'i..AtJ.tA^..ls iifHaiMifitililiimi^ltii I imii 4 4? ^'^- T,. A. J Il r >> 1 1 I I h.S !U* 1- # I' ! f i! * Si^i, aSSilWiiaME^ /US- THE RIVER-NAMES EUROPE. BY ROBEET EEEGUSON. WILLIAMS & NORGATE, 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON; AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH, CARLISLE : R. & J. STEBa!!. 1862. PREFACE. The object of the present work is to arrange and explain the names of European Kivers on a more comprehensive principle than has hitherto been at tempted in England, or, to the best of ray belief, in Germany. I am conscious that, like every other work of the same sort, it must necessarily, and without thereby impugning its general system, be subject to correction in many points of detail. And in particular, that some of its opinions might be modified or altered by a more exact knowledge of the characteristics of the various rivers than can possibly in aU cases come ¦within the scope of individual research. Among the writers to whom I am most indebted is Ernst Forstemann, who, in the second volume of his Altdeutsches Namenbuch, (the first consisting of the names of persons), has collected, explained, and where possible, identified, the ancient names of places in Germany. The dates affixed to most of the German rivers are taken from this work, and refer to tne earliest mention of the name in charters or elsewhere. I also refer here, because I find that I have not, as usual, given the titles elsewhere, to Mr.- E. S. Char- nook's " Local Etymology," and to the work of Gluck, entitled " Die bei 0. Julius Osesav vorkommende Kel- tische namen." EGBERT FEEGUSON. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. The first wave of Asian immigration that swept over Europe gave names to the great features of nature, such as the rivers, long before the wandering tribes that composed it settled down into fixed habitations, and gave names to their dwellings and their lands. The names thus given at the outset may be taken therefore to contain some of the most ancient forms of the Indo-European speech. And once given, they have in many, if not in most cases remained to the present day, for nothing affords such strong resist ance to change as the name of a river. The smaller streams, variously called in England and Scotland brooks, becks, or bums, whose course extended but for a few mUes, and whose shores were portioned out among but a few settlers, readily yielded up their 2 INTRODUCTION. ancient names at the bidding of their new masters. But the river that flowed past, coming they knew not whence, and going they knew not whither — upon whose shores might be hundreds of settlers as well as themselves, and all as much entitled to give it a name as they — was naturally, as a mat ter of common convenience, allowed to retain its original appellation. Nevertheless, it might happen that a river, such as the Danube, which runs more than a thousand miles as the crow flies — being divided between two great and perfectly dis tinct races, might, as it passed through the two different countries, be called by two different names. So we find that while ia its upper part it was called the Danube, in its lower part it was known as the Ister — the former, says Zeuss (Die Deutschen), being its Celtic, and the latter its Thracian name. So the Saone also was anciently known both as the Arar and the Saucorma — the latter, according to Zeuss, being its INTRODUCTION. 3 Celtic name. And Latham, (Tacitus, Ger- mania,) makes a similar suggestion respect ing the Rhine — "It is not likely that the Batavians of Holland, and the Helvetians of Switzerland, gave the same name to the very different parts of their common river." It does not follow then as a matter of course — though we must accept it as the general rule — that the name by which a river is known at the present day, when it happens to be different from that recorded in history, is in all cases the less ancient of the two. There might originally have been two names, one of which has been preserved in history, and the other retained ia modem use. It is also to be observed, that in the case of one race coming after another — say Ger mans or Slaves after Celts — while the new comers retained the old names, they yet often added a word of their own signifying water or river. The result is that many names are compounded of two words of different languages, and in not a few cases both sig nifying water. 4 INTRODUCTION. The names thus given at the outset were of the utmost simplicity, rarely, if ever, con taining a compound idea. They were indeed for the most part simple appellatives, being most commonly nothing more than words signifying water. But these words, once established as names, entered into a different category. The words might perish, but the names endured. The words might change, but the names did not follow their changes. Inasmuch as they were both subject to the same influences, they would most probably in the main be similarly affected by them. But inasmuch as the names were independent of the language, they would not be regulated in their changes by it. Moreover, in their case a firesh element came into operation, for, being frequently adopted by races speaking a different language, they became subject to the special phonetic tendencies of the new tongue. The result is that many names, which probably contained originally the same word, appear in a variety of different INTRODUCTION. 5 forms. The most important phonetic modi fications I take to be those of the kind re ferred to in the next chapter. There is no branch of philological enquiry which demands a wider range than that of the origin of the names of rivers. All trace of a name may be lost in the language in which it was given — we may have to seek for its likeness through the whole Indo- European family — and perhaps not find it till we come at last to the parent Sanscrit. Thus the name of the Humber is probably of Celtic origin, but the only cognate words that we find are the Latin iniber and the Gr. ofji^pos, tin we come to the Sansc. ambu, water. Celtic also probably are the names of the Hodder and the Otter, but the words most nearly cognate are the Gr. vSoop and the Lith. audra, (fluctus), tUl we come to the Sansc. ud, water. Again, there are others on which we can find nothing whatever to throw fight till we come to the Sanscrit. Such are the. 6 INTRODUCTION. Drave and the Trave, for which Bopp pro poses Sansc. dravas, flowing. And the Arve in Savoy, which I cannot explain till I come to the Sansc. arh or arv, to ravage or des troy, cognate with Lat. orho, Eng. orphan, &c. And — ^far as we have to seek for it — • how true the word is, when found, to the character of that devastating stream ; and how it will come home to the frequenters of the vale of Chamouni, who well remember how, within the last few years, its pretty home-steads were rendered desolate, and their ruined tenants driven out Hke "or phans" into the world ! With such fury does this stream, when swoUen by the melted snows, cast its waters into the Rhone, thai it seems to drive back the latter river into the lake from whence it issues. And BuUet relates that on one occasion in 1572, th© mUls of Geneva driven by the current of the Rhone were made for some hours to revolve in the opposite direction, and to grind their com backwards. INTRODUCTION. 7 Thus then, though we may take it that the prevailing element in the river-names of Europe is the Celtic, we must turn for assistance to aU the languages that are cog nate. And, for the double reason of their great antiquity and their great simphcity, we shaU often find that the nearer we come to the fountain-head, the clearer and the more distinct wUl be the derivation. It will be seen also throughout the whole of these pages that, in examining the names of rivers, we must take not only a wide range of phUo- logical enquiry, but also an extensive com parison of these names one with another. The first step in the investigation is of course to ascertain, whenever it is possible, the most ancient forms in which these names are found. We should scarcely suspect a relationship between our Itchen and the French lonne, if we did not know that the ancient name of the one was Icene, and of the other Icauna. Nor would we suppose that the Rodden of Shropshire was identical 8 INTRODUCTION. with the French Rhone, did we not know that the original name of the latter was the RhodSnus. In this, as in most other departments of , philology, the industry of the Germans has been the most conspicuous. And Ernst Forstemann in particular, who has extracted and coUated the ancient names of places in Germany up to the 12th cent., has furnished a store of the most valuable materials. And yet after aU there wiU be occasions on which aU the resources of phUology will be unavailing. Then we can but gather together the members of the family and wait till science shaU reveal us something of their parentage. Thus the Alme that wanders among the pleasant meads of Devon — ^the Aim that flows by the quaint dwellings of the thrifty Dutch — the Alma that courses through the dark pine forests of the far North — ^the Almo that waters the sacred vale of Egeria — and the Alma, whose name brings sorrow and pride to many an English INTRODUCTION. household — all contain one wide-spread and forgotten word, at the meaning of which we can but darkly guess. 10 ON THB ENDING'S CHAPTER IL ON THE ENDINGS a, en, er, es, et, el. We find that whUe there are many names of rivers which contain nothing more than the simple root from which they are derived, as the Cam, the Rhine, the Elbe, the Don, &c., there are others which contain the same root with various endiags, of which the prin cipal are a, en, er, es, et, el. Thus the Roth in Germany, contains a simple root ; the Roth(a), Roth(er), and Rodd(en) in Eng land, and the Rot (el) in Germany, contain the same with four different endings. The German Ise shows a simple root, and the Germ. Is(ar), Is(en), Eng. Is(is), Dutch Yss(el), Russ. Iss(et), shew the same with five different endings. So we have in England the Tame, the Tam(ar), and the Tham(es), &c. The question is — what is the value and meaning of these various ad ditions 1 A, EN, EB, ES, ET, EL. 1 1 With respect to the ending in a, found in some English rivers, there is reason to think that it is a word signifying water — the Old Norse d, Goth, ahva, Lat. aqua, &o. So that the a in Rotha may be the same as the a in the Norwegian Beina and the Swedish Tornea — as the au in the Germ. Donau (Danube) ¦ — and as the ava in the Moldava of Aus- ¦ trian Poland. Others of these endings have by different writers been supposed to be also words sig nifying water. Thus Donaldson (Varroni- anusj, takes the ending es to have that meaning. And Forstemann, though more cautiously, makes the same suggestion for the termination ar or er. " I allow myself here the enquiry whether possibly the river- names, which contain an ar as the conclud ing part bf the word may not be compound ed with this unknown word for a river ; to assume a simple suffix seems to me in this case rather niggardly." So also the ending en has been supposed by some of our own 12 ON THE ENDINGS Celtic scholars, as Armstrong and O'Brien, to be the same as the Welsh avert,, Gael. amhainn, water or river, an opinion which has also, though to a more limited extent, received the sanction of Pott. There are various minor objections to the above theories which I forbear to urge, because I think that the main argument against them is to be found in the manner in which these endings run through the whole European system of river-names. And it seems to me therefore more reasonable to refer them to a. general principle which pervades the Indo- European languages, than to a particular- word of a particular language. The prin-. ciple I refer to is that of phonetic accretion, and it is that upon which the above word aven or amhainn, is itself formed firom a simple root, by one of the very endings in question, that in en. Instead then of ex plaining — as the foUowers of the above sys tem have done — ^the Saone (Sagonna), by the Celt, sogh-an, " sluggish river", I prefer A, EN, ER, ES, ET, EL. 13 to point to the general principle upon which the root sogh has the power, so to speak, of making itself into soghan {e.g. m li&t.segn-is.) Not but that the principle contended for by the above writers may obtain in some cases : the Garumna, ancient name of the Garonne, looks like one of them, though even in this case I think that the latter may be the proper form, and the former only a euphonism of the Latin poets : the geographers, as Ptolemy, caU it Garunna. Then again the question arises whether, seeing that en and es in the Celtic tongues, and el in the Germanic, have the force of diminution, this may not be the mean ing in the names of rivers. Zeuss, (Die Deutschen), suggests this in the case of the Havel and the Moselle ; but seeing that one of these rivers has a course of 180 and the other of 265 miles, I think they might rather be adduced to prove that these endings are not diminutive. We may cite also the Yssel and the Albula (Tiber), both 14 ON THE ENDINGS large rivers, with this ending. While in Ger many we have two rivers close together, thq great and Httle Arl, (anc. Aria, or Arila) — here seems the very case for a diminutive, yet both rivers have the same ending. Not but that there are instances of a diminutive in river-names, but they seem of later for mation. Thus there is no reason to doubt that the French Loiret, which is a small river falling into the large one, means " the little Loire." Etymology in this case is in perfect accord with the facts. Upon the whole, then, I am inclined to the opinion, which seems in the main that of Forstemann, that, at least as the general rule, these endings are simply phonetic, and that they have no meaning whatever. In our own and the cognate languages, en is the principal phonetic particle — e.g., English bow, Germ, hogen — Germ, rabe, Eug. ravew —Lat. virgo, Fr. vierge, Eng. virgw. But we have also traces in English of a simUar phonetic er, (see Latham's Handbook of A, EN, ER, ES, ET, EL. 15 the Eng. Language, p. 199j. The general reader wiU understand better what is here intended by comparing our words maid and maidew. Between these two words there is not the slightest shade of difference as re gards meaning — the ending en is merely added for the sake of the sound, or, in other words, it is phonetic. Jiist the same differ ence then that there is between our words maid and maiden I take to be between the names of our rivers Lid and Lidden. The ending in both cases serves, if I may use the expression, to give a sort of finish to the word. The question then arises — supposing these endings to be phonetic — -were they given in the first instance, or have they accrued in after times 1 It is probable that both ways might obtain; indeed we have some evidence to shew that the latter has sometimes been the case. Thus the Medina in the Isle of Wight was once caUed the Mede, and the Shannon of Ireland stands in Ptolemy as 16 ON THE ENDINGS the Senus. On the other hand cases are more fi-equent in which the ending has been dropped. Thus the Yare is caUed by Ptol emy the Garrhuenus, i.e., the Garron or Yarron. And the Teme appears in Anglo- Saxon charters as the Tam6de or Temede. Indeed the Thames itself would almost seem, by having become a monosyUable, to have taken the first step of a change which has been arrested for ever. So in Germany the BiUe, Ohm, Orre, and Bordau, appear in charters of the 8th and 9th cent., as the BUena, Amana, Oorana, and Bordine. And in France the Isara and the Oscara have in modern times become respectively the Oise and the Ousche ; in both these two cases the ending er has been dropped ; for Oise = ^s, not isar ; and Ousche = osc, not oscar. This latter principle, is indeed only in accordance with the general tendency of language towards what Max MuUer terms " phonetic decay" — a principle which seems less active in the rude than in the cultivated A, EN, ER, ES, ET, EL. 1 7 stages of society. It would appear as if civilization sought to compensate itself for the increased requirements of its expression, by the simpHfication of its forms, and the rejection of its superfluous sounds. Upon the whole then I think that as the general rule these endings have been given in the first instance, and that they have but rarely accrued in after times. Such being the case, though in one point of view they may be caUed phonetic, as adding nothing to the sense, yet in another point of view they may be ca,Ued formative, as being the particles by means of which words are con structed out of simple roots. And of the names in the following pages, a great part, in some language, or in some dialect, are stiU Hving words. And those that are not, are formed regularly upon the same principle, common to the Indo-European system. 18 ON THE MEANING CHAPTER IIL ON THE MEANING OF RIVER-NAMES. The names of rivers may be divided into two classes, appeUative and descriptive — or in other words, into those which describe a river simply as "the water" or "the river," and those which refer to some special quaHty or property of its own. In the case of a descriptive name we may be sure that it has been given — not fi-om any fine-drawn attribute, but from some obvious characteristic — ^not from anything which we have to seek, but firom something which, as the French say, " saute aux yeux." If a stream be very rapid and impetuous — if its course be winding and tortuous — if its waters be very clear or very turbid — these are all marked features which would naturally give it a name. OF RIVER-NAMES. 19 But such derivations as the foUowing from BuUet can only serve to provoke a smUe. Thus of the Wandle in Surrey he says — " Abounding in excellent trouts — van, good, dluz, a trout." (I much fear that the "exceUent trouts" have been made for the derivation, and not the derivation for the trouts.) Of the Irt in Cumberland he says — " Pearls are found in this river. Irt signifies surprising, prodigious, marveUous." MarveUous indeed ! But Bullet, though nothing can be more chUdish than many of his etymological processes, has the merit of at least taking pains to find out what is actually the notable feature in each case under con sideration, a point which the scholarly Ger mans sometimes rather neglect. River-names, in relation to their meaning, may be ranked under seven heads. 