Campbell, John On the origin of some American Indian tribes. •YALE-^MVIEKSinnf- CANADIAN NATURALIST <$tuttt*rty goimtat of J^riciuc. ON THE ORIGIN OF SOME AMERICAN INDIAN- TRIBES. By John Campbell, MA , Professor of Churoh History, Prosbytorian Culli-ifo, Mniitrcnil : Ii.'-li'-gud HV-tiional de rinstitution Ethnosraphiquo ; CnrreFpondnnt do la Socidte' Aniorieaino do Fnui'-e, A.-. SECOND ARTICLE. In the former paper I indicated the existence of a broad line of distinction dividing the aboriginal languages and j.i-nplc-- of this continent into two well-defined groups, the one Malay-Poly nesian, the other Turanian in origin. It is with the latter that I now propose to deal. The Turanians of America stand in geo graphical relation to Canada chiefly through the Wyandot- Iroquois family, two important divisions of which, the Hurons and the Six Nations, ocoupy no inconspicuous position in the early history of the country. Originally this family extended as far south as the Carolinas, aud the isolation of the northern Iroquois in the midst of an Algonquin area is due to that iutru- sive character and love of conquest which made the warlike Mohawk and his fellows the terror of other Indian tribes. The Assineboins or Stone Indians, whose name is Algonquin, are also Canadian, dwelling upon the banks of the Red River and its tributaries, but they are Dacotahs belonging to the great family commonly known as Sioux, most of whose tribes are found west of the Mississippi. Mr. Lewis H. Morgan, who has investigated many questions relating to the aboriginal population of America, maintains that the -Wyandot-Iroquois and the Daco tahs are brandies of the same original stem, and all that I know Vol. IX. n *e. 4. 194 THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. [Vol. 1 of the two families confirms his opinion. A third great family which has no representative in the Dominion is brought into relation with the Iroquois and Dacotah classes by Dr. Latham, -who, for comprehensiveness of view and extent of knowledge, has found no superior in the field of American ethnology. This is the Cherokee-Choctaw family, whose tribes, among which Dr. Latham counts the Catawbas, Woccoons and Caddos, originally extended from Tennessee to Florida. I unhesitatingly state that the Iroquois, Dacotahs and Cherokee-Choctaws are of Turanian or Northern Asiatic origin. Commencing with grammatical forms, these families agree in making use of postpositions exclusively, thus differing from the Algonquin and its parent Malay, and agreeing with .all the va rieties of Turanian speech. In the order of the verb, a second point of difference from the former and of accordance with the latter languages equally marks Iroquois, Dacotah and Choctaw ; the temporal index follows the verbal root. The accusative pre cedes the governing verb in Dacotah and Choctaw, and, as I have already stated, the same principle finds illustration in Iro quois. This is one of the radical distinctions which characterize the Turanian as contrasted with the Malay grammatical system. Once more, the Iroquois, Dacotah and Choctaw languages pre- pose the genitive to its governing noun, which, as Dr. Edkins says in China's Place in Philology, is essentially Turanian. In the use of postpositions, the postposition of the temporal index to the verbal root, the preposition of the accusative to its verb, and of the genitive to its nominative, four important features in a grammatical system, the Iroquois, Dacotah and Choctaw lan guages' cut themselves off from all Malay Polynesian relationship and claim affinity with the great Turanian family. But the great Turanian family is very large and very widely spread over Europe and Asia. Its Finnic class includes the Finn, Lapp, Esthonian, Vogul, Mordwin, Magyar, and other European and Western Asiatic dialects. In its Turkic class we find the Turk Uigur, Kirghis, Bashkir, Yakut, and many more. The Mongol contains the Mongol, Khalkha, Kalmuk, Buriat, &c. ; and the Tungusic, the Tungus, Lamute and Mantchu. Then in Thibet Hindostan, and the Indo-Chinese area, many classes are found' the most important and best known of which is the Dravidian' embracing the