conftantinople, Lon. 29. 30. E. lat. 40. 30. N. Nicopoli, a town of Turkey in Eu., rope, in Bulgaria, famous for -being the place vvhere, the firft battle was fought be. tween the- Turks and the Chriftians in 1396 ; an4 vvhere the emperor Sigifmund loft the day, and had 20,0000 men killed. It is feated on the river Danube, 35 miles S. W. of r.Ptzig, and ,130 N. W. pf Adrkripple. Lpri. 25. 33. E. lat. 44. 26. .N., . Nicopoli, or Glanish, an ancient long faces, black eyes, black lank hair, and tpvvn of Afia, in Armenia, built by Pom. dark copper-coloured fldns. They are faid pey the Great, en the river Cerauna, 265 to be a harmlefs good fort of people, and miles from Erzerum, and 225 frem Cogni. go quite naked, except aclbthabout the Lon. 37. 55, E, kt. 38. 15. N. t ' Nicosia, NTE N I L' Nicosia, a ftrong town of Afia, capital of the ifland of Cyprus, where a Turkift baftaw refides ; eleiightfully feated be- ' tween the mountain Olympus and-a chain of other mountains, b was t.irmerly well fortified by the Venetians, but now the works are in ruins. It is about three miles in circumference ; and there are plantations ef olives almonds, lemons, oranges, mulberries, and cyprefs-trces, in terfperfed among the houfee, which give the town a delightful appearance, "The church of St. Sophia, is an old Gothic ftrufture, which the "Turks have turned into a m.ofque. It is ido miles W. of Tripoli, anei i6o S. W.of Alepjio. Lon.' 34. 45. E.''kt. 34. 54. N. Nicotera, a feaport of the kingdom of Naples, with a bifliop's fee ; '35 miles N. E. ef Reggie, and 185 S. E. of Naples. Lon. 16. 30. E. kt. 38. 34. N. NicoYA, a town ef N. America, in Nevv Spain, feated on the coaft of the S. Sea, at the bottom of a bay, 45 miles S. E. of Nicaragua; Lon. 88. o. VV. lat. 10. 15. N. NiDAVv, or NiDOw, a handfome town of Swifferland, capital of a bailiwick of the fame name, in the canton of Bern, with a caftle ; fituated en the lake Bienn, 1 5 miks N. W, ef Bern, and 60 S. W. of Zurich. Niebla, an aneient town of Spain, in Andalufia, feated en the Rio Time, 40 miles W. of SeviUe. Lon. 5. 56. VV. kt. 37. 26. N. NiEMECz, a ftrong town of Moldavia, between Socezvva and Cronftadt, being 25. miles from each. Lon. i6. 16. E.lat. -46. 58. N. Niemen, a krge river of Poland, which rifes in Lithuania, where it paffes hy Bielica, Grodno, and Konnc: it after ward runs through part ef Samogitk, and Weftern Pruffia, where it falls into the lake called "the Curifch-haff, by feveral mouths, of whicli the moft northern is jcaHed the Ruf-, being the name of the town it paffes by. NiENBURG, a rich and ftrong town of .Germany, in the duchy of Brunfvvick- Lunenburg; wich a ftrong caftle., It car ries on a confiderable trade in corn and "wool, and is feated en the river Wefer, 30 miles N. W. of Hanover, and 37 S. E. of ' Bremen. Len. g. 26. E. lat. 52. 45. N. NiiN Closter, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Lower Saxony, and bi fhopric ef Schwerin, three miles E. ef Wifmar. It is the chief of a bailiwick, .dnd vvas ceded to the Swedes by the treaty cf Weftphalia. ^ 'NiENHUis, a towa of ^Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and biftopric of. Paileruorn, feated on the river Lippc, 20 miles E. of Lippeftadt; Len. 8. 55. E. lat. '51. 50, N. Nj.iiPEi'.. See Dnieper; Niestadt, a, town of. Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Mecklenburgh, 15 mUes S. of Schwerin; Lon. 1 1. 46. E. Iat. 53. 59. N. Niestadt, a town of Germany, iri the middle Marche of Brandenburg, feat ed oh the river Fuyhre, 25 miles N. E. of Beriin. Lon. 14. i. E. kt. 52. 4g. N. Neister. See Dniester. Niepout, a feaport of Auftrian Flan - ders, dx iniles N. E. ef Furnes, and i(5 N.E. of Dunkirk. Niger, a river, fuppofed te be one ef the largeft in Africa. Its rile and termi. nation are unknown ; but its courfe is from E. to VV. running S. of the king dom of Caftna, toward .Tombuftou, in the fands, on the S. of vvhich ccuntry, it is fuppofed 10 be left. The Africans have tvvo names for this river ; namely, Neel il At>eed, or River ef the Negroes, and Neel il Kibcer, or the Great River. They alfe term the Nile, Neel Stem ; that is, the Egyptian River; fo that the term Neel, whence our Nile, is nothing, more than the appellative of River, like Ganges or Sinde. So, great is the rapidity with which the Niger traverfes the empire of Caftna, that no velTel can afcend the ftream ; and fuch is the want of flcill, or of comm.ercial inducements, am.ong the in. habitants of its borders, that even with the current, neither veffels nor boats are feen to navigate. Even the food, which the bounty of the river would give, is in vain offered to their acceptance ; foj: fuch is the v.'ant ef fi^ill, or fuch the fettled diflikc of the people to this fort of provi fion, that the fiffi are never difturbed. In the rainy feafon, the Niger fwelis above its banks, floods the adjacent lands, ¦ and often fweeps before it the cattle aftd cottages ef the ftort-fighted or coe-cenfi- dent inhabitants, 1 NiKOPiNG, ^. tovvn of Denmark, ca pital of the ifland of Falfter, or Hulfter, in the Baltic, vvith a ftrong fort. It is 55 miles S. W. of Copenhagen. Lon. 12. 7. E. kt. 54. 50. N. Nicoping, a townof Sweden, in the province of.Sudenpania, weft of the Bal tic, 60 miles S. VV. ef Stockholm. Lon, 16. 40. E. kt. 58. 40. N. Nile, a great river pf Africa. Its fource is at the foot of a high mountain in Abylfinia. It runs firft N. E. after ward turns direftly E. and enters the great lake Dambia, running through it, H h 4 and, N I M N I O and, paffing among the rocks, the fight of it is almoft loft. Then it runs toward the S. and then toward the W; paffing to ward its fource, which it leaves 25 miles to the E.' forming a. fort of peninfula; after this it runs through the remaining part of Abylfinia into Nubia, and then in to Egypt, till it arrives at Cairoj a little belo-.v which it divides it:"elf into two great branches, whic'n, with the, Mediterranean Sea, forms the ifland called the Delta. The ancients reckoned 1 1 mouths of the Nile, of vvhich feven were confiderable ; but at prefent there arc only twp that are navi gable at all times ; and thofe are at Rofet ta and Damietta. In the middle of this "river, between Old Cairo and Gize, is feated the ifland of Rodda, vvhich is al moft as long as Old Cairo. It is 500 paces in breadth in the middle ; and the front ef the Mokias takes up all the breadth* of the fouthern part. This is the vvork of the Saracens, and derives its name^ from its pfe, for it fignifies meafure. In reality they obferve there every day, by means of a graduated column, the increafe. er decreafe of the waters of the Nile ; and thence the pubhc criers regulate the proclamations they make of thefe events, at different hours, through the city. On ferae pkces of this river there are rocks, whence, the water faHs feveral feet, and thefe arc called the catarafts of the Nile. It everflo'.vs regularly every year, frem the 1,5th of June to the 17th of of Sept. when it begins to decreafe. The fertility of Egypt depends upon the overflowing of the Nile; and they reckon- it will be' a bad year when it is lefs than 14 cubits, and above i8, but 16 cubits is the proper height ; and vyhen this happens, they make publio rejoicings throughout the Delta. This river affords plenty of fift,, -and breeds a great number ef crocodiles, which are very lai'ge and dangerous. The Delta, or Lovver Eivpt, is always over flowed ; and when the waters are almoft gone off, they fow it with rice, which de lights in watery grounds. During the inundation, th'e little L",v'ns, ftanding upon . erninen,'-LS, lo.-,k like io many iflands ; and they go from ene to the other by boats. In Cairo there is a canal called IChalis, which is opened when the vvater is high enough ; thence it is conveyed into re fervoirs and ciite:rns, and is afterward diftributed into the fields and gai'dens, as occafion requires. This ipundatioil ef the Nile is caufed bv the periodical rains vvhich fall every year between the tropic:,' and more particularly in Abylfinia, which ji fidl of high mountains. See N'GER. JvJi'i'.EGUEN, a large, handfpme, and c'lmmercial town of the Netherlands, capi tal of Dutch Guelderland, with a citadel, an ancient palace, and feveral forts. It is noted for the peace concluded- here in 1679. It has a magnificent tewnhoufe, and is feated en the river Vahal, or Wa hal, between the Rhine and the Maefe j 35 mfles S. E. of Utrecht, and 70. N. E, of Antwerp, Lpn, 5, 45, E,- kt, 51, 55' N. NiMPO, a fe?,pprt pf China, in the prp. yince of Chekiang. The ftreets are very narrow, and appear mere fe on account ef penthoufes ever the fteps. In failing up te Nimpo, the ftips pafs by a tovvn called Tin -hie, commanded by a dtadel, built on a very high rock. The Chinefq ,^merchants of Siam and Batavia ge thither yearly to buy filks ; and they have a great trade to Japan, it being but two days fail diftant from it. Lon. 120. 20. E. lat. 301 o.N. Ni.NOVE, a town of -Auftrian Fkn^ ders,' feated en the river Dender, with ap abbey, 13 rr.iks W. qf Bruffels. Lon. 4, 5.E. lat. 50. 52. N. Nio, an ifland of the Archipelago, to the S. of Naxia. It was anciently called Jos, from hajing been firft planted by a colony ef Jenians. It is about 3 5 miles in drcuraference, and is fertile in corn, but has very little wood or oil. A few years age, a Dutch officer in the Ruffian fervice, who had occafion to vifit this ifland, from the finding fome antique mar'oles, perfuaded himfelf that he had difcovered the tomb of Homer ; but as we have heard no more about it, there is reafon to f"uppofe he has renounced the pretenfien. " The regular manners and behaviour of th' le iflanders one- among another,'' fays the count de Choiffeul Gouffier, "with thoir kind treatment. of ftrangers, revives an idea ef the fimplicity ef t"he primitive ages. Men, women, and children, appear eager te do any good of. fices fer travellers, vvithout permitting- their fervants to fhare in the diligence. This benevolent difpofition is vvithout any mixture of impertinent curiofity or intereft, b'ut in the genuine remains of an. cient hofpitality. An ingenious gentle. man who was lately en the Ifland experi enced the truth ef this reprefentatlon. Hq could not prevail on any pf them tp ac cept the leaft pecuniary recompence for their trouble ; they only required an at-, teftation ofthe welcome he received, their chiraftcr in this refpeft feeming to be vvhat thefe honeft people chiefly prided themfclves in. It maybe truly affirmed that hofpitality is the point ef honour in the Eaft ; ^iid that this vi^:tue is conftitu- tiopal ' NIS N O A tional in the Greeks ; fince we find it in modem, as well as in remote times, under their tyrannical government as well as in their republican ages; under the Chrif tian and Mahometan faiths, as well as un der Paganifm. The Greeks inherit hof- pitaHty from their anceflors ; the Turks derive it from their religion." Lon. 25. 35. W. kt. 36. 43. N. NiORr, a confid,crable trading town of France, in the department of the Tvvo Sevres and late prevince of Poitou. They manufafture druggets, ferges, and other coarfe woollen goods ; and their dry fweetmeats arc much efteemed. It is 28 , miles N. E. ef Rochelle. Lon. o. 33. VV. lat. 46. 20. N. Niphon, an ifland nf Afia, and the largeft of Japan, being 600 miles in length, and 150 in breadlh, containing 55 provinces. The chief tovvn is Jeddo. NisHNEi-NovOGOROD, a populous town ef Ruffia, in the government ef the fame name, vvith a citadel, and an archi epifcopal fee. It is feated on a mountain, at the confluence of the Volga and the Occa, 280 miles E. by N.of Mofcow. Lon. 46. 30. E. lat. 56. 34. N. NisiBEN, or Nesbin, a ycry ancient and celebrated town of Afia, in Dlarbeck ; now only the fliadow of what it was, and feated in.a vaft plain, 70 miles S. W. of Dlarbeck. Lon. 38. 26. E. kt. 36. 10. N. NisiTA, a fmall ifland of Italy, on the coaft of the kingdom of Naples, very fer tile, and would be more fo but fqr the great number of rabbits. It has a fmall harbour, called Porte Pavone. NiSMES, an ancient, large, and flourift ing town of France, in the department of Gard and kte province of Languedoc, with a biftop's fee. There are f"evcral monuments of antiquity, of vvhich the amphitheatre is the principal, built by the Romans. The maifon quarree, er the fquare houfe, is a piece of architefture -of the Corinthian order, and one ef the fineft in the world. The temple of Diana is, in part, gone to ruin. It was taken by fhe Enghft ill 141 7. The inhabitants were all Calvinifts ; but Lewis XIV. de- moliff.cd their church in 1685, and built a caftle to keep them in awe. It is feated m a delightful plain, abounding in wine, oil, game, and cattle ; 12 miles N. VV. of , Aries, 27 N. E. of Montpeher, and 75 N. E. of Narbonne. Lon. 4. 26.-E. kt. 43. 51. N. NissA, or Nessava, a tovvn of Tur-; key in Europe, in the province of Scrvia, feated on the river Morave. It vvas burnt bythe Imperialirts in 1689, and is 20 miles E. of Precop, arid 120 S. E. cf Belgrade. Lon. 22. 32. E. kt. 43. 32.N. * NrrH, a river of Dumfriesftire, ia Scotland, which rifes in the mountains to the N. W. and gives the name of Nithf- dale to that part of the county through vvhich it flows. A little above Dumfries, it joins the Cairn, and their united ftrean[is form a fine eftuary in the Solway Frith. Nithsdale, a diftrift of Dumfries- ftire, in Scotland, in the N. W. part of the county. See Nith. NiTRiA, a famous defert ef Egypt, 37 miles in length, tounded on the N. by the Mediterranean; pn the E. by the Nile ; on the S. by the defert of Seta ; and on the W. by St. Ailarion. It had former ly a great number of monafteries, which are now reduqed to four; and Iftakes its name from a fait lake, out of vvhich is got the natron of the ancients, in which they carry en a great trade. NiVELLE, a t-.vvn ef Auftrian Bra bant, remarkable for its abbey ef cano neffes, who are not confined within the walls, but may go out and man-y whenever they pleafe. Here affo is John of Nivelle, fo much admired by the common people ; vvhich is - the figure of a man in iron, ftanding on the top of a tower near the clock, who ftrikes the hours with a ham mer. The pkce enjoys great privHeges, and has a good manufafture of cambricks. It is 15 miles S. E. of Bruffels. Lon. 4. 36. E. lat. 50. 35. N. ' Nivernois, a late province ef France, between Burgundy, Bourbonnois, and Berry. It is pretty fertile, contains mints ef iron, and is vvatered by a great number of rivers, of which'the Loire, AHier, and Yonne, are the principal. It now forms the department of Nievre, of vvhich Ne vers is the capital. NixABO-e:R, atown ef Perfia, in the province ef Korafan, 80 miles S. E. ef Mifched. Len. 61. 32. E. lat. 35. 40. N. NixAPA, a confiderable town of N. America, in New Spain, vvith a rich Do minican convent. The country near it produces a great deal of indigo, cochineal, and fugar. It is 30 mi'es S. E. of An tequera. Lon. 97. 1 5. W. Iat. 16. 42. N. Nizza-della-Pagli.-v, a town ef Italy, in the duchy of Montferrat, feated on the river Eclbo, 15 miks S. W. of Alexandria, and fubjeft to the king of Sardinia. Len. 8. 36. E. lat. 45. 15.N. '•:- Noanagur, a- town ef Hindooftan Propc-, capital ofa diftrift, on the S. coaft of the Gulf of Cutch, inhabited by a pira tical tribe, called Sangarians, who cruife for mcrch-ant ftips as far as the entrance ef the N O O NOR the Gulf of Perfia. It is 300 miles N. W. of Bombay. N0CEP.A, an ancient town of Italy, in ihe duchy of Spoietto, and territory of the Pope, vvith a biftop's fee ; feated at the foot of the Appennines, 18 miles N. E. of Spoietto. Lon. 12. 49. E. kt. 43. i. N. Nocera-di-Pagani, a town of the kingdom ef Naples, 15 miles S. of Naples. Lon. 14. 20. E. kt. 40. 36. N. NoGENT- SUR- Seine, a town ef France, in the department of Aube and {ate province of Champagne, feated on the river Seine, 25 i-«;ies N. W. of Troyes. Lon. 3. 40. E. lat. 48. 30. N. NOGENT-LE-ROTROU, a tovvn of France, in the department ef Euro and Loire, and late province of Beauce. It is feat'ed on the river Huifne, 35 miles N. E. of Mans. Lon. c. 50. E. kt. 48. j6. N. / ' ' NoiR, Cape, a, cape at the S. extre mity of Terra del Fuego, in S. America. Lon. 73. 3. V/. lat. 54. 3?. S. NoiRMOTlER, a town ef France, and capital of an ifle ef the fame name, which lies in the nlouth of the river Loire, is 17 miles in length, and S in breadth, full of tiogs, and yet there are good paftures. Lon. 2. 10. W. lat, 47, o'. N. ., Nola, an ancient town of the king dom of Napkc-, vvith a bifliop's fee. It is 10 mfles N. E. of Naples. Lon. 14. 28, E. kt. 40. 56. k. ICo LI, a tnwn of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, vvith a bifhop's fee, and a good harbour. It is five miles N. E. of Final, and 30. S. W. of Genoa. Lon. S. 41. E. Iat. 44. iS. N. . NoMBUE-DE-Dios, a town of S. Araevica, in'the province ef Darien, a ' little te the eaftward of Porto-Bello. It is now abandoned, and the trade is re- ..moved to Perte-Bello. Lon. 78. 35. W. lat. g. 40. N. NoMh!> Y, a tovvn ef France, in the tlepartment of Meurthe and late province af Lorrain, feated on the river Selle, 15 iniles N. of Nancy. Lon. 6. 15. E. kt. .48. 56. N. No.\'-Cape, ^ promontory en the W. ,coaft of Africa, oppofite to the Canary Iflarids. Lon. 10. 30. W. lat. g. 40. N. NoN A, a fmaH but ftrong town of Dal- . matia, ¦yvith a biftop's fee. It is feapcd near the fea, feven miks N..E. of Zara. Lon, 16. 10. E. kt. 44. 3 5. N. NboRDEN,aconfiderabletowp of Ger many, in t'ne circle of Weftphalia, 12 miles M. of Embdep. Lon. 7. 5. E. kt. 53. . 38. N. Nootka. See King George's ' (Sound. NoRCiA, atown of Italy, in the duchy ef Spoietto, and territory of the Pope. It is a fort ef republic, and is feated among the mo'untains,, 20 miles S. E. of Spoietto. Lon 13. 4. E. kt. 42. 36. N. NoRDBURY, a fortrefs of DenPiarkj in the tluchy of Slefwick, which has its name from its fituation to the N. of the ifle of Alfen. NoRDHAUSEN, an ancient imperial town cf Germany, in the circle of .Lower Saxony, and under the proteftion ef the eleftor of Saxony. The inhabitants arc Proteftants. It is 25 mfles S. W. of Hal berftadt. Lon. II. 3. E. lat. 51. 4=;. N. '*' Nordland, a province of Northern Norway, included in the government ef Drontheim. Ndrdlingen, or Norlingen, a free imperial tovvn of Germany, in Suabia. It is a t-rading pkce, and the inhabitants are Lutherans. If is feated on the river Aigre, 3S miles N. W. of Augfturg, Lon. 1 1. 4g. E. Iat. 48. i;2. N. NoRDSTRAND, an ifland of Denmark, ill the duchy of Slef"wick, vyhich vvas en tirely overflowed in 1634. Lon. g. 15. E, lat. 54. 40. N. Norfolk, a county of England, bounded on the N. and E. by the Ger man Ocean ; on the VV. by Cambridge fliire, Lincolnftirc, and the Walk ; and on the--S. and S. E. by S.uffolk. it ex tends about 77 miles from E. to W, and 45 from N, to S. It contains. 31 hundreds, 1 citv, 32 market-towns, and 66a pariflies ; and fends twelve m.embcrs te parliament. The face of this county varies lefs than in moft trafts of equal exr tent in England. Not one hifl of mo derate height is to be feen in the whole county ; yet, in moft parts, its furface is broken inte gentle fvvells and dcprelfions. At the weftern extremity, is a confider able traft of flat fenny land ; and, en the eaft, a narrow traft of marftes runs frem the fea, near Yarmouth, to feme diftance up the country. , Several of the weftern hundreds, from Thetford northward, are .open and bare, confifting of extenfive heaths, the foil of which is a light fand or hungry gravel. The reft of the county, in general, is arable land, varying jn its degrees of fertihty. To the N. E. the foil is a light fandy loam, remarkably eafy ef tfllage. The S. E. has a richer and deeper foil. The middle and fouth abound in clay ; and various parts yield chalk and marl. The prodpfts ef the ceunty vary according to the foil and fitu ation. The lighter arable lands produce barley in, great plenty. Wheat is culti vated in the ftronger foils. But turnips are N O R NOR are more generally grO|Wn here than in tny -other part of the kingdom, and form the bifis of 'che Norfolk huftandry. The peculiar excellence of -ihis culture is, that .the ground neyer )ies fallo'w, as the turnips fferve to prepare jt for corn, befide fat tening great numbers of cattle. Much buck-wheat is alfb grown in the Hght foils, and ufed for feeding f.'.-ine and po'jitry. The fenny parts yield great quantities of butter, v.'hich is fent to Lon don under the name of Cam'oridge butter. The flieep are a hardy fmall breed, mrich vahaed for their nbutton. Turkeys are , reared hejre to a larger fize than elfewhere. 'Rabbits are ejpremely .numerous, on the fandy heaths ; and there is likciwife abiin/- dance of game, efpecially of pheafants. On the feacoaft, lierrings and ' raackrel are caught in great plenty ; . and Yar mouth, in particular, 'is noted fer the curing of red herrings. The air of this county is fli/irp and piercin'g, vvhich throws the fdafons more backward than in ether courities under the fame latitude ; but it is very- wholefome, particukriy in the inland parts. The manufactures ef Norfolk are worfted, woollens, and filks. Its principal rivers are the Great Oufe, Nen, Little Oufe, Waveny, Yare, and Bure. Norwich is the capital. Norfolk Island, an ifland in the S. Pacific Ocean, lying E. ef New South Wales, and fettled by a colony ef con- yifts, fubordinate to that government. It is very hilly. Some of the valleys are tokrably largq, but moft ef them are only deep hollows. Mount Pitt, the only remark able hill, is j2,ooc feet high. The .whole ifland is covered with a V(;ry thick foreft, choked vvith underwood. There are only five forts of timber trees; namely, the pine, a wood refembling the live oak, a yellow wood, a hard black wood, and a vVood re fembling beech. The-pine is very ufeful in buileiing, and feems to be durable. The fpring is perceptible in Auguft ; but the trees are in a conftant fucceffion of flower ing and fruiting the year round. . The foil, when cleared, maj be rendered very produftive ; and the air is very .whole- feme. In fummer the heat is exceffive. All the grain and European plants feed in December. From February to Auguft may be called the rainy feafon. The winter, from April to July, is very plea fant : there is never any froft ; but when the S. V/. winds blew, the air is raw -and- cold. ' This ifland is well fupphed with many ftreams ef good water,'which abound with very fine eels. The cliffs ro'-und the poaft ars 240 feet high, and quite perpen-! dicular. The want ofa fafe harbour is -a great inconvenience ; and the vaft quan tity of coral rocks render anchorSg^ very- infecure.. The fettlcmemt is formed- in Sydney Bay, on the S. fide of the ifknd, in Ion. 168. 12. E.kt. 29. 4. S. Nordkiopks-g, one of the latgefi .inland towns in Sweden, in the'' province of E. Gothland. It covers a large fpace of ground," being 10 miles in circumfe rence ; but the houfes are frilall antl fcat tered, and tpe inhabitants ,do nijt exceed 10,000. Its fitu-atioii on the Motala is exceedingly pifturefque. That river flows through the town, forms a feries of cata rafts, and is'divided inte four principaj ftreams, which encircle feveral Tockv iflands, covered vvith hopfeS and rnanufac- tories.. At the extremity of the. town it is navigable for fmafl velTels. Here are many fabrics of cloth, fome fu^ar-houfes, one of fnuff, 50 mills for grinding corn, and a brafs foundery. Corn is exported hence in great quantities ; and a falmpn- fiffiery gives employment and riches to many of the inhabitants. Nordkioping is 90 miles S. W. of Stockholm. Lon. 35. 50. E. lat. 58. 28. N. '-¦-' Norla,nd, one of the five general divifions of Sweden, comprehending the provinces , of Gcftrikeknd, Hcllingknd, Medelpadia, Hiemtland, Herjcdaha, On- gcrmania, and Weft Bothnia. Normandv,, a late province of France, bounded on the N. by the Englifli Channel; on the E. by .Picardy and the Ifle ef France; on the S. by Perche, Maine, and Bretagne ; arid on the W. bv the ocean. It is abqut i ^o miles in length, 80 in breadth, and 600 in circumference.- It is one of the molt fertile in France. - It abounds ill aU things except wine, biTt jhey fupply that defeft by cider and per ry. It contains iron, copper, arid a great number Of rivers and harbours. The Normans; a people of Denmark and Nor way, having entered France under Rollo, Charles the Simple ceded this couritry to them in 912, which, frcm that time, was called Normandy. Rollo vvas the firft duke, and held It as a fief of the crown of France, and feveral of his fucceffors after him, tiH WilKara, the feventh duke, con quered . England in 1066, from w'nich time it became a province of En.gland, till it vvas loft in the reign of king John, and reunited to-the crown ef France ; but; the Enghft ftill keep the iflands on the coaft of Normandy. It now forms the depart ments of Calvados, Eure, the Channel, Orne, and Lower Seine. V' North, the department of the. NOR NOR m France, including the late French provinces of Hainault, Flanders, and the Cambrefis. Northallerton, a borough in the N. riding of Yorkfliire, with a inarket en Wednefday, It is feated on a fmaU brook, vvhich, a mile below, runs into the river Wifk, and is a large well-built trad ing place. It is 30 miles N. N. VV. of York,. and 223 N. by VV. of London. Lon. I. 20. Vi^. lat. 54. 23. N. NoRTHAMfTON, the courity town of Northamptonfliire, wich a market en Sa turday ; feared on the river Nen, vvhich has been made navigable to Lynn. Its principal manufafture is thapof boots and ftoes, ipf which many are made here, and in other parts of the county, for exporta tion. The horfe fairs ef this place are greatly reforted to. It is a handfome well-built town, and has a fjpacious mar- ket-pl,-.'ce. It had feven churches, wl;ich are now reduced to four. It vv.is, in a great meafure, dei"tr,^yed by fire in 1675, but vvas foon rebuilt... It fends tvvo mem bers to parhament, and- has a goed free fchool, and -a county infirmary and g'aol. In the meadows below the -town, a battk, was fought, in 1460, betvveen Henry VI. and the "Yprkifts, in vvhich the former vvas defeated and made prifoner. Net far from Northampton is a fine Gothic ftrufture, called Queen's Crol"5, erefted by EcLward I. in memory of his cjueen Eleanor. This town is 50 miles W. of Cambridge, 30 S. E. of Coventr'', and 66 N. W. by N. of London. Lon. i. 11. VV. lat. 52. 11. N. Northamptonshire, a ceunty of England, bounded on the N. W. by Lei cefterfhire arid Rutlandftire, on the N. by Lincolnftirc ; on the E. by the coun- ties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Bed ford ; on the S. by Bucks and Oxford fliire ; and on the "VJ . by that county and Warvvickftire. It lies in the diocefe of Peterborough;- is divided into 20 'hun dreds, containing one city, 12 market- townSj and 330 parrfoes ; and fends nine members to parliament. The air of this county is very healthy, except in the N. E. part near Petcrbprough, which being furrounded and interfefted by rivers, is very liable to inundations, and forms the commencement of the fenny traft extend ing to the Lincolnftirc Wafhes. With -this fingle exceptiori, Northamptenftireis, in, a manner, proverbially regarded as a firie and pleafant county; an opinion, con firmed .by the number of' feats of the no bility and gentry vvhich it contains. Its greateflf defcft i' a fcarcity 6f fuel, vvhich is but fcantily fupplied by its woods, which, like thofe inalIuLhcr;',.r::of thekirigdam, have beeri much diminiflied by agricul ture ; and though coal is brought into this county by the river Nen, it is at a very dear rate. Northamptonftire, however, poffeffes fome confiderable remains of its old forefts, particukriy thofe ef Rocking. ham on the N. W. and of Salcey and Whittlebury en the S. The produfts ef this county are, in general, the fame vvith thofe of other farming countries. It is, indeed, pccuharly celebrated for grazing knd ; that traft efpecially, which hes from Northampton northward to the Leicefter. ftire bjrdcr. Horned cattle, and other animals, .are here fed to extraordinary fizes ; and many horfes cf ^he krge black breed are reared*. Wood for the diers is cultivated in this pat-t ; but the county is , not diftinguifted for manufaftures. The principal rivers are the Nen and Welland: befide vvhich it is partly watered by the Oul"e, Lcam, Cherwell, and Avon. The county- town is Northampton. North, Cape, the moft northern pro- -mentory in Europe, on the coaft of Nor way. Lon. 26j. 2.E. kt. 71. 10. N. North-Curry, a town of Somerfet- ftire, vvith two markets, on Tuefday and Saturday. It is feated on the river Tone, is a pretty good place, and the markets are well fupphed vvith provifions. It is 20 miles S. W. of "Wells, and 134 VV. by S. of Lendon. Lon. 3. o. W. lat. 51. o. N. Northfleet, a village in Kent, on the banks of the Thames, ene mile W. frem Gravefend, and 21 frem London. The church is very krge, and contains fragments of monuments as ancient as the fourteenth century. The prefent fteeple was erefted in 1717,1 and coramands an extenfive and beautiful diverfified prof peft. Vaft quantities ef lime are liiadc, and great numbers of extraneous feffils have been dug up here. North-Foreland. See Fore land. Northeim, a rich town of Germany, in the circle ef Lower Saxony, and in the duchy of Brunfwick, vvhich carries on a great trade, and is a well-frequented paffage. It is feated between the rivers Rhume and Leina, 45 miles S. ef Han over. Lon. 7. 10. E. kt. 51. 42. N. NoRTHLEECH„a town of Gloucefter ffiire, with a market on Wednefday. It . has feveral almshoufes, and a free gram mar-fchool, and is 25 miles E. of Glou cefter, and io W. by N. of Lendon. Lon,' 1, 43. W. kt. 51. 46. N. Northumberland, a county of .England, receiving Irs nam.e from being fituated to the N. of the Humber. In thq NOR NO R the Saxon heptarchy it vvas a part ef the kingdom of the Northumbrians, vvhich contained not only the county now called Northumberland, but alfo Yorkfhire, Lan cafliire, Durham, Cuiaberland, and Weft morland. It is feated in the extremity of England next to Scotland, and is bounded on the E. by the German Ocean ; en the S. by the bifliopric of Durham ; on the W. and S. W. by Cumberland; and on the N. VV. and N. by Scotland, from which it is feparated by the river Tweed. It extends about 70 miles in length fro^n N. te S. and 50 in breadth from E. to VV. It contains 12 market-towns, and 460 pariftes. It lies in the diocefe of Dur ham, and fends eight members to parlia ment. The air ef this county is not fo cold as might be imagined from the lati tude in vvhich it lies ; for its fituation be tvveen tvvo feas, in the narroweft part of England, gives it the advantage of having the cold moderated by the vapours of each; and for this reafon the fnow feldom lies long in Northumberland, except on the tops of high hills. The ajr is extremely healthful ; and the people, who generally live te a great age, are feldom afflifted vvith ficknefs. The foil is various ; the eaftern part fruitful, haying very good wheat and moft forts of corn, with rich meadows en the banks of the rivers ; but the vvefterr. part is generally barren, it being moftly heathy and mountainous. The S. E. part abounds with pitceal; the S. W. angle has very rich lead mines, but very little wood. This county is well vvatered by rivers, the principal ef which are the Tyne, Tweed, and Coquet. Aln wick is the county-town ; but the largeft. and richeft is N-ewcaftle. Northwich, a town of Cheftire, with a market on Friday. It is feated near the river Dane, and is a handfome place, chiefly' noted fer its faIt-wor,ks. Vaft pits of foffil fait rock have been dug here to a great depth, from vvhich im menfe quantities are raifed, partly te be purified on the l"pot by rediffnlving and boiling, and partly to be exported in its crude ftate. Moft of the latter goes te Liverpool by the river Weever ; and the plenty and cheapnefs of this commodity have been principal caufes of the great foreign commerce of that port. The dear annual duty received by government for Chfefhire fak amounts te 200,oool. North- wich is 20 miles N.E.of Chefter, and 173 N. W. qf London. Lou.- 2. 36. W. lat. 53. 16. N. Norton, or Chipping Norton, a corporate town of 0.-,:fo-.l;>.ire, vvith a ^j?od market on Wcd'iclJay, for corn, cattle, and provifions. It is 12 miles S, W. ef Banbury and 74 N, W. of Lon don. Lon. 1. 17. W. Iat. 51. 55. Ni, , Norto.v Sound, an inlet of the'fea, on the W. coaft of N. America, difcovert^- by captain Cook in his laft voyage. Lon. 162. 47. W. lat. 64455. N. Norway, a,kiugdom in the N. ef Eu rope, the molt wefterly part of the ancient ' Scandinavia. It is formed by nature into two neat divifions ; namely, Northern and Southern, or Proper Norway, feparated from each other by the fmall Swedift pro vince of Herndahl. Northern Norway Is a long and narro.v flip of land, extending as far as Cape North, the moft northern point of Europe, beyond 71°. N-. lat. and bounded on the W. and >j". by the North ern Ocean ; by Swedifli-and Ruffian Lap land, on the E. and by Sweden en the S. It is divided into Nordland and Finmark, and comprehended in the government of Drontheim. Southern Norway is bounded on the N. and E. b)t- Sweden,' and on the S. and W. by the Northern Ocean. It is divided into the four governments of Aggerhuys er Chriftiania, Chriftianfand, Berghen, and Drontheim. From its reeky foil and northern pofitirtn, Norway is not populous In proportion to its extent. Mf. Coxe has calculated the number of inha bitants to be 750,000. They maintain their own army; whieh confifts of 24,oo'3 foot and 6000 cavalry. Their troops are raueh eftecmed for their bravery, and, like the Swifs mountaineers, are t;.ceed, ingly attached te their- country. The horfes vvhich fupply. their- cavalry are fmall, but ftrong, aftive, and hardy. Norway is bleffed vvith a particular code, called the Norway Law, compiled by Grieffelfeld, at the comraand of Chrif tian V. the great legiflater ef his country. By this law, the palladium ef Norway, peafants are free, a few only excepted en -feme noble eftates near , Fredericftadt ; and the benefits ef this code are vifible in ' the great diflference, in their appearance, between the free peafants in Norwav anel the -enflaved vaffals ef Denmark, though both living under the fame, government. The Norweiuian peafants poffefs much fpirit and fire -in their manner ; are frapk, open, and undaunted, yet not in folent; never fawnfng to their fuperiors, yet paying proper refpeft te th'jfe above them. " Their principaljnode of i"alute," fays Mr. Coxe, " is by offering their hand ; and when we gave er paid them any trifle, the peafants, inftead of returning thanks by words or by a bow-, ftook our hands v.jth great franknefs and cordiality." The f"amo c,-:ules '.vhich allcct the population of Nor- NO R NOR Norway, operate likewife on the ftate of liflage ; for, ahhough in feme places ye.r;e- tation is fo quick, that the corn is fown and cut in fix or f"even weeks, yet the country does net produce fufficient corn for its own confumption. It is, however, exceedingly rich in pafture, and confe - qi-ienrly produces much cattle. The fift- eties, particularly ori the weftern coaft, find employment and wealth te the natives, and fupply the fineft fajlors for the Danift fleet. The principal fifli, vvhich dried and failed, furnift a Confiderable article of ex portation, are the cod, the ling, and the whiting : their livers befide yield tr.ainoil ; and the fmalleft are, given as winter fod der to the Cattle. The extenfive forefts of oak and pine produce timber fpars, beams, and planks, befide charcoal, turpen tine, bark, fuel, and 'even manure ; and the birch (the bark of which is ufed as a covering for the roofs of houfes) nof only fupphes fuel, but- alfo a kind ef wine, - -which is produced by boring a hole in the trunk, and the wine diftils. into a flaflc placed under it. Tlje twigs of the birch alfo, as vveU as ef the elder and afpen, are given to horfes in fcarcity of fodder. The general exports of Norway arc tallow, but ter, fait, dried fift, timber and planks, horfes and horned cattle, filver, alum, Pruilian blue, copper, and iren. Norway abourids in lakes arid rivers ; the former fo -krge, that they appear like inlets ef the fea; but the bays are fo fmaH, that they sjipear lil-Le lakes. It was formerly govern- ed by its o-.vn hereditary fovereigns. On the demife ef Hagen V. in 13 ig, without male iffue, his grandfon in the female line, Magnus Smek, united in his perfon the ' kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Mag nus was fucceeded in the kingdemof Nor- %'jay by his fon Hagen VI. hufband of the celebrated Margaret ; and, at his deceafe, in 1380, Norway was united to Demfiark by their fen Olef V. who dying without iffqe, Margaret herfelf vvas raifed to the throne by the unanimous voice of the na tion. On her death, it defcended, with Denmark and Sweden, to her nephew Eric ef Pomerania. Sweden vvas after ward feparated from Denmark by the va- ' lour and addrefs of Guftavus Vafa ; but Norway has continued inviolably united to the crown of Denmark. The capifal is Chriftiania. Norwich, an ancient, large, and po pulous dty of Nbrfolk, the capital of that county, with three markets, en Wednef day, Friday, and Saturday. It was fur rounded by a flint-ftone waH, which is now much decayed. It is feated on the river Yare, which runs through it, atlif - is navigable hence to Yarmouth, withput locks. Although it is a place of confider able extent, the population is not fo great: as might be expefted from that circum ftance, as it contains a number of gardens and orchards Within the walls. It is x city and county of itfelf, and fends two m'embers to parliament. It is governed by a mayor, recorder, fteward, two fteriffs, 24 aldermen, 60 common council-men, &c; Its noble cathedral vvas founded in log6, on the tranflation of the biftop's fee from Thetford bo this pkce. There are, befide the cathedral, 36 parift churches, ferae ef vvhich were formerly covered with thatch ; tvvo churches for the Flemip'gs, fome diffentipg meeting-houfes, and a- Roman CathpHc chapel. It has a ftately caftle, on a hill, which commands a fine view jif the dty : this caftle is the ftire- houfe for the courity, and the county gaol; the affizes, for the city being held at the Guildhall. Norwich has a- good public library, a city and county hofpital, a thea tre-royal, an elegant affembly- room, and , a Vauxhall in miniature. Here is alfo a lofty market-houfe of freeftone, and a bridewell built of flints, remarkable for being beautifully cut intq regular little fquares, without any vifible cement. The ancient dukes of Norfolk had a palace here,r which is ftiU in exiftence as a workhoufe. Here alfo is a freefchoql, founded by Ed ward VI. and feveral ether charitable foundations. Near this dty are the ruins ef the caftle of Kelt, the tanner, by whofe rebellion in the reign of Edward VI. the city was reduced to a ruinous ftate. Nor wich long took the lead,jn point of con fequence among the iiifland towris. For- this it was jndebted to its great manufac tures ef .crapes, bombazines, and ftufE of - various kinds, which are ftill confiderable, though fomewhat, declined on account of the rivalfliip ef the cet'con branches, and in confequence of prohibicions in foreign countries. Norwich contains many opu* lent inhabitants and good buildings, par ticularly a very fpacious market-place ; but its ftreets (that of St. Giles excepted) are narrow and ifl-difpofed. It is 43 niiles N. of Ipfwich, and log N. E. by N. ef London. Lon. 1. 20. E. lac. 52.. 40. N. '•¦¦ Norwich, a tpwn pf N; America, in the ftate cf Cpnnefticut, feated at the head cf the river Thames, 12 miles N. pf Nevv Lpndon ; at vvhich pkce and Norwich the executive courts of law are ,held' akern.ately. Here are manufaftories for paper of all kinds, ftockings, decks \ ' ansj. NOT NOV and .watches, chaifes, buttons, ftone and carthep ware, wire, oil, chocolate, bells, anchors, and all kinds of forge work. ''-'¦' Norwood, a viIiaL;-e in Su'-rv, fitu ated on a fine hill, ip the pariftes of Croy don, Streatham, Lambeth, and Camber- well. It is al wfldly-rural fpot, and vvas, fome .years ago, a principal haunt of the gipfies. It is five miles S. of London. Noteburg, a tovvn of Ruffia, in the government of Peterfturgh, feated on an ifland in the lake Ladoga, at the place where the river Neva proceeds from this lake. It is ftrong, has a good dtadel, and vvas capital of the province of Ingria, before Peterfturgh vvas built. It is 25 miles E. of Peterfturgh. Lon. 31. g. E. lat. 5g. 56. N. NoTd, an ancient, large, and hand- feme town of Sicily, capital of the Val- di-Noto. It was entirely ruined by an earthquake in i6g3, but the inhabitants b'Liilt another tovvn at fome diftance frem it, which they called Note Nuova. It is 22 miles S.W. of Syracufe. Lon. 15. ig. E. kt. 36. 50. N. Nottingham, the county-town of Nottinghamftire, vvith two markets, on Wednefday and Saturday. Ic is delight fully feated on a rocky eminence, above the meadows bordering the Trent, crowned with its ftately caftle. It is a large, popu lous, and handfome town, diftinguiflied by its fpacious market place, and noted as one of the principalfeats of the ftocking manu fafture ; particukriy of the finer kinds, as thofe of filk and cotton. It has alfo a ma nufaftory of coaife earthen ware. It has three parift churches, and meetings for the '.HITenters bf different denominations. It is remarkable for its Vaults or cellars, cut into the rock. Moft of the houfes in ,the market-place, and principal ftreets, haye their fronts fupported by lofty ftone columns, vvhich make a very handfome ap pearance, and at the fame time afford Ihelfer in bad weather. The ftreets are vvell paved, and, from their fituation on a rock, always clean. Heavy goods are brought hither frem London by fe^, and thence up the river Trent ; aud many coalpits, vvithin three or four miles of the town, aft""ord plenty of fuel, at little ex- pence. At this tovvn Charles I. fet up his ftandard, at the commencement of the civil wars, vvhich terminated in the deftruftion of himfelf and ef the conftitution. Not tingham is governed by a mayor, recorder, fix aldermen, tvvo fteriffs, iS comnaon council-men, tvvo chamberlains, and two coroners; and is 16 miles E. of Derby, ^nd 123 N. by W. of LondoH. Lori. i. J. W, kt, 53. o. N. Nottinghamshire, a countv of'" England, bounded on the N. by YoikShir; and Lincolnftirc, on the E. by the latter county, on the S. by Leicefterfhire,- and op the VV. by Derbyftire. It's greateft length. is 48 miles ; its greateft breadth above 20. It lies iu the diocefe of York ; is divided into eight hundreds; and contains nine market-tows, and 168 pariftes ; and fends eight members to parliament. Being hap pily fituated betweeii the mountainous country of Derbyfhire on the one hand, and the flat ef Lmcolnftire on the other, it enjoys fuch a temperature of foil and " climate, as te render it one of the mcft fer tile and agreeable counties in Engkn-d. The principal rivers are the Trent and Idle. Almoft the whole of' the middlis and weitern parts of the county, were formerly occupied by the extenfive foreft of Sherwood, ' which is the only royal- fereft N. of the Trent ; but the wood has in many parts been cleared, and tha extenr of the foreft much contrafte^d. A canal from Chefterfield in Derbyftire paflis acrofs the northern part ef this countv, and joins, the Trent' juft as that river ceafes to be its boundary. The chief pro dufts ef this county are pitceal, of which there is great plenty ; a kind ef ftone fomewhat hke akbafter, but not fe hard, vvhich vvhcn burnt, makes a plafter harder than that ef Paris, wich vvhich the inha bitants generally plafter the floors of their upper rooms, inftead of boarding them. Their ether commodities are m;:lt, wool., licorice, wood, fifli, ind fow 1. Their man'jfadtures chiefly conf5ft of frame work knitting, glafs, and carthen-vvare. The principal town is Nottingham. NovALLE, a fmall, rich, and popu lous town of Italy; between Padua an^l Trevifo, 10 miles N. E. of the former, and 13 S. VV. ofthe lattery Lo'n. 12. 10. E. kt. 45. 2g. N. No\ ,-vRA, an ancient, wefl-built, and ftrong tovvn ef Italy, in the duchy of Milan, and capital of the Novarefe, - with a bifliop's fee ; feated on an emi- nence, 12 miles S. E. of Verceil, and 25 W. of Milan. Lon.' 8. 35. E. k':. 45. 25. N. Nov A Scotia. See Acadia. Novell ARA, a handfome town of Italy, capital of a fmall diftrift of the fame name, with a handfome caftle, vvhere their fovereign refides ; 17 miles E. ¦ by N. of Parma, .and 20 S. bv W, of' Mantua. Lon. 11. 4. E. kt. 44. 48. N. ¦ V ' No VI, a town of Italy, in the terr:-oi-y of Genoa, en the confines of ths Mflanefe. It was taken by the Picdm'-'nr'^i'e in r-j-'y, and NOV NOY »nd is 12 miles N. W. of Genoa. Lon. S. 2g. E. kt. 44. 45. N. Novi Bazar, a confiderable towp of Turkey in Europe, in Servia. On the 2ift of September 1788, the 'Auftrian marftal Laudohp attempted to take this pkce by affault, but was repulfed. He' fucceeded, however, on the third of Ofto ber following. Novi is feated hear the river Orefco, 72 miles W. of Niffa, and J03 S. of Belgrade. Lon. 21. i. E. lat. 43. 35. N. Novigrad, a fmall but ftrong town •f Upper Hungary, capita! of a courity of the fame name, vvlith a good caftle ; feated on a mountain near the Danube, 25 miles N. of Buda. Lon. 18. 20. E. lat. 47. 56. N. Novigrad, a fmafl, but ftrong town cf Dalmatia, with a caftle, fubjeft tb the Turks ; feated on a lake of the fame pame, near the Gulf ef Venice, 20 miles N. VV. ef Zara, and 17 E. ef Nona. Lon. 16. 35. E. kt. 44. 36. N. Novigrad, a very ftrong pkce of Servia, fubjeft to the Turks ; feated near the Danube, 3 5 miles N. of Niffa, and 90 S. E. ef Belgrade. Lon. 22. 32. E. kt. 44. 6. N. •''* Nou-Kian, a river of Afia, Httle, if at aH, inferior te the Ganges. M. d'An. viHe conceived it to be the fame with that of Pegu ; but fucceeding accounts have left no doubt remaining, that the Nou- Kian is the river Ava. See AvA. Novogor-odeck, a tovvn ef Lithua nia, capital of a palatinate of the farae name. It is large, arid feated in a yaft plain, 70 miles S. of Wilna.. Lon. 26. i. E. kt. 53. 35. N. Novogorod, ene ofthe moft ancient cities of Ruffia, in the government ef the fame name. It was formerly called Great Novogorod, to diftinguifli it from other P,.uffian towns of the fame appellation. It was, for a long time, governed by Its cv.-n dukes ; and was, in faft, a republic, under the jurifdiftion of a nominal feve. reign. It vvas the great mart ef trade be. - tween Ruffia and the Hanfeatic cities, and made the mbft rapid advances in opulence and population. Its territory extended te the N." as far as the frontiers of Livonia' and Finland ; cpmprifing great part pf the prcvince of| Archangel, and a large diftrift . beyond the N. W. Hmits of Siberia. Its power vvas fo great, and its fituation fq impregnable, as to give rife to a prm-erb, " "VVho can refift tht gods and great No vogorod ?" But in the 15th century, this independent republic vvas obliged to fub- »ait te the arm's of Ivan VaffiHvitch I. "rand duke of Ruffia. An enormous bell, deriominated by the inhabitahts eternal^ and revered by them as the palladium of their liberty, was removed by their con. queror from Novogorod tq Mofcow. It continued, neverthelefs, the largeft and moft commercial city in Ruffia, and cori. tained at lejft 400,000 fouls. It was firft defolated, in a manner, by the cruelties ex. ercifed here by Ivan VaffiHvitch II. but its fplendour vvas not totally eclipfed until Peter the Great built Peterfliurgh, to which favourite capital he transferred all the commerce of the Baltic that had before centered here. It now contains fcarce 7000 fouls; but a vaft number of churches ^ and convents ftand melancholy monuments ef its former magnificence. The town ftretches on both fides of the Volkoff, a beautiful river ef confiderable depth and rapidity, vvhich feparates it into two divi fions ; namely, the Trading Part and the quarter of St. Sophia, in vvhich is the ca- thedral ef the fame name, in which feve. ral princes of the ducal family of Ruffia are interred. Novogorod is fituated near the Lake Ilmen, 125 miles S-. by E. of Peterfturgh. Lon. 32. 45. E. kt. 58. 20. N. '¦¦-Novogorod, once a powerful inde. pendent republic, finally reduced by Ivan Va'ffilivitch II. in 1 570, and united to the Ruffian empire, of vvhich it now forms a government. The capital is of the fame | name. '-' Novogorod Severskoi, a go. vernment of the Ruffian empire, comprif. ing part ef the Ukraine, or Little Ruffia. Its capital, of the farae name, is feated on the river Defna. ' NoYA, an ancient town ef Spain, in Galicia, feated on the river Tamara, 1 5 miles W. of Compoftella. NoYERs, a town ef France, in the de. partmeat ef Yonne and late province of Burgundy, feated eu the river Serin, in a"' vaUey furrounded by mountains, where there are a great many vineyards, 17 miles S. E. of Auxerre. Lon. 4. 2. E. kt. 47. 39. N. , _ ^ Noyon, an ancient arid handfome town of France, in the department ef Oife and late province of the Ifle bf France; " It was fufficiently furniflied vvith convents," fays a 'French geographer, " before the re form ofthe 14th of February 1790. This town,"' he adds, " gave birth to the too fa- ' mous Calvin ; and the followers of this herefiarch came to i"crapp the walls ef the houfe in which he lived, in order to carry - offfeime relics ef it'." Noyon was lately an epifcopal fee. It is feated near- the river Oif"e, eu a gentle declivity, 22 miks N. W. of Soiffons, and 60 N. by N U M N U R by £. of' Paris, Lon, 3, 6, E. lat. 49.' 35- N. NozEROY, a town ef France, in the jlepirtment of Jura and late province ef Franche-Comte, with a caftle. It is feat- ed en a mouritain, 20 miles S. E. of Sa. fines, and 30 S. of Befanqon. Len. 6. J2. E. lat. 46. 47. N. . NuBi.A, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the N. by Egypt, en the E. by the Red Sea, on the S. by Abylfina, and on the VV. by Bornou. The river Nile runs through it, on the banks of which, arid thofe of the other rivers, if is pretty fruitful, but in other places barren, fandy, and in want of water. Money is of no ufe in this cpun. try in the way of trade, it being all carried Pn by way of exchange. Their bread and drink is made of a fmaU round feed called doca, or feff, which is very ill tafted. Their houfes have mud.walls, being very low, and covered with reeds. The habit of the better fort is a veft without fleeves, and they have no coverings for their heads, legs, and feet. The common people wrap a piece ef lirien doth about them, and the children go quite naked. They are a ftupid debauched fort of people ; but they profefs to be Mahometans. The produc. tions of this country are gold, elephants teeth, civet, and fandal wood, arid they fend a great many flaves into Egypt. The principal towns known te the Euro. peans are Dangola and Sennar, Nuestra Senora de la Paz, a town of S. America, in Peru, with a bi. fliop's fee. It is feated at the foot ef a mountain, in a yalley abounding with vines and fruits, vvhich begin to be ripe in January. Lon. 64. o. W. lat. 17. 10. S. Nuestra Senora de la Vitto- K IA, a town of N, America, in Mexico, bn the coaft of the bay of Campeachy, and in the province of Tabafco. Lon. 92. 35. W. lat. 18. o.N. NuevA Segovia, a town of the E, Indies, in the Ifle of Luzon, one of the ^ PhiHppines, with a biftop's fee. The Portuguefe alcayde, major ef the province, refides in this place. It is feated near the mouth of the river Cagayan. Lon. 120. 59. E. lat. 18. 39. N. NuiTZ, a town of France, in the de partment of Cote d'Or and kte prevince of Burgundy, famous for its excellent wines ; feated at the foot ef a mountain, 15 miles S. W. of Dijon, and 150 S. E. of Paris. Lon. 5. o. E. lat. 47. 10. N. NuMantia, anciently a confiderable town o^ Spain, in Old Caftile, then caUed Celtiberia. The inhabitants were cele brated for maintaining this town 14 years, when befieged by the. Remans.' The men, when they could hold out no longer, for want of provifions, killed their wives and children, and afterward themfelves, burning every thing that was valuable among them. After this, Scipio Afri- canus demolifted this place, in the year nf Rome 620. The ruins of it are ftill to be feen at Puenta-Gnarar, on the river Duero, four miles above the town of Soira. Lon. 2. 26. W. lat. 41. 42. N. Nuneaton, a town of Warwickftire, with a market en Saturday. It is featei on the river Auker, was formerly noted fer its abbey, and has a good freefchool. It is eight miles N. by E. of Coventry, and 99 N. N. W. of London. Lon. i, 25. VV, lat. 52. 36. N. Nunwich, a village in Northumber. land, near the confluence ef the Symond. burn with' the Tyne, near which, a few years ago, were difcovered five natural ftone pillars, placed in a circular order, near eight feet high, and 20 in girth, fup. pofed to'have been Danift moriuments, or Druidical remains. NuREMBURd, or Nurenburg, one of the moft handfome, ftrong, and flou rifting places In Germany, capital ef Fran conia, and a free imperial city. It is feat ed in a fandy, barren foil, and -yet the in- habitants are fo iriduftrious, that they have brought this repubhc into a very flourift. ing ftate. It is about fix miks in circum. ference, furroqnded by high walls, flanked vvith 365 towers, as alfo with a deep ditch. The river Pegnitz runs through che mid. die, and divides it into two parts, and ever it are 12 ftone bridges. Among the pub. lie buildings, the churches of St. Sebald, and St. Lawrence, deferve the greateft at tention. The arfenal is ene of the beft in Germany, and the townhoufe is greatly admired. The tewnfmen are divided into eight quarters, each of which has a captain. The government is arlftpcratl. cal. The great cpuncil is cpmpofed pf 200 perfpns, and the fupreme council of 34 patricians, and of eight pf the moft re. putable tradefmen. The burgeffes pave twp excellent qualities ; they are very in- duftripHs, and the beft workmen in arts,- • Their maps and prints are in high efteem, as weU as their mufical and mathematical inftruments ; nor are they lefs curious in clock-work, and in the feveral manufap. tures of iron, fteel, ivory, wood, and ala. bafter. The heft toys are made here, which are commonly known in Engkrid by the name of Dutch toys ; and they have alfo a famous academy fpr painting. The anatpmical theatre, and the public H- brary, are alfp wprth nPtice. Wich re- I i gard ¦ N Y M OBE gard to the clearinefs of their ftreets and the neatnefs of their houfes, they imitate the Dutch ; and though they formerly kept to their eld habits, they pow foUow the moft faftionable modes. Though their religion is the Lutheran, the church of the Holy Ghoft has a yariety of re- hques, as alfo the imperial crown, the im perial fceptre, the globe of the empire, the fword of St. Maurice, the imperial mamie, the vvhite robe of the emperors, called the dalmatic, the; golden furpllce, the mantle ef the choir, and the gloves, the flippers, and the hereditary crown of the emperor Rodolph II. .All thefe ra- rities are placed in a cheft, which is fuf pended by a rope in the dome, and they arc never taken down but at the corona tion of the emperor, or vvhcn any perfon of high diftinftion wants te fee them. The ancient and fuperb caftle or palace, which thednhabitants bought of the bur- graves, is ftill ftanding at the extremity ef- the' city. Here arc four Latin fchools, befide. a famous college or univerfity. Ne Jews are fuffered to lodge a fingle night here ; nor can they enter the city at all .without paying a certain tax. They have, .in procefs of time, obtained a confiderable .territory, which is about 30 miles imdia- . meter, and 100 in circumference, and in which are two krge forefts. Their ma- ,nufaftures are conveyed all ever Europe by the means ef two krge faird. The houfes are all built of freeftone, and are four er five ftories high. It is feated al moft in the centre of Germany, 5 5 miles N. W. of Ratifton, 62 N; ef Augfturg, ,and 250 W. by N.jPf Vienna. Lpn. 11. 12. E. kt. 49. 2*7. N. NuYS, a tovvn ef Germany, in the cir cle ofthe Lower Rhine, and elcftorate of Cologne, -feated on the river Erfft, five miiles S. VV. of DufTelderp, and 20 N. W. of Cologne. Lon. 6. 52. E.kt. 51, II. N. Nyborg, a fmall well-built town of Denmark, in the Ifle ef Funen, feated on a commodious bay. Here are the re mains ef an old palace, in vvhich Chriftiaa ¦II. was born, and to the roof ef vvhich, as his biographer relates, he vvas conveyed, while ap infant, by a tame monkey, anel "brought down unhurt. Nyborg is 10 miles E. ef Odehfc-e. Loni ip. 4P. E. kt. 55. 30. N.- Nyland, a prpvince pf Sweden, in' Finland,' lying on the Gulf of Finland, and to the W, ofthe provlncc-of Carelia, Nymburg, a ftrong town of Bohe mia, feated on the riyer Elbe. The Sax ons took it by affault in. 1634, Lon, 15. 34. E, lat, 50, 10, N, NYon, a confiderable town of Swiffeft-- land, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwick of the fame name, witli a caftle. There are a great many Roman infcrip tions here, and it is a trading pkce, feated in a good country, near- the lake ef Gene va, IP miles frpm that city. Lpu. 6. 12. E. lat. 46. 21. N. * Nyons, a tpwn pf France, in the department of Drome' and kte provimce of Dauphiny, feated at the foot of a chain ef mountains, on the river Aigues, vvith a fine bridge of ene arch, prodigioufly high, the work of the Romans. Here is i mineral fpring, named Pontias, and femie manufaftories ef foap and woollen ftuffs. It is eight mfles N. W. of Buis. Lon. 5. 15. E. Iat. 44. 2^... N. Nyslot, a ffirong town of Ruffia, in the government of Riga, or Livonia, vvith a caftle ; feated en the river Narova, among large marftes,' 20 miles S. W. ef Narva, and 60 N. of VV"yburg. Len. 29, 10. E. lat. 61. 56. N. Nystadt, a fmall town ef Sweden, in Finland. It is noted for a peace con cluded here in 1721, between the emper or of Ruffia and the king of Sweden, and is feated on a bay of the Gulf of Bothnia, 55 miles N. W. of .¦\'do. Lon. 21. i. E., Iat. 61. 10. N, o. OAKHAMPTON, a borough of De- vonftire, vvith a market on Saturdar, It is feated en the river Oke, and branch thereof. Itis 24-miIes W. of Exeter,.and 195 VV. by S. of London. Len. 4. 5. W, kt. 50. 4S. N. * Oban, a village of Argyleftire, in Scotland, featsd on- the feacoaft, to the S. of Loch Etive. Here is an excellent fift ing ftation, vvith a cuftomhoufe. * Oaks Creek. See Caniade rago. Obasine, a vfllage of France, in the departinent of Corrqze and late province of Limofin. It had lately a rich abbey, and' is five miles S. of TuHes, Lon, i, 44. E, lat. 45.^ 1 3. N, Obdach, a tovvn of Germ.any, in the circle of Auftria, and duchy ef Stiria; feated at the cenfluerice of the rivers Achza and Traiin, three miles below the lake Chienzee, and 35 W. of Gratz-, Len. 14. 43. E. kt. 47. 3. N. , Oberkirch, a tovvn and caftle ef France, in the - ekpartment of Lower Rhine apd late province ef Alface, about three miles from Strafturg, to whofe bi ftop ic belonged. Loa, 7. 50. E. kt, 48, 35-N." Obern- o c z O E S „, OsEkNooRFP, a tovvn of, Germany, in the circle of Suabia, in the Black Foreft, befonging to the hnufe ef Auftria. It is divided into the Upper and Lpvver Town, and is feated on die river Neckar. Lon. 8. 45. E.lat. 48. 25. N. Obeknperg, e handfome tovvn of Germany, in Bavaria, with a eaftle ; feat- on the riyer Inn, 15 miles S. of Paffau, te vvhofe biftop it belongs. Len. 13. 36. E.lat. 48. 15. N, Oberstein, a towp of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, capital of a counff of the fame name, 30- miles E. of Triers. Lon. 7. 26. E. kt. 45. 42. N. Oberwesel, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, formerly imperial, but new belongs to the eleftor of Triers. It is feated on the Rhine, 40 "miles E. N. E. of Triers. Len. 7. 48. E. lat. 50. .. N. Obollah, a ftrong town of'Perfia, in Irac-Agemi, feated on a branch of the .Tigris, near Buffayah. Lon. 45. 15. E.' lat. 30. 15. N. Oby, a nver of the Ruffian empire. In .Afia, whicli rifes ipthe defert of Ifclilmf- .ka, and running N. joins the Irtyft, near Toboliki, and falls in':e a bay of the Fro - zen Ocean, called Obfkaya, in about 63° N. kt. ¦ ^ Ocano, a town ef Spain, in Nevv Caftile, feated on a plain, iS miles E. of 'Toledo. 'Lon. 2. 50. W. Iat. 39. 52! N. * Ochils, the name of fome verdant .and gently fwelUng hills of Perthftire in "Scotland, lying S. of Strathearn. Per- .haps, they ftouid be called Oak Hills, as, in former times, they vvere, covered with oak. OcHS-ENEURT, a tovvn of Gerinany In Franconia, and in the bifliopric of Wurtz burg; feated en the river Maine, 10 miles ¦ S. E.of V.^urtzburg. Lon. 10. 10. E. lat. 49- 3 5-N. , Occa, a large river of Ruffia, which falls into the river Volga, near Nilhnei Novogorod. Ocker, a river of Germany, vvhich rifing in the S.part ofthe duchy of Brunf wick, runs N. by the towns ef Goflar, Wolfenbuttle, and Bruul"'vick, and falls into the' Aller to the VV. of Gythorn. Oczakow, or. Oczakoff, a town and fortrefs, lately ef Turkey in Europe, but new included in New Ruffia, or the government of Catharinenflaf. It has been frequently an objeft of im,portant eonteft between the Turks apd the Ruf fians, many thoufands pf whom, on both fides, have faHen ip the different fieges it -has undergone. It vvas taken' by ftprm by the Ruffians, pn the 17th pf December 1788, and was finally confirmed to Ruffia, by the fubfequent creacy of peace. It is feated at the mouth of the river Dnieper, oppofite Kinburn, i-og miles E. by S. of Bender, 50 VV". of Cherfon, and igo N. by E.. of, Conftantinople. -Len. 30. 50. E. Iat, 46. 50. N. Odensee, an ancient tPwn pf Den mark, capital of the Ifle ef Funen, with a biftop's fee ; feaced on a fmall river, which is not navigable, and about tvvo miles from the Bay ef Scegeftrand, and 75 miles W. of Copenhagen. Lon. 10. 17. E. kt. 5;. 30. N. Oder, a river of Germany, which has its fource near a tovvn of the fame name in Silefia. It runs N. through that pre vince, and then into the Marche of Bran denburg and Pomerania, vyhere it forms a krge lake, afterward falling into the Bal- tic Sea by three mouths; between which lie the iflands of Ufedom and WoIIin. It paffes by feveral towns : as Ratibor, Op- pelen, Breflau, GlogavV, and Croffen, in Silefia; Francfort, Lebus, and Cuftrin, in Brandenburg; and Gartz, Stetin, Cam min, Woflin, Ufedom, and Wolgaft, ia Pomerania. Oder, atownof Silefia, feated at the fource of the river Oder, 16 -mUes S. W. of Troppaw. Lon. 17. 30. E. lat. 50. 46. N. Oderberg, 1 tpvvn of SHefia, feated near the confluence of the rivers -Oder and Effa, 10 mfles above Ratibor. Lon. 18. 10. E. kt. 50. 2. N. Odernheim, a town of Gerrriany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, feated on the river Seltz, 20 miles S. ef Mcntz. Lon. 8. 20. E. Iat. 4g. 31. N. Odiham, a town ef Hampfliire, vvith a market en Saturday. It is a corporation, and is the pkce vvhere David king of Scotland vvas kept prifoner. It is 24 miles N. E. of Winchefter, and 42 W. by S. ef London, Lon. o. 56, W. Iat. 51. 18. N. Oeland, an ifland of Sweden, in the Baltic Sea, in Finland, a'oout 62 miles in length, and 50 in breadth. The air is good, and the foil fertile. Borckhplm is the capital tovvn. Oelfeld, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and d'uchy of Magdeburg ; feated on the river Aller, 25 miles E. of Brunfwick. Len. 11. 20. E. Iat. 52. 27. N., Oesel, an ifland of the Bahic; en. the coaft of Livonia, and at th.e entrance ef the Gulf ef Ri.ga, three miles S. of the ifle ef Dagha. It is about 74 miles in I i 2 length. O H E O H I length, and 50 in breadth, and is defended by tvvo forts. It formerly belonged to Denmark, but now to Ruflia. Oeting, a town ef Germany, in Upper Bavaria. It is divided into the Upper and the Lovver Tovvn, and feated en the river Inn, eight miles N.W. of Burckhau- fen. Lon. 12. 44. E. lat. 48, 14. N. There is a great refort of pilgrims to the old chapel. Oeting, or Oetingen, a tovvn of Germany, in the circle ef Suabia, capital of a ceunty of the fame name ; feated en the riyer \V''irnitz, 12 miles above Dona. wert, and 35 N. W.-of Ingolftadt. Lon. 10. 40. E. lat. 48. 58.' N. Oeting, a county of Germany, in the circle ef Suabia, bounded on the N.and E. by Franconia, on the S. by the duchy of Neuburg, and en the W. by that of Wirtemburg. It is about 4P miles from E. to W. and 20 from N. to S. Offa'-s Dike, an entrenchment eaft up by Offa, a Saxon king, to defend England againft the incurfions of the Welch. It runs through Hereferdftire, Shropftire, Montgomeryftire, Denbigh- ihirc, and Flintfliire. Offanto, a river of the kingdom of Naples. It rifes in the Appennine Mountains, and paffinig by Conza and Monte Verde, feparates the Capitanata fr-^m the Bafilicata and the Terra-di-Bari, and falls into the Gulf of Venice, near Salpe. This river is the ancient Aufidus. Offenbach, a tovvn of Germany, in Franconia, feated on the Maine, five miles E. of Francfort. Lon. 8. 45. E. lat. 4g. 54- N. Opfenburg, an imperial town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, under the proteftion of the houfe of Auftria. It is feated on the river Kintzig, 12 miles S. £. of Strafturg, and 28 S. of Baden. Lon. 8. 1. E. lat. 48. 31. N. Offida, a town of Italy, in- the ter. rifory ef the Church, and in the marquf- I'-ite ef Apcona, 36 miles S. ef FIrmo, arid 26 S. ef Loretto. Lon. 13. '46. E, lat. 42. 53. N. Oheteroa, afl ifland in the S. Paci- ftc Ocean. It is 13 'milfes in circuit, and has neither harbour nor anchorage. It is neither fo populous nor fertile as the iflands to the nprthward pf it ; ¦ yet their mamifaftures are pf a fuperipr kind. The clpth is pf a better de, the fpears and clubs are better cut and pclifhed, and the carving is executed In a better manner. The pepple are liifty and well made, and rather brpvvnzr th'n thofe pf the S-ociety iilcs, Lon, 150, 47. W. kt. 22, '2 7, S. ' Ohio, a river pf Nprth America, pne of the mpft beautiful rivers in the wPrld, has its fpurce in the Allegany mpuntains, and is called the Allegany, till its junfticn vvith the Mpnpngahek at Fprt Pitt, when it firft receives the name pf Ohip. Ic bpuhds Kentucky in its whele length, is a mile arid fpmetimes lefs in breadth, and is fufficienf tP carry bbats of great burden. Its general courfe is S. 60 de'greeS weft ; and in its courfe it receives numbers of large and fmall rivers,. The only dffad. vantage this river has, is a rapid, one mile and a half long, and a mile arid ^ quarter broad, called the Falls of Ohio, in lat. 38. 8. N. In this pkce the river runs over a rocky bottom, and the defcent is fo gradual, that the fall does nOt pro. bably ip the vvhole exceed twenty feet. When the ftream is low, empty boats only can pafs and repafsthis rapid ; their lading muft be tranfported by land; but, when high, boats ef any burden may pafs in fafety. Excepting this place, there is net - a finer river in the wotld'for navigation by boats.. It falls into the Miffiffippi, in about 36° N. kt. At a fait fpring near, this river, very large bones are found, far furpalfing the fize of any fpecies of ani mals now in America. The head ap pears to have been about three feet long, the ribs feyen, and the thigh bones about ' four ; one of which is reppfited in the li brary in Philadelphia, and faid tp weigh feventy-eight pounds. The tuflcs are above a foot in length, the grinders about five inches fquare, and eight inches Ipng. Thefe bones have equally excited the amazement bf the ignorant and the atten- tion ef the philofophers.- Specimens of them have been fent tp France ahd Eng land, whe/e they have been fpund, uppi comparifon, to be remains ef the fame fpe^ des of animals that produced the foffil bones vvhich have been difcovered in Tar tary, Chili, and feveral other places, both pf the pld and new cpntinerit. What ani mal this is, and by what means its rufn^ are found in regions fo widely different, and vvhere none fuch exifts at prefent, is a queftion ef difficult decifion. The fuper- ftitieus Tartars attribute them te a crea. ture,' which they call Maimen, and which they fay ufually refides at fhe bottom e£ the rivers ; but as this is an affertion to- taUy divefted of proof, and even pf pro. bablHty, it has juftly been rejefted by the learned; and on the other hand, it is cer tain, that no fuch amphibious-quadruped exifts in the Americap waters. The bones bear a great refemblance to thofe of the elepfiant. There is pp othet- terreftriSl wimal O I s PLD animal now known large enough to pro. Me of France. Beauvais is the epifcopal duce them. The tuflcs vvith which they town. This department takes its name are equally furnifted, equally produce from a river, vvhich has its fource in the true ivory. Thefe external refemblances have generally made fiiperficial obfervers conclude, that they could belong fo no other than that prince of quadrupeds ; and when they firft drevy the attention ef the world, philofqphers feem to have fub Ardennes, and falls into the Seine near Pointeife. Okeham, the county-town of Rut. kndftire, vvith a market on -Saturday. - It is feated in a rich valley, called the Vale of Catmus, Is pretty well built, and has a fcribed to the fame opinion. But if fo, good church, a frccf"choeI, and an hofpital. ¦whence is it that the whole fpecies has difappeared from America .' An animal fo laborious and fo docile, that the induf try of the Peruvians, vvhich reduced to fervitude, and fubjefted to education, fpecies fo yalily inferior in thofe qualities, as the Llama and the Paca, could never have overlooked the elephant, if he had been to be found in their country. Whence is it that thefe bones are found' It IS, 28 miles S. by E. of Nottingham, and 98 N. by W. of London. - Lon. 6.' 46. W. lat. 52. 42. N. Okingham, er Wokingham, a town of Berkfhire, with a market en Tuefday; right miks S. E, of Reading, and 32 W.,of Londbn. Lon. o, 59. VV. lat. 51. 25. N. -* Okotzk, one ef the fo'ur provinceg ofthe government ef Irkutzk, in Ruffia. in clipiates where the elephant, a native of Its capital, ofthe fame name, is feated at the torrid zepe, cannot even fubfift in his the mouth of the Okota, in a bay of the wild ftate, and in a ftate ef fervitude wiU Eaftern Ocean. not propagate? Thefe difficulties pre- Oldenburg, a county, of Germany, duced the inquiries of Dr. Hunter, who, in Weftphalia, hounded on the VV. by tbe having procured fpecimens frem the Ohio, county ef Embden ; onthe S. by the bi, difcovered a confiderable difference be- ftopric ef Munfter; en the E. 'oy the tween the ftape and ftrufture ef the bones, co'inty ef Delmenhorft and, the duchy of and thofe ef the elephant. He obferved Bremen ; and on the N. by the German from the form ofthe teeth, that they muft have belonged to a carnivorous animal ; whereas the habits of the elephant are fo reign to fuch fuftenance, and his jaws to- taHy unprovided vvith the teeth neceffary for its ufe: and from the whale he con cluded, to the fatisfafton of naturalifts, that thefe bones belpnged tP a quadruped nPw unknown, and vvhofe race is probably extinft, unlefs it may be found in the ex tenfive continent of New Holland, whofe receffes have not yet been pervaded by the curiofit-y or avidity of civiHzed man. To. this circumftance we are probably in. dehted for a faft, which is perhaps fingu lar in its kind, she extinftion of a vvhole race ef animals frem the fyftem of nature. -¦'-' Oich, Loch, a lake of Invernefs fhire in Scotland, extending four miles from E. to W. Ir contains fome little wooded iflands ; and its waters flow .through Lpch Nefs IntP the Frith pf Murray. , ' OiRA, an ancient tcwn pf the kingdom ef Naples, with a biftop's fee, and an eld caftle. It is feated at the foot of the Ap. pennines, 20 miles N. E. of Tarento. Lon. 17. 54. E. lat. 40. 38. N. OisANS, a town ef France, in the de partment ef Ifere and late prevince of Dauphiny, 28 .miles S. E. of Grenoble. Lon. 6. 25. E. kt. 45. u. N. * OisE, a department of France, in. eluding part of the kte province of the Ocean. It is about 45 miles in length, and 22 in breadth, a marfty country, with fat paftures ; but fubjett to great inunda tions, which render the inhabitants very poor. Oldenburg, a town of Germany, in Weftphalia, capital of a county of the fame nanie. The church of S, Lambert contains the tombs ot the laft counts of Oldenburg, vvhich are very curious. It is noted fpr its horfes ; is feated on the river Hunta, 22 miles VV. of .Bremen, and 45 S. E. of Embden. Len. 8. 8. E. kt. 53. 7. N. Oldenburg, a town of Germany, In the circle of Lower Saxony, and in tha duchy of Holftein. It is feated near the Baltic, 30 miles N. ef Lubec. Lon. 10, 47. E. lat. 54. 22. N. Oldfndokf, a tovvn of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Lunenburg ; feated en the river Wenavv and Efca, 16. N. Olde'ndorf, a town of Germany, ip the circle of Weftphalia, feated on the river Wefer, fix miles S. pf Shaumburg. Lpn. g. 31. E. kt. 52. i6. N. Olden-zel, a tovvn ef the United Provinces, in Overyffel, 30 mfles E. of Deventer. Len. 6. 57. E. lat. 52. 20. N. Oldeslo, a town of Germany, in tho circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Hplflein; feated pn the river Trave, 17 I i 3 miles Lon, 10, 35. E. Iat. 53- O L M OME miles W, of Lubec, and 25 N. E, of Hamburg, Lon. 10. 18. E. kt. 53, 52-.*N., Oleron, an ifle ef France, lying on - the coaft ef Aunis and Saintonge, five miles from the continent. It is 12 miles in length, five in breadth, and 30 in cir cumference ; is populous and fertile, and is defended by a caftle. In the reign of Richard I. this ifland was part of the pof- fcfficns of the crown of England ; and here that monarch compiled the code of maritime laws, vvhich are called the Laws' of Oleron, and are received by all nations . in Europe, as the grountl and fubftruftien of all their marine conftitutions. Len. i. 10. W. lat. 46. 3. N. OLERON,aconfiderable town cf France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees and iate province of Bearn, vvith a biftop's fee; feated on the river Gave, lo miles S. W. ofPau. Lon. u. 14. W. kt. 43. 7. N. Olecko, a town ef Poland, in the pa latinate of Volhinia, 56 miles S. W. of Lucko, or Lufuc. Lon. 25. 10. E. lat. jo. 23. N. Olika, a ftrong town of Poland, in Volhinia, vvith a ftrong citadel, Lon. 26. g. E. kt. 51. 15. N. Olinda, a town of S. America, in Brafil, feated on the coaft, with a very good iharbo.ur. It vvas taken by the Dutch in 1630, but the Portuguefe retook, it. Lon. 35. u. W. kt. 8. 13. S. Olite, a handfome town of Spairi, in Navarre, vvhere thtir kings formerly re fided. It is feated in a pleafant, fertile country, on the road frqm Pampeluna to Saragoffa, 20 miles N. of Tudel. Lon. 1.46. W. kt. 42. 22.N. Oliva, a krge and celebrated monaf. tery ef Poland, in Eaftern Pruffia, three miles W. of Dantzick. It contains feve ral tombs of the dukes of Pomerania, and is remarkable fer the peace concluded here in 1660, between the emperor aud the kings ef Sweden and Poland. Lon. 18. 29. E. kt. 54. 22. N. Olivi;>,'ZA, a ftrong and important tovvn -of Portug-al, in Alentejo; feated near the river Guadiana, 13 miles S. of Elva:, and 4o'E.,<,f Evora. Lon. 7. 4. W. lat. 38. 30. N. . Olmedo, a tovvn of Spain, in Old Caftfle, ftated on the river j^daja, 30 miles S. of Valladohd. Lon. 4. 29. W. lac. 41. 20. N. Olmutz, a fc-,vn of Germany, in IV'To- ravia, vvith a bifliop's fee. and a famous univerfity. The p'.ibiic buildings are very hand.'onv-'. It is a populous, trading, and ftrong pkce, hat wa-, taken by the kingof Pruffia, in 1741. In 1758, he befieged it again ; but was obliged to raife the fiege. It is feated on the river Morave, 80 miles N. by E- of Vienna, and g7 S. of Breflau. Lon, 17, §5, E, Iat. 4g. 26. N. Olney, a'town of Bucks, with a mar- ket on Menda.y, and a confiderable ma. nufafture of bonelace. It is feated en the river Oufe, 12 miles S. E. ef North. ampton, and 56 N. N. W. of Lendon. Len. c. 54. W. kt. 52. 5. N. Olone, an ifland, town, caftle, and harbour, of France, in the department of Vendee and late province of Poitou, 30 miles N. VV. of Rochefle, and 258 S. W. of Paris. Len. i, 43, W, lat, 46, 30. N. -'¦'Olonetz, a town of Ruffia, famous fer its mines ef iron, and its mineral vva ter. It is fituated in the government ef the fame name, on the river Olonza, which falls into the E. fide of the Lake Ladoga. Lon. 54. 20. E. lat. 61. 26. N. , '-¦' Olonetz, a government of Ruffia, included formerly in the government of Novogorod. • In this government are fome confiderable iron works. Olse, or Oelse, a handfome, ffreng, and confiderable town of Silefia, vvith a caftle, where the duke generally refides. It is 17 miles N. E. of Breflau. Len. 17, 26. E. kt. 51, ig. N. OLsNiTZ, a tovvn of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and ¦ territory of Voigtiand, feated on t^e river Elfter, 60 miles S. W. of Drefden. Lpn. 12, 27. E. lat. 50. 40. N. Olten, a tovvn ef Swifferland, capital of a bailiwick in the canton of Soleure. It is dependent Pn the biftop of Bafle, and is feated a little to the N. of the river Aar, between Arvvangch and Aravv. . Len. 7. 45. E.'lat. 47. 16. N. Olympus, a mountain of Turkey in Afia, in Natolia. It is one of the fiigheft and moft confider,able mnnntains in all Afia, the top of it always covered vvith fnow. Ombrone, a river of Italy, inTuf- cany,- which rifes in the Sienncfe, and falls into the Tufcan Sea. • / Ombrone, a town of. Italy, in Tuf-,' cany, and in the Siennefe, three mfles S, of Groffeto, between the river Ombrone and the lake Caftigliane. Omegna, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, and in tbe Novarefe, with a caftle. It is a little te the N. of the ifl'.e Orta, and a'oout five mile;. N. ef the to-.'.'n cf that name. ("JHrfi, St. a fortii'icd. 'argc, and po. p-jl-j:; town of France, in the department ; ef ONE O N T of the Straits ef Calais and late province of Artois. It vvas anciently a fmall vil lage, CaHed Sithieu, and owes its name and importance to a faint, who built a monaf tery hei4 at the end of the feventh century. The principal chiirch, and that ef St. Benin, are magnificent, as is the late abbey of that faint. The hofpital and the college are alfo worthy of notice. In 1677, the French took this tovvn by af- fault, after the defeat of the allies at Mount Caffel; and it vvas confirmed to them by the treaty of Nimeguen. About a league from St. Omer is a great morafs, in which are fpme floating- iflands, -that may be direfted at pleafure, nearly like a boat. They produce good pafture ; and the crees that grow upon them are kept low, that -the wind may net have too much power over them. St. Omer is feated on the river Aa, on the fide ef a hill, eight miles N. W. ef Aire, and' 135 N. of Pa ris.' - Lon. 2. 20. E. kt. 54. 45. N. Omisc, an ancient town of Dalmatia, feated on the Gulf of Venice and at the mouth of the river Serine. ' Omlands, a name given to the envi rons of Groningen, in the United Pro. vinces. Ommen, a fmall tovvn of the United Provinces, in Overyffel, feated on the ri ver called the Leffer "Vecht, 17 miles N. E. of Deventer. Len. i. 10. E. lat. 52, 32. N. Ommenburg, a ftrong town of Ger- • many, in the eieftorate of Mentz, feated on the river Otherri, nine mfles S. E. of Marpurg, and 45 N. E. of Francfort. Lon. g. 13. E.,kt. 50. 30. N. Omihir ABI, a river of Afrita, in Bar- bjry, which has its fource in Mount Atlas, arid croffes Tedles, a province of Morocco. It feparates this kingdom from that of Fez, and falls - inte the Azamor, in the Httle Gulf ef Ommirabi. On, a town of Africa, in Egypt, other. wife called Heliopolis, was formerly a very confiderable place. It was feated near the river Nile, 10 miles N. E. ef Cairn, and had a fuperb temple, dedicated to the Sun.- At prefent it is almoft ruui- ed, and bears the name of Aimkems. O.MANo, a tovv-n ef Italy, in the terri tory of the Church, and in Orvietan, It is feated between Aqujpendente and Pe- tigliano, five miles from each, 'One, a cape ef Barbary, in the king- 'dom ef Telenfin, to the N. of a townof 'th'«,t name, near the mouth ef the river Mulvia. Oneeheow, one pf the Sandwich iflands, five leagues' W. of Atpoi. Its 5i(ftern coaft is high, and rifes abruptly from the fea ; buc the ether parts confift ef lew ground, except a round bluff head on the S. E. point. It produces plenty of yams, and of the fweet root called tee, Lon. 161. o. W. lat. 21, 50. N. Onega, a river and lake pf Ruffia, in the government ef Olonetz. It is 100 miles in length, and 40 in breadth, and has a cemraunication with the Lake Ladoga, and confequently vvith Pe. terfturg. The river has its fource in Kargapol, gives its name te a country full of weeds, and falls into the While Sea. Oneolia, a feapprt ef Italy, in the territory of Genoa, with the title of a principahty; but it belongs tp the king of Sardinia, as vvell as the province, vvhich , abounds in olive-trees, fruits, and wine. It has been often taken and retaken in the ¦fvars of Italy, it being ap open place. The French and Spaniards had poffeffiop of it in 1744, buc were driven thence by the Piedmontefe. However, they became mafters of it again the next winter. It is feated on a fmall river, 30 miles S. E. ef Cogni, and 50 W. by S. of Genoa. Lon. 7. 51. E. kf. 43. 58. N. * Oneida Lake, a lake ef N. Ame. rica, in the ftate of New York. It is 20 miles W. of Fort Stanwix, and extehd? weftward about 2 5 miles, Ongar, Chipping, a town of Effex, with a market on Saturday. It is 12 miles W. of Chelmsford, and 21. E. -N. E. of London. Lon. u. 16. E. lat. 51. 43. N. "' Ongole, a town' of the peninfula ef Hindooftan, in the Carnatic, feated on a river, not far from its entrance into the Bay of Bengal, and 829 miles S. VV. of Calcutta. Lon. 80, 5, E. lat. 1,5. 30. N. '•¦* Onore, a feaport -of the peninfula of 'Hindooftan, on the coaft of Malabar, 398 miles S. by E. of Bombay. Len; 74. 45. E. lat. 14. IP. N. Onoth, a town ef Hungary, 50 miles N. E. ef Buda. Lon. 19. 22. E. kt. 48. 10. N. Onrust, a fmaU ifland in the E. In. dies, lying at the mouth ef the harboUr of Batavia. It is the plaoe vvhere the Dutch build and careen their ftips. Ontario, a lake of -N. America, fi tuated between 71° and 74" W. Ion.-' and 41° and 45" N. lat. On its S. fide it re ceives the waters of Lake Erie, by means of the river Niagara, It is about 600 mfles in circumference, and abounds with fift of an excellent- fiavour, among vvhich are the Ofwego baft, weighing three or four pounds. Near the S. E. pare it receives the river. Ofwego ; and' on the N. E, its waters enter the river Iroquois ; I i A v/hicht O O N O R A which river, at Montreal, takes the name of St. Lawrence. * Oodooanullah, a tovvn of Hin dooftan Proper, in Bengal, feated on the W. bank ef the Ganges, whijh is high and bold, and at the foot ef a chain of hiUs, The fituation is efteemed unhealthy, on account of the forefts in its vicinity. It was the feat qf the government ef Bengal, under fultan Sujah, till he fell in the con teft fer empire with his brother Aurung zebe. The numberlefs ruins here, and in the neighbourhood, evince his paffion for building; and the great extent ef many of them affords a proof ef his magnificence. There ftill remains a part of the palace, vvhich, in his time, vvas nearly deftroyed by fire. The zananah, the part inhabited by the females, was totally confumed ; and a tradition prevails here, that more than 300 women feH a facrifice to mo defty en this occafion ; none of them dar ing to fave themfelves, from the dread of being feen by the men. Here is an cle. gant bridge ever the Ganges, built by the fame prince about 130 years ago, ahd fa. mous fer the viftory gained oyer Meer Coffim, in 1764, bythe ktcmajor Adams. Oodooanullah is 82 miles N. by W. of Moorftedabad. Lon. 87. 55. E. kt. 24. 58. N. pONALASHKA, Oric of the iflands of the Northern Archipelago, vifited by cap tain Cook in his kft voyage. The native jnhabitant,s of this ifland are, te all appear. auoes, a very peaceable people, having been much polifted by the Ruffians, who now keep them in a ftate of fubjeftion. As the ifland furniftes them vvith fub. fiftenoe, fo it- dees, ih forae meafure, vvith clothing, vvhich is chiefly compofed of fkins. The upper garment, wliich is made like a waggoner's frock, reaches down tp the knees'.' Befide this, they wear a waificpat br two, a pair of breeches, a fur cap, and a pair of boots, the legs of which are formed ef fome kind .of ftrong gut ; but the foles and upper leather are of Ruffia leather. Fift and other fea ani. mals, birds, roots, berries, and even fea^ weed, compofe their -food. They dry quantities of fift during the fummer, vvhich they lay up in fmall huts for their ufe in winter. They did not appear tq he very defirpus pf iron, ner te want any other inftrument, except fewing needles, their ewn being formed of bone. With thefe they few their canoes, and make their clothes, and alfo vvork very curious embroidery. They ufe, inftead of thread, the fibres ef plants, which they fplit to the thicknefs required. All fewing is performed by the females, who are flipe- makers, tailors, and boatrbuilders, They manufafture mats, and bafkets pf grafs, which are bpth ftrong and beautiful. There is, indeed, a neatnefs and perfeftion in moft of their works, that ftews they are deficient neither in ingenuity ner per. feverance. Len. 165.0. W. kt. 51, 5, N. Oostburg, a town ef "Dutch Flan. ders, capital of a bailiwick of the fame name. Len. 3. 29. E. lat. 51. 22. N. Oostenby, a town ef Sweden, in the ifland ef Oeland, 27 miles S, of Bprk- hplm; Oporto, or Porto, a rich and hand- feme feaport of Portugal, in the province ef Entre-Deuro-e-Minho, with a biftop's fee. It is by nature almoft impregnable, It is noted for its ftrong wines ; and large quantities are exported hence to England; whence all red wines that come frem Spain er Portugal are called Port wines. It Is feated on the declivity of a mountain, near the river Douro, vvhich forms an ex cellent harbour. It is 147 mfles N. by E, of Lifbon. Lon. 8. 21. "VV. Iat. 41. 10. .N. OppELEN, a ftrong town of Silefia, ca pital of a duchy of the fame name, with a caftle, and a fine hofpital. Tjie chief trlT bunal of juftice, and the firft Confiftery of Silefia, vvere fettled here in 1742. It is feated en the river Oder, in a pleafant plain, 40 miles N. of Troppaw, and 35'S, E, of Breflau, Lon, 17, 50, E, lat, 50, 41, N. Oppenheim, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, and capital of a bailiwick of the fame name ; feated en fhe declivity of a hill, near the Rhine, eight miles S. ef Meptz, and 12 N. of Worms. Len. 8. 20. E. lat. 49. 43. N. O ppi DO, an epifcopal town of the kingdom' of Naples, feated at the feet of the Appennines, 25 mfles N. E. of Regj gio. Len. 16. 21. E. Iat. 38. ig. N. Orach, a town ef Turkey in Europcj in Bofnia, near the river Drino, 60 naileij S, W. of Belgrade, Or an, a ftrorig and important feaport of Barbary, in the kingdom of Tremefen, with feveral forts, and an excellent har bour. It is feated partly on the fide of 4 hill, and partly on a plain, almoft oppofite to Carthagena, in Spain. It is about a mile and a half in circumference, and weU fortified ; but cemmfinded by .the. adjacent hills. It was takeri by the Spaniards in 1509, and retaken by the Algerines in 1708. In 1732 the Spaniards became mafters of it again, and have kept it ever fince. On the 8th of Oftober 1790, this pkce was fo effeftually deftroyed by an earthquake, that nothing but the exterior walls were left flanding. Two thoufand perfons ORB ORG Eerfens perifted on this occafion. The ey of Mafcara, in which province Oran is fituated, took advantage ef the di- ftreffed ftate of the garrifon, to attack it with a confiderable force, but was <:om. pelled to retire vvith great lofs, after three obftinate attacks, It is 125 miles W, by S. of Algiers. Lon. o. S.W. lat. 36. 2. N. Orange, an ancient and confiderable town ef France, in the departmerit of Drome and late province of Dauphiny. It was an important place in the time of the Remans. The triumphal arch, vifited by all connoiffeurs, and vvhich is 200 paces from the town, was formeriy vvithin its limits. This arch, which vvas much damaged in 1707 and 1709, was erefted by Caius Marius apd Luftatius Catiihis, after the viftory which they obtained over the Cimbri and the Teutones. Here are alfo the remains ef a fine amphi theatre, fome aquedufts, &c. vvhich efcaped the fury ef the Goths arid Sara cens. The fortifiications vvere demolifted' by Lewis XIV. in 1682. Orange is the capital of a principality of the famb nariie, about feven leagues leng and five broad. It was given by Charlemagne, in 793, to WiUiam au Cornet, as a reward for his miHtary fervices. Poffeffed fueceffively by the houfes ef Baux and Chalons, it de volved, in 1 53 1, on that of Naffau, origi nally of Germany, and celebrated in the hiftory of the Netherlands. It was pof feffed by WHliam III. king of England, who dying in 1702, Frederic- William king of Pruffia, claimed this principality as his heir. Lewis XIV. had feized it during the war with king WiHiam. He exchanged it, however, by the treaty of Utrecht, in 17 13, vvith the king of Prhffia, for the towri of Gueldres ; but fubjeft to a compenfation to the prince ef Naffau- Dietz, whom king William had named his hcjr. The city ef Orange was an epifcopal fee before the late revolution. It is feated in a fine plain, en the Httle river Aigues, 12 miles N. ef Avignon, and 50 N. E. ef Montpeher. Len. 4. 4g. FJ. Iat. 44- 9- N. Orangeburg, a magnificent palace of Germany, in the eieftorate of Bran. denburg, feated on the river Havel, near Bcriin. It is a pleafure-houfe ef the king of Pruffia. Or ATAViA, the capital ef the ifland of Teneriff, one of the largeft of the Ca naries in the Atlantic Ocean, 150 miles W. ofthe coaft of Africa. Lon. 16. 2c. W. kt. 28. 23. N. Orbalsan, a town of Piedmont, be tween Turin and Pignerol. Lon. 7. 30. E. J^t. 45. «. N. Orbe, aii ancient, handfome, and pleafant town of Swifferland, inthe Pays de Vaud, and capital of a balHwick, whofe fovereignty is divided between the canr tons of Bern and Friburg. It is feated on a river of th'e fame name. Its romantic fituation, the boldnefs ofthe fingle-arched bridge projefting over the Orbe, the wild fcenery on the banks ef that river, its fre- quenf catarafts, and the various piftu refque views in the neighbourhood, arc the admiration of all tra^-dlers. Orbe is 24 miles S. W. ef Friburg, and 40 S. W. of Bern. Len. 6 43. E. kt. 46. 49. N. Orbitello, a ftrong town ef Italy, in Tufcany, and in the Sienncfe. It has a gpod harbour, defended by feveral forts, and is feated near the river Albegna and the fea, 58 mUes S. by W. ef Stenna, and Sj S. of Florence. Lori. 11. 10. E. lat, 42. 18. N. Orbre, a river of France, vvhich riftt in the mountains of the Cevennes, waters Beziers, and falls into the Gulf of Lyons, five miles below that town. Orcades, or Orkneys, a chifter .of ' iflands on the N. ef Scotknd, frem which they are feparated by a ch'annel 20 miles in length, and 10 in breadth. Thfy arc about 26 in number, ef which ene greatly exceeds the ethers in extent. This, hke the principal one ef Shetland, Is- dignified with the appellation of the Mainland : it is alfo frequently called Pomona. See -Mainland. Beyond this ifland, to the N. E. are feen, among others, Rowfay and "V\'cftra, Shappinfta and Edda, Stron- fa, Sanda, and N. Ronalfta. To the S. appear the ifles of Hoy and S. Ronalflia, with others of inferior note. The cur. rents and tides vvhich flow betvveen thefe iflands are extremelv rapid and danger. - ous ; and, near the fmall ifle of Swinua are two whirlpools, that have been known to fnatch in boats and light veffels, Vvhich vvere inftantly fwallowed up. The ftrait, called Pentland Frith, which divides thefe iflands from the county of Caithnefs, is likewife very dangerous to thofe vvho. are net well acquainted vyith the tides and currents ; efpecially in paffing the Pent land Skerries, a clufter of rqcks t'nat He in the E. entrance of the Frith. Springs of pure water are found in all the moun tainous parts of thefe iflands ; and there are numerous lakes and rivulets abound ing in fifli. The heath on thefe moun tains, fr.elters groufe, plovers, fnipes. Sic. but here are neither partridges, hares, nor fexes. - There are numbers of fteep and fmall black cattle. The produfts of the vallies and plains are bear (an inferior kind of barley) and oats, but no pther furt ORE ORE fort of grain. The climate pf thefe iflands IS unfavourable ; although they do not fuffer fo much from froft and fnow, as might be fuppofed from their northerly pofition. In general, the air is moift; ind they are often vifited by dreadful ftorms ef wind, rain, and thunder. Their longeft day is ig hours and a half ; their jhortcft four and a half. Thus, for about three weeks in midfummer, they enjoy the fight of the fun, almoft without inter- mifEon ; but, for the fanie fpace in win ter, that luminary hardly rifes above the horizon, and is commonly obfcured by clouds and mi.ts. In this gloomy feafon, the abfence of day is ftipplied partly by moonlight. But the radiance of the Au rora Borealis Contributes ftill more effec tually to fupply this want. The ahnoft inceffant corrufcations of thefe meteors are, indeed, fublimely beautiful ; and we, who only fee the extremities of thefe northern phsnomena, have but a faint ie?ea of their fplcnnour and their motions. See Shetland. The irihabitants are robuft and hardy ; thofe of fuperior ra,nk, difffinguifted for politenefs and hefpitahty; and the inferior ckf"s, m general, aftive znd induftrious. The principal trade of thefe iflands is with Leith, Hamburgh,, and Bergen. Their chief exports are linen and woollen yarn, ftockings, butter, ifried fift, herrings, oil, feathers and flcins of various kinds, and kelp. The Englift bnguage prevails in all thefe iflands, al though there are many words in the Norfe, or Norwdgian, ftill in ufe. The churches are numerous ; but the office of a minifter is truly laborious, the parochial duty being often extended to feveral diftant iflands, feparated .from each other by dangerous feas. This general account cf the Orkney Iflands will ferve equally for thofe of Shetland, although the latter lie ftill further north. Orchies, an ancient tovyn of France, in the department of France and late pro vince of French Flanders, 14 miles S. E. '.-,f Lifle. Lon. 3. zt. E. lat. ;o. 2S. N. Orchill.v, an ifland of the Caribbean Sea, 80 miles N. of tbe coaft of Terra Firma', in S. America, and 160 E. by S. of ' turacjao. Lon. 65. 20.' W. kt. 12. o. N. Ordinge, a tovvn of Gerinany, in the ticftoratc of Cologne, feated on the river Khire, near the county of Meurs, five miles below Kyferwert. ORDt"-iN'.^, a feaport ef Spain, in the province of Bifcay, felted in a valley, fur- .r'rtindcd by hig"h mountains, 20 miles S. "W. of Bilboa. Lon. 3. 26. V'/. kt. 43. T i . N . OK.USRO, a tovyn of Sweden, sapital of the prpvince pf Ncrjcia, in Sweden Proper, feated near the weftern extremity of the Lake Hielmar. On a fmall ifland, in the middle of the town, formed by two branches ef the. Swart, ftands the caftle, formerly a royal refidence. Here are ma nufaftures of fire-arms, cloth, and tapef try ; and they carry on a confiderable trade with Stockholm, acrofs 'tha Hielmar and Maeler, by means of the canal of i^rboga; fending iron, vitriol, and red paint, ip particular to that capital. Orcbno is 95 miles S. W. of Stockholm. Lon. 15. 12. E. kt. 5g. 12. N. OjREGRUND, a feaport ef Sweden, feated on the coaft ef Upland, in the GUlf ef Bothnia, oppofite the fmaU ifland of Ginfon, 60 mites N. ef Stockholm. Lon, 18. 15. E. kt. 60. 20. N. * Orel, a government of Ruffia, once a prevince of the government of Bielgu- rod. Its capital, of the fame, is feated en the rivers Occa and Orel, 207 miles S.W. by S. of Mofcow. Lon. 35. 20. E.lat. 53, o.N. * Orellana. See Amazons, Ri ver of. * Orenburgh, ene of the tvvo prp vinces of the government cf Ufa, in Ruf fia. ¦ Orenburgh its capital, is feated on the river Ural, formerly called, the Yaik, 750 miles E. by S. of Mofcow. Len. 55., o. E. kt. 51. 45. N. Orense; an ancient town of Spain, in Gaficia, with a biftop's fee; It is famous for its hot baths, and is feated at thefoot of a mountain, on the river Minho, over vvhich is a handfome bridge of one arch, 47 miles S. E. of Compoftella. Len. 7. 36. W. kt. 42. 19. N. ORFA,-a confiderable town of Afia, in Dlarbeck.' It formerly belonged to Per. fia, but is now in the Turkift dominions, and is a place of very good trade. They deal in carpets of feveral forts, fome pf- which are made there. It has a ftately caftle c(n a hill, and is leated pn the river Euphrates, 83 miles N. E. of Aleppo, and ICO S. W. of Diarbekar. Lop. 38. 2o."E. lat. 3&. 50. N. Orpord, a feaport and borough of Suffolk with a market on Men_day. It is feated en the feacoaft betvyeen tvvo chan. nels, arid was formerly a geood fifting. town, but has loft it trade. Here is a handfome church, vvhofe fteeple is a good. feamark, and near it are the ruins of an old caftle, as aII"o ef a priory, St. George's chapel, and a houfe where teamen's wives, ufed to pray for the f"afety of their huf. ' bands. It is a corporation governed by ^ mayor, recorder, a portipan, and 12 bur. geffes ; but though it is faid to have been' ' •ncc ORI O R L •nee very krge, and to have had 12 churches, it has new only about 300 mean .'hopfes. It is 18 miles E. by N. ef Ipf- ,wich, and. 88 N. E. of London, Len. i. 40. E. kt. 52. II. N. ' 'Organford, a village near Poole, in Dorfetftire, remarkable for the prodigious quantity of pennyroyal, here called ur^aw, that is produced in the neighbourhood. , Orgaz, a town of Spain, in New Caf- rile, tt, miles S, of Toledo, with a caftle. Lon. 3. 22. W. Iat. 3g. 36. N. Orgelet, a tovvn of France, in the department of Jura and late province of Franche Comte, feated at the fource of the river V^IoUfe, 30 miles N. by E. of Bourg. Lon. 5. 39. E. lat. 46. 36. N. Orgiv A. a town of Spain, -in the pro vince of Granada, 25 miles S.of Granada. Len. 3. 50. W. kt. 36. 43. N. Oria, a town ef the kingdom of Naples, formerly a confiderable place, but of fmall account now, though it has a ci tadel and a biftop's fee. It is feated at ^e foot ef the Appennines, 40 miles N. W. of Otranto. Len. 17. 48. E. lat. 40. 39- N. Orient, or Port l'Orient, a regular and handfome tovvn of France, in the department of Morbihan and late - province of Bretagne, built in 1720, by the French E. India Company, vvho made it the exclufive mart of their commerce. The , harbour, which is defended by a ci- , tadel, oppofite Port Louis, and at the bot tom of the fame bay, can contain but a fmaU number ef men ef war. This pert is frequented by the ftips ef the United States of America. The Enghft at tempted to become mafters of ic 1746, but mifcarried. It is five miles from Hen; nebon. Lon. 3. 20. W.- kt. 47. 46. N. - Origuela, a confiderable tovvn of Spain, iu Valencia, with a biftop's fee, and a univerfity. It is commanded by a citadel, built- on a rock, and feated en the river Segura, 33 miles N. of Carthagena. Lon. 1. 3. W. kt. 38. 10. N. Orio, a town ef Spain, feated on the coaft of Guipufcoa, at the mouth of the river Orio, eight miles S. W. ef St. Se baftian. Lon. 2. 19. W. lat. 43. 23. N. '* Orissa, a province of the [Seninfuk of Hindooftan, bounded by Bahar and Bengal on the N. by Berar en the VV. by Golconda on the S. -and the Bay ef Ben gal on the E. The diftrifts of Midni- apour, in this prevince, are fubjeft to the Englifli E. India Company ; but afl the reft belongs te the Berar Mahrattas. Oristagni, an ancient town of the ifland of Sardinia, with a good harbour, and an archbifliop's fee. Jt is krge, and well fortified, but thinly inhabited, on ac. cpunt ef the unhealthy air ; is feated on the weftern coaft, on a bay eif the fame name, 42 miles N. W. of Cagliari. Len. 8. 51. E.kt. 40. 2, N, ¦- Orkney Islands, See Or. CADES, Orlamund, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Upper Saxony, and in Thu ringia, belonging te the duke of Saxe- Gotha, feat'ed on the river Sala, over againft the mouth ef the OrIa, 50 miles S. W. of Leipfic. Lon, 1 1. 24. E. kt. 50. 53. N. Orlando, a cape en the N. coaft of" Sicily, 15 miles W. of Patti. Orleanois, a kte province of France, vvhich now forms the department of Loiret. It is divided by the river Loire into the Upper and Lovver, and is a very plentiful country. Orleans is the capital. Orleans, a large, ancient, rich, and handfome dty of France, capital of tlie- department of Loiret and late province of Orleanois. It is built in the form of aa oval, and is fuppofed to contain 40,000- fouls. Under the fons of Clovis, it -was the capital of a kingdom. It has ftood two memorable fieges ; ttie firft, in 451, againft the formidable Attik ; the fecond, ill 1428, ^againft the Englift; vvhich kit vvas raifed by the celebrated Joan ef Arc, called the Maid of Orleans, whofe hiftory is fe well known. The principal church, in'that part of it, vvhich is finifted, is a neble fpecimen of Gothic architefture. Jefus Chrift was confidered as the firft canon of its kte chapter, and, as fuch, had a double fliare in all the diftributiens which vvas given te the Hotel Dieu. The ftreets of Orleans are fpacicus, neat and pleal"ant. That ,of the Fausbourg ef Paris is ef a prodigious length. The coinme^c confifts in wine, brandy, corn, grocery, and particularly fugar, vvhich is brought raw frem Nantes and, Rochelle. One year with another, 100,000 cwts, of loaf fugar are fent from Orleans ; great part of which is taken by the merchants of Paris. Sheep-fkins, and ftockings, both knit and woven, form alfo a confider able article of trade. This city is an epif copal fee. It has a fociety of natural phi lofophy, natural hiftory, &c. and a public library. The environs are very pleafant ; p.irticularly the fauxbeurg or fuburb of Olivet, vvhich is on the (eft fide, of the Loire, and has a rommiinlcatioji with ths dty by a bridge, the boldnefs and light- nefs of vvhich are equallv ad 1114; cd. It vvas built by Lewis XV. and. confifts of nine arches ; the centre one of vvhich is 100 feet wide. On this briilge v.-as placed the O R M O R 3 the unfortunate Joan of Arc, vvith boots and fpurs Hke a knight, en her knees be fore the Virgin, who has Jefus Chrift in her arms, as if going to lay him in his tomb; and oppofite te Joan, in the fame pofture, is Charles VII. Thefe figures (^the execution and fuperftition of which are equally contemptible) were taken from the old "demohfted bridge. Orleans is feated on the river Loire, 30 miles N, E, of Bids, and 60 S. S. VV. pf Paris. I Lpn. I. 59. E. kt. 47. 54. N. "* Orleans, Canal of, commences at the river Loire, about two le^tgucs above Orleans, croffes the foreft of Orleans and the plain vvhich fucceeds it, joins the Loing hear Montargis, and paffing by Nemours, falls into the Seine. It was ijinifhcd in 1682, and has 30 locks in its courfe, which is about 18 leagues in ex tent, ' Orleans, Forest of, pear the city of that name, and contains 100,000 acres, " planted with oak and other valuable trees. It is one pf the. mpft confiderable of all France ; and the tales ef Its timber and un- derwi-iod produce annually i 00, eoo hvres. Orleans, Nevv, a city of N. Ame rica, capital of Louifiana. It vvas buik in the time of the regency ef the duke ef .Orleans. On'the igth of Match 1788, feven eighths of this city vvere deftroyed -by fire ; but great progrefs has been fince made in rebuilding it. It is feated on the E. fide ef file Mi.ffiffippI, 105 miles from - its mouth. . Lon. 8g. 53. W. lat. 30. 2.N. Orle.ans, an ifland and 'eewn of N. America, in Canada, a little te the E. of .Quebec. Lon. 6g. 50. W. lat. 4^. u. N. Ormond, the northern divifion ofthe county pf Tipperary, in Ireland. Ormskirk, atown of Lancaftire, vvith a market on Tuefday. It is 30 mil^s S. of Lancafter, and 206 N. N. W. of Lon- ..don. Lon. 3. 3. W.' lat. 53. 37. N. Ormus, a fmall iflarid ef Afia, at the bottom of the gulf of the farae name, at the entrance of the Gulf ef Perfia. Here is neither fweet water ner grafs, it being a kind of fait fuIphuVeous foil. It was taken by the Portuguefe in 1507, who fortified it ; and it was afterward fre- quented by a vaft number' of merchants, who were extremely rich. In' 1622, the Perfians, by the affiftance of the EngUft, conquered this place, and demolifted the houfes, which were 4000 in number, con taining 40,000 inhahitiants. Some time after, the I'erfians rebuilt the fort, and placed a garrifon in it ; but they could never bring it te be a pkce of trade as be. ¦ .fore ; however, it is. the key of the Gulf •f Perfia, on account of the commpdipuf- n'ofs of the harbour. It is now almoffi deferted ; for it produces nothing but fait, which fometimes''is tvvo inches deep ujDoa the furface ef the earth. Lon, 56, 25, E. kt. 27. 20. N. '* Orn.ans, atownof France, in tlie dcpartmenfpf Dpubs and kte .province of Franche Comt^. In its vicinity is a well, vvhich, during the time of the great rains, pverflpws in fuck a manner as tp inundate the adjacent cpuhtry. The fiftes vvhich it difgorges are called umbres. There is a fimilar well about a league from Vefoul. Ornans is feated on the Louve, eight mile* S. E. of Befanqon. '-¦' Orne, a department of France, vvhich includes the late province of Perche and part ef that of Normandy. It takes its name from a riyer, which falls into the Englift Channel, eight miles belovy Caen. The capital is Alenijon. Oronoko, a river ef S. America, which rifes in Popayan, near the Pacific Ocean ; and, after a courfe of 755 kagues, enters the Atlantic Ocean, in g' N. lat. vvhere its impetuofity is fo great, that it ftems the moft powerful tides, and pre- fcrves the freftnefs ef its waters ,to the diftance ef 1 2 leagues out at fea. ¦'-¦ Oronsa, a fmaH fertile iflapd of Scotland, one ef the Hebrides, feven miles W. of Jura. Here are the ruins of an abbey, with many fepulchral ftatues, and fom^ curious ancient fculpture. OrOpesa, a town ef Spain, iu New Caftile, 22 miles E. of Placentia, and 5a( W. of Toledo. Lon. 4. 36. W. lat. 39, 50. N, Oropesa, a town of S. America, in Peru, feated at the foot of the mountains, 750 mfles from Lima, and 150 N.E. of Potofi. Lon. 63. 30. W.'lat '18. o. S. ' Orr, a ri.verof Scotland, whicli rifes near Nc'V Galloway, in Kirkcudbright- fti'.'e, and watering the town of Orr, flows fouthward inte.the Solway Frith. Orsa, a town of Lithuania, in the pa. latinate of Witepfk. It is fortified and defended by a good caftle ; is 50 miles W, of Smelenfko, and feated at the confluence of the Orefa and Dnieper, Lon. 30. o. E. Iat. 54. 45. N. Orsova, a town, in the ^i^nnat of Temefwar, feated on the N. fide pf the Danube, almoft oppofite Belgrade ; fub. jeft to the Turks. Len. 22. o. E. lat. 45. 30. N, Orsoy, a town of Germany, in the. circle cf Weftphalia, and duchy of Cleves, taken by the French in 1672, who demo- ^ liflied the fortifications. It now belongs to the king of Pruffia, rand is 20 miles S, E. of Cleves, Lon, 6, 43..E, lat,.ii, 28. N. Orxa, O S I o s S O'RTA, or Orti, a town of Italy, in "the patrimony of St. Peter, with a bi. ffiop's fee ; feated on the riyer Tiber, lo miles E. of Viterbo, and 30 N. of Rome. Lon. 12. 37. W. kt. 42. 22. N. Ortegal, a cape on the coaft ef Ga licia, in Spain, Lon. 7. 35. W. lat, 43. 48. N. -Ortenburg, a town of Germany, in the circle cf Auftria, feated qn the S. -bank pf the river Drave, eppofite its con fluence with the Lifer. Lon. 13. 38; £. lat. 46. 52. N. Orthez, a town pf France, in the de partment pf the Lpwer Pyrenees and late province of' Bearn, feated oh the declivity ofa lull, on the river Gave de Pau, 17 miles from Pau. Lon. u. 24. W. lat. 43; 5. N. Orton, a town of Weftmorland, with a market on Wednefday. It is feated in a healthy country, quite deftitute of 'vvoed, 12 miles. S. W. ef Appleby, and 271 N. N. W. nf London. Lon. 2,40. W. lat. -54. 28. N. ¦'*'* Orvieto, a town of Italy, in the pa trimony of St. Peter, with a biftop's fee, -and a magnificent palace. In this place is a deep well, inte which mules defcend, te fetch up vvater by ope pair of ftairs and afcend by another. It is feated on a craggy rock, near the confluence of the rivers Pagli and Chiana, 20 miles N. W._ of Viterbo, and 50. N. by W. of Rome. Lon. 12. 20. E. kt. 42. 42. N. Orwell, a river of Suffolk, which rifin,g in the middle ef that county, runs S. E. by Ipfwieh," a'nd uniting vvith the river Stour from M-aningtree, forms the fine harbour of Harwich. Above Ipf wich, it is called the Gipping. OsACA, a krge, handfome, and famous town ef Japan, with a magnificent caftle. It has a harbour, and is ene of the moft populous and trading places of Japan. Here they proclaim the hours of the night by the found of different inftruments of mufic. Lon". 133. 45. E. kt. 35. 20. N. OsERo, or Osoro, an ifland in the Gulf of Venice, belonging to the Vene tians, having that of Cherfo te the N. to which it is joined -by a bridge. The ca pital is of. the fame name, with a bifhop's i'ee. Lon. 15. 30. E. lat. 45. o. N. OsEY Island, ah ifland in Black- water Bay, near Maiden in Effex, vvhich is 'fo coVqred with wild ,fewl at certain feafens, that many people come hither frem London for the pleafure of fteoting them. It is In the parift ef Great Tot- ham ; and here the coal ftips for Maiden unload their cargoes. OsiMo, an ancient town of Italy, in the marquifate ef Ancona, vvith a.ric'h bi. ftop's fee, and, a magnificerit epifcop^ p*- kce. It is feated on the river Mufone, 10 miles S. of Ancona, and no N. E. of Rome. Lon. 13. 34, E. kt. 43. ig. N. OsMA, an ancierit town of Spain, in Old Caftfle, with a biftop's fee, and a uni. verfity. It is almoft gone to ruin, and is feated on the river Duero, or Douro, 80 miles N. by E.'of Madrid. Lon. 2. 12. W. kt. 41. 30. N. OsNABURGH, a town of Germany, ia the circle of Weftphalia, capital of a bi ftopric ef the fame name, vvith a univer fity and a.caftle. It is remarkable for a treaty of peace, concluded hete betvveen Germany and Sweden in 1648, in favour pf the Proteftant religion. The Protef tants have twp pf the churches. The beer pf this pkce is highly efteemed in Germany. It is feated Pn the river Haze, 3 5 miles N. E. pf Munfter, and 75 W. of Hanover. Lon. 8. 20. E. kt. 52. 24. N., OsNABURG, the biftopric of, a pro vince of Germany, in the circle of Weft-- phalia, bounded on the N. by Lower Munfter ; on the S. by Upper Munfter ; en the E. by the territory of Minden; and on the W. partly by Munfter, and partly by Lingen. It is remarkable, that this biftopric is poffeffed by the Papifts and Proteftants alternately, according "to the teneur ef the treaty qf Weftphalia. The Proteftant biftop is always chofen br the houfe of Brunfwick- Lunenburg, and the CathoKc by the Papifts. The prefent biftop is Frederic duke of York, fecond fon of the king ef Great Britain. The infpefti'on and adminiftration of ecclefkfti- cal affairs, however, belongs to the deft?or of Cologne, as metropolitan ; but the civil affairs are always governed by the Pro teftant, biftop in his turn. It is 40 miles in length, and 30 in breadth, and divided into.feven bailiwicks ; it abounds in cattle and hogs. Ofiiaburgh is the capital town. OsNABURGK Island, ari ifland in the, S. Pacific Ocean, di''covered and named by captain Wallis, in 1767. It is called Mia-cea by the natives. Len. 147. 30. W. Iat. 17. 51. S. O.soRNo, a- town of S. America, i-ri Chili, feated on Rio-Buerto, in a territory vvhere there are mines .of geld, 80 miles -S. of Baldivia. Lon. 73. 20. W. lat. 40. 58. S. * OssETiA, the country'of the Ossi, or Osseti, one of the fevcn Caucafian na tions, between the Black Sea and the CafU pian ; bounded on the N. by Great Ca. barda ; on the E. by the Lefguis Tartars -and on the S. and VV". bv Imeritia. It contains 19 diftrifts, of which one is fub. jeft tp Imeritia, and the others tq Georgia , Theii est O T li Thefe diftrifts are ef very unequal fize ; feme .containing only five, and others 50 villages, each ef vvhich comprifes from 20 to 100 families. Their language has fome analogy vvith that of the Perfian. Their hiftory is entirely Unknown. The Cir caffians arid Tartars caH them Kufta ; that is, Bories. OssoRY, the weftern divifion ef Queen's County, in Ireland. OssuNA, an ancient and confiderable town of Spain, in Andalufia, vvith a uni verfity, and an hofpital, 40 miles E. ef Seville. Lon. 4. 31. W. Iat. 37. 24. N. OstaGio, a tovvn ef Italy, iu the ter- . ritory of Genoa, i'5 miles N. W. of Ge noa. Lon. 8. 31. E. Iat. 44. 36. N. psTALRic, a town of Spain, in Cata lonia. It had a ftrong caftle, taken by the French, and demohfted in 1695. It is feated on the river Tordera, 28 miles N. E. of Barcelona.' Len. 2. 55. E. lat. 41. 41. N. Ost^nd, a fortified feaport of Auftrian Flanders, famous" for the long fie,ge it fuftained againft the Spaniards, from July 5, 1601, te Sept. 22, 1604, when it fur- rindered, by an honourable capitulation, to the celebrated marquis Spinola. The Spaniards loft near 80,000 men before this place, although, when it was invefted, they did net expeft it would hold out a fortnight ; vvhich induced the archduchefs Ifabella, governefs of the Netherlands, to make a vow, that fte would never fliift herfelf till it vvas taken. On the death ef Charles II. ef Spain, the French, fei'/ed Oftend ; but, in 1706, after the battle of Ramillies, it was retaken by the aflies. The emperor Charles VI. eftabhfted an E. India Company here ; but it met, with fuch a powerful oppofition from the mari time powers, that, after many negoci- atipns, it vvas abphfted in 173 1. It was again taken by the French in 1745, but reftored by the treaty of Alx-k-Chapelle. In the war ef 1756, the French garrifoned this tovvn fer the emprefs-qucen Maria Therefa. In the kft war, as a neutral port, it became a -^reat mart for trade ; and it was greatly augmented both in po- puktion and buildings. • The emperor Jefephll. again attempted te open a trade hence to the E. Indies, vvithout any op- ppfitipn from the maritime powers, but, at the fame time, withouc much fuccefs. In 1792, the French once more took Oftend, but vvere compelled tb evacuate it in 1793, when it was garrifoned by Britift trocjps, for the emperor Francis II. Of fend is feated in a piarfty foH, among a number of canals, and is almoft f'urround ed by two of the largeft ef them, into 3 which ftips ef great burden may entef with the tide. It is 10 miles W. of Bru ges, 22 N. E. of Dunkirk, and 60. N. VC^. pf Bruffels, Lpu. 3. 1. E. kt. 51. 14. N^, OsTiA, an ancient and celebrated tcwn pf Italy, in the Campagna pf Rpme, feated at the mouth of the river Tiber, with a bilhop's fee. The air being unwhole fome, it is now very thin of people, apd gene to decay ; and the harlftiur is choked up. Itis 12 miles 'Si W. ofRome. Lon. 12. 24. E. lat. 4^. 44. N. OsTiGLiA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, fubjeft to the houfe of Auftria. It is feated on the ri-ver Po, 1 5 miles E. ef Mantua. Len. 11. 3. E.kt, 45. 7. N. OsTROGOTHiA, the name of the eaft ern part ef Gothland in Sweden. OsTUNi, a town of the kingdom of Naples, with a biftop^s fee. Its territory is well cultivated and abounds vvith oHves and almonds. It is feated qn a mountain, near thi' Gulf of Venice, 16 miles N. "VV. ef Brindifi, and 24 N. E. ef Tarento, Lon. 17. 59. E. kt. 40. 51. N. Oswego, a fort ef N. America, feated en che S. fide of the lake Ontario, at the mouth'ef a riyer of the .fame name, '176 miles E. S. E. of Albany, in New- York, Lon. 76. 15. W. kt. 43. 15. N. Oswald, St, a viHage in Northum berland, en the Pifts wall, N.of Hexham, by fome called Heavensfield, en Ofwald's total defeat of Cedwall, a Britifli ufurper, who vvas killed ou the firft orifet. Here Ofvvald, vvho vvas afterward fainted', fet Up the firft crofs in the kingdom of Northum- berland. Osweiczen, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracovia, It has a great trade in fait, and is feated oh the riyer Viftula, I 5 miles S. W. of Cracow. Lon. ig. 44. E. kt. 50. o. N. Oswestry, a town of Shropftire, with a market on Wednefday. It is a corporation, feated near the head ofa fmall river, and had a wall and a caftle, long ago demoliflied. It has feme trade frem Wales in flannels ; is 18 miles N. W. of Shrewf bury, and 174 N. W. of London. Lon, ,3. 3. W. Iat. 52. 52, N. * OsYTH, St. a village of Effex, in which are the remains of an ancient mo naftery, novy the feat of the earl of Roch ford. It is fituated near the fea, nine miles S. E. of Colchefter. "- Otaha, one ef the Society Iflands in the'S,. Padfic Ocean. It lies N. qf Ufi. tea ; and is divided from it by a ftrait, vvhich, in the narroweft part, is not more than two miles broad. This ifland is fmaller, and more barren than Ulitea, but has U 1 A has two vei'y good harbours. The people, and the produfts, appear te be fimilar to thofe in the other Society Iflands. Ot aheitee, ene ef the Society iflands in the S. Pacific Ocean, lying in 18° S. lat. and 150'' W. len. and firft difcovered by captain Wallis in 1767, vvho cafled it George the Third's ifland. M. de Bou gainville next arrived at it inApril 1768, and ftaid 10 days. Captain Cook, in the Endeavour, came hither in 176 g, to pb. ferve the tranfit of Venus, failed rpund the whole ifland in a boat, and ftaid three months. It has fince been vifited twice by. that celebrated navigator. It was vi fited alfe, in 1774, by two Spanift ftips from Lima, who endeavoured, but vvith out effeft, to prejudice tne natives againft the Englift. It confifts ef two peninfu- las, great part ef which is covered vvith woods and forefts, confifting partly of bread. fruit. trees, palms, cocoa-nut-trees, plantains, b.uianas, mulberries, fugar-canes, and others peculiar to that cHmate, parti cularly ef a kind of ananas, or pineap ple, cafuarinas, and -dragon-trees. The , people have mild features, and a pleafing countenance. They are about the ordi nary fize of Europeans, nf a pale mahoga ny brown, with fine bkck hair and eyes, and wear a piece, of doth round their mid dle, of their own manufafture, and ano ther wrapped about the head in various . pifturefque ftapes, like a turban. The women, vvho are far from being unhand- feme, wear a piece of doth, with a hole in the middle, through which they pafs their heads, fo that one part ef the gar ment hangs down behind, and the other . before, te the knees ; a fine vvhite doth, like muflin, paffes over this in various ele- gant turns round the body, a little below the breaft, forming a kind of tunic, of vvhich one turn fometimes falls gracefully acrofs the flipulder. " This drefs," fays Mr. Fprfter, "" appeared mere advanta. geous to the human figure, than any mo. dcrn faftion wc had hitherto feen. Both fexes are adoni*!, or rather disfigured by thofe black ftains, occafioned by punftur- ing the flcin, and rubbing a black' colour into the wounds. No kpguage feemed eafier to acquire than theirs, every liarft and fibiknc confonant beirig banifted frem it, and almoft every word ending in a vovyel. The only requifite is a nice, ear to diftinguift the numerous rnedifications of their vowels. The O and E, with which a great part of the names and words begin, we found, was the article, which many eaftern nations affix to the greater part of their fubftantives." — The houfes •f ths nativet. sonfift only of a roof, OTA thatched with the long prickly leaves of the palm-nut-tree, and fupported by a. few pillars made of the bread-tree,, As.a roof is fufficient to ftelter the natives from rains, and nightly dews, and as the climate of this ifland is one of the happieft in the world, the houfes have feldom any walls, but are open on all fides. Mr. Forfter found virieus little birds among the ftrubs and trees, that had a very agreeable note, though common report, among the Europeans, has denied the powers of harmony to the birds of warm climates. The birds moft common are two forts ef parrequets, onp of a beautiful fappharine blue, another of a greeni& colour, vvith a few red fpots ; a king's fifter, of a dark green, with a collar of the fame hue round his white throat; 3 large cuckoo; f"everal forts of pigeons 01: doves ; and a bluift heron. The doth ef rhe natives is made ef tlie fibrous bark of the mulberry-tree, vvhich 13 beaten vvith a kind ef mallet ; and a glue, made of the hibifcus efctflentus, is employed to make the pieces of bark co here together. Seme ef thefe pieces are tvvo or three yards wide, and 50 yards long. It is remarkable, that though the natives of this ifland far excel moft of the Ame ricans in the knowledge and praftice «f the arts ef ingenuity, yet they had not invented any method ef boiling water - and , baring uo veffel that could bear th? fire, they had no more, idea that water coclld be made hot, than that it could be made folid. The only quadrupeds fpund upon the ifland, are hogs, domeftic dogs, and rats, vvhich the inhabitants fuffer ta run about at pleafure, without ever trying to deftroy them. Long nails on the fin gers are a mark of diftinftion among the natives; as amorig the Chinefe, as they imply that fuch perfons only as have no occafion to work, could fuffer them to gro'.v.to that length. The two fexes here eat feparately, as in many other countries. Their burying-pkces, called Moral, are built of feveral ranges of ftones, iilce fteps, each about three feet and a half in height, and covered with graffes, ferns, and fmaH flirubs. At a little diftance is aii oblong inclofure round it, made of ftone, about three feet high. "The provifions cf the Otahdtans are chiefly fifh, pork, co coa-nuts, bread-fruit, and bananas. Their peck is exceedingly delicious, and entirely free from that lufcious richnefs vvhich makes it refift the ftpmabh fo foon in Eu rope. The fat is faid te be Uttle ftort of marrow, and the lean to have the tender tafte of veal; the principal caufe of which feems to be the vegetable diet they are ufed O T R O U D ufed te. Befides, they are much cleanfier than the European hogs, and have not their cuftom of wallowing in the mire. They are ef the fmall breed, which is semmonly called the Chinefe, and have the pendulous ears of ours. The natives em ploy fea-water as a fauce both to fift and pork. A proof of the fecurity in which they live, appears in this, that their houfes are left entirely open, vvithout either doors or bars. Nothing can exceed their agility in fwimming, diving, and climbing trees. Mr. Forfter is'-Iavift in his praifes ef the gcntlenefs, good-nature and hofpitality ef this people ; and alfo ef the beauty, ele gance, and gracefulnefs ef the air, features, S(nd perfens of many of them, efpecially of the better fort. The hiftory of Omai, a native of this ifland, vvho vvas brought ever to England, and carried back by captain Cook, in his kft voyage, is well known. In 1793, captain Bhgh, in the Providence, brought over another native ; but he died at his lodgings at Deptford, foon after his arrival. ' Otley, b town in the W. riding of Yorkftire, with a market on Friday. It is feated on the river Wherf, under a -high, craggy cliff, is 2 5 miles W. of York, and 202 N. N. W. of London. Lon. 1. 48. W. lat. 53 54. N. Otoctue, an ifland of America, in the bay of Panama, whence it is furnift. ed with provifions. Lon. 81, 10, W, lat. 7- 50- N. Otranto, or Terra d'Otranto, a province of the kingdom of Naples, bounded on the N. by the Terra-di-Bari, and the Gulf of Venice ; on the E. by the fame Guff, and on the S, and W. by a great bay, which is between that and the Bafilicata. ' It is a mountainous country, abounding in olives, figs, ?nd wine ; and there is a kind of fpider called a tarantula, whofe bite is .venomous, and cannot be cu,red but by the found of mufical inftru- ments, to which the patients dance. It is often vifited by locufts, and by Alegerine pirates, who carry all the people they catch into flavery. But, te keep them off, they have built a number of forts on the fOafts. The capital is ef the fame name. Otranto, a city of the kingdom of Naples, capital of Terra d' Otranto, vvith a commodipus harbpur, an archbiftpp's fee, and a ftrpng citadel, vvhere the arch. hiftpp-refides. It was taken by the Turks in 148P, who did a great deal of mifchief, but it has fince been re-eftablifted. It has alfo fuffered greatly by the pirates. It is a krge handfome place, and is feated «n the Gulf -of Venice, 37 miles S. E. pf Brindifi, and 60 S. E. of Tarento, Loii, 18. 35. E. kt. 40. 20. N. Otricoli, a tovvn of Italy, in the terptory of the Church, and dnchy of Spoietto, feated en a hill, tvvo miles from the river Tiber, and 32 N. ef Rome^ Lon. 12. 23. E. Iat. 42. 26. N. '¦¦¦ Ottery, or Ottery St. Mary, a town ef Devonftire, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated en the fmall river Otter,,, 10 miles E, of Exeter, and i6i W. by S, of London, Lbn. 5, 18, W. lat, 50, 44, N. Ottona, or Ortona, an epifcopal town of the kingdom ef Naples. It is thin ef people, and feated on the Gulf ef Ve nice, 10 miles N. ef Lanciano, and 43 E. of Aquila. Lon. 14. 50. E. kt. 42. 28. N. Ottenw.ald, a fmaH territory of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, between the rivers Maine and Neckar, and on the confines of Franconia, and of the eieftorate of Mentz. , '• Oude, a foubah or province of Hin- dooftan Proper, fubjeft te a nabob, whofe dominions lie On both fides of the Ganges, occupying (with the exception ef the dif. 4:rift ef Rampour) all the flat country be tween that river and the northern moun tains, as well as the principal part of that fertile traft, lying between the Ganges and Jumna, known by the name Dooab, to vvithin 40 miles of the city of Delhi^ The dimenfions of Oude and its depend. encics are eftimated at 360 miles in length from E. te W. and in breadth from 1 50 to 180. The nabob is in alliance with the Britift ; and a brigade ef the Bengal army is conftantly ftationed on his weftern fron tier ; which anfwers the purpofe of cover- ing Oude as vvell as Bengal, and of keep. ing the Weftern ftates in awe ; and, irt confideration of this the nabob pays to the Enghft an annual fubfidy of 420,000 1, . His capital is Lucknow. '* Oude, an ancient city-of Hindooftan Proper, in the foubah of Oude, the re mains ef which are feated on the Ganges, nearly adjpining Fyzabad. It is' faid to have 'been the firft imperial city pf Hin. dppftan, an.d tp have been built by their hero KrifteB. In colonel Dew's tranf. ktien ef Feritflia's hiftory, it is mention ed, as the capital of a great kingdom, i2og years before the Chriftian era; and it is frequently mentioned in the famous Hindoo work in Shanfcrite (the learned language of the Bramins) the Mahaberet, under the name of Adjudea. But what ever may have been its former magriifi- cence, no traces ef it are left. It is con- t fidered O U N iidered as a pkce ef fanftlty ; and the Hindoos frequently come hither, in pil grimage, from all quarters of India. OuDENARD, a rich and ftrong town of Auftriati Flanders, in the middle of which is a confiderable fort. The river Scheld runs acrofs this place and its envi rons. They have a manufafture of very fine linen, and of durious tapeftry. This town vvas befieged by the Frenchin 170S, but they were obhged to raife the fiege by the dc ke of Marlborough, who entirely routed their army, and took 5000 prifpn- ers. It is 12 miles S. pf Ghent, 15 N. E. of Tournay, and 27 W. of Bruffels. Lon. 3. 4g. E. lat. 50. 51. N. Oudenburg, a town of Auftrian Flanders, eight miles S. E. ef Oftend, and 10 W. of Bruges. Lon. 3. o. E. lat. 51. g. N. '¦' Oudipour. See Cheitore. Overflac;ke, an ifland ofthe United Provinces, in HplknS, lying at the mputh of the Maefe. Mclii'and is the principal tcwn. Overysche, a town ef Auftrian Brabant, feated en the river Yfche, fix miles N. E. of Brufl'cis, and nine S. W. of Louvain. Lon. 4. 30. E. kt. 50. 53. N. Over YSSEL, ene of the feven United' Provinces, bounded on rhe E. by the bi- ftopric of Munfter ; on the N. by Weft Friefiand and Groningen; on the VV. by the river Yffel; and'en the S. by the county of Zutphen and the bifhopric of Munfter. It is divided into three diftinft parts, which are, the territories ef Drent'e, Twente, and Salknd. There are mariy moraffes in ihis province, and but few in habitants, in comparifon with the reft. Its greateft riches confift in turf, which is dug up here, and fent to the neighbour ing provinces, particularly Holland. '•'- Ougein, a town of Hindooftan Pro per, in the province of Malwa, capital of Madajee Sindia, one of the Weftern Mah ratta chiefs. It is a place of great an tiquity, .452 miles S. 'VV. by S. of Poo. pah. Lon. 75. 5'6. E. kf. 23. 26. N. Oviedo, a town of Spain, capital of Afturias d'Oviedo, with a biftop's fee, and a univerfity ; -feated at the confluence of the Ove and Deva, which form the Afta, 50 miles N. W. of Leon, and 208 N. W. Of Madrid. Lon. 5. 44. W. kt. 43.25.N. OuLz, a town of Piedmont. 12 miles W. ef S|Ufa. Lon. 6. 46. E. kt. 45. 20. N. OuNDLE, a town of Northampton. ffiire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated en the river Nen, over vvhich are t'vp bridj;cs ; is vveU bHilt, has a handfome O W H church, and a freefchppl. It is 26 miles N. E. ef Northampton, and 83 N. by W. of London. Lon. o. 42. W. kt. 52, 26. N, OuREM, a town of Portugal, In Eftra. madura, with, a calile, on a mountain, be. tween the rivers Lcira and Temar. Len. 7. 40. VV. Iat. 3g. 34. N. OuRic^jjE, a town ef Portugal, in Alcntajo, remarkable fer a viftory obtain ed by Alphonfo, king of Portugal, ever five Moorift kings, in 1139. The heads ef thefe five kings are the arms of For. ttigal. It is 32 miles S. E. of Lifton. Lon. 8. 49. VV. kt. 38. 