1. Those which describe a river simply as " the water," " the river." ParaUel with this, and under the same head, we may take the words which describe a river 20 ON THE MEANING as " that which flows," because the root- meaning of most ofthe words signifying water is, that which flows, that which runs, that which goes. Nevertheless, there may be sometimes fine shades of difference which we cannot now per ceive, and which would remove the names out of this class into the next one. 2. Those which, passing out of the appeUa tive into the descriptive, characterize a river as that which runs violently, that which flows gently, or that which spreads widely. 3. Those which describe a river by the nature of its course, as winding, crooked, or otherwise. 4. Those which refer to the quality of its waters, as clear, bright, turbid, or other wise. 5. Those which refer to the sound made by its waters. 6. Those which refer to the nature of its OF RIVER-NAMES. 21 source, or the manner of its formation, as by the confluence of two or more streams. 7. Those which refer to it as a boundary or as a protection. Under one or other of the above heads may be classed the greater part ofthe river- names of Europe. And how dry and unimaginative a list it is ! We dive deep into the ancient language of Hindostan for the meaning of words, but we recaU none of the religious veneration to the personified river which is so strikingly manifest even to the present day. As we read in the Vedas of three thousand years ago of the vay-farers suppHcating the spirit of the stream for a safe passage, so we read in the newspapers of to-day of the pUgrims, as the train rattled over the iron bridge, casting their propitiatory offerings into the river below. We seek for word-meanings in the classical tongue of Greece, but they come up tinged with no colour of its grace- 22 ON THE MEANING ful myths. Few and far between are the cases — and even these are doubtful, to say the least — ^in which anything of fancy, of poetry, or of mythology, is to be traced in the river-names of Europe. OF RIVER-NAMES. 23 CHAPTER IV. APPELLATIVES. The great river of India, whicli has given its name to that country, is derived from Sansc. sindu, Persian hindu, water or sea. It was known to the ancients under its pre sent name 500 years B.C. Another river of Hindostan, the Sinde, shews more exactly the Sansc. form, as the Indus does the Per sian. It wUl be seen that there are some other instances of this word in the ancient or modern river-names of Europe. 1. India. The Indus and the Sindk. Asia Minor. Indus ant., now the Tavas. France. Indis ant., now the Dain. Germomy. Inda, 9th cent. The Inde near Aix-la-ChapeUe. Norway. The Inda. 2. With the ending er. France. The Indre. Joins the Loire. The most widely spread root is the Sansc. ap, Goth, ahva, Old High Germ, aha, Old 24 APPELLATIVES. Norse d, Ang.-Sax. ea, Lat. aqua, &c. With the form ahva Fiirst connects Ahava as the name of a river in the district of Babylon, mentioned in Ezra, chap. 8, v. 21 — "Then I proclaimed a fast there at the river of Ahava." But from the 15th verse it would rather seem that Ahava was a place and not a river — " and I gathered them together to the river that runneth to Ahava." The place might certainly, as in many other cases, take its name from the river on which it stood, but this is one step further into the dark. From the root ab or ap is formed Latin amnis, a river, corresponding, as Diefenbach suggests, with a Sansc. abnas. Also the Celt, auwon, avon, abhain, or amhain, of the same meaning, from the siraple form found in Obs. Gael, abh, water. The Old German aha, awa, ava, or afa, signifying water or river, is added to many names of that country which are themselves probably of Celtic or other origin ; the form in Modem German is generally ach or au. The ending. APPELLATIVES. 25 in a of some EngHsh rivers, as the Rotha, Bratha, &c., I have already suggested, chapter 3, may be from the same origin; this form corresponds most nearly with the Scandinavian. There are one or two, as the Caldew in Cumberland, which seem to show the Germ, form au or ow. The ending ick or ock in several Scotch rivers, as the Ban nock and the Errick, may be firom a word of simUar meaning, most probably the obs. Gael. oich. I divide the widely spread forms firom this root for convenience into two groups, ap or av, and ach or ah. The relation between the consonants is shown in the Gr. 'itt-ttos, Lat, equus, Ang.-Sax. eoh, horse, three words sim Uarly formed from one root. The European names in the following group I take to be most probably from the Celtic — the Asiatic, if they come in, must be referred to the Sanscrit, or a kindred and coeval tongue. 1. England. The Ivb. Cumberland. Portugal, The Avia. 26 APPELLATIVES. Germany. Ippa, 8th cent., now the Ipf— here ? Asia Minor. Htpius ant. — here ? 2. With the ending en = Celtic auwon, avon, abhain, amhain, Lat amnis. England. Scotland. France. Germany. Hindostan. Asia Minor. Syria. France. Germany. Spain. Thrace. England. .Germany. The Avon and Evan. Many rivers in England, Scotland, and Wales. The Amon, near Edinburgh, also, hut less correctly, called the Al mond. The Aven., Dep. Einistlre. Amana, 8th cent., now the Ohm. Hypanis ant., now the Sutledge — here? EvENUS ant., now the Sandarli — here? Amnias ant., probably here. Abana ant., now the Barrada — here ? With the ending er. The AvEE. Dep. Eure. IvARUS, 2nd cent., now the Sal zach. Epae(aha), 8th cent., now the Ebk(ach). Iberus ant., now the Ebro. Hebrus ant., now the Maritza. With the ending el. The Ivel.* Somers. Apula, 9th cent. The Appel(bach) * Ilchester [=:lvel-cbester) situated on this river, is called in Ptolemy Ischalis, from which we may presume that the river was called the Ischal, a word which would be a synonyme of Ivel. APPELLATIVES. 27 Hungary. The Ipolt or Evpel. Joins the Danube. 5. With the ending «s.* Germany. Ibisa, 8th cent. The Ips. Portugal. The Aviz. Siddy. Hypsas ant., now the Belici. Illyria. Apsus ant., now the Beratinos. A related form to No. 2 of the above group I take to be ain = Manx aon for avon. England. The Aune, Devonshire. The Ehen, Cumberland. The Inney, Corn wall. Germany. The Aenus of Tacitus, now the IsTN". The Ihna, Prussia. Greece. Oenus ant. — here ? And I place here also a form annas, which I take to be = Sansc. abnas, Latin amnis. India, The Annas. Gwalior. Germany. Anisa, 8th cent. The Ens in Austria. Piedmont. The Anza. Joins the Tosa. In the other form ah, ach, there may be more admixture of the German element * It seems rather probable that the ending es in these names is not a mere suffix. The Apsabus, ancient name of the Tchoruk in Armenia, and the Ipsala in Europ. Turkey, by superadding the endings er and et, go to show this. We might perhaps presume a Sansc. word abhas or o,phaB, with the meaning of river. 28 APPELLATIVES. But the EngHsh names, I take it, are aU Celtic. The form ock comes nearest to the obs. Gael. oich. 1. England. The Ock, Berks. The Oke, Devon. Scotland. The Oich, river and lake. The Awe, Argyle. The Eye, Berwicks. France. The Aa. Dep. Nord. Germany. The Aach and the Au. HoUand. The A A in Brabant. Eussia, The Oka and the Aa. 2. With the ending el. Scotland. The OiKELL. Sutherland. Germany. Aquila, 8th cent., now the Eichel. With the Sanscrit root ah or ap is to be connected Sanscrit ambu, ambhas, water, whence Latin imber and Gr. ofi/Spos. If the Abus of Ptolemy was the name of the river Humber, it contains the oldest and simplest form of the root. But the river is caUed the Humbre in the earHest Ang.-Sax. records. I class in this group also the forms in am and em. 1. England. The Emme. Berkshire. Svntzerland. The Emme. Holland. Ema, 1 Ofch ct., now the Eem — here 1 Sweden. The Umea. APPELLATIVES. 29 Asia. The Emba, also called the Djem. 2. With the ending en. Switzerland. The Emmen. Two rivers. 3. With the ending er. England. The Humber. Humbre, Cod. Dip. The Amber. Derbyshire. Germany. Ambra, 8th cent., now the Ammer, and the Emmer, Italy. Umbeo ant., now the Ombroite. 4. With the ending d. England. The Amble or Hamble. Hants. The Amele or Emele, now the Mole, in Surrey. Germany. The Hamel. Hanover. Belgium. Ambl(ava), 9th cent., now the Am- bl(eve). 5. With ihe ending es, perhaps = Sansc. ambhas, water. England. The Hamps, Stafford. France. The Amasse. Joins the Loire. Germany. Amisia, 1st cent. The Ems in West phalia. Emisa, 8th cent. The Ems in Nassau. 6. With the ending sf.* Asia. Ambastus ant. Now the Camboja. * This ending is not explained. Zeuss, comparing the endings er and si, suggests a comparative and superlative, which is not probable. In the present, as in some other cases, I take it to be only a phonetic form of sa, and make Ambastus properly Ambassus. But in soifie other cases, as that of the Nestus, which compares with Sansc. nisitas, fluid, it seems to be formative. 30 APPELLATIVES. The whole of the above forms are to be traced back to the Sanscrit verb ab or amb, signifying to move ; and that probably to a more simple verb d. The Old Norse d, Ang.- Sax. ed, water or river, contain then a root as primitive as language can show. We can resolve it into nothing simpler — ^we can trace it back to nothing older. And it is curious to note how the Latin aqua has, in the present French word eau, come round again once more to its primitive simplicity. Curious also to note to what phonetic proportions many of the words, as the Avon, the Hum ber, &c., have grown, and yet without adding one particle of meaning, as I hold, to the primeval d. The root of the following group seems to be Sansc. ux or uks, to water, whence Welsh wysg, Irish uisg. Old Belg. achaz, water or river. Hence also Eng. ooze, and according to Eichoff {Parrallele des langues), also wash. I.England. The Axe, Devon. The Axe, Somers. APPELLATIVES. 31 France. England. The Ash, WHts. Cod. Dip. Asce. The IsACA, or IscA (Ptolemy). The Exe. The Esk, Cumb. Eske, Yorks. The Esk, in Scotland, five rivers. The UsK, in Monmouthshire. The IsAC. Dep. Mayenne. The EsQUB. Normandy. The AcHASE. Dauphind Germany. Achaza, 1 0th cent. , now the Eschaz. AcAESE,t llth cent., now the Axe. The Ahse. Prussia. CEscus ant. Aces ant. (Herodotus), now the Oxus . or Amou. Axius ant., now the Vardar in Mace don.* Axus or Oaxes in Crete, stUl retains its name. Moisia. Asia. Greece. France, Asia, S. England. Germany. Eussia. With the ending en. AxoNA ant. (Csesar.) Now theAiSNE. Ascania ant. Two lakes, one in Phrygia, and the other in Bithynia. With the ending el. Uxella ant., (Richard of Cirences ter), supposed to be the Parret. The EsKLE, Hereford. IscALA, 8th cent. The Ischl, The OsKOL. Joins the Donetz. t This looks like a mistitke for Acasse. ? So that there is a river in Monmouth, and another in Macedon. 32 APPELLATIVES. 4. With the ending er. France. Oscaea ant., now the Ousche. Belgium. Hisscar, 9th cent., seems not to be identified. I am inclined to bring in here the root is, respecting which Forstemann observes that it is " a word found in river-names over a great part of Europe, but the etymology of which is as yet entirely unknown," I con nect it with the above group, referring also to the Old Norse is motus, isia, proruere, as perhaps aUied. I feel an uncertainty about bringing the name Ouse either in this group or the last, for two at least of the rivers so caUed are so very tortuous in their course as to make us think of the Welsh osgo, obliquity. 1. Germany. The Ise and the Eis(ach). Syria. Issus ant., now the Baias — here ? 2. With the ending en. Germany. Isana, 8th cent. The Isen. 3j With the ending er. France. Isara, 1st cent. B.C. , The Isere and the Oise.* • " Hysa nunc fluvii ^nomen est, qui antiguitus Hysara dicebatur." (Foloiiin. Gest, Abb. LohieM.) This seems not improbably to refer to tho Oise. APPELLATIVES. 33 Germany. Isara ant. The Isar. 4. With the ending d. Scotland. The Isla. Two rivers. France. The Isol£ HoUand. Isela, 8th cent., now the Yssel. Spain. The Esla. 5. With the ending es. England. The Isis, vulg. Ouse. 6. With the ending et. Siberia. The Isset, Joins the Tobol. 7. In a compound form. The Ister, or Danube, perhaps = Is-ster, from a word ster, a river, hereafter noticed. IsMENUS ant., in Bseotia. The endiag seems to be from a Celt, word man or mon, probably signifying water or river, and found in seve ral other naraes, as the Idumania of Ptolemy, now the Blackwater, the Alcmona of Ger many, now the Altmuhl, the Haliacmon of Macedonia, now the Yistritza, &c. Hesudeos, the ancient name of the Sutledge (Sansc. udra, water), may also come in. From the Sansc. ud, water — in comp. udra, as in samudra, the sea, i.e., coUection of waters, (see also Hesudros above) — come Sansc. udon, Gr. ''vSwp, Slav, woda, Goth. wato. Germ, wasser, Eng. water, Lith, audra, fluctus, &c. 34 APPELLATIVES. 1. Italy. Adua ant., now the Adda. Bohemia. The ¦W"at(awa). 2. With the ending en = Sansc. udon, water ? France. The Odon. Germany. Aden(oua), 10th cent., now the Aden(au). 3. With the ending er = Germ, wasser, Eng. wafer, &c. England. The Odder and the Otter. The WoDEE, Dorset. Woder, Cod. Dip. The Adue in Sussex. The Vedra of Ptolemy, now theWear, according to Pott, comes in here. France. Aturus ant., now the Adour. AuDURA ant., nsw the Eure. Germany. Odora ant., now the Oder. 'Wetter(aha), 8th cent., now the Wetter.* 4. With the ending rn.\ Germany. Adrana, 1st cent., now the Edee. Asia Minor. The Edrenos. Anc. Rhyndacus. 6. With the ending el. Eussia. The Vodla. Lake and river. * It, as Pott suggests, the Vedra ot Ptolemy=Eng. water, the Wetter would naturally come in here also. But some German writers, as Roth and Weigand, connect it with Germ, wetter, Eng. weatiier, in the sense, according to the flrst-named, cf the river which is affected by rain. t This ending may either be formed by the addition of a phonetic nto the ending er ; or it may be from a word ren, channel, river, hereafter noticed. APPELLATIVES. 35 To the above root I also put a form in ed, corresponding with Welsh eddain, to flow, Ang.-Sax. edre, a water-course, &c. I. With the ending en. England. The Eden. Cumberland. Probably the Ituna of Ptolemy. Scotland. The Eden and the Ythan. France. The Iton. Joins the Eure. 2. With the ending er. Scotland. The Ettr(ick). Joins the Tweed. GerTnany. Eitee(aha), 8th cent. TheEiTE(AOH)* the Eitbr(ach), and the Aitee- (ach). Denmark Eidora ant., now the Eider. 3. With fhe ending d. England. The Idle. Notts. 4. With the ending es. Gerrricmy. Idasa, 1 1th cent., now the Itz. With the above may perhaps also be classed the Celtic and or ant,-f to which Mone, (Die Gallische sprache), gives the meaning of water. 1. England. The Ant. Norfolk. * The Scotch Ettkiok and the Germ. Eixbaoh I take to be synoni- mous, though the ending in one case ia German, and in the other probably Gaelic. (Seep. 25) t Hence perhaps Anitabha [ahha, water), the Sansc. name of a river, not identified, in India. 36 APPELLATIVES. 2. With the ending en. England. The Anton.* Hants. 3. With the ending er. France. Andria ant. Now the Lindre. 4. With fhe ending el. France. The Andelle. Joias the Seine. Germany. Antil(awa), 10th cent., now the Andel(au). To the Celt, ''duhr, Welsh dw/r, water, are by common consent referred the names in the second division of the undermen tioned. But the forms dub, duv, which in accordance with the general system here ad vocated, I take to be the older and simpler form of the word, are, by Zeuss {Gramm. Celt.), as weU as most EngHsh writers, re ferred to Welsh du, Gael, duhh, black. 1. England. The DoVE. Staffordshire. The Dow. Yorkshire. Wales. ToBius ant., now the Towy. The DovY, Merioneth. France. Dubis ant., now the Doubs. The Doux, joins the Rhine. * Tacitus gives this name to the Avon— in mistake, as tbe Editor ot Smith's Ancient Geography suggests. But anton and awn seem to have been synonimous words for a river. APPELLATIVES. 37 With the ending er, forming fhe Celtio duhr, Welsh dwfr.* Irdand. Dobue ant., retains its name.t France. The Touvee. Germany. Dubea, 8th cent., now the Tauber. The Daubr(awa), Bohemia. With the ending es. The DuBissA. Another Celtic word for water is dur, which, however, seems more common in the names of towns (situated upon waters), than in the names of rivers. Is this word formed by syncope from the last, as duber=durP Or is it directly from the root of the Sansc. drd or dur, to move 1 1. England. The Dueea. Cornwall Germany. Aovpa?, Strabo, now the lUer or the Isar. Swife. Dura, 9th cent. The Thue.J Italy. DuRiA ant., now the Doea. TuERUS ant., now the Torre. Spain. DuRius ant,, now the DouEO. Eussia. The Tuea. Siberia. The TuEiJA. Russ. Poland. ' Hence the name of Dover, anc. Dubris, according to Richard of Cirencester, from the small stream which there falls into the sea. t Where is this river, cited by Zeuss, {Gramm. Celt.) ! } Hence probably the name of Zurich, ant.. Turicnm. 38 APPELLATIVES. 2. With the ending en. France. Dueanius ant., now the Dordogne. In this chapter is to be included the root ar, respecting which I quote the fol lowing remarks of Forstemann. "The mean ing of river, water, must have belonged to this wide-spread root, though I never find it appHed as an appeUative, apart firom the obsolete Dutch word aar, which Pott pro duces. I also nowhere find even an attempt to explain the foUowing river-names fi-om any root, and know so Httle as scarcely to make a passing suggestion ; even the Sans crit itself shows me no likely word approach ing it, unless perhaps we think of ara, swift (Petersburger Worterbuch)." The root, I apprehend, Hke that of most other river-names, is to be found in a verb signifying to move, to go — the Sansc. ar, ir or ur, Lat. ire, errare, &c. And we are not without an additional trace of the sense we want, as the Basque has ur, water, errio, a river, and the Hung, has er, a brook. The APPELLATIVES. 39 sense of swiftness, as found in Sansc. ara, may perhaps intermix in the following names. But there is also a word of precisely op posite meaning, the Gael, ar, slow, whence Armstrong, with considerable reason, derives the name of the Arar (or Saone), a river noted above aU others for the slowness of its course. Respecting this word as a termi nation see page 11. 1. England. Irdand. France. Germany. Switzerland. Italy. Spain. Eussia. 2. England. The Arrow, Eadnor. The Arrow, Worcester. The Ore. Joins the Aide. Arrow, lake and river, Sligo. The Auray. Dep. Morbihan. Ara, 8th cent. The Ahe, near Bonn, the Ohee, which joins the Elbe, and the Ohre in Thur ingia, had all the same ancient name of Ara. TJr(aha), 10th cent., now the Aue(ach). Ara, ant. The Aar. The Era. Joins the Arno. XJrius ant., now the Rio Tinte. Oarus (Herodotus), perhaps the Volga. With the ending en. The Arun, Sussex. 