Tamil, Telugu, and other dialects of southern India. Leaving the Siberian Samoyeds, Yukahiri and Yeniseans No. 4. CAMPBELL — AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES. 195 out of account, we find in north-eastern Asia an extensive group of languages spoken by the peoples whom Dr. Latham has classed as Peninsular Mongolidae, languages that in all their leading features are Turanian. Such are the Koriak-Tchucktehi, the Kamtchatdale, Corean, Aino and Japanese, concerning which Dr. Latham says : " they have a general glossarial connection with each other ; the grammatical structure of only one of them, the Japanese, being known." He also adds : " What applies to the language of the Peninsular tribes applies to their physical appear ance also." It being granted that the Iroquois, Dacotahs and Choctaws are Turanian, to which of the Turanian classes, Finnic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Dravidiau, or Peninsular, do they belong ? Were they very ancient peoples like the Peruvians, grammar could not settle the question, owing to changes that have taken place in the systems of some Turanian languages. These changes principally affect the pronoun. Thus Dr. Edkins points out the fact that in the Mongol class alone the Buriat renders "I kill " by atttint-p, while with the Eastern Mongol it is bi-nlniui ; the pronoun being in the one ease terminal, in the other a pn fix. Dr. Edkins regards the latter as the older form, but, apart from the analogous case presented in a comparison of the Latin with its modern representatives, the occuneuce of the ulann-p form in the ancieiit dialects of Peru seems to give it the prior claim to antiquity. Now the Iroquois, Dacotah and Choctaw systems prefix the personal pronouns. In the Finnic, Turkic and Dra- vidian Turanian classes the pronoun is terminal, as in the Quichua of Peru. In some oi' the Mongol dialects, in the Tungusic and Peninsular classes, the pronoun occupies the same initial position as in the North American languages of Turanian origin. But Dr. Latham says " in his most typical form the American Indian is not Mongol in physiognomy"; and certainly none of the tribes we are now considering have anything in common with the Tun- gus, apart from a common grammatical system. Ouce more I quote Dr. Latham : " In the opinion of the present writer, the Peninsular languages agree in the general fact of being more closely akin to those of America than any other." Many writers on the Tchuktchi-Koriaks of the Peninsular area have com pared them with American tribes, such as Von Matiushkin, who says : " They are distinguished from the other Asiatic races by their nature and physiognomy, which appears to me to resemble 196 THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. [Vol. ix. that of the Americans." Mr. Baldwin, in his Ancient America, asserts that " Our wild Indians have more resemblance to the nomadic Koraks and Chookchees found in Eastern Siberia, throughout the region that extends to Beh ring's Strait, than to any people on this continent. Those who have seen these Sibe rians, travelled with them, and lived in their tents, have found the resemblance very striking ; but I infer from what they say that the Korak or Chookchee is superior to the Indian." Mr. J. Mackintosh, whose book on " The Discovery of America and the Origin of the Indians," was published at Toronto in 1836, ex hibited many interesting parallels between the American Indians and the Koriaks, but as he considered the former as one people and united the latter with the Tungus, his parallels are practi cally useless. So common is the statement that the languages of the Tchucktchis and Esquimaux are virtually one, that in my article on the affiliation of the Algonquin languages I was misled by the universal consensus into a homologation of it ; but the exploring expeditions undertaken by the United States govern ment have proved that the statement is unfounded, and that the Tchucktchis of Asia differ from the Esquimaux physically as well, being taller and thinner, with redder complexions and more prominent features, in every respect a superior body of men. The error arose in confounding