26. N. '* OusE, a river ef Suffex, rifing from two branches, one of which has its fpring in St. Leonard's Foreft, near the fource of the Arun; the other, in the Foreft of Worth; but they foon unite to the S. by Lewes, and entering the Englift Channel, the Oufe forms the harbour of New haven. OusE, Great, a river which rifes near Brackley, in Northamptonfhire, wa. ters Buckingham, Stony-Stratford, New- pert-Pagnel, Olney, and Bedford, where it is navigable. Thence it proceeds to St. Nebts, Huntingdon, St. Ives, Ely, and Lynn, below vvhich town it enters the Lincolnfliire Wafhes. '¦" OusE, Little, a river, which rifes in the S. part of Norfolk, and dividing that county from Suffolk, as it flows weft ward, becomes navigable at Thetford, and falls afterward inte the Great Oufe. OusE, Northern, a river of York ftire, the parents of which are the Ure and Swale, rifing near each other in the romantic traft, called Richmondftire, Thefe, after collefting all the rills frem this mountainous region, unite at Ald borough, and thence take the name of the Oufe, which new forms a krge river. It flews through York, where it is navigable for confiderable veffels, and afterward re ceiving the Wharf from the N, W. the Derwent from the N. E. and the Aire, formed by the united Aire and Calder, frem the W. and joined near its termina tion in the Oufe by the Dun frem the S. W, it falls into the Humber, Owerka, er Oveiro, a town and territory ef Africa, in the kingdom of Benin, in Guinea. The air is unwhole fome, and the foil dry and lean; however, there are feveral kinds of fruits, fuch as bananas and cocoa-nuts. The inhabi tants are well made, and are all marked vvith three incifionc, one en the forehead, and one on each temple. Lon. 6. o. E. lat. 6. o. N. OwHYHEE,the eafternmeft and krgeft K k g£ O X F 0 X F of the Sandwich Iflands. . Its greateft length, from N. to S. is 28. leagues, and its, breadth 24. It is divided into fix dif trifts, t',vo of vvhich, on the N. E. fide, a'rq feparated by a mountain, that rifes in three peaks, perpetually covered with fnow, and may be f"een clearly at 40 leagues dif. tance. To the N. of this mountain, the eoaft confifts ,ef high and abrupt cliffs, down which fall many beautiful ffalrades of water, and the whole ccuntry is cover ed vvith cocea-nnt apd bread-fruit trees. The peaks of the mountain on the N. E. fide appear to be abc^u half a mfle high, and entirely covered with fnow. To the S. of this mountain, the coaft prefents a profpeft ef the moft dreary kind, the whole couptry appearing to have under gone a total change from the eflefts of feme dreadful convulfion. The ground is every vvhere covered with cinders, and in terfefted in many places vyith bkck ftreaks, vvhich feem to mark the courfe of a lava that has flevyed, not many ages back, from the mountain to the fhore. The fouthern promontory looks like the mere dregs of a vokano. The projefting headland is compofed of broken and craggy rocks, piled iri''egularly en ene anpther, ¦ and terminating in ftarp points ;. yet amid thefe ruins, are hiany. patc'hes ef rich foil, carefully laid out in plantations. The not more thaa ten years after a copy of- Juftiman's Inftitutcs had been found in Italy. In the reign ef Henry III. there were faid to be 15, pop fcholars, if they deferve that name, the fple objeft with many bei'ig only to read and vvrite,- vvhile the greateft number attained to neither, and the moft learned acquired cnly bad Latin, and wprfe Ipgic. Hersr are 2D cpHeges, and five halls, feveral pf vv'hich ftand in the ftreets, and give the city an air pf magnificence. The cpUcges- arc prpvided with fufficiept fevenues for the maintenance pf a mafter, fellows, and- ftudsnts. In the haUs, die ftudents live,. either vvhoUy, pr in part, at their Pwn ex- pence. The cplkges are, Univerfity, Balipl, Merton, Exeter, Oriel, Queen's,- Ncvv, Linccln, AH Souls, Magdalen, Bra- zen-Nofe,' Corpus Chrifti, Chrift Church,, Trinity, St. J'phn B.aptift's, Jefus, Wad. ham, Pembroke, 'VVorceftsr', and Hcrt. ford. Of thefe the moft ancient ' is the Univerfity College, founded before the year 872. Queen's College is a beautiful piece- ef modern architefture, vvhich re fembles the palace of Luxemburg at Paris,: its W. wing was deftroyed by fire,. December iS, 177S.. New College has a chapd, of vvhich it is fufficient praife to fay, that ic yields only to King's College- Chapel in Cambridge. Te Chrift Church fields are inclofed by ft.one fences, and College, begun by cardinal Wolfey, and arc interfperfed with groves of cocoa-nut trees. There are fupppfed to be on this ifland about i co,ooo inhabitants. So long as the name of captain Cook ftall be re membered, this ifland will not be forgot ten, it bring here tie' fell a viftum te the fury of the natives, .with whom he unfor- tunately had a dil"pute. Lon. 156. o. W, lat. ig. 28. N. > Oxford, the capital of Oxfordfhire, with two markc-ts, on Wednefday and Sa- turday. It is a bifliop's fee, and a yniverfi. ty, and befide the cathedral, has 13 parifli churches. It' is feated" at' the Confluence of the Thames and Chcrwell, on an emi. nence almoft furrounded' by meadows, except en the E. fide. The whele tovvn, with the fuburbs, is. of a circular form, three miles ip circumference. It confifts chiefly of two fpacious ftreets, vvhich crofs cieh other ih the .middle of the to.vvH. The univerfity is faid to ha-.-c been founded by the great Alfred, but is gene rally fuppofed to have been a feiuinary ef learning before his time, although it owed Its revival and confequence to his liberal finifted by Henry VIII. belongs the ca. thedrah The halls are Alban, "Edmund, St. Mary's,. New Iiin, apd Sf. Mary Magdalen. Among the Hbraries in the univerfity, the moft diftinguifted-is the Bodleian, founded by fir Thomas Bodley ;' thofe of All Souk C'ollege, Chrift Church,. Queen's, New Colleae, St. John's, Exeter,. and Carpus Chri'fti. Among ether pub- lie buildings are the Theatre, the Aftmo. lean Mufeum-, the Clarendpn Printing. Hpufe, the Radcliffe Infirmary, and a nna. Obfervatory. In ftprt, if it be taken altogether, there is noc fuch anochef- group of buildings, per fuch another urii. verfity in the world ; vvhich a}i travellers that have feen it confefs. Magdalen' Bridge, befide the beauty of its architec ture, has this fingularity, that more tlian' half of it is on dry ground, and. the reft covers. tvvo fmall {trip.es of the Chervvelk United, ihefe. Plight form fome. apology for a briilge 526 feet long. At Oxford,. kfrig John, compelled by his barpns, fpra. moped a.parlknient to ipjcet, in 12 58, the proceedings of ¦,' hich were fo difyrdcrly. patronage, receiving rrom him grants of that it was generally knovyn afterward by many pripkgeii and large revenues. About the nanie ef "the mad pttrliamept." 'the middle of the twelfth century, public When Henry VIII. fupprgfl-fid the mo-;- t«'ttur»s on thcci'ril law were read here,, aaftcries;, among, the new bifhpj/tics vviiich he O X P P A C he then erefted, vvas that of Oxfortj, vvhich has fubfifted ever fince. Charles I. affem bled a parliament in this rity, in 1625, in corifequence of the plague then raging in London ; and, in 1644, he fummoned fuch of the members ef both houfes as we're de. voted te his interefts : thefe were feceders, from the parliament th?n fitting at VVeft. minfter. This city vvas remarkably dif tinguifted for its attachrtient to chac un- fertunate king, vvho here held his court during the vvhole civil war, and, it being the head quarters of the royal army, many flcirmiftes took pkce in the neighbouring country, in one ef vvhich, at Chalgrave. field, near WatHngton, 14 miles S. E. of Oxford, in the year 1643, John Hamp. den, the inflexible patriot, loft his life. Oxford is governed by a mayor and ak dermen, dependent on the chancellor and vicechanceller of the univerfity. It fends four members to parliament, twp for the univerfity and two fer the city. It is 20 miles S. W. ef Buckingham, 40 S. W. ef Bedford, and 58 W. by N. of London; Lon. 1. 10. VV. kt, 51. 45. N. Oxfordshire, a county of England, bounded pn the E. by Buckirtghamfhire, on the VV. by Glpucefterffiire, pn the S. by Berkfliire, ahd on the N. by Warwick.. ftire and Northamptonftire. Its extreme length is 48 miles ; its greateft breadth 26. It contairis 14 hundreds, one city, 12 market-fowps, and 280 pariftes, and fends nine members to parliament. The air is fweet, mild, pleafant, and healthy. The foil, though various, is fertile in corn and grafs. "rhe fouthern part ef the "county, efpecially en the borders ef Buck-; inghamftire, is a hilly and woody country, having a continuation of the Chiltern , Hills running through it. The north. weftern part is alfo elevated arid ftony, The middle is, in general, a rich country, watered by numerous ftreams, running frem N. to S. and terminating in the Thames. Of thefe, the molt confiderable are the Windruft, Evenlede, CherweH, and Tame. The latter, although an in. confiderable rivulet, has- obtained feme importance from haying been fuppofed to give name to the Thames,^ into vvhich it flows above Wallingford. See Thames. The prodafts of Oxfordftire are chiefly thofe common tb the . midland farming cpunties. Its hills yield ochre, pipe-day, and other earths, ufeful for varipus pur- pof"es. Corn and malt are tranfmittcd from It, by means of the Thames, to the metropolis. Good cheefe is made in tha grazing parts. The greateft want in this «ounty is .that of fuel ; for the woodsy with which it once abourided, beirig gres.t\f diminiflied, it Is neceffary to fupply the deficiency ef fire-wood with fea-coal, brought by a long and treublefome navi^ gatton front London. The junftion ef the Thames with the Trent and Merfey, by the canal from Brauriften to Hamptori Gay, and by another canal (for which att aft of pariiament was obtained in lygs,) from Braunfton to Brentford, will greatly remedy this inconvenience. The moft confiderable foreft now remaining in Ox fordfliire is that ef Witchwood; between Burford, and Charlbury. With refpeft t6 manufaftures, the town ef Witney, in this ceiuity, is famous for blankets. OzwiEZiN, a town ef Little Poland, feated on the river Weitchfel. The houfes are built of wood ; and the town is covered op one fids by a great morafs; and on the other defended by a caftle, whofe walls are of vVood, It is 34 miles W. of Cra- CQWi Lon. 19. 16. E. kt, 50, 10, N. ,P, PACEM, a teiwn of the Ifland of Su matra, in the E, Indies. Len. g7. 15. E. kt. 5. o. N. Pachamac, a valley pf S. America, in Peru, celebrated fpr a magnificent: temple, built by the Incas pf Peru, tp the hpnpur qf their god. When the Spa niards conquered -Peru, they found im menfe riches in it. It is 10 miles S. of Lima. Pachsu, a fniall iflarid in the Medi terranean, near the coaft of Larta in Eu ropean Turkey. It Hes te the S. of Corfuj and to the W. of the Guff of Arfu. It is fubjeft to Venice. Pacific'Ocean, otherwife' called the South Sea, lies between Afia arid Ame* rica, arid is upward of 10,000 miles in breadth. 'VVheri Magellan entered this ocean through the dangerous ftrait ¦ that bears his name, he failed three months arid 20 days in a uniform direftiqn to ward the N. W. vvithout difcovering land* In the extreme diftrefs vvhich he fuffered in this voyage, before he difcovered the Ladrone Iflands; he had the Corifoktien, however, of enjoying fuch an uninterrupt ed courfe of fair weather, with fayouratile winds, that he^ beftowed ori this ecean the name of Pacific, which it ftilj retains. The Spaniards having paffed the ffthmus of Darieri, from N. to S. at the firft dif- coyery of this ocean, named it the S,->uth Sea, although, with refpeft to Americaji it is mere prpperly the weftern ocean. 1^ k a Qa PAD PAD On Orie fide of the equator it is cafled the N. Pacific Ocean ; -and, en the ether, the S. Patific Ocean. Pacy, an ancient town ef France, in the department of Eure and kte province cf Normandy, feated on the river Eure, eight miles S. by E. nf Vernon. Lon. i. 41. E. kt. 4S. 5S. N. Padang, a feaport on the W. coaft ef the ifland of Sumatra, in the E. Indies. It is in the poffeffion of the Dutch. Lon. 9g. 46. E. lat. o. 50. S. ^ Paddington, a village of Middle fex, vvhich lies W. by N. of London. It is, indeed, contiguous to the metropolis and yet the parift contains many fequef- dedicated to St. Antonio, the great pa tron of ihe city. " The body ef this holy perfon," fays Dr. Moore, " is inclofed in a farcophagus, under an altar in the middle ef the chapel, and is faid to emit a very agreeable and refrefting flavour. Pious catholics believe this to be the ua- tural effluvia of the faint's body ; vvhile heretics affert, that the perfume (for a perfume there certainly is) proceeds from certain balfams rubbed on the marble every morning, before the votaries ceme tb pay their devotions. I" never prefume to give an opinion on coritcfted points ef this kind ; but I may be allowed to fay, that if this fweet odour really proceeds froA tered fpots that are beautifully rural. The the holy Francifcan, he emits a very dif- " " <-.¦:¦- fgj,£j,t fmell from any- ef the brethren of that o;-der whom I ever had au oppprtunity of approaching." The vValls of this church are covered with votive offer ings of ears, eyes, arms, legs, nofes, and every part almoft of the human body, in token ef cures performed "by this faint; fer whatever part has been the feat of the church is a new ftrufture, erefted in 1790, in a fingularly pleafing ftyle. Paderborn, an ancient, populous, and large tovvri pf Germany, in Weftpha ha, capital pf a fmall biftopric. It takes its name from the rivulet Pader, which rifes under the h'gh altar of the cathedral. It has a celebrated univerfity, and is 37 E. kit 51 miles S. W. ef Minden, and 43 E. S. E. difeafe, a reprefentatlon of it is^ hung up " "' " TV 1,^ in filver or gold, according to the grati tude or wealth of the patient. , Near this church is a pkce, called the School ef St. Antonio, where many of the aftions of the faint ,are painted in frefco ; fome ef them by Titian. The church ef St. Juf. tina, built from a defign ef Palladio's (reckoned by feme one of the moft ele gant he ever gave) is remarkable, among many ether things, fer its rich Mofaic of Munfter. Lon. 8. 55 Paderdorn, the biftopric of, is = fmaH diftrift of Germany, in "VVeftphalia, ibout 32 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. In the middle of it are 'high mountains, cpntaining iron mines ; but the reft of the country is fertile in corn and paftures. It is moft remarkable -fer its bacOn and venifon. .... - _ Pad RON, a town of Spain, in Galicia, pavement. The hall of the townhoufe i> feated on the river Ulla, 12 miles S. of one ofthe largeft in Europe, and contains Compoftella. Lon. 8. 17. W. lat. 42. -the cenotaph of Livy, the hiftorian, vvha .,^.0. "N. was a native of Padua. The univerfityj Padstow, a town in Cornwall, with formerly fo celebrated, is now, Hke every a. market on Saturday. It is feated en thing elfe in this city, on the decline. the N. coaft ef the county, and is a place Here is a cloth manufaftory ; ahd it is of fome trade to Ireland, from which it faid that the inhabitants of Venice (the is not above 24 hours fail. It is 30 miles nobles not excepted) wear no other cloth W. of Launcefton, arid 243 W. by S. than what is made here. The city, hew- cf Loridori., Lon. 4. 45. W. lat. 50. dvsr, fwarms with beggars, who do net j^2. N. aflc charity in the name of God, but in Padua, an ancient, large, and cele- the name of St. Antonio. Padua was takeii brated city ef Italy, with a univerfity and by the Venetians in 1706. It is feated on a biftop's fee. It is alfo capital of the the rivers Brenta and Bachiglione, in a fine Paduano, but is much lefs confiderable plain ; and is about feven miles in cir- than it was formerly; for great part of cumference, 20 miles S, E,. ef Vicenza, the circuit within the walls is Unbuilt, and 225 N. ef Rome. Lon. 12. 1. E. and the tpwn in general fp thinly inha bited, that grafs is f"een in many places, in the interftices pf the ftpnes with which the ftreets afe paved. The houfes are tuilt on piazzas, vvhich, when the town wa.s vvell inhabited, and in a flourifting ftat'^'may iiave had a magnificent appear ance ; but they new rather, give it a mere ^rfjumy iir. Tke, Francifcan church is kt. 45, 22. N. Paduano, a prpvince of Italy, in the territory of Venice, bounded en the E.by the Degado, on the S. by the Pelefino di Rovigo, en the W. by the Veronefe, and on the N. by the Vicentine. Its foil is well vvatered, is one of the moft fertile in ,ltaly, and is about 40 miles in length, and 3 5 in breadth, Padua is the capital. Pakfen- P A i Paefenhoffen, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and kte prevince ef Alface, feated on the , de clivity of a mountain, near the river Motter. It is eight miles V/ . of Hague- nau. Lon. 7. 38. E-. kt. 48. 48. N. Pago, a'n ifland lying in the Gulf ef Venice, feparated from Dalmatia by a narrow chanpel, and fubjeft tb the Vene tians. The air is very cold, and the foil barren ; but it is well peopled, and con tains falt-works. Paimboeuf, a tovvn of France, in the department of Lower Loire and late pro vince of Brittany, lying at the mouth of the river Loire. It is a very confider able feaport, whence aH the ftips belong ing to Nantes take their departure, and where they anchor on their arrival. At the beginning ef this century, it was only a village. It is 20 mfles W. of Nantes. Lon. I. 53. W. laf. 47. 15. N. Painswick, d town of Gloucefter fliire, with a market en Tuefday. It has a nianufafture. of vvhite cloths for the army, and for the India and Turkey trade ; and hence is brought a ftdne, re markable for its beauty and neatnefs, for the pavement of floors. It is feven miles S. E. ef Gloucefter, and loi W. by N. of London. Lon. 2. 11. W. lat. 51. 46. N.. Paisley, a krge manufafturing town of flenfrewfiiirc in Scotland. It contains feyeral bread and regular ftreets, which have names defcriptive ef the various em-, pleymonts of the inhabitants ; fuch as Silk Street, Cotton Street, Lawn Street, Gauze Street, Inde Street, &c. in which are many good houfes. The principal manufaftures are in filk and thread gauze ; and the Paifley gauzes are fo beautiful, that they have been difpkye'd at court in the birthday dreffes. The extenfive eot- teii works employ not only numbers of women,- but even of very young girls. Some ef the principal manufafturcrs here, who have become opulent, have built ele-^ gant houfes for their refidence ; and an idea of their great fuccefs may be formed from this circumftance, that they have been known to pay to the people they employ ,5001. a week. "A fertfle country," obferves a late writer, " cheap la'bour, a fober and fteady people, abundance ef ceal, and water-carriage, vvere circum ftances that firft invited Englifli manu^ fafturers te fettle in this country ; and the juftriefs of their views has been fully evinced by the moft profperous fuccefs." The magnificent abbey for vvhich Paifley was once noted, is new partly In ruins ; but there is a,chapel entire, which js ftiU ufed PAL as the family burial-place of the Marquis of Abercorn. This ancient chapel is fa^ mous for a furprifing echo. The flap ot a door produces the effeft of thunder ; and a melodious tune dehghts the raptur ed ear vvith the id'^ea of celeftial harmony. Paifley is fuppofed to contain about one third of the inhabitants ef .Glaf"g"w ; but it ftands en nearly as much ground. It is fix miles W. of that dty. Lon. 4. 20. VV. kt. 55. 52. N. Paita, a feaport ef S. America, in Peru, and in the audience of Quito, with an excellent Iiarbour. It has frequently been plundered by the Buccaneers ; and it vvas taken, in 1741, by con ,-iodore Anfon, who plundered and burnt it, becaufe the governor refufed to ranfom it. Lon. 81. ig. W. kt'." 6. 12. S. Paix, a town on the N. coaft of the ifland of Sf. Domingo, in the W-: Indies. It was biult by the French, to whom it is fubjeft, and has a pretty good harbour. Lon. 72. 5.5. W. lat. 19. 58. N. P.iLAClos, a town ef Spain, In An dalufia, 12' miles S. of SeviUe. Lon. 5. 24. W. kt. 37. 20. N. Palais, a town of France, capital of the ifland of BeHeifle, off the coaft of Bretagne. It has a ftrong citadel, which ftood a long fiege againft the Englift, in 176 1, and then furrendered upon honour able terms. It was reftored to the French by the peace pf 1763. Lon. 3. i. W. kt. 47. iS. N. Palais, St. a town and diftrift of France, iu the department of the Lovver Pyrenees, vvhich, vvith the town and dil"- trift of St. John-Pied-de-Port, forms nearly the whole of the kte province ef Lovver Navarre, a mountainous couptry, vvhich produces fcarcely any thing but millet, oats, and fruits of vvhich chey make cider. This is only a very moderate portion ef the kingdom of Navarre, ¦vvrefted, in 151 2, frem John d'AI'oret, by Ferdinand king of Arragon and Caf tile. This portion, feparated from Upper Navarre by the Pyrenees, made part of the late kingdom of France, being an nexed to it by Henry IV. who held it in right ef his mother, 'Jeanne d'Albret. St. Palais isf'eated' on the river Bidoufe, 15 mfles S. E. of Bayonne. Lon. i. 4. W. lat. 43.21. N. See Navarre. Palajmboang, or PalambanGj a tpwn ef the ii. Indies, and in the ifland of Java, capital ef a kingdom; feated, at the E. cn.d of the iffand, on the ftraits of Bally. Lon. 114. o. E. Iat. 7. 10. S. '"'¦ Palamcotta, or Tinevelly, a town of the peninfuk of Hindooftan, in the Carnatic. It is 401 miles S. V\'. bj K k 3 S, PAL PAL J. pf Madras. Lpn. J77. 54. E. lat. S. 43- N. Pal AMOS, a ftrong feaport of Spain, in Catalonia, feated on the Mediterranean, 47 miles N. E. of Barcelona. Lon. "2. 58. E.kt. 41. 5^. N. Palanka, a town of Upper Hungary, feated on the river Ibok, 37 miles N. ef Buda. Lon. i8. 23. E. kt. 48. 9. N. of every fpecies, and watered by clear fountains and rivulets, that form a variety of windings through this charming plain. From the fingularity of this fituatipn, as well as from the richne'fs of the foil, Pa lermo has had many flattering epithets be ftowed upon it, particularly by the poets, who have- denominated it the Cenca d'Oro, the Golden Shell, which is at once ex- Pal'apoli, a tovvn of Afia, in Na- preffive both of its fituation and richnefs. toHa, on the coaft ef Caramariia, with a Greek biftop's fee ; feated at the mouth of a fmaH river. Lon. 33. 26. E. kt. 3^. 52. N. P.alatinate of the Rhine, an fleftorate of G. rmany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine ; bounded on the N. by the archbiftoprics of Mentz and Triers ; on the E. by the circles of Franconia and Suabia ; and on the W. and S. by France. It is about 100 miles in length, and 70 in "breadth, and the principal rivers are the Rhine and ttie Neckar. It is not a very It has Hkewife been ftyled Aurea Vafle, Hortus Sicihse, &c. The inhabitants ef Palermo are eftimated by Mr. Brydone at 1 50,00 ;. Two great ftreets interfeft each other in the centre of the city, vvhere they form a handfome fquare, caUed the Ot- 'tangolo, adorned with elegant uniform buildings. From fhe centre of this fquare is feen the whole of thefe noble ftreets, and the four great gates of the city whlcff terminate them. Thefe gates are each at the diftance ef about half a mile, the dia- meter of the city being ne more than a rich country, though there are very fine mile. They are elegant pieces of archi vineyards, fields, forefts, gardens, riyers, and lakes. "^ The. Palacinace has fuffered more bv die preceding wars wich France, than all che provinces of Germany put together, during the fpace of 30 years ; for the French have plundered thp coun try, and demohfted fome bf its fine towns. tefture richly adorned; particularly the Porta Nuf'va, and Porta Felice,, termiijat. ing the great ftreet called the Corfo, that runs from S. W. and N. E. The Porta Felice cpens' to the Marino, a delightful vvaHc, that conftitutes one of the great pleafures of the uobility ef Palermo, It more than once. The Papifts, Calvinifts, , has on one fide the wall of the city, and ^nd Lutlierans, have an equal right of to leration in this country. Heidelberg is the principal town, but Manheim is the eleftoral refidence. This eieftorate is alfo called the Lovver Palatinate, tq diftinguifli jt from the Upper Palatinate of Bavaria. '¦"'"' Palatinate, Upper, of Bava. ria. See Ba-VARIa. on the other the fea, Svhence there is al ways an agreeable breeze. In the centre of the Marine is an elegant kind ef tem ple, vvhich, in the fummer, is made ufe of as an orcheftra. The concert does not be gin till t"he dock ftrikes midnight ; at which time the walk is crowded with car riages apd people en foot ; and the better Palazzuolo, a town of Sidly, inthe to favour, pleafure and, intrigue, there is an " ~ ' "" " order, fjiat no perfon, of whatever quahty, ftall prefume to carry a light. The flam beaux are extingulfted at the Porta Felice, where the fervants wait for the return of the carriages ; and the company gener„IIy con'inue an hour or tvvo together in utter darknefs, except vyhen the intruding m'eon comes to difturb them. The c ncert fi- niftes about two in the morning. Many of the churches ef Palermo Sre very ricl'^ arid magnificent. The cathedral is a large and venerable Gothic ftrufture, fupported withm by So columns of oriental granite, and divided into a great number of chapels, fome of whieh are extiemely rich, parti cularly that of St. Rofolia, the patvonefs of Palermo, vvho is held in greater vene. ration here than God, and, which is ftill more, than the Virt;,in Mary herfelf. The relics of the faint are prfeferycd i'n a large box ef filver, curioufly vvroi.ght, Val-di- Note, 80 miles S. ef Meffina. Lon, 15. 5,..E. Iat, 37. 3..N. P.ALAZZUOLO, a town of Italy, in the territory ef Venice, and in the Brefciano ; feated- on the river Oglio, 30 miles N. E. of Milan. Lon.-g. 56. E. kt. 45. 40. N. Palencia, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a rich archbifliop's fee. It had a univerfity, which was removed to Sala manca. It is feated on the river Carion, 4-:) miles-'S. W. of Burgos, and 1 10 N. by W. of Madrid. Lpu. 4. 42. VV. lat. 42. 10. N. P.ALERMO, an ancient, rich, and beau tiful city of SicUy, in the Val di Mazara,; fituated near the extremity of a. kind or^ natural amphitheatre, formed by high and rocky mountains ; but the country that lies between the city and thefe mountains, is one of the richeft and moft delightful fo-'ts in the world ; the whole appearing « magnifioBnt ga. den, filkd vvith fruit trees and cririched with precious ftones, M,!ny P A L PAL miracles, il is pretended, are performed by ¦them;' and they are confidered as the .greateft treafures pf the city. -The mo- Pumciits qf their Norman kings, feveral of whom are buried here, are of the fineft porphyry, fome of them near 700 years old. The church pf the ktre Jefuits is 'equal irf magnificence to any ftrufture in Italy. -The Chiefa del PaUazzo is cn- ¦tlrdy eheruftcd over with ahdeiit Mofdc, and the vaulted roof is all qf the fame. '" Buf it is endlefs," fays Mr. Brydone, to " talk of churches.: here are upward of " 300." Palermo Is crowded with ftatues - of feve-reigns and tutelar faihts, placed in fmall courts and fquares upon pedeftals of -celoffal proportion arid tafldefs form. Iri 'the ftreets, the women hide their heads in black veils ; a very ancient mode of drefs in this ifland. The dty is well lighted with reverberating laiVips, and, in wet ¦weather, moveable wooden bridges ¦ are jfrovided for croffih'g the keririsls, whieh -€heri becoiite rapid torrerits. The ha-rbour is very d'angeroufly opCri ro the fwell arid fea from the N. E. quarter, and, even at fhe arichoringplace, ftips Ii,e iri peril when ever a wefterly vyirid UlovVs, as it ruftes 'with great impetueiity thrpugh the valley of Colli betvveen the moimtains. Infor mer times, the haven vvas within the town, compofeel of two kng creeks, abeut-ioo paces broad, and fliut up vvith a boom. They vvere fufficiently capacious for the -flight tortPagc then in ufe, but, aboiit the year 1520, were choked vvith fand thrown -in by the fea, or wafted down by rain, and ¦no poflibility appearing of reftoring a pro per depth eif vvater, they were quite filled up, and built upon. ¦ Indeed this dty has fuffered greatly at different periods, by earthquakes or 'inundations. About a mile from Palermo is a celebrated convent -df Capuchins, in which is a vault made --ufe of as a reteptecle^for the dead. It con fifts of four wide paffages, each about forty feet in length, into vvhich the light is ad mitted by windows at the ends. Along the fides of thefe are niches, in vvhich the "bodies are fet upright, clothed in coarfe garments, with their heads, arms, ahd feet :bare. They are prepared for this fituation hy broiling them-fix or feven months upon .a gridiron, ever a flow fire, till all the fat and rnoifture are confumed. The -flcin, which looks like pale-colopred leather, re mains em ire, and the charafter ef the .-qounteriaiice is in fome degree preferved. E;:cept the bodies ef two rtpiitcd faints, -one ef which had been there -i 50 years, and the Pthtr 100, thcyare all pf mbdern -date, as appears by an infcription en a •ftoall pieec of paftcboird hung -to the arms of every corpfe, fignifylrig the name of the perfon, and the time of his deceafe. In fome of the higher nidie,s they are laid out at full length, and. at the top are children ef fix er feven years ef age. On the floor are haridfiimc trunks, containing the bodies of perfens ef diftin6tion, the keys of -which are kept by the relations. Palermo is feated en theN. fide of the ifland, at the bottom of the gulf of the fame name, no miles W. of Meffina, 162 S. by -W.'of Naples, and 235 S. by E. of Rome. Lon. 13. 23. E, lat. 38. 15. N. 'Palestine, a country of Turkey in Afia, fo called from tbe Philiftines, who inhabited its feacoaft. It is alfo caHed Judffia, from the patriarch Judah ; and the Holy Land, from its having been the fcene of the birth, miniftry, and dea'.h ef Jefus Chrift. In the Sacred -Scripture it is ftyled the Land ef Canaan, and the Promifed Land. It is divided from Syria on the N. by Mourit Libanus, or Le banon ; from Arabia Deferta on the E. by the mountains of Scir ; and it' has the deferts ef Arabia Petrsa onthe S. and the Mediterranean on the W. It is, in ge neral, a fertile country, abounding, where cultivated, vvith corn, wine, and oil; and it might fupply the neighbouring country with all thefe, as ic anciently did, wei'e the prefent inhabitants equally induftrious. The parts about Jerufalem, its capital, are the ^moft mountainous and rocky ; but they feed numerous herds arid flecks, and yield plenty of honey, vvith ejtceHcrit wine and eil; and the valleys produce, krge crops of corn. Palestrina, anciently Praenefte, i town ef Italy, in the Campagn3-di-Roma, vvith a-biflio^'s fee. Itis the capital ef a principality of the fame name, and the biftop is one of the 'fix cardinals. It was anciently famous for the Temple of For tune, the ruins ef vvhith may yet be feen. It is 25 miles E. ef Rome. Loni 13. 5. E. lat. 4i. 52. N. PALESTRitJA, one of the largeft and moft populous of the iflands called the La- gunes, near Venice, vvhere the moft cori. fiderable of the nobility have country houfes. The principal harbour has alio the fame nam'e. Pa Lie ATA, a feaport of the peninfula of Hindooftan, on the eoaft of Coromandel. The Dutch h,ave a fadtory here. It is 25 miles N. of Madras. Lon. 81, 33. E, lat. 13. 30. N. Palimbum, the capital ef a kingdom -of the fame name, inthe ifland of Supiatra, in the E. Indies. It is- feated on the eaftern coaft, i2omi'esN. E.of Bencoolen, R k 4 and PAL PAL and is fubjeft to.the Dutch.' Lon. 103. 31. E. lat. 3. o. S. P-a.lliser's Islands, a group of iflands in the S. Pacific Ocean, lying in 1 5. 38. S. lat. and 146. 30. W. Ion. Palma, or P.alma Nuova, a very ftrong town of Italy, in the territory ef Venice, and in Friuh. It is a very im portant place for the defence ef the "Vene tians againft the Auftrians and Turks, and was built in i5g3, for that very purpofe. They have cut a canal near this place, which is very advantageous. It i-v feated en the feafide, lO miles S. E. of Udino, and 55 N. E. ef Venice. Len. 13. 15. E. kt, 46. 2. N. Palma, a town of Portugal, in Alen tejo, feaced on the river Cadoan, 20 miles E. of St. Ubes. Len. 8. 40. W. lat, 38. 37. N. Palma, atPwnpfS. America, in Ter ra Firma, and in the province of Granada, 50 miles N.W. ef St. Fe-de-Bigeta. Len, 73. 40. W. kt. 4. 30. N. Palma, one of the Canary Ifles, fitu ated in 17. 50. W. lon. 28. 37. N. lat. * Palmas, an ifland of Afia, about 16 leagues from thq S. E. of Mindanao, one of the Philippines. Lon. 127. o, E. kt. 5. 33. N. Palmas, Cape, a promontory in Afri ca, en the Ivory Coaft ef Guinea. Lop. 5. 34, W.kt. 4. 26. N. Palmela, a town ef Portugal, in E- ftraraadura; with a caftle built en a, rock ; feated on the river Gadaon, ig miks S. E. of Lifton. Lon. 8. 56. W.kt. 38. 29. N. Palmerston's Island, an ifland in the S. Pacific Ocean, dffcovercd by captain Cook, in 1774, and vifited by him in his laft voyage. It confifts of a; - group ef fmall iflets, about tei} in number, connefted by a reef ef coral rocks, and ly ing in a circular direftion. This place admits ef ne anchorage, nor are there any inhabitants on it, though it abounds vvith cocoa-nuts, fcurvygrafs, and the wharra- tree. It docs not exceed a mile in cir cumference, and is not elevated above three feet beyond the level ef the fea. It con fifts entirely of a coral fand, with a fmall mixture^of blackifc mould, vvhich appeared to, be produced from rotten vegetables. " Notwithftanding this poor foil," fays cap tain Cook, " it is covered wjth a variety of trees and buftes. At one part of the reef, which looks into, or bounds the lake that is vvithin, there was a large bed of coral, almoft even with the furface, vvhich af forded, perhaps,- one of the moft enchant - , ing profpefts, that nature has any where produced. Its bafe was fixed te the fhore, but reached fo far in, that it could pot be feen ; fo that it feemed to be fufpended in the water, whieh deepened fo' fuddenly,' that at the diftance of a few yards, thera might be feven or eight fathom.s. The fea was at this time, quite unrufiled ; and the fun, ftining bright, expofed the various forts of coral in the moft beautiful order ; 'feme parts .branching inte the vvater vv ith great luxuriance, others, lying colIecSted in round balls, and in various other figures ; all which were greatly heightened by fpangles of the richeft colours, that glowed from a number ef large clams, which were every where interfperfed. But the ap pearance of thefe vvas ftill, inferior to that of the muhitude of fiftes, that glided gently along, feemingly with the moft perfeit fe curity. The colours of the different forts vvere the moft beautiful that can be ima gined ; the yellow, blue, red, bkck, &c, far exceeding any thing that art can pro- d'jce. Their various forms,' alfo, contri buted to increafe the richnefs of this fub- marine grotto, vvhich could not be fui'veyed without a pleafing tranfport, mixed, how ever, with regret, that a vvork fo ftupen- doufly elegant, ftouid be concealed, in a place vvhere mankind could feldom have an opportunity of rendering the praifes juftly due to fo enchanting a fcene." With refpeft te the animal creation, the moft fingular that captain Cook obferved, vvere feme large eels, beautifully fpotted, vvhich, when followed, would raife themfelves out of the water, and endeavour, with an open mouth, te bite their purfuers. There was alfe a brown fpotted reck fift, about the fi^ze of a haddock, fe tame, that inftead of fvvimming away, it would remain fixed, and gaze at them. Had they been in ab folute want, a fufiicient fupply' might have been had ; for thoufands' of the dams aU ready mentioned, ftuck upon 'the reef, fome of which weighed two er three pounds. Lon. 163. 25. W. lat. 18. 8. S. , Palmyra, formerly amagiiificent city ef Afia, in the deferts of Arabia, ef which Zenobia was queen, who held it out a long time againft the Romans, but was at length taken captive, and led in triumph through the ftreets of Rome. The ftupendous ruins of this city, vvere vifited by meffieurs Weed and Dawkins, in 1751 ; and Mr. Wood . publiflied a fplendid account of them, illuf- trated by plates, in 1753. This pkce is likewife called Tedmer in the Defert. The prefent inhabitants, confifting of 30 or 40 famifies, have' ercftecd their mud cottages within the fpacieps court of a magnificent temple of the fun. Palmyra is 200 miles S. E. ef Aleppo, Lon, 38, 50. E. lat, 33. 20. N, '*¦ Falnaud, a diftrift of the penin. fula PAM '"-^ PAN fula of Hindooftan, belenging^to the Carna tic, but fituated tovvard the river Kiftna, in the W. ef the Guntoor Circar. Pa los, a town ef Spain, in Andalufia, vvith a pretty good harbour; remarkable for being the place from which Chrifto pher Columbus fet fail tq difcover the new world in 1492. It is feated at the mouth of Rio Tinte, 46 mfles S. W. ef Sevflfc, Len. 6. 16. W. kt. 37. 14. N. Palos, Cape, a promontory of Spain, in Murcia, to the S. ef a town of the fame name and which feparates the bay ef Car thagena from that of Alicant, 20 miles E.of Carthagena. Len. e,. 39. W. lat. 37-37. N. Palota, atown of Lower Hungary, in the county of Alba Regalis, taken by the'emperor from the Turks in 1687. It is 40 miles S. W. ef Buda. Lon. 18. 0, E. kt. 47. o. N. '* Palte, afamous lake of Thibet, ly ing to the S. ef Laffa, about three days journey. According to the Lama's map, itis 150 miles in circumference; and in the middle ef it is one large ifland. On the W. fcore of this ifland, or congeries ef iflands, is a monaftery, and the feat of the Lamiffa Turcepamo, or the Great Regene rate, iri vvhom the Thibetians think that a divine fpirit is regenerated, as it is in the Great Lama. The word Lama fignifies a prieft, er minifter of religion, and Lamijfa is the feminine of Lama. This lake is 12 miles S, of the river Sanpoo or Burram. pooter. ' Paluda, a town of Afia, in the go vernment ef Erzerum, feated near the 'Euphrates. It is inhabited by Maho metans and Chriftians, and it is believed the Armenian charafters were firft in vented here. Lon. 39. 25. E.kt. 38.3 5. N. Pamiers, a handfome tovvn of France, in the department of Arriege and kte ter ritory ef Foix, vvith a biftop's fee. It is not fo confiderable as formerly, ner is it peopled in proportion to its extent. Near Pamiers is a mineral fpring, faid to cure the gout and obftruftions. The town is feated pn the riyer Arriege, eight miles N. pf Foix, and 30 S. of Touloufe. Lon. 1. 32. E. kt. 43. 8. N. Pampelon'ne, a, tovvn of France, in. the department of Tarn and late province of Languedoc, 1 5 miles from Alby. Lon. 2. 17. E.lat.' 43. 43. N. PampelUi^ja, a town of Spain, capital of Upper Navarte, with a ftrong citadel, and, a rich biftopric. Its fquares are hand fome, and adorned with fteps fuU of rich merchandife. It is feated en the river Arj;a, 42 miles S. ef Bayonne, and 167 N.^E. ef Madrid.' Lon. 1. 35. W. kt. 42, 47. N. Pampeluna, a tovvn of S. America, in New Granada, fampus for its mines of gold, and numerous flocks of fteep. It is .1 50 miles' from Santa-Fe, and 200 S. of Maricaibo. Len. 71. 30. "VV. kt. 6. 30. N. Pan, or Pah an, a town of Afia, in the E. Indies, and inthe peninfuk of Ma lacca. It is the capital of a kingdom of die fame name, remarkable fer the great num. ber ©f elephants, and for the plenty ef pep. per it produces. Panama, a rich and handfome town of S. America, capital ef an audience of the fame name, witll a biftop's fee, whofe bi ftop is the priipate of Terra Firma. It is furrounded by a ftone wall, and ether for. tifications, and the public buildings are very handfeipe. AH the merchandife ef Chih and Peru is brought to this place, particularly afl the gold and filver, and all the corrimodities brought from Europe. The ftips unload at a fmaH ifland, three miles from this place, becaufe the vvater is fb ftallow^it will not admit them to come nearer. Old Panama vvas burnt by flr Henry Morgan, a buccaneer, and the pre fent town is four miles diftant from it, and has a more advantageous fituation. It ftands on a bay Of the fame name. Lon. 80. 15. W. la't. 8. 48. N. Panari, one ofthe Lipari Iflands, ly. ing in the Tufcan Sea. It is very incon. fiderable, the foil odng barren, and only five miles in circumference. It is eight miles N. ef Lipari, and 30 N. of Sicily; fubjeft to the king of the tvvo Sicilies. Lon. 15. 41. E. lat. 38. 40. N. Panay, an ifland of Afia, one of 'jlie Philippines, lying betvveen thofe of Para- goa and Negro. It is 250 miles in cir cumference, and is the moft populous and fertile of them afl. , It belongs to Spain, is vvatered by a great niamber of rivers and brooks', and produces a great quantity of rice. Hoik is the capital. '¦'¦Pancras, a viHage ef Middlefex, a little to the N. VV. of London. It has 3 church dedicated te St. Pancras ; and the churchyard is remarkable fer being tha principal pkce ef interment for the Ro man catholics. At a public houfe, near the churchyard, is a medicinal fpring. Here is an hofpital for inoculation, depen- dent on the fmallpox hof"pital at Cler- kenwcH. Here alfo is the Veterinary Col lege, a new and fingular inftitution in this country, eftablifted in 1791, under the au- fpices of perfons of the firft rank and for tune, and intended for the improvement of farriery, and the treatment of cattle in general. The noble ftables, and ana tomical theatre, are finifted ; but the pre fent college is (July a temporary building. 8 ' Pang 4, f A !» PAR PaWGA, a large town ef Africa, in the kingdom of Congo, capital of the pto'vihce cfBamba. Lori. 14. 25.E. kt. 6. 30. S. ': PaSJ AS, a country of Hindooftan Pro- jJer, tieing that vvatered by the five eaftern fcrartcht's of the Indus. If was the -fcene cf Alexander's laft campaign, and the ne pins vUra of his conquefts. It forms a -iouire of aboiit 2 50 miles, ahd includes the whole fcrubah^pf Lahore, and a great part cf Moultan Proper. To the lower part of Moultan it is fl'at and iparfty,,and in undated, like Bengal, by the periodical rains vvhich faU between May and Oc tober. * Pann-anach Wells, a viHage of Scotland, ift Aberdecnflrire, fituated a Httle tlekiW the waterfall, ealled the Lin of Ucc, in the valley of Glcnmuick. It is ftoted for tfs mineral vVaters, vvhich are of ¦a dinritic quality. A lodge has been erefted f&r the accbmmodatiOft of thecom- tiany that freqaent this place in fummer. -* P ANN' I pu T, a towh of Hfudooitari Prp- Jier, fituated in an e.ttenfive plain between the cities of Dehii arid Sirhtnd, cefc'orated f T an obftinate and blpody battle fought; ip i75f,' beiwetn an ariny of 150,000., M-a-hratta;,-, and AbJallah, king qf C-kn- .dahar,at the hcadof 1 50,000 Malipmedaris, vi'fien the firmer v,'ei'e defeated : they toft IJie fic'vVer of ihdr army, with their beft gdi^ersi'fs-; a'nd from that pterip'd their power has Been feiifibiy on the efedine. Panniput fe 74 miles N. W. of Delhi. Lon. 70. 45. E. {«. 29. 15. -Nf PANTAL-iiRlA, an ifland in the Medi- terraileari Sea, between Sicily and the main land of Africa, about 17 niiles in circiim- ft-rence. It is near, t'ne coaft bf Tunis, and a'bouftcis in cotton, fruits, and wine ; "Syut the inhabitants are obliged tb bring all their c6rn to Sicily, iS it belongs to the feisjg of the rvpo Sicilies. Loh. 12. 31. E. kt. ;6. 5';.N. Panuco, a town and pt'ovince of N. America, in New Spam, lying to the N. E. of Me:cico, -,-,ith a biftofi's fee. There arc -veins ,-,f gold, and falt-works, which are the principal revenue of the inhabi- fa'iits. It is feaced he-ar the ihouth of a ,river of tk'.,- fame nsrtne, ata finall diftahde ftorn the Gcff of Mexico. Lon. 9-8. 5. W. kt. 23'. e'. N. pA-oo'si, one of the Hehri-'les, in the So-ath S'ea, to the S. of Malicollo. -Lon. i'6'*'.,35. "W. lat.' 16. ,30. S. P,\rA, a fmaH'but itrong town pf Lpvver Hungary, in the county of Vefprin.1 it v.-as taken from the Turks in 1683, after raffing the fiege of Vienna. It is' feated oil a mountain, r\t^.r the river Marchaltz, 26 miles N. W,. of Alba Re-gafis, and 45 W. of Buda. Lop. 18. 20. E. iat. 47. 26. N. Pa foui, S-i-. a tovVn of France, in the department of Aude and kte prevince of L'iiigUtddc ; feated on the river Lembe, eight miles E. of Caftelnaudary, and 35 S. E. of Touloufe. Lon. 2. 10. E. kt. 43. 41. N. PapRENheiM, a town of Germany, iit the circle of p'rancoriia, capital of a county ef the ftthe nSme, vvith a caftle, where'thc counts refide. The coUnt of Pappcnheirh is hereditary marftal of fhe empire, and performs his office at the ebronation of the empetor. It is feated near the river Alt- mSl, 17 mfles N. W. of Neubiirg, and 32 S. of Nureihburg. Lon. 10. 51, E. kt. 4S. 58. N. Para, a: fort of S. America, in Brafil, , feated near the mouth of the river Afna- zoivs, and to the E. of the eaftern branch of it. Lbn. 50. o. "tV. kt, 2. o. S. Parago, a large ifland bf Afia, in the Indian Ocean, lying between the Philip pines an d-Bbrheo, whic'n has a king triburaty te Borneo. TheSpaniards have a fort here-. Paraguay, a large country of S. A- merica, bounded oh the N. by Amazonia, ou the E. by Brafil, on the S. by Patago nia, and oh fhe Vv'". by Chili and Peru. It contains fix provinces ; hamejy, Paraguay Proper, Paraha, Gttoria, Uragtiay, Tucu man, and La Plata, from which the whole country is alfo called La Plata. It has numerous lakes and rivers. Of thetatter, the three principal ire the Paraguay, Ura- gciay, arid Parana, the united ffreaius of vvhich forin the celebrated Rio-de-la-Pkta. Thefe riversannually ovcrftpvv their banks; and, eh their recefs, leave them enriched by a fi-ime, that renders the fpil extremely fertile. This vaft cpuntry is far from be ing wholly fubdued, or planted by the Spa. niards ; ilnany parts bdng ftill uttknovvn to fhem, as vvell Ss tp every pther Eurp- peah nat-ion. The principal province of which vVe have any knowledg'e is that vvhich is called La Plata, toward the mouth of the river of that name. This province, vvith all the adjacent parts, is Pne conti nued plain for feveral hundred miles ;¦ ex- ti'enicty fertile, and producing cotton ia great abundance, tobacco, aPd the valuable herb called Paraguay, which is peculiar to this country, and the infufion of which ir. drunk in ali the Spanift provinces of S, America inftead of tea. They have alfo a variety of fruits, and very rith paftures j but the country is dfc-ftitute of woods. The air is remarkably fweet and ferene. The Spaniards diltovered this country, by faiHng up the Rio^de-ia Plata in 1515, and founded th.'- tovvn of Buenos Ayres,, oil PAR P A ^ m the S. fide of the river. In i 580 fhe jefuits vvere admitted into thefe fertile re gions, where they afterward founded, at the coriimencement ef the 17th century, and with the permiffion of Philip III. the famous miffions of Paraguay ; vvhich were a number of colonies, each governed by two Jefuits, one qf whom was reftor, and the ether his curate. They under took not only te make prpfelytes te the church, bilt to Open anew fource of wealth to the mother country, To this end they reprefented, that they ought to be inde pendent ef the Spanifli governors ; and that as the vices of the Europeans might contaminate their new converts, and de ftroy the great objefts of the miffions, no other Spaniards ftouid be permitted to enter the country. To thefe terms the court agreed^ the holy fathers confenting to a certain capitation tax on the natives, iirid to fome ether ftipuktions in favour,of the crown. In procefs of fime, the Je fuits, by the moft vvonderful addrefs, and withouc the leaft degree of force, acquired the moft abfolute dominion, both fpiritual and temporal, over tjie natives, whom they even inftrufted in military dif"cipHne. In 1757, the king of Spain exchanged the coloriles en the E. ftore ef the river Ura- guay fer the Portuguefe colony of St. Sacra ment, vvhich caufed that river to become the boundary ef fhe refpeftive poffeffiens pf the. tvvo crowns. This produced an nfurreftion : of the Indians, who, iiot- vvithftanding their rinilitary dif"cipliiie, vvere defeated by the Spanift governor, with the lofs of 2000 ef them killed. In 1767, the court expcHed the Jefuits from S. America, and the natives, in^courf"e, were put upon the fame footing vyith the ether Indians of the Spanift part of that vaft continent. Paraiba, atown of S. America, in Brafil, on the river of the fame name. The "Dutch get pofl"cffinn of it in 1635, and' fortified it vvith a flight rampart ; but the Portuguefe retook it feen after. The foil s pretty fertile, and produces fugar-canes, I and a great nuthber of trees of Brafil wood. Lon. 4,9. 53. W. lat. 6. 50. S, Parana, a province of Paragua, in S. America, fo named from a krge river, which uniting with the Paraguay, and af terward with the Uraguay, forms the R-io-de-Ia-Plata. P A RC H IM, a confiderable towp of Ger many, in the circle ef Lower Saxony, and duchy of Mecklenburg ; feated on a fiP-ail river which falls inte the Elbe. It is 20 miles S. E. ef Schwerin. Len. 12. o. E. fet.- 53. 34- N. " P.ii'po, a palace qf the h;ag of Spain, in New Caftile, five miles from Madrid, with a fine, park and gardens. ' Parenzo, a fmall; but ftrong tovvn ef Iftria, with 'a biffiop's fee, and a good har bpur. It is feated on the Gulf of Venice, 65 miles E. of Venice. It fubmkted to the Venetians in 1267. Lori. 13. 56. E. kt. 45. 24. N. "Parga, a ftrong feaport of the terri-- tory ef Venice, en the coaft of Albania, oppofite the ifland o'f Corfu. It fs inha- bited by Greeks and Albanefe, and feated on a rock. Lon. 20. 47. E. kt. -iq. 28. N. ^ PARiA,orNEW Andalusia, aceun try of S'. Ameriea, in Terra Firma, bound ed on the N. by the Gulf ef Mexico ; on the E. by Surinam; on the.W. by New- Granada ; and on the S. by Guiana. Farilla, er Santa Parilla, a town of S, America, in Peru, and hi the audience bf Lima ; feated on the river Santa, and on the feaftore, 50 miles from ,Truxillo, and 230 N. V^'.-of Lima. Lon. 77. 50. W. kt. 8. 36. S. Paris, the capital of France, one of fhe largeft, fineft, and moft populous cities ef Europe. The river Seine, which croffes it, forms tvvo -fkiall iflands, one of vvhich, now called L'Ifle Notre Dame, or the City, formed the entire town of Lu- teti'a,- when it was conquered by Julius Caefar., The houfes, or rather huts, fcat tered here and there, were round, fmall, aird Ipw. Clovis I. after the defeat of Akric, made Paris the capital of his kingdom. Its circuit was much extended by Philip Auguftus. It vvas greatly embeflifted by Francis I. and his fucccflors. The inha bitants are computed to be 800,000. It is twp leagues, in diameter, and fix in cir cumference, including the fuburbs. It is fuppofed tp cpntain iqoo ftreets and 24,000 houfes, among, vvhich are many of five or fix ftories. The rivers Yonne, Marne, and Oife, by their junftion with the Seine, convey to Paris the commodir ties of the k,te provinces of Burgundy, Champagne, and Picardy; and this, laft river frirnifhes it with the riches of th'» late province of Normandy, and of the fea, vvhich is at the diftance of 42 leagues. By means ofthe Loire, the Allier, and the canals of Orleans and Briare, it has com munications with the late provin-:es of Lyonnois, Auvergne, fiour'oennols, Niver nois, Berry, Orleanois, Touraine, Anjou, and Bretagne'; and, _ by the Vienn.e.,. vvith the kte provinces of Limofin and Poitou. The Sfates Gerieral 'of the kingdom were affembled here, in 1302 and 1303, under P:,ilip the tiandfe.me ; in 1355, under John II ; in 1356, under Charles V. then dau- PAR PAR dauphin; in 1357 and 1369, undet! the fame Charles 'V; in 1380, 1382, and 141;, unde-r Charles VI ; in 16 14, under Lewis XIII ; and the firft national affem. bly ef France, convoked by Lewis XVI. at Verfailles, was held, after the j gth of Oftober i7Sg, at Paris, and was fucceeded by the fecond national affembly in i7gi, and by a national convimtion in 1792. There are nine principal bridges in Paris, tvvo of which occupy the vvhole breadth of the Seine ; namely, the Pijnt Neuf and the Pont Royal ; to vvhich may be added the unfinifted Pont de Lewis XVI. begun in 17S7. But it is here to 'be obferved, that all the names of buildings, fejuares, ftreets, i^cc. in honour of their kings, and in corapli'raent to royalty, have been totally changed, fince the aboKtion of monarchy, towarel the clofe of 1792. The Pont Neuf, the fineft and moft frequented of all the bridges, was begun, under Henry HI. in 157^, and finiflied by Henry IV. in 1604. It is 1020 feet long by 72 broad, snd has twelve arches ; feven of which are on the fide ofthe Louvre, and five on the fide of the ftreet Dauphine. Between the feventh arch a|nd the fifth is a. mole, con- iirufted en the point of the Ifle du Palais, in front ef the Place Dauphine, en vvhich, in 16 14, was erefted an equeftrian ftatue of Henry IV. in bronze. But the ftatue cf this monarch, vvhofe memory was once jdohzed by the French, vvas deftroyed, ih 'he general demolition of ^11 the royal ftatues and jnfignia, jn 1792. In the fe cund arch of this bridge, on the fide of the Louvre, is the Chateau de la Samaritaine (the VV'oman of Samaria) a fmaH. timber iiuilding of three ftories, conftrufted, in 5712, on piles, and lately repaired. In the infide is a pump, vvhich raifes the wa ter ef the river, to diflributc it by pipes to the Louvre', the Tuflcrics, &c. In the front, are t\v o figures larger than the hfe, reprefenting Our Saviour and the Woman icif Samaria. A large flidl; placed between Tiiefe two figures, receives the vvater frem the pump ; and from this ftell it falls, in a fteet, into a bafin reprefenting Jacob's Well. /, hove is a fundial ; and the whole -is crowned by a leaden turret, vvhich con tains a ftt of cliimes. The ether bridges are Pont St. Michel, Pont au Change, le Petit Pont, Pont Notre Dame, Pont de la Tournelle, Pont Marie, and the Pont Rouge. This kft, vvhich is a timber bridge, painted red, is the point of com munication between the Ifle du Palais and Ifle St. Lewis. Among a great number cf public fountains, two only merit atten tion ; that ef the Innocents, in which, among other fine pieces pf fcidpture, is a Galataea, by Gpujeon ; and that of Gre. nelle, the performance ef the cdebrated Boucharden. The fineft fquares are the Rlace Dauphine, a triangular fquare, built, and fo named, -by Henry IV. in memory of the. birth of Lewis XIII. the Place Royale, in vvhich was the equeftrian fta tue of Lewis XIII. in bronze ; the Place Vendome, a fquare, with the angles trun cated, in vvhich vvas the equeftrian ftatue, in bronze, of Lewis XIV. Ih a Roman ha- bit ; the Place des Viftoires, ef a circular form, in which vvas a ftatue of the fame king, crowned by viftory, with the arro. gant infcription Vire Immortali; and the Place de Lewis XV. pf an odtagon form, in vvhich was an equeftrian ftatue, in bronze, of that monarch. This fquare, which is now called the Place de la Re volution, was the fatal fcene ofthe execu tion of the late unfortunate Lewis XVI. and ef his unhappy confort, Marje Antoi- nette ; the former oiithe 21ft of January, and the latter en the i6th of Oftober 1793 ; both being executed by a maqhine, called the Guillotine, frem the name ofthe inventor : like the Maiden ef HaHfax, fhe axe Aides in grooves from a great height, and in an inftant terminates the^fufferlngs of the viftim. The're are three triumphal arches, erefted to Lewis XIV. and known by the naraes of Porte St. Bernard, Porte St., Denis, and Porte St. Martin. The moft interefting of the manufaftures of Paris is that ef the Gobelins {fo called frem a family ef celebrated diers, fettlef in this city in 1450) in vvhich tapeftries arc made after the piftures of the greateft mafters, to fuch perfeftion, that ene, repre fenting Lewis XV. a vvhole length, fram. cd, and placed among the mafterpieces of painting, was taken, fer many days, by multitudes of vifitors, for a finifted piece. The manufafture of-plate-gkfs likewife merits attention. The cathedral of Notre Dame, a Gothic ftrufture, is one of the largeft in Europe, and contains forty- five chapels. The celoffal ftatue of St. Chriftopher, -vvhich vvas once the firft obr jeft at "the eritrance of it, vvas deftroyed in 1784: Next ;:o the cathedral, the moft ,diftiriguiflicd churches are St. Sulpice, Sr. Eiiftache, St. Gervais, St. Etienrie du Mont, the old church ef St. Genevieve, the new church of St. Genevieve (new called fhe Pantheon) the churches ef Sr. Severin, St, Roch, and Val-de-Grace, In that of St. Sulpice is the tomb of its ex cellent vicar, M. Languet, through vvhofe felicitations this magnificent church vvas begun and finifted. In fhat of St. Eu- ftache is the monument ef the great Col bert. In the old churqh of St. Genevieve arc PAR PAR ire the tombs pf king CIpvis and pf the philpfppher Defcartes. The new church of St. Genevieve, net yet finifted, was deftined by the national affembly, April 4, 1791, to receive the remains of fuch great ' men as have merited wefl of their coun- try ; aud thofe ef the late famous member of that affembly, Henore-RiqueBti Mira- Dcau, were accordingly interred there. But the immortality of the great men that have figured in the commencement and progrefs of the French revolution feems to be ef very uncertain duration ; and the bones of a man, who would have been im peached, perhaps, had 'he been ahve, as a traitor to his country, may not long be permitted to repofe there. The bodies ef John-James Rouffeau, and ef Voltaire, have ' been removed hither ; an honour, which has alfo been recently decreed te Defcar tes. The toriib of cardinal dc Richeheu, in the midft of the choir of the Sorbonne,. is the exquifite performance of Girardon. The fineft college In Paris is that of the Four Nations, called alfo Mazarin, from the name of the cardinal, its founder. There were lately fix academies in Paris ; namely, the French Academy, founded by cardi nal Richefieu ; that ef Infcriptions and Belles Lettres, by Lewis XIV ; that of che Sciences ; and thofe ef Painting and Sculp ture ; Architefture ; and Chirurgery. Among the public libraries, that lately called the king's, holds the firft rank, in refpeft both to the extent of the buildings. and the number of the volume It vvas founded by Charles V. in 1372. The other Hbraries are thofe ef St.' Genevieve, the College ef Mazarin, St. Viftor, of the Doftrinaires, ef the Advocates, and of the faculty of Medicine. That of St. Ger- main-des-Pres, ene of the richeft in France, containing between 15 and 20,000 manufcripts, and near ioo,oop volumes, is open every day to men of letters. The Royal (now National) Obfervatory is built ef freeftone, and neither iren ner wood has been employed in the ereftion. The Botanical Garden is vverthy,"in every- refpeft, of its kte appellation of Royal. The four principal palaces are the Louvre, the Tuileries, the Palais-Royal, and* the Luxemburg. The Louvre is diftinguift ed into the Old and New. The Old Louvre wis begun by Francis I. in 1528; and the grand gallery, 1362 feet long, and 30 bread, vvhich joins it te the Tuileries, vva^ begun under Charles IX. and finifted by Lewis XIV.' whp -likewife built, in , 1665, the New Lpuvre. But it is ftill an unfiniflied ' ftrufture. ' In ferae of the apartments, different academies have held their, fittings ; and in pthers are the work- fliops and lodging-rooms of artifts. The Tuileries, begun in 1 564, by Catharine of Medicis, continued by Henry IV. and completed by Lewis XIV. takes its name from its fituation in a place in which were formerly many tile-kilns (tuileries) vvhich, for three or four centuries, furnifted the greateft pare ef the tiles ufcd In Paris, The riding-houfe. belonging to it, is the place chofen by the national affembly for their fittings, when they removed from Verfaifles in Oftober 17S9. The garden of the Tuileries, iri front of the palace, and en the banks ofthe Seine, is unquef- tionably the fineft public walk in Paris. From this palace, when attacked by the enraged mob, en the roth ef Auguft. 1792, the unfortunate Lewis XVI, went for an afylum to the hall of the national affembly, thence to a prifon, and thence te the fcaf. fold. The Palais Royal vvas built by car. dinal Richelieu in 1629, and had the name of the Cardinal's Palace, till Anne of Auf. tria came to refide in it, in 1643, with her fon Lewis XIV. It has been long the porperty ef the kte dukes of Orleans ; and the interior has been recently embeU lifted with many beautiful buildings, with ffiops, coftechoufes, and a garden, which render it like a perpetual fair, and one of the moft pleafing walks in the city. The palace of Luxemburg was built by Mary ef Medicis, in 1715, and, in form, feme- vvhat refembles Queen's College, Oxford. Its gardens are open co the public on fef- tival days. The Hoted-des-InvaHdes, for the wounded and fuperannuated foldiery, is a magnificent ftrufture, built by Lewis XIV ; as is the Military School, in the the Champ de Mars, vvhich was founded by Lewis XV. The tvvo principal theatres are the Theatre de Ia Nation and the Ita- lian Theatre ; vvhich, in point ef elegance and convenience, are worthy, in every ref peft,' ef the capital of a great natipn. The Monnoie, or Mint, is alfo a noble build ing, fituated on that fide ef the Seine, which is oppofite the Louvre. The Ho- tel-de-ViUe, er GuikthaU of the dty, is an ¦ancient ftru£ture, in the Place de Greye, which was heretofore the common place of execution. Paris is an ai'chbi ftopric, and the fear of a univerfity. It is fituated in the late province ef the Ifle ef France ; and it now forms, with a fmall diftrift refund it, one ef the 83 departments of France. It is 70 miles S. of Rouen, 265 S. E. of London, 62; N. W. of Vienna, and 630 N. E. of ivladr^-i. Lon. 2. 25. E, , kt, 48. 50,. N. Parm.v, an ancient, rich, populous, and handfome tovvn of Italv, capital of the duchy of the fame name, with a citadel, a bifhop's PAR biftop's fee, and a uniyerfity; It has a magnificent cathedral, and' the largeft opera-houfe in Eurppe, which has feats fer 8000 pceple ; but a§ it required a vaft number pf candles, wliich pcc^fipped great expence, they have cpntrived another, which.has room for 2000 fpeflatprs. The dpme and the church pf St. Jphn are painted by the fampus Corregio, w hp vvas a native pf this pkce. Den Carlps, king of the Tvvo Sicilies, caiyied away the H- brary to Naples, vyhich contained 18,000 veluples, and a very valuable cabinet of curiofities, as alfe the rich coHeftien of medals. The citsddi vvhich is near the city, is built in the fame tafte as thjt at Antvyerp. Ip 1734 there vvas a bloody battle fought here between the Imperial- ifts and the French and Sardiniaps, in vvhich the former vvere defeated, with the lefs of their general, count Merci, In 1741, by the trccaty of Alx-k-Chapelle, the duchies of Parma, Placentia, andGua- flalla, vvere given to Don Philip, brother to Don Carlos above-mentioned. It is $0 miles S. E. ef Cremona, and 6p S. E. pf Milan, Lon. 10, 30, E. lat. 44. 50. N. Parma, the duchy ef, a province of Italy, bounded on the N,^by the Po ; on the N. E. by the Mantuan ; on the E. by the duchy of Modepa ; on the S. by Tuf cany ; and en the W.' by the duchy pf Placentia. The air is very wholeforae, and the inhabitants live to a great age. The foil is fertile in corn, wine, eil, and hemp ; the paftures feed a • great number of cattle, and the cheefe is in high efteem. Here are fome inconfiderable mines of .cop per and filyer, and plenty of truffles, Parnassus, new called Tarnasso, a famous mountain of Turkey in Afia, in Livadia, It has two heads, one pf vvhich was ferm.erly fanioiis for being confecrated to Apollo and the Mufes, and the other te Bacchus, k is, t-he higheA in Greece, and from the top is a profpeft as far as Corinth. Here alfo is'a fine fountain, fup pofed to be the ancient Caftalia. Paros, an ifland of the Archipelago, one of the Cyckdes, about 10 miles in leBg:h, apd eight in bre-adch. T^ie foil is well cultivate\i, and the paftures feed a .great number of flocks. Their trade con fifts in wheat, barley, wine, pulfe, and cahcoes. It did produce a great deal of oil, but tlie Venetian army burnt all the olive-trees. They have a great number of partridges and pigeons, vvhich they fell very cheap.' The inhabitants have been always accounted 'people of good fenfe ; and this ifland has been ('• famou.s for ics marble, that the beft cai'vers would make ' PAR ufe pf no other. TholiE excellent ftatua- ries, Phidias and Praxiteles, were natives ef this ifland, vyhich was anciently dedi cated to Bacchus, on account of it? excel lent wines. The famous Arundelian marbles at Oxford were brought from this pkce. It lies pear that ef Naxia, and Paros is the capital. PjVROS, a town of the Archipelago, ca pital ef the Ifle ,of Pares, whi.ch was an ciently the largeft and moft powerful town of the Cyclades ; but it is at prefent no thing to vvhat it was. The walls of the caftle are built of ancient pieces of garble, and'moft of the columns are placed long- wife. Some of them that fjand upright, fupport Cornices pf amazjng fize. "The natives build their hpufes vvith marble, vyhich they find ready cut ro their hands ; but they never trpuble their heads abpue placing the pieces in a regular manner. Their field? likewife are inclpfed with friezes, altars, and haffp-rehevos ; hpw ever, the Englift, French, and Venetians have carried away the fineft pieces they could meet with. . The inhabitants are fo ignorant now, that, inftead of great fculp tors and fkilful architefts, they have no thing but carvers of mortars and faltcel- krs. It is a bifhop's f"ee, and feated on the weftern coaft of the ifland. Lon. 25'. 44. E. lat, 37. 8.-N. ¦ Parret,' a river of Somerfetffiire, which rifes in the S. part of the ceunty, receives the Ivel and Thone, and. enters the B'riftoLChannd at Bridgewater Bay. -'^ PaPlRAMatta, a town' or fettle ment of Englift convifts, in New S. Wales, It is feated at the head of the harbour of Port Jackfon, 11 miles "W. of Sydney Cove, between Rofe Hill and the landing-place in the creek vvhich forms the head. In Nov. 1791, near 1000 acres of knd were either in cultivation, or clear ed fer that purpofe. The foil, in moft places, vvas found to be remarkably good, and CO want culcivacion only to be fit fer any ufe ; for the ground that has been che longeft in cultivation bears the beft crops. In Dec. 1791, a building, 56 feet by 24, was covered in here, and intended for a place of worftip, cill a church could be built. Lon. 151. 39. E. kc. 33. 50. S. PartheNaY, an, lil-built tPwn pf France, in the department pf Tvvp Sevres and late prpvince of- Poitou. It carries on a confidcrabje trade in cattle and corn, and is feated on the river Thoue, 17 miles S. ef Thouars. Lon. o. ig. W. lat. 46. 44- N. ' " Partenkirk, a tpwn pf Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, 40 miles S. VV. af Munich. Lou, n, o, E,,lat, 47. 36. N. "'- Parys, PAS FAT * Parys, a mouBtain in the iflp of" Anglefey, famous for a copper mine, pro. bably the largeft bed ef ore of that metal hitherto difcovered in the world. " It is not v\-rought," fa'ys Dr. Aikin, " in the common manner pf fubterranepus mines, but, like a ftone quarry, open to day ; apd the quantities ot pre r^iffd are prpdi. gipus. The or,e is poor' in quality, and very abundant in fulphur. The pureft part is exported ravy to the frndtiug works at Svyanfea apd other places : the mere impure is^ firft calcined and deprived of moft pf its fulphur on the fpof. Quanti ties of nearly pure copper are obtained from the waters lodged bene^i the bed of ore, by the intervention of iron. A lead ore, rich in filver, is' alfo found in this mountain. The wealth and popula tion of Anglefey have received a great in- create from the difcovery of this copper mine.'"' Pas, a town of France, in the depart ment of rhe North and late province of Attois, 12 miles S. W. of Arras. Lon. 2. 40. E. kt. 50. 9. N. * Pas de Calais, er Straits of Calais, one ef'the S3 departments of France, containing the late provinces ef Artois and Beujenois. Arras is the capi- tal. Pass-vo, a cape of S. America, in Pe. ru, lying under the equator. Lon. 78. 50. W. • P,ASS,AGE, a feaport of Spaip, in the province ef Bifcay, and territory of Gui pufcoa. It is a ftation ef the Spanift men of war, and vvhere the French burnt feve- ral of them iu the kft wa.r between France and Spain. It is a little to the E. ef St. Sebaftian, ^nd 60 miles E. pf Bilboa. Lon. 2. 4. W. kt. 43. 21. N. Pass aro, a, cape op the cqaft of Jari. na, in Greece, becwecp the Gulf of Ar- m:re, and that of Zcton. Pass arva,n, a tovyn ofthe Eaft Indies, in the ifland of Java. Lon. 1 14. 15. E. kt. 7. o. S. Passaij, an ancient, handfome, and celebrated town of Germa,ny, in Lovver J^avaria, with a biftop's fee, and a fort. The houfes are well bpilt, and the cathe. dral is thought to be the fineft in all Ger many. It is divided into four parts, namely, the town of Paffau, Inftadt,' Iltzftadt, anxl the quarter wherein the bi. illop's .palace is feated. The firft three STe fortified.; but the kft is only a fuburb. It is feated at the confluence of tile rivers Inn and lltz, 62 miles E. by S. of Ratif bon and 135 W. of Vienna. Lon. 13. 3-. E.-lat. 48.28. N. P-ii-.AU, the tiifli.opris of, is. a territory of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, apiJ- lying betvveen Lower Bavaria, Aultrisi, and Bohemia. Its krge^ extent is na where above 20 miles; and it has no confiderable plaqe except Paffau, the capi tal. Passero, Cape, anciently called Pa- chinus, the moft foptlierly point of the iflarid of Sicily. It is not a pepinfula, as reprefented in aH the maps, but a wretcl). ed barren ifland of abqqt a mile round j vyith ^ fort, to proteft the neighbouring couptry from the incurfions of the Bar'pa- ry corfairs, , who are often very trouble- feme on this part of the coaft, Thio ifland and fort are feparated fr.jm the reft of Sicily by~ a ftrais of about half a mile broad. Off this cape, fir Georpe Eyng, in 1735, defeated a Spanift fleet. Lon. 15. 22. E. kt. 36. 35. N, P.'issiGNiANO, a town of Italy, in the territory of the church, feated on the lake Perugia. Lon. 12. 5. E. kt 43. 16. N. Pasto, er St. Juan de Pasto, a ' town ef S. America, in Popayan, feated in a firie valley, watered by feveral riyers. It is 120 miles N. of Quito. Lon. 76. 55. VV. Iat. I. 50. N. Pastrana, a town of Spain, in Nevy Caftile, feated between the rivers Tajo and Tajuiia, 32 miles |;. of Madrid. Lop, 2. 464 W.kt. 40. 26. N. Patagonia, the moft fouthern part ef S. America, inhabited by a race ef n^.en, who, during tvvo centuries and a half, haye afforded a fubjeft of controverfy to the learned, and an objeft of wonder tq^ the vulgar. " They are fuppofed," fays Dr. Robertfon, " to be one of the wan dering tribes, which occupy that vaft, but leaft kpown region of America, which ex tends from the river De la Plata to the Straits of Magellan. Their proper fta tion is in that part of the interior country vvhich lies on the banks of the river jSTe- gro ; but in the hunting feafon they ofce,a roam as' far as the ftraits w'hich .feparate 'Tierra del Fuego from the ' main land- The firft accounts of this peopk wey-e brought te Europe by the companions of Magellan, vvho defcribed them as a gigan tic race, above eight feet high, and qf ftrength iri proportion to their uncommon fize. Among feyeral tribes of auimals, a difparity in bulk, as cqilfidcrahle, may be obferved. Sorae large breeds of horfes and dogs exceed the. more diminutive" races ip ftature and ftrength, as far as the Pata- gqnian is fuppofed to rife above the ufual ftandard of the human body. But animah attain the higeft perfeftion of their fpeci^ -. ¦silly in inlld cHm-t';.-; or where they fi-'l PAT P AT the moft nutritive food iri greateft abuu- dance. It is not then in the uncultivated ¦wafte of the Magellanic regions, and among a tribe of improvident favages, that ¦K-e ffiould expeft to find man, poffeffing the higheft honours of his race, and diftin guifted by a fuperiority of fize and vigour, far beyond what he has reached in any other part ofthe earth. The moft exph- cit and Unexceptionable ^evidence is requi fite, in order to eft^ablift a faft, repugnant to thofe general principles and'kws, which feem to affeft the human frame in every "other inftance,, and to decide vvith refpeft to its nature and qualities. Such evidence has net hitherto been produced. Though feveral perfons, to vvhofe teftimony great refpeft is due, have vifited this part of Ame rica fince the time ef Magellan, and haye had interviews with the natives ; though . fome have affirmed, that fuch as they faw were of gigantic ftature, and others have formed the fame conclufion from meafur ing their footfteps, or frem viewing the feeletohs of their dead ; yet their accounts tary from each other in fo many effential points, and are mingled with fo many cir- cumftances manifcftly falfe pr fabulous, as detraft much from their credit. Oh the other hand, fome navigators, and thofe imeng the moft eminent of their order, for difcernment and .accuracy, hare affert. ed that the natives of Patagonia, vvith whom they had intercpurfe, though ftout and welt-made, are net of fUch extraordi nary flze as to be diftinguiflied from the relt of the human fpecies. The exiftence of t-his gigantic race of men fe cm.s, then, to be one of thofe points in nayiral hiftory, with refpeft to which a cautious inquirer wifl hefitatc, and will choofe to fuf"pend hi^ af fent, until more cemplc-te cvid'cnce ftaH decide. Whether he ought fo admit a faft, feemingly inconfiftent vvith vvhat reafon and experience have difcovered concern ing the ftrufture and condition ot man, in all t'ne various fituations in vvhich he has been o'o'"ervtd."; Dr. Robertfon, in a note tn thefe obfervations, has coflefted the va- rious ttltimonies en this lubjeft; which, upon the whole, appear to firengthen the affertion of captains M^aflis and Carteret, who aftually meafured fome ef the natives in 1766, and found them to be from fix'feet, to fix feet five and feven inches iri height. Their colour is a kind ef bronze. They are all painted, and clothed nearly In the fame manner : the cirdcs round the two eyes are fome white and red, and. fome red and bkck. Their teeth are as white as ivory, remarkably even a-,-id well f"et. They have no oi,h,''r d'-ithing chan flcins, whicli they- wear with the hair ui.vard"; and a piece of leather cover:,' the private parrs. Patan, a kingdom of Afia, In the pe ninfuk ef Malacca, em the edftcrn coaft. The inhabitants are partly Mahomedans and partly Gentoos ; but they arc all very voluptuous,' The air is wholefome, though very hot, and they have no feafons hut the winter and fummer. Theformer is more properly the rainy feafon, and contains the months of November, December, and January. The wppds are full of elephants, and many. wild ariimals. They have fPrae trade with the Chinefe;- and the princi. pal tovvn, of the fame' name has a well. defended harbour. Pat AY, a town of France, in the de'. partment of Loiret and kte province qf Orleanois, remarkable for the defeat of the Enghlh in 1429, when Joan of Arc did wonders.-- Lon. 1..49. E. Iat. 48. 5'N. , :":, PATEHUCA,'|qr Patioca, a tpwn pf N. America,, in Mexico, near which is a filver mine, 70 mfles N. of Mexico. Lon. 99. 5;;. E. lat. 21. orN. * P.4THHEAD, a confiderable manu. fafturing village of Fifcfhire iri Scotknd, almoft adjoining te Kirkcaldy on the E. Patmos, an ifland of the Archipelago, no^vv caUcd- Patino, fituated on the coaft of Natolia, between the ifles of Samos and Nicaria ; and about twenty miles in cir. cumference. Being one of the moft bar ren heaps of rocks in the Archipelago, it might have continued for ever unnoticed, but for the Book ef Revelation vvhich St^ John compofed in this defolate fpot. A few yaUies only are capable of fome culti vation. It abounds, hovveyer,,wich par- tridges, rabbits, quails; turtles, pigeons, and fnipes. In the midft of the ifland rifes a mouritain, terminated by: the con. vent of St. John, vvhich, with its irregu lar tPwers and maffy appearance,- one mighr well imagine to b'e a citadeL The inhabitants, of this convent are in reality the fovereigns of the country ; but their domains would be infufficient for ' their maintenance, vvere it not for the poffefiicui of fome lands in the iieig'nbouring ifles, and the certain tribute they derive frem the fuperftition of the Greeks. Thefe monks, called Caloyers, are fpread over all Greece. Scarce any of them can read, and yet they all underftand hew far the empire ef religion can extend over fuper. ftitious minds. They keep therr credu lous countrymen in the moft abfolute fub jeftion. They are even accomplices 'in -their crimes, the profi:ts of vvhich they fhare, and fometimes engrofs; Not one of the piratical veffels is without a Ca- loyer. PAT PAT loyer, in order to give them abfblufion in the very inftant of committing the moft dreadful crimes. Cowardly and cruel, thefe wretches never fail to maffacre the crews ef the veffels that unhappily faHinto their power ; and, after plundering them, they fink the captured 'hip, that not' a trace ef their outrages may be left : then, inftantly proftratlng themfelves before the prieft, a few words prefencly reconcile them to the Deity, quiet their confcience, and encourage them to the perpecriition of future crime's, in thus affording vhat they deem a certain remedy againft future re- morfe. Thefe abfolutiens are rated, and every prieft has a table of the fins that may be forgiven. They do more. They reHeve by- anticipation the alarms that guilt excites in fome flagitious wretches, who, mlnghng the terrors of fuperftition with their fetotlous paffions, tremble with the dread of perlfhing in the very aft of crime, before the Caloyer can grant them ibfolution. Thefe apprehenfions the prieft endeavours te allay, exciting them to the perpetration of the niofl atrocious deeds, by fdhng the pardon to them be forehand. When thefe mohfters retur'h into p6rt, they previoufly fet apart the portion ef the prieft', who, in exchange, grants them the privilege of failing again 2n their piratical expeditions ; and thus fiirnifted with paffports tP heaven, ihd provided wich arititipated abfolutions, they put to fea again with a confcience lulled into fecurity, invoking Heaven itfelf, per- haps, fer a rich cruife of plunder, adulte ries, and affaffinations. The hermitage of the Apocalypfe is fituated ori the declivity of a mpuntairi between the coriverit arid the port of Scala. It leads to the church ef the Apptilypfe, vvhich is fupported agdirift a grotto ih thfe totks ; and, if we may be. ^lieve the irihabitants, vvas the afylum of St. John, diiring^ his exile at Patmos. Here, they fay, hfe wrote the Book of the Revrfcktion ; and they pretend tq fhow the ¦v%ry diinks in the rocks through vvhich the Holy Spirit brealthed his infpiration. The fragments of this rock they affirm to be, a certain fpecific agalrift si thoufand dif orders, and particukriy agalrift evil fpi rits. The Greek monks do hot fail to vend this remedy as -vvell as the abfolu- tiohs, nor-dtfthcy blufh at this fcandaleus traffic. Tourhefort, who, vifited the Ar chipelago in 1700, rfeprefents the Wpmen of Patmos as naturally pretty, arid with vanity innocent enough te" render them agreeable to ftrangers. Were it not for their excefltve ufe ¦ of paint, vvith which fhfey perfeftly disfigured themfelvfes, A mer- chant" of -M-arfeiHe* hafyin-g inatried vine of them, for her beauty, they imaiincd that not a ftranger could land in their ifland but wfith firhikf views ; and whe.i this great b jtanift declared, that he came not in fearch of wives, bhc of plants, they appeared exceedingly furprifed. Their behaviour to ftrangers is novV the reverfe of what it vvas in the time ef Tourhefort. The fprighcly affiduities of vanity haVe given, place to a favage ftynefs ; and a ftranger no fooner appears in a ftreet, than every door is clofely ftut agaihft him. Lon. 26. 84. E. Iat. 37. 24. N. Patna, a city ef Hindooftari Prope'r, capital ef Bahar. It is an extenfive and pb- piilou-' place, onthe S.bank of the Ganges ; and -is fortified in the Indian manner with a wall and a fmall cicadd. In chis citadel Were confiried the priforiers taken by Meer Cnffi,Ti, nabob of Berigal, in 1764, by v*h.->fe ordbr they vvere maffacrecl. The buildings are high ; but the ftreets are narrow, and far from clean. It is a place of confiderable trade, and is fuppofed to be the ancient Pakbochra. Ir is 400 'Piles N. W. of Cakurta. Lon. 3?. o. E. lat, ^S-35-N. Patomac. See Po-tomac. PatranA, or Pastrana, atownof Spain, in Nc v Ca;t;le, feated between the rivers Tajo and Taju-ia, 32 miles E. ;f Madrid. Len. 2. 41. W. kt. .jo. i6. N. Patras., an ancient Snd iiouri '.ing tovVn.of Eurppean Tarkey, in. the Mo rea, yvith a Greek arehbi '"op's fee. It is krge and populous, apd the Jews, v/ha . are one third of the inhabitants, have four fynagogues. There arc f"cveral handfbme mofques ahd Greek churches. The Jews Carry bn, a great trade in filk., leather, honey, wax,' arid cheefe. There are cy- prefs-trees of a prqdigio'us' height, and excellent ponlcgranates, citrons, and o- ranges. It has been taken 'and retaken fevteral times ; belt the Turks are fiow inafters' ef it. It is feated en the declivity. of a hill neat the fea, zo miles S. VV. nf Lepanto. Lon. 21. 45. E. lat. 3S. 17, N, PATltICA, a tO'.vn ef Italy, in the Cam pagna of Ropie, eight miles E. ef Oftia. About a ,rhilt; froin tliis place is a hilf, called Mohte-di-Livaiio, vvliich feme have thought tP be the ancient Lavinium. PATRIMON'i' OF Sf, Peter, a pro- vincfe of Italy, in the 'territory" bf the" Church. It is bounded on the N. by Or- vietahe, qn the E. by Umbria and Sa bina, on the S. by the Campagna-di. Roma, and oh the S. W. by the fea, bc- ilBg abbnt '35 mik's in length, and 30 in breadth. Viterbo is the capital. ^ PatIiing'ton, a town in the Eaft' riding of Yorkfti'^e, -.vich a market on L 1 Saturday. PAU PEC Saturday, It was formerly.of good ac count, being the place where the Roman .read from the Pifts WaH ended. It is feated at the mouth ef the Humber, 50 . miles S. E. of York, aud 191 N. of Lon- dqp. Lori. o. "8. E. Iat. 53. 49. N. Patti, a tovyn of Sicily, in the Val- di-Dcmena, feated on the G'ulf of Patti, 28 mfles W. of Meffina. It is pretty po pulous, and the fee of a biftop. Lon. 15. 22. E'. lat. 38. II. N. Pau, a large ill-buHt town of France, in the department of the Lovver Pyren nees and iate province of Bearn, with a ' caftle where Henry IV. was born. There was lately a ftatue ef Lewis XIV. in the city, en the pedeftal of which vvas this in fcription-: ," Celui-ci ,eft petit fils de notre Ban Henri — This is the grandfon of our good Henry." Pad is feated on an emi- nence, at the foot bf which the river Gave runs, 97 ^iles S. of Bourdeaux. Lon. p. 4. W. Iat. 43. 1 5. N. Pa VI. A, an ancient and celebrated town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, and ca pital of the Pavefan, vvith a celebrated univ'Crfity, and a bilhop's fee. It is de fended by ftrong walls, large ditches, good ramparts, excellent baftipns, and has a bridge over the river Tefin. In the centre of the fo-*n is a ftrong caftle, where the ancient dukes ef Milan refided. It was taken by the duke ef Savoy in 1706 ; by the French in 1733 ; by ihe French and Spaniards in 1745; but retaken by the Auftrians in 1746.. It is 15 miks S..pf Milan. Lon. g. 15. E. kt. 45. 13. N. Paul, Sr. a tpwn of France, in the ' JlepaPtnicnt of the Straits- ef Calais and kte province' of Arfeisj 16 mile.s from Ar ras. Leh. 2. 30. £. kt. 50. 24. N- ' ,Faul, Sr. a town ef S. America, in Brafil, in the captainftip of St. Vincent. It is a kind ef independent republic, cora- t/ofed of the banditti of feveral nations. However, they pay a tribute ef gold te the king of Portug_al., Their religion is net known. It is furrounded by. inac ceffible mountains and thick forefts. Lap. 45. '52! W. lat. 23. 25. S. Pau;L-de-FenouilledEs, a town pf France, in the departinent pf Gard and late province of Languedoc ; feated on the river Egh, among the mountains, 30 miles N. of Montpelier. Lon. 3. 58. E. kt, 44, ¦7. N. ' - ."' ¦ ,«' Paul-les-Vence, St. a tbvj'n of France, ''ih the department of Var and kte province of 'Provence, five miles W. of Nice, ai(d 450 S. E. of Paris, Lbn, 7, il. F>. lat.- 43. 42. N. Paul -TRois- Chateaux, JSt. an ancient tovyn bf FruKce, ia ths dcp'artp\e»t of t)rome and late province of Dauphitty ; feated on the. decHvity of a hill, 16 miles S. of Montelimar. Lop. 4, 57, E. lat, 44. 21. N. ' Paula, a hapdfome town ofthe king dom of Naples ; feated near the fea, in a fertile and well-cultivated country, 12 miles W. ef Cofenza, Lon, 16. 9. E, lat, 39.' 24. N. Pavoasan, a town of Africa, ip the ifle ef St. Thomas, feated on the feaJide, with a fort, a biftop's fee, and a good harbour. It belongs to Portugal, and lies under the equinoftial, in lon. 8. 30, W. Pautzke, a fmail tovvn of Weftern Pruffia, in PomereUa, 25 miles from Dantzick. Len. 18.41. E.lat. 45.44. N., ''• Pausilippo, a mountain of Italy, abput five miles frpm Puz-zoli, cdebrated for a grotto, whidh is a fubterraneous paf fage through the mountain, near a mile in length, .about 20 feet in breadth, and 30 or 40 in height. People of faftion ge. nerally drive through this paffage vvith torches ; but the country people find their way, without much difficulty, by the light vvhich enters at the extremities, and at two holes pierced through the mountain, near the middle of the grotto, which admit light frpm above. On this mpuntain alfp is the celebrated tPlnb pf Virgil, pvergrown vvith ivy, and ftaded vvith branches, ftrubs, and buflies ; an ancient bay tree, with great propriety, overhanging it. Paz, a town of S. America, in Peru, and in the province of Les Charcos, vvith a biftop's fee ; 350 miles S. E. of Cufco. Lpn. 64. 30. VV. lat. 15. 59. S. Pazzy, a tovvn of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, near Gallipoli, with a bi. ftpp's fee. Lon. 26. 59. E.lat. 40. 33. N. Peak, a mountainous country. iir Der. byftire, vvhich abounds in lead, mill. ftones, and vvhetftones. It is mugh yi- filed en account of its extraordinary ca. verns, perforations, and other curiofities. The " Wonders of- the Peak" have been celebrated both in profe and verfe.. Pearl.Isi,.4.nds, iflands lying in tbe bay of Panama, in America. The inha bitants of that town have plantations ip them, from which they are fppplied with provifions. * Peaths, or PEese, as it is pro nounced, a vaft chafm in the mpuntains at the N. E, part pf Bervvickfliire in Scot land, It is more than 160 feet deep. Over this chafm, a noble bridge pf fpur arches has been lately built,. From its vaft height, it greatly' refembles jin ancient Ropiap aqueduft, " Peckham, a village of Surry, in the PEG PEG the parift of Camberwell, with a rioted fair on the ift of A.uguft. Pecc^encour, a tovvn of France, In the department of the North and kte province of Hainault, feated on the river Scrape, five miles E. ef Douay. Lon. 3. 16, E. lat. 50. 23. N. ¦•¦ Pedee, a river of N. America, which rifes in N. Carolina, where it is called "Yadkin River; and entering S. Carohna, takes the^pame of Pedee, and -enters the ocean 12 miles below George Tovvn. - , _ Pedena, an aiident town of Italy, in Iftria, and in the territory ef Venice, with a bifhop's fee, 25 miles S. E. ef Cabo- di-Iftria. Lon. 14. 30. E. kt. 45. 34. N. Pedir, a tO'.vn ef the E. Indies, in the ifland of Sumatra, fubjeft te the king of Achen, 40 miles E. of Achen. Lon. ,96. 36. E. kt. 5. 22. N. * Pedp.o,.Point, the moft northern point of the ifland of Ceylon, oppofite Point Calymere on the contipcnt of- In dia. Len. 80. 27. E. lat. 9. 52. N. Pedro, St, ene ef the iflands in the South Sea, called Marquefas. Lon. 138, 51, W, lat, 9. 58. S. Peebles, an ancient royal borpugh in Scptland, capital pf Peebleftire. It is feated pn the "Tweed, pver which it has an ancient bridge. It has a manufafture of carpets and ferges, and a weekly market for corn and cattle. Before the prefent elegant parift diurch was erefted, divine fervice was performed in part of an ancient monaftery at this place, in which feveral kings of Scotknd are faid. to have refided. Peebles is 22 miles S. of Edinburgh. Lon. 3. 7. W. Iat. 55. 36. N. Peebleshire, er Tweedale, a cpunty of Scotknd, bounded on the N. by Edinburghftire; on the E. by Selkirk^ ffiire; en the S. by Dumfriesftire ; and on the VV. by Lanerkftire. It is 28 miles long from N. to S. and above 18 broad. In this county there is not much arable land. Its hifls (among which are the rugged apd heathy mountains of Tweedf- inuir, in : the S. of the county) abound vvhith falubrious fprings, and feed numbers of fteep and cattle. The principal riyers are the Tweed and Lynne. Peer,, a. fmall tovvn and county of Germany, in the biftopric of Liege. Lop, 5, 20, E. kt. 51. 8. N, -'¦ Peese, See Peaths, Pegnatiel, a tovvn qf Spain, in Old ' Caftile, remarkable fer its palace, c-diftle, fortifications, and its cheefes, which . ate faid to be the -beft . in Spain, It- is feated on the river Douro, 20 miles S. E. of Valladoiid. Lon, 4, o. W. kt, 4ti 41: N. Pegna-Macor, a town of Portu- gah'in Beira, vvith a ftrong' caftle ; 40 miles N. W. of Alcantara. Lon. 6. 32, W. kt. 3g. 50. N. Pegnaranda, a towri of §pain, irt Old Caftile, 30 mUes S. W, of Olmedo. Len. 4. 8. W. lat. 40. 5g. N. . Pegu, a confiderable kingdom of Afia^ lying tp the S. E. pf BePgal.- It is. bounded on the N. by the kingdpm of Burmah ; on the W. and S. by the ocean^ and on the E. by the kingdoms of Laos and Siam. It has a tovvn of the fame name, 70 miles within land, above 20 miles in circumference ; but at prefent net One twentieth part is inhabited ; for it vvas ruined by the king of Burmah. The produfts of this country are timber for building, elephants, elephants teeth, bees-wax, ftick-kc, iron, tin, petroleum, very fine rubies, and fmall diamonds. They have alfo faltpetre, and plenty of lead; of which they make their money. It is very fruitful in corn, roots, pulfe, and fruits. They wear no Eur.opcan commodities but hats and ribands ; but they, have cottons, filks, and filver from Bengal, and the neighbouring countries. The government is arbitrary, for the king's will is a law ; and yet he does not pften abufe his ppwer. The inhabicants are but thinly clad, and the beft amcng them wear neither' ftpes npr ftpckings. Th'e wpmeri are much fairer than the men, fmall, but vvell prppprtipned. The wife goes te market, dreffes the .viftuals, takes care of her, huftand's clothes, and fells his goods by retafl. If ffie prove falfe, the huftand may fell her for a flave ; and if he go aftray, flie will give him a dofe of poifon. There are a yaft numbei' of tem'ples in this country, but moftly of weed, vvhich are varnifted and gilt. "The priefts have ground allowed theffl, which they cultivate for their fubfiftence ; and they are faid' to be ftrift obfervers of mo. rality. They are called Takpoins, and inculcate charity ,as the higheft virtue j affirming that religion tp be the bfft which teaches men tp dp^ the mpft gpod* They have idols in their temples, in a flt- tlpg ppfture, like tailors, and wich very large ears. They have various forts of mufic, but the pipe and tabor are efteemed the beft. In the low flat part of the country, which is liable to be overflowed, they build their houfes upon flakes, and in time of inundations, communicate vvith each other by boats, Pegu was an inde-^ pendent kingdom, rill 1751-, when it was Ll X xi. P E K PEL reduced, by the king of Burmah, to the ftate of a I dependent province; Lon. of the town of Pegu, 96. 35. E. lat. 16. 50. N. • Peine, a town in Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Brunfwick ; famous for a battle fought here in 1553, when Maurice, defter of Saxony, and the margrave of Branden burg' were killed. It is 1-7 miles W. ef Brunfwick. Lon. 10. ig.E. kt. 5?. 25. N. '* Peipus, a krge lake pf Ruffia, in the gpvernment of Riga, pr Livonia. It has a communication with the Lake of Wertzerwc ; atid the river Narova iffues from this lake, by which it has a eom- - munication alfo at Narva, with the Gulf ef Finland; '*- Pkishore, er Pishour, a con fiderable city of Hindoofl-an Proper, in ^ the province of Cabiil. It is fubjeft to the king ef Candahar, and is 50 miles N. "•¦V. of Attock. Lon. 69. 1:4. E. kt. 32. 44- N. , ; _ Pekin, the capital city of the empire tf China, vvhere thp emperor generally refides. Tt is an exaft fe^uare, and divid ed into two parts ; namely, that vvhich contains the emperor's palace, vvhich is in the New- City, pr Tartar City, fo called, becaufe it is inhabited by Tartars, ever fince th&y coneiuered the empire. The ether, ca'Jed tht Old City, is inhabited by the Chinefe. The circuit of both thefe together is 52 Ciiinefc lays, each of which contain 240 geometrical paces. The gates of this city are high and weH arched, fup porting buildings of nine ftories high ; the Joivveft of which is for the foldiers when they come off guard. The gates are nine in number, ' and before each is an open fpace, vvhich ferves for a parade. The ftreets sfe- as ftraight as a line, moft ef them three miles in length, and about 120 feet wide, with, (hopi on both' fides ; but the houfes are poorty built, and have only a ground-fl'bor. It Is furprifing to fee what numbers of people there are in the ftreets, and not one women ambng them.' There is always a great cpnfufibn, occafioned by- the yaft numbers of horfes, i-amels, mules, affes, vyaggons, carts, and chairs, without reckoriing the feveral mobs which gather about the jugglers, bSlkd-fingers, &c. Perfons of diftinftion have always a horfeman who gpes befpre them to • clear the way. All the riches and mei^chandife of the emperpr are con- linually ppuring Imo this dty. There are always hackricy-hprfes, and chairs in various parts, vyhich ftand ready to be hired fer a trifle ; and the pvvaers pf them know every ftreet and houfe where any confiderable perfon lives. All the great ftreets are guarded by foldiers, who pa trole night and day vvith fwords by their fides, and whips in their hands, to chaftife thofe vvho make any difturbance, or take- them into cuftody. The little ftreets- haye lattice-gates ^t their entrance intcj the great ftreets, which are ftut up at night, and guarded by foldiers, who fuffer no affemblies in the ftreets at that time. The emperor's palace is of vaft extent, and furrounded by a brick wall, with pa-^, vilions at each corner, encompaffed by galleries fupported by columns. Thofe who have computed tha compafs ef this city a different way, obferve that it is 20 miles in circumference, and that the num. ber ef inhabitants is, at leaft, two millions; that the walk- are fo high that they cover the town, and are bread enough for feveral horfemen to ride • abreaft ; and there are ftrong towers a bowfliot diftance from each other. The walls of the em. pcror's palace, including that and- the gar dens, are about tvvo miles in length ; and. the architefture of the ftruftures entirely different from that ef the Europeans, for they are covered with tiles of a ftining beautiful yellow. The temples, and the tpwers of this city, ai'e fo numerous, that it is difficult'-to count them. The country' about it is fandy, and not very fruitful'; yet provifions oi^ all kinds are exceedingly plentiful, they being, as vveU as the mer chandife, brought from other parts by means of 'canals cut from the rivers, and always crowded with veffels of different fizes. An earthquake which happened here in 173 1, buried above -,00,000 per fons in the ruins of the houfes. In this city aRuffian church is eftabliflied, vvith- a feminary, in whieh the ftudents are per mitted- to refide for the purpoffe of lead ing the Chinefe; language. Since this eftabliftment, many interefting publica tions have made their appearance at Peterfturgh, relative to the laws, hiftory, and geography of China, tranflated frem the originals publifced at Pekin, Lon. 116, 30. E. kt. 39. 54. N, '* Pelegrino, Mount, a promon tory en the N, coaft of the ifland of 'Si cily, a Httle lefs than two miles to: the W. of Palermo.^ The profpeft from this mount is beauriful and extenfive. Mbft ef the Lipari Iflands are difcovered in a very clear day, ahd alfp a large pprtion of Mount Etna,. ahhough at the diftance, of almoft the whole length of Sicily. On this mount is a caveWi, in which is the image of St, Rpfofe, who is faid tp have 7 ' died PEL PEL died here ; and round the cave of this faint (who is the patrdnefspf Palermo) a church is built, where priefts attend, to vyatch the precious relics, and Receive the offerings of the devout pilgrims. Pelew Islands, a clufter of iflands in the N. Pacific Ocean, lying betvveen 130" and 136° E. lon. and 5° a'rid 9° N. lat. They are thought to have been firft difcovered by the Spaniairds ef the Philip pines, and by them caHed the Paloo Iflands, from the tall palm-trees that grow there In. great numbers, and vvhich, at a diftance, have the appearance ef mafts of ftips ; the word palos, in fhe Spanifli language, fometimes fignifying a maft. There is every reafon to fuppofe, that no European had ever been upon them, be fore the Antelope, a picket belonging co the E. India company, and commanded by captain Wilfen, was wrecked there in 1783. He found the natives fimple in their manners, delicate in their fentiments, friendly in their difpofition, and, in fliort, a people that do honpur tp the human race. The aftoniftment which thofe, vvho firft difcovered the Englift, manifefted on feaing their colour, plainly ffiowed, that they had never before feen a white man. The clothes of the ftrangers alfo puzzlqd them exceedingly ; fpr it feemed tP be a matter pf dpubt with them, whether thefe and their bodies did not form ene fub- ftapce. When the captain's brother was deputed to wait upon the king, who re fided on an ifland at fome diftance froiP that en vvhich they had faved their lives, he accidentally pulled off his hat, at which the gazing fpeftators vvere all ftruck with aftoniftment, as if they thought it had formed a part of his head. They had no idea of the the nature pf ppwder and ftpt, and were exceedingly amazed pn feeing ^ts effefts. ¦ The principal arms pf this people confift pf bambpp darts, pf five to eight feet long, pointed with the wood of the beetle-nut tree ; but there are fhort ones for diftant marks, which are thrown ;by means of a ftick two feet long. The chiefs wear a bene round one of their wrifts, in the form of a bracelet, vvhich being a mark ef great honour conferred ,by the king on pfficers pf ftate, cpmmaii- ders, pr. perfpns, whp by valpur, or other- wife, have greatly diftinguiflied them felves, is never to be parred with but with life. They are pec all of the fame degree, as appeared from a difference in rhe hrone they wore. Captain Wilfen vvas inveftcd with the higheft order of the bone. With refpeft to property in thefe iflarids, a man's houfe, er canoe, )b confidered as his .own, as is alfo the land alloted him, as l(*g as he'occupies and cultivates it; bu'f whenever he removes with his family to another place, the ground reverts to the king, who gives it to whom he pleafes, or to thefe whofohcit'to cultivate it. The country is well covered with timber tfees, the trunks of which furnift the natives with canoes, fome large enough to carry 30 men. There are but few other trees' of much ufb to the natives. Yams and cocoa-nuts, being their chief articles of fubfiftance, are attended to vvith the ut moft care. From the fcanty produce of the country, no luxury can .'cigri among the ihhabif.mts in their diet, Snd the ipilk ef the cocoa-nut was their coftimon drink. On particular occafions, they added to their ordinary fare, certain fweetmeats and fweet drink, obtaiaed by the aid of a f"yrup, extrafted either from the palm- tree or the ftigar-cane. The hPufe's are raifed about three feet frpm the gifouhd, the foundation beam.s being laid on large ftones, vyhence fpring the .upright fup ports of their Tide's, \('hich are €roffed by other timbers .grooved together, apd faft ened by wooden pins, the iritermediSte fpace being clofely fi,lled u-p with bamboos and palm-tree leaves, platted together. The tops of the houfes are thatched with bamboos and palm leaves'; aftd the infide is witliout any divifion, foriAing one great room. As te domeftic Implements; they have little bafkets, very nicely woven from flips of the pkntairi-tree, and wooden baflcets with covers, neatly carved and in- kid vvith ftells. No one ever ftirs abroad without a baflcet, which ufually contains fome beecle-nut, a com'b, knife, and a Httle twine. The beft knives are made of a piece of the large mpther-pf-pearl pyfter, ground narrpW, and the outward fide a little polifted. The combs are made of the ora'rtge-tree, of which there are a few ef the Seville kind ;-the, handlfe arid teeth are faftened in fhe folid wood. The fiffilng-hboks are ef torreife-ftell-; and cwine, cord, and fifting-ncts, are vvell manufaftured from the hcctks of the co- coa-iiut. Of the plantain leaf arc formed mats, vvhich ferve' the people as beds. They alfb ufe a- plaa:fttai'n leaf at meals, . inftead of a plate ; ahd the fteU Pf a cocpa- nut fupplies the place ef a cup. Thefe are veffels of a kind pf.earthen ware, of a reddifti-b»rown colour, in vvhich they boil their fifli, yartls;, &c. A bundle of cccoa- riut hufks tied together, ferves them fpr a broom ; and: thick bamboos, vvith bores five or fix inches in diameter, are their buckets or cifterns. The ftell ef the tor. toife is- here remarkably beautiful; and the natives Iiave difcovered the art of L 1 3 nio'ild- PEM PEN moulding it into little trays or diftes, and fpoons. Some ef the great ladies have al io bracelets of the fame manufafture, and earrings inlaid with ftells. The natives, in general, are a ftout, well-made people, ment. It is lo m'tles S. E. of Haverford- weft, and 237 W. by N. ef London. Loh. 4. 55. W. lat. 51.43. N. Pembrokeshire, a ceunty ef S. Wales, 37 miles in lentgh, 1-8 in breadth. rather above the middling ftature, and oF and furrounded on all fides by the fea, ex- a very deep copper colour. Their hair is cept on the E* where it is bounded by long, and generally formed into one large Carmarthenffiire and Cardiganftire. It loofe curl rourid their heads. The men . contains five market-towns, and 145 pa- are entirely naked; the women wear rifhes, and fends three members to parHa- two little aprons, orie befpre, the othef ment. The principal rivers are the E. ' behind. Both men and women ate ta- and W. Cledheu. A great part of thfe toeed, and their teeth are made black by art. Beth fexes ire very expert at fwim. ming ; and the men are fuch admirable divers, that they will readily fetch up any thing frem the bottom of the fea which attrafts their notice. The conduft of thefe people toward the Englift was uni. formly courteous and attentive, accom panied with a politenefs vvhich Turprifed thofe who were the objefts of it. Such an opinion had the king ef the ifland en tertained of tije Enghft, that en their de. p,arture, he fuffered Jiis fecond fon, Lee Bee, to accompany them to England, ivhere this hopeful yoUth unhappily dieci of the fmallpox in December, 1784. The Eaft-India company erefted a menu- ment over his grave in Rotherhithe churchyard, where he was buried. Thefe jflands are encircled on the 'VVC fide by a reef of cecal. Pelissa, a tovvn in-Lower Hungary, papitalof a county ofthe fame name, near the Danube,; 15 miks N. of Buda. Len. iS. 20. E. lat. 47. 40. N. Peila, an ancient town of Turkey in Europe, in Janna, 50 miles W. of Sale. nichi. Lon. 21. 53. E. lat. 40. 41. N. , Peloso, a town of the kingdom of Naples, 35 miles W. of Bari. Lon. 16. 20. E. lat, 41. 26. N. Pemba, a fmaU province of Africa, in Congo. The capital town is of the fame n.amc. Lon. 18. 25. -E. lat. 7. 30. S. Pembridge, a fmall town pf Here. /ordftire, with a market pn Tuefday; featad on the river Arrow, 12 miles N. W. of Herefprd, and 145 W. N: W. pf Jjpridpp. Lon. 2. 42. W. lat. r,i. 14. N. Pembroke, the capital of Pembroke. Ihire, in S. Wales, with a market op Sa. county is plain, and tolerably fertile, con. fifting of rich meadow and arable land. Tha N. E. part alone is mountaigous ; vvhich, however, ' yieUs good pafture for fteep arid cattle. The ceunty -town is Pembroke. Pen A Garcia, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a caftle. It was taken by PhiHp V. in 1704; but he rerired from it at the approach of the allies. It is fix miles E. of Idanha Velha. Len. 6. 6," W.kt. 39. 40. N. Penalva, a town of Portugal, in' Beira, feated on a hill, with a caftle, eight miles S. of Coimbra. Lon. 8. 17. W, lat. 40. 4. N. Penautier, a town of France, in the department of Aude and late province ef Languedoc, four miles N. of Circaffonne. Lon. 2. 25. E. kt. 43. 18. N. Pendennis, a caftle in Cornwall, ftanding en Falrnouth Bay, ori a hill of the fame name. It was built by Henry VIII. for fhe fecurity ef rhe coaft ; and on the eppofite fide of the bay is another called St. Mawes. It is feattd a little to the S. E. of Falmputh, 282 miles W. by S. of London, Lon. 4. 56. W. kt. 50, 6. N. Penemunder, a fortrefs ef Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, -arid duchv of Pomerania, feated en the ifle of Ufe* dom, at the mouth of the rivers Pcne and Oder, where they fall into the Baltic. It is fubjeft to the kingof Pruifia. Lon; 14. 10. E. kt..54, 16. N. Penguin Island and Bay, on the coaft ef Patagonia, in S. America, are 182 miles N. of Fort St. Julian. Lat. 47, 48. S. Peniche, a ftrong town of Portugal, in Eftramadura, with a gpod harbour arid Lbn. 9, turday. It i§ commodioufly feated on the innermoft creek of Miiford ^laven, ever a citadel, 34 milefe N. ofXifton, " which are tvvo handfoiHe bridges. It is a 5. E. kt. 39. 16. N- well-built place, but in a ftate of decline, Pen-ick, a tovvn of Germany, in the the navigation to it being injured by the circle of Upper Saxony, and in Mifni?, rubbiffi of the Hmeftone quarries^ near it. belonging to the eleftor nf Saxony. It is It is furrounded by a wall, with three feated on the river Multe, eight miles E, gates, and has a ftrong caftle, feated bn of .'Vltenburgh. Lon; ^2. 44V E. kt, 50, a rock; It is a corperatien, has two 59. N, fjiprchcsj ai)4 fejids pne piember fo par-lia- Peniscola, a town of Spaiff; in, Va- f ^ lencia. PEN lencia, feated on a, high point of knd, on the fide of the Mediterranean, 60 miles N. of Valencia. Lon. i. o. E. lat. 40. 29. N, Penkridge, a tovvn of Stafferdftire, with a fmall market on Tuefday. It vvas formerly a large handfomc town, but now greatly reduced, and principally noted for its horfe fairs. It is fix miles S. of Staf. ford, and 129 N. W. ef London. Lon. 2. o. W. lat. 52. 54. N. Penma^nmawr, a once trciheridous precipice pf Carnarvpnftire, in N. Wales, pverhanging the fea ; but- npw fecurely crpffed by a good read. It is four miles S. W. of Aberconway. PennafloIi, a tovvn of Spain, in Afturias, feated pn the river Afta, 14 miks S. W, pf Oviedp, Lpn, 5. 56, W. lar, 43. 15. N. ,^ - . Pennaflor, a tpwnpf Spain, in An. dalufia, 10 miles N. pf Ecjia, pr Exjia; feated near the river XenU. Lpu. 4. 1 2. W. kt. 37. 44. N, , * Pennar, a river which rifes in the kihgdom of Myfore, in the peninfula of Hindooftan, and watering Goety Gandi- cotta, Cuddapah and Vellore, enters the Bay ef Bengal at Gangapatnam, Pennon, a fort of Africa, feated pn-a fmall ifland befpre the harbpur pf Algiers. Pennon de Velez, avery important place of Africa, in Barbary, feated on a rock in the Mediterranean, near the tovvn of Velez. It was built by Don Pedro of Navarre, in 1508, and taken by the Mpprs in 1522,' but retaken hy tbe.,Spa- niards in 1664, in vvhofe hands it con tinues. Itis 75 mfles E. of Ceuta, and has a good harbopr. Len. 4. o. VV. lat. 35' 25- 'N. Pe.n'Ksylvania, one ef the United States of N. America, bounded on the E. by the river Delaware, and partly by the ocean; on the W. by the northern part of Chefapeak Bay, vvhich feparates it from Maryland ; on the N. by feveral Indi.an nations ; and on the S. by Maryland. It is well watered by the Delaware, and pther navigable rivers, on vvhich large fhips come up into the heart of the pro vince. The produce of this country i? corn, cattle, timber, potaftes, vvax, flcins, and furs ; and they carry to the W. India iflands failed beef, pork, horfes, pipe- ftaves, and fift ; taking in return fugar,, rum, and molaffes. P'iiiladelphi-Ji is the capital. '•¦ Penobscot, a bay of N. America, in the province of Main, at the mouth of the riyer Penobfcot. It is long and capia- cioas; and its E. fide is lined vvith a chif- ^r of fmali iflands. P= E N Penrise, a' feapprt of S. "Wales, in- Glamorganftire, with a market en Thurf. day. It is 20 miles. S. E. of Carmarthen, and 219 W. of London. Len. 4. 12. W. kt.51. 37. N. Penrith, a large weH-buIIt town of Cumberland, vvith 9 market on Tuefday, feated under a hill, near the rivers Eymot and Lovvther. It has a fpacious market. place, and a caftle, and feveral remains of antiquity are feen in its neighbourhood. It is 18 miles S. of Carlifle, and 280 ,N. N. VV. of London. Lon, 2. 52. W. kt. 54, 40. N. PenryN, a borough of Cornwall, with three markets, en Wednefday and Friday fer corn, and on Saturday fer provifions,' It is feated on a creek of Falmouth Ha ven, and has a confiderable trade in the pil chard and Newfoundland fifteries. It is 3 nillesN. W.of Falmouth, and-266 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4. 59. W.kt. 50. lo.N, Pensacola, the principal tovvn of W. Florida, in N- America ; feated on 3. bay of the Gulf ef Mexico, which forins a very commodious, harbour, where veffels may ride fecure frpm every wind. Lon. 85. 24. W.lat. 30. 32. N. Pensance, or Penzance, a popu lous town of "Cornwall, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated on a creek of ' Mountftay, and vVas burnt by the Spa niards in 1593; but has been fince re built, and carries on a confiderable traffic ill ftipping. It is one of the tin-coinage towns ; and is governed by a mayor, a' recorder, 14 aldermen, and 24 common council-men. The church is ac about half a mile diftance ; befide which there is a chapel in the town. It is 12 miles E. of Senan, at the Land's End, and 281 W. by S.of London. Len. 5. 3 5. W.lat. 50. i i.N. Pensford, a town in Somerfetftire, vvith a market on Tuefday. It is feattd . on the river Chew, and is noted fnr its hats and bread. It is feven miles W. nf Bath, and 117 VV. by S.of Londeo. Lon. 2. 30. W. kt. 51. 23. N. ''- Penza, a government of the Ruf fian empire, formerly a province of Kafan, Its capital, of the fame name, is feated en the river Sura, where it receives the ri vulet Penza. * Pentland Frith, a ftrait which" divides the Orkney Iflands from Caith.. nefsftire in Scotland. See Orcades, '¦'' Pentla.yd Hills, a ridge cc mountains, in Scotland, in the ceunty of ¦ Edinburgh ; extending about ten' miles frem S. W. te N. E. •* Pe.ntland Skerries, lying at the E. entrance of Pentland Frith, See Or-," cades, LI4 'P-E- PER PER PEcy.riGN's'', a town ef France, -in the department ef the Seipme aud lare province ef Picardy, feated on the river Somme, 15 miies "S. E. of A'''?eviHe. It is remarkable for the inter ,e ¦.- between Lewis XI. of France, and Ed-vard IV. ef England, in 1475, on a br! ^e t-iudt for that purpofe. Lnn. 2. c. "^t. iat. 49. 5"'.N. Pera, a fuburb of - Conftantin'ipie, vyhere the foreign ani":"' ',-idors ufually re- |l.de. It is inhabited by Chriftians of feveiral denominations ; and they fell wine there as publicly as. in any nrh^r part ef Europe, vvhich is net allowed in the city i,tfelf. '¦¦ Perat, St. avillage of France, in the department of Ardeche and Ine pro vince of Dauphiny. It is poted fnr its wiues, and is 21 miles N. W. of Privas. Percaslavv, a tovvn of Ruffia, in the g.oyernment of Kief, 44 miles S. E. of the town of Kiof. Lon. 3 i,. 50. E. kt. 50. G. N. Perche, a late prevince ef France, in Orleanois, 3; miles in length, and 30 in breadth, bounded nn the N. by Normandy, on the S. by Maine, -bn the E. bv Beauce, and en the W. by Maine. It takes its name fiom a foreft, and is pretty fertile. It now forms with part of Normandy, the department ef Orne. Perekop. See Precop. Pereczas, a town of Upper Hun gary, capital of a cnunty of che fame name, 50 miles E. by N. of Tockay. Lon. 2,2. 26. E. kc, 48. 30. N. Pkrga, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Albania, oppofite the ifland pf Corfu. Lon. 20. I .;. E. lat. 30. 40. N. Pe.igamo, an ancient tpwn of Nato lia, vvith a bifliop's lee ; now half ruined, and inhabited by about 3000 Turks, and a few families of poor Chrifti'ans. Here they invented parchment. It is feated on the river Germafti, i 5 miles fi'om its mouth, and 37 N. ef Smyrna. Len.,27. 27. E. kt. 3g. 5. N. ' • Perigord, a late province of France, bounded on the N. by Angoumois, and Marche ; en tlie E. by Qnercy and Li mofin ; nn the S. ,)" Agcnois, and Bazo- dcis ; and on the W.by Bourdelpis, An- gnumiiis, and Saintonge. ,,'11 is about 83 miles in length, and 60 in breadth ; a- boUnding in iron-mines, and the air pure and healthy, It now forms the depart ment cf D.-'i'dognc. Perigufux, an ancient tovvn of France, capital of tl.e department of Dor dogne and kte province of Perigord, vvith a biftop's fee, the r,ujn5, ef the temple of Venus, and an amphitheatre ; feated on the river Ille, 50 miles S. W. of Limoges. Lon. 0.-48. E. lat 45. 1 1. N. Pe'M, a government of Ruffia, for merly a province of Kafan. It is divided into two provinces ; njimely, Perm, the capital of vvhich is of the fame name, feared on the river Kama, vvhere It re-. cdves the Zegochekha ; and Catharinep- biirgh, fhe capital of which, of the fame name, is feated net far froha the fource of the r'ver Iffel. P RNAMBUCO, a province of Br,afi!, in S. America, bounded pn the N. by Ta- ir.ara ; pn the E. by the ocean ; en the S, by Seregippe ; and on the W, by Tapiiy. ers ; being about '2; o miles in length, and I =0 in breadth. ,Thc Durch'became maf ters of it in 1630 ; but the Portugufe re took it. Ir produced a great quantity of fugar and Brafil wood. Prrke, a t, wn of France, in the der partment of the IVouths of the Rhone and late province ef Provence. It is the birth. place of the celebrated crater Flechier, biftop of Nifmes, and is feated a Httle to the W. of Apt. '"' Pekneau, a tovvn of R iiffia, in the government ef Livonia, with a caftle ; feated near the mouth, of a river of tha fame name, 35 miles N. of Riga. Lon. 23. 37.. !p. kt. 58. 26. N. Per NES, a ftropg tovyn pf France, in the department pf tihe Straits ef Calais and late province of Artois, fe-ated on the river Clarence, 17 miles N. W. of Arras,, Lon. 2. 31. F. lat. 5c. 2g. N. Peionne, a ftroqg.town of France, ip the department of Somme and late pro. vince of Picardy. It is caHed the Vitgin, becaufe it has never been taken, though often befieged. The caftle is remarkable for the imprlfonment of Charles III. called the Simple, vvho here miferably ended his days ; and in this caftle the duke of. Burgundy detained Lewis XL three days, till he contented te fign a treaty difadvantagcous to France. Pe. renne is feated on the river Some, 27 miles S. W. of Cambray, and 80 E. by N. of Paris. Lon. 3. 2. "F,. kt. 49. 55. N. Perousa, a town of Piedmont, chief place ofthe valley of the fame name. It is feated pn the rjver Clufon, 16 miles S, W. of ''Turin! ' Lon. 7. 18. E. kt. 44, •59. N. - ' ' Perpign-in, a confiderable tovvn of France, in the department of the Eaftern Pyrenees and late province of Rouffillon, vvith a good. citadel, a univerfity, and a bi. ftop's fee ; feated on the river Tet (over which is a handfome bridge) partly in a plain, and partly on a mil, 100 miles ' ' .S.E. PER PER 5. E. of Bourdeaux. Lpn. 3. o. E. lat. 42. 4'i.N. PER.SEES,. idolaters pf Perfia, npw fcattered into different parts, but chiefly in the E. Indies. They are werftippers of fire, or at leaft they look upon that as an emblem of the Supreme Being. They are otherwife called Guebres. On the conqueft of Perfia by the Mahometans, fhey removed to India. Zoreafter vVas the founder of their feft. They regard it as a great crime to extinguilh fire of any kind. They have lamps in their temples, whieh they affert have burnc for many ages. Persepolis, fuppofed to be anciently t;he capital cicy ef Perfia, properly fo cafled. Ic was taken by Alexander the Gteat, vvho was perfuaded, when jn liquor, by the courtezan Thais, to fet it on fire. It is thought to be the fame as is ppw called Kilmanar, pf which there are magnificent ruins ftill remaining. Spme travellers that have feen them, think they far excel any thing pf this kind in the wprld: There are infcriptions, in cha rafters, and in a language that now can- net hfe read, and which fhow that this place muft be extremely ancient ; almoft all parts'pf the ruins are full pf fculptures, reprefenting men and beafts. It is 50 miles N. E. of Schiras, and 200 S. E. of Ifaphan. Lon. 56. 20. E. kt. 30. 10. N. , Pershore, a tovvn of Worcefterftire, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated on the river Avon, nine miles E. S. E. ef "VVorccfter, and io2'W. N. W. of Lon don. Lon. I. 44. W. lat. 52. 4. N. Persia, a krge kingdom of Afia, con fifting of feveral provinces, which, at dif- ferent times, have had their particular kings. It is bounded on the N. by Georgia, the Cafpian Sea, and Ufliec Tartary ; on the W. by Turkey apd Arabia ; on the S. by the Gulfs of Perfia and Ormus, and the Arabian Sea ; and on the E. by Hindooftan Proper. It is about L225 miles in length from E. to W. and goo in breadth from N. re S. The chief rivers are the Tygris and Amuc. In the ]^. and E. parts it is meuniainous and cold ; in the middle and S. E. parts fandy and defart ; in the S. and W. level and extremely fertile, though fer feveral months very hot. The foil produces all forts of pulfe and corn, except oats and rye. They have cotton in, great abun dance, and, among other domeftic animals, cajnels. buffaloes, and horfes. In feveral places naptha, a fort of bitumen, rifes out qf the ground, and they have mines of geld, filver, iron, Turkey-ftones, and fait; but the firft two of thefe are not worked, en accpunt df the fcarcity pf WPpd. They have a great deal pf cotton cloth, feme pearls. 'and a large quantity of filk, befida - manufaftures'ef filk, and very fine carpets. They have alfe all forts ef fruits, excellent wine, and a great number ef mulberry. trees, with the leaves of which they feed the filkworms ; likewife dates, piftachio- nuts, and trees which produce manna. They have large flocks of fteep and goats ; and the tails of rhe fprmer ate of a mon- . ftreus fize. They are generallv Maho metans, of the feft of Ali. Ifpahan is the capitaL Persian Gulf, a large gulf of Afia, betweeii Perfia and Arabia Felix. Tha entrance near Ormus is net above 30 miles Qver, but within it is 180 in breadth, and the length near Ormiis fo the mouth of the Euphrates 420 miles. Pertii, a town of Scotland,' capital of a county of the fame name.. It is a hand- feme pkce, agreeably fe.ated on the river Tay, over vvhich is an elegarir- ftone bridge of nine arches. It has two churches, one of which belonged formerly te a fine abbey. Perth, in former times, has been the refidence of the fovereigns of Scotland, and the feat of the parliament and of the fupreme courts ef juftice. Tho tide comes up as far as this pkce, and the river is navigable for fmall veffels, for vvhich reafon it is a flourifting town. Here is a great linen and cotton manufaftory. Perth is 30 miles N. of Edinburgh. Lea, 3. 27. W. kt. 5^. 22. N. '¦' Perthshire, a county ef Scotland, bounded on the N. by the- ffiires of In vernefs and Aberdeen ; on the E. by. Angusfliire, and the Frith ef Tay ; en the S. by the counties of Fife, Kinrofs, Clackmannan, and Stirling ; and on the W. by Argyleftire. It extends about 60 miles frem E. to W. and nearly the fame from N- to S. The northern diftrift, called Athol, is uncommonly wild anij pipuntainpus. Perth Amboy, a feaport in the ftate of New Jerfey, in N. America, feated oh a neck ef land, included between the river Raritan and Arthur KuH Sound. It Hes open to Sandy Hook, has ene ef the beffi harbours en the continent, and is 25 miles S. W. of New York. Lon. 75. o. W. lat. 40.. 35. N, Rertui'!. a town of France, jn the- de partment of the Mouths of the Rhone and kte prq/ince of Provence, lo miles N. ef Aix, aid 27 N, ef MarfeiHes. Lon. 5. 36. E. kt. 43. 44. N. Peru, a lat-ge country of S. America, bounded pn the N. by Popayan, on the W, by the South Sea, on the S. by Chili,' and PER PER and on the E. by a ridge of prodigious mountains, called the Ancles ; hdng about 1500 miles in length frpm N. to S.and 125 in breadth from E. to W. between the Andes and the S. Sea ; but in other places it is much broader. It never rains in this country, and they hardly knew what lightning and thunder are, unlefs tpward the top of the above mountains ; for when the mathematicians from France were there, to meafure a degree of lati tude, while they were making their obC;r- vations, they not only faw it lighten, but heard the thunder below them, for they -were above the clouds. AH the tops of thefe mountains are covered with fnow to a very greaf height, and there are feve ral volcanoes, which burn continually : . fometimes fuch torrents of water will fall down from thence, as overflow the whole country for a certain fpace. The beft houfes in this country are made of a fort of reeds like bamboo-canes, and covered with thatch, or palm-leaves. However, they have a kind cf galleries or balconies, . but there is ne walking along the floors without making the whole ftrufture groan. There are krge forefts on the fides of the mountains, vvhich advance near the fea ; but none of their trees are like., thofe in Europe. The birds are much fuperior to thefe of Europe for the beauty of their plumage ; but their notes are very difagreeable. There are few birds near the fea, and the monkies alfo get at a diftance from it. The bird called the toucan, which is remarkable for hav ing a bill as krge as its body, is caUed the preacher by the Spaniards, though it is as mute as a fifli. It has been generally faid there are lions here, but that vvhich tiiey caH'fo is more like a wolf than a lion, and he never attacks mankind. The tigers are as large and as fierce as thofe of Africa, though net of the f"ame colour ; however, it is happy for the inhabitants that there are but very few ef them. Serpents are very common, and feveral forrs of them dangerous ; particularly the rattlefnake, vvhich does not get away fro-n men like the reft. There are feve ral infefts like thefe in Europe, but they are vaftly larger. The earthworms are arc as'Tong as a man's 'arm, and as thick as his thumb ; theK: are alfo fpiders co vered vvith hair, and as large as a pigeon's egg. The bats are ef a monftrous fize, and will fuck the blood of horfes, mules, and even of men who fleep in the fields ; and they have entirely deftroyed the great cattle which the miffionaries had intro duced into a country N. ef Peru, The famous bird called a contor^ or condor, is perhaps the largeft in the world, for it makes nothing of carrying off a ^hele buck. The animal called the guanaco is pccuHar to S. America, for none have ever been found in N. America, nor any other country. It is commonly called a camel-fheep, and has fomething of the ftape of a camel, without any bunch ott its back. There are tvvo forts of them, one covered with a very fine reddift wool or hair, vvhich is a valuable commodity. They are but fmall in comparifon of a camel, and were ufed to carry burdens of about 50 pounds weight, before horfes- wcre introduced, Peru is inhabited by the Spaniards, who conquered it, and by rhe native AmericanSj The latter, who live among the forefts, form, as it were, fo many fmall repubhcs, which are di refted by a Spaniffi prieft, and by their goverrior, affifted by the erigirial natives, who ferve as officers. They have no diftruft, fer they leave the doors ef their huts always open, thpugh they have cotton, caHibaftes, and a fort of aloes, of vvhich they make thread, and feveral other fmall matters which they trade vvith, and vvhich might be eafily ftolen. Theygo naked, and paint their bodies with a red drug, called rocu. The famfe man is of all trades, for he builds his own hut, con- ftrutts his own canoe, and weaves his own doth ; but if a large houfe is to be built for common ufe, every one lends a helping hand. Their fkins are of a red copper colour ; and they have no beards nor hair on any part of their bodies ex cept their heads, vvhere it is black, long,- and coarfe. Thefe that are net much ex pofed to the weather, are ef a lighter colour than the reft. . The natives who live at Quito feem to be of a different temj-ier ; tor they arc extremely idle, and fo ftupid, that they will fit vvhole days to gether upon their heels, without ftirring or fpeaking. Their garment is a fort, cif a fack, with holes te put their arms through ; and tliis is given them by their mafters as part ef their wage's. From a-- mixture of the native Americans apd the Spaniards arifes a third kind, called Meftics," who are illegitimate ; however, they have all the privileges of a Spaniard, and are the ' perfons vvho carry en all trades ; for the Spaniards think it be neath them tb middle with any thing ef this fort : thefe behave in a more tyran nical manner ever the real Americans, than even the Spaniards themfelves, info-, much that the governor is obliged to re- prefs their infolence. It was faid above that it never rains, but this muft be un derftood of the fouth parts ; for in the north, where PES P E T where the mountains afe not fo high, it often rains exceffively ; infomuch that thofe who go thither in fearch of geld, are often carried. off by the tinwhelefome- nefs of the climate, Thofe that travel over the Andes, vvhere they are paffa ble, find it fo cold that they are pften fro- ¦zen- to death. They haye a grea't num ber of fruits, plants, and trees, not known in Europe; but Tome ef their medical tirugs are brought over, which are of ex cellent ufe ; particukriy the Jefuits bark and Peruvian balfam. The Spaniards have introduced many herbs, plants, and trees from Europe, which thrive here very well, and the fruits they produce are de licious. This country is divided into three great audiences, which are, Quito, De-les. Reyes, and De-los-Charcar, Pe ru has been long celebrated for its mines of gold and filver, vvhidi h'avc'poured fuch treafures into Europe. Its capital is Li. ma, Perugia, a tovvn of Italy, in the pope's territories, and capital of Pcrugine, It is an ancient, handfome, and populous city with a ftrong citadel, a univerfity, and a bifliop's fee. The churches, ahd many ether buildings, pubhc and private, are very handfome. It is feated on a hill, 7 5 miles N. ef Rome. Lon. 12. 3 p. E. kt. 43. 6. N. Perugia, a lake of Italy, eight miles from the city of that name, in the pro vince ef Perugino. It is almoft round, be ing about five miles in diameter, and in it are three iflands, Perugino, a province of Italy, in the tcritrnry of the Church, bounded, on the W, by Tufcany, un the 8. by Orvietano, on the W. by the duchies of Spoleto and Urbino, and en the N. by the county ef Citta Caftelana. It is about 25 miles in length, and near as much in breadth. The air is very pure, and the foil fertile in corn and good wine. The capital is Perugia. PiSRURO, a tovvn of Italy, in the ter ritory of the pope, and duchy ef Urbind, with a biftop's fee. It is a large place, 'whofe ftreets are paved with bricks. -The caftle is well fortified, the harbour excel lent, and the cathedral magnificent. The environs are remarkable for producing good figs, of which they fend krge quan tities to "Venice. It is feated on an eiiii- ricnce at the mouth ef the river Foglia, on the Guif of Venice, 17 miles N. E. of Urbino, and 130 N. E. of Rome. Lon. jj. o. E. lat. 43. 52. N. Pescara, a ftrong to-^fn in the king-- idpm pf Naples, feated at rhe mouth of a pVer of the fjaiae name, which falls into the Giilf of Venice, eight miles from Cit- ta-di-Penna, and 100 N. E. of Naples, Lon. 1 5. 2. E. lat. 42. 27. N. Peschiera, a fmaH tovvn ef Italy, in the Veronefe, with a caftle, and a ftrong fort ;, feated on the river Mincio, or Men- zo, which proceeds froni tlie lake Garda, 16 miles VV.' of Verona. Len. 11. 4. E. lat. 45. 26. N. Pesenas, an ancient town of France, in the department of Herault and late province of Languedoc, delightfully feated on the river Pein, 12 miles N. E. of Be. ziers. Lon. 3. 34. E. laN 43. 28. N. Pest, a tovvn of Upper Hungar-5', ca. pital of a county of the fame name, feated' on the Danube, in a fine plain, over-againft Buda, 85 miles S. E. of PKcfturg. Lon. 18, 25. E. Iat. 47. 24. N. Petaw, an ancient and handfome town of Germanv, in'ihe circle of Auftria, and in Stiria. It is feated oh the river Dravc, jog miles S. of Vienna. Lon. 15. 36. E. lat. 46. 40. N. Petche-li, a province ef China, the chief in the whole empire ; bounded on the E. by the fea ; on the N. by the great wall ; on the VV. by Chan-fi ; and on the S. by Chang-tcng and Honan. . It con. tains Pekin, the prindpal city in the em pire, on vvhich 140 towns depend, bef^le a vaft number of villages. The air is temperate, unlets "when ihe wind blows from the N. and there is a rainy feafon ia- the latter end ef July, and the bcginnirig of Auguft ; but it feldom rains any other time. The foil is fertile, and produces all forts of corn ; and there is plenty of cattle, pulfe, and fruits. They have alfo mines of coal, vvhich is their cnjy fuel. There is a great variety of animals, of which a fort of cat is moft remarkable, it having long hair about its neck -and head. All the riches ef China art' brought into this province, particularly to Pekin. Peter and Paul, St. a town and port of Kamtfchatka, in the "Ruffian go. vernment of Irkutzk. The town confifts of fome miferable loghoufes and a I'evv co. nical huts. Captain Clerke, who fucceed. ed captain Cook, and died at fea, was in. terred liere. Lon. 158. 43. E. Iat. 53. u. N. Peterborough, a city of Ner. thamptonftire, vviih a bilhop's fee, and a market on Saturday. It is feated on the river Nen, over- vvhich is a briuae that leads inte Huntingdonftire, in marfty ground. It is not a krge place, fer it has but one- parifh-church befide the cathe. dral; but the market-place is fpacious, and the ftreets regular. It-hasatrade in corn, coal, and timber, and fcndi two mem. PET PET members to parliament. The cathedral was formerly a monaftery, is a majeftic ftrufture, full of curious work, and has a large choir. It is 30 miles S. of Bofton, and 81 N. ef London. Lon. o. 10. W, lat. 52. 