40 APPELLATIVES. ScoUand. The Oeein and the Eaene. Ireland. The Eene, Ulster. Germany. Oorana, 8th cent., now the Oree. Arn(ape), 8th cent., {ap, water), now the Erft. The Ohrn. Wirtemberg. Tuscany. Aenus ant. The Aeno. 3. With the ending el. Germany. Eel( aha), llth cent. TheERLA. TJrula, 9th cent. The Erl. Aela, 10th cent. The Ael. The Oela. Joins the Saale. Samoy. The Aely. Aust. Slaoonia. The Oely(aya). Eussia. The Ural and the Oel(yk). From dr and ur, to move, the Sanscrit forms arch and urj, with the same meaning, but perhaps in a rather more intense degree, if we may judge by some of the derivatives, as Lat. urgeo, &c. In two of the three ap- peUatives which I find, the Basque erreca, brook, and the Lettish urga, torrent, we may trace this sense ; but in the third, Mord- vinian (a Finnish dialect), erke, lake, it is altogether wanting. And on the whole, I cannot find it borne out in the rivers quoted L PELLATIVES. 41 below. Perhaps the Obs. Gael, arg, white, which has been generaUy adduced as the etymon of these names, may intermix. 1. Evigland. The Arke. Yorkshire. The Irk. Lancashire. France. The Ourcq. Dep. Aisne. The Orge and the Arc. Bdgium. The Here. Prov. Limburg. Sardinia. The Arc. Joins the Isere. Spain. The Arga. Joins the Aragon. Armenia. Aragus ant., now the Aeak. 2. With the ending en. Germany. Arguna, 8th cent. The Arqen. Eussia. The Argun. Two rivers. Spain. The Aragon. Joins the Ebro. 3. With the ending ef. Siberia. The Irkut. Joins the Angara. 4. With fhe ending es. France. The Arques. Eussia. The Ieghiz. Two rivers. 5. With the ending enz.* Germany. Aegenza, 9th cent., now the Eegers. From the Sansc. ri, to flow, Gr. /oew, Lat. rigo (often appHed to rivers — " Qua Ister Getas rigat," Tibullus), Sansc, rinas, fluid. Old Sax. riha, a torrent, Ang.-Sax, regen. * Perhaps fonned from cs by a phonetic re. F 42 APPELLATIVES. Eng. rain, Slav, r^ka, a stream, Welsh rhe, rapid, rhean, rhen, a'stream, &c., we get the foUowing group. The river Eegen Berghaus derives from Germ, regen, rain, in reference to the unusual amount of rain-faU which occurs in the Bohmer-wald, where it has its source. Butmann derives it from Wend, and Slav, rika, a stream, connecting its name also with that of the Ehine. Both these derivations I think rather too narrow. With respect to the Ehine I quote the following opinions. Armstrong derives it from Celt, reidh-an, a smooth water, than which nothing can be more unsuitable — the characteristic of the river, as noticed by aU observers, from Csesar and Tacitus down wards — ^being that of rapidity. Donaldson compares it with Old Norse renna, fluere, and makes Ehine = Anglo-Saxon rin, cursus aquae. Grimm {Deutsch. Gramm.) compares it with Goth, hrains, pure, clear, and thinks that " in any case we must dismiss the deri vation firom rinnan, fluere." Zeuss and Fors- APPELLATIVES. 43 temann support the opinion of Grimm ; nevertheless, aU three agree in thinking that the name is of Celtic origin. The nearest word, as it seems to me, is Welsh rhean, rhen, a stream, cognate with Sansc. rinas, fluid. Old Norse renna, fluere, and (as I suppose), with Goth, hrains, pure. 1. England. The Rea. "Worcester. The Wrey. Devonshire. Irdand. The Rye. Joins the Liffey. Germany. The Rega. Pomerania. Holland. The Regge. Joins the Vecht. Spain. The Riga. Pyrenees. Eussia. Rha ant., now the Volga. 2. With fhe ending en. Germany. Regin, 9th cent. The Regen. Rhenus, 1st cent. B.O. The Rhine. The Rhin. Joins the Havel. The Rhine. A small stream near CasseL Norwoy. The Reen. Italy. The Reno by Bologna. Asiat. Eviss. The Rhion, ant. Phasis. The Sansc. li, to wet, moisten, spreads into many forms through the Indo-European lan guages. I divide them for convenience into two groups, and take first Lat. liqueo, Old 44 APPELLATIVES. Norse leka, Ang.-Sax. lecan (stUlare, rigare), Gael, and Ir. li, sea, Gael, lia, Welsh Hi, Uion, a stream. Most ofthe foUowing names, I take it, are Celtic. I am not sure that the sense of stUhiess or clearness does not enter somewhat into the two foUowing groups. I. England. The Lee. Cheshire. The Leach. Gloucestershire. Ireland. The Lee. Two rivers. Germany. Licus, 2nd cent., now the Lech. Lia, 8th cent., now the Luhe. France. Legia, 10th cent., now the Lys.* Belgium. The Leck. Joins the Maas. Hindostan. The Lye. Bengal. 2. With fhe ending en = Welsh Uion, a stream. England. The Leen. Notts. Scotland. The Lyon and the Lyne. France. The Ligne. Dep. Ardeche. 3. With fhe ending er. England. The Legre by Leicester, now the Soar. France. Ligee ant. The Loire. The Legre. Dep. Gironde. For the second group I take Lat. lavo, luo. Old Norse lauga, lavare, Anglo-Saxon lagu, * I do not in this case make any account of the spelling ; the name ia just the same as our Lee, and the idea of lys, a lily, is no doubt only sug gested by the similarity of sound. APPELLATIVES. 45 water, Gael. lo, water, Gael, and Ir. loin. stream. In this group there may perhaps be something more of the German element. e. g., in the rivers of Scandinavia. I. England. The Lug. Hereford. Wales. The Looe. Two rivers. France. The LouE. Dep. Haute Vienne. Germany. Louch(aha), llth cent. TheLAuCHA. Loua, 10th cent., not identified. Holland. The Lave. Finland. The Luga or Louga. 2. With the ending en. England. The Lune. Lancashire. The Laine. OomwaU. The Leven. Two rivers. Scotland. The Leven. Two rivers. Irdand, The Lagan, near Belfast. France. Luna ant., now the Loing. Germany. Logan(aha), 8th cent., now the Lahn. The LowNA in Prussia. Norway. The LouGAN. Joins the Glommen. The Louven. Stift Christiania. Eussia. The LuGAN. Italy. The Lavino. The lake Lugano. India. The Loony — here ? 3. With the ending er. Scotland. The LuGAR. Ayr. Wales. The Lloughor. Glamorgan. 46 APPELLATIVES. To the above root I also place the fol lowing, corresponding more distinctly with Welsh llifo, to pour. Irdand. The Liffey by Dublin. Germany. LuppiA, 1st cent. The Lippe. The TiTp(ka). Bohemia. With fhe endmg er. England. The Liver. ComwalL Scotland. The Liver. Argyle. Ireland. The LiFFAR. More remotely with the Sansc, li, Hquere, and directly with Welsh lleithio, to moisten, Uyddo, to pour, Gael, lith, a pool, smooth water, Goth, leithus, Ang.-Sax. lidh, Hquor, poculum, potus, I connect the foUowing. The rivers themselves hardly seem to bear out the special idea of smoothness, which we might be apt to infer firom the root, and from the chaaracter of the mythological river Lethe. 1. England.' The Lid. Joins the Tamar. Scotland. The Leith. Co. Edinburgh. Wales. The Laith, now called the Dyfr. Germany. Lit(aha), 1 1th cent. The Leitha. Sweden. The Lida. Hungary, The Leitha. Joins the Danube, APPELLATIVES. 47 AsiaMinm'.\TItessaly. I Leth^us ant., three rivers — here ? Crete. J 2. With tlie ending en, England. The Lidden (Leden, Cod. Dip.) Worcester. ScoUand. The Leithan. Peebles. 3. With fhe ending d, Scotland. The Liddlk Joins the Esk. From the Sansc. ni, to move, comes niran, water, corresponding with the Mod. Greek vepov of the same meaning. And that the Greek word is no new importation into that language, we may judge by the name of Nereus, a water-god, the son of Neptune. The Gr. vaw, fluo, the Gael, nigh, to bathe, to wash,, and the Obs. Gael, near, water, a river, show a close relationship ; the Heb. nhar, a river, also seems to be aUied. Com pare the Nore, a name given to part of the estuary of the Thames, with the Narra, the name of the two branches by which the In dus flows into the sea. Also with the Nhar- awan, an ancient canal from the Tigris to wards the Persian Gulf. And with the 48 APPELLATIVES. Curische Nehiimg, a strip of land which separates the lagoon caUed the Curische Haf in Prussia fi-om the waters ofthe Baltic. On this name Mr. Winning remarks,* " I ofier the conjecture that the word nehrung is equivalent to our break-water, and that it is derived from the Sabine (or Old Prussian) term neriene, strength, bravery." I should propose to give it a meaning analagous, but rather different — deriving it firom the word in question, nar or ner, water, and some equivalent of Old Norse engia, coarctare, making nehrung to signify " that which con fines the waters" (of the lake). In all these cases there is somethiag of the sense of an estuary, or of a channel communicating with the sea — ^the Curische Haf being a large lagoon which receives the river Niemen, and discharges it by an outlet into the Baltic. The foUowing names I take to be for the most part of Celtic origin. * Manual of Comparative Philology. APPELLATIVES. 48 1. Englamd. The Now. Derbyshire. The Nar. Norfolk. The Nore, part of the estuary of the Thames. Irdand. Neagh. A lake, Ulster. Nore. Joins the Shannon. Germany. Nor(aha), 8th cent., also called the Naha. Italy. Nar,* ant. The Nera. Spain. The Nerja. Malaga. Eussia. The Nar(ova), and the Narew. Europ. Twkey. Naro ant., now the Narenta. Mauretania. Nia ant., now the Senegal — Jiere 1 Hindostan. Narra, two branches of the Indus-^here ? 2. With fhe ending en, = Sansc. niran, water t Illyria. The.NARON. Scotland. The Naeen or Nairn. 3. With the ending es. Germany. The Neees. Rhen. Pruss. From the Sansc. ni, to move, Gael, nigh, to bathe, to wash, comes, I apprehend, the Welsh nannaw, nennig, nanii, a smaU stream. England, The Nene or Nen. Northampton. The Nent. Cumberland. Irdand. The Nenagh. Joins the Shannon. France. The Nenny. • Niebuhr derives this name from a Sabine word signifying sulphur, which is largely contained in its waters. Mr. Charnock suggests th» Phcen. naharo, a river. O 50 APPELLATIVES. Closely aUied to ni, to move, I take to be Sansc. niv, to flow, Welsh nofio, to swim, to float, whence the names undermentioned. The Novius of Ptolemy, supposed to be the Nith, if not a false rendering, might come in here. 1. France. The Nive. Joins the Adour. Germany. Naba, 1st cent., now the Naab in Bavaria. HoUand. Naba or Nava, 1st cent., now -the Nahe or Nave. Spain. The Navia. Falls into the Bay of Biscay. Eussia. The Neva and the Neiva. Hindostan. The Naaf. Falls into the Bay of Bengal. 2. With fhe ending en. Persia. The Nabon. Prov. Fars. Euss. Pol. The Niemen.* 3. With the ending er. Scotland. The Naver. River and lake. 'Wales. The Never. Merioneth. France. NivERis ant., now the Nievre. Danvib, Prov. Napaeis (Herodotus), supposed to be the Ardisch. 4. With the ending d. France and Spain. \ The Nivelle. Pyrenees. * Niemen may perhaps=Nieven— m for u, as in Amon for Avon, p. ! APPELLATIVES. 51 Holland. Nabalis (Tacitus), by some thought to be the Yssel. 6. With the ending es. ScoUand. The Nevis. Rises on Ben Nevis. From the same root, ni, to move, and closely connected with the last group, I take to be Sansc. nis, to flow, to water. Zeuss {Die Deutschen) takes the word, as far as it relates to the rivers of Germany, to be of Slavonic origin. It appears to be the word found as the second part of some Slavonic river-names, as the Yalommtza. But it is also both Celtic and Teutonic, for the Ar morican has naoz, a brook, and the German has nasz, wet, ndssen, to be wet. 1. Scotland. The Ness. River and lake. Germany. NisA, llth cent. The Neisse, two rivers, both of which joui the Oder. Servia. Sicily. 2 France. Thrace. The Niss(ava). Joins the Morava. The NiSL With the endirig st.* The Neste. Hautes Pyrenees. Nestus ant. * Perhaps to be found inESanso. mstas, wet, fluid. Here we get some thing of a clue to Eng. " nasty," the original meaning of which has no doubt been nothing but water " in the wrong place. ' 52 APPELLATIVES. From the Greek vaw, fluo, comes vaixa, a stream, vafiariaiov "vSwp, running water. Hence seems to be Namadus, the name given by the Greek geographers to the Ner budda of India. Another form which I take to be derived firom the above Sanscrit root ni, by the pre fix s, is Sansc. snu, fluere, stUlare, (whence Germ, schnee, Eng. snow, &c.) Germany. Znuuia, 1 1th cent., now the Sohnei. EuiSsia. The Zna or Tzna. A derivative form is the Gael, and Ir. snidh or sniih, to ooze through, distil, Obs. Gael, and Ir. snuadh, to flow, and snuadh, a river, whence I take the following. Forste mann refers to Old High German snidan. Modern German schneiden, to divide, in the sense of a boundary, which is a root suitable enough in itself, though I think it ought to yield the preference to the direct sense of water. England. The Snyte. Leicestershire. Germany. Sneid(bach), 8th cent., seems to be now called the Aue. APPELLATIVES. 53 Germany. Smid(aha), 9th cent., now the Schmi- DA, which joins the Danube. For Snidaha ? The form snid or s^izYA introduces the form nid or nith, and suggests the enquiry whe ther that may not also be a word signifying water, Donaldson, {Varronianus), referring to a word Nethuns, "found on a Tuscan mirror over a figure manifestly intended for Neptune,'' observes that " there can be little doubt that nethu means water in the Tuscan language." Assuming the correctness of the premises, I think that this must be the case ; and that as the Naiades (water-nymphs), contain the Greek mw ; as Nereus (a water- god), contains the word ner before referred to ; as Neptune contains the Greek vivtw, in each case involving the signification of water, so Nethuns ( = Neptunus) must contain a re lated word neth or nethun of the same mean ing. Also that this word comes in its place here, as a derivative of the root ni, and as a corresponding form to the Celtic snidh or snith. 54 APPELLATIVES. There are, however, two other meanings which might intermix in the following names; the one is that suggested by Baxter, viz., Welsh nyddu, to tum or twist, in the sense of tortuousness ; and the other is Old Norse nidr, fremor, strepitus. 1. England. The Nidd. Yorkshire. ScoUand. The Nith. Dumfriesshire. Wales. The Neath. Glamorgan. France. The Nied. Joins the Sarre. Belgium. The Nethe. Joins the RuppeL Germany. Nid A, 8th cent., now the Nidda. The Nethe. Joins the Weser. Norway. The Nida. Poland. The Nidda. Greece. Neda ant., now the Buzi in Elis. 2. With the ending en. ScoUand. The Nethan. Lesmahago. 3. With the ending rn (see note p. 34.^ Germany. Nitorne, 9th cent., now the Nidder. There can hardly be a doubt that the words sar, sor, sur, so widely spread in the names of rivers, are to be traced to the Sansc. sar, sri, to move, to go, sru, to flow, whence saras, water, sarit, , Here also, as in the case of the German Chuchilibach, and the CocbrOc before noted, the ending beck (=brook), seems to have been added to the original name. Chuchilibach appears as the name of a place, but I apprehend that the word implies a stream of the aame name. 88 APPELLATIVES. 2. England. Germany. Italy.France. Italy. 4. Mota, 8th cent.j now the Mede or Mehe. With the ending er. The Madder. Wiltshire. Matra, 8th cent., now the Moder. Metaurus ant., the Metauro — here ? With the ending ern. Matrona* ant., now the Marne. Matrinus ant. in Picenum. With the ending el. The Madel. Germany. The only appeUative for a river which I find derived from its sound is the Sanscrit nadi. Hind, nuddy, from nad, sonare. Whe ther the following names should come in here may be uncertain ; I can find no Hnks be tween them and the Sanscrit ; perhaps the root nid, p. 54, may be suitable. I. France. Nod A ant., now the Noain. With the ending er. The Nodder. (Noddre, Cod. Dip.) The Neutra. Joins the Danube. With the ending es. Natiso ant., now the Natisone. England. Hungary. 3. Venetia. ¦* I think that these quantities, so far as they are derived from the liatin poets, should be accepted with some reserve. Unless more self- denying than most of their craft, I fear that they would hardly let a Gallic river stand in the way of a lively dactyl. APPELLATIVES. 89 The only words I can find at aU bearing upon the following river-names are the Serv. jezor, Bohem. and lUyr. jezero, lake, wherein may probably He a word jez, signifying water. But respecting its etymology I am entirely in the dark. I. Germany. Jaz(aha), 8th cent., now the Joss. Jez(awa), llth cent., a brook near Lobenstein. The Jetza. Joins the Elbe. The Jess(ava). Joins the Danube. 2. With the ending er. Eussia. The Jisdra. Joins the Oka. 3. Compounded with main, river, Eussia, The Jbsmen. Gov. Tchnerigov. Another word, of which the belongings are not clearly to be traced, is the Armorican houl, houlen, unda, to which we may put the foUowing. 1. England. The Hull. Joins the Humber. Finland. The Ullea. Gulf of Bothnia. Spain. The Ulla in Galicia. 2. Compounded with ster, river. Germany. Ulstea, 9th cent., now the Ulster. In the Irish and Obs. Gael, dothar, water, Welsh diod, drink, diota, to tipple — with 90 APPELLATIVES. which we may perhaps a,lso connect the Lapp, dadno, river, Albanian ^eV, sea, and Ehset. dutg, torrent, we may find the root of the foUowing. 1. Germany. The Duyte. Joins the Hase. The Dude, a small stream in Prussia. 2. With the ending en. England. The Duddon. Lake district. 3." With the ending er. Ireland. The Dodder. 4. Compownded with mai.* Germany. Duthmala, 8th cent., now the Dommel. From the Welsh wyl, Ang.-Sax. wyllan, Eng. well, to flow or gush, (Sansc. vail, to move V), we got the following. I. England. The Willy. Wiltshire. Dermia/rk The Veile, in Jutland. Norway. The Villa. Eussia. The Vel. Joins the Vaga. The ViLiA. Joins the Niemen. The ViLiu, (Siberia). Joins the Lena. 2. With the ending en. England. The Welland, (properly WeUan !) Eussia. The Vilna. Gov. Minsk. * I do not know any other instance of this ending in river names, but I take it to be, like man or mom, an extension of jnay, and to signify water or river. APPELLATIVES. 91 Italy. The Velino. Joins the Nera. 3. With the ending er, India. The Vellaur, Madras — ^here ? 4. With the ending s. Germany. The Vils, two rivers in Bavaria. The Welse. Joins the Oder. Spain. The Velez. Prov. Malaga. A word which appears to have the mean ing of water or river, but respecting the ety mology of which I am quite ignorant, is asop or asp. That it has the above meaning I infer only from finding it as the second part of the word in the ancient river-names Cho- (aspes), Hyd(aspes), and Zari(aspis). In an independent form it occurs in the foUowing. Lhuyd, (in the appendix to Baxter's glos sary), referring to Hespin as the name of sundry smaU streams in Wales, derives it from hespin, a sheep that yields no mUk, because these streams are almost dry in summer. This derivation is unquestionably false so far as this, that the two words are merely derived from the same origin, viz., Welsh hesp or hysp, dry, barren. But whe- 92 APPELLATIVES. ther this wotd has an3fthing to do witb the foUowing names is doubtfiil ; it seems at any rate unsuitable for the large rivers, such as the Hydaspes, (the Jhylum of the Punjaub). From the derivation of Mone, who finds in Isper, as in Wipper, p. 64, a word per, moun tain, I entirely dissent. 1. France. The Aspe. Basses— I^renees. Germany, Hbsapa ant., now the Hespbr. Greece. Asopus ant. Two rivers. 