the Aleutans and Kadiaks with the Esquimaux or Innuit, for the identity in language of these peoples with the Tchucktchis is beyond doubt. While the Iroquois traditions, according to Dr. Oronhyatekha, assert the autochthonic origin of that people, those of the Daco- tahs and Choctaws, as related by Catlin and others, refer to a migration from the north-west, where they dwelt for a time amid snow and ice. It is evident that the original home of Dacotahs and Choctaws was that also of the Wyandot-Iroquois, and that the autochthonic theory is of a piece with the same doctrine among the ancient Greeks, a mere form of national vanity. Iroquois, Dacotah and Choctaw grammar agrees in all points, even to the proposed pronouns, with that of the Peninsular lan guages. The tall muscular form, red complexion and prominent features of the Tchucktchis agree with the physical appearance of the three American families. The encroaching, warlike, in domitable spirit of the Koriaks, of whom the Tchuktchis are a branch, can find no better parallel than among the three warrior peoples of North America. Some of the Koriak tribes flatten No. 4.] CAMPBELL — AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES. 197 the head ; so did the Choctaws, the Catawbas, and some of the Dacotahs. I know of no Mongolic or Tungusic peoples — the only others with whom grammatical forms permit us to compare the Iroquois, Dacotahs and Choctaws — who practised this arti ficial compression of the skull. All these fact- tell powerfully in favour of a peninsular derivation. Add to this the fact that the three American families were sun worshippers, and that their religion thus agrees with that of the Koriaks Ainos and Japa nese ; that Arioski, the Koriak war-god, corresponds to the Wyandot-Iroquois Areskoui, and the Japane-e Ji-bi^u, to the Choctaw or Muskogulge Eefeekesa. and the evidence becomes irresistible. In one of the families under consideration, tribal nanus serve to confirm the connection with Peninsular peoples. This is the Cherokee-Choctaw. In the Clicrokecs wc readily recognize the Koriaks, who call themselves Koracki, and in the Choctaw* it is not hard to find the Tshekto, as the so-called Tchuktchi arc properly designated. Now the Koriak-Tehllktehis and the Chootaws agreed in flattening the head, as we have already seen. They also agree in being great lovers of manly sports, and I cannot but think that " the game resembling prisoners bars" with which Martin Saner in his account of the Tchuktchi con nects " their dexterity in throwing stones from a sling," is the well known " ball play " or " lacrosse," in which the Choctaws speoially excel, but which is also common to the Iroquois and Dacotahs. A game closely resembling lacrosse is played iu Japan. There are many Koriak-Tchuktchi words iu Choctaw and Cherokee, such as the Tchuktchi !schtnntitt 4, Uihlimut .">, awiiiljuh (i, holle 10, in which we recognize the Choctaw itshto, tnhlapi, hniiiiali and poholi. Others are annukh father, the Chootaw 11 11 hi/ ; ikahlih fish, the Choctaw hullo and Cherokee agaula ; ijuk foot, the Choctaw ii/i , 1111/nh hair, the Choctaw nutiihliish ; uiinjitk night, the Muskogulge nenmth ; kiuh and wcgim river, the Choctaw hiuim, nhhiiw ; matschak sun, the Chickasaw Vfi'tuhhtium'h ; utut tree, the Muskogulge ittah ; (u)iimih woman, the Cherokee ageyung ; imagh sea. the Cherokee amnquuohc ; intaho tomorrow, the Choctaw omihe. \c. But so far as I am able to judge from the materials at my disposal, the Cherokee-Choctaw vocabulary has greater affinity to the Japa nese and Loo Choo than to the Koriak-Tchuktchi. Thus, in Japauese the words deuoting bone aud boat or canoe are nearly 198 THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. [Vol. IX. identical, the former being fone, the latter fune. Now in the Choctaw, strange to say, foni is bone and peni boat. The day 'is nitchi in LooChoo and the sun is nitji in Japanese, and these correspond to the Choctaw neetak and the Muskogulge neetdhusa. Man is hito, otoko in Japanese, and hatak in Choctaw ; while woman is tackki in Loo Choo and tekchi in Choctaw. The Choctaw eebuk and the Chickasaw skoboch head, find their equi