3P. N. * Peterhead, a handTpme tPwn pf Aberdeenfliire in Scotland, fituated near the mouth ef the river Ugic. It has an excellent harbour, defended by anew pier. A confiderable trade is carried on, bofh in the fiftery, and to the Baltic for the produftions ef the North. Here is alfo a manufafture of fewing thread. The mi- petal fpring here, of a powerful diuretic quality, and the fea bathing, bring a great refort ef company, fer whofe accommoda tion there is a ball-room and many elegant houfes. It lies a little to -the N. ef Buch- annefs,the moft eaftern promontory of Scotknd. * Petersburgh, a town of N. Ame. rica, in the ftate of Virginia, feated en an unhealthy fpot, on the S. fide ofthe river Appamatox. It is a corporation, is in cluded within a part ef three counties, and is 15 miles S. of Richmond. Petersburgh, or Saint Peters- BURGH, the metropoHs of the empire of, Ruffia, in the government of the fame pame, is feated on the river Neva, near the Gulf Finland, and is built partly upon fome iflands in the mPuth pf that river, and partly upon the continent. So kte as the beginning of this century the ground on which Peterfturgh now ftands vvas only a vaft morafs, nccupied by a few fiftermens huts. Peter the Great firft began this city by the ereftirm of a citadol with fix baf- riens, in the year 1703. He built alfo a fmall hut for himfelf, arid fome wretched woqden' hovels. In 1710, count Golov- kin built the firft houfe ef brick ; and the next year, the emperor, with his own hand, laid the foundation of a houfe of the fame materials. From thefe fmal' begin- rings rofe the imperial city^bf St. Peterf. burgh ; and, in lefs than nine years after the wooden hovels were,^ erefted, the feat pf empire was transferr.{;ii from Mofcow to this place. The ftreets, in general;,are' broad and fpacious ; 'and three of the prin cipal ones, vvhich meet in a point at the Admiralty, are at leaft two miles in length. Moft of 'them arc paved, but a fcv-v- are ftill fu.ffered te remain floored with planks ; -and, in feveral parts of fhis metropolis, wooden houfes, fcarcely fuperior to com- mon cgrrages, -are blended vvith the pub hc buildings. The brick houfes are orna mented with a white ftucco, which has led i'cveral travcHers to fay, that they are built ef ftone. The manfions pf the nobility are vaft piles of buUding ; furnifted with great coft, in the fame elegant ftyle as at Paris pr Lpndpn ; and fituated chiefly oa the S. fide pf Neva, either in the Admiral- ty quarter, pr in the fuburbs of Livonia and Mpfcpw, which are the fineft parts of the city. The views uppn the banks pf the Neva exhibit the grandeft and moft lively fcenes imaginaole. That river is in many places as broad as the Thames at London : it is alfo deep, rapid, and as tranfparent as cryftal ; and its banks are lined on each fide vvith a continued range of handfpme buildings. On the N. the fortrefs, the academy of fciences, and the academy of arts, are the moft ftriking ob jefts. On the oppofite fide are the impe rial palace, the admiralty, the manfions ef many Ruffian nobles, and the Englilh line, fo called becaufe (a few houfes excepted) the whele row is occupied by the Englift merchants. In the front of thefe build- ings, on the S. fide, is the quay, which ftretches for three miles, except where it is interrupted by the admiralty ; and tlje Neva, during the vvhole of that fpace,^ has been embanked, at the expence ofthe pre fent emprefs, by a wall, parapet, and pave ment of hewn granite; Peterfturgh, al. though it is mere compaft, than the other Ruffian cities, and has the houfes in many ftreets contiguous to each other, yet ftill bears a refemblance to the towns of this country, and is built in a very ftraggling manner. It has been lately inclofed with in a tampart, the circumference ef which is 14 miles. The inhabitants ef this city are computed to be 130,000. From lis low and marfliy fituation, it is fubjeft to inundations, which have occafionally rifen fe high, as te threaten the town with a total fubmerfiori. The eppofite diVifioris of Peterfturgh, fituated on each fide of the Neva, are connefted by a bridge on pen. toons, whieh, en account ofthe large maf. fes of ice driven down the ftream from the Lake Ladoga, is ufually removed when they firft make their appearance ; and, fer a few days, till the river is frozen hard enough to bear carriages, there is no cem- ' munication between rhe oppofite parts of the town. Among the nobleft ornaments of Peterfturgh is an equeftrian ftatue of Peter the Great, in bronze, of a celoffal fize ; the pedeftal ef which is a huge rock. By this means, the great legiflater and ci- vilizer of his country is reprefented in the attitude ef afcending a precipice, the fum mit of which he has nearly attained. It was erefted en the pedeftal, by the em. prefs, in 17S2. Within the walls ef the fortrefs is the cathedral of St. Peter and ,St. Paul, in vvhich are depofited, the re. PET P H A mains pf Peter the Great, and pf all the fucceffive fpyerergns, excepting thpfe pf Peter II, buried at Mofcpw, and pf the unfortunate Peter III, interred in the convent of Alexander Nevflci, Peterf. burgh is 355 miles N, W. of Mofcpw, 750 N, E, pf Vienna, 525 Ni E. of Co. penhagen, aud 300 N. E. ef Stockhplm. LOn. 30. 2 5. E. lat; 59. 56. N. Petersfield, a handfome borough of Hampffiire, with a market on Saturday, feated on the river Loddon; 18 miles N, fi, of Portfmouth, and 53 S, W, of Lon. don, Lon. o. 58. W, lat, 51. 2, N, Petershagen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and princi. pality of Minden, feated on the river Wefer, three miles frotti Minden, and 37 W. of Hanover. It belongs to the king •f Pruflia. Lon. 9. 6. E. Iat, 52, 25. N, , '* Petersham, a village in Surry, fi. tuated on the Thames, en the S. fide of Richmond Hill. The church was a cha. pel of eafe to Kingfton, but, in 1769, was formed into pne vicarage with-Kew., It is near 10 niites W. S. W. ol Londpn. Petei^waradin, a fprtified townof ¦Sclavonia, ene ef the ftrongeft frontier , places the houfe of Auftria has againft the Turks ; feated on the river Danube, be. tween the Save and Drave, 35 miles N. W. of Belgrade. Len. 20. 30. E. lat. 45. 26. N. Pethf.rton, a town in Somerfetffiire, vvith a market on Tuefday. It is feated on the river Parret, 18 miles S. by W. of Wells, and 133 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2. 41. E-. lat; 50. 56. N. PETlGLiANO,a town of Italy, in Tuf cany, and in- the Siennefe ; eight miles' W. of Caftro, and 45 S. E. of Sienna. Lon. 1 1. 42. E. kt. 42. 23. N. Petiguavas, a feaport of the W. Indies in the ifland ef St. Domingo, feat- edon a bay at the W. end ef the ifland, and- fubjeft to France. It is 200 mfles E. of Jamaica. ' Lon. 72, 25. W. kt. iS, 27. N. • Petrikow, a town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Siradia, 80 miks S, W. of Warfaw, Lon, 19, 46. E. lat. 51. 12. N. Petrina, a fmall but ftrong town of Croatia, feated on the river Petrina, and fubjeft to the houfe of Auftria. It is 27 miks E. ef Carloftadt. Lpn. 16. o. E, kt. 46. c. N. ,Pettaw, atpwnpf Germany, in the circle of Auftria, and duchy of Stiria. It is an -ancient place belonging to the biftop of Saltzburg,- and feated ca the river .Drave, 28 miles S-. of Glatz. Lon, 15, ' 33, E, kt.,4'6, 4«."N; Pettapolly, a feaport pf the penin. fula pf Hindopftan, on the coaft of Coro mandel, where the Dutch have a faftory. Lon. 8p. 46. E. lat. 15. 49. N. '* PettyCur, a harbpur pf Scptland, in Fifeftire, abput a mile diftant front Kinghprn, at the entrance pf the Frith of Forth. It ^ the ufual landing pkce of the paffengers frem Leith, on the eppofite ftore. A bafin has lately been conftruft ed here, imder the direftion of captain. Rudyerd, a royal engineer. Petworth, a iinaU town in Suffex, with a market on Saturday. If is plea fantly feated near the river Arun ; 12 miles N. E. of Chichefter, and 49 S. W. of London. Lon, o. 34. W. kt. 50. 3,8. N. - Ppafenhoffen, a handfome town ef Germany, in Upper Bavaria, vvith a Benediftine monaftery at a fmaH diftance. It is feated on the river Ilm, 19 mfles N. W, of Ratifton, Lon. 12. 3, E. lat. 49. 27- N., Pfirt, or ForetTE, a town of Ger many, in the department of Upper Rhine and lace prpvince of Alface, 10 miles W. of Bafil. Lon. 7. .20. E. kt. 47. 37. N. PfOrtsheim, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Suabia, and marquifate of Baden-Dourlach, vvith a handfome caftle. It is feated on the river Entz, 15 miles S. E. of Dourlach. Lon. 9, 46, E, Iat, 48. 57- N. Pfreimb, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Bavaria, in the Palatinate, with a handfome caftle. It is feated at the con fluence of the Pfreinr and Nab, 10 miles N. E. of Amberg. Lon. 12. 21. E. kt. 49. 21. N. PfullendoRf, an imperial town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, feated on the river Andalfpach, 37 miles S. W. of Ulm. Lon. 9. 27. W. lat. 48. 8. N. ' '•¦" PHANAcioaiA, a fmall and beautiful ifland of Afia, on the E. fide of the Strait of Caffa, between the Bkck Sea and the Sea Pf Afoph. Pharos, a fmall ifland in the Medi terranean Sea, eppofite Aleitaftdrk, ia Egypt, the fpace between vvhich and fhe continent forms a fpacious harbour. It has a comthunication with the continent by a ftone caufeway and bridge. It for merly had an exceedingly high tower upon it, called the Pliaros, whep'Ce the^ ifland tqek' its name. On the tqp of it were lights for the direftiori of ftips. Lon. 31. II. E. kt. 30. 24. N. Pharza, iriciently Pharsalfa, s town ef Turkey in Europe, in Janna, the ancient Theffaly : famous fof the ckcifive battle fought in, its pkists',' between Juliar Cifar P H I P H I Caifar and Pompey. Hence Lucan's Poem on the civil wars between thefe two great rivals vvas called. Pharfalia. This town is feated en the river Enipeus, is an archiepifcopal fee, and is lo mfles S. of Lc-riffa. , Phasis, a krge river of Afia, vvhich croffes Mingrelia, and falls Into the Bkck Sea. Pheasants Isle. See Faisants. Phenicia, a country pf Turkey in Eurppe, extending from Arabia Dei'erta to the Mediterranean ; bounded on_ the N. by Syria Proper, and en the S. by taleftine. The principal towns are Tri poly, Damafcus, and Bal'oec. It is but a fmall territorj', but has been greatly cele brated for being the inventor of letters and navigation, and was the firft vvhich we have any account of, that traded vvith England for tin. It frequently fent co lonies 'to different parts ef Europe and Africa, where they founded confiderable towns. Pkiladelphia, an ancient town of Afia, in NatoHa; feated at the foot ef the mountain Tmolus, whence there is a fine view over an extenfive plain. The Greeks retain its ancient name, but the Turks call it Allahijar. It contains about i looo inhabitants, among whom are about 2000 Chriftians, who have four churches, and a Greek -archbiftop. It is 40 miles E. S. E. of Smyrna.. Lon. 28. 15. E.lat. 38. 28. N. Philadelphia, the capital ef Penn. fylvanra, and, at prefent, ef aH the United States of N. America. It is fituated in an extenfive plain, on the W. bank ef the ri. ver Delaware. The length ef the city from E. to W. that is, from the Delaware to the SchuylkiH, upon the original plan ef Mr. Penn, is 10,300 feet, and the breadth, N, and S. is 4837 feet. Net two fifthsef the plot covered by the city charter is yet built. The inhabitants, however, have not confined themfelves vvithin the origi nal Hmits of the city, but have built N. and S. along the Delaware, two miks in Iqngth. The circumference of that part of the city vvhich is built, if we include Kenfington on the N. 'and Southwark en the 3. is about five miles. Market .Street is 100 feet wide, and runs the vvhole length of the city from riyer to river. l'!"car,the middle ef it, it is interfefted at ria;ht angfes by Broad Street, 113 feet wide, running nearly N. and S. quite acrofs the city. Between the Delaware and Bretid Street are the ftreets, nearly cquidiftant, running parafld with Broad Street ; and between Broad Street and the Schuylkill acs nine ftree'ts, cquidiftant from each other. Parallel to Market Street arc eight Other ftreets, running E. and W. frem river to river, and inter. fefting the crofs ftreets at right angles. All thefe ftreets are 50 feet vv'ide, except Arch Street, whicli i? 65 feet wide, and all the ftreets which run N. and S. except Broad Street, are alfo 50 feet wide. There were four fquares of eight acres each, one at each cprner pf the city, pri. ginally referved fpr public ufes ; and in the centre pf the dty, af the intcrfeftion pf Market Street and Broad Street, is a fquare qf ten acres, referved in like man. ner, to be "planted with rows of trees for public walks. Philadelphia was founded in 1682, by the celebrated William Pcnri, who, in 1701, granted a charter, incorpo. rating the tovvn under the government of a mayor, recorder, eight aldermen, \i2 common ceuncil.men, a ffieriff, and clerk. Philadelphia, in 1749, njirabered 2076 houfes, and 1160P inhabitants; It npw cpntains abput 5000 hPufes, in general handfomely built of brick, and 40,000 in. habitants, compofed ef almoft afl nations and religions. Here are 24 places of pub lic worftip for Chriftians of various denp- minatibns ; one of which is for the Free Quakers, fp called, becaufe they tcpk up arms in defence pf their cpuntry, in the late war, contrary to the eftabliffied prin- ciples pf the friends. Here alfo is a fy. nagogue for the Jews. The ftatehoufc is a magnificent building erefted in 1735. In 1787, an elegant courthoufe was built on the kft of the ftateheufe ; and on the tight a philofephical hall. S. of the ftate. houfe is the public gaol built of ftone, and ene of the moft elegant and fecure ftruc tures of the kind in America. Here llke- vvlfe, is a public obfervatory, and feveral ether public buildings. A univerfity was founded here during the war : its funds vvere partly given by the ftate, and partly taken frem the eld college. Philadelphia is 97 miles S. W. of New York, 356 S, W, of Bofton, and 118 N. of fhe entrance of the Delaware, inte the Atlantic Oce&n, Len. 75. 8. "VV. kt. 39. 57. N. Philipville, a fmall but handfome and ftrong tovvn of France, in the depart.. ment of the Nbrth and late province of Hainault, feated on an eminence,'2 5 miles Si E. of Mons, and 125 N. hy E, of Pa- ris. Len. 4. 24. E. kt. 50. 7. N. PiiiLiPPi, an ancient town of Mace. , donia, feated on the confines of Romania, IQ miles frem the Gulf of Contefia,- and 6,7 E. of Salonichi. If vvas eplarged by Philip, father of A,lcxander the Great, vvho gave it his own name. It vyas near this place, commonly ¦ malted the plains 06 ¦ph'' •" PHI P LC Philippi, vvhere Caffius and Brutus, two of the afl'alfinators ef Caifar, vvere defeated by M-irk Antony and Ayguftus, It is an archbiftop's fee, but greatly decayed, and badly peopled. An amphitheatre, and feveral other monuments of its ancient grandeur remain, Lon. 24. 25. E. kt. 41. o.N. -Philippine Islands, iflands of .-^fia, in the E. Indian Ocean. They were dif". covered by Magellan in 1519. The air is very hot and moift, and the foil fertile in rice, and mSny other ufeful vegetables and fruits. The trees are always green, and there are ripe fruits all tlie year. There are a great many wild bSafts and birds, quire uiiknowri iri Europe. The inhabitants are not all ef -one original. The principal of thefe iflands are Manilla, or Luconia ; Mindanao ; Samar, or Tan - dago, fometimes called Philippina ; Maf- bate ; Mindoro; Luban; Paragoia, or Paragoa ; Panay ; Lcyta ; Bohol ; Sibu, Clbau, er Zebu ; Negro's Ifland ; Sc. John's arid Xolo. They are chiefly fub jeft te the Spaniards. Loii. from 1 13. 13. to 120. 50. E.lat. frem 6. 30. to 18. 15. ,N. Philippines, New, otherwife called Pataos, iflands In the E. Indian Sea, between the Moluccas, the Old Philip pines, and the Ladrones. There are about 87 in -ah, betvveen the equinoftial line and the tropic of Cancer; but they are but little knovvH to the Europeans. - Philippoli, b confiderable town of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, vvith an archbifhop's fee. It is chiefly inhibited by Greeks, and is.feated on the river Ma. riza, 82 miles N. W. ef Adrianople, and 188 N. W.of Conftantinople. Lon. 24. 50. E. lat. 42. 15. N. Philips-Norton, a town ef Semer- fetlhire, vvith a market on Thurfday. It is, feven miles S. of Bath, and 104 W. of London. Len. 2, 16, W, kt. 52, 16. N. , Philips, St. a townof N., Amcrka, in New Spain, in a country where they breed great numbers of cattle. ' Philipsburg,. an imperial town of Germany, in the circle of "the Upper Rhine, It if very ftrong, and looked - upon as one of the bulwarks ef the em- pire. It is feated in a morafs. The town belongs to the biffiop of Spire, but the fortifications to the empire. It has been feveral times taken and retaken, par. ticularly .by the French in 1734, when the duke of Berwick vvas killed at- the fiqge ; but it was reftored the year follo^ving, by the, treaty ef Vienna, It is feated on the Rhine, feven miles S, of Spire, and 40 N. E, of Strafturg. Lon. 8. 33, E. kt. 49» 12. N. Philipstadt, a town of Sweden, in the prevince of Wermeland, feated in the midft of a hillv and rocky countrv, abound ing in iron mmes, between twp lakes, and watered by a rivulet. It vvas built by Charles IDL and called -after his fon Phi lip. In 1775, itwas totally deftroyed hy fire, but has been fince rebuilt. It is 20 miles N. E. of Carlcftadt,-and 140 N. W. pf Stpckholm. Lpn. 14. ,10. E. Iat. ^g. 3P. N. * Phillip Islands, two iflands in the S. Pacific Ocean, difcovered by cap tain Hunter in lygi, and named by him after the governor of New S. Wales. Tl)ey are about five miles afunder; but almoft joined together by a long iandy fpit, above vvater, which reaches, for about two thirds of the diftance from the eaft ernmeft, er largeft ifland, to the moft wefterly, vvhich is the fmalleft. They are covered vvith ftrubs, have few tall trees on them, and the land is low. Lon. of the eaftern ifland is 140. 3. E. kt. 8. 6. N. Pianeza, a town and caftle of Pied mont, feated on the river Dora, eight miles from Turin. Pianoza, an ifland of Italy, in the Tufcan Sea, fix miles S. of that of Elba, belonging to Tufcany. It is kvcT and low, as the name imports. Lon. 10. 34. E. lat. 42. 46. N. Piava, a river of Italy, in the territp ry of \'"cnice, which rifes in the mountains of Tirol, and falls into the Gulf of Ve nice by tvvo mouths, a little to the N, of Venice. Picara, a krge province ef .S. .Ame rica, in fhe kingdom ef New Granada; bounded on the E. by the mountains called the Andes. Picardy, a kte province of France, bounded en the N. by Hainault, Artois, and the Straits of Dover ; on the E. by Champagne ; on the S. by the Ifle of France ; and 011 the W. by Normandy and the Englift Channel. It forms the department of Somme; of. which Amiens is the capital. • Picigithone, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, vvith a ftrong caftle, in which Francis I. king of France, was im. prifbned. It was taken by the French in 1-733, hue they reftored it. It is feated on the river Serio, 10 miles N. ,W. of Cre. mnna, and 36 S. E. ef Milan, Lon, 10. 4, E. lat. 45. 16. N. PickIering, a tovvn in the N. riding of Yorkfliire, with a market on Mcndav. It is feated on, a fmall brook, and is'^'a. " ^r«cy P I G P I N pretty goed town, belonging td the duchy pf Lancafter. It has an pld caftle, in the ruins pf which they keep their cpiircs fpr the hearing pf all caufes under 4P ftil- lings, in the diftrift caUcd the Honour or Liberty pf Pickering. It is 26 miles N. E. pf York, and 223 N. by W. of Lon don. Lon. o. 38. "VV. lat. 54. 15. N. Pico, the largeft and molt populous of the Azores, er Weftern Iflands, lying in W.lon. 2§. 21. and N. kt. 38. 2g. It produces a great deal ef wine, and that only. PiCTS Wall, a famous barrier againft the Pifts, of which fome fmall reinains are yet left. It began at the entrince of Solway Frith, in Cumberland, and running by Carlifle, vvas continued from W. to E. acrofs the N. end of the kingdom, as far as Newcaftle, arid ended at Tinmouth. There are many Roman coins and anti. quities found near it. Piedmont, a principality of Italy, bounded en the N. by Vallais ; en the E. hy the duchies of Mflan and Montferrat ; on the S. by the county of Nice, and the territory of Genoa ; and oo the W. by France, and Savoy. It was formerly a part of Lombardy, ' but now belongs to the kisg of Sardinia, and lies at the foot qf the' Alps. It is 175 miles In length, and 40 in breadth. It contains many high mountains, among vvhich are rich and fruitful vallies, as pleafant and populous as any part of Italy. In the mountains are mines of feveral" kinds, and the forefts afford a great deal of game. They carry on a great itrade in raw filk ; and the country prpduces alfo corn, rice, wine, fruits, hemp, flax, and cattle. Turin is the capifal of this country, and of all the dominions of the king ef Sardinia. PlENZA, a populous town of Italy, in Tufcany, and in the Siennefe, with a hi- ffiop's fee. It is 25 miles S. E. of Si enna, and 56 S. ef Florence. Lon. 11, 42. E. kt. 43. o. N. Pierre le Moutier, St. a tovvn of 'France in the department of Nievre and fete province of Nivernois. It is feated in a bottom, furrounded by mountains, and near a lake, which renders the air unwhole- fome, 15 miles N. W. of MouHns, and 350 S. of Paris. Lon. 3. 13. E. lat. 46. 48. N. PlERRfi, St. a fmaU defert ifland near the coaft. of Newfoundland, ceded to the FrehCh by the peace of 1763, for drying and curing their fift. They wCre dif poffeffed of it by the Englift in 1753, .Loh," 56, o. "W^, lat. 46. 3.9. N, * Pigeon Island, a fmall ifland, about eight miks irm^ tins' coaft qf Ma- labar, in the peninfula of Hindooftari, ani 15 frem the tovvn of Onore. Lon. 74. 6. E. lat. 14. I. N, * PiETRO, St., an ifland in the Medi terranean, near Sardinia, taken from his Sardinian majefty by the French in 1793, but retaken foon after, Pignerol, a townof Piedmont, at the entrance of the vaHey ef Perufa. It was in poffeffion of the French, who had for^^ tified it, particularly with a caftle built upon a rock ; but being reftored to tht duke of Savoy, in i6g6, the French de- mollfted the fortifications. It is feated on the river Chiufpn, 1 5 miles S. W. pf Tu rin. Lpn. 7. 30. E. Iat. 45. o. N. PiG.VEY, a town pf France, in the de-i partment pf Aube and Iat€ province pf Champagne, 12 miles N, fi. pf Troyes. Lpu. 4. 25. E. lat. 48. 20. N. Pillau, a feaport ef Pruffia, 20 miles W. of Koningfterg ; vvliich fee. Pilsen, a handfiihie and ftrong tovvn of Bohemia, capital of a circle of thi fame name. It has often been taken and retakeri in the wars of 'Bohenaia, and is ffeated near the confluence of the rivers Mifa and Watte, 47 miles 'VV, by S. of Prague, Lon. 13. 55. E. lat. 49. 46. N, PiLSNA, PiLSNO, or PiLZOW, a tovvn of Little Poland, in the palatinate of Sandemir, faated on the river Wilfake, 50 mfles E, of Cracpwr, Lo'n, 21, 10, E, lat. 50. o. N. PiLTEN, a tovvn ih thfe duchy of Cour land, capital of a fertile territory of the fame name, feated on the river" "Windaw; between Gelding and Fort VVindaw. Lon. 22. 10. E. lat. 57. 1 5. N. Pines, Isle of, an ifland in the 81 Pacific -Ocean, off the S. end of Newt Caledcnia. It is abput 14 miles ipvier in a S. E. and N. W. direftipn. It is high, and remarkable ih the middle, being quitt a ppinted hlU, flpgihg tPward the extremi-i ties, which are very lew. The lew" land has many tall pine-trees uppn it. Lphj 167. 43. E. Iat. 22. 38.' S. PiNNEL, a ftrong tovvh of Portugal, in the province of Tra-les-Montes, capital bf a territory ef the fame n'ame, at t-he confluence of the rivers Coha arid Pin- nel, 25 miles N. of Guarda, Loh. 6. 40, W. lat. 40. 46, N, PiNNENBuRG, a fort and town of Germany, in the circle of Lovver Saxony ,• and diichy of Hblftein, capital of tf county ef the fame name. It is feated on the' river Owe, 15 miles N, W, of Hamburg.- Lpn. 9. 40. E. lat. 53. 46. N. PiNOs, an uninhabited ifland of N, America, on fhe S, fide pf the iflaiid pf Cuba, .from which- it is feperajed by a deep p I g 'lleep ftirait. It is 25 miles in Icngtli, ' and 15 in breadth, and has excellent paf tures.,,' Lon. 82. 33. W. kt. 22. -2. N. PiNSKO, a town qf Lithuania, feated On a river of the fame name. It was forrherly a confilerable pkce, but has been almoft ruined by the Coffacks. Lon. 26. 20. E. lat. 52. 18. N. PioMBiNo, a feaport of Italy, in Tuf cany, capital ef a principahty of the fame name ; feated on a bay of the Tufcan 'Sea, ijo miles S. of Leghorn, and 60 S. W. of Florence. Lon. io. 23. E. kt. 42. '57. N. PloMBiNo, a fmall principality of Italy, in Tufcany, lying on the feacoaft. The ifland of Elba depends upon it, and has its own prihces, Uridet the proteftion of the king Of the Tvvo Sicilies, vvho has a right to put a garrifori into the fort. PiPERNO, a town of Italy, in the Campagrta ef Rome, co miles S. E. ef Rome. Len. 13. 36. E. Iat. 41. 39. N. PiPLEY, atown of Hindooftan Proper, Jn Bengal, feated on the.bariks of a river, 15 miks from Balafore. Ic was formerly i place of' trade, arid had Englift and Dutch faftories ; but it is now inhabit ed by fifliermen only. Len. 86. 2r. E. lat. 21. 20. N. PiCjUE MoNTVALLiER, the higheft mountain ef the Pyrenees.. It is in the form of a pike, and raay be feen 50 miles off. Lon. o. 22. W. kt. 42. 51. N. PiRANO, a feaport of Italy, in Iftria, -and in the territory bf Venice, feated on a peninfula, 10 hiiles S. ef Cabo-di-If tria. Lon. 14. 1. E. lat. 4:;. 40. N. PiRiTZ, a town of Gerniany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, duchy of Pome- 'rahia, and territory of Stetin. The anci ent dukes of Pomerania often refided here. It is'fcated pear the lake Maldui, 'io miles S. E. of Stetin. Len, 14. 20. E. Jat. 53. iS, N. Pisa, an ancient, large, handfome, and ftrong city ef Italy, in Tufcanyj and fcapital of the PIfano, with a uniyerfity, ¦an archbiftop's fee,- and three forts. The _ towh is feated on the river Arno, at a ^ fmall diftance from the fea, in a very fer. file plain. That river runs through Pifa, and over It are three bridges, ef vyhich that in the . middle is conftrufted with "marble. This town is fo far frem having as many inhabitants as it can contain, that grafs grows in the principal ftreets. The cathedral is a nfagnificent ftrufture, and nn the fight fide of the choir is che lean ing tower, fo much talked of. In the great fquare, before St. Stephen's chui'ch, H a white marble ftatae, reprefenting duke P 1 T '" C'efmo the Great. The Grand Duke's palace, and the magnificent exchange, are worth notice. Pifa is 10 miles N. of Leg horn, 42 W. of Florence, and 10 9. W. of Lucca. Lon. 10. 17. E. lat. 43. 43. N. PisANO, 3 territory of It.aly, in Tuf cany, about 47 miles in length, and 2; ' in breadth. I': is bounded on the N. by the Florentine and the republic of /Luc. ca ; on the E. by the Siennefe ; and en the W. by the fea. It is one of the beft countries in all Tufcany. PiscA, a handf 'me town of S. Ame rica, in Peru, and in the -audience of Li- ma, v.'ith a good road for ftips. It is feated in a country fertile in excellent fruits and good wine, vvhich they fend to the reft of the Spanift fettlements. It is abouc half a mile from the fea, and 140 S. ef Lima. Lon. 76. 15. W. kt. 13. 36. S, PiSCATAWAY, er PlSCATAQ^AY, Z river of N. America, in the ftate of New Hampftire; the mouth of which forms the orily port in that ftate, and is 60 miles N. of Bofton. Leh, 70. 3P. W. kt. 434 2;. N. PisELLO, the rhoft nprtheril fape of NatoHa, in Afia, which projefts into th* Black Sea, oppofite the Crimea. -¦' Pishour. See Peishore, PisTOiA, a handfome and confiderabis town pf Italy, in Tufcany, with a bl^ ftop's fee. There are feveral fine churches and magnificent palaces ; and the h' ufes ef private perfehs ar'e generally Well buflt j but notwithftanding this it is almoft de ferted, in I comparifon of what it was fprmerly ; for there are how only 5000 inhabitants ; among Vvhom are 40 noble families. It is feated in a fertile plain, ac the foot of the Appennines, and near the river SteHa, 20 miles N. W. of Florence. Lon. Ii. 29. E. kt. 43. 55. N. '¦•' PiTCAiTLY Wells, fome refliark- ahle faline fprings, near Perth in Scotknd, vvhofe waters are deemed beneficial in /cerbutlc cafes. Pithea, a prcvince of Swe^lifji Laps lanci, bounded on the .N, by Lapland de Luhlk, on the E. by Bothnia, on the S, by Lapland d'Uhma, and on the W. by Norway. The river Pithea runs acrofs it. There is a town of t'ne fame name, feated on the W. fide of the Gulf of Bothnia, 8q. miles S. VV. of Tornea. Lon. 22. 40, E, kt. 65. II. N. Pitschen, a town of SHefia, In the prindpaHty of Ericg. Lon, 18, 22. Ei kt. 51. 10. N. ¦ '' PittenWee.m, a fea¬port of Scotland, in Fifeftire, feated at fhe entrance of thei i'i- at Frisij P LA P L A Frith ef Forth, 23 hiiles N. E. of Edin. burgh. Lon. 2. 49. "VV". Iat. 56. 12. N. ¦-' Pittsburgh, or Fort Pitt, a town of N. America, in the ftate ef Penn. fylvania, beautifully fituated on the weft- 'iern fide ofthe Allegany mountains, en a point of land bet->veen the rivers Allegany and Monongahela. The town is kid out on Mr. Penn's plan ; is a thoroughfare for the vaft riumber of travellers frem the eaftern and middle ftates to the fettle. ments on the Ohio ; and it increafes greatly. 'Here was the famous French Fort Du Quefne, in an expedition againft which, in 1756, general Braddock fell into an ambufcade, and was defeated and flain ; part ef his troops being faved by the pru. dence and bravery of colonel (afterward the celebrated general) Waffiingtoij. T^'* fort Was abandoned by the French, in 17 58. on the approach ef general Forbes ; and its name vvas changed to that of Pitt, in honpur pf the illuftrious minifter "uy whom the war w;is then ehrefted. At jhis place, the AHegany firft takes the name of Ohio. It is 320 miles W. of Philadelphia. Lon, 79. 48. W. lat. 40, '26. N. Pizzo, a town of the kingdam of .Naples, fca'ed en the Gulf ef St, Eufe mia, four miles from Monte-Leone. Placentia, a;t,own of Spain, in Ef tramadura, with a bifhop's fee, and agood .caftle ; feated on the river Xera, in a delightful plain, almpft furrounded by mountains. It is So miles S. W. of Ma drid. Li-u, 5. p. W. kt. 59. 55. N. Placei-jtia, a town of Spain, iri the province of Guipufcoa ; feated on the ri ver Deva, 23 miles S. E. of Bilboa. Lpu. 2,; 40. W. kt, 43. 10. N. Placlntia, a feapprt pf N. Ame rica, in Newfoundland, feated en a bay en the S. E. part ef the ifland, 40 miles W. of St. John, and 200 E. of Cape Breton. Lon. 53. 43. W. kt. 47. i5,N. Placknza, a populous towu of Italy, capital of a duchy pf the fame name, with a biftop's foe, and a dtadel. The beauty of its churches, houfes, fquares, ftreets, and fpuptairs, render it very pleafant. It has a celebrated univerfity, and abput 30,000 inhabitants. The king of Sardi- nia took'poffeffipn of it in 1744, in cpnfc. oucnce cf the treaty 'of Worms, concluded in 1743. It is delightfully feated, in a v.'ell-cultivatcd country, en the river Pe, 32 miles N. VV, of Parma, and 83 E, of Turin. Lon, 9. 38. E. lat. 41;., 5. N. Pr.A.CENZA, the duchy of, formerly tho weftern part of the duchy of Parma, bounded on the E. by that 'duchy, on the N, 'iwi W, by the duchy of Mi^n, and on the S. by the territory of Genoa^ It Is very fertile and populous, aud con tains mines of iron, and felt fprings, frem vvhich they make a very white fait. Its principal rivers are the Trebia and Nura ; and the capital is of the fame name. It vvas divided between the queen of Hun gary and the king of Sardinia, in purfu ance of the treaty of Worms, concluded iri 1743. Planiez, an ifland pf the Mediter- ranean, pn the coaft of France, and in the road ef Marfeilles, Plano, an ifknd of the Mediterra- neau, in the bay of Alicant, Itis net abo'fe a mile and a half In length, '* Plassey, the plains of, in Hindop ftan Proper, and in the foubah of Bengal, diftant frpm Moprftedabad abput 3omiIes, and frpm Calcutta 7P, Here vvas pnce a/ hunting feat pf the nabpb pf Bengal, But this fpot is far more memorable fpr the great viftpry gained here by c'clpnd (after ward lprd) Clive, in 17:57, pver the vaft army pf the nabob . Surajah Dowlah ; bv which vvas kid the foundation of the pre fent extenfive Britift empire in Hindoo- ftan. Plata, an ifland pf S. America, pn the coaft of Quito, in Peru ; furrounded by inacceffible rocks, and about fiye miles- long and four broad, Pla'Ta, a rich and populpus tpwn of S. America, in Peru, capit,al of the prp. vince pf Los Charcas, vvith an. audience, and an archbiiJiop's fee. It has mines of filver, whicli they have left pff working, fince thofe of Potofi have beep difcover ed. It is feated on the river Chimao, 500 miles S. E. of Cufco. Lon. 6j. 40. W, lat. 19, 16 ,S. Plata, or Rio-de-la-Plata, a large river cf S, America, vvhich is forn>. ed by the union of the three great rivers Paraguay, Uraguay, and Parang, It was difcovered in 1 5 1 7, by Juan Diaz de Solis, a Spanifli navigator, who was flain by the natives, in endeavouring to make a defcent in the country. It croffes Paraguay,- and enters the Southern Ocean, in kt. 35' S. It is 150 miles broad at its mouth; at Monte Video, a fort, above 100 .miles higher up the river, the land ianot to. be difcerned ori either ffiore, whep a veffetis in the middle of the channel ; and' at Buenos Ayres, 200 miles higher ftill, the oppofite ftore is not to be deemed from that tovvn, ". "* Plata, Rio de la, a province of S. America, in Paraguay, on the.S. W. of the river ef the fame. name. Buenos Ayres is the capital. 'Playsin, or Plawen, a town ai Ger- P L O P L t ^ermpiry, in the cirde of Lower Saxony, fame flame, and duchv of Mecklenburgh, feated on a •fmall river which falls into the Elbe, near a lake of the fame name, 17 mfles S. of ¦Guftrow. Lon. 12. 13. E. kt. 53. -40. N. Plaven, or PLAwrtN, a tovn of Ger- mdiiiy,-in the circle of Upper Saxony, and in Voigtiand, It is feated on the river Elfter, 67 iniles S. E. of Drefdcit, Lon. 12. 20. E. lat. 50. 36. N.- Pleibupgh, a tovvn ip Germany, in Carinthia, feat'ed on the river Feifteii, at the foot ef a high mountain. PlescoF. See Pskof. * P'leshey, a village of E'ffex, feven miles N. W. of Ltfcec. Lon. 10. 30. E. lac. 54. n. N. ''-' Plgermel, a fmall town ef France* in the, depar'menr of MorbihaP, and late ¦ province ef Bretagne, 27 miles N. E.iif Vannes. Plubent'I, a- town ef Gerniany, in the Tirol, capital of a county of tiie fai-ne name, feaced in a pleafant pikin, on the ri- v^er III.^ 65 miles W. of Infprnck. Ldn. 12. 10. E. lat. 47. 10. N. Plxiviers, a towh ef France, in tflfe department of Eure and T^oire and ki* prpvince of Beauce, '20 miles N. bf Qr-. leans. Lon. a. o. E. Iat. 48. 14. N. Plymouth, a feaport of Devonftire, miles N. by W. of Chelmsford. It Was vvrch twp markets, on Mopeky-and Tlfurf. tile feat qf the lord high conftable pf Eng. fand; from the earlieft times of tll|at office l;o the year 1400 ; and from his refidence here, in i3g7, Thomas of Woodftock, duke of Gloucefter, vvas infidioufly enticed by his nephew, king Richard II. to ac. company him en hnrl"eback to London, was vvayUid on Epping Foreft, hurried day. It is feated between the mpuths cf the rivers Plym and Tamar. Next to pprtfmputh, it te the mpft confiderable harbour in England for men of war, and is a frequent rendezvous for rhe Channel fl'eet in time pf war. It was thnugh-i tp be weU fprtified ; but iri tire kl^ jWar, vvhcn the combined fleets of France aii4 to a v-effd that lay ready in the Thames, Spain appeared off the coaft, the^mcaPs cif conveyed to Calais, and there privately murdered. Oh the fite of his caftle is now a brick farmhoufe, cdled The Lodge. Here are the remains of an an. dent fortification, confiftirig of a mount. defence were found to have beeh fp mPch neglefted, that it could hav 44. N. PpiRiNO, qr PovERiNO, a town of Piedmont, 15 m'les S. E. of Turin. Lon. 7, 36', E. Iat. 4-v. .55. N." Poiss'V, an ancient town of France, in the ifle of i''r'ihce ; I'eated pear the edge of the fpreft. of St. Germain, 15 miles from Paris.-' Lon. -2.' i2.-E.'.lat. 48. 56. N. Pol X.I ERS, an ancient town of France, PoLAN.v, a town of Sicily, in the Val. di-Demena, feated near the fea. Poland, a large country ef Europe, bounded on the VV. by the Baltic, Bran., denburg, and Silefia; on theS. by Hun. gary, and Moldavia; on the N. by Pruffia, Courland, Livonia,' and Ruffia ; and on the E. by Ruffia and the territo-,, ries wrefted by th.at ppwer frpm the Turks. It is divided into three large parts,. Great Poland, Little Poland, and capital pf. thp department pf Viemie and, Lithuania; each pf vvhich is. fubdivided. i^t,i "province of PoitPU, vvith a biflipp's into palatinates, or proyiiices. The go.. -..'v ¦ •' ' ¦ , ¦ " ' " ' ' / ' verp. P O L P O L^ temment is monarchical and arlftocratlcal ; •11 the afts -of ftate being in the name of "the king and -repubhc of Poland." It sthe only monarchy in Eurtipe vvhich is eleftive. The king is chofen hy a gene ral diet called together by fhe archbiftop cf Gnefna, who is t'ne chief of the re pubhc during the interregnum. After his coronation he may -difpofe of the vacant benefices, and the (Offices both civil ahd military. He has a fettled revenue ef 140,0001. a yc-ar,and cannot, by his own authority, raife any new taxes, or change any law. The ari'ftocracy confifts in the fenate and general diet. The fenate is compofed of tho biftops, great officers, palatines, and governors ef towns, vvho, with the king, regulate the affairs of the kingdom ; and they prevent him frem doing any thing againft the liberty ef , the country. The general diets, which are affemblies of -all the nobility, ought , to be- held every two years; but they meet eftener whep there is any important affair on the carpet. Before a general diet is held, the king fends circular let ters to the palatines, declaring what the affairs are on vvhich the affemblies are to deliberate. Upon this there is a parti cular diet in every palatinate, wherein no thing can be determined without a general Scenfciit ; for if ene gentleman oppofes the opinion of the affembly, it is obliged to break up ; and that palatinate, from chis - time, - can have ne voice in the .general diet. There likewife they muft afl be unanimous ; for. one fenator, or nuncio, can ftop the proceedings of the whole. The Poles, or Poknders, are large, well made, and -robuft. The peafants are poor, miferable, clpwnifh, and mere flaves tpthe gentleman. It is not faid that they have fb rapch a year, but that they have fo many peafants. Such vyas the ftate and" conftitution of Poland, before the memo rable year 1772, 'when a partition of the cpuntry, projefted by the king of Pruffia, was erfefted by that monarch, in.conj-jnc- tien vvith the emprefs of Ruffia, and Jo feph IL emperor .of Germany. . By ij;iis partition, one third of the country - vvas wrefted from- the republic, the diet being compelled, by a .foreign force, to make and to ratify this important-, ceffion. For- the part ceded to tl\e emperor, fee Gali cia. • The part allotted to Ruffia com. prifes Polifh Livonia, that part of the pa latinate of Polotfk which lies to the E. ef the Dwina or Duna ; the palatinates pf Vitepfk.Miciflavv ; and twp fmaU pprtipns tp the N. E. and S. E. pf the palatinate pf Minflc. This tratt pf knd (Pohfli Livo- pia excepted) is fituated in White Ruffia, i ahd includes "at leaft one third of Lith-uj--' nia. See Polotsk and Mohilef. The king of Pruffia rook poffeffion of all- the weftern parts bf Pomerania, bounded on the S. by the river Netze er Nottee, -.vich the whole of PoHft or Weftern Pruiiia, the cities ef Dantzic and Thorn excepted. Of thefe difmembered countries the Ruf fian part is the largeft, the Auftrian the ¦ moft populous, and the Pruffian the mbft commercial. The population^ of the vvhole amounts to near 5,000,000 of foiils ; the firft containing- 1,600,000, the fecoi-id • 2,5oo;ooo, and the third- S6o,ooo. The three partitioning povvers, moreover, toc- cibly effefted a great change in the con ftitution. By this all foreign candidates for the eleftive- throne of, Poland are ex- eluded; none can.be chofen king of Poland, and great duke of Lithuania, in future, buc a native 'Pole ; the fon or grandfon ofa _king cannot be elefted immediately upon the death ef his father or grandfather, nor be ehgible till -after an interval of two reigns; and -a permanent council is eftabliflied, in which the executive power is vefted. By this change, the houfe of Saxony, and all foreign princes, who might be likely te give weight to Poland by their hereditary dominion's, are rendered inca. pable pf- filling the throne; the fainteft profpeft of an hereditary fovereignty is removed; the exorbitant privileges of the equeftrian order are confirmed in their ut. moft latitude ; and the prerogatives of the crown, before ton greatly reduced, are ftill further diminiflied. In 1791,1 the king and the nation, in concurrence, almoft unani- moufly, and without any foreign interven tion, eftabhfted another conftitution. By this the evils of an elefti-ve monafchy, -by which Poland, en almoft every vacancy-of the throne, had beep involved in the cala. mities of war, vvere avoided,' the throne being declared hereditary in the hoisfe ef Saxony. The rights and privileges 'of -all orders in tbe republic (the king, the- no. hies, the citizens, and the peafants) were alike equitably Gonfulted. In a, word, it was net, en the one hand, the haughty defpot diftating acoriftitution te his pce.- ple ; nor, on the ether, a proud arifto- cracy, er a mad-, democracy, that wrefted from their feverdgii his juft prerogatives ; but if was the univer.''al wift of -the nation, the fentiment thatiriXpired which.vvas lini. verfal happinefs. A few of the nobihty,, however, difcontented. at the-,generous fa, crifices of feme of their privileges, repaired to'the court ef Ruffia; -and their rcpre,- fentations concurring, vvith the ambitious views of the emprefs, ffie fent an army into ¦ ppland, under pretence of beipg M m 3 gua. POL POL g-unrantce of theconftitutipn of 1772. Her interference ^wa6 too pivverful to-be pofift- ed ; aud this iu;w conftitution was over- throwri. But the principal obje6t for ¦wihrc'h the Ruffian army entered Pokrid vyas not yet attained. The erapretis had planned, ip oopjun&ion '-.ith the king of P ruflia, a focond partition ef this unhappy country, which aftually took place in r703. By this t'ne emprefs obtained nearly the remaining part of Lithuani", -with che palMnates-of Bodoiia, Kiof, and Brarzlaw. Befide the yoiwodfhips or pro vinces of Pofen, Gnefcn, Kalifli, Siradia, Wi«Iuri, Lentl'chitz, Cujavia, Doorzyn, Raw-a, parr of, Pkitsfli, &c. vviith che city and morinfteiry ef Cientftokow (the Lo retto of Poland) and its rich treafures, the kingof Pruffia obtained- ih" gri:at abjcft of bis -vvifttjs, the cities ,if Dantzic and Thorn. B-y the'cepfiitution of 1772, the Roman Catholic religion is declared the eftablifted ; but akhough the Diffidents continue 'excluded frr-xi the diet, tho fe- nate,-a[vel-:the penridae'it council, they en-' joy the free exercife of-:thpir religion ; are permitted to have chureiies witlinut bells, And icliocls -and feminaries of their own. They, arc -caipa-bk alfo'of fitting in the in ferior courts of juftice; and in the tribu. Pal appointed to receive appeals in rnatters of religion-; three oftheir communipn are admitted 'as affeffors. In copfequence of this toll ration, the Diiudents have ccii. ftrufted-churches in different parts pf tho kingdom, arid.the Linhcrani-, in particular, have built one at Warfaw. The air is generally cold, and they haye but 'little -vvrood ; liewever,- it is lb fertile in corn in many places, that ic fuppHes Sweden and Holland, with }a.rge quantities. There are extenfive paftures, and they have a krge quantity of leather, furs, hemp, flax, fatepetre, honey, and wax. They h.ave'minc^ of fair, "'hich are of a great clcpth, out of- which they dig rockfalt. The -prindpal rivers arc the Dnieper, the Viftuk, the Bug, the Dniemtn, the Dnei fter, 'and the Bog. Wariavv is the ca. pital. BoLEBON, an ifland of Afia, in the Indian Ocean, and one of thofe whieh pro- !-ica;;tro, a decayed town in the.' kinydcm of Naples, with a biftop's iee, h is feaied on a guir of the fame name, 68 mites S. E. of Naples. Len. 15. 40. E. kt. 4-d. 15. N. Polignano, 3 populous tovvn ef the kingdom ol Naples, with a bifhop's fee. It is "feared on a craggy loc-k, near the fea, 16 miles E. of Bari. Lon. r¦^. 24. E. kt. 41. z-x. N. Poiig-ni, a town of France, in th?- department ef Jura and lace 'province of Franche Com.t'I ; feated en a rivulet, 32 miles S. W.of-Benfan^on. Lon. 5. 55. E. kt.-46. 5Q. N. PoLlTO, or PoLizzi, a town 'of SI. cily, in the VaUdi-'Demoira, at the foot of rhe mountain Madonia, 30 miles S.E, of Palermo. -Lon, 13. 53. E. 'kt. 38, 4. N, PoLiNA, -an ancient town of Turkey in F^urope, in, Albania, vvith a Greek archbifliop's fee- It was formerly a-con- fiderabk place, bur is now almoft in ruins, and is 12 miles Sr of Durazzo. Lon, 19, 20. E. Iat. 41. 42. N, '-¦¦ PollocrshaWs, a confiderablcma- nufa6turipg tovvn ef Renfrewfliire in Scotknd, feated 0/1 -'the river White Cart, Polockzki, a tpwn of Lithuania, vyith two caftles. It is krge and well fortified, and'is feated on the river Dwina or Duna, at the mouth of- the fmail river - Polota, 50 miles S. W. of Witepfk. Lon. • 27. 50. E. lat. i;5. 43. N. ¦'•- PO'L-OTS'K, a government of the Ru-ffiah empire, forrac-d of part of a pa^ latinate of Lithuania, dilm'embered from Poland by the treaty of, parririon in 1772,1 Its produfts, ^nd thefe of the govern ment of: Mohikf, are chiefty grain in large quantities, hemp, flax, and pafture-. The for«ilis- furnifh great- abimelanee of ipafisj. PON P O N mafts, planks, oak for ffiip-building, pitch, irifuk of H'iridooftan, on thc coaft bf Co- tar, &c. which are chiefly fent tlown the romandel. It is the principal fettlement Dwina or Duna to Riga. The inhabi- ofthe French in the Indian feas. It was tants of both thefe governments are com- firft fettled by the:n in 1674. Previous to the war of 1756, it was, pe-rhaps, the fineft city in India. It extended- along the I'cacojfl about a mile and a quarter, and was about three quarters ef a mile in breadth. It was well built, and, befide many public buildings, -had a citadel, then the beft ef its kind in India. This city -was taken by -the Englift in 1761, and immediately razed to the ground, in reta liation of M. Lally's conduft toward the puted at i,6oo,poo; and of this govern ment Polotfk is the capital. *¦ Polotsk, a tew.n of Lithuania, ca pital of the Ruffian government of the fiime na'.pc. PoLTEN, St. a fmall town of Germa ny, in Lovver Auftria; feaced on the ri- vcflet Drafam, vvhich falls into the Da nube near Holmburg, eight miles from Vienna. PoMEpuE, one of the three ifles of fortifications and buildings of Fbrt St, Marfeilles, in France, near thc ifland of David in 1758. It was reftored at the Iff. peace of 1763 ; was again taken by the Pomerania, a province ef Germany, Englift in 177,8, and reftored by the peace in the circle of Upper Saxony, vvith the of 17S3. h' is 100 miles S. of Madras, title of a duqhy. It is bounded on the Lon: 80. o. E. lat. 11. 56, N. N. by the Baltic, on the E. by Pruffia and PoNpiC'v, a fmall uninhabited ifland- Poland, on the S. by Brandenburg, and of the Archipelago, lying on the Gulf on the VV. by Mecklenburg. One part of Ziton, near- the coaft of Negrppont. belongs to the king of Pruffia, and thp Po.vkerrada,- a town of Spain, in cither to the Swedes. It is )v,atered by Leon, feated on th'e river Sillj 40 miles feveral rivers, of which the Oder, the S. W. of Leop, Lon. 5. 6, 'VV. kt. ^i. Pene, the Rega, the Perfant, the Wip- 30. N. per, the Stplp, the Lupo, andthe Lobe, Pons, a town- of France, in the de- are the moft confiderable. The air is partment of Lovver Charente and late pretty cold, but compenfated by the fer- province of Saiptenge, ycry famous in tility of the foil, vyhich abounds in paf- the time of the Huguenots. In this toy/n rures and corn, of which a great' deal is is a mineral fpring. It is feated on a hiH, traiifporfed into foreign pountries. It Is near the river Sevigne, 10 miles S. of a flat country, containing many lakes, Saintes. Lon. o. 30. W. Iat. 45, 36. N. woods, and forefts, and has feveral good' Pons, S.t. a town of France; in the harbours, particularly Stetin and Stral- department of Herault and kte province fund; about 250 miles in length, and 75 of Languedoc. It' was- a bifliop's fee be- in breadth. It has fuffered greatly in the fore the revolution; and is feated in a valley iate war, otherwife it might have been furrounded with mou-ntalns, wherein are much richer than it is. They haye 3 cuf- fine marble quarries, 24 mile's N. VV. of tem here ef eating all their fleft after it is' Narbonne. Leh. 2. 47. E. kt,' 43, dried in the fmpke. It is divided intp 29. N. the pither and Farther Ppmeraiiia, and Pontafella,- Sec PontEfa. the river Pene divides the territories of PeJNT-A-MoussotJ, a handfpme and the kings of- Sweden and Pruffia in this cpnfiderable tpwn of Fratiee,' in the de- duchy, partment of Meurthe and kte province Po.MERELLA, a kte-diftrlft of Po- of Lorrain, with a upiverfity. There larid, forcibly feized by the kiri'g ef Pruf., vvere lately feyeral religious houfes, and fia, and npw forming a part of Southern the Premonftrahtes" hact a magnificent j'ruffia. Danf'zlck is the capital. church here. It is fe'ared on the river Pomes ANI A, a large county ef W^eft- Mofelle, which divid'es itjnto two parrs, ern Pruifia, which extends from E. te W. two miies N.' Wi of N'a'icy. Len. 6. from'the river Pafierg, as fk as the Vif- 16. E. Iat. 48. 43. N. tula, between Eaftern Pruffia, vvhich Pont-Arlier, an ancjcnf fown of bounds it on the VV. and N. and partly op- France, ih the dcpawment of Jura' and the E. It is full of lakes and moraffes. late province of Frapche Comte, feated Pomona, gee M-^inland. on the river Doubs, near Mount Jura. PoWTDESTURiA, a towii of Italy, in It is a commodious paffage to go into gwif- the duchy of Montferrat', fubjeft to the ferland, and is, defended by a ftrengcaf. king of Sardinia; feated on the S. fide tie. Lon, 6, 26. E, Iat. 46. 55. N. of the rive'r 1*0, 33 milesE, of Turin, PoNcr-AupEMER, a town ef France, Lon. 8. 2^. li. kt. 45. 2. N. in the deparimciit of- Eure and lace pro. PON-piCHE^RRY, a tpvvn: of th.e pen. yince of Normandy. It is feats>d on rhe M m 4 riyer P O N river Rilk, 13 miles -E.. of Honfleur, and 8.5 N.,W. of Paris. Lon. o. 35. E. kt. 49. 21. N. Pont-de-Ce, a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late prevince of Anjou, feated on the river Loire, three miles from Angers, and 178 S.W". of Paris. Lqn. o. 29. W. lat. 47. 25. N. PoNT-DE-L'ARCHE,atewnofFrance, in the department of Eure and late .pro vince of Normandy, with a good, caftle, feated Pn the river Seine, over which is a liandfome bridi^e, five miles N. of Lou- yiers, and 62 N. "VV, pf Paris. Lpu. 1. 15. E. lat. 49. 5. N. PoNT-DE-VAUX, a town of France, in the department of Ain and late previne^ pf Breffe, feated on the river ReffouiTc, eight miles S, ofiMacop. Lon. 4.-55. E, lat. 46. 2S. N. Pont.de-Vesle, a town of France, in the department ef Ain and late pro^ yince of Breffe. It has a manufaftory of ftu.ffs called Auguftines, and alfo of ta peftry for the coyerlngs of arm-chairs and fofas, of thc fame kind as'thofe of Aubuf- fon. It is feated on the river Vefle, 12 miles, W. of Bourg. Lon. 5.-4. E. lat. 46. 16. N. Pont-du-Gard. See Gard. PoNT-DE-LiMA, a town ef Portugal, in the province of Entre-Douro-e-Minho, vvith a handfome palace.. It Is.feated en the river Lima, over vvhich is a magni ficent bridge, 13 m.iles N.W. of Braga, and. 190 N. of Lifton. Lon. S. 44. W. lat. 41. 51. N.- PONTEFA, pr PONTAFEI.LA, ? town pf Carinthia, feated on the river' Fella, jvhich feparates the country that belongs to the republic of Venice from that of the houfe. of Auftria. It has a bridge .which leads to the beft paffage over the Alps. Ic is 20 miles N. 'VV'. ef FriviH. Lon. 13. o. "E. kt. 46. 25. N. PoNTEFRACT, a boroiigh in thc W. riehng of Yorlcfliirc, with a market on Saturday. It is fituated in a very rich foil,, and is noted for its nurfery grounds !ind large plantations of liquorice.: Its caftle, n j'.v in ruins, has been the fcene of various tragical events in the Englift hif tory ; particularly, the murder ef the un fortunate Richard II. It is 22 miles S. W. of York, and J7^ ^f. N, W'. ef Lon don. Len. I. 18, W, Iat, 53, 42. N. PoNTE-SruRA, a fmall tovvn of Italy, ill J^ontferrat, fqatcd at.the confluence of the rivers Stura arid Po, three miles S. \y. nf Cafcl. • Lpn. 8. 2 i . E. lat. 45.-7. n! Ponte-Vedra, a tovvn of Spain, ip fialici.i, feattel almoft at the tijofth of the P Q^N' river Lcris ; famous for its fifliery -of far-* dins (a kind of pilchards) which makes its principal riches. Lon. 8. 27. \^'. kt. 42, 20. N. PoNT-GiBAUT, a town of France, in the department of Puy de Dome and late province of Auvergne. Near this place is the village of Rorc, vvith a filver mine, and a vinous fountain nf mineral water. It is iq miles W. N. W. pf Cler- mont. Lon. 2. 5S. E. Iat. 45. 51. N. -¦- PoNTiVY, a fmall town of France, in the department of Morbihan and late province of Bretagne, feated on the river Blavet. It vvas the firft town that, fince the revolution qf 17S9, fet the example of national confederations. PoNT-L'EvEquE, atown of France, in the departmenc of Calvados and ktq province of Normandy ; fenced pn the river Teuque, eight miles S. VV. ef the Englifli Channeh and 10 N. W. of Li. fieux. Lon. u. 6. E.kt. 49. 17. N. PoNTOisE, a to-\vn of France, in the - departmenc of Seine and Oileand late province of the Ifle of France. It is buflt in the form of an amphitheatre, and is feated on an eminence, en the rivers Oife and Vionnc. There i^ a bridge over the former, , whence it takes its name. Ip -143;, the Englift took it by a fingular ftratagem : the ground being covered with fnow, the affiiiknts dreffed themfelves in vvhite, with ladders painted white, and feaied the Walls before the centinels could perceive their approach. Charles VIL retook it by ftorm in ?442. The parHa. iTicnt of Paris was transferred te ' thi^ pkce i.i 1652, 1720, and 1753. It is 43 miles S. E. qf Rouen, and 17 N. W. of. Paris. Len. 2. 11 E. Iat. 49. 3. N. Pont-Orson', a town of France, in the department ef the Channel and late . province of Normandy, feated on the river Coefnon^ 20 milqs E. of §t. Malo. Lon, I. 30. VV. lat. 48. 30. N. ¦ ' Pont-Remoli, a ^own ef Italy, ip Tufcany, vvith a ftrong qaftle ; feated at- the foot of the Appennine mbuntains, 40 miles E. of Genoa, and 66. N. W. of Florence. Lqn. 9. 40. E. kt. 44. 25. N. yoNT St. Esprit, a fmaH ill-built; town of France, iri. the department of Gard and kte province of Languedoc. It is ftatsd on the river Rhone, ever which is one of the fineft bridges in Europe : it confifts of ig great and 4 fmall arches. The lighcnefs bf.the ftrufture, compared vvith the depth, rapidity, andrwidth nf the, river, fills the -mind vvith aftonifliment. To facilitate the paffage of, the wat,;r in' time of flnnds, apertures have'been made tjire\igh each pijr; about fix feet above the coipn POO POP tommon level ef the river ; and to leffen the extreme rapidity of the Rhone, the bridge is net b.uh. in a right fine, but in the form of a curve. This paffage is de fended by a citadel, within which is the church of the Holy Spirit, projefti:ig into the river. As the bridge is fo light', the goods are taken out of wheel carriages, and conveyed ever in fledges, by vvay of precaution. . Pont St. Efprit is 17 miles S. of Viviers, a.n'd 55 N. E. of Montpe her. Lon. 4, 46, it. kt. 44. 13. N. Pont St. Maixence, a town of France, in the department of the Seine and One aud late province ef the Ifle of. France, feated on the river Oife, five miles from Serilis. Lon. 2. 40. E. lat.4g. iS.N." PoNiTsuR- Seine, a town of France, in the department ef Aube and late pro vince ef Champagne, vvith a handfome caftle ; feated en the river Seine, 17 miles from Troyes, and 55 S. E. of Paris. Lon. 3. 40'. E. lat. 48. 28, N. PoNT-suR-YoNNE,a to^'u of France, in the department of Yonne and kte pro vince of Burgundy ; feated en the river Yonne, eight miles N. W. of Sens. Lon. 3. 14. E. Iat. 48, 16. N. PoN-pYPoOL, a town ef Monmouth fliire, vvith a market on Saturday. It is feated between tvvo hifls, on theriver Avon, which turns feveral mifls for the working of iron plates that are ufed in a manufac tory of japanned ware, now en the de chne. It is 15 miles S. W. of Monmouth, ^nd 146 W. by N. ef London. Lon. 3. ' 6. W. lat. 51. 42. N. '* P'.)Nt-y-Pridd, SccTaafe. PoNZA,- or PoNTiA, a fmall ifland ef the Tu'C'iri Sea, well known to be' the place to .which many Hluftrious Romans were formerly banifted. Ir is ori the coaft of Naples, near , Caffel-Amardella- Brucca. , Lon. 13. iq. E.kt. 40. 53. N. Poole, a borough of Dorfetfliire, wirh a market on Monday. .It is fitqated upon a peiifnfula projefting into a capacious bay, branching into many creeks, and forming feveraf iflands, The harbour admits veffels of moderate fize only ; but for them it 1= very fecure. Poole rofe into fome confequence feveral centuries ago, when the ancient to-ivn of Wareham fell ince decay. It now, ranks high among the feaports of England, and its tradt and populafi,-'n are rapidly increafing. The principal branch of bufinefs here is thc Newfoundland fift.ery. It has alfp a large iiTiporiatlon of deals from Norway, a ge neral commerce with America, and vari cus parts of Europe,' ahd a fine coafting trade, partleidarlv in corn and coal. Near ;he mouth of the harbour is ^n, oyfter bank, from which vaft quantities aro car ried, to be fattened in the creeks ef Erfeif -and the Thames. Poole is governed by a mayor, , a fenior bafliff, four other juftices, and an indeterminate-number of burgefl'es. It is 40 miles W. S. W. of Winchefter, and 105 W. by S. ef London. Lon. 2. u. W. kt. 50. 41. N. -' Poonah, a town of the Deccan ef Hindooftan, in Vifiapour. It is che capi tal of the Weftern Mahratta empire ; but it is not large, is meanly built, and lies open and defercelefs. It is 30 miles E. ofthe Gauts, and 100 S. E. of Bombay. Lon. 73. 55. E. Iat. iS. 30. N. -'' PoOROONDiiR, a forcrefs of Vifiar pour, in the Deccan of Hindooftan. It is- feated en a mountain, iS miles E. S.E. ef Poonah ; is the place of refuge for that capital in cafe of an invafion ; and here the archives of government are kept. Popa-Madre, a tovyn of S. America, in Terra Firma, where, there is a convent and chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary, to vvhofe image the Spaniards in thofe parts go. in pHgrimage, efpecially thofe who have been at fea. It is feated on a high mountain, 50 miles E. of Cartha- gena. Lon. 74. 32. W. , lat. 10. 1 5. N., Popayan, a province of S. America, in Terra Fitma, bounded oh the N.- by the province of Carthagena, on the E by New Granada, on the S. by Peru, and en the W. by the South Sea^ It is 400 miles long and- 300 broad. A chain of barren mountains runs through the coun. try frqm N. to S. and the foil near the fea is .'flat, marffiy, and continually flooded by the rains. -" Popayan, the capital ofa prpyince of that name in S. America, with a biftop's fee, 220 miles N. E.of Quito. Len. 75, 55. VV.lat. 2. 35. N. Pope, dominions of the, or the Eccl.-'SIasticaL State, a country qf Italy, bounded -on the N. by the territories of "Venice ; on the E. by the Gulf of Ve nice ; on the S. E. by the kingdom of Naples; on the S. by the Mediterranean ; and on the W. by Tufcany and Modena 5 extending from S. to N. 240 mllec, and from S. W. to N. E. iji fome parts 1.2Q, but in others fcarce 20 miles., It is di. vided into the following, provinces, the Campagna of Rome ; St. Peter's Patri. mony ; Umbria, ¦- r Spoleto ; Ancona ; Urbino ; Romagna, the Bolognefe, and the Ferrarefe, which fee. The beft authors have obferved, that confiderhig the pope's dominions generally confift ef a fertile and excellent foil ; that hi' har. hours, both on thc Gulf of Venice and the Mediterranean, are advantagccaifly fitu ated POP P o^ S.ted for trade; that he receives cphfider- able fums frpna Spa,in, Germany, &'c. vvhich might be fuppofed' to be no .fmall eafe to his fubjefts ; that his country is vifited by foreigner's of diftinftion, who caufe much wealth te circulate ; the pon tifical government feems vvell calculated for their happinefs, and the country might be fuppofed to be very flourifting. But the' very -reverfe of this is the cafe. The couBtl'y is ill cultivated' a'od thin of inha bitants, the Bolbghefe alphe excepted. Trade and. manufaftures ate but lit-sle en- cpuraged ; and Were i' npt fpr the bouhty of Providence, which furniflies the iriha bitants with d-ateSj figs, alaibhds, oHves, asu\ other frujts, vvhich grb'w fpontane oufly, the indolence of the" inhabitant's is" fpch, that they would be- abfohitdy llarved. 'Fhis ipdblcncc is not .wohderfu], fijice they knew, iffat the' rhbrc tKey'ac- qui.^e, the morevviH 'oe d'einahded of them. The numerous Jidlidays arc great inipedi- Ipents to- the exertio.ris' of'ipduftry ; arid the number ef-ybung fturdy'beggars, who fffroll about- as' pilgrims, infftfcad -of increaf ing the commori" ftock' by their undiaftry, lie .-.V a de-'id weight on their" fdlo'vv-fub- jeit's. Va'ricHis' other, caufes naight be me-ntiencd; as tKe- multitude of Iiofpitals ajid convents ; the inconceivable wealth vv'-fiicn lies ufciefs in.thcfel convents and in the cfturcVTes ; the inquifition, and the ri. gour of fhe papal government. He'nce it is,- that in no pari qf Eufo'pe are to' be' fpund. people mqre wretclicd thari the p.'>pe's fempp'fal fubjefts". Th'e. pope, ac cording to t"h"c" aneiicrit" ca'h'oh" law, is', the' fuprcfpe, univerfal, -and independcnt'heatf of the- chu'rch', and inveftsd vvith fove reignty over all-Chriftian favereigps, com- munii'ies, and rrfSiv-'iduals- His arrogint prefcnfiuus are fo vvell known, that" it is Htcdielb to,expaiiate upon' them. Happily,- the Rvf.'rmation begun by Luther dif- p,cUe-dt!te dtlufion in many p'art's ef Eu- rripe; and the progrefs of leariijpg,. and fhe fpirit nf free inquiry, has' enlig'ntbhed- inany even -of the' Roman' Cathqhc coun tries, where thc" piapal political fyft'eip' is' trcate'd with. contempt. 'The erigih of .this rjonfrions ururpation, vvhich for .ages' ')'.d'i tlic C-hril^Tah world iri the moft de grading fuUetrioh, belongs niore properly to ecclefiaftical Hiftory. The pope has the-title ef I^piy Father ahd Holinejs, and' Tfrn is elefted, at every -vacaucy, from a. mon.g the cardinals, each of vv'hem is ft'y-led his Eminence ; and thsir nuni'ber' vyas fi'xxd by Sixtus V, at 70, in allufion to the number of the difcijiles vvho were fent out by Chrift t-o teach the vv'erld ; au allufiw, without, a'nv fir.g'ular pro- prietyf as' rio two claffes of pe'ople" coiilef be' rin'ofe' unlike, Biit this riumher ii feldohi com'pletc. Every nation" of the Rpman Catholic religion has a cardinal for" its proteftor. Befide the ecclefiaftical ftate, the pope is pbfl^ffed of the diichy ef Benevento, in che kingdom pf Naples; and, befpre" tifie late revplution in France, he had the' territories pf Avignon .md Venaiffph iri that couritry. The a'nnual revenue" of the" pope is computed tb" bs 8.700^000 fcudi, or'upward of 2,000,000!. fterling. His'military forceis incoriljder. able ! his, body guard confifts of 40 Swifs, 75 c'liiraffierl; and' 75 fight horfe. His naval force confifts of a few gaHies, fta. t'ibned at Civit'a "Vecchia, Rpme is the capital, Poperinguew, a' tovyn pf Auftriaii Flariders, which is quite open, and featpd on ariver ef thcfaiiie name, fix miks W, of Y'pres'. Lori. ^. ^8. E. kt. 50. 51. N, Popo, a territory of Africa, on the Slave coaft' of Guinea. It is calleff ^- kingdom, but the inhabitants have fcarce any houfes tp dvvcll in, befide the king's village, vvhich- is" in an iflahd in. thc midfE pf a river, They are fb harraffed by their neighbours that they cann'pt cultivate thdr lands inquiet, ahd therefore they would often be ftarved, if they did not get pro vifions' from other place's. Thdr chief trade is' in flaves, Porcha, a town of the peninfula of Hihdqoftan, bri th'e coaft of Malabar. It bdongrto the'Dutch, arid is 140 miles S, of Qaliqut, Lon. 74. 35 E. kt. 8. ii.N. '-'' PoRCHESTER, a village of Hamp ftire, at the upper end of the. harbour -of Portfmouth, becwten Fareham and Portfqj Ifland. It has an ancient caftle, which has' ferved of late years for the reception of prifoners of war, PoRCO", a town of S. America, in Peru, ahd in the provinc-e of Los Charcas, feated a. Httle to.the W.of the mines of jtotofi^ Len. 64. 5.0. W.kt. ig. 40. S. Porentru, a fmall tqwn ef Swiffer land, in the bailiwick of Elfgau, the capital ofthe do'rnirilons of the biftop of Bafle (by, the Proteftarfts qalledprince of Porentru) arid the principal place of his re'fidence. It is a peat town, furrounded' by well, wooded hilU, arid'watered by a ferpentine" rivulet. T^c epifcopal palace (vvhich has beeh lately repaired and augmented) ftands u'pbh ari einin'ence everloqking the t'own. It is feated near Mount Jura, three rriiksfrem the frciititrs of France, and ?-2 S. of'Bafle. Lon. 7. 2. E. kt.47, 14- N- PoRLOCK, a towh in Somerfetftire, wjth-a ih'arkct'o'ri Thurlckiy, It is feated \ op POR ^ tflSe B-riftol'-tShannd, vvhere it has a good harbour or bay fo called. It is 14 miles N.by W of Dulverton, arid 167 W. of London. 'Lon. 3.32. "VV. lat. 51. 14. N. PoRT.ALEGR A, a handfome and ftrpng town of Pprtugal, in Alentejo, with a bi ffipp's fee ; feated at the fppt pf a high mountain, in a pleafant conntry, 30 miles N. W. of Elvas, and 90. N'. E.of' Lifton. Lon. 7. 31. W. kt. 39. .6. N. Port-De?lre, a.harbour in S. Ame rica, where ffiips fometimes touch in their paffage to the oouth Sea. It is 100 miles N. E. of Port JuHah. Lon. '65. 40,. W. l9t. 47'. 50, S. Port. du: Prince, a tpwn pf N. America, pp the northern coaft ef the Ifle of Cuba, vvith a good harbour ; feated in a krge meadow, where the Spaniards feed a great number df cattk. Lon. 78. 1*5-. W. kt. 21. 52. N. * Port Glasgow, Se« Glasgow, Port, •* Port Hunter Bay, See Duke. OF York's Inland. PoRTici, a pakce of the king of Na ples, four miles ftom that capital. It has a ch'arming' fi.tuation on fhe feafide, near mount Vefuvius It is' enriched with a Vaft' number of fine ftatues, and' other re mains- of" antiquity, taken out of the ruins of Hcrtulanepm. PoRTL AND,'a peninfuk in Dbrfetffiire, boa, Lon, 3, 11. "W. kt. .43; 22. N. Porto-Gb,uaro, a' town of Italy,, ia the republic ef Venice, .and. ImFriuli, witlj a biftop's fee; feated. on fhe river Lema-,- 1 5 miles W. pf MaranPi -'¦ Por-t.' Jackson, a large bay Pn-the coaft^pf Ne\y South "Wales, about threp leagues and a half N. of Cape Bankss. The capes that form its entrance are- High,, rugged, and perpendicular cHffs, On prcceeding vvithin, in 178S, gcvernprt PhiHip difcovered alarge branch extend* ing tothe S. and:fpiind himfelf perfeftly- landlccked, vyith agqpd depth of water ; and fi'nding alfo, that the country, in every refpeft, was greatly fsperior to that round Botany Bay, he determined tp fix the. POR P O R tlic colony of convifts here, vvhich had, been originally intended for Botany Bay. The name ef Tort Jackfon had been given to it by captain Cook, as he ob ferved it in failing along tfie coaft, Lon,. 151. 2:5. E. lat. 33. 50. S. '* Port Tatrick, a feaport of Scot land, in Wigtenftire, confined by tfie fea on one fide, and on the orher by c^'cr- hanging rocks and hills. Ir has a good harb-ou-r, and is nored for its ferry te De- iiaghadee in Ireland, from which it is only 20 miles diftant. It is computed that ii,poq head of cattle and. 2000 horfes tire annually imported from Ireland to this place. Here is one of the fi,ncft quays in Bfirair., vvith a rcflei'^tiDg fighthoufe-.. Here alfo arc four elegant packet-boats fbr the conveyance of iihe mail, and t'sre ac^o.-nmockcibn of paiTenjers ; and ^t'le mail coaches go regularly from London and Edin'nrgh to Port Paciick qn the. ©Bcfide, and from Dublin to Dohaghadee. en the other. The great improvements sa this tovvn, and in the harbo'iir, are piriud'patly to be attributed to the exer tions ofthe kce fir John Hunter Blair. It is about i-ty mik-s S. VV. of Eehnburgh, and j:^7 N. W. ef London. * POKTO LONGONE, a fiuall but firowg town ef Italy, in the Ifle of Elba, -with a good harbour, and a fortrefs upon 3 rock, almdft inacceffible. 'Fhe king ef Naples has a right to put 'a garriton sfret-dn, though the pl.ce belongs to the prince of Piombino. It is fe-ated on the E. end of the ifland, eight miles S. V,^. of Piombino. Lon. 10. 10. E lat. 42. 52. N. - I'oRTO Pedro, a feaport ip thc ifland cf Ma] rea. Lon. 2. 41. E. kr. 39. 37. N. ''- Port Pray a, a town and bay of the ifland of St. Jago, one ofthe Cape de Ve-rds. Here the French admiral Suf- frci'n, in the laft war, attacked an Enghfh fquadron, tinder commodore Johnftone, Eorwithitanding this vvas ,a neutral port. teir. 23. 37. "VV. lat. 14. 54. N. , PoRTQ-RlCO. See JUAN-DE-fu- ERTO-RlCO. Pouto-Santo, an ifland of the At lantic Ocean, on the coaft ef Africa, and the leaft of the Madeiras. It is abept 1 5 iB'lcs in circumference, and produces but Mttle corn ; but there are oxen and wild hogs, and a vaft number of rabbits. There are trees which produce the. gum, called «}ragon*s blood ; and there is likewife a little-honey and wax, which are extremely gooeJ. .' Il has no harbour, but good meor- JiJg.in the road. It belongs to the Portu guefe, and is 300 miles S. W. of the coaft of Africa, Lon. 16, 20. W, lat. 32. 5S, N. ^ - Porxo-Seguro, a" government of S., America, on the eaftern coa'ft of Brafik It is ^ very fertile country, and|^the capi tal, of the fame name, is built. on the top of a rock, at the mouth of a river, on the pbaft' of the Atlantic Ocean. Lon. 38.- 50. W. lat. 17. o. S. . Porto-Vecchio, a feaport of the. ifland of Corfica, iri the Mcditerariean ; leated on a bay en the eaftern coaft of the ifland, 4,0 miles N. of Sardinia.-. Lon..g. 20. -E. kt. 41.. 42. N. Pois.to-"V"enerep, a town of Italy, on the coaft of Genoa, at the entrance qf fhe Gulf of Spetia ; feated en the fide of a hill, at the top of which- is ^l fort. Ic has a gopd harbour, and is, 45 miles &. -E. of Genoa. Lon, g, -38. E. lat. 44. S-,N'-' " '¦" Portree, a tpwn on the ifland of Skye, ene bf the Scotch Hebxides. The inhabitants of this town trade chiefty in bkc"k cattle, fmall horfes, and kelp. PoR-T-RoYAL,. a, feaport of the Weft Indies,- in the'^ ifland ef Jariraica, It was once ope of tli£ fineft feaport towns in America, abounding ip riches and trade ;- but in 1692 it was deftroyed by an earth- qu-ake, in 1702 by a fire,.. in 1722 by an inundation of the fea, and in 1744 it fuf fered greatly by a hurricane. It ftill con fifts ef three handfome ftreets, vvith feve ral crofs lanes, and. a fine church. It is built en a f"msll _neck ef knd which jets out feveral miles into, the fea, and is guard ed by a ftrong fort, vvhich has a Hpe -e>f near 100 pieces ef cannon. The harbour Is one of the beft in the world, and- 1000 ftips may ride therein, fecure fr»-m every wind that. cap blow. It is fix miles E.of ' Spariift Town, and as much by vvater S. E. of Kingftori. Len. 76. 40. "W. kt. 18,- o. N. Port-Royal, an, ifland in N. Ame rica, on the coaft of S. Carolina, thc fpace between vvhich and the neighbouring con tinent forms one ef the moft commpdious harbours in thefe parts. It is 15 miles in length, and the town on the N. ftore iii called Beaufort. It is about 100 miles S. W. of Charldtep. Len. 8p. 10. W. kt." 31.40. N. Port-Royal, in Npva-Scptia. See Annapolis, ¦ Port-Sandwich, a harbpur in the ifland pf Mallicolo, in thc South Sea, Port St, MARY's,,a feaport of Spain, in Andalufia,. The Englift made a de fcent here in 1702, with a defign. to be- fiege Cadiz, but vvithout fuccefs. It is 10 miles N. E. ef Cadiz., Lon.- 6. 0. W, kt. 3 5', 37-N. '^ Portsea, an ifland of Hampftire^ ¦ between POR POR -between Chicheftqr Bay and the harbour of Portfmouth. It is a lew traft -of con fiderable extent, feparated from the main land by a -ftallow creek, over which is a bridge. At the S. W. extremity pf it is fitikted the tovvn of Portfmouch. Portsmouth, a borough ,of Hamp. ffiire, vvith two markets, en Thurfday and Saturday. It is the moft confiderable ha ven for men of war in England. The capacious harbour is made by a bay run- ning up between the ifland of Portfea, en which the tovvn is fituated, and tbe oppo fite peninfuk, having a narrow entrance commanded- by the town and forts,- -Portf. mouth is the moft ftrongly fortified place in Great Britain. Many of the .largeft ftips are alvvays kid up here,'and in time of war it is the principal rendezvous of the grand channel fleet,_ The docks, arfenals, ftorehoufes, barracks, &c. are all of capi tal magnitude, and kept in the moft per feft order. The town is entirely fupport ed by the refort ef the army and navy, Oppofite the town is the noted road, of Spithead, where the men of war anchor when prepared for aftual fervice. Portf mouth is governed by a mayor, 12 alder men, and: burgeffes. . 'It has ene church, arid tvvo chapels, one in the garrifon, and one in a part of .the town, called the Com mon, for the life ofthe dock. It is 20 miles S. E, of Winchefter, and 72 S, W. of Lendon, .Lon. i. t. W. lat. 50. 47. N. ':" Portsmouth, a handfome town of N. America, thc largeft in the ftate pf New Hampfhire". It ftands on the S. E. fide of Pifcataqua River, about rwo miles from the Atlantic Ocean. Its harbour is pne of the fineft on the continent, wefl de fended by nature, both againft ftorms and an enemy ; and it has a lighthoufe at tho entrance. * Portsoy, a feaport of Banffshire, in Scotland, about fix miles .E. ef Cullen. Jt is a handfome town, has feveral fifting and trading veffels, and- manufaftures ef fnuff and fewing thread. Portugal, the moft weftern country of Europe, about 310 miles in length, aud 150 in breadth. It is bounded onthe VV. and :S. by- the Atlantic Ocean, and en the- E. and N. by Spain. Though Spain and Portugal are in the fame climate, yet the air of the latter is much more temperate than that of the former, en account of the neighbourhood of the fea. Corn is net very plentiful in this country, becaufe the inhabitants do not attend muqji to huf bandry ; for this reafon they import In dian cpm from Africa, which is made ufe cf by the peafants .inftead pf wheat. There are a great number of.barren moun. tains ; and yet they have plenty pf oliyes, . vineyards, oranges, lemons, nuts, almpnds, figs, and raifins. They have feme homed cattle, whofe fleft is generally lean and dry. They alfo make a great deal of fait with the fea-water, efpeciafly iof the Bay- ef St. Ubes, whence a great deal is export- ed. Their foreign trade confifts either ef the exportatioiv ef the produce of their own country, or in the merchandife which they receive from thdr foreign fettle ments; fuch as fugar, tobacco, rum, cot- ten, indigo, hides, Brafil and other woods for dying, and many excellent drugs. Befide thefe, they have gold, filver, dia monds, and other precious ftones from America. The horfes of Portugal -were formerly in great efteem, but they are now fe fond of mules, that if they were to raife an army, they would want horfes. To vvard the frontiers of Spain there arc mountains in which they formerly got gold and filver; and the river Tajo was ancienily noted for its golden lands; but now the Poi'tuguefc do not think thera worth minding. There are alfo mines of iron, tin, lead, quarries ;pf ma'rble, and fome precious ftones. The principal ri- vers are, the Tajo,^ the Duero or Douro, the Guadiana, the Minho, and the Munda br Mondege. Portugal is divided into fix provinces, namely, Eftramadura, Beira, Entre -Minho-e-Doure, Tra-los-Moptes, Alentejo, and Algarva. Thc military art is almpft forgotten, they having enjoyed fu leng a peace. The Portuguefe ladies- are addifted Co gallancry, for which reafon the men are jealous of their wives, and allovy them but very Httle liberty. The govern ment is monarchical; but the royal autho-^ rity of the king is bounded by the funda mental laws of' the kingdom ; for the fo vereign cannot raife • any more taxes f han were fettled in 1674. The Portuguefe are indolent, -and fo fond of luxury, that they fpend all their wealth in the purehafe o'f fo'rcign. merchandife. No other religi on is allowed here but the Roman Catho lic, and they have three archbifliop's and 10 biftops, befid-? a, patriarch. They have three fevere inquifitiens, and yet tliere are a great number of concealed Jews. Thc authority of the pope is fo great, that the king cannot confer any be nefice without- his confent. There are three orders of" ecclefiaftical knights, who enjoy great revenues, and who would be very, -formidable,- if, the kirig were not grand-mafter. In 1580, there vvas a fai lure in the royal line, and then PhiHp II. king of Spain fubdued the country ; buc in 1640 there was a great revolution, and John duke ¦pf Braganza obtained, thc POT wown, whofe defcendants have enjoyed it ever fince. Lifton is the capital. PosEG.A, a ftrong and exm'fiderable town pf Sdavpnia, capital pf a cpunt?y of the, fame name. It was taken from the Turks by the Imperiahfts in 1687. The comitry is included between the rivers Save and Drave, having the ceunty of Craitz on the W. and Waipe en the E. The town is feated in a fertile country, on the river Oriana, 1 20 miles W. by N. of Belgrade. .Len. 1.8. 5g. E. lat. 45. 36. N, PosNANiA, or Pos^pN, a hapdfome and confiderable town of Great Poland, and of a paJatinMe qf the fame name, with a good caftle, and a biftop's fee. .The cathedral is magnificent, and it is a trading place, feated in a pleafant plain, furrounded by agreeable hills. By the late partition of Poland, it became fubjeft te the king of Pruflia, It is feated on the river Warta, »7 miles W. of Gnclpa, and 127 W. of Warfaw. PosTDAM, or Potsdam, a tqwn of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, with a palace belonging te the king qf Pruffia. It is feated in an ifland 10 miles in circumference, which is formed by the rivers Spree' and Havel. The palace is very curious, arid built upon a delightful fpot, 12 miles W. of BerHn. Lon. 13. 46. E. lat. 52. 52. N. PoTENZA, a tpwn of the kingdom of Naples, with a bifliop's fee. It was .aL- nwft ruined by an earthq-uake in i6g4. It is feated near the fource of the river Bafiento, eight miles S. E. of Naples. L'on. 14. 30. E. lat. 40. 42. N. '* Potomac, pr Patomac, 3 fine ri ver pf N. America, in Virgiriia, vvhich falls. intp the Bay pf Chefapeak. On the bapks pf this river is npw erefting the city pf Waftirigtori, the intended metro- polij of the United States. See Wash- ijjgton. PoTosi, a very rich, popideus, and ^ cqnfiderable tovvn of S. America, in Peru, atfd in the province of Los Charcas. There is the beft filver mine in aft Artie- riea, in a mountain in form of a fugar-Ioaf. Silver is as common in this place as iren is ip Eurppe ; hcwever, it is almpft exhauft ed ; at leaft they get but little frpm it, in comparifpn pf what they did fprmerly; snd the mpuntain itfelf is faid to be little better than a ftell. The cpuntry abput this place is fpnaked an'd barren, that they are obHged to. get thdr provifions from thc neighbouring provinces. It k feated at the bottom of the mountain of Potofi, 30Q Iniles S. E. of Area. Lon. 64. 25-. W.lat. 19. 40- S, P R A PoTTO'N,a town bf Bedforffffirr^, -whSi a market on Saturday. It is watered with a fmall brook, and is 12 miles E, of Bedford, and 48 N, by VV, of London. Len. ej. 18. W. kt. 52. 11. N. '* Poughkeepeie, a pleafant little town of N. America, capital of Duchefs County, in the ftate of New York, It is fituated on the E, fide of Hudfon's Riyer, N, ef Wappinger's Creek. ¦¦'¦ PoUGU«:s, a village of Fraaice, ia the department of Nievra and late pro vince of Nivernois, It is noted for ins ferruginous, mineral waters, ' and is* Eve miks N, W, of Nevers, Po'ULTOU, a town of Lancafliire, with a market pn Monday, feated near ' the mouth ef the river Wyre, It is 18 miles S. W. of Lancaffer, and 231 N. N. W. of London. Lon, 3. 6. \V. lac, 53. 52. N. PouRSELuc, a town of Afia, in the kingdom of Si'am, 28a miles N. of Siaia. Lon. roo. 40. E. lat. r8. 58, N. '* PoorXain, a town of Frapare, m the department ef Puy de Dome and late prpvince of Auvergne, feated pn the river Sipule, 36 ipHcs N. by E. pf Clermont,. and 190 S, of Paris, Lon. 3. 15. E, ktt 46. 21. N. Pr A bat, a town pf Afia, ip the king;* dpm pf Siam ; 100 miles N. of Siam. Leau 101. 10. E. lat, 15. 40. N. Pr A GIL AS, a tPwn of Piedmpnt, feyeA miles W. of Turin. Lon. j. 30. E. lat. 45. 5. N. Prague, a handfome, large, and fa mous city in Germany, capital of the kingdom of Bohemia. It comprchepdi three towns, namely, the Old, the New, and the Little Town, and is about ij miles in circumference. It is built upoa feven mpuntains, frpm the top of which is a very fine profpeft. There are abPve 100 churches, and as many palaces. The" river Moldaw, or Muldaw, runs through the tovvn, end feparates the Old from the Nevv, There is a liandfome bridge- over it, built with freeftone, and fupported wich 18 arches.- It is 1770 feet in length, and 35 in breadth, having a ftrong towef at each end, and five ftatues on each fide. The Old Town is very populous; th«t houfes are higih, and the ftreets narrow. There are two large ftruftures, one ofi vvhich is the old pakce, where the aPcienC kings refided. The fineft Srnaraent o£ ' this part is the )univerfity, frequented by^ a great nuniher of ftudents. The Jefuite had a magnificent "coHege herej. and it is here the Jews rcfide, vvhere they have nine fynagogues. The New Tdwn fur* rounds che Old^ and conuiA? fine: ftru'c-tnrc|^. PRE PRE tpres, handfome gardens, and krge ftreets. In the church pf St, Peter and Paul, is a large cplumn, brpken in three pieces, which they pretend the devil brpught from St, Mary's at Rome. The Litrie Town was built on the fpot whqre there was a fqreft ; and there is a poplar tree yet, ftanding, vvhich they affirm has grown there about looo years. The principal buildings are the Royal Caftle, the Rad ftin, and the Straw-houfe. The firft dontains.a haH, lOO p^ces long, and 40 bread, without any pillar to fupport the rOof. The palace called Radftin, is the place -where prince' Drahomire vyas fwal- lovyed up 'alive in g2i. In the Stravv- hqufe they ftow the place where the Swedes entered the plfy in 1648. Prague was taken by ftorm by the French in 1741 ; but marftal BeHeifle was obhged to leave it in December 1742. In 1744, It was taken by the king ef Pruffia ; but he vyas obliged to abandon it the fame year. It was befieged again by the king pf Pruffia in .1757, after a great viftory, obtained near this city, over the Auftriaps commanded by count Brovvh; buf being defeated fome time after by count Daun, he was obliged to raife the fiege. It is 75 miles S. E. ef.Drefden, 158 S. E. ef Ber- lin, and 235 N, \V. of Vienna, Len, 14, 50,. E, lat. 50. 5. N. PraNdn^TZ, a town of Germany, in Bohemia, on the froritiers ,of Silefia, fa. mous for a. battle gained here by the king ,of Pru'flja in' 1745, Tk ATO, a town of Italy, in Tufcany, feated. on theriver pifentlnp, 12 miles N. "VV, pf Flprence, Lpn, 19, 54. E, lat, 43. 52, N, Pratolino, a palace of Italy, in Tufcany, a Httle to the N. of Florence. It was a cpuntry feat pf the Great Duke's, and is very ric.hly furnifted. The gar.^ dens, grpttps, _apd vyaterwerks . are very iftne. It is one pf the moft delightful places in. Italy. Lop, n. 6, E, lat, 43. 49' N. '* Prade?, a fmall handfome toVvn ef France, in the departmerit of the Eaftern Pyrenees and late province of Roufillon, feated on the river Tet, in a fine pkih, in the midcHe of mpuntains, 22 miles S. E. pf Mpnt-Loiiis. Lon. 2. 35. E. kt. 42, 26,'N, pRAYA, See Port Praya. Pr'kcop, or Perekop, a tpwn and fprtrefs pf the Rulfian empire, in the go- vernm.e.nt of Catharinenflaf, and prevince •of Taurida or Crim .Tartary ; feated on the ifthmus tliat joins fhat penirifuk tp she qpritlncnt. Lbn. 3 5.. 40. E. kt. 46, .fa. N. 7 pRECOPlA, a tpwn of Turkey ip Eu rope, in Servia, feated on the river Mo rave, 20 miles W. of Niffa, Lon. 2«. 5. E, lat. 43. 31. N. * Pregel, a river of Poland. See KONIGSBERG. Premeslaw, a large populous town of Red Ruffia^ in Auftrian Folapd, with a ftrong caftle, and a Gree'k and Latin bi ftop's fee. It is feated on the river Sapa, 27 miles W. of Lemburg, Lop 21. c. E. lat. 49. o. N. Prenslox, a town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, and in the marquifate qf Brandenburg. It is the capital of the Ukraipe Marche, and is feated on the lake Ucker, near the river of the fame namcj 50 miles N. of Berny. Presburg, the capital of Lower Hun. gary, with a ftrohg caftle feated on a hill. Like Vienna, Prefturg has fuburbs mpre magnificent than itfelf. In this city the ftates ef Hungary hold their affemblies, and in the cathedral the fovereign is crowned. In the caftle, which is a noble Gpthic ftrufture, are deppfited thc regalia pf, Hungary, cpnfifting pf th? crown and fceptre of Stephen their firft king. The view from this caftle is very exteali.vre, commanding the vaft and fertile plains of Hungary. The Lutherans have a church here. Prefturg is feated on the Danube, 32 mfles S. E. ef Vienna, and 62 S. E. of Znaim. Lon. 17. 1 1. E. kt. 48. 14. N. Prescot, a town ef Lancafhire, with a market en Tuefday, It is but a fmalE pkce, but the market is pretty good for corn, cattle, and provifipns. Near this tPvvn is Knpwfley, the feat pf the earl of Derby ; pn a cpknade, at the back front pf which, erefted in 1732, is this infcrip. tion : '* James earl of Derby lprd Pf Man and the Ifles, grandfpn pf James earl of Derby and ef Charlotte, ekughter sf Claude de la TremouiJIc, vvhofe hirftand, James, was beheaded. at Bolton, 15th Oc. tober, 1651, for ftrenuoufly adhering to Charles II. who refufed a biH paffed una. ninipufly by bpth houfes ef parliament, for reftoring to thefamily the eftates Iqlt by his loyalty to him." [t is eight miles E, ot Liverpool, and 195 N. N. VV. of Lon. dpn. Lon. 2. 51. W. .kt. 53. 26. N. Pre^nzano, a town of the kino-. dom of Naples. It appears by an infcrip. tion, that it is the ancient Rufs, and its territory has the napie ef Cofta Rufraria. It is 28 miles N. qf Naples. Lqn. 14. 20. E. kt. 41. 20. N. Presidii, a fmall territpry of ItaUc, in Tufcany,. and in the Sienne!^. The proper name of it is Lo State d,.:g:i Pre- iidji ; and it includes fix' fertr-affcs, l"eatetl ¥ R-E M •A the coaf^, of Floreitce, 'and vvrhich '.the "kings of Spain referved for themfelves Avhen they ceded' Siefipa, to the Grand Duke. The fortreffes were defigned to facilitate the comipunication between the Miknefe ^aqd the king pf Naples. The -emperor w'as poffeffed of fopr .arid, the ' Spaniards , of the other two , .but in the ¦war- of 1 7 j4,^.the Spaniards., got, poffefjSoh "of them all; "and in, i7"3 5 'h^y were ceded 'to thc king of the Two SiciHeii by treaty. The pames are OrbiteHe, Telamone, Por to Hercole, Porto San-Stephafto, Monte Phillippp, and- pprt elongone. Presovia, a town pf Httle Ppland, feated ,;pn. tjie riyer Viftuk, .20 ratles E. (of Cracpvv. Lpn. 2P. ii6. E, lat. .50, 10.. N~ , .,,,'.;. . - Pk-esteign, a tovvn of ^adnorftire, 'in S, Wales, with ^.market on Saturday, It is featpd near the fource of the Lug, in a rich valley ; is a large, handfome, well- - huilt town-, vvith paved regular' ftreets ; ahd, he.re the , affizes, are held, and the county gaol is kept. The market is re. ,»narkable for barley, of which they make -a great deal of malt. It is 30 mile's W, N. "W, ,qf ,Wpre,eftpr,.and. 149 W,, N. W, of Lppdpn% Lbn. .2. .38. W. lat, 52, .13- N-., .-.-- Pr.es'toN, a bprpugh in Lancaftire, tvith three markets, en Wednefday, Fri. iday,. and Saturday, It is ffeated pn, the river Ribble, pver which is a handfpme ftppe bridge. It has ' a- large market. place, ,and,-the ftreets are ppen, large,. Mid well paved, , It is inhabited by many geii- " tee] .families, invited here by the beautiful fituation. - Here is a cpurt of chancery ' t!cM,-aBd the other pffices pf jufticp fpr the , cpunty pajatine pf Lancafter. The .markets: pn VVj^fnefday and Friday are fpr provifions, and that- ori Saturday for corn, , cattle, hnen-doth and other cOm..' Diedities. It lis", noted for the defeat ef the rebels here by the king's forces in 171 5, when they we're^ll m'ade prifoners-. It is '2 1 miles S. of Lancafter, ahd 214 N. N, W. of London. 'Lori, 2, 53. W. laf. 53- 46'. N. " ¦ ¦ •Preston-Pans, a village' of^Had- ding-topftice,-iri Scotland. It is noted- fer - its falt-works, .and for the defeat of till: royal 'army, under fir John Cope, by the rebels in 1745. - Lea. i, 53. VV. kt. 4J. ¦58. N. - _ * •¦ ¦', PrB'VESA, -an ancient feaport of Tur- 'Key"-jn Europe, In Albania, feated pn the - Gulf pf Larta, with a bii'iop's lee. ¦ It ftands oh the ruins of the .'ancienc -Nicopb- H, buik, by che erapcrof Auguftus, to 'jj;'efi.:tve. tfiE fiieiiiiary -i-if ,hi-.i yi'^'lory -over "Mii'jt Antliony." 'It'bclb;'gs to che V,;. P R I 'jietiafts, andjwfts taken 'by theffl in iSt^i .It is.feated oh a (notintain, 7b ihiles, N. "tV* lof.Leparito,.' Len,' 21. 5. Ei kt 39'. J4,-:N. PREulLL'sr, a town of Frande, ih the department o'f Indre. and Loire and'late previrice ef Teuraine. It is feated'on thdr river Claife, and pear it there are mine's ef iron. To the S. W. is La; Haye, a fmall tPwn pn the Creufe, fampus as the birthplace, pf Defcartes,; PreuIIly is 18 miles" S.'pf Lpclies. ' ' ' PriaMan,' a feapjprt pf Afia, in the ifl,and pf,' Sumatra, 'where the 'Datch have a faftory. Lon. 98. o. E, lat, 'i. b,- S. • ,¦-¦¦'"' .,'•¦¦ Primros.e Hill, a fine eihineftce, -abqut two miles N. W, by:N, ef Lendph, Here the bpdy of fir Ed-thuridbury God frey was found murdered irt the reigri of "Charles II, 'apd- the hill : Was, forTOme time, calfed Green-Berry-'Hill, from the names of three perfdhs, who "vvcre faid% have brought hini h6re after they had - murdered kim af Somerfet HpufS". ¦•} Prince's Island, a fmall iflahd ''pii 'the W. coaft of Africa, 250 miles S^-W. of Loango. Lon, 6. 40. E. 1st. i. 49. N. ' * Prince's Island, a fmalllfland of Afia, at.the S. W. extremity ef the Straits of SUrida, a few leagues from the coaft of Java. It 'is very vvoody, arid- ttOt much cleared.^ The , irihabi't&nts are J avanefe, whofe rajah is fubjeft to the fultan-of Bantam ;. and their cuftora's are. very fimi-" "laf- to thofe ef'the natives about Batavie,/ The, beft anchoring place is in' lon. 10 j. 17 E. kt. .cS,'36, S'. '. ^ Prince op Wa'les,' Cafe, the moft ' weftern extremity' df ail ' America, hitherto known, 'difcovered by captaih Cook 'ia 1778,' Lon,'i-68. 5, W, lat, 65. ¦46.. N,' ¦ . - ' ' .),'-• . -*'PrinCi»ton, avillagepf N. Ameri-i ' c'a, in the ftate of New Jerfey, H'dted'fdr i large" - 'csUege; - a' handfome ftone ' edifice, fou'ridedin 1738, arid called Naffau FTaH, It is 52 -miles- frem''NeW 'York,' and 43 fromPhikdelphlS,'- - *' PitlNCE WiL LI AM -HEif R'y'j Island,' ah ifliiid in the Ea'fter'n'''Oc'eai{., lying" VV. .N. W.' of Tench's Iflan'd." It is 'pretty high", and feems 'to be sbotit ^a ffliks:in circiiit'. ft is "vVeU woo5lod,:and' thfcr'e 'were a nuifibet' of" clear c'oltivate& trafts, on vdiich fpmethi-pg -was'gfiifw&l; that had thi if pearaijee 'of liidWw'ri, or filgar-cane'.,7-_$,eVer^ large" arid' weW- conftrufted_houfes' vVerS feen .aRiPPg-fhit trees.' 'This _ iA'ahd".; has a' luxuriant aftd pifturefque -appea'i'ance,'and is'fupp'pfedto be fe'rtil'e and vvell-pebpIeS.'' The .nfitf^'ti •vvere. qiiite iiakbd, ahd' feCni'''tp-'Se,'?li4 fame fort sf peopk at thofe onT^eift^ Mand, P R I PRO Ifland, and their «anoes of thc fame con- ftfuftion. It was difcovered bv lieutenant Ball and King in 1790. A high moun tain, rifing in the centre of it, vvas called Mount PhiHp. Lon, 149. 30. E. kt. i. 32. S. ^ '¦' Prince- William Henry's Island, an ifland of thc S.- Pacific Ocean, difcovered by captain Wallis in 1767. Lon. 141. 6. VV. kt. 17. o. S. Prince VVilli am's Sound, fituated ori thc N. W. coaft of America, arid fo named by captain Cook in 1778. Thc men, women, and children, are here all clothed in the fame manner. Their ordi- nary drefs is a fort ef dofe robe, vvhich fometimes reaehes only to the knees, but generally down to the ancles. They are competed of the Ikins df various animals. ¦and are commonly worn with the hairy fide eiitwardl' The men often paint their faces of a black colour, and ef a bright red, and fom'etimes of a bluift or leaden line ; but not in any rcgukrfigurc. The Women punfture or ftain the chin with black, that comes to a point in each of their cheeks. Their canoes are of two forts ; the ene large and open, the ether fmafl and covered. The framing confifts of flender pieces of wood, and thc outfide is compofed of tiie ^ins of fcals, er other' lea animals, ftretched oyer thc wood. Their weapons, and implements for hunt- ing and fifliing, are the fame as chnl"e ufed by the Efquimaux. Our knowledge of the animals of this part of the continent, is entirely derive-d frem the flcins that vvere brought by the native^ for fale. Thefe were principally nf bears, common and pine martins, fea-otters, leals, ra coons, fmaU ermines, fexes, and the vvhitilh cat or lynx. The birds found here were the halcyon, or great king. fiflier, which. had fine bright colours ; the vvhitcheaded eagle, and thc humming bird. Few vegetables ef any kind were eibferved ; and the trees that chiefly grew about thc Sound, were the Canadian fpruce pine, fome df vvhich arc ef a ton- fiderable fize. Lon. 115. 21. E. kt. 59. 33- N. Pri.s'CIPato, a province ofthe king. dom of Naples, divided into two parts,- the Principato Ulteriore, and the Pruicip-aro Citeriore, that is, thc Hither and Further Principato., The Hither Principato is bourided on the N. liy the Further Prin cipato, and part of the Tcrra-di-Lavbra ; on the VV._and S. by the Tufcan Sea; and on the E. by thc Bafilicata. It is .ibout 60 miles in length, and 30 In 'orcadth ; the foil is fertile in wine, corp, 'ii, and faffron ; and ihey luvc a great deal oL filk, and feveral mineral fpriilgs. The capital is Salerno. The Further Princip'dco is bounded on the N. by the county of JMolefe, and the Terra-di-La- vera ; on the W. by the Tufcan Sea.; on the S. bythe Hither Principato ; and on the E. by the Capitanata. It is about 3 7 miles in length, and 30 in breadth. The Appeninc mountains render the air cold, and the foil is not very fertile, either in corn er wine, but it produces chefnuts, and paftures in great plenty. Benevento is the capital. Prisdenia, atown of Turkey in Eu rope, in Bofnia, vvith a biftop's fee, and a magnificent church. It is feated en thc riv'er Drin, 32 miles N. E. of Albanjpoli, and 195 N. of Belgrade. Lon. 21. 3. E. kt. 42. o. N. PiiiSTiNA, a large town of Tt""key in Europe, in Servia. It vvas pillaged by rhe Imperialifts in 1689; and is i"eated on the river Rufca, ^8 miles N. W. of Niffa, and I ,o S. E. of Belgrade. Lon. 22. 5. E.'lat. '42. 43. N. Privas, a town of France, in thc de partment of Ardeche and late province of Dauphiny. It is feated on a hill, n^ar the confluence ef three fmall rivers, 16 miles N. of Viviers. Lon. 4. 41. E, lat. 44- 45- N. Procita, an ifland of Italy, in the Gulf of Naples, near, that of Ifchia. . Ic is about eight miles in circumference, and is very fertile and populous. Thc Cjipital, of the fame name, is a fmall haridl'oriic place, well fortified, and built on a high crsggy rock, by the feafide. Lon. 14. S. E. kt. 4c. 43. N. Prom, a town of Afia, in thc kingdom of Burmah; l"catcd on the rive-r Menan, 200 rriiles N. VV. of Pegu. Lon. 94. 0. E. kt. 17. 50. N. Provence, a late province ef France, bounded on the N. by Dauphiny ; on the S. by the Mediterranean ; on the VV. by Languedoc ; and en the E. by thc Alps, drid the river V"ar, which feparate it from the dominibns ef the, king of Sarv diria. It is 138 miks in length, and icO ip breadth. Thc air is very different ; for near tho Alps and Dauphiny it is cdd, en - the feacoft hot, and in the middle tera- -perare. In that which is called Upper Provence, the foil is fertile in corn and . paftures ; but in Lower Provence dry and - fandy. It however prpduces wine, cil, figs, almpnds, prunes, and pomegranates, along the, feacoft frpm Toulon to Nice. There arc onmge and citron-trees in ihe open fields; and many medicinal plants, mineral writers, and mines of feveral kind.-.. It, no^.v forms the departments of Var, N n thff P R iJ PR U the" Lower Alps, and the Mouths of the Rhone. Providence, a town of N. Ameri ca, in the ftate of Rhode Ifland. It is the moft flourifting tovVn in the .ftate, has a confiderable mariufaftory of doth, and carries on alarge feteign trade. Here ft an" elegant college, called Rhode Ifland Collegel: Providence is feated on both fides of the river of the fame name, about 30 miles N. W. of Newport." Len". 71. 2 1. VV. kt, 41. 51. N. ~ Providence, a river ef N. Ame rica, which rifes in Maffachufets, and wa ters the town' of Providence, from which it is navigable to Narraganfet Bay, which it enters on the W. fide of Rhode Ifland. , Providence, an ifland in the At lantic Ocean, one ef the leaft ef the Ba hamas, but the beft of thefe that are planted and fortified by the Englift. It is feated on the E. fide ef the Gulf of Florida, 200 miles E. of the continent of that name. Lon. 77. 1, W. lat, 24. ;o. N. Providence, a fmall ifland iri the Atlantic Ocean, which the Enghft buc caneers formerly fortified, and defended ¦ againft the Spanift guarda coftas ; but they afterward abandoned if. It is about 1 50 miles E. of Nicaragua. Lon. 80. 44. W. kt. 13. 25. N. Provins, a tovvn of Fr.ance, in the department of Seine and Marne and late prevince of the Ifle ef France. It is famous for its mineral waters, and excellent conferves. of rofes ; and was of note in the time df Charlemagne ; but, though a krge tovVn, it is not populous. It is feated on the little river Veuzie, 30 miles S. E. of Meaux, and 47. S. E. of Paris.' Lon. 3. 22. E. lat.'4Si 34. N. P-RifCK, a town of Germany, in Auf tria, feated on, the river'Leita, 22 miles S, W. of Prefburg, and 22 S. E. of Vienna. Lon. 16. 58. E. lat. 43-. 5. N. Pruck, a town of Germany in Sti ria, featect on the river Mucr, 66 iniles 3. W. of Vienna, Lon. f;. 25. E. lat, 47. 24. N. Prussia, a large country of Europe, bourided on .the N. by the Baltic ; on, the E. by Lithuania, S-,iraogiiia,.and P.okrid ; on the S. by P'oknd ; and on the W, by Brandenburg and Pomerania ; about i;oo miks in length, and- iqp. in breadth, -wiiere it is narroweft. It is-a-,very fer- tile country, and produces a great deal of flax, -hemp, and corn. T'nere are a great number of domeftic anrmak'; and the fea, rivers, and lakes, fupply thern with great plenty of fift. Befide the com.mon game, there are elks, wild alfes, "anxl' uri,,ia the' forefts. Thefe laft are ef a monftrous fize, and have fome refemblance. te beeves. Their hides are extremely thick and ftrong, and they fell them to fordgners at a great price. One of the moft remarkable pre. duftioris ef this country is yeflow amber, which is got along the feacoaft. There are two krge lakes, befide the rivers Vif. tula and Pregel. The inhabitants are of a good conftitution, laborious, robuft, and good foldiers. There are a great num ber of mechanics, but their prindpal bu finefs is huftandry, and feeding of cat tle. In the 13 th century all Pruifia be longed to the knights ef the Teutonic Order. In 1454, that part, fince deno minated PoHft Royal, of, Weftern Pruffia, revolted to Cafimir I"v. king ef Poland, and was afterward incorporated'ipto the dominions of the republic. At the fame time, the knights vvere conftrained te held the remaining part, called Eaftern er Du cal Pruffia, as a fief ef the crown of Po-, land. In 1525, Albert of Brandenburgh, thdr grand mafter, having become a con vert to the deftrines of Luther, ,toek ad vantage of the confufions of the empire to betray the inrere^s of his fraternity, and concluded a treaty vvith Sigifmund king of Poland, by vvhich Eaftern Pruffia was erefted into an hereditary duehy, and given to him as a PoHft fief. He mar-, ried a princes of Denmark, and tranfmit tcd this rich inheritance to his defcend ants ; one ef whom, Frederic William, thc Great. Eleftor, was the firft duke that, threw off his feudal dependence on Poland. His fon, Frederic I. in 1701, affumed- the title of king of Pruffia, vvhich vvas foon after acknowledged by all the Chrif"- tian powers, except Poland, which did not acknowledge it tfll 1764, at the accef fion of Staniflaus Auguftus, king pf Pp-, land.' The fucceffors of Frederic I. were Frederic William I. Frederic II. and Fre deric' William II. thc prefent king. In, 1772, Frederic II. compelled the Poles to cede tn him the vyhole of Weftern Pruffia, the cities of Dantzic and Thorn excepted ;. and, in 1793, the prefent king of Pruffia, by another forced ccflion, obtained poffef fion of thofe cities, with feveral confider-, able provinces, to vvhich he has given the name ef Southern Pruflia. Koningfterg is the- tapital df aH Pruffia. See Po-- LAND. Pruth, a river vvhich rifes in Red Ruffia, and in the mountain cf Crapach, croffes part of the palatinate pf Lemburg,: aftetvvard runs through all Mpldavia, and falls into the Danube,, a Httle below Axipplii In 171 1, rhe czar Peter ths Great having' led his tropps intp- a dilad- vanta. P U L P U L vantageous fituation, formed the defperate refolution of cutting his way through the Turkift army in the night ; but he was faved from this ftep, and frem almoft in evitable deftruftion, by the-abHity of his vice-chancellor Shatfirof, who perfuaded the vizier to cpnfent to a treaty en more reafonable conditions than could haye been expefted, * PsKOP, caHed "py foreigners Ples. KOF, a government ef Ruffia, once a republic, fubdued by Vaffili Ivanovitch, - and formerly coraprifed in the government of Novogorod. '•• PsKOF, or Pleskof, a lake of Ruffia, in the government ef the fame name. '¦ PsoF, or Pleskof, a large town of .Ruffia, ih the government of the fame name, with an arcJhbiftop's fee, and a ftrong caftle. It is feated on the rivet^ Vdika or Vellkaia, 80 miles S. of Narva, and 1 50 S. by W. of Peterfturg. Lon. 27. 52. E. lat. 57. 58. N. '* Puddar, a river of Hindooftan Proper, which rifes in the S. W. part ef Agimere, and dividing the provinces ef Cucch and Guzerat, falls into the Gulf of Cutch. PuEBLA, a tpwn pf Spain, in Eftrama. dura, feated near the river Guadiana, 1 5 miks W. pf Meridad, Lpn. 6. 23. W. lat. 38. 42. N, PuEBLA-NuovA, a-feapprt tPwn of N, America, in Mexico, and in the pro. vince ef Veragua, feated on a bay of the S, Sea, 200 miles W, of Panama, Lon, 83, 28, W, lat. 8. 48. N, Puenta-del-Reyna, - a town of Spain, in Navarre, feated on the river Agra, 10 miles S, W. ef Pampeluna, . JLon. i; 39. W. lat. 42. 41, N, Puente-de-Archobispo, a town of Spain, in Eftramadura, which belongs to the archbiftop of Toledo, and is feated on the river Tajo, oyer which 'is a' hand- fome bridge, 40 miles S. W. of Toledo. Lon. 4. 15. W. kt. 39. 38. N. * Puerto Bello, Puerto Rico, &c. For all names, which, in the Spanift language, fignify a port, fee •PoR'TO ; fer although that word Is not Spanift, but Italian, it is neceffary to adhere to it in fhis work, in conformity to the Eriglife pronunciation. ''¦' Puglia, the modern name of the ancient Apulia, containirig the three pro. vinces of Capitinata, Bari, and Otranto, on the E.,fide of the kipgdom ef Na. pics. ¦ PuLAON, an iflapd of Afia, in the Indian Ocean, lying to the W. of the Philippines. It is' very fertfle, and fubje6l to its own king, who is tributary to that ef Borneo. Lori. 129. 12. E. lat. 9. 30. N. Polo-Canton, an ifland of Afia, in the Indian Oceari, and on the coaft of Cochin-China. Leh. log. 35. E. kt. 15. 10. N. PuLO-CoNDORE, the name ef feveral iflands of Afia, in the Indian Ocean, the principal of which is the only one in. habited. It is about 1 3 miles in length, and pine in breadth, but in. fome pkcei pot above a mile over. The foil ef thefe iflands Is bkckifli, and pretty deep, but th« hills are fomewhat ftony. The trees are pot very thick, but large, tall, and fif for. any ufe. .The prindpal fruics are man goes, a fort of grapes, and baftard nutmegs,, The animals are hogs, lizards, and guanoes, and there are birds of various kinds, not, known in other parts. The inhabitant*. are fmall of ftature, of a dark complexion-; vvith fmall black eyes, thin lips, white" teeth, little mouths, and blaqk ftraight hair. Their chief employment is to get tar out of very large trees that grow here. They are very free of their women, ahd , will bring them on board the ftips, where , they are kept by the failors,^ while they ftay. They are idolaters, and have ima ges of elephants in their temples, as well as horfes. Leij. 106. " 18. E. lat, 8. 40. N. PiIlo-Dxnding, a fmall ifland of Afia, in the Indian Ocean, near the pen infula of Malacca, which belongs to the Dutch, and where they have a fort. . PuLo-TiMOAN, anifland cif Afia, in the Indian Ocean, on the eaftern coaft of the peninfula of Malacca. It is prett)r large, is covered with trees, and the val lies are very pleafant. It is often touched at for taking in wood, wafer, and other refreftnients, and there is great plenty of green turtles, Lori, 105, 40; E. lati 3- 12, N, Pulo-Way, an ifland of. Afia, in tl^e Indian Ocean, near that of Sumatra. It' is the largeft of all thefe that form the entrance ef the channel of Achem, and peopled by men banifted from Achem, Lon, g5. 3g. E. kt. 5. 50. N. PuLTAUSK, a tPwri of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Mafevia, feated op the river Nareu, 20 miles, N. E. of Warfaw. Lon. 2 I. 47. E. Iat. 50. ^o. N. PuLTOWA, a fortified town of Poland, in the Ukrain, famous for a battle fought, , in i7og, between. - the czar Peter the Gre^at and Charles' Xll. king of Sweden, wherein the latter .was defeated, wound ed, and obliged to fly into, Turkey :; 8000 men left dead on the field of battle, N" n X anm- mcmefatiori nf a hir. Hartley's invcnrinn ¦if fircplates for fecuririg buildings from fire, and near it is thc houf"c in which th^t goritleman made his experiments, One, in particular, in 1776, when his ipajcffy au 1 fi:mc nf the royal family, were in a room ever the ground floor, perfeftly fafe, vvhile thc room ¦jn'itr them was fu- rioufly burning. '¦; Puy, a populous town of Francff, in the department of Upper Loire and kte . province of Velay ; feated en fhe mountain Ann-, near thc river Loire. Pi/ec'.t, or Phy, in the ancient Gaulifh, fig nifies mountain. The prindpal church is famous foi" a prodigious epiancity of relics ; and " Our I>ady of Puv" is n'lt lefs cele brated in thc annals of I"uperftition. The late canons of Puy have Ivad kings and dauphins of France at their head. On thc 1 5th ef Mav 1422, Charles Vfl. then dau phin, affifted in thc l"ervice, in the habit ofa dinrifter. This example vvas perfeft ly to.the tafte of Lewis XI. who knew how to unite thc extremes ef guik and fu perftition : he vvas eager "to imitate it himfelf, and to make his fon follow the fame example. Puv has manufactures" of kce, antl filk ftuffs. It is 45 miles N. E of Mende. 'Tuv-C];R'1)a, a ftrong and confider able town nf Spain,, in Catalonk, and capital of Ccrdagnc ; feated bi'twccn the rivers Carol and Segra, in a pleafant plain,; at thc foot of the mountains, 53 miles W," of Perpignan, and 67 N. W. of Barce lona. Lon. I. i;o. E. Iat.. 42. 36. N. '¦¦ PuY-DE.DoME, a department of France, containing part of the kt.t province ef Auvergne. This department com prifes almoft all Limagne, a territory about 12 leagues long, by fix broad ; One of the moft,plcafant 'and fertile in France; in vvhich arc feen, under the fame point of vjcw, orchards, meadows, vineyards, ara. ble land, in a word, eyery kind of ciiki- vation iin'aginable. The borders of tins bnjin, or circular plain, are mountains, now covered vvith habitations, herds, and flock.i ; but once fo many volcanoes, which exhibited to ,the infpeftion of the Icarnetf the moft extraordinary pherfomena. Cler mont is the capital of this department. Puy-en-An'JOu, a towit of France, in the department of Riainc and Loire and l::re proviucu of Anjou, 10 Uiiles S, VV'. of Saumur, and 160 S. W. of Paris,^. Lon. -.'. 13. W. lat.- 47. 6. N. Pr y-Lauri:n::, a town, of France, in the deparrmenr of T^rri and kre pro vince of Languedoc, eight iniles S. W, of Caftres, ar.d 2; E. of Touloufe. Lon, - 1. 57, E. kt. 45. 3s. N,. * PuzzoLI, a celebrated, but now in- confideraUe .town of Italy, fituated on the bay of NapIc. The tcmpk ef Ju piter Serapis .in this towri is accounted a very ii'terefting monument of antiquity ; being quite different from the Reman and Grcelt temples, and built in the manner of the Afiaiics ; " probably," fays Dr. Moore, "by the Egyptian and Afiatic P Y R P Y R inerchants fettled at Pu/zoli, which vvas the 'great emporium of Italy, till thc Romans built Oftia and .Ancium." The ruins of Cicero^s yilla, ne.ir this place, are of fuch extent, as to give a high idea is- a ftrong frontier bulwark againft the Turks, and has -two bridges, ene over a double ditch, arid an other that leads toward Alba Regalis. It was taken by Amurath III. vvith thc lofs of 20,0(50 men-; I but vvas fUrprif"cd foon after by count Palfi, who killed all the Turks that were found therein. It is feated at the confluence of the rivers Rab and Rabnit, not far frorii the Danube, 55 nules S. E. of Vienna. Lon. 17. 2j. E. kt. 47. 43. N. Rabasteens^ an ancient tovvn of France, in the department ef Tarn and iate province of Languedoc, with an ojd caftle, almoft gone to ruin. It is'fcated on the river Tarn, 18 iniles frem Alby. Lon. 1. 52. E. lat. 43. 46. N. Raba'T, a large and handfome feaport of Africa, in the kingdom ef Fez, and prevince of Tremefen, with a good caftle. Jt hasTine mofques and hand|"ome palaces, and is feated at the mouth ef the river Burrigrig, ahnoft midway between Fez and Tangier. Len. 5. 28. W. lat. 34. 40.. N. * Rachore, or Aloni-Rachore, a dty of the peninfula of Hindooftan, wa- pital ofa diftrift -of the fame name, fub jeft to thc nizam of the Deccan. It is feated en the S. bank ef thc Kiftna, near its confluence vvith the Tungebadra, 315 -miks N. by E. of Seringapatam. Racker-sburg, a town of Germany, in'the circle of Auftria, and duchy of Stiria. It is a 'ftrong, ancient place, and near it is a caftle feated on a mpuntain. The .Turks were beaten here in 1418. It is feated pn an ifland, fprmed by the river Muer, 22 -miles S. E, pf Gratz, and 100 S. of Viepna. Lon. 15. 58. E. kt. 46. 4. N, Raclia, a. fmall uninhabited Ifland of the Archipelago, near that ef Nio. RacoNi, a populous town pf Pled- mpiit ; feated in a pleaf"ant plain, on the rivers Grana and' Macra. It belongs to the pririce of Carignan, who has a- hand- feme caftle here. It Is fix miles from Ca rignan. Lon. 7. ,^6, E. Iat. 44. 39. N. ' Radicofani, a town ef Italy, in Tufcany, feated on a mountain, and de fended by a good citadel on ah adjacent hill, 56 miles S. E. of Sienna. Lop. i f, 40. EMat. 42. 42. N. Radm ansdo.rf, a tow.n of Germany, jn Cainiolo, near the river Save. Radnor, New, a borough of S, Wales in Radnorftire, vvith a market on Thiirl"day. It vvas formerly thc coiinty town ; but the affizes arc new held al Prefteign. It is f"eated near the fpring- head of the river Semergil, in a plcaf"ant yalley, at the foot of a hill, where % caftle formerly flood. It is a cerporationj has krge privileges, ahd fends one mem ber to p-arliament. It is 24 mfles N. W, of Hereford, and n6 W. N. W/of Lop-» den. Len. 2.. 45. W. kt. 52. 10. N. ' " Radnorshire, a county of S. Wales, 30 miles in length, and 25' in breadth; bounded on the E. by Shrepfliire ani Hereferdftire; en the N. W. by Cardi ganfliire ; on'the S. and S. W. by Breck nockfliire; ahd en the N. by Montgome ryftire. Itcontains 52 pariflies, 4 mar ket towns, and fends two members to par liament. The E. and S. parts of this cnunty are tolerably level, and produftive of corn. The other parts are rude and niountainous ; devoted chiefly to thc rear ing of cattle and fteep. Thc N. W. part i'l an abfolute defert, almoft impaffable. This vvas the retreat of the Britifh king Vortigcrn, after he had felt the fatal ef fefts of his imprudence in inviting the Saxpris tp his affiftance. Prefteign is the cpunty tPvvn. Radom, a tpwn pf Little Poland, ia the palatinate of Sandbmcr, and capital cf a county ef the fame name ; feattd on a brook that falls -into the Viftula, 30 miles N. of Sandomer, and 50 S. ef Warfaw- Lon, 21. 1. E. lat 51. 2;. N. Radsta Y, a tovvn of Germany, in the arehbi fhepric ef Saltzburg, feated en thi; riyer Elns. Ragivolo, a tovvn of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, feared between the ci ties ef Mantua and Rcggio, 42 miles from each. Ragusa, ap ancienf town "of Sicily, ia the Val-di-Neto, near the river Maulo, 12 miles N. of Modica. Len, 14. 59, E. kt. 37. o. N. Ra GUSA, a dty of Dalmatia, and capi tal of Ragufcn. Ic is about two miles in circumference, is pretty wdi built, and ftrong hy fituation, having an inaccfeffibic mountain en the land fide, and on the fide -of the fea a ftrong fort. It has an archw biftop's f"ee. is a republic, and has a doge lilcc that "of Venice, but he continues a •month only in his offices. It carries on a. confiderable trade with the Turks, and is 6a miles N. W. of Scutari, . Lon. iS. 10. E, lat. 42. 50, N; -Ragusen, a territory of Europe, in Dalmatia, lying along the coaft of the Gulf of Venice, about 55 miks in length, ' and RAM RAM and 20 in breadth. It is a repubhc, under the proteftipn pf the Turks and Veneti ans. Ragufa is the capital. RajaPOUR, a town of the peninfuk of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Malabar, feat sd on a river of the fame name, 50 miles N. of Goa. Raj EM A L, a town of Hindooftan Pro per, in Bengal. It was formerly a place cf great trade ; but is now in a ruinous flare. It is feated on the W. bank ef the Ganges, 190 miles N. by W. of Cal cutta.'' Rain, a town of Germany, in Upper Bavaria, feated on the river Acha, near the Leeh, five miles E, ef Donavert, Len, II. 12, E, kt, 48. 50. N. Rain, a town ef Germany, in Lovver Stiria, feated on the river Save, vvith a handfom.e caftle, on the confines of Carnio la. Lon. 15. 20. E. kt. 46. 12. N. •* RA'iNHAM,-a vfllage cf Effcx,'one mile from the Thames, vvhere there is a ferry to Erith in Kent. The marftes in this ndghbeurhood are uncommonly fine, and covered with prodigious numbers of cattle. It is 15 miles E. of, London. * Rainy, or Long Lake, a lake of N. America, vvhich lies to the E. of the Lake of the Woods. It is nearly 100 miles long, but in no part mere than 20 iniles wide. Rakka, a town of Turkey in Afia, in .J)iarbekar, feated on the river Euphrates, .and the refidence of a beglerbeg ; but fhe ' caftle. is going tq decay. This is but an indifferent place, though lately built ; but pld Rakka, whofe ruins are near it, was very magnificent. This ktter place is 100 miles S. W. of Diarbeck. Len. 38. 55. E.kt. 36. I.N. , . Rakonick a tovvn qf Germany, capi tal of a qirclc of the fame name, in Bo hemia ; feated en a river which falls intp the Miza, 30 miles W. pf .Prague. Lpn. :i4. 5. E.lat. -52. 4.,N. Rama, ,an_ ancient tPvvn pf Afia, in ?aleftirie, ppw called Ramuk by the 'urks. V The ftreets are' narrow, and the houfes contempti'ole, though built of free- ftone. However, there are many fine ruins ef Chriftian churches and other buildings, vvhich ftovir what it h^^s been formerly. It is 20' miles frem Jerufalem. Lon. 34- 5 5: E.Iar. 32. o. N. - ' - R.-\MAD.*.,,.a feaport ef S. America,- in .New Granada, lOO miks E. of St. Mar. ,tba. Lon. 72. 20. W. kt. i r. 10. N. - R.vvi ^^' ANC.q'R, an ifland of Afia, in tiie Eaft Indies, Iving toward Cape Comnrin. It is, about 23 miles in c-reuni-- fcrence ; ii very 'landy, and has only a few villages in it, -and a temple. Lon, 79. 45. E. kt. 9. 2;. N. Rambert-le-Joug, St. a town df France, in the department of Ain and late province of Breffe. It is feated riear a branch of Mount Jura, cafled Le Joug, 18 miles N. W. of Bdky. Lon. 5.-30. E. lat. 45. 53. N. R ambervilliers, a town ef France, in the department of the Vofges and late province ef Lorrain, 30 miles S. E. pf Nancy. Lpn. 6. 44. E. kt. 48. 21. N. Rambouillet, a town pf Erance, in the department pf the Seine and Oife, and ' late prpvince of the Ifle ef France ; re. markable for a palace in which Francis I, died in 1 547, The tate unfortunate Lewis XVI. made confiderable- additions te it, and rendered it a magpificent royal refidence. It vvas demolifted in 1793, by order of the National Convention, and the furniture and materials vvere publicly fold. Ra.viekins, a fortrefs of the United, Provinces, in Zealand, which vvas. one of thefe put into the hands of the Englift by the Dtitch, as a fecurity for. a loan in the reign of queen EHfabeth. It is feated on the S. coaft of the Ifle of Walcheren, about four miles S. of Middleburg. Lon. 3. 40. E. lat. '5 1. 29. N, Ramera, a town of France, in the de. partment ef Aube and late prevince of Champagne, feated on the river Aube, 18 miles N. E. of Troyes. Len. 4. 30. E. "lat-. 48. 32. N, Ramillies, a town of Auftrian Bra bant, remarkable for the great viftory ob tained by the duke of Marlborough, over ' the French, on Whitfunday 1706, Itis 10 miles N, of Namur, and 24 S. E. of -Bruffels, Len, 4, 50. E, Iat, 50. 39. N. Rammelberg, a town of Germany, in Lovver Saxony. There is a mountain •df the fame name, in which there is a rich mine, between Brunfwick, Goflar, and Thuringia. "Rampano, a town of Turkey in Eu rope, in the Merea, Len, 20. 17. E, kt. 36, 54. N, - R'AMSBURY, a fmaH town in Wilt fliire, vvell known in London' for its fine beer. It is 46 miles E. of Briftol, and 69 W. of Londori. Ramsey, a town, of Huntingdonftire^ with a market on Saturday. It is feated in the fens, among rich ground, proper for tiUage and pafture, and near the meets of Ramfcy aud Whitlefey, vvhich . afford excellent fift. It was formeriy famous for an abbev, which brought fuch gre^t rwhei tq tU'J inhabitants, that it was calleg^ ;^%lBff^' RAN RAR B.amfey the Rich, It is 12 miles N. E. of Huntingdon, and 69 N. of London. Lon. o. 19. W. lat. 52. 26. N. Ramsey,, an ifland of S. Wfales, on the coaft ef Pembrokeftire, about two miles in length, and a mile and a half broad. Near it are feveral fmall ones, known by the name ef the Biftop and his Clerks, It is four miles W. ef St. David's, and 17 N- W. of MUford Haven. Lon, 5, 20, "VV. lat, 51, 55. N. . ' , RAMSGATE,.a feapprt pf .Kent, in the Jfle of Thanet, where two very fine ftone piers have been built, fer the fecurity ef ihips that come into the harbour, being feated near the Downs, between the N. and S. Thefe piers have coft immenfe fums ; and although the harbour which they form is ftill an indifferent one, en ac count of the accumulatipn pf mud, it has been unqueftipnahly the means pf faying a gre-dt number of fliips, that have been driven in here hjr ftpefsof weather vvhen they could make no other port. Ramf- gate has feme trade te the Baltic, and fre. quented as a bathing.place. It is 10 miles N. E. of Canterbury. Lon. i. 30. E. lat. 51. 22. N. Rana I, one of the Sandwich Iflands, in the N. Padfic Ocean, difcovered by capt. Cook, lies S. . W. of the paffage be. tween Mowee and Morotoi, about three leagues diftance frem each. The country to the fouth is high ahd craggy ; but the other parts have a better afpeft, and are well inhabited. It produces very few plantains and bread-fruit trees, but abounds in yams, fweet potatoes, and tare. , . Ranchiera, a feaport of S. America, jp Terra Firma, and in the province ef New Granada. There was formerly a pearl fiftery here, and the Spaniards de- ftroyed a great number of the natives, by forcing them to dive for the pearls beyoad their ftrength. It is feated on the coaft of the Gulf of Mexico, Lon, 72, o, E. lat, 11; 34, N, Randerson, or Randers, an an cient town of Denmark, in N- Jutland, feated near the mouth of the river Gude, on the Baltic. Near it is a plentiful faU mon fiftery. Lon, 10, 35. E, kt. 56, 20, N. . Rangnitz, a town of Eaftern Pruf fia, on the confines of Samogitia, feated on the river Neimen, 55 miles E, qf Konigf. . hurg, Len; 22, 40. E. lat. 55, 6, N, ' '. * Rannoch Loch, a lake in thp N, part of Perthftire, in Scotland. It ex. fends 1 1 miles from E. to W, receives the wsitcrs of the great lake, called Loch Ericht, from the N. and communicates with Loch Tumel on the E, and Loch Lidoch on the W, Its S, fide is adorned with an ancient foreft of birch and pine, * Rantampour, a fortrefs of Hin. dooftan Proper, in the E, quarter of Agi mere. It is very celebrated in the Indian hiftories, and is 120 miles from Agra. Rantzow, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and. in the duchy -of Holftein.' It is 24 -mfles N.of'.. Lubec. Lon. 10. 42. E. kt. 54. 16. N. Raolconda, a town ofthe Deccan of Hindooftan, in Golconda. ' There is a rich diamorid-riiirie nfear this pFacc, which is 270 miles S. W. of Hydrabad. Lon. 76. 40. E. lat. 14. 30. N. ¦ . . Raon l'Etape, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe and late pro vince pf Lprrain, in the cPunty of Salm, feated at the foot of the Vofges, at thc confluence of the rivers Etape and Marte, ,, 30 miles frpm Nancy. Lpn. 6. 47. E. kt. 48, 26, N. Rapallo, a tpvrn pf Italy,- in the ter ritpry of Genpa, feated pn the Gulf pf thc fame name, 20 miles E.of Genoa. Lpn. 9. 11. E. lat. 44. 26. N. RapPERschwyl, a fmall republic and tPwn of Swifferland, on the confines of the cantpn pf Zurich. It is under the proteftipn pf the cantpns pf Zurich, Bern, and Glarus, and is gpverned by a great and Uttle cpuncil, ccnfifting pf 48 mem-, bersJ Its territpry is- abput a league in circumference, ahd comprehends three patiftes,- The town is ftrong by fituation, being feated on a neck of land, which ad vances into the lake pf Zurich, and pyer which is a bridge near 1700 -paces leng. Itcontains 200 burghers, and abpu^lood inhabitants, whp are aU Catholics, ft is 12 miles S, E, pf Zurich, and 62 N. E, pf Bern, Lon, 8, 42,- E. lat. 47. 10, N, RapolfteiN, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Rhine, and late prevince ef Alface,' It is called in French Ribau-Pierre, arid is eight miles N, of Golmar. Lon; 7, 20, E, lat, 48. 13- N. -Rapollo, a town of the kirigdom of Naples, with a- bifhop's fee. It is 56 mfles W, of Barf, and 70 E. of Naples. Lon. 15. 51. E. lat. 46; 56. N. Rappahannoc, arivetofN. America, which rifing in mountains W. of Virginia, and rtinnirig E. S. E; falls into the Bay of Chefapeak. '-* Raritan, a river of N. Anaerica, in the ftate of Nevv Jerfey, which paffing by Brupfivick and Amboy, mingles with ' - the RAT R A V the waters of thc Arthur KullSpund, and helps tP form the fipe harbour of Am boy. V Rascaranschi, a cape on the S. coaft of Val-di-Noto, in Sicily, furreundtd by fmall iflands, five miles E. cf Cama- rana. Rascia, a territpry of Turkey in Eu- rppe, in the N. part of Servia. It takes its name from the river Rafca, vvhich falls into the Morave. The principal town is Belgrade, , Raseborg, a feaport ef Sweden, ca pital ofa canton in Fiqland, and in the ter- ritory of Nyknd ; feated on the Gulf of Finland, 3.7 miles 8. E, of Abo, Lon. 23, j8. E. kc. 60. 16. N. . Rasen, a tovvn ef Lincolnftire, with a market on Tuefday. It is commonly called Market Rafen, and is feated on a branch of thc river Ankara, 14 miles N. E. of Lincoln, and 150 N. of London. Lon. u. fo,.W. kt. 53. 23. N. RASO<;ALM0,'a capo of Sicily, lying on the: N. coiitt, near a town of the f"ame name, te the W. ef Cape Faro, and to th? N. of Meffina. Rastadt, 3 tovvn of Germaijy, jnthe circle of Bavaria, and . archbiftopric of Saltzburg ; feated pn the river Ens, 48 miles E. of §a:hzburg, Lon. 14, -10. E, lat. 47- 3 I.N. RaSt,adt, a townof Gcrmanv, in the circle of Suabia and marquifate of Baden, with a handfomc caftle. It is remarkable for a treaty concluded here betweeii the French and Imperialifts in 17 14, and is feated oa thc river Merg, ne.ar the Rhine, four miles N. of Baden, and 24 S. W. of Philipfburg,. Len. S, 14, E. kt. 48, Ratenau, a towno£.Gcrmany, m the Middle Mardic of Brandenburg ; feated on the rjver. Hav.el, 15 miles N. W..(if Brandenburg. Lon. 13. 49. E- -'at- :;2. 46. N. P,.aTknburc, a town of Germany, in the Tirol, feated on the river Inn, vvith a caftle. Lon 12, 5. E. kt. 47. 30. N. Rathmines, a remarkable place in Ireland, about a mile and a half from DubUn, where the duke of Ormond vvas defeated by the parliament's forces in 1649, vvhen there vvere 4000 killed, and 3000 taken pri("oncrs, . Ratibor, a tovvn of Germany, In Silefia, capital of a duchy of the fame Tame, with'a caftle. It. has boen twice taken by the Sivedes, and is feared on fhe river Oder, in ,a country fertile in corn and-fruit.s, 15 miles N.E.of TroppawJ and 142 E. of Prague."- Lon, 17. 54. E. I^t. ^o, II.N. RatisboN, an ancient, large, rich, haridfome, and ftrong city of Germany, in Bavaria, free and imperial, with a biftop's fee, whofe bifhop is a prince of the em. pire. It is full of gentry, and there are very haridfome ftruftures, particularly fix monafteries. The townhoufe is magni ficent, and in its haU, the general diets of the empire meet. It is feated on the Da- nube, over which is a ftone bridge of 15 arches. The inhabitants, in general, are Proteftant'S, as all the magiftrates muft he. It is 55 miles S. E, of Nuremberg, 62 N, of Munich, and 195 W. of Vienna. Lon. 12. 5. E- kt. 48. 56. N., Ratolfzfl, a ftrong town of -Ger many, in Suabia, near the W. end of the lake of Conftance. It is feated on -that part of it called Bode'nfce, and belongs to the houfe of Auftria. It is 12 milts W. ofthe dty of Conftance. Ratzeburg'h, a f"mall fprtificd tpwn of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxpny ; feated on an ifland, in the midft ef i -lake about 30 miles in, circumfe- rence; the banks of which are abrupt, aud pleafantly feathered with worxi. The town belongs phrtly to the duchy of Mecklenburg Strelitz, and partlv to that of Saxe Lawenburgh. The buildings are ef brick ; and almoft every houfe is (had ed with a tree, vvhich forms a fingular and agreeable appearance. From the Lake nf Ratfturg iffues the river VVaknitz, which joins the Trave near Lubec, and thus fa-i cilitates the communication by vvater be tween Lubec and tliife parts. Rat-zeburgh is 12, miles S. E. of Lubec, and 12 N, of Lavvcnbcrg. Lon. lo^ 49. E. lat. 53, 43. N. RA^r7,iA, the eaftern divifion of Scla vonia, fubjeft to the houfe of .'V.uftria, Its inhabitants are cafled Rafcians, Rava, atown of Great Poland, capital ofa palatinate of the fame name, with a fortified caftle, where they keep ftate pri foners. . -The houfes are' buik ef wood, and the town is feated in a morafs covered vvith water, which proceeds from the river Rava, by which ic is furrounded. If. is' 55 miles S. W. ef Warfaw. Lon. 19. 55. ¥-. kt. 51. 51. N. . P.AU.coux, a yilkge pf Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and bift.eipric of Liege. It is tlv.-te miles N. cf Lic«-,, an«t II S. of Maeftricht, Lpn. 5. 41. *, lat. 50. 40. N. f ¦ Ravello, a fe'ap'jrt of the kingdom-of Naple=. There a^e msgnificcnt palarts, and fine houf"es, and it h:is a bilhop's fee.- It is feate'd near- the fea, 10 miles W'..of Salerno, ..and 25 S, E.-of Naples. ,- LqP. i|. 41, E, lat. 40. 36. -N. Raven^ RAY R E C R-AVENGtAss, atown in Cumberland, wich a market on Saturday. It is feaced between the rivers Ire and Eflc, vvhich, with the fea, encompafs thrC-e parts of it ; and it hat a good read for ftipping, which brings it a little trade, being a wcll-bcvilc place. It is 24 miles S, of Cucktrinouth, and 284 N, N. VV. of London. Lon. 3. 30. W. kt, 54. 20. N. R.vvEN.SA, an ancient and celebrated tPvvn pf Italy, in the territory of fhe Church, and capital pf Romagna, wich an .archbiflipp's fee, two acadeniies, fevreral colleges, four abbeys, and a great number of -religious houfes. They had a very flourifting trade, b-at it h:is greatly l"uf- fered fince the fea has withdrawn twp miles frpra ic. The cicadd is gone to ruin. It is moft remarkable now for the excel lent wine produced in its ndghbourhoed. Theodoric king of the Goths refided here, and afterward the exarclis of the G'Ccck emperors. In the fixth century, . when there were three popes at the fame rime, orie lived ar Rcvenna. The maufoleum of Theodoric is ftill to be feen, remarkable fqr being covered by a fingle ftone, 28 feet in diameter, and i 5 thick. This place is feated near thc river Mantone, 37 miles S. E. of Ferrara, and 162 N. of Rome. Lon. 12. 5. E. kt. 44. 35. N. Ravensberg, a county of Germany, ip Weftphalia, bounded on the N. by. the biflioprics of Mhiden and Ofnaburg ; en the E. by Lemgow ; on the S. by the bi ftopric of Paderborn ; and oa the W. by that of Munfter. It belongs to the king of Pruffia. Hervorden is the capital. Ra-ven'SBURG, a free and imperial town of Gerinany, in the ci.rclc of Suabia. It is well built, and thc public ftruftures arc haridfome. The inhabitancs are partly Proteftants, and p.artly Papifts. It i* feated 011 the riyer Cheuf"s, 15 miles N. "W. of Lindaw. Lon. g. 40. E. lat. 47. 59' N. Ravenstein, a towri of D-utch Bra- b.ant, capital of a courity of the fame name; vv'ith an ancienc and ftrong caftle.. It belongs Co the eleftor Palatine, but the DiKch have a right to put a garrifon therein. It is feated on the river Maefe, fo miles S. W. pf Nimeguen. Lpn. 5, #5. E. lat. 51. 46. N, ¦•' Rauvee, a river 'pf Hihdpeftan ¦froper, pne pf thc five.e.aftern branches of thc Indus, into vvhich river it falls, about 20 miles VV. of MouItAn, after hav ing received the united waters of the -Chelum and the Chunaub. Thc Rauvee ip the Hydraotcs of Alexander. Ra-vleigk, a town in E.ffex, witha fniall market on Saturday ; 13 miles S. E. of Chelmsford, and 34 E. of London-. Lon. o. 40. E. kc 51. 37. N. f-'vEADi.vq, a berouL'.h in Berkftire, vvith a market on S:irurday. It is plea fantly feated on thc nver Kennet, near its confluence vvith the Tha-nes, and is thc krgelt and beft town in the county, vvitli thrte pariih churches. Ic had ' ence a rich abbey, ef which there, an; large ruins remaining. It vvas built by king Ilenry I. vvho vvas interred here in 1133 ; and, in 17S7, in digging a foundation for a houfe ef correftion, on chc fice of the abbey, tlic remaias of that prince were found- in a vaiilt, in a leaden coffin. Reading is -the Centre of = genteel neighbourhoad. It* chief trade is in malt, and in the convey ance ef comraodities te and from London, by means of the Thames. - A counry -in firmary, after the manner of thofe ac-Brif- tol, Bath, &G. has been ersftcd, here, Reaciing is jg miles W. of Londpn. Lpn, o. 52. W. kt. 51. 