2. With the ending er. Germany. Ispera, 10th cent. The IspeS. CHAPTEK V. THAT WHICH EtJNS BAPIDLY, FLOWS GENTLY, OR SPBBADS WIDELY. In the preceding chapter I have included the words from which I have not been able to extract any other sense than that of water. As I have before mentioned, it is probable that in some instances there may be fine shades of difference which would remove them out of that category, but whenever I have thought to have got upon the trace of another meaning, something has in each case turned iip to disappoint the conditions. In the present chapter, which comprehends the words which describe a river as that which runs rapidly, that which flows gently, that which spreads widely, there may stUl in some cases be something of an appeUative 94 THAT WHICH BUNS RAPIDLY, sense, because there may be a general word to denote a rapid, a smooth, or a spreading ¦stream. Among the rivers noted for their rapidity is the Ehone. This is the characteristic remarked by aU the Latin poets — Testis Arar, Ehodanusque celer, magnusque Gamnma. TibulhtiS. Qua Rhodanus raptim velocibus undis In mare fert Ararim. Sih). Ital. Prsecipitis Rhodani sio intercisa fluentis. Ausonius. I think that Donaldson and Mone are un questionably wrong in making the name of this river Eho-dan-us, from a word dan, water. , StUl more unreasonable is a deriva tion in the Cod. Vind., from roth, violent, and dan, Celt, and Hebr. a judge ! On this Zeuss {Gramm. Celt.) remarks — " The sylla ble an of the word Ehodanus is without doubt only derivative, and we have nothing here to do with a judge ; nevertheless the meaning violent (currens, rapidus,) is not to FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 95 be impugned." The word in question seems to be found in Welsh rhedu, to run, to race, Gael, roth, a wheel, &c. But there is a word of opposite meaning, Gael, reidh, smooth, which is Uable to intermix. Also the Germ. roth, red, may come in, though I do not think that Forstemann has reason in pla,cing aU the German rivers to it. England.Germany. The Rotha. Lake district. Eot(aha), 8th cent. The Both, two rivers, the Eott, three rivers, the Eod(au), the Rod(ach), and the Eott(ach), all seem to have had the same ancient name. Ead(aha) ant., now the Eod(aoh). Holland. The Eotte, by Eotterdam. Asia Min. Ehodius ant.* Mysia. 2. With the ending en. England. The Eodden. Shropshire. France. Ehodanus ant., now the Ehone. Germany , The Eothaine near Strassburg, seems to have been formerly Eot(aka). 3. With fhe ending ent.f Germany, Eadantia, 8th cent., now the Eed nitz. * This, one ot the Homeric rivers, was not identified in the time of Pliny. t Perhaps formed trom et hy a. phonetic n. So the Eamont in Cum berland seems to have been called in the time of Leland the Bamot. 96 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, 4. With the ending er, England. The Eother in Sussex. The Eother, joins the Thames at Eotherhithe. 5. With the ending el. Germany. Eaotula, 8th cent., now the Eotel. AUied to the last word is the Eng, race, and the many cognate words in the Indo- European languages whidh have the sense of rapid motion, as Welsh rhysu, &c. 1. ScoUand. The Eas ay. Eosshire. Irdand. The Eoss. Germany. The Eiss. Wurtemburg. Svntzerland. The Eeuss. Joins the Aar. Eussia, The Easa. Spain. The Eiaza. Asia Min. Ehesus of Homer not identified. India. Easa, the Sanscrit name of a river not identified. 2. With the ending el. Germany. The Eossl(au). Joias the Elbe. 3. With the ending et. Germany. The Eezat. Joins the Eednitz. From the Gael, garbh, Welsh garw, vio lent, Armstrong derives the name of the Garonne and other rivers.* The root seems ¦ It will be seen, however, that vhile admitting this root, I do not place Qaronne to it. FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 97 to be found in Sansc. karv or karp, Latin carpo. Sec, implying violent action. The Lat. carpo is appUed by the poets to denote rapid progress, as of a river, through a country. So Ukewise more metaphorically to the manner in which a bold and steep mountain rises from the vaUey. As also one of our own poets has said — Behind the valley topmost Gargarus Stands up and talces the morning — Hence this root is found in the names of mountains as weU as rivers — e.g., the Car pathians (Carpates), and the Isle of CarpS- thus, which " consists for the most part of bare mountains, rising to a central height of 4,000 feet, with a steep and inaccessible coast."* 1. Scotland, Garf water, a bum in Lanarkshire. The Grypfe. Eenfrew. Germany. The Grabow. Pruss. Pom. Danub. Prov. Carpis, Herodotus, see p. 73. 2. With the ending en. Scotland. The Girvan. Ayr. Italy. The Carpino. Joins the Tiber. The Graving. Naples. * Smith's Ancient Geography. N 98 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, 3. With ihe ending el. Italy. Cbrbalus* ant., now the Ceevaro —here ? From the Sansc. su, to shoot forth, s4s, S'dtis, rushing or darting, Gr. a-ova-n, cursus, I take to be the foUowing. Among the de rived words, the Gael, siith, a billow, seems to be that which comes nearest to the sense required. I. Svntzerland. The Suss. Denmark The Suus(aa). Bohemia. The Saz(awa). Joins the Moldau. Portugal. The SouzA. Siberia. The Sos(va), two rivers. India. The Sut(oodra), or Sutledge — ¦ here ?+ 2. With the ending en. France. The Suzon. Eussia. The Sosna, two rivers. Probably to the above we may put a form sest, sost, found in the foUowing. 1. Germany. The Soestb. Oldenburg. Italy. Sessites ant., now the Sesia. Persia. Soastus or Suastus ant. * This river ot Apulia, though small in summer, is exceedingly violent in winter. t " In its npper part it is a raging torrent." JoJington's Ganeiteer. PLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 99 2. With the ending er. Eussia. The Sestra. Gov. Moskow. Germany. The Soster(bach). Joins the Lippe. To the above root I also place the follow ing, corresponding more distinctly with Old High German schuzzen, Ang.-Sax. sceotan, Eng. shoot, Obs. Gael, and Ir. sciot, dart, arrow.* 1. With the ending en, Germany. Souzna, 8th cent., now the Schus- SEN. ScuzFJT ant., now the Schozach. 2. With the ending en. Germany. Scutara, 10th cent., now the Sohut- ter, two rivers. ScuNTEA, 8th cent., now the Schon- DEA and the Schuntbr. From the Germ, jagen, to hunt, to drive or ride fast. Bender derives the name of the Jaxt, in the sense of swiftness, suggesting also a comparison with the ancient Jaxartes of Asia. Forstemann considers both sugges tions doubtful, but the former seems to me to be reasonable enough. The older sense * The derivation of Mone, who makes sous and scid altered forms ot srot or sntt, is not to be entertained. 100 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, of jagen is found in the Sansc. yug, to dart forth, formed on the simple verb ya, to go. And appeUatives are found in the Finnic words jokk, joggi, a river. As for the Jax artes, I am rather incUned to think that the more correct form would be Jazartes, and that it contains the word^ezer, before referred to. 1. Eussia. The Jug. Joins the Dwina. 2. With the ending et. Italy. Jactus ant. A ffluent of the Po. Persia. The Jaghatu. Germany. The Jahde,* in Oldenburg. 3. With the ending'^st. Germany. jAGiSTAant., now the Jaxt or Jagst. From the root vip, to move, p. 64, by the prefix s, is formed Old Norse svipa, Ang.- Sax. swtfan, Eng. sweep, &c. In these the sense varies between going fast and going round, and the same may be the case in the foUowing names. * I am not sure that the Jahde ot Oldenburg does not contain the more definite idea ot a horse (Eng. jade. North. Eng. yaivd}. There are three rivers near together, the Haase, the Hunte, and the Jahde. It rather seems as it the popular fancy had got up the idea ot a hunt, and named them as the Hare, the Hound, and the Horse. FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 101 France. The Suippe. Joins the Aisne. Germany. Suevus, 2nd'cent., now the Warnow, or, according to Zeuss, the Oder. Suab(aha), 8th cent., now the Sohwab(aoh). From the Obs. Gael, sgiap, sgiob, to move rapidly, Eng. skip, may be the foUowing. I. England. The Sheaf, by Sheffield. Germany. Scippa, 9th cent., now the Schupp. Asia Min. ScOpas ant., now the Aladan. 2. With the ending en. England. The Skippon. Joins the Wyre. In the Gael, hrais, impetuous, related per haps to Lat. verso, we may find the root of the following. I. Germany. The Birse. Prussia. Switzerland. The Birse. Cant. Berne. 2. With the ending en. Irdand. The Brosna. Leinster. Transylvania. The Burzen. Joins the Aluta. Pruss. Pol. The Prosna. 3. With the^nding el. France. The Bresle. Enters the English ChanneL 4. With the ending ent. Germany, The Persante. Prass. Pom. 102 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, From the Sansc. rab or rav, to dart forth, whence (in a somewhat changed sense) Eng. rave, French ravir, Lat. rahidus, &c. The original meaning of a ravine was a great flood, or as Cotgrave expresses it — "A ravine or inundation of water, which overwhelmeth aU things that come in its way." 1. Irdand. The Eobe. Connaught. India. The Eaveb or Iraotee^ — here 1 2. With the ending en. England. Various small streams called Eaven, Eavenbeck, &c. France. The Eoubion, affluent of the Ehone — here 1 From the Sansc. math, to move, are de rived, as I take it. Old High German muot. Mod. Germ, muth, Ang.-Sax. mod, courage or spirit, Welsh mwyth, swift. Sec, to which I place the foUowing. 1. Svntzerland. The Muotta. Cant. Schwytz. 2. Compounded with vey, stream or ri/oer. Wales. The Muthvey. Three rivers. The Sansc. sphar, sphurj, to burst forth, shews the root of a number of words such FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 103 as spark, spring, spirt, spruce, spry, in which the sense of briskness or liveliness is more or less contained. But the Sansc. sphar or spar must be traced back to a simpler form spa or spe, as found in speiv, to vomit, and in the word spa, now confined to medicinal springs. I. Scotland. The Spey. Elgin. 2. With the ending en. Scotland. The Spean. 3. With the ending er. ScoUand. The Spear. Germany. Spira, 8th cent., now the Speier. The Spree. Joins the HaveL Derived forms from the above root are also the foUowing, which correspond more closely with Germ, spriitsen, Ang.-Sax. spry- tan, Eng. spirt, Ital. sprizzaire. And I think that most of these names are probably Ger man. England. The Sprint, a small stream in West moreland. Germany. Spbazah, 9th cent., some stream in Lower Austria. The Sprotta in Silesia. 104 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, Sprenzala, 8th cent., now the Spren- ZEL. Spurchine(bach),* 9th cent., now the Spirokel(bach). Eu. Turkey. The Spressa. Joins the Bosna. In the prpceding chapter I have treated of the root al, el, il, to go, and various of its derivations. There is another, alac, ale. He, which, as it seems most probably either to have the meaning of swiftness, as in the Lat. alacer, or of tortuousness, as in the Greek eXiKos, I include in this place. I. Eussia. The Ilek. Joins the Urah Sicily. Halycus ant., now the Platani. Asia Minor. Alces ant. Bithynia. 2. Compounded with may, main, river. Siberia. The Olekma. Joins the Lena. Germany. Alkmana, 8th century, now the AltmtihL Greece. Haliacmon ant., now the Vistritsa. From the Welsh tarddu, to burst forth, we may take the following. There does not seem any connection between this and the • FBrstemann derives this, along with some other local names, from Old High Germ, spurcha. the juniper-tree. But I think that the stream at least is to be explained better from the Sansc. sptiwj, to burst forth, Lat. ^argo. FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 105 root of dart (jaculum) ; the latter from the first signifies penetration, and in river-names comes before us in the oblique sense of clearness or transparency. 1. ScoUand. The Tarth. Lanarkshire. Libya. Daradus ant., now the Eio di Ouro. Armenia. Daradax* ant. (Xenophon). 2. With the ending er. France. The Tardoirb. Dep. Charente. Aust. Italy. The Tartaro. 3. With the ending es. Spain. Taetessus ant., now the Guadal quiver. With the Sansc. till, to move, to agitate, we may probably connect the Gael, dile and tuil, Welsh diluw, dylif, dylwch, a flood, deluge, as also Ang.-Sax. dilgian, German tilgen, to overthrow, destroy, &c. The Ang.-Sax. dSlan, Germ, thielen, to divide, in the sense of boundary, may however in termix in these names. I. England. The Till. Northumberland. Ireland. The Deel. Limerick. Germany. The Dill. Nassau. * The ending x I take to be a Gnecism for s. O 106 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, Bdgivm. Thilia, 9th cent., now the Dyle itt Bravant. Switzerland . The Thiele. 2. With the ending en. Germany, The TolTiEN. Meoklenburg-Schwe- 3. nn. With the ending er. Scotland, The DiLLAE burn. Lesmahagow. 4. With the ending es. Germany, The TiLSE, by Tilsit. With the two Welsh forms dylif and dylwch, deluge, we may perhaps connect the following, though for the former the Ang.-Sax. delfan, to dig, delf, a ditch, may also be suitable. Germany. Delv(unda), 9th century, now the Delven(au). Delchana, llth century, now the Dalckb. From the Gael, and Ir. taosg, to pour, tias, tide, flood, may be the foUowing. Per haps the special sense of cataract may come in, at least in some cases, as two of the under-noted rivers, the Tees and the Tosa, are noted for their faUs. 1. England. The Tees. Durham, PLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 107 Svntzerland. The Toss. Cant. Zurich. Piedmont. The TosA. The Tescha. Joins the Oka. Hungary. Tysia ant., now the Theiss. Greece. TiASA ant. Laconia. India. The TousE— here 1 With the ending en. Svntzerland. The Tessin or Ticino. Germany. The Desna. Joins the Dnieper. France. The Tacon. Dep. Jura. With the ending el. Germany. TussALE (Genitive), llth cent., now the DussEL by Dusseldorf. With the ending st.* England. The Test. Hants. Germany. The Dist A. Prussia. India. The Teesta — here 1 From the Sansc. gad or gand, Ang.-Sax. gedtan, Suio-Goth. gjuta, Danish gyde. Old Norse giosa. Old High Ger. giezen, Obs. Gael. guis, aU having the meaning of Eng. "gush," we get the foUowing. The Gotha or Gceta of Sweden may probably derive its name from the weU-known faU which it makes at * In these names we may perhaps think of the Bohem. dest, rain. The Teesta is much swollen in the rainy season, but perhaps not more so than most of the other rivers of Hindostan. In Hamilton's East Indian Gazet teer, it is explained as "Ushta, standing still," — a derivation which seems hardly to agree with the subsequent description of its " quick stream." 108 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, Trolhsetta. So also the Gaddada of Hin dostan is noted for its falls ; and the Giess- bach is of European celebrity. But in some of the other names the sense may not extend beyond that of wandering, as we find it in Eng. gad, which I take to be also from this root. Or that of stream, as in Old High Germ, giozo, Gael, and Ir. gaisidh, rivulus. 1. England. The Gade. Herts. ScoUand. Gada ant.,* now the Jed by Jedburgh. Germany. The Gose. Joias the Ocker. Geis(aha), 8th cent., now the Geisa. The Gande, Brunswick — here, or to can, cand, pure ? Suiitzerland. The Giess(baoh). Lake of Brienz. Spain. The Gata. Joins the Alagon. Sweden. The Gotha or Gceta. The Gidea, enters the G. of Bothnia. Asia. Gyndes (Herodotus), perhaps the Diala — ^here ? 2. With the ending en. Asia Minor. Cydnus ant., now the Tersoos Ghai, 3. With the ending er. Persia. The Gadbr. Sardinia. CjEdrius ant., now the Fiume dei OroseL * Hence Baxter derives the name of the Gadenl — "'Quid enim Gadeni nisi ad Gadam amnem geniti 2" FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 109 4. With the ending el. Germany. Gisil(ah a), 8th cent. , now the Giesel — here 1 5. With the ending ed. India. The Gaddada. 6. Compounded vjith main, stream. Svntzerland. The Gadmbn. From the Sansc. arh or arv, to ravage or destroy, cognate with Lat. orbo. Sec, may be the foUowing. To the very marked charac teristic of the Arve in Savoy I have referred at p. 6. But there is a word of precisely opposite meaning, the Celt, arab, Welsh araf, gentle, which is very Uable to intermix. 1. France. The Arve and the Erve. Germany. Orb(aha), llth cent., now the Orb. Sardinia. The Arve and the Orbe. Hungary. The Arva. Joins the Waag. Spain. The Arva, three rivers, tributaries to the Ebro. 2. With the ending en. ScoUand. The Irvine. Co. Ayr. France. Arvenna ant., now the Oevanne. With the ending el. Germany. Arbalo, 1st cent., now the Erpe. With the ending es, Asia Minor. Harpasus ant., now the Harp A. 110 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, In the Sansc. cal, to move, and the deriva tives Sansc. calas, Gr. KeXri^, Obs. Gael. callaidh, Latin celer, all having the same meaning— the sense of rapidity seems suflS- ciently marked to include them in this chapter. 1. Scotland. The Gala. Eoxburgh. Sicily. Gel A ant.* Illyria. The Gail. Greece. Callas ant., in Euboea. As.-Turkey . The Chalus of Xenophon, now the Koweik. 2. With the ending en. Irdand. The Callan. Armagh. 3. With the ending er=Lat. celer ? Italy. Calor ant., now the Calore. 4. With the ending es= Sansc. calas, dhc. f Germany. ChalusuSj 2nd cent., supposed to be the Trave. The Kels, in Bavaria. India. The Cailas. I am inclined to bring in here, as a deriva tive form of cal, and perhaps corresponding with the Obs. Gael, callaidh, celer, the forms * The Gela is at times a very violent stream, as the following descrip tion of Ovid bears witness. " Et te vorticibus non adeunde Gela." Fasti, i, 4r0. FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. Ill caled, calt, gelt. That the Germ, kalt, Eng. cold, may intermix, is very probable, but I do not think that aU the English rivers at any rate can be placed to it. There is more to be said for it in the case of the Caldew than of the others, for one of the two streams that form it is caUed the Cald-beck {i.e., cold brook), and it seems natural that the whole river should then assume the name of Cald ew (cold river). Yet there may be nothing more in it than that the Saxons or Danes who succeeded to the name, adopted it in their own sense, and conformed to it. It is to be observed that although the form Caldew corresponds with the Germ. Chaldhowa, yet that the local pronunciation is invariably Cauda ( = Calda), corresponding with the Scandinavian form. Upon the whole how ever, there is much doubt about this group ; the form gelt Forstemann refers, as I myself had previously done, to Old Norse geUa, in the sense of resonare. In the foUowing names I take the KaUt(va) of Russia, and 112 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, the Celydnus and Celadon of Greece to approach the nearest to the original form. I. England. Germany. Eussia. 