valents in the Loo Choo bosi and the Japanese kubi. So, house is chookka in Choctaw and chukutscJie in Japanese ; rain being ema in the former and ame in the latter. These instances will suffice to indicate, what I have more fully set forth in the Cana dian Journal, the radical unity of the Cherokee- Choctaw and Peninsular vocabularies. What better proof of a common origin could be demanded than that which is presented in a comparison of the Japanese otoko-no-fone, "the man's bone," with the Choctaw hatak-in-foni ; oi* of the Loo Choo takki-noo-eebee, " the woman's finger," with the Choctaw tekchi-in-ibbak ? The Japanese past tense in ta and the Loo Choo in tee, which find their equivalent in the Choctaw tok, illustrate the final check that marks the ibbak of the latter as compared with the eebee of the former, and refer the philologist to the allied Koriak Tchuktchi which abounds in such terminations. While it is true that the Koriaks have been frequently regarded as the parent stock of American tribes in general, I am not aware that any writer has ever speci fically placed them in relations with the Cherokee- Choctaw con federacy. To find Koriaks in Alaska has been deemed a reason able enough thing, but snow in harvest would have been thought as likely a phenomenon as Tchuktchis in Tennessee. Thus we find Chateaubriand gravely asserting that the Chickasaws, a Choctaw tribe, came from Peru at the time that the Natchez immigrated from Mexico. Tennessee and Mississippi are the elephant of the Chickasaws and Natchez, Peru and Mexico their tortoise, but we ask in vain on what does the tortoise stand, for of all American populations the Mexican is the hardest to affiliate. I willingly admit that the Chickasaws, with all the other mem bers of the Cherokee-Chootaw confederacy, belong to the same parent stock as the sun-worshipping Peruvians, but, inasmuch as this parent stock is found in the north-west, evidence of no common character would be required to render probable a retro grade movement from South to North America. To sum up the No. 4.J CAMPBELL — AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES. 199' argument for the Peninsular Asiatic origin of the Cherokee- Choctaw family, we have found it to be proved by language in its grammatical and verbal forms, by tribal designations, physical features, moral character, religion, and at least one peculiar custom. For the Wyandot-Iroquois family I have so far found no tribal designations in the Peninsular area that correspond, but the identity of the two war-gods Arioski and Areskoui undoubt edly links them with the Koriaks proper. This is confirmed by the many resemblances that are found to exist between the Cherokee (Koraeki) and Iroquois vocabularies, some of which are indicated in the Mithridates. Such are the Cherokee gahnee and the Cayuga karwh, arrow ; ooxtrknh, child, and the Tu»ca- rora y.lyn tshoy n.h ; choosa, die, death, and the Mohawk h,(/u>nn. axe askwoohi a " bad washuh Tu*<-an>ra. hotlcon Iri»iu>>i#. boat, oanoc.gahonhwa " boy, son ¦ ...yung Oneiita. brother jattatego Onondaga. cln Id kotnnia Iroquois. earth ohetta " eat hiquekoh " egg onhonchia " father ata Tit.scarora. hanoo Seneca. lahkeni Oneida. Are yoneks Tmearora. fish koyunk Mohawk. foot auohsoe Tiucarora. aohita Wyandot. oome karo Mohawk. go higue Iroquois. hair ahweroohia " hand ohotta " osnonsa " Pksinsclak. ooihIim' fnsn. kv:l3C|Urt Knmlchtitkn. wasa Loo Choo. khntkin Koriak. cahani Aiw, buni I.->>> Clioo. iegnika Tehnktehi. ototo Javtnese. kodemiL '• ttati Corea. tjidsi Japanes-. owa Jaitanese. ngach K'untchaUca. atta Tchuktchi, toti Japanese. annakh Tehuktchi. illiguin " annak " sakkana Japanese. assigitkat Tehuktchi. kuru Japanese. yuki " kurrazzee Loo Choo. settoo Kamtchatka. 8oan Corea. 