28. N. RhAL,vio.VT, a .town of France, in the dcpartraent of Uppet- Garonne and kte province of Lsmgttedoc, 31 miles' N. E. of Touloufe. Lon. 2. o. E. kt. 43. 50. N Rebel, a tpvvn of Germany in the circle of Lower, Saxony, and duchy of Mecklcnbu.rg ; ftated on the lake Murltz, 30 miles S. E, ef Guftrow. .Lon. 12. 36, E. Iat. 53- 32- N. Rebn'ICK, a populous tpvvn pf Turkey in Europe, in Walachia, feated on the river Aluta, vvith a bifliop's fee, 45 miles S. W. of Targowifk. - ' -* Reccan,. See Aracan- Reckanati, a town of I(aly,.in the marquifate of Ancona, with a bifhop's fee. It is a trading place, and has a gpcat fair every year in Scpfember, vvhich continues I j.days. The tomb of pope Gregory VII. is in thc cathedral. It is feated en a mountain, whence there is a very fine profpeft, near the river Munfopc, 14 miles S. of Ancona, and .i lo N. E. of Rome. Lon. 13. 34. E. lat. 43. 2-4. N. ReCHLin'Ghausen, "a town of Ger many, in the archbiftopric of Cologne, capital of acounty of thc fame name, vvith a ftrong citadel, and a chapter of noble ladies. It is feated on. the river Lippe, 20 mfles from Ham. Lon. 3. :!6. E. kt. 51.^ 27- N. *= Reculver, a village of Kent, the Rcgulbi'j'.Ti of thc Romans. It is feated clofe by the feafide, near thc mouth of the Thames; antl. is. poted for its church, vvhich vvas -anciently collegiate, and has two fpires, which ferve for a feamark, and REE and are called by mariners, " the Two Sifters." It is 12 miles W. of Margate, and 65 E. by S, of London, Redburn, a village of Herts, which once belonged to the monaftery of .St, Alban's, and was greatly famed for the pretended relics of Amphibalus, who con verted St: Alban to Chriftianity, It is near five miles N; W-, of St. Alban's. '* Redhead, a promontory of An gusftire, in Scotland, to the S. of Mon trofe, On this are the ruins ef an ancient caftle, almoft furrounded by the fea. - Till the year 1793, this cape was remarkable fbr being the peirit beyond vvhich coal yrere noc permitted to pafs vvithout pay- Jng a very heavy duty ; au' oppreffive tax which was taken off by a commutation duty on fpirits; Redon, a fmaH town of France, in the dcpartrrieht ef Ifle and Vilaine and late province of Bretagne. It ferves as a mart for the cpmmerce pf Rennes, and is feafed Pn the riVer VHaine, 20 miles.'E. pf Vilhnes, and 22^ E. by S. pf Paris. Lpn. z. to. W. lat. 37. 48. N. Redond A, a tPwn pf Pprtugal, in Bei. Ta,'Avith a gppd caftle, and a manufaftory of cloth ; feated at the mouth of the river Mondege, 17 miles S. VV. ef Coimbra. Lon. 8. 34. W. kt. 40. 4. N. - Redondella, a fmall, but rich town of Spain, in Galicia, vvith a good caftle. It was pfllaged by the Englift in 1702. There is a fiftery for anchovies en ,the. coaft. It is feated at the bottom df a bay,. eight miles S. ef Pontevedra. Lon. 8; 15. W. lat: 42. 18. N. -¦ Red Russia, or Little Rus'sia, a kte province of Poland, bounded on the W. by Little Polarid, on rhe N. by Ma. fovia and Polefia, on the N. E. by Vol. hinia, en the-E. by Podolia, "on the S. E. by Moldavia, and en the S. by Hungary. It had the name ef Red Ruffia from the colour of the hair ef its inhabitants. :See Galicia. Redruth, a tovvn of CornvvaH, whofe market is di&fed. It is 12 miles N. N. E. of HeIfton*e, and 262 W. by S, of Lon-; don, Lon, 5, 13. W'. kt. 5P. 13. N, •'' '. Red Sea, a 'fea celebrated in liply ' writ. It extends in a direftipn frpm N, tP S. dividing Africa frcm Arabia. It is feparated ffpm the Mediterranean Pn the N; by the Ifthmus. pf Suez, ahd.ccminu. hicates, by the Straits of Babelmandel, on the S. with the Arabian Sea and the In dian Ocean. Rees, a confiderable ahd ftrohg towh of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, ajid duchy of Cleves, It is feated cm the R rcf Rhine, 10 miles S, E, of Cleves, and 10 N, W, of 'W^efeh Lon, 6, 4, E, kt,"'si: 40, N, Regensberg, a haridfome towri of Swifferland, in the cantpp of Zurich, ca. pital pf a bailiwick pf the fame name, with a ftrPrig caftle ; feated pn "a rock, called the Lagerberg, which' is part of Mount Jura, There is a well funk throu^ a rock 2 i6. feet deep. It is now dry, but formerly furniffied vv.ater to the garrifon, during the obftinate fiege it ftood' before the invention of gunpovvoer. It is 10 miles N, W. of Zurich, ' Regcjio, an ancient and corifiderable.. town of the kingdom of Naples,. with an -archbiftop's fee, and a woollen manufac tory. It is feated in a country vvhich produces plenty of dates, en the ftrait of '.Meffina, and is a large populous place, 1 2 miles S. E. of Meffina, and 190 S. by E, of Naples, Len. 16. o. E. lat, 38, 4. N, Reggio, an ancient and handfome town of Italy, in a duchy ef the fame name, with a ftrong citadel, and a biftop's fee. It has been ruined feveral times by the Goths, and other nations. In, the ca thedral are paintings by the greateft maf ters ; arid in the fquare is the ftatue of Brennus, chief of the Gauls. The inha bitants are about 22,000, who carry on a great trade in filk. It was taken by, prince Eugene in 1706, and by the king of Sardinia in 1742. It is feated in a fer tile country to the S. of the Appennines, and to the N. ofa fpacious plain,, 15 miles ' N. W. ef Modena, and 80 S, E, ef Mi-' lan, Lon. 11. 5. E.,lat. 44. 43. N. Reggio, a duchy ef Ifaly, included in that of Modena. It prpduces a great deal of filk, and belongs to the duke ef Mo dena,' except the marquifate of St. Mar tin, which is fubjeft to a prince of that 1 hame. -Regina, a town of the kingdom of Naples, 14 miles N. ef Cofenza. Lon. i6» 21. Bi- lat, jg, J4, N. Regnano, a town "of Italy, in, thfe' pope's territories, and patrimony of St. Peter. It is but thinly inhabited, and is feated near the river Tiber, 17 miles N. of Rome. Len. 12. ,36. E.. kt. 42. ii.N. RicPIENAU, an ifland of Germariy, in the circle ,qf Suabia, and in the lake ofi» Zell. It is about three miles leng and. one broad; contains about 1600 inhabi- , tants, all. Catholics ; , three pariftes, one village, and a, rich abbey of .Beu'ediftines, df vvhich the, biftop of Conftance is abbot. In this convent was interred Charles Le Gros, who' vvas emperor and king of' France, but was depofed in S87, and dieel R E I REN in extreme want and mifery, A remark able tooth of this unhappy prince is ftown among the cqrioficies of this abbey. This abbey is three miles W. of the cicy of Conftance, and belongs to the bifhop of that place. * Reichenau, atown of Swiffe.Iand, in the country of the Grifons. It is feated in a rich and fertile valley, upon the cori- flux of the two branches vvhich form .the Rhine. At this place are two curious bridges. One ef thefe is thrown acrofs the lovver branch of the Rhine, and is 105 feet in length. The pther, built acrpfs the Rhine, belpw the ppint pf iinipn, forms a very beautiful objeft. It is a wooden bridge, of a fingle arch, covered like that of Schaffhaufen, and conftrufted upon nearly the fame plan. The fpan of the arch is 220 feet in lenth, Reichenau is feyen miles S. W. of Coire. '* Reichenbach, a river of Swiffer land,' vvhich has its fource at the foot of ^eunt Wetterherri, arid rolls its numer. oils catarafts down the fteep fides- of Mount Shddec, tiU it unites vvith the river Aar, near Meyringeu, It conveys into the Aar the gpid duft that is found in the bed of that river. Reichenbach, a commercial tovvn of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxpny, and territpry pf Voigtiand. Reichenbach, a town of Silefia, capital of a circle of thc fame name. In the war ef 30 years, that was terminated by the peace of Weftphalia in- 164S, it ex. perienced a yariety of calamities. It is feated ori the little river Pell, and vvas diftinguifted by the peace concluded, in J 7 go, betvveen the emperor Leopiild II. and the Ottomans. ReicHenberg, a caftle of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and in the ceuiiiy of Catzendenbogen. It is feated on a mountain near the Rhine, and belongs te the prince of Heffe Rhinefeldt. Lon. 7. 57. E. kt. 50. 4. N. Reichenstein, a town of Germany, in Silefia, five miles from Glatz, famous for the mines in ics ncigbeurhood. Lon. 1-6. 55. E. kc. 50. 25. 15. ' Reichshofen, a towri ef France, in rhe depariraeut of Lower Rhine -and late province of Alface, vvith a caftle in the neighbourhood of Haguenau. Reifercheid, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and ter. ritory of Eiffel, with a caftle. Reiffenberg, a town of Germany, in the landgravate of Heffe.Caffel, with a caftle, feate'd on a mountain, Reitzberg, a town of Germany', in the circle of Weftphalia, capital of a county ef the fame name, vvhich is 15 miles long, and five broad. It lies near Paderborn, and belongs to the king of Pruffia. Remiremont, a town pf France, in the departinent pf thc Vofges and lata' prevince of Lorrain. It had lately an il luftrious chapter of canoneflTes, who were obliged to prove their nobihty, and whofe abbefs was a princefs of the empire. It is feated en the river Mofelle, at the foot of Mount Vofges, 42 riiiles S. by E. of Nancy, Lon. 6. 47. E. kt, 48. 3. N. Remy, St. a town of France, in the' department of the Mouths of the Rhone and kte province of Provence. A trium- ,phal arch, and a maufoleum, in the neigh-" bourhood, -d'fplay the good tafte of the Auguftan age. The firft is net entire ; but the fecond is in the beft ftate of pre- fervation. St. Remy is 10 miles N. E. of Aries. Rendsburg, a tpwn of Germany, in the duchy of Holftein, wich a caftle. It is net large, but ftrpng by fituation, ftand-. ing in an ifland formed by the river Eyder. It is 12 miles S. E. of Slefwick. Lon. 10. 6. E. lat. 54. 30. N. . j^" Renfrew, a town of Seotknd, and' capital of a ftire of the fame name, feated' on the river Clyde, near the mduth of the. river Cart, 10 miles E. by S. ef Port" Glafgow', and 45 VV. of Edinburgh. Ro bert II. had a palace here, of which no-! thing .remains but the ditch that encircled' it. Lon^ 4. 26. W.kt. 55. 51. N.' Renfrewshire, a county of Scot knd, bounded on the VV. and N. by the Frith pf Clyde, on the E.by Lanerkfliire, and on the S, W, by Ayrftire, This county vvas feparated from that of Lanerk- by Robert II, It was the paternal inhe-.' ritance ofthe Stuarts before they, afcende'd the throne, and it ftill gives the title of baron to the prince of Wales. RENtJEs, an ancient city of France,, in the department of Ifle and Vilaine and, late province ef Bretagne. The inhabi tants are computed at 315,000. Its ftreets. are ne,w bread, and as ftraight as a line f, but they were very narrow before the fii e iri 1720, which lafted feven days, and coi « fuined 850 houfes. The ground fquare, in w'nich is the Pakce of Juftice, and the Hotel de Ville, merit attention. Rennesi- is an archbiftopric, and is feated on the river Vilaine, which divides it into two' parts, 58 miles N. of Nantes, and 42 S-. E. of St. Malo, Lon, i, 36. "W, lat, 48. 7. N- Renti, a town pf France, in the de- partmerit cf the Straits pf Calais and late prpyince of Artois. It Is feated on the river RET R E Z iriver Aa, 12 miles S. W. ef Aire, and 50 N.W. of Arras. Lon. 2. 20. E. kt. 50. 36. N. Reole, a towp ef France, in thc de partment of Gironde and late province of Guicnnc ; feated on the river Garonne, JO miles S. E, of Bourdeaux. Lon. o. 4. VV. kt. 44. 30- "N- Repaili.i^, a town of Savoy, in Cha blais; feated on a river which falls into the lake of Geneva, and famous for the re treat of Amadeus, duke of Savoy, in 1440, vvhere he went to enjoy thc pleafures ef a roiintry life. There is a Carthufian mo- p.iltery here, remirkable for its extenfive profpejfts. It is three mfles from Thenon, and 20 N. E. of Geneva. Lon. 6. 21. E. Iat. 46. 26. N. f Repkh.vm, a town of Norfolk, vvith a market on Saturday. It is feated in a valley, and has two handfomc churches ftanding in one churchyard. It is 15 miles N. VV. ef Norwich, and t -g N, E, oif London. \M-n. t. 7. E. kt. 52. 50. N.. Rt-j^'EVA, a ftrong town of Spain, in New Caftile, with a caftle. Ic w a-' taken by ihe Englift in 1706, and retaken by the French the next year. It js feated on the river Oliana, 40 miles W. of Valencia, and 130 E. by S. of Madrid. Lon. 0. 40, W- kt, 39.2'j-. N. Resht, a large town of Terfia, capital of Ghilan ; feated' on thc S. VV". coaft of the Cafpian Sea, no miles N. of Caftin. Lon. 52. i5. E. kc. 37. li'.N. R.KSOLU'rioN Island, a fmafl ifland in the S. Pacific Ocean, fo called from thc fliip Refolution, ia vvhich captain Cook made his ftcond voyage to thc South Sea. Lon, 141. 45. W. lat. 17. 24. S. Retfo:i.d, East, a boiough of Not-. linghanifliirc, with a market on Saturday. It is 30 miles N. of Nottingham, and 144 N. by W. of London. Lon. 0. 48. W, lat. 53. II.N. Rethel, an aricient tpwn of France, in the department of the Ardennes and late province of Champagne ; feated on a mountain, near the riyer Aif"nG, 20 miles N. E. of Rheimsi and 108 N. E. of Paris. Len. 4. 26. E. lat. 49. 30. N. Rethigen, an imperial city of Ger- /Kiany, in Suabia, and in thc duchy of Wartcmberg, feated on the river Echetz, near the Neckar, 20 miles S. ef Stutgard. Lon. g. 10. E. Iat. 4.S. 30. N. Rktimo, a rown ef thc ifland of Can- Jia, wirh a bifhop's fee, and a harbour, de fended by a cifidtl, where the bafhaw re. lides. \% vvas taken by thc Turks in J 647, vvho have kept it ever fince. All along the fkprc there' is npthing tp be fccn but gardens, whofe fruits are well tafted. The filk, wool, honey, wax, laudanum, and oii, are preferred to all others. It is feated en the N. coaft of the ifland, 45 miles from Candia, Len. 24, 45. E, lat. 35. 22, N. Revel, a town of Frarice, in the de. partment ef Upper Garonne and late province of Languedoc, nine miles N. of St. Papoul. Lon. 2. 10. E. kt. 43. 26. N. '¦' R'-:vEL, or Es-thonia, a govern. ment of Ruffia. See Estho.ma. Revel, a krge, rich, and ftrong tovvn of the Ruffian empire, capital ef the go vernment ef Revel, or Efthonia, with a good harbour, and a biftop's fee. It is furrounded by high waHs and deep ditch es, and defended by a caftle and good baf. tion^. The houfes are well-built, and have very fine gardens. There is a col lege vvith four profeffors, and in 1733, two churches were allowed to thc Pro teftants. It is become a pkce of great trade, fince the Ruffians^ had it in poffef fion, and there ,are two great fairs every year, in May and- September, frequented by Englifli and Dutch merchants. It is feated on thc Gulf of Finland, partly .in a pleafant plain, and partly on a mountain, 85 miles S. E. ef Abo, and 133 VV. by S. ef Peterfturgh. Lon, 23, 57. E, kt. 59. 20. N. Rev.ero, a ftrong tovvn of Italy, in thc duchy of Mantua, feated on the river P,i, oppofite Oftigha, 10 miles N. E. of Mirandola, and 20 S. E. of Mantua. Lon. I. 'g. E. kt. 44. 58. N. '¦- Reuss, a river of Swifferland, vvhith rifes in thc f^ake of Lnccndro, between the mountains of Petina and Leccndro, flpws thr'eugh the Lake of Lucerne and thc tpwn of that name, and joining the Aar, falls into the Rhine. "" R E u t L I N G E N , a- handfom c, free, and imperial town of Germany, in the cird'; of Suabia and duchy of Wirtemberg. It is f'eated in a plain, on the river Echetz, near the Neckar ; is aciorncd vvith hand- , fome public buildings ; and has a well fre quented college. It is IP miles E.of Tu bingen, and 37 S. of Stutgard, Len, 9. 10, E, kt. 48. 31. N. Reux, a fprtified tpwn pf Auftrian Hainault, eight miles N. E. of Mons. Reyna, an ancient tovyn ef Spain, in Andalufia, feared in a plain, with a caftle_ built upon an eminence, three milts from Lcrna, and in a territory abounding in wine and cattle. ¦•'¦¦ Rezan, a govcrnwent of Ruffia, formerly a province of the government of Mofcow. Rezan is the capital. / S.EZAN, RHE R H I Rezan, an ancient tovvn ef Ruffia, ca pital of the government ef the fame name, with an archbiftop's fee. It was formerly confiderable for its extent and riches, but it was almoft ruined by the Tartars in 1 563. The country is populous, and fer tile in corn, and had formerly its own princes. It is feated at the confluence of the TrUbefh and Occa, 100 miles S. E. of Mofcow.' Len. 40. 37. E. kr. 54. 55. N, Rha^iodergwy, a fjhaU tovvn of Radnorftire, in S. Wales, with a market on Wednefday. It is feated en the river Wye, in the hifly part of the county, 18 miles W. ef Radnor, and 17-7- W. N. W. of London. '* Rhe, an ifland in the Bay of Bifcay, on the W. coaft of France ; coraprifed in the department of Lovver Charente and late territory ef Aunis, It lies very 'con veniently for trade, and is very populous ; about four leagues Ibng, and two bread. Its produfts are a rory bitter wine, and abundance of fait. There is neither corn, nor hay, and very little frcut. The inha bitants make excellent brandy, and the liquor called 'anifette. Thdr principal food is fift, and fliellfift are plentiful en the cqaft. This ifland is defended by four fores, and is eight miles W. of Rochelle. Lon. I. ig. W. kit. 46. 15. N, Rheims, a large and ancient city ef France, in the department of Marne and ¦ late province ef Champagne, vvith an archbifhop's fee. The inhabitants are computed Co be 30,000. The principal church, builc before the year 406, is a very beautiful Gothic ftrufture. That of St. Nicaife, remarkable alfo for its fine architefture, exhibits a curious phenome non, which the abbe de la Piuche, in the 7tli vel. ef his " Nature Difplayed," has attempted to expkin. ft is a ''feutcrefs, which fliakes,-in avery fenfible manner, at the ringing of the fmalleft of the four ¦ bells in the' tower, although it is not at all affefted by the rin-^ing of the other three ; and the intermediate buttrcffcs are nocputinto morion by the ringing' of any one of them. Behind the high akar of" the church ef St, Remy, is preferved the corpfe of that archbilli'jp in a magnificent ¦ ft'rine. In this church is La Sainte Am- - poide, whicK is a fmall vial, filled with a reddift and "copgealed liquor, which the French, of fprmer ages, thought to have been brought from heaven 1; and this holy liquor was ufed in the coronation of rhe kings ef France, who have been fuccet"- fively crowned ^r Rheims ; probably, be caufe Clovis, the founder of the French monarchy, when converted from paga- ¦affm, was baptized in the cathedral here, in the year 496, The remains ef an-am- phitheatre, a caftle, and a triumphal arch, are amorig the ancient monumt:hts ef the Romans. The grand fquare, lately cafled La Place Royale, and adorned vvith the pedeftrian ftatue of Lewis XV. would do honour to the greateft capitals intthc world. Rhciras is long and narrow, and the- houfes are low. flere are manufac tures of fiarind, coverlets, and other wool- len ftuffs ; and their gingerbread is fa mous. Rheims is f"eatedtin a plain, fur. rounded by hills vvhich produce excellent wine, on the river Vefle, 62 miles N. of Troyes, and 75 N. E. of Paris. Lon. 4. 8. E. kt. 49. 15. N. Rheinthal, a valley of Svyifferlapd, lying along the Rhine, one end of which reaches to the lake of Conftance. It is a fertfle country, efpecially in wine, and be longs to the nine cantons, namely, te the eight ancient ones, and to that of Appen zel. Thefe alternacely appoint a baihff. The people are of both religions ; but the prqteftancs are the moft numerous. Rheinwald, a krge vafley in the country of the Grifons. It is fb called from the Hynder Rhine, which' takes its rife on Mount Vogelfterg, at about the diftance of 12 miles, and runs through 'the Yalley. Rhine, a great river ef Europe, vvhich has its fource in Mount St. Gothai-d,in the country ef the Grifons, After it has croffed pare of Germany and che Nerher- knds, it divides into tvve branches, one of vvhich preferv^s the name of the Rhine, and lofes itfdf in the fands below Leyden, The other takes the name of the Lech, arid falls inte the Merwe, five miles N. W. of Dordrecht. See L au ffen, Rhine, Lower, a circle of che em. pire of Germany. It exterids from the circle of Suabia, vyhich bounds it ori the S. cd chac of Weftphalia, vvhich Hes to the N. To the E. is the lower part of the circle of the Upper Rhine and that of Franconia, and tn theVV. the upper part of the circle of the Upper Rhine, Lorrain, and Luxemburg, It contains the elefto rates ef Mentz, Treves; and Cologne. The defter bf Mentz is the director. " * Rhine, Lower, a depanmesit'ef France, containing the kte province of Lower Alface. Strafburg is the capital. * Rhi.n'E, Upper, a department of France, containing the late provinc.e of Upper Alface. Colmar is the cipital! • Rhine, Upper, a circle ofthe empire of Germany, divided into two" parts, the Upper arid Lovver. The lower part com. prehends the territories ofthe landgrjvesof Heffe-Cafl'el,Heffc-Darmftadt, and Heffe. O o Rhin. R H r R H O ®,hTnfeldt ; the counties of Naffau, Solms, Rhode Island, one ofthe Vnlrcd Hanaw, Ilenburg, Seine, V/itd, VVin^'ef- Statei of N. America, bounded onthe N, Aatzfeld, and W^aldeck, wirn'rhe -and E. by Maffachuftrs, on rhe S. by the abbeys of Fuld and Hirfchfdd, and rhe imperial towns of Fnncfort, Fridliurg, and Wei./lar. The upper pprt of the circle of the Upper Rhirx; lies to the W. of that river, and comprehends the bi flioprics of Bafle, Straftjuri;, Spire, and Wurms,, v/ith the duchy of Dcux-ponts ; thc counties of Spanheim, Sarbruck, Fatk- enfiein-f aud Linenge, and the imperial towns ef Worms and Spire. The direc tors -are the biftop o£ Worms and the count ef Spanheim. Rhine, Palatinate of the. See Palatinate. Rhineberg, a town 'f Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and diocefe of Coli'gne. It is feattd on the Rhine, 4-0 miles N. W. of-Cologut-. Len. 6. 39. E. lat. 5 1. 29. N. - Rhinlc, a town ef Germany, in the arc'pbiflioprk bf Cologne, f"oat'jd on the Rhine. I>on. 7.-3 3.. E, ht. 50. 27. N. P,.Hi.\'.EC, atownof Sivilierland, capi tal of the ¦ Rhcimal, or "'v'alley of the Rhine ; le-ared on tire Rhine, near rhe -lake of Cpnltai'.'c, vvith, a good caftle. Lon. 9. 23. E. lat. 47. 41. N. . Ri-HN'FELi'-i-, a fm.afl, buc ftrong town nf Germany, in che circle of Suabia, and the lieft of cb.e four fcrtfl--towns. btlnng- ipg to tilt houfe of Aullria. It h.as been often taken and retaken in the German wars, and is icated on the Rhine-j. t^ver which is a handfpme bridge, eight milts E. pf Bafle, and 20 S. W. of Fribach. Lpri. 7. 46. E'. kt. 47. 36: N. RpiNFELs, a 'eaftle of Gc'rmany, in the circle of the Lijwcr Rhine, in a county of the fame -na'me. It is l-'oktd upon as one of the- mnft imporr-.nt places fcattefpn the Rhine, -as-wtll in regard to its ftrength as fituation. Itis-lTcar St. Goar, and- built- on acraggy rock. .This fortrefs Atlajiticj'and on thc VV. by Connefticut, Thefe limits comprehend vvhat has been called Rhode Ifland Providence Planta- tions. It contains five counties, and 29 townftips. It is as healthful as any parr ef N. America, and is principafly a coun try for pafture. Providence and Newport are the two chie-f towns. '¦' RjioDE Island, an ifland of N. America, in the flate of the fame name. It is 13. miles long from N, to S. and four miles wide, and' is divided into'three town ftips. This ifland is a noted refort of in vahds from fouthern climates. It is ex. ceedingly pleafant and healthful, andisce. lebrated for its fipe women. Travellers. call it, with propriety, the Eden of Am.e. rica. Rhodes, an ifland ef Afia, onthe S. fide ef Natolia, and' in the Mediterranean Sea, about 40 miles hi length,, and 1.5 in breadth. The air is good, and the foil pretty fertile, but badly cultiv^ateci. It is famous for having been, thc refidtMce of th'; knigiits of Jerulalem^ rill rhe year 1^23, vvlien the Turks got poffeffion of it. The principal town is of the fame name, is an arch'oilhop's fee, and has a good harbour, vvith a narrow entrance between two rocks, on which are two towers biiilt to defend the paffag;e. J-Jere in all probability "ftood the famous Coloffus, a ftatue of bronze, 70 cubits high. It v,'as reckoned one of the ftven wonders. ,if th'2 world,, for a fliip vvith all its fails, might pafs between thc legs. It vvas thrown down by an earth. quake.; and when thc Saracens became mafters of t'nis ifland in 665, they knocked it in pieces, vvith which they loaded goo camels. The knights of Jerufalem took it from thc Saracens in ijog, and kept it tlH it was taken -from thera by rhe Turks. Ir is the only town in the ifland, and is Coramands the whole breadth of the looked upon, as an impregnable fortrefs. Rhine ; and' thofe vvho pafs 'are alw.ivs obliged to pay a confiderable toH. It is 15 miles S. r.f Coblentz. Lon. 7. 3'j. E. lat. 50. 10. N. RiiiNLAND, a pinrtr af S. Holland, vvhich lies on both fides tilc I'Jiine. Ley den is the capital. ..RHitJ-SAB.iKN, or S avekne, a town of Germany, in the circle of tlie Upper Rhine, anel bifliopric of Spire, with a caftle. Over-againft it, en. the other fide of the Rhine,' i„ the town called Scheck, near which prince Charles cf Lorrain p.ilf- ed that river, .witli tlie -luftrian army in 1744. It is 15 milts S.of Spire, Lon, ;', 3.2. E.kt. 49. 4. iN'. ' being furrounded by triple waUs and dou ble ditches. It is inha'oited by Turks and Jews, for che Chriftians are obliged to five in the fuburbs, they not being fuf fered to be vv ithin the walls in the niglit- tiiBc. Lon. 28. 25. E. kt. 36. 24.. N. Rhone, a large river of Europe, vvhich rifes ih SwifTerkud ; iffi:ing from the gk- cicr of Furca-, between the tvyo rocky mountains calied thc Gletchcr'ocrg and the Satzberg. Croffing thc V-ilais, it' fiuws through the lake and citv of Geneva, and feparating the late province of Breffe, in France, from Savoy, it flows to Lyons, Vienne, Tournon, Valence, Viviers, Pont St. F.l"prii, Ayigaon,.Bcaucarre, Tarafccp, ' and R I C R IE and Aries, ahd falls into the Mcditertane- the ftreets are as ftraight as a line, apd It an, by feveral mouths. contains a handfome f"quarc. It is f"eated '* Rhone and Loire, a department- on the rivers' Amable and Vide, 27 miles of France, including the late provinces of Forez and Lyonois. The capital is Lyons. * Rhone, Mouths of the, a dc partment of France, containing part of the fate prevince ef Provence. Aix is the ca pital. '*' Rhynds or RiNNs op Gallo way, the weftern divifion ef Wigtonftire in Scotland, almoft entirely. cut off from the remainder of the ceunty. Loch Ryan and the Bay of Luce. ' '"'¦ Rhyney. See Rumney. Ria LEX A, a town ef N. America, in New Spain, and in the province of Nica. N. of Poitiers, and 152 8. VV. ef Paris. Lon. o. 20. E. Iat. 47. 2, N, Richmond, a vilhige in Surry, nine rniles VV^. S. VV. of London. It was an ciently called Sheen, vvhich in the Saxon tongue fignifies rcjplendent. Henry Yil. . who, before he obtained poffefli'jn of the crown, was earl of Richmond m "i'"ork. ftire, gave it thc pre("cnt name. " Here vvas a palace, in which feveral nfnur king.s. refided, and in which Edward III. Henry VII. and queen Elifibeth expired. Rich mond is ftill diftinguifted by its beautiful royal gardens, vvhich in the fummer .fea- ragua ; feated on a fmafl river, five miles fen are bpen te the public every Sundav; from the South Sea, vvhere there is a good harbour. The air is very unwholefome, on account of the moraffes. It- is 60 miles W. of Leon, and the lake Nicaragua. Lon. 8g. 10. W.lat. 12. 25. N. RiBADAviA,a town et Spain, in Ga licia, vvith a fine harbour. It is near the mouth of the river Ribadeo, 2 5 miles from Liicaro, and ftands upon a rock. Lon. 6. 47. W. kt. 43, 30. N. RiBADAviA, a town of Spain, in Ga licia, feated at the confluence ofthe rivers Minho and Avia, in a territory that pro- duces the beft wine in Spain. Ic is 15 miles S. VV. of Oreufe. Lon. 7. 45. W. lat. 42. 13. N. Rib AS, a town of Spain, in Nevv Caf tile, feated on the river Xararaa, eight miles from Madrid. Ribble, a river -which rifes in the W. riding of Yorkfliire, runfi' acrofs Larica- ^ftire, and falls into the Irift Sea below Prefton and in thefe is a noble obfervacnry. A-n. elegant ftone bridge of five arches, was erefted over the Thames here, in 1777. Near- this viHage alfo is an extenfive rnv.-il park, called Richmond, or the New Park, It is furrounded by a brick waU built by Charles I, Len. o. 14. W. lat. 51. iS. N. Richmond, a- borough in the N. ri. ding of Yorkftire, wich a market on Sa turday. It is feaced op che river Swale, over which is a ftone bridge ; and is a c, ,r- peracion, concaining Cv.o churches and handfome houfes, many of which are of freeftone. Ic is 40 rniles N. VV. of York, and 230 N. N. W. of London. Lon. 1, 35. VV. lat. 54. 28. N. * Richmond, a town of N. America, capital of the ftare of Virginia. It has an elegant ftate-houfe, feated on a hill in die upper pare of the town. It ftands on the N. fide of James River, at the foot ef the ' Falls, 60 miles VV. of Williamfturg. RiCHMONDSHiRE, a diftrift in the Ribemont,^ a town ef France, feated" N. riding df Yorkftire. It vvas formerly near the river Oife, upon an eminence, 10 miles frpm St. Qu^entin. Lpri. 3. 21. E. kt. 4g. 48. N. RiBEiRA Grande, a town of Afri ca, in St. Jago, the principal of the Cape de Verd iflands, vvith a good harbour and a biftop's fee. The general ef thefe iflands refides here. It Is feated between twp high naouritairis. Lon. z-^. 24. W. lat. 15. P.N. RibnitzJ a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy ef Mecklenburg. There is a nunnery for noble women, and it is feaied on a bay of the Baltic, 12 miles from Roftock. Lon. 12. 55. E. lat. 54. 10. N, Richelieu, a handfome town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Teuraine, with a handfome palace and extenfive park. It was built by cardinal Richefieu in 1637; a county of itfelf. It abounds in reman. tic fituations, and is noted for the neat. nefs and induftry of the inhabitants, vvho .manufafture knit ftockings and ether coarfe goods. Many Lad mines are wrought in this diftrift, of which Rich mond is the capital town, Rickmansworth, atown of Hert fordftirc, vvith a market on Saturday, It is feated en the river Coin, eight miles S, W, of St. Alban's, and iS W. N.W. of London. Len. o. 16. W. lac. 51. 42. N. Rieti, an ancient and rich town of Italy, in the Pope's territories, and dach-,- ef Spoktp, vvith a biftop's fee.- It is feat - ed on the river VeHno, near the lake Rie-i, 27 miles S. by E. of Spoleto, and 37 N. E. of Rome. Leu. ij-: 5. E. lat, 42. 23. N. RiEUX, a town of France, jn t'he ,'0- O e 2 parfncH'- 'RIN R I P partment of Upper "Garonne and late pro- vince of Languedoc. Before the revolu. tion in i78g, it vvas a bifliop's fee. It is feated on the river Rife, 25 miles S. W. of Touloufe, and 83 W. ef Narbonne, Lon. I. 17. E. lat. 43. 16. N_. Riez, a town of France, in the depart. ment of the lower Alps and kte province ¦of Provence. Before the revolution of 1789, it vvas a bifliop's fee. It is a plea fant, populous pkce, though fmall, but was formerly much larger than it is af pre fent. It is leated in a plaipabeunding with good wine, and excellent fruits, 3,5 miles N. E. ef Aix, and 50 N. E. of 'Toulon. Lon. 6. 22. E. lat. 43. 51. N. Riga, a large, ftrong, populous, and rich town of the Ruffian empire, and ca pital of the government of Riga er Live. nia; Next to Peterfturgh, it is the moft commercial tovvn in' the whole Ruffian empire. The trade is chiefly carried on by foreign merchants, who are refident in the tovvn. The merchants of an Engr lift faftory eftabliflied here enjoy the " greateft ftarb ef ¦, rhe commerce. The principle experts are corn, hemp, flax, iron, timber, mafts, leather', taflow, &c. Within thc fortifications there are gooo inhabitants and in the fuburbs 1 5000, be fide a garrifon of 1000 men. Here is a floating wooden bridge ever the Dwina, or Duna, 40 feet in breadth, and 2600 in length. In the winter, vvhen the ice fets in, this bridge is taken to pieces and re- moved ; in the fpring it is replaced, Riga is five miles from the mouth of the Duna, and 250 S, E, by E. of Stockholm. Lon. 24. 25. E. lat. 56. 53. N. ''- Riga, thc government of= See Li. ¦VO'NIA, Rimini, an ancient, populous, and handfomc town of Italy, in Romagna, which is part of the territory of the Church, with a biftop's fee, an old caftle, and a ftrong tower ; as alfo many remains of an tiquity, and very firic buildings. It is feated in a fertile plain, at the mouth, of the river Marrecchia, on the Gulf ef Ve nice, 20 miles S, E, of Ravenna, and 145 N, by E, of Rome, Lon, 12. 39. E. kt. 44. 4. N. of Denmark formerly refided and wcr& 'uuried here, Lon, 12, 10. E. lat. 58. 28. N. RiNGWoOD, a town of Hampftire, vvith a market on Wednefday. It is feat. cd en a river, near the fea, and is a large tovvn, vvith a plentiful market, .and a con. fiderable manufaftory of worfted knit hofe. It is 30 miles S. VV. of Winchefter, and gi W. by S. pf Lprijdpn. Lon, i. 41. W. lat 50. 49. N. RiNTLEN, a tovvn of Germany, in the circle ef Weftphaha, and in the county of Schawenburg, with a univerfity. It is fubjeft tP the landgrave of Heffe-Caffel, and is feated on the river V/efer, 15 mfles from Minden, and 35 S. W. of Hanover. Lon. 9. 20. E. kt. 52. 13. N. Rio-Grande, a river of S. America, in Terra Firma, which rifes almoft under the equator, and running N. through Terra Firma, falls into the Gulf of Mex. ico, between Carthagena and St. Martha. Rio-Grande, a river of Africa, vvhich runs from E. to W. through Negroland, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, in 1 1 de. grees of N. latitude. Rio-Grande, a river of S. America, in Brafil, which faUs into the fea at Natal los Reyes. Rio-Janeiro, a river of S. America, vvhich riles in the mountains W, of Bra fil, and running E. through that country, falls inte the Atlantic Ocean, in lon. 42^ 38. W.kt. 22. 54. S. Rio-J'ANEIRO, one ef the richeft pro. vinces of Brafil, lying near the tropic of Capricorn. The Portuguefe annually ex. pert hence gold, filver, and precious ftones, the prodhce of the country. It receives its name from the Rio-Janeiro, at the mouth of which, in lon, 43. 11. "VV. and lat, 22. 54. S. is fituated the dty of St. Sebaftian, its capital. P.10M, an anpient town of France, in the department ef Puy de Dome and kte province of AuvergnE, feated en a hill, in fo agreeable a country, that it is caHcd the garden ef Auvergne. It is eight mfles N. E. ef Clermont, and 1 1 5 S.of Paris. Lon. 3. 13. E. kt. 45, 54. N. RiONs, a tovvn of France, in the de. Rimmecen, ,a town of Germany, in partment ef Gironde and late province of the duchy 'of Juliers, feated on the river Guienne, eight mfles from Bourdeaux, Rhine, It is remarkable for feveral Ro. Ripa Transone, a, fraall, handfome, man antiquities, and vvas taken and burnt populous, and ftrong town of Ital}, in the by the Swedes. in 1683, RlNCOPiKG, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, in thc dipcefc of Ripen,.feat. ed on the weftern coaft of that province. R1NGSTED5 an ancient tovvn of Den. mark, in the Ifle of Zealand, capital of a bailiwick of the fame name. The kings territory of the Church, and marquifateef Ancona, vvith a bilhop's fee ; five miles frem the Gulf of Venice, and eight from Fermo. Lon. 13. ;o. K. kt. 42. 5:9. N. Ripen, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, capital pf a dipcefe. pf the fame name, with a bilhpp's fee, a gppd harbpur, ' a, caftle,. R I V ROC ¦p caftle, two colleges, and a public library. TI-^c tombs of feveral of the kings of Denmark are in tiie cathedral, .which is a very handfomc ftrutture. The harbour, whic'n has contributed greatly to the pro- fperity of this place, is at a fmall diftance, being feated :it che mouch of che river Nipiaa, in a cauncry v\ hich fupplies the beft bcevc-i in Denmark. It is 5 5 miles N, W. of Slefwick, and 60 S, by W. of Wi- burg. Lon. 9. o. E. kt. 5;. 25. N. RiPH.EAN Mountains, a chain of high mountains in Ruffia, to the N. E. of chc river Oby, vvhere there are faid to be the fineft fables- in the whple em pire. Ripley, a town in the W. riding ef Yorkfliire, with a market en Monday. It is feated on the river Nyd, 23 railcs W. N. VV. ef York, and 211 N. by W. of' London. Len. i. 30. W. lat. 54. 4. N. / RippON, a borough in the W. riding of York Ihire, with a, .market on Thurf day. Ic is feaced on che river Yore, and is .in ancient place, once famous for its re- Jigious hollies. Ic is ac prefent a krge well-built corpoi-ation, and has a church .as magnificent as a cathedral, adorned with three lofty fpires. It is noted for -its mai'ufifture of hardwares, particu larly l"pui-s, is 28 mfles N. W. of York, and 218 N. N. W. ^f London. Lon. 1. 29. W. kt. 5 J. 1 1. N. RiquiEr., an ancient tovvn oF France, in the department ef Somme and late pro- vince of Picardy, feated on the river Car- don, five mfles N. E of AbbeviUe, and 95 N. of Paris. Lon. 1. 59. E. kt. 50. 10. N. RisBOROUGH, a town of Buc'king- hamfhire, with a market on Saturday, 20 miles S. of Ayleftury, and 37 V\'. N. VV. of London. Lon. u. 42. VV. kt. 51. 40. N. RlTBUP.c;, a town of Germany, in the circle of WefiphaHa, capital of a county of thc fame name, aiieut 15 railcs in length, and five in breadth. It has a caflle, and is fea'cd on thc river Erabs, 12 rafles N. "VV. of Paderborn. Len. 8. 42, E. kt. 51. 52. N. RivA, aftrong town of Italy, in the •bifhopric ef Trent. It vvas taken by the French in 1703, who foon abandoned it. It is feated at the mouth of a fraall river, on the Lake Garda, 17 miles S. W. of Tr.nt. Lon. 11. 7. W. kt. 46. 4. N. RivADEC, a feaport of Spain, in Ga- jiei,i, 3-, mUes N. W. of Oviedo. ^ Lon. 6. 3.;.. VV. lat. 43. 38. N. RiVALLo, a handfome tovvn ef the kingdemof Naples, f"tated on a.mountaLi, .20 miles, from Na^.ics.. Rives ALTES, atpvvn pf France, in the department of thc Eaftern Pyrenees and late province of P.oufillen, feated en the river Egly. It is famous for fine wine, RivoLi, a town of Piedmont, with a magnificent caftle, nine miles- W. of Ti,i- rin. Lon. 7. 32. E. kt. 4^5. 4. N. RivoLO, a town of Italy, in the Ve- ronef"e, feated on the E. fide of the lake Garda, 20 mi'-s N. VV, of Verona, Lori, II. 1. E. kt. 45. 34. N. • v RoA, a ftrong tovvri of Spain, in Old Caflile, with a cicadd. Ic is f"eated on the river Duero, in a country fertile in corn and wine, 10 miles S. VV. of Aranda, and 70 N. of Madrid. Lon. 3. 22. W. kt. 41- 35-N. ¦'¦ Roanne, a populous and commercial town of France, in the department 'of Rhone and Loire and late province of Ly. onois. It was a viflage only at the com mencement ofthe prefent century t and is feated on the Loire, where it begifis to be navigable fer barks. Hence the mer- chandif"e of Lyons, Marfeilles, and the Levant, is conveyed down the Loire, and by the canal of Briare, into the Seine, and thence to Paris. Roanne is 50 mfles N. E. of Clermont, and 210 S. E. of Paris, Loll. 4. 12. E. kt. 46. 13. N. Ro.ANOAK, an ifland of N. America, near the coaft of N. Carohna, in.,AIbe.- marle-ceunty, Lon, 76, o, W, kt. 3;, 50. N. , _.. _ , Ro.vNOCC, a long rapicf river of N. America, for.ncdby two principal branches;. namely, Staunton River which riles in Virginia, and Dan River, which rifes in N. CaroUna. This river is fubjeft to in. undations, and, on account of the .falls, is j navigable for fhallops only, about 60 or 70 miles. Ic cnccrs, by leveral mquchs. Into the N. end ef Alberinarle Sound. P.obee;; Island, called fometimes hi Ei,i,'.r.h charc-s. Penguin Ifland, a barren. fandy ifland, near die Cape of Good Hope. Lon. tH. 22, E. lac. 33. 50. S, ¦" RoBiL, acownof Germany, in the cir- xle nf Lower Sa.xony, and duchy of Meek. Itnburg, ftated en tl:c river Muretz, r:.,',;i-s'-Hoon''s-BAV, c-n the coaft pf the N. riding pf Yorkfliire, to the S. E. of Whitby. It is- about one rafle broad, where is a villa;:^e of fiftormen, vvho fup ply the city of York, and all the adjacent country, with lierrings,^ and all ferts ef fift in thdr feafon ; and they have well-boats, wherein are kept large quantities of crabs and lobftcrs. Rocca-d'Anfo, a ftrong town o£ Italy, in thc Brefciano, feated on the Lake; Idro, 25 milts S. E. ef Trent." Lon. 11^. 40, E, lat. 45. 50. N. O P 3 * R0CC4« ROC ROC * Rocca-d'Annone, and Rocca- d'Abazze, are two forts ef Italy, in Mo^itferrat, each of vvhich are feated on a niountaih, in the road from Afti to .llcx- apdrla. Roche-Bernard, a town of France, in the dcpartraent ef Morbihan and late pr, wince of Brittany, feated en thc river 'V'illaine, 23 miles E. of Vannes. Rochdale, a to-vvn in Lancaftire, with a c.jiifidcrable marker on Monday and S:iturJay. It is feated in a vale, on the river Roch, ar the foot of the York fliire Hifls ; and has a flourifliing manufac ture of bays, ferges, and ether we'jllen goods. This town has got moft of the trade from Bocking and ether places in F.ffex. Irs raaivjfaftures extend eight or 10 mfles N. of thc town, vvhich is 5 5 miles \V. $. W. of York, and ig5 N. N. W. of London. Lon. 2. 18. W, kt. 53. 38. N. ¦'' RjiCHE, a town of Svvifferland, fub- jcft to the canton of Bern, which has hpre a dIretUor of the fait works. Roche is memor.ible for the refidence of the cele. brated Haller, vvho filled that office frem lyiS to 1766. Roche, an ancient tpwn ofthe Nether- ki'ds, in thc duchy of Luxeniberg, and in tl'C foreft of Ardennes, with a ftrong caftk, f'.accJ on a ro,:k, near the river Ourte, 22 miles S. of Liege, and 32 N. W. of Lux- ^nbutg. Lon. 5. 40. E. Iat. 50. 15. N. Rf'CHE CnouART, a tovvn of France, in rhe department of Upper Vienne and kte province of Limofin, with a caftle en the rop of a mountain, on thc declivity ef which the t,->wn is feated, near a fmall river rhar falls into thc Vienne. It is 60 inilcf S. by E. of Poitiers, and i8g S. by V/. of Paris. Tjon.o. 53. E.kt.45.46. N. R0CHFOS.D, a town of Effex, vvith a m-irket on Th-j.r,'"day. It is 16 miles S. W. of Clidmsford "and 40 E. by N. ef London. Lop. o. 41. E. kt. 51. 36. N. Roc HE.FORT, a handfome and confider able feaport of France, in the department ef Lovver Charente a.nd late territory of Aunis, vvith a verv coramodious Iiarbour, oivt of thc molt famous in France. It vvas built by Lewis XIV. in 1664, fix leagues. frcm the mouth of the river Cha rente, the cnrrance of whidi is defended b.y f"evti-a! forrs. The ftreers are broad, and in a ftraight line ; rhe houfes low, but regular. It is fuppofed. to contain 10,000 fouls. Un.'^octunatdv, tht air is unwhole fome, and the vvater of bad quality. This town has a miguifictnt hofpital, vaft bar racks, rhe fineft hall of arms in France, a noble ar!",-iial, a rope-yard, a foundery for caiinou, and all the othtv m;jgaziucs necef fary for the conftruftion and equipment of fliips of war. It Is feven leagues S. E, of Rochdle, and 127 -S. W. of Paris. Lon. o. 54. W. lat. 46. 3. N. Rochefort, a town of the Auftrian Netherlands, in Condrcs, vvith a hand fome caftle. It is feated among thc rocks, on the confines of the biftopric of Liea-c, 1 5 miles S. E. of Dinant, and 50 N. Wj of Luxemburg. Len. 5, 10, E. kt. 50. 12. N. Rochefoucault, a town of France, in the departm.ent of Charente and' kte province of Angoumois, vvith a cal Ic, feated on the river Tardeuere, - 1 2 miles N. E. of Angouleme, and 20" S. by W, of Paris. Lon. o. 29. E. lar. 45. 46. N. Rochelle, a handfome, rich, and ce- lebrared town of France, in the depart ment ef Lower Charente and kte terri tory of Aunis, wich a very commodious and fafe harbour. It was lately a biftop's fee, and contains about 1600 inhabitants. It has five gates. The houfes are fine, "and fupported by piazzas, under vvhich perfons may walk in all weathers; and the ftreets, in general, are as ftraight as. a line. Lewis XIII. took this pkce from the Huguenots, in 162 8, after a fiege of 13 months, during vvhich the inhabi tants fuffered all the horrors ef faraine, only 4000, out of 15,000, furviving thc fiege. To prevent the Englift throwing in fuccours by "fea, cardinal Richeheu, in imitation of Alexander, at the fiege of Tyre, conftrufted a prodigious mole 4482 feet in extent. " It is aftoniihing," fays a French writer, " fince the Revolution, how much the clergy contributed to this work, and vvith vvhat pleafure thev made the firft payments!" The new fortifiT cations are in the manner of Vauban, The in.habitants carry en a confiderable trade ; efpeciafly in wines, brandy, fugar, fait, paper, Hnen, and ferges. Rochelle is, feated on the ocean, 67 miles N. by E. of Nantes, and 220 S. VV. of Paris. Lbn. j, 4. W. kt. 46. 9. N. Roche Mac he ran, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Luxemburg, vvith a ftrong caftle, 15 miles N.E. of Luxemburg. Len. 6. 25. E. kt. 49, 46. N. RoCHF-PosAY, a town ef France, ip the dt partment of Indre and Loire and late province of Tnur?ine, feated on the. river Creufe, and ren;:irk-«ible for. Irs mi- neral waters. Lon. i. 2. E. Iat. 46, 45- N- ¦ RoCHE-SuR-YoN, a town of France, in the. department of Vendee and late i-ro- vince of Poitou, feat»d ntar rhe rivfr"!(on^ 20 nuitj N. W. of Luti-'i:, and -'-^^ S-' \Y. of- R O C ¦W". of Paris. Lon. t. 31. W. lit. 46. 40. N. Rochester, a cify of Ket, with two markets, on Wednefday and Frid:iy. It .is feated on the river Medway, over which is a ftone bridge. It is governed by a mayor, . j2 aldermen, and 12 common ¦council-men, and fends two members to parliament. It is an ancient place, and ,v/as form.crly much larger than at prefent. Its caftle rendered ic of great importarice, but it is now in ruins.; and there are here .alfo*fonie remains of a priory. It is a bi ftop's fee, and has a -handfome cathedral, with three parift .churches. It confifts •chiefly of one principal ftreet, which is wide, and paved, TTie ho'jfes are gene- Tally inhabited by tradefmen and inn-keep ers ; no fort ot manufaftory being car ried on here. It has two freefchools, the one called the King's, and the other the -City School. There is here alfo an alms houfe for fix poor traveUers, who arc fup plied vvith a fupper, a bed, and brcakfaft, wirh f'lurpence ro carry rheni -forward on -their journey ; but they -ere to ftay ne lon ger than one night ; and it is remarkable, that an infcription over the door intimates, that " rogues and proftors ar-e -excepted." Rbcheftci' is .parted froni Stroud oirthc VV. hy its bridge, and is contiguous to Chat ham on th; E. The corporation has ju- .rifdiftion over the great oyfter fiftery in the feveral creeks of the Medway. It is 27 miles N, W'. by W. ef Canferbiary, and 30 S. E. by E.. ef London. Lon. o. 36, E. kt. 51. 23. N,. Roch,ester, a yi'lkge in Northum- berkhel, on the. Watling-ftreet-road, N. W. of Ottcrburn, apd near -the fource of ihe river Read, J.t has fome Roman altars, infcriptions, and other antiquities. Roch ILZ, an ancient to-.vn of Germa ny, in Saxony, in the (errirory of Leipfic, wirh a caftle, copper-mines, and a hand fome bri'Ige over the river Muldaw, Rock bo, a krge river of Afia, in Chi na, which rifes in the province of Yunnan, whence it runs S. through the kingdom of Tonquin, ^nd faHs into the Bay pf Cochin- China. '¦"' Rockbridge, a cemitv ef Virgi nia, in N. America, It lies between the Allegany Mouritains and the Blue Ridge, and receives its name from a curious na tural bridge ever the Cedar Creek. See Cedar Creek, RoCKi.VGH.iM, a town of Northamp... tonftire) .with a marker on Thurfday. It is f"caced on tht river Welknd, vvhich falls into the river Nen, and vvas formerly of note for its caftle, Inn-^ ago demoliflied. Jt is J2 imle? §, qf Ow'h,',{n. ftpd Ca N, by ROE W; of Londpn. Lon. 0. 46. W. kt. (jt. 3-- N. R'^'CKiNGH.vusEN, a town of Germa ny, in thc palatinate of the Rhine, near Falkcnftcin. RocKiSAVv, a to-jvn of Germany, "in Bohemia, in the circle ef Pilfen. Rocoux, a village of che Netherlands, near Li,i;e, -reraarkable -for a viftory gain^ ed-'oy the .French ever the Ailies-in 174'J. RoCEOY,, a tovvn pf 'France, .in the de-.. partment pf Ardennes and late province , f Champagne, feattd m a plai.", furrounded by forefts. It is celebrated for the -vifto ry, -which the printe of Conde', then duke et Enghicn, and .-jnly 22 years of age,. gained over thc Spaniard-,, in 1643. It is' fix miks from'the river Maefe, and, 26 N. ef Rethd. Lon. 4. 27, E. kr. '49,:. 56. N. RODESTO, ROD-OSTO, or Rupis-To,, a town of Turkey in Europe, i-i Romania-, vvith a harbour, and .a Gi --i-ck bifliop's fee. It is a populous, trading niace, feattd on the fide .of a hill,, on the Sea of Marmora, 62 miles S. "vV. of Conftantinopk. Lon. 27. 37.. E. Iat. 4r. i. N. Rodez, ^ very andent town of France, in the department of Aveiron and iate province of R.ouergue. fr is feated in rhe midft of mountains, on a hill, at the foot- of vvhich flows the rapid Aveiron. There are four great annual fairs, where mules are fold for Spain. Here ar,e manufac tures of grey ckjths and ferges. It is a bifliop's fee ; ap.d die fteeple of".the cathe dral is remarkable for its heig-ht, and much , adrrured for its architefture. It is 30 - miks W. by S. of Meii4e. Lon, 2. 39. E. lat. 44. 21. N. ' ¦¦' P-.ODING, the name of eight pariflies. in the vvcftcrji part of Effex, tiiftin;.;uifhc(J by tlie additional appellation of Abbots, Berners, Beauchamp, Eythorp, High, Leaden, Margarets, and , 'White. This part of the conntry is called the Rodings, and takes its, name from:the river Roding, which rifes ntar Canfield, and flowing through the Rodings, falls into the Thames below Barking. They are. celebrated fbr excellent -.irable land, as they have been for gxecrable roads, "¦ RoEH AJiPTON, a hamlet of Putney, at thc weftern extremity of the heath, Brom ics fine ficu.ation and vicinity to Richmond Park, it is adorned with fpmi; elegant villas, ivOEU, or RuER, a river- df Germany, in the circle of Weftplialia, which rifes in the duchy of Juliers, paffes by the towp of that name, as alfo RurCmond in Guel derland, and a little after falls intp ths ivla,£f!;. ¦ ' ' O04 R'Otux, ROM ROM RoEUX, a handfome town of thc Ne- therlands, in Hainauk, eight miles N. E. of Mons. Lon. 4. 12. E. lat. 50. 31. N. RoHACzow, a confiderable town of Europe, in I^ithuania, cipital ef a diftrift of the fame name, feaced at thc confluence of the Dn.eper and Ordrwa, 37 miles N. \V. ef Rzeczica, and 1 58 N. ef Kioff, or 'Kiow. Lon. 30. 40. E. lat. 53. 2, N. RijHAN, a tovvn of France, in the de. partment of Morbihan and late prevince of Bretagne, feated on the river Aouft, 20 miles N. ef Vannes. Lon. 2. 42. W. kt. 43, o. N. '¦¦¦ Rohilcund, pr Rohilla, a ter. ritory of Hindooftan Proper, vvhofe inha bitahts are cafled Rohillas. It hes to thc ,E. of Delhi, and is fubjeft to the nabob of Ou^e, by whom it was conquered in 1774. Berdlly is the capital. Rolduc, a tovvn of the Auftrian Ne therlands, in the duchy of Limburg, and capital ef a territory ef the fame name, wirh a caftle ; feven miles N. ef Aix-Ia- Chapdle. Lon. 6. 6. E--lat. ;?. 55. N. RoLLRiCH Stones, in Oxfordftire, N. of Stanton Harcourt, near Long Comp ton. It is an ancient monument in the parift ef Chipping-Norten, and is a circle of ftones ftanding upright, which the vul gar haye a notion were men petrified. Mr. Toland pofitively afferts thera to be the remains of a Britift tcinple ; but Mr. Camden and Dr, Plot are of a different opinion, Rom, er Roem, an ifland of Denmark, on the eaftern coaft of S. Jutland, between thofe of Manee and Sylt. It is five miles in length, and .half as much in breadth, and contains a few viflagcs. RoM.vGNA, a pyovince ef Italy, in the pope's territories, bounded on the N. by thc Ferrarefe; on the S. by Tufcany and the duchy of Urbino ; on the E, by the Gulf ef Venice ; and on the W. by the Bolognefe and T'^'cany. It is fertile in corn, wine, oil, frpits, and paftures, Ir has aifo m.ine-:, mineral waters, and f<'-h works, vvhich make its principal revenue, Ravenna is the capital, "Rojiain-Motier, a fmaU handfome town ef Swifferland, in the territory of Romand, and capitak of a bailiwick, vvith fi caitle. It is feated in a valley at thc foot of a hi^'imountain. RoMi'ft'lA, a province of Turkey in Europ^r'bounded on rhe N. by Bulearia ; pn the E. by the Black Sea ; on the S. by thc Archipelago and the Sea ef Marmora ; and on thc W. by Macedonia and Bulga ria ; being 200 miles in length, and ico in breadth. It was formerly cafled Thrace, and is'.ihe largefl of all 'the proyinces the Turks poffefs ill Europe. It is frui'tfuf in corn and paftures ; and there are mines of filver, lead, and alum. It is divided into three grtat governments or fangia- cafes; naraely, Kirkel, of which PliiHpolj is the capital ; GaHpoIi, vvhofe capital is of the farae name ; and Byzantium, er Byzia, or Viza, of vvJiich Cpnftantinpple is the ca pital. Romano, a ftrpng and pppulpus tpwn pf Italy, in Bergaraafci. It carries pn a great trade in torn,'and is feated pn a river that runs betwttu thc Oglip and the Sft-Ip. Romans, an ancient tpvvn pf France, in the department of Droine and kte pro vince of Dauphiny, and in Viennois. It is feated in a fine plain, en the riverlferp; and Rolfin, and others after him, vvho have travelleff inte the Holy Land, have compared Romans for ficuation and fcenery, ce Jerufalem. It is 22 miles S. "VV. of Grenoble, and 30 S. of Vienrie. Lon. 5. 12. E. kt. 45. 2. N. Rome, a famous ,city of Europe, founded 750 years before the birth of Chrift. It was formerly three times as large as it is at prefent, and is now one of the largeft and handfomeft cities of Eu rope. It is computed to contain i;0,ocaD inhabitants, vvhich, though greatly inferior to what it could boaft in the days ef its ancient power, is more than it has been able to number at ferae former, periods fince the fall ef the empire ; there being reafon to think, that at particular times~" fince, not very remote, it has been re duced below 40,000. The numbers have gradually increafed daring the whole of this prefent century. Some of the prin cipal ftreets are of confiderable length, and perfettly ftraight. That called the Corfo is the moft frequenctd. Here the nobihty difplay thdr equipages during thc carnival, and take the air in the even ings, in fair weather. The fteps on each fide are three or four feet hiphcr than the ftreet ; and there is a path for rhe conve niency of foot paffengers on a level with the Ihops. The palaceS, ef which there are feveral in this ftreet, range in a fine vvith the houfes, having ne ceurcs before them. The Strada Feiice, and the Strada di Porta Pia, are alfo very long and neble ftreets. There are no lamps lighted in the ftreets at night ; and all Rome would be in utter darknefs, werp it not for the candl(;s which the deyetien of individuals Ibmccimes place before the ftatues ef the Virgin. -. thefe appear gliitimering, at vaft intervals, Hke ftars in a cloudy night. The footmen carry dark lanterns behind t'ne carriages < f people ef the firft diftinc- tipn. This day.inefs, it may be fupppfed, is ROM ROM B not unfavorable to affignations among the inferior people ; and when a carriage, vvith a lantern behind it, accidently comes near a couple who do- not wift to be known, one of them calls out, " Folti la lintfrn::—t'i\m the lantern," and is im mediately obeyed. Rome, at prefent, ex hibits a ftrange mixture ef magnificent and interefting, and of common and beg garly objefts. The former confift of pa laces, churches, feuntHins, and, above aH, the remains of antiquity. The latter comprehend all the reft of the city. The church' of St Peter's, in the opinion of many, furpaffes in fize and magnificence, thc fineft monuments ef ancient architec ture. Its length is exaftly 730'feet ; thc breadth 520; aud the height, from the pavement, to the top of the crofs, which crowns the cupola, -450. A complete de- .fctiption of this church, and ef its ftatutes, baffo-rdievos, columns, and various other prnanients, would fill volumes. The Pantheon is the moft perfeft of the Ro man temples vvhich now remain. "In fpite," fays Dr More, " ef thc depreda tions vvhich it has fuftained from Goths, Vandals, and Popes, it ftill remains a beautiful monument of Roman tafte. ' The pavilion of the great altar, which ftands under the cupola of St. Peter's, and the four wreathed pillars of Corinthian brafs vvhich fupport it, vvere formed out of the fpoils of the Pantheon, which, after all, and with the weight of iSoo years upon its head, has ftill a probability of outliving its proud cap:icious rival." Froi.! the circu lar form of this tempic, it h-as qbtaincd the name ef the Rotundo. Its heighc is J 50 feet, und its breadth nearly the f"ame. There are no windows ; the central open ing in the dome admitting a fufliciency of light. The rain which falls through this aperture, immediately drills through holes, vvhich perforate a large piece of porphyry, that forms the centre ef the pavement. i'emg, convt-rrcd into a Chriftian temple, thc Pantheon, originally erefted to the honour of all the gods, is now dedicated to the Virgin, and to all the martyrs and flints. As the Pantheon is the raoft en tire, the Amphitheatre of Vefpafian is the moft ftupendous monuraept of antiquity in Rome. About one half of the txttr- pal circuit ftill. reinains ; frerti ' which a preriy exaft idea may be formed cf the original ftrufture. By a computation of Mr. Byres, it could contain S;,ooo fpec-, tators. The Campidoglio is an elegant ftrufture, raifed on part of the 'ruins of thc ancient Capitol. But the antiquities cf Rome arc too numerous to be minutely defcribed, Wa ftaU, therefore, pafs over the ancient Folium, now a cotii-market ; the beautiful Column of Trajan^ 120 feet, Ori the top of which is the ftatue ef St. Peter, inftead of chac of Trajan, &c. The church ef Sc. John.Lateran, the Romans fay, is the mpft ancient of all the churches ef Rome, and che mother of all the churches in Chriftendom. To this church, evqry new pope conftantly goes firft, in a magnificent proceffion, to take poffefKoU of the holy fee. The pope has three fu perb palaces, of which the principal is the Vatican, near St. Pecer's church. The" library of this palace is the largeft and moft complete in the world ; rich, efpe cially in manufcripts in all languages, and of aH ages. In Roihe, the connoiffeur will meet with innumerable paintings by') the greateft inafters, and with the chef- d'oeuvres ef fculpture, &c. The caftle off Sc. Angelo ferves more to keep the city in awe, than to repel any fordgri attack. Rome is feated on the river Tiber, vyhicl^- runs through a part of it ; and it is 6pci mfles S. E. pf Paris, 410 S. S. W. of Vi enna, 780 S. E. of J^ondon, 730 E. by N. of Madrid, and 760 W. of Conftanti nople. Lon. 12. 55. E. kt. 41. 54. N. RoMHiLDEN, a tovvn of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, vvith a,caftle. It belongs to the duke of Saxe Altenburg. Romney, New, a town in Kent, with- a market on Thurfd-ay. It is one of the cinque-ports, and was once a very large place, containing five churches, a priory, and a hefpical ; buc fince che fea has re tired, it is reduced to a fmall place. It is' feated in the roarfli of the fame name, 71 miles S. E. cf London. Lon. i. 5. E. lat. 51. o. N. Romney MARSH,-a vaft traft of rich, wet knd, vvhich occupies the moft fouth ern part of Kent, between Dungenefs and Pvye haven. AH animals are fattened.. here to an extraordinary fize, and many. bullocks are fent hence te the Londonj market. It is in this part of the councry, particularly, that the opulence of chc far mers has given them thc appellation of the wealthy Kcncilh yeomen : bciC it is deemed a very unhealthy traft. Romont, or Rodvion't, a handfome and ftrong town of Svvifferland, in^thq., canton of Friburg ; feated on a mounjEiQ,',' 10 miles from Friburg, aud 1 2 from Bfm. Lori. 7., I. E. kt. 46. 50. N. .'^ RoMORENTiN, a town of France, in the department of Loir and Cher and ktq province of Blaifois,, vvith a caftle, en the-, brook Morcntin, vvhich lofes itfdf in thc- Sandre.' On one pf its gates is infcribecr Roma Minor ; but there is nothing tP j;ii_&,, tify this appellation. On the cntni'Ti R O S R O S v.-:re it net for its mariufafturcs of ferges and cloths, which are very good, this pl^cc would be fcarcely known. It is 45 miles F.. of Tours, and 100 S. by W. of Paris. Lon. I. 47. E. kt. 47. 22. N. RONCIGLIONE, a town of Italy, capi tal of a fmall diftrift of the fame name, in thc Pope's territories. It is feated on the river Tereia, near a lake ef the fane Bame, 12 miles S. of Viterbo, and 24 N. of Rome. Lon. 12. 32. E. kt. 42. iS. N. RoSda, a handfome and ftrong town cf Spain, in Granada, vvith a caftk. It was taken from the Moors In 14S5, and is icated' pn a craggy rock near the Rio 'Verde, 20 miles N. W. of Gibraltar, and 62 S.'E. of SeviUe. Len. 5. 12. W. ¦lat. 36. 40. N. Rocit'EBRUNF-, a town of Italy, in the principality of Monaco, with a caftle, feared near the fea. It is three miles from jVlun.'.eo. "IvO.-vc'E- de-^NIarsan, a town of France, in the .dcpartraent of Landes and kte province of Marian, feated on thc river Doufe, 10 miles from Mont-de- Marfan. Rocjuemaure, a town of France, in Languedoc, f"eated on a craggy rock, near the Rhone, fix miles N. VV, of Avignon, Lon. 4. 48. E. lat. 44. 2.N. I'losAKA, a tovvn ef Lithuania, in the palatinate of Novogrodec ; fuH of very handfiime buildings, and feated near the river Zolva,s20 miles S. V',""- -of Novogro dec. .Lon. 25. 43. E. lat. 5t;. 30. N. RospACH, a town of Germ.any, in Saxony, .famous for a viftory obtained here by the king ,of Priiffia over the French, November 5, 1757. RosCHiLD, a town of Denmark, in the ifle qf Zealand, vvith a bilhop's f"ee, and a fmall univerfity. It is famous for a treaty concluded here in i6;S, and in thc great church are feveral tombs of the kings of Denmark. It is feated at the botcqm of. a fmall bay, 15 miles W. of Copenhagen". Lon. 12. 10. E, lac. 55, 4c. N. Roscommon, a counCy of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, 50 miles in length, arid 2S in breadth ; bounded on iht E. by Longford and Eaft Meath ; on the.N. by Sligo and Mctrim ; on the S. bv Galway, and on the W. by another ]iart bf Galway, and Mayo. Tt is a level fruitful country, and by the help of good huftandry yields exctllenr corn. Ic con tains 59 pariflies; and fends eighc raera- bers ro parliamenr, Thc priricipal town is Athlone. Rose C vsti.e, in Cumberland, fitu ated on the river Ca'ade, neE.i- tjiv aqdtnt Inglewopd fpreft, a beautiful feat of the biflipp pf Cariifle. It was burnt dpwn in the civi! wars; but has fince, by feve- ral of its bifhops, been reftored, though perhap"s net to that magnificence vvhich it had when Edward I. lodged here, in his expedition to Scotland. R0SEBB.UGGE, a town of the Nether. lands, in Flanders, 1 1 miles N. W. of Ypres. Lon. 2. 37. E. kt. 50. 59. N. RosENFELD, a town of Gtrmany, ip the circle of Suabia, and,duchy of Wir. temberg, feattd on the river Tayeh, 12 miles S. W. of Sultz, Lon, 8. .,9, E. kt. 48. IP. N. Roses, atown of Spain, in Cata.Ionia, vvith a harbour, defended by a ftrong ci. tadel. It is feated near the Mediterra nean, en the bay ef the fame name, 15 miles N. E. of Gironne, apd 62 N. E, pf Barcelona, Lpn. 3. 1. E. lat, 42. 16. N. RosETTO, a town of Afrka, in Egypt, feated en thc weftern branch of the river- Nile ; the Egyptians call it Rafchid, and account it one of the pleafanteft pkces in Egypt. It is near two miies in length, and has not above two or three ftreets, _ They have a great manufaftory if ftriped and other coarfe linens ; but its chief bii. finefs is the carriage of goods hence to Caire ; for all European mcrchandife is brought hither from Alexandria by fea, and hence carried by boats to C?.iro. The Europeans have -their yice-confuls and faftors here. The country to the N. has dehghtful gardens, full of orange, lemon, and citroii-trees, and almoft all forts of fruits, with a varietyof groves of palm- trees ; tmd when thc fi,elds arc grccpwith rice, it adds greatly to thc beauty of the country, It is 25 miles N. E. ef Alex andria, and 100 N. W. ef Cairo. Lpn. 30. 4^. E. lat. 31. 30. N. ¦¦' RosHACH, a fmafl borough of Swif ferland, in the territory ef thc abbot of St.- Gallen ; agreeably fituated in the midft of a bay at the edge ef the Lake ef Con ftance, and at the bottom of a rifing hiU richly covered with wood and pafturage. * RosHAAN, a country of Afia, lying- to the W, of the kingdom of Burmah, tp vvhich it is fubjeft, RosiENNE, a.towH of Poland, in Sa mogitia, feated on the river Dubiffe, 70 miles S, of Mittau, and 188 N. E. ef Warfaw, Lon. 13. 45. E. kt. 55. 30, N,- RoslERSrAUX-SAI.INES, a town of - France, in the department of Meurthe and late prpvince of Lorrain,, famous fer its falt-works. The works that king Staniflaus conftruftcd here are much adi . }iiii:?4, J-t is fvsi;ed on.tli? river Meurthe, R O S ROT pine miles S. E. of Nancy, and i-o E. of Paris. Lon. 6. 27. E. Iat". 48. 35. N. RosoY, atownof France, in the de partment of Seine and Marne and late province of the Ifle of France, with a magnificent caftle near it. It is 15 miles S. of Meaux.- Lon. 2. 59. E. Iat. 48. 40. N. Ross, a handfome to "n ef Hereford ftiire, vvith a good market en Thurfday for corn and cattle. It is commodioufly leated on the river Wye, and is 12 mfles S.E. of Hereford, and 115 VV. by N. of London. Lon. 2. 25- VV. kt. 51. 56. N. Ross-sHiRE, a county ef Scotland, bounded en the N. by Sutherlandlhire and the Frith of Dornock ; on the VV. by the, fea; en the'S. by Invernefsftire; and on the E. by the Frith of Murray and thc county of Cromarty, which laft it al moft inclofes. From N. to S. ic is near 60 miles, and upward of 70 from E. to W. The N. W, part of this county is mountainous and dreary ; that to the E. v-ariegated wich woods, lakes, and rivers. The hills feed black catcle, fteep, and goats. In the woods are ftags, roes, and the beautiful bird, cafled Capercailzie or Cock of thc V.'ood : it is of a bright azure colour, and almoft as krge as a coinm.on turkey. On the tops of the high rocky mountains, is found the ptarmigan, a fimple bird, not quite the fize of a par tridge. It is often indebted for its fafety .to its gray colour, which refembles the ftones among which it lodges. In winter its colour changes to apure white hke the fnow, in vyhich it often buries itfelf. This change of colour is common to all animals in the more northern regions. See Labrador. The inhabitants of the •,W-and S. parts fpeak the Erfe language, whicli is alfo underftood on the E. coaft, vvhere, however, Englilh is generally fpoken. RossANO,a ftrong town ofthe kingdom of Naples, vvith an archbifhop's fee. It is large, vvdl peopled, and 'rated on an emi. nence, fuiroundtd by rocks, three miles from thc Gulf of Venice, and 136 S. E. of Naples, Lon, 16. 38, E. kt. 39. 48. N. RossE, a feapprt pf Ireknd, in the county of Cork, leated on a bay of the ocean, 20 miles S. "VV. ef Kinfale. Len 8. 58. Vv'. kt. 51. 32. Ni Rostock, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Upper Saxony, and duchy ef Mecklenburg, with a univerfity, and -a good' ha; hour. It ic the beft tovvn in thii. country, and has good fortifications, vvitfi an arfenal. Some years ago the duke jjiiilt is ftropg caftle, -,\I^ich may be lo^kf^ upon as a citadel. Here are feveral h-vd- feme churches, and if vvas formerly on« of -the Ihmfeatic Towns. It is divided into thrte parts, "the Old, the New, and che Middle Town. Ic is ftill impcrjai, under the proteftion of the duke of Mecklenburg ; is feated on the lake, vvhere the river Varne falls into it, and c-irrics krge boats, three miles from the - Baltic, 12 N. of Guftrow, and 60 E. of Lubec. Lon. 12. 15. E. kt. 54. 8. N. RosTOF, a large town of Ruffia, in the government of Yaroflaff, vvith an archi epifcopal fee. Ic is ftated on che N. fide of the fraall lake Ntro, or Ro^of, which communicates v\ich che Volga by chs river K'jcoreft. It is 95 iniles N. E. of Mof, cow. Lon. 40. 25. E. lat. 57. 5. N. Ro-FA, avtown and caftk pf Spain, in Andalufia, feared at the entrance of the bay of Cadiz, ieven miles N. of Cadiz. Lon. 6. 16. VV. lat. 36. 35. N. Rotenburg, a handfome, free, and imperial tovvn of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, feated on the river Tauber, I 5 m.iles N. VV. of Anfpach. Lon. 10, 2;. E. kt. 49. 23. N. RoT,eN!3URG, a tovvn of Germany, in rhe circle of Suabia, and counry of Hoen- burg,^ wirh a caftle. It belongs tn the hnufe of Auftria; is feated en "the river Necker, feven miles W. of Tubingen; and is remarkable for .its mineral waters, Lon. 8. 55. E. kt. 48. 28. N Rotenburg, a town of Germany, in thcku'tgravate of Heffe-Caffel, feated on the river Fuld, vvith a caftle, 25 miles S. of C-affel. Lon. g. 30. E. kt. cp. 5 5- N. RoTHBURY, atown of Nortiiumber- k.nd, whofe market is dHcontinued. It is nine miles S. V\^ of Alnwick, and 302 N. by VV. of London, Lon. i.. 40. V\^ kt. 55. 20. N. * RoTHER, a river which rifes in Suffex, forms the boundary betvveen that county and Kent, for a fliort i"pace, and then enters the Englift Channel at Rye. RoTHKRHAM, a wtll-bullt town in thc VV. riding of Yorkfliire, vvith alarge market on Monday for provifions, cattk, and corn. It is feated on the river Don, oyer which is a handfomc ftone bridge ; 31 miles N. of Nottingham, and 1,60'' n'. by W. of London. Lon. 1. 24. W.lat. 53. 24 N. See.MASBROUGH. Roths AY, a borough of Scotland, tiie capital ef the Ifle ef Bute. It is fituated en the E. fide ofthe ifla;^d, and has an ex cellent harbour and pier. Here is an an dent caftle, once a royal palace, which gives the title ef dul..e to the prince of \V-dtE, a: It lopg did, before the union, to t(^ ROT R O U the heir-apparent of the crown of Scot- land. It is 70 miles W. of Edinburgh. Lon. 5. 17. VV. kt. .55. 50. N. Rothwell, or' Rowk'l, a town of Norcliampconftire, vvith a marker en Mon day. Ic is feattd on the fide of a hifl, 15 iniles N. N. E. of Noriharaptov, and 79 N. N. W. of London. Lon. 1. 7. W. Iat., 52. 21. N. Rotterdam, a krge, ftrong, hand- 'lome, and ri'.di town inthe United Prp vinces, in HoHand, with one of the tineft harboars in the Netherlands, whlc': renders ita place ef great trade. It is the moft confiderable pkce in Holland, for 'he fize, beauty of its buildings, the trade, and riches, next ro Amfterdam. There are 4b many fine deep canals, that ftips may linload at rhe very doors of rhe magazines. The to'vn is governed by a regen, ¦-, con fifting pf 24 ccunfellprs, and fuui burgp- mafters. Thc townhoufe, the bank, and the arfenals, are magnificent. It is more frequented by the'Britift mcrchmts thaa An-i fterdam, becaufe the ice gv>-3 away feoner, and a fingle tide in two or three hours will carry a veffel into the i-O'-n fea. Here is an En-gUft preftyterian church, which being of the cP.ablilhed relii'ion, the minifter is paid by the ft'atea ; a'ld. '-,hich IS not the cafe with the prcftyterians in England and Scotland, their fervice is ac- ilompanied by an- organ. Here is alfo a iaandfome Englifh cpifcopal church, whofe minifter is paid partiy by a falary from the Enghfli government, and partly by a fub- fcriprion ef rhe cnngrcgacion. Some ef thc hou'"es are I'.illc in thc old Spanifli ftyle,- vvuh chc gable ends embarrled in fronr ; bur rhcre is a grear number "f mo dern brick houfes, vvhich are verv lofry and fpacious, particularly on that magnifi- 'ccnr quay called rhe Bomb Tees. On this quay i= a handfome jewift fyna- i?ogue. B'rafmus was born in this place, and his ftatue in bronze ftands in an open pkce, at tl-ie head of one of thc canals ; and in a narrow ftreet lead-ing from thc -ftatue to the great church, is ftill fliown the houfe in which he was born, vvith an •infcription, in front, to his honour. Rot- ter.:iam is feated nn the rivtr Maefe, 13 milts S. E. cf JJagae, and 30 S. &. W, of Anilttrdam, Lon. 4. 33. -E. lat. 51. 5g. N. -^ Rotter D..'.M, one of the Friendly Iflands in the S. Pacific Ocean, dh"covLrtd b'; Taiman in 1643. RoT'A'EiL, a town of Germany, in the circie of S-.iabia. It is a free ,'iip--'-ial d:\-, in alliai",-e wirh the S-,vifs i-ant fince tbe year 1513. A n:il..- and a h;i from tl.ij; pia':-- is a famous abbey, where. they receive none buc nrbie women, I; is leated on the, river Neeker, near its fource, and alfb near that cf tiie Danube, 17 miles S, cf Tubingen. Lon. 9. 4. E. lat. .j-.j. 13. N. Rouen, a dty of France, capital of the departmeiit of Lower Seine, in the late province of Normandy, vvith an arehbi .ftep's f.e. It is feated on the right fide tf the Seine. The ftreets are narrow, cr,,,^keJ, dirty, and conklt of wooden houfes. Notwithftanding this difagreeable appearance, it is one of the moft opulent and Important places in France. It is t-vvo leagues and a half in circuit; and (its fix fuburbs included) is computed to contain 73,000 inhabitants. Among the public buildii.','s, the moft dif tinguifhed are, thc Great Hall of the Pa kce, in which the late parhament ef Rouen met ; the old caftle, and che prin cipal church, ornamented wich three tow ers, in one of which is the great beH, which bears the name of Cardinal George d'Amboife, a niinifter, vvhofe memory is much refpcfted in France. It weighs 40,000 lbs. and is one foot thick ; its cir cumference is 32 feet, and its height and breadth :o feet. The dapper alone weighs 710 lbs. Near this church, vvhich is not the only .remarkable ene, is the pub fic library. Thc fteeple of the late Bene- diftines of St. Owen, is an elegant Gp. thic ftrutture. The hnens of Rouen, particukriy vvhat are called the Siamoife, are mu.ch efteciped. There are alfo ma nufaftures of cloth, and a manufaftory ef eil ef vitriol, thc only one in France. The fuburb of St. Sever, fituated on the other fide of tile Seine, communicates vvith thc city by a bridge of boats, vvhich rifes and falls with the tide, and is made to open fo as to admit the paffage of fliips. It is paved, and is 27.0 paces long. Rouep is the birthplace of tbe two Corneifles; and of Fenteiidle. Ic is 50 miles S. W. of Amiens, and 70 N. W, of Parjs. Lon. I. 10, E. lat. 4.g. 27. N. RovERE, or RovERDO, a town of Germany, in the circle bf Auftria, and in the Tirol, feated on the river Adige, at thc foot ef a mountain, and on the fida of a ftream, ever vvhich is a bridge, de fended by tvvo large towers and a ftrong caftle, cig'iit miles S. of Trent, Len. 11, 27. E. lat. 46. o. N. Rouergue, a kte prevince ef France, in the governm.ent of Guienne, bounded on thc E. by the Cevennes and Gevaudan, on the VV. by Querci, on the N. by the fame and Auvergne, and en thc S, by Lang'iedoc. It is 75 miles in length, and 50 in breadth ; not very fertfle, but feeds ROY RUG feeds a number of cattle ; and has mjnes of copper, iron, alum, vitriol, and ful phur. It now forms the department of Aveiron, of which Rodez ij the capital. RoviGNo, a populous town of Italy, in Iftria, with two good harbours, and quarries of fine ftone. Ic is feateei in a territory vvhich produces excellent wine, in a peninfula on the weftern coaft, eight miles S. of Parenzo, and 32 S. of Capo . d'Iftra. Lon. 14. 2. E. kc. 45. 16. N. Rovigo, a town of Italy, in the Pole- fine di Rovigo, belonging to the Veneti ans, feated en the river Adigcfto, 21 mfles S. ef Padua, and 37 S. VV. ef Ve nice. Lon. 12. 14. E. kt. 45. 38. N. See Polesino di Rovigo. Rousselart, a town of France, in the department of the N. and kte pro vince of French Flanders, fo miles N. E. of Ypres, and 20 S. E. of Oftend. Lon. 3. o. E. lat. 50. 58. N. RoussiLLON, a late province of France, bounded en the E. by the Mediterranean, on the W. by Cerdagne, en the N. by Lower Languedoc, and on the S. by Ca talonia, from which it is feparated h^ the Pyrenees. Ic is about 50 m.iles in length, and 25 in breadth. See Pyrenees Eastern. -¦'* RoxBURGSHiRE. a county of Scot land, fometimes called Teviotdale ; bound ed on tho N. by Berwickftirc; en the E. and S. by 'the Englift counties of Nor thumberland and Cumberland ; arid on the W.by the fliires ef Dumfries and Selkirk. From N. to S. it extends near 30 miles, and about the fame frem E. to W^. The prindpal rivers are the Tweed, Teviot, and LiddeL The face of the country ex hibits a rough irregular appearance of moffes, hills, and mountains, interfperfed vvith narrow vallies, well watered, and fertile in corn. The hills feed great numbers of fteep and cattle. , Roxent, Cape, or the Rock of Lisbon, a remarkable mountain and prpmontory in Portugd, "lying, at the N. entrance of the river Tajo, 22 mfles W. of Lifton. Lon. 9. 35. W. lat. 38. 43- N. Roy AN, fprmerly a large tpwn pf France, in the department of Lower Charente atfd late province of Saintonge, famous for a fiege maintained by the Hu- genets againft Lewis XIII. in 1622, and now almoft in ruins. Is is feated at the mouth ef the river Garonne, 30 miles S. of Rochelle. Lon. 0. 57. "VV. kc. 45. 38. N. RoYEs, a ftrong town of France, in the department of Somme and late pro- vince of Picardy. Some mineral waters were difcovered here a few years ago. It is 12 miles N. W. c£ Noyon, and 60 N. by E. ef Paris. Lon. 2. 51. E. lat. 49. 46. N. RoystonJ a confiderable tovvn of Herts, pare of which Is ficuaced in Cam bridgefhire. It has a great market for corn en JVednefday ; and, under thc market-place is an ancient fubterrancan chapel, fuppofed to be of Saxon conftruc- tion. Royften has given ics name to a fpecies ef crow, called alfo the Hooded or Gray Crow, which is a bird of paffage iis this neighbourhood, and alfo on the vvhole eaftern coaft. Ids 15 mfles S. by ll. of Huntingdon, and 37 N. of London. Lon. o. I. E. ht. 52. 6. N. RuATAN, an ifland of N. America, in, the Bay of Honduras, having a good har bour, proper for ftips th;U refort to this bay for the cu,t'ing of logwood. RuBiERA, .: fmall but very ftrong tovvn of Ital',', and one ef the keys of the Modenele, feated en the river Scc chia, eight miles from. Modena. Lon. 11. 14. E. lat. 44. 39. N. Rudelstat, a. tovvn of Germany. in Thuringia, and in' the county of Swartzburg, near the river Sak, with a caftle. RuDF.N, a town ef Germany, in the circle of W^dftphalia, feated on the river Meen, en the confines of the biftopric of Paderborn, and fubjeft to the eleftor of Cologne. Rudesheim, a town of Germany, in the eieftorate of Mentz, and in the Riiingaw, three miles fropa Bingen. Lon. 7. :;6. E. lat. 49. 49. N. RuDOLFWERD, a ftrong town pf Ger. ma'ny, in Carnipla, with an abbey, feated 'pn the river Gurck, in a cPuntry fertils in good wine, 45 miles S. E. of Laubach. Lpn. 15. 20. E. kt. 46. 8. N. RuFFAC, a 'to-vvn of France, in the department of Upper Rhine and late province pf Alface, feated on the rivtr Rotbach, feven mfles S. ef Colmar, and i ; N. W. ef Bafle. Len. 7. 27. E. kt. 47. 58. N. Ruffec, a tovvn of France, in the de partment ef Charente and kte province of Angoumois, feated on the rivulet An- che, 24 miles N. ef Angouleme. Rugby, a large town of Warwick- fliire, vvith a market on Saturday, and a famous freefchool. It is 1 1 miles S. E. of ' Coventry, and 85 N. N. VV. of Lendon. Lon. 1.12. W. Iat. 52. 24. N. Rug LEY, a town, of Stafferdftire, with a fniaU market on Tuefday, feateet on R U P on thc river Trent, fix miles N. W. of Lichfield, and 126 N. W. of London. Lon. 1. 48. W Iat. 52. 57. N. Rugen, an ifland of the Baltic, op thc coaft of Pomerania, over-againft Stralfund, about 23 milts in length, and 15 in breadlh. It is ftrong both by art and nature, abounds in corn and tattle, and belongs to Sweden. The chief tovvn is Bergen. Lon. 14. 40. E. kt. 54. 23- N. Rugenw.vld, a handfome tOvvn' ef Germany, in Pomerania, the chief pkce of the duchy of Wenden, with a hand- feme caflle. Tt belongs to the king of Pruifia, and is feattd on the river Wiper, eight miles from the fea, and 35 N. E. of Celbtrg. Lon. 16. 27. E. kt. 54. 35- N. Rumelia, the general name given by the Turks to their European dominions. RuMFORU, i town" in Effexj with a large market for hogs on Tuef"eky, and for corn on Wedif-fday. It is a hamlet to ths parift. of Hornchurch, and is 17 miles W. S. \V. of Chelmsford, and 12 E. N. E. ef Lpndon. Lon. o. 13. E. kt. 51. 3^ N. Rumuly, a handfiirae tovvn of Savoy, ftated on an elevated plain, ac thc con fluence of the rivers Seram and, Ncpha, five miles from Annecy. The Frtndi demolifted the fortifications in 1630. Lon. 6, 10. E. kt. 45. 56. N. '¦¦' P.u.MNEY, or Rhvkev, a river of S. Wale-, w-hi^h rifes in Brccknecklbire, and feparating the counties of Gkrmorgan and M'lnmouth, enters the Eriftol Chan nel to the S. E. e.f Cardiff. Rt'MsEY, a town in Hampfliire, with a market en Saturday. It is govcrntd by a mayor, fix aldermen, 12 burgeffes, a t.owiiderk, recorder, and two ftrjeants at mace. Here is a manufaftory of ftal loons ; and near tht tovvn arc feveral pa per and corn-mills.- It is eight miles N. N. Vv'. of Southampton, anel 74 W. hy S. of London. Lon. 1. 31. W. lat. 51. 2. N. •¦-- Run'NYMEad, a celebrated mead, near Egham in Surry, where king John vv,:s compelled rofign Mag'-ia Charta and . C'narta de- Fortlia. See WraYsbury. "On this' msad are annual horferaces, vvhich are generally attended by their ma- jefties and thc royal famUy. -R't'PEL, a rivtr of the Auftrian Nc- therland-:, bein.g the Necker, fo called after its confluence- w'rth the Demer. It ru,is frora E. to VV. and falls into the Scheld at Ruplemonde. P..VP''ii-MO^::JDE, ;i to-,vn of Auftrian RUS Flanders, and territory of Maefland, feat* ed on the river Scheld, over-againft the mouth of the river Rupcl, dghr miles S. W. ef Anrwerp, and 22 N. E. of Gherit, Lon, 4. 23, E. lat. 51. 7. N. Rupert, Fort, a fort in N. America, belonging to the Hudfon's Bay cempariy, feated on the E. fide of the bottom ef Hudfon's Bay. Lon. 80. o. W. kt.51. 3:-N. RupiN, or Rapin, a town of Germa. ny, in thc marquifate of Brandenburg, and capital of a duchy of tht fame name. It is divided inte the Old and thc New. The Old was nothing but an ancient caftle, well furni.fted ; thc late king ef Pruflia, before his fither's death, refiding there. New Rupin i.s f"eatcd on a lake, aud become a confiderable place of trade, vvith a manufaftory of cloth. It is aIf"o noted for brewers, and is 35 miles N. W. ef Bcriin. Lon. 13. 6. E. lac. 53. 3. N. RuK t..vio.\'DE, a hand.'bme, populous, and ftrong tovvn of thc Netherlands, iu Guelderland, vvith a bifhop's fee. It fuf fered greatly by pre in 1665, and has been taken and retaken feveral rimes ; the laft time hy tli,p French in 1793, who were obliged te evacuate it fo'in after. It is feated near the confluence of thc rivers I^-laefe and Roer, and belongs to the houfe of Auftria. It is 12 miles S. of Venloc, and 70 N. E.'of Mechhn. Lon. 5. 50. E. kt.51. 8. N. Rust L A, a large empire, partly in Afia, and partly in Europe; bouiukd en the N. by tile Frozen Ocean ; en the-S. 'oy Great Tartary, the Cafpian Sea, and Perfia; on the E. by the Sea of Japan, and on the "VV. by Sweden, Poland, and part of the Black Sea. There were three countries that had the name of Ruffia; namely. Red Ruffia, which fee ; \Vhite Ruffia, which comprehends Lithuania ; and Bkck Ruffia, vvhich comprehends thc govern ments of Kaluga, Mofcow, Tula, Rezan, Volodimir, and Yaroflaf; and hence her imperial majefty takes the title of emprefs ofj^ill the Ruffias. TKis empire, cxclu- fvy of the late actpifitions from the Turks and from Poland (Sec Poland) may be likened to a -fqu-are, whofe fides are 2-000 miles each. Thc feas of Ruffia are, the B.iltic, the White Sea, the Fii;zen Ocean, the Bkck Sea, and the Cafpian Sea. There arc alio hlie krge rivc.-s, namely, the Dnieper, Volga, Don, Duna or Dwina, and Oby. A country of fuch vaft extent muft He in dift"erent cli mate, and the foil mult be as dift'erent. The moft fertile part is near the frontiers of Poland ; infomuch that the inhabitants ¦are RUS RUS are abk fo fupply their neighbours with corn : the N. part is not only more cold, but very marfhy, and overrun vvith fo refts, inhabited chiefly by wild beafts. Befide domeftic animals, there are wild beeves, raindeer, martens, vvhite and black foxes, vveafds, errains, and fables, whof"c fkins make the beft, furs in the world. Thofe that hunt thefe creatures for their fldns, ufe no fire-arms, fer fear of fpoilihg them. They had very few vines before Peter the Great caufed them to b.e planted in different pkces. In Ruf fia, are'Iarge quantities of cotton and filk-, with which they make aU forts of ftuffs ; fkins, furs, Ruffia-leather, talc, tallow, hemp, Ruffia-cloth, honey, wax, and al moft all the merchandlfes of China, India, Perfia, Turkey, and forae European coun tries. This vaft empire has been divided by the prefent emprefs into 41 govern ments ; namely, Peterfturg, Oknetz, Wi- burgh. Revel, Riga, Pflcof, Novogorod, Tver, Smoknflie, Poktflc, Mohilef, Orel, Kaluga, Mofcow, Tula, Rezan, "Vokdi- mir, Yaroflaf, Vologda, Archangel, Kof troma, Nlftnei-Novogorod, ICaf'an, Sim- birflc, Penza, Tarabof, Voronetz, Kurfk, Novogored-Scverflcoi, Tchcrnigof, Kiof, Kha.'-kof, Catharinenflaf, Caucafus, Sa- ratof, Ufa, Viatka, Perm, Tobolflc, Koly- van, and Irkutzk ; all which fee. Thc ia- habitants, in general, are robuft, vvell- fhaped, and of pretty good complexion. They are great eaters, and very fond of brandy. They ufe bathin'g, but fmoke no tobacco, left the fmoke ftoukl difliouour the images of the faints, which they have in great veneration ; however, thty take a great deal of fnuff, made ef thc tobacco brought from the Ukraine. They were formerly the moft ignorant, brutifh people in thc world, and many ef them are new licde better. Formerly no Ruffians were feen in ether countries, and they feldom or never fent ambaffddors to foreign courts ; but now the gentlemen arc more polite, and ftudy the interefts ef different nations. Their armies are always very numerous. They had no men of war, nor merchanc fliips, before the rciga of Peter the Great ; but in the prefent reign, powerful Ruflian fquidrons have appear ed, not only in fhe'Baltic, but in the Black Sea, and in the Mediterranean. They have images in their churches ; and the priefts give a paffport ro thofe that arc dying, addreffed te St. Nicholas, vvho is defired to entreat St. Pecer co pen rhe gaces ef heaven, as they have cerrificd that the bcirer is a good Chriftian. The church is governed by a patriarch, under whom are the archbifliops snd Isifliops. Every prieft is called a papa, or pope, and of theie there vvere 4000 in Mofcow only. Formerly he vvas thought a learned man vvho could read and write ; but Peter the Great undertook to introeluce arcs and fciences, and, in 1724, thc firft univerficy vvas founded that ever was in Ruffia ; and there is alfo an academy of, icienoes at Peterfturg, fupplied with f"ome of the bdt profeffors in Europe. With refpeft to drefs, a long beard is in high eftimation among the fair nymphs of Ruffia. The; commonalty have liiil a great veneratiorj for this fringe of human, hair, notwith- ftanding the efforts of their monarchs ts root it out ; and it is only thofe depending upon government, in the army and navv, who have yet complied with thc cuftoni and the wift of thc court. Thofe vvho retain their beards, retain likewife thc an cient drefs; thc loqg twaddling coat, either of flcins, or of coaric cloth lined with fkuis, in winter, and in fummer, ef cloth only. About theu' middle they have a f"aflj of any colour ; but v/hac they moftly affedt, is green or yellow. Thev wear trowfers inftead of brtechts aud ftockings : thtir limbs are, befides, wrapped in many fole's of woollen ftuffs to keep them warra, and above r.ll they wear boots. Their fhirts are faftioned as womens; their necks ex pofed te the cold, and as hard and irapcnc- trablc, from this praftice, as a piece of adamant. G'lv eminent continue to exert every nerve to compel thc fubjefts to adopt the German drefs. The clergy alone excepted, none can procure any pbice, any favour from court, up'in ether condition than banifliiiig the Afiaric fliccp- flcin robes. The wui:i.,ut veteran retirts with aptnfion, upon the e-:prtfs t,-:rms ,.f ntvtr again affuming the habit ef his fa thers. But fo jealoufly attached are the multinule tn fprmer ni:,,iintrs, and fr, ho- nonrably do tl,ev efteem them, that a Rulfian drefl'ed in his bc.rd and gown, tells yiu by his looks th-it he has not pro ftituted the memoryof lii^ anceftors. The drefs of the vvom.en is the reverfe of the men, both in fafliion and colour; every part of ir being as fliort and tight as dc- ccr.cy will allow, and V'n-y gaudy. It is exa-ftly thc fame with that of the High land women in Seotkmd : both have the ftort jacket, t'ne ftriped peuicoar," and thc tartan plaid;., and both roo, in general, have 3 napkin rolled about their head. The Ruflian women are, however, fix mui-e eleg-;nt and rv.-h in their atrire ; nor is- g,)ld lace wanting \7, I'et off, their charms, any more thin,the ai't ef paint- in.g. The young generation are modern izing thefe antic yeftmen';. , the .ftiff tni- broidercd RUT R Z E tri'oidered napkin is fuppknted by one of flowipg fiUc ; the jacket and petticoat are of muflin, or other fine Ituffs ; and the plaid is exchanged for a filk er fatin cloak, in the cold feafon, lined vvith fur. The better clafs of females wear velvet boots. The drefs of the higher ranks is after the French ahd Englifli faftion : and aH rau'ft have a covering of fur fix months of the year. Thus equipped, the prince and the , peafant are hurled in thdr chaifes and fledges through the dreary Scythian win ter. The fovereigns of Ruffia are abfo- ' lute. They were formerly called Grand Dukes, which is ftill the title of the heir apparept. They afterward affumed the title of czar, and, in the fequel, that of emperor. The natives pronounce the -word czar, like tzar, er zaar, and this, by corruption,, freni Ca.'far, emperor; from fome fancied relation to the Roman emperors; on account of vvhich they alfo bear the eagle as a fymbol of their empire. The firft who bore the title of czar, was Bafil, fon of Bafiltdes, who freed his country from its fubjeftion to the Tartars, about the year 1470. '* Russia, Red, pr Little. See Red Russia. RuTCHESTER, a- village in Northum berland, N. W. of ChoUerton. Ic is che Vindobala ef the Roiiiatts. Scverus' wall runs on the middle of the .E. rampart, and Adrian's vallum paffes about the diftance of a chain to the S. ef it. This fort has been very confiderable,. and the ruins of- it at prefent are re markable. Ruthin, a tovvn of Denbighfliire, with a market on Monday. It is feated in a vale, on the river Cluyd, and had a ftrong- caftle, now in ruins. It is well irihabited, has a large hofpital,, a free fchool, and the beft market in the vale. It is 15 miles S. VV. of Holywell, and 206 N. W. pf London. Lon. 3. 30. W. lat. 53. 7. N. , Rutlandshirf, the fmalleft ceunty of England, 1 5 miles in length, and 1 1 in breadth. It is fuppofed to have re- - ceived its name from the red colour of the foil, vvhich, in fome parts, is a fort of ruddle, ftaining the fleeces nf the fteep. Ic is- bounded nn the W. by Leicefter fhire ; on the N. by Nottinghamfhire and Lincolnfliire; and on che E. and S. E. by Lincolnfliire and Norchamptonftire. Ic contains 48 pariflies, and tvvo market- tOwrts, and fends two .members to parlia ment. The air is very good, and the fed rich, producing excellent corn, and feeding a great num.ber of cattle and flieep. The prindpal rivers are the Wel- 9 land and the Guaft, or Waft. Oakham is the county-town, Rutigliano, a town of the king dom of Naples, five miks from Bari, '¦¦¦ RuTTUNPOUR, a dty pf the pen infula pf Hindppftan, in Oriffa, and the capital cf one of the Weftern Mahratta chiefs. Lon. 82. 36. E. lat. 22. 16, VV. Ruvo, a populous town of the king dom of Naples, with a bifliop's fee, iS miles W. of Bari. Lqn. 16. 44. E. kt, 41, 26, N, f Rya.n, Loch, a lake of Scotland, at the N. VV. angle of Wigtonftire. The fea flows intp it thrpugh a narrpw pafs ; and ir was fprmerly crpwded, in the fea fpn, with ftpals pf herrings, that have now deferred it.- '¦* Rydal-Water, a lake of Weft. morland, a Uttle to the W. of Amblefidc. It is about ene mile in length, fpotted wirh little iflands, and communicates, by a nar row channel, with Grafmere-Water to the W. and, by the river Rothay, vvith Wiii- dermcre-"VVater to the S. Rye, a populous town in Suffex, with two markets, en Wednefday and Satur day. It is an appendage to the cinque ports, and is a handfome well-built pkce, governed by a mayor and jurats, and fends two members te parliament. Its port is in chokcn up with fa,nd, that it can admit only fmall velfeU.' It e'cports corn, male, hops, and ocher produfts ef the county ; and its' fiftermen fend confiderable fup- plies to the London markets. It is 34 miles S. E. by S. of Tunbridge, and 63 S. E. by S. of Lendon. Lon. o. 45. E. kt; 51. o. N. Rvegate, a borough in Surry, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated in a valley cllled Holmeidale, and had a caftle, fome ruins ef vvhich are ftill to, be feen; particularly a long vault, with a room at the end, larg-; enough to hold qoo perfons, vvhere (according to tradition) che b.arons, vvho tn.'k up arms againft king John, held thdr private meetings. It is 16 miles E. ^ ef Guil.^oird, and 21 S. W. of London. Lon. o. 1 5. W. kt. 15. 16. N. Ryswick, a large village in Holland, feated 'oetween Hague and Delft, where the prince of Orange has a palace ; anel remarkable for a treaty concluded here in 1697, betvveen England, Germany, Hel- knd, France, and Spain. Lon. 4. 24. E, Iat. 52. 2. N. RzLCjziCA, a town of Lithuania, ca- ' pical of a territory of the fame name. It Is feated at the confluence of thc ri. vers Wyedfzwck and Dnieper, 125 miles N. of kiow. Lon. 31. 5. E. Iat. 50, 32. N. SAADAH, SAADAH, a ftrong andpopuloiis tovvn of Arabi-i Felix, in Afia, where they hiake the Turkey-leather, It is i8o miles N. E. of Alraacharana. Lon. 44. 55. E. kt. 17. 50. N. Saba, an IHand of the W. Indies, about 12 miles in circumference, pleafant and fertfle, inhabited by a fevv Dutch families from, the ifland of St. Euftatia, and almoft all ftoemakers. It lies a Httle to the W. of St. Chriftopher's, Lon. 63. 12. W. kt. 17. 39. N. Saba, a town of Perfia, and in Irac. Agemi, on the road fropl Sultaniate Kom. Loh. 52. 15. E. kt. 34. 56. N. Sabia, a cape of Africa, in the king. flom of Tripoli, and at the boitpm of the Gulf of Sidra. Sabinna, aprovince of Italy, in fhe territory of the Church ; bounded en the N. by Umbria ; en the E. by Naples ; on tlie S. by the Campagna of Rome ; and op the VV". by the patrimony of St. Peter. It is 22 miles in length, and almoft as 'much in breadth, vvatered by feveral fipalt rivers, aad abounding in oii and wine. Magliane is the capital. Sabioncello, a peninfuk of Dal- toatia. in the r&pnblic of Ragufa, about 7; miles in circumference. It lies te the S. of the Gulf of Narenta, and to the N. of a channel which feparates the iflands of Carfola and Meleck. Sabionnetta, a ftrong town of Ita ly, on the coriflnes of Mantiia and Cre« mona, eapital of a duchy of the fame hame, with a caftle. It belongs to the houfe of Auftria, and is 20 miles E. of Cremona. Lon, 10. 30, E, lat, 45. o, N, Sable, am ancient and populous town of France, in the department of Sarte and late province ef Maine, with a hand- fome caftle. In the neighbourhood are fome quarries of bkck marble. Sable is feated on the river Sarte, 2 5 miles N, E, of Angers, and 135 S. W, of Paris, Lon, o, 24, W. lat-. 47. 50. N, Sable, Cape, the moft fouthe^'ly point of Neva Scotia, ih N, America, near vvhich is a fine ced-fiftery, "Lon, 65, 34, W, kt. 43- ^4- N. * Sables d'Olonne, Les, a com. njercial town of France, in the depart. ment of Vendee and late provipce of Poitou, with a port capable of containing veffels of 150 tons. It is 21 miles W, of Luqon, Sablesj6AN, a province of Perfia,. S A 1 bounded on the N. by Ca-ndabar ; on thfe E, by Hindooftan ; on the S, by Mecran j'- and on the W, by Segeftan, It isa moun tainous country, little known tP Euro peans, Saccai, a Very ftrong town, one of thc moft famous in Japan, with feveral fortified caftles, handfome temples and pa,. kces, as well without as within the aty. It has a harbour, and is .'"eated on the fca- fliore, having a mountain on ene fide, ' vvhich ferves as a rampart. It is 309 miles S. W. ofjedde. Lon. 134. 5. E- lat. 35. u. N. S'ACILE, a town of Italy, in the marr quifate of Trevifano, vvhich makes part of tha ftate of Venice, and is called the garden of that republic. Safia, a trading tovvn of Africa, ih the kingdom of Morocco, vVith a caftle. The Portugtiefe vvere ia poffeffion of it a lpng while, but they ferfook it in 1641. It is furrounded by feveral emi- ninces which command the foWn. Lpn. 8, .;S. W. kt. 32. 28. N, Sag AN, a town of Silefia, capital of a prlHcipality of the fame name, belong ing tP prince Lobkpwitz. It is a pretty ftrong place, wdl-buik, has double wafjs, a handfome caftk, and a priory belong ing to monks of the Auguftine- order. By the permiffion of the emperor, in 1709, a Lutheran fchool vvas founded- herc. It is feated on the rivers Bober apd Queis, 67 miles N. W. of Breflaw', Lon. 15. 27. E. Iat. 5 1. 42. N. Sagres, a ftrong tdwn ef Pprtuga't, in Algarve, with a" harbour and a fort. It is about four miles from Cape St.'Virt- cent, and 125 S. of Lifton, Lpn, g. 4. VV. Iat. 37. 4. N. Sahagun, a tnwn of Spain, in Lepn, vvith a rich abbey ; feated on the river Sea, in a plain fertile in corn, 17 miles from Placentia. Lon. 5. 23. W. lat. 42. 33- N. Said, a town of Africa, In Upper Egypt, feated en the Nik, 150 miles sT of Cairo. Lon. 31. 20. E. lat. 27. 32. N. Saintes, the name ef three fmall iflands in thc W. Indies, betvveen Gua daloupe and Dominica. Lon. 61. 52. W. lat, 15. 57. N. Saintes, an ancierit and krge, but not populous town of France, in the de partment of Lovver Charente and late province of Saintonge, with a biftop's fee. "There are feveral moriuments pf. antiquitvf of vvhich the moft fameiis are the amphitheatre, the aquedufts, and thg triumphal arch on the bridge over the' Charente. The caftle is feated on a P P \ rock. SAL SAL rock, .which renders it impregnable ; and- t'ue cathedral has ene of the largeft fteeples in France. It is feated on an eminence, 37 miles S. E. ef Rochelle, and 262 S. S. "VV. ef Paris. Lon. o. 34. W. kt. 45- 45- N. SAiNTpNGE,alate province ef France, bounded en the E. by Angoumois and Perigord ; on the N. by Poitou and Aunis ; on the W. by the ocean ; and on the Sv. by Bourdeleis and Giron, about 62 miles in length, and 30 in breath. The river Charente runs through the middle of it, and reiiders.it ene of the finefj; and moft fertile provinces in France, abounding in all ferts of corn and fruits ; and they ipake t'ne. beft fait- here in Europe. It now forms, with the late province of Aunis, the department of llower Cha rente. ,Sal, an ifland of Africa, ene of the Cape de Verds. It lies to the E. of St. Nicolas, and is 42 miles in circumfer ence. It has Its name from the great quantity of fait made here from the fea- water, which overflows part of it from time to , time. It is 300 miles W. of the coaft pf Africa. Lpn. 23. 3. W, lat.' 16. 3g. N. "'Sala, a town of Sweden, in Weft mania, 30 miles W. of Upfal, and 50 N. W. pf Stockholm. Lon. 17. 45. E. kt. 59. 50. N. .' S AL.A.vi ANCA, an ancient-, large, hand- fprae, rich, and populous city ef Spairt;- i:^ Leon, with a. biftop's fee, 'and afamocis univerfity, ccnfifting of 24 handfome col leges. The ftrufture called the Schools, vvhere all forts of fciences are taught,- is very large and curious,. -and is built -of freeftone. It is adorned with magnifi cent churches, a large public fquare, fine fountains, and every thing elfe that can cpntrihute to che beaucy and commodiouf-- nefs of a city. There yv,ere formerly V'oqo fludencs, vvhen chc Spanifli monar chy vvas in a flourifhing condition ; arid tliere are now up-vai-J of,-4eoo, frpm all parts of the kingdom. The fcholars are.. all clothed like priefts, "naving thtir heads jhaved,. and -caps thereon. The cache- ' cfral is one of- che hapdfomeft in Spain, and has a fine Iteeplc. There . are alfe feveral fine convents, vvith churches be longing, to theiji, adorned with images, and fome with curious, piftures. Ic is f"eaced partly in a pkin, and pa'rtlv on hil!;,, and is furrounded bv a wall. . It is account ed one of the btft cities in.the ^. igdom. The river Termes, .vvhich vviuhes its vyaHs, has a bridge over if 300 paces iC'ii,g-, ,ti'4ilt by che E.omans. Wi-.iiout 6 the walls is a fine Reman caufeway. If is 37 miles S. E. of Miranda, 105 S. ef Leon, and 88 N. W. of Madrid. Lon. 5. 16. W.'lat. 41. 8. N. Salamanca, ari inconfiderablfe Wwn of N. America, in Mexico, and in the provirice, of Yucatan, 140 miles S. pf Campeachy. Lpn. Sg. 58. W. kt, 17. 55- N, Salanches, a tPwn pf Savoy, in the Upper Faucigny, on a brook vvhich falls inte the Arve, 12 miles N. of plufes, Salanakem, a town of Sclavonia, re. markable fer a battle gained by the prince ef Baden ever the Turks in~i6gi. It is feated on the Danube, 20 miles N. W. ef Belgrade, and 25 S. E. ef Peterwaradin. Len. 20. 53. E. lat. 45. 14. N. '* Salcey-, a toreft in the S, part ef Northamptonftire. Salem, a feaport of N.. America, in the ftate of Maffachufets, ahd capital of the ceunty of Effex. It is the eldeft town ih the ftate, except Plymouth, which vvas fettled eight years before, in 1-7 20. Although its harbour is inferior to that of Bofton, it carries on a large foreign trade. It is 15 miles N. E. of Bofton. Lon. 71. 30. W. kt. 42. 16. N. Salerno, anShcient and confiderable town ef the kingdom of Naples, capital of the Hither Principato, vvith an- arehbi. fhop's fee, a caftle, an harbour, and a uni. verfity,- principally for medicine. It is leated at the bottom of a bay of the farae name, 27 miks S. E. of Naples. Lon. 14. 53. E. lat. 40. 35. N. Saler.s, a town of France, in the de partment of the Cantal and kte province ef Auvergne, feated among the moun tains, pine miks N. of -Aurillac. Salhberg, a town of Sweden, in Weftmania, feated on the river ""Salha, ntar a mountain-, v/^herein there are mine* of filver. S A LIES, a tovvh of Frahce, in thc de partment of the Lower Pyrenees, and' kte province of Bearn, remarkable fer ies fprings .of fait vvater, wherewith they make white fait. It i» fevep miles VV. of Orthcj. Salignac, a town ef France, imthe" departmant ef Dordogne and late' pro. yince of Perigord. Lon. i. 23. E, lat,.' 45. 40. N. S.alig.v AS, a town of Spain, in Bifcay, 28 miles S. E. of Bilboa. It is feated on the river Deva, at the foot of a mountain, tight hiiles N. . of Vi6toria. and 28 S. E. of Eflboa. Lon, 2. 54. W. kt. 43« 5. N.- :" '-* Sal IN' I, SAL ¦'¦ Salini, ene ofthe Lipari Iflands, in the Mediterranean. Ic confifts of two high fountains joined together at the bafe, and lies N. W. of the ifland ef Lipari. ,. SaliN's, a confideraftle town of France, in the department of Jura and kte pro vince ef Franche Coiiice, wich a ftrong fort. It is remarkable fer its fait works,, the largeft pf vvhich is in the middle pf the town, and is like a little fortified place. It is feated in a fertile valley, on a ftream that has Its fource In the innvn, 20 miles S. of Befanqen, and 200 S. E. ef Paris. Lon. 6. 5. E, lat. 46. 56. N. Salisbury, or New S arum, a large and ancient city of VVilt.liirc, of which it is capital, with tvve markets, en Tuefday - and Saturday, and a bifliop's fee. It is fituated in a chalky foH, is almoft fur rpunded by the Avpn and its cpntribu- . tpry . rivers, and Is rendered particular/y clean by a fmall runnirig ftream flowing thrpugh every ftreet. It has a fine'cathe- d"ral, crowned by a fpire, the loftieft in the kingdoni. The town hall is a hand forhe building, and ftands in a fpacious market-pkce; It is gpverned by a mayor, recorder, &c. fepds two members to par- Ifamept, and poffeffes a manufafture of flannels and linfeys, and'«notlier ef hard- vvare and cutlery. It is .2 1, rafles N. E'. of Southampton, and 83",W. by S. ef Londtjii. Lon. i, 44. \V. lat. 51, 3. N. '* Salisbury Craig, a hifl on the S. fide of the dty of Edinburgh. It ,is re markable for a great precipice ef folid rock, about one mile long, and, in feme parts, 100 feet high; vvhich paffes with feme regukrity along its brow. . Salisbury Plain, ih Wihftire, extends 25 miles E. to Winchefter, and 28 W. ts Weymouth, and in fome places it is from 3 5 to 40 miks in breadth. There are fe many crofs rOads in ir, and fo few houfes to take direftions from, that Thomas, the eighth earl ef Pem. broke, planted a tree at the end ef each iiiile ftone froih hence tp Shaftftury, fpr the traveller's guide. That part pf it about the dty is a chalky down, like Eaft ,Kent. The othet pirts are noted SAL Fez, with a harbour and . feveral fortss , It i's one of the beft harbours in the country, and yet on account of a bat that lies acrofs it, ftips of thc fraallelt draught are forced to Unload, and take out their guns before they can' get' into it. There are docks tb build fliips, but . they are hardly ever ufed, for want ef flcill and materials. It is. a large place, divided intp the Old and "New Tpwns, by the river Guerp. It has lpng been farapus fpr its pirates, which make prizes pf all Chriftian fliips, that cpme in ..fheir -way, eiecepc chere is a Ci'eacy to the centraryi Ir is 100 miles W. ef Fez, and 150 St ef Gibraltar. Len. 6. 31, W, kt, 344 o. N. Salm, a town of France, iri the de- partiheht of Meurthe and late province of Lorrain, with a caftle ; feaied at the fource- ef the river Sar,' 20 miles W.-of Strafturg, and 55 S. E. of Nancy. Lon. 7. >5." E. lat. 48. 34. N. Salo, ari important tovyn- of Italy, in the republic of Vedice, arid in the Brefcia no ; feated on the lake Digarpa, 1 7 miles N. E. ef Brefcia. Lon, loi 4g, E* kt. 45. 38. N. Salobrena, or SClobrena, a fea port ef Spain; in Grenada, with a caftle. It carries on a great trade in fugar and fift, and is feated on i reck, near the mouth of a river of the fame name, 12 miles S. E. of AIniunecar, and 36 S. of Grciiada. Lon. 3. 30. W'. kt. 36. 3'- N. SalOn, a tovvh ef France, in the de partment ef the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence,- feated on the canal ef Craponne, 20 irifles N. W. of Aix, and 24 N.W. of Marfeilles.' Lon. 5. 5. E. kt. 43. 38. N. Salona, a feaport of Dalmatia, feated oti a bay ef the Gulf ef 'Venice. It vvas formerly a very confiderable pkce, and its ruins fliow that it vvas .10 miles iri circum ference. It is 18 miles N. ef Spalkto, and fubjeft to Venice. Lori.' 17, 29. E. lat. 44. 10. K. Sa LONE, a tovyn ef Greece, in Liva dia, with a biftpp's fee. The inhabitants equal in number. fered te live here. fer feeding numerous flocks ef fteep, feme are Chriftians and Turks, and arc pretty cf which contain from 3000 to 5000 each, ' ' t.itd feveral farmers hereabouts have two Of three fuch flecks. By feeding the feeep upftn the lands, after they are lurri ed up with the plpugh, they become very fruitful, arid 'bear very goed -wheat and ©ther grain. In this plairi, befide the. fa- nftius Sfquehenge', are trades of many Rq. inHh and Iritift antiquities, ' S.ALLEE an ancient, ctinfiderable', and firwg tovvn-jf Africa, in the kin^-om-'of- The J ews are net fuf- It is leated ori a moun- t.-;in, on the cop ef which is a citadel, 20 miles N. E. of Lepanto, Lon. 23. i. E« kt. 38. 50. 'N. Salonichi, formerly called The'ssa- LON'iOA, a fi^aport bf Turkey in Europe, and capital cf fttaeedonia, with an aich- ' biftop''s fee. It is large, populo-js, and rich, being abocit 10 mfles 'n circumfei-- ' er.cc. it is a place ot i;rc-.t trade, bar- P p 2 ritd SAL SAL riid on principally by the Greek Chrifti ans and the Jews, the former of which have 30 churches, arid the latter as many fynagogues: the Turks alfo have a fevv mofques. It is l"urrocuidtd by walls, and defended on the land-fide by a dtadel, and Pear the harbour b>y three forts. It vvas taken fioip the Venetians by che Turks in 1431. The prripcipal merchandife is ftik. It is feattd at the bottom of a gulf of the fame name, partly on the top, and partly on the fide ef a hHI, near the river Vardar, 50 miles' N. ef Lariffa, and 170 W. of Conftantinsplt. Leu, 22. 53. E. fet. 40. 41. N. , Salop. See Shropshire. Salses, a ftrong caftle of France, m the department of the Eaftern Pyrepces arid kte province of 'ReuflSllon. It is feat sd on a lake pf the fame name, among mountains, 10 miles N. of Perpignan. Lon. 3. p.. E. kt. 42. 53. N. SALSETTE,an ifljndl of the peccan ef Hindppftan, lying off the coaft of Concap, ^little to the N. of Bombay, it is about i; miles fquare, and is fertfle in rice, fruits, and fugar-canes. Jt h-as its fub- eerraneous -teiuples, cut oik of the live rock, in thc manner of thel"e qf 'Ekphanta, They have no trade, except ip dried fift, hecaufe it is fo near Bombay, btiirg only feparated frpm it tiy a channel half a mile ov'er, vyhich is fnrdabk st low water. Ip 1773, t'ne Englift conquered it frem the Mahrattas ; have retained peffefEsm of it ever fince ; and, as Bombay poffeffed no territory beyond the extent qf the finall ifland en vvhich it b fituated, and confe quently depended op foreign fuppHes for its fubfificnee, they have found Salfette a -sery valuable acquifitlon. &ALSONNA, a town of S,pain; in Ca- talonia, feated on the rivet Lobregat, 44 iriHes N. W.of Barcelona, Lon, 1, 3S. E. lat. 41. 56. N. Salt A, a- tovvn of S. America, in. Tucuman, vvhich carries on a great trade i'.i corn, wine, and cattle. It belongs to the Spaniards, and is 37 miks from Eftrc- co. Lon. 65. 46. VV. kt. 26-. 50. S. S ALTASH,a borough of Corn wall, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on c'ircle of Lojyer Saxony, and di-icliy of" Magdeburg. It take-s its name from tlw falt-pits, ^hd -is 12 miks from Magde burg, Lon. II. 54. E. lat. 52. J.N. Saltzburg, ^ large, ancient, and ftrong tPwn pf Germany, iu tip; drdc of Bavaiia, capital of a tefritory pf the faipa naiTie, belpnging tP the archhiflipp Saltz burg, who is a' fovereign prince. It is populous, well-buih, and defended by 3^ caftle, feated on a metmtairi. The arch biflipp 's pakce is a fuperb ftruft-cire, has n magnificent garden, adornetl with ftatues, arid planted with uncommpn trees.. This js his fumiPer hpufe, but thjt fpr winter «:pntaip:s iS-j apartments, all richly furnifli- , ed, withput reckoning the h^Ils and galk- rics. The houfes are five ftories higb^ but the ftreet? narrovy. The univerfity depends pn the Benediftine monks, Ip 1737, a cpllege was built here fpr young gentlemen. The cathedral is very fine, and cpntains five organs. Neap Saltzburg are feme very proeTuftive falt-works. It is featgd on both fides the river Salt?, 45 miles S, b.y "W, c;f Paffaw, and. 155 "VV. by S, of Vienna. Lon. 13. 5. E. kt. 47. 37- 'N, Saltzburg, fhe archbiftopric of, ^ country of Genpany, bounded on thq N. by B^var'a.; pn the E- by Auftriaj on the S". by Carlnthk and the Tirol ; on the W. by the fame, and by Bavaria. It is ^ mountainpus country, hut pretty -fer tile, and cpntains mines of co,pper, lilver^ and iron. It is ^t^out 70 miles iri kpgtli, and 60 ill breadth. The principal. towB is of the- fame irame. Salvador,, ^ tovvn of Africa, in th» kingeSqm;. Or Congo,, with a large palace, where fix J^ipg refides, apd a Portuguefie bifliop. It is feated on a:_ craggy raouq^aln. Lon. 15. 39. E. kt. 5j. o. S, Salvador, St, a large, pqpukgjs,ap4 handfom.e tovyn of S, America, in Biafil* with an archbiftop's fee, aad fcvetai forrs. It is the refi deuce of thq viceroy, and cpntains. feveral refigious lipufes. Tl5S inhabitarits are veluptupu^ prpud, igpo- ¦ ranr, and fuperftitious, but carry on a cpn fiderable trade. The hoilfes are tvvo or three ftpries high, and the vyalls thwk an^" the defcent of a fteep hill, and, confifts of ftrong, beirig buik gf .ftpne. The prind-, three ftreets, vS'hich are waflied clean by pal ftreets are large, and there arc ipaij^ every ftpwer of rain. It has fpme trade, gardens, full pf a great variety of fruit, (Efpecially in nvalt, and is fix miles N, W, trees, herbs, and flpwers. The chiff-ccm,- ef Plynieutli, and 220 W,by S. ef Lpn- modities arc fugar, tobacco, \yqad for don. Lon, 4. 17. "V?".- kt.. 5'o. 2 5. N, diers, raw hides, tallow, and- tralttpy^-! Is '¦¦ Salt Hill, a village- ef Berks, re- is feated on an emiuEnoc, on the ^iay qf markable for its fine fituation and elegant All-Saints, apd the harbour is /tift be# 10,118, Ir is feated- on the road to Bath, low it. Lon, 40, 10, W. lat, ^z/i°' ^• 22 miles W.of Londnp, Salvages, fmaH unihhabitiO.-ilkot^ S.vltza, a tovvm qf Germany, in tbe lyirgbeiwee^theCapaJF^Iflaoo and Ri;^. / (ieira» SAM SAM dtira, 27 leagues N. pf Point Nago iirTe- pcriff. Lon. 1;. 54-. W. kt. 3P. o. N. SalvateAra, a- town of Portugal, in Eftramadura, vvith- a- royal palace, feat ed on the river Tajo. Lon. 7. 51, W, lat. 38. 59. N. ' Salvatiera,* ftrong tovvn pf Pprtu gal, in Beira. It was takeh by the French in 1704, and by thc allies in 170;, It is leated pn the river Ella-, 12 miles N. E. ef Alcantara. Len. 6. 1-4. W, lat. 39. 30. N. Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in GaHcia, leated on the river Minho, 56 miks S. of Gompoftelk, Lori, S-, 16. W. iat. 41. 48. N. Salvatierra, a tpvVh of Spain, in Bifcay, feated at the foot of Mount St. Adrian, 30 mites E. ef Vitteria, Lon. 2. ^7. W. kt. 42. 54. N. S.ALUzzo, a town and caftle ef Pied- morit, capital of a marquifate nf the fame name, with a biffiop''s fee. The cathe dral is very tftagnificent arid rich. It is feated on an eminence, at the font of the Alps, near the river Po, zs miles S. by "W. of Turin, aaid 15 S. E, of Pigrietol, ^on, 7, 37, E. lat. 44. 44. N. SamaFvANd, a populous towm of Afia, <>n the eaftern part of the ifland of Java. Samarcand, or Sarmacand, ari ancient, large, handfome, and popul'Ous liown of Afia; capital of a kihgdom of the fame name, in the country of the iJfteck Tartars, vvith a cafl-le, and a fa- .frious univerfity. The honfcs are built of firorie, and it Was the feat ef Tamer lane the Great. It carries on i trade irt excellent fruits, and is pleafantly feated pear the river Sogde, vvhich runs intp the river Amo, 150 miles E. by N. of Bokhara. Lon. 6g. o. E. lat. 39. 50. N. Samari, or TaNDav, ah ifland of Afia, in the Indian Ocean, and Phe pf the Philippines, tp the S. E. of Luzoh; freftl which it is feparated by a' ftrait. It is ^BoUt J20 miles in circumference, and is full of craggy moafttaiips, ampng whjch »re fertile vallies. Samballas, feyeral Ifla:nds of Ame- tica, on'the N. coaft of the ifthmus of Darien. None' of theft) arc inhabited, feut chey are claimed by the Spaniards. Sambre, a river of tlie Netherlands, which has its fource in Picardy ; and piff- " ihg by LaPdrccy, Maubeiige, Thiin, and iCharieroy, falls into the Maefe at Namur. SamMatan, a town ef France, in the department of Eure and late province ef ConWnin^geS, formerly 3 ftrong place, arid" has ftfll a very ftrong caftle, ftanding on a mountain. It is feated in a valley, en fhe river Save, five riiiles N. of LoliibeZ. Lon, I. ©-. E, kit. 43. 34. N. Samogitia, a province of Polarii^, bounded en thc N. by Courland ; on the E. by Lithuania; on thc W. by thc Bal tic Sea; and on the S. by "Weftern Praf- fiaij being about 175 miles in length, ahd. i2'5 in breadth. It is full of forefts and very high mountains, vvhich feed a great number of cattle, ahd produce a large quantity of 'honey. There are alfo very aftive horfcs, in high efteem. Thc inha bitants are downifli, but honeft ; and they will riot allow a. yourig woman to go our. in the riight, without a candle in her hand, ahd two bells ,at her girdle. Roffentia and Worniia are thc principal places. Sam^os, an ifland of the Archipelago,. on thc coaft of Natolia; bounded on the N. by a gulf of thc fame name ; on the S. by the Gulf ef Ephefus ; and on the E, by the ifle of Nicaria. It is about 32 rhilcs iri length, aiid 22 iri breadth, and ex treniely fcnilo. The inhabitilnts live at their eafe, thtir taxation by the Turks be ipg moderate. They arc clothed in thc Turkifh manner, except a red coif, and their, hair harigirig down fheir backs, vyirh plates ef filver, or block tin, faftened to the endii. They h^ve aburidance pf me- kns, lentils, kidneybeans, and' excellent mufkadine grapes. They have vvhite figs,, fpur times as big as the cppimpp fort, but' riot fo Well tafted. Their filk is very fine, arid the honey and vvax admirable. This ifland abounds with partridges, woodcocks, fnipes, thruflies, wotidpigeons, turtledoves, vyhea:tearsi and exiceHcnt poultry. They. have iron mines, and rnoft ef thc foil is of a rufty colour : they have affo c.mory ftone,- arid all the mountains are of white marble. The irihabirahfs are about 12,000, who are almoft all Greeks, arid the meriks and prielfs occupy moft part of the ifland. They have a biftop who refides at Corea. SaMothracia, now called Sa.man- DRACHi, a fraai! ifland of tha Archipek- ,go, betw'een Stalimtrii apd the coaft of Romania, and to the N. of the' ifle ef Im- bro. It is 17 miles ip circumference, and pretty '.yell cultivated. Ltjn, 25, 17. E. fat. 40. 34. N. SaMctedes, The, once a numerous" and pevVerfuI nation of Tartary, in Afia. They are now ftrangcly difperfed: feme of rhcm -are found in fmall and detached bodies amcjng the mountains which He to the W.. of^ Lake Baikal: others are fup- pofed te be within, the Chintfc froritiers: others are fcattpred among the deferts, vvhich extend along the Frozen Ocean ; and fpme nearly as far to tht W. as Arch. angel. They have no longer the ufe of horfes,. becaufe the climate of their prtl'ciit country repdefs' their fuMftence Im'pnf. ?P3 fibk; SA N SA N- fible; but they have ftill .preferved the matjiiers of a pafteral people, and retain thc ufe of moveable habitations, with whicli they wander from place to place. They neither have,, nor appear ever to jiivc had, any kind of regular government. Their traditional fongs mention only cer tain heroes, whp, in better times, led thdr anceftors te battle. Thefe fongs form their principal amufements ; but the ex ploits they celebrate are never likely to be renewed. "VVhether it be owing to the feptic qualiries of their feed, te the natu. ralcffefts ef exceffive cold, or to thofe poi. fonous fogs vvhich render feme parts ef thdr- country quite uninhabitable, the nerves of the Samoyedes are fo irritable, that a fudden and unexpefted noife will frequently threw them into convulfions, They have a large head ; a flat face ; high cheek bones; fmafl eyes; a. flat nofe; a wide mouth; a yellow complexion; large ears ; ftraight,. harft, bkck hair ; a ftort thick neck ; little or ne beard ; and. ftort arid thiri legs. Samso, or Samsoi, ap ifland of Pen. mark, iri the Baltic, en the coaft of Jut land, whence it is eight miles, diftant. It is eight miles leng, and three broad, and is very fertile and pleafant, Lon, lo. 33.- E, lat. 56. 2. N. ' Samson, St. a town ef.Franee, in the department of Eure and late ' province pf Normandy, feated pn the river Rille, five miles frpm Pontaudemcr. Sanaa, a large, populous, and hand-. fome town ef Afia, capital ef Arabia Fe lix, and in Yepien Proper. Its fituatinn is very pleafant among the mountains, and there are .fine orchards. It is 80 miles N. E.of Aden. Loh. 41. 35. E.lat. 14. 28.N. Sanbach, atown in Cheftiie, vyith a market on Thurfday, feared on the river Welock. In the market-pkce are two fquare ftonc-croffes, adorned wirh images. Tt is 26 mUes E. of Chefter, and 161 N,. N. W. of 'London. Lon. 2. 28. W. kt, 53- 8. N. " ' ' '• Sancerre, a towp of France, in the department of Cher and late province of Berry, ftated on a mountain, near the ri- -vtr Loire. The wines produced in it: environs arc fcarcely inferior to thofe of Burgundv. It is 22 ffiiles.N. W. of Ne vers, arid I Jo N. of Paris. Lon. 2. ^g. E. Jat. 47.'-i8. N. •. - ' Sanci.vn, a fjnall ifland-of Afia, pn the coaft of the prewince of Quan--tPng, in China, about 42 miles in circumference, and famous for being thc'burying-place pf St. Francis. Xavier. SaNOOins, a town nf France, in the ij-s^.artmcnt of Cher and late provipcf of Berry, feated on the rivulet Argent, ij miles S, W, pf Nevers, '* Sanda, an ifland pf ScPtknd, pne p£ the Orknies, lying N, E. pf that called Mainland. Sandecz, a ftrpng tpwn of Little Po land, in the paktinatCj of Cracow. ' There are mines of gold and copper in its terri tory, and it is feated at the foot of Mount Krapack 32 miles S. E. of Cracow. Lon, 20. 32. E. lat. 4g.. 43. N. Sandersted, a village in Surry, to the S, of Croydon, Hence is a delightful profpeft on- the N. to Croydon, and en the N, W, to Harrow on the HIlj, and fome parts of Bucks and Berks, to Hamp.- ftire, and pver all Banfted Downs, Sando, an ifland of Japan, on the N. coaft of Niphon, vyith a tovvn of the fame name,- and about 87 mfles in circumference, Lon, i3g, 30. E, lat, 38, 3 5. N- Sandomir, a ftrong town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the fame name, with a caftle, feated en a hill, en the river Viftuk, 75 miles E. of Cracow, and 112 S. ofWarfaw. Len. 22. o.E. lat. 50. 21. N. Sandomir, the palatinate of one of the three provinces of Little Poland. The foil is very fertile ; and it has mines o^ ' gold, filver, and copper, ,' Sandugal, a tovyn of Portugal, in Beira, feated pp the river Cpa, 12 mfle^ frem Guarda, -'- Sanduliet, a tpwn pf Auftrian Bra bant, feated on the river Scheld, 12 miles ' N- W. of Antwerp, Lon. 4. 12. E. lat. 51. 22. N. ¦ Sandwich, a town in Kent, with two. markets, on Wednefday and Suturday, It is a corporation and cintjue-pert, go verned by a mayor, and ii jurats, and, fends tvvo members to parliament. It has three churches, St. Clement's, St, Peter's and St. Mary,s, and had another called St; James's. This town cohfifts of abouc 1500 houfes, moft ef them eld and built vvith wood, though there are a fevv nevv ones bpilt with brick and flints. It i^ walled round ; but the walls are much de cayed, though four of the gates are ftill ftanding. This warence a town of confi derable trade, but it is much decayed, on account of the river Stotir, on vvhich it is feated, being fo choked up vvith fand, as to admit only fmall veffels. By thefe it exports corn, fruit, and garden feeds, thq produft of the neighbourhood. It is 13 miles E. pf Canterb:,iry, and 67 E. by Si pf London. 'Lon. 1. 2 5. E.'lat. 51. ig.N. - Sandwich Islands, forming a mag pificent group, vvere among the laft difcr. veries of capt. Cook, in the N. Pacific Oceari. He fp named them in hopour/'ji • ".'-''' 'the SAN SAN •tlie carl of Sandwich, under whofe marine adminiftration thefe difcoveries were made. They confift of eleven iflands, extending in latitude from i3. 54. te 22. 15. N. and in longitude from 150. 54. to 160. 24. W. They arc called by che nacives, Owhyhee, Mowee, Ranai, MoroCoi, Tahoorowa, Weakoo, Acooi, Neeheeheovv, Oreehoua, Morotinnc, and Takeora, all inhabited ex cept the two laft. An account of aH the inhabited iflands wifl be found in their pre." ", ' - Santa Cr-uz, a toWp on the E, fide ij the ifland of Teneriff, en a fine bay of . ^e fame name, defer.deel liy maiiy fma|J' S A N' batteries, and a ftrong fqrt j but the water, beirig very deep near it, they are all ex pofed te the attack of ftips. T'-.e tewa is very isregukriy , bulk : the principal flreet is bread, and has n,,->re the appear ance of a fquare than a ftreet ; at the up per end, is ihe governqi"'?. hpufc, a meafl building, more like a '.-o-jiirry irii', than of the palace ofa governor : it "he iovjer end is a fquare n'oriiunent, comm"ino;.iting the appearance of NitefiraSegnpra-(Oiir Lady/ to the Guaftches, the. orii^inai inhabitarits of the ifland. The^oatfeiVi- of tie tovvn have more thc appearance c ¦• pkce de ferted, and in ruir'. t^.an a pi-'ce of trade, for many of the 'loufcs ar ; either irft half- built, or have fallen tp cre'cay.- ' Len. i6« 31. "VV. lat. 2S. 31.N. Sant^ Ciiuz, ^ tpy-T, of j\frica', on tbe cpitft of Mor,-.:--ro. I'ith" a bar''-)Our arid a fott, Thc Moors took r trim tiic Por tuguefe in 1536. It IE fc:-;: at rhe ex tremity of Mount 'I'lh , on the Cape Agiier. .Lon. 10. 7. '< '. kt. ,'i..,- 3"',N. Santa Cruz, a 1- jc 'fland in the S,--ir.h S.ea, one of the moi' confiderable pf triple of S"lcmon, being abouf 2cq miles- in circiirn'ercncc, Lon. i jo. o. W. lat. ip. ?i. S.-" ¦ "'' SAN-t.A Cruz, a feaport "f the W. Indies in thc iflind/of Cuba, feated at the N. fide of the -'.ifland, 60 miles -E. of the Havanriah,' Lon, 81, 16. 'Wl lat. 23. 10. N. ¦'¦¦'. ' • ^ , ; SAnta Cruz DE-LA-SiE5RA„atown ff S. America, capital of a province of hat name in Peru, arid in the audienee of Los- Charcas, with .a biftop's fee. It is feated at the foot of a' mountain, in. a country abounding in gqod fruits, on the river Guapy.' Lon. 59. 55. W, lat. 19, 46. ?. ' ' '' > Sasja Fe, a tpv^fn of N. Anieriea, ca pital'of New 'Mexico, feated amcng the ilipUritairis, near the. Rio-dekNorte, 95© miks N. of Mexico. Lon, 106, 35, "W., l.at. 35. 32. N. J."- ». Santa Fb pi:-BoGOTA, a town of S. America, ca^iltalof New Granada, with an archbiftop's fee, and a' univerfity,- It- is feated on the river Magdalena, in a plen tiful '.country, abo^ding' in corn, cattle, and friilt, with mihes of filver in the mpun tains., 360 miles S. of Carth*agena(, Lon. 7j. 5,"VV,lat, 3, 58, N, ¦ ¦¦ 'Sant:aren; a liandfoifjie town of Por-« tugal iq ;fi;ft'ramadurs', feited On'a moupi tain near fhe river Tajo', in a country very Fertile iii viheat, wine, and oil. They get in their harveil here two ifionifhs after they h^ve fowtf their corn. It was taken front the Moprs in 1447, and Js 55 mfles N. E. of Lifbott, LoB, a. 25, W. lat, 39, 2. N.' SAR s A k SANTfiN, a town of Germaiiy, in the cifcle of Weftphalia, and duchy of Cleves. It has a handfome church belonging to the Papift*, wherein is an image of the Vir gin Mary, whieh, they prefefld, performs a great many miracles. Here the fine walks begia that run as far as Wefel, from vvhich it is five miles diftant to thc W. Lon. 6. 25. E. kt. 51. 50. N. ' Santillane, a feaport Of Spain, in the province of Afturias, of vvhich it is the capital. It is ffated oh the feacoaft, 50 miles E. of Oviedo, ahd 200 N. W, of Madrid. LOn. 4, 32, W, lat, 43, 34- N, SaN'ToRin'i, an ifland pf fhe Archi pelago, to the N. pf Candia, and tp the S, W, of Nanphip, It is 'eight miles in length, near as much in brdadth, and al- -moft covered with pumice-ftone, whence the foil in general muft he dry and barren ; it is, however, greatly improved by ,the kbeur arid induftry of the Ihhabitants, who have turned it into a garden. It affords a great deal of barley, plenty of cotton, and krge quantities of wine, in which, and their cotton maftufaftufes, thoir trade confifts. Fruit is fcarce, except figs, and they have neither oil nor wood. They kill their beefres but ence a year, and then they put it in pickle, which makes it very hard. The inhabitants are all Greeks, arid are abcut 10,000 in nuriabet, Pyrgos ii the- capital, and there are feveral little tpwns and vlUages, They have but one fpring in the ifland, for vvhidi reafort they preferve the rain-water in cifterns; and ehough they are fubjeft to the Turks, they choofe their own iPagiftr-ates, Lon, 26, I. E, lat, 36, 10. N. '* Saone and Loire, a department of Fran-,e, induding part ot the kteprovificB of Burgundy. Macon, lately a biftopric; is the capital, ¦' Saone, Upper, a department pf France, including part pf the kte prpvince of the Ifle pf France. It takes its name from a river, which rifes in Mount 'Vof ges, and falls into the Rhone at Lyons. The capital is Ve-foul, .kcely erefted into a biftopric. Sapien'^a, an ifland and cape 6f Turkey in Europe, near the S. coaft of the Morea; very fmall, and badly culti- ¦vated. The pirates of Barbary cohccal therafdvcs behind it, to furprife veffels ¦which come from thc G ulf of Venice, or the coiift of Sicily. Lori. 21. 3-5, E, Iat. 36, 50. N. Saracens, a pepple celebrated fomfe centuries ago, who came from the deferts ©f Arabia; Sana in their language figni fying a d«fe-«i They >Ver« "ffcs firft dif- C'iplcs pf !Mahomet, and within 40 years after his death cpnejiietcd a great part pf Afia, Africa, and Eurppe., They kept ppffeffipn pf Spain tiH the year 1 5 1 1, when they were fipaHy expelled. They main tained' a war in the Holy Land a lpng time againft the Weftern Chriftians, arid at length drpve them/ entirely put of it; but now there are no people kriovvn by that name, fer the defcendants of thpfes whp cpnquered Spain are called Mbors. Saragossa, a city pf Spain, in Arra* gon, vvith an archbiftop's fee, a univerfity, and a court of inquifition. It is faid td have been built by the Phamidaris ; and the Romans fent a colony here in the reign' of Auguftus, whence it had the name of Cafar Auguftus, which by corruption has been changed ince Saragoflii, It is large, handfome, and weH built. Thc ftreets are leng, bread, well pared,, and very dean, and the hcufes from three to fix ftprieS high. It is adorned with many magnificent buildings, and they reckon 17 krge churches, and 14 handfonje monafte ries, not to mention others lefs confider able. The river Ebrp runs acrpfs the place, dividing it iri tvvp; arid pn its bahks' is a hanelfome qu-ay, which ferves for a pub lic walk. The Holy ftreet is the largeft, and fo broad, ic may be takcri for a fquare ; and here they had thdr bull-fights, iti this ftreet are feVeral noblemens families, particukriy that of the viceroy. The ca- thedrul is a fpacious (Gothic biiilding; but the fineft church is that of Nueftra Sig- nora del Pilar, feated op thefi-de of the Ebro, and 18 a place fif the gteateft devotion in Spairi. They tell us, that the VirgW, yet Hving, appeared to St. James, vvhp Was preaching I'he g^ofpef, ahd left him her image, with a handfome pilkt pf jafper: it is ftown iri this church, which fhey pre tend is the firft in the world buik to her henatir. This image ftands on a marble pillar, with a litrie Jefus in her arms ; bi^ th^' place is lb dark, that it cannot b^ fcth vvithout the affiftance of kfflps, which are 50 in number. The ornaments ef this tmago are the richeft that can be imagined, hef crown beirig full of precious ftones of an Iricftimable price ; fcarce any thing to be feen but gold and jewels : and a vaft number of people cOme ih pilgrimage hi ther. The townhoufe is a fumptuous" ftrufture ; in the hall are the piftures of »U the kings .of Arragon, and in the cor-' BCr of it St. Getirge on horfeback, vvith a. dragPh of vvhite marWe under hlip. Sarai goflfa is feated in a large plain, w here the Ebro receives tvvo ether rivers ; and over it are two bridges, ene of ftone and thfi 9ther-of '\veed, vVhiuh kft has been tilon^t the SAR S A R the moft beautiful in Europe^ . A viftory vvas obtained here over the French arid Spaniards in 1710, but it vvas abandoned by the allies foon after. It is 137 miles V.''