2. Germomy. The Gelt. Cumberland. The Chelt by Cheltenham — here ? The Cald(ew). Cumberland. The Cald(howa), (AdamBrem.), now seems to be called the Aue. The Kalit(va). Joins the Donetz. With the ending en. Gblten(aha), llth cent, now the Geltn(aoh). Celydnus ant. Epirus. Celadon ant. Elis. With the ending er. The Calder. Three rivers. The Calder. Joins the Clyde, Galthera, 9th cent. I am also inclined to bring in, as another derivative form of cal, the word calip, calh, kelp. The only appellatives I find for it are the word kelp, sea-weed, and the Scottish kelpie, a water-spirit, wherein, as in other words of the same sort, may perhaps Ue a word for water. However, this can be con sidered as nothing more than a conjecture. England.Scotland. FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 113 1. Germany. Kalb(aha), 8th cent, now the Kohlb(ach). The Kulpa. Aust. Croatia. Hungary. Colapis ant., affluent of the Drave. Spain. The Chelva. Prov. Valentia. Portugal. CallIpus ant., now the Sadao. Asia Minor. C albis ant. Caria. Calpas ant. Bithynia. 2. With the ending en. ScoUand. The Kelvin. Stirling. The Sansc. car, to move, Lat. curro, Uke some other words of the same sort, branches out into two different meanings — ^that of going fast, and that of going round. Hence the river-names from this root have in some cases the sense of rapidity, and in others of tortuousness ; and these two senses are some what at variance with each other, because tortuousness is more generaUy connected with slowness. Separating the two mean ings as weU as I can, I bring in the foUow ing here, I. Scotland. The Garry. Perthshire. The Yarrow. Selkirkshire. 2. With the ending en. England. Garrhuenus ant., now the Yare. p 114 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, France. Garumna or Garunna ant. The Garonne. The GiRON. Joins the Garonne. Greece. Geranius ant., and Geron ant., two rivers of EUs, according to Strabo. 3. With the ending es= Sansc. car as, swift, Lat. cursus, dee. Franee. The Gers. Joins the Garonne. Chares ant., now the Chiers. Germany. The Kersch. Joins the Neckar. Italy. The Garza, by Brescia. Hungary. Gerasus ant., now the KoROS. Asia Minor. The Caresus of Homer in the plain of Troy. Syria. Cersus ant., now the Merkcz. There appear to be several words in which the sense of violence or rapidity is brought out by the preposition pra, pro, fro, in com position with a verb. Thus the Welsh ffre-uo, to gush, whence ffrau, a torrent, seems to correspond with the Sansc. pra-i, Lat. prcB-eo, &c. Or perhaps we should take a verb with a stronger sense, say yu, to gush, and presume a Sansc. jpra-yM= Welsh ffre-uo. In the Albanian Trpo, a torrent, cor responding with Welsh ffrau, there seems, however, no trace of a verb. FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 115 I. Wales. The Fraw, by Aberfraw. 2. With the ending en. ScoUand. The Eroon. Falls into L. Lomond. The Pronia. The Welsh ffrydio, to stream, to gush, appears to be formed simUarly from the pre position fra, joined with the verb eddu, to press on, to go, corresponding with Sansc. it, Latin ito. Sec Hence it would correspond with a Sansc. pra-it, Lat. prce-ito. Sec From the verb comes the appeUative ffrwd, a tor rent, corresponding with the Bohem. praud, of the same meaning. Scotland. The Forth. Co. Stirling, Danub. Prov. Porata (Herodotus). The Pruth. Eussia. The Port(va). Gov. Kaluga. I also bring in here, as much suggestively as determinately, the foUowing. Sansc. pro-pat, Lat. prce-peto, &c., io rush forth. Euss. Pol. The Pripet. Joins the Dneiper. Bulgaria. The Pravadl FaUs into the Black Sea. Somsc. pra-eal, to rush forth, pro and cal, p. 112. Prussia. The Pregel. Enters the Frische-Haff. Sansc. pra-U, Lat, pro-Vwo, dc, to overflow. India. The Pubally. 116 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, According to the opinion of Zeuss and Gluck, the Danube, (ant. Danubius and Danuvius, Mod. Germ. Donau,) would come in here. These writers derive it from Gael. dan, Ir. dana, fortis, audax, in reference to its strong and impetuous current. This is no doubt the most striking characteristic of the river, but it might also not inappropri ately be placed to the root tani, to extend, whence the names of some other large rivers. Gluck considers the ending vius to be simply derivative, and suggests that the Germans, with a natural striving after a meaning, al tered this derivative ending into their word ava, aha, ach, or au, signifying river. Though Gluck is a writer for whose opinion I have great respect, and though this is the prin ciple for which I myself have been aU along contending, yet I am rather inclined to think that in Danuvius, as in Conovius (the Con way), there is contained a definite appeUa tive, qualified by a prefixed adjective : this seems to me to be brought out more clearly FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 117 in the Medway, and in the names connected with it. The word Ister, which, according to Zeuss, is the Thracian name of the Danube, I have elsewhere referred to the Armorican ster, a river. Not that I mean to infer therefrom that the name is Celtic, because ster is only a particular form of an Indo-European word sur. If we refer the prefix is to the Old Norse isia, proruere, then Ister would have the same meaning as that given above to Danubius. But the derivation of Mone, who , explains it by y, the Welsh definite article, and ster, a river, making Ister = " The river," I hold with Gluck to be — ^Uke other deriva tions proceeding on the same principle — opposed to all sound phUology. Among the rivers noted for the slowness of their course, the most conspicuous is the Arar or Saone. Csesar {de Bell. Gall) de scribes it as flowing " with such incredible gentleness that the eye can scarcely judge which way it is going." Seneca adopts it as 118 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, a type of indecision — "the Arar in doubt which way to flow." Eumenius multipUes his epithets — "segnis et cunctabundus amnis, tardusque." The name Sauconna, Sagonna, Saonna, Saone, does not appear before the 4th cent., yet there does not seem any reason to doubt that it is as old as the other. Zeuss {Die Deutschen) and the Editor of " Smith's Ancient Geography" take this as the true GaUic name. And though Armstrong ex plains both the Arar and the Saone from the Celtic — ^referring the former to the Obs. Gael, ar, slow, and the latter to Gael, sogh, tranquU or placid, in which he may probably be correct, yet it by no means foUows that the name of the Arar is Celtic, for ar is an ancient root of the Indo-European speech. To the same root as the Saone I also put the Seine (Sequ2,na), and the Segre (Sicoris), comparing them with Lat. seg-nis. The former of these rivers is navigable for 350 mUes out of 414, and the latter is noted in Liician as "stagnantem Sicorim." Some FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 119 other rivers, in which the characteristic is less distinct, I also venture to place here, separating this root as weU as I can from another p. 58. 1. Germany. Siga, 10th cent. The Sieg. Eussia. The Soja. Joins the Dneiper. 2. With ihe ending en. France. Sauconna ant. The Sa6nb. Sequana ant. The Seine. The Seugne. Dep. Oharente-Inf. Eussia. The Suchona. Joins the Dwina. 3. With the ending er. Spain. Sicoris ant. The Segre. The Segura. Enters the Med. Sea. Perhaps allied in its root to the last is the Gael, saimh, quiet, tranquU, to which I put the foUowing. I. Bdgium. The Semoy. Eussia. The Sem or Seim. Joins the Desna. Saima, a lake in Finland. Asia Minor. The Simois of Homer — ^here ? 2. With the ending en. Switzerland. The Simmbn, in the Simmen-Thal. 3. With the ending er. France. Samara ant., now the Somme. The Sambre, ant. Sabis. Germany. The Simmer. Joins the Nahe. Eussia. The Samaea. Two rivers. 120 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, 4. With the ending et. Germany. Semita, 8th- cent. The Sempt. In the Gael, ar, slow, (whence the Arar, p. 118,) is to be found, as I take it, tfcie root of the Welsh araf, mUd, gentle. From this Zeuss {Gramm, Celt.), derives the name of the ArrSbo, now the Eaab. This root is liable to mix with another, arv, p. 109, of precisely opposite meaning. Hungary. Aerabo ant., now the Eaab. India. Arabis ant., now the Purally. Ireland. The Arob(eg),* Co. Cork — here J I bring in here the word aram or arm, which, both in the names of rivers, and in the ancient names of men, as the German hero Arminius, needs explanation. The au thority of Dr. Donaldson may probably have been the cause of the reproduction, even in some of the latest EngUsh works, of the mistake of confounding the name Armin, Ermin, or Irmin, with the word Hermann, warrior, (from her, army, mann, ** This ending may be the same as the Scotch eck or kk, p. 25. FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 121 homo). That it is not so is shown by its appearance in the ancient names of women, as Ermina, Hermena, and Irmina,* (daugh ter of Dagobert the 2nd). And by the man ner in which it forms compounds, as Armen- fred, Irminric, Irminger,t Ermingaud, Ir- mioher, &c. For we may take it as a cer tain rule that no word, itself a compound, forms other compounds in ancient names. Indeed, the last of the five names, Irminher, (which is found as early as the 7th cent), is formed from the word her, army, so that, according to the above theory, it would be Her-mann-her. The fact then, as I take it, is that, both in the names of rivers and of men, the root is simply arm or irm, and armin or irmin an extended form, Uke those found all throughout these pages. As to its etymology, the word aram, arm, in the Teu tonic dialects signifying poor or weak, is in * Forstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch. (Vol. 1. Personennamen). t The names Armine and Aeminger, (of which Iremonger may be a corruption), occur in Lower's Patronymioa Brltannica. And Aemingaud is one of the many names of German or Frankish origin still found in France. 122 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, itself unsuitable, but I think that the ori ginal meaning may perhaps rather have been ¦mild or gentle. The root seems to be found in the Gael, ar, slow ; and aram may be a corresponding word to the Welsh araf. Baxter, who, though his general system of river-names I hold to be fallacious, was, for his time, no contemptible etymologist, sug gests something of the sort. 1. England. The Arme. Devon. Eussia, The Urjum(ka) — here ? 2. With the ending en. Italy. Aeiminus ant., now the Marecchia. The Armine. 3. With the ending es. Germany. Armisia ant., now the Erms. In this place I am inclined to bring in the Medway, and some other names connected with it. Among the various derivations which have been suggested for this name, that of Grimm deserves the first place, though I much fear that it is too poetical to be true. He observes, {Gesch. d. Deutsch. sprach.), comparing it with another name — FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 123 "In Carl's campaign, A.D. 779, there is a place mentioned in the vicinity ofthe Weser, caUed MedofuUi, MidufuUi ; medoful means pocu lum mulsi, {Hel. 62, 10) ; it appears to have been a river, which at present bears some other name. Of just a simUar meaning is the name of the river Medway flowing through the county of Kent into the Thames — i. e., Ang.-Sax. Meadovaege, Medevaege Medvaege {Cod. Dip.), from vaege. Old Sax. wSgi, Old Norse veig, poculum. . . I sug gest' here a mythological reference : as the rivers of the Greeks and Eomans streamed from the horn or the urn of the river-god, so may also the rivers and brooks of our an cestors, in a simUar mythic fashion, have sprung from the over-turned mead-cup." It is a pity to disturb so poetical a theory, coming too as it does from the highest au thority, but I much fear that on a compari son of this name with all its related forms, it can hardly be substantiated. For the word does not stand alone — the prefix med is 124 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, found in several names in which the second part can hardly be taken to mean poculum, and the ending way is found in several names of which the former part cannot mean mul- sum. In any case, it seems to me that a Saxon derivation can hardly be sustained. For MedoSpCus, (=Medwacus), occurs as the ancient name of a river in Venetia — this ap pears to be precisely the same name as that of the Med wag or Medway — and in Venetia we can account for a Celtic element, but not for a German. In Nennius the name stands as Meguaid or Megwed ; and comparing this with a river caUed the Medvied(itza) or Medviet(za) in Eussia, it would seem rather probable that the form is not altogether false, but that only it should be Medwed instead of Megwed. In that case it would probably be only another form of Medweg, for d and g sometimes interchange in the Celtic dia lects, as in the Gaelic uidh and uigh, via, a word which indeed I take to be related to the one in question. Again, in the Med- FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 125 uana of France and the EngUsh Medwin, we have a third form of ending, wdn or ivin. And this may probably only be one of those extended forms in n so common in the Celtic languages.* So that the endings way, wdn, wied, in Medway, Med- uana, Medvied(itza), may be slightly differ ing forms of a common appellative (p. p. 62, 63), qualified by the prefix med, which we have next to consider. In Gibson's "Ety mological Geography" med is explained as mediuiS — Medway = medium flumen — the river flowing through the middle of the county of Kent — and this I think is the general acceptation. In the case ofthe Med ina, (ant. Mede), which divides the Isle of Wight into two equal parts, I should readUy accept such a derivation, but in the case of the Medway it seems to me a feature scarcely sufficiently obvious to give the name. And I should on the whole prefer a derivation * E. G. Welsh Ui, llUm,, stream, lUf, lUfm, flood, srami, sramum, humming, &c. 126 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, from the same root as mead, mulsum, viz., Sansc. mid, to soften, Lat. mitis, Gael, meath, soft, mUd — finding in Old Norse mida, to move slowly or softly, the word most nearly approximating to the sense, and thus deriv ing the name ofthe Medway from its gentle flow. Nevertheless it must be observed that as weU as the supposed river MedofuUi referred to as above by Grimm, we find in a charter of the 1 0th cent., a river caUed Medemelacha, which seems evidently to contain the Gael. mealach, sweet, and to mean "sweet as mead." This river is near MedembUk on the Zuyder-zee, and I suppose that the name of the place is corrupted from it. The following names I place here, though with uncertainty in the case of some of them. 1. France. The Midou. Dep. Landes. Persia. Medus ant., now the Pulwan. 2. With the ending en. Eussia. The Medin(ka). Gov. Kaluga. 3. Compounded with way, wdn, wied, see above. England. The Medway. Kent. FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 127 England. The Medwin. France. Meduana ant., now the Mayenne. Italy. Med04CUS ant., now the Brenta. Eussia. The Medvied(itza). 4. Compounded with wm, river, p. 60. Germany 1 Metema, in a charter of the llth cent. I think, upon the whole, that the general meaning of the root lam, lem, lim, i^ smooth ness. Though the root-meaning seems rather that of clamminess or adhesiveness, as found in Sansc. limpas, Gr. Xtxo?, Lat. limus. Old Sax. l^mo. Mod. Germ, lehm, Eng. lime, Sec* In the Gr. Xiimvij, lake, the sense becomes that of smooth Or standing water : this, as I take it, is in effect the word found in the Lake Leman, Loch Lomond," &c. Though the word most immediately concerned is the GaeUc liohh, liomh, Welsh llyfnu, to smooth ; and the Loch Lomond, (properly Lomon), was also formerly caUed, as the river which is sues from it is stUl, Leven, being just ano ther form of the same word — v and m inter- * Hence perhapa Lemauaghan, a parish of Leinster, which consists chiefly of bog. 128 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, changing as elsewhere noticed. Hence the Welsh llifo, to pour, p. 46, might be apt to intermix in the following. The Lat. lambo, the primitive meaning of which is to Uck, is ap plied to the gentle washing of a river against its banks — "Quae loca lambit Hydaspes," — Horace. Dugdale observes that " at this day divers of those artificial rivers in Cam bridgeshire, anciently cut to drain the fens, bear the name of Leam, being aU muddy channels through which the water hath a duU or slow passage." In the foUowing names the sense may be sometimes then that of muddiness, though in general, as I take it, that of sluggishness. 1. England. The Leam by Leamington. The Lyme. Dorsetshire. Germany. Lamma, llth cent. The Lamme. Laim(aha), 8th cent. Not identi fied. Lemphia, 8th cent. The Lempe. Eussia. The Lama. Joins the Volga. The Lam(ov). Gov. Penza. Italy. The Lima. Joins the Serchio. Spain. liiTAJSiA. ant., now the Lima. FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 129 Asia Minor. Lamus ant., in Cilicia. 2. With the ending en. England, The Leman. Devonshire. The LiMEN in Kent. (LimeneS, Cod Dip.) ScoUand. Loch Lomond, formerly also called Leven. Sioitzerland. Lake Leman, or the Lake of Geneva, (ant. Lemannus.) Italy, • The Lamone in Tuscany. 3. With the ending er. Germany, Lamer, llth cent. The Lammer. Italy. The Lambro. Asia Minor. Limyrus ant., in Lycia. 4. With the ending ei. Suiitzerland. The Limmat. Cant. Zurich. From the above form lam, lem, lim, I take to be formed by metathesis aim, ehn, ilm,. And the lake Ilmen in Eussia I take to be ill effect the same word as the lake Leman in Switzerland. In the name of another lake in Eussia, the K&rduanskoi-Umen, it seems to occur as an appeUative. A certain amount of doubt is imported by the coincidence of two names in which we find a sacred char acter — the river Almo, which was sacred to 130 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, Cybele, and a sacred fountain Olmius men tioned in Hesiod. The coincidence, however, may be only accidental. 1. England. The Alme. Devonshire. The Helme. Sussex. Alum Bay in the Isle of Wight ? Germany. Ilma, 8th cent. The Ilm, two rivers. The Helme in Prussia, Holland. The Alm in Brabant. Norway. The Alma. Spain. The Alhama. Prov. Navarra. Italy. The Almo near Rome. Eussia. The Alma in the Crimea. Siberia. The Illim. Greece. Olmeius ant. Boeotia. With the ending en. Gemany. The Ilmen(au). Joins the Elbe. Eussia. Ilmen. Lake. With the ending d. Holland. The Almelo. Prov. Overijssel. Perhaps from the Gael, foil, slow, gentle, we may get the foUowing. 2. 3. 