200 THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. [Vol. ix. Wyandot-Iroquois. Peninsular. heart hahweriacha Iroquois. kokurro Japanese. heaven, sky.toendi Wyandot. ting kiunyage, Seneca. khigan Koriak. man eniha Nottoway. aino Aino. moon kanaughquaw Cayuga. kounetsou Aino. kelanquaw Mohawk. geilgen Koriak. mother anah Tuscarora. anak Tchuktchi. mouth agwaghsene Mohawk. ekigin " nose yuungah Wyandot. chynga Tchuktchi, honna LooChoo river joke Nottoway. kiuk Tchuktchi. small ostonha Iroquois. uicinan Kamtchatka. snow ouniyeghte Mohawk. anighu Tchuktchi. sun hiday Tuscarora. tid a Loo Choo. onteka Iroquois. nitji Japanese. tongue ennasa '' nutshel Kamtchatka. ¦water hohnega " mok, nouna Tchuktchi. white kearagea " sheeroosa Loo Choo. woman yonkwe " innago " otaikai Wyandot. tackki " ekening Tuscarora. aganak Tchuktchi. sister akzia Onondaga. zia Aino. finger eniage " ainhanka Tchuktchi. basket atere Iroquois. teeroo Loo Choo. tail otahsa " dzoo " kill kerios " korossu Japanese. write khiatons " katchoong Loo Choo. copper kanadzia " kanujak Tchuktchi, sintju Japan- nail (finger), ohetta " kouda Kamtchatlca. [ese. Such are a few of the resemblances which lie on the surface, in connection with which, and this will equally apply to the Cherokee-Choctaw languages, it may be said that the Iroquois dialects are more closely related through their vocabularies to the Peninsular tongues than are the English and the G-erman to one another. Like the Cherokee-Choctaw family, the Iroquois have also been found to agree with the Asiatic peoples in their grammatical forms, physical features, and religion. The sun or chief divinity, matschalc in Tchuktchi, nitji in Japanese, and neetakhasseh in Choctaw, has appeared as onteka in Iroquois ; and the Catawba ?ioteeh, the Adahi nestach, the Cuchan nyatch, the Peruvian in-ti, and the Araucanian antu, antaigh, carry on the sun-worshippers of north-eastern Asia far into the southern continent. The warlike, inrusive Koriak, who has driven his relative the Kamtchatdale to the south of his peninsula, and almost exterminated the Yukagir, is, apart from all other con siderations, the fittest Asiatic with whom to compare the simi larly warlike and intrusive Iroquois. The third family of North American Turanians, but really No. 4.] CAMPBELL — AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES. 201 the first of the three in geographical order, and therefore prob ably the last in chronological, is the Dacotah. Some of its tribes contain the finest specimens of native humanity on the continent, and some have exhibited a degree of culture much in advance of other northern aborigines. They are essentially landsmen like the Iroquois and Choctaws, and, like them, never dreamed of an insular heaven. The past few years have shewn that even now they retain their old indomitable spirit, for they are to the United States what the Koriaks are to Russia. They have their traditions of a deluge, like the Iroquois, Choctaws, Cherokees and Caddos, traditions that do not appear in the Algonquin and Malay- Polynesian areas, but which flourish in Kamtchatka and other Peninsular regions. They are in fact unadulterated Tura nians. Nor can they have long been occupants of American soil, for their language bears traces too clearly defined of a Peninsular origin to have stood the wear and tear of many centuries. Lieut. Clifford, R.N., in his short preface to the Loo Choo vocabulary in Basil Hall's voyages, calls attention to the fact that the infini tive or simple form of the verb in that language ends in ng pre ceded by a vowel, as in coyoong bite, ooyoong break, nintonng die. siwmotovij dwell, katchimiiiig shako, irrcerhong bake, tVc. This is prccssely what we find in the Dacotah proper or Sioux, as in opetong buy, Joining sing, morning steal, noluoig hear, echovg make, itmiiyutig heal, &e. But in Kamtchatdale the simple form of the verb ends in tsh, a totally different form. Thus hwatshqitihotslt is to see, koogntsch to cry, knssoogntsh to langh, htshccmgutsh to sing, houhilkitsrh to lie down, hmrixitch to go, koqiiasitch to come, &c. But here again, in spite of the apparent diversity of the form from that of the Dacotah, evidence of relationship is manifest, for the Assiuiboin, a Dacotah dialect, exhibits the Kamtchatdale form. Examples are icunnaeatch go, eistimmatch sleep, aatch speak, u-auktaitch kill, mtumnahgatch see, aingatch sit, mahmiitch walk, &c. This double identity in the form of a part of speech establishes a closer connection than that which is afforded by a common1 -syntax, and links the