. of Barcelona, and 150 N. E. of Ma- <3rid. Lon. t. 28. W. lat. 41. 53. N. * Sar.atof, a government of Ruffia, formerly a province of Aftracan, It is di vided into 1 2 diftritts, of which that of the iame name is the principaL ' '¦'¦ Sarato-e, a town of Ruffia, in the a;oyernraept of the fame name, feated en the fide of a mountain, ntSr the river Vol ga, 220 imiles-S. of Cafan, and 300 N. W. of Aftracan, Lon. 49. 25. E. Iat. 52. 4.-N- .Sa.rbruck, a tcwn of Germany, in the «:leftprate pf Treves, feated on the river Sare, eight miks S, of Treves. Lon. 6, 4.0. E-kc. 49. 37. N. Sarbruck, Pr Sarbourg, an and- .^nt town tf France, in the department of Meurthe arid .late province of Lorrain. It is feated on the river Sare at the foot of a moiinrain, 15 miles'E. of Marfal, and 50 S. E. of Metz. Lon. 7. g, E. kt. 4g. 16. N. Saicdam, afeaport of Holland, where there are vaft magazines of tiinber ' for building fliips, and aaval ftores, with a great number of ftipwrights,; and here is ftifl feen the h'ut, ,in which Peter the Great, czar of Ruflia, refided, while he worked as a fliipvvright in this tovvn. Sarekm is feated on the N. fide of the river Wye, feven miles N. W. ef Amfter dam. Lon, 4. 4^:. E. kt. 52. 28. N. SARDlNi.i, an ifland of the Mediter ranean, 142 miles in length from N. to S. and 80 in breadth from E. to W. The foil is fertfle in corn and wine, and there sre a great number of oranges, citrons, and filivc^. On the coaft is a fiftery for an- dinvies and coral, ef vvhich they (end krge quantities to Genpa and Leghprn. Beeves and fteep are numerpus, as well as horfes, ^¦hlch are very good for kbeur and the road. Thty are fed in the little iflands cboiit it, vvhich abound in game; and in that of Afnaria are a great number of tur tles. The air is very unhealthy, from the m,-irfty land. The inliabitants were. for merly fo' ru'lc and downifli, that tbe Ro mans hanifhed their ftate prifoners to this ifland; but they are much more civilized fince, and enjoyed fuH lijverty till an in quifition vv-as eftabliflu-4 at Saffari. As the inhabitants are not very induftrious, the land is not fufficiently cultivated ; nor do thf-y p-i" mucH att-ention to trade. It contains mines nf fib-er, lead, .fulphur, and alum ; and th'-v make a .s-ood deal of fait. This ifland has undergone varioits revolu- tlohs : in 1708 it was- tal-cen by the Erig. lift fer the emperor Charles Vl. and in 1720 ceded to the duke of Savoy, as an equivalent for that nf Sicily. It was then erefted into a kingdom ; but his Sardinian majefty keeps his court at Turin, the ca pital of his Piedmontefe territories. He has a viceroy at Cagliari, which is the car pital of this ifland. S.-iR-DO, a town of Turkey in Afia, in Natolia. It vvas formerly called Sardis, and vvas the feat of the famous king Cros-' fus. It now contains only a few wretched huts. However, here is a large caravan. fary, where there are handfome lodgings for travellers, it lying in the great road from Smyrna to Aleppo ; and the Turks have a mofque, which vvas formerly a Chriftian church. The inhabitants arc now almoft aH -ftepherds, who feed thdr flocks in the neighbouring- plains. There are alfo a few Chriftians, vvho employ themfelves in gardening, buf they have neither church -nor prieft. Lon. 28. 30. E.lat. 38. 44. N; Sare, a river of France, in Lorrain, which falls into the Mofelle a little above- Treves. Sarg ANS, a tovyn of Swifferland, and capital ef a county ef the fame name, in the canton ef Zurich, with a caftle feated on a reck. It ftands en the top of a hill, and near it are mineral fprings good for various difeafes. Sargel, a large and ancient feaport of Africa, in Tremefen, with a caftle, feated en the leacoaft, 25 miles from Algiers.- Lon, 2. 15. W. kt. 36., 30. N. Sarguemjiv'E, a town-of France, in the department of Mofelle and kre pre. vince of Lorrain, f"€.ated on the river Sare, nine mfles from Sarbruck. Lon. 7. 13. E, lat. 4g.'S. N. Sark, a lirtle ifland belengirig to Grea^ Britain, lying between the iflands of Guernfey and Jerfey, on the coaft of Nor-^ mandy. ' '* Sark, a river of Scotland, which rifes in the E. part of Dumfriesftire, and for many miles forms the boundary with England. - Sarlat, a tovvn of France, in the de partment of Dordogne and lare province of Perigord. It was lately a bifliop's fee, but is a poor place, feated in a bottom; furrounded by mountains, 27 miles S. E. of Periguex, and 87 E. by N. of Bour. tleaux. Lori. I. 19. E.lat. 44. 5. N. Sar-Louis, a ftrohg town of France, in the department-of Mofelle and kte pro. vince ef Lorrain, fortifit-d after the man. ner of Vauban, and feated en the ifthrau? of a peninfula formed by the river Sare, S A S S A V ?9 miies E. ef Thionville, and 32' N. E. of Mentz. Lon. 6. 46. E. lat. 4g'. 2 i. N. Sarno; a town of the kingdom of Na ples, with a biftop's fee. It is feated on the riyer Sarho, near its fource, 12 miles N. E. ef Salerno, and 20 S. E. of Naples. Len. 14. 4g. E.. kt. 40. 46. N. Sakno, a fmafl river of the kingdom of Naples, which rifes near a tovvn ef that name, and falls into the Bay of Naples. . Sards, a ftrong caftle, in Upper Hun. gary, in a county of the fame name, feated on the river Tari'za, at the foot of Mount Krapach, five miles from Eperies. Lon. 21. 10. E. lat. 4g. 12. N. Sarreal, atown ef Spain, in Catalo. nia, feated on the river Francoli, in the neighbourhood of which are quarries of aIabaftef,'fo tranfparent that they glaze their windows with it. Len. 2.0. E. lat. 41, 30, N, SARSANA,'a town of Italy, in the ter. ritory of the Church, and in Romagna, with a biftop's fee ; 2'o miles S, W. of Rimini, and 138 N, W. ef Rome. Lon. 12. 14. E. Iat. 43. eg. N. '•'- Sarte, a department of France, in. eluding the late province -of Maine. It takes its name from a river vvhich joins the Maine and the Loir, above Angers. The capital ef this department is Mans. Sarum, Ne"w, See Salisbury, Sarum, Old, anancient borough of 'Wilts, vvhich, though now reduced to a fingle farmhoufe, ftill fends two members te parliament. It ence covered the fum mit of a .high fteep hill, and vyas ftrongly fortified ; but there is nothing now te be feen but the ruins and traces of the walls. It is a little to the N. of Saliftury. Lon. t. 42I W. kt. 51. 7. N. S AR'VERDEN, a tovvn of France, in the department of Mofelle and late province of Lorrain ; feated on the river Sare, 10 Siiles from Sarbruck. Lon. 7. 10. E. kt. 48. 59. N. Sar WAR, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name, feat ed on the river Rab. Lon. 16. 48. E. lat. 47. 30. N, ' Sarzana, an ancient and ftrong town qf Italy, in the territory of Genoa, vvith a bifliop's fee. It was given to the Genoefe, ty the Great duke of Tufcany, in lieu of Leghorn. It is feated at the mouth ofthe river Macra, en thc frontiers ef Tufcany, 50 miles S. E. of Genoa. Len. g. 52. E. Lt. 44. 8. N. - Saseram, a large town of Hindooftan Proper, in the foubah of Bengal ; feated ¦ at the foot of a mpuntain, near a great lake, in the mie^dle pf w.hich is an i!la'i,l, with the m.agnihcent maqloieum ct the emperpr Shere Shah, vvhich had a fine bridge leading te it ; but both are greatly decayed. It is, about 40 miles from Be nares. Len. 86. 44. E. lat. 26. 10. N. ' Sassari, a city of the ifland of Sardi nia, capital ef the territory of Lugari. It has a caftle and an archbiftop's fee, and contains about 30,000 inhabitants. It is famous for a fountain called Roffel, which is faid to be much more magnificent than the beft at Rome.- Thc inhabitants haye the following proverb, C/ni non vidde Roffel, non vidde mendo ; he that has net fccn Roffel, has net feen the world. It is feated in a plain, fix miles N. of Algher. ,Lon. 8. 39, E. lat. 40. 46. N. Sassebes, a ftrong town ef Tranfyl vania, capital ef a ceunty of the fame name ; feated at the confluence of two fmaU rivers, which fall Iriio the Maroch. Lon. 26. 40. E. lat. 46. 26. N. Sas-van-Ghent, a fmafl, but ftrong tovvn ef Dutch Flanders, It has fine fluiccs, and is I'eated on a canal, which communicates vvith Ghent, about eight miles N. from it. It was built by the in habitants of Ghent, as a bulvyark to that tovvn, but vvas taken by the Dutch in 1644. Lon. 3. 49. E. kt. 51. 1 1. N. Sassuolo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Modena, vvith a ftrong caftle ; feated on the river Sccchia, 10 miles S.W. ofModena. Lon. ii. 1 1. E.lat. 44.28. N.- SATaLiA, a krge and ftrong feaport of Turkey in Afia, in Natolia; feated on the coaft of Caramania, and divided into three towns. There is a fuperb mofque, vvhich was formerly a church. Thc country about it is ' very fertile ; ahd the citrons and oranges are extremely fine. It is 1 50 milts W . by S. of Cogni, and 265 S. by E. ef Conftantinople. Lon. 32. 21-. E. kt. 37. 1. N. '* Satgong, or Satagong, an in confiderable yilkge ef HlndoOftan Proper, in the foubah of. Bengal. In the i6tlt century it was a krge trading dty, - in vvhich the European traders in Bengal had their faftories. ' It is feated on a creek of the Hoogly River, about four mfles N. W. of Hoogly. Savannah, a town ef N. America, ip the ftate cf Gcrgia, ef vvhich it was for merly the capital. It is regularly built in the form of a parallelogram, and is feated on a high fandy bluff, en the S. fide of the river ofthe fame name ; 17 miles from its mouth, and 117 S. E. of Augufta. Lon. 80. 20. W. lat. 32. o. N. "' Sav-\N'NAH, a riverof N. America, which forms a pare of che divifional fine that feparates the ftate of Geori'-ia from chat of S. Carolina. It is navigable fi"- boa s S A U S A IT "boats of ipo' feet kesl froffl Augufta rff Savannah, and thence for large veffels to its entrance into the Atlantic Ocean, at Tybee Bat, in, lat. 31. 57. N. where it has 16 feet water at lialf tide. Save, a rivur of Germany, which ha-s its fource in Carniola, runs through that Bonntry from W, toE, feparates SdavOnia from Croatia-, Bofnia, and part of Servia, attdrfalls into riie Danube at Belgrade, ¦-' Savendroos, an almpft impreg- tistbk fortrefs of the kingdpm pf Myfore, in ths penirifuk of Hmdooftan. It is fituated' pn the top pf a vaff rock, rifing lalf a mile in petp^dicular height, frpffl a bafe of aboVe eight miles in cii-Gumfe- rertce; and divided at the fummit by a chal'm, which fsrms it into twO hills J wMch havirrg each its peculiar defences, fervro- as two citadels, capable of being maintained, independently pf the l(*wer "Works, which- a-e alffl wonderrfully ftrong. NotwirlifVandiiigthis, it i^as taken by the Ewghfli,, in Dt'C. 1791, afrer a fiege pf fcren day*. It is 18 rtiiles W. of Bangs- lore. SaVERDUn, a tPwn of France, in the jfepartm^nt ef Arriege and iate province of Foix, ftafsd Pn the river Arriege, 45 miles from Thouloufe. Lon, i, 36, E, '"lat. 43-. 14. N. Sa.vbrk%, a tqwn, of Frapce, in the dE-pai«i*ent fif Lower Rhine and kte pra'. ¦BTrice of Alface, with a ha-ndfotfie pai^e, the ciccafional Mfidence of the kre arch. biflifijit of Strafturg. It is feated a'f thg ^snro* MmtBt Vofg"es, in a pleafant fertile country,, vrh-tch produces plePty of wine, r% mi its N. "W, of Strafturg, and 120 E. ef Paris. Lon. 7. 33. E. lat. 4-8. 41. N. SA-^nGLTANO, a- haridfome and ftrong rown ef Pi«drat*t, capital of a territory of the fame name, vvith a rich Btflediftipe Miey. It is feaied on- the river Maira, flvf miles W, ef Foffano, and 26 S, Of Turin. Lon. 7. 44. E. lat. 44. ^s. N, Saulgei*, it ttrtv'n of Germany, in the eirck fef Suabia, eapitftl of a county of the jfime nAme, which belongs to fhe barpn of >Vdhiirg. Saulicu, a tpwn pf France, in thede. f inffnent of Cote d'Or and late province pf .t^irgundy, feated Pri an eipinence, in a Councry fertile ih corn, arid- aboundijilg iri cattk-, 25 miles W. of Dijon, and 142 S. E. of Paris. Lon. 4i y.'E. kt. 47. 17. N. SauMu*R, a; confiderable' town of FraPcff-, iri the department of Maine' and I>oire and late-pvpyrnce pf Anjou, with sii aiSGrciit- caftle. Bere is a- famous bridge over the Loire : it was built in 1768, and cenfifts ef 12 elliptic arches, Cdch 60 ftet Ir diameCsr, Il is 2 2-«-il«s S. E. uf Angers, ini 160 §. W, of l*irfir; Len. o, 4. "W". lat. 47. 1 5. N. SAveJJTA, a large, populous, Kindfortie, and ftrong town c? Italy, in thc tcVritOrjf- of Genoa, with twej caftles, and a bifliop's^ fee, Tliere are fevera-1 fine churches, and other vvdl-bpilt ftrhftures. The Ge noefe fearing thsit it woiild hurt their trade, ruined the harbour, andTendered it unfit for large veffek. It was taken: by tbe king pf Sardinia in 1746, but reftored by the peace eSf Aix-k-chapelle in 17-4?. The country abdat is well cultivated, tnd: abounds- in filks arid all forts of fruits. It is feated on the Mediterranean, io m,iler S. W. of Genoa, Lon. 8. 2-e3. E. kc. 44. ig. N. SAVONfERS, a town of France, in tht department pf Indre and Loire and ktS provinoe of Touraine, five miles froth Tours, near which are caverns,- famous fojr their petrificatiPhs^. Savoy, a duchy df Eurcipe, between France and Italy ;- bou-iidcd on the N. by the Lake of Geneva, vvhich feparates it from Swifferland ; oh the E. bythe Alps, which, divide It from Piedmont and Val lais ; rrw rhe W. by the Rhone, vvhich parts it from Steffe ; ahd on the S. by Daaphiny,-and part of PiedmoAt, It is 8y miles ia length, and 67 in breadth. The air is cold on account ef high moUmains, whkh are almoft always covered- with fnow; but fhe foil is pretty ferrile, and fupplies the inhabitants with the heceffS- ries of Hfe, The mountains which are Pot covered with fhow in winter, aboUrid with paftures that feed S vaft number of cattle. There is Slfp a great ded pf gaflie •, 8!M«ng which are ftags, fallow deer, roe. bucks, wild boars, bears, marmouts, white haf es, red aud gray partridges, weodieqcks, and pheafants, _ "rhe lakes arc full pf fift, md. the principal rivers ane the Ifisre, Arc, and Arv«. This cPuntry has fuffetecf greatly by ruinous wars, which it ha» fuftained- againft FrinCC and Spain. Thq inhabitants are induftrious arid fober. The French- iftyaded' this couirtry in 1792, and the fame year, the National Convention decreed-, that it ftptfld be aP 84th depart. Pient of Fratite', By fhe name of Mount Blffhc, Chamberry is the capifal town. , Sauves, a t-own of France, in the dc. partment of Gard and" late- province of Lapgnedoe, feated oh the rivet Vidoure, 1 2 miles Sv "W". of Akjsv ' Sauveterre, a town of Franee, iit I the departtneht of Lower Pyrenees and late province of Bearn, with an oW ruinetJ caftk, 17 miles frorP Pau, ;'* Sauvet'erRe, a fmall town of Frsiflae, in the deparuneiK of Avrfron aiw^ ¦ ¦ " lata SAX bte prpvince qf Rpper^ue, a miles S. E, of ViHefranchc, SAXENHAgEN, # tpvyp af Ggrmeny, in thc circle pf Weftphalia, and eqjtipty ef Schawenburg, 20 pjHes N. W..pf .^anp. ver, Lon. 9. 36. E. lat, jj.. 35. N, Saxmwndham, a town qf Suffplk, vyith J ni^rkef qn Thurfday, 'ft i§ fitu. atcd uppp a hill, 20 mfles N. E. of Ipf wich, and 89 N. E. of I,9Pdap. Lpp. i. 40. E. lit. 5?..i,8k.N. _ §AjcoNy, Upper, pno qf the niae circle? cf the Germsn empire, It is bounded en the E. hy Ptuffia, and a part of Poknd and Silefia; on the §. by Ba varia, Bohemia, and the nrcls qf Fran.' conia ; op the W. by the circle of the Upper ]Rhipe, and that of Lovver 5^sony-; a,nd on the N. by fhe Baltic, ajid the circle of Lovyer S^xoriy. The eleftpr or Sajcor^y is fhe direft-pr. It cpppr-ehepds the iikc. torate qf Sa:!copy, pr Saicahy Proper, the priticipili^ qf -Anhalt, tfee tadgcavate pf Thui^ingia, the marche of Brapdepbur|', and the dushy pf Pp{perania.; apd thefe are fubdivided intP many diftriftj, taken ivptice qf in their jjrpper pjrces, _ Saxon-^, Lower, qne qf the nine •ircks pf the German empire, is b,ou.nded ©p the N, by .the Baltic., and the duchy of S'lefwiqk ; Ori thc W. by the German pceap, and the circle of 'VV'eftphalia ; apd cp the •Si, and E- hy the circle of the Upppt ^ivng, apd the circle of Upper Sa.xopy. The diceftofs of this circle are thc dukes of Magdeburg, Eromep, apd of Briwfvv.ick.-L-\cnburg. It cpmprehends the archbiftppric pf 'Magdeburg-, the bi- ftoptic of '5Jildeftt)im, the arc'hbiihopric ofBremep, the -'oiQiqpfics of Halberftadt, S.qhvyerin, :Ratzbui;a;, Lubpc, a,pd. -Slef. wick..; the ijuchits of Brurifvyick-Lunep- b^irg, Lawenburg, and Mecklenburg ; the princi,pality of "Verden, the -Counti.es ^of Rdnfiein apd-Bkuhling ; the free dti7,ens •f 'Hatphiirgi Lubec, Goflar, Mplhaufen, apd Northaufen, vwhich fee. Saxcsy, Proper, or the Eieftorate of Sd'topv, in the circle ,of .Upper Saxopy, is dividcel into tli,?ir principal parts ; name ly, fhe diwhy pf Saxony, cif which Wit temberg is che capital ; Lufatia, of vvhi.qh Bautzen Is the capital ; apd Mifpla, the capit;^l of which (and of the whole. d(c- toratc) is 'Drefden,. It is boupded on t.he N,. by t)^e manche of Braiidepbutg, on the E. by Lower Lufatia ; op the S. by Mif nia ; and en the W. by the pripcipallty of Anh?lt. It is .about 75 mile§ in h;ngtb, and 62 in breadth, and is. a very fertile apd trading eoimtry, abounding in mines. It is. cut intq tWM wietjual pares by.th^ ri.v.sr EU},e, S C A Saycock, ope of the iflatids of .Ifia, in Japan, divided frqm Niphop by a nar rpw channel. The Dutch fifters are permitted tp refide iu the- little ifland of Pifnia, vyhich is pn the W. fide qf ihis- Lon. 152. a8. E. kt. 34. o. H. Sayd. See Sidon. Scacen, or ScAGERJF, a prpmpn- tpry of N. Jutland, in Denmark, at the eptrtince of the paffage out of the' oce^ij into the Baltic. Lcn. la. 6. £. lat. 57. 16. N, ^ ScAi,A, a tPwn qf tire kipgel.om -of Napkj, wjth a biftop's fee. It was'a, large city formerly, but is now greatly decayed- It is fi-« miks N- of Amalfi. Lpb- 14. 44. E. laf, 40, 34, N- ScAL,^NOVA, a handfoipe town of Turkey in Afia, in Natolia, vwith a caflll and Iwbpur. It is feated pp the feacpaft, eight -toMcs from Ephcfiis in a coupiw ateipuding in good wpie. Lon, 27. 3 1. E. lit. 37- 54- N. Sc-A-L-iTz, pr Sc^LA, a tovvn .of Upper Hling^ry.ip the cpumy of Ppfop. There is a very advantagcpus' paffago by if, frpoi Moravia to Himgary, apd' it is feated oa the river Marck, 50 miks N. of Pref burg. Lon. 17. 17. E. lat. 49. 4. N. ScAJSJXpR,QON. See AlexanoJiet-, TA. * Scania. .Jte Schonen. SCARA, or SCAREN, a tovvn of S-VVg- den, ip W. Gpthknd, feated to the S. ef the lake VfVenner, 66 miles N. E. of Gotteriburg. Lqn. 12. 4^. E. i.ic. 58. 1 6,. N. ScARBiarROUG-H, a large borough of the N. riding of Yorkftire, with a ipsrkct op Thurfday. It is feated pn a Itccp rock, near which are fpch craggy cliffs that ic is .almpft ipacceflible on ever/ iidc. Opi the tpp of this rpck is a large green pliip, vyith a little well pf freft waiter, fpripgtng PUt .of the reck. Jt is grea.t'ly freciucpted pp accpunt of its njineral waters, called th« Scarborough Spa, apd alfo for fca-bathicig ; on which account it is much iiupir,>vtd ia the number apd beauty of its buildings. The fpring vyas under thc cliff, part nf vvljich. fdl dowri. ip Pepenj.her 17.37, lytti. the water wjs loft: ; but in clciclng 3--,vav the ruins, in order to rebuild the w-h.erf, it vvas recovered, lo the great joy ef th-e town. Kctre are affeai'bHes and balls., ia the fame inapnex as at Tunbridge. Scar borough has a good harb'our, poffeffes j*. cpiifid.erab.k ftipping trade, aud is mucfo engaged in the fiflierils.. It is 36 mjlc^i N. E. by E. of "yoi'k, and *3 7 N. of Lop. dpn. Lon.o. te,. W. kr. 54, i3.N. '* S'cAR.BORoucn, a tpv, n and fort on the ifl^apd of Tpbajp, taken frcmi iK« Fr-:,r-.:;h S C Ht S C H French by ftorm, by the Englift general Ciiyler, April 15, 1793. , ScARDoNNA, a feaport ef Dalmatia, feated on the eaftern banks of the river Cherca, with a biftop's fee. It has been taken and retaken feveral times by the Turks and Venetians, and thefe laft ruined the fortifications, and its principal buildings, in 1537; but thev have finc5 put icin a ftate ef defence. It is 35 miles N. W, of Spaktto, Lon, 17; i. E. lat, 44, 2g. N. ScARLiNO, a town of Italy, in Tuf. cany, vvith a caftle, feated on the feacoaft, five miles S. of Maffo, and 10 from Piom. bine, Lon. 10. 57. E. lat. 42. 58. N. Sc ARO, a town ef the ifland of Santo. rini, vvith a biftop's fee. Len. 25. 58. E. lat. 36. 10. N. SCARPANTO, an ifland of the Archi pelago, and ene of the Sporades, lying to the S. W. of the Ifle ef Rhodes, and to the N. E. ef that ef Candia. It is about i2 mfles in length, and eight in breadth, and there are feveral high mountains, r It abounds in cattk and game, and has mines of iron, quarries of marble, with .feveral good harbours. The Turks are mafters of it, but the inhabitants are Greeks. Scarpe, a river of France, wWch has its fource in Artois, waftes Arras, Douay, and St, Amand, and falls into the Scheld. ScARSDALE, a rich-fruitful traft, in the N. E. part of Derbyftire, furrounded by barren rocks and mountains, Schafehausen, a town ef S-,vlffer- land,- capital of a canton of the fame name, fituated on the N. ftore ofthe Rhine. It o.ves its origin to the interruption of the navigation of that river by the cataraft at Lauffcn ; huts bddg at firft conftrufted, for the conveniency of unloading the mer- caandife from the boats, by degrees in creafed te a large tovvn. It was formerly an iraperial town, governed by an arifto- cracy : it vvas admitted a member of the Helvetic confederacy in 1501, and its ter. ritory foTms the twelfth canton in rank. The. inhabitants of this town are com puted to be 6000 ; but the number of ¦'citizens ' er burgeffes (in whom the fu preme power ultimately refides) is about 1600. . From thefe are elefted 85 members, ¦who forrn the great and little council ; the fenate,-er Httle councH of 25, being en- tr ifted with the executive power ; and tie great council (including the fenate) finally deciding all appeals, and regulating the more importarit concerns of govern ment. Though a frontier town, it has nj garrifon, and the fortifications are but weak. The citizens mount guard in turn. Tk<: town is tolerably wtU-built ; and here is a famous wooden bridge o^^ef . -the Rhine. This river being extremely rapid here, had aheady deftroyed feveral ftone bridges of thc ftrongeft conftruftion, when Ulric Grubenman, a carpenter of Tuffen, in the canton of Appenrel, offered to throw a wooden bridge, ef a .fingle arch, ever the riyer, vvhich is near 400 feet wide. The magiftrates, however, required that it ftouid confift of two ar. ches, and that he ftouid, for that purpofci- emplby the middle pier of the old bridge. He has dpne fp ; but has cpntrived to leave it a matter of doubt, whether tne bridge is fupported by the middle pier. The fides and top ef it are covered ; and it is what? the Germans call bccngework, er hanging bridge : the read, which is al. moft le»el, is not carried, as ufual, over the top of the arch, but (if the expreffion may be ufed) is let inte the- middle ef it, and there fufpended. The architeft was totally ignorant ef the theory ef mecha. nics, Schaffhaufen is 22 miles N. by E. of Zurich, and 3g E.'of Bafil. Lpn. 3. 41. E. lat. 47. 39. N, Schaffhausen', the fmalleft cantcn of Swifferland, bounded en the N. and W. by Suabia ; on the E. by the canton ef Zurich, and the biftopric of Conftance ; and en the S. by the fame, and by Thur- gavv. It is but five leagues in length arid three in breadth. The revenues qf the - ftate. are npt very confiderable, as Vvill ap. pear from the falary of the burgomafter, er chief ef the republic, -vvhich barely a- mounts to 150I. a year. The reformatiori vvas introduced here in 1529. The clergy are paid by the, ftate ; but their income is barely fufficient for the maintenance ; the . beft living being only lOoI. and tlie worft 40I. per annum. The profeffors of Htera- ture alfo, vvho are taken from the clergy^ arc paid by government j and a fchool is fuppqrted at the public expence. Sump tuary laws art in force here, as well as in moft parts of Swifferknd ; and no dancing is allowed except upon particular occafions, Thc principal- article of exprfrtation Is wine, the country abounding in vineyards J and as the canton affords but little corn, it is procured frem Suabia, in exchange fer wine. The population ef this canton is eftimated at 30,000 fpuls. The princi- p^dl tPwn is ef the fame name. ScHalholT, a town of Iceland, with a bifliop's fee, and a college, Lon, 22. 20. W. kt. 64.-40. N. Schamachya, a tbwj pf Perfia, ca pital of Shirvan. It has very large .ma nufaftories of filks and cottons, and is feated on the -W. fide of the Cafpian Sea, 250 miles N. E, of Tauris, It vvas for merly S C H sen merly very large, but Is -now decayed, aiiove 6000 houfes having been/thrown down by an earthquake, Len. 37. 5. E. kt. 40. 50. N. Schantz Sterney, a fonrefs of Ruffian Finland, in the province of Ca- rcHa, feated on the river N^va, a Httle to the eaftward of Peterfturg. Lon. 31,* 5, E. lat. 60. u. N. SCIIARDING, a town ef Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, feated on the river Inn,'feven miles S. of Paffaw. Lon. 13. 3-6. E. lat. 48. 21. N. Scharnitz, atown of Germany, in thc circle of Auftria', arid in Tirol. It is feated on the confiries of Bavaria, and is a paffage of great impertkncc, and weU for tified. Schawenburg, a fmaU territory of Weftphalia, about 22 miles in length, and 10 i"n breadth, which belongs to the land grave of Heffe Caffeh ' Scheld, one ef the moft confiderable rivers of the Netherlands, has its fource in France, in the kte prevince of Picardy. Paffing by Cambray, Bouchain, Valen ciennes, Conde, Tournay, Oudenarde, Ghent, Dendermond, and Antwerp, it divides into two branches below Fort Lillo. One of thefe, cafled the Eaftern Scheld, flows by Bergen-op-zoom : the other, the Weftern Scheld, proceeds to Flufting, and both forming feveral iflands, empty themfelves into the German Ocean. In 1647, Philip IV. of Spain having found it expeelient to make a- feparate peace with the Seven United Provinces, agreed to acknowledge their independency, and to cede to them thc fovereignty of the Scheld ; ftipukting, moreover, that no large ftip ftouid go direftly to Antwerp, but ftouid unlade its cargo in Holland. This treaty was confirmed by the fubfe- quentgeneral one of Weftphalia in 1648. In 1 78 5, the emperor Jofeph II. not- vyithftanding thefe treaties, ordered a v-effel, with the iraperial flag, tP proceed down the river from Antwerp, and ano ther, up the river, to that city, from- Oftend. Both thefe refufing to be de tained or examined by the Dutch, vvere fired upon, and ftruck their colours im. mediately. The emperor, in purfuance o'f a previous declaration to that effeft, confidered this as a declaration of war, and proceeded to take meafures accord ingly ; but, by the good offices of the court ef Verfaifles, he was prevailed upon to give up the point, on the Dutch fend. ing a deputation to Vienna, to make an apology for the. infult to his flag, and con fenting to pay a large fum of pioney as an ' indemnification for the expences he had incurred in the preparatioris for war. Iri 1792, vvhen the French took Antwerp, they infifted upon opening tbe navigation ef this river, on the plea that aU rivers were free, and that the coufequent right ef navigating it could not be ceded by any treaty whatever. This, with fheir invafion of Hofland, drew that country and Great Britain into the general coali tion againft them,^at the commencement of the year 17^3. Schelestadt, an andent and ftrong tqwn of France, in the department of Up per Rhine and late province of Alface, forinerly very important, but the fortifica tions were ruined by the French in 1673 - however, when it was ceded to them, they fortified it again. It is feated on the river IH, 20 miles S. W. of Strafturg. Lon. 7. 40. E, lat. 48, 17. N. Schella, a tovvn of Upper Hungary, feated en the river Waag, where tliere is a harbour, and near it a volcano cou- tinually burning. It is 25 mfles N. E. vjf Prefturg. Lon. 17. 40. E. kt. 48, 32 N. Schellenburg, a fortrefs of Ger mariy, in the circk of Bavaria, remark able for a battle obtained here by the aflies over the French and Bavarians in 1704. It is 22 miles "VV. of Ingolftadt. ' Lon. jo. 58. E. kt. 48. 46. N. SCHELLING, an ifland of HoUand, ly. ing at the entrance of tlie Zuider-Zce, between Vly-Ifland and Ameland. Lpb. 5. 10. E. lat. 53. 2p. N. . ScHEMNiTZ, a town of Upper H'un- gary, one of the ieven mountain-towns, vvith three caftles. It is famous for mines ef filver, and other metals ; as alfo for its hot baths. Near it is a high rock of ihining blue ftone, mixed vvith green and feme, fpots of yellow. It is 50 miles N. E, of Prefturg. Lon. 18. 20. E. kt. 48.' 46. N. ScHE-NiNG, a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, formerly more confiderable than at prefent. It is pleafantly feated lis a fertik country, and in a goed air, eight miles S. E. of Waftena. Lon, 15. 47. E. lat. 58. 12. N, ScHENKENSHANS, a fortrefs of Ger- many, in the circle of VVeftphalia and duchy of Cleves; feated on the place vv'ner^ the Rhine divides into 'tw o large branches, one of which preferves the" name, and the ether is called the Waal, 12 miles E, of Nimeguen. Len. 5. 26.E.'" kt. 51. 55. N. ficHER, a tovvn of Germany, ia the circle of Suabia, feated on the Danube. It' b.-longs tu the hitoa of VValberg. ; SctflRD- S C H S C H ScHERpiNG, a tovvm qf Gerinany, in Bavaria, feated oh the eaftern b.i;nk of the river Inn, ne^jrly S- of Paffavv. ScHEVE, a tovvn of Denmark, in I>r. Jutland, feated at the mouth of a river in the Gulf of Virk-Fund, vvhere there ^re excellent horfes bred. &CHIEDAM, 9 town qf the X/nited Provinces, in Holland, feated does not altogether come up to the fermi- Sebastian, St, a large and haniJ- dible defcription that Homer gives of it ; fome dty ef Brafil in S. America; capitat the reading of which (like that of Shak. ofthe provirice of Rio Janeiro, and feated fpeare's Cliff) almoft makes one's- head at the mouth of the riyer of that name, giddy. Neither is thc paffage fe won. which forms a yery extenfive and com- dfoiis narrow and difficult as he makes it. Indeed, it is probable that. the breadth ef it is greatly increafed fince his rime, by the yiekrit impetuofity ef the current ; and this violence too muft always have diminifhed, in proportion as the breadth of the channel increafed. Our pilot fays, there are many fmall recks that fliow thdr heads near the bafe of the large ones. Thefe are probably the dogs that arc defcribed as howling round the mon- -fter ScyUa. There are hkewife many caverns that add greatly to the noife ef modious harbour, and is defended by nu merous forts. The city k large, well- built, and populous, but ill-fituaccd for the health of the inhabitants ; ftanding upon low ground, vvhich vvas formerly fwampy, and furrpunded by hills pf van: . height, vvhich entirely exclude the benefit pf the refrefting fea and land brsezes ; fo that it is, pf courfe, fuffocatingly hpt, and unhealthy, in the fummer. The different mechanics carry pn their bufinefs in diftinft parts pf the tpvvn ; particular ftreets bdiig fet apart fprpartkukr trades. the water, and tend ftill to encreafe the On the S. fide ofa fpacious fquare is the- Jiorrer of the fcene. Thc reck is near palace ofthe viceroy. St. Sebaftian is a bi- 2.00 feet high. There is a kind ef caftle or fort en its fummit ; and the tovvn of ScyUa, or Sciglio, containing 3 er 400 in habitants, ftands on its S. fide, and gives ^hc title of prince to a Cakbrcfe family." ftep's fee. Lon. 43. 11. W.kt. 22. 54. S, Sebenico, a itrong feaport of Dal matia, capital of a county of the fame name, with a biftop's fee, a fort, and a, caftle. It belongs to the "Venetians, and Seaford, a borough and feaport in the Turks have often attempcd in vain to Suffex, vvhofe market is difufed. It is eight miles S. by E. of Lewes, arid 59 S, by E. of Londpn. Lon. o. 10. E, kt. 50. ,50. N. ' Seaton, or Port Seaton, a fea- port ef Haddingtonftire in Scotknd. Here is a ruinous palace, in vvhich the unfortu. nate Mary queen ef Scots occafionally kept, her court, afrer her return from France. In the chapel are feveral curious monuments of marble. Seaton has a con. fiderable trade in fait and coal, and is fitu ated on the Frith of Forth, nine miles E. of Edinburgh. Lon. 2. 5,4. W. kt. 56. C.N. Sebastian, St. a tPwn of Spain, in the province of Guipufcoa,- vvith a good and well frequented harbour. It is feated a't the foot ot a mountain, and the harbour is fecured by two moles, and a narrow en- trance for t'iic fhips. The town is fur. founded by a double wall, and to the fea fide it is fortified with baftions and half- moons. The ftreets are long, broad, and -ftraighc, and pave-d vvith white flag-ftones. ¦The houfes are handfome, the churches neat, and the environs pleafant. It car ries on a great trade, and is fo populous, that feveral families are obliged to live in the fame houfe. At the top of the moun- tain Is a ftrong citadel. Their greateft take it. It is feated near, the mouth pf the river Cherca; in the Gulf pf Venice, 3; miles N. of Sppktto, and 25 S.E. of Zara. Lon. 16. 46. E. lat. 44. 17. N. Seburg, a town of France, in the de partment ef the North and late provinc* ef French Hainault, 12 miles E. of Va. lenciennes, and 12 S. E. ef Conde. Lon. 3. 50. E. lat. 50. 22. N. Sechy, or Seeching, a town in Norfolk, vvith a well-frequcnted market on Tuefday, and once a fortnight for the fale of fat bullocks. It is feated on a fmall navigable river, four miles S. of King's Lynn, and 93 N..E. of Lendon. Seckaw, a town ef Germany, in.the circle of Auftria, and in Upper Stiria, vvith a biftop's fee. It is feated on the river Gayle, nine miles N, of Judenburg, and 90 S. W. ef Vienna, Lon, 14, 27. E. lat. 47. 19, N, Ssckingen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, and ene ef the foreft towns. There is nothing remarkable in it but a large fquare. It belongs to thc houfe of Auftria, and is feated en an ifle, formed by the Rhine, fix miles S, E, of Rhdnfddt, and 27 W, of Schaffhalufen. Lon,.7, 57. E. kt. 47. 34. N, Seckington, a village in Warwick. ftire, near Tamwprth, fampus fpr a battle, trade confifts in iron and fteel, vvhich fome fought in 757, between Cuthred, king of take to be the beft in' Europe ; they alfo deal in wool, w'hich comes from OtfCaf. tile. It Is 50 miles E," of Bilboa, and 50 ¦N. VV.. of I'ampeluna-. Lon,. s. 56. "VV. >iC; 43., 24' ^\ the Weft Saxpns, and Ethelbald, king pf the Mercians. On the N. fide pf its church are the ruins pf a fort, and near it an artificial hill, 43 feet high. Sedan, a ftrong toVi'iv of France, in t thc S C H S C I of acputtty pf the fame riame, belpnging The name of Schwetzcrland, Switzerkrid, to a pririce ef thc houfe of Saxony, It is or Swifferland, which originally compre feaced on the rivtr Schwartz, 22 mfles S. E. of Erfurt, and 35 N. of Cuilembach. Lon. II. 30. E. lat. 50. 40. N. Schwartzemburg, a town of Ger. many, in the circle of Fraiicqnia, capital of a principality of the fame name. The caftle is feated on the rivsr Lee, 25 miles hended only the three cantons mentioned above, was afterward extended to aU Hel- vetia. It derived that appelktioh, either from the canton of Schweitz, as being the moft diftinguifted in the revolution of 1308, or becauf"e the Auftrians called all the inhabitants of thefe mountairieus parts N. W, of Nuremburg, fubjeft to its ewn ,by the general denomination of Schweit prince. Lon. 10. 44. E. lat. 49. 43. N. Schweidnitz, a ftrong town of Ger many, in Silefia, capital of a province of the fame name, vvith a caftk. It'is the handfomeft town of Silefia, next to Bref law. The ftreets are large, the church fine, and the houfes well built. The royal pakce is turned into a convent, AH zers. Thc government of Schweitz and Uri is entirely democratical, and nearly the farae. They contain, including their fubjefts, 50,000'fouls ; and in cafe of ne ceffity, could furnift above 12,000 mili tia. The fame kind of foil, and the fame produftionsrare common to the tvvo can- tons. The vvhole country being rugged- the magiftrates are Roman Catholics, but and mountainous, confifts chiefly of paf- moft of the inhabitants are Proteftants, ture, raifes little corn, and has no wine : who have 'a church without the tovvn,_as but this foil, naturally barren, has beep alfp a pubhc 'fchool and bells. Ic is feated improved by the riatives to an aftoniihing on an eminence, en the river Wdftritz, 27 iniles S. E. of Lignitz, and 22 S, W. of Breflaw. Lon, 16, 54, E.lat, 50,46. N. Schweinfurt, a ftrong and imperial town of Germany, in Franconia, vvith a magnificent pakce, where the fenatprs meet, who are twelve in number. The enyiroris abound in cattle^, corn, and wine, and the inhabitants are Proteftants, but not yery rich. However, they carry on a large trade in woollen and linen cloth. degree of fertility. Luxury is fcarcely known in theTe cantons ; and a purity of morals prevails, which can fcarcely be imagined by thc inhabitants of great and opulent cities. The Roman Catholic re. ligion is here exclufiydy eftablifted. ¦'¦ SctiWEiTZ, a town pf Swifferknd, capital of the canton ef the fame nariie, feated riear the Waldftaetter See, en the flope ef a hill, and at the bottom of two high, ftarp, and rugged "recks, called the gopfe-quills, and feathers. It is feated on Schweitzer Haken, The church is a large the river Maine, 25 miles W, pf Bam berg, Lpn. 10, 31. E, lat, 50. 5. N. ''¦'Schwerin, a tPwn pf Gerinany, capital pf the duchy pf Mecklenburgh Schwerin, feated pn a beautiful lake. It is divided intp fpur parts ; namely, Schwerin, the New Tovvn, the ifland of Schelf, and the Moor, vvhich are all nearly encircled by the lake. The cathedral is a fine Gothic pile, vvith a lefty fpire. The ducal palace and gardens are delightfully fituated on an ifland in thc lake, and have a commuriication with the tovvn by a drawbridge. It is 35 miles S. ,W. of Guf. trpw. Lon. 11. 53. E. kt. 53. 48. N. Schwinburg, a town of Denmark, «n the eaftern coaft of the ifland of Flenia, magnificent building. Schwetz,is 10 miles S. E. ef Lucern, Len, 8, 30, E, lat, 46. 55. N. '* Schweitz, Lake. See Wald- sTa:TTER See. SciATi, an ifland ef the Archipelago, near the coaft of Janna, to the N. of Ne gropont, and almoft at the entrance of the Gulf of Salonichi. It is about 22 miles in lerigth, and eight in breadth. SciLLY, a clufter of iflands and rock?, vvhich He almoft 10 leagues to the W. of the Land's End in Cornwall, and are eafily difcerned from it. Of thefe, only five er fix are inhabited. They are fup* pofed formerly to have produced much tin, but are now chiefly known as a refort over-againft the iflands of Arroa ahd of feafowl, arid a place of flielter for ftips Langeland. Len. 10. 50. E. lat. 55. 4. N, Schweitz, a canton of Swilferland, bounded on the W. by the lake ofthe four caritoris; Ori the S. by thc canton of Uri ; on the E. by that of Glariu ; and on the N. by thofe of Zurich and Zug, This cantpn, with that of Uri arid Under- waldcn, threw off the yoke of Auftria, Jan. 13, 170S. They formed a perpetual ijlliancc in 131;, vvhich _was the grand foundation of the- Helvetic confederacy. in bad weather. The inhabitants princi pally fubfift by fifting, burning kelp, and afting as pilots. The chief of che ifl-^nd-s is Sf. Mary's, whicl| has a good pprt. This ifland is the kj-geft and mpft culti vated, cpntaining mpre inhabitants -than all the reft put together, and vvho are alfo the richeft. In this, and in tvvo or three other of the largeft iflands, are various an tiquities, particularly the reraaiivs of s, temple ef the Dr'iids, aud ancie-ic fe. Qji pulcta-es-j S C I pulchres ; but the greateft ornament of this ifland is' the Hghthoufe, ef 51 feet high, and the gaHery is four. It ftands on high land, and is a very fine column. The Scilly rbcks have been fatal to num- hers of ftips entering the Channel. One of the moft difaftrous events ef this kind happened in 1707, when admiral fir Cloudefley Shovel, with three men of. war, perifted with all thdr crews. Lon. 6. 41. W. lat. 4g. 56. N. '¦¦ SciLLY, a group of iflands or ftoals in the -8. Pacific Ocean, difcovered by captain Wallis in 1767, and defcribed as extremely dangerous. Lon. 155. 30. W. lat 16. 28..S, ' - .- ' - Scio, one of the- moft beautiful, plea. fant, and celebrated ifl'ands ef the Archi pelago, near the coaft of Natolia, te the S. of Metdin, and to the N.E. ef Samos. It is 32 miles ;in length, and 1 5 in breadth ; , a mountainous country, and yet' pleafant enough, there ""being - fruits of various kinds growing in the fields, fuch as oran ges, citrons, olives, mulberries, and pome granates. There is a large quantity ef pleafant wi'ne, which they expert to, thc neighbouring iflands ; bPt their priricipal trade is in lilks. They have alfo a fmafl commerce in vvool, cheefe, figs, and maf- tick. The Ivyomen are better bred than in other parts of the Levant ; though the drefs is odd, yet it is very neat. The - partridges are tame, . being fent every day into the fields to get their living, and in the evening are caHed back vvith a whiftle. The town called Scio is large, pleafant, and the beft -bpilt of any in the- Levant, t'ne houfes being beautiful and commoeh- ous; fome of them'-are terraced, and others covered with tiles. The ftreets are-paved with flint-ftones, and the Venetians, while they had it in their poffeilion, made a great many akerafiehs for the better. The caftle is. an eld citadel bu-ilt by the Genoefe, in vvhich the Turks haye a gar- rifen of 1400 men. The harbour of Scio is the rendezvous of all fliipping, that go to or come from Conftantinople, -and will hold a fleet of fourfcere veffels. They reckon there are 10,000 Turks, i6,ooq Greeks, and 10,000. Latins, on this ifland. The Turks took it from the Venetians in i6g5, Scio is a biftop'^ fee, and is feated en the feafide, 47 miles W. of Smyrna, and 210 S. W, of Gonftantinepk; SciROs, an ifland ef the Archipelago, to the W. of Metdin. It is 15 mfles in length, and eight in breadth. It is a mountain'ous country, but has no mines. The vines make the beauty'pf the ifland, and the .wine is -excellent ; npr dp the na tives want vvnod. There is but pne yii- lage, and that.is, built pp a rpck, whieh runs up like a fugar- Ipaf, and is ,1 p milaj . frpm. the harbour pf St, George, The inhabitants are Greeks, the. Cadi being the^only Turk among them, Sclavonia, a country of Europe, be. twcen the rivers Save, Drave, and Dap nube. ¦" It is divided into fix cpunries,.and belongs to the hpufe pf Auftria. It was fprmerly called a kingdpm, and is very narrpw, .npt being, abpve. 75 miles in breadth ; but it is 300 in length, from thc frontiers ef Auftria to Belgrade. The eaftern part is called Ratzia, and the inha bitants Ratizans. Thefe form a particu lar nation, and 'are of the Greek church. The language of Sclavonia is the mother pf four Pthers, namely thpfe pf Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and Ruffia, Scone, or Scoone, a . vfllage of Perthftire, in Scotkpdi feated. on the E. fide pf.the river Tay, N. by W. of Perth, Here is the andent royal palace ef Scene,. now a feat of the earl of^ Mansfield; In this pakce the kings pf ScPtknd were crpwned, in the celebrated ftone chair, vvhich is now in Weftminfter abbey. It is 30 miles, N.. of -Edinburgh. Len. 3. -21. W. kt. 56. 2.;.. N. ScopELo, an ifland of the Archi,ne. lago, five miks E. of Sciati, and 17 N. of Negi-opont. ItHes at the entr^ice ef the Gulf-of Salonichi, and is about ten miles in length and five-in breadth. It is very fertik, prpduces plenty pf g-pod wine, and contains 12,000 inhabitants, whp are al moft aU Greeks. Scopia, or UsCAPiA, a town of Turkey in Europe, on 'the confines of Bofnia. It is feated en the river Vardar, over which, is a bridge of 12 arches, anel is an. (irchbiflipp's fee. It is 67 miles W. of 8pphia. Lpn. 22. 25. E. kt. 42. sp.N., Scotland, or North Britain, the moft northern of the two kingdoms IntP vvhich the ifland pf Great Britain was formerly divided. It is -bocmded pn the W. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the N. by the North Sea, on the-E. by the Gerniai» Ocean, en the S. E. by England, and on thc S. by the Irift. Sea. To Scotland alfo . appertain the iflands on its weftern coaft, called th,e Hebrides, or Wefterp Iflands, and thefe to the N. E. called the Orkney and Shetland Iflands. From N. to S. that is, fiiomCape Wrath in Sutherr kndftire te the Mull ef Galloway in Wigtonfliire, Scotland extends about 270 mfles.' Its greateft breadth, from Apple. crofs in Rofsftire to Peterhead ip Aber. deenftire, is -above- 150 miles;, but, in in fome places, it is net above 30. Nature feems tq have poipted out tlu'ee grand di. vifipns '5 I D through this vaft fraft of land the Ruffian caravans travel every year, when they carry thdr merchandife te China. The prindpal .rivers are the Oby, Lena, Ir- tyfli, Yenifd, and Okota. The weftern part of Siberia is cemprifcd in the Ruf fian governments of "Tebqlflc and Kely- van : all the eaftern part is contained in the government ef Irkutzk. Siberia is the pkce to which criminals, as well as perfons under the difpleafure of the court, are commonly banifted fnom Ruffia. SicHEM, er Richem, a town of Auf tria, in Brabant, feated on. the river De mur ; and to the S. of it is a celebrated monaftery. Ic is i8 miks E. of Mechlin. Lon. 5. o. E. kc. 51. 6. N. Sicily, anifland ofthe Mediterranean Se;a, almoft in the form of a triangle, ter minating in three points or capes ; that which is neareft Italy is called Capo del Faro ; that which regards the Merea, Ca po Paffare ; and the third, which points to Africa, Capo di Boco. Sicily is feparated ftom the kingdom ef Naples, by a narrow ftrait, called die Faro ; but as Meffina is feated on h, it is called the Faro di Meffi na. The two kingdoms of Naples and Sicily are under the fame chmate, and the produftions are much the farae ; but Sici ly abourids much more in corn, particular ly in the vallies of Note and Mazara. The valley ef Demona has more forefts and fruit-trees than the two others. Sicily is divided into the Vallies juft mentioned, called Val di Demona, Val di Note, and Val di Mazara. SicHy is about 165 miles long, and 1 12 broad. Its produce, not al ready mentioned, is wine, oil, .filk, and excellent fruits. See Naples. Sidaye, a ftrong town of Afia, en the N. coaft ef the ifland ef Java, yvith a har- bour. Lon. 1 13. 15. E. kt. 6. 40. S. SiDDLiNGTON, a village in Gloucef tcrftire, one mile from Cirencefter, and iS from Gloucefter, pn the banks of the Churn. It has a handfome chapd, an un- ' finifted tower, and fome painted gkafi. Siderocapsa, a towri of Turkey In Europe, in Macedonia, famous for a gold mine in its neighbourhood. Ic is five miles frem the Gulf of Conteffa. Lon. 13. 44. E. Iat. 40. 30. N. SlDMOUTH, a feaport ef Devonftire, with a finall market. It is a fmaH fifting. town, a^nd vvas pretty coufidera'ole, before its harbour was choked up. It is 12 miles S. E. of Exptc'r, and ,158 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3. 15. E. kt, 50, 38, N. SiDON, or Sayd, a feaport of Afia, in Paleftine, It was anciently a place ef great ftrength, had an extenfive trade, SIR and is faid to be the pkce where gkfs'vvjfE invented. It is ftiH a place of fome note, has a good caftle, and a weU-frequented harbour. It is alfo the refidence ef a Turkift baftaw. It is 45 miles' W. of Damafcus. Len. 36. 5. E. kt. 33. 53N. Sidra, an ifland ef the Archipelago, lying between the Gulf ef Napoli and ' that ef Engia. Lon. 24. o. E. lat. 37. o. N. Sidra, a fpacious gulf on the coafl of Barbary, between Tripoly and Barca, vvhich takes its name frora a fmaU ifland at the bottom ef the gulf. . SlEGEN, a tovvn of Germany,in Wete ravia, vvith a caftle, and the title of a prin cipality, vvhich it gives to a branch of thc houfe of Naffau. It is feated on a river of the fame name, 17 miles N. W. of Dillen- burgh, and 37 E. Of Cologne. Lon. 8. 5. E.'lat. 50. 53., N. SEiGEBURGH'i a town of Germany, in the circle ef Weftphalia, and duchy of Burgh.' It is fubjeft to the eleftor pa- ktirie, and is 15 miks fromI Cologne. Lon. 7. 22, E. kt. 50. 43. N. \ Sienna, a large, ancient, and celebrat ed city of Italy, in Tufcany; capital of the Sienefe, vvith an archbiftop's fee, a fa mous univerfity, and a citadeh It is about four iniles in circuinference, and furround ed by an eld wall. The Gothic metro politan church is much efteemed for its archltefifure. It is built wich bkck -and white marble, and the pavement is of Mofaic work. Sienna is net very popu lous ; but the women have more free dom than in any other pkce in Italy. It is adorned wich a great number of pala ces, fountains, and fuperb churches,- ap.d with a magnificent liofpitaL The great area is round, and the houfes about ic are of che fame height, fupported by piazzas, under which the people may vvalk in ali weather. In the middle is a bafin, which they can fiU vvith ' vvater at any time, and reprefent -a feafight with fmali veffels. The Italian 'language is taught here vvith fuch purity, that a great many- foreigners frequent it on that account. It is feated en three eminences, in a flr- t'fle fofl, 36 miles S. of Florence, and 105 N. by VV. ef Rome. Len. ir. n. E. lat. 43. 10. N. Sienese, a duchy in Italy ; bounded on the N. by the Florentine; on, .the S, by the Mediterranean ,and the diichy of Caftro ; on the E. by the Perugino,. arid Orvietano; and on the V/.- by the Fleren'- tino, 4nd the Tu'can Sea. , It is about 55 miles in lengrii, and as much in breadth. The foil is pretrv fertile, efpecially in mulberry-trcci, wiiich feed 3 great nu.T.- ber S I E S 1 G fter of filkworms, and there arc feveral mineral fprings. Sienna is the capital tovvn. Sierra Leone, a krge country on the W. coaft of Africa, fo named, accord ing to fome authpi^s, by the Pprtuguefe, on accounc of the mountains en this coaft abounding with a grtat number of lions. Some extend- its liinrts from the Grain Coaft on thc S. E. to CapcVerga or Vega on the N. W. that is, betvveen 7" and 10" N. kt. Others, however, confine thc country betvyeen Cape Verga and Cape Tagrin. '¦•-' Sierra Leo.n-e, a great riverof Africa, in a country of the fame name. Its fource is uncertain ; but 'its mouch, in Ion. 12. 30. W. Iat. 8. 15. N. is nine miles wide. In thc open and plain coun- try, on the banks of this river, the heat ef the fun, before any breeze arifes, is almoft intolerable ; but as a refrefhin.g gale con. ftantly fprings up -about noon. It renders tlie country very fupportable. The whole traft, on each fide che river, is rich in rice and railkt, which is the chief fuftenance of thc inhabitants ; and, upon thc^vh'ole, it is one ef the beft countries en thc coaft. In i7gi, an aft of parliament vvas obtain ed, incorporating a company, called thc Sierra Leorie Company, for the e.xprefs p,iirpofe of cultivating \V. India and ether tropical produftions ori the banks of this river. Thc firft fettlers amounted to 200 vvhite perfons, befide a number ef free blacks from N0V4 Scotia. The natives appeared to be extremely friendly, and a few, in.i7g2, had come to work for thc colony. On the fetting in ef the rains, about the latter end of May, the fame year, a confiderable degree of ficknefs and mortality prevailed, occafioricd cliiefly by' the inlufficicricy ef the temporary habita. tioris, whicli could not be completed be fore the rains fet in. Thirty-five white perfons (of whom 14 were foldiers) and many of the blacks, died of this ficknefs. The next year, the fetting in of the rains was not produftive of the fame fatal ef fefts. The colonifts were in good health, were all put into poffeffion of fmall lots of krid, and a nevv town, on a regular and extended fcale, vvas begun to be built. Befide the Nova Scotia blacks, a large party of the natives were at work fur the company, and thc experiments in fugar, cotton, &c. appeared to be . promifing. The native chiefs and people continue to be extremely friendly ; and the compa ny's fchools were regularly atcerided by 300 chUdren, among whom vvere feme children of the natives. Should this colpny be ultimately fuccefsful, wc may expcift, in time, many impprtant particulars re fpefting the country, which, hitherto, has becnfolittle known toEuropeans, that none of the accounts communicated by fprmer voyagers are fafely to be relied uppn. ¦'Sierra Leone, or Mountains OP the Lions, mpuntairis pf Africa,, vvhich divide Nigritia from Gcunea, and extend as far as Abyffinia. They were ftyled by the ancicrits thc Mountains of Gpd, pn account of thdr being fubjeft to thunder and Hghtning. Sierra Morena, mountains of An- dalufia, in Spain, vvhich divide th^t pro. vince frem Eftramadura and Nevv Caf. tilc. SiFANTO, pr Siphanto. an ifland pf the Archipekgp, to the W.,of Paros, to the N. E. of Milo, and to the S. W. ef Serphanto.^ The air is fp good here,, th»i many pf the inhabitants live tP the age pf 120, and thdr water, fruits, wild fowl, and poultry, are excellent, but more efpecially the grapes. It abounds vvith marble and granite, and is one ef the moft fertile, and beft cultivated of thefe iflands. The inhabitants employ themfelves in cultivating olive-trees and' capers, and they have very good filk. They trade in figs, onions, wax, honey, and ftraw hats, Lon, 25. 15, E. lat, 37. 9, N, SiFFivERNKss, a village in Hert fordftirc, In Caldicote parift, had a walnut-tree, in 1627, for which Mr, Penn, the lord of the manor, was offer ed 50I, It cpvered 76 poles of ground, and the weight of the boughs ori each fide cleft the trunk in two. Mr. Fenu'' had 1 9 loads of plank out ef it ; a gun- ftock maker in London had as much as coft lol, carriage, and there vvere 30 loads more of roots and branches. Sigan, the capital of the province of Eenfi, in China, where there are a great number pf palaces. It is built in the forn:^ pf an amphitheatre, pn the river Guei, in a pleafant ccuntry, Lpn. 108, 15, E; Iat, 34, 46. N, Sigeth, pc Zig.*.t, a tovvn of Lower Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated in a morafs, has a triple vvaU, with ditches full of water, and is defended by a citadel, being one of the ftrongeft places in Hungary. It now belongs 'to the houfe of Auftria, and vvas retaken from the Turks in 1669, after it had been blocked -up two yea'r?. It is 50 miles N. W. of Effeck, and 38 W. by S. of Colocza, Lon, 18. 58. JE. lat, 46. 17, N. Sictuna, S H R S H R ftated on the river Stour, 14 miles W. ef Banbury, and 83 N. W. ef Londori. IJon. I. 25. "VV. kt. 52. 5. N. Shitterton', a village in Dorfetftire, in the parift ef Bere-Rcgis, about a mile from which is a Roman encampment, vvith an area of about feven acres. Its form is a long fquare, with tvvo ramparts and ditches. The length E. and W. is 218 paces, and the breadth 150. A Httle tP rhe E. of ic was a barrow, which cpiitain- cd bones and Roman-coins. *'Shoals, Isles of, in N. America, on the coaft of New Hampfliire. They He very conveniently for the ced-fiftery, which was formerly carried on here to great advantage ; but the inhabitants are BPW few and pppr. '* Shobury, N. and S. two villages in Effex, near the mouth of the Thames, and oppofite the .Buoy of the Nore. Hence a point of knd, called Shobury Nefs, projefts inte the fea. Shogl'e, a town of Afia, in Syria, feated on the river Afi, anciently caHcd Orontes, over vvhich there is a bridge ef 13 arches. It is alarge, difagreeable place, but there is a good caravanfary, where every traveller is fupplied with a compe tent portion ef bread, broth, and meat. It is 18 miles S. by E. ef Antioch, and 45 S. W. ef Aleppo. Lon. 36.40. E.lat. 35. 20. N." ¦' Shooter's Hill, a village of Kent, fituated on a hill fe called, eight miles E. S.E. of Lendon. From this hill is a fine view of London, and into Effex, Surry, and even part of Suffex. The Thames alfe makes a magnificent appear ance from it. On a .part ef this hifl, in the parift ef Eltham, is a lofty tower, erefted by lady James, to commemorate the reduftion, in 1756, of Scverndroog, a ftrong fort in the Eaft Indies, by her huf- hand commodore James. It is called Se. verndreog Caftle, fs of a triangular form, and is feen at a great diftance. See Se- -VERNDROOG. , ¦* Shoreham, a borough of Suffex, whofe market is difcontinued. It is com- -'n, confifting of three towers, one above another, with gaUeries and balconies. Of the convenes, that of St. Francis is the moft curious, adorned vvith a very hand- fome public fquare, in the rnidtt of vvhich is a fine fountain. It contains 160 monks, hefide 140 Ly brethren. The univ.erfity of Seville confifts of many colleges; the profeffors enjojriflg rich penfions. Near the cathedral is the royal palace, called Alcazar, which wais partly built after the antique by the Moors, and partly in thc ihodern tafte by king Pedro ; it is a mfle in extent, and flanked by large fquare towers, built with ftones, taken from the ancient temple of Hercules.' The exchange, is a fquare building, of the Tufcan order, each front 100 feet in length, and three ftories high. The fuburb ftands on the ether fide ef the river, over which is a long bridge of boats. In this fuburb the houfe ef the Inquifition is placed ; and there ate public walks, where moft ef the inhabitants go to take the air. The town. houfe is adorned with a great- nmnber of ftatues, and there is- a large fquare before it, with a fine fountain in the middle. There are 120 hofpitals richly endowed. The pleafant fituation of Seville, near the l"ea, renders it one of the moft commercial towns of Spain. The E. and W. India ccunpanies have their houfes here, vvhere they are obliged toregil'er themfelves and thdr merchandife. ' 'Their ftips, indeed, ftop in the harbour of Cadiz, but their lading is carried thence to Seville ; and there afl the gold and filver is coined, there being above 600 men employed in the mint. The country about it is ex tremely fertile in corn, wine, &c. and there is abundance of oil ; for to the W, pf the river is a grove of olive-trees, 30 miles in length. The Spaniards common ly fay, ^en ko ha 1^1 flo Sc-villa, no ha •vift'o hiara-uilla ; He who has not feen Seville, has not feen a wonder. It is 45 miles from the fea, 112 W.of Granada, and 212 S. by \\^~ef Madrid. Lon. 5. 22. W. kt. 37. 32. N. '* Sevres, the Two, a department of France, including, part bf the late pro vince of Poitou. It is fo named from two rivers, one of vvhich flows AV^. by St. Maixent and Niort, into the Bay of Bif- cay, oppofite the Ifle of Rhe, and the other takes a N.W. direftion, paffes by Cliffon, and enters the river Loire, oppo fite Nantes. The epifcopal town ef this department is St. Maixent, recently creat. ed fuch. ''¦' Sewalick, Mount, a chain ef mountains that borders on the level cpun try, Pn the N. pf the prpvince pf Delhi, in Hindooftan PreJper. At Hurdwar, the Ganges forces its way through this ridge into the plains of Hindooftan. Seyssel, a handfome town of France, in thc department of Ain and kte province of Breffe. It is divided by the Rhpne, vvhich here begins to be navigable, into tvvo S I L S I N SiGTUNA, an aneient tovvn of Svvre- den, in Upland, feated en the lake Mas ter, betviveen Stockholm and Upfal. Siguenza, a ftrong town of Spain, in New Caftfle, vvith a univerfity, an archbiftop's fee, and a caftle, in which is an arfenal. The univerfity confifts of feveral colleges ; but the moft confider able ftrufture is the cathedral. The air is very cold in the winter; but they have a great deal pf wppd fpr firing. It is feated pn a hifl, at the feot of Mount -4,tienca, 60 miles N. E. of Madrid. Lon. 2. 41. W. lat. 41. 6. N. Silesia, a province ef Germariy, with the title of a duchy. It is bourided on the N. by the marquifate of Branden. burg and Poland ; on the S. by Moravia and Hungary ; on the E. by Poland ; arid on the W. by Lower Lufatia and Bohe mia. It is' about 274 miles in length, and 100 in breadth. The principal ri vers are, the Oder, Viftuk, Neiffe, Be- ber, Quels, Oppa, and Elfe. A long chain of mountains feparates Silefia from Bphemia. There are mines pf gold, and filver ; but they have npt been vvprked fpr many years. There are alfp fpipe precious ftones', -but too much time is re quired to obtain them. The higheft mountain ''of Silefia is called Zotenberg, fituated in the principahty of Schweid. nitz, and is 104 miles in circumference. The moft confiderable filver mines at pro- fent are at Rdtftein, in the principality of Brieg. There are alfe mines of lead, ,copper, and iron, and quarries of various ftones, befide antimony, faltpetre, fulphur, alum, vitriol, quickfilver, &c. .The prin cipal manufafture is linen cloth ; and they haye alfe fome woollen manufaftories, and gkfshoufes. They feed a great number of cattle, have large ftuds of horfes, and Clenty ef game in the weeds. They have ut fevv lynxes and bears, and fewer wolves, becaufe they give a ducat a head for every pne that is killed. They have a great many lakes, fuH pf pikes, carps, and other good fifli ; alfo plenty of bees, which produce a great deal of hsney aud wax. They have wheat, barley, oats, millet-feed, and turnips, fufficient for the ufe of the inhabitants ; and in fome places they cultivate faffron ; but thdr wine is very bad, and therefore they tiirii it moftly inlo vinegar. Silefia is di vided into the Upper and Lovver. In the Upper, the inhabitants arc generaHy Ro- man Catholics, fpeaking the PoHft lan guage ;¦ and in the Lower, almoft- all Ptoteftaiits, and fpeak their mother tongue, Siltfici is divided into 17 finall duchks, and feyen free ftates, without comprehending the county of Glatz. Part of this cpuntry was ceded tp the king of Pruffia, in 1742, by the treaty of Breflaw. Silistria, or Dorestro, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, with -a citadel, and an archbiftop's fee. It is feated near the confluence of the riyers Miffovo and the Danube, 97 miles N. E. of Nicopoli, and 170 N. E, of Adri anople. Lon. 27. 31. E. Iat. 45. o. N. Sxllebar, a feaport ef Afia, in the ifland ef Sumatra, feated on the weftera coaft, a Httle S. ef Bencoolen. Lop, loi. o. E. lat. 4. o. S. '* SlLLE-.LE-GulLLAUME, a fmall, but commercial town of France, in the department of Sarte and late province o£ Maine, 20 rafles N. E. ef Mans. * SiMaiRSK, a government of Ruffia, formerly a province of the kingdom of Cafan. The -capital, of the fame name, is feated on the river Volga. SiMMEREN, a tovvn of Germany, in the palatinate pf the Rhine, capital pf a principality pf the fame name, vvith a ftrong caftle. It belongs tp the eleftpf palatine, and is feated pn the river Sirh- meren, 26 miles W. pf Mentz, and 35 E. pf Triers. Lon. 7. 41. E. lat. -49, 51. N. Simon's, St. See Frederica. SiMONTHORNA, a ftrpng town of Lower Hungary, in the county of Tolna, vvith a fortified caftle. It was taken frem the Turks in 1686, and.is feated on the river Sarwige, in a morafs, eight miles frem Tolna. Len. 18. 16. E. kt. 46. 40. N. Sinai, a mpuntain pf Afia, in Ara bia Petrsa, and in a peninfula formed by the two arms of the Red Sea. Here the law was given to Mofes, fer vvhich rea fon the Mahomedans have it in great ve. neration ; and here the Chriftians have a monaftery, which formerly contained a great number ef monks, and there vvere a great number of little chapels and cells fer hermits. The monaftery is furround ed by a high wall, and thofe that go in and out, are let down, or drawn up, in bafkets. Lon. 34. I5. E. lat. 29. z. N. SiNCAPORA, a promontory of Afia, at the S. end of the peninfula of Ma lacca, oppofite to the ifland of Sumatra, which, vvith the Malacca coaft, form th'e ftrait of Sincapere, Lon. io.>. 10. E. kt. I. 10. N. " Sinde. See Indus and Tatta, Sindy, a province of Hindooftan Pro. R r per, S I N- S I o per. .bounded on, the W. by MakSin, a province of Perfia • on the-^Nj by the' ter ritories fif the king of Candahar ;'ori the N.E by thefe of the,, Seiks ; on the E. by a f"aiidy defert,' and on'the S. E. by Cutch. It extends along the courfe of the river Sind'e, or Indus, from its mouch, to'B'chker, ot Bhakor, on che frontiers of Moultan. Reckoned that way, it is 300 miles long'; and its breadth, in jts,; wideft ¦jbart, is about 160; In many particulars of foil an.'Vchmate,'and in the general ap pearance pf tlfe furface, Sidny re.fcrabtes Egypt ; the lpwer part of it being'com- pofed of rich vegetable mould, and ex tended into a wide ddl ; vvhile the up per part ef it is a^n'atrovv flip ef country, confined on one fide by a ridge of mou^- , tains, and on the other by a'laridy defert, ther river Indus, equal at leaflrto the Nile, winding through the triidft of this level valley, and annually evcrflowingit. Dur ing grcat^part of the S. W. mpnfpon, or at leaft in thc months of July^ Auguft, and' part ef September, which is the sainy feafon in moft other parts of India, the at mofphere is here generaHy clouded ; but no rain faHs,- except very near the fea. In deed, very few ftovvers fall during the whole year ; and. at a time vvhen captain - Kam'ilton vifited Tatta, no rain had fallen for three years before. ' Owing-to this, arid the peighboufhood of the farid'y de ferts,' which bnhnd it pn the E. and Ph the N. W. the heatS' are fp ylolerit,., an'd the winds -from thefe' quarters fo perriic'i'ous, that the houfes are contrived fo as t_p be occafionaily ventilated by means of aper tures 'on the tops of them, refembling the funnels of fmall' chimneys. When the b')t win;\s prevail, thc'vvindovvs are clofdy fliut, by vv'hich rhe'hotteft part of the cur- r'ut of that air (that neareft the furface, of courfe). i? excluded ; and a eook'r part, bpcaufe more "devared, defcends into the It houfe through rhe funnels. By this alfo' vaft dopds of duft' are excluded-; tbe en- tranc8,of whfch would alone b'e. fuffid'ent 'to rentier the hou'"es uninhabirablc. The ro"fs are compofed, Pf thick layers of earth inlteadeif terraces. Few countries -are . ,iore unwholfome to European conftituti- ' Oh'', particularly the lower parts bf the ''.,--:ll. The prince of- this province is, a' Maho-ncdan, tributary tq' thc king of" 0'andih-,r. " He-rt'fiefes at Hydrabad, -a'- tht>u;h Tatta is the capital. ,The Hin- ^-,i-Sf vyho vvcre, the original inhabitants "of ' -Si'idy, arid Were- reckoned, in captain Hamilton's tinp-, tb qutpumber the iVIa- homedans ten fo one, are treated' with rreat rigour by thdr Mahomednii guvern- prs, and-are riPt, permitted tP ereft any pa gpdas, pr places of worftip ; arid this fe-,' verity drives vaft numbers of them, into other countries. The inland parts, ef, Sin- dy' produce faltpetre, fal-ammoniac, bcrax,' bezcar, lapis lazuli, and raw filk, . They have .alfp manufaftures pf cottpn and filk pf varipus, kinds ; and they make fine ca. binets,, inlaid wich ivcry,' and finely lac. quered". . They 'alfo- expprt great quanti ties of buttec, ckfified and, wrapt up in duppas, made ef the hides of cattle. The, ladies wear hoops ef ivory, en both thdr artris and legs, and, when they die, they are burnt vvith them. They have large black cartie, excellent .mutton, and friiall hardy horl"es. Their wild game are, deer, h^res; aritdopes, and foxes, which they hunt vvith dogs, , leopards, and a fmall fierce creature cilkd a ftiahguft. Si.s'GO, a town ef Turkey iri Europe, in Macedonia, ojiithe cpaft pf the Gulf. pf Mprit Santa. Lpn. 24. o. E.'lat. '4c. 13', N. ¦ " ; SiNGOR. a tPvvn pf Afia, in the king dpm pf Siam, and pn the cqaft of Ma lacca, fecfted at the mPuth of a fmall ri- ver, in the Gulf of Patana. LPn. iPi,- 25. E. lat. 6-. 4P. N, . ' , SiNiGACJLiA, a handfpmq'and ftrpng. tpwn of Italy, in the marquifate of Anco. Pa, with a caftle, and. two harbours; feat ed on fhe feacoaft; ih an 'unwholfome air, and- pn the river Nigola, 17 miles froni'- Pefaro, and- 34 E. of U_rbino, Lon, 13. 2g, E. kt. 43. 45, N. Slvoije, a decayed feaport of Turke.y, iri Afia, in Natolia, furrounded by walls, with double ramparts ; bpt the caftle .is',, very tpuch riegteftcd. The ihhabitants., are Turks, who wjll pot adm.it any Jews, and the Greeks are obliged to live in, thc fuburbs. It is the birthplace df Dioge-j,, ne-S the cvni6 phHofepher, and is feated" on' an ifthmus pf a penirifuk, in. the Black Sea. Len. 33. 55.' E. lat. 41. 5- ^- -.' : . ;.; SiNTZHEiM, a town of Germany, fa the drdc of Suabia, and in Cratgow;. bdohging/tp the ekftor palatine.. It is fe'ared in~_ a' morafs, 12- rniles, S'i, E. , ef Heidelberg. Lon. 9. 6.,E. lat, 49.. /5- N". ¦ . ., ;., ¦,. .,:..-, Sion, aq andent tpvyri of ^vviffe.rlandt . capital of the Vallais. It is Gcuated'ne'ar. the Rhone, at the foot pf three infukfed:, rpcRs, that rife immediately- frcm ' the phiin. The higheft, called Tourbjllpp, . fiipports the old ruinoUs and deferted epif- ri. pal palace. On the fecond, denoirijriated Vakrij, are the reinains of the old cathe dral, apd a few hoiifes belonging to the ciinons. S I R s i i I'^riPriS. Ori Maypria, the third rpck, ftarids the prefent epifcppal palace, an edi fice of ftone, buHt, in 1547; the apart ments furniflied vvith great pkinnefs and finaplicity. Sion was fornaeriy the capi tal ef the, Seduni, who inhabited this part of the country in the time of Ju lius Caefar ; apd ferae Ropian infcripti ons ftill' remain to atteft its antiquity. Its biftop is a prince pf the empire. It is 50 miles E. pf Geneva. Lon. 7. 12. E. lat.' 46. 6. N. See Vallais. - Sion, a famous mpuntain of Afia, in Judea. It joins to the S. fide of Jeru falem. SiOR, a town of Afia, capital ef the kingdom of Corea, in the province of Sangada, feated near,a large river. Lon. 126. 5. E. kt. 37. 30. N. '* Sir Charles Saunters' Is LAND;' an iflarid in rhe S. Pacific Ocean, difcover ed by caprain Wallis ip 1767. Ir is about fix miles long from E. to W. The na tives appeared to live in a wretched man ner. Lon. 151. 4. W. kt. 17. 28. S. SiRiK, a town of Gerriiany, in Lor rain, ' feated on the river Mofelle, 14 miles E. of Luxemburg. It is defended by a caftle, feated on a neighbeuring hifl, and belongs to Frarice, ever fince the year 1643. Lon. 6. 38. E. Iat. 4g, 36. N. .- ¦"'¦ SiRlNAGUR, a large rugged countrv' of Afia, between Hindooftari Proper 'anil Thibet. It is bounded on the N. and N. E. by the Thibetian mountains, ori the S. E. by Napau'l, ori thc S. by Rohilla, on the S.W. by Delhi, and on the N. W,; SiouT, a town of Africa, one of the\ by Lahore. Sirinagur is thc c,apltal. largeft arid moft populous in Egypt. It "' Sirinagur, the capitalef a country has feveral mofques, and is the fee ofa of the fame narae, in Afia. It is 165 Copti biftop. Here are the ruins of an ancient amphitheatre, and fome fepulchres of the Remans. It is furrounded by de lightful gardens, and fine palm tree's that bear the beft dates in Egypt. This place is the rendezvous of thofe that go in the caravan to Sennar, in Nubia. Ic is a mile from the river Nik, and 185^8. Lon. 77. 38. E. kt. Lon, 31, 24. E, laf. 27- of Cairo, 2, N, Sithno, a town of the ifland of Nanfio, in the Archipekgp, vvith a Greek archbifliop's fee, ~ Siradia, a town ef Great Poland, capital ef a palatinate of the - fame name, with a ca'^le. It is feated in a plain, on the river Watra, 62 miles N. E. of Bref law, and 105 N. W. of Cracow. Lon. 18. 55. E. kt. 51. 32. N., * Sirhind, a very andent city of Hindooftan Proper, in the province ef Delhi. M. Condamine fays, that the art of weaving filk was brought back to Conftantinople, in the i6th century, by the monks vvho returned frem Sirhind (er Serinde, according te hjni) :- for, although the art was brougliit into Europe, under the Roman emperors, it had again been Iqft during the confufions that attended the fubverfion pf the weftern empire. It is worthy ef remark alfp, that Prpcopius takes nctice, that in the time of Juftinian (the 6th century) filk was- brought from ' Serinda, a Country in India. Sirhind is 195 miles N. W. ef Delhi. Lon. 75. 15. E. lat.'2g. 55. N. '¦' Sir Charles, Hardy's Island, an ifland in the S.Picifio Ocean, difcover ed by captain Carteret in 1767.' It is low, level, and covered with vyaod. Lon, 154, ¦ je. E, lat, 4. 41, S, miles N. pf Delhi. 30. 5g. N. -¦- SiRius Island, ari ifland, ef fhe S Padfic Ocean, about 18 miles in circuit, difcovered by lieutenant Ball in 1790. Lon. 162. 30. E. kt. 10. 52. S. SiRMlCH, an andent and cdebrated town, of Sclavonia, capital of a county ' of the fame name, with a biftop's fee; feated On the river Bofweth, near rhe Save, 42 miles S. E. of Effeck, and '27 N. "VV. ef Belgrade. Lon. 20. 19.' Ei kt. 45. 13. N. '^ SiRONG, pr Seronge, a large town. of Hindooftan Proper, in the province of Malway. Lon. 78. 4. E. lat. 24.-4. 1^. SissAC, a town of Svvifferland, in the canton of Bafil, capital of the fmall territory of Sifgew. SissEG, a fmall fown of Croatia, with a monaftery. It is fubjeft to the houfe of Au-ftria, ^d' is feaced on the river Save, 28 miles from Zagravia, arid 42 E. ef Carlftadt. Lon. i6. 17. E. lat. '46. 6. N. SissopoLi, a town of Turkey in" Europe, in Romania, vvith an archbifliop's fee. It is very thin of people;, and feat ed on a fmall peninfuk of the 'Black Sea, 25 miles S. of Mefembria, arid 97 N. W". of Conftantinople. LoP.. 28. g. E. kt. 42, 30. N. Sisteron, a town and late epifcopal" fee pf France, in the department 0? the Lower Alps and. kte province of Prp vence ; feated oq the right bank ef the Durance, ac the feot ef a rock, en thc top ' bf which is a citadel. This citadel vvas the prifon ef CafiipirV. kingof Poland; a prince vvho experienced n;:5nv remark- able vicilfitudcs of hfe. Sift'eropis 4'^- • R r -^ Hiiks S K 1 SLA Rifles N. E. of. Aix, and 35 S-. W. of the lake of Derweritwater. Here eagles Embrun. Lpu. 6. 1. E. lat. 44. 11. N. and pther birds of prey refort. This Sisto.s", a viHage in Glouceftcrftire, mountain is not difficult ef accefs, and is ''¦'"' '" - ' '. - covered with, gr&fs, which gradually grows feven miles from Briftol, fituated in a pleafant vale, on a rivulet which rifes here, and runs into the Avon. Tin ore has beeh found here. Here is a manu fafture of brafs, ' and another of falt petre. Sitia, a tovvn of Greece, on the N. coaft ef the Ifle of Candia, feated near a bay of the fame name, 58 miles fi"ora Candia. Lon. 26. 29. E. lat. 35. o. N. Sittard, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Weftphalia, arid duchy of Ju liers, feated uear the river Maefe, 10 railcs S. of Ruremond, on the confines of Limburg. It belongs te the eleftor palatine. Ldn. 5. 50. E. kt. 50. 58. N. Sittingburn, a tovvn in Kent, in the road to Canterbury. It was incor porated in the reign of queen Elifabeth ; coarfer in the afcent. At the top, the at- < mofphere is fo rarified as te prevent vege tation. The whole top Is covered with a loofe brovyn flaty ftone. See Keswick. Skipton, a handfome town in the W. ridirig of Yorkftire, vvith a market on Sa turday. It is feated near the river Aire, 41 miles S. by E. of Richmorid, and 231 N. by W. of London. Lon. i. 42. "VV. kt. 53. 55. N. '¦'¦' Skye, an ifland in Scotknd, pne pf the largeft pf the weftern iflands. It Is 5P miles in length, and in fpme places above 20 broad. The S. E. end of this ifland is feparated frem Invernefsftire (ta vvhich it belongs) by a very narrow chan nel called the Inner Sound ; in the molt narrow part of whieh, named the Kyle, cattle are made to fwim acrofs. This fide and has fcvqral goed inns, at one of which of the ifland fvvells gradually from the " " " " " "" ftore in a verdant flope, adorned here arid there vvith trees, oVer vvhich are feen the naked hills of Strath ; and above thefe rifes the rugged fop ef CuHin er Cuchul- lin. " On the S. W." fays Mr. Pennant, " are feen a feries ef rude mountains, dif- coldtircd black and red, as by the rage ef fire ; and on the E. a long extent of hills, towering in' afl the forms ef Alpine vvfld- nefs." There is, necwichftapding, a great proportion of level ground, with exceflent pafturage. There are npmbers of deer and different kinds of game in this ifland. (che Red Lion) Henry V. and his retinue, on his return from France, vvere treated by a gentleman of the name of Norwood, at thc expence of gs. gd. only ; wine being then 2d. a quart, and every thing elfe in proportion., It is 11 miles S. E. of Rochefter, and 40 E. by S. of Lon don. Lop. 0. 48. E. lat. 51. ig. N. b'iVRAi,"a tpwn of France, in the de partmenc of Vienna and lace province ef PoicOu, feaced on che river Charencc, 25 mfles from Poitiers, and 100 S. E. pf Paris. Lpn. p. o. kt. 46. i5. N. SiZU.-'J, a fmaH ifland of France, pn thc coaft of Brittany, eight miles from the main knd. It is almoft on ' a level with the water, and produces only barley. SiCAR, an ancient town of Sweden, in W. Gothknd, where there arc the ruins ©fan andent palace, the, refidence of the Gothic kings. It is feated on the. river Lida, in a morafs, five miles from the kkeV-Venner, and 17 N. E.of Falcoping. Lon. 14.0. E. kt. 58. 16, N., SKEEtJ, a town' of Norway, in the go- vernrae,-it of Aggerhuys. It is remark able for its mints of iron and copper, and 4s feated' near thc Catagate Sea, 10 miles W. of Tenfturg, and 40 W. ef Frede- r,cftadt! *¦ SKENECTADAV.a town of N.. Ame rica, in the ftate of Nevv York, feated on the. Mohawk's river, 16 miles N. W. of Albany. * SkiEfDaw, a mountain. of Cumber land, one ef the moft remarkable in the vhich abound with limeftene,. marble, &c. The bafaltic columns, refembhng the Giant's Caufeway in Ireland, are its greateft curiofity. A cave, at the E. end of thc ifland, afforded an affylum,in 1746, to thc difappointed pretender, and his faithful guide, for two nights. Many thoufands ef black cattle are annually ex ported hence. Some fmall horfes are bred, and a great quantity of kelp manufaftured - here. Portree is the only pkce in this- iflaud worthy ef being mentioned. Slaguen, a fmall town of Germany, in Pomerania, feated on the river Wipparj IP miles frpm Rugenwald. Slaney, a tPwn pf Bphemia, fprmeriy a handfpme dty ; but fince Pnrgue is grcvvn fp large, it is much decayed ; _ hpwever, the caftle is ftill in being. It is 18 mfles N. W. pf Prague, ' Lpp, "r8.' 27. E. lat. 5P. 1 6-. N. ' * Slate, a diftrift^ pf the ifland of Skye, qpe of the Hebrides of Scotknd. It is on the S. E. fide ef the ifland, and is kingdom, being above a thoufand yards a peninfuk, terrain-ating in a rugged pte- pe/ptndicukr height fr.«m thc. fiitface of montory, caHed the Point of Slate.. Sl.^wkaw, s L cje . Sila^v^kaw, or Austerlitz, atown .LTWELi), a town-of Germany, in the old marche of Brandtnb'urg, feated on the. nver jetic. Lon. 11. 34. E. lat. 52. 56. N. '* SoLWAv Fri'TH, a large arm of thc fea, between Cumberland in England and Kiikcudbrightfbire in Scotland. '^ SoL'.v A y Moss, a large bk.ck moraf', in Cumberland, near thc river Elk, on the borekrs of Scotland, vvhich, in the year 1771, being fvvein by raini, burft tlirough thc ftell of turf which covered it, and fpread an inky half-fluid deluge over 400 acres of cultivated land in the EcighhOuring valley, whichit entirely filled SoMBRERE, an ifland of Afia, in the Indian Ocean, 30 miies N. of Nicober. The inhabiranrs are mild, tim.orous, and verv ofa''i;4ing to ftrangers. The pricfls are dreft much in the fame manner as wc paint the devil, by vvhich thty keep the inhabitants in awe. Soi'JBRERO, an uninhabited ifland of t'ne W. Indies. It is in the form'of a hat ; whence it had its name, fombrerc. in Spanifli, fignifying a hat. It is 80 miles N. "W. ef St. Chriftopher's, Lon. 63. 53. W. Iat. 18. sclvf.. SoMF.RSETSHiRE, a county of Eng land,- l-)ounded on the N. VV. by the Briftol Channel ; en the N. by Giouccfterftire, from which it is divided by the Aven ; en the E. by Wiltfliire ; on the S. E. by Dorfetftire ; snd en the S. Vv'. by De von fl'ire.' Ics excent from E. to VV. is 65 miles, and frora N. ro S. j.5. Ir is fitu- ,'atcd in the diocefes of Briftol, and of Bath -and Wells ; ontains 42 hundreds, 3 cities, 31 market-; towns, and 3S5 pfirill-es ; and feflds 18 piembcrs to parliament. The air, in the lower grounds, is univeifaiiv mild, and generally wholefome. The foil is various. The N. E. quarter is in ge neral ftony, and poffeffes a lofty mineral traft, called the Mendip Kills. Tovvard the centre ef the county, where its prin- ' cipal rivers unite, are fens and marfliy moors of great extent. On the W. fide is the ridge of the Qjaantock Hills, with many downs and open heaths ; and in the N. W. corner. lies the black fteril re.!;ion of Exmoor. The S. part, reward Dorfetfliire, is high, but well cultivatijid ; and throughout the county, efpecially in ItsS. W. quarrer, vales of rhe greateft fertility are inrerf"perfcd. The prindpal rivers are the Parret, Ivel, Thone, Brent, and Avon. The Mendip Hills aftord abundance of coal, lead, calamine, copper, manganefc, bole, and red ochre. ' Ched-' der is celebrated for its cheefes. Cattle, nearly equal in fize to the Lincolnfliire, arc fed in the fine meadows about the head of the Parret. ' The beft goofe feathers for beds comes from the Somerfet marftes. Cider is a common produft of this c««.in^y, and it has a confiderable fliare in thc woollen manufaftures. Briftol is rhe capiral of rhis county wirh refpeft re fize, population, and commerce ; but Baili is the great mart for health ahd pleafure. Some'rton, atown of Somerfetfliire, with a market on Tuefdav. It was for merly a confiderable place, from vvhich the county took its name. It is at prefent ' pretty large, and the market confiderable for corn, provifions, fteep, and cattle. It is 13 miles S. ef WeHi, and 123 VV, by S. of London. Lon. 2. 40. W^. lat. 51. 22. N. ¦' Somme, a dcparrm.ent of France,' including the late province of Picardy. It takes its name from a river which rifes in the department of Aifne, and watering St. Quentin, Perunne, Amitns, and Ab beville, enters the Enghfli Channel. ' Amiens is the capital. SoMMiEREs, a tovvn of France, ip the department of Gard and late province of Languedoc. It has a manufafture of thick fergbs which bear its' name. It is feated on thc rivtr Videurle, 10 mfles W. of Nifmes. Lon. 4. n. E. kt. 43. 48. N. SoNCiN_p, a row n of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, and in the Greraonefe. It is naturally ftrong, and feared on rhe riv'er Oglio, 20 miles N. W. ef Cremona, Lon, g. 44. E. lat. 45. 24. N. SoNDRio, a town in the country ofthe Grifons, capital ef the Vaheline. It re., fembles a deferted town, having little traelcj S O R trade, and no animation. It is built partly in a plain on the fides of a reck, iu a very romantic ficuation, at the extremity of a narrow valley, and occupies both fides of the Malenco, a furious torrent, which fre quently overflows its banks. On the 20ch of July, 1620, here was a dreadful maf facre of the proteftants,. which began at Tiraiio, extended to all the towns ef the ValteHne, and lafted three days. Son- drias i^ 34 miles N. E. of Como. Len. g. 40. .E. lat. 46. II'. N. '-' SONERGON, or SUNNE9.GAUM, a village of Hindooftan Proper, once a large city, the provincial capital ef the eaftern divifion ef Bengal, before Dacca was built, and famous for ja manufafture of fine cot. ton cloths. It is feated on one ef thc branches of the Burtampeoter, 13 miles S. E. of Dacca, Sonkuas, a people that inhabit the S. part of Africa, te the N- of the Cape of Gobd Hope. The country is faid to be mountainous, and that they live upon hunting and rooCs ; and che women are faid to be as fkilful in thc chace as the men. Their huts are made with the branches of trees interwoven, and covered with rufhes. SONNEBURG. See SUNNEBURG. '* SooLOO, an ifland ef the Eaftern Ocean, fituated S. W. of Mindanao, al moft midway between that ifland and Borneo. It is 30 miles long and 12 broad, and is fuppofed te contain about, 60,000 inhabitants. It is governed by a king er fultans, and the natives are Malays, and confequently Mahometans. The popu- loiifnefs ef this little fpot is caufed by ifi advantageous fituation, vvhich renders it a great mart. The Enghft E. India Com pany have a refident on this ifland. Lon. 121. 25. E. kt. 5. 58. N. Sophia. See Soffa. SopHiANiA, a tovvn of Perfia, in Aderhdtzan, feated in a valley, 2; miles N. W. of Tauris. Lon. .47. 25. E. kt. 3.8. 35. N. ' SopRON, a ftrong tovvn ef Lower Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name, feated on a fmall river, 30 miles S. E. ef Vienna, and 27 S. W. of Prefturg. Lon. 17. o. E. Iat. 47. 46. N. SoRA, a town of- the kingdom of Na ples, vvith a handfome caftle, and a bi fliop's fee. It is feated on the river Ga- rigliane, 65 miles E. of Rome, and 65 N, "VV. ef Naples, Lon, 14. 4. E.lat. 41, 54. N. ' ¦ ;. SoRA, a fmaH, but ftrong town ef Denmark, in the ifle of Zealand, with a handfome college for the riobflity. Lon. -i 1. 23. E. kt. 55. 26. N. SoRAW, a town of Germany, in the SOU circle of Upper Saxony and in Lufatia, feaied near the river Bober, 25 milts S. of Croffen, and 32 N. E. of Gorlitz., Lon. 15. 48. E. lat. 51. 40. N. SoRiA, atown of Spain, in Old Caftile, built on the ruins of the ancient Nuraan- ' ria, near che fource ef the river Duero. Lon. 2. 2. W. lat. 41. 48. N, SoROCK, a tovyn ef Poland, feated on the river Dneifter, vvith a ftrong caftle. The Turks were Pbliged te raife the fiege of this place in 1602. Sorrento, a feaport town of thc kingdom of Naples, vvith an archbiftop's fee. It is feated in a peninfula, on the Bay of Naples, at the febc ef a mountain, of che fame name, 17 miles S. E. of Na ples. Lon. 14. 24. E. lat. 40. 36. N. . SosPELLO, a tovvn of Piedmont, in the county ef Nice, feated en thc river Beve-, ra, 1 5 miles N. E. ef Nice. Lon. 7. 34. E. kt. 43. 52. N. SovANo, a town of Italy, in Tufcany, and in the Siennef"e, 25 miles W. of Or- viette. Lon. ti. 48. E. kt. 42. 42. N. So VANO, a cape of Italy, in the king dom of Naples, at the entrance of the- Gulf of St Eufemia. SouBisE, a town of France, in the de partment ef Lower Charente and kte ter ritory ef Saintonge, f"eated on an eminence, on the river Charente, 22 miles S. ef Rochelle. Lon. i. 2. W. kt. 45. 5;. N. SouiLLAC, a tovvn ef France, in the * department of Lot and late territory of Querci, feated on the river Borefe, 32 miles N. ef Cahors. Lon. 1. 21. E. kt. 44'. 55. N. Sound, a ftrait, between Sweden and Denmark, through which ftips ufually -fail frora thc ocean inte the Baltic. It is about four miles broad, and here the Danes take tell of afl merchant fhips that pafs into the Baltic. Sour, or Sur, a feaport of Turk-ey in Afia, in Syria, vvhere ftood the famous city of Tyre, but there is novy nothing remaining of it but ruins, Lpn. 36. 5. E. lat. 33. 40. N. SouRE, or Sure, a riverof the Ne therlands, vvhich runs from E. to W. through Luxemburgh, and falls into the MofeHe, a little above Treves. "^ Souse, or Suza, a ftrong town of Africa, in the kingdom of Tunis, capital of a province of, the fame name, with a caftle, and a good harbour. Thc governor of the province refides here, and it is a place ef fome trade. It is feated on a rock near the fea, 65 miles S. E.of Tunis, Lon. II. 1 5. E. kt. 35. 52. N. SoUter'raine, a tovvn of France, in thc department of Creufe and late pro- ' vince SOU 1^^^ vince of Marche, 24 miles N. pf Limo ges- South am, a town of Warvvickftire, -with a confiderable market op Monday, for cattle. It is 13 miles S. ef Coventry, and S3 N. W. of London. Lon. i. 23. 'VV. kt. 52. 36. N. Southam, a village in Gloucefterfliire, ip CIcve parift, rendered rj:;markable for the antique houfe belonging to this tithing. It is a lovv building, in the ftyle of the 3^e of Henry IV. The hall floor is cf painted brick, brought from Halt's Abbey, on which there are many curious devices. They are in high prefervation, and are valuable remains of that ftrufture. SoutBampton, a large and hand fomc town of Hampfliire, , dehghtfufly fituated en a fi'ne inlet of the fea, called Triffanton Bay, or Southampton VVater. This irilet is navigable almoft to the head for veffels of confiderable burden ; and thc two principal rivers that flow inte it (the Itohen.and the Teft or Tefe) admit fmall craff fome way up the country. The town is fituated bqtvveeri thefe tvvo rivers, it was formerly a pert of great commerce, and ftill peffefl"es a trade in French and Port wines ; having a particular connefti on; moreover, with Guernfey and Jcrl"ey. its markets are en Tuefday, Thurfday, and Saturday. It contains five churches, one of which is now rebuilding, and a hof pital called God's Houfe. It is furruurid- ^d by walls and feveral watchtowers ; and had a ftrong caftle to defend the har bour,- now in ruins. It is a corporation and county of itfdf, and fends fvvq mem bers t() parliament. It is a, fathicnable pkce of refort for fea-bathing ; and itwas on this beach that .the Danift king Ca nute gave that ftriking repropf to his flat tering courtiers ; vvhcn the difobedient tide wafted his feet. Tvvp miles from- this town is Woedmills, where Mr. Tay- ?pr has a very curious nianufaftory of fhip-blocks, frem which afl thc king's yards- are fupplied. Southampton is 12 miles S. of 'VVinchefter, apd 75 W. S. .W. of Louden. Lon. 1. 26. W. lat. 50. 5-5- N, ¦ , Sduthampton, the county ef. See Hampshire. * bouT,HEND, a viUage of Effex, in the parift ef Prittlewell. Being by far the ptart'ft place to the metropolis f^»r the pur ppfe of fea-bathing, it is nevv much refort ed to,, and is rifing into confequence; handfome accommodations for the compa ny having, been erefted. ' It is 44 miles E. of London. SoUTHMOUtTON, a tPwn pf Dcvpij- fcjre, with a market op Saturday. It is feated on the Httle river Moule, over which is a ftone bridge of thrte arches. It is a corporation, and contains manufac tures cf white ferges and felts. Itis i-i miles E. of Barnftaple, and 179 W. by S. af London. Lon. 3. 48. W, kt. 51. IP. N. SouTHPETHERTON, a tPwn pf So merfetfliire, with a goed market on Tuef day, for corn and provifioris. If is feattd Ori the river Parret, 20 miks S. W. of V-^ells, and 131 W.. by S. of Lpridqn, Lpn, 2. 48. W. lat. 50, 55, N, Southwark, a- borough of Surry, which may be confidered as part of the metropolis, being feated on the eppofite fide ef thc Thames, and under the jurif- cHftion ef the city of London, vvho have an officer here caHed the bailiff of South wark, It is called thc Borough, by way of diftinftion, and is a large and po pulous place, participating confiderably ja the commerce ef London- It fends two- members to parliament. It contains fix parjftes, a new Roman Catholic chapd, many pkces of worfliip for the diffenters of various denominations ; feveral diarita- ble foundations, .particularly, St. Thomas' Hofpital, Guy's f-Jofpital, and the Magr dalcn Hofpital. Befide the King's Bench a.nd Marftalfea prifons, and the county Bridewell, a new ceunty gad, vvith a fe»f- fions-houfe adjoining, is building. The court-houfe at St. Margaret's Hill is new rtbuilding. See Londqn. •-' S-ouTHWEALD, a village ef Effex, to which the tovvn of Brentwood is a ham let. It is fituated on an eminence that commands an excenfive profpeft, 16 miles E. N. E. of London. Southwell, atown in NottinghaipT- ftire, with a market on Saturday. It is. an ancient place, and has a. coUegiate church. It is 10 miles N. E. of Notting ham, and 139 N. W, by N. of Londoh, Len. o. 51. W. Iat. 53. 6. N. Southwold, a feaport of Suffblk, vvith a market on Thurl"day, It is f"eatcd on a plpaf^nt cliff, near a fine bay, and. has a harbour to the S. with the river BIythe, apd a drawbridge op the weft. It is a corporation, and has a handfome church vvith a high fteeple. Here a much- efteemed fait is made, and it has an ex portation of corn, It.is ftrongly- fituated, being almoft furrounded by water, efpeci ally at every, high tide. It is cpmmpniy. called SowLE pr Sole, and its bay is named. Solebay, In this bay vvas the great feafight between the Dutch admiral, De Ruyter and James duke pf Yprk, in which the viftpry was uridecided, Sputh- wold is 20 miles S. of Yar^nouthjand 104, SPA S p. .A S. E. of London. Lon. i. 54. E. lat. 52. 24. N. ¦ SoviGNY, a town pf France, in -the department pf Rhone and Loire and late province of Lyonnois, feated on the rivu let Quefne, 50 mi'les S. E. ef Bourges, and 167 S. ef Paris. Lon. 3. 21. E. lat. 46. 3P. N. ' ¦ - ''* SouTRA Hill, the moft elevated hill in the mpuntainous ridge pf Lammei'- muir, in the N. part pf Berwickftirc in Scptknd, Iri former times, it vvas a noted feamark. In this dreary part of the coun try, there is fcarce a tree or a biifh; and few houfes er yillages worthy of mention, Spme fuccefsful exerticns, hpwever, have been made tp imprpve the fouthern fide of this fountain, near the viUage of Chan- nelkirk. Spa, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and biftopric ef Liege, It cen'-ains about 300 houfes, and is fa mous for its mineral waters. The Inha bitants are very civil to ftrangers, and ready to de them all manner of good offices, but muft be paid for their labour. It is feated in a valley, furrounded by mountains. That called the Old Spa con fifts of miferable cottages, and is properly nothing but the fuburb to the other. The inhabitants fend out fwarms of children, when ftrangers arrrive, to get what they can by begging. The houfes of the Nevv Spa are all wood, eld-fafliioncd, dark and fmall, and yet it is affirmed they can make 1200 beds for ftr.-.ngers. The church pf the capuchins, and the parifli church, are bpth feated uppn cmihenccs. The inn caHcd the Court of London is very large, the beft in the plicc, and moft frequented. The names of the five principal wells are Pouhon, Geronfierd, Savinicre, Watpotz, and Tunneiet. The inhabitants are em ployed in makirig toys for ftrangers. It is 17 mUes S. E. of Liege. Lpn. 5. 50. E. lat. 50. 30. N. Spain, a cpnfiderable kingdpip pf Eu rppe ; bpunded pn che N. by the Bay pf Bifcay; pn the N.E. by the Pyrenean Mountains, vvhich feparate it from France ; on thc E. and S. E, by the Mediterrane an ; on the S. by the Straits of Gibraltar; on the S. W. by thp Atlantic; and en che W. by Portugal aud the Atlantic. It ,is about 700 miles long and 500 brpad. It contains -the provinces of Old and New Caftile, Andalufia, Arragon, Eftramadura, Galicia, Leon, Catalonia, Granada, Valen cia, Bifcay, the Aufturias, Mu:-cia, and Upper Navarre ; fome of vvhich have been feparate kingdoms. The air of Spain is dry and ferene, except during the eqni- uoftial raias, but exceffively hot in the fouthern provinces, in June, July, and Auguft. The vaft mountains, however, that run through Spain, are very beneficial to the inhabitancs, by thc refrefting breezes that come from them in the fo'Jth- ernmoft parts ; though thofe in thc N. and N. E- are in the winter very cold. The foil is very fertile ; but there arc krgl. Spartivento, Cape, a prementery of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, at the extremity of Farther Calabria. Lon, 16. 40. E. lat. 37. 5P, N. ¦* Spean. See Lochy Loch, SpELLO, a town of Iraly, in the terri tory ef the Church, arid in Umbria, Here are the ruins of a theatre, and other remains of antiquity. It is feated en 3 hill, three miks N. "VV. of Foligno, and 13 N. of Spoietto. Lon. 12. 24. E. kt. 42. 50. N. Spey, a great and rapid river of Scot land, which iffues from a lake in the cen- t,''e of Invernefsftire, divides Murrayftire from Banffshire for more than 20 miles, and enters the German' Ocean at the vil lage pf'Speymouth. ¦ Spezzia, Spetia, or Specia, atown of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, vvith a good harbour, feated at fhe feot of a hill, at the bottrrfn of a gulf ofthe fame name, 47 miles S. E. of Genoa, and 65 N. W, of Florence, Lon, 9, 37, E, lat. 44, 10. N. Spice Islands, iflands of Afia, in the E. Indies, which are all in the hands of the Dutch. The principal are Banda, the Moluccas, and. Ceylon ; which fee. Spigelburg, a town ef Germany; in the circle ef Weftphalia, capital of a coun. ty ef the fame name, 18 miles in length, and lo in breadth. It is 22 miles S. W. of Hildeftdm. Lo'n, g, 46, E. Iat. 51. 56. N. Spigna, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Montferrat, with a caftle^ fubjeft to the king of Sardinia. It is feated between Acqua, and Savona,: 40 mfles S. E. ef Turin. Len. 8. 26. E. Iat. 44. 45. N. Spilembukgo, a town of Italy, in the territory of Venice, and in FriuH, 37 mfles N. W. of Aquilea, and 47 N. by E. of Venice. Lon. 12. 15. E.lat. 46, 10. N. Spilsey, a town in Lincolnftire, wirh a market en Monday. It Is feated on the fide of a hill, 30 mfles E. pf Lincolri',' arid 1 3 2. N. by E. of Lendon. Lon. o. 7. E. lat. 53. 12. N. Spire, a free and imperial town of Germany, in the paktinate of the Rhine, ' and capital of a biftopric of die fame name. It was entirely ruined and burnt by the French in i68g, and in 1693 the ¦ imperial chamber, which vyas in this dty, vv« S P O S T-A was rempVed tp Wetzlar. It was taken by the French in 1792; but they were obli.gfed te evacuate it thc next year. It is icated on thc Rhine, f"even miles N. of Philipfturg, and 12 S. VV. of Heidelburg. Lon. 8. 32. E. kt. 4'). ig. N. .Spire, a biftopric of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, 50 miles in length, and 30 in breadth, vvhere broad eft. It is divided into tvvo parts by the Rhjne, and is a fertile country. Spire is the principal tpwn. SpiREBACH,-a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, feated on a river of the fame name, eight miles N. ef Landau, Lon, 8, 12. E. kt. 49. 20. N. Spiritu-S ANCTO, a tovvn of S. Ame rica, in Brafil, capital of a government ef the farae narae, with a fmall caftle, and a harbour. If is feated by the feafide, in a very fertile country. Lon. 41. u. E. lat. 20. 10. S. Spital, a tovvn of Germany, in Ufi- per Carinthia, vvith a handfomc caftle ; feated on thc river Lyfcr, near the Drave, 30 miks W. of Clagenfurt. Lon. 13. 37. E. kt. 46. 53. N. Spithead, a famous road between Portfmouth and thc Ifle ef Wight, w.here the royal navy frequentiv rendezvous, Spit-tle in the Street, a village in Lincolnftire, between Gainftorough and Market-;Raifin, lo miles N. of Lin. colli. It vvas part of the Roman caufe way, leading from London, by Lincoln, to the Humber, which the eomraon people call the High-ftreet, it being thrown up to a great height, and m forae-placcs feven yards broad. Here arc two fprings, one called Julian"s Well, and the ether Caftle- ton VVefl. Great numbers ef Roman coins have been du,g up in this village, whence it is conjeftured, thit fome Roman tuv-.'n ftood by the highway. SpiT-<'-BF-Ke;E.N', the moft northern country of Europe, bting to the N. of Norwav, between Greenland to the W. and Nova Ztmbla to the E. The coaft is befet with craggy mountains, and in the winter it is continual night for four months. The animals are large white bears, and white fexes. 'Flitre are no fettled inha- bitanrs, and it is known only to thefe vho. g,i ,-n the .cpaft co fifli- for whales. See Greenland. Spoleto, an andent, handfome, arid populous luwn of It.ily, in the territory of thc Church, capital. of a duchy of the i"ame name, with a bifl'op's l"ce and a ftrong caftk. It was formeriy a krge place, buc iri 1,703 fuffered greatly by an earthquake, and is n.'vv thin of people. There are the ruins 'jf an amphitheatre, i triumphal arch, and an aqueduft. It is feated partly on the fide of a hid, and partly in a plain, in a country nored for good wine, near che, river Teifino, 30 miles E. of Orvieto, aud 55 N. pf Rome. Spolf.to, a duchy ef Iraly; bounded on. the N. by tht man^iifate of Anci'i.i, and duchy of Urbinp; on rhe E. by'Na. pies ; on the S. by Sabma, and the patri mony of Saint Peter ; and on the W. by Orvietano, and Perugino. It is about 5; rniles in length, and 40 in breadth, was formerly a pare of Umbria, and now be longs to the pope. Spree, a liyar of Germany, which rifes in the mountains- of Bohemia, on the cpnfines pf Mifnia, and Luf"atia, througb which kft it paffes into the marquifate of Brandenburg, runs by Berlin, and talk !nt» the Havel, overagainft Spandavv. '¦'¦ Springfield, a village of Effex, feated on a fine emiiience, one mile N. E- ef Chelrasford. ''- Springfield, a town of N, Ame rica, in the ftate of Maffachufets, aneJ county of Hampftire. This fettlement vvas begun, in 1636, by WHliam Pyn- chon, efq. whofe defcendants are ftill living here. He named it from his native place in England, mentioned in the pre ceding article. It is feated on the E. fide', of Connefticut River, g6 miles W. of Bofton. Spkottaw; a townof Germany, ia Silefia, and iri the duchy of Glogaw, with walls fiaiik,ed by tove-ers, and a ftrong caftle. It is ftated at the eonfluence of the rivers Bober and Sp.rotta, 20 miles S. "VV. of Gk'gaw, J^nd eight S. E. of Sa"an. Lon.. 15. 38. E. lat. 51. 40. N. Squilaci, a town of the kingdom of Naples, vvith a biftop's fee. It was for- raeriy famous, but now is a fmafl place, though charmingly feated ori the river Favele'nc, three miles from- the gillf of the f"ame name, and 30 S. of St. Severina. Lon. 16. 40. E. lat. 39. 3. N. Stablo; a town of Germany, in the- circle of Weftphalia, and biftopric of r..iet;e, vvith a celebrated Benediftine ab. bey, whofe abbot is a prince of the em pire. -The inhabitants ef-the town have a manufaftory of leather, which they fend to foreign parts. It js feated on the river Rc-cht, nine miles S. ef Limburg, Lon. 6. 5. E. kt. 50. 2g. N. Stade, a town pf Germany, in the circle pf Lower Saxony, formerly an han. featic town. It has a confidtTable fpr trefs, and a famous college ; but Hamburg has deprived it ef a great part of its trade. It has belonged to the eleftor of H, nover, together with the duchy, fince 1720; ana 'Is S T A S T A h feated bn the river Swingel, near its confluence With the Elbe, 22 railes W. ef Haraburg, and 45 N. E. of Bremen.- Lon. g. 17. E, Iat. 53. 36. N. Stadsberg, a tovvn of Germany, in the circle ef VVeftphalia, .on the cpnfines of the county ef Waldeck, feated bn the river Dimel. It vvas taken by the Swedes in 1645, who demoHfted the fortifications. Stafahda, a town of Piedmont, in the marquifate of Saluzze, feated on the river Po, with a rich abbey. It is fa mous for a batfle, vvhich the marquis de Catinat gained over the duke ef Savoy, in 1690. Lon. 7.25, E, kt. 44, 34, N. * Staffa, a famous ifland of Scot- land, one of the Hebrides, a little to the W. ef Mull. It is a mile leng, and half a mile broad. The whple S. "W, end pf t'lis ifland is fuppprted by ranges pf natu ral pillars, mpftly abpVe 50 feet high, and ftanding in riatural colonades. Some of thefe columns are above 60 feet thick, and arc fqrmed almoft into the fliape of thofe ^ iifed in architefture. Here is alft a ca vern, called Fin-ma-coul, Or Fingal's Cave, vvhidi extends 250 feet under ground. Its entrance is a natural arch, more than 100 feet high. Hardly any thing can be conceived mere magnificenc thari fuch a fpace, fupporced on each fide by ranges of columns, and, roofed by the bottoms ef thefe which have been broken off in prder tb form it. The cavern is lighted from vvithout, fe that its fardieft extremity may be feen. Indeed, this ifland is every where fupported by balfa- tic recks and pillars, much fuperior in beauty and grandeur tb thofe which form the Giant's Caufeway in Ireland. ¦ SfAFFORD, the ceunty town of Staf ferdftire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the river Sew, vvhich waflies its S. and W. parts, and ever vvhich is a ftone bridge ; has two parifh churches, a freefchppl, a fine fquare market-place, in vvhich is a handfpme' ftirehall, and under it the market-houfe. The ftreets are large, and many of the houfes handfomely built. It is a corporation, and fends two members to parliament. It is 41 rniles N. W, of Lichfield, and 1 3 5 N, W, ef Lon don. Lon. 2. o. W. lat. 53. u. N. .Staffordshire, a county of Eng. land, bounded en the W. by Shropftire, on the N.W. by Cheftire, en the N. E. and E. by Derbyftire, en the S. E.' by Warvvickftire, and on the S. by Worcef terftire. It extends in length about- 55 miles ; extreme breadth riot mere thari 54. It lies ih the dificefe ef Lichfield and Coventry ; is divided into five hundreds ; contains one city, !i7 market.tovyns, and 130 pariftes; and fends 10 rhcmbers to parliament. Tne principal rivers arc the Trsnt, Dove, Sow, Churnet, StPur, Penk, and Manyfpld. The air is pleafant, mild, and wholefpme, and the fpil in the S. part gppd and rich, thpugh npt vvitltout heaths, vvhich take up a krge traft pf gfpund : it abpunds in cpalpits, and irpn-mines. The middle is level and pkin ; the N, hilly and barren, being full pf heaths and moprs, and where they pfe pfeat fpr fuel. There are alfp gppd ftpne-quarrlcs, plenty pf akbafter, and limeftpne, Staffprdftire is famous for its potteries, and for its noble canal nav^igatipn, Staffprd is the cpunty-, tPvvn. See Canal, the Grani> Trunk. Stagira, a town of Turkey in Eu rope, in Macedonia, feated on the Gulf of Conteffa. It is remarkable fer beirig.the- birthplace of Ariftotle, from whence he is called the Stagirite. It is new cafled Lyba. Nova, and is i6 miles frem Conteffa. Lon. 22. 48. E. kt. 41. 15. N. St AGNO, a town ef Dalmatia, in the republic ef Ragufa, with a fmall harbour, and a biftop's fee, feated on a peninfula, iri the Gulf of Venice, 30 miles N, W, 'of Ragula, Lon. 17. 50. E. lat. 43. 12. N. Stain, a tovvn ef Germany, in the circle of Auftria, feated on the river Da nube, ever which is a bridge, vvhere the.y take toll, 65 miles W. of "Vienria. Lon. 15. o. E. kt. 48. II. N. Staines, a tovVn of Middlefex, vvith a market on Friday. It is feated on the riyer Thames, over which is an elegant new ftone bridge, of three eUiptic arches. At fome diftance above the bridge, at Coin Ditch, is vvhat is called London Mark Stone, which is the ancient boun- dary te the jurifdiftion of the city ef Lon don on the ThaiTies, arid bears the date of 1280. Stairies is 17 miles Vf. by S. of London. . Lon. o. 25. W. lat. 51. 27. N, Stalbridge, a town in Dorfetftire, with a market en Tuefday, It is remark. able for a manufafture of ftockings. Here is an andent crofs, 22 feet high, en a bafe of eight feet. It is 20 miks N, by E, pf Dorchefter, and iii W. by S. pf Lpn dpn. Lpn. 2. 18. W. Iat. 50,. 57. N. Stalimene. SeeLEMNOs.' Stamford, a bprough in 'Lincoln fliire, with tvvo markets, on Monday and Friday, It is feated. en the river Wel land, which is made navigable hence. It is a large arid ancierit pkce, has fix pari-ft churche's, and had fortaerly a college, . whofe ftudents removed to Brazen Nofe College, in Oxford. Its trade is chiefly in malt, it is 26 miles N, of Huntingdon,, S T A and g6 N, by W, of London, Lon, o, 31. W.kt. 52.42. N. ; Stamp alio, anifland of the Archipe lago, 60 miles W. of Rhodes, and 37 from the coaft ef Natolia ; 15 miles in length, and five in breadth. It is almoft withouc inhabitancs, and wanes freft wafer. Sta.nchic, formerly called Cos, an ifland ef che Archipelago, neai the coaft ef Natolia, 12 miles N. E. of Stampaiio, and 40 N. W. of Rhodes ; 2 5 in breadth, and 1 g in length. The f"eil is fertile, but che air unwholefome. The capical which is of the fame name, is weH builc, and feated at the feet of a mountain, at the bocteipi ef a krge bay, and near a goed harbour.' StaNDon, a town in Hertfordftirc, with a market on Friday. 'It is eight rniles N. of Hertford, and 27 N. ef Lon don. Lon. o. 5. E. kt. 51. 56. N. Stanemore, a dreary diftrift of XVeftmerlaud, in the eaftern angle of that county. Here is a fragment of .Rerecrofs, fet up as a boundary betvveen England and Scotland, vvhen Cumberland belonged to the ktter kingdom. Stanhope, a town in the county ef Durham, with a market en Tuefday. It is 20 miles W. of Durham, and 2 64 N.by W. of London. Len. 2. o. W. lat. 54. 48. N". Stanley, a tpwn in Glpucefterftire, with a market pn Saturday, It is 12 miles S. pf Gloucefter, and 104 W, by N. of London. Lon. 2, 16, W. lat. ,51. 40. N. '^ Stanmore, Great, a village ef Middlefex, in which are feme elegant feats. Here is a fine hifl, from the top of which the inhabitants had been long ac cuftemed to fetch their vvater ; but, in I7gi, a well vvas dug, and water vvas found, ac the depth of 150 feet. On this hill is Stanmore Common, vvhich is fo very elevated, that the ground floor of one of thc houfes is faid to be en a level with the battlements of Harrow Church, and feme high trees here are a landmark from the German Ocean. Stanmore is 10 piiles N. VV. of London. '* Stanmore. See Whitechurch. Stanton, a tovvn in Lincolnftire, with a market on Monday. It is i5 miles E. of Lincoln, and i2g N, of London. Len. p. 2. VV. kt. 53. iS. N. StaNtz, atown of Swifferland, capi tal ef the canton of Undervvalden. It i? feated in a beautiful plain, at the fo Stockwell, a village of Surry, in the parifh of Lambeth. Here is a neac chapd of eafe, to vvhich archbifliop Seclcer Contributed 500I. It is tu 0 miks S. W, of Lendon. StoCkzow, a town of Germany, in Silefia, and in the princi'paHty of Tcf"- then, feated on the river Viftula, 12 miles S. E. of Tefchen, and 37 S. E. ef Trop. paw. Lea. 18. 32. E. lat. 4g. 45. N. Stoke, a vUlage in Dorfetftire, N.W. cf Wareham, comraonly called East Stoke. At Highwood, near this village, in 1750, on opening a turaulus, two feet from the furface, three urns were taken up full of decayed bents. S-OKE, a village in Norfolk, S. E. of Downham, vvith a ferry en the river Stoke, which is navigable to it from the Ouf"e. StokE, a vfllage in Suffolk, near Nayknd. It has a church, upon a hill, whofe tower is 120 feet high, and the fteeple is a landmark te ftips that pafs the mouth of- the Orwell, at 1 5 miles dif. tance. -S"Stoke, or Stoke Poges, a vil lage of Buckinghamftire, 21 miks W, of London. Here Edward lord Loughbo rough founded 'dn hofpital, which vvas iatety rebuih by John Penn, Efq. The 36 miles N. ef York, and 23g N. by W, of London, Lon. 1. 2. W. kt. 54. 2g. N. Stoiberg, a town of Germany, in the circle ef Upper Saxony, and territory of Thuringia, capital ef a county ef the fame name. It has a handfome caftle, vvhere the count refides, and is feated in a valley, between two mountains, 10 miles N. ef Northaufen, and 58 N. W. of Leip fick. Lon. II. 8. E. lat. 51. 42. N. Stolhoffen, a town ef Germany, in the circle of Suabia, and marquifate of Baden ; feated on a morafs, near the Rhine, eight miles S. W.,of Baden, and 12 N. E. of Strafturg. Lon. 8. 10. E. lat. 48. 41. N. Stolpen, a tovvn ef Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and in Farther Pomerania ; fubjeft to the king of Pruf fia, and f"eated in a pleafant valley, en a river ofthe farae narae, 50 miles N. E. of Colberg, and 66 N. VV. of Dantzick. Len. 16.45. E. kt. 54. 32. N. Stone, a town of Stafferdftire, with a market en Tuefday, feated on the river Trent, 22 mfles N. W. of Lichfield, and 140 N. W. of Lpndon. Len. z. o. W. kt. 53. 4. N. '¦^ Stonlbyres, a remarkable cataraft of Lanerkftire, in Scotland. See Clyde. '* Stoneham, North and South, two viUages in Hants, feated on the rivef Itchen, three miks N. E. of Southampton. In the church of the former ,is an elegant qionument, erefted in 1783, to the me mory of the late admiral lord Hawke, Stonehenge, a remarkable heap of ftones, lying upon Sahftury Pkin, fix miles N, of Saliftury, It confifts of feveral very large ftones, placed upon one another, and is fuppofed to have been a temple of the ancient Druids ; and the- rather, becaufe it is in a circular form, and i"eems to have been much more regu- churchy-ard was the fcene of Mr, Gray's lar than it appears te be at prefent. It cdebrated Elegy. Stokecomer, a tovvn, qf Somerfet ftire, whofe market is nevv difufed. It is 36 mfles W, of Wells, and 152 W. by S, of London, Lori, 3, 14- W. kt. 51. 10. N. * Stoke Damarel, a parifh ef De vpnffiire, about two miles N. of Plymeutji. has puzzled a great many diHgeiit inqui rers to account for the' laying of thofe enormous ftones one upon another ; fpr they' are fp heavy, that it is thought np arti fice new knpvvn is fufficient to have raifed thefe that He acrpfs, tp that height. Stonehaven, or ' Stonehive, a It lies along the harbour of Hainoaze, and fifting tovvn ef Kincardineftire, in Scot- cohtains the large and populous town of land, vvith a good harbour fecured by a Dock, fo called from the royal docks, to ftone pier. Near it are the ruins of the vt hich it owes its popyktion aud impor- famous caitle of. D;-nnotyi', fqrmerly the refidence S T O S T R refidence of the hereditary earl marftal of Scotland : it ftands on a lefty per pendicular rock almoft furrounded by the fea. Not far hence, is a precipitous chff, called Fowl's Cleiigh, vvhich is re markable as to the rcfiirt of the birds called kittiwake,'the young of vvhich are much fought after in thc hatching feafon, and are efteemed a great dehcacy. In this town is a manufafture of canvafs, and fome trade in dried fifh and oil. This oil is obtained chiefly from the dogfifli, great quantities of which are caught en this coaft. Stonehaven is 14 miles S. by W. ef Aberdeen. Stomaria, a principality of Ger many, in thc duchy ef Holftein, bounded on the N. by Proper Holftein ; on the E. by Wagria, and rhe duchy of Lawen burg ; and on the S. and 'V\^. by thc du chies ef Lunenburg and Bremen, frora which it is feparated by the river Elbe. It is 1 2 miles in length, and eight in brea'lth. Hamburgh is the capital. Stornaway, a flourifting town of Scotland, in the ifle ef Lewis, ope of the weftern iflands. It has a harbour called Loch Stornway, on the E. fide ef the N. divifion of the ifland. Stortford, or Bishop's Stort- ford, a town of Hertfordftire, vvith a market en Thurfday. It is feated en the fide of a hill, and is a large and well fre quented tovvn. On the E. fide are the ruins of a caftle, en an arrificial mount. The river Stort has been made navigable from this town to the river Lea, by which great quantities of corn and malt are lent to Lendon. It is 12 miles N. E. of Hert ford, and 30 N. pf Lendon. Len, o. 12, E.kt. 51. 55.N. -¦'* Stour, a river vvhich rifes beyond the moft northerly point of Dorfetftire, on the edge of Wflcs, and, afccr wafting Scurminfter and Bkndford, flows co the Hampfliire border, and enters the fea at Chriftchurch. '" Stour, a river of Staffordfliire, vvhich runs chrough the S. angle of that county in its courfe tq the Severn in Wor cefterftire. ¦'¦ Stour, a fmall river of Kent, vvhich rifes in the "Weald, flows by Canterbury, and enters the fea below Sandwich. '-'* Stour, a river vvhich forms the entire boundary between Effex and Suf folk, waters Clare, Sudbury, Nayland, and Manin.gtrec ; and, being joined by the Orwell from Ipfwich, forms the noble harbour ef Harwich.- Stourbridge, a town of Worcefter ftire, vvith a market on Friday. It is ftated on the river Stourj oyer which is a bridge, whence it has its . name. It is » pretty good tovvn, and is noted for its glafs and iron works. It has a goed free fchool, in vvhich there is a library, and is 22 miles N. of "Worcefter, and 124 N.W, ef London. Lon. 2.0. W. kt. 52. 32. N, Stourbridge, or Sturbich, the name of a field ntar Cambridge, noted for" its famous fair kept annually, on the 7th ef September, and, continues a fortnight. There are a great many tradel"iTien go thither frora London, as well as from other parts ; and the coraraodities are horfes, hops, iren, wool, leather, cheefe, &c. This fair is under the jurif"diftion of the Univerfity of Cambridge. Srow, a tovvn of Giouccfterftire, vvith a market on Thurfday. Some caU it Stew en the Would ; and it is not only feated on a bleak hi'fl, but is deftitute of wood and water. It is 11 miles S. ef Camden, and 77 W. by N. of London. Lon. 1. 50. VV. kt. 51. 54. N. Stowey, a tovvn of Somerfetftire, vvith a market on Tuefday ; 22 miles W. ef Wells, and 145 W. by S. ef London. Lon. 3. g. W. lat. 51. lo. N. Stow-Market, a krge, handfome tovyn pf Suffolk, fo called, tc diftinguift it from towns of the fame name, in ether parts ef this country. It has a market en Thurfday, and is feated between the branches of the rivers Gipping and Or? well. It has a large church ; the tower and fpire are 120 feet high". Its cherries are thought to be the fineft in England, and it has a large manufaftory of woollen ftuffs. It is 12 milts N. W. of Ipfwich, and 75 N. N. E. of London. Lon. i, 6. E. kt. 52. 16. N. Stradella, a tovvn of Italy, in the duchy ef Milan. It is a paffage of great importance, defended by a caftle, and I"eatcd on the river Vcrfa, near the Pe, 10 miles S. E. ef Pavia, and ^ N. W. of Parma. Lon. g. 12. E. kt. 45. 5. N. Stralen, a town ofthe iSfetherknds, in the upper quarter ef Guelderland, vvhofe fortifications were demoHfted by the Frenchin 1672. It is five miles S. W. of Gueldres, and five N. E. of Veiile. Len. 5. 57. E. kt. 51. 23. N. Stralsu.s'D, a ftrong and rich fea port of Gerinany, in Hither Pomerania. In 1678, it vvas forced to furrender te the eleftor ef Brandenburg, after 1800 houfes had been burnt to aftes, in one night's time. Charles XII. in 17 14, came hither after his return out of Turkey. But Sweden not being able to held out againft five great povvers, it vvas forced to fubmit iri 17 1 5. In 1720, it was reftored to Sweden, but in a very poor cpridition. It S s 3 i'9 S T R is almpft furrourided by the fea, and the la'ice Franceii, and has a harbour feparated from the ifle of Rugen by a narrow ftrait. It is 15 miles N. VV. of Grippfwald, and 40 N. E. of Guftrow, Lon, 13, 28. E, lat, 54. 17. N. Strangford, a feaport of Ireland, in the county of Down, feated on the W. of che narrow entrance of Lough Strang ford into thc . fea, feven miles E. of Down. Lon. 5. 30. W, Iat. 54, 31. N, '-* Strangford, Lough, a deep in let ef the fea, in the ceunty of Down, on the E, coaft ef Ireknd. It is 17 miles long, and four or five broad. It goes "VV. as far as Downpatrick, and N. as far as Comber arid Newtown. It abounds with excellent fift, parcicukriy fmelts ; and off the bar, about Auguft, is a periodical her- ring fiftery. The bai, or entrances into this Ipugh, is about t'nree milts below Strongford. It contains 54 iflands, great and fmall, that have names, and many others that are namelefs. The burning of kelp very profitably employs a great number of hands in thefe iflands. Four pf them are called Swan Iflands, from the tjumber of fwans that frequent them. Stranrav.'ER, a large and popu lous borough of Wigtonfliire, in Scotland, fituated on Loch Ryan. It had pnce a confiderable herring fiftery ; but the ilipals vvhich ufed tP crowd into Loch Ryan, have now quite deferted it. It has a manufafture of linens, and is eight miles W. of Glenluce. Lon. 5. 15. W. lat. 5 5. o. N. Straseurg, an andent, large, hand- feme, populous, and commercial dty of France, in the departmenc ef Lovver Rhine and late province ef Alface, It is fituated a quarter of a league from the Rhine ; and the river IU runs through it, and forms many canals. There are fix bridges -of cominunication between the different quariers 'of the city; tvvo of vvhich are of ftone, and four of wood. The inhabitants, exclufive of the garrifon, are computed to be 46,000. The princi pal ftruftures are built of a red ftone, dug from the quarries vvhic'.i are along^ the Rhine. This town, formerly imperial, was taken by Lewis XIV. in 1681. The citadel, and the forrificarions, which this prince conftruftcd, have- been a'ugipented to fuch a degree, that Strafturg mr^y now be confidered as one of the ftrongeft places in Europe. It vvas confirmed ro France by the peace of Ryfwick in 1697. ' The town is entered by fix gates. The ftreets, jn .general, arc narrow ; but the grtat ftreet, and two ethers, are very regular grid handfome. Before the rcvolutipp pf S T R t78g, Strafturg was an ajchiepifcopal fee ; but is now a biftopric, fuffragah to Befanqon. In the cathedral -is a dock, which ftovys the motions of the conftella- tions, the revolutions of the fun and moon, the days of thc -veek, the hours, &Ci Ano. ther remarkable circumftance in this ca. thedral is its pyramidical tPwer, which is 54g feet high, and is afcended by 635 fteps. The tpwnhpufe, the epifcppal pa. lace, tvyp hpfpitals, the theatre, and'the arfenal, are alfo worthy of attention. Here is a fchool ef artillery, and, in ene ef the Lutheran churches, the maufoleum ef marftal Saxe. Strafturg is 55 miles N. of Bafil, and 255 E. ef Paris, Len, 7, . 51. E. lat. 48. 3'5.N, Strasburg, atown of Weftern Pruf fia, in Culm, It is a ftrong "place, has a, good caftle, and is feated on the river Drigentz, 30 miles from Thorn, It was often taken and retaken in the war be. tween the Swedes and Poles, Lori, iS. 23, E, Iat, 53. 5. N. '¦ Stratford, a confiderable village of Effex, feparated frem Bow in Middle. fex, by thc river Lea, over which is a bridge, faid to be the moft ancient ftope one Iri England. It is in the parift of Weft Ham, four miles E. N. E. of Lon. don. Stratford, Fenny, a town of Bucks, with a market en Monday, 45 miles N. W. of London. '¦¦' Stratford, St. Mary's, a con fiderable village of Suffolk, which has a ftare in the woollen manufafture. It is 12 miles S. W. of Ipfwich, and 57 N. E. of London, Stratford, Stony, an ancient town of Buckinghamftire, with a market en Friday. It is feated en the river Oufe, and on the Roman highway, called Wat- liug-ftreet. It has two parift-churches, and is 20 miles N. W. of Dunftable, and 52 N. W. of London. Lon. 0. 55. W. lat. 52. 7. N. Stratford on Avon, a tovvn ef Warvvickftire, with a market on Thurf day. It is feafed on the river AViin, over which is a handfpme ftone bridge, vvith 13 great and 6 fmaH arches. It is governed by a raayer, recorder, high fteward, 12 aldermen, and 12 capital bur- g-effes. It is mcraora'ole as the birth place of Shakfpeare, who was buried .here in 16 1 6. It is eight mfles S. W. pf Warwick, and g4 N. W. of London. Lop, I. 44, W, kt, 51, 15, N, ' S-TRATHAVON, a town of Lanerk* ftire iri' Scotland, te the S. of Hamilton, It is furrounded by a Httle fertfle traft "from which it' takes its name. * SXRATtf. S T R S T R * Strathearn, a fine vale of Perth- * StromAj a fmaH ifland, on the coaft fliire in Scctland, extending many miles tp pf Caithnefsftire, in Scctland, pnce ufed, It is fkreened on the N. by the as a place of interment, by the inhabitants the W. ¦Grampian mountains, and on the S. by the Ochils. It contains a great number of viUas,, and the river Earn winds beau- tifully through it for above 20 miles. * Strathmore, an extenfive vaHey 'of Kincardineftire, and ene of the fineft - trafts in Scotland. It begins near Stone- liaven, extending S. W. almoft as far as Benlomond In Stirlingfliire, and flickered to the N. W. by the Grampian moun- tains. '* Strathmore, a river of Suther. kndftire, in Scotland, that falls into Loch Hope. On this river are the ruins of a curious ancient fort, called Dernadilk. Strathnaver, a diftritt ef Suther landftire, in Scotland, which comprifes the whole N. E. pare of chat county. It takes its name from the river Naver. * Strathspey, an extenfive yalley of Murrayftire, in Scotland, famous for giving name to a very ftriking and pppu- lar fpecies pf Scptch mufic. Tullpth- gprum, Rpthicmerchus, and fevera! other places celebrated In fong, are met with in this fertile traft. '¦•¦' St R ATHY, a river of Sutherknd-t ftire, in Scotland, whicli flows into an ex- tenfive bay ofthe North Sea, fhdtered by a large promoritery, to vvhich it gives name. Stratton, a town of Cornwall, with a market on 'Tuefday. It is feated be tvveen two rivulets, which here unite, and fall into rhe fea at a fmall di.Mnce. It ¦ is 18 miles N. W. of Launcefton, and 221 W. by S. of Lendon. Lon. 4.43.W. iat. 50, 5,5. N. Straubing, atown of Germany, in the circle ef Bavaria, capital of a territory of the fame name. It is a krge place, and its ftreets are broad, containing hand fome churches and fine convents. It vvas inken by the Auftrians in 1743, vvho de moHfted the fortifications the next year; but it vvas reftored jn 1745. I' '^ feated on the Danube, 22 miles S, E. of Ratif. ben, and 65 N, E, of Munich. Lon. 12. 35. E.kt. 48. 54'. N. "¦ Streatham, a vfllage of Surry, five miles S.of London. A mineral water, of a catharric qualify, was difcovered in this parift, in 1660 : it is fent in quanti. ties to fome of the hofpitals in Lendon. Streng, or Strengues, a town of Sweden, in the province of Sudcrmania, vvith a biftop's fee, and a handfome col. lege. It is feated on the lake Maeler, 30 miles W. of Stockholm, Lon, 17, 40, %. iat. 59. 20. N. of feveral of the neighbouring iflands. In the caverns of this ifland, entire uncor. rupted human bodies, that Jiad been dead fixty years. Or more, were formerly to be found. Strombolo, the moft northern of the Lipari Iflands. It is a volcano, which conftantly difcharges much fire and fmoke. It rifes in a conical form above the furface ef the fea. On the eaft fide, it has three or four lictle craters ranged near each other, not at the fummit, but on the de. clivity, nearly at two-thirds of its height. But as the furface of the volcano Is very rugged, and interfefted witll hollow ways, it may be naturally concluded, that at the time of forae great eruption, the fummit and a part ef this fide fdl in, as rauft have hap. pened alfo to Vefuvius ; confequently, the common chimney is at this day on the de clivity, although always in the centre of the whele bafe. It is inhabited, notwith ftanding its fires ; but care is taken to avoid the proximity qf the crater, which is yet much to bb feared, " I vvas af- fur^id," fays M. de Luc, " by an Englift. man, vvho, like me, had the curiofity to vifit thefe ifles, that the fine weather having invited him and his company to land at Strombolo, they afcended a volcano, vvhofe craters at that tliiie thre^w out nothing ; but that vvhile they vvere attentively viewing them, unapprehenfive of any danger, they vvere fuddeply faluted by fuch a furious difcharge, as to be obliged, to retreat with precipitation, and npt without one of the company being wounded by a piece ef fceria." Of all the volcanoes recorded in hiftory, Strom. bole feems to be the only one that burns vvithout ceafing. Etna and Vefuvius often lie quiet for many months, and even years, vvithout the leaft appearance of fire ; but Strombolo is ever at work, and, fer ages paft, has been looked upon as the great lighthoufe of thefe feas. Len. 15, 45. E. lat. 30, o. N. '-'^ Stromness, atown of Scotland, en the W. fide ef the ifland ef Orkney. Ic has an excellent and welkfrequcnted har bour. It is about nine mUes W. of Kirk wall. Stronberg, a town of Germany, in the bifliopric of Munfter, and capital of a fmaH diftrift. It is 22 miles S. E. of Munfter, etnd 20 N. W. of P.aderbern. Lon, S, ^4. E. kt. 51, 4g, N, Strongoli, a town of the kingdom of Naples, with a biftop's fee. It is feat td op a, very high rock, furiseunded hyt, $ s 4 others, S T U 'S^^fU others, three miles frpm the fea, and feven " N. of St. Severlnp. Lon. 17.' 26. E. Iat. 39. 20. N. "* St RONS A, an ifland pf Scotland, one of the Orknies, fituated N- E. ef that called Mainland. Stroud, a town of Gloucefterfliire, with a market on Friday. It is feared on a fraall ftreara, the properties of which are faid to be pecuHarly adapted t,o the dying of fcarlet. For this reafon its banks are crowded with the houfes of clothiers ; and the rivulet being itfelf inconfiderable, a navigable canal accompanies its progrefs to the Severn. This canal has been lately extended td join the Thames atiLechlade. See Thames. Stroud is 11 miles S. E. of Gloucefter, and 102 W. by N. of Lon- don. Lon. 2. 8. W. kt. 51. 42. N. ''- Stroud, a viflage e,f Kent, which joins thc N. end of Rochefter bridge, be ing parted from the city by the river Medway. Its church vvas anciently a chapel of eafe te,Frindftury. It is 29 miles S. E. of London. Stud ley, a village near Colne, in Wfltfliire. It is fuppofed to have rifen out of the ruins of a Roman colony in its neighbourhood, where Roman coins are often found. Stuen, a town ef Upper Hungary, remarkable for its hot baths, and for the mines of copper and filyer found in a neighbouring mountain. Stulingen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabiji, and fubjeft to the 1 duke of Furftenburg, wiih a caflle. It is 35 miles W. of Conftance. Len. 8. 24. E. lat. 47. 45. N. Stulweisenburg, a ftrong tovvn of Lpwer Hungary, capital of,Ekekerfdege- I war. It had the title ef rcrahs, or royal, becaufe formerly the kings were crowned and buried here. It has been feveral times taken and retaken by the Turks and Imperiahfts, and has been in the hands of the houfe of Auftria ever fince iGgS. It is feated en the river Raiifi-/-a, 20 miles S. W. of Buda, and' 16'. N. by W. ef Belgrade. Len. i8. 40. E. l-t.47.19. N. Sturminster, a town in Dorfetfliire, with a market en Thurfday. It is feated on the river Stour, ever vvhich is a hand- feme ftone bridge. It is remarkable for the ruins of an andent caftle near it, which vvas the feat of the W. Saxon kings. It is 20 miles N. E. of Dorchefltr, and III W., by S. of London. Lon. 2. 37. W.lat. 51T. 56. N. ' StutG-VRD, a handfome a-od populous tovvn of Germany, in the circle cf Suabia., capital ef the dtichy of Wirteu.lerg. It is furrp'andcd by v, aUs and diicLes, but ftands fp Ipw, that it is imppffible tP make it a ftrpng place. There is an anciqnt caftle, with a rich, cabinet pf curiofities, and handfpme gardens. The ftreets are narrpw in the tcwn, and the hpufes ge- nerally pf wped ; but there are fini; houfes, and wide ftraight ftreets, in one of the fubuubs. Here are the dukt's pa. lace, an orphan-houfe, and a famous col. lege. It is feated in a plain, among mountains, near the river Neckar, 36 miles E. ef Baden, and 52 N. E. ef Straf. burg. Lon. g. 10. E. kt. 48, 5P. N. StJABiA, a circle pf Germany, bpund. ed pn the N. by the circle of Franconia, apd that of the Lower P,.hir:e ; on the W, by the circle, ef the Lower Rhine, and Alface; en the S, by Swifftrland ; and on the E. by the circle of Bavaria. It comprehends the duchies of Wirtemberg, the margravate of Baden, the principali ties of Hoven-Zollern, Octringen, and Minddhdra; the biflioprics ef Augfturg, Conftance, ap.d Coire, with feveral abbeys, and free towns. SuANA, or SoANA. See Soana, SuAHEs, SuANi, or SuANETI, a poor and firaple people of Afia, who inhabit ene of the four divifions ef the kingdom of Imeritia. They fubfift by raifing cattle, and by a Httle agriculture. Major Rennell fuppofes thera te be the defcen-' dants of a people of the fame name and country, vvho are mentioned by Strabo. They were in his time, a formidable and numerous nation, governed by a king, vvith a national council of 300 perfpns. They a"-, 'aid to have collefted a confider- able quantity ef gold, by means of fleeces, vvhich they funk in their torrents ; a, praftice, from vvhich Strabo derives the fable of the GoldenTleece, It is report. ed, that this mode of, collefting geld ftill fubfifted vvhen the Turks vvere in pefef- fion of Mingrelia, and that the produce of a river, called the Zgenis-flcald, vvas farmed to certain Jews ac Conftantinepl^., Suaqjjem, a tovvn of Turkey in Afri ca, capital of a beglertfeglic. It is feated en the Red Sea, hiving a well-frequented harl-our, in a fmaU ifland, and was once a very flourifting place, but is now gone tp decay. Lon. 37. 