1. England.Irdand. Scotland. Germany, The Fal by Falmouth. The Foil(agh). Cork. The Feale. Munster. With the ending en. The Fillan. Perthshire. With ihe ending es. FiLiSA, 8th cent. The Fils and the Vils. FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 131 In the third division of this chapter I put the names in which the sense of spreading seems to be found. This sense may have three different acceptations — ^first, that, gen eraUy, of a wide river — secondly, that of a river relatively broad and shallow — ^thirdly, that of a river forming an estuary at its mouth. I bring in here the Padus or Po, which, by Metrodorus Scepsius, a Greek author quoted by Pliny, has been derived from the pine-trees, "caUed in the Gallic tongaepadi," of wliich there were a number about its source. A derivation like this jars with common sense, for it is unreasonable to sup pose that the Gauls, coming upon this fine river, gave it no name untU they had tracked it up to its source, and there made the not very notable discovery that it was sur rounded by pine-trees. Much more proba ble is it that they came first upon its mouth, and much more striking would be the ap pearance that would be presented to them. 132 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, For, as Niebuhr observes, "the basin ofthe Po, and of the rivers emptying themselves into it was originaUy a vast bay of the sea," which by gradual embanking was confined within its present channels. As then the mouth of the Padus was a vast estuary, so in the Gael, hadh, a bay or estuary, I find the explanation of the name. The root, I apprehend, is Sansc. pat, Lat. pateo, panda. Sec, to spread, and hence, I take it, the name Bander, of several small bays on the S.W. coast of Asia, of Bantry Bay in Ireland, and of Boderia, the name given by Ptolemy to the Firth of Forth. 1. Italy. Padus ant. The Po. Germany. Bada, 9th cent., now the Bode. 2. With the ending en. Ireland. The Bandon. Co. Cork. (Forms a considerable estuary). Italy. Pantanus ant., now the Lake of Lesina, a salt lagoon on the Adriatic. S. With the ending er. Germany. Patra, 9th cent., now the Pader. 4. With the ending es. Hungary. Pathissus ant., now the Temes.* • The names Pathissus and Temes I take to have the same meaning. I know no reason for supposing that the one name is less ancient than the other. FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 133 In the Sansc. parth, to spread or extend, we may perhaps find the origin of the fol lowing. Can the name of the Parthians be hence derived, in reference to their weU- known mode of fighting \ 1. Germany. The Parde. Joins the Elster, The BOrd, in Moravia — here ? 2. With the ending en. Asia Minor. Paethenius ant. — ^here ?* In the sense of " that which spreads" I am inclined to bring in the root ta, tav, tan, tam. WhUe in the GaeUc we find tain, and the Obs. ta, water, taif sea — ^in the Welsh we have the verbs taenu and tafu, to expand or spread. The latter, I think, must contain the root-meaning; and the appeUatives must rather signify water ofa spreading character. In this sense we find the words to, 14, tau, in the Hungarian dialects signifying a lake. The Sansc. has tan, to extend, but we must presume a simpler form ta, corresponding with the above Obs. Gael, word for water. * The derivation of Strabo, from paHTwnos, virgin, in reference to the flowers on its banks, seems rather far-fetched. 134 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, Mone explains tab, as in Tabuda (the Scheldt), as " a broad river, especiaUy one with a broad mouth." This sense no doubt obtains in many of the names of this group, for, as well as the Scheldt ; the Tay, Taw, Teign, and Tamar, aU have thia character in a more or less notable degree. In other cases the sense may be that of comparative broadness — ^thus the Timavus, though Uttle more than a nule long, is 50 yards broad close to its source. So the characteristic of the Dane, as noticed by the county topo graphers, is that it is "broad and shaUow." And the feature which strikes the topo grapher is of course that which would natu raUy give the name. There are, however, some other roots which might intermix, as Sansc. tan, resonare, Lat. tono. Germ, tonen. Sec Also Gael, and Ir. taam, to pour ; Gael. and Ir. tom, to bathe, Welsh and Ir. ton, unda. The form Ta, Tab, Tav. 1. England. The Tavy and the Taw. Devon. Deva ant., the Dee— iere ? FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 135 2. ScoUand. Wales. Ireland. France. Germany. Spain. Scotland. Holland. Siberia. India, 1. England. Scotland.France. Norway.Italy. Eussia, England.Bdgium.Italy. Spain. Tavus ant. The Tay. The Dee, two rivers, — here ? The Taw, the Tivy, and the Tave. The Tay. Waterford, Loch Ta ia Wexford. The Dive, Dep. Vienne — here ? The Thaya in Moravia. The Deva by Placentia — ^here ? With ihe endirig d or t. The Teviot in Eoxburghshire — ^here? Tabuda ant., now the Scheldt. The Tavda. The Taptee — here ? The form Tan, Tam, The Teign and the Teane. The Dane and the Deane. The Tame, three rivers. The Tema. Selkirkshire. Danus ant., now the Don. Danus ant., now the Ain. The Dahmb and the D^aume. The Tana. Timavus ant., now the Timao. Tanais ant., now the Don. The Tim and the Tom. Tanus ant., iow the Luku. With ihe ending er. The Tamar. Cornwall. The Demer. Tan ARUS ant., now the Tanaro. Tamaeis ant., now the Tambee. 136 THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, Syria. Tamyras ant., (Strabo)^— here 1 3. With the ending d. England, Tamede (Cod, Dip.), now the Teme. MoAxretanm. Tamuda ant. (Pliny.) 4. With the ending es. England. The Thames. Tamesis (Ocssar), Tam- esa (Tacitus), Tamese, Temia (fiod. Dip.), Welsh Tain. Hungary. The Temes, ant. Pathisus, (see note p. 132). From the root tan, to extend, we may pro bably also derive the word tang found in Hung, tenger, sea, Ostiakic (an Ugric dialect of the Finnic class) tangat, river, and in the Dan. tang, sea-weed, which probably con tains a trace of an older sense. 2. Hollamd. The DoNGE in Brabant. Norway. The Tbngs. With the ending er. Germany. ToNGERA, 10th cent., now the Tan- GBR. Italy. Tanager a»t,, now the Tanagbo — here? FLOWS GENTLY, SPREADS WIDELY. 137 CHAPTEE VL CHARACTER OF COURSE. In the inscription of Pul found at Nine veh, as deciphered in the Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, vol. 19, pt. 2, the Euphrates is caUed the Irat, which is conjectured by the translator to have been a local name. It seems to be from the Sansc. irat ( = Latin errans, Eng. errant), from the verb ir, Lat. erro, to wander. The same word seems to be found in the Irati of Spain — perhaps also in the Orontes ( = Irantes = Irates), of Syria. Possibly also in the Erid-anus or Po, though I am rather inclined to agree with Latham that the word contained therein is only ridan.* Perhaps then the form Irt or Urt in * That is, if it be the name of any real river falling into the Baltic. (the Rhodaune by Dantzic is suggested by some] ; but according to Heeren and Sir G. Lewis the Eridanus was a purely poetical str«am, without any geographical position or character.— ;!>'ee an airtide by Sir G. Lewis in Notes and Queries, July 3, 18S8. 138 CHARACTER OP COURSE. river-names may be a contracted form of irat, as we find it in the Germ, irrth'um, a mistake. I. England. The Irt. Cumberland. Urtius ant., now the Irthing. Bdgiwm. Urta, 9th cent., now the Ouet. The Erens. Spawn. The Iratl Prov. Navarra, Asia. Irat, a name of the Euphrates. 2. With the ending el. Germany. TJrtella, 9th cent., now the Sens- bach. From the Sansc. SAti/, Goth, bjugan, Welsh bwdu, Gael, bogh, Eng. bow. Sec, in the sense of tortuousness, we may take the foUowing. 1. England. The Bowe. Shropshire. ScoUand. The Bogie. Aberdeen. Eussia. The Bug. Joins the Dnieper. 2. With the ending en. Gertnany. The Bogen. Joins the Danube. 3. With the ending et. ScoUand. The Bucket. Aberdeen. From the Gael, and Welsh cam, to bend, Sansc. kamp, Gr. Ka/j.-Trw, are the foUowing. England. The Cam by Cambridge. Germany, Camba, 8th cent. The Kamp. The Cham in Bavaria. CHARACTER OF COURSE. 139 :. The Kam. Norway. The Kam. Joins the Glommen. Eussia. The Kama. Joins the Volga. The Keml Two rivers. The Sansc. root car, to move, branches out into two different meanings, that of rapidity and that of circuitousness, the former of which I have included in the previous chap ter. In the latter sense we have the Gael. car or char, tortuous, the Ang.-Sax. cirran, to tum or bend, &c,, to which I place the foUowing. 1. England, The Char. Dorsetshire, The Chor. Lancashire. The Kerr. Middlesex. ScoUand, Cor(abona)* ant. The Carron. France, The Cher. Joins the Loire. Greece, Chares ant. Colchis. Persia, Cyrus ant., now the Kur. 2. With ihe ending en. England. Cieenus ant. The Churne (Glouces tershire). France. The Charente. 3. With the ending el, Greece. Coralis ant. Boeotia. CuEALius ant. Thessaly. Eussia. Thfe Koeol. Joins the Dnieper * In this case the ending en is very clearly a contraction of abon or aeoji, river. 140 CHARACTER OP COURSE. From the Old High Germ, crumb. Mod. German krumm, Danish krumme, Gael, and Welsh crom, curving or bending, we may take the following. The root seems to be found in the Sansc. kram, to move, to go, which, as in other simUar cases, may also diverge into the meaning of rapidity. I. England. The Ceumm(ock), formerly Crum- (beck), which forms the lake ofthe same name. Germany. Crumb(aha), 10th cent., now the . Gbumb(ach). Eussia. The Keoma. Gov. Orel 2. With ihe ending en. Germany. Chrumbin(bach), 8th cent., now the Krum(bach). 3. With the ending er. Italy. Cremera ant. in Etruria. 4. With the ending es. Germany. The Krems. Joins the Danube. Sicily. Cremisus ant. For the root sid we have the Welsh sid, winding, and the Anglo-Saxon sid, broad, spreading. The former is, I think, the sense contained in the foUowing, though both words may be from the same root. CHARACTER OF COURSE. 141 1. England. The Sid. Devonshire. 2. With ihe ending en. England, The Seaton. Cornwall. 3. With the ending rn, p. 34. Switzerland, Siteruna, 8th cent., now the Sitter or Sittern. Baxter's derivation ofthe Derwent from Welsh derwyn, to wind, appears to me the most suitable. That of Zeuss (taking the form DiTientia), from dru, oak, seems insuf- ficent ; because the number of names, all in the same form, seem to indicate that the word contained must be something more than dru. That of Armstrong, from dear, great, amhain, river, is founded upon a care less hypothesis that the Derwent of Cum berland is the largest river in the North of England, which is not by any means the case. England. The Deewent. Four rivers. Treonta ant. The Trent. France. Druentia ant., now the Durance. Germany. The Drewenz. Prussia. Italy. Teuentius ant., now the Trento. Eussia. Tueuntus ant., now the Duna. 142 CHARACTER OP COURSE. In the sense of tortuousness I am inclined to bring in the foUowing, referring them to Old Norse meis, curvatura, Eng. maze, &c. This seems most suitable to the character of the rivers, as the Maese or Meuse, and the Moselle. The word seems wanting in the Celtic, unless we think of the Welsh mydu, to arch, to vault. The other word which might put in a claim is mos, which, in the sense of marsh, is to be traced both in the Celtic and German speech, and whence, as supposed, the name of the ancient Mysia or Moesia. 1. England. The Maese. Derbyshire. Scotland. The Masie. Aberdeen. France, dx. Mosa, 1st cent. B.C. The Maas, Maes, or Meuse. Germany. Miss(aha), 8th cent. The Meiss(au). The Mies in Boheinia. 2. With the ending en. Italy. The Musone. Two rivers. 3. With the ending el. Germomy. Mosella, 1st cent. The Moselle. The only names which appear to contain an opposite sense to the foregoing are the CHARACTER OF COURSE. 143 Beina of Norway, and the Bane of Lincoln shire, which seem to be from Old Norse heinn, North Eng. 6am, straight, direct. CHAPTEE VII. QUALITY OF WATERS, There are a number of river-names in which the sense of clearness, brightness, or transparency is to be traced. From the Sansc. cand, to shine, Lat. candeo, Welsh, Ir. Arm., and Obs. Gael, can, white, clear, pure, we get the following. But the Gael and Ir., caoin, soft, gentle, is a word liable to inter mix. The Cann. Essex. The Ken or Kent. Westmorland. The Kenne. Devonshire. Scotland. The Ken. Joins the Dee. The Conn. Cona of Ossian. Candy bum. Lanarkshire. Wales. The Cain. MerionetL Germany. Cone, 9th cent., now the Cond. Eussia. The Kana. Gov. Yeniseisk. India. The Cane or Ken — here t QUALITY OF WATERS. 145 2. With the ending en. ScoUand. The Conan. pingwaU. Italy. The Cantiano. Pont. States. 3. With the ending er. England. The Condbe. Lancashire. The Conner. Cornwall. Svntzerland. The Kandbe. 4. Compounded with vi, wy, river. Wales. Conovius ant. The Conway. The Old Celtic word vind, found in many ancient names of persons and places, as Vindo, Vindus, Vindanus,* Vindobona, Vin- dobala. Sec, represents the present Welsh gwyn { = gwynd), and the Jr. finn {=find), white. "The Celt, vind," observes Gluck, "comes from the same root as the Goth. hveit ; it stands for cvind with an intrusive n ; the root is cvid = the Germ, root hvit." The meaning in river-names is bright, clear, pure. 1. England. The Vent. Cumberland. ' The QuENNY. Shropshire. Wales. The Gwynedd ( = Gwynd 1) * The three flrst are names ot persons, and to them we might perhaps refer the present family names Window, Windus, Vindin ; though Windo and Winidin were also ancient German names. — {Farstemann's Altdeutsches Namenlyueh,) The Welsh name Gwrs and the Irish Finn represent the later form of the word. T 145 QUAUTY OF WATERS. Scotland. England. Irdand. Irdand. The Finn. Ulster. France. Th^VENDi^E. Dep. Vendle. The Vind(au) or Wind(au). With the ending en. The Finnan. Inverness. With the ending er. The lake Winder(meee) ?* WiNDERius, Pfdemy, a river not identified. 4. With the ending rn, p. 34. Scotland. The Findhorn. Inverness. 5. With ihe ending el. England- The Wandle. Surrey. Germany. Finola, 8th cent., now the Vehne. From the Welsh llwys, clear, pure, Gael. las, to shine,, Gael, and Ir. leus, light, cog-' nate with Old Norse lios, clear, pure, Lat. luceo. Sec, I derive the foUowing. The Gael. M, lo, day,, must,, I think, contain the root. 1. Elkland.ScoUand.France. Bdgium. Germany. 2. France. The Liza. Cumberland. The Lossie. Elgin. The Lez. Dep. Herault. The Lesse. The Loose. Pruss. Sax. With the ending en. The LiZENA. * Or, as I have elsewhere derived it, from the man's name Winder, still found in the diatrict. QUALITY OF WATERS. 147 Sweden. The LJusne. Falls into the Gulf of Bothnia. 3. With the ending er. Germany. Lesura, llth cent., now the Lieser. Lysbra, 10th cent., now the Leisee. From the root of the abovCj by the prefix g, is formed Gael, and Welsh glas, blue or green, (perhaps originaUy rather transpar ent), and the Old Norse gladr. Old High Germ, glatt, shining. Scotland. The Glass. Inverness. Glass. A lake, Rosshire. Germany. The Glatt. Hohenzollern Sig. Switzerland. Glata, 8th cent. The Glatt. Also from the same root come Gael., Ir., and Arm. glan, Welsh glain, pure, clear, Eng. clean. England. The Glen. Northumberland. The Glen. Lincolnshire. The Clun. Shropshire. Franee. The Glane. Germany. Glana, 8th cent. The Glan, two rivers, and the Glon, three rivers. Switzerlcind. The Klon, a small but beautiful lake in the Klonthal — here, or to Mein, Uttle ? Italy. Clanis ant., now the Chiana. Clanius ant., in Campania. lUyria. The Glan, in Carinthia. 148 QUALITY OF WATERS. From the Old High Germ, hlutar. Mod. Germ, lauter, pure, Forstemann derives the following rivers of Germany. Hence also the name of Lauterbrunnen (brunnen, foun tain), in Switzerland. Germany. Hlute(aha), 7th cent. The Lautee, • the LuDER, the Luttee. The Sommerlautek in Wirtemburg seems to merit the title of pureness only in summer. The following names I think can hardly be referred to the same origin as the above, though according to Lhuyd, who derives them from Welsh gloew, clear, and dwr, water, they would have the same meaning. England. The Lowther. Westmoreland. Scotland. The Lauder. Berwickshire. France. The Lauter. In the Gael, and Ir. ban, white, we may probably find the meaning of the foUowing. f/f^J^C Irdand. The Bann. Three rivers. ScoUand. The Bann(ock) by Bannockburn. Bohemia. The Ban(itz). Of the two foUowing names the former may be referred to the Welsh claer, and the QUALITY OF WATERS. 149 latter to the Swed. klar, both same as Eng. clear. Irdand. The Clare. Connaught. Sweden. The Klara (d, river). From the Welsh t^r, pure, clear, we may get the foUowing. The root is found in Sansc. tar, to penetrate, whence taras, trans parent. Italy. The Taro. Joins the Po. Siberia. The Tara, Joins the Tobol. 2. With the ending en. England. The Teahne. Shropshire. The Deaene. Yorkshire. France. The Tarn. Joins the Garonne. 3. With the ending es. Hungary. The Tarisa. The foUowing two rivers of Germany may, as suggested by Forstemann, be referred to Old High Germ..fidt, pure, bright. 1. Germany. Flad(aha), 8th cent. Not identified. 2. With the ending enz. Germany. Fladinz, llth cent., now the Flad- NITZ. The root bil I have, in river-names gene raUy, referred at p. 84 to the Celtic biol, water. But in the Slavonic districts we may 150 QUALITY OF WATERS. also think of the Slav, hiala, white, though we cannot say but that even there the Celtic word may intermix. Germany. The BiLA in Bohemia. The Biala in Silesia. Eussia. The Bielaya, Joins the Kama. The BiALY. Joins the Narew. From the Old High Germ, swarz. Mod. Germ, schwarz, black, are the names of seve ral rivers of Germany, as the Schwarza, the SCHWARZAU, the SchWarzbach, &c. Also in Norway we have two rivers caUed SvART Elv, and in Sweden the Svart An, which faUs into the Malar Lake. From the Old Norse doeckr, dark, may be the Dokka in Norway, but for the Docker of Lanca shire the Gael, doich, swift, inay be more suitable. The Welsh du, Gael, duhh, black, proba bly occurs in river-names, but I have taken, p. 36, the meaning of water, as found in Obs. Gael, dob, to be the general one. The Welsh duhiS, dark or blackish blue, is found in the DowLKS of Shropshire, and in several QUALITY OF WATERS. 151 streams of Wales. The Douglas of Lan arkshire shews the original form ofthe word, from du, black, and glas, blue. The root sal I have taken at p^ 76 to have in some cases the simple meaning of water. But in the foUowing the quaUty of saltness comes before us as a known characteristic. Germany. Salz(aha), 8th cent. The Salza by Salzburg. Salisus, 8th cent., now the Selse. The Salze. Joins the Werre. Hungary. The Szala,* FaUs into Lake Balaton. Of an opposite character are the foUowing, which we may refer to Welsh melus, Gael. and Ir. milis, sweet, millse, sweetness. Some other rivers, as the ancient Melas in Asia Minor, now the Kara-su (Black river), and three rivers of the same name in Greece, must be referred to Gr. jweXay, black. Germany. Mjlzissa, 8th cent., now the MUl- misch. Milsibach, llth cent. Portugal. Melsus ant. (Strabo). * The waters of Lake Balaton are described'as. "slightly. salt," and I assume from the name that tho Szala is the river from which ita saltness ia derived. CHAPTEE VIII. THE SOUND OF THE WATERS. The Greta in the EngUsh Lake District has been generaUy derived from Old Norse grdta, Scotch greet, to weep or mourn, in aUusion to the waUing sound made by its waters. There is also a Greta in West moreland and a Greta beck in Yorkshire. In the Obs. Gael, and Ir., greath also signi fies a noise or cry, so that it is quite possible that the original Celtic name may have been retained in the same sense. Of an opposite meaning to the above is the name Blythe of several small rivers in England. I do not see how this can be otherwise derived than from the Ang.