Daco tahs unmistakeably with the stock to which the people of Loo Choo and the Kamtchatdales belong. Nor is the vocabulary wanting in confirmation of sueh a connection, as may be seen from the following brief comparison : 202 THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. [Vol. ix. Dacotah. arm ada Hidatsa. shoulder. . . .hiyete Dacotah. bad shicha " bone hidu Hidatsa. boat wata Dacotah. boy, son eeneek Winnebago. blood idi Hidatsa. bull, buffalo.bisha Upsaroka. child wahcheesh Dacotah. cold sinnee " ice cagha " day cang " dog shong Assiniboin. ear akuhi Hidatsa. father ate Dacotah. fire pytshi Winnebago. fish ho Dacotah, poh Mandan. foot siha Dacotah, itsi Minetaree. good shusu Mandan, uohta Dacotah. hair pahhee tl nijihah Quappa. head pahhih Quappa, nahsso Winne- heart cangte Dacotah. [bago. hot dsashosh Mandan. man wica Dacotah. oeeteka " moon minnatatche Upsaroka. mother enah Dacotah. mouth iiptshappah Minetaree. neck apeeh " night hangy etu Dacotah, small ecat Upsaroka. star peekahhai Otto. sun wee Dacotah. water midi Hidatsa. ninah Winnebago. wife, woman.. enauh Osage, wingy Dacotah. tawicu Dacotah. wakka-angka Dacotah. lake tehha Winnebago. leaf ape Dacotah. grass pezi " sick yazang " white ataki Hidatsa. make echong Dacotah. write akakashi Hidatsa. die, death . .tehe Hidatsa, tha Dacotah. 2 dopa Hidatsa. 3 none Otto. 5 kihu Hidatsa. 6. thata loway. 7 shagoa Assiniboin. 8 dopapi Hidatsa. Peninsular. ude Japanese. kada " kuso " cutsi Loo Choo. agwat Koriak. iegnika Tchuktchi. tji Japanese. woushe Loo Choo. vassasso Insu. anu Tchuktchi. cigu Koriak. gaunak Tchuktchi. ing Loo Choo. qui Corea. atta Tchuktchi. pangitsh Kamtchatka. eo Loo Choo, iwo Japanese. assi, atschi Japanese. jukka Japanese, hota Corea. bode Corea, nujak Tchuktchi. bosi Loo Choo, naskok " sing Japanese. attisa Loo Choo. uika Tchuktchi. otoko Japanese. man gets " anak Tchuktchi. jeep Corea. kubi Loo Choo. unnjuk Tchuktchi. ekitachtu '* fosi Japanese. fimeze Loo Choo. nouna Tchuktchi. innago Loo Choo. takki " aganak Tchuktchi. touga " ba Japanese. phee Corea. yadong Loo Choo. attagho Kamtchatka. ootchoong Loo Choo. kaku Japanese. tokok Tchuktchi. dupk Aino. nee Loo Choo. goo *' ittitse Japanese. siz " duhpyhs Aino. In the above, as well as in other verbal comparisons made in these papers, it must be remembered that the scanty materials in my possession ^prevent anything like a full representation of No. 4.] CAMPBELL — AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES. 203 the agreement between the languages compared. This is espe cially the case with the Assiniboin and Kamtchatdale, which have been found to agree so remarkably in the simple form of the verb. Sufficient evidence, however, has been afforded of the Peninsular origin of the Dacotahs. The question naturally occurs, " At what point did the Tura nian Americans first appear upon the continent ? " That point can be no other than the termination of the Aleutan chain, which extends from tbe coast of Kamtchatka to the peninsula of Alaska or even to Cook's Inlet. There we find at least four different Indian families. One of them is the Esquimaux or Innuit, whose dialects do indeed contain many Peninsular (Tchuktchi, &c.) words, but whose affinities are greater with the Greenlanders on the one hand and the Asiatic Samoyeds on the other, the very word Inuuit being the Samoyed vnnrtr, man. Next come the Thlinkeets or Koljush, a people in some respects superior to the Esquimaux, in whose language the termination in I and tl, so characteristic of the Nahuatl or Mexican, first makes its appear ance. These I would incline to associate with the Yukahiri of Siberia, and with the mask-using tribes of the Aleutan chaiu. Following the Thlinkeets appears ¦¦ vast family of tribes extend ing from the Yukon to Mexico and from Cook's Inlet to the Algonquin Crec region about Hudson's Bay. These are the Tinneh Indians, whose name, derived from the word denoting man, language, physical appearance, character, dress and appli ances, religion, manners and customs, connect them with the Siberian Tungus. And, lastly, we find in the north-western part of this same area a number of tribes known as American