55. E. kt. ig. 56. N. Subbiaco, a tovvn of Italy, in thc Campagna of Rome, wich a caftle. It is feated on the river Teverone, 33 miles E. of Rome. Sudbury, a borough of Suffolk, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the river Stour, and is governed by a rnayor, 7 aldermen, and 24 common councfl. It is a large tpvvn, cpntairiirig three ancient churches, and was pne of the ¦' firft SUF firft feats of the Flemings, who vvere brouglit ever by Ed,vard III. to teach the Englift the art of manufaft-irir.g their own wool. It became, in confequence, very populous and opulent. Its trade is now diverted, in great part, into ether channels, having left behind ir the burden of a numerous poor. However, many kinds ef thin ftuffs are ftill made here, particularly fays, bunting for navy co lours, and burial crapes. The river was made navigable from this pkce to Man- ingtree many years ago. It is 14 miles S. E. of St. Edmundftury, and 56 N. E. of London. Lon. 0.50. E. kt. 52.1 i.N. SuDERCOPlNp, a tovvn ef Sweden, in E. Gothland, 10 miles S. of Nordkioping, and 90. S. W. of Stockholm. Lon. 15. 56. E. lat. 58. ig. N. SUDERMANIA, Or SUDERMAN Land, a province ef Sweden, vvhich gives the title of duke to the prefent re- gePt of that kingdom. It is bounded on the N. by Upland and Weftermania ; on on the E. by the peninfula of Tarin ; on the S. by the Baltic, and on the W. by . Nericia. It is about 62 miks in length, and 42 in breadth, and is the raolt popu. lous part in Sweden. It abound,^ in coi-n, and raines of divers metals ; and Nicoping is the capital. * SuDOREE, one ofthe Ferro Iflands, in the Northern Ocean ; remarkable for a dangerous whirlpool near it, vvhich is oc cafioned hy a cracer, 61 fathom deep in the centre, arid between 50 and 55 at the fides. The danger, at raoft tlraes, efpe. daily In ftorms, is very great : Ihips are irrefifti'oly drawn in ; the rudder lofes its power ; and the waves beat as high as che mafts, fo that an efcape is ahnoft miracu lous ; yet, at the reflux, and in yery ftill weather, the inhabitants will venture in beats, for the fakt of fifhing. Suez, a town of Africa, in Egypt, feated at the N. end of the W. gulf of the Red Sea, called the Gulf of Suez, vvith a caftle and a iiarbour. .This gulf is fepar ated from the Mediterranean, by an Ifth.- mus, 125 miles over, which joins Afia to Africa. The town is furrounded by a fandy country, and is without vvater. It is yery much crowded with people, vvhen the Turkifli galleys arrive there. How ever, at other times, it is almoft deferted ; and the harbour is too fliallow te admit ftips of great burden. It is 65 miles E. of Cairo. Lon. 32. 45. E. lat. 30. z. N. Suffolk, an Englift ceunty, bounded pu the W. by Cambridgeftire ; on the N. 'by Norfolk; on the S. by Effex ; and en t'ne E. by the German Ocean. It extends 58 miles from E. to VV, and 28 frora N, S U L to S, It lies in the dipcefe pf Nprwich ; is divided intp 22 hundreds, cpntaining 28 market-towns, and 575 pariftes; and fends 16 members to parliament. The air is very clear and healthy, even near t;ic feacoaft ; the beach being generaHy fandy and ftelly, which either abforbs or repels the fea-vyater, ahd keeps it from flagnating. The foil is of various quali- lities, but the country in general level. That near the ftore is fandy and full ef heaths, yet abounds in rye, peas, turnips, carrots, and hemp, vvith numerous flocks of fteep. Copious beds ef petrified ftells, called fheH-raarl, which are found in va. rious parts between Woodbridge and Or. ford, have for many years been made ufo ef for improving light land, and have H- berally rewarded the agricultural labours in thefe parts. High Suffolk, or the Woodlands, which is in the inland part of the ceunty, has a rich deep day and marl, that yields good -pafture-grounds,, en which feed abundance ef cattle. That part vvh: h lies on the confines of Effex and Carabridgeftire, affords alfo excellent pafture ; and about Bury St. Edmund's, and to the N. and N. "VV. it is fruitful in corn, except toward Newmarket. The feeding of cattle and fteep on turnips is faid to haye been an improvement firft fet on foot in rhis eoqnty. Its principal pro- duce is butter and cheefe ; but as the lat ter is pnly fupplementary te the former, it has gained,, alraoft proverbiaUy, the charafter ofthe worft in England.' Qrain of all forts, beans, and hemp, are grown , in this county, and a few hojis net far from Sudbury. They have an excellent breed of draught horfes : the farmers are opulent and fkilful ; and, on the vvhole, this ceunty, vvith refpeft te agriculture, is ene of the moft thriving in England. The principal rivers are the ^tour, vvhich ehvides it from Effex ; the Waveney, and Little Oufe, which form its northern limits ; the Larke, which, vvith another fmall ftream, is irs boundary on the N.W. the De-ben, Gipping, and OrweU. Ipf. wich is the 'principal town ; b;it the af fizes are held at Bury St. Edmund's. Sugelmessa, or Sigelmessa, ai province of' Africa, in Biledulgerid ; bounded on the VV. by the province of Dara ; en the E. by the Rett! ; on thc S, by the kingdom ef Tafilet ; and on the N. by Mpunt Atlas. It is about 100 rtiiks in length, and the capital is of thc fame name. It abounds in -corn, dates, and pther fruits ; and has mines of iren, lead, and antimony. The government is a republic. Lon. 5. 5. W. kt. 2g. 40. N. Sully, a town of France, in the de- panment S U M jrartment of Lpire and late prpvince cf Orleanpis, feated on the river Loire, 20 miles S. E. of Orleans. Lon. 2. 26. E. lat. 47. 40. N. SuLMONA, a towri ef thc kingdom of Naples, remarkable for being the birth place of Ovid. It is feat'id en- the river Sera, 26 miles S., W. of Chieti. Lon. 14. 55. E. lat. 42. o. N. 1, SuLTANiA, a confiderable town of Perfia, inlrac- Agemi. Here is a very magnificent mofque, vvhich contains the ¦ tomb of S'jitan Chodabend. It is 225. mfles N. W. of Ifpahan, and 50 N. W. of Caftin. Lon. 51. 53. E. kt. 36. 16. N. Sultsbach, a tovvn of Germany, in the palatinate of Bavaria. It is a hand fome place, has a fine caftle, and belongs to the duke of Neuburg-Sultftach. Ic is 10 miies N. W. of Amberg,jnd 32 N. ef Ratifton. Len. 11. 56. E. kt. 49. 38. N. SuLTZBURG, a town ef Germany, in Brifgaw, belonging te the raarquifate ef Baden-Dourlach, where there is a hand fome palace. It is feated in a territory, fertile in good wine, eight miles S. W. of Fribeurg. Lon. 7. 30. E. lat. 47. 54. N. Sumatra, an ifland of Afia, the moft vweftern of the Sunda Iflands, and confti- t«ting, en that fide, the boundary ef the eaftern Archipelago. Its general direc tion is nearly N. W. and S. E. The equator divides it into almoft equal parts, the ene extremity being in 5. 33. N. and the ether in 5. 56. S. latr^ Acheen Head, at the N. extremity of the ifland, is in in lon. 95. 34. E. It lies expofed, on the S. W. fi(j|e, te the Indian Ocean ; the N. point ftretches Into the Bay of Bengal ; to the N. E. it is divided frora the peninfuk of Melacca, by the ftraits of that name ; to the E. by the Straits ef Banca, frora the ifland of that name ; to the S. E. by the coraracnceraent of what are called the Chinefe Seas ; and en the S. by thc Straits of Sunda, vvhich feparate it frora the ifland of Java. It is about 900 miles in length, but from 100 to 150 only in breadth. No account had been given, of this ifland, by any En.sjliftman, till rhe year 1778; when Mr. Charles Miflcr (fon of the lare botanical gardner) publifl;ed an account of the manners ofa parricular diftrift, in the 68th vijlume of the Philo fephical Tranfaftibns. Thefe were the Eattas, a people who live in the interior parrs, called the Caffia country. They differ from all the ether inhabitants in language, m;,nners, and cuftoms. They cat rhe prifoners whom chey take in war, and hang up their fkulls as trophies in fheir houfes. He obferves, however, that huuii'ji f.efn is eaten by theia in ierro->sm. SUM and not as common food ; though they prefer it to all others, and fpeak with pe. culiar raptures of the foles of the feet, and palms of the hands. They expreffed much furprife that the white people did net klH, much lefs eat, thdr prifoners. Frem this country, the greateft part of the caffia that is feut to Europe is pro. cured. It abounds alfo with the camphire trees, vvhich coriftitute the common tim. ¦ ber in ufe ; and in thefe trees the cam. phire is found native, in a concrete form. It is remarkable, that in this ftate'^it is fold to the Chinefe, at the price pf 250I. or 300I. per cwt. but thefe dextrous artifts contrive to furnift the "Europeans with ir, at about a quarter ef that price. In 17S3, Mr. Marfden, who had been fecretary to the prefident and council of Fort Marlborough, publifted a Iliftory of Sumatra, vvith very copious particulars of thc ifland. He reprefents it as furpaffed by few in the beautiful indulgencies of nature. A chain of high mountairis ruris through its vvhole , extent ; the ranges, in many parts being double and treble : their altitude, though great,- is not fuffi. cient to occafion their being covered with fnow during any part of the year. Be tvveen thefe ridges are extenfive plains, confiderably elevated above the furface of the maritime lands. In thefe, the air is cool ; and, from this advantage, they are efteemed the moft eligible .portion of the country, are the beft inhabited, and the moft cleared frem woods, vvhich elfe- ' where, in general, throughout Sumatra, cover "both hills and vallies with.an eternal ftade. Here toe ar-e found many large and beautiful lakes, that facilitate much the comipunication between the different parts. The heat of the air is far from being fb intenfe as might be eXpefted from a country occupying the middle of tht torrid zone ; and it is more temperate than iriany regions without the tropics, the thermometer, at the moft fjltry hour, about tvvo in the aftcrnepn, generally fluftuating betwen 82 and 85 degrees. Mr. Marfden divides the inhabitants into Mahvs, Achenefe,- Battas, Lampoons, and Rejangs ; and he takes the latter as his ftandard of defcription, with refpeft to the perfons, manners, and cuftpms pf the inhabitants. 'They are rather befpw the middle ftature ; their bulk in prpportion j their limbs, for the mpft part flight, but vvcll-ftaped, and particularly fmall at the wrhfts and ancles; and, upon fhe whole, they are gracefully fprmed. Their hair ', is itrong, and of a ftining black.- The men are beardlefs ; great pains being taken tp render them fo, when bpys, by- rubbing SUM SUM .fubbing their chins with a kind ef quick lime. Their complexion is properly yd. low, wanting the red tinge that confti tutes a copper or tawny colour. They are, in general, lighter chan the Meftees, or half-breed, bf the reft of India; thofe of the fuperipr clafs, whp are npt expofed tp the rays pf the fun, and particularly thdr yypraen pf rank, approachmg to i degree ef fairnefs. If beauty confifted in this ene quality, fome ef t"hem would fur pafs our brunettes in Europe. The major part of the females are ugly, many ef them even to difguft ; yet among them are fome vvhofe appearance is ftrikingly beautiful, whatever compofitien of perfon, features, and complexion, that fentiment may be the refult of. Sorae bf the inha bitants of thc hilly parts are obferved to have the fwelled neck, or goiter; buf they atte-rapt no remedy fer it, as thefe wens are confiftent vvith the higheft health. The rites of marriage among the Sumatrans, confift fimply in joining the hands ef the parties, and pronouncing them man and wife, without much cere mony, excepting the entertainment which Is given upon the occafion. But little ap parent courtftip precedes their marriages. Their manners do not admit of it ; the young people of each fex being carefully kept afunder, and the girls being feldom frufted from under the wing of their mo. thers. With us courtftip includes jhe idea ef humble entreaty on the man's fide, and favour and cendefccnfien on the part of the woman who beftovvs perfon and property, for love. The Sumatran, on the contrary,, when he fixes his choice, and -pavs all thaf he is worth for thc o'ojeft"ef it, may naturaUy confider the obhgation on his fide ; but ftilh they are not wii hout gallantry ; they preferve a'degree of de hcacy and refpeft toward the fex which might juftify their retorting on many ef the poliflied nations of antiquity, the epi thet ef barbarfans. The opportunities which the young people have ef feeing and coriverfing vvith each other, are at the public feftivals. On thefe occafions, thq perfons who are unmsrried, meet toge ther, and dance and fing in company. It may be fuppofed that tfie young ladies cannot be long without thdr particular admirers. The men, vvhen determined jn their regards, generally employ an eU woman as their agent, by whom they make known their fentiments, and fend prefents to the female of their" choice. .The parents then interfere, and the preii. minarics being fettled, a feaft takes place. At thefe fcfiivals, a goat, a buffalo, er feveral, according tp the rank pf the par ties, are killed tP entertain, npt only th*- relations and invited guefts, buc all che in- habicants of thc neighbouring country vvho choofe to repair to thera. The. "greater the concourfe, the more is the- credic of chc heft, who is, generallv on thefe occafions, che father of the girl. The cuftoms of the Sumatrans permit thdr haying as many wives as they can compafs the purehafe of, or afford tp maintain ; but it is extremely rare, that an inftance occurs of their having, more than one, and that.onjy among a few of the chiefs. This continence they i,>wc, in feme meafure, to thdr poverty. Thc diftatcs of frugality are more powerful with them than the irregular calls ef ap. petite, and make them decline an indul gence from vvhich their law dees not re. ftrain thera. Mothers carry the children, not on the arm, as qur nurfes do, but ftraddling on the hip, and ufually fup.' ported by a doth vvhich ties in a knot on t.he opppfite fliouldcr. This praftice is much fafer than the ether method, lefs tirefeme to the nurfe, and the fchild has the advantage ef fitting in a lefs con. ftrained pofture. The children are nurftd but little, not confined by any fwa^hing or bandages ; and being fuffered to "roll about the floor, foon learn to walk ¦ and fhift fer thenifdvcs. When cradles arc ufed, fhey fwing fuf"pended from the cielings of the rooms. The Sumatrans are fond of cock-fighting. Thdr cock pit, if rhe expreffion may be "ufed, is a fpor on the level ground, or a ftage erefted and covered in. It is inclofed with a railing which keeps off the fpeftators : riOrie but rhe handlers and heelers being admitred wirhin fide. A man vvho has a high opinion of, and regard for, his cock, will not fighr hira under a certain number of dollars, vvhich ht pkces in order on the floor : his poorer adverfary is perhaps un able to depofit ene half; the ftandcrs by make up thc f"um, and receive their divi dends in proportion, if fuccefsful. A fa^ ther on his deathbed has been known to defire his fon to take the firft opportunity of matching a cock for a fum equal to his whole propepy, under a blind conviftion of its being invulnerable. Cocks ef the fame colour are never matched : but a grey againft a pile, a yellow againft a red, , and the Hke. Great pains are taken in rearing and feeding. The cocks are fre quently handled and accuftomcd to fpar in public, in order to prevent any ftvnel"s. Contrary to our laws the owner is allowed to take up, and handle his cock during the 'cattle : to dear his eve of a feather, or his mouth of blood. When a c-tk is killed. SUM S U M killed, or. runs, the ether muft have fuf^ ficient fpirit and vigour left, to peck at hira three times on his being held up to Mm for that purpofe, or it becomes a night, being fuppofed, ou the firft, to gra-. tify themfelves with fucking the blood only. Time is by this delay afforded to prepare for thdr deftruftion ; .and to the drawn battle ; and fometimes an e.xperi- ^ methods already enumerated,^befide fteet eaccd cocker will place the head of his vanquiflied bird in fuch an uncouth fitua tion, as to terrify the ether,_ and rerider him unable to give this proof of viftory. The cocks are never trimmed, but matched in fuU feather. The artificial f"pur, ufed in Sumatra, refembles in ftape the blade of a fcymerer, and proves a more deftruftive weapon than the European fpur : it has BO focket, but is tied to the kg, and in the pofition pf it, the nicety pf the march is regnkted. As, in horfe-racing, weight is proportioned to inches, fe in cocking, a bird of fuperior weight and fize is "brought te an equality vvith his adverfary, by fixing the fteel fpur fo many fcales of the leg above the natural fpur, and thus obliging him te fight vvith a degree of dif advantage. It rarely happens that both cocks furvive the combat. The wild beafts of Sumatra are tigers, elephants, rhinoceros, bears, and monkies. Tlie tigers prove to the Inhabiranrs, both in thdr journeys, and even their domeftic occupations, moft deftruftive enemies. The number of people annually flain by thefe rapacious tyrants of the woods, is almoft incredible. Whole villages have been depopulated by them. Yet, frora a fuperftitious prejudice, it is with difficulty they are prevailed upon, by a large reward ¦which the India Company offers, to ufe methods pf deftrpying them ; tiH they have fuftained fpipe particular injury in their own family er kindred. Their traps, of ¦ivhich they can make variety, are very in- genioqfly cencrived. Sometimes they are in the nature of ftrong cages, vvith falling doors, into which the beaft is enticed by a goat er dog inclofed as a bait ; Ibraetimc they manage that a large timber fliall fall, in a grove, acrofs his back ; fometimes he is nool'cd about the loins with ftrong rat tans ; fometimes he is led te afcend a plank, nearly balanced, which turning Avhen he is paft the centre, lets him fall upon ftarp ftakes prepared below. In ftances have occurred of z- tiger being canght by one of the former modes, which had many marks in his body of the par tial fuccefs of this laft expedient. The fize and ftrength of the fpecies vvhich pre vails on this ifland is prodigious. They are faid to break vvith a ftroke of their fere paw, the leg ef a horfe er a buffalo ; and the largeft prey they kill is vvithout difficulty dragged by them into the weeds. This they ufuaUy perform on the fecond > i ing them, may be added th i of placing a veffel of vvater, ftrongly impregnated vvith arfenic, near the carcafe, which is faften- ed to a tree to prevent its being carried off. The, tiger having fatiated himfelf with the fleft, is prom.pted to affuage his thirft, with the tempting liquor at hand, and periflies in the indulgence. Thdr chief fubfiftence is moft probably, the un fortunate monkeys with which the woods abound. They are defcribed as aHuring them to their fate, by a fafcinacing power, fimilar te what has been fuppofed ef the fnake; and, fays Mr. Marfden, " I am net incredulous 'eno'jgh to treat the idea vvith contempt, having myfelf obferved that vvhen an alligator or crocodUe, in a river, comes under an overhanghig bough of a tree, the monkies, in a ftate ef alarm and diltrafilion, crowd to the extremity, and chatr; ring and crembling, approach nearer and nearer to the amphibious mon fter rhat waits to devour them as theydrop, vvhich thdr fright and number renders almoft unavoidable." Thefe alligators like- wife occafion the lefs of many inhabitants, frequently deftroying the people as they bathe in the river, according to thdr re gular cuftom, and which the perpetual evidence of the rifk attending it, cannot deter them frora. A fuperftitious idea of thdr fanftlty, alfo, prderves them frora moleftation, although, with a hook of fuf ficient ftrength, they may be taken with out much difficulty. The other animals of Sumatra are buffaloes, a fmafl kind of horfes, goats, hogs, deer, bullocks, and hog-deer. This kft is an animal fome what larger than a rabbit, the _ head re fembling that of-a hog, and its Ihanks and feet like thofe of the deer. The bezoar- ftone found on this anim-al has been valu ed at ten times its weight in gold ; it is ef a dark brown colour, fmooth en the out fide, and the coat beirig taken off, it ap pears ftill darker, with ftrings runniiig underneath the coat : it vviH fwim on the top ef the water. If it be infufed in any liquid, it makes it extrerady bitter : the virtues ufually attributed to this ftone are cleanfing the ftomach, creating an appetite, and fweetening the bleed. Of birds they have a greater variety than of beafts. The cbq-ew, or Sumatran pheafant, is a bird of uncommon beauty. They have ftorks of prodigious fize, parrots, dung hill fowls, ducks, the largeft cocks in the world, woodpigeons, doves, and a great variety SUN SUN ¦variety of fraall birds different from ours, and diftinguifted by thc beauty ef their colours. Of their reptiles, they have Hzards, flying lizards, and camelions. The ifland fwarms with infefts, and their varieties are no lefs extraordinary than their numbers. Rice is the only grain that grows in the country : they have fu gar- canes, beans, peas, radift.cs, yams, po tatoes, pumpkins, and feveral kinds "f potherbs unknown to Europe; and here are found moft ef the fruits to be met vvith in other parts of the E. Indies in the greateft perfeftion. Indigo, Brafil wood, tvvo fpecies ef the bread-fruit tree, pepper, benjamin, coffee, and cotton, are likewife the, produce ef this iflaud, as well as caflla and camphire mentioned above. Here alfo is the cabbage tree and filk cotton tree ; and the forefts contain a great variecy of valuable fpecies of wood, as ebony, pine, fandal, eagle, or ak.es, reck, manchineel, and iron wood, and alio the banyan tree. Gold, tin, iron, copper, and lead, are found in the country ; and the former is as plentiful here as in any part of Afia. Sulphur, arfenic, and faltpetre, are alfe produced at Sumatra. Bees wax is a comrivodity of great importance here ; and they have likewife edible birds-nefts. The Enghfli and Dutch have faftories en this ifland ; the prindpal one of the for mer being Fort Marlborough, on the S, W. coaft. The original natives of Suma tra are Pagans ; but it is to be obI"erved, that when the Sumatrans, or any ef the natives ef the Eaftern Iflands, learn te read the Arabic charafter, and f"ubmit to circumcifien, they are faid to become Ma lays ; the term Malay being underftood to mean Mitffulman. See Acheen. SuMBi, a prevince ef Africa, in the kingdom of Angola, lying iri about ii° S. lat. The inhabitants who live upon the coaft are ftrong, large, and fuperfti tious ; but the irikrid parts are little known. Sumerein, an open tovvn ef Lower Hungary, feated in the ifland of Schut, made by the river Danube. It is i6 railes S. of Prefturg. Lon. 17. 23. E. lat. 48. -4. N. "' Sunart, a diftrift of Argyleftire, in the peninfula at the N. W. end of that county. It is remarkable for numerous . veins of lead, which, however, are not very produftive. '"^' Sunart, Loch, an inlet of the fea, in Argylefliire, vvhich divides the ifland pf Mull from the diftrift of Morven. '* Sun BURY, a village of Middlefex, feated on the Thames, and containing fom'e handfome villas. It is 17 miles 'W, S. ^V. of London. ' SuNBURY, a feaport of N. America, in the ftate of Georgia, with a fafe and convenient harbour. Several fmall ifland* intervening, partly obftruft a direft view of the ocean ; and, interlocking with each ether, render the paffage to fea vVinding, but not difficult. It is a very pleafatic healthy tovvn, and is the refort of the planters from the adjacent places of Mid way and Newport, during the fickly months. It is 34 miles S. of Savannah. '-¦¦ Sunning, a village in Berkftire, firuated on thc Thames, two mUes N. E. of Reading. It was once an epifcopal fee, and hael nine 'biftops in fucceffion, the kft of vvhom, Hermannus, removei the fee to Sr-liftury. '¦'' SuN:-riNG Ui,LL, avillage of Berk fhire, in Windfor Foreft, to the right op thc great road from Eghara and Bag- ftot. It is noted for its medicirial wells, which are efficacious iri paralytic cafes. Sunda Islands, iflarids in the Indian Ocean, near che Scraics ef Sunda. The chief of thefe are Borneo, Java, and Su- matra ; vvhich fee. ¦¦¦ Sunderbunds, er The Woods, a traft of country, confifting ef that part of the Delta ef the Ganges, in Hindooftan Proper, and in the foubah ef Bengal, which borders on the fea. It is cpmpofed of a labyrinth ef rivers and creeks, all of vvhich are fait, except thofe that immediately communicate with the principal arra pf the Ganges. In ex.rent it is equal to thc prindpaHty of Wales. " It is fe com pletely enveloped in weeds, and infefted vvith tigers," fays major Rennell, " that if any attempts have ever been made to clear it (as is reported) they haye hitherto^ mifcarried." Here fait, in quantities equal to the whole confumption of Ben gal and its dependencies, is made and tranf ported with equal facility; and here alfo is found an inexhauftible ftore of timber for boat-building. The breadth ef the lower part of this Delta is upward of 180 mUeS, to which, if we add that of the two branches of the riyer that bound it, we ftall havc^eut 200 miles for the diftance' towhich the Ganges expands its braikhts, at its junftion vvith the fea. Sunderburg, a town ef Denmark, in the ifland ef Alfen, vvith a caftle. Ic is feated'on a ftrait, called Sunderburg- Sound, 12 miles E. of Fkndfturg. Lon. 10. o. E. lat. 54. 51. N. §underdoo, er Melundy, a forti- fied Ifland and feaport of the deccan of Hindooftan, on the Concan Coaft, reduced by SUR SUR ' hy commodore James, in 1756. It is about 10 miles N. E. by N. of Vingorla Rocks, Sunderland, a feaport of the bi ftopric ef Durham, It is a large and thriving town, which, for the exportation of coal, is next in confequence, on that fide of the kingdom, to Newcaftle, Its port, at the mouth of the river Were, though improved from its former ftate, wiU net admit very krge ftips ; but vef fels hence can get out to. fea much mere readily than from the Tyne, The coal is brought down the. Were from nume rous pits near its banks. Here are feve ral gkfshoufes ; and there is an experta. tipn pf grindftpnes and pther articles. It is 13 miles N. E. pf Durham, and 264 ISi. by W. pf Londpn. Lpn. t. 14.. W. Jat. 54. 56. N, SuNDi, a province of Africa, in Con go, which lies along the river Zaire, Its rivers render it extremely fercile, arid in the mountains are mines of feveral metals. The capital is - of the fame name, Lon. 17. 55. E. lat. 4. 50. S. SuNNEBURG, a flourifting town ef Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, in the marche of Brandenburg, and .terri tory of Sternburg, with a very fuperb caftle. It is feated en the river Darta, 50 miles E. of Berlin. Lon. 13. 54. E, lat, 52. 41, N, -'¦ Superior, a lake of N. America, fe called frem its magnitude. It being the largeft en the continent. It may be juftly termed the Cafpian of, America, and is fuppofed to be the largeft body ef freft. water ori the globe. According to the French charts it is 1500 miles in circum- ,ference. There are many iflands in this lake : tvvo of them are very krge, efpeci ally Ifle Royale, which is net lefs than 100 railes long, and, in many pkces, 40 broad. The Indians fuppofe thefe iflands to be the refidence of the Great Spirit. .Upward of 30 rivers enter this lake, fome of which are ef confiderable fize. , It abounds vvith trout and fturgeon ; the for mer weighing frem 12 to 50 ppunds. Storms affeft chis lake as much as they ¦ do the Atlanric Ocean. It ^if"charges,its vvaters from the S. E. corner, through the Straits of St. Marie, into Lake Hu ron. SupiNO, an ancient tovvn of the king dom of Naples, with a caftle. , It js feated at the fource of the river Tamara, at the foot of the Appenninq mountains, 17 miles N, by W, of Benevento. Surat, a feaport' of the Deccan of Mipdooftan. It is faid to have 200,000 iphabitapts, • Its trade is now very con. fiderable ; and in this dty are as many different reHgions as in Amfterdam ;. for there are Mahomedans of feveral fefts, and many ferts ef Gentoos, Mr. Niebuhr fays, that the Mahomedans at Surat are not, by far, fo ftrift as they are in Arabia, or in other Turkifh countries, nor are the iliftinftions of. tribes among the Hindoos who refide here ftriftly pbferved. " Thefe HindoPs," he ccntinues, " are a fee pf in. dultrious fober people, and of a moft fur. prifing honefty. The Hindoo women af. fift their huftands in earning their bread, and keep themfelves fo dean, that the Eu. ropean women, who come to India, are obliged te fellow their example, or run the rifle of leefing their huftand's affec. tions." When a child is born, a Bramin is to de:clarc, by aftrological rules, whether the child is come inte the world in a lucky hour or not. This done, he hangs a thin ftring over the ftoulder of a boy, who wears this diftinftive mark of his nation all his lifetime. If a Banian, er coriimon Hindoo, intends to give his child in mar riage, which is done when the child is abouc fix or eight years old, a Bramin .is Hkewife to fix the times vvhen the father is to afkifor the bride, and vvhen the wed ding is te be celebrated. In the mean Vvhile, the children remain in the houfes of their parents till they arrive at the age qf maturity. .The Bramins order and announce alfe the holy-days. Every Ba- ' nian is obliged, every mor-ning, after waft ing and bathing himfelf, to have a kind ef feal impreffed en his forehead, by .S. and 350 in breadth, from E. to W. The whele kingdom is divided into five general parts ; namely, Sweden Proper, Gothland, Ner". land, Lapland, and Finland ; and eaqh of thefe is fubdivided into, feveral prpvinces. Sweden Proper contains Upland, Sudcr mania, Nericia, Weftmania, and Dalecar iia. Gothland contains Oitrogothja pi\E. Gothland, Smoknd, "VV^eftrogothia or W. Gothland, che ifles of Gothknd and CEIand, Wermland, Bohus, Dalia, Scania er Scho nen, Halland, and Blckingen. Norland includes Gefirike er Geftrikeknd, Hd- ibgknd, Meddpadlij, .Hi«»tUiUid, li«r^ -jedaiia, Ongermania, and W. Bothnia, Swedift Lapland comp'.-iies Afela,-Hiemfi land, Umeo, Picheo, L,ulco, Tornco, and Kemi. Finlind contains Finland Proper, E. Bothnia, Tav.ifteland, Nyknd, Savokx, anel that part of Kymenc" and' Carelia, which Sweden has preferved. On the fide of Ruffid, the longeft day is 18 hours, 30 minutes; but fanher toward the N. ^nd at the Pole, there is but one day and one night throughout the year, hi thc province in which Siockholm is I'eated, fhe fpring and autumn is fcarcely to be perceived ; for'the winter continues nine months, and the fumraer during the re. m.iiain.ij three. In -,vinter thc cold is ex ceffive, and iff fn'.nmer the heat is alrtiofl: in-fupportable, the air being ferene all chit time, Nocwifhftanding chis, the Svvedes Hve to a great age. Thofe places that are fit fer cultivation have fcarce a fopt of good earck, for below it is all gra'/el ; for vvhich reafon they till the ground with a fingle ox, and one fervant may readily ma. na^.e the plough. AH their rocks are quite covered vvith flowe'rs in the fumraer time, and t'ndr gardens have plenty of fruits. The trees are early i;i bl--,3bmirig, becaufe thc foil is fat and fulpiiureoas, vvhich contributes greatly to the vegetation of plants ; but the appks, pears, clier- rte-s, apric-'ts, melons, and grapes, have not fp good a tafte as iij the more fouthern countrle-;. -Their do.nefiic animals are horfe-, cows, hogs, goats, and fheep. ' In winter, fodder is fo f"carct, that the inh-r- bitants are obliged tb untharch their hoii'"cs to feed their cattle. The wild bea"fts are be:-,ro, wolves, foxes, wild cats, and fquir rels. , In winter, the foxes and fejuirrds become grey,,, and the hares as whi'-e as fnow. 'There arc alfb elks' and raiRd'.cr. They have feveral forts of fowls, and par tridges, vv-c»odcocks, and falcons, in great pleniy. They have rich filver, copper, and iron, mines. They export- bo:rds, j>.i(opo>vder, leather, iron, copper, Liilow, fl-;ins, , pitch, rcfin, and mafts; and iir- pprc fait, brandy, wine, hnen cloth, ftu.fs, tobacco, t"ugar, ("pice, arid pSjicr. The in habitants are of a robuft conftitution," and abk to fuftain the hardeft labour. They are much more poHflied than vvhat fhey were ; and have fev-eral' pubfic fdincis and colleges, where arts and fciences are taught. Thdr houfes are generally ef wood, with very little art In their c-jnftruc- tiori. The roofs, in m my places, are covered with turf, on whic'h thdr goats often feed. There is ao cuntry in rhe world where the women do fo much vvork ; for rbcy tiU thc ground, rh'-aft the corn, and ro',v the- boats on the f'-> T t .. The S W I s w r The form of the Swedift government his frequently varied. ' Before the acceifiori of Guftavus I. it was an eleftive monar chy. By the union of Calraar, in 1397, it was ftipulated that the faine monarch ftouid rule ever Denmark, Sweden, ^nd Norway, to be chofen bythe deputies from the ftatcs of thefe three kingdoms affem bled at Calmar. By this regulation, how ever, S-vveden became, in faft, a mere tributary kingdora to the fovereigns of Denmark. From this ftate of fubjeftion te a tyrannical foreign yoke, ic v,'as ref cued by Guftavus Vaffa, on whom the grateful Swedes conferred the fovereign ty, at the fame time declaring th,; crown hereditary in his male iffue. He vvas en- trufted vvith great prerogatives ; and thefe were augmented in the fequel, by Gufta vus Adolphus, the right of fucceffion- being extended, at the fame time, to the fcma.le line. In the minority of his daughter Chriftina,, the regal powers were greatly circumfcrihed, and the nobles acquired -fuch an exorbitant authority, as gave great -tuTibrage to the three other orders ef the clergy, citiz;cns, and peafants. This prov- eda favourable opportunity for Charles XL to obtain from the ftate.i a formal ceffion of abfolute foveiiignty, which he quietly devolved upon his fen Charles XII. Upon ^ the death ef the latter, the Swedes con ferred the crown upon Ulrica Eleanora, iis yoUrigeft fitter; ftipukting, ar the fame rirac, great Hmits to tlie prerogative. Ul rica refigned the crown to her confort l^redcric I. From, this' period, the Swed ifli mpnarch vvas the rapft limited Pne in Eurppe ; being, in faft, the iriere tppi of which ever of the tvvo great faftioas that -divided tho kingdom happened to he tri- BSiphant. But, in 1772, the late king ef Sweden affefted a revohitipn, "By whick he regained the moft effential royal preroga. tives, without, hovyever, being an abfolute monarch. This pripee vvas affeffinated op the 1 6th of March 1792 ; living lopg enough, however, to appoint bis brother, the duke of Sudcrmania, regent of the kingdom, during the minority of his. fon Guitavus Adolphus. The eftabhfhed re- Hgion is the Lutheran, and they wHI not tolerate any other in thc kir,^dom. They have ene archbifliop, and leven bifliops, kefide fix fupcrinteudants. The capital is Stockholpi. SwERNicK, a tovyn of Turkey inEu- njpe, fsaced on the river Drino, on thc coniines of Servia and Bofnia, 70 miles '8. VV. ef Belgrade. Lon. ig. 32. E. lat. 441 42. N. SwiN'iiON, a town of V/ilrftire, wirh « inarket oa Mdnday. It is fe»f.ed at tka top of a hill, near a rich vale, and the- houfes are well-built with ftone. It is 28, miles N. of 'Saliftury, and 83 W. ef Lon don. Lon. 1.45. W. lat. 51.30. N. -•¦¦ SwiN'NA, a little ifland of Scotland', one of the Orknies, fituated to the N. E. of 'th.it called Mainknd. Here are two whirlpools, tliat have been known to fnatch in boats and light velRls, vvhich werdnftantly fwallowed up. Ste Or c'a DES. SwISSERLAND, Or SWITZERLAND', a large and populous country ef Eu rope, bounded on the E. by the Tirol ; on the VV. by France ; on the N.'b'y the Black Foreft, and a part ef Suabia ; and on the S. by Savoy, the Milanefe, Ber- gamafco, and Brefciano. It is 225 milei , in- length, and 83 in breadth, feparated from, the adjacent countries by high moun tains, mo^ of vvhich are covered vvith fnovv. There are a great number ef lakes and rivers, and fome very fertile plains, vvhich plentifully afford the neceffaries of life. Swifferland is divided into 13 can tons, e::clufive of their allies ; riamely, Lucern, Uri, Ec'nweitz, Underwalden,- Zug, Friburg, Soleure, which are Cathp-' lies. The Prptefta'nt canfras arc Zurich, Bern, Bafle, and Schaffhaufen. ' Glars- and Appenzel contain boch reHgions. The mountains of Swifferknd, arc commonly called the Alps. Sec AlP-s. There are four paffages over them te go into Italy from Swifferland ; the firft of which is beyond the lake of Geneva over Mount. Cenis, which leads to Savoy ; the fecond begins in the country of thc Grifons, and croffes Mount Sc, Bernard, leading to the-' yalky of Aoft, vvhich belongs to Pied mont; the third begins in the couritry ef tho Grifons, crelTes Mount Simplc- berg-, and leads to the duchy of-Mflan ; the fourth croffen Mourit St. Gothard, and the bailiwicks of Italy, and tcrrainates in the Miknefe. The principal kkos are thofe of Conftance, Geneva, Lucern,, Zu rich, and Neufchatel. The moft corifider able rivers are the Rhine, the Rhone, the.- Aar, the Arve, the Reufs, and the Inn, The prindpal riches of -Swifferknd confift pf ofcellent paftures, in which they breed and fatten thdr cattle. As they leave out thdr cattle night and day on the moun tains, one wculd thirik they vvpul-d be de voured by the wild beafts, arid yet it is quite otherwife ; forwhen the beeves per. ceive a bear, or a wolf, at a diftance, they form themfelves into a circle, and are ready to lecefve the enemy with thdr h.arns. As for the goats, and chaumois, they feed in flocks on the mountains, and in the woods, and they place- ccntinds oi» all SYR T O B all fides : and vvhen any dangerous animal draws near, a fignal is given, and they aU get inte a place ef refuge, where the' fa vage beafts dare not come. The inhabi tants are aH ftrong robuft men, for which reafon they are generally chofen by feve ral nations for the military fervice ; and even the pope has his Swifs guards. The came mafters of it again in 1735. I' '* very advantageoufly feated near the fea, 72 miles S. by W. ef Meffina, and iioS. E. ef Palermo. Lon. 15. 30. E. lat. 37, 5.N.. Syria, er Suristan, a province ef Turkey in Afia, bounded on the N. by Diarbeck, and Natolia ; en the E. by Di- women are tolerably handfomc, have raany arbeck and the defarts of Arabia ; vvhich good qualities, and are in general very in- alfo, together vvith Judea, bound ic On the duftrious. T'^^ peafants retain their eld S. and on the W. by the Mediterranean. manner of drefs, and are content to hve It abounds in oil, "corn, and feveral forts, of upon m.Uk, b'utter, and cheefe ; and there fruits, as well as peas, beans, and all are ferae of the mountaineers who never kinds of phlfe -'and garden-ftuff; but ir have any bread. See the cantons under would produce much more than it does, if and aIfo,,GLA- it vvere well cultivated, for there are the fineft plains and paftures in the vvorld. The inhabitants have a trade in filk, cam. lets, and fait. Damafcus, by the Turks called Scliam, is the capital. Syrian, a large town of Afia, in Pe. gu, feated near the Bay of Bengal, on a river of the fame name, vvhich is one of the extrerae branches of the Ava. Lon. g6. 40. E. kt. 16. 50. N. SzuccA, a town of Weftern Pruffia, in the palatinate of Culm, feated on the river Viftula. Lon. 19. ii, E, kt, 53, 14, N, their refpeftive names, ciers and ScHWEirz, '-•' Sydenham, a vfllage ef Kent, fi tuated en the declivity of a fine hill eight miles S. by E. ef Londpn. It is noted for its medicinal wells. '* Sydney Bay, a bay on the S. fide of Norfolk Ifland, in the S. Pacific Oce an, formed by Point Hunter and Point Rofs, which are ij miles afunder. On this bay is formed a fettlement ef convifts, dependent, at prefent, on that in New S. Wales. - -* Sydney Cove, the tovvn or fettle. ment of convifts, begun to be erefted in Port Jackfon, on the coaft ef New S. Wales in February 178S. The ground about it vvas then covered, by a thick fo reft; but in March i7go, fome good buildings had been erefted. The go vernor, Heutenant-governor, judge-adve cate, and grVateft part ef the civil and miHtary officers, were comfortably lodged. The governor's houfe is built of ftone, and has a very good appearance, being 70 feet in front. The lieutenant- governor's houfe is of brick, as are alfo thofe bcloug- ing to the judge and the commiffa,ry. The reft of the lioufes are built vvith logs and plaftered, and afl the roofs are either about a mile frem the river Nile. It-vi d • 'X'AAFE, a very rapid riyer of Gk- JL morganftire, in S. VVales, which enters the fea at Cardiff. Upon this river, not far fro-,n Ca-rphilly, is a ftone bridge, called Pont y Pryddal, of a fiagl.e arch, luppoftd one of che wideft In the world, b,:ing 149. feet ia the fpan, and 3;, high, planned and executed 'oy the un taught geuiu* ef a common mafon in th:s councy. Taa'TA, a covvn ef Upper Egypt, covered by Ihirigles, or thatched. Th hofpital is a goed temporary building. The foldiers were in barracks, and the of ficers had comfortable huts, with gardens adjoining to them. Thefe, however, af. forded but little; there not being more than two feet of foil ever a bed of rock, and this foil little better than a bkck fand. Lon. 151. 28. E. kt. 33. 50. S. Syracuse, an aricient, ftrong, and fa mous cit-y of SicUy, in the Val-di-Noto, with a biftop's fee, arid '' finc'krge har bour, defended by a forrified caftle. This city vvas almoft ruined by an earthquake in i6g3. Near this pkce, in 171S, there vvas a feafight between chc Spaniards and Englift, in which the former vvere beaten, and obliged to leave Sicily ; but they be. the refidence of a governpr, and chere are a g'reac many curious rduains of anclquity. It makes a handfome appearance to thofe that fail along the river, and is 200 miles S. pf Caire, Lop, 31, 25, E. lat. 26, 56. N. TabachasA-ni, a town ef Afia, In Na toHa, in the county ef Bozoc, among the mountains, feated' en the river Adena, near its fource, about 50 miles abpve chs town of Adena. ToEAGO, an ifland of America, in the South Sea, en the Bay ef Panama, Ic is abouc four miles in lengch, and thr.ec i.i breadth, and is a mountainous place n- bbunding vvith fruit-trees. It bdjiigs 10 the Spaniards, Len. 80, i6', W. kc. 7. 50. S. T t 4 Tabarca, TAF T A I ' Tab arc A, an ifland of Africa, on the coaft of Barbary, belonging to the Geno efe, who fifll fer coral here. It is -50 miles W, of Tunis, Lop, 9, 16. E, kt, 36. 50. N. Tabasco, an ifland pf N. America, in New "Spain, arid in the government pf Tabafco. It is formed by a river ef the fame name, and by that of St. Peter and St. Paul, being about 30 miles in length, aud 10 in breadth. It is near the bay of Campeachy, 10 miles from the fea, and i6o S. W. of Campeachy. Tabasco, a province or gpvernment f.f N. America, in New Spain, bounded on the N. by the bay of' Campeachy ; en thc E. by Yucatan ; on the S. by the pro- vince of Chiapa; and en the VV. by that , «jf Guaxaca. It is about 100 miles in length, and "as much in breadth, and is very fertile in eocoa-nuts, in vvhich its chief riches confift. The air is extremely inoift, and there are ftovvers every day for nine months in thc year. Table-Mountain, a mountain ef Africa, the moft weftern promontory in that part of the v.'orld, and is neai^ the Cape of Good Hope. Thc bay at the fo'et ef it is called the Table-Bay.' Tabor, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Eechin, vvhere the Huffites were fortified, and Zifca thdr chief. It is 45 mfles 3. of Prague. Lon. 14. 56. E, Iat, 49. 23. N. Tabristan, a province of Perfia, !y. ing on the fouthern ftore of the Cafpian iSea, bounded by Aftrabad, en the E. anfl Ghilan en the W. ' Tadcastf.r, a tovvn in the W. rid. ing ef Yorkftire, vvith a rriarket on Thurf day. It is noted for the great plenty of limeftone dug up near it ; and there is a large ftone bridge over the river Wharf. It is nine miks 8. W. of York, and 188 N. by W. of London. Lon. i. 12. W. 'kt. 53. 52. N. "Tad.mor. See Palmyra. Tafala, cr TAFALLA,a town of Spain, in Navarre, vvith a caftle ; feated on the 'river Cidazzo, in a country pro- ,ducing good wine, 18 miles S. of Pampe. luna. Lon. i. 36. W. kt. 42. 29. N. Tafilet, a kingdom of Africa, in ¦Barbary, in thc dominions of the emperor ef Morocco ; bounded on. the N. by the Jcingdoms of Fez and Tremefen ; on the E. by the Beriheries ; on the S. by the defert ef Ba'-bary ; and on the W. by the kingdoms of Fez, Morocco, and.Sus. It is divided into three provinces, Dras, Saro, and Tuet. Ir is a mountauious iandy cuntry, but produces a little wheat and barley by the fides, of the rivers. The in. habitants five upon camels fleft and date«» and they breed horfes to feU te ferdgnerfc'. They have alfe oftriches and dromedaries, which kft wifl travel .roo mUes in a day. The Arabs live in tents, and the Berihe ries, the ancient inhabitants, dwell in vil. lages. Tafilet is the capital, vvhich is a trading place, vvith a caftle, and feated on a river, 340 miles S.' of Fez, and 275 S. E. ef Morocco. Len. 5. 45. W. lat. 28. 2. N. Tagaost, a large fown of Africa, In the kingdom of Morocco. A great many Jews live here, who carry on a confider. able trade. It is feared in a fertile plain, 50 miles from the fea, and 37 S. ef Ta- rudanr. Lon. 8; 5. W. lat. 29. 23. N. Tagasta, a town ef Africa,, in the kingdom of Algiers, and provipce ef Con- ftantina. It vvas formerly a confiderable place, but is new reduced re a village. It is famous for being the birthplace pf St. Auguftiric. Tage, a large fpwn pf Afia, in Arabia Felix, on the road from Mecca to the court of the king of Yemen, vvith a caftle, on a mountain that commands the town. Lon. 42. 5. E. lat. 2 1. 50. N. Tagumadert, a town of Africa, in the dominions ef Morocco, and in the kingdom of Tafilet ; feated on the riv^er Dras, vvith a ftrong caftle on a naopntain. Len. 6. 43. W. kt. 27. 10. N. Tahoorowa, one ef the fmalleft of the Sandwich Iflands, lying off the S. VV. part of Mowee, fropi which it is diftant three leagues. It is deftitute of wppd, and the foil feems ,to be fandy and baj-ren. Taif, a town of Afia, in Arabia FeHx, in the territory ef Hegiaz, which abounds in fruits. It is feated to the S. of Mount G:i7uan. Tajo, anciently called Tagus, a. river of Spain, which has its fource ip New Caftile, on the cenfines of the kingdom of Arragon. It runs through Old Caftile, paffes by Toledo, whence it proceeds to 1 Alcantara in Eftramadura; when enter ing Portugal, it waftes Santerein, where it forms a finall bay, vvhich ferves fer the harbour of Lifton, and 10 miles ftill lower it falls intP the Atlantic Ocean. This ri. ver was fcrmerly fampus fpr its gpldea fands. Tajoh, a tpvvn of China,, in the pro. vince of Chiangfi, where there are mag. nificent temples, and two very high tow. ers. Len. 114. 41. E. Iat. 27. 38. N. Tain, -a borough and feapprt of Scot land, in Rofsftire, feated on the Frjth of Dornoch, 12 miles N. of Cromarty. It is rcmaikable for a large fquare towei;, adorned, with five fpires, and for a coUe-, giate T A M TAN giate church, founded in 148 1, and ftiU pretty entire. Tainton, a-viflage in Glou/cefterftire, four miles "S. E. of Newent, and feven W. of Gloucefter. In 1700, t'nere vvas an ore found here, frora which the refin ers extrafted gold; but not enough to an fwer the expence of fepiiration. T.-^iPi.sTG, a town bf Chiha, in the pro- vince of Quangfi, in that part that belongs to the king of Tonquin. Lon. 107. 15. E. lat. 22. 10. N. Taipinc, a tovvn of China, in the province of Nankin, feated on the river Kiang. Lon. 117. 31. E. lat. 32. 20. N. TaillebuR'G, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charente and late territory of Saintonge, feated on the river Charente, 30-itriIes S.E. ef Rochelle. Lon. o. 40. W. kt: 45. 46, N. Taitchin, a town ef China, with a harbour, 260 miles 'S,E. of Nankin. Lon. 121. 16. E. Iat. 2g. 10. N. TaItong, a ftrong city ef China, and in the province of Changfi. TaLamo.'je, a feaport ef Tufcany, 15 miles N. of Orbitello. Len. 11. 6. E, -lat. 42. 30. N. Talavf-ka, a town of Spaip, in New Caflile, with a fort; fedted en the river Tajo, in a valley abounding in cern, fruits, and es:celleht wine- It belongs te the archbiftop of Toledo, and is 58 miles S. W. of Madrid. Lon, 4, i, W. kt. 39. 41. N,-' ' ' - Talaveruela, a town of Spairi^ in Eftramadura, feated on the river Guadia. na, 14 miles E. of Badajoz. Lon. 6. 34. W. kt, 38. 34. N. Tallard, a town ef France, in the department ef the Upper Alps and late province of DaUphiny, feated on the river Durance, 47 miles S. of Grenoble, Lon, 6. zo. E. kt. 44. 28. N. Talmont, a feapftrt ef France, in the department ef Lower Charente and late territory ef Saintonge, feated on a penin- fdta of the Gironde, 20 rafles S. E. ef Saintes, and 260 S. W. of Paris. Lop. o. 50. W. lat. 4^. 32. N. Tamalameca, a town of S. Ameri ca, in Terra Firraa, in the government of St. Martha; feated on the river Magda- Jena. Lon. 17. 45. VV. Iat. 9. 6. N. -* Taman. See Phanagoria. Tamar, a river ef England, which runs from N. to S. and divides Cornwall from Devonftire. TamaSa Islands, iflands in Africa, ©n the coaft of Guinea, near Sierra Le. one, where there are all forfs ef refreft-. ments for ftips, as well as gokl an^ ele phants- teeth. Ta.mara, a feaport of Afia. on the N coaft of the ifland of Socotora, lying near the mouth ef the Red Sea, Lcn. 52. 25. E. kt. II. 30. N. Tame, atown in Oxfordftire, with a market on Tuefday ; feated on a rivulet of the fame name. Here is a faraous freefchool and a f"m,an hofpital. It is 12 miles E. of XDxford, and 45 W. by N. ef Loridon. Lon. o. 55, VV. lat. 51. 46. N. ¦¦- Tame, an inconfiderable rivulet of Oxfordfliire, vvhich flows into the Thames above V'\^allingford, and has been common. ly, but erronecrufly, fupp.jfed te give name to the Thames. Sec Thames. Taminga, a tovvn 6f China, in the privince of Pekirt ; feated in . a pleaf2n,t country abounding in rivers arid lakes, Len. 1 14. 35. E. kt. 36. 56. N. TAMMisi)ROOK,-a tovvn of Germany, in Thuringia, .built by king Pepin, the father ef Charlemagne. It "belongs to the eleftor of Saxony, and is near the river Unftruth. Tamwortii, a borough of Stafford. ftire, with a market on Saturday. It is feared on the river Tame, eight miles S. E. of Lichfield, and ii4,N. "VV.of Lon. den. Lon.S. 38. W. Iat. 52. 49. N. Tanasserim, a town of Afia, in the kingdom pf Siafp, capital of a prpvince of the fame name, 220 iPiks S. Vv'. pf Siarii. Lon. 98. o. E. kf. 11. 50. N. * TanCof, a government pf Ruffia, formerly a part ofthe g.overnment of Vor ronetz. Its capital, of fhe farae name, is feated on the river Zna, vvhich falls into the Mokcha. Tancos, a tovvri of Portugal, in Ef tramadura, feated on the river Tajo, where the Zerara faHs into it, 60 miles N. E. of Lifton. Lon. 8. 30. W. Iat. 39, 26. N. Tancrowall, a tovvn of Africa, in Negroland, feaied on the liver Gambia, where the Englift have a fort. It is di vided into two parts, one of which i; in. habited by Portuguefe, and the other by Mundingoes. The former confifts of large f"quare houfes, and the latter of round huts about 20 feet diameter, and eight high ; the walls of good binding clay, and the roof Hke a bee-hive, made either vvith ftra'w or palmetto kaves. If is about 30 railes E. of James Fort. TANDA.or Tanrah, a town of Hin. dooftan Preiper, in Berigal, of which fou bah it was the capital iri the laft century'. There is Httle rcraaining of this place but the rampart ; and the period when it vvas deferted' is not cert-.inly known. It k /eated ap tfie eal^ fide ofthe river Ganges, T t 3 jjis ••T A N T A R '20 niUes N. W. of Dacca.^ Len. 87. 56. hig' E. kt. 23. 35. N. Tandaye, an i.fland of .'^fia,. one ef the moft eafterly of thc Philippines. It is feparated from Manilla by a narrow ftrait ; and is 125 railes in length, and -100 in breadth. On the N. coaft is a volcano, which throws out fire and flarries. Lon. 124. 56. E. Iat. 12. 36. N. '''¦- Tangataeoo, o-ne ofthe Friendly Iflands, in the S. Pacific Ocean; the re fidence of 'che fovereign and the chiefs. Tangermunde, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and old marche of Brandenburg. It is not alarge place, but populous, arid fome of the eleitors have kept their court. in an old caftle here. It is feated on the river Tanger, v here it falls into the Elbe, 24 miles N. W. ef Brandenburg, apd 28 N. E. ef Madgcburg. Lon. 13. 30. E. kt. 52. 46. N. Tangier, a feaport ef Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, It vvas tak^n from the Moors by the Portuguefe in 147 1, and given as a dower to the princefs Catha rine of Portugal, whoiraarried Charles II. king of England ; bur he did not think it worth the expence of keeping, and there fore, in 1683, caufed tha works te be blown up, and withdrew the garrifon. It is finely feated 130 miles N. of Fez. Lon. 5. 50. W. Iat. 3 5. 4g. N. Tan.tore, a province ofthe peninfuk of Hindooftan, on the coaft ef Coroman del. It 'is an appendage ef the Carnatic, but fubjeft CO ICS own rajah, vvho pays an annual fubfidy of i6o,opol. to the Enghft E. India Company. high rock, overlppking the fea, which waflies it_op three fides. It was deftroy ed by the Covenanters ip i63g, T A 60, the moft fouthern of the Friend ly Iflands, in the S. Pacific Ocean. It is about 10 leagues in circuit, and of a height • fufficient to be feen 12 leagues. It has good anchorage on'the N. W. fide ; and, though the vvater is fcarce and brackift near the ftore, feveral fprings are found inland, and a fmall ftream ef goed vvater, vvhich reaches the fea when the fprings are copious. The S. E. fide rifes with great inequaH'ties iraraediatdy frem.thg- fea ; fo that the plains and meadows, of vvhich there are fom.e of great extent. He afl pn the N. W. fide ; and being adorned with tufts of trees, intermixed with plan tations, and interfefted by paths leading, to every part df the ifle, they form a beauti ful landfcape. Taormina, a feaport of Sicily, in the Val di Demona, feated on a reck 88 miles S. of Meffina. '¦''-' Taploe, a viHage of Buckingham- ftire, feated ori a hill, on the banks of the Thaincs, and diftinguifted by its majeftic woodlands, pifturefque appearance, and handfpme vfllas. It is about ene mile from Maidenhead, and 25 W. by N. pf London. Tapty, a river of the Deccan ef Hin. dooftan, .which rifes at Maltoy; 84 miles to the N. A'V. of Nagpour, arid falls irito .the Gulf of Cambay, about 20' mfles be. low Surat. '-'¦' TaR, or Pamlico, a river of -N, America, in N. Carolina, which flowing by Tarborough and Wafliington, enters Tanjore, a city of the peninfuk of PamHco Sound, 40 railes S. E. ofthe lat Hindooftan, capital of a, province of th fame narae, on the coaft ef Coromandel. It is feated on the river Cauvery, 205 miles S. by '^V. of Madras. Lon. 79. 12, E. kt. 10. 46. N. * Tankia, or Tinkia-ling, atown and, fortrefs ef Afia, 111 Thibet, fituated at the foot of Mount Langur, 275 railes W. by S. of Laff?. Tanna, a confiderable ifland, in the ,S. Pacific, Ocean, and one of the New Hebrides. .The inha'oitants are btavc and hofpitable. Their arms,_ are bows and arrovv.6, flings, fpears, and cIu'ds. There is a volcano iri the iflands, and the foil is very' fertile. Lon. i6g. 46. E. lat. i,;. -30. S. . '-'¦ T anore, a feaport of the Peninfuk of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Malabar, Lon. 75. 50. E. lat. 10. 55. N. "-'' Tantallan, a ruinous caftle of Haddingtonflilre, in Scotland, two miles E. of North Berwick. It is feated on |' ter town. Taranto, a feaport of the kingdom of Naples. It is a ftrong and populous place, vvith an "archbiftop's fee, is feated on a peninfula, a.nd is'defcnded by a ftrong caftle ; the harbour is choked up, which has hurt it very much. This town has given name to the fpiders called tarantu. las', vvhofe bite is not to be cured but by dancing. It is 50 mfles S. E. of Bari, 55 N. W, of Otranco, and 140 E. by S. of Naples. Lon. 17. za. E. Iat. 40. 35. N, Tarag.-vlla, a town of Africa, ene ofthe principal in the kingdom of Tafilet, feated op the river Dras, with a fortified caftle, 275 miles S. V.^ ef Tafilet. Lon. 6, 3. 'VV. lat. 27. 40, N, Tarare, a town of France, in the department ef Rhone and Loire and kte province of Lycncii, feated en the river Tordive, at the foot of a mountain ef the fame_ name. Lop, 4, 43, E. kt, 45, 52, Iv, Ta.kas* TAR TAR - Tarascon, an andent, populous, and ' handfomc town of France, in the depart ment of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence, with a well- built caftle, feated on thc river Rhone, oppofite BeaUcaire, with which it commu nicates by a bridge of boats. Its com merce confifts in'ofl, brandy, ftarch, and ftuffs that are much worn, one fort being ef coajrfe filk, and the other of the fame materi-dl and wool. It is lo miles N. ef Aries, and 375 S. by E. of Paris. Lon.. , 4. 45. E- kt. 43. 46. N. "TiiRAZONA, a ftrong town ,of Spain, in Arragon, with a biftop's fee. It vv-as taken from the Moors in mo, apd is feated partly on a rock, snd parcly in a fercile plain, en the river Chfles, 140 miks N. E. of Toledo, and 127 N. Er. cf Madrid. Lon. "i. 26. W. lac. 42. IP. N.. -'¦ Tarascon, a town sf France, in tlie deparcmeiit of Arriege and kte pro vince of Foix, feated on the river Arriege, feven miles S. E.of Foix. Tarbes, a populous town of France, capical of the department ef the Upper Pyrenees and late county of Bigorre. It is a bifliop's fee, has a magnificent epif- copal pakce, an ancient caftle, and a Iiand- forae college ; and is feated on the river Adour, 42 miles S. W. ef Auch, and 1 12 S, by E. ef Bourdeaux. Lon. o. g- E. kt. 43. 14. N. •¦' Tarborough, a flourifting trad ing town of N. America, in N. Carolina, feated on the river Tar, go miles frpm its mputh, and 40 N. W. of Wafliington. Tarentesia, a province of Savoy; a difagreeable . barren country full of dreadful mountains. Moutier is the capi- tal. Targa, a townof Africa, in the king. dom of Fez, feated on the feacoaft, with a' caftle built upon a rock. Near it is a very plenciful fifliery, and it is feated in a plain lurrounded by mountains and thick forefts, fufl of monkeys. This plain is'coiifidered as a defert ; but there are good wells and fine paftures. Lon. 4. 56. W. kt. 35. 2D. N. Targorod, a tovvn of Turkey in Europe, in Moldavia, 50 miles S. W. ef Jaffy. Len. 26. 29. E. kt. 46. 49. N. Targovisccd, er TERGOvi.'ico, a cenfidcrablc town of "Turkey in Europe, capital of Walachia, feated on thc river Lauriiza, 70 miks S. E. of Hermanftadt, and 188 N. E. ef Belgrade. Lon. 25. 26. E. kt. 45. 45- N- ,.,..., Tariffa, a town of Spam, in Anda lufia, with a- caftle. It is a poor place, nvilh few inhabitants, end is feated on an eminence on the Straits of Gfljraltar, 17 mfles W. S. VV^. of Gibraltar, Lon. 5. 40. VV. Iat. 30. o. N. - Tarku, a town of Afia, capital of Dagheftan, feated on the VV. coaft of the Cafpian Sea, 52 miles S. E. of Terki and 300 N. E. ef Taiiris. Lon. 471 5. E. Iat. 45.5o^N. '-* Tarn, a department pf France, in cluding part pf the kte province of Lan guedoc, It takes its name frotii a river: which has its fource in the department of Loz'ere,_and having watered Mithoud, Alby, Gaillac, Montauban, and MoilTaC, falls into the Garrone, near that tovvn. Caftres is the capital. Taro, or Bokgo-di-Val-di-Ta- RO, a town ef Italy, in tl » duchy ef Par. raa, capiral ef the territory ef Val-di. Taro, feated on the river Taro ; 2 5 railes S. W. of Parraa. Lon. 10. 9. E. kt. 44. 40. N. TARODANT.a town of Africa, in Mo rocco, feated near the Atlantic Ocean, 120 mi:les S. of Morocco., Lon. 8. ic. VV. Iat. 30. o. N. Tar AG A, a town ef Spain, in Catalo nia, feated on a hill, near the river Cerve- ra, 1 5 miles from Lerida. Tarragona, an andent and ftrong feaport of Spain, in Catalonia, with a bi fliop's fee, and a univerfity. It was buik by the Phcenickns, and vvas very power ful in che cime of the Romans. 'There are many noble monuments ef antiquity here. It is furrounded by walls built. by the Moors, and is alfo defended by regu lar works. It is neither fe large nor fa populous as ic was formerly; for chough chere is room for 2000 houfes wichm che walls, chere is noc abov-e 500, which are all built with large fquare ftones. It carries en a great trade, and is feated on a hill,, on the Mediterranean, in a co'un- try abounding in corn, wine, oil, and flax. It is" 3 5 miles Jvl. E. of Tortofa, and 220 E. by N. ef Madrid. Lon. i. 131^ E. lat. 41. 5. N. Tart.-vry, a country of Afia,' vvhich, taken in its utmoft hmits, reaches from the Eaftern Ocean, co the Cafpian Sea, and frora Cotea, China, TliiVer, Hindoof tan, and Perfia, to Ruffia and Siberia. It lies between 55° and 135" E. Ivn. and be tween 35° and 5:;" N. lat. being 3600 miles in length, and 960 in breadth; but in the narroweft part not above 330 broad. It may be confidered under two,grand di vifions; namely, .Eaftern and Weflera Tartary. The gre-'.reft part ef the for mer eitlier belongs to the emperor of Chi- na, is tributary te him, er is under his"* proteftion; apd a very confiderable part T t 4 of TAT V A U of Weftern Tanary has been conquered by the Ruffians., Thefe vaft countries include all the middle part ef Afia, and are inhabited by T 'rears ef different de nominations a-nd different manners. For various inte'.-ei1in,e particulars conce rnin.:i; thera, fee, in thtir. refpeftive piac.s, the articles Abkas, CIrtafliia, Crimea, Cof facks, Georgia, Imeritia, Kalnuies, Kifti, Leiguic, Mingrelia, Monguls, Offi, Semo- yedes, Turcomans, and Uftecs.. Tartas, a town of France, in the dc partraent of Landes aad.hte province ef Gafcony. Th.e river Mi,;''jufe runs through it. That part vvliich is.feated on the right fide of thi' river rifes in tire form of an amphitheatre: the oher is feated in a pk'i. It is 12 mfles N. E. of Dax. Lon. t. ^S. VV. k,r. 43. i-.o. N. "'' TassasudO.v, a cirv of Aha, eapi tal of Bootan, a fcudar'„ry country of Thi bet. It is 260 miles S. by W. of Laffa.' Len. 8g. o. E. lat, 27.-43.-N. Tassing, an ifland of Denmark, be tvveen chofe of Finonia, f-a-it;el-rnd, and Arroe. It is feparated frora the former by a narrow canal, and contains a few towns and viila.trcs. Tasso, an ifland of the Archipela.°o, near Romania, at the .entrance of tre Gulf of Conteffa. Ir is about 35 miles in cir- cumference ; and the capital tov. n is ef thc fame narae, with a good harbour, and fe veral caflics. It vvas formeriy famous for U'incs ef gold, and quarries of beautiful marble- > ., Tatta, or Sinde, a,city ef Hindoof tan Proper, capital of the province of Sin dy. It is fea,red on a branch of rhe river Sindt or Indus, cafled rhe Ritchel Riv'er. In the kft cen'airy, it was very extenfive and populous, and vvas a place of great trade; peffeMing manufaftures of 'filk, wool, and cotton ; and it vvas celebrated for irs cabinet ware. Little e'f thefe now rem.airi, and the limits of thc dty are very tireumfcribcd. On the fliores of rhe In dus, abpve rhe Ddra, confider.:bIc quan tities of faltpetre are made;' an'd within tht hUly traft, vyhich commences vvithin three miles on the N. W. of Tatta, are mines of iron and fait. The Indus, and its branches, admit cf an uninterrupted na\ 'n-at:on from Tatta (-0 Moultan, La hore, and Calhmere, for veffds ef near 200 tons ; and a viry extenfive trade was carried on. bctv.--een rhofe pkces, in the time of Aurungzebe ; but, at prefent, very Httle of, this trade remain-", owing to a bad government in Sindy, and probably, to a hqftile difpofition- of the Seiks, the pr<-fen- poffefl'c^'s of Moultaa and Lahore. ''latta is 741 milts N. Vv', of Bombay, and 125 from the Arabian Sea, Lon,'67. 37. E. kr. 24. 50. N. . ' '* T ATT AH, a town in Africa, fituated en the common frontiers of Morocco, Drah, and Zenhaga, and in the route frpm IV'procco and Su'Z to Tambufteu, It -is 170 mfles S. S. E. af Mprpccp. '-, TATTERSHALL,,a'fmail tinvn of Lin colnftire, with a market on- Friday. ' It is feated op the river Bane, near its conflu ence with the Vv'iib-im, and in a fenny c-vunti v.. It was formerly of note for its caftle, and is 20 njiles S. E. of Lincoln, and 127 N. of Louden. Lon, u, 8. W. lat. 5> 6,-N. Ta vastus, a town of Sweden, in Finland, cipiial of the province of Tavaft- Ia,,d, ' leared en a river which falls into Lake Wana, 62 miles N. E. of Abe. Taucke',, a town ef Poknd, in Po- merella. feated en the river Verd, 30 mi!es,N. W. ef Culm, and 5^ S. M\ ef Marienburg. Lon. 18. 5. E. lat. 53. 33. N. Tavern v, a tovvn ofthe kingdom of Naple^. feated on the river Ccraca, 20 miles E, of Nicaftro, and 70 N. E. of Reggio. Ton. 16. 4.1. E. lat. 39. ii. N. T,A'-iRA,cr Tavila, a confiderable town of Portugal, capitalof Algatve, whh a handfome caftle, and one of the beft har. hours in the kingdom, defended by a fort. It is feattd iri a pleafant fertile country, at the mouth of the river Gikon, between Cape Vincent and the Straits of Gibral. tar, 100 nules W. by "N. of Cadiz, Len, . 7. 45. VV. kt. 37. iS". N. Tavistock, a borpugh of Dcvop.. fliire, with a maiker on ^turday. It is feated on the river Tavy, er Tave, and was onqe affeurifiiing place, famous fer its flatdy abbey, vvhich is divided into tene ments. It is ftifl a krge place, and well watered, there being a bi-ook running through every ftreet ; and ever the river is a ftone bridge of five arches." It is 32 miles W. by S. of Exeter, and 206 W. by S. of London. Lon. 4. 12. W.kt. eo. 3-5-..N', ¦ '-'- 1 AUNTON, a river of N. Aiperica, vvhich falls inte ISIarraganfet Bay, on th.e E. fide ef Rhode Ifland. '¦= Taunton, a town of N. America, in rhe ftate qf Rhode Ifland, fearted on a. river of the fame name, which is naviga. ble hence, for fmall veffels, to Narragan. fet Bay. Taunton, a borough of Somerfetftire, with two markets, on Wednefday and Saturday. It is a large an.d populous tovvn, fituated ori the river Thone, which is na. vigable hence to the Parret, and fp to Bridi^cwattr, It has been the prindpal feat TAY TEC feat ef the manufafture ef coarfe wo'olleh goods, fuch as ferges, duroys, druggets, &c. Large quantities of malt liquor are alfo fent from rhis town to Briftol for ex portation. It had once a caftle, now in ruins ; and is a handfome, weH-built place, with fpacious ftreets, and two parift churches. Taunton was the fcene of many bloody executions, in the reign of James II. after the defeat of the duke of Monmouth, at Sedgemoor, near this town. It is 31 miles N. E. ef Ejfeter, and 1.4.C W. by S. of London. Lon. 3. 17. W. kt. sc. 59. N. Taunton-Dean, or the Vale op T/^uNT;ON, an extenfive traft. of knd in Soraerfetfliire, fo famous for its fertility, tP ufe the exprel'iion of the inhabitants, with the fun and foil alone, that it needs ne manure. Taukeau, ari ifle of France, iri the department pf Finifterre and kte province of Bretagne, lying at the m.outh of the , river Morlaix. On this iflarid is a caftle, which defends the port of Morlaix. Lori. 3. 51. W. kt. 48. 40. N. ' '' Taurica,' or Taurida. See CRIM-r:A, ' Tauris, a town of Perfia, capital of Aderbcirzan. It vvas formerly the capi tal of Perfia, and is now the raoft confi. derable next to Ifpahan. It carries en a. prodigious trade in cotton, doth, filks, gold arid fil-ver brocades, fine turbans, and ftagreen leather. There art 300 carav'an- faras, and 2=;o mofques. It is feated in a delightful pkin, furrounded by mountains, whence a ftream proceeds, which runs through the city. It is 95 railes S. E. ef Nackfivan, and 320 N. W. of Ifpahan. Lon. 47. 50. E. lat. 38. 18. N. Taurus, a great chain of mountains in Afia, which begin ar the eaftern part of Little Caramania, and extend very far into India. In different places they have dif ferent names. * Taw, ariver of Devonftire. which rifes in the centre ef the county, flows te Barnftaple, and then turns wefterly te join the 'Tovvrldge, at its mputh in the Briftol CIiflnneL " Ta'ivy, a river of Glamorganftire,' in S. W-ales, whieh flows parallel to the Neath, and enters the fea at Swanfey Bay. •Tay, a river of Scotland, the tvvo fources of vvhich are near Tyndrum in Perthftire. Flowirig thruugh Loch Say, it afterward waters Dunkeld and Perth, and joining the river "Earn, below the latter tovvn, falls into the Frith of Tay. The Roman army, it is faid, were -fo ftruck jvitii tlic .ippcarancc of this noble river, in their approach to. Perth, that they burft into the exclamation of " El'ce tiberim ! '¦¦ Tay, Frith of, an arm of the fea, vvhich divides Fifeftire from the counties of Perth and Angus. Toward its mouth, it becomes extremely narrow ; and at the Ferry Town, in Fifeftire, called Parton Craig^, it is net above a mile bread. '•'¦ Tay, Loch, a lake of Perthfliire in Scotland, through vvhich flows tha riverof the fam.e name. It is 1 5 miles long, and in many parts abowe ene broad. On^the 12th ef September 1784, this lake was feen to ebb and flow feveral times in a quarter of an hour, vvhen all at once the vvaters ruft- ed from E. to W. in eppofite currents, fo as to form a ridge, leaving the channel dry to thc diftance of al'thoft a hundred yards from its ufual boundary. When the op- pofing waves met, they burft with a clafh. ing noife and much foam: the vvaters thdi flowed out at leaft. five yards beyond their ordinary Hmits. The flux and re. flux continued gradually decreafing for about two hours. A fimilar motion was obferved for feveral days, but net to rhe fame, degree as on the firft day. The banks of this lake are finely wooded ; and it has a fmall tufted ifland, nn vvhich are the ruins ofa priory, built by' Alexander L Tayoan, 3 towri of Afia, capital ef the ifland of Formofa, in the Chinefe Sea, with a harbour en the wefttrh fide. Lon. 120. 30. E. kt. 23. 25. N. Tay van, an ancient, kige, arid ftrong town ef China, in the province of Chanfi', The emperor formerly refided here ; and it is agreeably; feated among the moun. tains. Lon. 1 1 1. 55. E. lat. 38. 5. N. Tebessa, an ancient town o.f Africa, in the kingdom of Tunis, with feveral re mains ef antiquity. If is feated. at the foot of a moumain, 125 miles from the fea. Lon. 8. 5. E. lat. 34. 51. N.- Tebza, a fl-reng town ef Africa, in tht kingdom of Mofocco, capital of a pre vince of the fame name. It carries on a goed trade, and is feated on the fide of one of the mountains of Atlas. Lon. 4, 55. \V. kt. 32. 50. N. * TchER/NIGOF, a government of Ruil'.i, vvhich was formerly a part ofthe Ukraine. Its capital, of the fame name,' is Seated en the right ftore ef the Def"nr, TeckleNbOrg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, capital ef a county of tile fame name, with a caftle on a hiU. It was bcrcght by the king of Pruffia in 1707, and is 12 milts S. W. of Ofnaburg, and 25 N. E,. of Munfter^ Lon. 8. 2. E. kt. ,2. 20. N. Teclut, 0,- Te'ci-I.', a town of Africa, in the kint,d,^i': ot Idorcccoj feat- e4 T E F ¥ E G cd in a -fine plain, on the river Sus, and in a counti-y abounding in dates and fugar- canes. Lon. 8. 25. E. kt. 29. 10. N. ' . Tecoantepeca, a confiderable fea port of N. America, in the government of guaxaca, on the coaft of the South Sta, wrth a fortified abbey. It contains feve ral handfome churches and houfes, Lon, 95 15. W. kt. 15. 18. N. Tecort, an ancient and ftrpng town of Africa, in the dominions of Morocco, and capital of a kingdom ef the fame name, in Biledulgerid. It is feated 6n a mountain, and the .inhabitants are kind to ftrangers. Lon. 7. 55. E. , lat. 29, 35. N. Teculet, a feaport of Africa, in the kingdom of Morocco,' with an old caftle. It is feated on the fide of a mountain, at the mouth of a river of the fame name. Lon..9. 5. W. kt. 30. 45. N. * Teddington, a village of Middle. fex, feated on the Thames. The church IS a perpetual curacy, vvliieh, wa§ enjoyed by the celebrated philofopher, Dri. Ste phen Haks, from the year 17 10, tfll his death in 1761. He is interred under the tower of the church, which he eredtcd at his pwn expence. TeddingtPri is 12 railes W. S. W. pf London. Tedelez, a ftrong town ef Africa, in the kingdom of Algiers, in a province ef the farae name, on the coaft of the Medi terranean, with a caftle and a plentiful fifliery, 50 miles N. E. of Algiers. Len. 3. 5. E. lat. 37. 5- N- Tednest, a' large and corifiderable town of Africa, in the kingdom of Mo- rocco, and capital of the province ef Hea. It was taken by the Portuguefe in 15 17, but they were driven away foon after. The inhabitants are faid to be very hp,'"pi- table, ' It is feated on a river vvhich fur. rounds it. Lon. 8, 35, W. lat, 30, 30. N. Tedsi, a town ef Africa, in the king dom ef Morocco, feated in a plain abocmd- ing in corn, 1 7 miles frora Mount Atlas, and 20 from Tarodant. Tees, a river vvhich rifes on the con- fines of Cumberland, divides the county of Durham from Yprkftire, and falls into the German Ocean below Stockton. Ter., Thebaid, a large country of Africa, in Upper Egypt, reaching from Fiutn to the Red Sea. It is tbe leaft fertile, and the thihneft of people ef any previrice in Egypt, being full qf deferts, and celebrat ed fpr the retreat pf a great number of Chriftians, who lived here in a felitary mannfer. It is npw inhabited by Arabs, great enemies to the Turks, and thieves by profeffipn. 'Thebes, the ancient name ef a city pf . Upper Egypt iri Africa, now called Luxor, and was celebrated for having 100 gates. There are new a great many magnificent remains of the andent city, , Thebes. See Thive, Theobalds, a village in Hertford ftire, in the parift, of Cheftunt, ence fa mous for the magnificent pakce and gar dens of the great lord Burleigh, which that nobleman exchanged vvith kiqg James I, fer Hatfield. The fmaU re mains of this palace were demolifted in 1765. Theobalds is 12 miles N, of Lon don, * Theodosia. See Caffa, Thermia, an ifland of the Archipe lago, S. of the ifland of Zia, and to the N, of Serfarito, near the Gulf of Engia, 12 mfles in length, and five in breadth. The foil is good and weU cultivated, and they have a great deal of filk. Partridges 'are in fuch plenty, that they may be al- ,, moft' had for nothing. "The principal tovvn is of the fame name, and Is the refi dence of a Greek biftop, Lon, 24, 59. E, lat. 37, 31. N. Thessaly. See Janna. Thetford, a borough in Norfolk, With a market on Saturday. - It is feated on the Little Oufe. The Lent affizes for the county are kept here. There is ftill a high mount, which has been viralled round, and fenced with a double tampan. Tt is governed by a mayor and recorder, 10 al dermen, arid 20 common councU-mep. It has three churches, a goed freefchool, and a townhall. The river, which here di vides Suffplk from Norfolk, is navigable ftpm Lynn-Regis ; arid a good deal of wool-combing is carried on here. This vvas formeriy a very krge city, had up ward ef 40 churches, and was rhe biftop's fee ; buc it was deftroyed in the time ef the Danes and Saxons, and there are no remains of its ancient monafteries. It is 30 mfles S. S. E. ef King's-Lynn, and 80 N. E. of London. Lon.' o. 50. E. lat, 52. 28. N. Thibet, pr Great Thibet, a large cpuntry pf Afia, confidered by fome gep- grapers as pare pf Tarcary. Ic is bounded on the N. VV. and N. by the Defeirt of Kobi, in Tartary ; en the E. by China ; on the S. by Affam and Burmah; and on the W. and S. W. by Hindooftan Prop£;r and Bootan. It lies between 81" and 1P2" E. len. and 25^ and 40° N. 'lat. This country is ene ot the higheft in Afia ; it being a part of that elevated traft which gives rife not only to-the rivers of India and China, but alfo to thofe ef Siberia and Tartary ; fer moft of the capital rivers in thofe couritries rife between 31" and 47" N. lat. and 70''- arid 97° E. lori. whence they run; in every direftion, to the fea, as the Rhine, Rhone, Danube, and Po, do from the Alps in Europe. Its length from E. to W. cannot be lefs than i6od miles ;¦ its breadth yery unequal. It is di vided into three parts. Upper, Middle and Lower Thibet. The Upper lies to ward the fources of the Ganges and Bur- . rampooter ; the Middle is that in vvhich Lafla, the capital, is fituated ; and the Lovver, that which borders on China. Little Thibet is fituated between Upper Thibet and Caftgur. But major Rennell, w.hp confiders thc geography of the vvhole ¦country as very cbfcure, is uncertain whether Little Thibet is fubjeft to the kma or not. Confidering. the exceed ingly rough and fteril ftate of the ceuniry of Thibet, and the feverity of its dimate, frem its wonderful elevation, it is aftonifting; the fairie wrifer obferves, to find its inhabica.ncs in a high ftace of civi lization ; their houfes lofty and built of ftone ; and the ufeful manufaftures in fome degree of improveraent. .AH thefe advantages they probably owe te their vi cinity te the Chinefe. The Thibetians arc governed by the grand kma, or deki lama, who Is not only fubmitted to, and adored by them, but is alfo the great ob jeft of adoration for the various tribes of Pagan Tartars, vvho rove through the vaft traft ef continent wliich ftretches from the banks of the Volga to Korea. He is not only. the fovereign pontiff, the vicegerent ef-the Deity on earth, but by the more remote Tartars he is abfolutely V u regarded T H f T.^ n regarded as thc Deity him.fdf. They be lieve hira to be immortal, and endowed -.Vith all knowledge and virtue. Every ' year they come frora different parts to worfhip, and nvjikc rich offerings at his ftrinc. Even the emperor of China, who is ef a Tartar . race, does- not fa-il te ac knowledge the kma, rn his reUgieus ca. parity, although, as a temporal fovereign,- the kma h-imfdf Is tributary to that em peror. The opinion ef the moft ortho dox Thibetians is, that when the grand kma feems ce die, eichcr of old age or in- firmicy, his foul, in reality, only quit's a crazy habitation, te look fer another younger or better ; and it is difcovered again in the body ef ferae child, by cer tain tokens k-howii only to the lamas or priefts, in vvhich order he always appears. in 1774, the grand larna was- an- infant, who hael been' difsovered forae time be fore by thc tayofiioo laraa, vvho, in- autho rity and fanftlty of charaft-er, is next to thc grand kma, and, during his minority, lEfts as chief. The lamas, vvho form -the moft numerous, as vvell as the moft power ful body in the ftate,- have the prieftheed entirely in their hands ; and', m.oreover, they fill up raany raonattic orders, whicli are he'ld in great veneration among them. The refidence of the grand kma is at Pa tch, a vaft palace, on a mountain, near the banks ef the Burrampooter, about feven railes frora Laffa. The fort of Ddlamcotta, vvhidi commands the prin cipal pafs through che ridge of che Bootan mountains, being taken by ftorm by cap tain Jones, in 1713-, the fame of this ex ploit made the Thibetians fue for peace ;. and, in 1774, the Eu'^lift E. India com pany raade-a' trtaity with- the lama. The religion of Thibet, though, in many re- ' fpefts, it differs from that of the India Bramins, yer, in orht-rs, has a great afH- nity to it. TIie''Thibctian',> have- a great veneration for the cow, and highly re- fp'eft alfo the vvaters of thc Ganges, the fource ef which they believe to be in* heaven.. Thc Sunnififfes, or India pif. g'rims, often vifit Thibet as a holy place ; and the lama always maintains a body of * 2 er 300 ef c'-icm in his pay. Befide his religious Liiflucr?e and authority, the grand laraa is poff«0^ed of unliraired power throughout hie domlrjbns. Thibet is often confounded wit-h.Bbotan ; but the .latter is only a- feudatory province of tile former. See Palte. Thiers, a traehrig populous town of France, in the department of Puy de Doruc-and late province ef Auvergne. ©n which ever fide it is viewed, the half ftf tho tovvm is neyer feen ;¦ from- vvhich circumftance it is faid to derive its name. It is faraous'fer its ftatuary, hardvj'are,"' and cutlery ; and is feated at the fide pf a hill,- 22 miles E. pf Clermont, and' a?2p S. by E. of Paris. Ton. 3. 38. E. lat. 45. 51. N. Thionville, avery ftrong town of France, hi the department of Mofelle and late province of Lorrain. It was taken by the prince of Conde, in 1643, after the battle of Rocroy, .and cedeef to France by the treaty of the Pyrenees. The Auftrians bombarded it 1792, but were obliged to raife the fiege. It is ad. vantageoufly feated on the river Mofelk,- over 'which is a bridge defended by a hornwerk, 14 miles N. of Metz, arid 195 N. E. of Paris. Lon. 6. 15,- E. lat. 49. 21. N. Thtrenstein, a town of Germany, hi Lower Auftria, feated near the river Danube, vvith a handfome eaftlfc. Thirsk, a borough in the N. riding of Yorkfthe, with a market en Monday. Ic is a fraall pkce', formerly noted for its ftropg caffle. It is 20 miles N. W. of York, and 230 N. by W. ef London. Lon I. iS. W. kt. i;4. 15. N. Thive, an ancient and celebrated town of Greece, in Divadia, with a bi. ftop's- fee. It is nothing now to vvhat it vvas forraerly, and yer is four miles in cir. cumference, but fo full ef ruiris, that there are not above 4000 Turks and Chriftians in it. It is now famous for a fine fort of white day, of vvhich they make bowls for pipes after thc Turkifh fafliion. They are never burnt, but diy naturaUy, and become as hard as a ftone. There are two mofques in Thebes, and! a great many Greek churches. It is feated between tvvo fmall rivers, 20 miles N. W. of Athens, and "280 S. W. of Cnnftanti. neple. Lon.. 23. 40. E. lat. 38. 17. N. -Thoissel, a confiderable town of France, in the department of Ain and late province Of Breffe, with 5 handforae col. lege ; feated in a fertile country, near the rivers Saone and' Chalerene, 16 miles N. from Trevoux, and 200 S. E. of Paris. Len. 4. 50. E. lat. 46. i3.'N. Thoma, St. an ifland of Africa, lying under the equator in 8° E. Ion. It was difcove-rtd ip 1429, and belongs tP the Portuguefe. It is almoft round, and ia about 30 miles in diameter. The foil is fertile, and prod'uces plenty ef fugar. canes. On the fame vine are bloffom, and green and ripe gra'pcs, all the year round. It is a very unwholefome -country, great numbers of the Portuguefe dying, arid- few living to a great age. It confifts chiefly of hills, intermixed wich vaflies, vvhich are conftantly filled vvith a thick. ftin'klag; ftinking fog. However, it agrees very' well with the cattle, which are larger and finer here than on the Gold Coaft of Guinea. Thomas, St. a -town of S.A-merica, in Guiana, feated on the riyer Oroonoko, and fubjeft to Spain, It was unfuccefs- fully attacked by fir Walter Raleigh, when he went in fearch of a gold mine, Lon, 63, 30. E. lat. 7. 6. N. Thomas, St. an ifland of the W. In dies, to the E. of Porte Rico, with a har bour, a town, and a'fort. After the cap- ture of Sc. Euftatia,- in 178 1, this ifland became the mart ef that part ef the Weft Indies. It is 15 miles in circumference, and belongs to the Danes. Lon. 65. 26. W. Iat. 18. 22, N. Thomond, a county of Ireland, alfo called Clare, which fee Thonon, a handfome tovvn of Savoy, capital ef Chabktc, It contains a hand- feme palace, and feveral convents. The inhabitants were Proteftants, tifl they came under the government of the duke of Sa voy in 1 5g8, It is feated on the Lake of Geneva, at the mouth of the river Drama, 1 6 miles N, E, of Geneva, and 13 S, VV^, of Laufanne, Lon, 6, 44. E. kt. 46. 49. N. Thorn, a town of Weftern Pruffia. Itwas formerly a hanfeatic town, and ftill enjoys great privileges. There happened a great tumult here in 1724, between the Roman Catholics and Proteftants, en ac count ef the ftudents of the Jefuits ; upcn which the Pdes fent judges here to try the magiftrates fer not fuppreffing the riot, who condemned two of the principal magiftrates to be beheaded, and feven of the citizens ; after which the Papifts feifed on the church of St. Jphh, The Proteftants have a handfome college here. The Pruf fians forcibly took pofleffion of this town, Jan. 24, 1793, -and foon after annexed it to their dominiDns. It is feated on the river -Viftula, over which is a remarkable bridge, 76 miles S. ef Dantzick, and 105 iSf. W. of Warfaw. Lon. 18. 42. E.lat. 53. 6, N, Thorne, a town in the W, riding of Yorkftire, vvith a market on Wednef. day. It ftands in the marft land, en the river Don. The fens te the E. and N. E. of this town are generally a turf. moor. The marftes here have been drained, and the ground thereby much funk, by a cut ten miles in length. Thorn BURY, a corporate town of Glouceftcrftire, with a market on Satur. day. It is feated near the Severn, 24 mfles S. VV. of Gloucefter, and 121 W, pf Lendpn, Lon. 2.31. W.kt. 5i'35'N. T H U ¦* Thorndon, pr Horndon, East and West, twp pariftes betvveen Brent wood ?nd Hprnden-on-the-Hill. The 'hurches ef Weft Thorndon and Ingraye being both ruinous, the tvvo pariflies were united by aft of parliament, and a new church built in 1734, by Lord Petre. '¦' Thornhill, a neat Heck town of Scotknd, in Dumfriesftire, where fairs are held, chiefly for woolkn, yarn, and coarfe wooHen ftuffs. It is fituated on an elevated pkin, on the E. fide ef the riyer Nith, 1 5 mfles N. by W. ef Dum- fries. '¦¦' Thorpe, a village, near Egham, in Surry. It is reraarkable, that a farmer, named V/apeftet, now refides (1793) in this parift, whofe anceftors have held the farm, in an uninterrupted defcent, from the time of king Alfred, vvho granted it to Reginald Wapeftoc. Ic is 18 miles W. S. W. of Egham. Thouars, an andent confiderable town of France, in the department ofthe Tvvp Sevre, and kte province cf Poitou. The caftle of its andent dukes, at one end of the tovyn, is feated en a rock, furrounded by walk 120 feet in height, which, from. the whitenefs of the ftone, might be fup7 pofed riot more than ten years old. It "is feated on a. hill by the river Thoue, 32 miles S. E. of Angers, and 162 S. W. bf Paris. Lon, o. 15, W, kt, 46, 59, N, ThrapstoN, a fmall town of Ner. thamptonftire, with a market on Thurf. day ; feated on the river Nen, over which is a handfome bridge. It is feven miles N. ef Highara-Ferrers, and 7 5 N. N. W. ef London. Lon. o, 36, "VV, lat, 52. 26.N, Three Hills Island, an ifland of the New Hebrides, in the S. Padfic Ocean, lying to the S. of MaHcoHo. Thuin, a tovvn of the Netherkhds, in the biftopric of Liege, feated on the ri yer Sarabre, eight miles S. W. ef Char leroy, and 15 S.E. ef Mons. Len. 4. 22. E. lat. 50. 21. N. '* Thule. See Fula.' Thule, Southern, land difcpvered by capt. Ccpk in 177;. It is high and mountainous, and vvas entirely covered vvith fnovV in the beginning ef February, which anfwers to Auguft in the northern heraifphere. It' lies in Ion. 27. 40. W. and kt. 5*). 54. S. which being a higher fouthern latitude than any land had been found in before, gave occafion for its name. Thun, a handforae town of Swifler- land, in the canton of Bern, with a caftle, where the avoyer refides. This is che place vvhere they c',sibark on the river Aar fcit Bern, 10 miles from it. It is pretty large, U u 2 and tut THO regarded as thc Deity him.fdf. They be lieve him to be immortal, and endowed ¦,Vich all knowledge and virtue. Every year they .come frora different parts to worfhip, and in-akc rich offerings at his ftrinc. Even the emperor of China, who is of a Tartar. race, does- not fail to ac knowledge the kma, in his reHgious ca. pacity, although, as a teraporal fovereign,- r.he kma h'imfelf is tributary to that em peror. The opinion of the moft ortho dox Thibetians is, that when the grand kraa feeras te die, either of old age or in firmity, his foul, in reality, only quits a crazy habitation, to look for another younger or better ; and it is difcovered again in the body ef feme child, by cer tain tok-ens known only to thc lamas or priefts, in which order he always appears. ip 1774, the grand larna vvaa an- infant, vvho had been' difcovered forae time be fore by thc tayofiioo kma,, who, in autho rity and fanftlty of charafter, is next to the grand lama, and, during his minority. Efts as chief. The lamas, vvho form-the moft numerous, as well as the moft power ful body in the ftate, have the prieftheed entirely in their hands ;. and', mioreover, they fill up raany raonaftic orders, which are held in great veneration among t'ftera. The refidence of the grand kma is at Fa- toli, a vaft palace, en a mountain, near the banks of the Burrarapooter, about feven miles from Laffa. The fort of Delkracotta, vvhich commands thc prin dpal pafs through the ridge of the Bootan mountains, being taken by ftorm by cap tain Jones, in lyi'^, thc farae ef this ex ploit raade the Thibetians fue for peace ; and, in 1774, the En'^lift E. India com pany made- a- treaty with the kma. The religion of Thibet, though, in many re- ' fpefts, it differs from that of the India Bramins, yer, in orhtrs, has a great affi nity to ir. Tlie''Thi-bccian3 ha-vc a great vcnerarion for the cow, and highly re fpeft alfe the waters ef the Ganges, the fource of vvhich they believe to be in' heaven.. The Sunniaffes, or India pil- ^iras, often vifit Thibet as a holy place ; and the lama always maintains a body of 2 or 300 of fhem in his pay. Beficfc his religious Infiirenac and aurherily, the grand lama i-s poffsfTed 'of unliraired power throughout his dornjrt-ihns. Thibet is often confo-undcd wirh Bootan ; but the .farcer is only a feudatory province ef the former. See Palte. Thiers, a tradiitg populous town of France, in the dcpartraent of Puy de Do:inc-and late province of Auvergne. 0n which ever fide it is viewed, the half «f the tavvii Is never feen ; from- which circumftance it is faid te derive its name. I'B is famous''for its ftatuary, hardware, and cutlery ; and is feated at the fide ef a hill,, 22 milts E. of Clermont, and' 220 S. by E. pf Paris. -Lpri. 3. 38. E. laf. 45. 51. N. Thionville, a very ftrong towri ef France, in the department of Mofelle and late province of Lorrain. It was taken by the prince of Conde, in 1643, after the battle of Rocroy, and cedeff to France by the treaty of the Pyrenees. The Auftrians bombarded it 1792, but vvcre obliged to raife the fiege. It is ad vantageoufly feated on the river Mofelle, over 'which is a bridge defended by. a hornwork, 14 mfles N. of Metz, and 19; N. E. ef Paris. Len. 6. r5.. E. kt. 49. 21. N. Thirenstein, a tovvn ef Germany, m Lower Auftria, feated near the rivtr Danube, with a handforae caftk.. Thirsk, a borough in the N. riding of Yorkfthre, with a market en Monday. It is a fraafl pkce, formerly noted for Its ftrong caftle. It is 20 miles N. W. of York, and 230 N. by W. of London, Lon I, 16. W. kt. 54. 15. N. Thive, an ancient and celebrated town of Greece, in Divadia, with a bi ftop's- fee. It is nothing now to vvhat it vvas formerly, anrf yer is four rafles in cir cumference, but fo full of ruins, that there are not above 4000 Turks and Chriftians in it. It is now famous fer a fine fort of white day, of vvhich they make bowls for pipes after the Turkifh faftion. They are never burnt, but diy naturally, and become as hard as a ftone. There are tvvo rriofques in Thebes, and^ a great many Greek churches. It is feated betvveen two fmall rivers, 20 miles N. W. of Athenir, and 280 S. W. ef Conftanti nople. Len.. 23. 40. E. kt. 38. 17. N. ThO'Issel, a confiderable town of France, in the dcpartraent ef Ain and late province of Breffe, with 5 handfome col lege ; feated in a fertile country, near the rivers Saone and' Chalerene, 16 railes N. from Trevoux, and 200 S. E. of Paris. Lon. 4. 50. E. kt. 46. 13. N. Thoma, St. an ifland of Africa, lying under the equator in 8° E. lon. It was difcove-red ip 1429, and belongs te thc Portuguefe. Ic is almoft round, and is abouc 3.0 miles in diamcCer. The foil is fertile, and produces plenty of fugar- Csoes. On the farae vine are bloffom, and green and ripe grapes,, ail the year ro'jnd. It is a very unwholeforae -country, great numbers of the Portuguefe dying, arid- few living 10 a great age. It confifts chiefly of hills, intermixed with Vaflies, which are conftantly filled vvith a thicK ffinkin^ T H O ftinkirtg fog. However, it agrees very well with the cattle, whic'h are larger and finer here than on the Gold Coaft of Guinea, Thomas, St, a tpwn pf S,A-merica, in Guiana, feated pn the river Oroonoko, and fubjeft to Spain, It was unfuccefs- fully attacked by fir Walter Raleigh, when he went in fearch of a gold mine, Lon, 63, 30, E. kt. 7. 6. N. Thomas, St. an ifland of the W. In dies, to the E. of Porro Rice, vvith a har bour, a town, and a fort. After the cap ture of Sc. Euftatia,- in 1781, this ifland became the mart of that part of the Weft Indies. It is 15 miles in circumference, and belongs to the Danes. Lon. 65. 26. W; lat. 18. 22. N. Thomond, a county oflreland, alfo called Clare, whi,ch fee Thonon, a handfome town ef Savoy, capital of Chabkie. Ic contains a hand feirie palace, and feveral convents. The inhabitants were Proteftants, tiH they came under the government of the duke of Sa voy in 1 598. It is feated on the Lake ef Geneva, at the mouth of the river Drama, 16 mfles N. E. of Geneva, and 13 S. W. of -Laufanne, Lon. 6. 44. E. kt. 46. tg. N. Thorn, a town ef Weftern Pruffia. It- was formerly a hanfeatic town, and ftill enjoys great privileges. There happened a great tumult here in 1724, between the Roman Catholics and Proteftants, en ac count ef the ftudpnts of the Jefuits ; upon which the Poles fent judges here te try the magiftrates fer not fuppreffing the riot, who condemned two of the principal magiftrates to be beheaded, and feven of the citizens ; after which the Papifts feifed on the church of St. John. The Proteftants have a handfome college here. The Pruf fians forcibly took poffeffion ef this town, Jan. 24, i7g3, and foon after annexed it to their dominions. It is feated on the river -Viftuk, over which is a remarkable bridge, 76 miles S. of Dahtzick, and 105 N. 'VV. of Warfaw, Len, 18, 42. E.lat, J3. 6.N, Thorne, a town in the W, ridirig of Yorkftire, with a market ori Wedrief day, It ftands in the marft land, on the river Don. The fens to the E. and N. E. of this towri are generally aturf-meor. The marftes here have beep, drained, and the ground thereby much funk, by a cut ten mUes in length. Thornbury, a corporate town of Glouceftcrftire, with a market en Satur day. It is feated near the Severn, 24 miles S. W, of Gloucefter, and 121 W, erf Loridon, Lori. 2.31, W, lat. 51,35. N. T H U "* Thorndon, or Horndon, East and West, two pariftes between Brent wood ?nd Horndon-on-the-Hill. The 'burches of Weft Thorndpn and Ingrave being both ruinous, .the tvve pariftes were united by aft of parliament, and a nevv church buih in 1734, by Lord Petre. '•¦¦ Thornhill, a neat little town of Scotland, in Dumfriesftire, whc-e fairs are held, chiefly for woolkn, yarn, and coarfe wooUen ftuffs. It is fituated on an elevated pkin, on the E. fide of the river Nith, 15 miles N. by VV. of Dum fries. ¦¦* Thorpe, a viUage,'near Egham, in Surry. It is reraarkable, that a farmer, named Wapeftot, now refides (1793) in this parift, vvhofe anceftors have held the farm, in an uninterrupted defcent, from the time of king Alfred, vvho granted it to Reginald Wapeftot. Ic is 18 miles W. S. W. ef Egham. Thouars, an aricient confiderabk town of France, in the department ofthe Two Sevre, and kte province ef Poitou. Thecaftleof its ancicntdukes, atone end of the tovyn, is feated on a rock, furrounded by walls 120 feet in height, which, frpm the whitenefs pf the ftpne, might be fup pofed not mpre than ten years pld. It is feated on a. hiU by the river Thoue, 32 miles S. E. of Angers, and 162 S. W. bf Paris. Lon, u. 1 5. 'VV, Iat, 46, jg. N. ThrapstoN, a fmall rown of Nor thamptonftire, vvith a market en Thurf day ; feated en the river Nen, oyer vvhich is a handfome bridge. It is feven miles N. ef Higham-Ferrers, and 75 N. N. W. of London. Lon. o. 36. W. lat. 52. 26.N. Three IIills Island, an ifland of the New Hebrides, in the S, Pacific Ocean, lying to the S. of Malicollo. Thuin, a town of the Netherlands, in the biftopric of Liege, feated en the ri- ver Sambre, eight miles S. W. of Char leroy, and 15 S. E. of Mons. Lon. 4. 22. E. lat. 50. 21. N. ¦'-' Thule. See Fula.' Thule, Southern, knd difcovered by capt. Cook in 1775. It is high and mountainous, and vvas entirely covered vvith fnovV in the beginning of February, vvhich anfwers to Auguft in the northern hemifphere. Ir lies in Ion. 27. 40. W. and kt. 5^. 54. S. which being a higher fouthern latitude than any land had been found in before, gave occalien for its name. Thun, a handfome tovvn ef Swifter. knd, in the cariton of Bern, wirh a caftle, where the avoyer refides. This is che place vvhere they e-«nbark on the river Aar foi:. Bern, 10 miles frem it. It is pretty large, U u 2 and T I B T I E snd feated on a lake pf the fame name, partly in a fmall iflarid, arid partly pn a hiU. Lpri. 7. 17. E. lat. 46. 38. N. ¦* Thun;- a lake pf Swifferland, in the canton pf Bern, abput fpur leagues lpng «nd pne broad. To judge by the fteepr nefs of the mountains by which it is bounded, it muft be very deep. Tlie bor ders are richly variegated, and prefent feveral fine points of view, greatly heigh tened by many ragged rocks rifing boldly frem the edge of the water. At its N. W. extremity is the tovvn of Thun. Thunder Bay, a bay, niric miles tread, at the N. W. cerrier of lake Huron, in N, America; fo called from the con. finual thunder that is heard there. Thurgau, a bailiwick of Swifferland, ¦».'hich lies along the river Thur, bounded on the E. and N, by the kke, tpwn, and biftopric of Conftance ; en the S, by the territory ef the abbot of St, Gal ; and on the W. by the canton of Zurich, It is "the largeft bailiwick in Swifferknd, as ¦well as the moft pleafant, rich, and fertile, being extremely populous. The fove reignty belqhgs to the eight ancient cari'. tons, who fend a bailiff here in turn, Frauenfidd is the capital, THURING^A, a prevince of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, with the ti tle of a kridgravate. It is bounded on the - N, by tlie duchy of Brunfwick, and the principality of Anhalt ; on the E. by Mif nia ; on the S. by Franconia ; and on the W. by Heffe. It is about 73 miles In : kngth,and 7 5 in breadth; fertile, abound ing in corn, fruits, and wood, and water- ed by feveral rivers. It belongs te the eleftors of Sa.xony and Ment^;, and feve. ral petty fovereigns. Erfurt is the capi. tal tovvn. Thur so, aborough of Scotland, in Caith. nefsfliire, ftated at the mouth ef thc river ¦Thurfo, On- the W. fide of Dunnet Bay." It has a confiderable trade, and a raanufac- ¦ tory of woollen and linen doth. There is a good falmon fifliery at the mouth of the river, and the cod fiftery alio gives em-, ployment te many. Len. 3. 16. W^. lat. '58. 36. N. Ti;\MO, an andent town of the king dom of Naples, with a faraous cpnvent of mms. Near It, is a mineral fpring, faid to be exceflent for the ftone. It is 15 miles N. W. of Capua. Len. 14. 8. E. lat- 41. 14. N. Tiber, a great river m Italy, vvhich rifes in the Appennine mountains, and in the Florentine. It paffes into the terri tory of ihe Church, waftes Borgo, St. Sepulchre, Citta-di-Caftdlo, Orto, and Rome, 10 miles from which it falls into the Mediterranean Sea, between Oftia and Porto. Tivere is its modern name. Tickell, a town in the W. riding of Yorkfliire, with a market on Friday. It had a caftle and fortifications, demolifted ' in the civil wan, of whichfome ruiris re main. It has a diftinft liberty, caUed the honour of Tickhill, which is part ef the duchy ef Lancafter. It is five miles S. ef Doncafter, and 155 N. by W. ef London. Lon. I. 1 1. W. kt 53. 27. N. Tiddenham,, a village in Gloucefter fliire, near Chepftow, feven miles S, of Colferd, and 25 S. "VV, from Gloucefter, It is a parifli 1 5 miles in compafs, bounded on three fides by the Wye and Severn, At the utmoft point of the parift, where thc Wye and Severn divide, arc ftiU to be feen upon the rocks, at lovv vvater, the ruins of a chapel, which Was dedicated to St, Tecla, the firft feriaak martyr, who fuf fered A. D. 47. Tideswell, a town of Derbyftire, vvith a market on Wednefday. It is fo called from a well that is faid to ebb and flow. It has a handforae church and ,t freefchool, and is 22 miles N. VV. of Der by, arid 1 58 N. N. W. of Loridori-. Lon. 1, 46, W, kt. 53. 15. N. TiDOR, an iflarid ef Afia, inthe Indian Ocean, one of the Moluccas, te the E. 06 the ifland of Gilolo, and te the S. of Ter nate. It is 17 miles in circumference, and the air is more wholefome than at Ternate. It produces doves and flax. The Dutch are mafters of the ifland, though it has a king of its own. The woods and the rocks that furround it, ren der it a place ef defence. Lon. 126.0. E. kt. o. 5-0. N. Tiel, a ftrOrig town ef Dutch Guel derkrid, in Lovver Betau. The river ,Wahl waftes it ori one fide, and en the other it is furrounded by moraffes. It is 17 m.iles W. ef Nimeguen, and 18 N. E. of Bois-le-duc, Loa. 5. 16. E. lat. 51, 56. N. Tiencrin, a krge and handfome tovvn of China, in the province ef Pekin, with 3 large fortrefs, and a harbour where they carry on a great trade. It is feated on an arm ef the fea called Chang, , Tifflis. See Tefflis. Tierra del Espiritu Santo, the moft weftern and largeft ifland of.the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific Ocean, being 49 leagues in circuit. ' Thc land is exceed ingly high and mouncaineus, and in many places the hills rife direftly frem the fea. Except' the cliffs and beaches, every part is covered with wood, or lalil out in plan- tatioris. Bcfidc the Bay of>St, Philip and St. Jago, OH tha north fide of it, the ifles ¦which T I E T I L which lie along the S. and E, coaft, form feveral good bays and harbours. Lon. 165. o. E- lat. 16. o. S. 'Tierra del Fuego, feveral iflands at the fouthern extremity of America. They take their name frora a vokano on the largeft ef thera. They are aU very barren and raeuritaineus ; but frem vvhat Mr, Fofter fays, in his voyage to the South Sea, the cHraate does not appear to be fo rigorous and tempeftueus as it is reprefented in Anfon's Voyage, Upon thc lower grounds and iflands, that were fteltered by the high mountains, Mr, For fter found feveral forts of trees and plants, and a variety of birds. Among the trees was Winter''s bark-tree, and a fpecies ef- -arbutus, loaded with red fruit of the fize of fmall cherries, vvhich were very vvdl tafted. In fome pkces there is alfo plen ty of celery. Among the birds vvas a fpecies of duck, of the fize ef a goofe, vvhich ran along the fea with amazing velocity, beating the water with its wings and feet. It had a gray plumage, with a yellow bill and feet, and a few white quiil-feathers. At the Falkland Iflands it is called a loggerhead-duck, Ampng the birds are alfp plenty pf geefe and faicpns. The rpcks of fome ef the iflands are covered with large muffd- ftdls, the fift of vvhich is well flavoured. The natives of this country arc ftort in their perfens; net exceeding five feet fix inches at moft, their heads large, their faces broad, their cheek-bones preiniritnt, and their nef"es flat. They have little brown eves, without Hfe ; their hair is black and lank, hanging about thdr heads in diforder, and bef"meared with trainoil. On the chin they have a few ftraggling fliort hairs inftead of a beard. The whole affemblage of their features forms the molt loathfome pifture of mifery to which hu man nature can poffibly be reduced. Thofe which Mr, Fofter faw had no other clothing than a fmall piece ef feal-fkin, which hung from their ftoulders to the middle of the back, being faftened round the nock vvith a ftring : the reft of thdr body w^s perfeftly, naked. Their na- tutal colour feems to be an olive brown, vvith a kind of glofi, referabling that ef copper ;~butmany of them difguife them. felves vvith ftreak^ ef red paint, and fonle- times, though feldom, with vvhite. Their whole charafter is a ftrange compound ef ftupidity, indifference, and inaftivity. They have no ether arms than bows and arrows, and their inftruments fer fifting are a kind ef fift-gigt. They live chiefly on feals fleft, and like the fat oily part mqft. There is no appearance of any fubordiriation among them, and their mode, of life approaches nearer to that of brutes, than that of any other nation, Tigris, a river of Afia, which has its fource near that of the Euphrates, in thc mountain Tchilder, in Turcomania, fepa- rates Diarbeck frem Erzerum, and Khu- fiftan from Irac-Irabi, aud uniting with the Euphrates at Gorne, it falls into the Gulf of Buffarah, under the narae of Schat-d-Arab, This river paffes by , Diarbekar, Gezira, Meuzul, Bagdad, Gorno, and Buffarah, '* Tilbury, East, a vfllage in Effex, fituated near ' the mouth of the Thames, to the E, of Tilbury Fort, It is fuppofed - te be the place where the emperor Clau dius croffed the Thames, in purfuit of the Britoris, Iri this parifli, is a field, called Cave Field, in which is a horizon tal paffage te ene of thc fpacious caverns in the neighbouring pariih of Chadwdl, Of thefe Camden has given a fketch in his Britannia ; and he defcribes them as in a chalk diff, built very artificially ef ftone, to the height of ten fathoms, Dr, Dcrham meafured three of the moft con fiderable of them, and found the depth ef one of them te be 50 feet, of another 70 feet, and ef the third 80 ' feet. Their . origin is top rcmpte fpr inveftigatipn. Tilbury Fort, in Effex, fituated in the parift of 'VVeft Tilbury, opppfite Gravefend, is a regular fortification, and may be termed the key to Lendon. The plan was laid by fir Martin Beckman, chief engineer to Charles II. It has a double moat, the innermeft ef which is iSo feet broad ; vvith a g-ipd coiinter- fcarp, a covered way, ravcHns, and.teiails. Its chief ftrength on the land fide confifts in its being able to lay the whole level under water. On the fide next the river is a ftrong curtain, vvith ,a nebk gate, cdl- ed the Water-gate, in the middle ; and the ditch is palifaded. Before this cur tain is a platform in the pkce of a coun- terfcarp, en vvhich are planted 106 guns, from 24 to 46 pounders each, befide fmal ler ones planted between thera ; and the baftions and curtains aro alfo planted with guns. It is 28 mUes E. by S. of Lendon. ¦•" Tilbury, West, a village in Ef fex, fituated en the Thames, N. of Til bury Fort. , Flere the -four Reman pro- confular ways creflTed each other, and, in the year 1630, this was the -fee of biftop Ceadda, or St. Chad, vvho converted the Eaft Saxons. It is fituated by the marftes, which are rented by the farmer and graz ing , butchers of Lendon, whP generaUy ftpck them vvith Lincolnfliire and Leicef- terftire wethers, which are fent hither U u 3 from T I N. from Smithfield in September and Ofto ber, and fed here till Chriftmas br Candle- mas ; and this is vvhat the butchers call right marft mutton. In this parift is a cdebrated fpring of alterative water, dif covered in 1717. When the Spanift ar mada vvas in the Channel, in 1588, queen Elifabeth had a camp here,, which was where the windmill new ftands ; and fome traces bf it are vifible. Tirlemont, a village ef Auftrian Brabant. It was formerly ene of the moft confiderable pkces in Brabant, but has been ruined by the wars. It Is feated on the ri'ver Geet, over vvhich are feveral bridges, 14 miles S. E. of Louvain, and 25 S. E. ef Bruffels. Lon 5. 8. E. kt. 50. 48. N. TfMANA, a town of S. America, in Popayan, capital of a territory ofthe fame name, which abounds in fruits and paftures. It is feated en a fmaU river, 130 miles frem Popayan. Lon. 73. 55. W. kt. 1. 35. N. Timor, an iflarid of Afia, in the Indian Ocean, te the S. ef thc Moluccas, and te the E. ef the ifland of Java ; 1 50 rafles iri length, and 37 in breadth. It abounds in fandal-wood, vvax, and honey ; and the Dutch have a fort here. 'Tina, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Bofnia, feated on the river Tis, 37' miles N. W. of Spalatro. Lop. 17. g. E. lat. 44. 28. N. , ..-Tina", ancifntly TiNos, an ifland pf the. Archipekgp, pne pf the Cyclades, tp the W. pf Nicaria; 17 railes leng, and eight broad. The riches of this ifland confift in filk, qf which they have 16,000 pounds every year ; and- the filk ftockings they make of it are very good ; but no thing can equal the gloves which are knit her? for the ladies. The fortrefs of Tinos ftands on a rock, and the adjacent tovvn contains about 500 houfes. There is a biftop's fee of the Latin church, though the Greeks have 200 papas or priefts. It belongs te the Venetians, who have no regular troops here, but they can raife about. 5000 men,- St. Nicolois the princi pal town. Lo'n. 25. 24. E. lat. 37. 30. N. •'Tinevelly. See Palamcotta'. Tinian, an ifland in the Indian Ocean, and one of the Marians. It is about 12 miles in length, and fix in breadth. The foil is every where dry and healt'py ; and, being fomewhat fandy, is the' lefs difpofeci. to rank arid over-luxuriarit ^'egetation. Hence the meadow^, and the bottoms ef the woods, are neater and fmoother than is ufual in fhefe hot' climates, . The land rifes- in gentle flopes -from the fliore to the middle pf the ifland, intermixed with val lies pf an eafy defcept ; and they are TIN beautifully diverfified with the mutual encrpachments pf the vvpods and lawns. The weeds confift ef taU and well-fpread trees, and the lawris are covered with clean Uriiferm turf, producing fine tre. foil, and variety of flpwers. There are at leaft 10,000 catde here, that are all milk white, except their ears, which are brPwn pr bkck. There are alfo a vaft number ef fowls which are eafily cauglit, and the fleft pf bpth are exceedingly goed, befide plenty ef wild hogs, whofe fleft is delicate food.' Inthe woods are prodigious quan. titles of cocoa-nuts; cabbage-trees, as alfo guavoes, Hmes,- fweet and four oranges,' and bread-fruit, which the failors prefer greatly to the Ihip's bread. It grows On all parts of the brauches, is more long than round, being covered vvith a rough rind. It is about feven or eight inches leng, and is fitteft far ufe vvhen full grown, but not quite ripe. There are alfo Vegetables proper for the fcurvy ; fuch as waterme-' lon, dandelion, creeping purllain, mint, fcurvygrafs, and forrd. There are now no inhabitants, but there were 3o,opp, whp vvere taken away by the Spaniards tc* Pther iflands, and particukrfy Guam, There are many ruins of a particular kind, corififting of tvvo rows of fquare pyramidal pillars, each pillar being about fi'x feet from the next, and the diftance - between the rows is 1 2 feet ; on the top of each there is a femiglobe, vvith a flat furface upward, and they are compofed of fand and ftone cemented together. The climate is extremely healthful, for the rains are not continual, but fall in frequent refrefting ftowers. There are no ftreams, but the water of the wells and fprings is extremely good. The prindpal inconve nience arifes from the number of muflritoes, and other kinds of ffies ; and there are likewife infefts called ticks, which faften upon the Hmbs and bodies of men, and bury their heads under their fkins ; but the worft of all is, that the read is incon venient, and, in feme feafons, there is lit tle fecurity for a ftip at anchor. Lop . 146. O..E. lat. 15. 0. N, Tinmouth,- a feaport of Northum berland, feated at the mouth of the river Tyne, nine miles E, of Newcaftle. It has' a caftle, feated on a yery high reck, inac ceffible on the feafide, and well mounted vyith cannon. There is -a bar acrofs the mouth of the river, which is not above feven feet deep at low water. There are dangerous rocks about it, caUed the Bkck Middins ; but to guide the ftips by night, there are lighthoufcs fet tip, and main. tained by the Trinity. houfe. Here ftips take in their loading of coal, and pther things T I R T I T "things'which are brought from Nevvcaftle. tified place, ftated on the river Tirna, five Len. .. i6. W. kt. 55. 6. N. miles W. ef Leopdftadt, and 22 N. E. of TiNZULiE, a large and ftrong town of Prefturg. Lon. 17. 39. E. Iat. 48. 24. N. Africa, in Bikdulgerid, feated en the ri- Tirol, a county of Germany, in the ver Dras. Len. 5. 43. VV. lat. 28. 15. N. drck of Auftria, and pare of die hereditary TiNZEDA, a town of Africa, in Bile, dominions of chat houfe. It is 1 50 miles ¦dulgerid, feated on a river of the fame in length and 120 in breadth. There arc ¦name, fertile in dates, corn, and bariey, a great raany mountains in chis councry, -and abounding in indigo. Len, 6. 13. and yec it produces as much corn and wine W. kt. 27. 30. N. as the inhabicants have occafion for. They Tipperary, a county of Ireknd, in have rich iiiines of gold, fijvcr, and copper, the prevince of Munfter, 60 miles in and it contains 28 cities and large co--Vns. length, and 40 in breadth ; bpunded Pn They never change the faftion cf t.heir the N. by King's County ; 'Queen's County, and Kilkenny on the E. by _ , - . i on the S. -by Waterford ; and on the W. by Galway, garments, and are an induftrious people, hui very obftiiiace. There is better hunting of the chamois here than in any other Clare, and Limerick. The fouth parts arc country ; 'but this di-rerfion is fomewhat ¦exceedingly fertile, and well furnifted ckngcrous, en account ef the rocks whicli with good buildings ; but the north is in- they take to. This country is divided •clinable to be barren, and terminates in a into four parts. Tirol, properly fo row ef twelve mountains the higheft in cslltd, the biftopric ef Trent, the bifliop- Ireland, and called Phelem-dhe-Madina. ric of Brixen, and fo'jr of thc provinces ef It contains 147 parifhes, and fends eight . Suabia,. which are united to the Tirol. members to parhament. The river Shure It is bounded on the N. byBsvaria; ep runs through aU thc length of it from N. the E. by Carinthia, and the archbiftopric to S. The moft confiderabk places are of Sakzburg; on the S. by part of the Caftcl and Carrick. territory of Vepicc, and Trentino ; and TiPERAH, a kingdom of Afia, in the en theVV. by Svvifferland, and che county dominions of the king of Burmach, lying ofthe Grifons. Infpruck is thc capital. ' " " " " " Titan, or Cabaro.;, an ifland of France, jn the Mediterrancari, the mofl eaftern of the Hieres. TiTiCATA, an ifland of S. America, in Peru, in the audience of Los Charcos. It lies in a kke of the fame name, which is one ef the largeft in S. America. Titmoning, a cown of Germany, in che archbiftiopric ef Sakzburg, and op the confines of Bavaria, feated en thc river Saltza. It was almoft rendered defolate by the plague in 13 10, and was rcducet\. ' to aflies by lightning in 1571 ; but. it has,. been fince rebuilt. TiTCHFiELD, a viHage in Hainpftire, fix miles E. of Southampton. It had for- - merly an abbey, on the fite ef which is Titchfidd Houfe, erefted "^by lord Vv'"rIothefley, in thc reign of Henry VIII. At this houfe Charles I. vvas concealed, in his Ihght from Hampton Court, in 1647. Stowe fays, that, when an abbey, this vvas the place vvhere the marriage ef Henry VI. with Margaret ef Anjou was folera- nized. Great part of this ancient miR- fion has beep taken down. Titchfidd is feated on a fmall river, which falls ipto the mouth of Southampton Bay. TiTUL, a ftrong town of Upper, Hun gary, in the countv of Bodrog. It is feat ed en the river Teiffe near its confluence with the Danube! 20 miles E. qf Peter-- wara"din', an-t 20 N. W. ef Belgrade. Lon. 20, 34. E. kt. 4^. 30. N. ' U u 4 T'Ved.*. under the trppic pf Cancer. It is tp' the E. of Hindooftan. Tirano, a capital ofthe Upper Ter- zero, and refidence of the podefta. Al though it contains feveral handfome build ings, yet, on account of the narrownefs ef the ftreets, and number of ruinous houfes, its general appearance is defolate. The river Adda divides it into tvvo parts, which are joined by a ftone bridge of a fingle arch. There are fome remains of the ftone walls by which it was formerly fur rounded, and vvhich, with an adjoining fortrefs, vvere built by Ludovico Sferza, againft thc incurfions of thc Grifons, hut were difmahtled by the latter, vvhcn they acquired poffeffion of the Valteline. The ffapic commerce ef this tovvn confifts in the exportation ef wine and filk. Near the town, on the other fide of the Adda, is the magnificent church of the Madon na, er Virgin Mary, much vifited by the Catholic piigriras, The raaffacre of the Proteftants of the Valteline, in 1620, be gan in this tovvn. It is 17 miles S. W. ef Bormio. Lon. g. 46. E. Iat. 46. 12. N. ¦*'-' Tiree, a fraall but rich ifland of Scetkn'ffrbne qf the Hebrides, lyins;; te t'ne S. VV. of the ifle ef Col, and noted for its marble quarry, and for a handfome breed of little horfe--. Tirnau, a ftrong, handforae, and con fiderabk town in Upper Hungary, in tlic county bf Ntitra, Ic is a large '.ytU for. TLA T O C Tiverton, a borough of Devonftire, cultivated, except on the top, vyjiieh is al- with a market on Tuoiday. It is feated ways covered with fnow. There aro alfa on the river Ex, ever which is ahandfome other mountains cpvered vvith trees, vvhere. ftdne bridge. It has fuffered greatly by in arc tigers and monkies. The princi- fire, -having been" almoft burnt down levc- pal town is of the fame name. ral times ; particularly in June 1713, when 200 of the beft houfes vvere de. ftroyed. It is nevv built in a more de- .eant tafte, and they have, a new church Tobago, the moft fouthward of thp iflands in the Weft Indies, apd the moft eaftward except Barbadoes. It is 32 miles Ipng frpm S. W. fp N. E, and about nine erefted by fybfcriprion. It has been noted broad. The climate Is not fo hot as might fer its great woollen manufafture, and is be expefted from its fituation fo near the 14 miles N. N. E. of Exeter, and 161 W. equator ; nor is it vifited by fqch dreadful by Si of Loridori. Lon. 3. 38. VV. lat. hurricanes as frequently deioktq the othet 50. 54. N. iflands. It is agreeably diverfified with hills * TluMEN, a town of Siberia, in thc arid vales, and is equal in richnefs of produce Ruffian government and provirice of To- to any of the Iflands in ttiefe feas. At the bolft. It is feated ori the river Tura, 125 miles W. of.Tpbdflc. Tivoli, a celebrated towu of Italy, in the territory of the Pope, and in the Cam- pagna of Rome, wirh a biftop's fee. It is no'iv wretchedly poor : it beafts, hew. ever, of greater antiquity than Rome it- f"dr", being rhe ancient Tobur, vvhich, Horace lavs, was founded by a Grecian colony. Ic vvas che favourite country re fidence of the andent Romans, as Fref- cati is of the m.oderns. Near the bottom peace of Aix-fa'-Chapdle, in 17-48, it was declared a neutral iflahd ; but by that of Paris, in 1763, vvas ceded to the Engliift It was taken by the French in ^781, and confirmed to them by the peace of Paris in 1783 ; but it was taken by the EngHft, April 13, 1793. It is 120 miles S. of Barbadpes, Lon, 5g. 0. W, Iat, 11, 10, N. "*' Tobago, Little, an ifland near the N. E. extremity pf Tobago, It is tvvo railes long, and a mile broad, Tobolsk, a confiderable tovvn ef the pf the eminence en which Tivoli ftands. Ruffian empire, capital of Siberia, and of are the ruins ef the vaft and magnificerit the government of Tobolflc. It is feated -villa built by the emperor Adrian. Other on a high hlH, of Vaft exterit, at the bot- illuftriqus Romans had alfo- their villas torn of vyhich the river Irtyfh runs ; 'and here '; as Julius Caefar, Caius Caffius, is inhabited by Mahometan Tartars and ' Auguftus, the poets Catullus and Pre- periius, MiEcenas, &c. Horace is thought to have compofed .great part of his works in this favourite retreat. Near Tivoli is a celebrated cafcade ; a Sibyl's- temple, a magnificent vifla belonging to the duke Bochars, vvho drive a great trade on that river, and carry their goods to China. The houfes are low and mean. Here the river Tobol joins the Irtyft, arid frem it the tovvn has its name. The Tartars that live round this town fpr fe. of Modena, called the Villa, Eftcnfe, and-, veral miles are all Mahnmetins, but their the remarkable lake of Solfatara. Tivoli is feated on the river Teverone, 17 miles N. E. of Rome, and 10 N. E. ef Frefcati. Len. 12. 43. E. kt. 41. 5g. N. Sec SoL- FAT.'VRA and Teverone.,. Tlascala, a confiderable town ef N. Araerica, in New Spain, capital of a mufti is an Arabian. There are alfo a great number ef Calmuck Tartars, who ferve as flaves. The Ruffians commonly fend their ftate prifoners hither. It is 8oe miles E. ef Mofcow, and- 1000 E. of Peterfturg. Lon. 63. i8.E,lat,58, 12. N, Tobolsk, a geverrimerit of Ruffia, province of the fame name, vvhich raakts which comprehends the yveftern part of part ef the audience ef Mtxico. The inha bitants Bre the native Americans and Spa niards; but it is net fo. confiderabk now as it was formerly. It.is feated en a river, partly en a mpuntain and partly pn a plain, 62 rafles S. E.of Mexico. Lon. gg. I. VV". kt. 19. 30. N. Tlascala, a prevince ofN. America, in New Spain, bounded on the N. by the Gulph of Mexico ; on the S. by thc pro. vince of Guaxaca, and the. South Sea Siberia.- It is divided into the tvvo pro- vinces of Tobolfk and Tomfk. Tocat, a large and handfpme town of Turkey in Afia, in Natoli^, ' capital of a prevince *f the fame name. The houfes are handfomefy built, and fpr the mpft part twp ftories high. It makes a very odd ap- pearance, and is in the form of an amphi theatre. There are two rugged perpen dicular rooks ef marble, with an old caftle uppn each. The ftreets are pretty >yell and on thc W. hy the gpvernment of paved, which is an uncommon thing in Mt.xice. In the weftern parts qf this pro- fhefe parts.' There are fo many ftreams, vince is the mountain ofTIafcala, 12 mile's that each houfe has a fountain, and yet in circumference,. It is well peopled and.' they were not able tp extinguifl^ a fire which T O L T 0 L which ence happened here. There are about 20,000 Turkift famifies, 4000 Ar menian famUles, and 400 families of Greeks. There are 12 mofques, and a vaft number of chapels. The Armenians have feven churches, and the Greeks only ene. Be- fide the filk ef this country, they manu- iaft is the richeft and moft corifiderable in Spairi. It is feated in the middle of the city, joining to a handfiime ftreet, vvith a fine ftpiare before it. Several ofthe gates are very large, and ef bronze. There is alfe a f"uperb fteeple extremely high, whence there is a very extenfive profpeft. faft'jre eight or ten loads of that of Perfia, T^c Sagrariro, er principal chapel, is a and make it into fewing filk. Thdr chief real treafury, in which are 15 targe ca- trade is in copper veffds, fucti as kettles, binets let into the wall, full of prodigious drinking.cups, lanterns, and candlefticks. quantities, of gold and filyer veffels, and They alfe prepare a great deal ef yellow other works. There are two mitres of Turkey. leather. Tocat may be confider- filver gilt, fet all over vvith pearls and pre- ed as the centre of trade in Natolia ; for cious ftones, with three colkrs of maffy their caravans come hither from feveral gold, enriched in tike manner. There parts. Its territory abounds in fruit and are twp bracelets and an imperial crown excellent wine ; and it is 180 miles W.pf pf the Virgin Mary, ccnfifting of krge Erzerum, 283 N. of Aleppo, and 250 diamonds and other jewels. The weight from Conftantinople. Lon. 35. 55. E. lat. ofthe gold in the crown is 15 pounds. 3g. 55, N, Thc veffel which cpntains the confecrated Toe A YM a, a town of S, America, in wafer is of filver gilt, as high as a man. Terra Firma, and in Granada, It is feat- and fe heavy, that it requires 30 men to ed en the river Pati, in a country abound- carry it ; vvithin it is another of pure gold ing in fruit and fugar.canes. There arc eririched with jevvels. Here are 38 refi. hot baths betweeri two cold fprings ; and gious houfes, moft of which arc worthy a near it is a volcano, which vomits fire and traveller's notice, vvith a great number of flames. Lon. 73. '50. W. tat. 4. 3. N. cliurches bdougirig tp 27 pariftes, and TocKAY, avery ftrpng tpwn pf Upper fpme hpfpitals. "VVichpuc the tpwn arc Hungary, in the cpunty pf Zimplln, with the remains pf an aipphithcatre, arid pther acaftle. The tpwnitfelfis incprifiderable ; antiquities. It has in archbiftpp's fee, ?. but it is greatly noted for its excellent wine. There is but one vineyard that produces it, infomuch that it is fcarce at Vienna it. fetf. Some diftance from It are large fatt- vyorks. It is feated at thc corifluence of the rivers Bodrog and Tdffe, 75 miles N. W, of Great Waradin, and go N, E, ef Buda, Lon, 2-1. 25. E. tat,48. 10, N. ToKENBURG, a ceunty of Svviffer. land, depending on the abbey of St, Gal, It lies among high mpuntains, is fertile in corn and fruit, and is divided into the "Vpper and Lpwer, Tod I, an ancient tcwn pf Italy, in thc fai-npus univerfity, and feveral manufac tories ef filk and wool. It is pleafantly feated, 37 miles S. of Madrid. Lon. 3. 15. W. kt. 39, 50. N, ToLEN, a tovvn of the Dutcli Nether lands, in Zealapd, in an ifland of thc fame name, near Brabant, from which it is fe parated by a canal, on vvhich this place is Icated, five miks N. W". of Bcrgcn-ep- Zoom. Ltm. 4. 20. E. lat. 1 1. jo. N. 'Tolentino,- a tovvn of Italy, in the territory pf the Pope and margraviate of Ancona, vvith a biftop's fee. It is the place where the relics of St, Nicho- Pepe's territpry, and in the diPcefe of las are kept, and Is feated on the river Spoietto. vvith a biftop's fee. It Is feat ed pn a hill, near the river Tiber, 22 miles S. pf Perugia, and 50 N. pf Rpme. Lpn. 12. 32. E. lat. 42. 44, N, Toledo, an ancient, handfpme, and Chiento, eight miles S. E. of St. Severinn, and 88 N. E. of Rome. Lon. 13. 11. E. kt. 43. 14. N, Tolesburg, a feaport of Ruffia, in the government of Riga, feated on the trading city of Spain, in New Caftile, of Gulf of Finland, 60 miles W, ef Narva. whichit vyas formerly the capital. It Is Lon. 26. 4. E. tat. 59. 38. N. advantageoufly feated on thc river Tajo, Tolhuys, a tovyn of the United Pro- which furrounds it- on two fides ; and on vinces, in Guelderland, feated on ths- the land fide it has an ancient waH built Rhine, eight miles E. of Nimeguen. Lon, by a Gothic king, and flanked with 100 6, o, E, tat, 51, 56. N towers. It is feated on a mapptain, which renders the ftreets uneven, and which are narrow ; but the houfes are fine, and there are a great number of fuperb ftruftures, befide }^ public fquares, vvhere thc mar kets are kept. The fineft buildings are Tolmezzo, a tovvn of Italy, in. the territory of Venice, .and province of Fri uli, 30 miles N, E.of BuHuno. Lon. 12. 50. E. kt. 46. 30. N. IToLNiA, a toyvn of Lower Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name. the royal qaftkj.andfhe cathedral; \yhich feattfd on the river Danube, in a country prpducing TOM pTochicing excellent wine, eight miles S. W. of Colocza, and 45 S. of Buda, Lon, 19. 28. E. lat. 46. 33. N. ToLOZA, a town of Spain in the pro vince ef Bifcay, and capital ef Guipufcoa. It is net large, but is inhabited by a great number of artifts, who make fword -blades in high efteem. It Is feated in a pleafant valley, between two rivers, Araxis and Oria; over which are two, handfome bridges, and near them are feyeral natural cafcades. It is 37 miles S. W. of Ba yonne, 47 S. E. ef Bilboa, arid 45. N. W. of Pampeluna. Lon. z. 5. W. kt 43. 10. N. ToLU, a town of S. America, in Ter- *a Firma, and inthe government ef Car thagena ; famous for the fine balfam ef Tolu, brought to Europe thcuce, and pro- ¦duced from-a tree like a pine. It is feat td on a bay of the Gulf of Mexico, 60 niiles S. pf Carthagena. Loa. 75. 22. W. lat. 9. 30. N. ToMAR, a handforae town of Portu gal, in the province ef Eftramadura, feat- cd on the river Naboan, in a pleafant plain, at the foot ef the mountains, where there isa caftle belonging to the knights of Chrift, 40 miles S". E. of Coiriibra, and 65 N. E. of Lifton. Len. 7. 55". W. kt, 39. 30'. N. _ ToMBEC, atown of Auftrian Brabant, eight miles- S. of Lpuvain, and 10 E. of Bruffels. -Lon. 4. 4g. E. kt. 50. 45. N. ToMEERLAlNE, a fmall ifland, vvith a town of the fame name, en the coaft of Normandy, in France, lying on a fmall Gulf between Avranches- and St. Male. This ifland, as well as thatof St. Mich.id, iri which there is a monaftery, are every day joined, at low vvater, to the mainknd. '¦'¦¦ Tomsk, a town of the Ruffian em pire, in Siberia, in the, government of Tobtjfk and province ef Tomfk. It con tains above 2000 houfes. On the higheft part of the town ftands a wooden caftle, defended by 14 pieces of cannon ; and in it are a cathedral built of wood, the go- vernment chancery, and an arfenal. Thc 'inhabitants carry On a great trade, this town lying en thc great road through all ihe E.and N. parts of Siberia. It is feat td en the river Tem, 105 riiiles E. S. E. of Tobolfk. Lon. 84. ^gl E.kt. "55. 45. N. TowBCCTOU, a kingdom of Af'-ica, in Negroland, vvhigh lies to the S. E. of the great dcfeit of Zahara, and' W. of _the empire of Cafhnah. The houfes in this country are buflt like bells, with Walls of hurdles plai,ftcred vvith clay, and covere'd vvith reed.-;. They are the fame in thc rity of;Twiibu6tou, where there is one' TON ftately mpfque built with ftpne, as alfp is the rpyal palace. There are a great num- ber pf weavers pf cpttpn clpth ; and hither the clpth and Pther merchandife are brought by caravans frcm Barbary. The better fort df women have their faces co. vered, their rehgion being Mahometanifm. There are many rich merchants ; and vvater is conveyed to the town by canals vvhen the river Niger is overflowed. They have great plenty ef ceru, cattle, mUk, and butter. The king has 300 horfemen, befide a great number ef foot, who frequently take captives, and fell them to the merchants for flaves. They will not admit any Jews, nor fuffer any to deal with them. Inftead of money, they make ufe . ef ftcHs and fmall bits of gold. Both men and women are very fond of dancing, and expend a great part of the night in that exercife. tn the proceed. ings of the African Affociations, this place is mentioned as a luxurious, opulent, and flourilhing city, fubjeft to a fevere police, and, as fuch, attrafting the mer. chants ef the moft diftant ftates ef Africa. It is feated near the river Niger, 970 miles S. W. of Moorzouk, Len. o. 8. "W. kt. ig. 59. N. ToMEBAMBA, a town of S. America, in Peru, in the province of' Quito, where was a temple ef the Sun, whofe vvaHs, as the Spaniards pretend, were covered with gold. It is 120 miles S. pf Quitp. Lpn. 77. 