-Sax. blithe, merry. And how appropriate this is to many of our EngUsh streams we hardly need poetic iUustration to tell us. THE SOUND OF THE WATERS. 153 Of a corresponding meaning with the Saxon name Blythe may be the Avoca or OvocA of Wicklow, the Oboka of Ptolemy. Baxter refers it to Welsh awchus, acer, a word of no very cheerful association for the spot where " Nature has spread o'er the scene Her purest of crystal, and brightest of green.'' The Gael, abhach, blythe, sportive, would seem to give a better etymon for the bright waters of Avoca. Whether the Ocker of Germany (ant. Obocra, Ovocra, Ovokare), may be derived from the same word I do not know sufficient to judge. From the Gr, fipe/nw, Lat. fremo, Ang.- Sax. hremman, to roar. Old Norse brim, roaring or foaming of the sea, Welsh ffrom, faming, Gael, faram, din, I take the foUow ing. The foUowing description given by Strabo* of the Pyramus shews the appro priateness of the derivation. " There is also an extraordinary fissure in the mountain, * Bohn's Translation. U 154 THE SOUND OF THE WATERS. (Taurus), through which the stream is car ried. . . . On account of the winding of its course, the great contraction of the stream, and the depth ofthe ravine, a noise, like that of thunder, strikes at a distance on the ears of those who approach it." England. The Frome. Five rivers. The Frame. Dorsetshire. Germany. Bram(aha) or Brem(aha), 9th cent.. a stream in Odenwald. Primma, 9th cent. Near Worms. The Priim in Prussia. Denmark The Bram(aue) in Holstein. Italy. Formic ant. in Venetia. Asia Minor '. Pyramus ant., now the Jihun. With the ending, i. Germany. The Pfrbimt in Bavaria. With the ending nt. Germany. Premantia, 9th cent., now the Prims. With the ending es. Greece. Permbssus ant. Boeotia. In the Gael, fuair, sound, faoi, a noisy stream, we may perhaps find the origin of the Fowey in Cornwall, and ofthe Foyers in Inverness, the latter of which is noted as forming one of the finest falls in Britain. THE SOUND OF THE WATERS. 155 From the Gael, gaoir, din, we may derive the Gauir in Perthshire ; and from toirm of the same meaning, perhaps the Termon in Ulster. Hence might also be the Trome and the Truim, elsewhere derived at p. 70. From the Gael, durd, durdan, Welsh dwrdd, humming or murmur, Lhuyd de rives the name Dourdwy, of some brawling streams in Wales ; but quoting the deriva tions of some other writers, he adds, with more hunliUty than authors generally pos sess — " Eligat Lector quod maxime placet." To the same origin may probably also be referred the Dourdon in France, Dep. Seine- Inf 156 JUNCTION OR SEPARATION CHAPTER IX. JUNCTION OR SEPARATION OF STREAMS. There are several river-names which con tain the idea, either of the junction of two streams, or of the separation of a river into two branches. The Vistula, Visula, or Wysla, (for in these various forms it appears in ancient records), is referred by MuUer,* rightly as I think, to Old Norse quisl. Germ. zwiesel, branch, as of a river. A simpler form of quisl is contained in Old Norse quistr, ramus, and the root is to be found in Sansc. dwis, to separate, Gael, and Ir. dis, two. The Old Norse name of the Tanais or Don, ac cording to Grimm {Deutsch. Gramm. 3, 385), was Vana-quisl. The word whistle, found as the ending of some of our local names, as Haltwhistle in Northumberland, and Osbald- * Die marken des Vaterlandes. OF STREAMS. 157 whistle in Lancashire, I take to be = the Old Norse quisl : the sense might be that of the branching off of two roads or two streams. In an account ofthe hydrography of Lanark shire, for which I am indebted to the kind ness of a Friend, there is a bum called Gala- whistle, which compares with the above Old Norse Vana-quisl. In connection with the Vistula Jomandes introduces a river Viscla, which has been generaUy considered to be merely another form of the same word — Beichard'^ being, as I believe, the only writer who considers it to be a different river. It seems to me a curious thing that it has never occurred to any one to identify it with the Wisloka, which joins the Vistula near Bara- nov. The modem name must contain the correct form, for Wisloka = an Old High Germ. WisUacha, from acha or aha, river, and is the same as the WisUaffa or Wislauf, from cfa or apa, river. The following names I take to be all variations of the same word. * Germanien unter den RSmern. 158 JUNCTION OR SEPARATION I. France. The Oust. Dep. C6tes-du-Nord. Germany. The Twiste. Joins the Diemel. The Queiss. Pruss. Silesia. Eussia. The XJisT. Joins the Tobol. The UsTE. Joins the Dwina. 3. Germany. France. Bdgiwm. Germany. Gerrnany. 5. With Germany, dee. France. With the ending en. QuisTiNA, 1 1th cent., now the Kosten. TVith the ending er. The ViSTRE. Dep. Gard. The Vesdre. Joins the Ourt. The Veistr(itz). Pruss. Silesia. With the ending rn. Quistirna, 8th cent., now the Twiste, joins the Oste. the ending d=0. N. quisl. Vistula, Ist cent.. Germ. Weichsel. Wisl(oka), joins the Vistula. (See above.) The Wisl(ok). Joins the San. Wisil(ai'fa), llth cent., now the Wisl(aup). The Vesle. Joins the Aisne. The following seem also to contain the Germ, zwei, Eng. two, and to have something of a similar meaning to the foregoing. I. Germany. The Zwitt(awa) or Zwitt(au) in Germany. Moravia. With the ending el. The ZwETTEL in Austria. OF STREAMS. 159 I include also here the Scheldt or Schelde, (the Scaldis of Csesar), which I think is to be explained by the Old Norse skildr, Dan. skilt, separated, in allusion to the two mouths by which it enters the North Sea. And to the same origin may be also placed the Schilt(ach) of Baden, which falls into the Kinzig. From the Gael, caraid, duplex, may pro bably be the two Carts in the County of Eenfrew, the united stream of which enters the Firth of Clyde near Glasgow, CHAPTER X. BOUNDARY OR PROTECTION. The idea of a river as a protection or as a boundary seems to indicate a more settled state of society, and therefore not to belong to the earUest order of nomenclature. And consequently, though this chapter is not quite so bad as the weU-known one " Con cerning Owls," in Horrebow's Natural His tory of Iceland, the sum and substance of which is that " There are no owls of any kind in the whole Island" — ^it wUl be seen that the number of names is very smaU in which such a meaning is to be traced. The word gard, which in the Celtic, Teu tonic, Slavonic, and other tongues has the meaning of protection or defence, must, I think, have something of the same meaning in river-names. Or it may perhaps rather boundary OR PROTECTION. 161 be that of boundary, for the two senses run very much into each other. 1. Fran/ic. The Gard. Joins the Ehone. Germany. Gard(aha), 8th cent. The Gart- (ach). The K akt(haue) in Prussia. 2. With the ending en. Scotland. The Gairden. Joins the Dee. France. The Gardon. Joins the Rhone. Greece. J ARD ANUS ant. in Crete — here ? In the Gael, sgia, Welsh ysgw, guard, pro tection, and in the Welsh ysgi, separation or division, we have two senses, of which the latter may be more suitable for the follow ing. The Editor of Smith's Ancient Geo graphy suggests that the Scius of Herodotus may be the present Isker in Bulgaria : in an etymological point of view this seems proba ble, for as Scius = Welsh ysgi, so Isker = Welsh ysgar of the same meaning. Netherlands. The Schie by Schiedam. Danub. Prov. Scius ant., now the Isker ? From the Gael, scar, sgar, Welsh ysgar, Ang.-Sax. scSran, to divide, in the sense of boundary, may be the foUowing. The small 162 BOUNDARY OR PROTECTION. river Scarr in Dumfriesshire forms for six mUes a boundary between different parishes.* 1. England. The Shere. Kent. Scotland. The Scarr. Dumfriesshire. The Shira. Argyle. Germany. Soerb, llth cent. The Scheer. 2. With the ending en. England. The Skerne. Durham. Germany. Sohyrnb, llth cent., not identified. Any names in which the sense of land, terra, occurs, may, I think, be explained most reasonably in the sense of boundary or ter ritorial division. To this Grimm places the Fulda of Germany, Fuld(aha), 8th cent., referring it to Old High Germ, fulta, Ang.- Sax. folde, earth, ground. Perhaps also to a simUar origin may be referred the Mold(au) in Bohemia, and the Mold (ava) of Moldavia. But the Gael. and Ir. malda, malta, gentle, slow, Anglo- Sax, milde, Eng. mild, may be perhaps more suitable : the Mulde, which joins the Elbe, and which in the 8th cent, appears as MiLDA, seems more probably from this origin. * statistical account of Scotland. BOUNDARY OR PROTECTION. 163 The Bord(au), formerly Bordine, which forms for some distance the boundary be tween East and West Friesland, may, as suggested by Forstemann, be derived from Old Fries, and Anglo-Saxon hord, border. Another river of the same name (p. 33) may perhaps be otherwise derived. I am inclined to bring in here the Granta, and to suggest that it may have been a Sax. or Angle name of the Cam, or of a certain part of the Cam. This river seems to have formed one of the boundaries of the country of the Gyrvii ;"* its name appears in Henry of Huntingdon as Grenta ; and the Old Norse grend. Mod. Germ, grenze, boundary, seems a probable etymon. * See an article by the Rev. W. Stubbs on **The Foundation and early Fasti of Feterborough," in the Archseologlcal Journal for Sept., 1861. CHAPTER XL VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. In this chapter I include some names which do not come under any of the fore going heads, or which have been omitted in their places. The foUowing have generally been referred to Gael, caol, straight, narrow. 1. England. The Cole. Warwickshire. The CoLY. Devon. 2. Wiih the ending en. England. The Colne. Three rivers. But even if this derivation is to be re ceived, we must seek another meaning for the Kola in Russian Lapland, and the Koli(ma) in Siberia — ^the latter in particu lar being a large river, with a wide estuary. The Gael, and Ir. heag, little, forms the ending of some Irish river-names, as the Aw beg, the OwENBEG, and the Arobeg.* The * The derivation at p. 120 I must retract, finding beg as a termination of other Irish river-names. VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. 165 meaning in all these cases is " Uttle river" — owen being the same as avon, aiu the simple form av of the same word, and aro an appel lative as at p. 38, now lost in the Celtic. From the Gael, suail, small, have also been derived the Swale and other foUowing rivers. Chalmers rightly objects to this as inconsistent with the character of the rivers, though the derivation which he proposes to substitute, from ys-wall, a sheltered place, affords, it must be admitted, no very happy altemative. I think the word contained must be related to Old High German swal. Old Norse svelgr, gurges, Eng. swell, though it is wanting in the Celtic. 1. 2. England. The Swale. Two rivers, Kent and Yorkshire. The SwiLY. Gloucestershire. Ireland. The SwET.LY. Donegal. The Swilly. Ulster. Germany. SuALA ant. The Schwale. France. SuLGAS ant., now the Sorgue. Eussia. The Sula— here 1 With the ending en. Irdand. The Sullane. 166 VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. The foUowing must be referred to Old High Germ, sualm, gurges, an extension of the previous word sual. Germany. Sualman(aha), 8th century. The Schwalm. SuLMANA, 8th cent. The Sulm. Bdgiwm. The Salm. Prov. LiSge. France. The Solman. Dep. Jura. The Shannon has by some writers been derived from Ir. scan or shean, old. But inasmuch as there is no river that is other wise than old, the term could only be used in a poetic sense, like " that ancient river, the river Kishon." A more suitable etymon, however, seems to me to be found in Ir. and Obs. Gael, siona, delay ; this corresponds with the GaeUc form of the name, Sionan, given by Armstrong. Scotland. The Shin. Sutherland. Ireland. Senus (Ptolemy). The Shannon. Germany. Sinna, 8th cent. The Sinn. Belgium. The Senne. Joins the Dyle. Italy. Sena ant., now the Nevola. Aust. Pol. The San, two rivers — here t India. The Seena — here ? VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. 167 From the Gael, cobhair, Ir. cubhair, foam, froth, appear to be the foUowing. England, The Cober. Cornwall. The Cover. Yorkshire. Eussia. The Choper. Asia. Chaboras ant., now the Khabur — here ? India. Chaberis ant., now the Caveri — here ? From the Ir. and Obs. Gael, breath, pure, clear, I take to be the foUowing. England. The Bratha. Lake District. Scotland The Broth(ock). Porfar. Germany. The Brett(aoh). Joins the Koeher. The Brat(awa) in Bohemia. Braht(aha),* 10th century. The Bracht — here ? Asia Minor. Practius ant. — here ? And from the Ir. brag, running water, I foUow Mone in taking the foUowing. 1. England. Ireland. France. Germany. The Bray. Devon. The Bray. Wicklow. The Bray. Joins the Loire. The Brege, in the Scharwarzwald. 2. England. Ireland. With the ending en. The Braine. Joins the Blackwater. Breagna, an old name for the Boyne. * Wiegand, (Oberhessische ortsnamen), refers this name to Old High Germ, braiit, fremitus. 168 VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. A root for river-names, to which might be put the foUowing, is found by Forstemann in Old High Germ, rdr. Mod. Germ, rohr, arundo, Eng. rush. Germany. IIor(aha), llth century, now the Rohrbach. Rura, 8th cent. The Euhr. Holland. The Eoer. Joins the Maas. The word sil in river-names would seem to have the meaning of stUl or sluggish wa ter. The Gael, has sil, to drop, rain, drip ; and the Arm. has sila, to filter. (The Old Fries, sil, canal, seems hardly a related word ; it appears more probably to be connected with Old Norse sila, to cut, to farrow.) Ac cording to Pliny, the Scythian name of the Tanais or Don was SiHs ; and several other Scythian rivers had the same name, {Grimm, Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach) In this point of view the above derivation might seem too restricted, and we might think of sil, as of sal, (p. 75), as formed by the prefix s from the root al or il, to go, (p. 71,) in the simple meaning of water. According to Strabo and VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. 169 Pliny the Sllaris of Italy had the property of petrifying any plant thrown into it ; but as, according to Cluvier, the modern inha bitants of its banks know nothing of any such property, it would rather seem as if the story had been made to fit the supposed con nection of the name with silex, flint. I. Simtzerland. Sil(aha), llth cent. The Sihl. Italy. SiLis ant., now the Sile. ScoUand. The Shiel in Argyleshire — here 1 Germany. The Schyl (ant. Tiarantus) — here ? 2. With ihe ending en. Sweden. Siljan. Lake. Eussia. The Shelon — here 1 3. With tlie ending er. Naples. SiLARis ant., now the Silaro. The form silv I take to be an extension of sil, simUar to others previously noticed. 1. Eussia. The Silv a. Gov. Perm. 2. With the ending er. England. The Silver. Devon. The Simois in the Plain of Troy I have suggestively placed at p. 119 to Gael, saimh, slow, tranquU. But, taking the epithet lu brious applied to it by Horace, we might w 170 VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. perhaps seek a stronger sense from the same root, as found in Welsh seimio, to grease, saim, taUow. The water of the Liparis in CiUcia, ac cording to Polyclitus, as quoted by Pliny, was of such an unctuous quaUty that it was used in place of oil. Probably only for the purpose of anointing the person, to which extent the story is confirmed by Vitruvius. Hence no doubt its name, from Sansc. lip, to be greasy, Gr. Xnrapoi, unctuous. Grimm (Gesch, d. Deutsch. Sprach.) sug gests a simUar origin for the Ister, p. 117, referring it to Old Norse istra, Dan. ister, fat, grease, Gr. a-reap. He puts it, however, in a metaphorical sense, as " the fattening, fructifying river." With deference, however, to so high an authority, this explanation seems to me rather doubtful. For the end ing ster, as I have elsewhere observed, is common to many river-names, and I have taken it to be, like the Arm. ste7% formed by a phonetic t, from the Sansc. sri, to flow. VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. l7l Also, from the root of the Sansc. sri, to flow, I take to be Gael, sruam, and again taking the phonetic t, the word stream, Strom, common to aU the Teutonic dialects. In these two forms we find the ancient names of two rivers — the Syrmus of Thrace, and the Strymon or Strumon, the present Struma, of Macedonia. CHAPTER XII. CONCLUSION. The names of rivers form a striking com mentary on the histoiy of language, so ad mirably expounded to the general reader in the recent work of Professor Max MiiUer. When we review the long list of words that must have once had the meaning of water or river, we can hardly faU to be struck with the number that have succumbed in what he so aptly terms "the struggle for Ufe which is carried on among synonymous words as much as among plants and ani mals." We see too how large a portion of this long list of appeUatives may ultimately be traced back to a few primary roots. And how even these few primary roots may per haps be resolved into a stiU smaUer number of yet more simple forms. CONCLUSION. 173 I take for instance, as a primitive starting point in river-names, the Sansc. root i, d, or ay, signifying to move, to flow, to go. We have appeUatives even in this simple form, as the Old Norse d, Anglo-Sax. ce, water, river. But whether they directly represent the root, or whether, Uke the French eau, p. 30, they have only withered down to it again, after a process of germinating and sprouting, I do not take upon me to determine. Then we have the roots, also of the kind caUed primary, ab, ar, ir, ag, ikh, il, it, aU having the same general meaning, to move, to go, and from which, as elsewhere noticed, are also derived a number of appellatives for water or river in the various Indo-European languages. I should be inclined to suggest that the whole of these are formed upon, and are modifications of the simple root i, d, or ay, and that the foUowing remarks made by Max MuUer respecting secondary roots, may be extended also to them. "We can fre quently observe that one of the consonants. 