Tchuktchis, Tchugaz, Aliaskas, etc., who have generally been regarded as part of the Esquimaux stock, from which, however, they are well differentiated. These American Tchuktchis or Tchugaz possess a language identical with that of their Asiatic namesakes and constitute one family with them, the connecting links being found in the Aleutans proper, the Unalashkans and and the Kadiak tribes. A sketch of Aleutan grammar furnished by Governor Furnhelm, is contained in the first volume of Con tributions to American Ethnology, but as it is so vague as to supply absolutely no information in regard to cardinal points of syntax, the vocabulary must be our test of relationship between the Aleutan and Peninsular languages. In numerals the Asiatic Tchuktchis agree with the Kadiak and Tchugaz of America. 204 THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. [Vol. IX. Tchuktchi American. 1. ataschek attutschik Kadiak, Tchugaz. atakan Aleutan, atokeu Unalashkan. 2. malgok ,\ mallok, ulcha Kadiak, atlcha Tchugaz, allnk Aleutan, arlok Unalashkan. 3. pingaju pingaiun Kadiak, pingaijua Tchugaz, kankus Aleutan, kankoo Unalashkan. 4. ischtamat schtamu Kadiak, tschitaami Tchugaz, setschen Aleutan, seecheen Unalashkan. 5. tatlimat tadlimu Kadiak, talliimi Tchugaz, tschan Aleutan, chaan Unalashkan. 6. awinljak agvinligin Kadiak, achoinlign Tchugaz, atun Aleutan, atoon Unalashkan. 7. malguk malchungin Kadiak, malchomin Tchugaz. olung Aleutan, ooloon Unalashkan. 8. pigajunga ingeljulin Kadiak, Tchugaz, kaltschin, kamtshing Aleutan, kancheen Unalashkan. 9. agbinlik koljungojan Kadiak, Tchugaz. schyset Aleutan, seecheen Unalashkan. 10. kulle kollin Kadiak, koln Tchugaz, hasuk Aleutan. The ordinary vocabulary exhibits the near relationship of the transitional Aleutans and their American cousins with the- Pen insular family, Peninsulae. Aleutan, etc. arm ude Japan, setto Kamtchatka. tsha Aleutan, aiigit Kadiak. arrow eeaioo Choo. kio Aliaska. belly '. .ksoch Kamtchatka. aksyek Kadiak. blood. auka, aukwe Tchuktchi. auk KadiaJc, auku Tchugaz. messou Kamtchatka. amgyk Aleutan. boy, son . ...paca, pahatsh " abagutaga, awakutta Kadiak. iegnika Tchuktchi. anekthok Aleutan, tanoghak " black tanjachtu ' ' tannechtuk Kadiak, tannacktok Tchugaz. brother .... ;kiodai Japan. ehoyotha Aleutan, ooyitaga ani " angaga Kadiak. [Kadiak. copper kanujak Tchuktchi. kanujak Aleutan, Kadiak, kannah cold kanjukakok " kinakak Aleutan. [Tchugaz. ice cigu Koriak, tehikuta Tchuktchi. caguk Tchugaz, tsiku Kadiak. death tokok Tchuktchi. tokok " tokook " day gaunak, aghynak Tchuktchi. achanak " chanak " dog kossa Kamtchatka. uikuk Aleutan. aikok " earth nana Tehuktchi. nuna Tchugaz, Kadiak. nutenut Koriak. tannak Aleutan, tannok Unalash- tjidsi Japan. tshekak Aleutan. [ka. eat kamoong Loo Choo. kaangen " eye lilengi Koriak. ingelak Kadiak. egg manni Tchuktchi. mannek " father atta, attaka " ataga Kadiak, ataaka Tchugaz. athan Aleutan, adan Unalashkan. fire eknok Tchuktchi, finoko, Japan, kignak " knok Kadiak. fish ikahlik Tchuktchi. ikalljuk Kadiak. foot ijuk Tchuktchi, atschi Japan. iuch, idchuk " gitkat ,l kita Aleutan. give tunni " tunnm Kadiak, tuneeohoo Tchugaz. ozagadi Loo Choo. agada Aleutan, akatscha Unalath- good matschinka Tchuktchi. matschiskuk Aleutan. [ka. No. 4.] CAMPBELL — AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES. 205 Peninsular. Alkutan. etc. girl, daughter, pannika Tchuktchi. punniaka Kadiak. hllir nujet " noget " Duett Tchugaz. beard ugnit " ugnit " nngit " head naskok " naskok " Tchugaz. 1'fe inotji, Japan. anghogikoo Aleutan. man otoko " toioch '• uika Tchulctchijicbkets&LooChoo. ugig Aleutan, uika Kadiak, £c. moon tsuki Japan. tugidak Aleutan. tankuk Tchuktchi. tangeik Tchugaz. mother anak " anak Aleut, annaga Kadiak, Tchugaz night unnjuk " amgik " unuk ' " no poodong Corea. ped-.k Kadiak. nose chynga Tchuktchi, kaankaang anghosin Aleutan, knak Kadiak. Kamtchatka. woman.. . . . .innago Lao Choo. angagenak Aleutan. aganak Tehuktchi. agimnk Kadiak. nulliak " nuleka " Such examples may be multiplied indefinitely. From those that have been given it appears that the Aleutan and Unalashkan, while differing in some respects from the Kadiak