5P. W. lat. i. 16. S. TONDEREN, pr TUNDEREN, a tOwn pf Denmark, in the duchy pf Slefwick, and capital pf a bailiwick pf the fame name, with a ftrpng fprt. It is feated pn the river Widaw, in a fertile country, and on a bay ofthe German Ocean, 25 railes S. E. of Ripen, and 30 N. W. ef Slefwick, Lon. 9. 40. E. lat. 54. 58. N. ToNGATABOo, one ef the Friendly Iflands, about 20 leagues in circuit, fpme- what oblong, broadeft at the eaft end, and its greateft length from eaft to weft. The fouth fliore is ftraight, and confifts of coral rocks eight or ten feet high,' terminating perpendicularly ; vvhile the whole north fide is environed with ftoals and iflands, and the ftore vvithin them low and fandy. Here is alfp the beft harbour, or ancher- ing-placc, to be found among thefe iflands. It is nearly all of an ecjual height, not ex ceeding 60 er So feet above the level of the fea. Hence it is wholly laid out in plai^tations, with reads er lanes for fra- ydhng, difpofed in fo judipious a manner, as fe open an eaiy cemraunication frem one part to another. It has. alfp the ad- vanrairc of bdri.c; the feat of government. TON TON I for all the other iflands, and the ordinary refidence of all the principal chiefs. Lon. 17;. 5. W.kt. 2r. 8. S, ToNGusiANS, a people who inhabit the eaftern parts of Siberia, and are fub jeft to the Ruffians, They are all Pagans, and chiefly fubfift by grazing, and hunting of fables, vvhofe tkins are very black. They live in huts, cpmppfed ef wooden Doles ; and vvhen they remove their dvvel- ings, they take them down, and fet them up elfewhere. They are covered all over with hair and riitibifh, and there is a hole to let out the fmoke left at the top. Their fire is made in the middle, and they fit all round it upon turfs. Beeh fexes are very ftrong, and broad faced, and they "all ride on horfeback, not excepting the girls. Both men anJwpvnen drefs alike in a fprt bf frpck, with boots of fldns on their I'egs, and thdr common drink is water. ToNGERES, or TonGerest, a tovv.i of Germany, in the biftopric of Liege. It was anciently a very confiderable place ; but taken and difmantled by the French in 1673. It is feated en the river Jeckar, 12 niiles S. \V, ef Maefl;richt, and 15 W, of Liege, Tonnay Boutonne, a town ef France, in the department ef Lower Charente and kte province of Saintonge, feated on .the river Boutonne, Lon. o. 34. W. Iat. 45. 56. N. Tonnay Charente, an ancient and confiderable town of France, in the de partment of Lower Charente and late prpvince pf Saintpngc, with a caftk.. It is feaced pn the river Charente, three 'miles from Rochfort, and 253 S. W'. of Paris. Len. o. 46. W. lat. 4;. 56. N, * ToNlfEINS, a fmall town of France, in the, department of Lot and Garonne and late province pf Guienhe. Ir is feat ed pn tlie Qarpnne, two miles from irs juriftion witti the Lor, and feven miles E, of Marmande, ToNNERRE,anancienttownof France, in the departmerit of Yonne and lite_ pro. vince of Burgundy. It is the birrhpkce 'ef the cdebrated Mademoi,'"clle d'Eon, cenfor-royal, doftor of laws, advocate of the parliament, captain of dragoons, fe. tretary of embaffy, miniftcr-plcnippten- tiary tP the cpurt of Greac Britain, and authpr pf many methodical and judicicus writings on politics in gener.l, which have- been coUefted in 13 volumes 8vp, uuder the title of Lofirs du Chevalier d'Eon. Tonnerre is famous fpr ics good wines, and is feated on the' river Armanqon,' 27 miles S. of Troyes, and 102 E. of Paris. Lori. 4. 4. E. lat. 47. 51. N. -• ToNNi.N'CEN, a town pf Denmark, in the duchy cf Slefwifk, capital of a territory of the fame naipe ; feated in a peninfula formed by the river Eyder, where there is a commodious harbour, 25 iniles S. VV. of ISkfwick, and 58 N. W, of Hamburgh, Len. 9. 10. E. tat. 54. 30. N. Tonquin, akingdom of Afia, bounded on the N. by China ; on the E. by China and the Bay ef Tonquin ; on the S. by Cochin China; and en the "VV. by the king dom of Laos, It is about 1200 miles in length, and 500 in breadth, and is ene of the fineft and moft confiderabk kingdoms ef thc Eaft, as well on accoqnt ef thc number of inhabitants, as thc riches it contains, and the trade it carries on. The country is thick fet vvith villages, and the . natives in general are of a middhng ftature, and clean limbed, vvith a tawny complex ipn. Their faces are pval and flattift, and thdr nofes and Hps well proportioned, - Thdr hair is black, lpng, lank, and coarfe ; and chey kc ic hang down thdr ftoulders. They die their teeth bkck. They are generally dexterous, aftive, and ingenious in mechanic arts. They weave a multi tude ef fine filks, and make curious lacker- works, vvhich are exported co other coun tries. There is fuch a number of people, that many want employment, for they feldom go to wprk but when foreign ftips arrive. The money and goods brought hither by the Englift and Dutch put them in aftion, for they have not money ef their own fufficient te employ them felves; and therefore one third at leaft m'dft be advanced beforehand by the merchants ; and the ftips muft ftay here till the goods are finifted, which is gene rally five or fix months. They are fo ad difted to gaming, that when every thing elfe is loft, they will ftake thdr wives and children. The garments ef the Tonqui- nefe are made either of filk' or cotton ; but the poor people and foldiers wear only cot ton of a dark tawny colour. Their houfes are finall and lovv, and the walls either of mud, er hurdles daubed ever vvith day. They have only a ground floor, with two or three partitions, and each room has a fquare hole to let in the light. They have ftools, benches, and chairs ; and on the fide of a table is a littk altar, with cvvo incenie pots thereon, vvhich no houfe is without. The villages confift of 30 er" 40 houfes, furrounded by trees, and in fome places are banks to keep the water frem overflowing their garden", where they have oiangcs, betels, pumkins, me-' lens, and falad herbs. In the rainy fea- fiin they cannot pafs from one fioufe f, another, without wading chr-ough chc wa ter. TON TOR ter. They fometimes have boats. In the capital city, called Cache, are about 2o,oco houfes, vvith mud walls, and cover ed wkh thatch ; a few built vvith brick, and roofed with pantUes. In each yard is ^ fmall arched building, like an oven, ab'iut fix feet high, made of brick, which fe'-ves to fecure their goods, in cafe of fire. Tive principal ftreets are very wide, and paved with fmall ftones. Thc king ef Tonquin has thi'ee palaces in it, fuch as they are; and pear thenl are ftables for his horfes and elephants. The houfe of the Englift faftory is the beft in the cicy. The -people in general are courcepus cp ftrangers ; but the great men are haughty and ambitious, the foldiers infolent, and the peer thievift. They buy aU thdr .¦wives, of which the great men have fc- vcral ; but the poor are ftinted for want of money. In hard times thc men wilt ictl both thdr wives and children, to buy rice to maintain themfelves. When a man dies, he is buried in his own ground, nud if he was, mafter of a family, they make a great feaft. The firft new moon ia rhe year, that happens after the mid dle of January, is a great feftival ; when tliey rejoice for lo or 12 days together, and fpend thdr time in all manner of J'port!« Their common drink is tea, but they raake themfelves merry vvith arrack. At thtir great entertainments, they give" their vifirants arek, folded up in a betel leaf, daubed over with Hme made into mortar. They have another great feaft in May or June, when their firft harveft is got in. Tfltir religion is Paganifm, and yet they own a Supreme Being ; their idols have human ftapes, but in yery «li:fcrent forms. They have likewife fome refembling elephants and horfes, placed ia finall low temples buik of timber. The language is fpoken very much in the throat, and fonie of the words are pro nounced through the teeth : ic has a great fe.f"emblanc€ vvith the Chinefe. They have fchools of Itaruirig, and their cha- '" rafters are the fame, or Hke tliofe of China ; and like them they write with a Jiair pencil. They have feveral mechanic arts or trades, fuch as- fmiths, carpen. ters, fawyers, joiners, turners, weavers, jailors, potters, painters, raoneychang- ers, papcirraakers, workers in lacker, and bdl-foundcrs. The commodities arc gold, mufk, filks, calicoes, drugs of many forts, -woods for dying, lackered wares, .earthen vyares, fait', anifeed, and worm- feed. Thc lackered ware is not inferior to that of Japan, vvhich Is accounted the heft in the world. VVith all thdr mer- iha'i'iii't; one would expeft thc people to be very rich; but they are in general ycry peer, the chief trade being carried pn by thc Chinefe, Englift, and Dutch. Thc goods Imported befide filver, arc fah- petre, fulphur, EngHft bread doth, pep. per, fpices, and great guns. This king dom is an abfolute moriarchy. ToNSBERG, a feaport Of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys, 30 rtUes W. of Frederickftadt ; fubjeft to Denmark. Lon. 10, 20. E. kt, 58. 50. N. TooBOUAi, a fmall ifland In the South Seas, difcovered by capt. Cook, being, in any direftion, not above five or fix milcsi SraaU as it appears, however, there are hills in It of a confiderable devatlcn, co- - yered vvith herbage, except a few rocky chffs, with patches of trees interfperfed to their fummits. This ifland is plentifully 'ftocked with hogs and fowls, and produces feveral kinds of fruits and roots, Lon, 210. 37. E. lat, 23, 25, S, TopcLiFF, a tovvn in tlie N, riding of Yorkfhire, feated on the-river Swale, up on a confiderabk afcent, 24 miles N. of York, TorsHAM, atown of Devonftire, vvith a market en Saturday. It is feated on the river Ex, 5 miles S. E. ef Exeter, of.VhIch it is the port. It is 170 miles S, W. of London. Lon. 3. 26. W. lat. 50. 39. N. ToR,'a tovvn ef Afia in Arabia Petrasa, feated On the Red Sea, with a good har bour defended by acaftle. There is ahand fome Greek convent, in whofe garden are fountains ef bitter water, vvhich they pre tend are thofe vvhich Mol"cs rendered fweet, hy throwing in a piece of wood. Some think that this town is the aneient Ekna. Len. 33. 45. E. kt. 28. 27. N. ToRBAY, a fine bay of thc Englift Channel, oh the coaft ef Devonftire, a httle te the E. ef D.-.ttmouth, formed by tvvo capes, called Bury-Point and Bob's Nofe. It was here the prince ef Orange landed in November 1688, when he came pver froni Holland, by the invitation of many principal perfpns,, to preferve us from popery and arbitrary power. ToRBOLE, a town of Italy, In the biftopric ef Trent, 14 miles S. E. of th* dty of that name. Lon. 11. 39. E. lat. 45. 56. N. ToRCELLO, a fmaU town of Italy, in the territory ef Venice. It is thin ef peo ple, en account of, thc unwholefome air. It is feated in afmall ifland, feven miles N. of Venice, Lon. 12. 9. E. Iat. 45. 32. N. ToRDESILLAS, a fortified tovyn of ' Spain, in Leon, with a large and magni ficent palace, where queen Joan, mother of Charles V, ended her melancholy days. It is feaifd in a country fertfle in corri and "wine,. T OR TOR vv ine, on the river Douero, over vvhich there is a handfpme bridge, 24 miles W. of Val- ladoHd, and 75 S. E. of Leon. Lon. 4. 56. W. tat. 41. 48. N. ' ToRGAW, a tovvn of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, vvith a handfomc caftle ; the ftaircafe of which is built in fuch a manner, that a perfon may ride up in a chaife from the bottom to the top. There is a very flourifting fchoei here, and the inhabitancs maintain themfelves by brewing excellent beer, which they fend to other places by means ef the river Elbe, on vvhich it is feated. It is 27 miles N. E. of Leipfick, and 35 N. W. of Drefden. Lon. 13, 3, E, tat. 51. 34.N. ToRiGNA, a town of France, in the . .department of the Channel and kte pro vince of Normandy, with a magnificent , caftle, feated on a rivulet near St. Lo. Lon, e, 42, W, kt, 49. o. N. Tormes, a river of Spain, vvhich rifes in the mountains of Avik, in Caftile, paffes by Alva, Tormes, and Salamanca, and falls into the Douero, below Mirande- de-Duro. ToRNA, or ToRNAW, a town pf "Upper Hungary, capital pf a ccunty of the fame name, vvith a caftle. It is a for tified pkce, and is feated en the river . Sayo, upon an eminence, 22 miles W, of Caffovia. Lon. 20. 43. E. lat. 48. 50. N. Tornea, a town ef Sweden, in Beth- . nia, capital of a territory ef thc farae . name, vvith a good harbour. , It is feated on the northern coaft of a gulf of the fame name, at the mouth ef the river Tornea. It is a pkce ef feme trade, be caufe aU the Laplanders' in thofe parts come and exchange their fkins and ether things, for what they want. The houfes aro lew, and the cold fo fevere, that feme- times people lofe thdr fingers and 'toes. It is 3 50 miles N. N. E. of Abo, and 420 N. N. E. ef Stockholra. Lon. 24. 17. E. tat. 65. 51. N. Tornea, a river vvhich rifes In the mountains of Norway, croffes the lake of Tornea, and falls into a gulf of the fame .(name, at the town ef Tornea. ToRNOVA, a town ef Turkey in Eu rope, in Janna, with a biftop's fee, feat- . ed at the foot pf Mpunt Dragpniza, pn the river Salempria, 10 miles J*]. W. pf La riffa, Lon. 22. 36. E. kt. 39. 52. N. ToRO, a town ef Spain, in Leon, feated on a hill, on the river Douero, in a -country fertile in corn and fruits, and whofe vineyards yield e-xcdlent red wine. It is 37 miles N.by E. of Saknianca, and 100 N. W. of Madrid. Lon. 5. 2. W. kt. 41. 39. N. TORELLA BE MoNCRIS, a fcapOtt of Spain, In Catalonia, feated neSr fhe! mouth of the river Ter, on thc Medi terranean, at the foot of the Pyrenees,. famous fer a battle ' gained by the Frerich ever the Spaniards, in 1694, It is 47 miles S. by E. of Perpignan, and 19 E. of Gironne. Lon. 3. 18. E. Iat. 41. 55. N. ToRPERLEY, a finafl town in (}hef- ftire, nine miles E. ef Chefter. It has formerly been a borough, and had a market, which is new difufed. Torres, a town ef Spain, in Gra- nada, vvith a harbour en the Mediterra nean, 45 miles S. W. of Granada. Lon. 3.56. W.lat. 36. 39. N. Torres Novas, a ftrong and cbnfi derable town ef Portugal, in Eftramadura, with a caftle. It is furrounded by walls, and feated in a fertile pkiu, on the river Almonda, 3 miles N. ef the Tajo, and 55 N. E.of Lifton. Len. 8. 8, W. kt. 39. IP. N. Torres Vedras, a tovvn of Por tugal, in Eftramadura, vvith a hapdfom.c and weH-fortified caftle, feated .near the fea, 17 miks from Lifton, in a country abounding in corn, fruits, and good wine. Torrejo, a town ef Spain, in Newt CallUe, 15 miles S. of Madrid. Lori. 3. 21. W. tat. 40. 10. N. ToRRiGLiA, a tovvn of Italy, in tlie territory of Genoa, 5 miles W. of Monte- Bruno, and 10 N. of Genoa. Lon. 8. 44. E. Iat. 44. 34. N, ToRRiNGTON, atpwn pf Devonftire, with a market pn SatureJay. It is feattA on the river Tpwridge, has a manufac tory in ftuffs, and is governed by a mayor. There is a ftone bridge of four arches over the river, and it is 11 miles S. by W, of Birnft-aple, and 194 VV, by S. ef Loudon. Lon. 4. o. W. lat. 51. 4. N. ToRsiL, a town of Sweden, in Suder- mania, feated on thc S. bank of tfie k'kc Maeler, 43 miles W. of Stockholm. Lon. 17. 20. E. kt. 59. 20. "N. •"* ToRTOLA, an iflamd of tlie Weft Indies, and the principal of the Virgin Iflands. It is about 18 railes long from E. to W. and about feven in its greateft breadth. It formerly belonged to th'e Dutch, who built a ftrong fort in the bay, from which they were expelled by the Enghft in 1666. It produces excellent cotton, very good fugar and rum, and -within the kft 17 years has undergone great improvements. Thdr fruits, of which they have no great varieCy, are but indifferent ; feme apples excepted, which are' very good. The entrance into the harbour is at the E. end of thc ifland., Lon, 63. o. W. kt, iS. 30. N. See VlR. GIN Islands, Tor- TOR TOT ToRTONA, a town of Italy, 'in the duchy of Milan, capital of the Tortonefc, with a bifliop's fee, and 'a good caftle, feated on an eminence. It is fortified in the modern manner, and may be looked upon as a confiderable froritier pkce. It was taken by the alHes in 1 744, but re. taken by the Spaniards in 1745. It is feated on the river Scrivia, 28 miles' S. E. of Cafal, and, 27 S. W. of Milan, Len, 8, 58. E. kt. 45. 8. N. ToRTOSA, a large town ef Spain, in Catalonia, with a biftop's fee, a fmall univerfity, and a citadel. It is divided into two parts, the Old Town, and the Nevv, both furrounded by modern fortifi cations. The entrance inte this pkce is over a krge bridge of bpats, en the river Ebro, whofe head is fortified. It is a- dorned vvith modern works, and embel lifted vvith a great number of churches and religious houfes ; among which the cathedral church, the royal college ef Dominicans, and the convent of the Car melites, are the moft remarkable. It is feated in a coiintry, fertile in corn and fruits, and abounding with quarries, and mines of filver, iron, alabafter, very fine jafper of divers colours, and ftones with veins of gold. They have a great deal of filk and oil, and very fine potters ware, which refembles porcelain. .It is^ feated partly on a plain, and partly en a hill, 55 miles S. W. of Tarragona, and 180 E. ef Madrid. Lon. o. 35. E. kt. 40. 53' N.' ToRTUGA, a large uninhabited ifland cf S. America. The E. end is.fuUof bare rugged broken rocks, vvhich ftretch a little vvay eut-te fea. At the end is a krge fait pond, where the fait begins to kern in April. There have been 20 fail ef ftip ping here at a time fer fait. At the W. end is a fmall harbour with frefli water ; and it is fuH of low trees. There are a few goats on it ; and the turtles or tor toifes come upon the fandy bays to lay thdr eggs, whence this ifland has its name. They are ef divers colours, as bkckift, dark brown, light brown, dark green, light green, yeUow, and fpeckled. This ifland vvas formerly much frequented by the b-jccaneers. It lids near the coaft ef Terra Firma, 40 miles W. of the ifland of Margaretta, and is about 30 miles in circumference. Lon, 64. 50. W. lat. II. 30. N. " ToRTUGA, an ifland pf the Weft In dies, near the N. cpaft of the ifland of Hifpaniola, where the French buccaneers ufed to fortify themfelves, being counte- naneied and fupported by the government of France, It is about 80 miles in circum ference, and has a yery fafe harbour, but difficult of accefs. Lon, 75, 10. W. lat. 20. 10. N. TosA, a feaport of Spain, in the pre vince of Catalonia. "It is a fmall place, but extremely ftrong, feated, at the bottom ef a bay, vvhich makes a good harbour, and where veffds are fteltered from aU winds, except the S. W. It is built partly on a plain, and parcly on a fteep hill, vvhich advances inte the fea. On the top of ths hill, nearer the fea, is a ftrong citadel, vvith ether fortifications. It is 37 miles N. E. of Barcelona. Lon. 2. 54. E. lat. 41. 42. N. ToscANELLA, a' tovvn of Italy, in the territory of the Pope, and, duchy of Caftro, 35 miles N.of Rome, Lon, 12. 35, E. kt, 42, 29. N. 'ToTijESs, a borough of Devonftire, with a market on Saturday, It; is feated en the>iyer Dart, onthe defcent of a hifl, and had formerly a caftle. It is governed by a mayor, 18 aldermen, and ajecorder ; .and has a mariufaftory of ferges. Ic is 27 mfles S. W. of Exeter, and 1 g6 W. by S. ef London. Lon. 3. 44. VV, kt, 50. 24 N, ¦* Tottenham High Cross, alarge village of Middlefex, five miles N, of London. It is fo called from a crofs, which has exifted here from time imme morial. It was forraerly a celuran of wood, raifed upon a hiUock. It vvas taken down' about 200 years agp, and the prefent ftrue- ture erefted in its ftead, by Dean Wood, In this parift arc three almshoufes. Of one of thera, for eight poor people, it is remarkable, that it vvas erefted by Bal thazar Zanches, a Spaniard, who was con- feftiener te Philip II. ef Spain, with whom he came oyer to England, and vvas the firft that exercifed that art in this country. He became a Proteftant, arid died in 1602. At the end of Page Green, ftands a remarkable circukr dump of elms, called The Seven Sifters. In a brick field en thc weft fide of the road is St, Ley's well, vvhich is faid te be always fuH, and never to run over ; and, in a field op pofite the vicarage houfe, rifes a fpring, called Biftop's 'Well, of which the com mon people report many ftrange cures. A rivulet, called the Mofel, which rifes on Mufwell Hill, near Highgate, runs through the prindpal ftreet of this vil lage. ¦*¦' Totteridge,' a village of Mid dlefex, near Chipping Barnet. It -was greatly inhabited by the citizens of Lon don, fo long ago as the reign ef James I. It is 10 miles N. N. W. of London. Toul, an ancient and confiderable town T O U T 0 ti town of France, in the department ef Meurthe and kte province qf Lorrain. Before the revolution it was a biftop's fee, and che cathedral and kte epifcopal palace, are handforae ftruftures. It was- an im perial tovvn of Germany, fill taken by the French in 1 5 5 1 . It is feated on the river Mofelle, in a plain, almpft furrounded by mountains, to railes W. ef Nancy, and 167 S. E. of,.Paris, Lon, 6, z.E, lat. 48. 4P. N. ' . _ '* TOULOMBA, pr TuEMABINI, a fprtrefs of Hindooftan Proper, in the pro vince of Lahore, feated en tbe S. bank of the Rauvee, 70 miles E. N. E. of Moul tan. Toulon, a celebrated city and feaport of France, in that part of the late pro- vince of Provence, which is now denomi nated the department of the Var. It is a very antitnt place ; having been found ed, according to the common opinion, by a Roman gerieral. It is the chief town of the department, and, before the great re volution in i78g, was an cpifcopal fee. The inhabitants are n'ot computed at more than 8d,ooo; which is not to be wondered at, when we refleft, that it experienced the dreadful ravages of the plague three times in the fifteenth century, in 141 8, 1461, and 1476 ; ence in, the fixtcenth, in 1587 ; four times in the fevcnteenth, in 162 1, 1630, 1647, and 1664; and once in this century, in 1720. It is divided in to the Old Quarter and the New Quarter. The firft, which is very ill-built, has no thing remarkable in it but the Rue aux Arbres (thc Tree Street) vvhich is a kind of courfe or mall, and the townhoufe : the gate of this is furmounted by a bal cony, wh'ich is fuppprted by tvve termini, the raafterpieces of the lamous PujcC. The New Quarter, vvhich forms, as it were, a fecond city, contains, befide the magnificentvvorks conftrufted in the reign of Lewis XIV. many fine houfes, araeng vvhich, that of the late ferainary raerits beyond mparifon the preference, and a grand o. long fquare, lined wrth trees, and ferving as a parade. The harbour, re- fpefting thefe two quarters, is diftinguift. ed likewife by thc names ofthe Old Port or the Merchant Port, and the New Port ^or thc King's Port; but this kft appcHa- tion ha? yanift.ed with the late aboHtion . of royalty, and univerfal deftruition of all its fymbds, in this diftrafted country. The Merchants Haven, along which ex tends a noble quay, on vvhich ftands the tewnhoufe, is protefted by two moles, be gun by Henry IV. The New Haven vvas conftrufted by Lewis- XIV. as were the fbrtificatiens ef the city.^ In the front of this haven is an arfenal, containing alt the pkces neceffary for the conftruftion and fitting out ef veffds : the firft objeft that appears Is a ropewalk, entirely arch ed, extending as far as the eye can reachy and built after the defigns ef Vauban: here cables are made, and above is a place for the preparation of hemp. Here like- wife is the armoury, for mufquets, piftols, halberds, &c. - In thev park of artfllery, are cannons placed in piles, bpmbs, gi'e-' nades, mprtars, and balls of varipus kinds- ranged in wonderful order. The long fail room, the foundry for c„nnon, tht deck. yards, the bafins, &c. are all worthy of obfervation. The ga-ffies, transferred from Marfeilles feme years ago, occupy ar Toulon a fecond bafin in the New Port. Many of the galley-flaves are artizans, fome merchants, and, vvhich is the mpft wonderful, of fcrupulous integrity. They no longer fleep on board the galHcs, but have been lately provided with accommo- dations on ftore, in a vaft building, nevvty erefted for that purpofe. Toulon is the only mart in the Mediterranean for' the re-exportation of the prpdufts pf the Eafi Indies. This place vvas deftroyed towarti the end of the tenth century, and pilkged by thc African pirates almoft as foon as rebuilt. The conftable of Bourbon, at thc -head of the imperial troops, obtained pof feffion of ic in 1 524, as did Charles V. in 1536; but, in thc next century, Charles Emanuel duke of Savoy could not enter it ; and prince Eugene, in 1707, ineffec. tually kid fiege te it. Both the Old and New Port have an outlet into the fpacious outer road or harbour, which is furround ed by hills and formed by nature almoft circular. Its circuit is of very great ex tent, 'and the entrance is defended, en both fides, by a fort with ftrong batteries-i In a word, the bafins, docks, and arfenal, at Toulon warranted the remark "of a fo reigner that vifited thera in the kte reign ; that ' the king ef France vvas greater there than at Verfailles," Toulon is fituated en a bay of thc Mediterranean, in 5, 37, E. Ion, and 43. 7. N. kt. It is 17 leagues S. E. ef Aix, 1 5 S. E. of Marfeflles, and 217 S. E. of Paris. This city was fur- rendered by the inhabitants, in September i7g3, tothe Eritift admiral lprd Hpod, as a condition and means ef enabling therp to effeft the re-eftabliftraent of mPnarchy in France, according to the conftitution of i78q. Lord Hood, accordingly, in conjunftion wich the Spanift land and na. val forces, took poffeffion pf the harbpur and fprts in truft fpr Lewis XVII. It was garrifoned fer fome time by the Britift troops, and their allies, the ' Spaniards, Neapcj,. T O U T O U 'Neapolitans, and Sardinians ; but the French republicans having laid fiege to it, the garrifon was obliged to evacuate the place in the month of December follow. ing. Toulouse, a very andent city of France, in the department of Upper Ga ronne and tate province of Languedoc, with an archbiftop's fee. It is the moft confiderable dty in France, next to Paris and Lyons, although its population bears no proportion te its extent. It contains 60,000 inhabitants. It was the capital of the TeiSfpfages, who made fo many con- quefts in Afia and Greece, It was next a Roman cplony, and was fuccefllvdy the capital of the -Vifigoths (vvho deftroyed the fuperb amphitheatre, of vvhich there are ftill feme remains, the capifel, and .other Roman monuments) and that of . Aquitaine, The ftreets are very hand. fome, and the walls ef the city, as well as .the houfes, are buUt with bricks, St, Stephen's, the metropolitan church, would ,be incomparable, if the nave vvcre equal to the chpir. The, pulpit is ftill thc fame in which the tvvo fanatics St. Bernard and St. Dominic have preached. Orie of thc bells, called Cardailla, weighs more than .that of George d' Amboife ac Rouen. In the church qf the late Dominicans is the ftrine pf the fpunder, the celebrated St. TliPipas d' Aquinas, pf filver gilt, and of the moft exquifite workraanftip ; which, very probably, will foon be fcnt to the mint, as well as the rich ftrine ef St. Geneveve at Paris, In digging under the nave of the church of thc kte Cordeliers, a large vault vvas difcovered, in which were 150 flcektons, covered vvith a dry fkin like eld parchment : the earth In this vault is impregnated with Hme. . The archbiftop's palace is magnificent ; but how long he vvill be permitted to rcfide in it is by this time, perhaps, no longer a queftion. The townhoufe, a modern ftruc ture, forms a perfeft fq'uarc, 324 feet long, and 66 high. Tlie^ principal front occupies an entire fide of thc grand fquare, lately caHed the Place Royale. In thc great haH, called the Hall ef illuftrious Men, is the ftatue of the chevalier Ifaure, and the bufts of all the great men to whom Touloufe has given birth. Coramunicaring with tlie ocean, on one fide, by the river Garonne, and vvith the Mediterraneari, on the ether, by thc ca nal of Languedoc, Touloufe might have been a very commcrciaKcity ; but the tafte of the inhabitants has been principally fqr the fciences and beUes-lettres. Of courfe, there are two colleges, two public libraries, and three academies. The Httle com- 9 merce pf Tpulpufe confifts In leather, dra pery, blankets, migriionets, oil, iron, mer- eery, hardware, and books. The bridge over the Garonne is at leaft equal to thefe of Tours and Orleans : it forms the com munication between the fuburb of St. Cyprian and the city. The quays exteud along the banks of the Garonne ; and it has lieen in cohttemplation to tine them vvith nevv and uniform houfes, Touloufe is 37 mites E. of Auch, 125 S. E. of Bour. deaux, and 350 S. by W. of Paris. Lon, .. 27, E, lat. 43. j6. N, Touraine, a province of France; bounded on the N, by Maine; on theE. by Orleannois ; on the S. by Berri ; and on the W, by Anjou and Poitou, The river Loire runs through tlie middle. It is 58 mites in length, arid 55 in breadth, and is watered by feveral rivers, very comnaodlous fer trade, and is, in general, fo pleafant and fertile a country, that it is caUed the Garden of Franc.e. It now forins the department of Indre and Loire, of vvhich Tours is the capital. TouR-DE-RoussiLLON, a town of France, in the department of tbe Eaftern Pyrenees and late prevince of RouffiUon, feated on a hifl -near the river Tet, two miles below Peipignan. Tour-du-pIn, a tovvn of France, in thc department of Ifere and late prevince of Dauphiny, feated on a riVer of the fame name, 24 miles S. of Vlcrine. TouRiNE, a town ef Germany, in the bifliopric of Liege, 13 miles N, E. of Namur. Lon. 5. o. E.kt. 50. 36. N. TouR-tA-ViLLE, a tovvn of France, in the department ef Charente, and tate pi-ovince of Normandy, feparated from Cherburg'by a river. Tournay, a handfome and confider. able town. of Auftrian Flanders, and capi. tai of tho Tournayfis, vvith a biftop's fee. It is defended by a ftrong caftle, is a large trading place, with feveral fine manufac. torics, and particularly famous for good ftockings. "The cathedral, and the abbey ef St. Martin, are very magnificent. It was taken by the aflies in 1709, and ceded to the houfe of Auftria by the treaty of Ucrechc ; though the Dutch put in a gar. -rifon, as being One of thc barrier towns. It vvas taken by the French in 1745, "^^l^o demoliflied the fortificacions. In 17S1, the emperor Jofeph II. obhged the Dutch te withdraw their garrifon. It was again - taken by the French ini7g2; but they were obliged to. abandon it at the commence. ment of 1793. It is feated en thc river Schdd, vvhich divides it into two parts that are united -by -a. bridge, 14 miles S.E. pf Lifle, 30 S. W. pf Ghent, and 135 N. TOW T R A by E. of Park; Lon. 3. 28. E. lat. 50. 33. N, TouRNON,atownof France, inthe de partment of Ardeche and late province of D.auphiny, on the declivity of, a mountain, with a fine college, and a caftle that com mands the vvhole town. It Is feated near the river Rhone, 40 miles W. ef Grene. ble, and 280 S. by E. pf Paris, Lpn, 4, 50. E, kt, 45, 6, N. TouRNus, an ancient tpwn of France, in the department of Saone and Loire and late province pf Burgundy, feated on the river Soane, in a pleafant country, fertUe in corn and wine. It.is 13 miles S. of Chalons, and 202 S. by W. of Paris, Len, 5'. o. E. lat. 46. 34. N. Tours, an ancient, large, handfome, rich, ^nd confiderable cuy of Franc-, capi tal ofthe department of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, From an archiepifcopal fee it has been lately- reduced toabi iopric, fuffragan te that ef Bourges. It is advantageoufly feated on the Loire, and near che Cher. Over the former is one of the fineft bridges in Europe, con fifting of, I 5 elliptical arches, each 7 5 feet diameter : three of thefe , were carried away by the breaking-up of ice in i78g. This bridge is terminated, in a line which croffes the ' whole ¦ dty, by ^ ftreet 2400 feet leng, foot-pavements on each fide ; and fined with Poble buildings recently erefted. The prindpal church is re markable fer the delicacy ef its ftrufture, its curious deck, its Mofaic pavement, and its rich library ef manufcripts. Under the miniftry ef cardinal Richelieu, no lefs than 27,000 perfons vvere here employed in the filk manufafture ; but, at prefent, the whole number of inhabitants is not more than 22,000'. The red wines of Tours are much efteemed. In one ef thc fuburbs, is the kce abbey of Marraoucicr, repuced the raoft apcient in the Wqft. Tours is 52 miks N. E. of Poitiers, 60 S. W. ef Orleans, and 127 S. W. of Paris. Lon. o. 47. E. kt. 47. 24. N. TousER.A, a tpwn pf Africa, capital pf Biledulgerid, feated in a country abound ing in dates, and dependent oP the king dom of Tunis. Lon. 10. 55. E. lat. 32. JO. N. TovvcESTER, a fmall town of North ampton:', ire, with a market on Tuefday, It is feated on a fmall river, and vvas once very ftrongly fortified. It has a handfome church, and is 32 miles S. E. of Coventry, arid 60 N. W. pf London, Len. i. 15. W. kt. 52. 4. N, * TowRiDGE, a river of Devonfliire, which rifesiriear the fource of the Tamar, not far from the Briftol Channel, runs S,, E. to Hatherley, arid then joining the Oke frora Okehampcon, turns ftort te the N. and paffing by Torringcon and Biddeford, encers che fta at Barnftaple Bay, , TowTON, a village in rhe W, riding ef Yorkftire, S. E. of Tadcafter, -famous for that bloody battle between the forces ef the houfes of York and Lancafter, fo fatd'to the ktter, en Palm-Sunday, 1461, -The ploughmen fometimes turn up arrovy heads, fpear heads, broken javeHns, &c. in this field, '¦'-' Towy, a river of S, Wales, which riles in Cardiganfhire, enters Carmarthen- ,ftire at ics N. E. extremity, and paffing bv Carmarthen, encers the "Briftol Chan nel. TRACHENBURG,a tovvn ef Germany, in Silefia, feated on the Bartch, 11 miles N. E. of VVoIow, and 26 N. of Breflaw. Len. 17. 1 5. E. kt. 51. 30. N. Trafalgar, a cape or promontory of Spain, I'lj Andalufia, feated at the en trance of the Straits ef Gibraltar, 30 miles S. E. ef Cadiz. Len. 6. i, W, kt. -16. II.N. TraJaNapoLi, a town ef Turkey ia Europe, in Roraania, with a Greek arch biftop's fee, though it is, yery fmall and thin ef people. It .is feated on the rivet Marica, 37 railes S. W. of Adrianople, and 112 N. W. ef Conftantinople. Lori. 26. 18. E. lat. 41. 15. N. Trajetto, a town ef thc kingdom of Naples,' built on the ruins ef thc ancient Minturna. Here are the ruins ef an am .phitheatre and an aqueduft, and it is feated near the mouth of the river Garigliano, on the Mediterranean, 25 miles !¦?. W. of Capua, and 20 S. W. of Vcnaftro, Lon. 14. 4. E. kt. 41. 20. N. Traina, a town of Sicily, in.the Val- di-Demona, feated on a high mountain, at the fource of the river Traina, 22 miles \V. of Mount Etna, and 70 S. W. of Meffina. Len. 14. 30. E. lat. 37. 46. N. Tra-los-Montes, a province of Portugal, beyond the mountains, vvith re gard to the other provinces of this king dom, whence it has its narae. It is bound ed on the N. by Galicia ; on the W. by Entre-Dourp-e-Minhp, and Beira; and Pn the S. by Beira, and a part pf Lepn. It is fertile in wine arid pil, and abpunds ¦ in cattle. The river Dpuru divides it ' into two parts, and Miranda is the capi- tal. Tranchin, a handfome tovvn ef Up per Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated -on the river Waag, ever vvhich is a bridge of wood. The ciiftle ftands fo high, that it may be X X ieea TRE TRE feparatipn frpm the cpunties pf Lincpln and Nptcinghara, it enters the latter cPunty at its S. W. extremity, and thence crpffing pbliqudv tP the E. cpafts alpng its whple eaftern fide, fprming, tPward the N. part, the bpundary betvveen that coun. ty and Lincolnfhire, a corner of which it crpffes, and then falls intp the. Hum'oer below Gainftorough. Parallel vvith the courfe of this rivtr runs a canal, forming a junftion betvveen it and the Merfey, and joining it at Wilden. It is a large navi gable river through thc vvhole of Notring- pamftire, and is the glory of that county. Its ^hief inconvenierice is that ef being fubjeft to great. and frequent floods. '¦'¦ Trenton, a tovvn of N- America, Capital ef New Jerfey, ef whicli ftate It is alfo the largefl town. It is feated en the N. E. fide of the river Delaware N. of Philadelphia. Lou. 75. o. W. lat. 40. 15. N. Treptow, a town of Germany', iri the circle ef Upper Sa.xony and duchy of Pe. merania, vvhere they have a manufaftory of ftockings and woollen ftuffs. It is feat. ed en the river Rega, near its mouth, on the Baltic, 43 miles N. E. of Stetin. Lon. 15. 19. E. kt. 54. 10. N. Tresen, or Trosa, a feaport of Svveden, in Sum Lancafter, every Sunday, Tusf- d-ay, and Friday ; ahd the market is well fuppli'-'d with corn, -fteep, fifli, and other provifions. It is 18 mfles N. W. of Lari- cafter, 'apd 267 N. N. W. ef London. Lon. 3; 12. W. kt. 54. 14. N. Um A, a town of Svveden, in W. Boch- iiia.'Teated on the river Uma, in thc Gulf bf Bothnia. The houfes are built of wood; and it was tvVice burnt by the Ruffians.. It is the refidence of the go. vernor of W. Bothnia, and is i8o rriiles N. of Stockholm. Lon. 19, 9. E,, tat, 63, 5-8. N, Uma GO, a tPwn pf Iftria, feated be tween the Gulf pf Largpna andthe mputh pfthe riyer Quietp, with a harbpur, it belpngs to the 'Venetians. Umbria, See Spoleto, Umbriatico, atpwn pfthe kingdpni pf Napks, with a biftpp's fee, though npw reduced to a viHage, having np mpre than 50 hpufes. It is feaced on theriver Lipuda, 15 miles N. W, of St, Severina. Lo'n, 17, io.,'E, lat, 39. 2g, N, Underswe-n, or Underseen, a ^jijdfome townof Swifferland, in the can ton of Bern, charmingly feated on the kke ThuP, 'and near ic is. che famous ca vern qf St, Pat, It is 25- miles S. S. E, of Bern, and 30 S. E. of Friburg, Lon. 7. 32. E. Iat. 46. 32, N. Underwalden, a canton of Swiffer knd, and the fixth in rank. It is bound ed en- the N. by the canton of Lucern, and by the lake of the fear cantons ; on the E. by fhe high mountains, which fe parate it from the cantoh of Uri j on the S. by the raountains of 'Brunick, which part it frem the canton of Bern ; and en the W. by that of Lucern. It takes ,its name frem a krge foreft of oaks, which is- nearly in the middle of the country, and runs from N. to S. It is about 2 5 miles in length, and 17 in breadth, and is divid ed into two parts, that above the foreft, and that below it ; for this reafon there are two councils, two juftices, .arid two land amminies. It has no towns nor bai- liwics ; and the chief advantage of the in ha'oitants arifes frorn cattk, and- the. fift taken in five fmaU lakes. They are alt Roman Catholics ; and the gtand council is compofed of 58 members, Ungh'w ar, a tovvn of Upper Hunga ry, capital of a ceunty of the fame name, ih an ifland formed by the river Ungh. It is ftrorig by fituation among the moun tains of Crapach, and is 47 miles E, of" Caffovia, Lon. 22. 23. E. lat. 48. 48. N. United Provinces of the Ne therlands, a republic of Europe, cen. fifting of -feven prOvirices, and extending from N. tn S. not more than 150 miles, and lao in breadth-from E. to W,- They are bounded on W, and N. by the German Ocean; on the S. by Brabant and the bi. ftopric ef Lie'ge ; and on thc E, by Ger many. Thefe provirices rarik in the fol lowing order : i. Guelderland, fubdivided- int'o the diftrifts of Niipeguen, Zutphen^ 1. aofi U N I UN I knd ArPhetm ; 2. Holkncl, fubdivided Into European nations began to open their eyes N; Holland, S. Holland and W. Fricfland 3. Zealand, fubdivided into the pSrt near the E. Schdd, and the part near the VV. Scheld ; 4. Iftrecht ; 5.. Fricfland ; 6. Overyffel; and 7. Groningen. Befide thefe provinces, are the knds of the Ge- neralcy, commonly called Ducch Brabant, in vvhich are the towns of BoiS-lc-Duc, Breda, Bergen-op-,Zooip, Maeftricht, fo far as to eriiploy their ewn fliipping in their trade, and to eftablift banks of their own. Notwithftanding thefe deduftibns, the Dutch trade is ftill iramenfe'; in cen fequence ef their yaft opulence, they ftill regplate the exchange for all Europe, and thdr country is, as it were, the univerfal vvarehoiife bf the commodities of every quarter of the glribe. _ Among tlie mono. Venlo,' Sluys, and HuUt. This republic polies ef their Eaft Iridia Company, the ' '" ' ' ''' "'" " ' "--- -'-- - ' fpice frade is the moft valuable :' jt com prehends the article? o'f cloves, mace, nut meg, and cinnamon. The Java coffee is the beft next to that of Mecca ; and other great Branches of this trade are rice, cotton, pepper, &c. articles of greac importanie, but riot in the exclufive poffeffiop of the Dutch. They are the only European na-. tion hitherto perraitted to trade direftly to Japan ; but this trade is alfo on the de- cHric. Their Weft Iridia Company car ries on a trade, not only tb the VV. Indies, but to the coaft of Guinea; to the latter chiefly for flaves.; and, diftinft from this. (which is likewife caHed by the gene name of Holland) affords a ftriking proof, that unwearied and perfevering induft'ry is capable of conquering every difadvan tage pf climate and ficuaticn. The air and water in this cpuritry are nearly equally bad ; the foil produces naturally fcarce any thing but turf ; and the pefcf- fion of - this very foil is difputed by the ocean, which rifing confiderably above the level of the larrd, is prevented from ever- flowing it, only by ftrong and expenfive dikes. Yet the labours ef the patient Dutchman have rendere.d this fmall and feemingly infignificant territory one of the they have two companies, which trade to richeft fpots in Europe, with refpeft to Surinam and Berbice. The foreign pof- popuktion and property. ' In ether coun tries, poffeffed ef a yariety ef natural 'pro duftions, it is not furprifing to find raa- nufafturers employed in 'Augmenting the f"effioris of the Dutch, in Afia, are the Coafts of the ifland of Java, the capital of which is Batavia, the feat ofthe governor- general of aU thtir Eaft India fettlements ; riches which thc bounty ofthe foil beftow :^ feme fettlements en the coafts of Sumatra, but to fee, in a country like Hofland, krge Malabar, and Coromandel; the greateft weollcn rrianufaftures, where there arc part of the Moluccas or Spice Iflands fcarce any flocks ; numberlefs artifts em- ployed in metals, where there is hot a inine ; thoufands ef favv-mflls, where there is fcarce a foreft ; an iraraenfe quan tity of corri, exported from a country i"ettleracnts, br faftories, in the ifland of Celebes, at Surat and Petra, and in the.. Gulf of Perfia ; v/ith Colombo, Trinco- male, &c. on the ifl'and of Ceylon. In Africa, they have the Cape of Good' Hope, vyhere there is not agriculture fufficient to with Geprge de la Mina, and pther for. fhffport pne half pf its inhabitants, is' vvhat muft ftrike every attentive pbferver vvith adrairatipn. Arapng the mpft valuable natural prpduftipns pf the United Nether lands may be reckoned thdr excdle-nt cat tle ; and large quantities ef madder are exported, chiefly cultivated in Zeaknd- truffes and faftories in Guinea. In the Weft Indies, they have the iflands of Sc. 'Euftatia, Saba, and Curagea; and in S- America, the colonies of 'Iffequibo, Derae- rary, Surinam, and Berbice, in the coun try of Guiana. In Holland, the inland trade is greatly facilitated by the numer- The moft corifiderable revenue arifes from ous canals, vvhich crofs the countrv in every the fifheries ; but thefe are not fo confi- direftiori. The nuraber of manufattures derable as formerly. The number of vef- eftablifted inthe United Provinces is af- fels employed in the herring fiftery, in tonifting. Saardam, a village in N, Hel- particular, is reduced from upward of "land, contains, for inftance, about goo 2000 to lefs than 200; and yet it mairi- windmills, partly corn-mills, partly favv tains, even now, no lefs than 20,000 peo- and paper-mills, and mills for the making pie. -About 100 veffels are employed in bf vvhitelead. Sec. In former times, the the Greenland fiftery, and 140 iri the cod Dutch vvere the exclufive poffeffors of fe- fifheiv.-near the Dogger' bank, and near veral ingenious manufaftures and arts ; as 1 '" rt f TT_11 J ' 1 '" 1-. ^ T^nfr/*!-! twrar-a ?¦no vrifi -ni tl nf r\r /^•^vn rvl-i i-vi- i-m/^ 1-i,-iv-.^-- 1.I thc coaft of Holkridi- The Dutch were formerly in poffeffion of the coafting trade and freight of, almoft all other trading na tions. Thev vvere alfo the bankers ftar alt the refining of camphor and borax, the cutting and pohfting ef diatribnefs, the re fining e'f fugar, &c. but, at prefent, thefe myfteries, few of them excepted, are in Europe. But thefe advantages ' did not the hands ef many orher nations, to- whofe •optinue to-'bc foJricrative, when thp ether' cpmnjercialignprancs and vvanc of induf- ^ Zi2 try U NI U N I try the Dutch- vvere once indebted for im- ,_ nicnfe profits, wjiich have decreafed wich ¦ the caufes : among chc reft, thc wppllen manufaftory has prodigioufly decreafed. In a word che Dutch trade is no longer iu its ancient flpurifliing ftate, to which, even . if tilt- frugality and induftry of the nation had not been diminifted by too great richps, the rivalfliip ef other nations, and the commercial knowledge of the -age, would never permit it to rife again. , Since the great confederation ef Utrecht in 1^79, (See Netherlands) the Seven Unitccl Provinces muft -be confidered as one poli tical body, united for the prefervation of the vyhole, of which each fipgle province 'is governed by its own lavvs, and extrcif'ts . .'moft 'of the rights of a fovereign ftate. In confequence. of thc Union, the Seven Provinces guarantee each ether's rights ; they raak.e vvar and-peace, levy ta-^es, &c. 1)1 thdr joint capacity ; but as to internal governraent, each province is independent ofthe ether provinces, and ef fhe fupreme power of the republic. They fend depu ties, chpfen put of the provincial ftates to the general affembly, called the flates-ge. neral, which is invefted with fhe fupreme legiflative power "of tho confefleratien. Each prevince has a right to fend as raany deputies as it pleafes, but it has only one yoke in the affembly of the ftates. At the head of this government there has ufuaily been, and is now, a prince ftadt. holder, er governor, who exercifes a very confiderable part of the executive power of the ftate. The ftadtholdcrs, in their order ef their ele'ftion er acceffion to that . dignity, were WUHam I. in 1.579 ; Mau- 'ricei in 1583.; Frederic Henry, in 1625; WiHiam II. in 1647; WUIiam III. in 1672, king of England in i658 ; WiHiam IV. in 1747 ; and WiUiam V. the pre- fent ftadtholder, in 1766. After the death of WilHam II. the ftates pubHfted, in 1667, thc perpetual edift, by which the office ef ftadtholder was declared to he abolifhed. Buf,. in 1672, when Lewis XIV. invaded Holland, the moft viqient commotions of the populace cempe,lled the ftates to repeal the edifts ; to ipveft.the young.prince of Orange with the offices of ftadtholder, captain-general, and admiral. i;eneral ; and te declare thpfe dignities he. xeiditary in his family. On his death, in '1702, the office qf ftadtjielder vvas agaim' -iboliflied ; but, in J747, when fhe French no longer refpeft.ed the territories qf the ¦republic (jht ally pf Great Britain, hut neutral a§ a. priadpal) the fame p'ppukr coiumorions as had happened in '1672, C'liiipdltil tht ftates, no.t only toinvtfr che isrip,,-e -if Qra;!;;? with the abovi; high of fices, but to declare them hereditary in his family, and even in the feinale and cpl- laieral branches. In cpnfequence pf this, when Vv'jlHam I"v. died in 1751, his confort, the princefs Anne of England, afted as governante in the minority of her fpri, till her death in 1759; and the ypung prince himfelf was declared pf age in 1766. Frora the neceffity that the re public have been, as ftated above, ofcheof- ing a ftadtholder, in tiraes of great emcr- .gtncy, it may be inferred, thai the dignity and thc power of a ftadtholcler is effential arid falutiry te thc conftitution ef the United Provinces. There have conftant ly 'been, hpwtver,-arid there now are, tvvo oppofite parties in the ftate ; one of which, called thc patriots, are averfe, arid the other .are attached to the power ofthe ftadtholder. Thefe two parties proceeded to fuch ex tremities, in 1787, that a civU waraftual- .ly cpmmenccd,, and the ftadtholder was ,deprived of the office ef captain-general ; but the vvar vvas ended, and the ftadthol der reftored, the fame year, by the milita ry interference ef Great Brjtain arid Pruf- fia. The dignity of ftadtholder, though hereditary, and of the greateft weight, can be confidered no otherwife than as the firft office entruftcd to a fubjeft of the re pubHc, and falls.very fliort ofthe pioft H- mited fovereignty. The ftadtholder is .not entitled to a voice in the fupreme legiflative affembly, but he may be pre. fent at their meetings. He enjoys a very ample patronage in confequence of his mi litary command. He is prefident of the E. and W. India Companies, and ftadt holder ef each fingk prevince, but with unequal prerogatives. In feme of the provinces, . he has thc exdiriive right cf nominating the magiftrates ef the towns, .and the power of pardoning criminals ; ih fome he has a ftare in the legiflative power, and a voice in the affembly of the ftates of the province ; in others, hq has either none, or not all thefe prerogatives. Another great dignity in'the republic (the influence of which is ufually oppbfed to the ftadtholder's intereft) is the office of the grand penfionary, who, by virtue of his office, is perpetual .member of the higheft legiflative affemblies,. the ftates- general,' and the fecret committee. Thc departments whicli are employed in fuch . prihlfc affairs as concern all the Seven Provinces, are the' follovying: i. .The council of ftate, compofed ef 1 2 mcifibers, chofen by the Seven Province under the prefidency of the ftadtholder ; if has its treafurer and fecretary, apd is next in rank" te the ftates-general. 2. The department of the reveaue, confifting of 14 members. ' " ' 3. The U N I V O L 3. The army and navy treafury, compofed of four hiembers : and, 4. The five cham bers ef the admiralty. ' Each prevince is go verned by the affembly 'of its refpeftive ftates. Thefe ftates, in almoft all the pro vinces, are compofed of the nobihty, er great landholders, and of the towns. In the affembly ef the ftates ef the prevince of Holland, the- grand penfionary prefides. Thc towns are governed by thdr own eleftive magiftrates, vvhofe jurifdiftion is confined vvithin the walls ef the towns. The C'alvinift religion is eftabhfted m Holland. The Lutheran, thc Reman Catholic, piany other Chriftian fefts, and the Jews, are tolerated. None but Cal vinifts can hold any employment of truft or profit. There are 1579 minifters of the eftabliflied church, go ef the Wal loon Church, 800 Roman Catholic, 53 Lutheran, 43 Armen'ian, and 312 Ana- - baptift. I-a the E. Indies, there are 46, and in the W. Indies, g minifters of the eftabj-ifted church. The natural and poHtical. ficuation of the Dutch nation has becp.comparcd to that of a colony of Cana- - dian beavers, vvho, by unwearied labour, - and mutual affiftance, are enabled to bufld fecure habitations on the banks of rapid rivers, and to form focieties rendered du rable and invincible by the tie of firip union: yet their wonderful fabric would, by diffcnfion and feparation, foon fink ihto infignificance or annihilation. When we confider vvhat Holland was before the union ef Utrecht ; and afterward fee the inhabitants of that fwampy fpot affume, for no inconfiderable period ef time, the arbitrium of Europe and the Indies, it is net whhout regret we witnefs the decay of thdr power, that admirable monument of human exertion and induftry. An im partial obferver, however, who cannot wift to fee the benefits of aftivity confined to PriC fppt, and extprted from the igno rance aftd weaknefs.pf other nations, will be confoled by thc confideration that the exclufive advantages of Holland are kffon- ed4)y thc general increafe of induftry and happinefs throughout aU the ftates of Eu rope, and not by any of thofe great cala mities and revolutions that have put a pe riod to the power of other cemraercial ftatcs. Amfterd'am is the capital ; but the feat of the ftates-general, and of the court, is at bague. See Scheld. -" United States of America, a republic of N. America, confifting ori- giqally of thirteen provinces fubjeft to Great Britain, but which vvere acknow ledged free and independent ftates by -thc treaty of Paris in 178?. They are Maf fachufets., New Hampftire, Rhode Ifland, Connefticut, Nevv York, New Jerfev,' Pennfylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Vir ginia, N. and S. Carolina, and Georgia. Only eleven of thefe ftates acceded, ac firft, to the new fedral cenfticucien, but they vvere afterward joined by N. Carolina and Rhode Ifland; and Kentucky and V^er- mont having fince been added to thera, the prei'ent nuraber of the ftates that form this great American repubHc is fifteen. Sec America. Un.''! a, a town of Gerraany, in tjie cir cle ef .Weftphalia, and in thc county of Mark. It vvas forraerly a confiderable Hanfeatic town, buc now belongs Co che king of Pruffia, and is feated on a fmall river, 10 miles N. E. of Dortmund, and 35 'S. of Munfter. Lon. 7. 49. E. kt. . 51.28.N. Unna, a river -of Turkey in Europe, which runs through- Croatia, paffes by Wihitz apd Dubitza, and falls into the Sade. * U.ssHA, one of the two provinces of the governraent of Koftroma. in Ruffiia. Makarief, feated on the river Unfta, is tbe capital. * Unst, the rapft rempte of the Shet land Iflands, extending beyond 61" N. kt. It is eight miles long, and four broad, Voerden, a ftrong town ef the Unit- ¦ ed Provinces, in Holland, feated on the Rhine, dght miles frem Utrecht, and 16 frem Leyden, Len. 4, 58. E. kt. 52. 6. N, . Voghera, a town" of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, and in the territory of' Pavia. It is very pleafant, welt fortified, and feated on the river Staffbra, 14 miles S. W. ef Pavia, and 30 S. VV. of Milan, Lon. g. 10. E. lat. 44." 5g. N. Void, a town pf France, in the depart ment ef Meurthe ahd iate prdvlnce ef Lorrain; feated en => rivulet of the farae name, ib miles from To'ul. VoiGTLAND, a territory of Germany, , In the circle of Upper Saxony, and one of the four circles of the ¦marqiiif"ate ef Mif. nia. It is bounded on the E. by Bohe. mia; en the N.. by the duehy of Alfen. burgh ; and on the VV^ by Thuringia and Franconia. The principal place is Pkwen. VoKELMA.RK, or WOLICKMARCK, a town of Gerraany, in the drdc of Aul"- ¦ tria, and duchy of'Carinthia, feated ejj fhe river Drave, 26 miles S. E. of Ckgeufuft. Len. 14. 56. E. lat. 46. 45. N. \' OLANO, a feaport town of Italy, in the duchy of Ferrara, feated on the Gulf of Venice, at'one of the mouths ofthe Po, 40 miles E. of Ferrata.'- Lbn. 12. 36. E, ' lat. '44. 52. N. , "Volga, the krgeft river in Europe, Z z 3 vvhicl)' VOL vyhich has its fource in two fmail lakes, in the government of Pleflcpf, in Ruffia, about ,Sq mfles W. of Tver. It begins to be navigable a fevv miles above that town. It is confiderably augmented here^ by thc juriftiori ef the Tver,ia, which is a broader, deeper, and more rapid river. " ,By mearis of the Tverza, a.commuri'icaciori is made becween the Volga and the Neva, or, in qther words, between the Cafpian and the Baltic. This nobje river vvaters fqme ef the fineft provinces. in the Ruffian empire, , paffes by ^Yaroflaf, Koftroma,, Nifhrid-Novegored, Cafan, SImbirfk, and Saratef; entering the Cafpi'an Sea,- by fe veral ipOuths, below Aftracan. *. Volcano, one of the moft. confi. derable of fhe Lipari Ifl.ands, in the Me. diterranean, lying to the S. of the iflarid of Liparj, from 'which it is feparated by a 'deep channel, a m.ilc and a half broad. It is 12 miles in circumference, and is a vol cano, in the form of a broken cope, but now. emits fpioke only. Volcano, as well as aU the reft of thefe iflands, is fuppofed to have been originally the vvork of fub terrancan fire. Of the produflion pf this ifland, in particular, Fazzdio, one ef the beft of the Sicilian authors, gives an ac cqunt. He fays that it happened in the early time of the Roman repubHc; and that it is recorded by Eufebius, Plin.y, and others.. '^ ¦ Volqanello, a fmail volcanic ifland in the Mediterranean, lying be tvveen the iflands of Lipari and" Volcano: Volhinia, a p-iktinace ef Poland ; hprinded on the N. by that of Brzefcia ; on the N. by Kinvia ; on the S. by Pcdo- Iia ; and en the W. by Belz ; being about 300 miles in length, and 150 in breadth. Jt confifts 'chiefly of plains watered by a great number of rivers. Luck is thc ca pital. • ¦• " VotLENHOVEN, a.towri'of the United Provinces, ,in Overyffel, arid capital of a, territory of the fame namcv on the Zuider. Zee, with a.ftrong-caftle, eight miks'from Steenwick,, and 12 from' Zwol. Lon. 5., 42. E. lat. 52. 44. N. • ^ . VoLO, an ancient town of Turkey in Europe, iri thc province. pf Janna, wich a ftf-ong-ckadel and a, fore. -It Was taken by the Venetians in".i655, who. almoft' ruined it, but it is now. in fome meafure 're-efta blifhed.- It-is feated pp a gulf of the fame name, vyhere. there- is a good harbour, 30 miles S. E.of Lariffa. Lon. 22. 55. E. at. 30..21.-N.' '. ¦'. ' - ¦ , , ¦r .VoLObi'MlR, or Vladi.mir; a. go vernment of the Ruffian empire, formerly a. province of the government of Mofcow. The IbU is extremely fertik, and in the V O Q forefts . are innumerable fwarms" of bees. The capital is of the 'fame name. • ..Volodimir, or Vladimir, a town ef Ruffia, capital ef the gpvernment of the fame name, and ftated on'the river KHafma. It vvas erice the metropolis"' of the empire, and Is no miles E. by N. ef Mofcpw. Lon. 41. 25. E. kt. 55. 58. N. * Vologda, -fprmerly the krgeft pf all thc RuffianEurppean gpvcfnmente, as it contained the prpirinces pf Volpgda, Archangel, and Veliki-Uftiug. It is now divided inte the two provinces ef Velog. da and Vehki-Uftiug. It is a marfty country, full ef forefts, takes; and rivers, and noted fer its fine wool. "¦¦" Vologda, a town ef Ruffia, in the gevernraeHt and province of the fame pame. It is the fee of an archbiftop, and lias a large magriificent church, built, by an Italian architeft. There are alfo fe veral ether churches ; a caftle and a fpi;. trefs, fituated in a marft ; and fhe'inhabi. tants carry en a cpnfide'rable trade. 'This tovvn is feared on the rivet Vologda, vv'hich falls inte the Sukhona, 257 railes N.by El of Mofi=bw, : . ¦' i '. VoLTA, a river of Africa, in G.uinea, whieh runs frora N, to- S. and falls into the Atlantic Ocean E, of Acra. ' ' VoLTERRA, an andent arid confider able town of Italjr, in Tufcany, and in the territory of Pifa, -with , a biftop's'fee. It is furrounded by ftrong walls. Contains fe. veral antiquities, is noted forrits medici nal waters, and is feated on a :mountain, 32- miles S, E. of Pifa, and ,30 'S. W. of Florence. Lon. 10. 42. E. lat. -43. 26. N. VoETURNO, a river pf the kingdom of Naples, which rifes in the Appennine inou-nta-ins, paffes by Ifernia and Capuaj and falls into the Gulf of -Gaieta. VoLTURARA, a tbwh of the -kirigdom ef Naples, vvith a biftop's fee, feated at the febt of the Appenniries, 27 miles N; - E, of Benevento, and 52 N. E. of Naples, Lon. 15; 14. E. tat;'4i. 26. N. ( ¦^ VoLvic, a tovvn of France, in the department of Puy de Dorae and late pro. vince of Auvergne, two railes from Riom. Here are immenfe quarries,- formed -by a current of prpdigious lavas, vyhich furnift' materials fqr the buildings of the adjacent towns- and 'villages.. The fculptors . have employed MP pcher fpr the ftatues in: the churches. :- « The Auvergnian faints, therefpre, (fays a Ftench writer, befpre, thc kte univerfal demplitien of the faints.) have here-'the colour, which elfewhere is jiiven to the deviil." - VooRN, an ifland of thc United Pro. vinces, in>S. Holknd, between the mouths of the river Maefe, BriH is - the capital. UPS 'this ifland, vvith that of Goeree and Overflackee, vvhich are near it, make the territory called Veornland, which was ari- ciently part of Zealand. ¦¦¦' 'Voronetz, a government of Ruf. fia, the cajjital of which, of thc fame nam.e, is feated on the river Voronetz, below its, junftion with the Don, 217 miles S. by E, of Mofcow. * VosGES, a departttient of Frapce, - including that part of Lorrain, which was lately a province of the fame name. It is fe called from a targe chain of mountains, - covered with wood, that feparate' this de-, partraent frora the department of Upper Saone and Upper Rhine ; that is, frpm Franche Ccmte and Alface. ¦* VouiLLE, a village, pf France, in the dcpartraent pf Vienne and late prp. vince pf Ppitpu. Here Clpvis gained, in 507, againft Akric, king pf the Vifigoths (whpmhe killed with his own hand) thac celebrated battle, which extended the French empire from the Loire to the Py renees. It is 10 miles W. of -Peltiers. Upland, a prevince of Svveden, ihthe divifipn pf Svveden Prpper. It is a fprt of a peninfula, bpurided pn the W. by Weftmania and Geftricia, pn the N. E. by the Baltic, and en the'S. by the fea pf Sudcrmania. It is about 70 miles in length, aqd 45 in breadth, is yery popu- lous, and fertile in corn, and has mines of iron and lead. Stockholm is th^ capi tal. * UpMiNSTEK^ a village of Effex, fo called from "^ 'of*y fituation. Dr. Derhara, the author of Aftre-Theqlogy and Phyfi. co-Theology, was reftor of this pkce ; and here is a fpring, vvhich he mentions in the latter work, as a proof that fprings have their origin from the fea, and not from rains and vapours ; for this fpring, in the greateft droughts, was little, if at all, diminifted,' after an o'ofervacien of above 20 years, although the ponds all over the country, and an adjoining brpok, had been dry for many months. Upmin? fter Is 1 5 miles E. by N. ef London, Lon, O- 19. E. lat. 51. 32. N. Uppingham, a town of Rutlandftire, Avith a market on Wednefday. It is feat ed on an eipinepce, and is a pretty com paft weU-built pkce, with a good free fchool, and an hofpital ; fix miles S. of Oalcham, and 90 N. by W, of Loriden, Lon. o. 45. W. kt. 52. 36. N, Upsala, a neat tovyn ef Sweden, in Upland, with a famous univerfity, and an archbiftop's fee. It contains, exclufive of the ftudents, about 3P00 inhabitants. The gcpiindplpc is extremely regular. It is divided into tvyo almoft equal pans URA by the fmall river Sak ; and the ftreets are drawn at right angles frpm a central kind of fquare, A few of the houfes are buitt ef brick and ftuccoed ; but the gene. rafity are conftrufted ef trunks, fmoothed into the .ftape of pknks, and painted red, Thc roofs are covered in with turf; and each houfe has its fmall courtyard or gar- den, Upfala was' formerly the metropolis of Svveden, arid the royal refidence. The ancient pakce was a magnificent building, until great part of it was confumed by fire, in 1702. The cathedra}, vvhich is a . large Gothic ftrufture of brick, has been feveral times greatly damaged by fire, and as often repaired. It contains the monu ment of^the famous Guftavus Vafa. The archbifliop of Upfala is primate of Swe den ; and, formerly, the monarchs of Sweden vvere crowned in fhis cathedral : Ulrica Ekonora was the kft. The uni yerfity is the moft ancient in Sweden, arid and is the firft feminary in tile North fef academical education. Its library contains many valuable books and manufcripts. The Royal Society here is Hkewife the eldeft hrerary academy in the North. Here is a botanical garden, of which the cdebrated Linne vvas fuperinfendant. Upfala is 35 miles N, W. ef Stqckholm, and -135 W. S, "VV^ of Abo, Len, 17'. 48. E. lat. 59. 52. N. Upton, a wefl-built town of Worctfr terftire, witii a market on Thurfday. It is feated on the river Severn, a.nd is faid to have beeri ef g'reat account in the time of the Romans. It is 1 1 miles S. ef Worcefter, and 109 W. N. W. of Lon don, Lon. 1. 55. W. lat. $1. 59. N. Urab'a, a provirice of S. America, in Terra Firma, lying on a gulf ofthe farae name, in the government of Carthagena, to the E. of the province of Darieri. .'* Ural, a river of the Ruffian em pire, in Afia, which rifes in Mount Cau cafus, and watering Uralfk, in the provlncf ef Orenburg, falls into the Cafpian Sea, by three mouths, belpw Gurief. See the next article. '¦'- Uralian Cossacs, 3 people that inhabit the Ruflian province of Orenburg, in Afia, en the S. fide ef the river Ural. Thefe Coffacs are defcended from thofe of the Den : they are a very valiant race. They prqfffs the Greek religion ; but there are a kind, of diffenters from the efta'oUflied religion, whom the Ruffians called Rojkolniki, or 'Separatifts, and vyho ftyle themfelves Staroverfki, or Old Be lievers : they confider the fervice of the eftablifhed church as profane and facrile- gious, and have thdr ewn priefts and ce remonies. Tk.^ Uralian Coffacs are alj 7- 1 1^. onthu- U R P epthufiafts fpr the-ancient ritual, and prize their beards alipoft equal to their lives, A I^uffian officer having ordered a number of Ceffac recruits to be publicly fliaved- in the tovvn of Gaiiflc, In 1771, this wanton infiilc excited an infurreftion, vvhich vvas. fuppreffed. for a tipie ; but in 1773, that daring inipofter, Piigatchef, having af fumed the pame and perfon of Pet^r III, appeared among them, apd taking advan tage ef this circuipftarrce, and of thdr re ligious prejudices, routed them once more into open rebcHlpn. This being at kft effeftually fuppreffed by the defeat and executipn pfthe impefter, in order to ex- tinguift aU remembrance of this rebellion, the river Yaik vvas called Ural ; the Yaik Coffacs were denominated Uralian. Cof facs ; and the toyvn of Yaitflt, Uralfk. The Uralian Coffacs enjoy the right of fifting pn thc cpaft pf the Cafpian Sea, for 47 miles on each fide of the river TTral. Thdr principal fiftery is for ftur geons and ibeluga, whofe ree fupplies large quantities of caviare ; and the fifli, .which are chiefly faked apd dried, afford a corifiderable article cff confumption in the Ruffian empire. In confequence of thefe fifteries, thefe Coffacs are very rich. -¦'- Uralsk, a town of the Ruffian empire, in the province of Orenburgh, feated on the river Ural, 375 miles N. N. E, of Aftracan. Till the year 1774, it was cajled Yaitfk. See the preceding article. Uranienburgh, was formerly a magnificent caflle ef Denmark, in the little iflapd of IJutn, in the middle of the Sound. It was- built for Tycho Brahe, a celebrated aftronomer, w;he called it Uranienburgh i or fhe Caftle of the Heavens, and who h.ere madp his obfer- vations. It is now in ruins. Len. 12. j8. E. lat. 5-5. 54. N. ' Urbanea, a town of Italy, in thq duchy ef Urbino, vyith a biftop's fee. It vvas built by pope Urban VIII. en th^ river Metro, 1 2 miles S.^ef Urbino. Loii, 12. 40, E. kt. 4;-_34- N. Urbino, atoyv'-n of Italy ,-(n the terri tory of the pope; anS capital of the duchy of Urbino, with an old citadel, an arch biftop's fee, and a handfome pakce, where the dukes formerly refided. The houfes are vvdl-buik, and great quantities of finq earthen ware are m.ade here. It is fejtcd on a mountain, betvveen the rivers Metro and Foglia, 18 miks S. of Rimini, ,58 E. of Florerice, apd 120 N. E. pf Rome. Lon, 12. 40, E. kt. 43. 46. N.^ :• . '¦ Urbino, a duchy of Italy, in the ter ritory of the church, bounded on the N. by the Gulf of Venice, on the S. by Pe- V S E rqgino and Umhria, op-^ fhe E,- by the marquifate of Aricona, and ori the 'VV, by Tufcany and Romagna. It is about 53 miles in length, and 4c in 'oreadth. Here is great plenty pf game and fifli ; but thc air is net very whplefpmc, npr is the foil fertile. Urbino is the capital. Urgantz, pr JURGANTZ, 5 town of Afia, in the cpuntry of rhe Turkomans, 240 miles E. of the Cafpian Sea, and 70 S. ef the ,Lake Aral. It was formerly a very confiderable pkce, having been four miles in circumference. But it is. new in ruins, and no other publiO buildings re main but a mofque. Lon, 60. 25, E, kt, 40. 55. N, Urgel, an ancient tpwn pf Spain, in Catalpnia, capital pf a CPupty of the fame name, with a biftop's fee. It is feated on flic river Sagra, in a plain fenile in corn, and in thc midft of very high mountains, planted with vineyards, ¦6.^. miles W. of Perpignari, arid 75 N. by W. of Barce. fopa. Lpri. I. 44. E. lat. 42. 32. N. Uri, the mofl: fouthern canton of Swif. ferkpd, and the fourth in rank. It is bounded on the N. by the canton of Schweitz, and thc lake of thc four can. tens, en tlie E. by the Grjfoni, and the canton of Glaurs, op the S. by the baiH- vvicks of Italy, and on the W. by the canton of Underwalden and part of Bern, It is .about 30 miks in length, and 12 in breadth, ,' For further particular? of th"^ canton, fee Schweitz, ' Uri, Lake of. See Wald. ST.«-rTER S'^E. * UsBEC Tartary, a vaft country ef Weftern Tartary, bounded en tbe N, by the ccuntry ofthe Kalmucs, en the E, by Thibet, on the S. by Hindooftan,' and pri- the \V^. by" Perfia aud the Cafpian Sea. Thefe Tartars, like their ndghbpurs, are at prefent divided into feverijl tribes, go verned ,by their refpeftive, kharis or princes. When under one fovereign, they were tjie moft powerful of all the Tartarian nations. Their principal khans pride themfelves in being defcended from Tamerlane, whofe birthplace w,as the an cient dty of Sama'rcand, 13 mfles S. W. of Bokhara, the prefent Capital ef the coun- try, The Uftecs, In their perfens, are faid te have better cPmpIexipns and mpre engaging features than the ICalmucs, Their rdigicn is Mahometanifm ; and they differ, in general, very tittle from the people of the nertherri provinces of Hindopftan. That ccuntry is fupplied hence vvith the meft ferviceable horfes, camels, and other cattle. UsEDOM, an ifland of Germany, in Ponierania, feated at tJie mouth pf the* river U T R U Z E river Oder, on the Baltic, between vvhich, and the ifland of Wollon, is a paffage called the Swin. It is fubjeft to the king of Pruffia, and had formerly a corifiderable town of the farae name," which was al mpft reduced to alhes in 1473. Len. 14. 11. E. kt. 54. 6. N. * UsERCHE, an ancient and well-built town of France, in the departmenc of Correze and lace province of Limofin. It is feated on 1 fteep craggy rock, at che foot of vvhich flows the river Vezere, 37 miks S, E. ef Limoges, and 217 S, of Paris, Len, i, 37. E. lat. 45. 27. N. UsHANT, an ifland ef Frarice, ori the coaft of Brittany, and oppofite to Conquet. It is eight miles in circura- ' ference, and cpntains feveral hamlets, and a caftle. Lon. 5. o. W. lat. 48. 30. N. Usk, a tovvn ef Menmouthft.ire, vvith a market en Monday, feated en the river Uflc. It is a large pkce, with well-built ftone houfes, 12 miles S. W. by N. ef London. Len. 2. 56. W. lat. 51, 41. N. Usk, a river of S. Wales, which rifes on the W. fide of Brecknockfhire, waters the town of Brecon, and entering Mon meuthftire, divides that ceunty into two unequal portions ; paffing by Aberga venny, Uik, and Caerleon, and entering the Briftol Channel, below Newport. UssEL, a town of France, in the de partment of Correze and kre province of Limofin, five miles N. E. of the caftle of Ventadoiir. Lon. 2. 1 5. E. kt. 45. 32. N. UsTANio,^a town of Italy, in thc Cre monefc, feated en the" river Oglio, 12 miks N. E. of Cremona. Lon. 10. 8. E, lat. 45. 17. N. :-s;- UsTiu.C3„ a town of Ruffia, in the government of Vologda, and capital ef the province of Vdiki-Ufteug. It is feated on the river Sukhona, 464 mfles N. E. of Mofcow. Utox.eter, a targe town ef Stafford ffiire, vvith a marker en Wednefday. It is feated en a rifing ground, near the river Dove, among excdlent paftures for feed- "irig arid breeding cattle. Its market is the greateft in this part ef England, for corn, cattle, hogs, flieep, butter, and cheefe. It is 13 miles N. E. of Stafford, and 136 N. N. W. of Lendon. Lon. i. 50. W.lat. 53. IO. N. UTIS.ECHT, a handfome, pleafant, and celebrated city of the United Provinces, capital ef a province of the farae narae, with a famous univerfity. It is large, weH fortified, ef a fquare form, and about three miles in circumference, without its four fuburbs, which are confiderable. The ftefple o£ the cathedral i:: very high, and the handfomeft in thc United Prp vinces. There are a great number of churches and hofpitals. All the avenues to this city are very handfome, and the environs are full, of gardens, walks, and groves, which, added to the purity pf the air, render Utrecht one ef the moft agree able places for refideoce in thefe parts, and accordingly- a treat many people, ef diftinftioh refort hither. Here the union ef the Seven -United Provinces vvas be- grin in 1579; and here thc celebrated peace was conchided in 17 13, which ter minated the vvars ef queen Anne. U. trecht is feated on the andent channel of the Rhine, 18 miles S. E. of Amfterdam, 27 N. E. of Rotterdam, and 35 N. VV. of Nimeguen. Lon. '5. 8. E. kt. 52. 7. N. 'Utrecht, one ef the United Pro vinces', in the Netherlands, bounded pn thc N. by the Zuider-Zee and part.pf Hol land, on the E. by Guelderland, on the S. by the Rhine, and on the VV. by Hol land. The air is very healthy here ; nor are there any inuridations te fear as in other provinces ; thc foil is fertfle, and thc country pleafant. The length ef it is not above 30 miles, and the breadth is no mpre than 20. U'tznach, a tpwn ef Svvifferland, in the canton of Zurich, feaced near the lake of Zurich. UxBRiDGE, a town of Middlefex, wich a raarket en Thurfday. It is a ham let to Great Hillingdon, but is governed by. two bailiffs, two conftables, and four headboreughs. The Coin runs through it in two ftreams, and ever the main ftreani is a ftone bridge. A treaty was carried on here becween Charles" T. and the parliament, in 1 644 ; but it vvas broken off. Thc houfe in vvhich the ple- hipotentiaries race, at the lovver end of the town, is ftfll cafled the Treaty Houfe. Near this fown are the remains of an an cient camp. Uxbridge is 1 5 miles W, by N. of London, Lon, o. 23, W. lat, 51, 31. N. UzEDA, a town of Spain, in Nevv Caftile, and capical of a duchy bf the fame name, with a caftle, 20 miles N'. W, of Alcala. Lon. 3. 13. W. kt. 40.46. N. UzEL, a tovvn of Fiance, in the de- p-<,rtraent of'the North Coaft and late pro vince of Bretagne. Lt carries on a very good trade, and is 17 railes S. W. of St. Brieux. Lon. i. 52. W. kt. 48. 16. N. UzES, a town of France, in the de partment of Gard and kte province of Languedoc, feated in a country abounding' in corn, oil^ filk, cattle, and goed wine, 12 railes N. of Nifmes, 20 W. of Avig. nen, and 20. S. W. of Orange. Lon. 4, 27. E. kt. 44. i. N. * WAAG, WAG W A-L W. WAAG, a river of Hungary, which rifes in the Carpathian mpuntains, .toaffes by Leppplftadt, and, falls intp the Danube, pppofite the ifland of Schut. . - " Waal, br Wahal, a river ef the "United Provinces, one of the branches of ^he Rhine. It runs frem E. to W. through Guelderland, paffes by Nimcgucri, Tiel, Bommel, arid Gorcum ; and joining the Maefe, paffes by Dort, and falls into the German Ocean below Briel. Wachtendonck, a town of the Netherlands, in Guelderland, feated in a morafs, which, with the river Nicrs, is all its ftrength. It is five miles from Gueldres. Lon. 6. 7. E. lat. 51. 23. N. V/addahs, a favage people of Afia, in the ifland of Celop. They live by themfelves, and neither tiU the land nor feed cattle, but depend entirely upon their bpws and arrows for fubfiftence, except going in queft for honey, which they meet ¦with in the hollow trees. They have neither village nor houfe, and dwell near the rivers, under large trees. They go ..entirely haked,' except a piece of doth, which they wrap round their middles. The moft civilized bf them have a fort of temples, erefted te forae particular god. They preferve the fleft of the game they kill, by putting it into hoHow trees, with honey, and covering the hole through vvhich they put it, vyith day. "-*WADSTENA,afriiall town of Sweden, in the province of E. Gothland. It is feated on the S. fide of the Lake VVetter, and is remarkable for its caftle, a fingular (ftrufture, covered with fmaU domes ; built by Guftavus Vafa, in 1544, and in habited by his' fon Magrius, vvho vvas in- fane. ' Waes, a territory in the E. part,of Auftrian Flanders, extending from Ghent te Yfendick, along" the river Scheld. There are fine meadows and good paf tures, with plen'y of corn and flax, be fide horfes that are in high efteem. St. Nicholas and Rupdmond are thc principal places. ' "VVaginingen, or Wagknheim, a t-own of the United Provinces, in Guel derland, feated on the river Lech, 10 miles N. \V. of Nimeguen, Loni 5. 31. E. lat. 52. u. N. Wageria, orWAGERLAND, ater ritory of Gerniapy, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Holftein, bounded on tbe N. E. by the Bakic ; on the S. by thc nver Trave, and on the,"',V. by Hpl- ftein Proper and Stomaria. It is abput 20 miles in length, and 15 in breadth, and is yery fertile in cprn. Lubeck is the priricipal tPwn. -Waigats, are ftraits between Npva Zembla and Ruffia, through which the Dutch attempted to find a N. E. paffage to Chiria, and failed as far as the lpn. pf 75 deg. E. lat. 72. 25. N, Wainfleet, a tPwn pf Lincclnftire, with a market pn Saturday, It is feated near the fea, in a fenny part' of the coun try, and on the river Witham, It is a well compafted tovvn, with an exceflent freefchool, 14 miles N. E. of Bofton, and 130 N. by E. of London. Lon. 0.20. E, kt. 5>3. 10. N. Wakefield, a town in the "W. rid. ing of York'ffiire, with a market on Fri day. It is an andent, large, and handfome tovvn, feated on the river Caldet. There is a handfome ftone bridge, en which Ed- ward IV. erefted a fine chapel, in re- merabrance ef thofe who loft thtir lives in battle near that place. It trades in white cloths and taramies, and is inhabited by feveral gentlemen of fortune, and opuknt merchants. Ic is 28 miles S. W.of York, and 184 N. N. W. of Loncien. Lon. i. 28. W. kt. 53. 41.N. Walachia, a prevince of Turkey in Europe, bounded on the N, by Moldavia and Tranfylvania, on the E. and S. by the river Danube, and on the W. by Tranfyl vania,' being 225 miles in length, and 125 in breadth. It was ceded te the Turks by the frqaty ef Belgrade, in 1739. It abounds in good horfes and cattle, and there are ipines of feveral kinds. The foil is fo fertile, that it is capable of pro ducing any thing ; and there are gpod paftures vvith wine, oil, and all mannet ef European fruits. The inhabitants are chiefly of the Greek church. Walcheren, an ifland ofthe United Provinces, the prindpal of Zealand. It is feparated frora the iflands of ^. apd S. Beveland, by a narrow channel ; and from Dutch Flanders by the mouth ef the river Scheld ; being furrounded on the ofher fides by the German Ocean. It is about nine miles in length, and, eight in breadth, and lying yery low is fubjeft te inunda-' tions, but is pretty fruitful, and has' good arable and pafture lands. The capital ef this ifl.'.nd, and of the vvhole province, is Middleburg. Walcot, a viHage in Lincolnfliire, en the borders ef the fens, within one ' mile of Folkingham. It has a chalybeate fpring, formerly much frequented. Walcourt, or Walencourt, a tovvn ofthe Netherlands, in the county of W A L W A L Namur, between, the rivers Maefe apd' Sambre. The French attempted to take it in 1689, but were obliged to retreat with great lofs. It is feated on the river Eiire, ¦12 miles S. of Charleroy, and 27 S. W. ef Namur. Lon. 4. 30. E. kt. 50. 10. N. Waldeck, a tPwn pf Germany, in the circle pf Weftphalia, and capital pf a principaHty pf the fame name, .with a ftrong caftle, feated on the river Stein bach, 25 miles 5. W. ef Caffel, and 32 N. E. of Marpurg. Lon. 19. 4. E. kt. 51. 10. N. VValdeck, a principality of Ger many, in the circle ef Weftphalia, bound ed en the E. and S. by the landgravate of Heffe-Caffel, on the W. by the duchy of Weftphalia, and on the N. by the bi. ftopric of Paderborn, being about 30 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. It is a mountainbus country, covered with woods ; and there "are mines ef iron, popper, quickfilver, and alum. The principal town is of the fame name. Walden, commonly caUed Saf- Fron-Wa'lden, a tovvp in Efl'"ex, vvith a market oh Saturday. It Is feated en an afcent, among pleafant fields of faffron, which is' here cultivated. It is governed by amayor, 12 aldermen, and' a recorder, and has a fine krge Gothic church. It'is 27 miles N. W. by N- of Chelmsford, and 42 N'. by E. of Lendon. Lon.o. 20. E. lat. 52. 4. N. Waldkirk; a fmall town of Germa ny,- in Auftrian Brifgavv, andjn an ifland formed by the river Eltz, five miks from' 'Friburg. Lon; 8. 3. E. lat. 4.8. g. N. Waldschut, a ftrong tovvn of Ger many, in the circle of Suabia, and one of the four foreft-towris, fubjeft te the houfe of Auftria-.- It is-feated oppofite thc pkce where the river Aar falls into the Rhine, 'at the entrance e'f thc Bkck Foreft, 17 miles W. of Schaffhaufen, and eight. N. E. of Lauffenburgh. Lon. 8. 12. E.lat. 47. 38. N.; -¦ ¦¦ , '-/' ¦ ' ¦'¦¦ Waldst-etter See, or L-Ake of the, Four Cantons, one bf the fineft lakes In Swifferland, with refpeft both to the greatnefs 'and fubliraity, as well as to the variety of thc fcenery it ex hibits. It confifts of three principal branches, called the Lakes of Lucern; Schweitz, and Uri.- The upper brancji, br Lake of Lucern, Is -iri the form of a crofs ; thc fides of" vvhich ftretch frorri Kuffnatcht to Dullcriwal, a fmall yilkge near Staritz. It is- bounded tbward -the town by cultivated hills floping gradually to the water, cpntrafted on the pppofite fide by ap enormous mafs ef barren and ciaggy rocks^ Mount. PHate, one of the higheft mouptains in Swifferland, rifing boldly from' the lake. Towai'd the E. of this branch, the lake contrafts into a nar row creek, fcarcely a raile acrofs. Soon after, it again widens, and we enter the fecond branch, or Lake of Schweit^ ; oa the W. fide the canton of Underwalden, on the E. that of Schweitz. Here the mountains are more lofty, and infinitely- varied ; fome covered te the very fum- raits, with the meft lively verdure, others perpendicular and craggy ; here forming amphitheatres of wood ; there jutring into the vvater in bold preraontories. Near Brumen, wc ehter the third branch., or Lake of Uri, vvhich takes a S. E. di reftion ; the fcenery, the moft fablimc imaginiiblcu It is a deep and narrow kke, about nine miles long, bordered on both fides by rocks uncommonly wild and ro mantic, and, fer the moft part, perpen dicular, vvith forefts of beeoh and pine growing down- thdr fides .to the very edge of the water. Wales, a prihcipaHty in the W. of the ifland of Great Britain, comprehend ing 12 counties; namely, Anglefey, Car narvonfliire, Denbighlhire, Flint.ftire, Merionethftire, and Montgomeryftire, in N. Wales ; Brecknockfliire, Cardigan- ftire, Carmarthen fliirt, Gkrriorgan ftire, PeiPbrekeftirc, and Radnorftire, in S. Wales. This councry is, for the moft pare, mouncainou-,, buc ics produce fuffi. ciept for the maintenance of the inhabi. tanfs. It is the councry Co which the an. cient Britons fled, when chis ifland was in vaded try che viftorious Saxony. Thejr are now called Wclfli, and concinue to preferve their own language. The wefl-- ern part 'is bounded 'uy St. George's Channel, and the Irifh Sea; the fouthern by the Briftol Channel ; the northern by the Irift Sea ; 'and the eaftern by the counties ef Chefter, Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth.'- 'It contains 751 pariftes, and 58 market-towns. The air is dear arid ftarp, the cattle fmall, and provifions in general good anel cheap. Wales Is par ticularly remarkable for goats, vvhich na turally delight in hilly countries ; for fuel, they ufe wood, coal, and turfs. It is vva tered by many riyers, the principal of vvhich are noted in the different counties. Walls, New North, a country ef N. America, in' Netv Britain, Iv ing XV. of Hudlon's Bay, and fu'ojeft to Great Britain. ' WAtES,"NEW SO'UTH, a ceiuitry of N,' America, in New Britain, lying S. W.of Hudfon's Bay, and fubjeft ro G^re^t Britain. See Britain, New; Hra- son's Bay, and Lab-r.ador. Wales, W A L W A L * Waliis, New South, theeaflerh - coaft of Nevv Hofland, extending from 43 49 to to 37 S. kt. beirig the northern and fouthern extremities of that vaft- ifland. This coaft was firft explored by captain Cook, in 1770 ; but his ftay was too fliort to examine the nature ef the Ccuntry with the accuracy -which he otherwife would have done had he continued longer. in it. A defign was formed, in confequence of his reeonaniend.atien, tp fettle a colony of confifts at Botany Bay, In 151. 22. E. lon. and 34. o. S., kt. Captain Arthur Phillip being apppinted gpvernor of the intended fettlement, as well as commodore on the .voyi.ge, f"ailed from Portfmourh, on .tli£ 13th of -May 1787, on beard the Sirius frigate, acoorapaniecl by th.e Supply armed tender, three ftorefhips, and ftx ¦ trani'"ports, which had on board a detath- roetit of marines, and 778 convifts,, of which 220 were woraen. He arrived at Botan,y Bay onthe 1 8th of January 178S ; but finding this bay very ineligible, in many refpefts, for a, colpny, en farther exploring the coaft, he .fixed upon- Port -Ja.ckfijn, abput three leagues and a half N. pf Cape Banks ; and here a fettlement vvas begun, -to. which he gave the name pf Svdncy Cove. Fer the fubfequept proceedings of the co lony, wc muft refer to governor Phillip's voyage to Botany Bay, and to the publications qf captain Tench and cap. , tain Huriter on the fame fubjeft. With refpeft to the country, i vaft chain of lofty m.ountains runs nearly in a N. and S. direftion farther than tht tye can reach, atiout fixty miles inland. The general face Oif tlie country is pleafing, diverfified ¦with gentle rifings and fmall winding val leys, covered, for the moft part, vvith large fpreading trees, affording a i"uccef- , fion of leaves in aU ftafone. A variety of flowering ftrubs, almoft all en-tirdy new to an European, and of exquifite fra- ^grance, abound in chofe pkces which are ,tree from crecs ; and, among thefe, a tall ffinib, bearing an eltgant flower, vvhich fmdls like, Englilh may, is peculiarly de lightful, and perfumes the air to a great _ d-ift-anc"e. The trees, according to cap tain Tench andothers, are of fe bad a. . grain, rh.ic they can fcarcely be, ufcd for .any purpofe. This, however, has been afcribed:, in, governor Phillip's voyage, to^ to tjidr being" uf"ed in an unfcafoncd ftate. They yield vaft. quantities of red gum, which was found a cure for tht dyfentcry. It is f;f an ^crid quality, and 'therefore requires to be given along with opiates. , The tree vvhich, vields, it is, pf a very.con- irderable fize,"and grovvs tP a grtat height before it puts out any branches. The gum itfdf is ufually compared to favguis draconis, but differs from it in being folubic in water, which the fanguis draconis is nor. Ic may be cxcrafted from thc wood by tapping, or taken out of the veins, when dry. The leaves are .larrow, and net unlike thofe ef a willow; the wood fine grained and heavy, but warping to fuch a degree, vvhen not properly feafen- ed, as fopn to becpme entirely ufdcfs. There is Hkewife a ytllpw gum, vvhich has the fame medicinal qualities, but in an inferior dtgree, ' Ic is properly a refin, being, tncirely infoluble in vvater. It greatly refembles gamboge, but has not the property ef ftaining- It is produced by a low fmall plant with long graffy leaves ; but the fruftification ftoots out, in a fur prifing manner, f'rom the centre of thc leaves, on a fingle ftraight fttm, to the height of 12 or 14 feet. This ftem is ftropg and light, and is ufed by the na tives for making their fpears. The refin is generally dug up frcm the foil under che crtc, pot cjUefted from it, and may perhaps be the fame vvhich Tafman calls gum lac -of the ground. It has been tried by Dr. Blane, phyfician to St. Thomas' Hofpital, ,vvho found it yery^efficacieus in the cure ef old fluxes. Many of the plants of chis country have been imported into Britain, and , are now flourifting in perfeftion, net only in the royal botanical garden at Kcvv, but in many private cel- leftioHs. With refpeft to tlie dimate of thls country, it appears not to be dif. agreeable : the heat has never been excef. five in fummer, nor is the cold intolerable in winter. Storms of thunder and light. ning. are frequent ; but thefe are common te all warm countries. The quadrupeds hitherto difcovered are principally of the opoffum kind, of vvhich the moft remark. able is rhe kanguroo. , There is alfo' a fpecies of d,ogs very different from thole known in Europe. They are extremely fi-eree, and can never be brought to the farae degree ef familiarity with thofe we are acquainted with. Some of them have ' been brpught to England,, but ftill retain their native ferociry. Thefe dogs, which are the only domeftic aniraal they have,: refemble rhe fox dbg. of England. In thpit language thefe animals are caUed,a'/«j-ir ; ,but all ether quadrupeds, without cxcep. tion, they name kangitreo. There are a great many beautiful birds of various kinds ; among vvhich the principal are a - •black fwan, its wings edged vviih white, its bill tinged with red ; and thp, oftriqh„pr caffowary, vvhich frequeptly reaches tJie height of feven feet or more. -Several kinds W-A L W A L kinds pf ferpents, large fpiders, and fcp- Ippendras, have likc-.vife .been met wich, and chree or four fpecies ef ancs, parti cukriy green ants, vvhich build thdr nefts upon trees in a very fingular man ner. There arc likcvvife many curious fiftes ; though the finny tribe feem not to ' be fo plentiful on thc coaft as to give any confiderable affiftance in the way of pre- .vifiens for the colony. Sorae very large iharfes have been f"ttn in Port Jackfon, and two fmaller fpecies, one named the .Port Jackfon ftark, the other. VVatts's fliark. The ktter, notwithftanding its diminutive fize (the mouth fcarce exceed ing an inch in breadth) is exceffively vora cious. One of them having been taken in, .and flung down upon the deck, lay there quiet for tvvo hours ; after vvhich, Mr. "Watts' dog happening to pafs by, the rift" fprung upon ic with all che ferociry imaginable, and feized ic by the leg in fuch a manner, thac che animal could noc difengage itfelf wichouc afli ftance.— Tlie inhabitancs ef New South VVales are re- urefented as thc raoft riiiferabk antf fa. yage race, of mortals, perhaps, exifting on the face qf the earth. They go enrirdy naked ; and rhough pleated ac firft vvith feme ornaments chat were giveu fhem, they foori threw them away as ufelefs. It does npt appear, hpwever, that they arc iiifenfibU ef the benefits of dothirig, or pf fpme of thc conveniences of which their new neighbours are in ppffeffion. Some pf them, whom thc colonifts partly cloth ed, feemed to be pleated wich the cpm- forcable warmth they derived from ir ; and they all exprefs a great defire for thc iron tools which rhey fee their neighbours ,m;ikc life of. Their colour is rather a deep chocol.atc than a full bkck ; but the „fihh wirh which their flcins are cpvered, prevents thc true colour of them frora' ap pearing. At i"oine oftheir intervievys vvith the coi'inifts,' feveral drofl inftances hap pened ef their miftaking the negroes amon'-' the colonifts for their own country men.^ Nutwithft.inding their difregard for European finery, they are fond of adorning, or rather eltforming, their bodies with fears ; fo that f"pme of them make the moft hideous .figure that can be imagined. Xlu fears themfelvco havean unccmmon appcaranec. Sometimes the fleft is raifed leveral indie's from the flcin, and appears as j-'t filled with wind ; 'and aU chefe feem.tp be T-:ckoncd marks of honour among them. Some pf theip perforate the cartilage pf the nofe, and thruft a krge bone thrpugh it, an hideppS kind of ornamerit, liumoreufly called by the failors thdr J^ril-fail yard.. Their hair is gerierally fo miich clotted with 'the red gum already mentioned, that they rcl'embit a mop. They paint them. felves with various colours like raoft other favages : they will alio fometlraes orna ment- themfelves vi/ich beads and ftells, but make no ufe ef the beautiful feathers procured from the birds of the country. Moft of the men want one of the fore teeth in thc upper jaw, which alfo appears to be a badge of honour among them. Ic is very common amongthe women to cut off the two lower joints of chc liccle finger; which, cenfidering che'dumfinefs of the ampulating inftruments chey poffefs, muft. be a very painful operacion. The New Hollanders appear extremely deficient in chc ufeful arts. Of the cultivation -of the ground they have no notion ; nor can chey be prevailed upon co eac bread or dceffed meat. Hepce they depend entirely for fubfiftence on thc fruits and roots they can gather^ and the fift they catch. 'They frequently fet fire to the grafs-, in order to "drive out the opoffuras, and other ani mals, from their retreats ; and tliey havg been ebi"erved to fet decoys for quails. As aH thef"e refources, however, muft be, at beft, 'precarious, it is rio wonder that they are frequently diftreffed for provi fions. Thus, in the fummec, they vvould eat neither tho ftark nor the fting-ray ; but, in winter, any thing was acceptable, A young whale being driven on ftore, was quickly cut in pieces, and carried off. They broiled it only long-enough ^t» fcot-ch the outfide ;.and in this raw ftate they cat all their fi.ft. They broH alfo the fern root, and another the fpecies of which is unknown. Theiy Sake their provifions, moreover, by the help of hot ftones, Hke thQ inhabitants of the iflands in the Southern Ocean. Among the fruics ufed by thera is a kind of wild fig ; and they eat alfo che kernels of a fruic- referabHng the pineapple. The principal part of their fubfiftence, however, is fift ; and vvhen thefe happened to be fcarce, they were wont to watch the firft opportunity when the colonifts hauled the feine, and often feized the whole, though a part had formerly been - offered or given them. Thty fometimes ftrike the fift from the canoes with their f"pcars, fometimes catcli them with hooks, aqd alfo make ufe of nets, which are generally made of th^ fibres of the flax plants, with very Httle preparation, and are ftrong and heavy ; the lines of'which they are compofed being twifted like whipcord. Sorae of them, however, appear to be made of the fur of an animal, and pthers pf cpttcn. The mcftcs pf thdr nets are made of vej-y large loops artificialty infferted iiito each" other, W A L W A L other, but without any knots. Their hooks are made of the infide of a (hell yery much refembling mother-ef-pearl. Thdr ca noes are nothing more than large pieces bf bark'tied up at both ends vvith vines,; arid confidering the flight texture of thefe vef fels, we cannot but admire the dexterity with which they are managed, and ' the boldnefs wit"n which they venture out to fea in them. They generaHy carry fire along with them iri thefe cariocs, to drefs their fifli, -when caught. Wheri fifting with the hook, if the fift appears too firong to be drawn aftore by the line, the canoe is paddled to the ftore ; and vyhile one inan gently draws "the fift along, ari- other ftands ready to ftrike it with a fpear, in which he generally fucceeds, , There is ne good reafSn for fuppofing them te be cannibals ; arid, they never eat animal fub- flanccs but raw, or next to it. Some ef their vegetables, are poifoPoiis when raw, but deprived ef this property when boiled. A convift urihappfly experiericCd this by eating them In an unprepared ftate ; in confequence ef which he died In 24 hours. Their diflike to the European provifions has already been mentioned : if bread be given'to'ihem, they chew and fpit it out again, feldom choofing to fwallow it. They like fait beef and perk rather better ; but they could never be brought to tafte fpirits a fecppd time. Their huts are formed in fhe moft rude and barbarous manner that can be hnagihed. They con fift only of pieces ef bark laid together In the form of an even, .ope^n at one end, and very lew, though long enough fer a man to lie at full length, 'There is reafon, tiowever, to believe, that they depend lefs on thera fpr' ftelter than pn the caverns with which the rogks 'abound, ThcV go invariably nkked,' as has been already ob ferved ; though we muft not imagine that the cuftont ef going naked enures thera fo to the cliriaate as te make tlie'm infenfi- ble to the injuries pf the weather. The cplpnifts had repeated ppportunities of ob ferving this, by feeing them - ftivering vvith cold in the winter tirae, or huddling together in heaps in their huts or in ca verns, tifl a 'fire could be kindled to warm them. Ic is probable, however,- nocwith- ftandtrig their extreme barbarity, that fome knowledge of the arts will foon be introduced among them, as fome have been feen attentively confidering the uten fils and conveniences of the Europeans, with a vievy, feemingly, of making fimilar improvements of their ov*n. It' has alfo been obferved, fhat in fome things they poffpfs a very great powe'r of imitation. They can im'tate the forigs arid kriguage of the Eurepearis almoft inftantaneoufly, much better than the latter can imitate theirs by long praftices. Their talent fpr imitatipn is difcernible alfp in their fculp tures, reprefenting men and ether animals, every where met with pn the rpcks; which, thcugh rude, are very furprifing fpr pep ple whp haye npt the knpwtedge everi pf CPnftrufting habitatipns in the leaft de~. greccprafprtabk fpr themfelves, pr even clothes to preferve them frpm the ccld. In their perfpns, they are aftive, vigp- rpus, and ftput, thpugh generally lean. They have a quick, and piercing fightj and thdr fenfe pf fmdling is very acute. One pf them having touched a piece bf pork, held out his finger for his compa- nien te fmell, with ftrong marks of dif guft. The, only kind of food they eager ly accept of is fift. Their behaviour with regard to the women has hitherto been unaccountable to the colonifts. Few ef tliem, comparatively fpeaking, have been feen ; and thefe have fometimes been kept back with the moft jealous fenfiblH- ty ; foraetimes offered with the greateft famlHarity. Such -of the females as have been feen, have foft and pleafing voices ; and riotwitliftanding their barbarifm, feem not to be entirely deftitute of modefty. The men generally difplay great perfonal bravery op the appearance of any danger. No encounters between parties of the na- ¦ tives -themfelves have been obferved, though, from fome circumftance^, it ap pears that wars, are carried pn among thera. They have more than once been feen affembled, as if bent on feme expe dition. An officer, one day, met 14 of them marching aloiig in a regular Indian- file through the weeds, each man having a fpear in one hand, and a ftone in the Ofher. A chief appeared at their head, who was diftinguifted from the reft by being painted. They paffed on peaceably,. though greatly fuperior te out people. Ori another occafion, they offered no hof- tilities vvhen affepibled to the number of 200 or 300, and meeting the governor at tended only by a fmall party. With all their -courage,- however, they are much- afraid ef a mufket, and almsfl equally . fo ef a red coat, which, they knew to be the martial drefs of the Europeans. The mil"- chief which they have hitherto done has ^been exercifed-only on feme fmall ftrag gling convitts, moft of vvhom, probably, have been the aggreffors. Though thefe favages allevv their beards to grow to a confiderable length, it does net appear that they confider them as any ornaPient, but; rather W A L W A L rather the contrary. Some young gen tlemen belonging to the Sirius, one day met an old man in the woods with a beard of confiderable length. , This his new ac quaintance let him knovV they would rid him of, ftroaking their chins, and thus in timating the fmoothhefs of them. At length, the eld man confented ; and one of, the youngfters Ciiking a penknife from his pocket, and making the beft fubftitute for lather he could, performed the ope ration with fuch fuccefs that the man feemed highly delighted. In a fevv days he paddled alpngfide of the Sirius, point ing to his beard ; but he could net by any means be prevailed upon to enter thc ftip. On this a barber vvas fent do-wn to hira, who again freed him from his beard, ¦at which he expreffed the utmoft fatisfaftion. It has, however, been found impoffible to forhi any kind of permanent intercourfe with the natives, though many attempts have been made for that purpofe ;, but, in one pf his letters; governor Phillip declares, that he had not the leaft apprehenfion of their doing any damage to the colo ny. At firft, the colonifts imagined the fpears of the Nevv Hollanders to be very trivial weapons ; but it now appears that- they are capable of inflifting very grie vous and mortal wounds. They are fometlraes pointed with a ftarp piece of the fame reed of vyhich the ftafts are made, but more frequently with the ftarp bone of the fting-ray. They certainly burn their dead ; which, perhaps, has given rife to the ftory of their being can nibals. Geivernor Phillip obferving the ground to be raifed in feveral places, caufed one of thefe tumuH to be opened, in which were found a jawbone half con fumed, and fome aftes. Front the man ner in vvhich the aflies are depofited, it ap pears that the body has been kid at length, raifed from the ground a little fpace, and confumed in that pofture, being after- v/ard lightly covered vvith mould. Thefe favages feem very little given to thieving, in comparifon vvith the inhabitants of moft of the Iflands in the Southern Ocean ; and they are very honeft among theni fdvcs, leaving their fpears, and other im plements, open on the beach, in perfeft fecurity of their reraaining untouched. They are very expert at throwing thdr javelins, and will hit .a raark vvith great certainty at a confiderable diftance. To produce fire, they take two pieces e^f dry foft wppd ; one a ftick about nine inches long, thc other flat. The ftkk they ftape ihto an obfufe ppint at Phe end ; and pref fing it uppn the other; turn it out nimbly by hpldbig- it- between -bo.th their hands, as we do a chocplate-raill ; pften ftifting tlieir hands up, and then moving them down upon it, to increafe thepreffure as much as ppffible. By -this method, they get fire in lefs than, two minutes, and from the fmalleft f"park they increafe it wich greac fpeed and dexcericy. Thefe people are more numerous than was at firft imagined ; though ftiH the number of inhabitancs muft -be accounced few in comparifon to the extent of the country ; and there is great reaferi to believe thar' thc interior parts are uninhabited. The jurifdiftion ef the governor- of Nevv S. Wales extends frora 43. 49. te 10. 37. S. Iat. From the feacoaftvit extends weftwarvi as far as longitude 135° E. and thence proceeding in an- eafterly direftion, 'in cludes all the iflands in the Pacific Ocean within the above-mentioned kritudes. Sc * Washington, a tovVn of N. Ame rica, in the ftate of Georgia, and courity of VVilkes. A iriile arid a half frem this town,, is a medicinal fpring, which rifes frorii -a hollow tree, the infide of which is covered with a coat df nitre, an inch thick; and the leaves arourtd the fpring are iricrufted vvith a fubftance as vvhite as fnow. As the tovv^n has excellent ac- cpmmpdatipris, and is fituated in a fine healthy part pf the ftate, it is thpiight that it will prove a pleafant and falutar/ place pf refort for irivalids ; the fjirlng having been fpund very beneficial iri rheu- rriacic cafes, aud is faid tp be fo in all diforders arifing frorri humours iri the bleed. '-'' VV-ashingt-on, a city of N. Attie- fieia, now building fdr fhe inetropoHs o'f the United States. It is feated at the jcinftlpn pf the rivers Potpiriac and the Eaftern Sranch, extending abput foilr miles Up each, including a traft df terri tory fcarcely to be exceeded, in point of convenience, falubrity, and beauty, by any in the vvorld. This territory, which i's called Cplurabia, lies partly in the ftate of Virginia, and partly in that of Maryland, and was ceded by thofo two ftates to'- the ' 3 A. 7, Vsatai W A S' W A'^ tfriited States of America, and by them eftablifted to be. the feac of government, ' after the year' i8o"o. The plan combirits pot Oi ly tonv-nieiKe, regularit,t% elegance of prol"pe<''t, a'nd ^ free circakrion ef air, but every r'hing grand and beautiful. rh:it cari ':'-. inri-iduccd into a city. -I't is divid ed into fquares or grand divifio^'s,' by ftrepts running d ib N. and Sf and '£. ana W. which form the groundwork ef the- plan. .H,'--vtvcr, from the capitol, the preldtnt's houfe, and'fome of the impor tant areas, iri the dty, rtui diagonal ftreets. not 'far from the banks of the PStomarf,-' poffeffing a delightfid water profpeft, with - - a commanding view of 'he ¦capitoI,,and fome -f>rlier m'atciiar pans ef the' 'city. Due S. from che" prcfrdent's houfe, and dUcW. from the c,-ipitol, run tvvo great pL-afure parks .or inaUs, which Inrerfeft ' and terminate upon the. banks of th-i'. 'Potomac, and aire to be ornamented at the fidts by a varitty of elegant buildings, houfts ror foreign minifters, &c. Inter fperfed through the. dty, vvhere the meft' riiatbrialff reels crofs eac.h Pther, are ¦a va- ,-• fro ill One material objeft to another, which, . riety of epen'arcas, furriied, iri' various re-- Por only produce a Variety of charming .'gular figutcs, which in' great cities are pFofpeSs, b,it remove the infipid famcriefs /.extreipely ufeful and ornamental^ Fifteen* whrd'i renders feme other .great chics, un- of the beft ef thefe areas are to be apprb- pkafing. They were devifed, tp Conneft., priated to the different fta'tes coffipb'fing, the feparace ariii raoft diftant objefts wjth the Union; npt only to bear thdr refpeo- the. principal, and fi preferve through the tive naraes, but as prepd-pkces for them -whok a redprdcity of fight.- Thefe gteat leacUrig fireets are all >6o feet wide, in cluding a pavement of lO feet, and a gravel vyalk of 30 feet planted witti trees on each fide, which Ivillkave 80 feet of paved ftreet for carriages. The reft of the ftr.eets are, in gchcral, 1 10 feet wide. to, ereft ftatues, obelifks, er colurans, to tbe ipcmqry of- their favourite eminent pien.- Upon a i"maH erainence, vvhere a' lipc due W. from thc capitol, anel due S. frqm the prefidenc's houfe, would in- rerfett, is to be erefted an equeftrian fiaitue of general Waftington, new pre- with a. fevv only 90 feet, except North, fident ef the United States. Proper .South, and Eaft Capitol Streets, which are 1,60 feet. The diagonal ftreets arc named after the refpeftive ftates com pofing the Uriiort, while thofe running N. and S. arc, from the capitol eaftward, named, Eaft Firft Street, Eaft Second Street, &c. and thefp W. of it are, in the "fame manner, called" Weft , Firft S^treet, Weft Second Street, &c; "Thofe ruuiiing E. and W. are from the capi tol norriivyard ¦'named. North A Street, North 'B S're'.t, he. and thefe S.of it are called' South A' Street, South B Street, ^c. The fcjuai'es, or divifions ef the my, Efiriquht to 1150. Thc retlarigukr fquares gchcraHy. contain from three tq fix acres, ahd are divided irito lots of froin 40 to 80 feet in front, aud thdr dtpch places are ' marked out for other public buildirigs ; Eis a marine hofpital, vvith its gardens ; a general exchangs, and its pub. lie walks ;_afort, magazines,- and arfenals ; a city hall, churches, colleges, market. houfes, theatres, Sec, But a plan of the city will convey a hetcer-ideaof ics intend.. ed excent' and magnificence than can be" expreffed by words r an excellent one has appeared in the Univerfal Magazine for July 1793. Thc prefident of the Uniced Scares, in locacirig the feat of the city, prevailed upon- the proprietors of the foil to ceiic a certain pirtion of the fits in evsefy fituation, to be fold by his diieftion, and thc proceeds tb be folely applied tothe'^ public biiildhigs, ahd other works ef pub lic utility vvithin riie, city. This grant will from about 110 to Jco feet, according Ho proellicB about 15,600 lo'ri, and ¦'vIIl be fiif- the fize ofthe fqtkrc. The irregular di^- ficient, not only te ereft the public build-- vifions produced by the diagonal ftreets ings, but to' dig 4 canal, conduft water are fbiiie of th'em' fmall, .but generally in through thc city, .and to pave and Hght valuable .firiaations. Their acute points the Itreets. which wfll fa,ye a heavy fax are aU to be cut off at 4<5 fsret, fo that iie) that arifes in Pther dtics,'and ccnlequcntly hpufe ih the city will haVe an acute; " render the lots confiderably more valuable. eornet. All the l-Kiufcs. muft be o'f brick qr The Eaftqm Branch of the Potomac is" ftone. The jSrea for the capitol. (or houfe one of the fafeft and rnoft .cbmmodius bar. for the legiflative bodies) is fituated Upon hours in. America, being .fufficiently deea the moft iDieaijtiful eminence in the city, for the largeft 'ftips, for about four miW about a n.ilc from the Eaftern Branch, above its mquth > white' the chann«l Hes arid.ri'of m'uclt.rnere from the PotoraaC; clofe along the edge bf the city, and is commanding a full view ef every part of abunffamjy capatiou-s. 'This river coiitain,3 the city,-as well as a'Cenfiderabie ^.tentof 36and'3 5 feet.ton'ear the upper -end of the counffv ' aroUpfl. The prefident's the city, vvhete -it is'iS'' and- io-'feet houf'i wiil'ftanii uppri a rifing grovtsiif, 'deep''. 'The' dty bt'ln-g fituated upori-'th'i W A- S WAT great poft ro-id,exaftlyequjdiftant from the northern and fouthern extremicies of the Union, and nearly fo from tdt Atlantic 'Octan-rp tho river Ohio, iiperi the btft navigation, and in themidft of che richeft commercial Cerricory in America, com. manding che moft excenfive internal re- fources, is by far the'inoft cHgible fitua- tjori for the refidence of congrefs ; and it is nevv preffiiig forward, by the public- fpirircd enterprife, net only of the people of the Uuited States, butallb ef foreigners. The inland navigation of the Potomac is fo far advanced, that craft loaded vvith - produce now come down that river and its feveral branches ; frora upward of i8o miles to the gr'fat falls, which are within fourteen miles pf the c'ty. ' The canals at the great and httle T".i:.i, 'afe ne..rly cera- pleteil, and the locks iri fuch'fprwa'rehiefs, that, in the courfe pf.the erifiung fuipmer, the navigation will be eritircly i-pencd betvyeen ride warer and the heatl branches of the Potomac, iyliich will pro'ltice a cemmunicarion by vvater btt'iV.een the. city ' bf Waftington and the interior pans of "Vi.rgiriia arid Maryland,, by rbeans of the Potomac, thc Shanriandoah, the Seiuth Branch, Opecan, Cape Capon, Patte;-I"en's Creek, Conpochtigue,' and Mono'cafy, for upward of 200 miles, through ene of the ' .nioft healthy, pieafant,, and fittlle regions 'in America, producing, in vaft abundance, - tobacco of fuperior qualify, heiripj Indian. cern, wheat, and other firiall grain', with' fruit and vegetables 'peculiar to Araerica, in vaft abundance. The lands upon the ^Potomac, above thc dty 'of "VV^aftlngten, aU around it, and for fixty miles belew, are high and dry, abounding with innu merable fprings of excellent wacer, and well-covered wich large ciiiiber qf various kinds. A few miJes below chc cicy, upon the banks ef che Potomac, are inexhaufti ble mountains of excdlent freeftone, of the vvhite and red Portland kinds, of which the public edifice,s in . the city are new "building. Above the cicy all"o upon the banks of the rlvrer, are iramenfe quantities of excellent, cpal, Uinc'ftpne, and marble, with blue ftate pf the beft quality. Ttie' ' Tyber, vvhich is'thc principal ftream that paffes through thc city, .is tb be collefted in a grand refervoir, befide the' capitol, whence it will be carried in pipes to dif ferent parts ofthe city ;' vvhile its furplus water vvill fall down in beautiful cafcades, through the public gardens weft c>f the capitol, into a eanah The plan of this city 'was formed by Major L'Enfant; and the founding of it in fuch an ehgible fitu- atjijn, upon fu*;h a liberal and elegant plan. will by future, generations be conficlered as a high proof of the wifdom pf the pre- fcnt prefident of the United States, while its name^ wifl keep frefli in mind, to the end of time, the obligations they are uiider to. thaf illuftrious chariiter. Lon. 77, 15. W. kt. 38. 53. N. VS'asserburg, a town of Germany-, in the circle of Bavaria, and regency of Munich. If it a wcH-o;iilt pkce, fur rounded en all fides by rii'ouncains, and has acaftle. It is 2:; milts E. by S. of Mu nich, apd 28 N. "W. of Saltzburg. .Lon. 12. 13. E. kt. 48. 4 N. VV^atchEt, a towp- in Somerfet hire, .with a marktt en Siiurday, feated oa thc Briftol Channel,, at the raourli of a prcriy good harbour, fr'-qiiented, by coal fliips. It is 14 miles N. VV. of Bridge- water, and 153 Vv^. by S. of , London. Lon. 3. 25. W. kt. 51. 12. N. . Wj^-TEEOo, ap.iflandin rhe S. Pacific Ocean, difcovered by capr. Cook. It is about fix leagues in" circuit, is a beautiful fpor, with a furface coVertd with verdure, a,id comppfed of hflls and plairis. The foil, in fame parts, is light and fandy ; buc, further up the country, a rcrfdlfli eaft was. feen oh the rifing groj.inds, where the iflanders build rhcir houfes, vvhich are long and fpacious. The manners of.the pepple of this jfland, their general habits of life, and. fheir method of treating ftrangers, greatly refcnible thefe tliat pre'^ vail at Otaheite, and its neighbouring iflands. There is alfo' a great fimikrity betvveen thtir rdigidu.s bpinioris and cere. monies. From every circuinftancc, in. deed, if may be confidered as indubitable, that the inhabitants of Wa'teeqp diSrivc their defcent from thc faipe ftock, vv'hich has fp remarkably diffpfed ic.ftlf'pver the iramenfe e,xfent of tli.c' Soutlvern' Ocean. Lori. 1.58. 15.W. kt. 2i.'i.,S." Waterford, a city^.^antl ' feaport of Ireland, in a county of the faine .name, vvith a biftop's fee. It is the. fe'cond place in the kingdom; and is a wealthy, populous cicy,' enjoying many ample pri. yileges. The ftreets are narrow, and the , air is hot very healthy ; but it lias an ex. j:ellept harbour, feafed as well for trade as any.in the vvorld, aind fliips ofthe greateft burden riiay ride at the quay. ' It ftands ori the river Sure, eight rniles N. of St. • Geprge's .Channel, 26 S. pf Kilkenny, ^nd 75 S. by W. of Dublin. Lon. 6, '54. W. lat. 52. 18, N, Waterford, a county ef,Irdand, 46 miles in length, and 25 in brcadtli'; bound ed on the S, hy St. George's Channel ; on the W.' by^ Cork; on tlje'N. by the 3 A 3 " river WEI WEI river Sure, which feparates it from Tipr perary and Kilkenny ; and on thc E. by Waterford Haven, which parts it from Wexford. It contains- 71 pariftes, and -fends Jo members to. parhament. It is a fine country, very pleafant and rich, and the prmcipal place is of the fame pame, Watford, a town of Ifettfordftire, ¦with a great corn market on Tuefday, It is feated on the riyer Coin, feyen miles 4. by W. of St, Alban's, and 14 N, W. pf London, Lon.o, 17. W, lat, 51. 41. N. Watlington, a tovvn in Oxford ftire, with a market on Saturday, It.is feated urider Chiltern Hills, on. a fmaU brook, which, with the continued ridge, ¦divides this county from Buckinghamfliirc, It is 14 miles S, E, of Oxford, and 46 W, pf Lendep, Lon. i. o, W,Iat, 51, 37. N. Wa-tten, a town of France, in thc department oif the TJ-orth and late province pf Flanders, feated ori the river Aa, five miles frem St, Omer's. Watton, a town ef Norfolk, with m market on "Wednefday , It is 18 iniles S, w, of Norwich, and- 90 N, N' E, pf Londop, Lon. o. 53. E. ktj 52. 36. N. Weert, atownof putch Brabant, 12 miles from Ruremond. Lon, 5. 38, Jp, lat. 51, 7. N. ', - * Weever, a river, which rifes in the N. part of Shropftire, runs acrofs Cheftire, and receiving the Dane fr*m thc E. enters the eftuary' of thc Merfey. It is navigable to Winsford, feme mile? above Northwich in Cheftire. Weibstadt, a toVvn of Germany; in thc _chrcle of the Upper Rhine, in the" biftopric of Spire, 20 miles S. E. of Hei delburg. Lon. 9. 23. E.kt. 49. ig. N. "VVeichterbach, a town pf Ger many, in Weteravia, and in the county of Jfenburg,- feated on the river Kiiitz, with a caftle, ¦yyhere thc cpunt pf Ifenburg refides. Weiden, -a tovyn of Germany, in the circle and palatipateof Bavaria ; feated on the river Nab, 15 piilp above Pferimb, and IP N. W. pf Leuchtemburg. Lcn! 12, 10. E. lat. 4g. 34- N. Weil, pr VVevll, a tqwn of Ger. mapV, in file circle of Suabia, and duchy of Wirtemberg. It is free and imperial, and the inhabitants are Roraan Cacjjolics, It is feated en the river Worm, 12' miles "W. ef Stutgard, and 20 N. of Tubingen. Lon. 8. 50, E.kt. ^S. 46.2^. Weilbdrg, a town of Germany, in the circle ofthe Upper Rhine, and county of Naffau. It is.feated on the river Lohn, ,ti miles 'N. E. of Naffau, 22 N. W. of Francfort, and ig'E. of Mehtz, Lon, 8., 2i6, E, kt, 50, i8,'N. Weilheim, a tovyn of Germany, iq the circle of Suabia, arid duchy of Wir temberg, feated on the' river Laurer, Weimar, a town pf Qermany, in the cjrcle of Upper Saxony, and in Thuringia, with a large and magnificent caflle, vvhere the duke refides. The moft remarkable. things in this place are, thf fpacious hall in the caftle, the rich library, and the cu. rious catinet of medals and curiofities. It was formerly a particular c/iunty, but now belongs tothe duchy of Saxe- Weimar. It Is feated on the river lira, 20 miles N. E. of Erfort, and iO W, S. W- of Naumr burg. Lon." 11. 52. E. kt. 51. 6, N. VVEiNGARTiN„a tovyn of Germariy, in the paktiriate of the l^hirie, feated on the river Printz;a, four miles N- E. of Dourkch, and nine S. cf Philipfturg. Lpri. g. 3P. E. laf. 49. 5. N. WeInheim, a townof Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 10 mik-s N. of Heidelburg, and five E. of Worms. Lon, 8. 46, E. kt, 49. 35. N. WeisbaDEN, a tovvp of Germany, ip the territory of Weteravia, and county of Nafl^u, vvhere there are mineral vvaters in high efteem. It is 1 3 miles W. ef Frank fort. Lon. 8. iq. E. lat. 49. 56. N. WEiSELMVNDE.afortrefsof Weftern Pruffia, feated at the mouth ef thc river "Viftula, below Dantzick, whofe harbour it ferves te defeqd. Lon, 18. 40. E. kt. 54.5+-?f. " Weissemburg, a town of France, ip the departinent of Lower Rhine and late " province of, Alface. fc was formerly free and imperial, but by the treaty of Ryfr wick was cedeil to the French, whp de molifted thp fortifications. Between this place and Lauterburg, are the famous lines which the French pbliged the Auftrians to abandon in 1744; and, in 1793, the Pruffiaiis drove the French frcnn the equally fampqs lines, which they had formed in the farae fituation. It is featgd on the river Lauter, 10 miles S. W. ef Landau, and 22 N. E. ef Strafturg. Lon. 8. II, E. lat. 48, 53. N. ¦ ¦ ' Weissemburg, a fyee and imperial tovyn of Germany, in the circle of Fran. cenia, and bifliopric of Aifchftadt. The iphabitants are Proteftants, who have tvyo churches in this place, and ip the territory bf the Foreft nf Oaks, from vvhich the iphabitapts reap great advantages. It Is feated on five river Rednitz, five miks N, of Papenheim, and'-3o S. W. of Nurem burg. Lori. II, 2. E, lat, 49, 4, N, "VVEigsEMBUiiG, a town of Germany, W E L Wen in the cirde of Upper "Saxony, and duchy of Saxony, 20 miles from 'Wirtemburg, *nd 20 from Dcffau. Lon. 12. 31. E. lat. 52. 8, N, Weissemburg, or Alba Jitlia, a town of Tranfylvania, capital of a couirty of the fame name. See Alba.Juli a, Weissemburvg, or Stulweissem- BURG, atown of Lower Hungary,' feat. ed at the W, end of the Flatten Sea, 36 miles S. W. of Buda, Lori, 18. 30, E, lat, 47, 22. N, WeissBn FELLS, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and mar. quifate of Mifnia, vvhere the duke of Saxe-Weiffenfels refides. It is feated on the riyer Sala, 17 miles S. W. of Leipfic, and is remarkable for the viftory vvhich the Svyedes gained here overche Auftrians. Len. 12. 15. E. lat. 51. 9, N, Welland, a river vvhich rifes in Northamptonftire, feparates that county from Leiccfterfliire, Rutlandftire, and Lincohiftire ; paffes by Market Har borough and Stamford, from vvhich laft pkce it has been made navigable to the Foffdike Waft, vrhich it enters below Spalding, Wellingborough, a town pf Nor. jrhamptopftire, vvith a market on Wednef. day. It is feated on thc afi:erit of a hill, on the weftern bink qf the river Nen. It is a krge well-inhabited pkce, enjoys a good trade, and is adorned vyith a hand. fome church, and a freefchool. A dread. ful fire liappened here in July 1738, vvhich' confumed above 800 dwelling houfes ; but it has been fince rebuilt in a more handfpme manner. It is 12 miles N. E. of Northampton, and 68 N. by W. of London. Lon. o. 59, W.kt. 52. 16. N. Wellington, a town of Shropftire, with a market on Thurfday.. Il vj feat td near Wreflcin-hifl, 12 iniles E. of Shrewftury, and 152 N. W. bf Londori., Lon, 2. 3oi W.'lat. 52. 40. N. Wellington, a town -in Somerfet ftire, vvith a market on Thu'rTday. Itis feared en the river Tone, 15 miles N. E. of Exeter, and 147 'VV. by S. of London. Lon. 3. 25. W. kt. 50. 57. N. Wells, a feaport in Norfolk: it has no market, but a large church, a quakers meeting, and a confiderable corn trade. It is 27 mfles N. of Swaffham, and 121 N. N. E. ef London, Lon, x. 1. E, lat. 53- I-N. Wells, a city of Somerfetfliire, with tvvo markets, on Wednefday and Satur day. It is feated at the fqot of a hill, and has its name from the wells and fprings about it ; and though it is but a fmall city, jt is well inhabited, and is a "oiftop'j fte, teg'ether with Bath. The cathedral Is 3, ftately pHe. The biftop's palace is Iflce a caftle, being furrounded with walls arid a moat ; the houfes of the prebendaries ate handfome, and the rriarket-houfe is a fine ftrufture, fupported by pjltars. This dty fends fvvo members to parliament ; and is the centre of a great manufaftory of knit worfted ftockings. It is 16 miles S. of Briftol, and 1 20 W. of London. Len. 2. 37. W.'lat. 51. 12. N. Wells, a town of Germany, in the cirde of Auftria, feated un the river Trawn, 18 miles S. pf Lintz. Lpn. 13. ,53. E, lat, 48, 4. N, Welshpool, atpwnof Moritgomery. ftire, fn N, Wales, vvith a market en Mpriday, It isj"eated on the river Se vern, iri a rich yak, is the principal trad. irig town in the coimty, beirig the great market for flannpts. The market is con fiderable for cattle, provifions, and flanneb. The caftle, new called Fowls Caftle, is built of a reddift ftone, and is a large ftately ftrufture, Ic is ig miles W. ef Shrewftury, feven N, of Montgomery, and i6g N, W. of London, Lon, 3. 5. W. kt. 52. 33. N, '¦ Welwyn, a village of Hertford ftirc, in the road te Bedford. Of this place the celebrated Dr. Young vvas rec tor ; and here vvas the fcene of his Night Thoughts, It is 25 miles N. by W, of London, Wem, a town in Shropflijre, with a market en Thurfday. It is feated on ttie river Roden, and is a fmall pkce, but rhe market is krge for cattle and provifions. It is nine milts N. of Shrewftury, and 164 N. W. of Londori. Lon. 2. 40. VV^, kt. 5.2. 50. N, Wendover, a borpugh in Bucking- hamfliire, with a marker on Thurfdav, It is ftven miles S. E. ef Ayleftury, and 31; VV. by N. of Lori'flon. Lon. o. 35, W- Ut, 5 1.. 46. N- VVi.N.s'ER, the krgeft lake ef Sweden, in VV. Gothland, to the N. W. of thc'Iake Wetfer, 'oehig about go iniles in length, and, in fome places, 40 in breadth. Wi.NiocK, 3 ii'iroiigh in Shropftire, wich a market en M"nd.ay. It is i- miles S. E. of ShrcwJburv, and 14; 'N. ¦W. of London. Lon. 2. 30. V\'. kr. 52, 36. N. Wfnsyssel, 3 town of Denmark, in S. Jutland, capital of aprtferlure of the fame name ; feated on the river Rv.aa, 17 miles N. W. pf .A-iburg. Lon, a. '40^ £. Iat. 57. 4. N, VVensyssel, a fmall peninfula in Denmark, whicli makes the N. part of Jutland ; bounded pp^ vb« S, E, by tl» ' 3 -A * ' cafi:^ W E R W E S canal of Alburg ; sn the E. by thc ftrait of Denmark ; and on the N. and W^. by thc German' Ocean. The priricipal tovyn ii of the i"dme name. Weobly, an ancient borough, in Hereferdftire, with a market on Tuefday. It had a pretty good trade formerly, which is novy removed te KeyritPri. It is eight miles N. VV. ef Herefor,d, and 141 W. N. W. of London. Lon. 2. 41, W. lat. 52." g. N mount-^ips, rocks, hills, and dales, clothed vvith forefts of bitch, poplar, mountaiti aft, pine, and fir ; and abounding with lakes, which fucceed each ether almofl v^'ithout intcrmiffien. -Nothing can ex ceed the beauty of thefe lakes : they are froiTi four to 40 miles in circumference ; fqme fo narrow as to appear Hke broad rivers ; ethers ef a circular ftape ; their- fteres, in feme parts, .fteep and rocky ; in pthers gently floping, bwt always fea- Werben, a town of Germany, in the -thered with hanging wood ^o thq margin drdc of Upper Saxony, and in the old of the vvater; the roads.deHghtfulIy wind- marche of Brandenburg ; formerly a yery ing tlirough the dark fprefts which ever- ftreng and well fortified paffage op the river El.he ; but nevy all the fertifi^catipps ' are ruined. It is feated at the pl'ace -vyhere fhe river Hahtl fall ¦ intp the Elbe, 6p miles N, W. qf Berlin, Lpn, 12. 12. E. kt. 53. 5. N. Werchteren, a tPwn pf Auftrian Brabant, I'eated at the cc^nfluenee pf the rivers Dcmat and Dyly, pine miles E. of feated near the river Lippe Mechlin. Lori. 4I 49. E'. kt. 51.0. N. E. kt. 51. 3^. N- hapg the imperiding precipices, and over- ftadow the vvater. Numerous rivulets flow from thefe lakes, and form, fppie- timcs, fm.all pifturefque catarafts, Ca- renftadt is the principal tovyn, Wern, a town in Germany, in tho circle pf Weftphaha, , and biflipprip pf Munfter, with a handfome monaftery, Lon, 7, 40. Wer DEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and county of Mark, with an abbey. The inhabitants are pre- : teftants, under the proleitlon ef "Pruflia. It is feated en the river Roer, jo milts N. ^. ef Dufi'cldorp, and.iq E- of Duyfturg. Lpn. 7. I. E. kt. 51. 17. N. Werdenrurg, a town of Swiffer land, in the canton of Glarus, and capital ofa county of the fame narae, near the, weftern banks ef the Rhirie, 16 miles E. of Glares, Lon. 9. 2 5. E.kt. 46, 58. N. ¦¦¦' -Were, a river pf the cPunty pf Dur ham, which rifes in the "VV.part, apd takes its courfe alorig a fine yalley, by the city of Diirham, tp the Qeraiaa Oceah, bdpvv Sunderland. -* Weremouth, Bishop's, a yilkge of Durl:iam, to the S. W. of SunderlaHd. It has a manufaftory of fafl-cloth., Weremouti-I', a village in Durham, at the N. mouth of the Were, oppofite Sunderland,, It is alfo cajled Monks Weremouth, be.caufe, before the diffo lution, it-,belonged to the monks. Werle, a town of Gerraany, inthe cirde of Weftphalia, and duchy of Mun fter, feated ,on the river Sifek. It is fub- jeft to the. defter ef Cologne, "and is 30 miles' S. of Munfter, Len, 7, 20. E. lat. 5i.35'N. , ¦ We-RMELANd, aprovuice of Sweden, inW.Gothknd.bqundedoptheN.'byDale- carlia ; on the E. hy VVeftmania and Ne ricia ; on the S. by the lakes Wenner and Wertheim, a town in Germany, in the circle ef Franconia, capita! ofa county of the fame narae, where the counts rcfide. It is feated at the confluence of the rivers Turbur and Maine, 20 mile's W. of Wurtzburg. The county lies near the river Maine, between tlie archbifliopriis, qf Mentz and Wurtfburg. It is 20 miles- in lerigth, and as much in breadth. '•--' Werwick, a fmaH tovvp of Afif- trian Fknders, feated on thp river Lis 8 miles S. E. of Ypres, Lbn, 2, 58. E. kt. ^o. 46. N. WhSEL, a town in Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and duchy of Cleves, vvith a very ftrong citadel. It Is a krge handforae place, and the citadel ftands near the confluence of the Rhine andfhe Lippe, There are two Calvinift churches here, one for the Lutherans, and another for the Papifts ; but the tegency of the tovvn is in the hands of the Calvinifts; It was formerly imperial and hanfeatic, but now belpngs tP the king of Pruffja, and is 25 miles S. E. of Cleves, arid 45 N. of Co-i logne. Lon. 6. 37. E. kt. 51. 27. N. Wesenburg, a town ef Ruffia, in the government of Efthonia, It is pretty well fortified, and feated on the river Wifs, 55 miles S. E. of Revel, and 55 I'f. ' W. of Narva. Len. 25. 48, E, lat, 59, 10, N. Weser, a confiderable riverof Ger maoy, which rifes in the counry of Hen? neburg, in thp circle ef Franconia, being Dalia ; and on the W. by the mpuntains- then called the VV^crra.. It paffes liy Smal- of Nonyav ; being, about 100 miles in -cald, croffes a corner df Thuringia, enters - len _rh, and 5-0 in brea'lth._. It is a fertile , the -duchyof Brunfwick, and receives thp «.!id dtliohihil province; diyctfified-by fi^ld' at Mynden, Then it affumes thg saw? WES WES jwme of Wefer, runs along the cenfines cf t'he circles of Weftphalia and Lower Saxony, watejrs Corway, Hamclen, Min den, and Hoye ; then it receives the,AUcr, runs by i^remen and Carlefturg, or Carl ftadt, and falls into the German Ocean, on the confines of the duchy of Bremen, WfstbuRy, a borqugh of Wihftire, with a confiderable market on Friday. It is a pretty good town, 26 miles N. W. of Sal'fbriry, and i«i W. of London. Lon. ,2. 13. W.'lat, 51, 16. N. "Westerham, a town of Kent, vvith a market on VVednefday. It is the birth place of biftop . Hoadly and general Wolfe, the ktter of whom is interred in the church. It is feated bn the river Darent, , which, rifes frem nine fprings near this town. It is 14 miles N. W. of and fertile, fpot on the American confl- ntnt, that is yet, known to Europeans, Wesjerwick, a feaport of Sweden, in the province ef Smoland, feated en the Baltic, 50 miles N. of Colmar, and 120 S. W, of Stockholm. Lon, 16. o. E. kt. 57. 40, N, Westmajs'ia, or Westmanl'and, a province- of Sweden Proper, between Su dcrmania, Geftricia, Nericia, and Upland, being about ''5 miles in length, and 4; in breadth. It abounds in copper and iron mines. The defcription already given ofthe face of thecountry in Werme land will equally fierve fer this. West Meath, a ceunty of Ireknd, in the province of Leinftcr, 38 miles in length, and 27 in breadth, bounded on the N, by Longford and Cavan, on die E. by Tunbridge, and 22 S. S. E, Of London. Eaft Meath, on the S. by King's County, Lon, o, 6, E, lat, 51. 