1 74 CONCLUSION. in the Aryan languages, generally the final, is liable to modification. The root retains its general meaning, which is sUghtly modi fied and determined by the changes of the final consonants." He instances the Sansc. tud, tup, tubh, tuj, tur, tuh, tus, aU having the same general meaning, to strike. Again — ^there are forms such as ang, amb, and, he, which are merely, a strengthening of the roots ag, ab, ad, or at, and which also are found in a number of appeUative forms. We might pursue the subject stUl further, and enquire whether the secondary forms, such as sar, sal, car, cal, aU having the same general meaning, to move, to go, may not be formed, by the prefix of a consonant, on the roots ar and al, and so also be ultimately referred to the simple root i or d. As also the sUent and ceaseless flow of water is the most natural and the most com mon emblem of the efflux of time ; so in the same root is to be found the origin of many of the words which mean time and eternity. CONCLUSION. 175 The Gr. aet, the Goth, aiv, the Anglo-Sax. awa, Eng. ever and aye, are all from this same root, so widely spread in river-names, and express the same idea which speaks — " For men may come, and men may go, But I go on for ever." ADDENDA ET COREIGENDA. P. 25. To the root ab or ap, water, place the Lith. and Lett, uppe, river, whence the following. Germany. The Oppa in Silesia. Russia. The Upa. Joins the Oka. The Ufa. Joins the Bielaya. P. 33. To the root ud place as an appeUative the Obs. Gael, ad, water. And add to form No. 1 the follow ing names. Russio. The Uda. Gov. Kharkov. Fronce. The Odde. Dep. Allier. P. 35. The Celt, word and or ant, water, is nothing more than a strengthening of the above Obs. Gael. ad. P. 40. In referring to the root ark, erk, I have omitted the Ir. earc, water, the appeUative most nearly con cerned. The Basque erreca, brook, might be taken to be borrowed from the Celtic, did we not fiud in the ADDENDA ET COREIGENDA. 177 same language the more primitive words wr and errio, p. 38, which seem to form a Hnk with the Indo- European languages. P. 49. To the root nig, ni, place — 1. France. The Ne. Joins the Charente. Norway. The Nia. Stift Trondjem. 3. With ihe ending es. Russia. The Nbrtjssa. Gov. Orel. P. 63. To the root ivig, uric, wy, place the two foUowing names. The Welsh gwy, water, is the word most nearly concerned in most of the group. England. The Wyok. Buckinghamshire. Russia. The Ui. Gov. Orenburg. P. 64. To the root vip place as an appeUative the Welsh gwibio, to rove, wander, gwibiau, serpentine course. Probably upon the whole the sense of tortuousness is that which should be recognized. The foUowing name probably belongs to form No. 1. Spain. The Quipar. Joins the Segura. P. 70. The Celtic languages have a trace of the word trag, to run, in the Old Ir. traig, foot (Zeuss, Gramm. Celt.) 178 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. P. 83. For Greece. Pydaras ant. Thrace. Read Thrace. Pydaras ant. P. 84. To the Ir. biol, buol, water, place the foUowing names. England. The Beaulieu, also called the Exe, in Ham.pshire. Scotland. The Bbatjly. Inverness. Italy. Paulo ant., now the Paghone. P. 85. I apprehend that in the opinion of Celtic scholars of the present day the Ancient British deity Gocidis is not considered to have any connection with the river Coquet. P. 91. It seems probable that the word asp in river- names is formed by metathesis from the word aps, p. 27, form 5. P. 97. The Gryffe and the Girvan may perhaps be bet ter derived from the GaeL grib, swift. P. 132. To the root pad or pand, to spread, may probably be placed — England. The Pant. Essex. ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 179 P. 135. From the root tan may be derived the Dniester, ( = Danaster), from ster, river. Or it might be from the root dan, as in Danube, p. 116. P. 136. The Dan. tang, sea-weed, does not seem to be con nected with any word signifying water : it represents the Old Norse tag, twigg. P. 145. To the root vind, white, clear, place — England. The Wentb. Yorkshire. P. 149. To the Sansc. taras, Welsh ter, pure, clear, place — Thrace. Teaeus ant. INDEX. (Ancient Names in Italics.) Aa, 28 Allan, 71 Angrm, 81 Aach, 28 Alle, 71 AnMaWM, 36— Note. Aar, 39 Aller, 71 Anker, 81 Abana, 26 Allia, 71 Annas, 27 Acaris, 81 Allier, 74 Ant, 35 Achaze, 31 AUow, 71 Anton, 36 Adda, 34 Aim, 130 Anza, 27 Adanan, 34 Alma, 130 Appelbaoh, 26 Adonr, 34 Alme, 130 Apsanis, 27— Note. Adur, 34 Almelo, 130 Apsus, 27 Aenus, 27 Almo, 130 Arabis, 120 Agger. 81 Alne, 71 Aragon, 41, 178 Aghor, 81 Alpheus, 74 Arak, 41, 176 Agrl, 81 Alpis, 73 Arar, 117 Air, 39 Alt, 72 Aras, 78 Ahse, 31 Alta, 72 Araxes, 78 Ain, 13S Alten, 72 Arc, 41, 176 Aisne, 31 Altmtlhl, 104 Arga, 41, 176 Aiss, 81 Alnm Bay, 130 Argen, 41, 176 Alterach, 35 Alz, 76 AriMs, 66 Alass, 75 Amasse, 29 Ariminm, 122 Alaunus, 71 Ambastm, 29 Arke, 41, 176 Alb. 73 Amber, 29 Arl, 40 Albegna, 74 Amble, 29 Arly, 40 Alben, 74 Ambldve, 29 Arme, 122 Alila, 74 Amele, 29 Armine, 122 AOula, 74 Ammer, 29 Arno, 40 Alces, 104 Amnias, 26 Arobeg, 164 Aldan, 72 Amon, 26 Arosis, 78 Aide, 72 Andelau, 36 Arques, 41 Alf, 73 AndeUe, 36 Arrobo, 120 Alhama, 130 Angel, 81 Arrow, 39 Allse, 76 Angera, 81 Arsia, 78 Alima, 76 Angerap, 81 Arun, 39 182 INDEX. Arva, 109 Beuvron, 84 Calbis, lis Arve, 109 Bever, 84 CaWuma, 112 Ascama, 31 Biala, 150 Calder, 112 Ash, 31 Bialy, 160 Caldew, 112 Asopus, 92, 178 Biberbach, 84 CaUau, 110 Aspe, 92, 178 Bibra, 84 Cailas, 110 Astura, 68 Bielaya, 150 CaVApus, 118 Au, 28 BiSvre, 83 Calore, 110 Aube, 73 BUa, 150 Calpas, 113 Aulne, 71 micms,S5 Cam, 138 Aune, 27 Binoa, 82 Candy Bum, 144 Aupe, 73 Birse, 101 Cane, 144 Aurach, 39 Blythe, 152 Cann, 144 Auray, 39 Bode, 132 Cantiano, 146 Auve, 74 Boderia, 132 Caresus, 114 Aven, 26 Bogen, 138 Carpino, 97 Avia. 26 Bogie, 138 Carpis, 97 Aviz, 27 Bolbec, 85 Carron, 139 Avoca, 163 SollaliM, 86 Cart, 169 Avon, 26 Bord, 133 Caveri, 167 Avre, 26 Bordau, 163 Cayster, 68 Awbeg. 164 Bowe, 138 Celadon, 112 Awe, 28 Boyle, 85 Celydrms, 112 Axe, 30 Boyne, 84 Cerbalus. 98 Axius, 31 Bracht, 167 Cersus, 114 Axona, 31 Braine, 167 Cesirus, 68 Axus, 31 Bramaue, 164 VhaXus, 110 Bratawa, 167 ChaUmts, 110 Fahr, 66 Bratha, 167 Cham, 138 BandOD, 132 Bray, 167 Char, 139 Bane, 143 Breagna, 167 Charente, 139 Banltz, 148 Brege, 167 Chares, 139 Bann, 148 Bresle, 101 Chelt, 112 Bannock, 148 Brettach, 167 Chelva, 113 Bar, 66 Brosna, 101 Cher, 139 Barrow, 66 Brothock, 167 Chiana, 147 Bannach, 84 Bucket, 138 Chiers, 114 Beaulieu, 178 Bug, 138 Owaspes, 68, 178 Beauly, 178 Buhler, 85 Choper, 167 Beela, 84 Buller, 85 Chor, 139 Behr, 66 Bullot, 85 Churne, 139 Behiun, 66 Burzen, 101 Cladeus, 80 Beina. 143 CUmirn, 147 Beraun, 66 Ccednus, 108 aare, 149 Bere, 66 Cailas, 110 aedden, 79 ]Berre, 65 Cain, 144 Clitma, 80 INDEX. 183 Clitumnus, 80 aoyd, 79 Cludros, 80 Clun, 147 Clwyd, 79 Clyde, 79 Cober, 167 Cociirdc, 86 Cocker, 86 Cockley-beck, 87 Cocytus, 87 Coker, 86 Colapis, 113 Cole, 164 Colne, 164 Coly, 164 Conan, 145 Cond, 144 Conder, 145 Conn, 144 Conner, 145 Conway, 145 Coquet, 87 CaraMs, 139 Cover, 167 Cremera, 140 Cremisus, 140 Crummock, 140 Cuckmare, 87 CuraHus, 139 Cydnus, 108 Cyrus, 139 Dahme, 135 Dalcke, 106 Dane, 136 Danube, 116 Da/radax, 105 Daradus, 105 Darme, 70 Daubrawa, 37 Deane, 135 DSaume, 136 Dee, 184 Deel, 105 Delvenau, 106 Demer, 136 Derwent, 141 Desna, 107 Deva, 135 Dm, 105 Dillar Burn, 106 Dista, 107 Dive, 135 Dniester, 179 Dobur, 37 Docker, 150 Dodder, 90 Dokka, 150 Dommel, 90 Don, 136 Donge, 136 Dora, 37 Dordogne, 38 Doubs, 86 Douglas, 150 Dourdon, 156 Dourdwy, 165 Douro, 37 Doux, 36 Dove, 36 Dovy, 36 Dow, 36 Dowles, 150 Drac, 70 Drage, 70 Drammen, 70 Dran, 69 Drave, 69 Drewenz, 141 Drome, 70 Drone, 69 Dronne, 69 Dubissa, 37 Duddon, 90 Dude, 90 Durance, 141 Durme, 70 Durra, 37 Dussel, 107 Duyte, 90 Dyle, 106 Earne, 40 Ebrach, 26 Ebro,26 EcoUe, 69 Eden, 35 Eder, 34 Edrenos, 34 Eem, 28 Eger, 81 Ehen, 27 Bichell, 28 Elder, 35 Eisach, 32 Eitrach, 35 Elbe, 73 Eld, 72 Elda, 72 EUS, 71 EUen, 71 Ellero, 71 ElUson, 75 Elvan, 74 Elz, 76 Emba, 29 Emele, 29 Emme, 28 Emmen, 29 Emmer, 29 Ems, 29 Ens, 27 Bra, 39 Erens, 138 Erlt, 40 Ergers, 41 Erl, 40 Erla, 40 Erms, 122 Erpe, 109 Erve, 109 Eschaz, 31 Esk, 31 Eskle, 31 Esla, 33 Esque, 31 Ettrick, 35 Eure, 34 184 INDEX. Evan, 26 Qarrhmmas, 113 Hetdssmi, 75 Evenus, 26 Garry, 113 Helme, 130 Eye, 28 Gartach, 161 Helpe, 74 Eypel, 27 Garza, 114 Herk, 41, 176 Exe, 31 Gata, 108 Hesper, 92, 178 Gauir, 156 Hespin, 91 Pal, 130 Geisa, 108 Hes^tdros, 33 Feale, 130 Gda, 110 Hisscar, 32 Fillan, 130 Gelt, 112 HOrsell, 78 Fils, 130 Geltnadh, 112 HuU, 89 Findhorn, 146 Geranius, 114 Humber, 29 Finn, 146 Geron, 114 Hunte, 100 Finnan, 146 Gers, 114 Hypanis, 26 Fladaha, 149 Gidea, 108 Hypius, 26 Fladnltz, 149 Giesel, 109 Hypsas, 27 Fleet, 66 Giesbach, 108 Flieden, 66 Gingy, 68 Iberus, 26 Flietnitz, 66 Giron, 114 Idle, 35 FUsk, 67 Girvan, 97, 178 Igla, 69 Foilagh, 130 Glan, 147 Iglawa, 69 Formio, 154 Glass, 147 Ihna, 27 Forth, 115 Glatt, 147 Ik, 69 Fowey, 154 Glen, 147 Dach, 71 Foyers, 154 Glon, 147 Ilavla, 74 Frame, 164 Glyde, 80 Be, 71 Fraw, 115 Gose, 108 lien, 71 Frome, 164 Gotha, 108 Ilek, 104 Froon, 115 Gouw, 68 Ilisms, 75 Fulda, 162 Grabow, 97 111,71 Granta, 163 Die, 71 Gada, 108 Gravino, 97 lUer, 71 Gaddada, 109 Greta, 152 lUim, 130 Gade, 108 Grumbach, 140 Ilm, 130 Gader, 108 Gryffe, 97, 178 Ilmen, 130 Gadmen, 109 Gwynedd, 145 Ilmenau, 130 Gail, 110 Gyndes, 108 Ilse, 76 Gairden, 161 nz, 76 Gala, 110 Haase, 100— Note. Inda, 23 Galthera, 112 HalioGmon, 104 Inde, 23 Gande, 108 HaZycus, 104 Indus, 23 Ganges, 68 Balys, 75 Indre, 23 Gangitus, 68 Hamel, 29 Ingon, 81 Gard, 161 Hamps, 29 Ingul, 81 Gardon, 161 Harpa, 109 Inn, 27 Garlwater, 97 Harpasus, 109 Inney, 27 Garonne, 13, 114 Hebrus, 26 lonne, 69 INDEX. 185 Ipf, 26 KaUtva, 112 IpOly.27 Earn, 189 Ips. 27 Kama, 189 Inj*, 138 Kamp, 13S Irati, 138 Kana, 144 Irghls, 41 , Kander, 146 Irk, 41 Karthaue, 161 Irkut, 41 Kels, 110 Irt, 138 Kelvin, lis Irthing, 138 Kemi, 139 Irvine, 109 Kenne, 144 Isao, 31 Kent, 144 Isar, 33 Kerr, 139 Ischl, 31 Kersch, 114 Ise, 32 Khabur, 167 Isen, 32 Khankova, 68 Is«re, 32 Klara, 149 Isis, 33 Klodnitz, 80 Isla,33 KlBn, 147 Isker, 161 Eocher, 86 Ismenw, 33 Kohary, 86 Isol6, 33 Kohlbach, 113 Isper, 92 Kokel, 86 Isset, 33 Kola, 164 Issius, 32 Kolima, 164 Isfer, 33, 117, 170 Korol 139 Itchen, 69 Koros, 114 Iton, 36 KSsten, 168 Itz, 35 Krems, 140 Ive, 25 Kroma, 140 Ivel, 26 Krumbachi 140 Kuchelbach, 87 JaOms, 100 Kulpa, 113 Jaghatu, 100 Kur, 189 Jahde, 100 Jahnbach, 63 Lagan, 46 Jardamis, 161 Lahn, 45 Jaxt, 100 Laimaha, 128 Jesmen, 89 Laine, 46 Jessava, 89 Laith, 46 Jetza, 89 Lama, 128 Jeama, 89 Lambro, 129 Jisdra, 89 Lamme, 128 Joss, 89 Lammer, 129 Jug, 100 Lamone, 129 Lamov, 128 Lawms, 129 Lanoha, 45 Lauder, 148 Lauter, 148 Lave, 46 Lavino, 46 Leach, 44 Leam, 128 Lech, 44 Leok, 44 Lee, 44 Leen, 44 Legre, 44 Leiser, 147 Leith, 46 Leitha, 46 Leithan, 47 Leman, 129 Leman (Lake), 129 Lempe, 128 Lesse, 146 Lefhiem, 47 Leven, 46 Lez, 146 Lid, 46 Lida, 46 Lidden, 47 Liddle, 47 Lieser, 147 Liffar, 46 Lifley, 46 Ligne, 44 Lima, 128 . Limen, 129 Limmat, 129 lAmyrus, 129 lAparis, 170 Llpka, 46 Lippe, 46 liver, 46 i Liza, 146 Lizena, 146 Ljnsne, 147 Lloughor, 46 Loing, 45 Loire, 44 186 INDEX. Loiret, 14 Lomond (Loch), 129 , Looe, 45 Loony, 46 Loose, 146 Lossie, 146 ^ Lot, 72 Loue, 46 Longa, 46 Lougan, 45 Louven, 46 Lowna, 46 Lowther, 148 Luder, 148 Lug, 46 Lugan, 45 Lugano (Lake), 45 Lngar, 46 LUhe. 44 Lune, 46 Lutter, 148 Lye, 44 Lyme, 128 Lyon, 44 Lys, 44 Maas, 142 Macestus, 61 Madder, 88 Madel, 88 Maese, 142 Mahanuddy, 60 Mala, 60 Maig, 60 Main, 60 Maina, 60 March, 61 Mare, 62 Marecchia, 62 Mark, 61 Marne, 88 Marosch, 62 Marsyas, 62 Masie, 142 Mask (Lake), 62 Matrinus, 88 Matrona, 88 Maw, 60 Mawn, 60 May, 60 Mayenne, 127 Meal, 61 Mede, 88 ' Medemelacha, 126 Medinka, 126 Medoaeue, 127 MedofulU, 126 Medvieditza, 127 Medway, 126 Medwin, 127 Megna, 60 Mehaigne, 60 Mehe, 88 Meissau, 142 MeUfiis, 161 Meon, 60 Mergui, 62 Metauro, 88 Metema, 127 Meuse, 142 Mhye, 60 Midou, 126 Miele, 61 Mies, 142 Milisibach, 161 Moder, 88 Moldau, 162 Moldava, 162 Mora, 61 Morava, 61 Merge, 61 Morn, 62 Moselle, 142 Moskva, 62 Monme, 62 Moy. 60 Moyne, 60 Muhr, 61 Mulde, 162 Mttlmisch, 161 Muotta, 102 Murg, 61 Murr, 61 Murz, 62 Musone, 142 Muthvey, 102 Naab, 60 Naaf, 60 Nabalis, 61 Nabon, 50 Nahe, 60 Nairn, 49 Namadus, 62 Naparis, 60 Nar, 49 Narenta, 49 Narew, 49 Naron, 49 Narova, 49 Narra, 49 Natisone, 88 Nave, 60 Naver, 60 Navia, 60 Ne, 177 Neagh, (Lake) 49 Neath, 54 Neda, 64 Neers, 49 Neisse, 51 Nenagh, 49 Nene, 49 Nenny, 49 Nent, 49 Nera, 49 Nerja, 49 Nerussa, 177 Ness, 51 Neste, 61 Nestus, 51 Nethan, 64 Nethe, 64 Neutra, 88 Neva, 60 Never, 60 INDEX. 187 Nevis, 61 Orre, 40 Pina, 82 Nal, 177 Orrin, 40 Plnau, 82 if to, 49 OrskiMS, 78 Fendar, 83 Nidd, 64 Orvanne, 109 Pindus. 82 Nidder, 64 (Esous, 81 Pinega, 82 Nied, 64 Oskol, 31 Pinka, 82 Niemen, 50 Otter, 34 Pitrenick, 83 Nievre, 60 Ource, 78 Plaine, 65 Nisi, 61 Ourcq, 41 Plau, 66 Nissava, 61 Ourt, 138 Plan-see (Lake), Nith, 64 Ousche, 32 Pleiske, 67 Nive, 60 Oust, 168 Pleisse, 66 Nivelle. 60 Owenbeg, 164 Pleistus, 66 Noain, 88 Ovoca, 153 Pliusa, 66 Nodder, 88 Oxus, 31 Ploen (Lake), 6 Noraha. 49 Plone, 66 Nore, 49 Paar, 65 Plonna, 66 Now, 49 Pader, 132 Plym, 67 Oarus, 39 Padus, 132 Po, 131 Ock. 28 Palme, 67 Polota, 86 Ocker, 153 Pant, 178 Porata, 115 Odde, 176 PaiKtanus, 182 Portva, 115 Odder, 34 Parde, 133 Pradims, 167 Oder, 34 Parret, 83 Pravadl, 116 Odon, 34 Parfhenius, 183 Pregel, 116 Offlws, 27 Pattmms, 132 Primma, 164 Oertze, 78 Paulo, 178 Prims, 164 Ohm, 26 Pebrach, 84 Pripet, 116 Ohre, 89 Pedder, 83 Pronia, 115 Ohm, 40 Peen, 81 Prosna, 101 Oich, 28 Peffer, 83 PrUm, 164 Oikell, 28 Pelym, 67 Pruth, 116 Oise, 32 Penem, 82 Purally, 118 Oka, 28 Penjina, 82 Pydaras, 83 Oke, 28 Penk, SZ—Note. Pyramus, 154 OUe, 72 Penner, 82 Olmeius, 130 Penza, 82 Queiss, 168 OUis, 72 Permessus, 164 Quenny, 146 Ombrone, 29 Pernau, 65 Quipar, 177 Oppa, 176 Persante, 101 Orb, 109 Petteril, 83 Eaab, 120 Ore, 89 Pever, 83 Basa, 96 Orge, 41 Plreunt, 164 Easay, 96 Orla, 40 Plana. 82 Eavee, 102 Orlyava, 40 Piave, 66 Eaven, 102 Orlyk, 40 Hddle, 82 Eea, 43 66 188 INDEX. Eednitz, 96 ^ Salza, 151 Segura, 119 Keen, 43 Samara, 119 Seille, 76 Eega,43 Sambre, 69, 119 'Seine, 119 Eegen, 43 San, 166 Selle. 76 Eegge,43 Saone, 119 Seise, 151 Reno, 43 Saraswati, 68 Selune, 77 Eeuss, 96 Saratovka, 66 Sem, 119 Eezat, 96 Sarayu, SS Semoy, 119 Bha,i3 Sare, SS Sempt, 119 Bhesus, 96 Sark, 55 Sena, 166 Ehine, 43 Samiua, 58 Senne, 166 Bhlon. 43 Sarno, 56 Semts, 166 Bhodanus, 96 Sarsonne, 68 Seran, 56 Bhodius, 96 Sarthe, S6 Serchio, 66 Ehone, 95 San, 59 Sered, 66 Eiaza, 96 SoAUSorma, 119 Sereth, 66 Eiga, 43 Save, 59 Serio, SS Eiss, 96 Savena, 59 Serre, SS Eobe, 102 Savezo, 69 -Serus, 66 Eodach, 95 Savio, 69 Sessites, 98 Eodau, 96 Savranka, 59 Sestra, 99 Eodden, 96 Sazawa, 98 Seugne, 119 Eoer, 168 Seams, 159 Seva, 59 Eohrbach, 168 Scarr, 162 Sevan, 69 Eoss, 96 Scheer, 162 Severn, 69 Eosslau, 96 Scheldt, 169 Semrus, 69 EStel, 96 Schie, 161 Sevre, 59 Eoth, 95 SchUtach, 159 Se\tron, 69 Eotha, 96 Schmida, 63 Shannon, 166 Eothaine, 96 Schnei, 62 Sheaf, 101 Eother, 96 Schondra, 99 Shere, 162 Eott, 96 Schozach, 99 Shiel, 169 Bottach, 95 Schunter, 99 Shin, 166 Eoubion, 102 Schupf, 101 Shira, 162 Euhr, 168 Schussen, 99 Siearis, 119 Eye, 43 Schutter, 99 Sid. 141 Schwabach, 101 Sieg, 119 Saale, 76 Schwale, 166 Sieve, 59 Saar, 65 Schwalm, 166 Sihl, 169 SaSis, 69 Schwarza, 160 SUaro, 169 Sabor, 69 Schyrne, 162 sue. 169 Sabrina, 59 Sdus, 161 Simmen, 119 Saima (Lake), 119 Scopas, 101 Simmer. 119 Sal, 77 Seaton, 141 Simois. 119, 169 Salm, 166 Seena, 166 Sinde. 23 Sato, 77 Segre, 119 Sitter, 141 INDEX. mo Skerne, 162 Skippon, 101 Slaan, 77 Slaney, 77 Sneidbach, 62 Snyte, 62 Soar, 65 Soja, 119 Solman. 166 Somme, 119 Sora, 55 Sorg, 6S Sosna, 98 Sosterbach, 99 Souza, 98 Sow, 69 SSve. 69 Spean. 103 Spear, 103 Speier, 103 Spey, 103 Sprazah, 103 Spree, 103 Sprenzel, 104 Spressa, 104 Sprint, 103 Sprotta, 103 StBr, 68 Storas, 68 Stort, 58 Stour. 58 Streu, 68 Stroud, 68 Strumon, 171 Stiy.SSStura. 58 Styr, 68 Suchona. 119 Suck, 59 Suero, 69 Siuams, 101 Suippe, 101 Suire, 59 ^ Sula, 166 Sulgas, 165 SuUane, 165 Suhu, 166 Sur, 66 Sura, 65 Sure, 55 Suren, 66 Suss, 98 Sutledge, 26, 98 Sutoodra. 98 Suusaa, 98 Suzon, 98 Svart. 160 Svlr. 66 Swale. 166 SweUy, 166 SwlUy, 186 Swords, 66 Syrmus, 171 Szala, 161 Ta, (Loch), 185 Talruda, ISS Tacon, 107 Tamar, 13S Tamiaris, 135 Tambre, 136 i:ame, 135 Tamuda, 136 Tamyras, 186 Tana. 135 Tanagro. 136 Tanais, 136 Tanaro. 185 Tanger. 138 ToMUs, 135 Taptee, 185 Tara, 149 Tardoire, lOS Tarf,69Tartsa, 149 Tam. 149 Taro, 149 Tartaro, 106 Tartessus, 106 Tarth, 105 Tauber, 87 Tavda, 135 Tave, 185 Tavus, 135 Tavy, 184 Taw, 184, 136 Tay, 136 Teane, 13S Teame, 149 Teams, 179 Tees, 106 Teesta, 107 Teign, 186 Tema, 135 Teme, 186 Temes, 136 Tengs, 136 Termon, 165 Tescha, 107 Tessin. 107 Test, 107 Teviot, 135 Thames, 186 Thaya, 135 Theiss. 107 Thiele, 106 Thur, 37 Tiasa, 107 Ticino, 107 TUl, 105 TUse, 106 Tim. 135 Timao, 135 Titnamis, 135 Tivy, 135 ToUen, 106 Tom. 135 Torre, 87 Tosa. 107 Toss, 107 Touse, 107 Touvre, 37 Towy. 36 Trachlno, 71 I'ragus, 70 190 INDEX. Traun. 69 Vegiaur, 64 Wear, 34 Trave. 69 Vegre, 63 Weaver, 64 Trebbia. 69 Vehne, 146 Wegierka. 64 Treja, 70 VeUe. 90 Weichsel, 168 Trent. 141 Veistriz. 168 Welland, 90 Trento, 141 Vel, 90 Welso, 91 Trome, 70, 155 Velez, 91 Wente, 179 Truentiius, 141 VeUno, 91 Wem, 77 Tniim, 70. 166 VeUaur, 91 Werre, 77 Tura. 37 VendSe, 146 Wers, 78 Turija. 37 Vent, 145 Wertach, 78 Turuntus. 141 Ver. 77 Wetter, 34 Twiste. 168 Verdon, 79 Wey, 63 Tzna, 62 Vesdre. 158 Wick, 63 Vesle, 168 Wien, 63 Uda, 176 VSver, 64 Wigger, 63 Ufa, 176 Veveyse, 64 WUly, 90 Ui. 177 Viaur. 63 Windau, 146 Uist, 158 Vie. 63 Winderius, 146 UUa.89 Vienne, 63 Windermere (Lake), 146 UUea, 89 Vig.63 Wipper, 64 UUster. 89 VUia, 90 Wislauf, 158 Umbro, 28 VUiu, 90 Wisloka, 168 Umea. 28 Vnia. 90 Woder, 34 Unstrat. 58 Vilna, 90 Worse, 78 Upa, 176 VUs, 91 Walpe, 73 Ural, 40 Vindau, 146 Wupper, 64 Urim.sa Vipasa, 64 Wurdah, 79 Urjumka, 122 Vire, 77 Wyck, 177 Ursel, 78 Vistre, 168 Wye, 63 Usk. 31 Vistula, 158 Uste. 168 Vlie. 65 Xalon, 77 Uxella, 31 Vliest. 66 VUet. 66 Xucar, 69 Vaga. 63 Vodla, 34 Yssel. 83 Vagal. 63 Vosges, 63 Ythan,.35 Vahalds, 63 Vakh. 63 Waag, 63 Zeyer, 59 Varano. 78 Waal. 63 Zorn. 66 Vardar, 79 Wandle, 146 Zna. 62 Varde, 79 Warnau, 77 Zwettel. 168 Vardre. 79 Warte. 79 Zwittau, 168 Varese (Lake), 78 Watawa, 34 Zwittawa, 158 Vartrey, 79 Waveney, 63 Vayah, 63 Waver, 68 E. AND J. SiEEL, Fbiniebs. 67. Enqubh St., Carlisle. YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 03038 6255 u^ani<$ttiaW«iKiiii«^^ . .h ui-M&i^'^mvtr,^ .i*t^.imw I jiiiitiai|ipiii|iij^i3 fxm^mKmsi&fmiMmi 'it ¦*¦ f|. ¦ K ' ^1 s > *t^ J . » -1 'f A S-' iii ' 'oV>J '^™i , 1 .W?l > '!• !l| I ^^\>yli »fj afWit**flBHK5«ieftiS#&«« "^mis^itiiii^aiPim^^ r