and Tchugaz. still exhibit ample evidence of a common derivation with them from the Peninsular family. Many of the words in all of these languages are found in the Innuit or Esquimaux dialects, but in spite of this it may be said that there is between the Alcutan- Kadiak and the Esquimaux a radical difference in vocabulary. Still they have largely influenced each other, and traces of this influeuce are not wanting in the Dacotah and other southern languages of Turanian origin. Thus the Dacotah dpi, Yankton teepee, Assiniboin trili, house or tent, is undoubtedly the Esqui maux topek, tupi'h, and many like examples of Innuit influeuce might be afforded. The. relations of the Transitional Turanians, as we may term the Aleutans, Kadiaks or Kaniagmutes, &c, with the Dacotahs, admit of ample illustration from the vooabulary. Transitional. Dacotah. bad kabigwaskak Kadiak. kubbook Umaroka. boy, son awakutta " sknkatto '" anokthnk Aleutan. eeneok Winnebago. 4c. oold tshikok Tchugaz. tasaka Dacotah. kinnknk Aleutan. shineohush Mandan. potsnatok Kadiak. oisnaitoh Atsiniboin. day chanak " eang Dacotah. hunnukhpak " (to-day) aungpa }~.ni*font anipa Dacotah. dog piuohta 7V/iii.;i/:. biska Upsaroka. eat pittooaga Kadiak. wotn Dacotah. wautah Assiniboin. eye thaok Aleutan. eshtike Dacotah. father ataka Kadiak. ate athan Aleutan. tantai Miiutar,,. foot itiatA.ufi.il-. itsi 206 THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. [Vol. Transitional. good assiktok Kadiak. great taangoellik Aleutan. angoch Kadiak. hand shuwanka " head..- naskok " heart kanogh Aleutan. husband oogeen '' knife mina Aliaska. man uika Kadiak., ugig Aleutan. toioch Aleutan. mother annak '' night unuk Tchugaz. nose padzsheeguak Kadiak (nostril) rain kedak " tree kunnakat " wood opohak " woman angagenak Aleutan. name assia Aleutan, atcha Kadiak. die, death . -tokok Tchugaz. see tangha Kadiak. Dacotah. itsicka Upsaroka. tangka Dacotah. honska ¦' onka Mandan. nahsso Winnebago, naso Otto, &c. cangte Dacotah. eekunah Winnebago. meena Yankton. wica Dacotah oeeteka " enah " hangyetu " pute, pasu Dacotah, peso Otto. hade Hidatsa. cang Dacotah. pazu " wingyan " caze Dacotah, dazi Hidatsa. tehe Hidatsa. tongwang Dacotah. Similar relations appear in the Wyandot-Iroquois. Transitional. Wyandot-Iroquois. boat kaiyakh Kadiak. gya Huron. mother choyotha Aleutan. caukotka Tuscarora. ooyitaga Kadiak. jattatege Onondaga. copper kanooyat " kanadzia //-oquois. come taieechook *' dague Iroquois. day ukhno " egnisera Mohawk. drink taangatha Aleutan. uttanote Seneca. fire kunok Tchugaz. yoneks Tuscarora. foot kita Aleutan. achita Huron, sita Iroquois. give akatsha Unalashka. wahetky Iroquois. go itsha Aleutan. yehateatyese Mohawk. Jichook Kadiak. bigue Iroquois. hand shuwanka, aiigit Kadiak. sesnonke Mohawk, chotta, Iroquois head angloon " onoalagone Iroquois. leg irruhka " orusay Tuscarora. life. anghogikoo teuton. yonhe Mohawk. moon eghaloak Kadiak. kelanquaw " Dose anghosin Aleutan. enuchsake Cayuga. river kuik Tchugaz. kaihyoehakouh Mohawk. snow kanneek Aleutan. ouniyeghte " speak yukhten Kadiak. haguetaa Iroquois. star sthak Aleutan. ojistok Mohauk. tongue agbnak a honachu, Iroqunis. tooth choodit, hutuka Kadiak. otoatseh Tuscarom. noontinga Tchugaz. onotchia Iroquois. water nunak " ohneka " taangak Aleutan. tsandooste^ek Huron. wind kaiyaik Kadiak. gao Iroquois. woman aiyagar Aleutan. eehro *' angagenak " onheghtye Mohawk. aganak Kadiak. ekening Tuscarora. god aghuguch Aleutan. ocki Huron. salt attagbok Kadiak. hotchiketa Iroquois. No. 4.] CAMPBELL — AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES. 207 The same are found in the Cherokee-Choctaw. Transitional. Cherokee-Choctaw. arm ipik Kadiak. sakpa Muskogulge. blood auk " issish Chickasaw. amgyk Aleutan. homma Choctaw. boy, son . . . .abagutaga Kadiak. pooskoos " bird cipsu Aleutan. hushi " gooso Ilak " shilaklak " mother angaga Kadiak. nocksish " child ooskulik Aleutan. ulla '• dog pewatit Kadiak. ophe " oar tottusnk Aleutan. istohuchtsko Muxkogulf/c. fish ikalljuk Kadiak. kullo Choctaw, agaula Cherokee. go annowa ¦' angya Chortatr, good assiktok Tchugaz. seoh>ta.|ua Cherokee. head ischigi Aleutan. ecau Mu.ko