18. N. "VVesteros, a confiderable town of Svveden, capital of Weftmania, vvith a "biftop's fee, a citadel, and afamous college. It carries on a confidei-able commerce with Stockholm, acrofs the Lake Maeler ; particularly in copper and iron from the neighbouring mines, vvhich abound in this province. It is a large ftraggHng town, compofed ef wooden houfes, and contains the ruins of an ancient palace, forinerly -inhabited by the kings of Sweden. The cathedral, vvhich is built of brick, is cele brated for'ifs tower, efteemed the higheft in the kingdom. In this cathedral is the tomb of the unfortunate Eric XIV. "VVef- teres is. feated en thc Lake of Maeler, 45 miles N. W.of Stockholm, Lon, 17,0 E, tat. 59. 38. N. and en the W. by the river Sliaimen, which feparates it from Rofcommon. It contains 62 pariftes, and fends 10 mem bers to parliament. It is one of the moft populous and fertile counties in Ireland, arid the principal town is Mutlingar. Westminster, a dty of Middlefex, the refidence pf the monarchs of Great Britain, thc feat of the parliament -and ef the high courts of juftice, aud cenftituting with Londpn and Sputhwark, the metro- peti! pf the Britift empire. On the diffp- ¦lution of its fampns abbey, in 1541, Henry VIII. erefted it intp a biftpprlc,, appeintirig the whole cpunty pf Middle fex (Fulham excepted) fpr the diocefe^ It had, however, but one prelate. Dr. Thomas Thirlbye ; fqr Edward VL foon. afterward diffolved it. The abbey is now Westerburg, atownof Germany, a collegiate church, the dean of which is in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and ter- alvvays the biftop of Rpchefter. - Wcft- ritpry of VVeveravia, with a caftle, 3 5 miles minlter fends two members te parjiament. N. of Mentz. Lon, 8, 18, E, lat, 50, 26. N, . WpsTERN Islands, See Azores stnd Hebrides. * Western Territory, the pre fent appellation of a vaft country in N. ,Anierjca, comprehending all- that part of tlie United States vvhich lies N. W. of the river Ohio, It is bounded on the Wi In the city are two parifli churches, St. Margaret and St, John ; and feyen in the fiberties, namely, St. Clement Danes ; St. Paul's, Covent Garden ; St. Mary-lc- Strand ; St. Martin's in thfe Fields ; St. Ariri's Soho; St.James's; and St. George's, Hanover, fquare. The precinftof St, Mar tin's -le- grand, thpvgh vvithin the city of London, is under tlie jurifdiftion of Weft- by the riyer Miffiffippi ; pn theN. bythe minfter. For the government, public ^ ' , T, , T. r, !_ _^j jjujijings, &c. of this city, fee London. Westmorland, a "county of Eng land, bounded on the N., and N. W. by Cumberland ;.pn ttie E. and S. E. by Yorkftire ; and on the S. and S. W., by Lancaftire, Its extent from N, ^, to S, is forty miles, and hs breadth, from ths Lakes ; on the E, by Pennfylvania ; and on the S. E, and S, by the Ohio. It contains 11, pop fquare mites, equal to .163,040,000, acres ; from which, if we dedpft 43,040,000 for water, there wilt remain 220,000,000 of acres, belonging to the federal government, to be fold for thq difcharge ' of the national debt. This E, projeftien to that in the W. forty-two, ppuntry, whicli. is intended tP '.-c divided It is generally divided intp the barpnies into feveral new ftates, is affirmed to be of Kendal and Weftmorland : the'fg^mer ti^^ n;oU heaUliy, pleafant, commodious, is very ipountaiiaous, but tlic latter is a )a:'ga W E X W E X ?,irgc champaign country. Thefe are the only prindpal divifions cf this county, vvhich contains -eight market-to^vns and twenty-fix pariflies. It Hes parcly in the dipcefe of Chefter, and partly in that of Carlifle, The earl of Thanet is hereditary fterift" of the county, which fends only four members to parliament. The air is dear, ftarp, and falubrious, the natives being feldom tiPubled vvith difeafes, and 'cneralty living to dd age. The foil is va rious ; that pn the mpuntains is very bar- ¦fcn, while that in the valleys, is fertile, jvroducing good corn and grafs, efpecially jn the meadows near the rivers. In the hilly parts on the weftern Iiorders it" is generally believed there ave yaft quanti. ties of copper ore, aud veins of gold ; fome mines ef copper are worked, but moft of the ore Hes fo deep, that it will POt anfwer the expence. This county yields the fintft flate, and abundance of excellent hams are cured here. The principal ri. vers are the Eden, fhe Lone, anil the Ken, It has alfe feveral fine lakes, the priucipd of which is Winander Mere, or Windermere Water, In the foreft of Martindale, fo the S. of UHs-water, the hfecd ef red deer ftifl exifts in a wild ftate. yAppIcbyls the county tovvn. Westphalia, ene of the circles of Germa'ny, bounded on the E. by the circle of Lovver Saxony ; on the S. by Heffe, "Wefterwalde, and the Rhine ; on the W. by the .United Prpvinces ; arid ori the N. by the German Ocean. The air is cold, but the fofl produces paftures and fome corn, though there arc a great many marflies. "The horfes are large, and the hogs in high efteem, efpcdally the hams, known by the narae of Weftphalia hams. • The principal rivers are thc Wefer, the Embs, the Lippe, and the Roer. It cpntains the foveffeign biflioprics of Ofna burgh, Munfter, and Paderborn, the abbey of Cervey, fhe principaHty of Minden, 'the counties of Ravenfturg, Tecklenburg, Ritburg, Lippe, Ltragow, (Spiegltberg, Schawenburg, Hoye, DIephoIt, Delraen- herft,, Oldenburg, Embden, Eaft Frief- krid, Benchen, Lingen, and Stenfer ; thefe are to thc N. of the river Lippe. To the S. of it arc the abbeys ef Effen and Verden, the tovvn of Dortmund, the coun. ¦ ties ef Mark, Homburg, and Rencklinck- hauftn, the duchies of Weftphalia, Berg, -and Cleves. Munfter is thc moft con^- derable city in this circle, Westphalia, thc duchy of, in.the circle ef Weftphalia, bounded on the N, by the biftoprics of. Munfter and Ofna- burgh, and rhe county of Lippc; en the Vf. by ^hat of Mark ; -en the S, Ijy the territories of Naffau ; and en the E. by tht counties of Witgenftein, Hartzfeld, 'Wat. dec, and the landgravate of Heffe, It is about 40 miles in length, and 25 in breadth, and is a mountainous country, full of wbod, but moderately -fertile, Arenfturg is the capital, Westrogothia. See Gothland. Wetter, a lake of Sweden, in Goth. land, to the S, E. of the lake Winner, It is about 80 miles m lerigth from N, to S, and 25 in breadth from E. to W, Weteravia, a province of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, having the palatinate pf the Rhine pn the W. and Heffe and Fuld Pn thq E, It is divided intp twp parts by the river Lphn ; pne called Weteravia Prpper, and the other N, Wcter-avia, or VV^cfterwalde, Wetherby, a tPwn in the W, Rid. ing pf Yprkfliirc, with a market pn Thurf day, It is feated pn the nver Wharf,, 14 mUes W. pf Yprk, and 177 N.by W. pt Lpndpn. Lpu. i. 2P. W.kt. 53. 57. N. -:r 'WetHEKsfield, atown of N.Ame rica, in the ftate of Connefticut, It is noted for raifing pnipris, and is four miles S, of Hanford, Wetzlar, a free and impetial town of Germany, in Weteravia, furrpqnded by ditches and vvalls flanked with tpwers, The inhabitants are prpteftanfs, and they have a ccuncil pf 24 members. In 1693. the imperialchamber was transferred hither frpm Spire, pn account of the vvars which ravaged the Palatinate. It is feated at the confluence of the rivers Lohn, Difle, and Dillen, five miles S. of Solmes, and 78 N. by E, of Spire, Lon. 8, 32, E. kt, 50. 26, N, Wexford, a county of Ireland, in the province ef Munfter, 38 miles ip length, and 24 in breadth, bounded on the N, by Wicklow, on the E. by St. Gf orge'-s Channel, op the S. by fhe Atlantic Ocean, ,en thc W. by Waterford and Kilkenny, and on the N. by Catherlough : it contains log parilljes, and fends 18 members. to parhament. It is a fruitful country in cern and grafs ; and the principal town is of the fame name, Wexford, a feaport oflreland, capital of a county of the fame name. It vvas once reckoned the chief dty in Ireknd, being the firft colony of the Englifli, and is ftill a large handfome town, vvith a very commodious harbour at the mouth of the river Slana, on a bay of St, George's Channel, 63 miles S, of DubUn, Lon'. 6, W, tat. 52. 18, N. Wexio, a feaport of Sweden, in Smo- knd. It is feated pn the banks pf a plea fant lake, whieji contains a group - 'of W H I W H I woody iflands. This town, though ' a bi ftop's fee, is exceedingly fmall, the houfes moftly of wood. It is 50 milts W. of Calmar, and 155 §. W, of Stockholm, Lon. 14. 57, E.lat. 56. 41. N. * VVey, a river of Biirr'y, which rifps in Hampftire, waters Guilford, and ep. ters the Thames at Weybridge. * Weybridge, a viHage of Surry, feated on the river Wey, at its entrance into the Thames, It takes its name from a bridge which it had formerly over the Wey. It is adorned with feveral hand. fome feats, particularly Oatknds, the feat of the duke of york, and Woburn Farm, the refidence of lord Loughborough, Weybridge is four miles S, W, by .W. of Pampton Court, Weyhill, a viUage in Hampftire, three miles W, of Andover, famous for an annua) fair on the i oth ef Oftober, fer fteep, lecher, hops, .and clieefe. It is ene of the largeft fairs jn England, apd has booth's prefted for the fate of all kinds of goods, Weymouth, a town of Dorfetftire, incorporated vvith that of Melcomb Regis, J)ut a diftinft borpugh. It is feated qn . the W. fide df an inlet of the fea ; but its port is injured by the fand, from which circumftance, and the rife of Poole, its trade, vvhich vvas orice corifiderable, is now fcduced very low, a few fliips only being fent hence te Newfoundland. This de cline is, in fome degree, compenfated by the great rtfort ef perfons pf all rauks for the purpele of'fea-bathing, for which it is cxctUentty fitted by its remarkably fine beach, and the fofrnefs ef its air ; and , their ipajefties and the royal family have fometipies honoured it with thdr refidence for many weeks. A few plain and ftriped cottons are made here. " Weymouth is 130 miks W. S. W. of Lendpn. See Melcomb. Regis. Whidah, a kingdom of Africa, on the coaft of Guinea, -and to the W. of the Gold Coaft ; extending about 10 miles ^long the fea. It is a populous country, wcU furniflied whh large yillages; and there are fo many fmall ones, that they are not above a mufquet-fliot frem each other. The houfes are fmall, round at the top, and encompaffed with mud walls or hedges, together vvith a great number pf aH ferts of beautiful and lofty trees, which alRjrd the moft beautiful profpeft in the wprld, infpmuch that thpfe that have been here reprefent it as a perfeft paradife. The fields are always green, and they cultivate beans, potatpcs, and fruits ; npr wilt the negroes here, tet a feot of grourid remain uncuki rated. They fow again the very next day after they have reaped. The inhaWtaats jre greasy civilized, very refpeftful to each other, ef pecially to tlieir fupeiiors, and very induf. trious. The women brew the beer, dreli the viftuals, and feU all forts of commodi ties aj: the market. Thofe that are rich employ their wives and flaves jn tilling the land, and they carry on a confiderable trade with the produft, as weU as in (laves ; for fome of them "are able to dehver looo of the ktter every month. The chief men have generally 40 or 50 wives, the prip- cipal captains 3 or 400, and the king 4 or 5000. They are extremely jealous, and, on the leaft i"iifDidon, will fell them tothft Europeans for flaves. If any one happen to touch one of thc king's wives accidea- taUy, he is doomed to perpetual flavery. Jt is no wonder then that the women are not fond ef being the king's wives ; ani fome of them wilt prefer a fpeedy deatli to fuch a miferable life. They have na diftinftiens of hours, days, weeks, menth^-, or years. The rite ef circumcifien is ufed here, but they are not able to tell why they ufe it, nor whence it is derivedL They are fuch great gamefters, that they will ftake all they have at play, not ex cepting their wives and children. They have a vaft number of idols; and they" deify the raoft contemptible animal that they fee firft in a morning, and even ftocks and ftones. Their prindpal regard is ftar fnakes, very high trees, and the fea. An jEriglifli faftor, juft arrived, found a fnake in the houf"c belonging to the faftory, and killed it vvithout the leaft fcruple ; which fe incenf"ed the negroes,,- that they were fer revenging the death of chc fnake, not only upon hira that killed it, but upon d>e vvhole faftory ; but, by dint of prefents, and the interpofition of the people ef thc other faftories, this affair vvas raade up,^ and the f"nake honourably interred. How ever, to prevent fuch accidents,,they gave them warning not to do the like for the future. They have oxen, cows, goats, flieep, hogs, turkjes, ducks, and hens, which laft are extremely plentifuh There are many elephants, buffaloes, tigers, feve ral kinds of deer, and a fort of hares. The fruits are citrpns, lempns, prangts, bananoes, tamarinds, &c. and they have vaft numbers of pahn- trees, from which they pbtain wine. Viqiidah was cpnquer ed by the king of Dahoray. Their trade cpnfifted of flaves,/ elephants teeth, wax, and honey. The EngHft faftory i/ 200 miks E. of Cape Coaft Caftk, within' land. Bows, arrows, beautiful affaguayp, and dubs, are the principal weapons of the nation. ¦VVhitby, a feiport in the Ni,' riding W HI W IB of Yorkftire, with a market Pn Saturday." It is cbmmodiotifly .feattd near the mouth of tlie river Eflc, and.is a confiderable town, having a great traffic in the build- ing of fliips,,.and in thc carrying bufinef"s. Its harbour is the beft on this coaft, and has a fine pier; but it has ne riyer-com- municatieu with the inland couritry. Se veral ftips aye fent hence tp the Green land fifhery. Whitby is the birthplace pf that great drcu.ronayigator, capt. James Cook, It was formerly noted for its ab- "be'y, pf which thece are fpme ruins ftill remaining. It is .50 miles N. E. by E. of York, and 243 N.' of .London. Lon. 0. 24. "VV. kt. 54. 30. N. Whitchurch, a borough in Hamp ftire, vvith a niarkct on Friday ; ancienily more confiderable tlian at prefent. It is : 24 milfs E. by, N. of, Saliftury, and 58 W, by S. of Lendon. Lon. 1. 10, "W. kt, 51. 15. N. Whitchurch, a large and populous town ef Shropfhire, with a market on Friday. It is 20 miles N. ef''8hrewftury, and 161 N. W. of London, Lon, 2, ¦40, E. lat. 52. u. N. "¦¦ Whitchurch, or Little Stan more, avillage near Edgware, in Mid. 'dtefex, celebrated for a magnificent feat, called Cariens,.'buih by James firft duke of Chandos, in 1712. ilere tliat nobleman lived for fome time, iri a kind ef regal ftate ;¦ and here he died in 1744. It was demoliftiCd in 1747, and the materials Were fold by auftlon. The church, which is an elegant ftrufture, contains all that now remains of the magnificence ef Canons. The body of it was built, and heautifully adorned by the duke. It is eight miks N. W. of London. Whitehaven, a feaport ef Cumber. land, with a matket on Tuefday. It is (eated. en a creek ofthe fea, on the N. end of a great hill, wafted hy the tide of flood qn the weft ¦ fide, vvhere there is a large reck or quarry of hard white ftone, which gives name tothe place, and vvhich ¦vvith the help of a ftrong ftone wall, fe- cures the harbour. It is lately rauch im proved in jts biuldings, and noted for its trade ip pitcoal and fait, there being ntar it a prodigious coal-mine, which runs a confiderable vvay under the fea. They liaVe a cuftomhoufe here, and carry bn a good trade to Irtiand, Scotknd, Chefter, Briftol, and .tp the W,, Indies, It is 10 miles S. W. of Cockerriiouth, and 305 N. W. of London. Lon. 3. 34. W. lat. 54. ,36. N. "¦White M'^untain.s, the higheft part ef a ridge of mountains, in the flate . sf New Plamplhire'i iu 'N.- America. They.-extendN. E.and S.W, toa-Ictjgth not yet afcertained. The height of chefe mountains, above , an adjacent meadow, is reckoned, from obferva.tioris made in 1784, te be 55OP feet ; and the meadow is 3500 feet above the level of thc fta. The fnow and-ice coyer them nine or ten m'oriths in the year, during vvhich time they exhibit that bright appearance frem vvhich they -are denpminaced the White Mpuntains. From thdr iuiprait, in. clear weather, is a noble view extending 60 or 70- miles in -every direftion. j^Ithough they are 70 miles within land, thty are feen many leagues pff at fea, and appear like an ex- ccedjngly bright cloud in the .horizon. Their hi'gheft fumrail is In lat. 44" N. White Sea,, a bay of the Frozen Ocean, in the N. part of Ruffia, on the E. fide of vvhich ftands the ciry of Archan. £'!¦ . ' Whitsu.n Island, one of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific Ocean. It is about 12 miles long and five hroad, and was difcovered by captairi VVallis, on Whitfunday, 1767,.- Lon. 168, 2j,E. lat, 19-26. S. Whittlebury Forest, a ferell In the S. part ef Northamptonftire, nine miles in length, and, ia fopie parts, above three in breadfli, . Here, that fierceft of Britift aniriaals of p.r'^y, the vvild car, is ftill fourid. This foreft reraained in the crown till 1685, vvhen the firft duke of ,Graftori vvas apppinted hereditary ranger. The prefent duke has a fine feac hsre, called Wakefield Ledge, -¦" WiBUKGH, a government of Ruflia, being the prevince lately called Ruffian Finland, and which was coraprifed in Ca. rdia. If forraerly. belonged to thp Swedes, and. was. ceded to.the Ruffians, partly by the peace of Nyftadt in 1721, and partly by thc treaty of Abo In 1743.. This pro. yjncc retains moft of its ancient p'riviteges, vvith ferae occafional ra.qdificatiens, vvhich have been neccffarily intrqduccd under thc new government, Befide paftures the coun. try produces rye, oats, and barley, but net uifficient fer the inhabitants, Wiburg retains its own civil and criminal courts ef juftice ; in penal cafes, not capital, the pu- niftments prefcribed by the provincial ju. dicature are infliftcd; but whenever a criminal is condemned to death, the Ruf. fian laws jnterpofc, and reprieving him frpm the fentence pf beheacling or harig. ing, as erijoiried by the Svvedifh code, con' fign him t* thc knoot and tranfporratipn to Siberia. In the governor's court, bu finefs is tranfafted in fhe Swedift, Get- man, and Ruffiari tongues. . The peafants talH only the Fiiiiiifli diaiedt ; but the in, h^bit|iu» W I E' habitants-pf the towns underftand SvVedift alfq, and many of them Gerriian. Luthe ranifm is the eftablifted religion ; but tho' Greek worftip has lately been intreduced by the Ruffians. WlBURGH, a rich trading ''caport of Ruffia, with a bfftop's fee, and a ftrong citadel. It contains about gooo inhabi tants.' A'few houfes arc conftrufted with brick; but the greateft parf are of wqod. It- is the capital of the governmept ef VVi- burgh, at which the principal part of its commerce is carried on. Ic is feated en the N.- fide of the GtilP of Finland, 67 miles N. by W. of Nortburg, and 250 N. E. ef Riga. Lon. 2g. lo. E. lat. 60. 56. N. WiBURGH, a cpnfiderable tPvvn of Denmark, ip N. Jutland, vviih a bifliop's fee.' It is the feat of thc chief court ef juftice in the province. The hall where the - council affembles has the archives ofthe country, and efcaped' the terrible fire that happened in 1726, and vvhich burnt the cathedral-, the church ef thc Bkck Friars, the townfioufe, and the biftop's palace; but thty have all been rebuilt more magnificently than before. It is feated en the lake Wetter, in a peninfuk, 9^ miles N. cf Slefwick, and no N. W. of Copenhagen. Lon. 9, 50, E. 'kt. 56. 20. N. Wick, a borough and feaport of Scot land, in taithnefsftire, feated en the Gerriian Oceah, S. ef Nofe Head. Lon. 3. 2. 'VV. lat. 58. 30. N. Wicklow, a county ef Ireknd, in tha prevince of Leinfter; bounded em the N. by the ceunty of Dublin ; en the E. by the Irift Sea; on thc S. by Wex ford; and on the W. by Kildare knd Catherlough. It is 33 mites in length, 20 in breadth, and indifferently fruitful. It contairi.s 54 pariflies, and fends 10 members to parliament. Wicklow, the capital of a cpunty of the fame name, in Ireland ; feated op the feafide, with a narrow harbeurj at the mouth' ef the ' river Lcifrira, over vvhich ftands a rock inftead ef a caftle, furrounded by a ftrong WaU, 24 miles S. .of Dubflii. Lori, 6. 7."W;'.kt."52. 55. N. WicKWARE, a 'corporate' tovyn- of Gleucefterftire,' vvith a market on Mon day, 17 railes N. E.'of Briftol, and in W, of Londqn, Lpn, 2,16, W. Iat. 51 . 36. N. '¦¦ VViDFORD,. a village near Ilt'ddcf- dpri-, in Henf irdfliire. In this parifli, on a hill to the W. ef the river Lea, are two barrqvv'3, fuppofed to have b'ecp thrown up by the Danes, m memorypffforaebattle. "VViEiuN, S'town of -Great Pal.-ir.d, ift the palatinate of Siragl, on thc confines of W I G- Silefia,.' It was ruined bythe Swedes ia 1656, but has been fince rebuilc,. and has a gpod caftle.-' It is f ated on a river which- falls;intP the W.irta, 20 -miles S, pf Sirad. .. Lon. 18. 55. E. lat..5r., 12, N;. ; ,- • ¦¦-¦ VVielitsk'a, a' village of Poland, lately included in the, paktinate--, of Cra-. covv, but now comprifed within the.Auf;,- trian kingdom of Lodomei'ia, . It is cele brated for its falt-mines;-vvhich He eight . miles S, E. of Ct;acow.-, In tliefe inex hauftible mines, are feveral fmall chapels. excavated in the fait, in vvhich mafs is faid- in certain days of the year. One of thefe chapl-is if above 30 feet long and 2 5 broad : . the altar, thc crucifix, the ornaments of thei churcli, and the ftatues qf feveral faints, are all carved out of the fait. The im- inenfc fize ofthe different excavations er chatnbers, with the fpacipus paffages pr galleries, the chapels above-mentioned, and a, few fteds built for the horfes vvhich are foddered below, probably gave rife to the exaggerated accounts of fome travclkr^, that thefe mines contain feyeral villages, inhabited by colonies of miners, vvl^e never fee the light. There is cer tainly room for fuch purpofes ; but the faft is, that the miners haye rio fubterra ncan dwellings, none ef them remairiing. below more thari eight hours at a time, vvhen fhey are relieved by others front above. In truth, thefe mines are of 4 meft ftupendous extent and depth, aheJ fufficiently vvonderful, without any exag geration. They are dry as a room, with- out the leaft damp or moifture. There is, he'wever, one fmall fprfng ef water, which is impregnated with fait; as it runs through the mine." Thefe mines have been work. ed above 600 years. Before the partition of Poland in 1772,' they furpifted a con fiderable pan of the revenue of the king ef Poland, who drew from them an ave rage profit of about 3,500,000 PoHft flo rins, er 97,222 1. 4s. 6 d. fterUng. W I G A jN, a borough of Lancaftire, vvith a market on Monday and Friday. It is feated on fhe river" Douglas, is a targe well built cerporatiori, arid here the ftrongeft qhecks are made and other ar ticles ef Hnen and cotton manufafture. That eleeanc fpecies of coal, called Cannel, is found in piency a'nd'great perfeftion in its ndgt^bourhoo'd. . The Dougksjs made navigable tq the Ribbk ; and it is joined by a canal from Liverpool. Wigan is 35 miles S. of Lani!aftcr, arid ig6 N. N.\Y- of London. Lori. 2. 5c. "VV, kt. 5}. 34.' N. Wight, .an' ifland" lying on tlie S. coaft hi- Hkmpfhii'c, fro'm which ic ii fff- parated by a naiTovir channel. It is about W I G K riiiles in length, and ij in breadth. It is nearly divided into equal parts by the river Mode or Cowes, vvhich rifing in the fouthern angle, enters at the Parthern, into the Charinel, oppofite the mquth of Southampton Bay. Thc S. eoaft is edged vvith very fteep cliffs of chalk and freeftehc; hollowed into ca.. vrerns in various parts. The W, fide is fcriced with ridges of rocks, of vvhich thc moft remarkable "are thofe called, from thdr fliarp e-xtrcmiries, the NtedSes. Between the ifland and the main are va- xieus fandbanks, cf{5td'al!y off the eaftern part, where is the fafe roadsf St.Melen'l, Acrofs the ifland, frpip E. fp W. runs a ridge of hlHs, formirig a traft of fine downs, vvith a chalky or raarly fpil, which feed a great number of fine-fleeced flieep. Rabbits are alfo very plentiful here. To the N. of this ridge the land is cliiefly pafture : to the S. of it is a rich arable country, producing great crops of corn. The variety of profpefts which this ifland affords, its mild air, and the rieat inan- Eer in which thc fields are kid out, ren- der it a very delightful Ipot. It is de voted almoft folely to huftandry, and has no manufaftory. It is PUe of the principal refources of the London mar. ket for unmalted barley. Among its produfts are to be reckoned a pure vvhite pipe day, and a fine vvhite cryftal- Eiie fand ; of the latter of vvhich great quan-, rities are expwrted for the ufe ef the glafs- vvqrks in various parts. Its principal town is the borough- ef Newport : it likewife contains the tvvo fmall boroughs of New ton and Yarmouth. WiGHTON, a fmaH town in thc E, riding ef Yorkftire, vvith a market on Wednefday. It is feated at the fpring head of the river Skdflcr, i6 miles S. E. of York, and 192 N. by W. of Len don. Lon. o. 40. W. laf. 5'3. 52. N. Wigton, a little town in Cumber- krid, vvith a inarket on Tuefday. It is feated among the Moors, 12 miles S. W, of CarHfle, and- 394 N. N. W. of Lori den. Lon. 3. 4. "VV. kt. 54. 50. N.. Wigton, a borough and feaport of Scotlarid, the coimty tovyn of Wigton fliire. It -is fituated on a hiU, which overlooks the bay of Wlgtpn. On the S. fide pf the tPwn are the veftiges of an an cient caftle ; and to the N. E. is ? groat morafs called the.Mofs of Cree. It is 95 mfles S- W. of Edinburgh. Lon, 4. 43, W. kt, 55.. o.N. , *' Wigtonshire, .a. county of Scot land, fpmerimes caHed Upper, pr West Gailswav, It is bo»ndtd.«n the N. W!L by Ayrftire ; on the E. by Kirfccuc^- brightftire; and ori the S. and VV. bf^ the Irifh Sea. Its greateft extent; in any direftion, does not exceed 30 miles. The N. part, called the MoOrs, is naked ani moBntairtous. Great numbers of feeejl arid black •tattle ate raifed here 5 and they have a friiall breed of horfes peculiar to thid coiinty : they are called galloways^ anij are ¦very ftrong an'd gentle. \V''iHiTSCH, a frontier town_ cyf Tur-* key iri Europe, in the province bf Bof nia, feated on a take formed .by the ri^ ver Unria^ 40 miles S. E; ef Garlftadti Len, 16. 16, E. kt. 45. 34. N. WiLDF.SHusEN, a town pf GeriPanyj iri the circle pf 'VV'cftphalia, capital pf a fmall bailiwicki It is feated ori the ri ver liundej is united to the duchy of Bremen, and is iS m''cs S. W. 0/ Bre men. Lon. 3. 27. E. kt. 5^.. ^j. N.', WiLKOMER, a tPwri pf Lithuania, in thc paktinate pf 'Wilrii, feated pn the river Swicta, 45 mites N, "W", pf Wilnat Lon. 24. 54. E. Iat. 53. 19. N. William, Fort, See Calcutta. ''- Willi AM, Fort, a fort ef Inver* nefsfliire in Scotknd. It is of i triangu lar form, having two baftioris, arid is fituated on Loch Eil, vvrhere that arm ef the fea bends toward thfe N, W. Williamsburg, a tovvn pfN, Ame- rica, in Virginia, and fprmerly capital of that ftate. It is fituated betvveen two creeks ; one falling into James, and the other IntP Yprk River. The diftance of each landing pkce is abput a mile frpm ths town, which witti the difadvantage of nbt being able to bring up krge vef. fels, and want of enterprife in the inha bitants, have occafioned its decay. Here is a college, defigned for thc education of the Indians, but which, on accourit pf their averfiori to learning,- neyer an fwered the purpofe. It is 60 miles E. of Richmond. Lon, 76, 30. Vf, lats 37. 10, -N, WilliaMstadt, a feaport of Hol land, It is a handfome ftrong pkce, and the harbour is vvdl frequented. It wa» built by Wflliam I. priilcc of Orange, iil I5<>;. The river near which it is built, is' called Buttcrtlict; or Holland Diep, and is one of the bulwarks bf the Dutch on - the fide of Brabant. This place made i fallr.nt defence, in i'i! 93, againft the 'rench, who were obliged to raife the fiege. . It it; 15 miks N. E. of Bcrgen- op-Zoom, and 12 S. W. of Dor. Lon. 4. 30. E... tat. ;t. 39, N, * WiLLiNGALE Doe and Spain, two i;oTitiguo pariftes ia Effex, feven miies W I L W I M miles W. by N. of Chelmsford. Thdr Churches are only a few yards frem each Ccher, in one churchyard. * Willis' Island. See Georgia, Southern. WiLLisAW, a fmall but handfome town of Swifferknd, in the canton of Lu cern, feated among high mountains, on the river Wigcr. •^ Wilmington, a town ef N. Ame rica, and the largeft and plcafSintcft in the ftate ef Delaware. It is fituated en Chrif- tiana Creek, a mile apd a half W. of the river Delaware, and 28 miles S. ef Phila delphia. '" WiL.MiNGTON, atown ef N. Ame rica, in the ftate ef N. Carolina, fituated on the E.-fide of the E. branch of Cape Ferr river, 34 miks from the Atlantic Ocean, WiLNA, a krge, rich, populous, and trading town of Lithuania, in a paktinate of the farae name, vvith a biftop's fee, a univerfity, an andent caftk, and a palace. The houfes are all built ef wood. It ^is inhabited by different nations, vvho come hither to "trade ; and feated at the cen. fluence of the rivers Viha and Wilna, 12 miles E. by S. of Troki, and 215 N. W. of Warfaw. Lon. 15. 33. E. lat. 54. 41. N. WilshoVEn, a tovvn of Germany, in Bavaria, feated at the eonftfience of'the Wils vvith the Danube. WiLSNACH, a town of Germany, in thc margravate of Brandenburgh, feated en a rivulet that falls not far frem it into the Elbe, Wilton, a borough in Wiltftire, with a market on VVednefday. It is feattd at the conflux of the Willy and Nadder, is an ancient place, formerly the chief ef the county, though now but a mean town. It has a famous manufaftory of carpets, and another of thin vvoollcp- ftuffs. It is fcveri miles N, W. of Salif bury, and 85 W. by S. of London. Lon. I. ^2. W.lat. 51. 5. N. Wiltshire, a county pf England, fo called from the town of "VVilten, once its capital. It is bounded on the N. E. and E. by Berkftire ; en the E. by Hamp. ftire ; on the 'VV'. by Somerfetftire ; on the S, by Dorfetftire, and part pf Hamp. fliire; and on the N, W. and N. by Giouccfterftire. Its length from N. to S. is near 54 'inites, its breadth from E. tp W. 3-8. 'The air is fweet .and hea'rhy, thpugh -fpipething ftarp on the hills in winter; but it is mild during that feafon in the vales. The knd in ^he nprthern parts is generally hilly and wppdy, but very fertile i. here being made thai kind pf cheefe vvhich is much eftecmed, tni known as Nprth Wiltfhire. In thc fouth ern it is rich and fertile. In the raiddle it chiefly confifts of downs, that afford the 'oeft pafture for flieep ; and in the val leys, which divide the downs, arc abimd-^ ance ef corn-fields and rich meadows. In fome places is found knotgrafs riear 20 feet in lengch, vVich which hogS are fed, efpecially abouc Market Lavington. Its chief comiiiiidities are Iheep, wool, wood, and ftone ; of this kft there are excel lent quarries at Chilmark, on the banks ef the river Nadder, where fi;me of tlie ftones are 20 yards in length, and four in thicknefs, vvithout a flaw. Thc cliief manufaftures are the different branches of the clothing trade. The principal rivcfs in Wiltftire are the Upper and Lo'-vcr Avon, the Nadder, Willy, Bourne,, and Kennet. This country vvhich Hes in fhe diocefe of Saliftury, contains one city, 24 market-towns, and 304 pariftes. It is divided into 29 hundreds, and fends 34 members tp parliamept, Saliftury ia the capital. Wi.virledon, a village of Surry, on a fine heath, fevcn miles S. W. of Lon don. The parift church- vvas rebuilt in 1788 (the chance) excepted) and is an elegant little ftrufture. Earl Spencer has a fine park, frem which may be feen no lei's than ig parift churches, exclufive of thofe of London and Weftminfter. On. the S. W. angle of Wimbledon Common, is a circular encarapment, with a fingle ditch, including a furface of feven acres ; the trench very deep and perfeft. Cam den, who fays, that in his time this camp was called Btnftury, is of epinion, that this was the fite of a battle between Ceaulin, king of the Weft Saxons, and Ethelbcrt, king of Kent, in vvhich the latter was defeated ; and v.'hich is faid to have been fought in 568, at a pkce caH ed Wibandune. On the fame common, near thc village, is = vvdl, tlie water of which is never knpwn to freeze. Ac Wimbledon are fome copper mifls, a ma nufaftory for printing caflcot-s,' and an other of japan ware. Wimondham, or Windham, a town of Norfolk, with a mat-kct on Friday. It has been noted for flockinijs, woodcp fpoons, taps, and fpindles. 'The fteeple of the church is yery high,- aPd on itwas hung Ket, the -tanner, for rebd- lipri, in the reign of Edvv,ird VI.'. Jt is^ ripe hiiles S. W. of Norwich, and loo' N. E. by N. of London. Lon.- 1. 6. E. lat. ?2. 36. N. WiMPPaEN, a free atid imperial to-r.-v of Getm-^ny, iP the circk of Suabia, and WIN W IN 8 Graig-h» u, feated on the riVer Neckar, dght miles N. ef Hailbron, and 22 E. of Hddclburg-i Lon. 9. 25, E, lat. 4g, 20* N. ^ . . WiNBORN, a town of Dorfetfliire, ^vith a market on 'Friday. It is feated between two brooks, on the river Stour ; is a large well inhabited place, has a handlbnae church called thc Mirifter, arid ¦was formerly noted for Its nunnery. It , IS fix mUes N. of Poole, and 102 S. W. of London. Lon. 2. 1. W. kt. 50. 4T- N. WiNCAUNTON, a tPwn in Spmerfet- ftire, with a market bn Wednefday, feated ori the fide of a hiH, 24 miles S. of Bath,' and loS W. by S. of London. Lon. 21.- rS. W.lat. 51. I. N. WiNCHCOMB, a krge tovvn in Glou- cefterftire, with a market on Saturday. It was formerly noted 'for ics abbey, and is 16 miles N. E. of Gloucefter, and 93 W. N. W. of London, Len. 2. o. W. Iat. :;i. 5 c. N. WiN'cHELSEA, a tovvn . in Suflcx, which' has no market. It is ene of the dnquc ports', -and was built iu the reign of Edward I. wheri a more ancient tovvn ef the farae name, vvhich hael iS parifli churches, and was diftant abopt three iniles, was,fwaUowed up by the fea, in a terrible tempeft. The new town being- facked by die French and Spaniards, and deferted by the fea, fppn felt into decay, and it is now dwindled to a mean place, though it retains its privileges, and fends two members to parHamerit. It is feated on a rocky cliff, on an inlet of the fea, and had a liaven, now choked -up. It is governed by a mayor and jurats, though it has but about 70 houfes. Three of the g.ates are ftill ftanding, but much decayed : they arc three mites afundcr. Winchelfea is two miles S, W. pf Rye, and 7 1 S. W. pf London. Lon. o. 44. E. lat. i;o. 5S. N. Winchester, a very ancient city of Hampftirc, with two markets, on Wed. Def"day and Saturday. It is feated in a valley betvveen hills, on the river Itching, and is about ene mile and a half iri cir-, cumference round the walls, through which there arc four gates. Here are fix parift-churches, befide the cathedral, which is a large and beautiful- ftrufture, iri vvhich are interred feveral Saxon kings andqi/eens, whpfe bpneswete cplkftedby biftop Fox, put inte fix fmall gilded cof fins, and pl^ed- on a vyall in thc S, fide of thc choir. In this cathedral alfo is the the raarble coflin of William Rufus, and, among oth'gr, monuments, are thefe of "William of Wickham, cardinal Bea;ufort, and Dr. Benjamin Hoadly, all bilhqps of this fte. On a fine eminence, overlook ing the city, and, adjacent country, is the ftell ef a pakce, built by fir Chriftopher ~ Wren fer king Charles II. It was never" finifted, but in the late wars was fitted up for the reception of prifopers of vvar. It is now inhabited by a great number ef the French emigrant clergy, who fubfift upon the benevolence of the firiclft na tion. Near this pakce. is St. Mary's College, founded by William of Wick- ham, for a warden, 70 fcholars, ro fel lows, three chapkins, three clerks, a fcheolmafter, ulher, organift, and i5 choriff ers ; the fcholars are educated for New College, Oxford. A county infir mary in this cjty was erefted by voluntary comriburion. fn the road to Southamp ton is thc hofpital of St. Crofs, founded • by a bifliop ef this fee, for a mafter, nine poor brethren, and four pac-penfioners. All travellers, vvho call at this tiofpital, have a right to demand fome bread anel' beer, which 'is always brought to them., The mafter is generally a dignitary of the church, the office being a lucrative fine- cure. Winchefter was of great note in. the time of thc Saxons, and here Egbert was crowned the firft fole raeiiarch of England. Here Henry II. held a pariia ment, king John refided, Henry III. was born, Richard II. held a pariiamenf, and Henry IV. was married, as, was alfo queen Mary I. Near the E. gate, of the city is St.. John's hofpital, in. the hall of vvhich thc mayor and bailiffs give thdr entertainments. The city is governed by a mayor, high fteward, recorder, ftveral aldermen, fix of whom arc alvvays juftices, with a ftcriff, tvvo bailiffs, two coroners; a "townclerk, and four conftables. , It confifts of about 500 houfes, has I one prettv broad ftrect,but .the reft are moftly narrow; the houfes are indifferently built, and the walls greatly decayed. It is 21 miles N. \V. of (i;hichcfter, and 63 W. by N. of London. Lon, i. 21. W, lat, 51. i- N. ¦ WiN'DAVV,a town of the duchy of Courland, with a ca'ftle, and a harbour at the mouth of the river WctaWj'bn the, Baltic, 100 miles Ni.of Memel, and 70 N. W. of Mittaw. - Len, 22, 5, E. lat, 57, 20, N.. I I ''¦ Windermere WateIi, or WiNr ANDER Mere, the moft, exterifive lake in England, lyirig between Weftmorland and Lancafliire. It is about 10 miles in length from N.. to S. but in no part broader than a mile. . It cichibits a greater. variety of fine landfcapesthan any Take ip. Engkrid,-- Oppofite Ecclefrig-c'rag, it is- W I -N •W I N 422 feet deep. It is famous- for its fine char, and abounds alfe vvith trout, perch, pike, and ed. It has a communication on the W, with Efthwaite Water ; and its priricipal feedcis'are'tlie rivers Rothay and Brathay. This lake is frequently in terfefted by promontories, ahd fpotted with iflands. Among thefe, the-Holme,, or Great Ifland, on an oblong traft of 30 acres, croffts the kke in an oblique line, urrounded by a ni\raber of Inferior ifles, finely formed and wooded. They raake together a kind ef Archipelago, Net ene bulrufli, er fwampy reed, defiles the mar gin of.-fhis lake. In navigating, it up ward, from the Great Ifland, the ex- trelhity appears fingularly noble, its parts neat and pifturefque ; and the view of the furrounding mountains, from Cove to Kirkftpri, is aftonifting. WiNDiSMARK, a territory bf Ger many, in the circle of Auftria, forming thq eaftern part of Carniola. Ic is bound ed on the E. by Croatia ; en the S. by Morlachia; and on the N. by the county of CiUey, from vvhich it is feparated by the river Save. Merling is the capital. WiNDLiNGEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabi.a, and duchy ef Wir temberg, feated on the river Neckar, 12 miles from Stutgard. Windsor, New, a large and. hand- feme borough ef Berkftire, feated en an eminence en the Thames, vvith a market on Saturday, It is well-paved and light ed ; an aft of parHamerit having been ob- tained for that purpofe, in 1764, The townhall is a brick ftrufture, vvith ar. cades of- Portland ftone, erefted in 1686, Windfor is celebrated for its magnificent caftle, built originally by 'VVilllam the'Cen- queror. It vvas enlarged by Henry I. and was the refidence of our fucceeding mo narchs, till Edward III. (who was born in it) caufed the ancient building to be taken down, and erefted the prefent ftrufture and St. George's diapd, in clofed the whele with a raratiart of ftone, and inftituted the order of the garter. Great additions vvere made to it by Ed-' ward IV. Henry VII. Henry VIII. EH fabeth, and Charles - II. The latter re ftored the caftle te its priftine fplendour. He entirely changed the face ef the upper court ; enlarged the windows, and made them regular ; richly furnifted the royal apartments ; decorated them with paint ings, and erefted a magazine ef arms. He likewife enlarged the terrace vvalk, made by- queen Elifabeth on the N. fide ef the caftk; arid carried another terrace round thc E. arid S. fides. His prefent majefty has alfo made fome very fine improve ments .in it. This caftle is feated on 'a high hill, vvhith rifes by a gentle afcent. On the declivity ef this- hill is the fine tei-race, faced with a rampart of freeftone, 1870 feet in length. It is'orie ef the no bleft walks in Europe vvith refpeft to ftrength, grandeur, and its beautiful pro- fpetls. ' From that part of the caftk, calk ed the Rqund Tower, and which is much more elevated than the reft, is an exten* five view to London, and into the counti# 'of Berks, Middlefex, Effex, Herts, Bucks, Oxford, Writs, Hants, Surry, Suffex, Kent, and Bedford. The royal .apartments are adorned with many valuable paintings, particukriy vvith the celebrated cartoons of Raphael, vvhich were formerly at Hampton C,ourt. St. George's Chapel, or the collegiate church, which ftands in the centre, between the upper and fower courts, is a beautiful ftrudture, in the pureft ftyle of Gothic architefture, and was originally erefted by Edward III. 'ri 1377, in honour of the order of the garter. But however neble the firft de. fign, Edward IV. net finding it completed, enlarged the defign, and began the pre fent building, vvhich vvas completed by Henry VIL wifh the affiftance of fir , Reginald Bray, K. G. Thc interior ar. chitefture has ever been greatly a.dmired particukriy its ftone rb§. The whole was repaired and beautified, with thc greateft tafte, in 1790. Ih this chapel are inferred Henry VI, Fklward IV. Henry VIII, his queen Jane Seymour, and Charles I. The royal foundations in this caftk are, the raoft noble order ofthe garter, inftkuted in i34g, for the iip. provement ef mUitary honour, andthe re ward of virtue, and confifting of the fo vereign, and 25 knights companions, ex clufive of the princes of the blood royal • and the royal college of St. George, con fifting of a dean, 12 canons, fev^n minor canons, and iS alms or poor knights. Oppofite the S. E. fide of the caftle, is a neat modern-built manfion, called the Queen's Lodge,, which is the royal refi dence in fum.mcr; and below tins is'the Lower Lodge, for the accommodation of the younger branches of th'e royal family. Adjoining the Queen's Lodge is the Little Park, vvhich extends round the N. and E. fides ef the caftle, and forms a beauriful lawn, .about four miles in circumference. But en the S. fide of the town is a much larger park, called the Great Park, whith is 14 miles in circumference. Windfor is ,22 mfles VV. of London. Lop. o. ^6. -vV. lat. 51. 30. N. - Windsor Forest, an extenfive fofeft in the E. part of Berkfl-Jre, abo.* 3 B 30 miies W I N ^ W I S 30 miles in circumference. It contairis feveral tpwns and villages, pf which • Wokingham, pr Okingham, near the centre ef the foreft, is the principal ; and though the foil is generally barren and uncultivatad, it is finely diverfified by hills and dales, woods and lawns, and de lightful villas. Binfidd, in this foreft, was the birthplace of Pope, who here -jcompofed his " Windfor Foreft." '*' Windsor, Old, = village to the E. E. of New Windfor, en the Thames, adorned vvith feveral handfomc villas. WiNNiczA, a ftrong town of Poland, in Podolia, capiral of a territory ef the fame name, with a caftle. It vvas taken by the Coffacks in i6<8; but the Poles retook it foon after. It is feared en the river Bog, 35 mfles N. ef Braclaw. Lon. 2S. 12. E. kt..4g. 23. N. WiNscHOTiN, atown of the United Provinces, in Groningen, where fhe prince of Orange defeated the Spariiards in 1548. It is fix miies S.W. of Dol- tan-bay, and 16 S. E. ef Groiiingeri. Lon. 6. 58., E.kt. 53. 3. N. WiNSEN, a Cown of Germany, in the cirde of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Lunenburgh, feaced at the confluence of the rivers Elbe and Ilmenau, 13 rafles N. W. of Lunenburgh. Lon. 10. 11. E, lat, 53. 24. N, WiNSHEiM, an imperial tPwn qf Ger many, in the circle of Franconia, arid mar gravate of Anfpach. It is furrounded by a good rampart, a double ditch, and thick walls flanked with 20 towers. The inha- ' bitants are Proteftants In 1730 a fire happened here, which almoft reduced the pkce to aftes. It is feated en the river Aifch, 30 miles N. W. ef Nuremburg, and 40 S. "VV. of Bamberg. .Lon. 10. 31. E. Iat. 49. 32. N.. WiNSLOw, a town In Buckinghara- ftire, vvith a market on Tuefday, ftven miles N. W. ef Aileftury, and 50 W. N. W. of Lendon. . Lon. 0. 4:;. W, lat, 51, 57. N. WiNSTER, a town ef Derbyfliire, which has no market, but a meeting for the fale of provifions en S-aturdav. It is' five railcs N. VV. of Derby, and 1C2 N. N. W. of Lendon. ' Lon. i. 31. W. kt. 53. 10. N. WinT'-:rthur, a handfome town of Swifferknd, in the canton of Zurich, where there is a rich Hbrary and a mitieral fpring. Ic is feaced ori the river Ulach, in a pleafanc fercile pkin, i? miles N. E. ef Zurich. Lon. 8. 4^;. E. kt. 47. 31. N. WiNTERTONNESS, thc N. E. cape of Norfolk, four miles N. of Y.armoutli, WiRKswoRTH, a town in Derby ftire, with a market pn Tuefday, It is feated in a valley near the fpring-head of the river Eccleftorn, and is a large populous place, with a handfome church, and a freefchool. It is remarkable for having tho greateft lead market in Eng. tarid. It is eighc railes N. by. W, of Derby, and 139 N. N, W. of London, Lori.i, 30. W. kt. '^,3. 6. N. Wirtemburg. SeeWuRTEMBURC, WisBADEN, a tpwn of Germany, in Weteravia, the chief pkce ofa iPrdftipof that name, and famous for its riiineral vvaters. It belongs te the count of Naf fau, and is five railcs frora Mentz, and 12 W, of Francfort, Lon, 8. 20. E, kt. 49. 56. N. ' WisBEACH, a town of Cambridge- ftire, with a market en Saturday. It is feated in a fenriy part of the county, in the Ifle of Ely, between two rivers, and is a well-built fown, poffeffing a confiderable trade in the export of corn, and ef oil preffed from feeds at milts in its neigh. hourhood. Only barges can come up its river, krge veffels flopping fix miles be=, low. It is 18 railes N. of Ely, and Sg N, by E. of London. Len, o. 6. E, kt. 5?, 38. N. WisiiY, a feaport town of Sweden, iri the Ifle of Gothkrid, whofe harbour is defended by a caftte. It has received fo much damage from the fea, that it is no. thing now to vvhat it was formerly. Ic is feaced en the fide ef a reck, on the Baltic, 88 miles S. E. of Stockholra. Len. 18. 41. E. lat. 57. 36. N. WiSET, a fmall fortified town of the Netherlands, feated on the river Maefe, eight miles S. ef Maeftricht, and three N. ef Liege. Lon. 5. 4P. E. lat. 50. 41. N. W1SCHGR.0D, a tpwn pf Poland, in the prevince of Warfovia, and palatinate of Ploclko, feated en the river Viftuk, 50 miles N.W. ofWarfaw. Lon. ig, ,50 E.lat. 52. 38. N. WisLOKE, a town of Gerraany, in the paktinate of the Rhine, f"eated on the river Elfat'z, eight railes S. of Heidelburg. Lon. 8. 48. E. lat. 49. 18. N. VVlsMAR, a kr^- and ftrong towri of Gerniany, iri the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchv of Mecklenburg, with a har bour, at thc bottom of a bay ef the B;fl. tic. Itis 36 milts E. of Lubes, 54 N., E. ef Lunenburg, and 66 W. by S. of Sti'a!l"orid. Lori. 11. 44. E. lat. 53. 5-1- N. , WisTON, a 'town of Pembrokeftire, in S. Wales, vvith a marker on Wednef- day. It IS a mean pkce, thoujjh it has a caftle, W I T W O B caftle, which is now a gentleman's feat. It is IO miles N. of Pembroke, and 235 W. N. W. of London. Lon. 4. 52. W. lat. 51, 53. "N. -'- Witchwood, a foreft in Oxford ftire, between Burford and Charlbury ; the only confiderable one new remaining in that ceunty, WiTEPSKi, a town of Lithuania, ca. pit^l of a palatinate ef the fame name, with a caftle. It is feated on a morafs, which renders its apprpach difficult ; and ics fcrcificatipns are fp gppd, that the Ruf fians befieged it feveral times i'n vairi. It ftarids at the cpnfluence pf the rivers Dwina and Widfta, 50 miles N, pf Po- locflc, 80 N, W, of Sraolenflio, and 165 N.E. of Wilna. Witham, a town in Effex, with a market en Tuefday. It is feated en the great road to Harwich ; and has one church, which is an ancient Gothic-ftruc- ture, one mile frem the town, at a pkce called Chipping HUL It is dght miles N. E. ef Chelmsford, and 37 E. N. E. of London. Lon. o. 41. E. kt. 51. 51. N. '* Witham, a river of Lincolnfliire, which waters Lincoln, and enters the German Ocean, below Bofton. It is a ftallow ftream, abounding greatly in pike. From Lincoln it has a communication vvith the Trent, by means of a navigable canal, called the Fofsdike, cut by king Henry I. and ftill ef great ufe in conveying away the' cern, vvool, and other commo. dities of the county. WiTjJE Y, a tovvn in Oxfordfliire, with a market on Thurfday. It is a populous town, noted for its manufafture ef the fineft blankets, and ether thick woollens, called bearlkins and kcrfeys. It Is eight miles N. W. of Oxford, and 64 W. N. W. of London. Lon. 1. 18. W. kt. 51. £2. N, Wittemberg, a ftrong and famous town of Germany, in the cirde of Upper Saxony, and capitalof the duchy of Saxony, with a fampus uniyerfity and a gppd caftle. It is npt ycry large, but has a CPrififtpry, pr cpurt pf juftice, and is the place where the general affemblies of the circle are held. It is famous fer being the place where Martin Luther was profef- for in the uniyerfity ; and he is buried in a chapel belonging to the caftle. It is feated on the river Elbe, 55 miles N. W. of Drefden. Lcin. 12. 47. E. kt, 51. 49. N. WlTTENSTEIN, a town oT Ruffia, in the government of Livonia, 40 miles S, E. of Revd, Lpn, 24, 39. E. kt. 58. 47. N. Witlisth, a town in Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, ^nd in the archbiftopric of Treves, feated on the river Lefer, vvith a caftle. Witshausen, a town ef Germanv,' in the landgravate of Heffe Caffel, and chief pkce of a fmall territory of the fame name, feated on the river Wefer, betvveen Allendorf and Munden, eight miles from Caffel. ^ WiTTLESEY-MEER,-a kke of the Ifle of Ely, in Cambridgefliire, which is fix miles in length, and three in breadth, and is 12 mites W. of Ely. WiTiiMUND, a town ef Germany. in che circle ef Weftphalia, and county of Erabden, feated near thc Gerraan Ocean, 15 miles N. ef Embden. Lon. 7. 4. E, kt. 53. 41. N, WiviEscoMB, a. tovvn in Somerfet ftire, with a market on Tuefday, 20 miles N. N. E. of Exeter, and 1^5 W. by S. of London. Lon. 3. ^28. W. Iat. ci. 4. N. '^ ' Wlosimkitz, a town of Little Po land, in Upper Volhinia, and capital of a duchy of che fame name, vvith a caftle, feaced on the river Luy, which fafls into the Bug, 56 miles N. of Lemburg, and 36 W.of Luc. Lon. 24. 30. E. kt. 51, 3. N. WoAHOO, pne pf the Sandwich If. lands, lying tp the N. W. of Morotoi, at the diftance of feven leagues. From the appearance ef the N. E. and N. W. parts, ic is thc fineft ifland of thc group. No. Ihing can exceed the verdure qf che hills, thc variety of wood and lawn, and rich cultivated valllts, which the whole face of thc country difplavs. A bay is form. ed by the N. and W. extremities, into vvhich a fine river empties itfelf, through a deep vdley ; but as the water is brackift for 200 yards from the entrance, water- ing in it is net convenient. Ic contains about 6o,opp inhabitants. Lieut. Hcrgeft, commandcT of the Da;dalus ftorcftip, who had been fent from Engknd, in 1791, to New S. Wales, and thence to the S. Pacific Ocean, with a fupply of provi. fions for the Difcovery floop, capt. Van. ceuvcr, then en a voyage of difcoveiw, was here furprifed and murdered by the natives, together vvith Mr. Geoch, che aftronomer. Len. 157. 51. VV. kc. 21. 43. N. Woburn, a town in Bedfordftire, wich a market on Friday. It is f"eated en a rifing ground, and vvas formerly famous for its abbey, vvhich new belongs te tl-ie duke of Btdforcl, and is his country feat. Woburn vvas biirnt d»vvn In 1724, but has fince been neatly rebuilc, with a hand fome market-place. It has alfe a free- fi;hpol, and a charity-fchool, founded by 3 B 2 ~a duke W O L W O O a duke of Bedford. Near it is found great plenty of fuller's earth. It is i2 miles Sr: 'of Bedford, and 42 N. N. W. of Lpridpn. Lpri. p. 32. W. lat. 52. 2. N. WoDNA-y, a tpvvfri of Bohemia, inthe circle of Pradu feated on fhe river Bianitz, 12 miles N. "VV. of Budvvtifs, and 56 S. pf Prague. Lon. 14. 50. E. Iat. 42. g. N. VVoERDEN,a townof the United Pro vinces, in Holland, feated en the Rhirie, 18 miles S. of Arafterdaip. It vvas taken by the French in 1672, vvho demolifted the fortifications and the caftle. Lon. 4. 51. E. kf. 52. 6. N. •¦' Woking, a village in Surry, inthe manor houfe of which died Margaret Countefs of Richmond, mother -of king Henry VII. The ftell ofthe guard room is ftfll reraaining. Woking is 24 miles S. W. by W. of London. '* "Wokingham. See Okingham. Wola'w, a tovvn in Silefia, capital of a duchy of the fame name. It is furround ed by ftrong walls, and a morafs. The caftle is alfo encompaffed vvith deep ditches, and the greateft part of the in habitants are employed in a- woollen ma nufaftory. It is f"eated riear the river Oder, 20 miles N. W. of Breflaw, arid '32 S. E. of Glogaw. Lori. 16. 54. E. "lat. 51. 18. N. ' / Wolfenbuttle, a confiderable town of Germany, in the circle of Lovver Sax ony, and duchy of Brunfwick, wirh a caftk, where the duke ef Brunlwick WoU fanbuttle refides. It is one of the' ftrongeft pkces in Germany. There is an excellent library, vvith a cabinet of curiofiries re lating to "natural hiftory. It is f"eared on the river Ocker, feven miles S. of Brunf wick, and 30 W. of Halberftadt. Lon. 10." 42. E. kt. 52. i8."N. Wolferdike, an ifland of the United' Provinces, in Zealand, between N. Beveland and S. Beveland, frem which it has been feparated by the violence of the fta. Wolfsperg, a town of Germany, in Lower Carinthia, vvith a cattle, en vvhich ' thc diftrift about it depends, -.vhich is 20 mfles in length, and lo in breadth. It is feated on the-river Lavand, at the foot of a mountain covered with wood, and full of wolves, vvhcrice the town took its name. It is 36 miles E. of Clagenfurt. Lon. 15. 10. E. kc 46. 56. N. Wolgast, a wefl-built confiderable town ef Germany, in the circle bf Upper -Saxony, and in yeraerania, capital of a territory of the fame name, with a caftle, and ene of the beft and krgeft harbours on the Bakje. It is fubjeft to Swedeu, and ¦feated on tijie river Pfin, 12 milts S, E. t of Gripfwald, 25 S. E. of Stralfurid, and 45 N. W. of Stetiri. Lon. 14. 4. E, lat, 54. I.N. . Wolkoskqi, a tovvn of Ruffia, in the governracnt of Novogorod, lOp miles S. E. pf Npvpgprpd, Lon. 34. 20. E. lat. 57. 30. N. WOLKOWSKA, atPwn pf Lithuania, arid palatinate pf Novogrodeck, feated en the rjver Res, 23 miles S. E. of Grodno. Loh. 24. 46. E. kt. 53. 4. N. Woller, a town in Nerthumherland, witll a confidei'able market on Thurfday for cprn. It is feated pn the fide of a hill, 14 miles S. ef Berwick, and 318 N. by W. of London. Lon. r. 46. "W. lit. 55, 34. N, VVoLLiN, a town of Germ.any, in the cirde ef Upper Saxony, and In Pomera nia, with a harbour on the Baltic, It is the capital of an ifland of the farae name, formed by the mquth of the rivers Oder, Svvina,Divvenow, andGrosftaff, It belongs to the king of Pruffia, and is 10 miks W. of Camin. Lon. 14. 39. E. kt, 54. 4, N, WoLMAR, a towri of Ruffia, in'the government of Livonia, It is feated on the river Aa, 38 mfles N; ef Riga, Lon, 24. 25. E.kt. 57. 32. N. WoLSiNGHAM, a town in the county of Durham, vvhich has ne market. It is 16 miles S. W. of Durham; arid 259 N. W. by N. of Loridpn. Lpu. . i. 45. W. kt. 54. 44. N. VVoLvERFiAMPTON, a large and flourifting town in Stafferdftire, vvith a good market en Wednefday. It is plea fantly feated en a hill, and has an antient collegiate church, annexed te the deanry of Windfor, and a handfome chapel, with a freefchool, well endowed, and a market- houfe. It is chiefly noted for its iren riianvifaftory, confifting of locks, hinges, buckles, corkfcrews, and .alfe japanned ware. It is very populous, governed by two conftabks, and the ftreets are fet the moft part broad and paved. It is 13 miles S. ef Stafford, and 124 N. VK pf Lon don. Lon. 2. o. W. lat. 52. 47. N. Woodbridge, a tovvn in 'Suffolk, feated on the E. fide ef a fandy hill, en the river Deben, about fix mites from fhe fea. It has a good market en Wednefday, and a handforae church. A good corn i.ade is carried on here, and it is faraous for refanirig fait. It had an abbey, of which there art no remarkable'ruins. .It is feven Siiles N. E..pf Ipfwich, and 76 N.E. qf Lpndpn, Lon. I. 25. E. kt. 52. II.N, '-¦¦ Woodford, a fine vUkge in Ef- , fex, fituated in Epping Fpreft, in thc rpadto Epping, A mineral fpring here Jprmerly woo WOR formerly attrafted much company to a houfe ef public entertainment, called Woodford "Wells ; but the vvater has long left Its reputation, and the houfe is now a private one. Woodford is eight miles N. E. by N. of London, -'- Woodford Bi^idge, a pleafant village of Effex, fituated in Epping Foreft, on the road to Ongar, nine miles N. E. e-f London, It is in the parift of Wood ford, en the banks ef the river Reding, Woodstock, a borough in Oxford ftire, vvith a market on Tuefday, It is feated on arifing ground, and en a rivulet, and is a wdl-compafted town, chiefly not ed for Blenhdm-houfe ; a fine palace, built in memory of the viftory obtained by the duke of Marlborough over the French and Bavarians in Auguft 1704, The town has a raanufafturcof fteel chains for watches, and excellent gloves. In Blenheim Park, originally ftood a magnificent royal palace, --which vyas the favourite retreat of feveral kings of England, af various periods, till the reign ef Charles I, when the fucceed ing interval of civU diffenfion laid it at- rpoft wholly in rums. It was not, how ever, entirely demolifted, tiH after thc building of Blenheim ; vvhen every trace of the, ancient edifice was removed, arid tWP eira trees planted pn ics fite, Hiftory iriforms us, that king Ethdred held a parliament at 'Woodftock Palace ; and that Alfred the Great tranflated Boetius de Confoktione Philofophiae, at the fame place, Henry I, beautified the palace ; and here the beautiful and unfortunate Rofamond, the miftrefs ef Henry II, refided, for whom that prince is f"aid to have contrived a, labyrinth, by which her romantic retreat (placed by tradition- near the fpring that ftill bears her name in Blenheim Park') might comraunicare with the palace, and prevent any furprife from the vindiftive jealoufy of his queen, Ed mund, the fecond fon of -Edward I. vyho vvas born at this palace, was hence called Edmund of Woodftock ; as well as Ed- ward, eldeft fon ef Edward III, com. monly known by the narae of che Black Prince, Chaucer, the father of EngHft poetry, was born, lived, and died, at Woodftock. The princefs Elil"abeth vvas confined af Woodftock by her fifter queen Mary, and her life was ence in the moft iraminent danger, frora a fire vvhich broke out under the room vvhere fte ' flept, Woodftock is eight miles N. W. ef Ox ford, and 62 "VV", N. W. of London. Lon. I. 15. VV. tat. 51. 52. N. Woolwich, atown in Kent, vvith a market on -Friday. It is feated on the fiver Tharaes, and of great liote fot its 'fine docks and yards, wh^re men pf war are buitt, as alfp fpr its yaft magazines of great guns, mortars, bombs, cannon balls, powder, and other warhke fteres. It has likewife an academy, where the mathema tics are taught, and young oflicers in ftrufted in che raihcary art. For forae , years paft, two or three hulks have been mqored off this to,wn, fer the reception of ¦convifts, tothe number foraetimes ef 40c., Part of this parift is en the Effex fide ef the Tliaraes (where there vvas once a chapel, and where now ftands a houfe called the Pevil'? Houfe) and is included in the ceunty of Kent, It isten miks E. of London, Lon, p. 10. E.kt. 51. 30. N, ¦'¦ Worcester, a fpwn of N. Ame rica, in the ftate of Maffachufets, and the ftire town of a ceunty of the fame name. It is the largeft inland town in Nevy England, and is 47 miles W, of Bofton, Worcester!, a large and handfome city of Worcefterftire, and capital ef that ceunty ; pleafantly and commodioufly , feated, en the eaftern banks of the river Severn, over vvhidi Is a handfome ftone bridge ; and whence it rifes. with a gentle afcent, fe high as te afford a pleafant profpeft over the vale beneath, , It ct*. tains nine parift churches, befide the cathedral, and St, Michael's without the liberties ef the city. It is well inha- . bited, and carrie^ on a confiderable trade in the manufafture ef woolkn ftuffs and gloves. It has likewife a manufaftory of elegant china ware. Here Cromwell, in- 1651, obtained a viftory ever the Scotch army, which had marched into England to rdnftate Charles II. on tht throne, vvho, after this defeat, ef"caped vvith great difficulty into France. 'Wor cefter has alfo three granimar-fchools, feven hofpitals, a water- houfe, and a wdl- contrived quay. It is governed by a mayor and. aldermen, and has three mar kets, en Wednefday, Friday, and Sarur- day, and fends tvvo raembers to parharaent. Itis 36 railes N. N. E.of Briftol, and i i.-;, W. N. W. ef London,. Len. 1.55. V"'. kt. 52. 10. N. Worcestershire, a county of Eng- knd, bounded on the N. by Shr.ipftire and Staffordfliire ; on the K. point by Warwickftir,*; J on the S. W. by Here ferdftire^; and on the S. bv Gloucefter fliire ; extending about thirty miles in length frora N. Co S. and twenty in breadth froria E. to W. It js diyidtei into feven hundreds, ai^l contains one city, ten market - towns, and 152 pariftes. It is in the diocefe ef Worcefter, and fends nine merabers to parliament. The air is V'.oy healthy, and the foi! in the I'-B J -.'wis WOR W R E vales and meadows very rich, producing corn and pafture, particukriy the rich vale of Evefliara, which is juftly ftyled the granary ef thefe parts. The hiUs have generally an eafy afcent (except the Mal- vcrn-hills, in the S. W. part of the ceun ty) and feed large flocks of fteep. The other hills are the Licky, near Bromfgrove, toward thc N. and the Bredon-hills, to ward the S, E. This county had former- ly tvve large forefts, but the iron and fait. works have in a manner deftroyed theiri ; and therefore thefe works are now chiefly carried Ori vvith coal, with which this CQUrity abounds. A riumber of rivers and rhfutets water thc fine meadows, and give them a richnefs that is. imparted to the butter and cheefe. Here is plenty of fruits of moft forts, efpcdally pears, vvhich are iri many places found. growing in the hedges. 'The chief commodities are coal, cern, heps, doth, cheefe, cider, perry, and fait. The principal riyers are the Severn, Terad, and Aven, WoRCUM, a tovvn of the United Pro. vinces in Fricfland, feated on the Zuider. Zee, with a harbour, i8 miles S, W. of Lewardin, Lon. 5.' 15. E. kt. 53. u. N. WoRlNGEN, a town of Gerraany, in the eieftorate of Cologne, eight miles from the city of that name, feafed en the Rhine. Lon. 7. ig, E, kt. '50. 56. N. Workington, a feaport in Curaber- land, feated'on the S. fide of the river Derwent, ever which is a handfome ftone bridge. From this part a ktge quantity ef coal is exported. This is the landing pkce of the unfortunate Mar^y queen ef Scots, when fte was driven to take re- fuge in the dominions ef her rival Elifa beth. In the neighbourhood is a large iron foundery. "Workington is fevcn miles W. of Coekermeuth, and 307 N. W. of Londpn. Lpu. 3, 35, W, tat, 53. 42.' N. Worksop, a towninNottirighamfliire, with a market on Wednefday. 1 1 is noted for a houfe builc in fhe reign ef Henry V. which, though eld faftioned, vvas not in ferior to the beft and greateft in the coun ty. It was burnt devvn in 1764, but re- buflt with great magnificence, and is the feat ofthe duke of Norfolk. The abbey gate remains; and the room over it.is con verted into a fchool. On che weft fide of the town is a circukr hiU inclofed vvith a trench, except en ene fide, where the bank is fteep. This was the fite ef thc caftle, vvhich cerrimanded a branch of the river. The canal from the Trent to Chefterfield paffes near this place. It is 84 mUes N, of Nottingham, and 146 N, by W. of London, Lon. 1. o, W, Iat, 53 20. N. ' , _ Worms, an ancient, large, and fampus city pf Germany, in the palatinate pf the Rhine, with a biflipp's fee, whpfe bifliop is a fovereign prince pf the empire. It is a free and imperial city, and tlie inhabi tants are Prpteftants, In the war pf i68g, it vvas taken by the French, who almoft reduced it to aftes. It is famous for a diet held here in 1521, at which Luther af fifted in perfon. The Proteftants have a handfohte church h«re, where Luther is reprefented as appearing at the diet. It is noted for the excellent wine that grows in the neighbourhood, which they call our Lady's milk. In the campaign ef 1743, king George II. took up his quarters in this dty, and lodged at the biftop's pa- lace after the battle of Dettingen. , It is feated en the weftern banks ofthe Rhine, 20 mites N. W. of Heidelburg, 20 S. E. of Mentz, and 32 S. W. of Fraricfort. Len. 8. 29. E. lat. 49. 32. N. Worsted, a town in Norfolk, with a market en Saturday. It is noted fea- be. ing the place where worfteds were firft made. It is 12 miles N. of Norwich, and 120 N. E, of Loridon, Lon, i, 26, E, lat, 52. 52, N. Wotton- Basset, a borough in Wiltftire, with a market en Friday. It is 30 miles N, of Sahftury, and 89 W. of London. Lon. i, 54, W, lat. 51. 31. N. Wotton-under-Edge, a corporate town in Giouccfterftire, with a market on Friday. It is feated under the hills, and inhabited by clothiers ; 20 miles N. E. of Briftd, and 108 W. N. W. of Leiidori, Lon. 2. II. W, kt, 51. 40. N. '¦¦' Wrath, Cape, a vaft premoritory of Sutherlandftire, which forms- the N, W, point of Britain. It is the dread of mariners ; fer againft its rugged and lefty cliffs the rapid tide burfts with incredible fury. '-*¦ Wraysbury, a village of Bucks, qn the Thames, oppofite Egham. An iftand in the river, and in this parift is ftill called Charter Ifland ; for in this ifland, it is faid, the Gre'at Charter vvas figned by king John, although his conftnti; vvas extorted in Runny Mead. ' Wrexham, a town in Denbighfliire, in N. Wales, with two markets, on Men. day and Thurfday. It is the moft popu. lous town In fhis county, and indeed in all N. Wales. It is a pkce of confider abk traffic, and rioted for its fairs. Wrex. ham is of Saxon origin; and retains the language and appeararice of an Englift town. Ic boafts pf an ancienc Gothic cliurch, whcfe Ipfcy fteepk, fpr curious archi- W U R W Y C architiffture-,' is reckoned one pf the fineft in England. It is feated on a rivtr, vvhich falls iptp the Dee, in a country affording plenty ef lead. It is 28 miles N. N. W. of Shrewftury, and 1S8 N. VV. ef Lon don. Lori. 3. 10. VV. kt. 53. 2. N. Wrinton, a town in Somerfetftire, wifh a market en Tuefday, It is a pretty good town, feated among the Mendip HiUs, nine miles N. ef Wells, and 125 W. of Lendon, It is remarkable for being the birthplace of Mr, Locke, Lon, z. 36, W, kt, 51. 21. N. Wrotham, a town in Kent, with a market on Tuefday. It has a large church, in which are 16 ftalls, fuppofed to have been made for the fclergy, who au tended the archbift()ps pf Canterbury, whp had a pakce here, till archbiftpp Ip- fiey, in.the 14th century, demohfted it, and built another at Maidftone. It is 11 miles N. W. by W. of Maidftone, and 24 S. E. by E. of Lendon, Len. o. 26. E. iat. 51. 20. N. Wroxeter, a town in Salop, five miles from Shrewftury. This town was known to thc Romans, and is faid to have been built by the Britons, on the banks of the Severn, over vvhich are the traces of a bridge, difcernible at low water. The drcuraference of this town vvas three miles, environed by a waH three yards bread, with a deep crench on fhe outfide, which may be traced in feveral places- at this diy. Roman coins are frequently found here, but none of the Saxon, which is looked upon as a proof, that it vvas de. 'ftroyed before their arrival. WuLPiT, or WooLPiT, a town in Suffolk, in the read between St. Ed mund's Bury and Ipfwich, dght miles from the former, 17 N. W. from the latter, and 75 N. E. of Lendon. Lon. o. 55. E. lat. 52. 20. N. WURTEMBURG, or WiRTEMBURG, a foverdgri duchy of Germany, in Suabia, bounded on the N. by Franconia, the archbifliopric ef Mentz, and the palatinate of the Rhine ; en the E. by the ceunty ef Oeting, the raarquifate of Burgau, and the territory of Ulm; on the S. by the principaHty of Hoen-Zolltrn, Furftenr burg, and the raarquifate ef Hohenburg ; and on the W, by the marquil"ate of Baden, and the Black Foreft. It (365 miles in length, and as much in breadth, , and the river Neckar runs almoft through "the middle of it frem S. te N. Though there arc many mountains and woods, yet jt is one of the moft populous and fertile countries in Gerradny, prediicing plenty of pafture, corn, fruit, and a greal t tal of vvio^. 'Fhcre ^re allij. roirics »:i4 fait fprings, wit nienty of game and fifh. Stutgard is the capital, Wurtzburg, a krge and handforae . city ef Gennany, one of the prindpal in the circle ef Franconia, It is defended by good fortifications, and has a magnifi cent palace. There is a handfome hofpi tal, in vvhich are generally 400 peer men and woraen. The caftle is at a finall dif tance from the city, and ceraraands it, as it ftands upon an eminence. It ceramu- nicates with the city by a ftone bridge, on which are 12 ftatues, reprefenting as raany faints. The arfenal, and the cellars of the biftop, deferve attention. Tliere is alfo a univerfity. It is feated on che river Maine, 40 miks S. W. ef Bam'perg, 45 N. W. of Nuremburg, and 300 N. VV. of Vienna, Lpn, 10, 2. E.lat. 49. 40. N. Wurtzburg, a biftopric pf Ger. many, comprehending thc principal part of the circle of Franconia. It is bounded by the county ef Henncburg, the duchy of Coburg, the abbey of Fuld, the arch- bifhopric of Mentz, the marquifate of Anl"pach, the biftopric ef Bamberg, and the county of Wertheim ; is about 65 miles in length, and 50 in breadth, and divided into 50 bailiwicks. The foil is very fertile; and produces more corn and wine than the inhabitants confume. The territories of the biftop comprehend above 400 tpwns and villages, of which he is l"everelgn, being pne ef the greateft eccle fiaftic princes ef the empire. '* VVyck, a forrified town ef th? duchy of Limburgh, feated on the river Maefe, oppofite Maeftricht, with vvhich It communicates by a handfomc bridge. Len. 5. 41. E, lat. 50, 52, N, Wyck-de-Duerstade, a town of thc United Provinces, in Utrecht, with a ftrong caflle ; feated on the Rhine, at the mouth ef the river Lech, five miles from Rlicnpn, and 1 1 frorn Utrecht, Lon. 5. 2s, E. kf. 52. o. N,'. Wycomb, Chipping, or High Wycomb, a populous and well-built borough of Buckinghamftire, with an ex. cellent cern market on Friday, faid to be ene of the grea-eft In this part of Eng. land. In July 1774, a Romari tefrdlated pavement vvas difcovered in an adjacent meadow. This tovvn is feated on the river VVyck, on vvliich, and on the Lod don, between this and Marlow, are many corn and paper-mills. It is 12 miles S. of Aileftury and 31 W, of London, Leu. 0. 3g. W, kt. 5). 37. N. ¦'¦' Wycomb, West, a meari vfllage of Bucks, twp miles W. pf Chipping Wy. comb, noted for the beauiiful villa of the l«cs Francis lord Le Dtfpencer, who, at 3 B 4 . hi^ X AG Y A I his fole expence, erefted and endowed'thc parift church. It is buflt of ftone, on a lefty eminence, on the fite of the eld church. The pavement is Mofaic, and the roof ftucco, ornamente'd with emble matic figures. There are no pews, hut- feats covered with green doth. The fur- piture is rich, particularly the font, the bafin of'which, vvith the cover. to it, is of folid gold. Wye, a tovvn in Kent, vvith a market on Thurfday. It is feated en the river Stour, IO miles S. pf Canterbury, and 56 S.E. of London. Lop. i.4.E.kt. 51. lO.N. Wye, a river of S. Wales, which iffu. ing out of Plynlimmon HiH, very near the fource of the Severn, crpffes the N. E. corner of Radnorftire, giving name to the town of Rayadergowy, er the fall of the ¦VVye, where it is precipitated iri a ca. taraft. Then flovving between this coun ty and Brecknockftire, it croffes Here. fordftire, and dividing the counties of Gloucefter and Monmouth, faUs into thc mouth of the Severn below Chepftow. The romantic beauties ef the Wye, which flows in a deep bed, between lefty rocks clothed vvith hanging woods, and here and there crowned by ruined caftles, have em ployed the defcriptive povvers of the peri and pencil, ahd often attraft the curiofity of travellers. * Wye, a river in Derbyfliire, which rifes in the N. W. part of the ceunty, above Buxton, and flowing S. E. falls into the Derwent, below Bakewell. Wyl, a handfome tovvn of -Swiffcr-. land, in a territory of the abbey of St, Gallen, where there is a handfome palace. It is very populous, and built upon an erainence, 16 miles S, S. W, of Con ftance. Lon. 9. 4. E. kt. 47, 24. N. Wynendale, a tovvn of Auftrian Flanders, where general Webb, in 1708, .as he was convoying a great fupply of arh- munition and provifions to'the army be fore Lifle, wSs attacked by 24,000 French; but though he had only 6,000 men, he de feated the enemy, and arrived fafe at Lifle. -* Wyre, a river rifing near Wyrf- dale,.in Lancaftire, and palling 'by Garft- ang, enters the Irifli Sea bcloyv Poulton. . X, XACCA, or Sacca, a town of Sidly, in the valley ef Mazara, with a ftrong old caftle, arid a harbour ; feated on the S. coaft of the ifland, at the feet of a moun tain, 20 miles S. E. of Mazara, and 41 S, •W.of Palermo, Lon.13. 2lE.kf.37.4i.N, Xagua, a feaport of the W. Indies, en the S, coaft of the ifland of Cuba, ene of tho fineft in America, It Hes between the ifles of Pines and Spiritu Santo, Xalisco, a tovvn of N, Araerica, in Mexico, feated near the South Sea, 400 miles W, of Mexico, Lon, no, 5. W. kt. 22. 30. N. Xativa, formerly a flourifting town of Spairi, iri Valencia. It was taken by the French and Spaniards in 1706, who totaUy deftroyed it ; but it has been fince partly rebuilt. It is feated en fhe fide of a hill, at the feet of which runs the river Xucar, 32 miles S. W. of Valencia, and. 50. N. W. of Alicarir. Len. u. 14, W, laf. 39. 4. N. Xavier, St. a town of S. America, in the province ef La Plata, 200 miles W. of Janeiro, Lon. 50. 6. W. kt. 24. 0. S. Xeres-de-Bad"ajoz, a confiderable town of Spain, in Eftramadura, In a ter. ritory called Tra-los-Guadiana, feated on the rivulet Ardifla, in a country abound. hig in paftures, 27 mUes S. E. ef Badajoz. Lon. 6. 32. W. lat. 38. g. N. Xeres-de-Guadiana, a town of Spain, in Andalufia, feated en the river Guadiana, 18 miles N. ef Avamonte. Lon. 7. 15. W. kt. 37. 30. N. Xeres-de-la-Front£RA, a hand. fome and cPrifiderabk tovvn of Spain, in ¦ Andalufia, ahd in the diocefe of Seville ; famous for its good wines, and ftated near the river Guadaleta, in a fertile country, five miles N. of Port St. Mary, and 1 10 S. by W. of Madrid. Lon. 5. 5g. W. kt. 36. 42. N. Xeres-de-la-Frontera, a tovvn of N. America, in New Spain, and in Nevv Galicia. Len. 104. 2 5.'W. Iat. 22. 35.N, Xicoco, an iflarid of Afia, in Japan, lying between Niphon and Saikoks. XicoNA, a town of Spain, in'Valen. cia, and in the territory of Segura, vvith a ftrong caftle ftanding above the town. It is feated among the mountains, in a coun try that produces excdlent wine, 15 miles S.W. of Alicant. Lon. o.io.W.kt.38.6.N, XUCA.R, a river in Spain, which has its fource in New Caftile, in the Sierra-de. Cuenza. It paffes by Cuenza, and enter ing the province of Valencia, runs into the Gulf of Valencia, at 'the town ef CuUera. XuDNOGROD, a tovvn of Turkey in Europe, in Croatia, 17 miles N. of Sebe nico, and 37 E.of Kzar^, Lon, i6, 5i,E, lat, f^. 34, N, Y. * T7"AIK, a river of Ruffia, See JL Ural. *' Yaik Cossacs, See Urai,ian Cossacs. * "Yaitsk^ YAR ¦* Yaitsk, See Uralsk, •* Yakutsk, one of the four provin ces of the Ruffian governraent of Irkutzk, in the eaftern part of Siberia. '¦' Yakotsk, a town of Siberia, capi tal ef the Ruffian prevince of the fame name. It is feated en the river Lena. Lon. i2g. 53. E. Iat. 62. i. N. Yale, a town of Afia, the capital ef a province of the fame name, in the ifland of Ceylon, Yambo, a town ef Afia, in Arabia, feated on the eaftern cpaft of the Red Sea, and en the read from Medina to Mecca, with a harbour and a caftle, Len, 40. IP. E. Iat. 23. 40. N. Yare, a river pf Nprfplk, fprmed by the cpnfluence pf feveral ftrearas that rife in the heart ef the county. It paffes by Norwich, whence it is navigable to Yar mouth, below which it falls Into the Ger man Ocean. It is noted fer plenty ef ruffs. Yarmouth, a borough of Norfolk, with a market en VVednefday and Satur day. It is feated at the mouth ef the river Yare, and has been long kriown as one of thc principal feaports in England ; and although, from the fluftuatlon of trade, feveral more raodern towns have eutftrip- ped it, it ftill retains confiderable confe quence both as a pert and fifting town. By means of its rivers, it enjoys all the export and iipport trade of Norwich, and various places in Norfolk and Suft"olk, Its harbour will not adrait ftips of large bur den ; but it is extremely convtnitiit for bufinefs, the veffets lying in the river, along a very extenfive and beautiful quay. Its foreign trade is chiefly to the Baltic, Holland, Portugal, and fhe Mediterra nean. It alfo fends ftips to the Green land fiftery. The heme fifting is carried on at two feafens ; that fer mackarcl in May and June, and thaf for herrings in Oftober and November. The herrings are chiefly curedhere by faking, and then drying them, in weed fmoke ; vvhen, un der the name ef red herrings, they are either confumed at homfe, or exported to Spain, Italy, and other fouthern countries. Yarmouth is much frequented in the fea fon as a place for fea-bathing. It is go verned by a mayor, iS aldermen, and 36 common cou-hcil-men. The tovvn confifts of about 1 500 houfes, and there are a few pretty wide ftreets ; but they are chiefly very narrow, and juft wide enough for their little carriages to pafs through, Thefe carriages are .a kind of fledge, drawn by ene horfe, and calculated en tirely fer thefe narrow ftreets. Here are two churches : that of St. Nicholas has a. lofty fteeple, which ferves as a landmark YE S for thofe at fea ; and it is remarkable, that whichever vvay this fteeple is viewed, it appears crooked. Off the raouth of the harbour is a bar, vvhich prevents the entry ef ftips of large burden ; and. the raany fandbanks off che coaft, at a dif tance, forra the Yarraouth Roads, fo noted fpr frequent Ihipv/recks. Yarraouth is 27 miles E. of Norwich, and 112 N.E. of London. Lon. i. 55, E. lat. 52. 45. N. Yarmouth, a borough of the Ifle of Wight, in Hampfliire, feated en the weft ern part ef the. ifland, en thc feaftore, and encompaffed vvith water ; for not many- years ago a channel was cut through the peninfuk, over which there is a dra-w- bridge, and it is defended by a ftrong caftle. The market is now difufed. . It is eight miles W. of Newport, and 125 S. VV. of London. Lon. i. 28, W. kt. 50. 40. N. ¦"¦ Yaroslaf, a governracnt of Ruffia, formerly a province of die government of Mofcow, -¦¦ Yaroslaf, a town of Ruffia, capi tal of the governnicnt of the fame name. If is feated at thc confluence of the river Volga wich the Kotorofl, 340 railes N. E. of Mofcow. Lon. 38. 59, E. lat. 57. 35- N. Yarum, a town in thc N. ridirig of Yorkftire, wirh a inarket on Thurfday. It is feated on thc river Tees, over vvhich is a handfome ftone bridge, 36 mfles N. of York, and 2 38 N. by VV. ef Lond'in. Lon. I. 12. V\^. kr. ,4. 31. N. Yarley, a town in Huntingdonftire, vvhich had a market, now difufed. It is 14 miles N. ef Huntingdon, and 7:5 N: Jiy W. ef London. Lon. o. 30. VV. lat. 52. 28. N. '* Yell, one ofthe Shetland Iflands of Scotknd, to the N. ef that called Main knd. It is 12 miles leng and 8 broad, arid has feveral good harbours. -¦¦' Yenisei, a river of Siberia, which ruririirig frora N. to S. enters the Frozen Ocean, te the E. of the Bay of Oby. "' Yeniseisk, a krge and populous. town of Siberia, in the Ruffian govern ment of Tobolflc, and province of 'Tomtk, It is feated on thc Yenifci, and contains three churches, a monaftery, a nunnery, an exchange, and a powder magazine, Lon. g2. 35. R. lat. 57. 46. N. Yeovil, a tovvn in Somerfetfliire, with a confiderable market on Friday for cern, cheefe, hemp. Sax, and provifionsi It is feated on a river ef the fame name, 45 miles W. by S. of Saliftury, and lij W. by S. of Lendon. Lon. 2. 37. W. lat. 50. 55. N. Yssp, a tovyn of Perfia, in Irac Agerai,- oh Y O R Y O R ,on the rpad from Kerman to Ifaphan, It has a filk manufaftory, and the inhabi tarits make the fineft carpets in the world. It is 200 miles E. of Ifpahan, Len. 56. 50. ly. kf. 32. o. N. Yonne, a departraent of France, con- taining part of the late province of Bur. gundy. It is fo called from a river that rifes in the department of Nievre, paffes by Chateau-Chinon, Clameci, Auxerre, Joigny, and Sens, below vvhidi laft- it falls into the Seine, .'iuxerre is the capital. YoRiMAN, a province ef S. America, in Guiana, about 150 miles In length, en the river of fhe Amazons. The native and 197 N. by W. ef London. Lon i, I, W. lat. 53. 5g. N. , Yorkshire, the largeft county in Engknd, bounded on the N. by VVeft. merknd, and the biftopric of Durham,; on the E. by the German Ocean ; en the S. by Lincolnftirc, Nottingharaftire, and Derbyftire ; on the S. "W. by a fmall part of Cheftire; ou the W. by Lanca- ftire ; and on the N. W. by VVefttaor- land. It extends ninety miles from N. to S. and 115 from E. to W, On the weftern fide are a ridge ef hills, which have been called " the Englift Appen nines," This ceunty is divided' inte three inhabnants are ftrong, robuft, and aftive. Ridings, called the North, Eaft, and Weft- and both fexes go naked. Riding. It is fubdivided into 26 wapen. York, an ancient city of Yorkftire, ef takes, vvhich contain ene city, 54 market- which it is the capital, vvith an archbi ftop's fee, and four markets, on Tuefday, Thurfday, Friday, and Saturday. It has always been confidered as the capital of the North, and, in point of rank, as the fecond in thc kingdom ; and, although it is now furpaffed in wealth and populouf. nefs by many of the more raodern trading towns, it ftill fupports a confiderable de- towns, and 563 pariftes. It lies in the diocef"e of York (except Richmondftire, in the N. riding, which' belongs to the diocefe of Chefter) and fends thirty mem bers to parliament. The air and i"oil of this extenfive county vary exlremdy ; the E. riding, on account ef its neighbour hood to the German Ocean, is lefs healthy than the ether ridings ; but this incenve- grce ef confequence, and is inhabited by nience decreafes in prppprtipn as the cpuri- ipany genteel families. Thc minfter is try recedes frpm the fea, Hpwever, reckoned the moft elegant and magnificent where the air is raoft indifferent, the foil Gothic ftrufture in the kin.gdom, Lincoln-— is moft fruitful j - for on the hilly parts ef perhaps excepted. From its top is feefn this riding, efpeciaUy in what is called the a vaft extent of country, particularly tliq open Wolds te the E. ftretching almoft to the fea. Bcfidc this cathedral, York con tains but 17 churches iff ufe; though, in tJie reign of Henry V. there vvere 41 pa riftes, 17 chapels, and nine abbeys. It is divided by thc river Oufe inte tvvo parts, vvhich are uiiitcd'by a. ftately ftone bridge York Wolds, thc foil-is generally barren, ¦ffry, and fandy ; great numbers ef lean fteep are therefore fold hence, and fent into other counties to be fattened for the market. The W. riding enjoys a ftarp but healthy air, and the knd on the weft ern fide is hillv, ftony, and not very fruit ful ; but the intermediate vaflies confift of of five arches. York is furrounded by 3 much good meadow ground, and alfe paf- ftrong wall, on vv'hich are many turrets, or vvarchhoiil'cs, and there are four gates and five pofterns, and it has a caftle, built by William' the Conqueror, vvhich was fprmerly a place, ef great ftrength, but it is now a county prifon for debtors and felons. It is a city and county of itfdf, and fends two membei's to parhament. It is governed by a lord-mayor, 12 aldermen, ?:id qther officers ; and its county contains 36 villages and hamlets. The corporation built a manfion-houfe, in 1728, for the lord-mayor ; and among the raodern buildings 'are a noble affemblyi^houfe, de figned by the earl of Burlingtpij, and an elegant court-houfe, built of ftone, on the right ofthe caftle. Among thc charitable fouridarions is an afylum for lunatics. The river Oufe ij navigable to this dty for veffds of 70 tens burden, although it is 60 miies frora the fea. York is 70 railes S. by E,- of Durham, 89 _E, of L^heafter, ture for the krgeft cattle. Much flax is grown here, And large pkntatioiis of li corice, abouf Pentefraft, On the fide next fhe river Oufe, the foil is rich, pro- ducing wheat and barley ; apd in its worft parts very goed oats. Its other commo. dities are iron, coal, jet, altum, horfes, and goats. Hqrc -fhe clothing manufac. tures principally flaurift. The N. riding, in.gencral, exceeds the ether two in the falubrity and coldnefs of the air. The worft parts breed lean cattle ; but on the fides of the trills, in thc vaflies, and plains, it produces good cern, and rich paftures for large ca,ttle : in the diftrift ef Picker. ing, vvhich forms the N. E. corner of Yorkftire, ahd confifts of a very exten. five, fectuded, and fertile vale, is a foffile mart, produced by a petrifying fpririg, very beneficial for improving knd. Rape and potatoes are grown here in grtat quantities, I^ichmendfbire, on tht Ji. W. Y O R of this riding, vvas forraerly a county of itfelf : -here many lead mines arc worked to great advantage. In Yorkfhire like- wife are the diftrifts of Cleveland, Hel dernefs, and Craven. In this kft iliftrift are tvve ef the higheft hills in England ; the one named "VVharnfide, the other Irigleborough. The principal rivers of Yorkftire are the Northern Oiii"e, and thofe which fall into it, as the, Deri, the Derwent; the Calder, the Aire, the Wharf, theNidd, and the Yore, aH vvhich terminate in the Humber, which falls into the German Ocean, between Yorkftire and Lincolnftire. Here are likewife the Tees and the HuU. York, New, one of thc"United Safes of America, bounded on the S. E. by the Atkntic Ocean ; on the E. by Connefti cut, Maffachufets, and Vermont ; on the N, by the 45° of kt. vvhich divides ic frem Canada; en the N. W. by the river St. Lawrence, and the Lakes Ontario and Erie; and on the S. W. and S. by Penn fylvania and New Jerf"ey. It is, about 350 miles long and 300 broad, and Is di- vided into 13 counties. New York, in general, is interfefted by ridges of raoun tains running in a N. E. and S. W. di reftion. Beyond the Allegany mountains, however, the country is quite level, of a fine rich foil, covered, in its natural ftate, with various kinds of trees. Eaft of thefe mountains it is broken ince hills, wich rich intervening valHes. The hifls arc thickly clothed vvith timber, and, when cleared, afford fine pafture. The vallies, when cultivated, produce wheat, hemp, flax, peas, graf"s, oats, and Indian corn. Ofthe coraraodities produced from culture, wheat is the ftaple, of vvhich iramenfe quantities are raifed and exported. The beft knds in this province, vvhich lie along the Mo hawks liiver, and VV. ef the Allegany mountains, arc yet in a ftate of nature, er are juft beginning to be fettled. This ft^te abounds with feveral fine rivers and lakes, The capital is ef thc fame narae. York, New, a city of N. America, capital of the ftate of the f ime name. It is fituated at the S. VV. point of an ifland, at the confluence of Hudfon and Eaft Rivers, and is about four ipilcs in circum ference. The fituation is both healthy and pleafant. Surrounded en all fides by water, it is refrcflied hv cool breezes in fummer, and the air in winter is more tem. perate than in other places under the fame parallel. York Ifland isi 5 mfles in length," and hardly one in breadth. It is joined to the main by a bridge called King's Bridge. The channels between Long »jld "Stafen Iflaiiek, and between Leng Y S E and York Iflands, arc fo-riarrow as to oc. cafion an unufual rapidity of tlie tides, vvhich is increafed by the confluence of the vvaters of Hudfon and Eaft Rivers. Thi^ rapidity, in general, prevents the obftruStion of the channel by ice. There is no bafin or bay for the reception cf fhips, but the road where they He in Eaft River is defended from the violence of the fta by the iflands which interlock vvith each other, fo that, except thatof Rhode Ifland, the harbour of New York, which admits ftips of any burden, is the beft of the UniLcd States. The number ef inha. bitants, in 1786, was 23,614. New York is g7 miks N. E. ef Philadelphia. Lon. 74. 5. W. lat. 4^^. 43. , "-¦ York Town, a fmafl tovvn of N. America, in the ftare of Virginia, firuated on the S. fide of York River, 13 mfles E. of WiUiamfturgh. YouGHALL, a confiderable town of Ireland, in the county of Cork. It is a rich populous place, -furrounded by vvalls, has a very commodious Iiarbour, with i vvell defended quay; is feated at the mouth of the river Blackwater, and fends two merabers to parharaent. Lon. 7. 45. W. kt. 51. 5g. N. YouLE, a village in fhe E. riding of ' Yorkfhire, 12 miles below York, at the conflux of the Don and Humber. Here is a remarkable dike, called Youle Dike, 10 miles long ; and a people, called Triers, who, with a long pitcc of iron, ftarch into the foft boggy ground hereabouts for fub terraneous trees, which they i"emetimes meet vvith ef the fir kind. They often meet vvith trees large enough to furnift timber for building, and the fmaller trees they f"plit into laths, er cut inte chips or fpliuters. Ypres, a handfome, large, and confi derable town or" Auftrian Fknders, with a biftop's fee. It has a conlidcrable manu faftory in cloth and ferges, and every year in Lent there is a vvell-frequented fair. It vvas one of the barrier towns belonging to the Dutch, till the year 1781, when the emperor Jofeph II. obliged thera to withdraw thdr garrifon. Ir has been of ten taken and retaken, and is feated in a fertile pkin, en the river Ypre, 12 miles W. of Counray, n N. VV. of Lifle, and 130 N. ef Paris. Lon. 2. 48. E. lat. 50. 51. N. Yriex, St. a tPwn of France, in'the department of Upper Vienne and late prevince nf Limofin. It derives its name from a faint who built a monaftery here, and is feated on the river Ifle, 20 miles S. of Limoges. .^^ YsLr.uiCK, .-> fmall but ftrong town of Dutch Y U N Z A H Dutch Fknders, feated en a branch of the river Schdd, called Blie, near the fea, in a low cquntry, thac may be overflowed when they pleafe, eight miks E. of Sluvs, and i8 N. W. of Ghent. Lon. 3. 38. E. lat. 51. 20. N, , YssEL, See Issel, YssELBURG, a tovvn of Dutch Guel derland, 12 miles E^ef Cleves, and 22 N, E, of Gueldres, Lon. 6, 15. E. Iat. 51, 42. N. , YssENGEAUX, a- town of France, in the departmept of Upper Loire and late province of Velay, 10 miles N. E. of Puy. YssELSTEiN, a town- of'the United Provinces, in Holland, and in the diftrift of Rhinknd, with a caftle. It is feated on the river Yffel, on the frontiers of the province of Utrecht, five raUes S. W. of Utrecht. Lon. 5. 5. E. Iat. 52. 7. N. '¦¦ Ythan. See Eithan. Yucatan. See Jl^catan. Yverdun. a fraall, ftrong, and ancient town of Swifferland, in the county of Vaud, capital of a baiHwick of of thc farae pame, vvith a caftle, where the bailiff re fides. It is pleaf"antly feated at the head ef the kke of the -fame narae, on the rivers Orbe and Thide, 30 railes S. W. of Bern. Len. 6. 50. E, kt. 46. 50. N, *' Yverdun, Lake of. See,NEU. CHATEL. YvETOT, a town ef France, in the de- - partment of Lower Seine and late pro. vince ef Normandy, five miles N. E. pf Caudebec. YviCA. See Ivica. Yuma, an ifland ef the W. Indies, one o- the Bahama Iflands, lying to the N. of , Cuba. It is 55 miles in length, and 17 in breadth, YuMETO, anifland of the W. Indies, one of the Bahama Iflands, to the N. ofthe Ifle of Yuraa, lying under the tropic ef Cancer* It is 37 railes in length. YvOY, a town of France in the de partment of the Ardennes and late pro vince of Champagne, feated on the river Cher, 12 mfles S. W. of Boufllori, and iq S. of Sedan. Lon. 5. 4. E. kt. 4g. 32. N. YuN-NAM, a province of China; lying near Thibet. It contains 21 cities ef the .tirft rank, and 55 of the fecepd 4nd third, and is- well watered with rivers and lakes, which render it very fruitful. Gold is very often found in the' farids ofthe rivers, and probably there are mines of the farae metal in the raountains of the eaftern part. There are alfe copper mines, feveral forts of precious ftones, befide mufk, benjamin, lapis lazuli, and very fine marble, fome of whieh is painted of divers colours. They have alfo excellent horfes, which are ftrong and vigorous, but lew ; as alfo yery fmall deer, which are kept for divcr- fion. z. ZABERN, a town ef Germany, in the palatinite of the Rhine, 1 5 miles W.'of Philipfturg. Lon. 8. 10. E, lat. 49. I'I. N, Zabola, a- town of Tranfylvania, on the confines of Moldavia, five miles S, W. of Newmark, Zaburn, a town of France, Ih the de. panment of the Lbwer Rliint"- and kte province ef Alface, 1 5 mfles N, of Straf. burg. Len. 7. 50. E. lati 48. 50. N. "Zagatulla, a town of N. Araerica, in New Spain, and in the audience of Mexico, 200 miles from that city, at the, mouth of a river ,of the farae name. Lon, 104. 35. W. lat. 17. 50. N. ' Zafr'a, a fmall, buf ftrong town of Spain, in Eftraraadura, with a good caftle ; f'eated at the foot of a raountain, near thc rivtr Guadaxiera, 20 rafles S. W, of Medina, Lon. 6. iit. W, kt, 38. ig. N. . ¦ ' Zagara, a famous mountain of Tur key in Europe, in Livadia, on the Gulf of Corinth, and near Parnaffus. It vvas fer. mtrly called Helicon, and is almoft always covered with fnow. Zagrad, a ftrong and populous town of Sclavonia, capital ef a county of the fame name, vvith a bifliop's fee, feated en the river Save, 25 railes N. E. of Carlof- tadt, and 137 S. "VV. of E'uda. Lon. 15.. 41. E. kt. 46. 20. N. Zahara, a tovvn of Spain, in Andalu.. fia, on the confines of Granada. It is very ftrong, being ficuaced on a rock, craggy en all fides, and defended by a ftrong cicadd. Ic is 47 railes S. E. ef Seville. Lon. 4. 55. W. kt. 36. 52. N. * Zahara', or the Desert, a vaft country ef Africa, bounded on the N. by Barbary ; on the E. by Fezzan and Cafli. na ; on the S. by Torabuftoe; and on the W. by the Aclancic Oceap. Thc air ef fhis country is very hot, but wholeforae to the natives. The foil is generally fandy and barren, infomuch that the caravans croffing it to and from Negroland are of. ten reduced to great extremiries. The inhabitants 'are wild and ignorant. They liave a number of petty princes, but, for the moft part, have few figns of any go vernment at all. The Mahometan reH. gion is profeffed throughout the country. Zaire,, Z A N Z A R Zaire, a large river ef Africa, which, rifing in the kingdom of Macoco, divides the kingdopis of Loango and Congo, and falls into thc Atkntic Ocean in 6':' S. kt. Zamora, a ftrong, and confiderable tovvn of Spain, in Leori, vvith a biftop's fee. fri its crivirons fine Turkey ftones are feund. It is feated on a hfll, on the river Douro, ever vvhich is a, handfome bridge ef 17 arches, 35 iniles from Sala. manca, and 1 50 N. W. ef Madrid. Lon. 5. 18. W.kt. 41.41.N. Zamora, ahandfome cown ef S.-A. merica, in Peru, in the audience of Quito, feated near the Andes, 1 7 5 railes from the 'South Sea. In its neighbourhood there are rich mines of geld. Lon. 75. 55. W. lat. 5. 6. S. ¦ . . _ , Zamora, a town ef Africa, in the kingdom of Algiers, and province of Con ftantinc, 250 miles W. of Hamametha. Lon. 6. 25. E. kc. 36. 20. N. Zamoski, a ftrorig tovvn of Poland, in Red Ruffia, and in thc palatinate of Beltz, vvith a gooil citadel. It was befieged by the Tartars in 1661, but to no purpofe. It is 37 raiks from Leraburg, and 62 from Lubhn, Lon. 23, 26, £, lat, 50., 52. N. Zampango, a town of N. Araerica, in New Sp^in, feated on the read from Mexico, to Guaxaca, near the mountains of Miftaka. Zanfara, a kingdom of Africa, in Negroland, te the WT of the kingdom of Zegzeg. The inhabitants are ef a tall ftature, of a very black coraplexion, with broad faces, and favage difpofitions. It is very httle known to Europeans. Zanguebar, a country in Africa, ly ing on the eaftern coaft, betvveen 3" N. kt. and 18° S. It includes feveral petty kingderas, in vvhich fhe Portuguefe have various fettlements. The inhabitants, e.xcep't. thefe converted by the Portuguefe, are either Mahometans, or Pagans, the latter much the mere numerous. The ¦ nam.e ef the principal territories are Mom. baza, Lanion, Melinda, Qniola, and Mo fambique. The Portuguef"e trade vyith the natives for flaves, ivory, gold, bftrichr -feathers, vvax, and drugs. Thc produc tions are rauch the farae as in other pircs, qf Africa becween the tropics. Zante, an ifland of the McdlteTrane- an, riear the coaft ofthe Morea, 17- miles S. E. ofthe Ifland of Cephalonia. It is about 24 railes in length, and 1 2 in breadth, and very pleafant and fertik ; but ks principal riches confift in currants, whh which it abounds. They are cultivated in a very large pkin, under fhe flielter of Uicuritains on the ftore of this iflani, for vvhich reafon the fun has greater power to bring thera to perfeft raaturity. Here are alfo the fineft peaches in the world, each of which weigh dght er ten ounces. Here are alfo cucumbers arid exceUent figs, arfd very good oil. - In fhort, it vvould be a perfedt paradife if wood were not fe dear, though this ifland vvas for. meriy full ef forefts. The town, called Zante, contains near 20,000 inhabitants. The heuf"es are low, on account of the frequent earthquakes, for fcarce a year paffes withput pne ; but they do no great damage.. The natives f"peak both Greek and Italian, though there are very few Roman Catholics among them ;. but chey have a biftop as well as the Greeks. In one part of this ifland is a pkce whicli ftakes vvhen trod upon, like a quagmire ; and a fpring vvhich throws out a great deal of bitumen, efpecially at the tirac of an earthquake. It ferves- inftead of pitch to pay the bottoms ef the ftips, and about loa barrels in a year are ufed for this pur pofe. Thc .grapes are called currants, be caufe they vvere chiefly cultivated about Corinth. This ifland belongs to the Ve netians, vvho have conftantly a governor refiding in thc fortrefs. There are about 50 villages, but no other large towns tihan Zante. It is ftated on the eaftern fide ef the ifland, arid has a good harbour. The EngHft and Dutch have each a faftory and.conful here. Lon. 21. 3. E. kc. 37. 53-N. Zanzibar, an ifland of che eaftern coaft of Africa, near Zanguebar, becween that, of Pemba ahd Moncia, vvith the title of a kingdom. It abounds in fugar- canes and citrons. The inhabitants are Mahometans. Lon. 38, 25. -E. kt. 6. o.N. Zapoteca, a province of N. Ameri ca, InNew Spain, extending from the pro-. vince of Guaxaca, to the Gulf of Mexico. It Is a mountainous ftony country, but in differently fertile. Zara, an ancient, ftrong, and confi derable city of the repuDlic of Venice, in Dalmatia, capital of a countyof the fame name, "with an archbiftop's fee, a good ci tadel, and a harbour. It is feated in ,1 plain, upon a finall peninfula, joined tothe ¦continent by an ifthraus of about 2; paces in breadth. On the fide ef the citadel it is Very well fortified. Near the church, ,which the Greeks caH St. Heha, are two handf"ome fluted columns ofthe Corinchian erdevr, fuppof"ed co have been-parc of che temple of Juno. Thi> place was former ly much more confiderable than' ,rt pre- fcnt, the circumference ofthe walls bei',,^ new but two miles, and thc nunib'cr of the Z E A the inhabitarits not above 6000, There are very fine .paintings In the churches, done by che beft matters ; and they pre tend to have the body of St. Simeon, brought from Judea, and kept in a ftrinc, with a cryftal before it. Zara is feateei on the Gulf ef Venice, 80 mil^ S. VV. of Jaicza, and 1 30 S' E. of Venice. Lon, 16. 6. E. lar. 44. 30. N. ZarJ'Jate, a ftrong town of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea, agreeably feat ed upon an eminence, 2c miles W. pf Mifitra, Zarnaw, a tPwnpf Little Ppland, in the palacinace pf Sandpmir, 63 railcs N. of Cracow. Lon. ig. 56. E. kt. 51. 13- N. Zas LAW, a town of Litrie Poland, in thc palarinate of Volhinia, feated on thc river H',r"m, 15 railes above Oftrog. Lon. 17. 1 1. E. kt. 50, 20, N. Zatmar, a ,ftreng town ef Upper Hungary, capital of a county ef the fame name. It is feated on a fmall kke form ed by thc river Samos, 50 miles E. by S. of Tockay, and 130 E. ef Buda. Lon. 22. 34. E. laf. 47.-50. N. Zator, a to.vn of Poknd, iri the pak- ti:iate ef Cracovia, and cipital ofa duchy of the fame name, with a fortified caftle. It is ftated en an eminence near the river Viftuk, at fhe place where the Skauld falls inte it, 20 mifes S. W. ef Cracow, and 50 S. E. bf Ratibar. Lon. 19. 42. E. Iat. 49. 54. N. Zborovv, a town of Auftrian Poknd, in the palatinate of Lemburg, remarkable for the defeat of John Cafimir, king of Poland, in 1647. It is feaced becween Lemburg and Zbaras, 52 miles from the former, and 2 5 frem che lacter. Lon. 2 5. 46. E. Iat. 49. 46. N. Zealand, an ifland. of Denmark, al moft of a round form, about 700 miles in circumference. It is feated at the en- tramce of the Baltic, and is bounded by the Schaggerach Sea on the N. by a ftrait ' called the Sound en the E. by tlie Baltic en the S. and the ftrait called the Great Belt on the VV. It is- the krgeft ofthe ifles belonging to the king of Denmark. It is exceedingly fertile ; producing grain .of all forts, and in great plenty ; and abpunding with excellent pafture. It is particukriy famous for irs breed ef horfes. Copenhagen is not only the capital of this ifland, but of the whole kingdora. Zealand, ene ef the feven Unitetl Frevinces ef the Netherlands, feparated bv the fea on the N. from the ifles ef Holland ; by the Scheld on the K'. from Brabant ; the by Hont from Flanders ; and on the W. it is bpunded by the Ger- Z E A man Ocean, It cpmprehends eight iflands, three pf vvhich are pretty large. Thdr naraes are Walcherin, Schpwen, S. Beve-' land, N. Beveland, Tolen, Dovdand, Wolferdike, and St. Philip. There are likewife fix or feven others, of very Httk irapertance. The inhabitants are at a. great deal of trouble to defend themfelves from the encroachments of the fea, and in keeping up their dikes, in vvhich they expend great furas ef money. In general, chey are extremely hardy, and even raft, and very good foldiers, efpeciaUy for the fea fervice. They are maintained by thdr plentiful fifteries, and by thdr trade with foreign nations. The foil is fruitful in thefe iflands, buf the air unhealthy, efpe cially for ftrangers. The river Scheld having paffed by Antwerp, divides it into tvve, and holds as it were the ifles of Zea land between i.s arms. One of thefe runs eaftward, and the other weftward, which laft the fiftermen caU Stent, er Hont. It is governed in the fame manner as Hol land, and the affembUes of States are com pofed of deputies of the nebiUty, and thofe of the two prindpal towns. ZealaNb, New, in the S. Padfic Ocean, was firft difcovered by Tafman, in December 1642. He traverfed the eaftern coaft from kt. 34° to 43" S. and entered a ftrait ; but being attacked by the natives, foon after he carac te an an chor, in the place to which he gave the n-ame ef Murderers-Bay, he did not go on fcore. He caUed the country Staten Land, in honour ef the States General, though it has been generally diftinguiflied in our maps and charts by the name of Nevv Zealand. Frem the time of Taf man, the vvhole country, ^xcept that part ef the coaft which vvas feen by hira, re mained altogether unknown and vvas by many fuppofed to make part of a fouthern continent, till the year 1770, when it was circumiiavigarcd by captain Cook, who found it to cqnfift of two large iflands, feparated by the ftrait above-mentioned, vvliich is four or five leagues bread, and to which he gave his own name. On the weft fide of this ftrait, in kt. 41° S, Queen Charlotte's Sound is fituated, which was made a prindpal pkce of ren. dezvous in his fubfequefit voyages, TheC; iflands He between kt, 34° and 48-" S, arid Ion. 166° and 180" E. Along the coaft raany fmall iflands are formed, and it isindented by deep bays, affording ex. ceUent flielter for ftippirig, and abundant fupoHes of wood and water. There are alfb' feveral rivers capable ef receiving large veffels, in which, the fpring-tide rifes, near ten feet perpendicularly. Of the Z E A Z E A , the two iflands, "the fouthernmoft Is fer thc meft part mountairieus and barren. As far inland as the eye can reach, "nothing appears but mountains ef ftupendous height, confifting of rocks thaf are totally naked, except where thev are covered wjth fnovv ; but the knd bordering en thc feacoaft is clothed thick wit h vvootl, almoft down te the water's edge. The northern- me.ft ifland has a rauch better appearance : it is indeed not only hilly, but mountain. eus : yet even the hilts and mountains are covered with weed, and every valley has a rivulet- of- excellent vvater. The foil of thefe vallies, and the plains, of which there are many overgrown vvith wood, is in ge. neral light, but fertile ; and it is fuppof"ed, that eyery kind of European grain, plants, and fruits, would flourift here vvith the utmpft luxuriance. The winters are milder than in Engknd, and the fummers not hotter, though more equally warm. There- are forefts pf yaft extent, full pf the ftraighteft and largeft timber, fit fer buflding of any kind. The trees are chiefly ef fvvo forts ; ene as krge as an oak, diftinguifted by a fcarlet flower, the wood of vvhich is hard and heavy ; an other remarkably tall and ftraight, of which, probably, very fine mafts might be made. Among ether trees is a fpecies of philadelphus, which grows en ttie emi nences that jut out into the fea, the leaves of which may be ufed as tea, and might be an excellent fubftitute for that oriental plant. Wild celery, and a kind ef creffes, grew plentifully in almoft every cove. Yaras, fweet potatoes, and cocoas, are raifed by cultivation. Captain Cook, in 1773, planted feveral fpots ef ground with European garden feeds ; and, in 1777, in feveral of thefe fpots, although totaUy ne glefted and over-run by weeds, vvere found cabbages, onions, leeks, purflain, radiftcs, muftard, &c. and a few fine po tatoes, greatly improved by change of foil. In ether pkces every thing had been rooted out to make room for teraporary villages. The only quadrupeds are dogs and rats : the former are domeftic, and for food ; and the ktter though not numerous, feera alfp to be eaten.- "The birds, like the veget able produftiPBs, are almoft entirely pe culiar tp the country ; and though it is difficult to follow them in the woods, on accqunt of the underwood and climbing plants, yet a perfon, by rera,aining in one place, may ftoot as many in a day as wifl ferve for fix er eight others. Captain Cook introduced European pouliry, and, on tus kft vifit, had the fatisfaftion to fipd tliem increafed, both in a wild and domeftic ftate, beyond altdarigcr qf being ever exterminated. Their creeks fvvarm vvith fift, which are not only wholefome, but equally ddkious vvith thofe of Europe, "The rocks arc furnifted with great quan tities of execllen.trauffels, one f"ort of which meafures above a foot in length, and with greac variety of other fteflfifli. The men are ftouc, well-made, and flefliy ; but none of them corpuknt, like the indoknt and luxurious inhabitdnts of Otaheite and the Society Ifles ; and they are alfb exceed. ingly vigorous and aftive. Thc vvejmen, m general, are fmaller ttian the men ; but, pofleffmg few peculiar graces of form or perfon, and chiefly difnnguiftcd by the loftnefs of thdr voices, Thc bodies of both fexes are marked vvith black' ftains, caUed araoco,. whieh is the fanre as tattovv ing at Otaheite, Their drtfs is alfo thc fame: it confiftsef an oblong garment, about five feet long and four broad. They brino- two corners of this garment over their ftoulders, and faften it on the breaft with the other parts, which covers thc body ; and about the belly it is again tied with a girdle ef mat. They ornament their heads with feathers, pearl- fliells, bones, &c. The women fometimCs wear neck laces of fcarks teeth, er bunches of long beads made of bones or ftells. Their houfes are miferable lodging -pkces, and their only furniture is a few finall ba.lcets, in vvhich they put their fifhing-hooks and other trifles. Their food confifts chiefly of fift, vvith which, inftead of bread, they eat the root of a kind of fern, which they fcorch over the fire, and then beat with a ftick till the bark, or dry outfide, falls off, Befide their dogs, they alfb contrive to kill birds ; and in mofl parts of the nor thern ifland, they have fweet potatoes, cocoas, and yaras ; but, in the fouthern, nothing is raif"ed by cultivation. Their cookery confifts wholly in rqafting and baking, vvhich latter is performed in the fame manner as at Otaheite. The wo men eat in common with the men, and their method of feeding correfponds with - the naftinefs ef their perl"oris. But little fubordination, or diftinftion of rank, is obferved among them, and fhe want of it is every where apparent. From Cape Kidnappers, ii) kt. 39. 43. fer upward of eighty leagues to the northward, the people acknowledge ene fovcrcigB, called Teratu, and under him feveral fu'oordinate chiefs, who probably adminiftijr juftice, and to whom great refpeft is paid ; but whether his authority be heredijary nr de legated is uncertain. This part of the coaft is much the moft populous ; tillage, weav ing, and'the Other arts of peace, bemu- here beft known, and moft pruftiitd^. The ZEL Z E R The canoes are ipore decorated, the plan- tatJins more numerous, and the clothes and carving finer, than any whcfc elfe. In other parts, they are fcattered alorig the coaft, in fingle farailies, or in larger tnbes, and each in a ftate of perpetual hof'tility vvith'aU thc reft. For fuch con tinual wars, and the inhuman banquet that fs the confequence of viftory, araeng a people in-other refpefts mild and gentle, perhaps no berter reafon can be aifign- . ed, than what at firft originated in ne ceffity, h^s been perpetuated by habit, and exafperared by revenge. Frora thdr fcsnty ftock of Tcgctables, if their fifting -fhould fail, thty haye no refource againft abloUife famine. Hunger, it is certain, even araong civilized nations, will ab- forb every feeling;' it is then no wonder if it ftouid do fo among favages ; and he, who has once learned to eat what he kiUs, ¦will eafily be induced to kill vvhen he avants to eat. Upon the vvhole, there is little room to doubt that thefe people are canibals. Z,eg-zeg, a kingdora -of Africa, in Negroland, lying en the river Niger, by which it is feparated from the kingdom of Caffena ; en the E. it has that of Zanfara ; on the S. Benin ; and on the VV. the de ferts. It confifts partly of plains and part ly of mountains. The latter are extreme ly cold, vvh'i.te thc former are intolerably hot ; but abound with vvater, and arc ex- ceedingly frificful. 2EIGHENHE1M, a town of 'rcrmany, in the landgravate of Heffe Caffel, 30 miles S. of the town of Caffd. Lon, g. 19. E. kt. 50. 52. N. Zeiton, a tovvn of Turkey in Eu. rope, in Janna, vvith a caftle and-aii arch bifliop's fee, though a f"n-iall place, and thin of people. Ic is feated on a hiU by a gulf of thc fame name, near the river Eaylaek, fifcy- milts 8. E. ef Lariffa, Lon. 23. 5. E. Iat. 39. 10. N. Zeitz, a handl"oinc town ef Germany, in thc circle of Upper Saxony and duchy ef Naumburg. It has a caftle, and a welt frequented exiltege. It is feated on che river Efler, 25 miles S.W. of Leipfick, .and .45 E.of Erfort, Lon, 12. 8. E. kt. 50. .59. N. Zell, a ftrong town of Gerraany, in the cirde of Lovver Saxony, arid capital ef a drichy ofthe fame name, which devolv ed t-o, the houfe of Hanoycr, by marriage ¦vdth ^^e heirefs. It is furrounded by ditches and ramparts, en vvhich are plant ed chefnut and lime-trees, , It is a fmall town, vvithout trade or manufaftures. The, houfes arc old, and of a mean ap pearance ; but the high courts pf appeal fpr alt the territpries of the eleftoral houfe of Brunfwick Lunenburg are held here, and che inhabitants derive thdr principal means of fubfiftence frora this circum ftance. The principal church is a hand- 'feme ftrufture, adorned wich ftucco vvork. The caftle is a ftately building, furrounded by a moat, and- ftrorigiy fortified. It vvas. formerIy_the refidence of the dukes ef Zell, and vvas repaired by order of the king ef Great Britain, for the refidence ef his un fortunate fifter, the queen of Denmark, who here died. Zell is feated en the river AHer, 31 miles N. W. of Brunfwick, and 47 S. by W. ef Lunenburg. Lon. 10. 12. -E. kf, 52. 49. N. Zell, a town of Germany, in the circle pf Suabk, and raarquifate of Baden, in Ortnaw, It is ari iraperial tovvn, un der the proteftion of the houfe of Auftria, arid the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. It is feated on the lake of the fame name, otherwife caHed the Zeller See, vvhich is an inferior branch of the Lake of Con ftance, 15 miles S. of Baden, and 42 S. VV. of Stutgard. Lon. 8. 8. E, kt, 48, 22. N. Zembla, Nova, a very targe ifland, lying in the Northern Ocean, to the N, of Ruffia, from which it is feparated by the ftrait ef Waigate, It has no inhabi tants, except wild beafts, particularly vvhite foxesj^and bears. In 1 595 a Dutch veffel was eaft away on tbe coaft, and the fliip's company were obhged to winter here ; but they did not fee the fun frem the fourth ef November to the beginning of February, and had great -difficulty to keep themfelves from being frozen to death. Zemlin, or -Zemplin, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name, feated on -the river Bo drog, 25 miles S. E. of Caffovia, and 27 N.E.of^ Tockay. Lon. 21. 35. E.kt. 48. 36. N. Z E R B s T, a town ef Gerraany , in the circle of Upper Saxony, and principality of An halt, chief place of a diftrift of thaf narae, on the confines ef thc duchy of Magde- burg, with a caffle, where the prjnces ceramonly refide. It Is a handforae place ; the inhabitants are partly Lutherans and partly Calvinifts, and are famous for brew. ing good beer ; but it is remarkable that the women are more concerned in brew. ing it than the men. It Is 26 miles N. W. of Witfemburg, and, fubjeft to the prince of Anhalt. Lon: 12. n. E. kt. 52.0. N, Zeriga, a town of Perfia, in Irac A. rabi, -fe-ated 'in 'a very narrow plain,- be tween mouncains. Ic has produced feve ral very famous Arabian horfes, Zia, Z I T 7,1 A, an ifland of the Archipelago, Snd Orie of the Cyclades, to thc N. of Thermia, to the S. W. of Negropont, arid 12 riiiles froiri Cape Ciolorina, which terminates Livadia en that fide. It is 1 5 ihiles in length, and eight in breadth ; Jt is very welt cultivated, and abounds in moft of the neceffariiss of lifcj particularly karley, wine, and a great deal of filk. They have alfo a very fine fort of oak, whofe fruit, called Villain, is the beft trading commodity of the ifland, and of which they fell yaft quantities in a year, it being,ufed by diers and tanners. The principal town is of the fame name, and feated on an emirience, 3P miles frpm the harbpur, at the farther end pf a dif. agreeable valley. It refembles ari am. phitheatre,. and coutains abqut 2500 lioufes, aU flat at the tOp. It belongs to the Turks, but mpft of the inhabi. tants are Greeks, and have a bilhpp who refides at Zia. ZiBiT; a territory of Afia, in Ara. -bia Felix, exteriding frqm the pririeipa lity pf Mecca tp fhat of Mpclia ; being bqurided pn the E, by the principality of Tehan:ia, and pn the y^. 'by the Red Sea, The L^urks were fprmerly mafters of this cpuntry, but npw it belpngs to an Arabian prince, ZiBiT, a large trading town pf Afia, iri Arabia FeHx, capital of the territory of the fame name, and feated on the river 2ibit, 150 mfles N, "W. pf Aden. Zirchnit-Zersee, a kke pf (jer- Jriany, in Lovver Carniola, among the mountains and fprefts. In the month of June the water finks under ground, and does not rife again tilt September, dur-, ing Which interval they feed their cattle in it. Ziric-Zee, a handfome arid ftrong town of the United Provinces, m Zea land, and the principal of the ifle of Schowen, at the mouth of the Scheld, One part of it was formerly fwallowed up by the fea, but it is ftill a trading and pp pulpus place, and has a pretty gcod harbour; 25 miles N, VV. of Hiilft, and 18 S, W, of Brieh Lon, 4. 10. E. lat. 51. 36. 'N", ZifTAW, a handfome tbwn of Ger many, in Lufatia, on the frontiers of Bphemia, and fubjeft to the eleftor of Saxony, It is furrounded by a dpuble wall, and haS gpod half moons, ditches, and , baftions. The houfes are buih in the modern tafte. Befide the fuburbs and handfome gardens that -furround it en all fides, there are a number of fine villa ges- that depifnd thereop. The prindpal Z O Q^ biifinefs of the inhabitants is brewing beer; but there are above 100 clothiers, and,, in the ndghbouririg villages above 1000 weavers. The merchants of Ziccavv trade with thbfe of Prague agd Leip. fick, and extend thdr commerce as far as Holland. The cathedral Is a very hand. fome ftrufture, and has three organs, and two high fteeples. Near it is a handfome college, vvhere the languages, drawing, dancing, and other arts, are taught gratis. Joining to the cloifter is a library, the fineft in all Lufatia, vvhich is open cwice a week ; and st a fmall diitance frora it is the orphan-houfe. It is feated on the river Neifs, 17 miles S. W. ef Gerlicz, and 25 S. E. of Drefden. Lon, 15. 5. E. kc. 50. 59. N. Zn'AIM, a ftrong town ef Gerraany, in Moravia, en the frontiers of Auftria. It is a krge place, and has a' handforae caftte, though very ancient, and in vvhich there arc a great many Pagan antiquities. It is feated on the river Taye, 24 miies S. W. of Brin, and 32 N. ef Vienna. Len. 16. 4P. E. tat. 48. 38. N. Zoara, a town of Africa, en the coaft ef Barbary. It is fortified, and has a good harbour, 60 miles W. of Tripoly. Lon, II, 551 E, lat, 32. 45. N. ZoFFiNGEN, an ancient and hand- fome town ef Swifferknd, in the cantoa of Bern, three miles from Arburg, It. has a very elegant church, and a public library, contairiing feveral curious ma nufcripts. It is feated near a krge foreft, which contains the beft pine-trees in all Swifferknd, Len, 7- 56. E. kt, 47. 8, N, ZoLLERN, a town ef Germany, in the circle of Suabia, which gives name to the principality ef Hehen-ZolIern,which is 37 miles in length, and 17 in breadth, and is a very fertile country. The prince of Hohen-Zollern is hereditary charaber- kin of the empire. The place is little elfe but a caftle buik on a mountain, 26 miles S. of Stutgard. Lon. 9. 8, E, lat. 48. 24. N, ZoLNOCK, a town in Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name. It was taken by the Turks in 1554, and retaken by the Imperialifts in 1685; is feated on the riyer Teyffe, where the Sa. gelia falls into it, 62 miles N. E. of Co- locta, 'and 62 E. ef Buda. Len, 2c- 50, E, lat, 47. 10. N. ZoCjuES, a pifivince of N. Araerica, in New Spain, and in the government of Chiapa, on the frontiers ef that of 'Tabafco. It psoduccs plenty of filk and cocliineal, 3 C ZORN- ZXJ Ir Z U R ZoRNDORFF, i village in Germany,. iri the nevv marche pf Brandehburgh, famuus fpr a bloody battle fought here in 1758, between the Ptuifiaps and Ruf. fians. '* ZotJT Pan, a curious fait lake in the country of the Hottentots, fituated a few mites N. of Point Padron. It is a plain, much above the level of the fp, and be7 tween" three and four miles iu circum ference. At feme feafons bf fhe year, it is formed into an entire mafs of fin.e white fait, vvhich has a very ftrikipg appear ance. It was vifited in December 1778, by tieut. Paterfon, vvho found, that 3 ftort tiriie before his arrival, the middle part of it had been diffolved by the heavy rains, but that round the fides vvas a hard cruft ef f^lt exaftly refembling ice. * ZuEELA, atown pf Africa, in Fez- 'zan, fituated iri a diftrift of remarkable fertility, in vvhich the remnarits ef ancient buildings,, the number and fize of the cif terns, and the conftruftien of the vaulted caves, intended perhaps as repofiteries ef corn, exhibit fuch veftiges of ancient fplendour, as will probably attraft and highly reward tlie attention of future travellers. It is 140 miles E. ef Mour zouk, Lon, 16, 34. E, kt, 27. 59. N. Zug, . a handforae and confiderable town of Svvifferland, capital ef a canton of the fame name ; feated en the edge ef a beautiful lake, in a fertile valley, abounding with corn, pafture, and wood. In 1435, the ftreet whiph was on the fide of the kke; was fwallowed up, and there. fore they built anethepupon an eminence. There are fevera! fipe .houfes, handfome churches, and a. good townhoufe, It is reiriarkabic, that Ofwald, a §axen king of Northumberland, in the feventh cen. tury, Ie the tutelar faint of this place, Zug is 12 miles N, E. of Lucepi, and 4i S. E, of Bafil, Lon, 8, 16, E, lat, 47. IP. N. I Zug, one qf the cantPns of Swiffer land, bounded on the E. and N.'bythat of Zurich ; on the W. by that ef Lu,: cern, and the Free Provinces; and on' thc 5. by that of Schweitz. The inhabitants are Roman 'Catholics. The governtticnt cf this little cariton is democratic, arid fxce^dingly connplifated. Thp fupreme power refides in- the inha'oitants of "the four diftrifts of Zug, .par, Egeri, and Meutzingen. ZuiLLicHAW, a town qf Germany, in Silefia, in the province of Cro'ffen, 16 miles N. E. of Croffen. Lon. 16. 12. E, lar. 52. 12. 'N. ZwLPHA, a tqwn of Perfia, almoft clofe. fo Ifpahap, to which it is a fqrt .of a fuburb, and feparated from it by thj river Sanderou. It is peopled with a co-! lony ef Armenians, who' vvere brought intp Perfia by Shah Abbas, It is an arch- blflipp's fee, and cpntains feyeral chujchei and mdnaft.eries, ^iuLPiGH, a tPwn of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, belonging to the archbiftop of Cplpgne ; feated pn thp riyer Naffel, 10 miles £, of Juliers, and 10 W, pf Bpnn, Lpn, 6. 40, E, tat, 50, 46. N, __,..' ^URicK, ap apcient, large, and po-- pulous cicy of Swifferland, capical of a cancon of the fame name. It ftands at the northern extremity of the' lake of Zurich, and occupies both fides ¦ cf the rapid and tranfparent Limmat, which ifr fues frcm that lake, arid divides the town into two unequal parts, wliich commu. riieate by three bridges. It was formerly an imperial city, and ,is one of the beft built in this country, bilt the ftreets are narrow, and the hpufes high. The ca- - thedral was fpunded by' Charlemagne, and is adprned with a ftatue pf th^t em perpr; - Zurich vvas the firft tpwn in Swifferland that feparated frpm the church of Rome, being cpnverted by the argu ments pf Zuinglius. The twn divifipps of Zurich, are called the Old Tpvvn and ' the Suburbs, The fprmer is furrounded by the fame ancient battlements and towers that exifted in the 13th century : thg tat ter arq ftrengthencd by fortifications in the ' modern ftyle, but they are too extenfive,. The arfenal is well fupplied with cannon ' and ammunition, and contains mpfquet; for 30,000 men. Among. the charitable foundations in this town are an orphan- houfe ; an hofpital for incurables ; that for the fick pf ^U natipns, which ufually cpn- tains between fix pr 7P0 patients ; and the . Allmpfen- Arat, pr fpundatipn fpr the ppor, which puts out children as apprentices, and dittributcs moriey, dothes, and books of devotion, to peer perfons, net ef the town only, but of the canton, to the amount of upward ef 5popl, a year, They haye feveral manufaftures ; particularly m-uflips, cottons, linens, and filk handker. chiefs, Zurich is rhe birthplace of Gef- ner, and othqr illuftrious men. It is 3; miles S. W." of Conftance, 40 S,' E. of "Bafle, and 55 N, E. of Igevn.' Lpn, 8, 30. E. lat. 47, 20. N. ZtjRicp, one of the 13 cantons of .Svvifferland, about 50 Irtiks in length, and 30 In breadth. It is bouud'ed pri the "N. by cne Rhine, which feparates it from the canton pf Schaff-haufcn ; on the Z U R z w o the S- by that of Schweitz ; on the E, ZuRlTA, a town of Spain, in Oli ¦ by Thurgaw, and thc county of Tocken. Caftile, feated on the river Tajo, with burg; and on the V/. by the canton an old caftle, It is very near Toledo, of Zug, and the Free Provinces, The Lon. 3. 17, W, lat. 3^. 50"". N. civil war between the magiftrates and ' Zutphen, a ftrong and confiderable people of Zurich, m 1335, nearly reduced town of the United Provinces, in Guet- that dty to ruins ; bpt the former being derknd, and 'capital of a county of th? banifted, the citizens, in 1337, eftabhfted fame name. It has'a magnificent church, ^ new form of government. The exiles, ^nd is furrounded by walls. It was takei^ ?fter feveral fruickfs. actempts, were re- by the French in 1672, who, in 1674, de- admitted ; but, engagirig in. a confpiracy Hvered it up to the States -general. It is' againft the citizens, vvere difcovered and feated at the confluence of the river? put tP death. In cpnfequence pf this, the npbles in the neighbpurhood took up arms, and Zurich, fer proteftiou, formed an alliance vyith Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Berkel and Yffel, nine railes S. by E. of Deventer, and 55 E, by S. of Amfter dam. Lon. 6. o. E. lat. 52. 10. N, Zutphen, a county of the United Underwalden, and was admitted a member Provinces, in Guelderland ; bounded on of their confederacy in 1351, The four the N. by the riyer Yfiel, which feparate? cantons yielded the pre-eminence tp Zu- it frpm 'Vdavy ; qntlie W. by Overyffel; rich; a 'privilege^it ftill enjpys, being the pn the E. by the biflmpric of Munfter j firft cantpn in rank, and the mpft cppfider- and en the ?. by the duehy of Cleves, able in extent both of territory and power Zutphen- is the capital. next to that pf Bern. This cantcn abounds Zuider-Zee, a great bay of the in corn, wine, and excellent pafture ; but German Ocean, vvhich extends frpm S. as there is npt a fufficient -fupply cf ccrn, tb N. in the United Provinces, between for interior qonfumption, the deficiency is Friefiand, Overyffel, Guelderland, and chiefly fupphed' from Spabia. This can- Holland. It Is fo caUed from its fitu- ton, in 1784, contained -174,572 fouls, tiOn toward the S7 including 10,500 in the capital. The fo- ZwiCKOw, a town of Germany, in vereign power refides exclufiydy in the the circk'pf Upper Saxony, and fhe mar- fcurgcffes ef the town, confifting of about quifate of Mifnia, fubjeft to the eleftor 2000. Thefe are divided info 13 trilies, of Saxony. It was formerly impeviat, one of- vyhicli is called the Tribe of Nobles, and is a handfome town, leated on the although, at prefent, net abfplutdy con- river Muldaw. The place where the in- fined tp petfpns pf that defcriptipn'.' The habitants are buried is in Vpigtknd ; and legiflative authority is vefted by the therefpre it is commonly faid, thac they. burghers in the fovereign council ef 200, are MIfnIans while alive, but Voigt-lajid- confifting, however, ef 212 merabers drawn frem the 13 tribes. This coiin- cil comprifes the Seriate, or Little Coun cil (pompofed of 50 members, including the two burgomafters) which has a jurif- diftion in alt civil and criminal caufts. The burghers, moreover, enjoy the fole right ef commerce ; all ftrangers, and even fubjefts, being excluded from efta. ers after they are dead. It is 20 mfles N. E. ef Plawen, and 15 S. of Alten burg. Lon. II. 26. E. lat. ;o. 45. N. ZwiNGENBURG, a town of Germany, in the circle ef the Upper Rhine, and landgravate of Heffe Darmftadt, eight miles S, of Darmftadt, and 12 N, of Worms, ZwoLL, a ftrong town of the United hiifting manufaftures in any part of the Provinces, in Overyffel, and in the canton, 1 ,-, n .- ., Zurich, a lake of Swifferknd, near 10 leagues in length, and one in breadth. It is of an oblong form, and not near fo large as that of Conftance ; but the biirders are ftudded more thickly with villages and towns. The adjacent coun. try is finely cultivated and well peopled ; and the S. part ofthe kke appears bound ed by the ftupendous high mountains of Schweitz aud Glarus: the fcenery is pifturefque, lively, and diverfified. "The river Limmat runs through thc whole length Of this kke to Zurich. diftrift of Zailant. It is a handfome. large, and rich town, defended by feme fortifications ; and the canal, which begins near this pkce, and extends to the river Yffel, is defended by feveral forts at proper diftances from each other. Near it is the mountain of St. Agnes, where there was formerly an Auguftine convent, in which Thomas a Kempis Hved 71 years, and died in 147 1. It was formeriy an imperial and .hanfeatic town, and is advantageoufly feated on an emlntricc, en thc rivers Aa and Yffel, dght miles S. E, of Campen, and five Z Y 0 Ij-ve Si of tiaffaiti Lon, 6; lo. E. Iat; 52. 33, N, Zygetii; a town of Lovver Hun gary, -capital of a county of the fame pame, feated on a morafs made by the river Alma; .10 miles N, of the Drave, and 50 N, "VV. of Effeck. It is a very itrong place, and is defended by a cita. del, furrounded by three walls, and three ditches full, bf water. It was befieged' in 1566 by Soliman II, emperor ef tlie Tui'ks, and taken three days after his licath; hut was afterward retaken by ^ Y t the Auftrians; Lon. 18, 58. E. lat. nL 17. N. Zygeth, a county of Lower Hun gary, feparated froft SckVeftia by the river Drave on the S. W; on the N, W, by the lake . Balaton, arid on the E. by the eeuriues of Alba Regalis itii Tolna, r -*J 1 JI ¦ ZytOmierz, i to-vvn of Pqtand, in Volhinia, feated -on the river Ciecieriaf, 70 miles W. of Kiof, er Kiow, and 120 E. pf Luck, Lpn; 29. 22. E. latf 50'. 35. Ni t HE EN i). '^^* Xhe MWps given with this fFork are, thi WoRLO, plac^ before the Title-, and Europe, Asia, Africa, and .Nor.th md South Aiwerica, placed in the WiSionary before their refpellive Dejcriftiom^ IM I ill WM: