Ya\e Umv©Ts\\v Library 39002029618205 YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY HISTORY OF MISSOURI. STATE CAPITOL. a. AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF MISSOURI COMP1USING ITS-EARLY RECORD, AND CIVIL, POLITICAL, AP MILITARY HISTORY FKOM THE FIRST EXPLORATION TO THE PEKSBNT TIME INCLUDING AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF LEGISLATION DURING THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF THE GOVERNORS PROM M'NAIR, 1820, TO HARDIN, 1876: WITH THE TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE STATE ; HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS ; OP SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES-; OF THE COUNTIES SEP ARATELY, EMBRACING NARRATIVES OF PIONEER LIFE, PERSONAL REMINISCENCES, DESCRIP TION OF LOCALITIES, SOILS, AND CLI MATE; AGRICULTURAL, COMMER CIAL AND EDUCATIONAL AD VANTAGES, AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF PROMINENT CITIZENS • WALTER BICKFOKD DAVIS DANIEL S. DUETCIE, A. M. SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION. ST. LOUIS: A. J. HALL AND COMPANY Cincinnati: ROBERT CLARKE & CO. 1876. V'77 Entered according to Act of Congrese in the year 1876, hy A. J. HALL & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, L>. C. CbVb ,to PEEFACE. The prominent position now occupied by Missouri among the States of the Republic, renders an apology for writing its history unnecessary. Its astonishing progress in. population, wealth, and intelligence, as well as its prospective importance, are such as to fully justify, it is believed, not only a record extending from its first discovery down to the time of its purchase by the United States, but also a recital of its Territorial career, and of its advance ment as a State since its admission into the Union, in 1820. Much care and labor have been given to each of these periods. In them were enacted scenes and incidents of thrilling interest. Great pains have been taken, in detailing these events, to present only such as are authentic and reliable. To this end, information has been sought for at every available point, and drawn from the most trust- worthy sources; yet such only has been retained as, upon careful consideration and the closest scrutiny, has been found weighty and significant. At the same time, it has been attempted to embody facts in the narrative, in a man ner to avoid crudeness on the one hand, and a dry chronological recital on the other. It will be seen that the topography and geology, as well as the geography of the State, have received that attention which their importance demands. Manufacturing, commercial and agricultural interests have also a prominent place. Missouri's mineral deposits, especially those of iron, coal and lead, have been dwelt upon. The richness of some of them is indeed marvelous! They form a basis of wealth, limited only by the extent of their development. IV PREFACE. Sketches of the rise, progress, and present condition of the vari ous religious denominations of Missouri form a conspicuous feature of the book. In addition to these, a history is given of the public- school system of the State, and also an account of the institutions of learning, of which the Commonwealth is justly so proud. Therein is shown how a. rapidly increasing and intelligent people keep pace, in all that concerns religion, morality and learning, with older communities, in other portions of the Union. A distinguishing .characteristic of this work is. its county sketches. In them the reader . is brought into close relation with each • particular part of the State. The advantages of these are obvious, embracing, as they do, narratives of pioneer life, descrip tions of interesting localities, and personal reminiscences. The staple products of each county, the quality of its soil, its market facilities, the course and size of its various streams, its educational advantages, — all these items of interest, and many others, are largely dwelt upon. The first settlement, too, of each county; its organization; its internal improvements'; the location and progress of its principal towns; its suffering, or exemption from the ravages of civil war; its area and statistics; its natural resources; — these are some of the many subjects to which the attention of the reader- is called. A considerable space has been yielded in the book to biographies of leading and prominent men, living and dead, who have borne an active part in the various enterprises of life, and who have become closely identified with the history of Missouri. The acts of those living must no,t be forgotten; nor must the memories of those who have passed away be allowed to perish. Such men, in fact, constitute the State. It is the imperative duty of the histo rian to chronicle their public and private efforts to advance the great interests of society. The deeds of these men are to be re corded for the benefit of those who follow them. Their successful lives add to the glory of the Commonwealth. In the present rapid progress of civilization and refinement, PREFACE. V speculation is far more readily* attracted to the future than to the past — onward toward that which is to come, rather than backward to what is finished. Notwithstanding this, the history of the State must be carefully studied to rightfully appreciate its present great ness, or to forecast what is to follow. Besides, it is certainly befit ting and proper to pay a due regard to the generations that have preceded us, upron whose labors we have entered, and the fruit of which we. now enjoy. W. B. D. St. Louis, December, 1876. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. SPANISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. De Soto discovers the Mississippi — He advances to the Northwest — Win ters in Missouri — Object of the Expedition — Hardships and Discour agements — Death of De . Soto — The French in search of the Great River — Marquette and Joliet discover it June 17, 1673 — They journey southward to the mouth of the Arkansas — Marquette returns to his Mission and Joliet to Quebec — Sensation in Canada (at the news of the Discovery — Death of Marquette — Robert Cavalier de La Salle — Hennepin sent to explore the Upper Mississippi — Voyage of La Salle to the Sea — He takes formal possession of Louisiana — He returns to France — Organizes a Colony for Louisiana — Sails from Rochelle — Dis astrous Voyage — Lands in Texas — Deserted by Beaujeu — La Salle de parts for Canada — Is Murdered — Count de Frontenac — Settlements in New France — D'Iberville in Bay of Mobile — Enters the Mississippi — Tonty's Letter to La Salle — D'Iberville goes to France — M. De Bien ville — Collision with the English — D'Iberville returns to Louisiana — Takes Possession of the Country anew — The French ascend the Miss ouri . .1 CHAPTER II. OCCUPATION OS1 THE VALLEY OB" THE MISSISSIPPI. Louisiana reduced to Embarrassing Condition — Friendship established between the French and Indians — Settlements in the Illinois Country — Land Titles — Louisiana granted to Crozat — Extent of Louisiana, — First Laws — Crozat relinquishes his patent to the King — Condition of the Colony — Transfer of Louisiana to the Company of the West — Its Privileges and Powers — Extravagant Expectations of the Company — Fort Chartres — New Settlements — Mining Operations — Mines St. Fran cois and Potosi discovered — Spanish Expedition from Santa Fe' against the Missouris — Slaughter of the Spaniards — Fort Orleans erected on the Missouri — Destruction of the Fort — Massacre of the French — End of the Mississippi Company — First village established on the Missouri River — St. Louis Founded — Manners and Customs of early French Settlers. 8 Vlll CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. SPANISH DOMINATION IN UPPER LOUISIANA. Treaty of Fontainebleau-r-Extent of English Acquisitions— Secret Treaty between the French and Spanish Kings — Louisiana ceded to Spain — She defers Jurisdiction— M. D'Abadie — Arrival of General D'Ulloa in New Orleans with Spanish troops — Hostility of the Inhabitants — D'Ulloa required to leave the Country — Arrival of Count O'Reilly in 1769 — Severe measures to obliterate French Supremacy — Rios in St. Louis — St.' Ange acting Governor — Departure of Rios with his Troops for New Orleans — Pontiac — His Assassination — Don Pedro Piernas — End of French Domination— Piernas Policy — His Popularity— Pros perity of St. Louis — Immigration — Death of St. Ange — His Will — Carondelet founded — Crozat Succeeds Piernas — Fernando de Leyba — George Rogers Clark — St. Louis attacked by Indians — Treachery of Leyba — His Removal from the Command — Crozat placed in Authority — Leyba's Death — End of Crozat's Administration — His Successors — Expansion of Settlements — Revival of Trade in St. Louis — Close of Trudeatf's Official Career — Charles Dehault Delassus— Arrival of Spanish Troops — Retrocession of Louisiana to France. • • • 21 CHAPTER IV. st. louis from 1803 to 1820: French Settlers — Missionaries — Anecdote related of a Missourian — Streets and Houses — Log Houses— Log Church — Government House — Chouteau Mansion — Madam Chouteau's Residence — Fort St. Charles — Pain Court (short bread) — Number and Character of Houses— Names of principal Merchants and Traders — The Fur Trade — Prices of Goods — Increase of Population — New Buildings — Postoffice estab lished — First Paper west of the Mississippi — St. Louis incorporated — Missouri Fur Company formed — Trading Posts established — Company Dissolved — First School established — Bank of St. Louis — Bank of Missouri incorporated — Population of St. Louis in 1815 — Arrival of first Steamboat — First Steamboat on the waters of the Missouri — First Board of School Trustees — John Jacob Astor — Missouri Fur Company revived. 33 CHAPTER V. RETROCESSION OF LOUISIANA TO FRANCE AND ITSPURCHASE BY THE UNITED STATES. . Treaty of St. Ildefonso — Spain cedes Louisiana to France — Purchase of the Territory by the United States — Sum of Payment, $15,000,000— ' Duration of French Sovereignty — General Wilkinson in command of CONTENTS. IX the United States Troops— Spanish Troops embark for Havana— Cere mony of French Delivery to the United States— Amos Stoddard— Lou isiana divided— Placed undtr Jurisdiction of Governor and Judges of Indiana— Extent of Upper Louisiana— Population— Meriwether Lewis and William Clark conduct Exploring Expedition— Prepara tions for the Undertaking— Objects Achieved— First Courts of Justice —District changed to Territory of Louisiana, March 3d, 1805— James Wilkinson appointed Governor— Aaron Burr— Fort Bellefontaine es tablished— Meriwether Lewis Governor— Embargo of 1807— Its influ ence on St. Louis — Incident of Personal Prowess — Governor Lewis' Successors— Steamer New Orleans— The Great Earthquake— New Ma drid destroyed. • • 43 CHAPTER VI. MISSOURI TERRITORY. 1812—1820 Louisiana to be called Missouri — Territory advanced to second grade of Government — Counties laid off— First Election— House of Representa tives convenes December 7th, 1812— Members — Oath of officer-First Business — Council appointed — Proclamation of Governor Bates — Will iam Clark succeeds to the office of Governor — Meeting of the General Assembly — Laws passed — Boundaries of Counties Defined — Enumera tion of Inhabitants — Rufus Easton elected to Congress — First Session of second General Assembly, December 5, 1814 — Number of Represen tatives under new apportionment — Indian Troubles — Fort Bellevue .attacked — Governor Clark instructed to establish a Garrison at Prairie du Chien — Fort commenced — Governor Clark returns to St. Louis — Sends a Force to preserve the Post from attack by the Indians — Ter mination of the Expedition — Legislature of 1816 — Acts passed — Leg islature of -1818 — Counties formed — Application to Congress for au thority to Organize a State Government. 59 CHAPTER VII. ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. Receipt of application by Congress for authority to Organize a State Government — The "Missouri Question" — A Political Storm; — Excite ment in Missouri — Compromise Effected — Missouri to decide whether Slavery Allowed or Rejected — Election for Members of Convention to Frame a Constitution — Meeting of Convention — Members — Consti tution signed 19th of July, 1820 — Alexander M'Nair Elected Governor — Amendment to Constitution — Boundaries of Missouri — Collision be tween Missouri and Iowa — Military Force appealed to— Questions of Dispute referred to the United States Court — Conditions of the Consti tution — General Summary 69 X CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. ADMISSION OF MISSOURI INTO THE UNION — ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR ALEXANDER M'NAIR. 1820-1824. Opening of the First Legislature — Message of the Governor and his Recommendations — Election of United States Senators — New Counties Formed — Location of State Capital— Further Congressional Action on the Admission of Missouri — Reception of Missouri into the Union Complete — Failure of Bank of Missouri — Stay and Relief Laws — Special Meeting of the Legislature — Solemn Public Act—Legislative Session in November — First Directory published in St. Louis — Govern ment Grist-mill — St. Louis incorporated as a City — Rocky Mountain Fur Company — Missouri Fur Company — Fatal Duel between Barton and Rector — Election of 1827 — Frederick Bates elected Governor — Con vening of the Legislature — Governor M'Nair's Closing Message — Governer Bates' Message 77 CHAPTER IX. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS FREDERICK BATES, ABRAHAM J. WILLIAMS AND JOHN MILLER. 1824-1828. Bill in Reference to Duelling— Veto of the Governor — City of St. Louis — Its Mayor— Street improvements— Arrival of the Marquis de Lafayette —Enthusiasm of the Inhabitants — General Atkinson's Expedition Treaties with the Kansas and Osage Indians— Survey of Santa Ffi road — Death of Governor Bates — Abraham J. Williams acting Governor — Election to Fill Vacancy— John Miller Successful Candidate— In dustrial Pursuits— General Assembly Meet at new Seat of Govern ment — Election of United States Senators — Immigration — Financial Affairs— Productiveness of Lead Mines— Removal of Indians from the State 89 CHAPTER X. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOHN MILLER: 1828-1832. Quadrennial Election for State Officers— John Miller Re-elected Govern or—Presidential Electors — Legislative Session in November, 1829 Governor Miller's Message and Recommendations— Hostilities of the Indians— Militia called out by the Governor — Branch Bank of the United States established at St. Louis— Judge J. H. Peck Arrest of L. E. Lawless— The Salt Question— Speech of Senator Benton on the CONTENTS. XI Salt Tax — Re-election of Spencer Pettis to Congress — Duel between Pettis and Major Biddle— United States Census, 1830— Steamboat on the Upper Missouri — Black Hawk War — Re-charter of the United States Bank — President Jackson's Veto — Excitement Among the People — Indignation Meetings — Election for State Officers — Cholera in St. Louis ... 95 CHAPTER XI. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS DANIEL DUNKLIN AND LILBURN W. BOGGS. 1832-1836. Legislative Session — Governor's Message and Recommendations — Coun ties Organized — State Penitentiary ordered Built — Population in 1832 — State Finances — The Mormons in Jackson County — Fears of the Citizens — Removal of the Mormons — Cholera at St. Charles, 1833 — Accounts of Famine at Mouth of the Yellowstone — General Assembly, 1834 — Dr. Lewis F. Linn Elected United States Senator— Immigration — Eight Steamboats Arrive in St. Louis — Railroad Mania — Destructive Fire in St. Louis — National Road Enterprise — Public Meeting — Quad rennial Election for State Officers — L. W. Boggs elected Governor — Texas Revolt— Presidential Electors — Vote for Martin Van Buren. 104 CHAPTER XII. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR LILBURN W. BOGGS. 1836-1840. Ninth General Assembly — Governor's Message — State Debt — Vote for Governor — L. W. Boggs declared Elected — Banks Chartered — Expul sion of Foreign Bank Agencies — Money Panic — Bank Failures^-Sus- pension Specie Payment — Death of David Barfcm — Seminole War — State House Burned, 17th November, 1837 — Mormon Difficulties — Military Assistance called — Peace Restored — Mormons leave the State — Tenth General Assembly — Governor Boggs' Message and Recommendations — Important enactments — Thomas H. Benton Elected United States Senator— William Clark died— Fur Trade of 1838— Election, 1839— Special Election in October — Nominations for Governor and Lieu tenant-Governor — Immigration to Missouri — Thomas Reynolds elected Governor : Ill CHAPTER XIII. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS THOMAS REYNOLDS AND M. M. MARMADUKE. 1840-1844. Eleventh General Assembly — Governor Boggs' Recommendations — Ad journment of Legislature — Important Laws Passed — Death of J. B. C. XU CONTENTS. Lucas — Missouri's Finances — Legislature Re-elect Lewis F. Linn United States Senator— Died October, 1843— David R. Atchison ap pointed to fill Vacancy— Impeachment Trial of John D. Leland— Iron Mountain — Lead Mines — Governor Reynolds Suicides — Democratic State Convention — John C. Edwards, Nominee for Governor — Death of Ex-Governor Daniel Dunklin— State Election— Whigs Refuse to Nominate Candidates for Congress— Their Opponents divided—" The Hards" and "The Softs "—Thomas H. Benton Re-elected United States Senator— Edwards Elected Governor— Majority Vote to Call a Constitutional Convention 119 CHAPTER XIV. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOHN C. EDWARDS. 1844-1848. Session of Thirteenth General Assembly — Governor's Message — United States Senators Elected — Auditor of Public Accounts Report — The Vote for Presidential Electors — State Census Taken — Rapid Increase of Population — The Great Flood — Rivers Overflow their Banks — Inhabi tants Flee from their Homes — Adjournment of Legislature — Exultation at News of Texas Annexation — Boundary Dispute between Iowa and Missouri — Constitutional Convention — New Constitution Proposed — Volunteers for Mexican War — Second Requisition for Men — Ejection — Constitution Rejected by Vote of the People — Congressmen — Four teenth General Assembly — Message of Governor Edwards — His Recom mendations — Resolutions Regarding Executive Expenditures — "Tart and Bitter " reply of the Governor — Laws Passed — Memorials to Con gress — Legislature Adjourns February 16th, 1847 126 . CHAPTER XV. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR AUSTIN A< KING. 1848—1852. Fifteenth General Assembly convened 25th of December, 1848 — Senate Resolutions regarding Congressional action on Slavery Question — Laws passed — Northern Boundaries Questions settled in favor of Iowa — "St. Louis Republican" on the Situation — Presidential Election — Cass Electors receive Majority vote — Destructive fire in St. Louis Twenty-three Steamboats Consumed— Valuable Cargoes lost — Buildings Blown up — The Lives lost — Value of Property destroyed — Insurance — Re-appearance of Cholera — General Assembly, 1850 — State Treasury Receipts — State Expenditures — State Debt — Henry S, Geyer United States Senator for six years — St. Louis and Pacific Railroad — State Aid — Election of 1852 — Sterling Price elected Governor — Called Session of the Legislature — Exciting contest for Speaker of the House — Gov ernor King's Message: — Land Grants by Congress. • -134 CONTENTS. Xlll CHAPTER XVI. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR STERLING PRICE. 1852—1856. Legislature of 1852 — Governor King's Annual Message — Growing Pros pects of the State — March Onward and Upward — Sterling Price Inau gurated Governor January, 1853— State Capitol— State Lunatic Asylum — Railroads under Construction — Session of Eighteenth General As sembly — Bills approved and signed by the Governor — Two Houses meet in joint Convention to elect United States Senator — Unsuccessful Balloting — Action postponed — Legislature adjourned to first Mon day in November — Death of Lieutenant-Governor Wilson Brown. ¦ 140 CHAPTER XVII. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS TRUSTEN POLK, HANCOCK JACKSON AND ROBERT M. STEWART. 1856—1860. Nineteenth General Assembly convened 29th of December, 1856 — Govern or's Message — Revenue of the State — Trusten Polk's Inaugural Message — Meeting of two Houses Legislature to elect United States Senators — James S. Green elected to fill Vacancy, and Trusten Polk for six years — Adjourned Session of Legislature — Governor Polk resigns the office of Governor — Succeeded by Hancock Jackson — Twentieth General Asse'mbly-r-Governor's Message and Recommendations — Adjourned Session of Legislature — R. M. Stewart, Governor — His views on Rail road Enterprises — Third Special Session of Legislature — State Election — Claiborne F. Jackson received majority vote for Governor— Seven Members of Congress Elected. 144 r CHAPTER XVIII. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS CLAIBORNE F. JACKSON, HAMILTON R. GAMBLE AND WILLARD P. HALL. 1860-1864. First Session of Twenty-first General Assembly — Inauguration of Governor Jackson — Election of Delegates to State Convention — Meet ing of Convention 28th February, at the Capitol— Adjournment — Ad journed to Meet in St. Louis 4th of March — Proposals of Georgia for Missouri to Join the Southern Confederacy — She Decides Against it-JSews of the surrender of Camp Jackson — Great Excitement in the Legislature — Military Bill Passed — Military Placed under Command of the Governor — Telegraph Taken Possession of— Ringing of Bells and Shouts of Men — Midnight Session of the Legislature — 12,000 Kegs XIV CONTENTS. of Powder sent into the Country— State Treasure removed— City of St. Louis, Scene of Great Excitement— General Lyon in Possession of the Arsenal— General Frost Surrenders his Command to Lyon— Riot in St. Louis— Twenty-five Killed and Wounded— Legislature Adjourned until September— General Harney— Interview between Government. Officers and. State Authorities— Governor Jackson Calls for 50,000 State Militia —Proclamation by General Lyon— Movement of Government Troops — Arrival at the Capital— Offices of the State Government— General Lyon near Booneville — Governor Jackson at Syracuse — Union Citizens Plundered— Government Force, 10,000 men — State Treasurer, Auditor and Land Registrar Return to Jefferson City and Take the Oath of Allegiance — The Home Guard of the Capital Under Direction of Colonel Boerstein— General J. C. Fremont in Command of the Depart ment of the West — Engagement at Carthage — Battle at Wilson's Creek — Attack on Monroe Station by Confederate Troops — General Pope in Command in Northern Missouri — State Convention at Jefferson City, July 22-7State Offices Vacated by Convention— H. R. Gamble Chosen Governor — General Fremont's Emancipation Proclamation — Fremont Superceded — General Hunter in Command — Convention of Southern Sympathizers at Neosho— General Price in Southern Missouri — General Curtis .moves with Federal Force to Southern Missouri — — Appointment of United States Senators — General Schofield in Mili tary Command — State Convention June 3d — Convention of Emanci pationists—Election for Members of Congress— Legislature meets December 29, 1862 — Sta'te Officers to Retain their Offices until Close of 1864 — A convention called on the 15th of July, to Consider Plan of Emancipation— General Curtis Removed, and General Schofield Ap pointed — Convention Passed Ordinance of Emancipation — Differences between the' State and Enrolled Militia — Convention to Revise the Organic Law of the State — Immigration — Adjourned Session of the Legislature, November 10th, 1863 — B. Gratz Brown elected United States Senator — Important Laws Passed 152 CHAPTER XIX. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR THOMAS C. FLETCHER. 1864-1868. Annual Election — The Vote for President Lincoln — Union Ticket for State Offices Elected — Session of the Twenty-third General Assembly ' — Statistics of Enlistments — State Finances — Cessation of Military Dis turbances — Common Schools — Governor Fletcher Inaugurated — Meet ing of Constitutional Convention — Ordinance of Emancipation Passed — How the News was Received in St. Louis — New Constitution — Diffi culties as to the Right of Possession of the^Supreme Court Judges The Test Oath and Difficulties Connected with its Enforcement — Arrest of Attorneys, Teachers and Clergymen — State Statistics CONTENTS. ¦ XV Railroads — Public Schools — Legislative Proceedings — Efforts to Modi fy the Test Oath— Close of the War— The Test Oath brought before Supreme Court, and the United States Supreme Court — Declared Un constitutional — Elections — The Registry Law — Claim on Federal Gov ernment — Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment concurred in by State Legislature — Twenty-fourth General Assembly Convened Janu ary 2d, 1867 — Governor Fletcher's Message — His Recommendations for Repeal of Test Law — Trial by State Senate of Judge Walter King for alleged Misdemeanors — Election of United States Senators — Con dition of State Finances — Illinois and St. Louis Bridge Company — Ad journed Session of Twenty-fourth General Assembly, January 7, 1868 — Democratic and Republican State Conventions — Election for Governor and State officers— J. W. McClurg, Governor— State Resources — State, Penal, and Benevolent Institutions — Educational Affairs — University of Missouri — Monument Erected to Memory of Thomas H. Benton — In crease of Population — Taxable Property of the Commonwealth. . 188 CHAPTER XX. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOSEPH W. M'CLURG. 1868-1870. Session of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly — J. W. McClurg Declared Elected Governor — Inaugural Message — Amendment to the State Con stitution Recommended — Other Recommendations — Carl Schurz Elect ed United States Senator — Adjournment of Legislature to January, 1870 — Assessed Valuation of Taxable Property — State Debt — Illinois and St. Louis Bridge Commenced — Railroad Enterprises — Charitable and Penal Institutions — Adjourned Session of Legislature — Laws Passed — Legislature of 1870-71— Amendments to the Constitution Sub mitted to a Vote of the People — Republican State Convention— Lack of Harmony — Governor McClurg re-nominated — 250 Delegates With draw from the Convention — A New Ticket — B. Gratz Brown Nomi nated for Governor by Withdrawing Delegates— Exciting Campaign- Liberal Party Triumphant at the Election— Federal Census 1870— Missouri Advanced from Eighth to Fourth Position Among the States, since 1860— St. Louis Risen to Rank of Fourth City in the Union. . 203 CHAPTER XXI. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR B. GRATZ BROWN. 1870-1872. Twenty-sixth General Assembly — Message and Recommendations of Governor Brown — Joint Convention to Elect a United States Senator —New Registration Law— Financial Condition of the State — Executive Mansion— Institution of the Blind— Geological Survey— Adjourned XVI CONTENTS. Session of; the Legislature— Message and Recommendations of the Governor— State Bonds— Re-districting the State— Amendments of the Constitution Submitted to Voice of the People and Ratified, November, 1871— "The Gunn City Tragedy"— "Liberal-Republican" Movement- Convention at State Capitol— Republican and Democratic Conventions — John B. Henderson nominated by Republicans for Governor — Silas Woodson, nominee of Democrats and Liberal Republicans, Elected. 209 CHAPTER XXII. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SILAS WOODSON. 1872-1874. First Session Twenty-seventh General Assembly — Recommendations of Governor Brown in Closing Message — Governor Woodson Inaugurated —Vote of the Two Houses of the Legislature separately for United States Senator — Joint Combination — Exciting Contest — Lewis V. Bogy Declared Elected— Investigation upon Charges of Bribery— Bogy Ex onerated — Important Convention in St. Louis — Interesting Statistics as to the Mineral Resources of Missouri — Special Session of the Twenty- seventh General Assembly, 7th of January, 1874 — Recommendations of Governor Woodson — Important Laws Passed — Special Message of Governor, relating to Lawlessness — Act Providing for Secret Service Force — "People's Party" Inaugurated — Election, 3d November — Suc cess of Democratic Ticket ... 315 CHAPTER XXIII. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR CHARLES H. HARDIN. 1874-1876. Regular Session of Twenty-eight General Assembly, convened 6th Janu ary, 1875 — Valedictory Message of Governor Woodson to the Leg. islature — Bonds of the State - Matured — Funding Bonds Issued — Reduction of Indebtedness of the State — Seminary and University Funds — The Centennial Exposition — President Grant's Policy toward Louisiana Denounced — Educational Institutions of Missouri — Schools in Prosperous Condition — Joint Convention of the Legislature to Canvass Votes for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor — Charles H. Hardin, Governor elect, Sworn to Administer the Duties of the Office — Inaugural Message — Recommendations — Laws Passed — Session of the Legislature closed, March 29th, 1875 — Extra Session called — Railroad Commissioners appointed — State Convention to Revise Constitution — New Constitution prepared — Measure Accepted by Vote of People, October 30th, 1875 — Southern Pacific Railroad Convention in St. Louis — Number of Delegates — Resolutions Adopted — Conspiracy to Defraud the Government of the Revenue on Whisky — Distilleries Seized — Subsequent Developments. ... - 222 CONTENTS. Xvii CHAPTER XXIV. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI. Position— Boundaries— Navigable Waters— Bold Springs— Sulphur and Petroleum Springs— Varieties and Species of Timber— Grandeur and Beauty of the Forests— Climate— Rocks and Useful Minerals— Geologi- ' , cal Ages— Division of Soils— Staple Products— Fruits— Domestic Ani mals—Coal Measures— Iron Deposits— Lead Mines— Copper and Zinc Ores— Marbles and Granites— Mineral Paints— Water Power produced by Springs. ... ' CHAPTER XXV. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Earliest Protestant Church — Rev. David Green— Log Meeting-house- Organized Existence of the Baptist church in Missouri— Associations — Number of Churches — Membership— Congregational church — First Missionaries— First Preaching in St. Louis— First Congregational church Organized, in 1852— Second Congregational church in the State —Pilgrim Church— Rapid Growth— Home Missions— Other Churches Organization— Number of Churches in the State — Christian Church- First Preachers in Missouri — Church at Fulton — Organized Churches in the State — Cumberland Presbyterian Church — First Presbytery — Present Number of Presbyteries — Number of Synods— Ministers — Members— Methodist Episcopal Church — Introduction of Methodism into Missouri— Rev. John Clark — Missouri Circuit— Posperity of the Church — Church Houses in 1876 — Church Membership — Sabbath Schools— Presbyterian Church — First trace of Presbyterian Preach ing in Missouri — First Protestant Church in St. Louis — Division of Church — Protestant Episcopal Church — First Services held in the Territory, 1819 — Christ Church Erected — Bishop Kemper — Congre gations in 1836 — Rev. Cicero S. Hawks made Bishop of Missouri — Progress of the Church — St. Luke's Hospital Established — Bishop Hawks died — Rev. Charles F. Robertson his Successor — Roman Cath olic Church — Catholic Missionaries— Town Established — History of the Church to the Present Time — United Presbyterian Church — Its His tory in Missouri — Unitarian Church — First Church Founded m 1834-'- Church Membership — Church of the Unity — Prosperous Condition 246 CHAPTER XXVI. EDUCATION. History of the Public School System — Particular Institutions — Their Organization and Location — Desing and Scope — Vicissitudes en countered — Prosperity enjoyed — Denominational Connection — Health- fulness and Advantages of Location — Endowments — Donations — Ad vancement since the War — Prospective Development. . 278 XV111 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXVII. COUNTIES OF MISSOURI. Situation — First Settlements— Organization — Physical Features — Soils — Staple Products — Market Facilities— Course and Size of Streams— Caves ; — Mounds — Indian Relics — Traces of Ancient Cities — Ancient Races — Climate — Educational Advantages — Internal Improvements — Tim ber Supply — Varieties of Same — Rocks and Useful Minerals — Coal Beds — Description of Interesting Localities, and Personal Reminis- censes — Narratives of Pioneer Life — Location and Progress of Principal Towns — Suffering or Exemption from Ravages of Civil War — Munici pal Townships — Area and Statistics — Natural Resources — County Seat — Location and Progress of Principal Towns 313 CHAPTER XXVIII. BIOGRAPHY. Personal Sketches of Leading and Prominent Men, Living and Dead. 463 APPENDIX. Record of Territorial and State Offices, Judges of Supreme Court, United States Senators and Representatives to Congress 621 633 INDEX TQ ILLUSTRATIONS. PORTRAITS. Adams, Washington 132 Allen, De Witt C 346 Alverson, Iverson B 390 Bassett, Charles C 320 Bingham, George C, 470 Birch, James H ' 100 Blair, Frank P \ 10 Bogy, Lewis V 22 Bohart, James M , 280 Boone, Banton G. . 226 Bottom, M. D., Montgomery 328 Broadhead, James O 34 Chrisman, William 196 Clifford, Benjamin P 418 Cockrell, Francis M 40 Colman, Norman J 46 Collier, Luther T 393 Crittenden, Thomas T 158 Daniel, Henry Clay 338 Dean, Benjamin D 95 Dinning, Louis F 274 Doniphan, Alexander W 498 Donnan, Jerubal G 497 Dunn, George W 144 Dunn, Lemuel '. . . .152 Eads, James B 16 Evens, John 507 Ewing, Ephraim B 70 Ewing, Robert C 510 Flood, Joseph 188 Ford, Nicholas 314 Giddings, Napoleon B 513 Guitar, Odon 176 Halliburton, Wesley 202 Hardin, Charles H 4 Harris, John W 238 Hays, William B 429 Heryford, William 522 Hicks, Russell 106 Hillman, William H 371 Hill, Britton A 439 Hockaday, John A 220 Houston, Thomas F 414 Hughes, Charles J 530 Hutchins, Stilson 59 Kelley, Henry S 77 Krekel, Arnold 95 Langdon, Edwin J 262. Lathrop.LL. D., John H 536 Major, Sr., Samuel C 376 Marshall, Hugh D.. 423 McCarty, Edward C 372 McGrath, Michael K 112 McCullough, Joseph L 367 Morgan, Michael D 326 Mosby, M. D., William W 256 Nacke, Joseph 556 Nickerson, Edmund A 386 Owens, Samuel H 214 Owen, Reuben P ,. 450 Paxton, William Q. 560 Peers, Charles E 456 Phelps, William H 384 Philips, John F .126 Read, LL. D., Daniel 306 Richardson, Samuel A 359 Riley, Charles V 573 Ritchey, Mathew H 408 Rollins, James, S 22 Rollins, Anthony W 582 Ryland, John F 64 Sawyer, Samuel L 209 Shelton, Pines A 588 Smith, George, R. . . '. 590 XX INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. Smith, Dr. T. R. H 119 Smith, George : 89 Stanard, Edwin 0 52 Stephens, James L 324 Swallow, Prof. George C 230 Switzler, William F 182 Taylor, John H 244 Wagner, David 82 Wells, Erastus 446 Wilson, Elisha V 164 Wilson, Robert, P. C 420 Wilkinson, John 610 Winston, John H 614 Woodside, John R. 170 Wornall, John B. .250 Wright, Foster P 138 Teaman, Rev. W. Pope, Chancellor William Jewell College 617 MISCELLANEOUS. State Capitol Frontispiece". First Meeting-House 247 Pilgrim Congregational Church . . . 255 Christ Church 268 St. Peter and Pauls Church 272 St: Louis- University 302 Washington University 308 William Jewell College. 310 Breckenridge Public School 331 Clay County Court-House 347 Bridge— Lafayette Park 440 Lake — Lafayette Park 4£\ Cottage — Fair Grounds 442 Second Baptist Church 443 ' Steel Bridge over Mississippi River, St. Louis .;...-. 446 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. CHAPTER I. SPANISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. The valley of the Mississippi was first discovered by Hernando de Soto, an associate of Pizarro in the conquest of Peru, whose name had become renowned in the history of Spain. This distinguished adventurer explored the lower Mississippi country, traversing the interior from Florida to the river, and as far north as the mouth of the Arkansas ; and, passing up the White river, he crossed the Ozark mountains, spending the winter of 1541-2 on the plains or prairies beyond, in the western part of the present State of Missouri, the first of white men to set foot upon its soil. The object of this expedition was to ascer tain whether there existed any gold or silver mines in that sec- lion of the country; and, having failed to discover any, he was returning, when he met his death near the mouth of Red Hi ver in the year 1542. Referring to De Soto's travels in Missouri, Schoolcraft, in 1819, said: "Through these Alpine ranges De Soto roved with his chivalrous and untiring army, making an outward and inward expedition , into regions which must have presented unwonted hardships and discouragements to the march of troops. To add • to these natural obstacles he found himself opposed by fierce sav age tribes, who rushed upon him from every glen and defile, and met him in the open grounds with the most savage energy. His own health finally sank under these fatigues; and it is certain that, after his death, his successor in the command, ' Louis de Moscosq, once more marched entirely through the southern Ozarks, and reached the buffalo plains beyond them. Such 2 AN ILLUSTRATED energy and feats of daring had never before been displayed in North America, and the wonder is at its height, after beholding the wild and rough mountains, cliffs, glens, and torrents over which the actual marches must have laid. Some of the names of the Indian nations encountered by him furnish conclusive evidence that the principal tribes of the country, although , they have changed their particular locations since 1542, still "occupy the region. Thus, the Kapahas, who then lived on the Missis sippi, above the St. Francois, are identical with the Quappas ; the Cayas with the Kansas, and the Quipana with the Pawnees." Neither De Soto nor Moscoso had visited the country with a view to its colonization. The acquisition of gold was the absorb ing idea. In the year 1673, the French government took steps to discover the upper Mississippi and a passage to the South Sea; and Talon, the Intendant of Canada, was requested to,give the sub ject his attention. Louis Joliet was selected for. the work, to be accompanied by Father James Marquette, missionary. On the 17th of May, they embarked, in two frail bark canoes, from Michilimackinac, to explore the Mississippi river, with five men. On the 7th of June, they arrived at Green Bay. Here the party, adding to their number two Miami guides, passed up the Fox river, to the portage, and, crossing the same to the Wisconsin, slowly sailed down its current, amid its vine-clad isles and its countless sand-bars. No sound broke the stillness — no human form ap peared; and, at last, after sailing seven days, on the 17th, they happily glided into, the great rivei'. Continuing their journey southward, they landed on the western side of the stream at a point where the city of Davenport, Iowa, now stands, where they were heartily received and entertained by the " Illinois." Resuming • their voyage, they reached the mouth of the Arkansas river, near the 33d degree of latitude. Thus it will be seen that that portion of the Mississippi forming the eastern boundary of Missouri, was discovered by the last named French explorers, who were, it is believed, the first white men that had floated upon the Mississippi for a period of one hundred and thirty years — or since the voyage homeward of Moscoso, with the remains of De Soto's expedition, in the year 1543. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 6 Joliet and Marquette having discovered that the Mississippi did not discharge itself into the Pacific, but took a southerly course, and having been disappointed in not finding an outlet to the ocean; their provisions being scanty, and with few persons to prosecute their voyage; — they resolved on returning and com municating, to the Government the results of their discoveries. They journeyed homeward by the Illinois river, until they arrived at an Indian village near the site of the present City of Chicago. Joliet proceeded thence to Quebec by the upper lakes, and Mar quette remaining among the Indians died in May, 1675, in the western part of the present State of Michigan, some distance south of the promontpry called the " Sleeping Bear." The news of the discovery of the Mississippi created a great sensation in the colony. The boundaries of the American conti nent, comprising such a vast extent of country, were then known to extend toward the sea, and although they were satisfied as to the course which the Mississippi took, they did not doubt that th'ey should find the ocean to the westward of the territories they had discovered. These researches had contributed to the glory of France; they had added lustre to the events of the reign of r Louis XIV. ; the cause of science had been greatly promoted by the exertions of its navigators ; further scope had been afforded to the studies of its geographers and naturalists, yet the discov eries were not complete. Until they had traced the course of the Mississippi, and had re-commenced the voyage at the point where Joliet and Marquette abandoned it, and were satisfied that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, it could not be said that they had completed their, task in the exploration of the great American Continent.1 In 1680, Robert Cavalier de La Salle fitted out an Exploring Expedition consisting of Father Louis Hennepin and M. Du Gay with six others to advance to the head waters of the Mississippi. Hennepin went as far north as the Falls, which he named St. Anthony in honor of his patron saint, St. Anthony of Padua. In his published "Adventures," Hennepin gives an account of his journey south to the Arkansas river, of the truth of which serious doubts are entertained by historians. 1 Hart's Hist, of Miss. Valley, p. 32. 4 AN ILLUSTRATED In 1682, La Salle made a tour of exploration through the val ley of the Mississippi. To the "great river," he gave the name , -.-.-. .of St, Louis, and to the country traversed by it,' Louisiana^ 168i' both.;in honor of; the, King. of France;- and' to-the Missouri river; the- name .of: St. Philip. .As the -expedition proceeded down, the river, La Salle took formal possession of the country at themouth of the- Arkansas, and at Natchez. On' the 6th of April it arrived at a place where; the Mississippi divided .into three channels, and,the boats separated so as to explore them all. The water soon became , brackish as they advanced, and on the 9th, they reached the open sea. ;A proces verbal was then drawn up and signed by all the party; "arid amid a volley of musketry a a leaden plate, inscribed with the arms of France, and the names of: those, who had made the discovery, was deposited in the earth. The expedition then:. ascended the river to the Illinois, and La Salle dispatched Zenohe. Membre, a friar, to, France to lay an ac count of his voyage before W.s government. , The year following, ,La,;Salle returned to France to make arrangements for colonizing - Louisiana, which he accomplished by July, 1684, when his fleet of fourvessels left Rochelle. ¦ Arriving at St. Domingo^' he steered -to the. north-west, for the mouth of the Mississippi ; but, being ignorant of the coast, the fleet went too far westward, and landed at; the Bay of Mata gorda;. (14th. of February, 1685,) at a distance of. one hundred and twenty leagues from the river they, were in search of. ' The sub sequent history of this unfortunate, expedition is a lamentable one. Difficulties" arose between La Salle and Beaujeu, his associate. One of the vessels was shipwrecked, and. on the 14th of March, the project of establishing a eolony was abandoned by Beaujeu, who left La Salle without mechanical implements and other articles which were necessary to. commence operations in an un cultivated . region,^ with one hundred and eighty persons, on an inhospitable , shore, in a distant country, surrounded by sav ages and exposed to the most imminent danger. A fort was erected to protect them on the Riviere aux Vaches, which was called St. Louis in honor of the French King. Early in 1686, La Salle decided to return to Canada, taking with him seven teen persons, and leaving twenty at Fort St. Louis, including II. I.:!,.-1/!. !,.':':i: '; :. -^ y /6^V /*rTe&t^-*2-£a£x^ts Illinois country,, in 1719vand the miners were soon dis patched in different directions to explore the. country on both sides ; of the Mississippi. During the years 1719 and 1720, the Sieur de Lochon, M. de la Mqtte, and a number of others, en gaged in exploring the country lying between the Missouri and the Ozark Hills; and in. 1719 the former commenced digging on the Meramec. ¦ He drew up a large quantity of ore, a pound of which produced two drachms of silver. Afterward, at the same place, he extracted from two to three thousand weight of ore, from which' he realized fourteen hundred francs. The miners and assayers sent out by the company were either headed by Renault or.M; de la Motte, and in one of their earliest excursions the latter discovered the lead mine on the St. Francois, near the present Fredricktown, "which bears his name. Soon af ter, Renault; discovered the mines north of what is now Potosi, jiyhich continued to be called by his name. ., •As early as 1719 the Spaniards, alarmed at the rapid encroach ments of the French in the upper and lower Mississippi valleys, made strenuous exertions to. dispossess them; in order to ac complish which, they /thought it necessary to destroy the nation of the Missouris,' then situated on the Missouri river, who were in alliance with the French, and espoused their interests. Their plan was, to excite ;the Osages to war with the Missouris, and then take part with them in the contest.' For this purpose an expeditionwas fitted out from Santa Fe for the Missouri, in 1720. It was a moving caravan of the desert — armed men, hor- 1720. &_: '¦".¦,. ' ' ses, mules, families, with herds of cattle and swine to serve for food on the way, and to propagate in the new colony. In their march, they lost the proper, route, the guides became be wildered, and led them to the Missouri tribes instead of the Osages. Unconscious of their mistake, as both tribes spoke the same language, they believed themselves among the Osages, in stead of their enemies, and without reserve disclosed their designs against the Missouris,, and supplied them with arms and ammu nition to aid in their extermination. The chief of the nation per- ! l"'l"" :-!! !i-'l"lii|n- .- ¦¦r.T,,-ri|-:';|i'!!MJ'i!!-':-; -!" :! ' i • mfl' ^k^^ ^r^^^iy HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 11 ¦ceived the fatal mistake, but. encouraged the error. He showed the Spaniards every possible attention, and promised to act in concert with them. For this purpose he invited them to rest a few days after their tiresome journey, till he had assembled his warriors and held a council with the old men. The Spanish cap tain immediately distributed several hundred muskets among them, with an equal number of sabres, pistols, and hatchets. Just before the dawn of the day upon which the company had arranged to march, the Missouris fell upon their treacherous enemies and ¦dispatched them with indiscriminate slaughter, sparing only a priest, whose dress convinced them that he was a man of peace rather than a warrior. They kept him some time a prisoner, but he finally made his escape, and was the only messenger to bear to the Spanish authorities, the news of the just return upon their own heads of the treachery they intended to practice upon others. The boldness of the Spaniards, in thus penetrating into a country of which they had no previous knowledge, made the French sensible of their danger, and warned them to provide against further encroachments. Accordingly a French post was designed for the Missouri, and M. Burgmont was dispatched from Mobile to that river. He took' possession of an island in the stream, above the mouth of the Osage, upon which he built a fort which he named " Fort Orleans." The war be tween the French and Spaniards continued, and the Indians, " who had been leagued with the interests of the respective col onies — Louisiana and Florida — carried on their marauding ex cursions against the enemies of their respective friends. It was about this time — 1720-21 — that Fort Chartres was constructed on the Mississippi under the directions of the French King, by M. Boisbriant, and a fort and trading post for the company, at the mouth of Blue Earth river, on the St. Peters, erected by Le Sueur, who was accompanied by a detachment of ninety men. On his arrival at the mouth of the Osage, Burgmont found the different tribes in the vicinity engaged in a sanguinary war fare, which prostrated all trade, and rendered all intercourse ex tremely hazardous. Hence it became an object to bring ^ about a general peace. This was attempted with de sired success in 1724. In the mean, time, Fort Orleans had been 12 AN ILLUSTRATED completed and occupied; but soon after this event, the fort was attacked and totally destroyed, when all the French were massa cred: it was never known by whom this bloody work was per formed. About this time, " the French began to experience troubles- of a serious nature from the Indians, which were not entirely surmounted until after a lapse of seventeen years. These, however, were chiefly confined to the southern parts of the Colony. In consequence of disastrous events, Louisiana was reduced to the most distressing condition. It not only suffered from the effects of war, but from famine and disease, which con tinually carried away numbers of its unfortunate inhabitants. The company, also, having been grossly disappointed in their expectations, and having already expended vast sums of money, were unable to render them any further assistance. Those who- were concerned in it, and had thus foolishly lost their fortunes,. made the most bitter complaints against the projector of a scheme which they were now willing to give up as wild and visionary. This circumstance, together with the powerful ene mies which Mr. Law had at court, not only completed his ruin, but entirely destroyed the credit of the company; and the Di rectory, in view of the disasters they had experienced, determined to surrender the charter into the hands of the French govern- ment, and retire from the American wilderness. The petition was readily granted, and by proclamation, dated April 10, 1732, * the King declared the province of Louisiana free to all his subjects, with equal privileges as to trade and com merce. But though the Company of the West did little for the enduring welfare of the Mississippi Valley, it did something: the cultivation of tobacco, indigo, rice, and silk, was introduced; the lead mines ot Missouri were opened, though at vast expense, and in hope of finding silver; and, in Illinois, the culture of wheat began to assume some degree of stability and importance. Between this time and 1762, Mdien the whole territory west of the Mississippi was ceded to Spain, no events transpired worthy of record. Renault, however, of whom we have before spoken, still remained in the colony and continued working the lead mines^ In 1763, Francis Burton made one of the richest discoveries in HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 13 the mineral region, which was called " Mine a Burton," now known as " Potosi" ; and the " Mine a Robina," two miles from the former, was discovered about the- same time. The history of early mining in Missouri will be given hereafter, with some ac count of subsequent events connected therewith. Not.many years anterior to this, there were but six settlements within a hundred miles of the present site of St. Louis : these were Kaskaskia, situated on Kaskaskia river, five miles above the mouth of that stream, and two miles by land from the Mississippi; Fort Chartres, twelve miles above Kaskaskia; Prairie du Rocher, near Fort Chartres ; St. Philip, or Little Village, four miles above the same fort; Cahokia, near the mouth of Cahokia creek, about five miles below the centre of the present city of St. Louis ; and Ste. Genevieve, upon Gabouri creek, west of the Mississippi, about one mile from the western shore. Kaskaskia was once ail important town of the Illinois country, and in its palmy days contained about three thousand inhabitants. It was " by far the most con siderable settlement in the country of the Illinois, as well from the number of inhabitants as from its advantageous situation." It afterward fell to decay. During the year 1762, the first village was established upon the Missouri river, and named "Village du Cote," now St. ^„„ 7 ° 1762. Charles; and the 15th of February, 1764, is believed to be the exact date of the first settlement on the site of St. Louis, and Pierre Laclede Liguest may justly be regarded as the founder of the city. L. U. Reavis, in his work on St. Louis, has given some account of the early days in Missouri, from which the following extract is taken: "In 1762, D'Abadie, Governor-General, granted to Laclede, in connection with other associates, a charter under the name of the ' Louisiana Fur Com pany,' which conferred the exclusive privilege of trading ' with the Indians of the Missouri, and those waters west- of the Missis sippi above the Missouri, as far north as the river St. Peters.' Antoine Maxent and others were interested equally with La clede — by which name he was generally known. The latter appears to have been the active and leading spirit of the associa tion." The only inducement, at this period, for persons to penetrate 14 AN ILLUSTRATED upper Louisiana, or the Illinois, was the prospect of trade in furs or minerals, or the love of exploration and adventure- In the summer of 1763, an expedition was organized in New Orleans for the purpose of carrying into operation the pow ers conferred in the charter granted to Laclede and his associates. The immediate object in view was the establishment of a perma nent trading-post and settlement at some advantageous place north of the settlements then existing. The expedition, in charge of Laclede, left New Orleans the 3d day of August, 1763, and proceeded up the river with a large quantity of such merchandise as was necessary for trade with the Indians. The voyage was a tedious one. On the 3d of November, three months after its departure, the expedition reached Ste. Genevieve, the old est settlement in the present State of Missouri. It was then a place of some consequence, and the oldest French post on the west bank of the river. After a short stop, the party continued their course, their destination now being Fort Chartres, to which place Laclede had an invitation from the military commander, and where he determined to rest and store his goods while exploring the country for the proposed trading-post. Here he remained a few weeks, when he started for the mouth of the Missouri. It was not long before he discovered a bluff on the western shore of the Missis sippi, at a sweeping curve of the river, on which stands the pres ent city of St. Louis; and, impressed by the pleasant aspect of woodland and prairie swelling westward, he determined to estab lish here the settlement and post he desired. As the Mississippi would soon be closed by ice, Laclede could do no more than cut, down some trees and blaze others, at that time. Returning to Fort Chartres, where he spent the winter, he occupied himself in making preparation for the establishment of the new colony. 1764 On the 15th of February, 1764, a party under Auguste Chouteau, sent by him, arrived at the site he had chosen. " On this day," says Shepard, in his history of St. Louis, "Auguste Chouteau, the Lieutenant of Laclede, (the long known and much respected Colonel Auguste Chouteau), commenced operations on the block next to the river on the south side of Market street, where the old Merchants' Exchange building now stands, which had been the site of the only market-house the city contained for HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 15 about sixty years from its foundation, and gave name to the street on which it was located. Temporary buildings for the shelter of his workmen and tools, were soon constructed from the timber on the ground ; for that part of the city was covered with a growth of the most suitable timber for that purpose, and for the camp-fires of the new settlers, so necessary at that inclement season of, the year." Laclede1 being detained at Fort Chartres, had given his Lieu tenant orders to proceed to clear away trees and mark out the lines of a town which he named St. Louis, in honor of Louis XV. of France, evidently ignorant, at the time, that this monarch had ceded to Spain the whole country west of the Mississippi. Refer ring to this location, Reavis says : " When Laclede and his men selected their trading station, the marvels of its future develop ment were undreamed of. Around them lay a limitless and un trodden wilderness, peopled only by tribes of savages and un friendly Indians, and in which subsistence could only be obtained by the chase. It is only when we thus contemplate our ancestors struggling with unconquerable energy and daring, amid innumer able dangers and hardships, that we properly estimate their worth and character. It is only then that we realize that the natural advantages of the location chosen, formed only one element in the colossal result of their labor. The others are to be found; in those motives and heroic qualities which give stability and noble ness to human actions." 1 Pierre Laclede Liguest was born in Bion, France, near the base of the Pyrenees mountains, the line between France and Spain, in the year 1734. He was about five feet, eleven inches in height, of very dark complexion, had black, piercing and expressive eyes, a large nose and expansive forehead. He died on the 30th of June, 1778, in his batteau on the Mississippi, of a fever, and was buried on the banks of that river just below its conflu ence with the Arkansas, in the wild solitude of that region, without a stone or tomb to mark the spot where this enterprising Frenchman lies. He was a merchant of no ordi nary mind. Others have acquired vastly larger estates, but no one has excelled him in pushing forward commercial enterprisesin person, andplanting the seed of a city in more fertile soil, and cultivating it with greater success . His scrutinizing eye and sound judgment directed him to the point on the block on Main street, in front of the spot where the Merchants' Exchange, was afterwards located, as the best place to sell goods on the west side of the Mississippi, in 1764. More than a century has since elapsed, and it is the best place yet. On this celebrated block, on which Barnum's Hotel now stands, and on which other elegant structures unite to cover the whole block, Mr. Laclede Liguest erected his dwelling house and store. He left a host of friends to lament his loss, speak his praise, and enjoy his labors, but no widow to shed a tear, or child to inherit his prop erty or his name. His history while in Missouri, however, lives, and must live as long as the city he found? d retains its name. 16 AN ILLUSTRATED The writer continues: "Laclede's party had been increased in numbers by volunteers from Ste. Genevieve, Fort Chartres and Cahokia — then called ' Notre Dames des Kahokias' ; but still, num erically, it was. a small band, and could, have made no sustained resistance to Indians, had they disputed their right to settlement. It does not appear, however, that the pioneers encountered any hostility from the natives. Not long after their arrival, a large body of Missouri Indians visited the vicinity, but without un friendly intent. They did not belong to the more war-like tribes; and being iri an impoverished condition, all they, wanted was pro visions and Qther.;necessaries. After supplying their wants, La clede, by judicious management, succeeded in inducing them to depart, very much to the satisfaction of the people." . After some progress had been made in the settlement, Laclede, -who, visited Chouteau early in April, returned to Fort Chartres to make arrangemerits for the removal to St. Louis of the. goods, left there, as it was expected that the fort would soon be surrendered to the English. During the ensuing year, this event topk place;. and 1765. ^ows $*• Ange de-Bellerive, the French commander, on the 17th July,1765, removed with his officers and troops — about fifty riien— to St.iLouis. . From this date the new settler ment was considered the capital of upper Louisiana, Throughout all their efforts .at planting, settlements in the western country, the French had steadily adhered to the .policy of conciliating the Indians. They, indeed, seemed peculiarly adapted to harmonize in their habits, and feelings with the wild denizens of the forest and prairie. In their explorations of the remotest rivers, in their long journeys overland, in the wigwams, in the cabins, at the forts, they associated with their red brethren on terms of entire equality.1 The French temper, so pliant, so plastic, so strongly in contrast with the stubborn Spirit of Englishmen, was readily moulded to Indian customs and Indian forms. The wandering Frenchman, with his free.and-easy ;inanners, his merry laughter, his fondness, for display, mingling in the dusky crowd, was Cordially welcomed at all the, Indian villages of the west. He might choose himself a wife among his Indian friends, and live with them and be one of them. In fact, amalgamation existed to a very considerable extent ; and, in ^C&S1^ HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 17 a few generations, scarcely a tribe was free from an infusion of Celtic blood. The ready adoption of the Indian manners arid mode of living, and more than that, the frequent intermarriages between the races, had a tendency to bind the native tribes more closely to the French, who seemed to be bone of their bone, and flesh of their flesh. In all the West, the Indian villages were thronged with Frenchmen, who joined in the dances, went forth with the hunt ing parties, and along the war-paths; but, while this policy of intimate association with the different Indian tribes strength ened the hold of the government upon the country, it also tended to sink the Frenchman into a barbarian. Casting off the habits of civilization, he soon imbibed the notions, whims and pre judices of his wild associates. He loved to decorate his hair with the feathers of the eagle, and adorn his hunting shirt with hairy fringes, and his moccasins with a web-work of porcupine quills. Beside the Missionaries, other intelligent Frenchmen were scattered throughout the West, studying the language of their Indian allies, complying with their usages, flattering their preju dices, and assisting them in acquiring the arts of white men. These agents were careful not to ruffle the self-complacent dig nity of the Indian nature. They never shocked the religious notions nor ridiculed the ancient customs of their savage friends. They attended at all public ceremonies, and took part in them, and strove to manifest a disposition to meet their companions of the wilderness half-way. It is said that Count Frontenac him self, plumed and painted like a chief, danced the war dance, and yelled the war song, at the camp fires of his delighted allies; and, whenever a party of sachems paid a visit to a French fort, they were received with military honors: the troops preserited arms, the drums rolled, the cannons gave, forth their thundering web- come. Indian vanity was delighted with such pompous and showy friendship. The chiefs were regaled at the officers' tables, and when they took their departure were loaded with presents, and adorned with medals and decorations, and brilliant uniforms and flags. Their treatment was always respectful; none smiled . at the strange fancies, or stared at the ridiculous appearance of the daubed and greasy warriors. The shirtless savage, in cocked 18 AN ILLUSTRATED . hat and plume, his scarlet coat-tail flapping behind his naked legs, might stalk all over the parade ground and never suspect that he was an object of intense admiration to all. The hatred of the Iroquois, even, was not toward Frenchmen as men,, but toward them as the allies of the Hurons, the hereditary enemies of the 'confederacy. The French settlements, therefore, at the West, as . a- general thing, were safe from Indian depredations. They were, indeed, situated in the midst of a wilderness; but it was a wilderness; of beauty, and inhabited by friendly races; the tribes around them were but so many outposts to repel enemies, and give timely warning of danger. The settlements were compact villages, and isolated from each other. The settlers were kind and socia ble and loved to congregate together. No farm-houses were scattered, as with the English, along highways cut through the woods. Generally they were on the bank of some pleasant stream; a single street ran along in front, each lot a few rods in width, extended back as far again, fenced in with rude pickets; each house contiguous to the houses right and left. The merry villagers could pour out their volubility at the windows,; or on the stoops. The young men and maidens could readily pass from door to door. The houses were . uniform : one story high,. surrounded by galleries, being constructed of corner posts and studs, connected by numerous cross-ties, to hold the mud mixed up with cut straw into a stiff mortar, and plastered on with the hand. The whole outside was shingled over with bark, to shed off the rains. The chimney outside was a rude stack of dried mud, supported by a pyramid of poles and slats. These French settlements had each commons in the rear of their houses, inclosing sometimes hundreds of acres within one continu ous fence, for the benefit of all. Each villager bad assigned him a certain portion of it as a field or garden, graduated to the size of his family. Each one cultivated and reaped his own allotment, and kept the fence in repair where it adjoined him. The times for plowing, plantibg, and reaping in the commons, were regulated by special enactment. The fields and pastures were open to all who would work. The newly married received an outfit from the whole village, and had their place on the street HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 19 and in the field, assigned to them. The pastures of the settle ment were well stocked with cattle, horses, and hogs, wandering at large, the property of all. Care was a stranger to the vil lager, and was rarely entertained as a guest; and amusements, festivals, and holidays came with frequency, to sweeten toil arid ; stimulate cheerfulness. In these settlements the lands were all held in common, and there were always vacant fields, free to all who wished to occupy and 'improve them. The system of landlord and tenant had no existence among them. Hospitality was esteemed both a duty and a virtue, and was cheerfully extended by all. No taverns were needed : each and every house supplied that want to the extent of its capacity. They had no statute books, no courts of law, no prisons, and no instruments of public punishment. Such terms as " learning " and " science " were beyond the comprehen sion of the simple villagers. In all matters appertaining to learn ing or religion, the priest was their oracle. They never suffered a moment's anxiety in regard to politics or the affairs of the nation, believing implicitly that France ruled the world, and ruled it right. Among these people were no trades or professions. Agri culture alone was the business of all, embracing, of course, the care of the flocks and herds ; each man being his own mechanic. The winter dress of the men was a coarse blanket capote, drawn over the shirt, and a long red vest, which served the double purpose of cloak and hat ; for the hood, hanging down from the collar upon the shoulders and back, could be drawn up over the head to keep off the cold. On festive occasions, the blooming damsels wound around their foreheads fancy-colored handkerchiefs, streaming with gay ribbons or plumed with flowers. The matrons wore the short jacket and petticoat. The foot was left uncovered and free; but, on holy-days, it was adorned with the light moccasin, brilliant with porcupine quills, shells, beads, and lace. The peculiar manners and customs of these French settle ments — isolated at first, isolated for a century afterwards, sep arated by more than a thousand miles from any other civilized communities — became characteristic and hereditary with the peo ple. In their ordinary deportment, they were grave and saturnine, 20 AN ILLUSTRATED from habit acquired from their Indian neighbors. In their amuse ments, however, they exhibited all the gayety of the original Frenchmen. The remnants of that peculiar population stand out now among the bustling Yankees of the West as distinct, as un bending, as the Indian races.1 ' ' ; ' 1 Ferris' States and Territories of the Great West, pp. 77-82. CHAPTER III. SPANISH DOMINATION IN UPPER LOUISIANA. The French were now in quiet and peaceable possession of all upper Louisiana. Some important changes, however, were at hand. After the war between England and France, a treaty was made at Fontainbleau, in 1763. By this treaty, which was effected on the 16th of February of that year, England acquired the Canadas, and nearly all of Louisiana lying east of the Mississippi river. A portion of the latter claimed by the State of Virginia as her territory, was, after the American revolu tion, ceded by her to the United States under the name of the. Northwestern Territory. By a secret treaty, signed on the 3d of November, 1762, be tween the French and Spanish kings, the former ceded to the latter that part of the province of Louisiana which lay on the western side of the Mississippi, including the island and city of New Orleans on the eastern side; but it was not until the 21st of April, 1764, that the governor, M. D'Abadie, received orders from Louis XV. to proclaim the change to the colony. The arrival at New Orleans of General D'Ulloa with Spanish troops, in 1766, indicated a determination, or at least an inten tion on the part of Spain to assume control of the territory ceded to her; but he met with such hostility from the inhabitants as to discourage the effort, and the expedition finally departed with out having assumed executive authority. France, therefore, con tinued to maintain her rule in lower Louisiana until Jyfi9 1769, when Count O'Reilly arrived in the country, and forcibly took possession of the territory of New Orleans, insti tuting measures of intolerance and proscription towards the ad herents of France, thereby establishing his position and obliter ating the French supremacy. During the year 1768, a Spanish, officer named Rios, arrived at St. Louis with a small body of 22 AN ILLUSTRATED troops. The scattered settlement of upper Louisiana had no greater love for Spanish rule than their neighbors below, but, having no means of defense, they accepted the situation without opposition. Rios formally took possession of the country in the name of His Catholic Majesty, but, as the records show that St. Ange continued to act as governor until 1770, it is not supposed that he attempted to exercise civil authority; and it is recorded that he left St. Louis with his troops on the 17th of July, 1769, returning to New Orleans, where he co-operated with O'Reilly in maintaining Spanish authority in the lower province. . It was during the same year that the aged Ottawa chief and noted warrior, Pontiac, arrived at St, Lonis^ to pay a visit to his old friend, St. Ange de Bellerive. The meeting was most cordial on the part of Bellerive. and every attention was paid to his illus trious guest. But the visit was brought to a sudden and fatal termination by the murder of the renowned chief, while on a hunting excursion on the east side of the river, by a Kaskaskia Indian. Count O'Reilly having subdued all open opposition in the lower province, in the autumn of 1770, determined to establish an equal degree °f subjection in' the upper prov-. ince. He appointed Don Pedro Piernds as lieutenant-governor and military commandant, and dispatched him with troops to St. Louis, where he arrived on November 29th of the same year. He did not; however, enter on the exercise of executive functions until the beginning of the following year, but the delay was not occasioned by an active hostility on the part of the peo ple. From this event, we may date the commencement of Spanish domination in upper Louisiana. The new Governor, fortunately, proved an excellent adminis trative officer; and, as his measures were mild and judicious, he soon conciliated the people. He made no abrupt changes in the laws, and improved the tenure of property by ordering accurate surveys, and determining the lines of the land grants previously made. Under the liberal policy of the Spanish Governor, St. Louis prospered rapidly, while immigration constantly added to the population. U. ». SENATOR. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 23 In 1774, St. Ange de Bellerive, who had accepted military ser vice under Piernas, died, and was buried in the Catholic ' ' 1774. cemetery with every mark of public esteeni and respect. In his will, he commended his soul "to God, the Blessed Virgin, and the saints of the Celestial Court," and appointed Laclede his executor. Imigration from the Canadas and lower provinces increased rapidly under the benignant policy of Spain, and settlements sprang up at different points along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, some of which, however, date from a few years earlier. In 1767, Carondelet was founded by Delor de Tregette, and appears at first to have been know as Louisburg, and at another period as Vide Poche, but finally received its present name in honor of the Baron Carondelet. In 1769, Les Petites Cotes, subsequently St. Andrews, now St. Charles, was founded by Blanchette Chas seur. The first, settlement at Florissant, afterwards called St. Ferdinand, wasmadebyBeaurosierDunegantin 1776; and so the career of growth and prosperity was inaugurated in this portion of the Mississippi Valley. The successor of Pier nas, was Don Francisco Crozat, who assumed office in 1775, and was succeeded by Don Fernando de Leyba in 1778. It was during the administration of the latter that the death of Laclede took place. The war which was now raging between Great Britain and her American colonies, could hardly be felt on the far western ' J 1778. shores of the Mississippi. Many of the inhabitants of St. Louis, and other places on the same side of the river, were persons who had changed residence from the opposite shore, when it passed under English rule. They were influenced by a hereditary hostil ity to that power; and although enjoying a mild government under Spanish rulers, their independent spirit, apart even from their feeling towards England, enlisted their sympathies in be half of the colonies in the east, struggling for freedom. Their great distance did not secure them from the disasters of war. It was known that Spain sympathized with the colonies, and this speedily endangered their security, for the ferocity of many of the Indian tribes was directed against them by the British. 24 AN ILLUSTRATED In 1778, Colonel George Rogers Clark, under the authority of Virginia, surprised and captured the settlements of Cahokia^- Kaskaskia and other places, and early in 1779 started on an expedition against, St. Vincents, now Vincennes, thenheld by the English under Lieutenant-Governor Henry Hamilton from Detroit. The post was taken and its commander made prisoner. About this time, an alarming rumor became prevalent that an attack on St. Louis was being organized under British influence. Actuated by a spirit of generous chivalry, Clark offered the as sistance of himself and men to Lieutenant-General Leyba,; for the protection of the town, but his. offer was declined on the ground that the. danger was not imminent. Whatever was 1fbe-. ground of the fancied security, the sequel proves that he was an execrable traitor, or shamefully incompetent to meet the exigen cies of the times. Apprehensions, however, began to disturb the people; and the defenseless condition of the town induced them to -undertake some'm'eans of fortification. Although they numbered little more than one hnndred men, they proceeded to build a wall of ¦ logs and earth about five or six feet high, ia- ;>. closing the dwellings of the settlement. It formed a semi-cireular line with its ends terminating at the river. It was supplied with ' three gates, at the ends pf which a heavy piece of ordnance was placed, and kept in constant readiness. For some months after this work was completed, nothing occurred to indicate an Indian ; attack. Winter passed away, and the inhabitants filially began to consider their apprehensions groundless; which was assisted by the Governor, that there was no cause for anxiety; in reality, however, the long, pending attack was now beiiig secretly organ ized. Numerous bands of Indians, composed of Ojibways, Winr nebagoes, Sioux, and other tribes, with some Canadians, number- . ing in all nearly 1,500, had gathered on the eastern shore of the river, a little above St. Louis, and arrangements were Consum mated "for, a. general attack on the settlement. The 25th of May, 1780, was the festival of Corpus. Christi, o wliich was celebrated by the Catholic inhabitants with re- ,.,... ligious ceremonies and rejoicing. , There was no feeling of apprehension abroad at this timo, notwithstanding that an event • calculated to arouse alarm had occurred but a few davs before. An HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 25 oldr citizen named-Quenelle-had Crossed the -river at Cahokia creek on a fishing excursion. While watching his lines he was startled to see, on the opposite shore of the creek, a man named DuCharme who had fled to escape punishment for some crime committed. He endeavored to induce Quenelle to come over to him, but the lat ter thought he detected the presence of Indians in the bushes opposite and refused j returning hastily in his canoe to the town, where he reported what had occurred. The commandant ridi culed his story, and it did not create any fear among the inhab itants. Corpus Christi was celebrated with unusual animation, and alarge number of the citizens left the enclosure of the town, and were scattered about the prairie — men, women and children, gathering strawberries. A portion of the Indians "crossed the river on the same. day,- but fortunately did not make the attack, owing, probably, to their not knowing how many of the men had remained in the town. Had they done so, the result would surely have been fatal to the: young settlement. On the following day, the whole body of the attacking force i crossed the Mississippi, directing their course to the fields over which they had seen the inhabitants scattered the day before. It fortunately happened that only a few of them were outside the town, and these, seeing the approach of the Indians, hastily retreated toward the upper gate, which course led them nearly through a portion of the hostile force. Rapid volleys were fired at the fleeing citizens, and the reports speedily spread the alarm in the town. Arms were hastily seized, and the men rushed bravely toward the wall, opening the gate to their de fenseless comrades. There was a body Of militia iri the town from Ste. Genevieve, which hadbeen sent up- under-, the .command -of Silvia Francisco Cartabona, some time before when apprehensions of an attack prevailed. This company, however, behaved shame fully, and did not participate in the defense; many of them con cealing themselves in the houses while the fight was in progress. The Indians approached the line of defense rapidly, and when at a short distance, opened an irregular fire, to which the inhab itants responded 'with light arms and discharges of grape-shot from their pieces of artillery. The resistance made was energetic and resolute; and the savage assailants, seeing the strength of the 26 AN ILLUSTRATED fortificatiohs, and dismayed by the artillery, to which -they were unaccustomed, finally retired, and the fight came to a close. Commandant Leyba appeared on the scene at this juncture, hav ing been started from a carousal to some idea of the situation by the sound of the artillery. His conduct was very extraordinary; he. immediately ordered several pieces of ordnance, which had been placed near the government house to be spiked, and! was then, as is chronicled, rolled to the immediate scene of action in a wheelbarrow. He ordered the inhabitants to cease firing, and return to their houses. Those stationed near the lower gate, not hearing the command, paid no attention to it, and he directed a cannon to be fired at them. This barbarous order was carried out, the citizens only escaping the volley of grape by throwing themselves upon the ground, while the shot struck down a por tion of the wall: The unparalled treachery of the commandant-, i was fortunately exhibited too late to beof. assistance to the In dians, who had been beaten back by the determined valor of the, settlers, and the attack was not renewed. When they left the vicinity, search was made for the bodies of the citizens who had been killed upon the prairie, and between twenty and thirty were; . ascertained to be lost. The traitorous conduct of the commandant, which so im periled the existence of the town, had been obvious to the people generally; and justly indignant at his cruel rascality, they at once took means to transmit a full report of his pro ceedings to Galoez, then Governor of Louisiana. This resulted in the prompt removal of Leyba, , and the settlement was again placed under the authority of Crozat. Leyba died the same year from. the effects, it is.said, of poison administered by his own hand: universal obloquy and reproach having rendered his life unendurable. The year 1780, rendered so memorable by this Indian attack, was afterwards known as the " year of the great blow." There is no doubt but this assault on St. Louis had for its object the destruction of the settlement, and was only frustra ted by the gallantry of the people; that it was partially instigated by English influence is almost unquestionable. The Indians accepted their defeat, and departed without attempting any other demonstration. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 27 Pending the arrival of Crozat, Cartabona, before mentioned, exercised the functions of Lieutenant-Governor, only, whoever, for a short period. One of the first works undertaken by Cro zat was the strengthening of the fortifications: he established half a dozen or more stone forts, nearly circular in shape, each about fifty feet in diameter and twenty feet high, connected by a stout stockade'Of posts. The fortifications as extended arid improved by him, were quite pretentious for so small a settlement. On the river bank, near the spot formerly occupied by the floating docks, was a stone tower, called the " Half Moon," from its shape; and, westwardly of it, near the present intersection of Broadway and Cherry street, was erected a square building called " The Bas tion;" south of this, on the line of Olive street, a circular stone fort was situated. A similar building was built on Walnut street, intended for service both as a fort and prison. There was also a fort near Mill Creek; and, east of this, a circular one near the river. The strong stockade of cedar posts connecting these forts, was pierced with loop-holes for small arm s. This well devised line of defenses was not subjected to the test of another Indian attack; for, although during the continuance of the Revolutionary war, other settlements on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers had to contend against the savages, St. Louis was not again molested. The popularity of the mild and amiable Crozat, and his liberal policy in former years, attracted many new settlers to Missouri from the French villages of Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the town was growing apace; when a slow, but most astonishing and irre sistible fright fell upon the inhabitants of St. Louis, even greater than the late threatening of ; savages. In the early part of i7gg 1785, the Mississippi had risen to its usual height, but still continued to rise; the whole American Bottom was covered. with a sea of swift-ruiming water, which bore on its bosom thou sands of . trees with their roots and branches exposed, ac companied by everything that swollen rivers can bear away, all rushing toward the ocean with a swiftness and majesty that as tonished every beholder. The villages of Cahokia and Kaskas kia were surrounded by rushing waters, sweeping away grain, stbck, and all the labors of the husbandmen. Nearly all of St. Louis was then situated on what is now Main street, and when the 28 ! AN ILLUSTRATED water had risen above the banks and began to ihvade'the dwell ings, the terror and apprehensions were very distressing. The flood soon after abated. This year was denominated " the year of the great waters." In the year 1787, a band of pirates was located on Cotton Wood creek, commanded by two men named Culbert '787' and Magilbray! A barge belonging to Mr. Beausoliel started from New Orleans richly laden with merchandise for St. Louis. Arriving at the creek before named, the robbers boarded it, and the men were disarmed; but, by the heroic daring and .-strategy of a negro, who was one of the boat's party, the robbers were knocked overboard, and the crew having obtained possession of the barge, returned to New Orleans. The following spring, under an order issued by the Governor that all boats bound for St. Louis should go in company for mutual protection, ten keel-boats, each provided with swivels, and their respective crews, took their departure from that city, and in due time, and in safety, arrived at their destination. The arrival of ten barges together at St. Louis, was an unusual spectacle, and the year 1788 was afterward called "the year of the ten boats." ' ; '' The same year, the administration of Don Francisco Crozat terminated, and Manual Perez became Commandant General of the upper Louisiana country at the post of St. Louis. At this time, the population of this and neighboring settle ments, numbered nearly 1200 persons, while that of Ste. Gene vieve was about 800. The administration of Perez was prosperous ; and, like his predecessor, he was greatly esteemed by the inhabi tants. He brought some friendly Indians to the vicinity of Cape Girardeau, where lie gave thenar algrant. of land. They "consisted of Shawanese and Delawares, two of the most powerful tribes east of the Mississippi river. The object of this immigration was to appose through them the Osage- Indians, a.strong 'Missouri tribe, who were constantly making incursions on the young settlements. This scheme is said to have operated satisfactorily. In 1793, Perez was succeeded by Zenon Trudeau, who also be came popular, arid instituted various measures for the encouragement of immigration. During his adminis tration, St. Louis and the other settlements in that portion of HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 29' the country, expanded rapidly under the influence of the exceed ing favorable terms' offered to. settlers, and the fact that the fear of Indian attacks were greatly diminished.; quite a number of citizens of the United States left the country east of the Missis sippi, where the sway of the English was then practically broken up, and took up their residence in the Spanish dominions. St. Louis paproved in appearance, and new and neat buildings began tq.. supplant, in many places, the rude log huts of earlier years. Trade, received a new impetus, but the clearing of the country in the, vicinity, and the development of agriculture, still made but slow progress. The dealing in peltries was the principal busi ness; and, in their effort to expand their trade with Indian tribes,. traders became more energetic and daring in their excursions, and traveled long distances into the interior westward, forcing their rude boats up the swift Missouri to many points never be fore visited. .Trnjleau closed his official career in 1798, and was sueeeeded by; Charges. Dehault Delassus de Delusiere, a Frenchman by birth, but who had been many years in the service of Spain. The winter of the succeeding year was one of extraor dinary severity and received the. title of "the year of the hard winter." The same year that Delassus commenced his adminis tration, was signalized by the arrival of some galleys with Spanish troops under .Don Carlos Howard, and was called " the year of the galleys.". The Governor caused a census to be taken of upper Louisiana settlements, in 1799, from which the popula tion of St. Louis was. found to be 925 ; of Carondelet, 184; St. Charles, 875; St. Ferdinand, 276; Marius des Liard, 376; Meramec, 115; St. Andrew, 393; Ste. Genevieve, 949; New Bour- bou, 560; Cape Girardeau, 521; New Madrid, 782; Little Mead ows, 72 : total, 6,028. Total number of whites., 4,948 ; free colored, 197,; slaves, 883. St. Charles nearly equalled St. Louis in popu lation ; while Ste. Genevieve exceeded it. On the first 'of October, 1800, the treaty of St. Ildefonso was con summated, by which Spain, under certain conditions, retroceded to France the territory of Louisiana; and in July, 1802, the Spanish authorities were directed to deliver possession to the French Commissioners. This event, however, did 30 AN ILLUSTRATED not take place until the 30th of November. M. Lauss'at had been appointed the Plenipotentiary of the French Republic"; and on that day, in the council chamber at New Orleans, he received, in due form, the keys of the city, and issued a proclamation to the Louisianians, informing them of the retrocession of the country to France, and that it had been sold by that government to the United States. At a signal given by the firing of cannon, the Spanish flag was lowered and the French flag hoisted. In relation to this movement on the part of Spain and the subsequent one of France, it is only necessary to state,1 that, owing to the complications of the cabinets of the European courts on political questions, the part taken by the ministers of the United States, at the courts of Spain and France, for more effectually securing the rights and interests of our government in the river Mississippi, and other considerations, brought around these transfers of possession, and all parties were equally satisfied with the arrangements. Is it not strange that, during the thirty-two years that Spain had possession of upper Louisiana, the province was never settled by native Spaniards, excepting the officers who ruled over it, arid a few fur-traders? The inhabitants were French, or the descendants of French, from Canada or lower Louisiana; and the Spaniards have left no remembrances of themselves, save their land register; no institutions, no works, not a single monument of public utility. Doubtless, the golden treasures buried in the mountains of Mexico, and of South America, were too alluring to allow emigrants to be tempted from them, and engage themselves in the labors of agri culture in the rich valley of the Mississippi. But, taking a retro spect, when Spain was the greatest of maritime powers'; when, during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, her navigators dis covered new worlds, giving her an empire on which the sun never set; when the great armada struck terror in the bosom of the haughty Elizabeth;— it becomes painful to witness how epheme'ral is the ascendency even of the bravest and most prosperous nations ! How truly rapid their decline and fall! Under the Spanish gov ernment, the Roman Catholic faith "was the established*religion of the province, and no other Christian sect was tolerated by the laws. Each emigrant was required to be \in bon Catholique, as HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 31 the French expressed it; yet, by the connivance of the com mandants of upper Louisiana, and by the use of a pious fiction in the examination of the Americans, toleration, in fact, existed. The manner of examining those who applied for the right of settlement was to ask a few vague and general questions, which persons of almost any Christian sect could freely answer; such as, "Dp. you believe iri Almighty God? in the Holy Trinity? in the true apostolic church? in Jesus Christ, our Savior? in the Holy Evangelist?" and the like, An affirmative answer being given to these, and sundry other questions of a general nature being asked, the declaration-, "urn, bon Catholique" would close the ceremony and confirm the privilege of an adopted citizen. Many Protestant families; communicants in Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian and other churches, settled in the province, and re mained undisturbed in their religious principles. Protestant itinerant clergymen passed over from Illinois, and preached in the log cabins of the settlers unmolested, though they were occa sionally threatened with imprisonment in; the calabozo, at St. Louis. Yet these threats were never executed. , It is related, that John Clark, a devoutly pious, but rather eccentric preacher, whose residence was in Illinois, made monthly excursions to the Spanish territory, and preached in the houses of these religious emigrants. He was a man of great simplicity of character, and much respected and beloved by all who knew him, among whom was Trudeau, the Commandant of St. Louis. He would delay till he knew Clark's tour for that occasion was nearly finished, and then send a threatening message, that if Monsieur Clark did not leave the Spanish country in three days, he would put him in prison. This was repeated so often, as to furnish a pleasant joke with the preacher and his friends. During these times, Abraham Musick, who was a Baptist, and well acquainted with the Commandant, and who likewise knew his religious principles, presented a petition for leave to to hold meetings at his house, and for permission for Clark to preach there. The commandant inclined to favor the Ameri can settlers secretly, yet compelled to reject such petitions offi cially, replied promptly that such a petition could not be granted. It was a violation of the laws of the country. "I mean" said the 32 AN ILLUSTRATED accommodating officer, " you must not put a bell on your house and call it a church, nor suffer any person to christen your chil dren but the parish priest; but, if any of your friends choose to meet at your house, sing, pray and talk about religion, you will riot be molested, provided you continue, as I suppose you are, un bon Catholique." He well knew, that, as Baptists, they could dispense with the rite of infant baptism; and that plain, frontier people, as they were, they could find the way to their meetings without the aid of the "church-going bell." The Catholic priests in upper Louisiana, received their salaries from the Spanish crown, and not from tithes from the people. None were ever levied or claimed in Louisiana, either under the French or Spanish governments; and the people were ex empted froni many other burdens imposed on other colonies. There were three curates and one vicar, with a few missionariess who resided in upper Louisiana, with salaries rating from three hundred and fifty to four hundred dollars a year. Burial and mar riage fees and other perquisites added to their salaries, made a liberal support. Hence no burdens were imposed on Protestants*. CHAPTER IV. ST. LOUIS FROM 1803 TO 1820-. Reference having been made to the early settlement of St. Louis, and to the somewhat singular habits of its inhabitants, prior to the change which brought the people under the dominion of American laws and customs, it will be necessary here to refer more particularly to the events which have transpired since that time. The history of the whole territory of upper Louisiana is very largely identified with that of St. Louis. Nowhere in the world, outside of the Happy Valley, in which Dr. Johnson discovered his imaginary Rasselas, could a population so primitive be found as that upon which the manners of the Union operated after the ces^- sion of Louisiana. The French settlers had retained' the simple habits of provincial France of two centuries ago, intensified by the isolation in which they had lived. The good-natured, easy -living residents in the wilderness had the manners of children, unspoiled by the arts and affectations of civilization, as well as untaught by its sciences. Changes were to come now, and to be realized sud denly. The difference between the Parisian of the Faubourgs and the Frenchman from Picardy, is not nearly so great as that which existed between the native of St. Louis, at the beginning of this century, and the average American with whom he was now to come into contact, as a fellow citizen, and competitor in business. The conditions were by no means equal, but in the main the advantage for the city and territory has been immense. Individuals have suffered, the mass has progressed. The stimu lation incident to rapid living, which could crowd the events of a slow existence into one year, proved too much for some of the oldest settlers, but their successors are already moving onward toward the front rank. The phenomena now to be unrolled before their eyes, demanded new faculties for their comprehension; — restraints, ambitions, and an education, manifold, if not complete, such as few of these simple souls had ever deemed possible. There were no public schools in the community, and religious 3 * 34 AN ILLUSTRATED organizations were few and languid. The zeal that burned in the veins of Fathers Marquette and AUouez, and in those of so many of their associates, had no likeness in the in ild fervor of the mission ary priest, who rarely visited each village, so wide was the region over which his duties, extended. The whole business of life con centrated itself within the domestic circlet; and there were neither hopes, rior ambitions, to be gratified beyond those narrow bounds. The; virtues of the-people were proverbial; their honesty and re ligions, faith -admitted -6$ no question; they were simple to a fault. ¦¦ "Rene Leblane With his papers and ink-horn," wouldhave seemed; an extravagance arriorig those Children of nature, who had neither notaries, public, lawyers, judges rior civil tribunals. The only prison, was the guard -house, occupied by the small garrison ; ¦arid it is asserted, oh. what seems to be excellent authority, that for. more than half arcentury there had not been an instance of delinquency, Civil or criminal^ that demanded its employment for that, purpose"; Deer skin's constituted the currency of the country, arid Mrgairis. 'were- vstealed with a grasp of- the hand; Their com munications" were '-'Yea, yea), and- riay, nay ;'-' - and they believed "what is. more than' that; eometh of evil." The descendants of these early settlers long:retained the simplicity of -manners and customs -to which they were- born.-, ' ¦ The, French descendants "of the preserit '" day '- tell numerous anecdote's that graphically describe the unsophisticated nature of their ancestors; One' is worthy of perpetuation: A genuine Missourian was loitering'for some time around the'stall of a negro dealer, situatedi on the bank of' the-MississippL The dealer was a Keritucky.. merchant,, who, obser-virig ; him, asked him if he wishedto' purchase anything. "Yes," was; the. reply, "L should like. to: buy. a negrO." He' was invited to- walk in; and," having made his choice, heinquired the price.- "Five hundred dollars," replied the trader; "but, according to custom, you may have one year's credit onthe purchase." ' At this proposition the Mlssouriaii, became very; uneasy; the idea of having such a load of debt upon him' for a . whole year was 'too muCh. "No, noF' said he; "I would rather pay you six hundred at once, arid-be done with it." "Very well," said the obliging Kentuckian, "anything to accom modate;" and so the bargain was concluded; • JAMES O. BROADHEAD. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 35 At the time Captain Stoddard took possession of upper Louis iana, St. Louis consisted of two long streets running parallel to the river, with a number of others intersecting them at right an gles. There were, however, some houses on the line of the present Third street, which was known as " the street of barns." The church building from which Second street derived its name, was a structure of hewn logs, somewhat rude and primitive in appear ance. West of Fourth street, there was little else but woods and commons; and the Planters' House now stands upon a portion of the space then used for purposes of pasturage. There was no post-office, nor indeed any need for one, as there were no official mails. Government boats ran occasionally between New Orleans and St. Louis, but there was no regular communication. The principal buildings were the Government House, on Main street, near Walnut; the "Chouteau" mansion,1 on the block between Main and Second, and Market and Walnut streets; the residence of Madame Chouteau, on the block next north ; and the Fort St. Charles, near the present intersection of Fifth and Walnut streets. In this fort, the Spanish garrison had their quarters.3 The means of education were, of course, limited in character; and, as peltries and iead continued to be the chief articles of ex port, the cultivation of the land in the vicinity of the town pro gressed but slowly. There are reasons for believing that Ste. Genevieve was a more important place, in a commercial point of view, than St. Louis. At the time of the cession, there were only about one hundred and eighty houses, nearly all built of hewn logs ; and, on the square thus made, a roof was formed and covered with shingles fastened to scantlings with wooden pegs, on account of the scarcity of nails. Some of the dwellings of the more wealthy inhabitants were erected of stone, with a massive stone wall encompassing them and the garden with which they were surrounded. These houses were of but one story, low-pitched, with a. porch the full length of the building, and frequently a piazza in the rear. The principal merchants and traders at this time were Auguste Chouteau, Pierre Chouteau,. Manuel Lisa, Labadie and Sarpy, IThis building was part of the first house built in St. Louis. 2The early records of the Catholic Church contain an account of the. ceremony at the laying of the first stone of this fort, in the spring of 17811. 36 AN ILLUSTRATED Jacques Clainorgan, McCune and Co., and Messrs. Hortez, Praj;teT Gratiot, Tayon, Lacompte, Papin, Cabarine, Alvarez, Lebaume and Soulard. , The fur trade, which had led to the founding of St. Louis, con tinued for many years to be the principal business of the people; and, during the fifteen years ending in 1804, the average value of the furs collected at St. Louis, is stated to have been $203,750. The number of buffalo skins was only 850; deer, 158,000; beaver, 36,900; otter, 8,000; bear, 5,100. A very different condition of things existed twenty or thirty years after, when beaver w'efp nearly exhausted, and buffalo skins formed the most important article of trade. The supplies of the town — especially groceries — were brought from New Orleans, and the time occupied in going and com ing averaged about five months. A voyage was an event that tinctured a lifetime; and when a boat was about to sail, the resi dents would assemble in force to say au revoir to the friends who were about to tempt the perils of the river, as well as to gaze upon the perilous gaieties of the sister city. The assemblage upon the shore would, upon such rare occasions, display as much emotion as the more enterprising voyagers. In the year 1804, Wil liam C. Carr arrived in St. Louis, in the month of April, soon after the purchase and cession had been effected, having reached' that point by river navigation from Louisville, Kentucky ; and he stated. that the voyage from one city to the other occupied no less than twenty-five days. There were then besides Mr. Carr, only two American families in the place — those of William Sullivan and Calvin Adams. The serenity of life in St. Louis palled upon Carr, after a temporary sojourn of about one month; and he was carried off by the superior attractions of the lead trade at Ste. Genevieve, where he concluded that he would reside; but, eventually, he returned to St. Louis. Rufus Easton, John Scott, and Edward Hempstead came to the country as residents in the same year. The location at Ste. Gen evieve, which could not retain Mr. Carr, captivated Mr. Scott, who' afterwards fully justified his choice, and Mr. Hempstead went to Petite Cote, since known as St. Charles, where he remained for many years, but at length, made St. Louis his home. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 37 The merchant of those times, it must be remembered, was a different personage, in all his business relations, from the rrier- chant of to-day. His warehouse occupied only a few square feet; his merchandise, usually, was stored in a large box or chest, and was only brought to view when a customer appeared. Sugar, coffee, tobacco, gunpowder, blankets, paints, salt, hatchets, guns arid dry-goods, were all consigned to the same general receptacle. Imported luxuries, such as tea, brought enormous prices, be cause of the length of time involved in mercantile transactions. An American merchant would effect three importations and pro cure returns, within the time that a St. Louis bourgeois would occupy in locking up his capital in a part of one cargo. The wasteful sloth of the trader was paid for by the consumers of his goodsj and large numbers were precluded from consumption, or could only use such items in small quantities, and on rare occa sions. Sugar was two dollars a pound, and tea could be purchased at the same price; other articles being sold at prices just as high in proportion. Tea was comparatively unknown to the mass of the little community, until the advent of the United States Govern ment; although, of course, it had long been considered a proper item for the better class of housekeej>ers to have on hand, to be produced when friends were to be specially regaled. It would be tedious to catalogue the several items of daily con sumption, and occasional use, with their customary values in deer-skin currency; many articles which are now esteemed indis pensable to the mere maintenance of life in health, were then considered luxuries, or marks of a very high grade of comfortable living. Their cost made them appear to be extravagances which onlv the display incidental to some extraordinary occasion would warrant, even among people of ample means, as things were understood in the beginning of this century, in St. Louis. The changes made since that time cannot, all of them, be described as improvements ; but, in many respects, they deserve our unquali fied admiration. Still, it must be borne in mind that the fru gality of the olden time was not inconsistent with happiness. The people, moderate in their wishes, seldom wanted the neces saries of life; and, in their isolation, removed from temptations, they-realized few wants which their means could not in some degree 38 AN ILLUSTRATED supply. Their lives passed serenely along, content with the pleasures of a semi-pastoral existence. Their dreams of happi ness seldorh outstripped the narrow bounds in which they began life, and their sympathies were entwined with their surroundings: Under the new regime the change became speedily apparent in every aspect of society. Population began to pour in rap idly. To meet the demands thus arising, a ferry was estab lished across the Mississippi; and, in a few months, there was- found to be employment for another, to accommodate the con tinuous line of wagons, and immigrant trairis, that sought a passage to the newly opened country from the east to the west, across the river. Nothing less than an industrial conquest was be ing effected, and this was the army, with a somewhat motley as semblage of camp followers. New buildings were rising in all directions, much more tasteful than some of the old structures, suggestive of antediluvian days. In that respect, certainly, change and improvement were synonyms., A post-office be came indispensable, as soon as the new comers settled down; and of course that want was supplied without delay. Next to his pos tal communication, the American must have his newspaper;, and, in July, 1808, "The Missouri Gazette," forerunner of number-1 less publications, was established by Joseph Charless. This was- the first newspaper published west of the Mississippi, and it is now continued under the well known title of " The St. Louis Re publican," a journal of acknowledged merit. The next considerable step was the incorporation of the town^ which dates from the 9th of November, 1809. A memorial, signed by two-thirds of the taxable inhabitants, was the basis on which that change was effected, under the authority of an act of the Territorial Legislature of Louisiana passed in the preceding year. The municipal government consisted of a board of trus tees, elected under the charter, according to the terms therein prescribed. The Missouri Fur Company was one of the earli est formations to prosecute the advantages which lay within the reach of the community, on a commensurate scale. The company was established in 1808, and its principal members were Pierre Chouteau, Manuel Lisa, William Clark, Sylvester Labadie, Pierre Menard, and Auguste Chouteau. The capital HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 39 of the company was $40,000. The first expedition under its auspices was dispatched under the command of Major A. Henry ; and his success was gratifying. He established trading posts on the upper Missouri, on Lewis river beyond the Rocky Mountains, and on the southern branch of the. Columbia. The post last mentioned was the first on the great rivers of Oregon territory. After continuing in operation about four years, the company was dissolved, in 1812; whereupon most of the mem bers being satisfied of the profitable nature of the undertaking, established independent houses, to prosecute the trade, and to furnish outfits to private adventurers. At that time, the hunters and trappers formed a very considerable part of the population of St. Louis. They were principally halfibreed Indians; but there were among them many white men, who had been so long accustomed to such pursuits, with the consequent exposures and incidental privations, that, in habits and appearance, they were not always distinguishable from the natives. Education became a necessity as soon as an American popu lation began to settle in St. Louis ; and,, accordingly, in 1804, the first English school was established. Rotchford was the name of the first school-master. He was succeeded in his vocation by George Tompkins, a young Virginian. Mr. Tompkins rented a room on the north side of Market street, between Second and Third, for the accommodation of his pupils, and occupied his leis ure hours in studying law. The young teacher had in him the materials that compel a measure of success. He ultimately be came Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Missouri, which position was filled by him, in a very creditable manner. There was a debating society established in connection with the school, and its meetings were often of a peculiarly interesting character. Many of the members of that society, among whom were Drs.' Farrar and Lowry, John O'Fallon, Edward Bates, and Joshua Barton, were afterwaras distinguished for their eminent abilities, no less than for the services they rendered the. public. Financial operations speedily demanded better accommodation than the town of St. Louis afforded; and, in August, 1816, the Bank of St. Louis, the first institution of the kind in that part of the territory, was incorporated. The commissioners of the 40 AN ILLUSTRATKD Bank we>e Auguste Chouteau, J. B. C. Lucas, demerit B. Pen rose, Moses Austin, Bernard Pratte, Manuel Lisa, Thomas Brady, Bartholomew Berthold, Samuel Hammond, Rufus Easton, Rob ert Simpson, Christian Witt, and Risdon H. Price. President Samuel Hammond, and Cashier John B. Smith, were the first Officers. That institution was not a success; and, after Only two years operations, it came to a disastrous termination. The Mis souri Bank was incorporated in 1817, on the first of February, when its predecessor was only six months old; the officers of the new establishment being Augiiste Chouteau, President, and Lil- burn W. Boggs, Cashier. - The population of St. Louis county and town, in 1815, when the census was taken by John W. Thompson, was only 7,395: and the town itself only contained 2,000. The "Missouri Gazette" published the enumeration on the 9th of December, 1815. About that time, the close of the Indian wars permitted a great tide of emigration west of the Mississippi; a part of which — a very valuable class of people — was added to the population of St. Louis, and Missouri generally. Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and the region north of the Ohio river, sent large contingerits of enterprising citizeris ; and the town began; from that time, to lose some of its distinctive -characteristics. Probably there are fea tures, which are due to the early settlement and exclusive occu pation by Frenchmen, that will not be completely effaced a ceiitUry hence, as there are still many marks of the primitive Dutch set tlement in New York; but the impress was considerably lighter after 1816. ' The 2d of August, 1817, is memorable iri theannals of St. Louis ; as, on that day, the first steamboat arrived, much to the delight of the old, but, more especially, the new population.' A new agency was thus imported into the commercial life of the town ; and one, moreover, -which the noble river, rolling past the city toward the sea, has since seen improved into. vast -proportions. There was hardly one town in the Union, to the development of which steam was a more important auxiliary, than to St. Louis, as events have since. that time abundantly proved: The most enthusiastic estimates of that day entirely failed to comprehend its value to the citizens. The river is now for the- city a highway whose FRANCIS M. COCKRELL. U. S. SEXATOR. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 41 importance is increased, not diminished, by the wondrous expan sion of the system of railroads which has given a limitless growth to the nation. The first steamer arriving at St, Louis was called the "Pike," commanded by Captain Jacob Reed, and was but a small boat, propelled by a low-pressure engine, having been built at Louisville, Kentucky; but Noah's Ark, with the old com mander in person on board, or the Great Eastern, could hardly have caused a greater commotion than did the "Pike," as she touched the foot of Market street. To a large proportion of the population, a steamer was entirely novel; and the anxiety to see the new and strange craft was compounded of surprise and delight ; but, to the Indians and half-breeds, she was a monster, as capable of propelling her course through the solid earth as through the river. As she neared the shore, they ran in alarm ; and it was a long time before they could be induced to approach the boat. To the major ity, its advent was an occasion for great rejoicing, more especially when it became known that other and larger vessels would con tinue the traffic thus commenced. Two months later, on the second day of October, the "Constitution," commanded by Captain R. P. Gayard, arrived; after which %time the sense of novelty gradually faded out, except for visitors from the country; but the knowledge of the value of the new mechanism expanded every day, the steam engine being one vast agency, to which the old adage, "Famil iarity breeds contempt," does not apply. In the mouth of May, 1819, the first steamboat navigated the waters of the Missouri; and the "Independence," commanded by Captain Nelson, was as much a wonder along its banks as was the fleet commanded by his namesake to its enemies at Trafalgar. The boat ascended as far as "Old Franklin," after a passage of seven running days. The revolution was not yet complete, and could not be so con sidered by the old settlers, or rather by their descendants, until New Orleans had been connected with their town by steam. That feat was accomplished in the beginning of the next month, on the second day of whicli Captain Armitage, commanding the "Hornet," steamed in to the wharf, after a passage from New Orleans of only twenty-seven days. The passage has very often since then been made in much shorter time; but the wonder has never been so great as was then the surprise of the original in habitants of the city and county. 42 AN ILLUSTRATED The first board of School trustees was formed in the year 1817, and therein was the germ of the admirable system of school in struction, which now obtains all over Missouri. The efforts of individual men and women, were excellent in their several spheres ; but something larger was requisite, in every sense, to cope with the requirements of the people. The growth of the educational scheme will be given in detail, elsewhere. The ethical and the material moved on side by side. In the year 1819, John Jacob Astor, to whom the Union is indebted for many industrial advantages, founded, in St. Louis, a branch of his house, for the prosecution of the Fur trade, under the direction of Samuel Abbott. Nearly forty years had elapsed since he began that traffic on his own account in New York; and his wealth was known to be enormous. The fact that he had a branch house ' in St. Louis was therefore of very great im portance, in the eyes of all capitalists inclined to invest in the like profitable ventures. His sagacity and his diligence were alike proverbial. His depot at Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia, and his establishment here, indicated the line on which the trade must rapidly and profitably expand. The West ern Department of the American Fur Company made an era in the history of St. Louis; and the company entering upon a very successful career through the northern and western part of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, made the whole community participate in some degree, in the property whicli was thus superinduced. All that had been accomplished in this direction before the branch house was established, was found to have been fragmentary and personal ; now, there were system and completeness ; and the results achieved were, in every sense, cor responding. The old Missouri Fur Company, whose establish ment and dissolution have been already mentioned, at the time when the founding of many houses was noticed, was revived under the influence of the successes won by the establishment under the direction of Mr. Abbott, with several new names in the copartnery. John P. Pilcher, Manuel Lisa, Thomas Hemp stead and, Captain Perkins, figured in the list of names; and thus a new and powerful agency contributed to increase the wealth and industrial energy of the town. CHAPTER V. RETROCESSION OF LOUISIANA TO FRANCE, AND ITS PUR CHASE BY THE UNITED STATES. On the first day of October, in the last year of the eighteenth century, Napoleon, who had assumed supreme direction of the affairs of France, in the preceding year, November, 1799, and had, long before that time, compelled Spain to become his ally on such terms as made that country truly the feudatory of France, caused the treaty of St. Ildefonso to be consummated. Spam, under that instrument, and subject to certain con ditions not essential in this relation, ceded to France the terri tory of Louisiana, to parts of which both nations had alternately laid claim. This act at once recognized and extinguished the rights of the Spanish monarchy. Pursuant to the terms of that treaty, the authorities representing Spain, were, in i802, directed to deliver up the possessions indicated to French commissioners; but, owing to unavoidable delays, the actual transfer was not made until December, .1803, at which date M. Laussat, on behalf of France, received the surrender of the rights of the old mon archy. France was, at that time, almost powerless on the high seas, and had been but recently bankrupt in resources. Immedi ately before Napoleon made himself master of FranceJ with the approbation of nearly all classes, the government had declared its inability to liquidate its debts. Under such circumstances, it was not easy to see how the newly acquired rights of the first consul could be made available for the gratification of his am bition. His hopes were concentrated nearer home, already look ing forward to the establishment of the empire, as his next step beyond the consulate for life. He could not send troops to establish possession in the newly transferred territory; and, with out such action on his part, his rights would be merely nominal, besides offering to his enemy, Great Britain, an opportunity to increase her territory at his cost, with but little outlay of blood 44 AN ILLUSTRATED or treasure; hence, upon the resumption of hostilities, President Jefferson, who had long watched the development of this very interesting feature in European history, as affecting this con tinent, availed himself of the circumstances which gave him and the United States an advantage, to urge upon the French consul an offer for the vast territory held by France. The purchase of Louisiana was effected during his administra tion; and, as before stated, was carried to completion on the last day of April, 1803, before France was actually possessed of the ceded territory. The sum agreed upon as payment, $15,000,090, may have been an object to France, in the then condition of its re sources ; but it was a very small item by comparison with the gain of territory for the Union thereby effected. Laussat, as Governor- General, in the name and on behalf of the French nation, admin istered the government during only twenty days, providing for certain affairs of great urgency; and, at the end of that time, pos session was formally resigned into the hands of our government. General James Wilkinson, in command of United States troops, established his camp in readiness for the movement already agreed upon, on the 19th of December, 1803; and the Spanish troops embarked for Havana at the same time, the vessels sail-i ing immediately after. On the 20th, there were complimentary salutes from the forts and vessels, announcing the departure of the French Governor-General and his staff from office. Laus sat, no longer Governor, except, for the formalities yet to be carried through, proceeded to the city hall attended by a numer ous retinue, while under previous arrangements the United States troops entered the capital. The American commission^ ¦ers, General' Wilkinson arid W. C. C. Claiborne, were received in due form in the hall. The treaty of cession, the respective powers of the commissioners, and the certificate of ratifications, were read; after which Laussat pronounced these words: "In conformity with the treaty, I put the United States in pos session of Louisiana and its dependencies. The citizens and inhabitants who wish to remain here and obey the laws, are, from this moment, exonerated from the oath of fidelity to the French republic." Claiborne, Governor of the territory of Mis-, sissippi, exercising the power of Governor-General and Inten- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 45 dant of the Province of Louisiana, delivered a congratulatory discourse to the Lonisianians. " The cession," said he, " secures to you, and to your descendants, the inheritance of liberty, per petual laws, and magistrates whom you will elect yourselves." The ceremonies closed with the exchange of flags, which was affected by lowering the one, and raising the other, while the ar tillery and trumpets celebrated the event, and the Americans expressed their joy in a tremendous shout. The^ agent of the French Republic for receiving possession of upper Louisiana from Spain, was Amos Stoddard, captain of ar tillery in the service of the United States. Captain Stod dard arrived in St. Louis in March, 1S04; and, five days later Charles Dehault Delassus, the Spanish commandant, trans ferred to him, as the representative of France, the possession of the territory, which he, on the tenth of the month, handed over to the United States. St. Louis, and the other towns in the vicinity, sustained something akin to an earthquake sensation in the fact of their being transferred, nolens volens, from one government to another. The bonds ot long association united them to the nation. from which they had been severed in the two-fold disruption. just effected. Really, they had but little cause to attach them to Spain. The government of that country had never been favor ably disposed toward colonists, as such; but circumstances had prohibited it from active interference, to a large extent; and there: is, with most persons, an indication to look upon the past with af fection, on the well known principle that "distance lends enchant ment to the view." The younger and more active-minded settlers looked with favor upon the vigorous young Republic, which, less than twenty-eight years before, amid storms and the devasta tions of armed men, had commenced a national career; but they could not conquer a feeling of apprehension, almost amount ing to dread, in the actual change. The hauling down of the, flag of Spain, and the unfurling of the banner of the United States, caused an unmistakable shock. The promise of a bright and glorious future on wnich their minds had been refreshed, was not, sufficient to banish their natural feelings of regret, when tlie act of severance and union had been consummated. One writer thus describes the scene: "When the transfer was completely effected — 46 AN ILLUSTRATED when, in the presence of the assembled population, the flag of the United States had replaced that of Spain — the tears and lamenta tions of the ancient inhabitants proved how much they were at tached to the old government, and how much they dreaded the change which the treaty of cession had brought about." But.it does not follow that, as a rule, the bride dreads the future be cause she weeps when the marriage ceremony has been performed. The feeling was not fear, so much as it was uncertainty, and the regret which seldom fails to attach itself to sundered associations. On the 26th of March, 1804, Louisiana was divided into two ter ritories by the action of Congress. The Territory of Orleans com prised the soutnern province, and the northern was thenceforth to be known as the District of Louisiana. Captain . Stoddard, recently the agent in the double transfer, was temporarily nomi nated Governor, with all the powers of the Spanish Lieutenant- Governor, in the last narned province. The same act of Congress gaveto the Governor arid Judges of Indiana, jurisdiction over the whole territory. General Harrison was then Governor, and so continued until 1813. On assuming control, the Governor pub lished an address to the inhabitants, formally announcing the re cent transfer, and setting forth that a permanent territorial govern ment would speedily be initiated by Congress. The Governor's address was an excellent exposition of the new pohtical aspect of affairs, and it eloquently detailed the advantages accruing under a liberal republican form of government. At the time named, upper Louisiana comprised all that part of the province north of "Hope Encampment," a well known spot on the Mississippi nearly opposite Chickasaw Bluffs. It included the vast range of country now known as Missouri, Iowa, Min nesota, and Arkansas, — indeed all the western region to the Pacific oceari, south of the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, riot claimed by Spaiii. The settled portions had been divided into districts for the purposes of local government. The population, in 1803, in the settlements of Arkansas, Little Prairie and New- Madrid, was estimated, on such data as could be obtained, at one thousand three hundred arid fifty, of whom, about. two-thirds were Anglo-Airierican, arid the other third French. The district of Cape Girardeau included the territory between ""WJ HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 47 Tywappaty bottom and Apple creek. Its' population in 1804, was one thousand four hundred and seventy whites, and a few slaves. Excepting three or four families, all were emigrants from the United States. The district of Ste. Genevieve extended from Apple creek to the Meramec. The settlement (beside the village) included settle ments on the head-waters of the St. Frangois, and at the lead mines. The population, in 1804, was two thousand three hundred and fifty whites, and five hundred and twenty slaves. More than half were Anglo-Americans. The district of St. Louis included the territory lying between the Meramec and Missouri rivers. It contained the villages of St. Louis, Carondelet and St. Ferdinand, with several settle ments extending westward into what was afterwards known as Franklin county. The village of Carondelet had between forty and fifty houses ; its population was chiefly Canadian-French. St. Ferdinand contained sixty houses. St. Louis had about one hun dred and eighty houses, and a population of one thousand and eighty. The population of the district was two thousand two hundred and eighty whites, and about five hundred blacks. Each of the districts extended west indefinitely. The largest and most populous settlement in the St. Louis district was called St. An drews, situated near the Missouri,- in the northwestern part of the present county of St. Louis. The district of St. Charles included all the inhabited country between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. It had two com pact villages, St. Charles and Portage des Sioux, the inhabitants of which were French Creoles and Canadians. Femme Osage was an extensive settlement of Anglo-American families. The popu lation of the district, in 1804, was about one thousand four hundred whites, and one hundred and fifty blacks; the American and French population was nearly equally divided. The aggregate population of upper Louisiana, at the period of the cession, was 10,120, of which 3,760 were French, including a few Spanish families; 5,090 were Anglo-Americans, who had immigrated to the country after ] 790 ; and 1,270 were black peo ple, who, with but few exceptions, were slaves. When the Illinois country was transferred to the British Crown, 48 AN ILLUSTRATED in 1765, many wealthy and respectable families crossed the Miss issippi,, to avoid the change of jurisdiction. The ordinance of 1787, prohibiting involuntary servitude in the northwestern territory, caused a similar movement among slaveholders who would retain their slaves at the cost of abandoning their ancient possessions. "Liberal advantages were held out to settlers, and pains were taken to disseminate them in every direction. Large quantities of land were granted them, attended with no other expenses than of fice fees and for surveys, which were not exorbitant ; and they were exempted from taxation." This suffices to account for the rapid population of upper Louisiana, which, in 1804, consisted of En glish-Americans to the extent of more than .three-fifths of the whole. The executive powers of the. territory of Indiana haying been extended over that of Louisiana, as already stated, and the Gov ernor and judges being authorized to enact laws, as well as to ad minister them, in the new country, as they were also in Indiana, subject only to the control of Congress, William Henry Har rison, the Governor, afterwards President of the United States for a brief term, instituted the American authority here, Un der the provisions of this act, the Governor and judges of Indiana proceeded to pass sixteen acts for the government of the district. They were passed on the lst of October, 1804, and related to the following heads: Crimes and Punishments ; Justices Courts; Slaves; Revenue; Militia law; Recorders' offices; Attorneys; Constables; Boat men; Defalcation; Practice of Law; Probate Business; Establishing a Court of Quarter Sessions; Oaths; Sheriffs; Marriages. Under the act which gave jurisdiction, all laws in force in the territory at the time of its passage were declared to be operative, except such as might be found inconsistent with the terms of the act of Congress. The civil law continued to be the law of the territory except in so far as it was expressly or impliedly repealed or modified by the laws ot Congress, or by the acts of the Governor and judges forming the Legislative Council of the Territory of Indiana. The laws ot Pennsylvania were generally taken as models, in preparing the laws above mentioned; but those which referred to slaves, and free negroes, seem to have been modelled upon the statutes of Virginia and Kentucky. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 49 In the year 1803, President Jefferson projected an expedition to explore the country from the Mississippi to the Pacific ocean. He selected for this service, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, officers of the American army, and gentlemen of such character and ability, as would in all probability, enable them to command success in all the parts to which they would be exposed. The detachment employed in this expedition was small, but the men were chosen from among the best woodsmen of the west. The outfit was on a scale suited to the importance as well as the danger of the enterprise. The number was limited so as to enable them to subsist the party with convenience, by hunting on the line of march, without hindrance in their progress. The number of men who went with Lewis and Clark across the mountains was only twenty-eight, making an aggregate of thirty persons. They were accompanied as far as the Mandan villages by six 'soldiers and nine watermen. The expedition left their encampment in Illinois, opposite the mouth of the Missouri river, on the 14th of May, 1804. They ascended the Missouri, establishing their winter-quarters at the Mandan villages. On the opening of navigation, they pursued their route to the head springs of the Missouri river, Crossed the Rocky Mountains and proceeded down the Columbia (or Oregon) river, and wintered near the mouth of that stream. They returned the next spring and summer, having lost only one man in the perilous expedition, reaching St. Louis on the 23d of September, 1806. The time taken up from the date of the departure from the Mississippi, was two years,' four months, and a few days. The following extract is taken from their pub lished travels : " The road by which we went out, by the way of Missouri river, to -its head, is three thousand and ninety-six miles; thence by land by the way of Lewis' river, over to Clark's river, and down that to Traveller's Rest creek, where all the roads from the different routes met; thence across the rugged part of the Rocky Mountains to the navigable waters of the Columbia, three hundred and ninety^-eight miles; thence down the river six hundred and forty miles to the Pacific ocean : making a total distance of four thousand one hundred and thirty-four miles. 50 AN ILLUSTRATED; On our return, in 1806, we came from Traveler's Rest creek directly to the falls of the Missouri, river, which shortens the distance about five hundred and seventy-nine miles, and is a much better route, reducing the distance from the Mississippi to the Pacific ocean, to three thousand five hundred and forty-five miles." ¦ The narrative of the expedition is a very interesting one,' and was productive of much good. All the territory lying west to the Pacific ocean, heretofore was a terra incognita, < and i this exploration had the effect to call public attention to its valua ble resources for the wants of man. Among the. . occurrences of 1805, 1806 and 1807, are the expeditions of Lieutenant Z. M. Pike; the first to the sources of the Mississippi, and the second to the sources of the Arkansas, Platte, and Pierre Jaune rivers, and into the provinces of New Spain. These expeditions were conducted under the order of the government, through General James Wilkinson. The journals kept by Lieutenant Pike (as, his official title then was,) were by him prepared for the press* and published, in 1810. These explorations, with those of Lewisiand Clark, were extremely valuable. Until they were made,:and their narratives brought before the public, the people of the United States had no proper idea of the value of the Louisiana purchase; and if. there had been complaints made of the amount paid for this territory to the French, they were withdrawn when the, re sources of the country were brought to view. The first courts of justice were held in the old fort in the city of St. Louis, near Fifth and Walnut streets, during the winter of 1804-5. The tribunals in question were called " Courts of Common Pleas." By a subsequent act of Congress, bearing 1805 ^a*e -M-arcn 3d, 1805, the change indicated as probable by Governor Harrison in his address, was effected. The district became the "Territory of Louisiana," under a Governor, Secretary, and Judges., The new constitution, or organic act, took effect on the Fourth of July, 1805. The first Governor of the Territory was General James Wilkinson, with Frederick Bates, Secretary. The Judges of the Supreme Court were R. J. Meigs and John B. C. Lucas. As in the Territory of Indiana, the Governor and Judges were the legislature, as well as the HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 51 Chief Executive, subject to a remote and seldom used power of veto, retained by Congress. The Executive offices were in the old - government building on Main street, near Walnut, just south of the Public Square, in the present city. Iri those offices General Wilkinson, Governor of the Territory, was visited by the brilliant, but unbalanced, and erratic, Aaron Burr, when that ambitious personage was preparing his plans for the establishment of an independent rule, in the Southwestern part of the country; a design which involved many besides himself, in ruin. When General Wilkinson was appointed Governor, local, military and civil rule had been provided for, under the authority of the Governor of Indiana, by the division of the dis trict into four military commands, known as St. Charles, in which Colonel Meigs exercised authority; St. Louis, with Colonel Hammond for commandant; St. Genevieve under Major Seth Hunt; and Cape Girardeau under Colonel T. B. Scott. Upon the organization of the Territory and the Courts therein, those officers were superseded by the superior authority instituted; but the names of their several districts are perpetuated in being bestowed upon the counties. The system of legislation insti tuted in 1805, was continued for many years, with changes in tlie officers occasionally. Wilkinson established the fort of Bellefontaine on the south side of the Missouri, a few miles above its month, in 1806; but, early in the following year, the General was ordered South to assist in suppressing the Burr conspiracy, and the fort at Bellefontaine was practically abandoned. During part of the year, Joseph Browne was Secretary of the Territory, and acting Governor in the temporary absence of Wilkinson; and John B. C. Lucas and Otho Shrader were judges. In the following year, Frederick Bates was appointed Secretary of the Territory, and on the 7th of May, 1807, he signed his first act as Acting Governor. In the next year, Meriwether Lewis, who was then Governor, with the same judges, formed the legislature, he continuing to oc cupy the position as Governor, until 1809. He received his ap pointment from President Jefferson. < The embargo of 1807, and the non-intercourse with i England of 1809, had a withering influence on the prosperity of St. Louis, as 52 AN ILLUSTRATED on other commercial towns. The gloom that hung over commer cial affairs then seemed to give very great uneasiness to ' ' all engaged in the fiir trade, and none appeared more af fected by it than Governor Lewis. Deep sympathy with his suffer ing people seemed to have seized upon him. His friends used all means that friendship could suggest to rouse him from mental de pression, and in the autumn of 1809 persuaded him to visit Louis ville. While on his journey thither, he deliberately destroyed his life with his own pistol. His explorations had furnished a lasting monument to his meriiory, and materials for many eulogies, as tributes to his virtues and exploits. Connected with the early settlement of Missouri are many inci dents of personal pro'wess and bravery by the pioneers; against the invasion of bands of roving Indians. In the county of Callaway, is the site of tne old French village of Cote satis Dessein, first settled in 1808, and which was at one time a populous place. This anCierit town had its share in the Indiari wars incident to the settlement of the country,and furnishes an instance of gallantry in the defense of the place, equal to anything recorded in the his tory of manly firmness. The principal actor in this achievement was a Frenchman, Baptiste Louis- Roy. He chanced to be in the block-house with only two men and as many women, when the attack commenced. With this- small command he made a successful defense against a numerous and very deter mined band of Indians. One of his men, -observing the great-dis parity of force, was panic-struck, and reridered no assistance in the conflict. He devoted himself to prayer and penitence throughout the siege. The women, the wife and sister-in-law of the gallant Roy, lent efficient and indisperisable aid to the two soldiers, their husbands; The defenders of the block-house had not been suffi ciently provident in- their supply of ammunition, so as to have a sufficient quantity of balls on hand at the beginning of the attack. While the men were firing, the women made it their business to cast. balls and cut patches, so as to keep up the defense in a steady and uninterrupted manner. The consequence was, that these two riflemen afterward numbered fourteen in their report of killed, without being able to form any correct account of the wounded. After the extreme suffering which the assailants endured, mm* EDWIN O. STANARD. HISTORY Ob' MISSOURI. 53 they became desperate in their determination to ; take or de stroy the block-house. They made several bold attempts to storm, but were always driven back with reduced numbers. This taught them circumspection, and they determined to set fire to the house. To effect this in security, they fastened com bustible matter to their arrows, and having lighted this,, their missives were shot into the roof of the block-house; as often as this occurred, the women made it a business to extinguish the blaze by the application of the little water they had within the building. Theplace of defense was near the river bank, but the garrison was too weak to justify a sally for additional supplies. It was with appalling interest that the little band observed the rapid expenditure of their small stock, as the incendiaries repeated , their experiment. Their torches were sent up with fearful accu racy from the shelter of a ravine, and each new blaze was accom panied with the demoniac yells of their assailants. The women continued to applythe water, with, parsimonious regard to economy, and not a drop was wasted. The fiery missiles were still showered upon the devoted house,. and at each discharge the war-whoop was redoubled. At last, the water was exhausted, the- last bucket was drained of the last drop. The roof was blazing over their heads, and when despair was settling on the hitherto buoyant spirits of the lit tle band, one of the females produced a gallon of milk. This was sufficient to protract destruction, but no security against a recurrence of imminent peril. There was a pause after the last blaze had been extinguished. The defenders were watch ing with acute sensibility every movement of their enemy, hoping that their fruitless efforts had discouraged them, and that in this they would find impunity; but when they began to respire freely with hope of safety, another discharge broke on; their view; the fiery arrows hurled in the air, and the roof blazed again with fearful clearness. A shout arose from a hun dred wild and startling voices. Even Baptiste Roy, himself* whose visage was the mirror of a hero's soul, looked aghast on the> companions of his peril, until his wife, with an angel's smile on her face, produced a vessel just then replenished — it proved the salvation of the garrison. The fire was again extinguished. 54 AN ILLUSTRATED Then it was that the elastic spirits of the little party sent forth. an answering shout of joy, and another of defiance, hurled with spirit in the face of savage exultation. At last, the baffled blood hounds ran off,1 screaming a bitter howl of mingled resentment and despair. On the death of Governor Lewis, Frederick Bates acted as Governor until President Madison appointed Benjamin Howard to that office, whose first legislative act was signed October 25, 1810, and his last, October 31, 1812. He resigned his,*. office to accept that of Brigadier -General of Rangers^jiti the war of 1812, and, having served with great credit to hiiiiself during three campaigns, died at St. Louis, September 18, 1814. < On his resignation, Bates again was Acting-Governor, until De cember 7th, 1812, when Captain William Clark, the companion of Captain Lewis on the celebrated- exploring expedition of ther Missouri and Columbia rivers, was appointed Governor of the Territory. The first legislative act under. Governor Clark's adgn ministration, was approved on the 31st of December, 1813.;, George Bullet was then Speaker of the House, and S. Hammond was President of the Council. Governor Clark's administration continued until Missouri was admitted a member of the Federal; Union. During the year 1811, two important events took place which were especially noticeable in the history of the Mississippi country; the one was the building of the Steamer New 1811 Orleans, the first boat built west of the Alleghanies; the other was the earthquake which destroyed New Madrid, and affected the whole valley. Of the latter event, S. P. Hiidreth has furnished an interesting account. He says: "The center of its violence was thought to be near the Little Prairie, twenty-five or thirty. miles below New Madrid, the vibrations from which were felt all over the valley of the Ohio, as high up as Pittsburgh. The first shock was felt on the night of the 16th of December, and was repeated at in tervals, with decreasing violence, in the month of February follow ing. New Madrid having suffered more than any other town^on the Mississippi from its effects, was considered as situated near the focus from whence the undulation proceeded. From an eyewit ness who was then about forty miles below that town in a flat-boat,.,; HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 00 on "his way to New Orleans with a load of produce, and who nar rated the scene to me, the agitation which convulsed the earth and the waters of the river, filled every living creature with horror. The first shock took place in the night, while the boat was lying at the, shore in company with several others. At this period 'there was danger apprehended from the southern Indians, it being soon after the battle of Tippecanoe; and for safety, sev eral boats kept in company for mutual defense in the case of an attack.'' In the middle of the night, there was a terrible shock and jarring of the boats, so that the crews were all awakened, and hurried on deck with their weapons of defense in their hands, thinking the Indians were rushing on board. Tlie ducks, geese, and other aquatic birds whose numberless flocks were quietly rest ing in the eddies of the river, were thrown into the greatest tu- > mult, and with loud screams, expressed their alarm in accents of terror. The noise and commotion soon became hushed, and noth ing^ could be discovered to excite apprehension, so that the boat men concluded that the shock was occasioned by the falling in of a Ihrge mass of the bank of the river near them. As soon as it. waS! light enough to distinguish objects, the crews were all up, making ready to depart. Directly loud roaring and hissing was heard, like the escape of steam from a boiler, accompanied by the most violent agitation of the shores aud tremendous boiling up the waters of theMississippi in huge swells, and rolling the watersbelow, back on thedescending streams, and tossing the boats about so violently, that the men with difficulty could keep on their feet. Tlie sand:bars and points of the island gave way, swallowed np in the tumultuous bosom of the river; carrying down with them the cotton-wood' trees, crackingand' crashing, tossing their arms to and fro, as if sensible of their danger while they disappeared beneath the flood. The water of the river, which the day before was tolerably clear, being rather low, Changed to a reddish hue, and became thiek with mud thrown up from its bottom ; while the surface lashed violently by the agitation of the earth beneath, was covered with foam, which, gathering into masses the size of a bar rel, floated along on the trembling surface. The earth opened in wide fissures, and closing again, threw the water, sand and mud in huge jets, higher than the tops of the trees.. The atmosphere, 56 AN ILLUSTRATED was filled with a thick vapor, or gas, to which the light imparted a purple tinge, altogether different in appearance from the autum nal haze of Indian summer, or that of smoke. " From the temporary check to the current, by the heaving of the bottom, the-sinking of the banks and sand bars' into the bed of the stream, the river rose in a few minutes five or six feet, and impatient of the restraint, again rushed forward with re doubled impetuosity, hurrying along the boats, now set loose by the horror-struck boatmen, as in less danger on the water than at the shore, where the banks threatened every moment to de stroy them by the falling earth, or carrying them down in the vortex of the sinking masses. Many boats were overwhelmed: in this manner, and their, crews perished with them. It required the utmost exertions of the men to keep the boat, of which my informant was the owner, in the middle of the river, as.far from' the shores, sand bars, or islands, as they could. Numerous boats were wrecked on the snags, and old trees thrown up from the bottom of the river, where they had quietly rested for ages; while others were sunk or stranded on the sand bars and islands; At New Madrid, several boats were carried by the reflux of the current, into a small stream that puts into the river just above the town, and left on the ground by the returning water, a con siderable distance from the river. A man who belonged to one of the company boats, was left for several hours on the upright trunk of an old snag in the middle of the river, against which his boat was wrecked and sunk. It stood with the roots a few feet above the water, and to these he contrived to attach himself; while every fresh shock threw the agitated waves against, and kept gradually settling the tree deeper in the mud at the bottom; bringing him nearer and nearer to the deep, muddy waters, which, to his terrified imagination, seemed desirous of swallow ing him up. While hanging here, calling with piteous shouts for aid, several boats passed by without being able to relieve him, until, finally, a skiff was well manned, rowed a short dis tance above him, and dropped down close to the snag, from which he tumbled in, as she passed by. The scenes which occurred for several days, during the repeated shocks, were horrible. The most destructive took place in the beginning, although they HISTORYtOF MISSOURI. 57 were repeated for many weeks, becoming lighter and lighter nntil they died away in slight vibrations, like the jarring of steam in an immense boiler. The sulphurated gasses that were discharged during the shocks, tainted the air with their noxious effluvia, and so strongly impregnated the water of the river to the distance of one hundred and fifty miles below, that it could .hardly be used for any purpose for a number of days. New Madrid, which stood on a bluff bank fifteen or twenty feet above the summer floods, sunk so low that the next rise covered it to the .depth of five feet.- The bottoms of several lakes in the vicin ity were elevated so as to become dry land, and have since been planted with corn." In the town of Cape Girardeau were several edifices of stone and brick. The walls of these buildings were cracked, in some instances from the ground to the top, and wide fissures were left. The " Great Shake," as the people called it, was so severe in the} county of St Louis, that, the fowls fell from the trees as if dead ; crockery fell from the shelves, and was broken ; and many families left their cabins from fear of being crushed beneath their ruins- In the year 1809, there were manifestations of hostile intentions among some of the tribes of the northern Indians. On the 28th of June, 1809, Nicholas Jarrot, of Cahokia, who had just returned from Prairie du Chien, made affidavit that the British agents and traders at that place, and on the frontiers of Canada, were stirring up the Indians, furnishing, them with guns arid ammunition, and preparing them for hostile demonstrations. During November, the same year, hostilities commenced between the Osages and Iowas, the latter having killed some of the former, not far from where Liberty is now situated, north of the Missouri river. In the month of July, 1810, a band of hostile Indians, supposed to, be Pottawattamies, came into a frontier settlement on the Loutre, at the upper end of Loutre Island, and nearly opposite the mouth of Gasconade river, and stole a number of horses. On the reception of this news, a company of six persons was raised, who followed the savages across Grand Prairie, to a branch of Salt river called Bone Lick. The party discovered the Indians, eight in number, who, in their retreat, threw off their packs and plun- 58 AN ILLUSTRATED der, and scattered in the woods. Night coming on, the party struck a eamp and immediately lay down to sleep, though one of the number (Stephen Cole), the leader, warned them against it, arid proposed a guard. About midnight, they were awakened by Indiari yells and the death-dealing bullet. In the encounter which ensued. Cole killed four Indians and wounded the fifth, although himself severely hurt. His brother was killed at the commencement of the fight, and two others of the party also lost their lives in the struggle. The survivors reached the settlement next morning, and told the sad tale. A party at once set out for the scene of disaster and blood, but finding no trace of the treach erous foe, they buried the dead, and returned. The settlement of the Loutre commenced, probably, about 1806 or 1807, and until 1810 was the "Far West," except the French settlement of Cote sans Dessein. During that year, emigrants found their way to the "Boone's Lick country," now Howard county, Missouri. The few companies of rangers, raised by act of Congress, and the militia volunteers, were the only defense of the towns and settle ments of Illinois and Missouri. In the month of April, 1812, a deputation of Pottawattamies, Kickapoos and Chippewas came down the Mississippi, headed by Gomo, to riegociate a treaty with Governor Edwards. They met at Cahokia, where the Governor addressed them in a forcible speech. He told them of the desires of our Government to preserve peace and harmony with all the Indian nations ; warned them, of the arts and designs of the Shawanese prophet, and the agents and traders from Canada; assured them he perfectly understood the hostile disposition of the Indians,— -the murders and depredations already committed, and the combinations among the tribes attempted to be formed ; and that he should adopt energetic measures to protect the white people. He insisted still further, that the murderers must be given up, or the whole nation: would' suffer. The Indians professed to be humble, protested their inability to deliver up the murderers, and laid the blame on the Winnebagoes ; at the same time promising good behavior, on their part, for the future. Notwithstanding the good professions of the Indians, the lives of the settlers were in constant danger. STILSON H.UTCHINS. CHAPTER VI. MISSOURI TERRITORY. 1812—1820. An act of Congress which was approved on the 4th of June, 1812, changed the name of the Territory of Louisiana to "Mis souri;" and, at the same date, the Territory was advanced to the second grade of government. The Council consisted of nine members. The representatives, when elected by the people, were convened by the proclamation of the Governor, and required to nominate eighteen persons as councilors. The names selected by the peoples' representatives, were forwarded to the President of the United States, who, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed nine but of the number to constitute the Council during a term of five years. The persons nominated must have been residents in the Territory at least twelve months, to be eligible for nomination; and there was also a property quali fication required, — each must possess in his own right, at least two hundred acres of land in the Territory. The House of Repre sentatives was apportioned at the ratio of one member for every five hundred free white male inhabitants. The qualifications for the office of representative were, a residence of one year in the Territory; being twenty-one years of age, or more; and a free holder in the county for which he might be chosen. Represen tatives were to serve during a term of two years, — to convene an nually in the town of St. Louis. On the first day of October, 1812, Governor Howard issued his proclamation as required by 'the act reorganizing the districts, as heretofore they had been '"called; into the five counties of St Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid. The County of New Madrid included the district of Arkansas, with much other territory. Under the proclamation, the elections were ordered to be held on the second Monday in November, on which day a delegate to Congress, and the several members of tlie House of Representatives were duly elected. 60 AN ILLUSTRATED Four names for delegates to Congress, were announced: on the 18th of October, the competitors being Edward Hempstead, Rufus Eaton, Samuel Hammond, and Matthew Lyon. Hempstead was elected. There is no record available showing the num ber of votes polled for the several candidates. The House of Representatives was convened oh the 7th of December, 1812, and the meetings were held in the house of Joseph Robi- doux, on Main street, between Walnut and Elm. The repre sentatives of the several counties then present were, for St. Charles, John Putnam and Robert Spencer; for St. Louis, David Musick, Bernard G. Farrar, William C. Carr, and Richard Caulk; for Ste. Genevieve, George Bullett, Richard S. Thomas, and Israel McGready; for Cape Girardeau, George F. Bollinger and Stephen Byrd; and for New Madrid, John Shrader and Samuel Phillips. The formality of administering the oath of office, devolved upon J. B. C. Lucas, one of the judges ; William C. Carr was called to the Speaker's chair, and Andrew Scott was elected clerk. The first business, after organization, was to nominate eighteen, persons, as before mentioned, from whom the President of the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate, should appoint the Council of Nine. The nominees were James Flaugherty and Benjamin Emmons, of St. Charles; Auguste Chouteau, Sen., and Samuel Hammond, of St. Louis; John Scott, James Maxwell, Nathaniel Cook, J. McArthur, Moses Austin, and John Smith, of Ste. Genevieve; William Neely, George Cavener, Abraham Boyd, and John Davis, of Cape Girardeau ; and for New Madrid, Jos. Hunter, Elisha Winston, William Gray, and William Winches ter. From the names thus submitted, the Council appointed by the President and* confirmed by the Senate, consisted of James Flaugherty, Benjamin Emmons, Auguste Chouteau, Sen., Samuel Hammond, John Scott, James Maxwell, William Neely, George - Cavener, and Joseph Hunter; The acting Governor, Frederick Bates, who, in the interim, had become Secretary of the Terrir tory, made proclamation on the 3d of June, 1813, announcing the names of the Legislative Council, and ap pointed the first Monday in July following; for the meeting of the General Assembly. Before the called session to be held in July, William Clark en- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 61 tered upon, the office of Governor. The journal of the House of Representatives was published only in the " Missouri Gazette," and no proceedings are given for that session, except a friendly inter change between the Assembly and the new Governor. The As sembly, at its regular session, passed a law regulating and estab lishing weights and measures ; one creating the office of sheriff; one determingthe mode of taking the census; and one establishing permanent seats of justice in the several counties. A law was also passed fixing the compensation of members of the Assembly: another defining crimes and punishments; another regulating forcible entry and detainer. An act was passed establishing courts of Common Pleas; one incorporating the Bank of St. Louis; and another erecting the county of Washington from a part of Ste. Genevieve county. The second session of the General Assembly began in St. Louis on the 6th of December, 1813. The Speaker elect of the House was George Bullett, of Ste. Genevieve county, and Andrew ScOtt, clerk. Vacancies having occurred, several new members had been elected. Israel McGready appeared for the new county of Washington. Samuel Hammond was President of the Legis lative Council. The Assembly adjourned sine die, on the 19th of January, 1814. Tlie boundaries of the counties of St. Charles, Washington, Cape Girardeau, and NeW Madrid, were defined, and the county of Arkansas was created. The enumeration of the free white male inhabitants, taken under the act of the legislature early in 1814, gave Arkansas, 287 ; New Madrid, 1,548 ; Cape Girardeau, 2,062; Ste. Genevieve, 1,701; Washington, 1,010; St. Louis, 3,149; St. Charles, 1,096 ; making an aggregate of 11,393 : allowing an equal number of white females, and 1,000 slaves and free blacks, and the population of the territory was 25,000. The census of 1810, by the United States^ gave 20,845 of all classes. Edward Hempstead, who had discharged his duty faithfully as a delegate to Congress, declined a re-election. The candidates at the next election were Rufus Easton, Samuel Hammond, Alexan der M'Nair and Thomas F. Riddick. The aggregate vote of all the counties (excepting Arkansas) was 2,559: of which Easton re ceived 965 ; Hammond, 746 ; M'Nair, 853 ; and Riddick, who had withdrawn his name previous to the election, 35. 62 AN ILLUSTRATED The first session of the second General Assembly, commenced in St. Louis, on the 5th of December, 1814. The number of representatives was increased by the apportionment, under the census, to twenty members, who were all present on the first day; Jas. Caldwell of Ste. Genevieve county, was elected speaker; Andrew Scott, clerk; the Council chose William Neely; of Cape Girardeau county, president. The county of Lawrence was or ganized from the western part of New Madrid, and the corporate powers of St. Louis, as a borough, enlarged. From the exposed condition of this section of country, and the thiimess of the popu lation, it suffered severely from the effects of Indian and British hostility, a short time previous to, and during the war of 1812. Tecumseh, an Indian warrior, had visited Maiden, and received presents and promises from the British agent. On his return, he endeavored to engage all the Indian nations in a common cause against the Americans; and, although that distinguished chief gave the signal by commencing warlike operations ori the Wabash, the Indians on tlie Missouri, continued for some time to' give proof of the most pacific intentions toward the United States; but large presents were continually made, and every argument was used to induce them to take up the tomahawk. '¦ With few exceptions, the Missouri Indians remained peaceable until the summer of 1811, when they commenced some outrages in Boone's Lick settlement, and on Salt River. General Clark, who commanded this department, made every exertion to detect the murderers; but, as the American force was not yet organized, it proved unavailing. During the winter of 1811-12, murders be came more frequent, and this territory began to suffer all the dreadful effects of Indian warfare. From Fort Madison to St. Charles, men, women and children were continually put to death, and their habitations were consigned to the flames, by their unre lenting foes. Upon the receipt of this intelligence, Governor Howard sent or ders to Colonel Kibby, who commanded the Militia of St. Charles, to call out a portion . of the men who had been in requisition, to march at a moment's warning; and an express was also sent to the officer commanding the regular force of his district; and the Governor himself immediatelv set out for St. Charles. On his HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 63 U arrival there, he organized a company of rangers, consisting of ( ^the most hardy woodmen, who, by constant and rapid movements, scoured the tract of country from Salt river to the Missouri, near ^the junction of the Loutre. He also established a small fort on the Mississippi, which was garrisoned by a body of regular troops detached,. from Bellefontaine, under the command of Lieutenant Mason. With these, he was enabled, in a considerable degree, to ...afford, pro tec tion to the exposed frontiers. , About the beginning of May, 1812, the chiefs of the Great and Little Osages, the Sacs, Reynards, Shawanese and Delawares, met in St. Louis, in order to accompany General Clark to Washington City; a plan which it was thought would have a happy affect. After their departure, few outrages were committed by the Indians for a considerable time; and, although large parties of them lurked about Fort Madison, and other posts on the Mississippi, such was the vigilance of the regulars and rangers then on duty, that they , were generally frustrated in their designs. On the 26th of June, 1812, a council was held between the the Winnebagoes, Pottawattamies, Kickapoos, Shawanese, Miam- ies> Wild Oats (from Green Bay), Sioux, (from the river Des Moines), Ottoes, Sacs, Foxes and Iowas. The five first named, Were in favor of the British; but some others were decidedly op posed to any participation in the war with the United States ; while the remainder were unwilling to give any decided answer, but rather encouraged the idea that they would unite with the hostile tribes. Thus, through the influence of Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, many of the tribes who had been uniformly at peace with the Americans, now appeared in arms, on the frontiers of the territory, and were only waiting for the removal of the rangers, to commence the slaughter The effects of this alliance were soon manifested. On the 5th of September, 1812, Fort Bellevue, on the Mississippi, was at tacked by about two hundred Winnebagoes. A constant firing was kept up on both sides, until dark. Early the next morning, the Indians renewed the attack, and shortly after burnt three boats, with their cargoes, consisting of provisions and stores. The siege was continued for several days, but they were finally .obliged to disperse, after having lost many of their men. 64 AN ILLUSTRATED Early in the spring of 1814, Governor Clark was instructed by the War department, to ascend the Mississippi and establish a garrison at Prairie du Chien, which had for several years been the principal rendezvous of the Indians, and tlieir allies, -the British. Accordingly, he left St. Louis about the lst of May, with five armed barges, and about two hundred volun teers, under the command of Captains Yeizer and Sullivan, and Lieutenant Perkins. He reached his place of destination without difficulty; all the Indians he met being friendly, or at least not dis posed to make trouble. In the meantime, Colonel Robert Dickson, the British Indian agent at that place, having received informa tion of the approach of Governor Clark, had left about a month previous to his arrival, and proceeded, to Mackinaw, with a num ber of Indian recruits for the British army, on the lake. Lieu tenant Perkins, with sixty regulars, took- possession, and immedi ately began to build a fort about two hundred yards from the river. As soon as this- post was tolerably strengthened, Governor Clark returned to St. Louis, leaving the two captains with a gun boat, and an armed barge, and a crew of one hundred men; to co operate with Lieutenant Perkins in maintaining it. No indication of hostility appeared until early in July, when Perkins was in formed that preparations for an attack were in progress among the Indians. Governor Clark, on Tiis- arrival at St. Louis, consulted General Howard, who commanded the district, on the advisability of send ing up a force to relieve the volunteers at Prairie du Clnen,and thus preserve a post so important to the Western country; and, ac cordingly, Lieutenant Campbell, of the 1st regiment, embarked with forty-two regulars, and sixty-six rangers, in three keel-boats, together with a fourth, belonging to the contractor and sutler. Tlie whole party, amounting to one hundred and thirty-three souls, reached Rock River, within two hundred miles of the place, without any aeeident. As soon as they entered the rapids, they were visited ; by hundreds of Sacs and Foxes, some of them bearing letters from the garrison above to St. Louis. The officers, not ¦being acquainted with the arts of the Indians, imagined them to be friendly ; and to this fatal security may be attributed the catas trophe whicli followed. lllllll ¦ • JOHN F RYLAND. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 65 The sutler's and contractor's boat had arrived near the head of the rapids, and proceeded on, having on board the ammunition, with a sergeant's guard ; the rangers, in their boats, followed, and had proceeded two miles in advance of the commander's barge: The latter having inclined to the east side of the river in search of the main channel, was now drifted by the wind to the lee shore, and grounded within a few yards of a high bank covered with a thick growth of grass and willow. In this position, the commanding officer thought it advisable to remain until the wind abated. Shortly after, the report of guns announced an attack. At the first fire, all the sentinels were killed; and, before those of the troops on shore could reach the barge, fifteen out of thirty were killed, or wounded. At this time, the force and intentions of the Indians were fully developed. Without going into minute de tails, it is only necessary to say that, in this engagement, the Americans had twelve killed, and between twenty and thirty wounded. The Indian*, owing to the position held by them, received but little injury. The barges of Campbell succeeded in pushing out into the main channel and descending the river. On the 17th of July, the long expected enemy, consisting of about 1,500 British and Indians, under the command of Colonel McKay, appeared in view of Prairie du Chien, marching from the Wisconsin river. Every possible exertion was made by the Americans to give them a warm reception. A general attack was commenced upon the American gunboat in the river, commanded by Captain Yeizer, which was answered by a six-pounder. The enemy soon after changed their position, and crossed to an island in front of the village, from which they were enabled to fire upon Yeizer with small arms, and screen themselves behind the trees from the grape-shot, which was incessantly discharged from the boat. After two hours contest, Captain Yeizer was induced to retreat down the river, which he effected, un der a heavy fire of musketry for several miles. After the departure of the gunboat, tne attack was continued by the enemy, but with little effect, as the Americans remained in the fort. On the evening cf the 1 9th, Lieutenant Perkins being in want of ammunition, and hospital stores, and being without a surgeon, held a council with his officers. It was determined that 66 AN ILLUSTRATED as it was impossible to maintain the post, their most proper course was to surrender. Terms of capitulation were agreed upon, and the fort surrendered the next day. The prisoners were afterward sent on their way to St. Louis. Thus terminated the expedition to Prairie du Chien, and with it, also, in a great measure, the war in Missouri. The war with Great Britain having closed, the treaties held with the various nations at Portage des Sioux, in 1815, gave j>eace to the frontiers of Missouri and Illinois; and immigrants began to flock to these territories. The older settle ments increased in numbers, and many new settlements were formed. > The territorial legislature convened again in December, 1816, and continued in session till February 1, 1817. Among the acts passed was one offering a bounty for the "killing " of wolves, panthers and wild cats;" two or three lotteries were chartered; a charter was granted for an academy at Potosi; and a Board of Trustees incorporated for superintending schools in the town of St. Louis. This was the starting point in the school system in that city. The " Bank of Missouri" was chartered, and soon went into operation; and, by autumn, 1817; the two banks, "St. Louis" and "Missouri," were issuing0 bills. The first named has been in operation since 1814. '¦ The next annual session of the territorial legislature commenced in December, 1818. During this session, the counties of Jef- erson, Franklin, Wayne, Lincoln, Madison, Montgomery, Pike, Cooper, and three in the southern part of Arkan sas, were organized. Many acts were passed; the most impor tant one was the enactment of the statute of limitations, in rela tion to real estate, limiting the right of entry to twenty years. This was passed December 17, 1818. There were many and unmistakable indications of the rapid increase of the population in the territory during the years 1816, 1817 and 1818, chief among which maybe noticed the organization of new counties, and the vigorous action of the legislature, in favor of a State organization. During 1818, more especially, St. Louis made rapid advances in buildings of a better kind and in other enterprises, that were due, in great part, to the new pop- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 67 nlation; and, in affording commercial facilities, never before considered possible. Dr. John M. Peck, writing of the com mencement of 1818, says that he counted seven houses and stores of brick, already finished and occupied, besides some eight or ten others with -the foundations laid, and the walls partly erected. Really, the progress was not great, but taken as evi dence of a new departure, it was vital to the interests of the city. During that year, there were more than three millions of bricks manufactured, and about three hundred houses were erected, of which two were churches. The first brick dwelling house in the city was built by William C. Carr, in 1813-14, but some time elapsed before another was erected. Changes were now coming in real earnest. The advent of steamboats seemed to have roused the community to emulate the life and vigor of the Union shown elsewhere. We have already seen, that the first of those harbingers of high-pressure civiliza tion that ascended the Mississippi, beyond the mouth of the Ohio, was the "Pike" steamer — more properly, we might have said^the " General Pike," — which reached St. Louis on the second of August, 1817. The commander, Captain Jacob Reed, subse quently became a resident of St. Louis, and died in all the hon ors of citizenship. The second steam-vessel, the " Constitution," arrived on the second of October, next ensuing, under the com mand of Captain R. P. Gayard^ The connection between the newly arriving vessels, and the rapid increase of buildings of a ' better class, was apparent to all concerned. The pioneers of the* upper Mississippi added immense potency to the business houses in St. Louis. Men and regions never before reached from that city, were now to become consumers of its merchandise, and contributors to its markets. The least imaginative could see the vast improvement, which every interest could hope to realize; and, there were' good grounds on which to invest liberally, in the erection of new homes and business premises. Thirty years earlier, John Fitch's steamboat, " The Perseverance," had been first launched on the Delaware river; but neither the idea of the steamboat as then developed, nor the poverty of the times, would allow of the new agency coming into operation. Fulton, with many advantages, had come into the work; and, ten years 68 AN ILLUSTRATED prior to the new phenomenon reaching St. Louis, had launched the " Clermont;" so that, in this respect, St. Louis had not lost much time. The value of the novel agent was known to most of the new residents, by experience, more or less prolonged; and, although none could realize, beforehand, how great would be the change that must be effected by its aid, within the next half cen tury, every man was ready to admit, that its power for good would be immense. Nearly six decades have passed since then, and the wonder-working engine is as much as ever a problem to the world. As much research is demanded to determine what has really been accomplished, so a great breadth and clearness of foresight, joined with the highest imaginative skill, is necessary to ascertain in what direction, and how far, its mechanical pow ers may yet assist the race. The old residents were slow to adr mit the value of the steam-engine; but they were constrained, at last, to allow that it had effected marvels, in the congregation of a metropolitan people, on their old village site. CHAPTER VII. ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. During the session of the territorial legislature which met in December, 1 818, application was made to Congress for a law to be passed, "authorizing the people of Missouri to organize a State government." On receipt of the application, a bill was prepared (during the session of 1818-19) in the accustomed form, authoriz ing the people, in the several counties, to elect delegates to con stitute a convention for the purpose of forming a constitution. While this bill was under consideration, an anti-slavery restric tion was introduced by Talmadge, of New York, which, after a brief discussion, passed the House of Representatives, on the 15th of February, 1819, by a vote of 79 to 67. This un- - expected movement brought up what has since been called the "Missouri Question;" causing a protracted discussion in both Houses, and raising one of those political storms in the country which threatened to endanger, if not dissolve, the natiorial Union. It agitated the country from one extreme to the other, for eighteen months. The people of the Territory of Missouri were much divided and excited on the subject. It was believed by many that the Congress of the United States, a body limited, as they claimed, in consti tutional power, was about to deprive the people of Missouri of their just rights, in forming a constitution not in accordance with the treaty of cession, and, as they judged, not the best calculated to promote their interests. At that period, it is believed that not one-fourth of the population owned or held slaves; many were opposed to slavery as a measure of State policy, but (with a very few exceptions) all were determined to resist what they regarded as an arbitrary stretch of Congressional power. From its earliest colonization, Louisiana had sustained and tolerated negro slavery, on both sides of the Mississippi: and African negroes had been recognized as property by its laws, un- 70 AN ILLUSTRATED der the governments of both France and Spain. The treaty of cession secured to the inhabitants of this province the protection and full enjoyment of their property. Hence, the people of Mis souri, and tlieir friends in Congress, maintained that Congress possessed no authority to disturb the existing relations of master and slave. With the people of Missouri, it became a vital ques tion of political rights. Looking abroad over the Union as seen in Congressional life, the North was strenuously opposed to the extension of slavery, while the members from the South contended that Missouri should be admitted without restriction. It was the most exciting contest that had ever been known in the history of our legislation, both parties standing their ground in a hostile manner, neither wishing to make even the smallest sacrifice. The discussion continued during the session, and the bill was lost, with other unfinished business, at the close. - On the opening of the next Congress, Mr. Scott, delegate from Missouri, and chairman of the committee on the " Memorial from Missouri," reported a bill to " authorize the people of that terri tory to form a constitution and State government, on an equal footing with the other States." The bill was twice read, and referred to the committee of the whole house. This was on the 9th of December, 1819. On the 14th, Taylor of New York, offered a resolution for the appointment of a committee " to inquire into the expediency of prohibiting, by law, the introduc tion of slaves into the territories of the United States, west of the Mississippi." After some discussion^ in which the delegate from the Territory, took part, the Missouri bill was postponed, and made the order of the day for the second Monday in Jan uary. The discussion opened at that time, and was continued during the winter. Various amendments to the bill were pro posed in both Houses, but did not pass. In the mean while, application had been made by the people of Maine, with the con sent of Massachusetts, to form a State government, and be admitted into the Union. This proposition, for a time, became coupled with the Missouri question, and had some influence on subsequent events. - In the Senate, on the 3d of February, 1820, Thomas, from Ilii*- nois, offered an amendment to the Missouri branch of the bill, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 71 in these words : " That, in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which hes north of thirty-six degrees and .thirty minutes, north latitude, [excepting only such part thereof as is] not included within the State contemplated by that act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of erimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby forever, prohibited: Provided always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any state or territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid." This amendment was adopted in the Senate, ori the 17th of February, by a vote of 34' to 10, and subsequently became the basis of the " Missouri Compromise," modified by striking out the words enclosed in brackets. On ordering the bill to a third reading, in the Senate, the vote was in the affirmative, ayes 24, noes 20. ? The bill as amended in the Senate and passed, was sent to the House on the 3d of March; arid, though the Journal is silent 6n that subject, it is uriderstood as an historical fact, that, at this crisis, when despair sat on the countenances of the friends of Missouri, Mr. Clay, who was Speaker of the House, exercised the office of peace-maker, and, by his popularity and influence with both parties, not in an official capacity, but as an individual, calmed the waters of strife, and induced a majority of the mem bers to accept the compromise of the Senate. The clause restrict ing slavery within the new State was stricken out by a majority of 90 to 87. On the final vote, for inserting the substitute from the Senate, it was decided, under the previous question, inrfavor, 1.34; against it, 42. So the House concurred in the amendments of the Senate on the evening of the 3d of March. The act pro vided for the representation of each county in the State conven tion; in the aggregate, forty-one members. When the news was received at St. Louis, that Congress had passed the bill, by the provisions of which the people of Mis souri should decide for themselves, whether slavery should be allowed or rejected, society was greatly agitated. The subject which had threatened such serious consequences at Washington, 72 / AN ILLUSTRATED was equally potent in the territory; and the political storm had not ceased because of its being transferred from the East to the West ;' nor had it lost any of its exciting qualities. In St. Louis, from its being the largest town in the state, and consequently, the main theatre where the political drama would be played, the inhab itants divided themselves into two great factions, — one opposing ;' slavery, root and branch, and the other contending that in: any case, the emancipation of slaves should be left open for legisla tive action at some future time not restricted in the constitution. The election for members of the convention was held on the first Monday and two succeeding days of May, 1820. Both parties selected their most influential members to form a ticket to' be presented to the people. The persons elected to represent St. Louis county were Edward Bates, Alexander M'Nair, John C. Sullivan, Pierre Chouteau, Jr., Bernard Pratte and Thomas. F. Riddick, all strong pro-slavery men. The convention met in St. Louis, on the 12th day of June, and their labors were finished by signing the constitution on the 19th of July, 1820. 1 The first General Assembly were^ required to meet on the third Monday in September, at St. Louis. An election for a Gov ernor; Lieutenant-Governor; a representative in Congress for' the residue of the sixteenth Congress; a representative for the'5 seventeenth Congress ; senators and representatives to the Gen eral Assembly; sheriffs and coroners; was held on the fourth Mon- ' day in August. The apportionment, in the constitution, for- the • first General Assembly, provided fourteen senators and forty- three representatives. At the election held in August, Alexander M'Nair was elected Governor, having received 6,576 votes and his opponent, William Clark, 2,656 ; W. H. Ashley, Lieutenant-Governor, received 3,907 votes to his opponent 3,212. John Scott, of Ste. Genevieve county, was elected representative to Congress, which position he retained until 1826. On the 28th of November, 1820, an act1 of the legislature was passed fixing the seat of government at St. Charles, until October lst, 1826, when it was to be" removed to Jefferson City. *No provision was made to refer the adoption of the constitution to the people. It took effe t from th ) authority of the convention itself. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 73 The constitution which had been adopted, contained some pro visions that were quite objectionable to the people. These were the; office of Chancellor, with a salary of $2000 per annum ; and the salaries of the Governor and the Judges of the Supreme and Circuit [Courts, fixed at not less than $2000 per year for such officers j bnt the leveling principle prevailed, which unwisely pulled down instead of lifting up, causing the alteration of the constitution, so far as to allow the Governor, only fifteen hundred dollars per annum; the Supreme Judges, eleven hun dred dollars; and the Circuit Judges, one thousand dollars each. The mode provided for amending the constitution, was by a vote of. two-thirds of each House of the Assembly proposing amend ments; these to be published in all the newspapers in the state three times, at least twelve months before the next ensuing gen eral election: and if at the first session of the next General Assembly, after such general election, two-thirds of each House, hy yeas and nays, -ratified such proposed amendments after three separate readings, on three separate days, the amendments be came parts of the constitution. Ata special session of the General Assembly in 1821, amend ments to the constitution were proposed which were intended to remove the objectionable features, and they were passed by a constitutional majority. The amendments were subsequently ratified at the first session of the next General Assembly, as pro vided by the constitution. The; boundaries of Missouri, as prescribed by Congress, were as follows: " Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi river, on the parallel. of thirty^six degrees of north latitude; thence west along that parallel of latitude to the St. Francois river; thence up and following the course of that river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the parallel of latitude of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes ; thence west : along the same to a point where said parallel is intersected by a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas river, where the same empties into the Missouri river; thence from the point aforesaid, north, along the said meridian line, to the intersection of the parallel of latitude which passed through the rapids of the river Des Moines making the same line to correspond with 74 AN ILLUSTRATED the Indian boundary Vme; thence east, from the point of inter section last aforesaid, along the said parallel of latitude, to the1 middle of the channel of the main fork of the said river Des Moines, to the mouth of the same, where it empties into the' Mississippi river ; thence due east to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river; thence down, and following' the course of said river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the place of beginning." ' The boundary of the State has been given at length; iri order to explain the ground of a dispute which at one period threat ened serious collision between the territory; subsequently the State of Iowa, and the State of Missouri, relative to boundaries? and jurisdiction-. The words in italics, gave rise to the trouble, and in volved the question, first, what was meant by the " rapids of the river Des Moines;" and, second, what Indian boundary was1 intended? Missouri contended for certain rapids, or ripples, in the river Des Moines, some distance up, which threw the line twenty or thirty miles farther north. Iowa contended that the rapids in the Mississippi called by the French explorers,- I>M rapides la rvuiere Des Moines, was the point meant. After several years of contested jurisdiction, during which a. sheriff of Missouri was imprisoned in Iowa, and military force was appealed to, both states consented to refer the question of boundary and jurisdiction, to the Supreme Court of the United States. After a labored investigation, the court decided in favor of the old boundary line, as it was called, and the rapids of the' Des Moines, in the French sense of the term. Having. brought the narrative -down to thedose*of the Terri torial government, and before proceeding to give the events that transpired after the admission of Missouri as a State of the Fed-* eral Union, by way of summary^and for the better definition of the facts presented, it will be well to recapitulate some portion of the statements which have heretofore been made. The ter ritory embraced in the State of Missouri, forms only a part of what has been described as the " Louisiana Purchase." That transaction, as a whole, dealt with all that portion of our Na- ional possessions, which lies west of the Mississippi river, with HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 75 the. exception of Texas, and the territories since obtained by war and cession, and latterly by purchase, from Mexico. There has been no other instance in modern times, of a nation obtaining a, territory so vast, and so valuable, with a title so entirely unques tioned, on terms so excellent. This immense domain, which was known in the treaties initiated and consummated by Jefferson as Minister, and.as President, as " The Colony or Province of Louis iana," was. originally taken possession of by France, through Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, and the Jesuit Fathers. France divided the conti nent of North America with England, Russia, and Spain, no other European monarchy obtaining a foot-hold. Small colonies from other nations, were swallowed up by the larger proprietors. At the close of the " Old French War," in 1763, when the Earl of Chatham was Minister, Canada had been wrested from the French as a part of the results of the prolonged hostility, called in Europe, the " Seven years War," the Government of France consented to re linquish her share of the continent. The allied powers, which had reduced the nation to such terms, divided the spoil in this way: Spain obtained by cession the. territory west of the Mississippi, of which she made really little use, and Great Briain retained posses sion of the country conquered during the war, including Canada and the regions to the north. Spain remained monarch of her- share of the ceded territory, until long after the destruction of the French government, by revolution; and, in the year 1800, when Napoleon had become First Consul and actual Dictator, he compelled the Court of Madrid, by the treaty of St. Ildefonso, to restore the province to France. That cession was made the basis of the sale, subsequently effected by the treaty of April 30, 1803, under which, France ceded the territory to the United States; the consideration being that the French government should receive $11,250,000, arid that certain claims held against, France, by citizens of the United "States, amounting in all, to about $3,750,000, should be liquidated by this government. President Jefferson was authorized, by act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, to take possession of the Louisiana Purchase, and to provide therefor, a temporary government. During the same session an act was passed, and appproved, March 26, 1804, dividing the new acquisition into the Terri- 76 AN ILLUSTRATED tory of Orleans, and the District of Louisiana, the first division including the region south of the thirty-third parallel of north latitude. The District of Louisiana, as we have seen, was temporarily included in the jurisdiction of the Governor and Judges of Indiana territory. The rule thus established, continued until the Fourth of July, 1805, when under an act of Congress, which had been approved, March 3d, 1805, the " District" became " The Territory of Louisiana," governed by a legislature, com posed of three Judges and the Governor, subject to review by Congress, until the year 1812, at which date the next change occurred. The Territory of Orleans, became a State of the Union, on the thirtieth of April, 1812, to be known as " The State of Louisiana;" and, on the first Monday in December, by virtue of an act, winch was approved on the fourth of June, 1812, the territory of Louisiana was re-organized, under the name of the "Territory of Missouri." Subsequently, an act of Congress, which took effect on the Fourth of July, 1819, having been approved on the second of the preceding March, organized " Ar kansas Territory," which consisted of the present State of Arkan sas, and tlie country lying to the westward. ill1 -i _ _. CHAPTER VUL . ( . ADMISSION OF MISSOURI INTO THE UNION. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR ALEXANDER M'NAIR. ¦' . ; 1820—1824"; , The first Missouri legislature naturally concluded, that all the trouble and anxiety incident- to- the prolonged debate oh the ad mission of the State to the Uhfoin, had coirie to an end; but, as will be seen, there was yet tobea dangerous passage ofarrhsiii consequence of some of the provisions, of the constitution; and the actual admission! did not. take place, until the following year. The first session of the legislature commenced on the 19th of Sep tember, 1820. James Caldwell was called' to; the chair, in the As sembly, and Silas Brent was chosen President pro tem of the Seriate. Canvassing- the- votes recorded for Governor and Lieuten ant-Governor, constituted the first business, the results of which have already been stated.. The reception" of a message from his Excellency was next in order. Governor M'Nair congratulated the legislature upon the happy and auspicious. charige which had, as he supposed, beeri consummated in thepolitiealcoridition of Missouri^ and claimed that the constitution, in spite of some few imperfec tions, incident of its'humari origin,-did honor to the character and intelligence of the infant organization^ and - afforded^good ground for the anticipation that the State would, without further difficulty; and needless delay; be admitted to the Federal Union. Going on to deal with the several matters of detail, for which it- became part of their duty to make provision, he reminded the two houses' of the legislature, that the time for the election of Presii dent, and Vice-President of the-United States, -was -approaching; and that it would be necessary for them to -make provision for the choice of three electors in the State. The choice was duly made, and other incidental duties were properly discharged:- ••'- Thomas H. Benton and David Barton were elected Senators, to represent Missouri in Congress; the honor being vigor- 78 AN ILLUSTRATED ously contested for by J. B. C. Lucas, at one time acting Gov ernor of the Territory, H. Elliott, J. R. Jones, and N. Cook. At this session, the counties of Lillard (now LaFayette,) Ralls,"'. Cole, Chariton, Saline, Gasconade, and Calloway, were formed;1 and an act was passed providing for the permanent location of the seat of Government. That measure, which was approved on the 16th of November, 1820, named John Thomson from the county of Howard; Robert G. Watson, from the county1 of New Madrid; John B. White, from the county of Pike; James Lo gan, from the county of Wayne; and Jesse B. Boone, from the county of Montgomery, as commissioners, for the purpose oi selecting a suitable spot whereon to place the permanent seat of government. Consequent upon the death of Jesse B. Boone, one of the commissioners aforementioned, a supplementary act became necessary to appoint a successor. The required measure was passed and approved on the 28th of June, 1821, under which Daniel M. Boone, of the county of Gascon- cade, became a commissioner," in the stead of Jesse B. Boone, deceased. The lands selected by the commissioners for the purpose named in the acts under which they were appointed, were the fractional sections six, seven, and eight, the entire sec- " tions seventeen and eighteen, and so much of the north part ' of sections nineteen and twenty, as will make four sections, all iri fractional township forty-four north, and range eleven west,, of the fifth principal Meridian. The lands indicated had already been chosen by the commis sioners, and were approved by resolution on the same day on which the act appointing Daniel M. Boone became a law. The Govern or was requested to give notice to the surveyor of Illinois, Mis souri, and Arkansas, and also to the Register of the proper land office, of said selection having been made. By the provisions of "an Act supplementary to the Act," approved January 11, 1822, the same commissioners were further required to lay off a town on the said selections, to be called " The City of Jefferson," and all the lands therein included were to be laid off* into lots, large and small. Missouri had not, in fact, become a State. When Congress assembled for the next session, the Senators and Representatives HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 79 for Missouri were in attendance, anticipating but little delay, pre vious to their formal admission. Missouri was, thereupon, sub jected to a severe repulse ; and an animated debate, which threat ened to revive all the old acrimony, was immediately initiated. The bone of contention was the provision, already mentioned,. in the constitution, which required the legislature to pass a law, or laws, ..to prevent negroes and mulattoes from coming into, or settling in the. State, on any pretext. The objection was raised in Congress that "free negroes and mulattoes" were citizens in some States ; and, therefore, that the clause in question was an in fringement upon the rights of such as were guaranteed against infringement by the constitution of the United States. The words of the constitution are: "The citizens of each State shall be^entiiled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several ' States." The difficulty was increased by remonstrances from the legislatures of Vermont and New York, against the "Missouri Compromise" of the precedirig session, and the re ception of the new State without the restriction of slavery There was good ground for fiery argument on either side. The right, nay more, the duty of Congress, to consider the consti tution adopted by the State, was beyond question; and there was no difficulty in showing that the proviso quoted by the enemies of Missouri, must prove fatal to the privileges of colored citizens ; . but, on the other hand, it was contended that Missouri, as a part of Louisiana, brought into the Union, immemorial rights, which covered' the otherwise objectionable clause, and the several acts arising, or that might logically arise, therefrom. Missouri was once more the war-cry of faction. "Restriction" and "antin Restriction," as applied to slavery, was the test. Every inch of ground was fought with pertinacity, and compromise seemed to be impossible, in view of the spirit of the people North and South. The combatants would not in the slightest relax their demands for some time, and the tone of the speeches on each side became unusually harsh. The resolution introduced in the House of Representatives for the admission of the State, was re jected by a considerable majority, the vote being 79 to 93. In vain the select committee, to which the House had referred the constitution, presented an elaborate report recommending ad- 80 AN ILLUSTRATED mission. Tt was disagreed to by a majority even more decisive, the vote being 83 to 36, on the 11th of February, 1821. Subsequently, after modifications had been introduced by the committee, upon a reconsideration, the friends of the measure having rallied their forces for the occasion, the members were nearly equal, as the re jection was only accomplished by 83 votes against 80, and a re consideration was carried by 101 to 66. Every phase of the question was argued from the beginning, during the session, which commenced so inauspiciously for Mis souri. The rights of the South; which at a later day, were discussed on a more cruel battle field, lacked none of the vim of war, in the advocacy then observed ; but the terrible solution was deferred for a season. The balance of power was endangered according to the views of even the ablest statesmen, by whatever conclusion might be arrived. In fact, there was a deliberate intention to change the relative strength of parties on either side, and in consequence a jealous watchfulness scanned every measure of policy which favored the admission of new States, whether slave or free. The rights of Missouri found able defenders on both sides, as the Re- strictioriists were able to show that the State was not, and could not be a unit on this issue. Beyond all these points of difference loomed largely the moot question, whether " Free negroes" could be considered as constitutionally entitled to the privileges of citi zenship in' all the States. Argument and exhaustive debate of fered no solution to the difficulty; and, finally, for that 'time, it was due to the personal influence of Henry Clay, the great peace maker, that a resolution to admit Missouri, passed the House by 91 to 67. The form of the resolution, and the restrictions em bodied therein, rendered it unlikely that the Senate would agree; but such a proposition, in any form, passing the House, afforded a basis for subsequent action. Mr. Clay, who had declined being a candidate for the Speaker's chair, was better able on that account to use his good offices; and, on the 22d of February, he succeeded in carrying a resolution for a joint committee of the House and Senate, to harmonize the con flicting interests by devising a common ground of agreement, by way of another compromise. The resolution was carried by 101 to 55; some who would not vote for the proposition having been HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 81 induced, to absent themselves from the occasion. Four days later, Clay reported to the House the formula adopted by the joint committee, which was subsequently embodied in the act it self, the substance of the formula being, — "On condition that the legislature of Missouri, by a solemn act, shall declare that the twenty-sixth section of the third article of the constitution shall never be construed to authorize the passage of any law by whicli any citizen, of either of the States of the Union, shall be excluded from the enjoyment of any of the privileges to which such citizeu is entitled under the constitution of the United States; and shall transmit to the President of the United States, on or before the fourth Monday in November, 1821, an authentic copy of such act; that upon the receipt thereof, the President, by proclama tion, shall announce the fact; whereupon, without any further proceeding on the part of Congress, the admission of that State into the Union shall be cpnsidered as complete." It now remained for the State of Missouri to carry that proviso into effect; and, in furtherance of that design, the Governor con vened a special session of the legislature, in the town of St. Charles, on the 4th of June, 1821. The solemn public act de manded by Congress was duly passed; but it was preluded and followed by explanations, which were meant to guard the consti tutional rights of the State from any consequent derogation. The moot point, as to "the citizenship of the free negroes," was not actually passed upon, and on the 10th day of August, 1821, the legislature of Missouri had delivered to the President of the United States, an authentic copy of the act which enabled him to issue his proclamation on that day, that the reception of Missouri into the Union was complete. The State took rank accordingly, as the twenty -fourth in the federation. During the same session which, although called for a special pur pose, was yet capable of entering upon other business, being once as sembled, the legislature established a delusive and ruinous banking system, which involved the State in financial embarrassments, and caused the absolute impoverishment of many citizens. The system' of loan offices, commenced under the so-called banking system, was a well-nigh fatal error. The only other important business trans acted was the formation of the counties of Scott and St. Frangois. 82 AN ILLUSTRATED Pursuant to a requirement of the State constitution which was adopted in July, 1820, a session of the General Assembly was held on the first Monday in November, 1821, on the sixth day of the month, in St. Charles. The session waSj in all likelihood,' brief and formal, almost perfunctory, as we find but little information as to its proceedings. Governor M'Nair referred in his message to the act of the previous session, establishing loan offices, to af ford relief to .persons suffering pecuniary embarrassments. A Sufficient opportunity had not been afforded to prove their effi ciency, but the Governor intimated his belief that the State would realize great relief, if by any means the federal government could be induced "to receive the land-office money in payment for lands." The Banking-Loan office act authorized the Governor to receive, on behalf of the State, proposals for a loan of $200,000 ; but, considering the sensitive nature of the moneyed interest every where, it is almost needless to say that no proposals were reported hy his Excellency. With much propriety, while referring to that matter, Governor M'Nair said : "We ought not to be flattered with the hope of restoring a metallic circulating medium, in a degree adequate to our exigencies, till we have drawn forth the latent riches with whicli the country is, so bountifully blessed." He strongly urged the attention of the legislature, to the advantages to be derivedfrbm the proper employment of the lead mines and salt springs with whieh the country abourids'; andalso urged the cultivation of tobacco,1 as a means to increase the resources of the State. The first -Directory published in and of the city of St. Louis, bears the date of the year in which the State was admitted into the Union. The volume was riot large, but the information contained therein, is of great value to the historian. The village of that time compares in a quaint and curious manner with the city of to-day. An elegant cathedral, commenced in 1818, was then being erected. The writer says — "It is of brick, forty feet front, by one hundred and thirty-five in depth, and forty feet high. When "completed, it "will have a wing on each side, running its whole length, twenty-two and a half feet wide, and twenty-five feet high; giving a front of eighty -five feet. It is to have a steeple the same height as the depth of the building. The work /4-^n^l CHIEF JUSTICE OF MISSOUBI, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 83 has been carried forward by the executors of Rt. Rev. Bishop Du Bourg. — The town contains ten common schools; a Baptist church, brick, forty by sixty; and an Episcopal church of wood. — There are forty-six mercantile establishments, three hotels, three weekly newspapers, fifty- seven grocers; twenty-seven attor neys, and a large variety of mechanical shops and trades." It also appears that " the town contained 154 dwelling houses of brick and stone, and 196 of wood; in the northern part of the town; and 78 of brick and stone, and 223 of wood, in the south part; making 232 brick and stone, and 419 of wood, a total of 651." The assessed value of taxable property in the corporation, for 1821, was about $940,926, which gave about $3,763 tax. The population of the town was 5,500 ; and, with the county, 9,732. During the year 1821, the general government erected a grist mill and saw-mill, at Council Bluffs, for the use of the United States troops, then stationed in that locality. Fifteen thousand bushels of corn were raised in that vicinity; and some residents in Boone Lick settlement, sent flat-boats, loaded with produce, down the Missouri and Mississippi to New Orleans, to open up a market, which afterwards increased to enormous proportions. The Presidential election, and the choice of Electors for the State, has been mentioned: the Electors chosen were William Shannon, John S. Brickey, and William Christy. During the preceding session of Congress, the senators and representatives of the State, having been refused admission, the votes for President and Vice President could not be counted. The account of the struggle that preluded the admission of Missouri to the Union, has necessarily been somewhat protracted, because, otherwise, it would not have been possible to present the two " Missouri Questions," before and after the framing of the constitution; and the "Two Compromises," both due to the executive skill of Mr. Clay. The subjects compromised upon, seemed, at the time, widely different; although they were, in their essence, related; and both have, since that time, been com prehensively settled, as the outcome of one of the grandest struggles ever seen in civilized society. It is important to pre sent the twofold imbroglio, with some attention to detail, else the issues and the dates which distinguish the first from the second 84 AN ILLUSTRATED Congressional tournament might be confounded. When the con flict had commenced in 1820, the population, of the State, as set forth in the census of the United States, was 66,586 souls. , The legislature of Missouri, at the session of 1822T3, passed. an act constituting the inhabitants of St. Louis a eprpo- XS22-3» ' ,- rate body, and vesting the corporate power in a mayor and nine aldermen. The town of St. Louis then contained! 4,800; inhabitants. On the first Monday in April, 1823, an election was; held for municipal officers, resulting in the election of William Carr Lane for mayor, and Thomas McKnight, James Ken nerley, Philip Rocheblane, Archibald Gamble, , William H. Savage, Robert Nash, James Lopez, Henry Von Phul and James Lack- nan, aldermen. Under the energetic administration of the, mayor,. the city was divided into wards ; boundaries of streets were estab lished; and other improvements, inaugurated. ,r Reference has been made to the organization of the Missouri; Fur Company and other parties, who, in pursuit of the,ir (busi-, ness, made long voyages and excursions in the wilds of Missouri, in quest of peltries. Among those enterprising individuals was. William H. Ashley. He became the head of the Rockr Mountain Fur Company, pushed his enterprises into the fast-( nesses of the mountains, and discovered what is now calledr the Great Southern Pass. He made known to the world those, distant lands, which had been before unexplored. He met with, misfortunes that would have appalled and discouraged other nien.t The expedition embarked from St. Louis as early as the- season would permit; and, within the first three months, he lost more than one-fourth of his men by violent deaths, and one-half of his property by accident, deceit and war. On the second of July, his party was attacked by the A'Ricaree Indians, and a bloody battle ensued, resulting in the loss of no less than twelve of his men killed, and several wounded. After this occurrence,; he proceeded. to his establishment, at the mouth of the Yellowstone, which he, at length reached; and, with great promptitude, secured his boats and other property from the danger of further depreda-. tions by the Indians, and went in . pursuit of his plundered. property, among the Hudson Bay Fur Company traders,, and their Indian dupes, whom, they had enticed into murdering and. HISTORY' OF MISSOURI. 85 marauding. It was while in pursuit of a squad of trans- mountain Indians, that he was led into the gateway of the Great Southern Pass (before referred to), and the direct road to the frnition of all his hopes for wealth, honor and rewards. He sub sequently sold out his furs for a large sum, and quietly returned to St. Louis, where he purchased a beautiful site for a residence, near the Old Reservoir, and expended a portion of his hard-earned1 wealth iri building up and beautifying the city, and his own tranquil home. The Missouri Fur Company, one of the strongest and' most active engaged in trade, had at its head Dr. Pilcher, a most dis tinguished Indian fur trader; Benjamin O'Fallon was one of the principal partners, and, at the same time, one of the most efficient United States agents for Indian Affairs. Dr. Pilcher had the management of the company's affairs; and, in conduct ing the same, he engaged two of the most expert and experienced men of that day to assist him, named Jones and Immell. These' two men were sent forward by Pilcher, in command of a party carrying, large quantities of goods to the company's store-house, near the mouth of the Yellowstone river. When near the end of their journey, they were attacked by about four hundred Blackfeet Indians, and both *the leaders and five others of the party were slain, and all the property, amounting to $15,000, taken. The Fur Companies survived every disaster, and continued to carry on trade and trapping in the Rocky Mountains, for some years afterwards. This commerce enriched St. Louis, but the danger and hazards of the business greatly diminished the hardy and enterprising population of the West. The smooth stream of human affairs is sometimes very sud denly disturbed by small and unlooked-for circumstances. Such an ' occurrence transpired in St. Louis, in June, 1823. William Rec tor, a United States surveyor for Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, was accused, in an article which appeared in the " Missouri Repub lican," with corruption in office. Rector being in Washington City at the time, on official business, his brother, Thomas C. Rec tor, immediately called on the editor for the name of the author. It was a charge too serious to be overlooked! The editor gave the name of Joshua Barton, United States District Attorney, and' 86 AN ILLUSTRATED brother of Hon. David Barton, United States Senator, from Mis souri, as the author. According to the code of honor, whose rules it was considered imperative, at that time, for all gentlemen, to obey, T. C. Rector challenged Barton, who accepted the challenge, and they met on Bloody Island, on the 30th of June. Barton fell, mortally wounded, at the first fire, and died, lamented by a large number of friends. The term of office of Governor M'Nair was now drawing to a close, and there was considerable interest and excitement as to his successor. There were two candidates, whose friends were active in urging their respective claims to the office: Frederick Bates and William H. Ashley, the latter previously re ferred to as the leader of the Rocky Mountain Fur Oorii- pany. The former had filled many positions under the territorial and State authorities, as well as in the city of St. Louis; had held the. office of Lieutenant-Governor under his predecessor; and was familiar with all the duties of the office of Governor. He was also an old resident of St. Louis, and had the confidence of the people generally. Ashley, by his daring intrepedity in advancing1 trade in the remotest sections of the western country, had invested his character .with much of romance, and his friends were sanguine that he would be successful. The ^)ther officers to be elected at - this time were a Lieutenant-Governor, member of Congress;' State senators, representatives, sheriffs, and constables. The elec tion took place on the first Monday in August, at which Frederick ' Bates was duly elected ; but he served only a small portion of his time, having died suddenly on the lst day of August, following, of pleurisy. At this election, Hon. John Scott was re-elected to Congress, for another term, he having represented. Missouri from the time'. of its admission into the Union, and served as its delegate- while it was a territory. As there were then several persons in nomination , for the Presidency of the United States, it was thought, thus early in the canvass, that there would be no election in the electorial col lege, and that the matter would go to the House of Represeritatives ; ; in which case Missouri would be more certairi of strength than in larger states, whose representatives might be divided. HencC^; the vote for Congressman was most carefully watched by all the' HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 87 four parties — Adams, Clay, Crawford, and Jackson — each of whom hoped Mr. Scott would favor them. : While political affairs engrossed the attention of a few poli ticians, the great body of- the Missourians were more profitably engaged in. preparing for the rising greatness of the State. Every laborer in the rural districts, (and indeed all was rural then,) was striving to add his mite to the general improvement and produc tiveness; of the country: and it is wonderful what a beneficial and happy effect the general action in one direction produced at that time. Good wheat was plentiful at fifty cents per bushel; corn, twenty cents; potatoes, the same price; flour, $1.50 per cwt.; corn meal, half that price; pork, $1.50 per .cwt.; beef at the same price; cows at from eight to twelve dollars, and good working oxen at from thirty to forty dollars per pair. Strange as it may now appear, people were soon out of debt, and required no banks . or loan offices, for their relief or accommoda tion. , New fences, new fields, and new dwellings were rising in all, directions, and immigrants entering the State at every avenue. The older settlers who had involved themselves in debt during the, hanking mania, having recovered their reason, sold out their improved estates to new comers, paid their debts, and commenced business anew, wiser, if not better men than before. These were halcyon days to, Missouri. Everything seemed growing anew.. There were no bank-runners then hurrying about town, distrib uting little bits of paper, marked with "Your note for $ , due on ," rendering the nights of the receiver feverish, or sleep less, and his visits to customers early next day uninvited and un pleasant. The nights of -spring and autumn were mostly nights of illumi nations, in one direction or another, as the large prairies in both the States of Missouri and Illinois, were then on fire; and the plow-man had not the control of, and could not prevent the annual burnings, as at the present time. Every pleasant day of the spring and autumn of the year 1824, the heavens were illuminated on one side or the other, and sometimes nearly all around, from the horizon to near the zenith, by these prairie fires, kindled by accident or design, which having passed control, often blazed during the whole night, with astonishing brilliancy. 88 AN ILLUSTRATED It was very common then, on those brilliant' occasions, for large groups of people to assemble on the "Big Mound," " Iron Mountain," and " Pilot Knob," to view the grandeur of the scene, than which few could be more fascinating and sublime in all the works of nature or art. These, however, have forever passed away in the rapid march of improvement and the ever- changing panorama of human affairs ; and we are left with but a feeble description of those common, grand and sublime exhibitions of nature, interest and accidents of those early days in Missouri and Illinois.1 On the 16th of November, at the opening of the legislature, Governor M'Nair sent to that body his closing message, in which he said that since the last session commissioners to select salt springs hadbeen appointed, and the report of the revisors of the laws of the State prepared and published. He referred to the bus- ness operations with New Mexico and the military expedition of the government for the protection of trade, and to the action of Congress relating to the improvement of the Mississippi river. Governor Bates, on taking possession of the executive de partment, sent a message to the legislature (on the 17th,) saying that he was disposed strongly to co-operate with the General As sembly in all measures calculated to promote the general welfare, and advance the prosperity of the State; and further that he must acquire the confidence of the General Assembly before he could, with decent propriety, or with fair prospects of success, submit to them his views of the leading subjects of legislation. On the 29th of November, the legislature, in joint convention, proceeded to elect a United States senator, to fill the place of David Barton, whose term expired March 4, 1825; Mr. Barton was re-elected for the full term of six years. 1 Shepard's Early History of St. Louis and Missouri, p . 74. CHAPTER IX. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS FREPERICK BATES, ABRAHAM J. WILLIAMS AND JOHN MILLER. 1824—1828. The election of Governor Frederick Bates has been referred to in the preceding chapter. His message to the General Assembly of 1824-5 was full of excellent suggestions. During this session, a bill was passed and forwarded, for the signature of His Excel lency, to prohibit duelling. The opponents of that barbarous practice had endeavored to render the offence odious by prescrib ing corporeal punishment, in lieu of fine or imprisonment. The Governor returned the bill unsigned, stating his objections to the measure. He fully concurred in the generally expressed de testation of the custom, but he did not see his way to approve the infliction of "whipping" as the penalty. Regarding the practice itself, he said: "I am happy, on this Occasion, to record my utter detestation and abhorrence of duelling. My duty to my neighbors and to myself would compel me, as . well in iny private as in my public capacity, to discountenance and put down, if possible, so barbarous and so impious a practice." The bill thus returned by the Governor was reconsidered, and again passed in the Senate by the requisite number of two-thirds of that body; but it failed to receive a like iriajority in tlie House ¦Of Representatives, and it therefore failed to become a law. ' The city of St. , Louis ;had. enjoyed the . advantage of its char tered rights, under its indefatigable and accomplished mayor, Dr. William Carr Lane, two years, and had adopted a system of street improvements that gave evidence of a determination, oil the part of the people, to make it a commercial and, manufacturing City, with all the advantages the Mississippi could be made to afford. His attempt, therefore, to retire from the mayorality in the spring of 1 825, would not be listened to by the people; and he was re-elected each succeeding year by ac- 90 AN ILLUSTRATED clamation, as long as he could be persuaded to hold the office. Front street, or the Levee, as it is now called, then had no ex istence as a street, or landing, except at the east end of a few cross streets. The formation of this front into one grand continous landing, levee, or wharf, attracted the early attention of the mayor, and he was prompt in placing it before the public eye for con sideration. The St. Louis public then viewed the project as vis ionary, unnecessary, and impossible; and it required years before those interested in its completion could be persuaded to acquiesce and willingly aid in its execution. Dr. Lane, however, lived to see his plan universally approved, and so far carried out as to afford berths for more than one hundred steamboats at a time^ to lie discharging and receiving freight, and crowded by com mercial transactions and travelers. This was .his chief reward for his services as mayor, for his yearly salary was but three hun- . dred dollars, for peforming all the duties of this responsible officei. But few benefactors of St. Louis have left a more honorable! record than the first mayor, and none deserve a more prominentk. niche in its temple of fame, for examples of industry, perseverance' and fidelity. i.>.- ;. On the 28th of April, 1825, news was received of the arrival! ; of the Marquis de Lafayette at Carondelet. He remained at tha£ T village during the night, and early next morning embarked foiH St. Louis, only four miles distant. More than half the popula tion of the city, which was then about five thousand, turned out on this occasion. When the boat landed that contained the dis tinguished visitor, he was immediately ushered into a carriage prepared for his reception, followed by William\Garr Lane, mayor of the city, Stephen Hempstead,, an, officer of. the. Revolution, and Auguste Chouteau, the chief in command of the pioneer band who laid the foundation of the city. The carriage was an operi barouche, and proceeded up Market street to Main,- escorted by Captain Gamble's troop of horse and Captain Hill's company of infantry ; thence to the mansion of Pierre Chouteau, Sen., corner of Locust and Main streets, who had kindly opened his home for the reception of the General and his friends. Laf ayette was, at this time, sixty-eight years of age, and was ac companied by his son, George Washington Lafayette. The party HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 91 were guests of the city, and received every possible attention. In the evening, a splendid ball was given, at which was the elite of the city; and after it, a sumptuous supper. Every social requisi tion was called, into being that might give evidence of grateful re spect to the distinguished guest. An expedition was organized under General Atkinson for Yel low River, in the month of May, of this year, consisting of 475 Government troops, occompanied by Major O'Fallon and General Clark; Treaties were concluded with the Kansas and Osage In dians, for the cession of all the lands which they held within the Statej.-and also for a considerable district of country west of Mis souri and Arkansas. The sum of $8,000 was appropriated by the treaties for indemnities. In this year, the first movement was made to survey a road across the plains, in order to facilitate a direct trade with New Mexico. In the month of June, Major Sibley, who was one of the commissioners appointed by the Government, set out from Stj; Louis, accompanied by J. C. Brown, as surveyor, and Archibald Gamble, as secretary, with seven wagons laden with goods, for the purpose of trading with the tribes of Indians on the route, and fully to survey the most direct road to Santa Fe.. This route afterwards became the great highway of the Santa Fe trade, and has been in constant use for nearly fifty years, without visible change in its location. .After the death of Governor Bates, before his term of office had expired, Abraham J. Williams, president of the Senate, and ex-officio Governor, acted as Governor until the election to fill the vacancy, in September. Among the prominent candidates to be voted for at this election, were Rufus Easton, David Todd, William C. Carr, and John Miller. After an exciting political campaign, in which the antecedents of all the candidates were thoroughly brought before the public, eulogized or misrepresented as the friends or. opponents favored or contemned them, John Miller was elected. He received 2,380 votes, William C. Carr 1,470, and David Todd 1,113. The population of the State this year was. 62,000. ..:-¦. . In the spring of 1826, the industrial pursuits of Missouri were irij a flourishing condition. The people saw themselves relieved 92 AN ILLUSTRATED from the evils of credit and banking systems; they seemed en couraged in their laudable efforts by the ready sale of all their sur plus products to the constantly increasing numbers of new comers crowding into the State in search of homes, which opened up a more extended field for their industrial operations and enter prises. Everything seemed to have a natural growth and stimu lant. Trade, though not brisk, was greatly extended, and steadily increasing. All freighting was now done by steamboats. The mining for lead, in the vicinity of Dubuque and Galena (Fevre river), gave great animation to all commercial operations con- riected with the trade on the upper Mississippi, and during the year doubled the amount on that stream, which has since in creased to its present magnificent proportions. The fur trade on the Missouri was prosecuted with its usual activity, but not in the laborious mode of former years. Steamboats had taken the place of barges, engines had assumed the labors of men, and steam had annihilated distance and time. Trappers, hunters, and voyageurs no longer paid their yearly visits in barges, to St. Louis'; —a new age had overtaken and expelled them. The seat of government having been removed from St. Charles to the city of Jefferson, the fourth session of the General Assembly met there on the twentieth of November, 1826. At this 1S'*G session, on the 29th of December, Thomas H. Benton was re-elected United States Senator, for six years ; and was thrice af terwards re-elected to the same office, which he filled thirty con secutive years, from the commencement of the State government1 to March 4th, 1851. Governor Miller, in his annual message, spoke in feeling terms of the death of Ex-Presidents Adariis and Jefferson, on the fourth of July just passed. He referred also to the condition of the rev enue, and said that corisiderable property, some 307,000 acres.^. of land, had not been assessed, as ascertained from statistics. He complained that great injustice had been done to settlers, by the act of Congress in relation to the reservation of mineral lands. He spoke of the province of New Mexico and of the business connected therewith, by the State; and recommended a memorial to Con gress, on the necessity of establishing military posts, to protect those engaged in such business from Indian depredations. He also HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 93 s recommended memorializing Congress on the uniting of the Illi nois river with Lake Michigan, and making provision for the better preservation of the public records. At this session of the legislature, Felix Scott was elected president pro tem., of the Sen ate and. J. S. Langhan, secretary; Alexander Stuart was chosen speaker pf the Assembly and S. C. Owen, chief clerk. Forty-six laws were enacted, among which was one enabling aliens to hold real estate; — one to organize the counties of Jackson and Marion — and one regulating the office of secretary of State. Supplementary laws connected with judicial circuits, grand jurors, and court offices were also passed. A memorial to Congress for the selection of 25,000 acres of land, donated for seminary purposes, was adopted., •The legislature adjourned January 3, 1827. At the elections in the fall of 1826, Edward Bates was elected to Congress over John Scott. Both of the candidates were favorable to the administra tion. The immigration to the State during the year was large, and gave to it a valuable accession of inhabitants. The debt of the State was set down at $149,237.39; and the available funds, at $13,946.96. There was an amount of debt due from the several loan offices equal to $72,799.33; of which the available value de pended on the decision of a case pending in the Supreme Court of the United States, as to the right of the State to recover from the borrowers .of the loan office certificates, their par value in specie. In the year 1824, the lead mines of Missouri paid no rent to the General Government. In the year 1825, the tithes received amounted to about seven thousand dollars, and the year 1826 more than, doubled the preceding one. When lands in the State were sold, reservations were made by the government of particular portions, supposed to abound in lead; the quantity thus reserved was about 150,000 acres: of this, about, 9,000 had been leased, leaving 141,000 unoccupied, sufficient to employ a large force of hands, and furnish lead sufficient for almost every nation upon the earth. The manner of obtaining the ore, as practised at that time, was extremely simple. The miners, or rather, diggers, dug pit holes in the earth of depth varying from ten to thirty or forty feet. The ore was found in detached masses, from an ounce to several hundred pounds weight. It is the com- 94 AN ILLUSTRATED mon Galena^ frequently mixed with iron pyrites and sulphate of barytes ; when found, free from foreign substance, it yields about seventy per cent, on smelting. The ore that equals the last figure, was purchased by the smelters at the rate of eight cwt. of lead for a ton, being an allowance of thirty per cent.^-thus se curing the smelter thirty -five per cent. The smelting was done in small furnaces, erected at suitable situations ; and it is said, that after deducting almost every item of expense, and calculating for liberal prices for labor, the smelter had a net profit of twenty dol lars per ton on his labor. Some idea may be formed of the rich ness of these mines, from the fact that in 1823 and 1824, the amount of mineral ore obtained at the Red River mines was about 200,000 pounds; in 1825, 672,000 pounds; in 1826, 743,000" pounds ; and in 1827, 5,080,000 pounds. The lands contiguous to the mines had already increased in value ; and there had accrued to the United States for leases during the preceding year, thous ands of dollars. In the early part of the year, there was a general removal of all the Indians from the State. The Kansas removed first, and the Shawanese and the Iowas followed. The proceedings connected with their removal appear to have been conducted with much moderation and credit to the people. &(A&e^(jL4£> JUDGE U. 8. DISTRICT COURT. If- WS S4P BENJAMIN D. DEAN. CHARTER X. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOHN MILLER 1828—1832.. The quadrennial election for State officers was to be held in 1828, and the most active and efficient preparations, were made in good season by both parties, to bring forward all their strength. There were no railroads or telegraphs in those days, nor many weekly mails; therefore carriers for the distribu tion of hand-bills and messages were in great demand. The country was full of patriots who were willing to serve their- coun try, and the State was over-run with patriotic candidates for every office to be filled. On the 4th of August, the canvass was termin ated. Hon. John Miller was the only candidate whose friends continued their candidates name before the voters for the office of Governor, and he was, of course, elected. The office of Lieutenant- Governor was closely contested by five candidates — Samuel Perry, Felix Scott, Alexander" Stuart, Daniel Dunklin, and Alexander Buckner. Dunklin was elected. There were three prominent candidates for representative in Congress, at the commencement of the canvass — Edward Bates, William Carr Lane, and Spencer Pettis. The first was on the Whig ticket, and the two latter on the Democratic ticket; and so nearly did the friends of the last two seem to be balanced, that they submitted the question to Ben ton, to say which should be the candidate, to secure the election of one of them. Benton gave a prompt decision in favor of Mr. Pettis, which was promulgated by handbills throughout the State, and resulted in his election. In the month of January of this year, a meeting was held by the friends of General Jackson, at Jefferson City, to nominate an electoral ticket to be voted for at the Presidential election, to be held on the 3d of November of the year, when Missouri had but three electoral votes. Dr. John Bull, of Howard county, Ben jamin O'Fallon, of St. Louis county, and Ralph Dougherty, of 96 AN ILLUSTRATED Cape Girardeau county, were nominated. The friends of Mr». Adams, on the 8th of March following, met at the seat of Gov ernment, and nominated Benjamin H. Reeves, of Howard county, Joseph C. Brown, St. Louis county, and John Hall, of Cape Gir ardeau county, as electors and at .the election in November, sup ported them with the whole strength of the Adams or Whig party, of 3,400 votes ; but without success, as the Democrats or Jackson party polled 8,272 votes against them, showing 11,672 votes cast at that election in the State. The annual session of the Legislature was held, commencing November 17th. John Thornton, of Clay county was elected speaker of the Assembly and James H. Birch, chief clerk; and Mr. Bollinger, of Cape Girardeau County, president pro tem. of the Senate. Governor Miller in hi s m essage, gave an account of the financial affairs of the State, and his views on matters of public. policy. Various laws were referred to for consideration and amend ment. He stated that the lands granted by Congress for the support of a seminary of learning had been located — being 72 sections. A grant had been made to the State, of twelve salt springs, with six extra sections of land adjoining. The interruption, of trade with the province of Mexico by the Indians, he referred to, saying that protectiori had been asked and not. granted. The propriety of proposing an amendment to the constitution of the United States, relating to the election of President and Vice-President, in his opinion, demanded the consideration of the legislature. That the will of the people should control the choice: of the person to whom so important a trust is confided as that of the Chief Magistracy of the United States, he said was a principle supported by the spirit of the constitution, and held sacred by a large majority of the citizens of the Union. In conclu sion, he said "it is therefore your prerogative, as guardians of the public liberty, to urge on Congress, and the legislatures of our sister States, such amendments to the constitution of the United States, on this subject, as you in .your wisdom may deem requisite and proper; providing for a uniform mode of electing the Presi dent and Vice-President by the people, and prevent, in any event, an election being made by the House of Representatives." The census of the several counties in the State for the year. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 97 1828, showed the whole population to be 1.12,409; of which num ber there were 92,801 free whites, 19,124 slaves, and 484 free per sons of color. In the month of July, 1829, a rencontre took place between a part of the Iowa and Sac Indians, and a body of white men, in the county of Randolph, near the head waters of the Chariton river. The Indians had located themselves at this place as a hunting party, and the country was also used by the whites for the graz ing of their cattle. While a party of the whites were so engaged, a company of tlie Indians took possession of the cattle, and drove them off. From twenty-five to fifty of the frontier in habitants embodied and pursued the Indians, who were found encamped. The whites demanded the cattle which had been stolen. The Indians refused to surrender them, at the same time threatening that if the whites did not leave the country as soon as possible, they would kill every one of them. The whites then told them to stack their arms, which they refused to do, — and immediately commenced cocking their guns. The whites, then thinking that it was useless to reason further with them, and seeing that some of the Indians had tlieir guns to their faces, discharged one of tlieir pieces upon the Indians. A conflict then ensued, in which three of the whites were killed, and four others wounded — two dangerously, and two slightly. The loss of the Indians was said to have been ten to twelve lulled. The . action continued for a few minutes, when the whites retreated with three of their wounded, leaving the fourth behind, who is supposed to have been killed. The number of the Indians was estimated from seventy-five to a hundred and fifty. The Governor, on receiving information of this attack, called out a thousand militia for the protection of the frontier, and also requested the aid of the United States troops. A body of men was dispatched in pursuit of the . Indians, but returned without having seen them. The business between Missouri and the Mexican settlements was prosecuted with much success, during this year. In the month of November, a party of twenty citizens of Fayette, reached their homes, in good health and spirits, having realized satisfactory profits from their investments. The aggregate amount 98 AN ILLUSTRATED of their returns- was about $240^000. They were escorted, by. a body of Mexican troops to the boundary line befrveen theh- government and the United States, where Major Riley's command, was stationed; and thus the protection of a military escort was; afforded through the whole extent of country, from, Santa, Fe,to; our frontier. , ,, •..;,<_, i, The Branch Bank of the United States was established, during the year, in St. Louis, with Colonel John O'Fallon as president, and Henry S- Coxe, cashier. During the yeai-s this institution was in existence, it had the entire confidence of the community, and was of manifest advantage to the business of the city, as well, as the State. Its directors were business men and men of honor, and, unlike the banks which had previously an existence in, St.; Louis, it closed its career in good credit. . , . At the session of the legislature held in November, 1829, Alexander Buckner was elected United States Senator on the first ballot, in the place of David Barton. Mr. Buckner received^ 34 votes, John Miller- 27, and W. A. Ashley 2 votes. All, the, opponents of the national administration voted for Buckner,,;. and five others. The legislature also sanctioned a memorial, ,$$-,, daring it to be the duty of the federal Government to construct,. works of internal improvement, and praying for an appropriation , for the removal of obstructions in the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and for the continuation for the Cumberland road. Laws , were passed providing for a contingent fund of $3,000 ; to supple- , ment an act establishing judicial circuits; concerning crimes, and. punishments; prescribing boundaries of the counties of Pike, New Madrid and Saline; to regulate chancery proceedings, and to extend the time for the redemption of lands sold for taxes. In 1830, there was considerable excitement in St. Louis, relative to the decision of Judge J. H- Peck, of the United States District Court, regarding some extensive land claims, which some of the old French inhabitants contended had been granted to them, under the Spanish domination. Judge Peck was a jurist who could only be convinced by a chain of reasoning, and very properly viewed with prejudice and suspicion,. all claims which were not supported by proper legal proof. The cases in question were Auguste Chouteau and others against the United HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 99 States, and tlie heirs of Mackey Wherry against the same. Tlie J udge, suspecting, from the remoteness of the legal links, that the claims were not properly supported, and that there was too much room for fraud to creep in the chasms, decided adversely to the claimants. His decisions, which were published, were models of close legal arguments, though he did not give that wide latitude to the evidence which the claims of that nature seemed to idemand. He required something more than the face of the concession, and a proof of its genuineness. He went be hind the record, and inquired into the rights of the Lieutenant- Governors, to make the grants. The suspicions with which he regarded these Spanish concessions, called forth a public legal criticism from the pen of L. E. Lawless, the senior coun sel for the claimants, which appeared anonymously in one of the public prints. The publisher of the sheet was arrested for contempt of judicial dignity. Lawless immediately avowed the authorship, in open court, contending that the publication in question was only an examination of a judicial decision, without any attempt to reflect upon official dignity. However, Judge Peck contended that the ermine had been touched by sacrilegious hands, arid Lawless was ordered to prison, and suspended, for a time, from practising in court. 'In obedience to that edict, Lawless went to prison, accom panied by a troop of his friends, but was released, after a few hours' confinement, by a writ of habeas corpus. In retaliation for what he considered an outrage upon his feelings and a tyran nical display of authority, he went to Washington and made charges against Judge Peck, before the House of Representatives. After a careful investigation of the case, the impeachment was dismissed.1 " The year 1830," says Mr. Shepard in his History of St. Loins and Missouri, "was rendered remarkable for the general enlighten- iAent of the people of the State, in regard to the quality of the different kinds of salt they were in the daily use of, and the im mense burden that they, and all the people of the Western and Southern States had long been subject to, without understanding the disadvantages under which they labored, or knowing the 1 Edwards' Great West, p. 341 . 100 AN ILLUSTRATED weight of the burden they bore. With the improvements of the age, this article had become plentiful at the great seaports, but covetous rulers had watched its charms, and had seized it as one of the most available objects from which to collect a large reve nue, arid imposed a tax on it of over two hundred per centum on its cost, and continued it fifteen years m time of peace, until the people had despaired of relief, and nearly forgot the burden they bore, when -tliey. were entirely relieved of it by one of their senators." The speech of Senator Benton on the salt tax, fomis a part of the history of Missouri, as it enlightened the people of the State in regard to the quality, value, and uses of the different kinds of salt iri the markets, and added much to that knowledge whicli has elevated the, character of Missouri meats in all sections where they are exposed for sale. • At the Congressional election this year — 1830 — Spencer Pettis was re-elected by a large majority over David Barton, who had lately retired from the United States Senate, and who had been brought forward by his friends as a candidate for mem ber of Congress. Mr. Pettis had a personal controversy with Major Biddle in the public prints, during the carivass, which led to a melancholy termination. A challenge passed from Pet tis to Biddle,.' which was accepted, and- the parties met- on the sand bar,- opposite the city of St. Louis, August 27th. The lat ter gentleman being near-sighted, he, as the challenged party, stipulated five . feet as the distance at which they were to 'fight. On the first fire, both were mortally wounded. Biddle was shot, the ball lodgirig within the abdomen: Pettis was shot in tlie side, just below the chest, the ball passing entirely through the body. Both parties are said to have conducted themselves with remarkable coolness ; and supposing tlie wounds to be mortal (whieh proved to . be the case), they exchanged forgiveness upon the ground. Major Biddle was a paymaster in the army, aifd brother of Nicholas Biddle, President of the Bank of the United States, and Commodore Biddle of -the navy. The death of Mr. Pettis left Missouri without a representative in the lower House of Congress, and necessitated another election, to fill the vacancy in the twenty-first Congress. A special HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 101 election was therefore ordered by the Governor for that purpose, and the known popularity of General William H. Ashley pointed him out as the most suitable candidate to represent the State, and he was elected, almost without opposition, to that office, for the remainder of the twenty-first Congress, and re-elected to the twenty- second Congress. The United States census, taken in 1830, gave the population at 140,455 inhabitants, of which 569 were free colored, and 25,091 were slaves. This showed a rapid increase in population, it having been more than doubled in the last decade; and other statistics ex hibited an equally flattering condition of everything that tended to the rising greatness of the State. In the month of May, 1831, a new and handsome steamboat belonging to the American Fur Company arrived at St. Louis and proceeded to the mouth of the Yellowstone, where was situated the highest trading establishment on the Missouri. This point is about nineteen hundred miles above St. Louis; not more than six hundred miles by water, and a much less distance by land from the base of the Rocky Mountains. At that date, it is believed no steamboat had passed Council Bluffs, which is situated one-third of the distance between St. Louis and the mouth of the Yellowstone. In the spring of 1832, the people of the State were much alarmed by the movements of Black Hawk and the Sacs, Foxes and Winnebago Indians, who had violated their treaty 1832 with the United States, by removing east of the Missis sippi; and had invaded with fire and scalping-knife, the unpro- ; tected frontier settlers of Illinois. The horrible atrocities com mitted by them alarmed the whole of the pioneer settlers, and they deserted their homes and removed into the thickly settled country, where they could be in comparative safety from their barbarous foes, leaving their homes and property unprotected. The proximity of these hostilities to the Missouri border caused Governor Miller to. adopt measures, to avert the calamities of an invasion, which then seemed imminent. In the month of May, he ordered Major-General Gentry, of Columbia, to raise without delay one thousand mounted volunteers for the defense of the frontiers, to be held in readiness to start at a moment's 102 AN ILLUSTRATED warning. General Gentry, on the 29th day of May, issued orders to Brigadier-Generals Miens and Riggs, to raise the required quota suitably provided for any emergency. Five companies were raised in Boone county, and others in Cal loway, Montgomery, St. Charles, Lincoln, Pike, Marion, Ralls and Monroe. Two companies were mustered into service : for thirty days, and, under the command of Major Conyef , proceeded to the mouth of the Des Moines river, to range from thence to the head waters of Salt river and on towards the main Chariton. This detachment, accompanied by General Gentry in person, took up the line of March for the northern frontier, arriving at- Pal myra, July 10th, and at Fort Pike on the 15th. This fort was built by Captain Mace, and was situated ten miles from the mouth of the Des Moines, in what is now Clark County. Finding that no hostile Indians had crossed into Missouri, General Gentry ordered work to be discontinued on Fort Madison, situated sixty- five miles from Fort Pike, and left for Columbia, where he ar rived July 19th. Major Conyer's detachment was left at the latter post. On the 5th of August, the last named officer was.re- lieved by two other companies. In September, the Indian troubles seemed to have subsided. All the troops on the northern frontier were mustered out of ser vice. Thus ended the Black Hawk war in Missouri. It did not, however, end in Illinois or Wisconsin.- The General : Govern ment sent out in the spring a large detachment of troops from Jefferson barracks, under the charge of General Atkinson, to chastise the Sacs and Foxes. On the 29th of August, Black Hawk was captured by two Winnebagoes, and delivered to the United States officers at Prairie du Chien. The news that President Jackson had vetoed the re-charter of the United States Bank, produced great excitement in St. Louis. The people had suffered from the first Missouri Bank, the St. Louis Bank, and the Loan Office, but the Branch Bank of the United States, since its establishment, had possessed the confi dence of the citizens, and had given thein a healthful, unfluctuat ing currency; and much indignation was felt at the act of the Chief Magistrate, in producing the dissolution of an institution, which they thought had existed only for the welfare of the Union. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 103 On receipt of the news of the veto, a meeting of the citizens of the city and county of St. Louis was called (July, 1832) to give public expression to their disapprobation. Resolutions were drafted strongly expressive of indignation, by a committee appointed for that purpose. The friends of General Jackson also held a meeting to declare their approbation of the veto. In their view, the death was desirable of an institution, which, from its enormous capital, would have such a controlling influence as not only to crush at pleasure every other moneyed institution, but would insinuate its corrupt tendencies in our Congressional halls and sway the councils of the Republic. This being the last year of the administration of Governor John Miller, there was an active political canvass for his successor. There were three candidates for Governor: John Bull, Samuel C. Davis, arid Dariiel Dunklin. The returns of the election held in , August showed that Mr. Dunklin ( Jackson candidate ) received 9,121 votes; and was elected; John Bull ( An ti- Jack son ), -8,035; S. C. Davis, 386; John Smith, 314. Lilburn W. Boggs was elected Lieutenant-Governor, over McClelland; the former receiving 8,361 votes, and the latter 7,641. At the same election William H. Ashley received 9,498 votes, for Congress; Robert W. Wells, 8,836. Ashley continued in office until 1836. Duririg the summer, that dreadful scourge, the Asiatic cholera; visited St. Louis, carrying desolation to many a fireside. The number of deaths averaged, for several days, more than thirty per day: and for two weeks, there were about twenty victims to the disease daily. It continued its ravages for about a month, and then disappeared: CHAPTER XL ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS DANIEL DUNKLIN AND LILBURN W. BOGGS. 1832—1836. A session of the legislature was held at the seat of govern ment, commencing November 19, 1832. Thomas Reynolds, of Howard county, was elected speaker of the House, and Albert G. Harrison, of Calloway county, chief clerk; Henry Shurlds was chosen secretary of the Senate- On the 22d, Governor Dunklin delivered his inaugural message, in which he suggested the importance of keeping the militia well organized and disciplined for" the safety and protection of the frontier, He de voted much space to the subject of the. renewal of the charter of the United States Bank, by Congress, to which renewal he ex pressed hia decided objections. Governor Miller, on retiring from office, stated, in his message, that Missouri was flourishing and prosperous. He referred to the. increased emigration to the State, and to the fact that many citizens had fallen victims to the cholera. Thomas H. Benton was re-elected United States Senator, receiving forty-six votes, and his opponent, Abraham J. Williams, twelve votes. John Walker was elected State Treas urer, receiving fifty-four votes, and L. B. Reed fourteen votes. Ninety-six public acts and thirty-seven private ones were enacted at this session. Amendments to the State constitution were pro posed, one changing the tenure of judicial offices and making the three judges of the Supreme Court elected by the legisla ture for the term of six years — one judge to vacate his office every second year ; also one proposing to extend the boundary of the State with the consent of Congress. An act was passed, apportion ing the members of the legislature among the several counties arid twenty -two Senatorial districts, sending twenty-four Senators. The three per cent, fund, received from the United States, was or dered to be divided rateably atnong the several counties of -the fit HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 105 tate, to be applied . under the direction of the county court to ^naking and repairing roads and bridges and constructing canals; and the courts were to report annually to the legislature, the mode in which it had been expended. . An act was also passed, ordering a revision of the statute laws enacted since 1825. Nine counties were Organized, and acts were passed. defining their boun daries. The Governor was authorized to pay off the State debt; and a State Penitentiary was ordered to be built. Resolutions were passed, — one approving the principles and doc trines ;laid down in the veto on the bill re-chartering the United States Bank; one disapproving of Clay's Land Bill; and one "in structing the senators, and requesting the representatives of the State, to use their best exertions to accelerate the extinction of the federaftitleto the public domain in the Western States, by a gen eral pre-emption law; by graduating the price to the quality of the land; by granting donations to the poor and actual settler; and finally by ceding the land to the States." ; According to a census taken under a law of the State, in 1832, the population was — white males, 76,000; white females, 67|| 373; slaves, 32,184; free persons of color, 681: total, 176,236. The whole amount of the revenue of the State, was $62,312.86, of which the city and county of St. Louis paid $18,507.90. Gov ernor Dunklin resigned his office, September 30, 1836, he having been appointed Surveyor-General of the United States; and Lieu tenant-Governor L. W. Boggs filled the balance of the official terp. John Bull, of Howard county, was elected a member of Congress, at the election in August; The Mormons, who had made a settlement in Jackson county, became. very. obnoxious, to the other settlers in .that .section. . In the month of July, 1833, a meeting of the citizens to lg33 the, number of four or five hundred was held to take measures to rid themselves of these persons. A committee was appointed, who submitted an address, which was unanimously adopted,, in which the conduct and views of this sect were ex posed. It represented that the Mormons numbered some twelve hundred souls in that county; and that, at each successive spring and autumn, they poured forth in swarms among the people, with a gradual falling off in the character of the latter, nntil they had 106 AN ILLUSTRATED \ , \ nearly reached the low condition of the black population. The address stated, also, that tlie citizens had been daily told that they were to be cut off and tlieir lands-appropriated to the Mor- | mons for inheritances. The committee ' expressed their fears that should the population still increase, they would soon have all the offices of the county in their hands; and that the lives and property of other citizens would be insecure, under the ad ministration of men who are so ignorant and superstitious as to believe that they have been the subjects of miraculous and super natural cures, — that they hold converse with God and his angels, and possess and. exercise the gift of divination and of unknown tongues. For these, and. other" good and sufficient rea sons; the committee reported that no Mormon should, in future, move into and settle in the county; that such as were ' therein should give a definite pledge of their intention within a reason able time to remove out of it, and should have time to sell their property and close their business without material sacrifice; -thai the editor of the "Star" should be requested to close his office, and discontinue the business of printing in the cOunty, and, upon failure, prompt and efficient measures should be taken to close the same. This address, after being read and considered^ »>yas unanimously "adopted, and a committee appointed to wait on the Mormon leaders arid see that its requisitions were strictly complied with. After a short interval, the meeting again con vened, and the committee reported that they had called on the editor of the "Star" and the Mormon bishop, and that both de clined giving any direct answer to the requisitions made on them ; whereupon it was resolved that the printing office should be deatroyed,-and - the -ty.pe-.and -puess -secured. This resolution - was, with the utmost order and the least possible disturbance, forthwith carried into execution. The citizens again convened, on the 23d of July,and a committee was appointed to' confer with the Mormon leaders; when an amicable agreement was en tered into, whereby the latter -stipulated to remove, with their fairiilies, Out of the county, on or before the first day of Janu ary, 1834, on condition that the owner should be paid for the loss of his printing office, which was agreed to. The meeting then adjourned. lllilrllllilllillllblitllllilitMlld'tlitlllllMIJIIIIIlil'illli!:1!'! ! :¦. ! ! r!'':lii'';i': ': '"¦¦ . ,M''M |,|ll!-!;l';iiiii.i;!l'!l. i.lhll'I'^'lll.'Hi'''1'1 :,'i '¦ ' '':' I ' !: - ' ¦ ¦ : \'\ ¦¦! ":.'! ' I'l'liPjll !'! Ij i'lb I l|l|i|l| ¦' RUSSELL HICKS. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 107 The Asiatic cholera, which had visited St. Louis in the year 1832, now re-appeared at St. Charles. A writer in the St. Louis "Republican" of September lst, 1833, says: "Thus closes upon our devoted village a sixty-days reign of terror. Destruction spread her evil wings; death followed in the train; and now we pay the last tribute to the memory of the departed slain. One hundred from a thousand have paid ' the last debt of nature.' " The valley of the Mississippi was visited at a number of points by the fell destroyer. From the 1st to the 10th day of Sep tember, there were three hundred and fifty-nine interments at New Orleans, most of which were from cholera. Among the people of Missouri who died of this disease, were Hon. Alexander Buckner, of Cape Girardeau county, United States Senator, his wife, and some of his slaves. From a steamer which arrived at St. Louis from the mouth of the Yellowstone, information was received that a serious famine threatened the inhabitants of the immense region of the upper Missouri. No buffalo had appeared upon the plains of that country during the spring and summer; and the Indians, in the thriftless economy which governs them at times, were, in consequence, desti tute of the means of subsistence. The traders were compelled to depend upon corn and buffalo tongues, obtained during a pre ceding season; and the voyagers had not this fare allowed them. None pretended to account for the disappearance of the im mense herds which usually covered these regions; and it was observed by persons who were in the habit of navigating the Missouri, that certain points were almost entirely deserted by them, where vast numbers had always before been seen. One of the prominent measures discussed in Congress, about this- time, was the removal of all the Indians to permanent homes west of the Mississippi river and the white settlements. In this measure, .Missouri was-deeply-inteEestedi^ as that.part of the State included in a triangle beyond the old west line and the Missouri river was free Indian territory, very fertile and very desirable, but an eye-sore and nuisance in possession of savages. This triangle was desirable for Missouri to possess, and she at tained it in the most honorable and peaceful manner, through the statesmanship and wisdom of the two senators and two repre- 108 AN ILLUSTRATED sentatives iri Congress from the State, with the aid of their- politi cal and. personal friends. The territory thus obtained includes several large fertile counties of the State, which are unsurpassed in point. of health, location, or beauty, and add much to its symmetry and local advantages. The General Assembly convened on the 18th of November, 1834. The House was organized by the election of John Jameson, speaker, and James B, Bowlin, clerk; W. B. Napton was chosen secretary of the Senate — the Lieutenant- Governor presiding over that body. Governor Dunklin, in his message, .said that the ordinary expenses of the State, for the years 1835 and 1836, would amount to $90,000, and the estimated amount of taxes to $115,000. He took strong ground on the State Bank question; said that the new State Prison was nearly completed; referred to the action of the people of Jackson county on the expulsion of the Mormons ; to the election of a United States Senator, to fill the place of Hon. Alexander Buck ner, deceased ; to the United States Bank and the removal of the deposits; and to the prosecution of the Cumberland road. * ,';; Lewis F. Linn was, at this session, elected United States Senator, receiving seventy-five votes on joint ballot. Laws were passed to regulate the interest on money; to ascertain the norths ern and southern boundary of the State; to organize certain coun ties; to abolish lotteries; to establish judicial circuits; and to defray the expenses of government, appropriating $113,050 for that purpose. At the election held this year for Members of Congress, William H. Ashley (anti-Van Buren) received 12,836 votes ; Albert G. Har rison ( Van'Buren)ved-40,8,56xv©tes ; Birch (anti- Van 183a' Buren) 8.823 ; Strother (Van Buren) 10,66.7:- Ashley and Harrison were elected. The votes for the Constitutional conven tion were 5,445 ;¦ against it, 10,756. • --• " •¦'¦:'. The immigration into the State this year was unprecedented. One fact will convey to the reader the increasing commerce of the city of St. Louis. On the night of the 11th of November, 1835, eight steamboats arrived at the wharf. The railroad mania had commenced to seize upon some of the old States bordering on the Atlantic, and the journals of the HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 109 whole country were teeming with the advantages which a success ful trial of the new system of improvement had indicated, in the section of the country where it was carried into effect. The citi zens of St. Louis immediately caught the contagion, and deter mined that their own exertions should not be wanting. An In ternal Improvement convention was called, to which the different counties 'in the State interested in the movement were invited. On the 20th of May, the convention met, and it was voted that the construction of two railroads should be recommended to the legislature; one from St. Louis to Fayette, and one to the iron and lead mines in the southern part of the State. To support and further the enterprising objects of the convention, the county court appropriated two thousand 'dollars, to be expended in de fraying the expenses connected with the survey. In the month of April, a destructive fire occurred in St.. Louis, in the. heart of the city, in which the unfinished brick cathedral, orie hundred and thirty -five feet in depth and forty feet in front, and many other buildings were destroyed; also, about fifty horses and mueh other valuable property. The citizens of St. Louis were much interested in the prosecu tion of the National road across the States, which was to pass through the large western cities. A public meeting was held to memorialize Congress to construct the road through to St. Louis and for its extension to Jefferson City and regions further west. The quadrennial election for State officers was held in the month of August, 1836 ; and, as was customary with democrats in the days of General Jackson's administration, the leaders of the party met, on the 8th day of January, at Jefferson City, and nominated candidates for the first offices of the State. Lilburn W. Boggs was nominated for Governor, and Franklin Canrion for LieutenantGovernor. At a later period, the whig party nominated William H. Ashley for Governor, and James Jones for Lieutenant-Governor. At the election, 27,872 votes were polled. Boggs was elected Governor and Cannon Lieutenant-Governor. The year 1836 was memorable for the revolt of Texas, from the Mexican Republic, and the war that ensued. About one hundred young men, from St. Louis, had proceeded to that country the pre- 110 AN ILLUSTRATED ceding year, to assist the Texans, who were, many of them, their friends apd relatives. This circumstance enlisted the sympathy of Missourians in the Texas cause. The news of the victory of San Jacinto was received with: demonstrations of joy. Among those who had gone to Texas, was Stephen F. Austin, of St. Louis, after whom the city. of Austin derived its name. >;>;-/tr«. The thorough canvass of the State before the election in Au gust of this year, and the public results of that election, had so completely developed the strength of each party, that the Presi- dential election in Missouri, excited but little interest. The re- suit showed George F. Bollinger, John Sappington,' William Monroe, and Abraham Byrd, democrats, duly elected Presiden tial electors, to cast the vote of the State of Missouri, on the 6th day of December, 1836. Accordingly, on that day, they met at the seat of government, agreeably fo law, and voted for Martin Van Buren, for President, and Richard M. Johnson for Vice- President. The vote of the State stood, for electors of Van Burenj 10,995; for William Henry Harrison, 7,337. CHAPTER XII. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR LILBURN W. BOGGS. 1836—1840. The first session of the ninth General Assembly convened on the 21st day of November, 1836. The House of Representa- tives'was organized by the election of John Jameson as speaker, and Thomas C. Burch as chief clerk. Franklin Cannon, acting Lieutenant-Governor, took his seat as president of the Senate, James L. Minor being elected secretary. On the following day, L. W. Boggs, acting Governor of the State, sent to the legisla ture his annual, message. "Our State," said he, "continues rap idly to advance in population. The tide of emigration which has been flowing westward, brings with it an increased and increas ing accession of wealth, intelligence and virtue; and Missouri bids fair at no distant period to hold an exalted rank among her sisters of the confederacy." "The amount of revenue," he con tinued, "paid into the treasury during the two fiscal years ending the 30th of September, 1836, was $134,189.32, and the expen ditures for the same time were $136,013.56; being an excess of expenditures over that of receipts of $1,824.24. In the amount of expenditures, however, are included $8,333.33, for building jail and penitentiary, and the further sum of 6,413.89, appro priated by special acts of the last General Assembly; to which may be added $25,000, for the pay of the last legislature, a sum over the ordinary expenses of that body. Deducting these sums from the amount of the expenditures, it will leave a balance in favor of the receipts of the last two fiscal years of $37,921,93. The State debt 'on the lst of October, 1834, was $48,526.11, of which $25,621.31, including principal and interest were owing to the Seminary fund; the balance of $22,904.80 being due the Saline fund. Since which time there have been borrowed of the seminary fund under the authority of law, $10,000, and likewise the further sum $23,113.07, under an act of the General Assem- 112 AN ILLUSTRATED1 bly, approved 16th of March, 1835. This made-the amount of the State debt on the lst of October, 1836, $87,819.90, including interest $7,897.45 on the amount due the seminary fund. De ducting from this amount, owing by the; State, the sum of $33,- 159.75, the balance of revenue in the treasury on the lst of October,' 1836, it will' show the amount of the State debt on that day to be $54,659.32." The Governor recommended, among other things, the. erection of anew State House; the establishment of a State Bank; the building of railroads; the organization of the several judicial circuits; and the extension of the National Road. Oil the 23d, 'the two Houses met to count the votes for Gover nor and Lieutenant-Governor, — when the president pro tempore of the Seriate, and the speaker of the House proceeded to count the votes given at the general election, on the first Monday in August, 1836. They found that LilburnW. Boggs, had received 14,315 votes, and William H. Ashley, ,13,057 vOtes, for the office of Governor; that -Franklin Cannon had received 13,942 votes, James Jones, 10,210 votes, for Lieutenant-Governor ; whereupon it was declared that L. W. Boggs, was duly elected Governor, arid Franklin Cannon, Lieutenant-Governor, — each for the term of four years. The officers elect appeared in the hall of the House of Representatives, were duly qualified, and entered upon the dis charge of the duties of their respective offices. Governor Boggs then delivered a short inaugural address. At the same election, William H. Ashley and John Miller, were elected members of Congress. Two important acts were passed at the session of the legisla ture; one chartering a bank with a capital of five millions of dol lars, one half of the capital to be taken by the State; the other char tering a railroad to be built from St. Louis to the Iron Mountains,. seventy miles distant. Nearly at the time of the passage of the charter of the bank, a bill passed the House fo^the expulsion of all agencies of foreign banking institutions from the State. The Cincinnati Commercial Agericy had been established some years in St. Louis, and had gained the confidence not only of the citi zens of the St. Louis, but of the general goverriment, which had deputized it its fiscal agent. It had assumed the business of the ,!"'' ""!'!.:'¦»! H'l ¦mmr? SfcCRETARY OF STATE. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 113 Branch Bank of the United States ; and its capital had lent new vigor and extent to business, which had otherwise languished for want of pecuniary support. After the creation of the new bank the general government was bound by a legal provision to do its business through it, and the Commercial Agency after a little murmuring at the interference of the profits it had been garnering during the past years, when it had control of the funds of the General government and the money market of St. Louis, agreed to transfer the debts of the citizens to the bank of the State of Missouri, upon rather stringent terms, which were at first re fused, but after some modification, finally accepted, and the bank of the State with its large capital, became the chief source of bus iness prosperity. Another act of the legislature was the making of appropriation for commencing the erection of a new State House at Jefferson City. The sum appropriated was $75,000. The work was com menced during the year, with the expectation that the cost of the construction would require double the amount appropriated. Among the important bills enacted, was one to prohibit the pub lication and circulation of abolition doctrines ; one to re-apportion the State into senate and assembly districts ; one to charter the bank of Missouri; one to survey and mark out the northern boundary; one to organize certain new counties; and one to es tablish a school fund and to incorporate certain railroads. The year 1837 was one remarkable in the financial annals of Missouri. The few previous years had borne the impress of apparent prosperity. There was a general confidence throughout the Union; and the banks issued their paper money with profusion. The fever of speculation commenced to rage throughout the country; property and products increased in value ; and there was, apparently, universal prosperity. It was, however, of short duration. One bank, in the east, failed, and that was the first cloud in the business horizon. The failure of that one affected others. Soon a panic spread like a pestilence throughout the country. Public confidence became impaired. Something like suspicion became. attached to the paper purport ing to represent specie, and it commenced to return to the insti tutions whence it emanated. Gold and silver began to be drawn 114 AN ILLUSTRATED from the vaults. Soon another, and then another of the banks closed their doors. The panic became general; and the moneyed institutions were besieged by the holders of their bills, demand ing their, redemption in specie. The banks failed rapidly; and there would have been a general break down, but that the leading ones, in the city of New York, to save themselves from ruin, sus pended specie payment, which was followed by all the others in the country. On the 26th of September, 1837, Hon. David Barton died, at the residence of a friend, near Booneville. He and his associate, Thomas H. Benton, were the first United States Senators from Missouri. Barton was an eminent lawyer and statesman. He presided over the convention which formed the constitution of the State. He was twice elected United States senator, and served in the State senate during 1834-5, where he efficiently aided in the compilation of the Revised Statutes, whicli was ordered at that time. The martial pride of Missourians was incited and gratified on being alone called on for volunteers to drive the Seminoles out of the swamps of Florida. The first regiment was raised and organized by Richard Gentry, over which he was elected colonel; John W. Price, lieutenant-colonel; and W. H. Hughes, major. On the 6th of October, 1837, they marched toward the seat of war.v Embarking on steamboats, they were transported to Jack son Barracks, near New Orleans, and thence on sailing vessels to Tampa Bay. On the voyage, they were overtaken by a violent storm, and several vessels stranded. They landed November 15th, at the place of destination. On the lst of December, they marched to Okee-cho-bee Lake, where they engaged the enemy, and Colonel Gentry received a fatal wound. The loss in killed and wounded was one hundred and twelve, most of whom were Missourians. The State House, in Jefferson City, took fire on the 17th of November, 1837, and was consumed, with all the papers in the office of the Secretary of State. The whole of the furniture of the office and about one-half ¦ of the State library were burned, involving a loss that could not be replaced. The whole of the accumulations of seventeen years in that important office were HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 115 thus suddenly swept away, leaving no trace of bonds or original acts signed by the Governor of the State during that time. The political elements of Missouri have seldom required much exciting force to put them in motion; and the circumstances' that existed at the commencement of the year 1838, offered an ex tended field for the display of all the political talent that could be brought into action in the ensuing canvass. The democrats, as usual, met at Jefferson City on the 8th of January, 1838, and nominated John Miller, and John Jameson, for the XXVIth Congress; who were subsequently elected over Beverly Allen, and John Wilson nominated for the same orfice by the whigs. The result of the election showed that 40,618 votes were polled for congressmen, while only 27,372 had been cast for Governor'in 1836, indicating the rapid growth of population during the two years past. Soon after the election, two new sources of excitement began to agitate the people in the northwestern part of the State, and urge them to call on the executive for assistance. The first was for protection against the territorial authorities of Iowa, who claimed jurisdiction over a strip of Missouri, about six miles wide, south of the line of the' territory, and attempted to use force to maintain it. This dispute was soon settled. The second was much more serious, and had more martial, tragic, and violent incidents connected with it in its progress. The Mormons, in large numbers, had arrived in Missouri from Ohio, and located themselves as best they could, in and ahout Daviess county, intending to make it their permanent home, without changing their morals or manners from what they were while residing in the neighboring State of Illinois. Their lawlessness soon became unbearable, as they set aside the process of ordinary law, and abused its officers. Justice Black, of Daviess county, made an affidavit of their acts on the 9th of August, and called for military assistance. Captain Bogard responded to the call, and went on duty with his company as a posse comitatus. He was surprised, and had ten men killed, and thirty wounded and taken prisoners by the Mormons, who had four hundred men under arms. The Governor then called out twenty-five hundred militia, by whicli tlie Mormons were ar- 116 AN ILLUSTRATED rested, thirty killed, among them two children, and many other acts of great violence done by both parties which can never be justified by a Christian people. Peace was restored by force of arms, but no harmony, for the inhabitants had shown they would not tolerate such unworthy people to remain in their midst. The Mormons prepared to leave— not in as limited time as when they came into the State, but with as universal consent as when they left Illinois.1 The first session of the tenth General Assembly commenced on the 19th day of November, 1838, and was duly organized. Lieutenant-Governor Cannon, president of the. senate, 1838. ' l presiding in that body, with James L. Minor, secretary. In the House, Thomas H. Harvey, of Saline county, was unaniT mously elected speaker, and Micajah V. Harrison, chief clerk; On the 20 th, Governor Boggs communicated to the legislature his annual message. In it, he gave a statement of the financial affairs of the State. The amount paid into the treasury during the last two fiscal years, ending September 30th, 1838, was, on account of revenue, $147,209.94. The amount expended for the same time was $140,384.32 — an excess of receipts over expenses of $6,825.12. Under the rate of .taxation, it was estimated that the amount which would be received into the treasury during the next two fiscal years, applicable to the payment of the ordi nary expenses of the government, would be $172,000, which, added to the amount of revenue in the Treasury on the 1st of October, 1838, would make tlie sum of $211,984.87, from which should be deducted the ordinary expense of the government, for the same length of time, estimated at $160,000; this would leave in the treasury, on the lst day of October, 1840, the sum of $51,984.87. The Governor referred to the condition of the State Bank, and suggested amendments to its charter; a geological survey of the State, was strongly urged; a school system, similar to the one in use in the state of New York, was recommended to their favor able notice. The point, however, of the most moment, was a recommendation to petition Congress to grant, at once, to traders, the same debentures, on exports of foreign goods, to Chihuahua, 1 Shepard's Uist. of St. Louis and Missouri, pp. 147, 148. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 117 Mexico, as is allowed to shipping merchants, from New York, to the ports of that country. The Governor said: "If this plain principle of justice was accorded, Missouri would employ five hundred wagons, and one thousand men annually in this trade, made doubly valuable by Chihuahua doing annually a specie business of three millions. It is too, about equally distant from Vera Cruz and St. Louis. From the latter city there is a capital wagon road, the whole route. Chihuahua has fifteen thousand inhabitants." Three hundred and twenty -five acts, mostly of a private and local character, were passed during this session. Among others, one to establish a general system of Internal Improvements; one providing for the organization, support, and government of com mon schools; another providing for the institution and support of a State University, and the government of colleges and acade mies; one to establish a Second Branch Bank of Missouri, and, also, one to lease the State Penitentiary. On the 26th of February, the two houses met in joint conven tion, to elect a United States Senator. Thomas H. Benton re ceived seventy -five votes ; Abiel Leonard, forty-eight votes. Mr. Benton was re-elected for the term of six years, from March 4th, 1838. William Clark, the noted pioneer through the western wilds to the Pacific, died in the fall of 1838. He was the oldest American resident in St. Louis ; he had been Governor of the territory of Missouri, from a few months after it was changed from Louisiana Territory until it became a State. Subsequently, he became Superintendent of Indian Affairs, for the Western Division, which office he held to his death. He was known to the wild tribes- of Indians from the Mississippi to the Pacific, and they regarded him with a confidence and love, which bor dered on idolatry. They even knew his signature; and, during the stormy excitement which preceded their going upon the war path, either against the United States or some hostile tribe, they would readily yield to his counsels. He died greatly regretted. At this time, the value of the fur trade to St. Louis, was large. The skins shipped during the year 1838, were worth $400,000. Among the various kinds, the hides of the buffalo formed the 118 AN ILLUSTRATED most important item, the number being 50,000, estimated at $4.00 a piece, or $200,000. The prices at which the various furs were obtained from the Indians, made it a profitable business to those engaged in it. At the election in August, for members of the legislature, twenty democrats and thirteen whigs were elected 'to the sen ate, and sixty-eight democrats, and thirty-nine whigs, to the assembly: making a democratic majority of twenty-six, on joint ballot. Albert G. Harrison, member elect of the House of Representatives of the United States, from Mis souri, died at his residence near Fulton, on the 7th of September, and Governor Boggs proclaimed a special election on the 28th of October, to fill the vacancy existing. John Jameson was nominated by the Van Buren convention and elected, there being no opposing candidate. Thomas Reynolds was nominated for Governor and M. M. Marmaduke for Lieutenant-Governor, and John C. Edwards for member of Congress. During the year 1839,emigration to Missouri had been greater than any previous year. The Boone's Lick road, from the Mis sissippi to the western confines of the State, was filled with movers ; and emigrants by thousands were seeking their new homes, both north and south of the Missouri. It was estimated that more than fifty thousand people emigrated to Missouri during the year. On account of low water in the Mississippi in the fall of this year, the lead trade from the upper mines was completely suspended for a time, as it was impossible to bring it over the rapids at a reasonable charge. At Galena, large quantities accumulated in the hands of dealers, upon which heavy advances had been made, which lay unproductive until there was a rise in the river. The result of the election of 1840, for State officers, was that Thomas Reynolds received 29,625 votes for Governor, and John B. Clark, 22,212 — a majority of 7,413 in favor of Reynolds of the 51,837 votes polled. M. M. Marmaduke was elected Lieutenant-Governor at tlie same time, and John Miller and John C. Edwards, members of Congress, with a majority of about 7,000 votes each over their whig competitors. The demo cratic nominees were elected, and cast the vote of the State for Martin Van Buren. DR. T. R. H. SMITH. CHAPTER XIII. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS THOMAS REYNOLDS AND M. M. MARMADUKE. . 1840—1844. The eleventh General Assembly of the State commenced its annual session on the 16th of November, 1840. : Sterling Price was elected speaker of the House ; the votes for officers standing fifty-two for the Van Buren candidates to thirty-eight for the; whig candidates. In the Senate, Mr. Watson (Van Buren) was elected secretary. Governor Boggs, in his closing message, said that the State debt was not large; that there- was a surplus in the treasury;, and that he was opposed to some of the projected improvements. Among the latter were the construction of the Iron Mountain railroad; the making of slack water in the Meramec; building a canal from the Meramec; and slacking; the water in Salt river. These improvements, while valuable, he thought would cost too much money. The Osage river and Grand river, however, were exceptions. He also -said that since the difficulties and agree ment upon a truce between the Council of . Iowa and the county court of Clark county, there had. been no • disturb ance on the frontier. He urged that Missouri should insist upon the bouridary line she had been contending for,. and, go before Congress with a memorial to that effect. He also recommended that the proceeds of the sales of the sixteenth section of. land, for school purposes, be deposited in .the .State Bank for the benefit of the townships interested; and suggested that the State had ob-, tained a bad reputation by reason of the Mormon difficulty, and wished the evidence in the case published, so as to retrieve her reputation. Tlie legislature adjourned on the '21st of May, 1841. Among the important laws passed was one to re-apportion; the State into senate and assembly districts; one establish ing a branch of the Bank of the State of Missouri; and another 120 AN ILLUSTRATED for the issue of State bonds to the amount of $253,261. An act was passed to ascertain and settle the northern boundary line; one to survey and mark out the southern boundary line; one to organize counties, and define their boundaries ; another t6 prevent frauds at elections; another to regulate groceries and dram shops; and another to establish a register's office- There were several memorials to Congress: one requesting the donation of certain swamp lands to the State; one on the subject of the northern boundary of Missouri ; one requesting the sale of the fractions of land adjoining the French and Spanish concessions; another asking for a re-imbursement of money paid by the State in repelling an incursion of the Osage Indians; and another on the defense of the Western frontier and asking suitable protec tion; also one on the subject of the raising of tobacco. The Assembly passed a bill making it an indictable offense to pass or receive a five dollar, or a ten dollar note, after January, 1842 ; providing that all contracts, the consideration of which, or any part thereof, should be in the prohibited bank notes, should be void; and that after a debt had been once paid in such cur rency, the person to whom the payment was made might sue. and make the debtor pay it over again. This bill failed in tho Senate> At the election, in August, 1842, James B. Bowlin, James H Relfe, Gustavus B. Bower,, and John Jameson, were elected mem bers of Congress. In the autumn of 1842, Hon. J. B. C. Lucas died. He had been one of the earliest settlers in Missouri, and held the office of judge of the highest tribunal of the District of Louisiana, by appointment from President Jefferson, and con tinued in that position until the territory became a State. > *He had also beeri appointed a commissioner to settle the land claims of upper Louisiana, and held the office until 1812. He was a man of undoubted probity and honor, and of most untiring indus try and perseverance. The first session of the twelfth General Assembly of the State began on the 21st of November, 1842; M. M. Marmaduke, Lieu tenant-Governor, being president and H. L. Boone, secretary, of the Senate; and Sterling Price, speaker and James S. Watson, chief clerk, of the Assembly. Governor Reynolds, in his message HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 121 on the 22d, devoted a large portion to national affairs. Banks arid bank notes did not find favor with him. The single district system for electing ' representatives to Congress was denounced, and he strenuously urged the legislature to protest against what he thought was an alarming attempt, on the part of the federal government, to control, by its mandate, the legislation of the State. He was opposed to the distribution of the proceeds of the public lands. The passage by the House of Representatives of the bill to de clare- the boundary between Missouri and Iowa, was, in his opinion, objectionable. The bankrupt law he denounced; the propriety of abolishing imprisonment for debt during its exist ence being suggested. The penitentiary for life was recommended as fit punishment for abolitionists who seize every opportun ity to seduce slaves from their masters and aid them in making their escape; and the importance of protecting the Western frontier from the Indians assembled there, was urged both upon Congress and the legislature. The remainder of the message was devoted to State affairs. Of Missouri's financial condition at that date this account was given : There had been paid into the treasury, from ordinary sources of revenue for the two last fiscal years, exclu sive of the balance on hand,on the 30th September, 1840, $266,518.- 81, and the disbursements for the same period amounted to $233,- 930.16, leaving a balance in the treasury of $33,588.65. ¦ This ex cess, was produced in part by the collector of St. Louis county de positing monthly the amount of revenue collected, instead of re serving the whole amount, as heretofore, until his annual settle ment, on the lst of December. The debt of the State was considered small, compared with the other Southern and Western States, and amounted to $842,261 ; from which was to be deducted the amount of six per cent., held by the Bank of the State of Missouri against an amount of bank stock, owned by the State, to the amount of $272,263.60 ; leaving the State debt, in reality, $569,997.40. Lewis Fields Linn was, by the legislature, in joint convention, on the 23d, re-elected without opposition United States Senator, for six years, from March 4th, 1843. He received one hundred and . nineteen, out of one hundred and twenty-nine votes. Linn was born near the present city of Louisville, on the 5th Of November, 122 AN ILLUSTRATED 1795. He was a son of Asael Linn, of the same place, and a grand son of William Linn, of the Revolution. His parents emigrated:. from Pennsylvania at that early period, when there were few white people on the banks of the Ohio river. His mother was twice mar ried. Her first husband was Israel Dodge, the father of Henry Dodge who was subsequently United States Senator from, and Governor of, Wisconsin. Linn commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Gault, of Louisville, and ultimately proceeded to Phila delphia to complete his medical education; after which he re moved to Ste. Genevieve, where he established himself in the practise of his profession. In 1833, he was appointed, by Presi dent Jackson, to act as one of the commissioners to settle the old French land claims in Missouri On the death of United States Senator Alexander Buckner, he was appointed, by Governor Dunklin, to fill his place; which appointment was confirmed by the Senate. He was elected, in 1836, to the same office and served a full term of six years. He did not long survive his second election to the Senate. He died suddenly at his residence, in Ste. Genevieve, October 3, 1843, aged 48 years. The state of Mis souri erected an elegant monument over his remains, by a unani mous vote of the legislature. David R. Atchison was appoint ed by the Governor to fill the vacancy occasioned by his death. Among the laws passed at the session of the legislature of 1842-3, was one giving an indirect but effective stay upon all executions for twelve months. The majority in its favor was large and commanded nearly the full vote of the democratic members. Acts were also passed to provide for pay ing the interest on State bonds; to establish branches of the Bank of the?State of Missouri; to' suppress the circulation of small bank-notes and other depreciated paper; to appoint a com missioner, who, with others, should ascertain, survey, and mark out the northern boundary line of the State; to provide for the call of a convention to revise the old, or make a new State constitution; to prevent free persons of color from entering the State; to abolish imprisonment for debt; to provide for the selection and sale of lands granted to the State by act of Congress. 1841 ; to abolish lotteries and prohibit the sale of lottery tickets; and to incorpor ate the citv of St. Louis. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 123 During the month of February, 1843, the legislature was en gaged as a court of impeachment for the trial of John D. Leland, Judge of the second judicial circuit, for want of legal qualifications for the office and for other causes. At the conclusion of the trial, a resolution was introduced, requesting the Governor of the State to remove him from office. The resolution was rejected by a vote of sixteen ayes to sixteen. noes. The Iron mountain in Washington county received much at tention about this time. A writer in a St. Louis newspaper said : "It is about a mile broad at the base, four hundred feet high and three miles long, and has the appearance of being composed of masses of iron ore. It is literally a mountain of ore, so pure that it yields from 70 to 80 per cent, under the ordinary process for converting it into malleable iron. At the base, the ore lies in pieces from a pound weight upward, which increase in size as you ascend, until they assume the appearance of huge rocks, which would remind the be holder of those 'fragments of an earlier world' of which the Titans made use. Six miles' south-east in Madison county, is another mountain called ' Pilot Knob,' composed of a micaceous oxide of iron, lying in huge masses. This ore will yield about 80 per cent. of metal." In referring to the lead mines of Missouri, it is stated on re liable authority, that the number of pounds produced in 1840 was 5,285,455, from twenty-one smelting furnaces, employing two hundred and fifty-two hands, with a capital of $235,806. Of this amount, Washington county produced 1,107,000 pounds ; St. Frangois, 1,155,000 pounds; Madison, 1,263,455 pounds. The amount of lead produced in the State from 1825 to 1835, when the superintendence was transferred to the War Department, was 5,151,252 pounds. Governor Thomas Reynolds committed suicide at Jefferson city, on the 9th of February, 1844, by shooting himself through the head with a pistol. He lingered several hours in great agony. He had been in ill health for some time previous. He, gave as a reason for the act, the violence of his political ene mies. He was evidently in an unsound state of mind. Governor Reynolds was a native of Kentucky, and emigrated to Illinois, where his abilities soon promoted him to the office of Judge of 124 AN ILLUSTRATED the Supreme Court. He came to Missouri in 1828, arid filled, with distinguished honor, the several offices of Legislator, Judge and Governor. The democratic State convention, which met in the spring of 1844, nominated John C: Edwards for Governor and James Young for Lieutenant-Governor. Ex-Governor Daniel" Dunk lin died at his residence in Jefferson county, on the 25th of July, in the 55th year of his age. He had long been distinguished in the politics of the State, and had secured the respect arid esteem of a great body of its inhabitants. The election' in the State for members of Congress, had been for many years upon a general ticket. This year there were five members to be chosen; but, as the legislature refused to recognize the authority of Congress in regard to dividing the State into Congressional districts, they were to be elected as heretofore. There was considerable feeling manifested in reference to the election being carried on in this manner; and, as the whig party7 professed to believe that it was not a legal method of electing Con gressmen, they refused to nominate candidates, and suffered the elec tion to go by default. Their opponents were divided and had two tickets of their own; one of which was popularly known as "The Hards," the other "The Softs ;" — names derived from their hard or soft money idea's. One of these parties (the "Hards') was friendly to the re-election of Benton to the United States Senate, whose term expired the 4th of March, 1845. The "Softs" were opposed to his re-election and long dominant influence in the State. The "Hards" were in majority in the democratic convention, and made all their nominations accordingly. The "Softs" nominated a full ticket for Governor, senators and delegates, in opposition. Judge Allen, an independent candidate, ran against the regularly nomi nated candidate for Governor, and was supported by the "Softs," and generally, by the whigs'. The result of 'the 'election was, for Governor, John C. Edwards, 36,978; Charles H. Allen, 31,357: Edwards' majority, 5,621. For Lieutenant-Governor, James Young, 36,307; William B. Almond, 29,680: Young's majority, 6,627. For Members of Congress, John S. Phelps, James B. Bowlin, Sterling Price, James H. Relfe, and Leonard J. Sims, were elected. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 125 i The question submitted to the vote of the people at this election, whether to call a convention to amend the constitution and to equalize representation among the several counties was decided in the affirmative by a large majority. This convention was required to meet on the third Monday in November, 1845, at Jefferson city, "to form and prepare a new constitution for the State." . The constitution thus formed was to be submitted to the vote of the people at the election in August, 1846; and, if rati fied by them, was to be declared the supreme law of the State, by the legislature which was to assemble in November, 1846. . Thequestion for districting the State for choosing representa tives to Congress, was made a question in electing members of the legislature. A very decided majority of the members elected were favorable to this change in the law. CHAPTER XIV, ADMINISTRATION. OF GOVERNOR JOHN C. EDWARDS. 1844--1848. The first session of the thirteenth General Assembly met at Jefferson City, on the 18th day of November, 1844. R. E. Acock was elected president, pro, tempore, of "the Senate, in the absence .of the president,, and W. C.. Jopes, secretary. In the Assembly, C. F. Jackson was elected speaker and William Gil pin, diief clerk. On the 19th, Governor Marmaduke sent to the legislature his annual message. He commenced by stating that, in consequence of the death of the late Thomas Reynolds, Governor of the State, the Executive office devolved on him under the organic laws of the State. He referred to the fact that the circulating medium of the State had been greatly improved, and that, in his opinion, at no previous date had the the currency been in a sounder or better condition. All the depreciated and worthless paper of the State had . ceased to circulate among the people, and in its place,, could then be. seen, a fair proportion of silver and gold— the only true representatives of value. He re ferred to the action of Congress, in relation to the northern boundary line, andHh'at it would be necessary for the legislature to give its consent to the settlement of the line iri dispute, in the manner therein proposed. He referred to the deaths of Ex-Gov ernor Dunklin, and Hon. Lewis F. Linn, and paid a fitting trib ute to their virtues and the public loss. He referred to the re sult of the late election, that it was the will and pleasure of a major ity of the people that a convention to' amend or alter the old, or make a new constitution, should be held in November following. He recommended laying off the State into five equal districts as near as might be, for the purpose of electing, in future, the Repre sentatives in Congress. The annexation of the Republic of Texas he heartily approved, and believed that an overwhelming majority of the people of Missouri desired it. He recommended a mem- JOHN F. PHILIPS. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 127 orial to Congress, granting to the State a large tract of country in the south-eastern part of the State, known as the "Great Swamp" — to be donated to the several counties, upon condition they would undertake to drain the land thus donated. He recom mended the erection of a State Lunatic Asylum, and assistance for the support of the State University. The two Houses met in joint convention the same day, to count the votes for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, whicli showed a majority of the votes for John C. Edwards for Gov ernor; he having received 36,978, and Charles H. Allen, 31,357. James Young, for Lieutenant-Governor, received 36,307 votes, and William B. Almond, 29,680. The successful candidates were, on the following day, duly qualified, and Governor Edwards delivered his inaugural Message. The two Houses met in convention, in the afternoon of the same day, to elect a United States Senator to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Lewis F. Linn, and one to fill the place of Thomas II. Benton whose term of office would expire on the 4th of March, 1845. David R. Atchison received 101 votes, and Benton seventy-four votes. Both were declared elected, the former for four, and the latter for the term of six years from March 4, 1845. The report of the auditor of Public Accounts showed the receipts into the Treasury, the two fiscal years ending 30th September, 1844, $435,309.82; and the wan-ants drawn on the Treasury for the same period, $376,987.40. The official vote for Presidential Electors, in 1844, gave Polk electors 41,369; Clay electors, 31,251: majority for the former, 10,118. The census of the State, taken the same year, showed a population of 511,937, of which number 70,300,were slaves. The increase of population since 1840,was about thirty-three per cent. ; at the latter date it was 383,782. The year 1844 was a memorable one on account of the great rise of the" Mississippi river. In June, the Missouri and Illinois commenced to rise rapidly and overflow their banks, and the Mississippi quickly began to feel the effects of it. By the 18th of the month, nearly all the inhabitants of the American bottom had fled from their homes, and taken refuge on the high lands; where many were in a state of suffering and destitution. Boats plied between St. Louis and the bluffs, and the destitute were supplied 128 AN ILLUSTRATED as far as possible by the charity of the people of St. Louis. Some families were found, flve or six miles back from the river, living in the upper stories of their isolated dwellings, having no means of escape. The captains of the steamboats were indefatigable in their exertions to save life and property. In St. Louis, there were more than five hundred persons who had been driven from their homes by the flood, and all of them dependent upon the bounty of the citizens for their support. It was fortunate that it was summer, and that inferior lodgings were no great deprivation. The Mississippi did not attain its greatest elevation- until the 24th of June, when it was seven feet seven inches, above the city Direc trix, at St. Louis. There had been, previous to this time, three great floods; one in 1785, one in 1811, and another in 1836. Of these, the one in 1785, was the highest; but none of them attained the elevation of the flood of 1844. The legislature adjourned on the 28th of March, 1845, having passed nearly six hundred laws. On the receipt of the news of the passage of the resolutions of Texas annexation through the United States Senate, at Jefferson City, the democratic members of the legislature held a meeting of con gratulation. They adopted resolutions expressing cordial appro bation of the result. A resolution was also adopted in relation to Mr. Benton, to the effect that for a time, some of the friends of annexation might not have approved of his course; "yet, now that his wisdom, sagacity, foresight and firmness are manifested, in effecting this important result, all do freely and unitedly accord to him the highest praise, as his just desert, and hail the annex ation of Texas as the re-union of political friends." Another resolution was passed, complimentary to Senator Atch ison; and a third, declaring that " the gratitude of the American people, and of the friends of liberty throughout the world, is especially due to the venerable patriot, Andrew Jackson, for the distinguised part he has taken in favor of the annexation of Texas to the Union." Laws were enacted at this session, provid ing for the surrender and cancellation of certain State bonds, and to provide for the payment and redemption of other bonds; for the settlement of the question of the northern boundary line; and also for the organization of new counties ; the incorporation • HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 129 of towns and eities; and for the laying out of State roads. Other laws, of a private and local character, were likewise passed. There was some trouble in the spring of this year, in the northern part of the State, near the Iowa territorial boundary. The sheriff of one of the border counties, while attempting to execute a writ for a breach of the peace, was assailed by a num ber of persons of Davis county, Iowa. The prisoners, whom the sheriff had arrested, were rescued, and the sheriff himself taken into custody, for exercising illegal authority within the territory. The trial came off before Judge Morgan, of the dis trict court, and resulted in the conviction of the Missouri sheriff. The penalty was imprisonment in the penitentiary. The Judge sentenced him to ten days' confinement; but, before the sentence could be carried into execution, Governor John Chambers par doned him. The people of the State were much' irritated by these proceed ings. They said that the people within the disputed territory enjoyed the right of voting at their elections, and were represented in the legislature ; yet, when it did not suit them to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the State, they claimed to belong . exclusively to Iowa territory. By a law passed by the last legislature, the Gov ernor of Missouri was authorized to take measures to bring the question before the United States Supreme Court; and the newspa per press urged that "no time should be lost, in placing the subject in such position that a decision might be obtained at the next term of that court;" as the dispute was a source of great annoy ance to all living along the line. At the election in August, sixty-six members were chosen by the people to a convention, to re-model the constitution of the State. The convention convened at the State capitol, on the 17th of November, 1845, and organized by the election of Robert W. Wells, as president; Claiborne F. Jackson, vice-president; and R. Walker, secretary. It was composed of some of the most able and distinguished men of the State. The whole organic law was examined and changed in many respects. The constitu tion was adopted, by a vote of forty-nine to thirteen of the members, and submitted to the vote of the people for their ap proval. The convention adjourned, sine die, January 14th, 1846. 130 AN ILLUSTRATED On the reception of the news at St. Louis of war actually exist-; ing between the United States and Mexico, the city and the people of the State generally, were thrown into the wildest excitement. Volunteers flocked to the standard of the United States, and the " St. Louis Legion," under the command of Colonel Easton, began immediately to prepare for the regions west of the Rip Grande. Some of the volunteers not being properly equip ped for the campaign, efforts were made by Judge Mullanphy to obtain funds from the State Bank of Missouri, which for .some reason was unsuccessful. The citizens of St. Louis voluntarily subscribed near six- thousand dollars for this purpose. In a few days the " Legion " departed for the seat of war, after receiving a public ovation, which demonstrated the deep interest of all the citizens in their welfare. About the middle of May, 1846, Governor Edwards- called for volunteers to join the army of the west — an expedition to Santa Fe. A corps of mounted volunteers, early in June, began to, ar rive at Fort Leavenworth, the appointed rendezvous. The first regiment was fully organized on the 18th of the month,, and Alexander W. Doniphan was chosen colonel; C. F. Ruff, lieutenant-colonel; and William Gilpin, major. A battalion .ot light artillery from St. Louis; batallions of infantry from Platte and Cole counties; the "Laclede Rangers," from St. Louis: in all 1,658 men, with sixteeri pieces of ordnance, were under the com-; mand of General Stephen W. Kearny. The command reached Santa Fe on the 18th of August, and took part in the successful descent upon Chihuahua, under Colonel Doniphan, — General Kearny having left for the Pacific coast. In the summer of 1846, Sterling Price, member of Congress from Missouri, re signed, and was designated by President Polk to command another regiment of. volunteers from Missouri, to reinforce the "Army of the West." This force consisted of a full mounted regiment, one mounted extra battalion, and one bat talion of Mormon infantry. The complement was soon raised from the counties of Boone, Benton, Carroll, Chariton, Linn, Livingston, Monroe, Randolph, Ste. Genevieve, and St. Louis. Price was elected colonel and D. D. Mitchell, lieutenant-colonel. Price proceeded with his command over the same route pursued HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 131 by Kearny and Doniphan, and on the 28th of September, ar rived at Santa Fe. In August, Governor Edwards made another requisition for one thousand men to consist of infantry, to be ready to march close in the rear of Colonel Price's command. The number was raised in a short time, and Major Dougherty was chosen colonel ; but, before receiving marching orders, the President countermanded the order under which the force was mustered. A battle was fought at Brazito, near El Paso, be tween a detachment of 450 Missouri volunteers under Doniphan, and a body of Mexican cavalry and artillery, numbering 1,100. Tlie Mexicans were defeated with a loss of 63 killed'^and 150 wounded. They also lost one howitzer, the only piece of artillery in the engagement. The Americans had six wounded. On the 28th of February, 1847, Doniphan with his volunteers, numbering 924 men and six pieces of artillery, met and fought in the pass of the Sacramento, 4,000 Mexicans under General Heredia, who were posted with ten pieces of artillery. The Mexicans were defeated with the loss of 300 killed and 40 prisoners, and all their artillery and baggage taken. The American loss was one killed and eight wounded. In these engagements, the Missouri troops did nobly; acting creditably to themselves and to their State. The new constitution was brought before the people for ratifi cation or rejection in August, 1846. It was freely discussed by the press previous to the election, but failed by about 9,000 votes of being adopted; the whole number of votes cast was about 60,000. At the same election, J. B. Bowlin, John Jameson, James S. Green, John S. Phelps and Willard P. Hall were elected Con gressmen. The fourteenth General Assembly convened at the State capital, on the 16th of November, 1846. Lieutenant-Governor James Young took his seat as president of the Senate, and E. B. Ewing was elected secretary. In the Assembly, Claiborne F. Jackson was elected speaker and B. F. Massey, chief clerk. Governor Edwards, iri his message to the legislature, said that the north ern boundary case still remained unsettled, and that further legislation seemed to be required on the subject; that the sale of the 500,000 acres of public land, granted to the State by Congress for internal improvements, ought to be applied to the improve- 132 AN ILLUSTRATED ment of the large navigable streams of the State; that the revenue for the last two years amounted to $330,753.60; that the ordin ary expenses of the State government for the same period- including the. expense of holding the State convention, which was .about $15,000 — amounted to. $247,274.78 ; showing an ordi- nary revenue above ordinary expenses of $83,478.82; and that the. militia law was .defective, and a new law. ought to be enacted. He then referred to the rejection of the new constitution, by a vote" of the people; and; vindicated the Missouri ¦ troops from aspersions cast on their ; services during the Mexican war. He, closed by recommending the common school system of the State; the establishment of manufactories ; the. improvement of the roads. and navigable streams; ^geological survey of the State; and other improvements. -, ~ - ... During the session, the legislature adopted resolutions request-; ing- the Governor to furnish its ,, members with certairi items.of ° ¦. \ ¦ - ¦¦...- . . ^ . . .. . ^. , . . ^ ,j executive. expenditure. His Excellency transmitted a document. in reply, which ' was pronounced by the newspapers,.remarkably " tart and-bltter." The following is a portion of it: "In the next place, with, due respect to the honorable mover, the answer Is, that the expenses of the. executive were various;, his breakfast,; his dinner,-.or his tea, when he; had time .and, appetite to eat it; an apple or a sponge-cake, a piece of cheese or a cracker,, a. glass of brand}1- or sojne old- rye, when, from hard travel, much fatigue,. or great want of sleep, he was too unwell to take more' substantial food, or else from. rapid traveling, had no time to.-stop and get, it; the blacking of hisj boots, or the brushing of the dust out of his coat, or hiring a servant to hasten his dinner, instead of forcing him.' to eat through a -series of courses; hack^hire and, omnibus fare, porterage and. drayage,; stage fare, railroad fare, steamboat fare on the lakes, gulfs, rivers. and bays; all these, and various other" items, multiplied many times oyer, making;, perhaps, thou sands in the trip of six thousand miles, make up the. items of ex pense to the executive; a long list, hard to get and hard to.give." It is. presumed that this report was satisfactory to, the mover- and legislature. Among the important laws passed at this session was one to pro vide for paying expenses of subsisting and forwarding troops for the 11111 Ill ,rnii'i!iijii i iiiaii i' r Some additional legislation was suggested, in order to har monize the different interests growing out of the banking law. As evidence of the advancement of the cause of education, the Governor said the number of public school-houses had increased in three years from 1,546 to 3,383; the amount raised for build ing them, from $30,000 to $130,000. The establishment of an agricultural college was strongly recommended. The Governor congratulated the legislature and the people of the State upon the result of the recent "dangerous and treasonable efforts to engender discord and disssatisfaetion to our domestic 4riStitii- tions." In speaking of the unity of the States, he said he'hadre- ceived "resolutions from the legislatures of Maine, Massachu setts and New Hampshire, in reference to slavery, but as their spirit does not accord with the liberality which characterizes the bond of union, which makes the several States one people, and disregards the rights recognized in the federal compact," he had not thought proper to acknowledge their receipt, and should not furnish them to the Assembly unless specially asked for. He also stated that if the States would perpetuate the original government, and secure to its citizens the good it was intended to confer, they should not intermeddle with their respective rights the protection of which were considerations for entering into the union. On the 5th of January, 1859, the Governor sent to the Gen eral Assemblv a message, in which he said that some X859, " ' time in May previous, the Executive department had re ceived information that an armed and lawless force, numbering several hundred men was quartered in Kansas Territory, near the Missouri line, threatening to invade the State; and had made incursions into the counties of Cass and Bates, committing acts HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 149 of personal violence, and plundering and robbing the citizens. The people of those counties became, he said, greatly alarmed, and many of them along the line abandoned their homes. Even some of the towns had been visited by the bandits, and it was stated, had been threatened with destruction. He further said that an Appeal had been made to the executive for the means of protection, and Adjutant-General Parsons dispatched to the front, to learn the actual state of facts. He was instructed, if he deemed it necessary, to organize military companies in the counties most convenient to the scene of difficulties. General Parsons, under these instructions organized several companies, and furnished them with arms. These measures, served for a time, to prevent the in vasions; but the settlers were deterred from returning to their homes. Governor Stewart further said, that he wrote to Governor Denver, of Kansas, that it might be necessary to station an armed force along the border, for the purpose of protection, and asked his earnest co-operation with the Missouri authorities to preserve the peace. For a time, the difficulties seemed to subside, and no further efforts were made on the part of the authorities of Missouri. Later, a smaller party made an incursion into the State, committing murder and robbery, drawing off ten negroes belong ing to citizens of Vernon county. After that occurrence, advices were received that a regular organized band of thieves, robbers arid midnight assassins had congregated in Kansas, on the western border of Bates county, and made incursions into the State, taken the lives of citizens, committed to the flames their houses, and robbed them of their property. The Governor submitted these facts to the General Assembly, and bespoke for them immediate attention. On the 14th of January, he sent another message, urging immediate action on the subject. On the 24th of February, an act was approved for the protection of persons and property on the western border of the State, appropriating $30,000 to sup press and bring to justice the banditti, who infest that portion of the State, and the Governor was empowered to use discretionary power in all matters connected therewith: Of the laws passed at this session was an act for the protection of persons and property on the western border of the State; an act respecting institutions, and other corporations doing a bank- 150 AN ILLUSTRATED ing business; and act to incorporate the Northern, the Western, the Union, and the Exchange Banks; and one to provide for fur ther prosecution of the geological survey. Special laws were passed concerning railroads. v The legislature adjourned on the 14th of March, 1859, to meet again on the -last Monday of November, of the same year. The legislature met, pursuant to adjournment, on the 28th of November, 1859. Governor Stewart sent his message to both Houses on the same day. He declared, " it is evident that a large majority of the people are in favor of the completion of the railroads ; that within a reasonable margin of the limitation of the State debt, it is manifestly the wish of the people that State aid shall be given in such manner as will be most certain to se cure the desired end, and best calculated to protect the interests of the State; that the completion of the great trunk roads will fix the position of Missouri as the central empire State of the Union; and that the failure to complete them will in evitably put her in the position which the enemies of the system had supposed their completion would do— a condition of oppres sive taxation, crippled energies, and retarded prosperity." The Governor gave his views at length on railroad enterprises, and favored a liberal policy, on the part of the State toward them. The session adjourned on the 16th of January, 1860, previous to which a proclamation from the Governor was presented to the House, calling the General Assembly to meet on Monday, Feb ruary 27, 1860. The third and special session of the General Assembly convened agreeably to the Governor's proclamation. The House was or- 1860 ganized by the election of Christian Kribben, , speaker, and W. S. Moseley, chief clerk. In the Senate, Hancock \ Jackson, Lieutenant-Governor, took the chair, as president. War rick Hough was elected, secretary. Governor Stewart stated, in ' essage, that the object of the calling of this session was the nj^assity of making prompt provision for liquidating the debts of th* penitentiary, and for making, the appropriation necessary for ^ tb« improvement of the capitol grounds; and for making pro vision for the completion by the companies to which State. kid has been previously granted, of the several railroads in. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 151 wliose financial success the interests of the State were deeply involved. The election for State officers took place in August, 1860. For Governor, Claiborne F. Jackson, of the county of Saline, received 74,446 votes; Sample Orr, of Greene county, 64,583 votes; Han cock Jackson, of Randolph county, 11,415 votes; and James B. Gardenhire, of Cole county, 6,135 votes. For Lieutenant-Gov ernor, Thomas C. Reynolds, of the county of St. Louis, received 75,549 votes; Thomas J. C. Fagg, of the county of Pike, 59,962 votes; Monroe M. Parsons, of the county of Cole, 10,760 votes; and James Lindsay, 8,196 votes. Frank P. Blair, James S. Rol lins, John B. Clark, (expelled); E. H. Norton, John W. Reid, (expelled); John S. Phelps, and John W- Noell, were elected members of Congress. CHAPTER XVIII. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS CLAIBORNE F. JACKSON, HAMILTON R. GAMBLE AND WILLARD P. HALL. 1860—1864. ; The first session of the twenty-first General Assembly com menced on 31st day of December, 1860. John McAfee was elected speaker of the House, and Thomas H. Murray, chief clerk. Warwick Hough was elected secretary of the Senate. Governor Stewart in his valedictory message referred to the state of feeling existing among the people, on the exciting events theri agitating the country. In 1861, Missouri was the only slave- holding border State west of the Mississippi river. It had been so deeply and closely involved in the troubles in Kansas, that the entire subject of the conflict between the North and the South had, in fact, been developed within its limits. The public sentiment of the citizens was doubtless' accurately expressed by Governor Stewart; "Our people," said he, "would feel more sympathy with the movement, had it not originated among those who, like our selves, have suffered severe losses and constant annoyances from the interference and depredations of outsiders. Missouri will hold to the Union, so long as it is worth the effort to preserve it. She cannot be frightened by the past unfriendly legislation of the North, or dragooned into secession by the restricted legislation of the extreme South." On the 4th of January, 1861, Governor Stewart's successor, C, F. Jackson, was inaugurated. In his message he insisted that Missouri must stand by the other slaveiolding states, whatever course they might pursue. The State was in favor of remaining in the Union, so long as there was a hope of maintaining the guarantees of the constitution. He was opposed , to co-ercion in. any event, but recommended the calling of the State convention to ascertain the will of the people. The ques- '¦¦¦¦ : ;,. ; ,rkl,:. .... ...."-, ., LEMUEL DUNN. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 153 tion of holding a State convention was brought before the -legis lature, and the bill passed the Senate on the 16th of January in favor of it, by a vote of yeas, thirty -one; noes, two. The clause, submitting the acts of the proposed convention to the vote of the people was in these words: "No act, ordinance or resolution shall be valid to change or dissolve the political rela tions of this State to the government of the United States, until a majority of the qualified voters of the State shall ratify the same." The convention was required to assemble at the State Capital, ¦on the 28th day of February following. The object, as stated in the proclamation, was, " to consider the relations between the government of the United States, the people and governments of the different states, and the government and the people of the State of Missouri, and to adopt such measures for vindicating the sovereignty of the State, and the protection of its institutions as shall appear to them to be demanded." At the time when the election of delegates was held, the pub lic sentiment of the State had unquestionably settled in favor of a continuance of Missouri within the Union, and in hostility to secession, except to resist co-ercion. Mr. Seward and Mr. Cam eron, had made conciliatory speeches in the United States Senate; a loud voice was heard all over the central states, calling for the immediate adoption of measures for the salvation of the Union, and the adjustment of all questions of difference between the con tending sections. Crittenden =and Douglass declared that an ad justment would take place; and the general belief out of Con gress was, that, in less than ninety days, all the difficulties would be honorably settled, unless the extreme republicans should defeat all concessions; or, unless the State of South Carolina should de termine to bring about a war by making an attack upon the forts or forces of the United States. The result of the election of del egates to the State convention was the choice of a large majority of Union men, by a large majority of the popular vote. The convention met at Jefferson City on the 28th of February, and was organized by the choice of a temporary chairman, and a committee on credentials. A permanent organization was then effected and the convention adjourned to the next day, at which time a rule was adopted requiring the officers and members to 154 AN ILLUSTRATED take an oath to support the constitution of the United States, and of the State of Missouri. A long and warm discussion ensued on a motion to reconsider the vote on the adoption of the rule to take the oaths, after whicli the convention adjourned, to meet in St. Louis. On the 4th of March, the convention re-assembled at that place; and, by a vote of sixty-three ayes to fifty- three noes, consented to hear Mr. Glenn, a commissioner from tlie State of Georgia; Glenn, upon being introduced to the convention, pro ceeded to read the articles of secession adopted by Georgia, and made a speech, stating the causes which induced his State to dis sever its connection with the federal government He strongly urged Missouri to join Georgia in the formation of a Southern Con federacy. His remarks were not favorably received by the mem bers, and were greeted with hissing, and other demonstrations, by the lobby. The next day resolutions were adopted, providing for the ap pointment of a committee to wait upon the commissioner from Georgia, and inform him that Missouri dissented from the position taken by that State, and very kindly, but emphatically, declined to share the honors of secession with her. On the 6th, various resolutions were referred declining co-operation with Georgia in the secession movement. One, offered by Ex-Governor Stewart, declared that no overt act by the government, justifying secession, or revolution, had been committed. One, by Judge Orr, said that "Ours is the best government in the world, and we intend to preserve it." On the succeeding day, a great num ber of resolutions were introduced, and referred. Among the most important of them, was one providing for a committee to confer with the border states as to the best means of keeping the western states in the Union; another, declaring that secession was a dangerous political heresy; that the constitution had never failed to confer the blessings intended by its founders; that the Southern states had no excuse for seceding, and asking the Nor thern states to repeal all acts making the rendition of fugitive slaves difficult or impossible; another, that believing there was no excuse for co-ercion, Missouri would furnish neither men nor money for that purpose, and that a National convention be called, making the Crittenden compromise resolutions the basis of action; HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 155 another, that the General government be requested to yield up the custom-houses, and other offices in the seceded states, to the peo ple, and withdraw all the federal officers, and forces occupying them. The report of the committee on federal relations was made on the 9th of March by the chairman, Governor Gamble. After an explanation of all the circumstances surrounding the position, and affecting the interests of Missouri, it concluded with a series of resolutions, declaring that there was no cause compelling the State to dissolve its connection with the federal Union; that the people of tlie State earnestly desired a fair and amicable adjust ment of difficulties, and the Union perpetuated; that the Crit tenden resolutions afforded a basis of adjustment which would forever remove the cause of the difficulties from the arena of politics. It closed by giving an opinion that a national con vention, to amend the constitution, would produce the peace and quiet of the country; deprecating the employment of military force bjr the federal government to co-erce the seceding states, or the employment of force by the seceding states to assail the gov ernment of the United States; and earnestly recommended the federal government, as well as the seceded states, to stay the arm of military power, and on no pretense whatever bring upon the nation the horrors of civil war. The minority report was presented the next day. This report opposed the national convention recommended by the majority report, and proposed a convention of the border slave states in stead, to be held at Nashville, to decide upon such amendments to. the constitution as niight be satisfactory to them. It recom mended the Crittenden propositions, and advised the appoint ment of commissioners to Delaware. Maryland, Virginia, Ken tucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Arkansas, to secure the the co-operation of those states to the movement. A resolution was introduced, stating that information of a se cret conspiracy to force Missouri out of the Union, had been given in the public prints ; and that a committee be appointed to investigate the subject, and, if possible, ascertain the names of the conspirators. The resolution passed by a vote of fifty-two to thirty. The last act of the convention, previous to adjourn- 156 AN ILLUSTRATED ment, was to elect seven • delegates to the proposed border states convention. On the 27th of March, in the State legislature, a joint reso lution passed the House, to the effect that it was inexpedient for the General Assembly to take any steps for a national convention, to propose any amendments to the constitution, as recommended by the State convention. The Governor declared his policy to be in favor of peace, saying that he convened the legisla ture only for the purpose of more perfectly organizing the militia, and putting the State in a proper attitude of defense. He urged the president of the State convention not to call that body together for the passage of a secession ordinance; he was in favor of retaining the present status of the State, leaving it to time, and circumstances as they might arise, to determine the best course for Missouri to pursue. He thought the President, in calling out troops to subdue the seceded states, threatened civil war, and he pronounced the act unconstitutional and tending toward the establishment of consolidated despotism. He further recommended ample preparations against aggression by all as sailants; and appealed to the legislature to do nothing impru dently or precipitately, but endeavor to unite all for the preserva tion of the honor of the State, the security of property and the performance of the high duties imposed by their obligations to the country and their God. The news of the surrender of Camp Jackson was received at Jefferson City on the evening of the 10th of May, between* five and six o'clock, and produced a great panic in the legislature, then in session. The despatch was read and the military bill which was pending in the House,-, passed- within- fifteen minutes after wards.. It was sent to the Senate, and likewise passed that body; and, receiving the Governor's signature, became a law. By the provisions of the law, a military -fund was created for the purpose of arming and equipping the jnilitia. To this, was to be approp riated all the money then in the treasury, or afterwards to be re ceived on the assessments for 1860-61, as well as the proceeds of the special tax of one mill on the hundred dollars levied to secure the completion of certain railroads, or from other sources, except a sufficiency to carry on the State government, and support its HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 157 penal and.benevolent institutions. The Governor was authorized to receive a loan of $500,000 from the banks at any rate of inter est, not exceeding ten per cent. Fifteen cents on the hundred dol lars of the assessed valuation of taxable property in all the counties were ordered to be collected during the years 1861, 1862 and 1863, in addition to the tax levied by law. The Governor was authorized to purchase arms and munitions of war, and to issue $1,000,000 in bonds, payable respectively in February, 1862, 1863 and 1864, in sums of not less than five hundred dollars, to be received in pay ment of taxes. The military were placed under the command of the Governor, and every able-bodied man in the State was made sub ject to do military duty. The telegraph was then taken possession of, and everything remained in uncertainty, but the excitement began to abate.. The two Houses met at half past seven, and con tinued in Session until half past nine. Shortly after twelve o'clock, the whole town was aroused by theringing of bells and the shouts of men, calling the members of the legislature. The members hurried to the Capitol, and immediately went into secret session, which continued until half past three o'clock. The cause of this unusual commotion, was a dispatch which was received late at night, stating that 2,000 troops would leave St. Louis at eleven o'clock for Jefferson City. Before the two Houses adjourned, however, news was received that the Osage bridge had been burned, and it was pretty well settled that if the troops were on .the way, they could hardly get through, before ample prepara tions could be made to receive them. In consequence of this dispatch, 12,000 kegs of powder were at once loaded into wagons and sent off into the country, and the State treasure was also re moved to some place for safe keeping. The next day, matters became more quiet, and the true state of affairs was made known. The city of St. Louis, at this time, was the scene of great excitement. A camp of instruction had been formed under General Frost, in the western suburbs of the city, in pursuance of orders from the Governor of the State. He had directed the other military districts, also, to go into encampments with a view of acquiring a greater proficiency in military drill. This arrangement was not satisfactory to General Nathaniel LyOn, who; at this time, heid possession of the Arsenal. He put 158 AN ILLUSTRATED his troops in motion to the number, as Was represented, of four or five thousand, and proceeded through the city, to the camp of General Frost, and surrounded it, planting batteries on all the heights overlooking the camp. By this time an immense crowd of people had assembled in the vicinity. Numbers of men seized rifles, shot-guns, or whatever weapons they could procure; and rushed to the assistance of the State troops, but were, of course, obstructed in their design. Having made his arranged ¦ ments, General Lyon addressed a letter to General Frost, stating that his command was regarded as evidently hostile to the gov ernment of the United States; that it was made up of those se: cessioriists who had openly avbwed their hostility to the General government, and had:;been plotting the seizure of its property and the overthrow'of its authority; that he (General Frost) was openly in communication with the so-called Southern Confeder acy, which was then at war with the United States, and that he was receiving, at his camp, from the said confederacy, under its flag, large -Supplies of materials of war, most of which was known to be the property of the United States. For these and other reasons, whicli lie gaVe,"he demanded an immediate surrender of his command. Iii reply to this demand, General Frost not being in a condition to make resistance to a force so numerically su perior, surrendered. Immediately after the surrender, the city was in a most exciting condition; a riot took place, and a scene was presented, seldom witnessed.' The total number of killed and wounded was twenty-five. Among the arms taken at Camp Jack son were three thirty-two pounders, a large quantity of balls and bombs, several pieces- of artillery, twelve hundred rifles, six brass six-inch mortars, and a large quantity of other munitions of war. The- number of prisoners taken to the Arsenalwas six hundred and thirty-nine privates, and fifty officers. Under the influence of the dispatches received at the State Capitol, bills were introduced and passed both Houses, after one o'clock on - Sunday morning, giving the Governor more perfect control over St. Louis; also the most ample power for suppres sing riots and insurrectionary movements throughout the State. On the 15th of May, the legislature adjourned until September. On the same day, General Harney, who had arrived at St. sZ^^l^sfC&^l^ HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 159 Louis and resumed charge of his military department, issued a proclamation to tho people of the State. He described the mil itary bill of the legislature as a secession ordinance, and stated the purposes of the federal government in regard to Missouri; — stating that, whatever might be the termination of the unfortu nate condition of things in respect to the so-called cotton states, Missouri must share the destiny of the Union; and that the whole power of the government, if necessary, would be exerted to. maintain Missouri in her present position. On the 20th of May, a plan was agreed upon between Generals Harney and -Price, for the maintenance of peace, and the avoid ance of conflicts between the federal and State governments. This plan, however, proved unsuccessful; and, on the 11th of June, General Lyon, Colonel Frank P. Blair, and Major H. A. Conant, on the part of the government; and Governor Jackson, General Price, and Thomas N. Snead, on the part of the State, had a four hours' interview at St. Louis, whicli resulted in no pacific measures being adopted. Governor Jackson demanded that no United States forces should be quartered, or marched through the State. After the interview, the Governor returned to Jefferson City; and, on the 12th issued his proclamation, calling into active service fifty thousand of the State militia for the purpose of re pelling invasion, and for the protection of the lives, liberty and property of the citizens. He also gave his views on the events that had recently taken place ; — that a series of unprovoked and unparalleled outrages had been inflicted upon the peace and dig nity of the commonwealth, and upon the rights and liberties of the people by wicked and unprincipled men, professing to act under the authority of the United States government; that sol emn enactments of the legislature had been nullified ; that the volunteer soldiers had been taken prisoners and unoffending and defenseless men, women and children had been ruthlessly shot down and murdered, and other unbearable indignities heaped upon the State and the people. He closed by saying that while it was the duty of the citizens to obey all the constitutional requirements of the federal government, it was equally his duty to advise them that their first allegiance was due to their own State, and that they were under no obligation to obey the unconsti- 160 AN ILLUSTRATED tutional edicts of the military despotism which had enthroned itself at Washington. "Rise then," said he, "and drive out the invaders who have dared to desecrate the soil which your labors have made fruitful, and which is consecrated by your homes." The proclamation issued by General Lyon, on the 17th of June, five days after that of Governor Jackson, was designed not only to counteract the impression produced by the latter, but also to state the reason for the measures about to be commenced. He stated that the Governor and legislature sympathized with the secession movements, and adopted every means to effect a separa tion of the State from the federal government, and that con stant complaints had been made to him, and next to Washing ton, accompanied with appeals for relief by peaceful citizens from the exasperating hardships imposed by the military bill. This relief, General Lyon conceived it to be the duty of a just government to give. Its policy is found, he said, in the order of the Adjutant-General of the United States to General Harney under date of May 27, 1861. The movement of troops immediately commenced. On the 13th. the steamer Iatan, left St. Louis, with the second battalion of the first regiment of Missouri volunteers, one section of Tot- ten's light artillery, and two companies of regulars; and the steamer. J. C. Swan, with the first battalion of the first regiment under Colonel Frank P. Blair, and other sections of Totten's battery and a detachment of pioneers, and General Lyon and staff, num bering fifteen hundred men, for Jefferson City. Horses, wagons and all necessary camp equipages, ammunition and provisions for a long march, accompanied the expedition. On the 15th, they arrived at the Capital. Five companies of volunteers, under Lieutenant-Colonel Andrews, and a company of regular artillery under Captain Totteii. all under General Lyon, disembarked and occupied the city. Governor Jackson and the officers of the State government and many citizens had left on the 13th. On the next day, General Lyon marched for Booneville. Previ ously, however, he placed Colonel Henry Boernstein-, of the second Missouri volunteers, in command ; and, on the next day, the 17th of June, he issued a proclamation, declaring that he acted in the absence of the regular State authorities who had fled, to prevent HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 161 anarchy and lawlessness. Meanwhile Governor Jackson, on leaving Jefferson City, summoned the State troops to his support at Boone- ville which is situated on the south bank of the Missouri river, forty-eight miles north-west of Jefferson City. Several compa nies from the adjacent counties joined him under Colonel Mar maduke. Leaving Jefferson City on the 16th, General Lyon proceeded on the steamers, "A. McDowell," "Iatan" and "City of Louisiana," up the river, stopping for the night about one mile below Provi dence. Early in the morning, he started with his force, reaching Rochefort before six o'clock, when he learned that a small force of the State troops was a few miles below Booneville preparing to make a vigorous defense. Proceeding on, they discovered about six miles from the latter place on the bluffs, a battery, and also scouts moving. A landing was made about seven o'clock two miles farther down, on the south bank of the river, the troops soon beginning to move on the river road to Booneville. Fol lowing it about a mile and a half to the spot where it begins to ascend the bluffs, several shots announced the driving in of the enemy's pickets. On the summits of the bluffs, the enemy was posted. The federal force advanced and opened the engagement by throwing a few nine-pounder shells, while the infantry filed to the right and left and commenced a fire of musketry. The enemy stood their ground manfully for a time, then began to retire, and finally withdrew in order. The federal force was two thousand, only a small portion of which was engaged, and its loss was two killed and nine wounded. The number of the State troops was small. They admitted ten as killed and several as hav ing been taken prisoners. Some shoes, guns, blankets and other articles were taken by the federal troops. This was the first hos tile collision in the State between those representing the authority of the United States forces and those of the State. General Lyon thereupon deemed it necessary to issue a proclamation, in which he referred to the necessity which had arisen for action of the federal government, against those who were actively sympathiz ing with the secessionists. He said, his intention was to use the the force under his command for no other purpose than the main tenance of the authority of the General government, and the 11 162 AN ILLUSTRATED protection of the rights and property of all law-abiding citizens. On the 18th of June, Governor Jackson was at Syracuse about twenty- five miles south of Booneville with about five hundred men. Property was taken from Union citizens by force, also the rolling stock of the railroad, when further retired to Warsaw, de stroying the Lamoine bridge, a costly structure, six miles west of Syracuse. On the same day a skirmish took place near the town of Cole between a force of Union Home Guards and State troops from Warsaw, in which the former were put to flight. Military affairs now progressed so rapidly, that the force con centrated in the State reached 10,000 men : — 2,500 stationed at Herman, and Jefferson City; 3,200 at Rolla, the terminus of the south-west branch of the Pacific railroad; 1,000 on the North Missouri railroad; and 1,000 at Bird's Point, opposite Cairo. In addition to these, there was a force of 2,500 remaining at St. Louis, which could have been increased to 10,000 in a few hours by accessions from the neighboring camps in Illinois. These troops held the entire portion of the State north of the river, the south-east quarter lying between the Mississippi and a line drawn southward from Jefferson city to the Arkansas border; thus giving to the federal government the important points of St. Louis, Hannibal, St. Joseph and Bird's Point, as a base of operations, with the rivers and railroads as a means of transportation, On the 24th, the State treasurer, the auditor, and land register, who had retired with the Governor, returned to Jefferson city, and took the oath of allegiance, and entered upon their duties. The Home Guard of the Capital were furnished with arms, and drilled under the direction of Colonel Boerstein, and in- trenchments for the defense of the place against attacks were erected. Several expeditions were sent by General Lyon to various parts' of the State, where collections of secessionists were reported, but the latter succeeded in getting away before the ar rival of the federal troops. In the latter part of June, General J. C. Fremont was ordered to take command of the Department of the West. Since General Harney had been ordered to another post, Lyon, who had been promoted from captain to a brigadier- generalship, had been in command. On the 5th of July, a sharp HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 163 engagement took place between some of General Lyon's troops, under Colonel Siegel, assisted by Colonel Salomon, and a body of State troops under General Rains and Colonel Parsons, at Carthage, in Jasper county, in south-western Missouri. This movement of General Lyon's, up the Missouri and through the central part of the State, had the effect to restrain the seces sionists, and prevent them from organizing a formidable force. ¦On the 3d of July, Lyon, with his forces, left Boonesville for the south-western counties of the State, intending to proceed as far as Springfield. General Sweeney was, in the meanwhile, at Springfield, with a small Union force. On the 4th of July, he issued a proclamation, requiring all troops and armed men in that section of the State, and which are arrayed against the gov ernment of the United States, to immediately disperse, and re turn to their homes. On the 6th, Lyon reached Springfield. His command was increased by the addition of the force of General .Sturgis, being then ten miles north of the town. On the 20th, or ders were given to General Sweeney, with twelve hundred men, to break up a confederate camp located at Forsyth, about fifty miles south of Springfield. They reached their destination at two •o'clock, p. m., on Monday, just in time to see the enemy rapidly retreating. Blankets, rifles, provisions, and a large quantity of lead, were captured. On the lst of August, Lyon ordered his entire command, with the exception of a small guard, to rendezvous at Crane's Creek, ten miles south of Springfield. The march commenced that afternoon, and the camp was reached about ten o'clock that night. The next morning the march was resumed, and about five o'clock that afternoon a body of the enemy were overtaken, when a brisk interchange of shots between the skirmishers took place. Upon this, a body of the enemy's infantry, about five hundred in num ber, approached, apparently with the design of cutting off an advanced body of the federal infantry. After several volleys were interchanged, a charge was made by a body of regulars. The enemy's ranks were broken and they retreated. The place of this skirmish was Dug Springs. The march was continued as far as Curran, twenty-six miles from Springfield. For pru dential reasons, Lyon determined to return to that town. The 164 AN ILLUSTRATED State troops, under General Sterling Price, were collected in the south-western counties, and encountered Lyon at Wilson's Creek, where, on the 10th of August, a battle was fought, in which the latter lost his life.. The locality of the battle was near Spring- fields The federal loss was 223 killed, 721 wounded, and 298 prisoners;' the confederate., loss, 421 killed, and 1,300 wounded. 1 This, was theseverest engagement of the year.. In Hhe, northern, counties .the: same division of sentiment was. '. rapidly- arousing a' hostile. spirit. . Squads of troops were stationed ¦ at important places, while State ..troops gathered to oppose them. The destruction of property -. arid bloody skirmishes soon ^followed. : .At Monroe , station, thirty miles wes.t of Hannibal, an attack k was., made, by confederate, troops on 'the 11th of July; on, the. "railroad Station -house, which was burned, together with, eighteen freight! cars', .A portion: of the railroad track was torn ..up on each side of the town.: On the same night the bridge of the Hannibal and' ;St; Joseph railroad was burned. On the .16th a skirmish took' place at Mill ville, about thirty miles above St. Charles, on. the North Missouri railroad. About eight hundred Uniontroops had reached this point when the track was. torn up, and they were '. fired upon by a secession force; ;a small number were killed -and wounded on each side. . A little further south in Fulton, Callaway county, about twenty :three- miles' ;rrrorth-east of Jefferson City; a skirmish took place on the 17th, -between Colonel McNeil with about 600 men, and. General /Harris with a considerable force. The, latter was, routed;with a". loss. of several.prisoners.- On the 19th General John Pope who!had been assigned, to. the command in northern Missouri, issued a. proclamation at St. Charles. His command in north Missouri' was seven. thousand. strong; and so posted that Jefferson City, Boorieville,; Lexington, and all the- principal points in. that; section of the' State were within easy striking distances. ....... ... .... Such is a brief notice of the actual skirmishes and battles which took place in the State during the month of July, 1861, including the events at Dug Spririgs and Wilson's Creek in the month of August. They afford an indication of the excitement, the uncertainty, and the division of sentiment, which existed at ELIAS V. WILSON. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 165 that time. It is believed that a majority of the people of the State were Union men, and that the decided action of the State convention secured their adhesion to the support of the federal government. On the 6th of July, a majority of the committee of the con vention of the State, charged with the duty of convening said convention prior to the third Monday of December, issued a call for a meeting on the 22d day of July, at Jefferson City. At that time the State convention re-assembled. New questions were presented for its consideration, of which there were no precedents. The Governor legally chosen had left the capital, after initiating against the national government a military demonstration that had resulted in disaster to himself and his adherents. The Lieutenant-Governor, who of right should have succeeded the Governor, was an exile from the State, and was believed to be engaged in schemes which incapacitated him for a proper discharge of the executive functions in a loyal common wealth. Nor was the president pro tempore of the Senate pres ent to take the place of the Lieutenant-Governor, the speaker of the House to take the place of president pro tem. Thns the executive department was without a head, and the important functions of Governor remained undischarged. In the State convention, the first business was to declare the seat of General Price, as president of the convention, vacant. A committee of seven was appointed, to whom were referred several resolutions relative to the state of affairs. On the 25th the committee presented their report. It alluded at length to the unparalled condition of affairs, the reckless course of the recent government, and flight of the Governor and other State officers from the Capital. It declared the offices of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Secretary of State, vacant, and pro vided that their vacancies should be filled by the convention, the officers so appointed to hold their positions until August, 1862, at which time it recommended a special election by the people. The report was adopted. On the 30th of July, the convention declared vacant the offices of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Secretary of State, by a vote of fifty-six to twenty- five. The seats of the members of the General Assembly 166 AN ILLUSTRATED were' also declared vacant by a vote of fifty-two to twenty- eight. On the next day, Hamilton R. Gamble was elected Provisional Governor; Willard P. Hall, Lieutenant-Governor; Mordecai Oliver, Secretary of State. These officers were at once inaugurated. The first Monday in November was fixed as the day for the election, by the people, of State officers, and after the transaction of some unimportant business, and the presentation of an address to the people of the State, the convention adjourned until the third Monday in December,. unless sooner called together by the new government, should the public safety demand it. About the time this address was made, Lieutenant-Governor Reynolds issued a proclamation at New Madrid, addressed to the people of Missouri. He said : " I return to the State to accom pany in my official capacity one of the armies which the warrior statesman, whose genius now presides over the affairs of one half of the Union, has prepared to advance against the common foe," and that as far as he was concerned no authority of the United States would be permitted ; and that of Missouri, as a sovereign and independent State, would be exercised with a view to her speedy union with her Southern Sisters. He further stated that the forces of the confederate States under the command of Gen eral Pillow had entered Missouri under the invitation of Governor Jackson "to aid in expelling the enemies from the State"; and, as acting governor of Missouri, in the temporary absence of Gov ernor Jackson, he authorized General Pillow to make and enforce all needful police regulations as he deemed necessary; ex tending like authority to Brigadier-General Jefferson Thompson, from whose military experience brilliant services were confidently expected. On the succeeding day, August lst, General Thompson issued a proclamation to the people, calling for troops, saying: "We have forty thousand Belgian muskets coming — we will strike your foes like a Southern thunderbolt, and soon our camp- fires will illuminate the Meramec and Missouri." On the 3d of August, 1861, two days after his inauguration, Governor Gamble issued a proclamation to the people, in which he stated that a most unfortunate and unnatural condition of feeling existed among citizens, amounting to actual hostility, and HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 167 leading, often, to scenes of violence and bloodshed, in many parts of the State; and it was believed that many citizens in arms had responded to the Governor in June, from a sense of obligation to obey the State authority. He expressed it to be the special object of his proclamation to notify all citizens who were embodied under the act of the last session of the legislative Assembly, popularly called the " military law," that the law had been abrogated, the troops disbanded, and the commissions under the act an nulled. All soldiers and officers were enjoined to cease action in a military capacity; and the officers and troops belonging to the confederate States were notified at once to depart from the State. Those citizens in arms, who, voluntarily, should return to their allegiance, and become peaceful and loyal, the general govern ment, he said, promised to protect. Two days after, Governor Jackson, who had hastily returned from Richmond, issued a provisional declaration of independence of the State, and her separation from the Union. He gave his reasons at length, justifying a separation of the State from the federal Union, and closed by saying that " the acts of President Lincoln having been indorsed by Congress and the people of the Northern States, the war thus commenced by him had been made the act of the government and nation over which he ruled ; there fore, by the acts of the people and government of the United States, the political connection heretofore existing between said States and the people and government of Missouri, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that the State of Missouri, as a sov ereign, free and independent republic, has full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliance, establish commerce, and to do all other acts which independent States may of right do. " On the 26th of July, General Fremont arrived at St. Louis to take command of the western department, in • place of General Harney removed to another field. Military preparations were immediately commenced with great rigor. The accumulation and organization of Union troops at St. Louis, and other points, added to the strength of Fremont, while the stringent regulations adopt ed by General Pope, on the 13th of August, kept the navigation of the Missouri river open for traffic. In the border counties, bodies of men were organizing to co- 168 AN ILLUSTRATED v operate with McCulioch, in a contemplated advance. A lack of provisions was the chief embarrassment to the confederate forces at this time. Pillow was contemplating a movement, and also Thompson, who was near Benton, in Scott county, while the former was at New Madrid. Amid these exciting circum stances, Fremont issued a proclamation and a special mil itary order. He said, that circumstances, in his judgment, rendered it necessary that the commanding general of the de partment should assume the administrative power of the State. Its disordered condition, the helplessness of the civil author ity, the total insecurity of life, and the devastation of property, by bands of murderers and marauders, who infested nearly every county of the State, demand the severest measures to repress the daily increasing crimes and outrages, which were driving off the inhabitants and ruining the State; and that in order to suppress disorder, to maintain as far as then practicable, the public peace, he declared martial law throughout the State of Missouri. He further said that all persons who should be taken with arms in their hands within the lines (therein described) should be tried by a court-martial, and if found guilty would be shot. The property, real and personal, of all persons in the State, who should take up arms against the United States, or who should be directly proven to have taken active part with their enemies in the field, was declared to be confiscated to the public use, and their slaves, if any they had, declared free men. President Lincoln, in a letter to Fremont, dated September 11th, objected to so much of the proclamation as related to the confiscation of property and the liberation of slaves; and that portion of it was so modified as to conform to the law of Con gress, approved August 6th, 1861, on the confiscation of property used for insurrectionary purposes. The month of September was spent by the federal commander in making preparation for future movements. His plan appeared to have been to advance into the south-western part of the State, with such force as would compel the confederate commander to evacuate Missouri. A large army from the north-west was therefore gathered at St. Louis, and at the same time a line of fortification was commenced around it. The capture of Lexington, and Colonel Mulligan's troops by HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 169 General Price, on the 21st of September, was an important affair to the confederates; and caused Fremont, on the 27th of that month, to hasten from St. Louis to Jefferson City. On the 3d of October, the confederates abandoned Lexington; and, as the Union force concentrated at Jefferson City, Price retired to Spring field, and still further south. His force was estimated at not less than twenty thousand men. The advance of Fremont in the south-west was made in five divisions under Generals Hunter, Pope, Siegel, Arboth and McKinstry. On the 14th of October, he arrived at Warsaw, on the Osage riv er, sixty -five miles south-west of Jefferson City, where he pre pared to cross by means of a bridge. On the opposite bank was a considerable confederate cavalry force at the time of his arrival, which was dispersed by canister shot. The bridge was finished about the 21st, and on the 26th, the troops reached Bolivar. On the 27th, Fremont arrived at Springfield, when the national flag was displayed. On the 25th, Major Charles Zagonyi, commander of Fremont's body-guard, with one hundred and sixty mounted troops of that guard, made a brilliant attack upon the confederate forces sta tioned near the city, over 2,000 in number, who, having been in formed of his coming, were drawn up in order of battle to receive him. He charged with his little band up a steep hill, in the face of a most murderous fire, and after a short action, drove them into, through, and out of the town, with a loss of fifty killed, wounded and missing. The confederate loss was sixty killed and a large number wounded. A number of skirmishes took place between the union troops and the confederates, during the month of October. On the lst of November, an agreement was entered into between Fremont and Price, that a joint j)roclamation should be signed by them respectively, which should provide for certain objects therein specified. This proclamation was signed by both officers, and published. After the removal of Fremont, the command devolved on Gen eral Hunter, who, on the 7th of November, addressed a letter to Price, in which he recapitulated the agreement, and said: "As •General commanding the forces of the United States in this de- 170 AN ILLUSTRATED partment, I can in no manner recognize the agreement aforesaid, or any of its provisions, whether implied or direct, and I can neither issue, nor allow to be issued, the 'joint proclamation,' purporting to have been signed by you, and Major-General Fre mont on the lst day of November." Fremont received the order for his removal from the command on the 2d of November. He had arrived at Springfield only a few days previous at the head of an army, and was then in pur suit of the confederate forces. Although not altogether unex pected, it occasioned much excitement in his command; and many officers were disposed to resign. I^remont, however, issued a patriotic farewell address, urging the army to cordially sup port his successor, and expressing regret to leave on the eve of a battle they were sure to win. He returned to St. Louis and found a large assemblage gathered to greet him. The citizens presented him an address and resolutions, expressive of tlieir high con fidence in his ability in the discharge of his duties, to which he suitably replied. On the 11th of October, the State convention re-assembled at St. Louis. The Governor in his message to that body, asked for a simple and more efficient military law, and recommended means to provide for carrying on the' State government, and" to meet the present emergencies. An ordinance was adopted, to postpone the State election until the first Monday in November, 1862, and providing for the continuance of the Governor, Lieu tenant-Governor, and Secretary of State in office, until their successors should be duly appointed. Another ordinance was- passed, providing for the abolition of certain offices, and for the reducing of salaries; it also contained a section providing that all persons taking the oath prescribed by the ordinance, within thirty days after its passage, should be exempt from arrest or punishment for taking up arms against the provisional govern ment of the State, or giving aid or comfort to its enemies; and the Governor was directed to request the President, in the name of the people of the State of Missouri, by proclamation, to ex empt all persons taking the said oath from all penalties incurred by taking up arms against the United States, or giving aid and comfort to the enemy. The objects before the convention having- JOHN R. WOODSIDE. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 171 been accomplished by providing sufficient funds, and authorizing the State officers to continue until their successors were ap pointed, the convention adjourned. In the last two weeks of December, the federal army captured 2,500 prisoners, including seventy commissioned officers, 1,200 horses and mules, 1,100 stand of arms, two tons of powder, 100 wagons, and an immense amount of commissary stores and camp equipage. Several skirmishes took place during these operations. On the 22d of November, the town of Warsaw was burned by in- cendaries to prevent its further occupation by union troops. At Salem a skirmish took place, December 3d. Several were killed on both sides. At Shawanoe Mound, on the 18th, Pope captured 150 confederate prisoners, with wagons, tents, and baggage. At Milford, on the 18th, a body of the enemy were surrounded, 1,300 prisoners taken, including three colonels, and seventeen captains; 1,000 stand of arms, 1,000 horses, sixty-five wagons, and a large quantity of tents, baggage and supplies were captured. The close of military operations in the State at the approach of winter, left Halleck free to use a large part of his army in west ern Kentucky. The struggle in the State during the year was vigorous and active, especially on the part of Price, under the contracted resources at his command. It was thought at Rich mond that, if he had been zealous and efficiently seconded, he would have soon driven the federal force from Missouri, and thus have secured to the confederacy one of the most important western States ; such an acquisition would have involved the des tinies of Kansas, the Indian Nation, Arizona, and New Mexico. The possession of this vast territory west and south, was the occasion for the contest made by the confederate States in Mis souri. On the night of the 20th of December, some men who had re turned from Price's army, destroyed about one hundred miles of the Missouri railroad, or rendered it useless. Commencing eight miles south of Hudson, they burned the bridges, wood-piles, water-tanks, ties, and tore up the rails for miles, and destroyed the telegraph. A meeting of tlie legislature, composed of southern sympathiz ers, was held at Neosho, Newton county, about 200 miles south- 172 AN ILLUSTRATED west of Jefferson City. There were twenty-three members in the upper, and seventy-seven in the lower House. An act passed unanimously, on the second of November, to ratify an arrange ment between certain commissioners of the State and the confed erate government, by which Missouri was to become a member of the confederacy. This agreement provided that the State of Mis souri should be admitted into said confederacy, on an equal foot ing with the other states composing the same, on the fulfillment of certain conditions, among which was one that the State turn over to said confederate states all public property, naval stores, and munitions of war, of which she might then be in possession. This arrangement was made at Richmond, on the 31st day of October, and signed by E. C. Cabell and Thomas L. Snead, on the part of the State of Missouri, and R. M. T. Hunter, secretary of the confederate states. The same bod3r elected as senators to the confederate Congress, John B. Clark, and R. L. V. Peyton; and Thomas A. Harris, Casper W. Bell, A. H. Conad, Thomas Freeman, George Vest, Dr. Hyer and William M. Cooke repre sentatives in Congress at Richmond. During the year 1861, Missouri was sadly devasted, and its inhabitants suffered untold hardships. There were not less than sixty battles and skirmishes between the federal forces and the confederate troops, or those syrripathizing with the southern cause, during the year. Many of its citizens favored the South, from honest convictions that they were doing their duty to the State, in, opposing the measures of the federal government, and were, undoubtedly, conscientious in their convictions. This first year of the war was a severe one to the people generally; as all de partments of industry were seriously affected by its operations. The commencement of 1862 found Missouri in a more quiet condition than for many months previous, although hostilities, conducted on a larger and more systematic scale, had been X8G2 anticipated. The army of Sterling Price remained around Springfield in the southern part of the State, and was represented to be largely made up of Missouri militia, whose stability could not be depended on in the event of a retreat. Along the south ern and western frontiers, the opeiations of guerillas caused occa sional disturbance, but the central and northern parts of the State, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 173 together with the counties bordering on the Mississippi, remained tolerably quiet. At St. Louis, early in the year, in consequence of complaints of disproportionate assessments having been made under, the opera tions of " Order No. 24," levying assessments on wealthy Southern sympathizers for the support of union refugees, General' Halleck appointed a new board of assessors to revise the former list, and make such modifications as circumstances demanded. Several citizens assest having failed to pay their assessments, their prop erty was ordered to be seized under execution. One of the number, Samuel Engler, a prominent merchant, with a view of testing the legality of the transaction, caused a writ of replevin to be served on the Provost-Marshal to recover the property taken from him; whereupon he and his attorney were arrested and lodged in the military prison. On the 9th of January, the Provost-Marshal General issued an order requiring all publishers of newspapers in Missouri, those of St. Louis excepted, to furnish him with a copy of each issue for inspection, under the penalty of having their papers suppressed ; and some excitement was caused on the same day in the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce, by the refusal of the southern members who were in a majority, and who had just elected officers of their own views, to admit a number of union appli- plicants for membership. The consequence was the withdrawal of the union members, and the establishment of a union Cham ber of Commerce. The indication of latent sympathy with the southern confeder acy, which was afforded by this occurrence, determined Halleck to adopt more stringent measures to secure adherence to the gov ernment; and, on the 26th, he issued an order requiring all the officers of the St. Louis Mercantile Library Association to take the oath of allegiance prescribed by Article VI. of the State ordinance of October 16th, 1861; and those who neglected or refused to file a copy of the oath so subscribed, in the office of the Provost- Marshal General, within ten days, were to be deemed as having resigned. If such persons persisted in the exercise of the func tions of such office, they were to be arrested for contempt, and punished according to the laws of war. Those found bearing the 174 AN ILLUSTRATED enemy's flag on their carriages or vehicles, or otherwise display ing the same, were also to be arrested and imprisoned, and such carriages seized and confiscated. This measure was followed by the promulgation of an order, dated February 3d, requiring the president and faculty of the University of Missouri to take the oath of allegiance, under tlie penalty of having their offices vacated. " This institution having been endowed by the government of the United States, its funds should not be used to instruct traitors." The older exacted a x similar oath from the presidents and managers of all railroads in the State, and directed the commissary arid subsistence depart ments to deal with hone but those who had taken the oath, or who were approved loyal. The arrest and trial of the persons apprehended in northern Missouri for destroying bridges, and other property of the Hanni bal and St. Joseph railroad, took place before a military commis sion in Palmyra; and, in the latter part of January, eight per sons were found guilty, and sentenced to be shot. General Hal leck approved the sentence, and ordered it to be carried into effect in the succeeding month. In the last week of January, the national forces under General Curtis, commenced their march southward, and on the 13th of February the advance guard entered Springfield, Price retiring across the boundary into Arkansas at their approach. This movement for the time, freed the State of the presence of armed opponents of the General government; and the St. Louis papers of February 22, announced with no little satisfaction, that " the last vestige of military insurrection had been swept away." In view of this fact, Halleck issued an order abating the stringent military regulations in force in the State, and mitigating the sen tence of death against the bridge burners, to close confinement in the military prison. Lieutenant-Governor Hall, in the absence of Governor Gamble, appointed Robert Wilson (president of the State convention) and John B. Henderson, (a Douglas democrat) United States Sena tors, in the place of Waldo P. Johnson, and Trusten Polk, whose seats had been declared vacant by a resolution of the Senate of the 10th of January. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 175 The departure of- Halleck for Corinth, in April, left General Schofield in command of the greater part of the State; and on June lst, he assumed command of the entire department of Mis souri, fixing his headquarters at St. Louis. The State convention met pursuant to adjournment, at the capital on the 3d of June. Governor Gamble in his official com munication, reviewed the history of affairs during the interval succeeding the adjournment of the convention, showing that the finances of the State were still in an unsettled condition, only forty-one counties out of the one hundred and twelve having re turned tax-books for the year 1861. Of the $640,220 due from these, not more than $253,386 had been paid in. The indebted ness of the counties not heard from was very large; but officers were finding it more easy to make collections, and in every way the condition of affairs was quite as favorable as when the present authorities received control of the government. In most parts of the State, courts of justice were open, and laws properly ad ministered, but elsewhere disturbance and crime were perpetrated under the name of guerrilla warfare. He doubted the expediency of electing members of Congress seventeen months before taking their seats; and, in view of the fact that a large body of the voters of the State were absent as volunteers, he suggested the re peal of the ordinance passed in the previous November, which provided for an election of executive officers, and for the ratifica tion of the provisional government in August. On the 4th of June, the committee on elections reported bills, continuing the present officers of the State until 1864, repealing the ordinance submitting the action of the convention to the people, and defining the qualification of voters in the State. The last named bill prohibited all confederates from holding office or voting, except on condition of taking the oath to support the constitution of the United States, and Missouri ; and required judges of all elections to administer a similar oath to all voters. On the 7th, Judge Breckenridge, of St. Louis, introduced a bill for gradual emancipation, framed in accordance with the President's message to Congress, which he supported in an able manner, as the only measure at all likely to quiet the agitation rapidly growing in the State. At the conclusion of his remarks, 176 AN ILLUSTRATED Mr. Hall, of Randolph county, moved to lay the bill upon the table, which was carried by yeas, fifty-two; nays, nineteen. He then moved to reconsider the motion to lay upon the table, and to lay that motion upon the table. This was agreed to, and thus the emancipation scheme was thwarted, almost at its inception. During the 9th and, 10th days, the convention was chiefly occupied in discussing the bill defining the qualifications of voters, which had been reported back without the disfranchising dause. An amendment offered by Judge Breckenridge, "to dis franchise all persons engaged in rebellion, subsequent to Decem ber 17, 1861, was, after ^a' protracted debate, carried by a vote of thirty-five ayes, to thirty one noes, and the bill was finally passed by forty -two yeas,- to twenty-seven nays. The chief objection urged against the amendment was,, that it would discourage emi gration from the Southern states. On the 11th, the bill to continue the present provisional gov ernment, and postpone the election of State officers until 1864, elicited much discussion, and was finally lost by yeas, thirty-one, nays thirty-five, but the next day the vote was reconsidered by yeas forty-three, nay& fifteen, and the; bill was passed: yeas forty- five, nays twenty -one. A resolution expressing the confidences!" the convention; in the integrity and patriotism, of Governor Gam ble,- and other State officers,- was also unanimously passed. An ordinance -was then adopted, fixing the' time for all subsequent general elections, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November; and the convention adjourned to the 4th of July, 1863, unless sooner called together by the Governor. On the 16th of June, -in pursuance of a call issued some time previous, a mass convention of -emancipationists, consisting; of one hundred and ninety-five delegates from twenty-five counties, assembled at Jefferson City, to organize the party for the fall elections. A considerable number, if not a majority of the mem bers,, were slave-holders. Among the resolutions passed was one declaring that they -were iri. favor of initiating forthwith a sys tem of emancipation for the State of* Missouri, gradual in its character, and the operation of which should be so adjusted as not to work injury to the peculiar' interests of any loyal citizens, whose vested property rights were involved, and not to dis- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 177 turb, by any violent disruption, the social relations in the commonwealth. One was also passed to the effect, that it should be the duty of the next General Assembly to take measures for securing from the national government the aid pledged by reso lution of Congress to those states, undertaking the establishment of a system of gradual emancipation, and that the same should be so disposed, as to insure compensation for such as might be ad judged entitled to compensation, for any losses sustained in the inauguration and consummation of such a policy. Scarcely had the two conventions dissolved, when the State was threatened by a new and formidable outbreak of guerrillas, who were emboldened by the absence of the greater part of the national forces, to repeat, on a more extensive scale, their operations of the previous year. The greater part of them consisted of the dis banded troops of General Price. By the middle of July, the whole northern and western parts of the State were disturbed by ¦minors of guerrilla raids and. outrages. In the north-east quar ter, Porter and Quantrell began, as early as the last week in June, to gather followers about them; and early in July, the former was defeated, and his band dispersed, at Cherry Grove, in Schuyler county, on the Iowa line. The increasing alarm in the State, heightened by the apprehen sion that the sudden rising of the guerrillas was to be followed by another invasion from the South, rendered neceesary vigorous measures of defense; and, on the 22d of July, Governor Gamble issued an order authorizing Brigadier-General J. M. Schofield, of the State militia, to organize the entire militia of the State into companies, regiments, and brigades, and to order into active ser vice, such portions of the force thus organized as he might judge necessary for the putting down of all marauders, and defending peaceful citizens of the State. This order was followed, on the same day, by one from General Schofield for the immediate or ganization of all the militia of Missouri, for the purpose of exter minating the guerrillas infecting the State. On the 28th of July, Colonels Porter and Cobb were defeated in Callaway county, on the Missouri river; but within three days the former captured Newark, in Knox county, with two companies of national troops. About the same time a new partisan leader, 178 AN ILLUSTRATED Colonel Poindexter, began to be active in the central counties on the Missouri, and during the first week in August his movements, together with those of Colonel Qnantrell in the west, com pelled the national commanders to take additional measures of precaution. On the 6th of August, Colonel Porter was disas trously defeated by Colonel McNeil, at Kirksville, in Adair county and for several weeks was compelled to keep aloof from ative operations ; as a consequence the war shifted to central and western Missouri, where Colonels Coffee and McBride were re: ported to have come to the assistance of Quantrell. After a series of desultory skirmishes, an attack was made, on the 13th, by the combined bands of those leaders who had been joined a short time previous by Colonel Hughes and other officers of the confederate army, upon Independence, resulting in a severe defeat of the State troops ; and two days later, a body of 800 of the latter were drawn into an ambuscade at Lone Jack, Jackson county, by Quantrell and Coffee, losing two pieces of cannon and a number of prisoners. Heavy reinforcements under General Blunt, of Kansas, coining up, however, the guerrillas beat a hasty retreat southward to the Arkansas line. No sooner was the south-west cleared of guerillas, than their operations commenced in the north with renewed activity. Poin dexter, after several defeats, was captured early in September, but so daring were the raids of Porter and his followers, 'in Lewis, Maries, and other north-eastern counties, that a Palmyra news paper declared the whole of that part of the State, " to be in possession of the rebels, with the exception of the posts imme diately garrisoned by State, or United States troops." It esti mated the number of confederates at 5,000, divided into numer ous small bands, and commanded by reckless and enterprising leaders. On the 12th, Palmyra occupied by a small Union gar rison, was plundered by Porter's force; but subsequently, to the 15th, the efforts of McNeil, Guitar, and other Union commanders, began to discourage the guerillas, whose strength was gradually frittered away. On the 19th of September the states of Mis souri, Kansas, and Arkansas, were formed into a military district under the command of General Curtis, and soon after, General Schofield assumed command of the so-called HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 179 "Army of the Frontier," in south-west Missouri. Moving with great rapidity, and in considerable force, he broke up a for midable camp in Newtonia, and by the 10th of October, had driven the enemy completely over the Arkansas border. In the latter part of the same month, Colonels Lazear and Dewry, de feated the confederate bands in south-eastern Missouri, in several engagements, capturing many prisoners, and driving them finally into Arkansas. Quantrell had re-appeared in the west in the mid- ¦ die of September, but was almost uniformally beaten in his en counters with the State troops, and by the end of October, the war both there and in the north was practically ended. Early in October, the political parties began to prepare for the November election. The issue of emancipation or anti-emanci pation was at once distinctly set before the people of the State. Those in favor of emancipation, however, were divided in senti ment on several important points, the radical portion, under the lead of B. Gratz Brown, being in fayor of immediate emancipa tion, while the more conservative of the party, represented by Francis P. Blair, urged a gradual removal of slavery from the State. Many of the latter were slaveholders, and residents of large slave-holding districts, and although pledged unconditionally to the maintenance of the Union, were necessarily averse to the too sudden dissolution of the relations of master and slaves. Through out the State generally, the two divisions of the party united in the support of the same candidate; but in St. Louis a somewhat bitter contest was waged between them. The election took place on Tuesday, November 4th, and re sulted in the choice of F. P. Blair, first district; H. T. Blow, second district; J. W. Noell, third district; S. H Boyd, fourth district; J. W. McClurg, fifth district; A. A. King, sixth dis trict; Benjamin Loan, seventh district; Willard A. Hall, eighth district; and J. S. Rollins, ninth district; as members of Con gress. Of these, Blair, Blow, Noell, Boyd, McClurg and Loan, were avowed emancipationists; Kink and Hall, democrats; and Rollins a Union man. In St. Louis, the contest between ' Blair and Knox, the radical emancipation candidate, was very close, the official return showing a vote of 4,743 for Blair, to 4,590 for Knox; and 2,536 for Bogy, democrat. The emancipationists 180 AN ILLUSTRATED were equally successful in securing a majority in both branches of the legislature ; that in the lower House being large. On the 29th of December, 1862, the new legislature (the twen ty-second General Assembly) met at Jefferson City, and the House of Representatives was organized by the electiori of L. C. Marvin, of Henry county, the emancipation candidate, for speaker, by a vote of sixty-seven to forty-two. W. C. Gault, of St. Louis county, was elected chief clerk. I. V. Pratt was choseri secre tary of the Senate. On the succeeding day, Governor Gamble submitted his annual message. After congratulating the legis lature and State upon the fact that a union General Assembly had at length been convened, he reviewed the condition of the State since the separation movement, and showed that the num ber of volunteers from Missouri, after allowing for the casualties, of war, and mustering out irregularly enlisted troops, was 27,500, which, with 10,500 State militia, gave a total force of 38,000 men in the service for the war. The enrolled militia, numbering 5-2-,^ 000, would give the State the grand total of 90,000, the latter force furnishing a large body of men, armed, and equipped for any emergency. The indebtedness of the State was stated to- be $27,370,090; of whicli $22,150,000 was in aid of railroads; Platte county, $700,000; revenue bonds, $431,000; State defense war rants, $725,000; arrears of interest due,- $1,812,090, and a mis cellaneous debt of $602,000. On the subject of emancipation, he said that he had long been convinced that the material interests of the State would be advanced by substituting free for slave labor, and recommended a plan by which the children of slaves born after the passage of this act should be free, but remain under the control" of their owners until they had arrived at a certain age, the owners to be compensated for the deminished value of slave mothers, after be ing thus rendered incapable of bearing slave children. On the 5th of January, 1863, the two Houses met in joint con vention to elect a United States Senator for the unexpired term of Trusten Polk, until March 4th, 1863; and one for the term expiring March 4th, 1867, it being the unex pired term of Waldo P. Johnson; and one for the term of six years from and after March 4th, 1867. John B. Henderson HISTORY OB' MISSOURI. 181 A;; was elected for the unexpired term of Trusten Polk, to March -4th, 1863, receiving one hundred and four votes, and Robert Wil son forty-seven votes.. The convention took a vote to fill the un expired term of W. P. Johnson, but there being no choice, the convention adjourned from time to time to fill such unexpired term; until the 11th of February, when the 30th"ballot was taken; and there being no choice, the convention adjourned until the flrst Thursday in November ensuing. The General Assembly adjourned on the 22d of March, to meet on the second Tuesday in November, 1863. A law was enacted, at this sesson, to exempt a homestead from sale; one accepting a grant of lands from Con gress for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts ; and one appropriating money to the benevolent institutions of the State. A number of aets of a private and local character, relat ing chiefly to the incorporation of towns and cities, educational institutions, and other organizations, were also passed. The most exciting subject that agitated the minds of the peo ple of Missouri in the year 1863, was that of emancipation. The State convention, that originally convened for the purpose of passing an ordinance of secession, was controlled by union men, the friends of secession having mostly retired. In 1862, it passed an ordipance continuing the State officers, which it had previously elected, in office nntil the election in 1864. The subject of compensated emancipation was discussed in that body without any decided action. A legislature was elected in November of the same year, and assembled in December. Al though this body did not pass a joint resolution, at this session, or an act, making it the duty of the Governor to call the State convention together, yet he judged that their proceedings suffic iently indicated a wish that the convention should be convened. He accordingly called the convention to assemble on the 15th of July, 1863. The legislature, which met on the 29th of December, 1862, ad journed on the 23d of March, 1873. Affairs remained quiet un til the election in the city of St. Louis. This was carried by the unconditional union men, or radicals, by a large majority. This indicated a change in the sentiment of the people, on the subject ¦of emancipation. It led to apprehensions on the part of the con- 182 AN ILLUSTRATED servatives, lest the change should extend to the interior of the State, and thus give the radicals a controlling voice, and lead to speedy emancipation. To prevent this result, Governor Gamble issued a call for the adjourned convention to re-assemble in June. About the first of May, General Curtis, in command of the de partment of the* Missouri, was removed, and General Scho field appointed to his place.' The reason of this change, as given in a letter to Schofield by President Lineoln, was that he had the conviction that the union men of Missouri, constituting, when united, a large majority of the people, had entered into a pestilent factional quarrel among themselves, General Curtis, perhaps, not of choice, being the head of one faction, and Gov ernor Gamble, the other; and, as he could not remove Governor Gamble, he had to remove General Curtis. Soon after this change, delegations were sent on to Washing ton from each party to confer with the President. They were in formed that his Excellency was satisfied that immediate emanci pation would be detrimental to the interests of the State, and that as far as he was at present advised, the radicals in Missouri had no right to consider themselves the exponents of his views on. the subject of emancipation in that State.,' On the 15th of June, the State convention re-assembled. Gov ernor Gamble- serit in a message expressing- his views on the sub ject of emancipation. He also asserted, that the enrolled militia were adequate to preserve peace within the State. Several plans of emancipation were immediately proposed, looking to the eman cipation of. all slaves within a few months; perpetually prohibit ing slavery in the State; and proposing a system of apprentice ship for the slaves so emancipated, for such period as might be sufficient to avoid any inconvenience to the interests connected with slave labor, and to prepare the emancipated blacks for com plete freedom. On the 23d, a majority of the committee reported an ordinance of emancipation. Section second provided that slavery or involuntary servitude, except in the punishment of crime, should cease to exist in Missouri, on and after the 4th of July, 1870, and all slaves within the State on that day were de clared to be free. A minority report was also submitted, declar ing slavery to be abolished on the first of July ensuing. Gover- ' I ; ! - ¦¦ |__^ ¦ IN, WILLIAM F. SWITZLER. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 183 nor Gamble in his message to the convention, tendered his resig nation as Governor. A resolution was now offered providing for an election of the State officers by the people. To this a substi tute was offered, requesting Governor Gamble to withdraw his resignation, and continue to discharge the duties of the office.- The substitute was accepted and then adopted. The ordinance of emancipation was subsequently passed in the form in which it was reported by the State convention, which was originally called for the purpose of passing an ordinance of secession from the Union. The convention adjourned on the lst day of July. After the adjournment of the convention, a meeting was held at St. Louis, by those opposed to the scheme of emancipation adopted by the convention, as well as to the exemption of slave- property from taxation and to the postponement of the State election. Resolutions were adopted declaring these views, and looking to the next legislature to call a new convention. An active canvass for the support of the same was now made by the unconditional union men, or radical emancipationists, as they were called, which resulted in the assembling of a convention representing their views. This body met at Jefferson City, and consisted of delegates from four-fifths of the counties of the State. Resolutions were adopted sustaining the government in a vigorous prosecution of the war, — denouncing the military policy pursued in the State, and the delegation by the general government of the military power to a provisional State organi zation, — endorsing the President's emancipation proclamation, and asking its prompt execution, and demanding the legislature to call a new State convention, to take into consideration the grievances under which the State labored. Resolutions were also passed requesting Governor Gamble and Lieutenant-Governor Hall, to resign, and the President to remove General Schofield ; also denouncing Quantrell 's raid on Lawrence, and sympathizing with the survivors of the massacre; requesting the radical members of the legislature to vote for B. Gratz Brown, and Benjamin Loan, for United States Senators. There were in the State two bodies of soldiers, known as the Missouri militia. These were designated by the terms "Missouri State Mili tia " and " Enrolled Missouri Militia." The first were vol- 184 AN ILLUSTRATED unteer troops, enlisted in the service of the United States, and supported by the federal government, and their distinc tive feature was that they were intended exclusively for the protection of the State, and the Governor could, at his dis cretion, remove all officers. Ten regiments of this force were kept in service under the commanding general of the depart ment. The "Enrolled Missouri Militia" was an entirely dif ferent force, organized by order of the Governor, controlled by him, and at no time subject to the orders of the United States-. This force was enrolled in the summer of 1862, and kept up at the expense of the State, when in active service. In the latter part of December, Governor Gamble issued an order to the effect that the enrolled militia were under the ex clusive command of their own officers, except when they were by express orders placed under the command of United States of ficers; and, therefore, if any officer should engage in making as sessments in pursuance of orders from United States command ers, they would immediately suspend all action under said orders. In consequence of this, the provost-marshal general, of Missouri, and his assistants, were denied the^aid of the enrolled militia, iri enforcing their orders. General Schofield took command of the department, on the 24th of May, and on the 29th of that month, Governor Gamble issued an order that the command of the enrolled militia, then in active service within the State, including the provisional regiments, was conferred upon Major-General J. M. Schofield. This appointment had its effect, and the provost- marshal general received no aid from the local militia; neither could the unconditional Union men use this force to assist them in suppressing everything which looked like . sympathy with treason. The committee appointed by the last named convention proceeded to Washington^ and on the 30th of September, made an address to the President, recommending the cessation of all support from the treasury of the United States to the enrolled Missouri militia; the occupation of Missouri by United States troops; the appointment of a department commander in Mis souri who would not make himself a party to Governor Gamble's HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 185 pro-slavery policy. The President, after hearing the address, re plied that he failed to see that the condition of Missouri, and the wrongs and sufferings of the Union men, were to be attributed to weakness, wickedness, or immorality, but rather to civil war, — that he approved Schofield's action in preventing a counter raid into Missouri by the citizens of Kansas, as the only way to avoid indiscriminate massacre; that the charges against that officer, that he had purposely withheld protection from the loyal people, and purposely facilitated the objects of the dis loyal were altogether beyond belief; and he declined to remove him. The election held for Supreme Court judges resulted in the election of Judge Bates. The vote was 47,229 for Bates ; 46,548 for Clover. For the purpose of promoting immigration from Europe, an agent was sent out with the promise of a small salary from some of the railroad companies ; another was sent to Germany, by a manufac turer in St. Louis, to procure laborers necessary for the carrying on of his business. The State institutions, this year, were re ported in a more favorable condition. The second and adjourned session of the General Assembly, convened on the 10th day of November, 1863, Hon. Willard P. Hall, president of the Senate, in the chair, and the officers of both Houses being the same as at the first session. Governor Gamble sent in his annual message in which he said that as to the relations of the State to the federal government, there was then, within the State, no military organization hostile to the government, and that every indication was that the former feeling of hostility had settled down into a quiet acquiescence in the supremacy of the government; that this condition of affairs was fully exemplified by the fact that a body of rebels under the command of General Shelby, invaded the State from Arkansas, and penetrated as far as the Missouri river, was met by the . State troops alone, (State militia and enrolled militia) routed in battle, and driven out of the State without obtaining any acces sion to their number; while along their route, there was exhibited great activity among the people, in an endeavor to intercept them. He further gave accounts of the orders issuedby him for the for- 186 AN ILLUSTRATED \ mation of provisional regiments of militia, and the appointmp11;*0* a Major-General to command the volunteer troops, State ml™^ and the provisional regiments, that there might be unity of cS^-_ mand. He recommended the employment of immigration agents in Europe, for filling up the vacuum made in the population by the war, and by emancipation, and said that all the interests of the State, agricultural and manufacturing, would be promoted by an agency recognized and supported by the State authority. He also- said, in closing, that he had no recommendations to make, in addi tion to those made in his message to the legislature at their regu lar session, except that circumstances required that the strictest economy should be preserved in the management of State affairs. The legislature met in joint convention on the 12th of Novem ber, for 'the purpose of electing a United States Senator for the term expiring March 4, 1867, but failed to elect. On the succeed ing day, the convention proceded to a thirty-second ballot, and B. Gratz Brown received seventy-four votes and James O. Broadhead sixty-four votes, and two scattering. Brown was declared elected for the term expiring March 4, 1867. The convention then pro ceeded to vote for a United States Senator for the term expiring on the 4th of March, 1869. John B. Henderson received eighty- four votes, John S. Phelps forty-two, and twelve scattering. Henderson was declared duly eleeted. The General Assembly ad journed to February 16, 1864. A law was passed at this session, enabling the banks and tne branch banks of the State to wind up tlieir business and organize as national banks; one authorizing: the issue of State bonds to the amount of $150,000; one to provide means- to pay certain bonds ; one for repairing the Capitol building, and enclosing the same; and one to organize a State board of agricul ture. One was also passed to regulate the transportation of freight and passengers on the several railroads of the State ; and another for the assessment and collection of the revenue of the State; an act was likewise passed authorizing the call of a conven tion to consider such amendments to the constitution of the Stale- as might be by it deemed necessary for the emancipation of slaves ; and one to preserve in purity the elective franchise, and for the promotion of the public good. The convention was to meet at St. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 187 Louis on the 6th of January, 1865, and the election of delegates to be held in November. At the same time the people were to vote on the proposition whether they desired a convention or not. Of this legislature it may be said, that the unconditional union men had a majority in the House, but not in the Senate. CHAPTER XIX. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR THOMAS C. FLETCHER, 1864—1868. The annual election was held on the 8th of November, 1864. The vote for President Lincoln was 71,676; for McClellan, 31,626. The union candidate for Governor, Thomas C. Fletcher, was elected by a majority of 41,125 votes over Thomas L. Price. The total vote for a State convention was 89,215, of which there was a majority in favor of a convention of 37,793. Of the mem bers chosen to the convention, three-fourths belonged ' to the union party. The entire union or radical ticket for State officers was elected; also a large radical majority of the members of the Senate, and three-fourths of the Assembly. Eight out of nine radical candidates were elected to Congress. The same ticket was also elected in eighty of the one hundred and fourteen counties in the State. This was the first election for State officers which had been held in Missouri since the begin ning of the war. . The acting Governor, H. R. Gamble, had been chosen by the convention, and, also, the Lieutenant-Governor, W. P. JLall, who, succeeded on the decease of the former. The session of the twenty-third General Assembly, convened on the 2.6th. of December. Governor Hall, in his message to the legislature said, that on the first day of July, 1864, the State of Missouri had furnished by volunteer enlistments, "ten thousand more soldiers for the federal . army than her quota. Since that time eleven new regiments had been recruited and organized. The whole number of men furnished prior to February, 1864, was 59,676; number furnished since that date, 18,508. Veterans mustered to April 28, 1864, 1,409; enrolled militia reduced to three years standing by report of Adjutant-General, 2,174; total number furnished to 30th November, 1864, 81,767. In addition, ¦ ft X1 JOSEPH FLOOD. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 189 there had been in the field since July 31, 1864, more than 60,000 militia, in payment of which more than four millions of dollars had been expended. On the lst day of January, 1864, there was due the militia, $989,579.05, to provide for which the Gov ernor recommended an issue of bonds. The revenue of the State in 1863 and 1864, exceeded that of the year 1861 and 1862. During the years 1861 and 1862, the disturbances in all por tions of the State, utterly suspended and prostrated the schools in nearly the whole domain of the commonwealth. In 1863 many school-house doors were thrown open, and children gathered in the schools in all parts of the State. In 1864, nearly all the counties north of the Missouri river had their com mon schools in full operation, and in many counties, south of the river, schools were opened. The change about to, take place in the condition of the slaves, had already turned attention to their education, and to the relations which they should hold to the constitution of the State. It was estimated that nearly one-third of the population of 1860 had been lost to the State in consequence of the war. Even at that period the population was hardly sufficient to develop the resources and gather the harvests. Immigration was greatly needed. On the 2d of January, 1865, the two Houses met in joint con vention to examine the returns of the election of Gov ernor, and Lieutenant-Governor. Thomas C. Fletcher was declared duly elected Governor for the four years ensuing. George Smith, of Caldwell county, for Lieutenant-Governor. Both the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor then took the oath of office. In his message, the Governor recommended a revision of the or ganization of the State University, and its transformation into two or more departments, bearing directly upon the agricultural and mineral wealth of the State; he also recommended a law pro viding for a State Superintendent of Public Instruction; one for a revision of the militia law; and one providing for an immigra tion bureau. He also made suggestions on the railroad enterprises of the State. He referred to the physical advantages of the State, its excellent agricultural lands, iron, cobalt, and zinc mines, its coal fields and timber lands, and the magnificent and swift re wards that wait on industry, offering unexampled encourage- 190 AN ILLUSTRATED ment to immigration. The military policy in Arkansas and Mis souri, it was expected, would prevent the return of the confederate"' armies to the soil of either State. - The State constitutional convention assembled in St. Louis' on the 6th of January. It was composed of sixty-six members, and was organized by the election of Arnold Krekel, of St. Charles,' president. The first important action of the convention was the subject of the abolition of slavery in the State. On the 11th, a committee reported the following ordinance of emancipation: " Be it ordained, by the people of the State of Missouri, in con- vetnion assembled, That hereafter in this State there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; and all persons held to service or labor as slaves, are hereby declared free." The ordinance having passed to a second reading, Mr. Drake proposed an amendment in these words: " That no person can, on account of color, be disqualified as a witness, to be disabled to contract, or be prevented from acquiring, holding or transmitting property, or be liable to any other punishment for any offense, than that imposed on others for like causes, or be restricted iri the exercise of religious worship, or be hindered in receiving an education, or be subject in law to any restraints or disqualifica tions in regard to any personal rights than such as are held upon others, under like circumstances." After considerable discussion the amendment was rejected. Upon the settlement of several points of order, the vote was taken on the adoption of the ordi nance, resulting — ayes, fifty-one; noes, four; absent, two. The announcement of the vote was received with loud applause, with waving of handkerchiefs and swinging of hats. A resolution was offered and adopted that a copy of this ordinance, duly signed and attested, be sent by special messenger to the Governor of the State at Jefferson City, and that he be requested to issue his procla mation, stating that by an irrevocable act of the convention, " slavery is abolished in the State of Missouri now and forever." The resolution was adopted and the convention adjourned. Tlie whole number of slaves in Missouri, according to the census of 1860, was 114,931. On the following day, a message was received by the convention HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 191 from the Governor and legislature of Illinois, expressing their congratulations on the passage of the ordinance. Afterwards, a motion was made in the convention to pay the loyal owners for their slaves. It was laid upon the table — ayes, forty-four; noes, four. A motion to submit the ordinance of the convention to the people, after some discussion, was laid on the table — ayes, forty- four; noes four. Governor Fletcher, on the receipt of the information of the act of the convention, issued a proclamation, stating the action of the convention, and declaring " that henceforth, and forever, no person within the jurisdiction of the State shall be subject to any abridgment of liberty, except such as the law shall prescribe for the common good, or know any master but God." The oc casion was celebrated at St. Louis by the suspension of business during the day, and the decoration of the houses with flags, and at night by an illumination. On the 15th of February, the convention adopted a resolution, declaring that in their election the people intended " not only that slavery should be abolished, and disloyalty disfranchised, but that the constitution should be carefully revised and amended, to adapt it to the growth of the State." With this view the convention proceeded to make an entirely new consti tution. The previous constitution had been in operation nearly forty-five years, during which great improvements had been made in the local institutions of various States. The efforts of the convention were, therefore, directed to introduce or extend these beneficial changes to the institutions of Missouri; the system of free schools, under which gratuitous instruction was afforded to all between the ages of five and twenty years; the creation of corporations, which were authorized on general principles, and other changes similar to those gener ally adopted in the northern States. It was made a section of the constitution, that the legislature should have "no power to make compensation for emancipated slaves." Another section prohibited any religious society from owning, if in the country, more than five acres of land, and if in a town, or city, more than one acre; also rendering void all legacies, and devises, to any minister or rehgious teacher, as such, and to any religious so- 192 AN ILLUSTRATED ciety; another section established an "oath of loyalty," and de-' clared that no person who did not take the oath could vote, or hold any State, county, or municipal office, or act as a teacher in any school, or preach, or solemnize marriage, or practice law ; and af ter the first day of January, 1876, every person who was not a qualified voter prior to that time, should, in addition to the other qualifications required, be able to read and write, in order to be come a qualified voter; unless his inability to read and write should be the result of a physical weakness. The total vote on the new constitution on the 6th of June was 85,578, of which 43,670 were in favor, and 41,808 against it. The twenty-third General Assembly adjourned February 20th, 1865. On the 7th of March, Governor Fletcher issued a procla mation, stating that no organized force of the enemies of the federal government existed in the State, and calling upon the civil officers to resume their duties in all parts of the State, un der the laws thereof, and to arrest, and bind over all offenders against the criminal laws of the United States, as they were authorized to do; and on the 17th of March, Major-General Pope, then in command of the military department, issued his orders to aid in carrying out the proclamation of the governor. - Upon the adoption of measures to enforce the ordinance of the convention, and the provisions of the constitution, there were some exciting scenes. The first arose under the ordinance, va cating the public offices. The j udges of the higher courts declined to vacate. The Circuit Court of St. Louis county decided that there was no legal validity in the ordinance. New judges, — David Wagner, and Walter E. Lovelace, — were appointed by Governor Fletcher to the bench of the Supreme Court, in place of Judges Bay and Dryden. The latter gentlemen declined to vacate their places, and Governor Fletcher issued an order to General D. C. Coleman, to expel the aforesaid judges, and they were taken from their seats by the police, by whom they were escorted as prisoners to the office of Recorder Wolff. The clerk of the court, A. W. Mead, declining to yield his office, with books and papers, was also summarily ejected. The oath required of professional men also created much ex citement. The Missouri Baptists, at their thirteenth annual HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 193 meeting, held on the 19th and 20th of August, agreed to decline taking the oath required of ministers and teachers. Fifty mem- ,bers were present. They claimed that the oath was in conflict with the Constitution of tiie United States, and interfered with the freedom of the worshiping of God. The Catholic arch bishop informed his clergy that they could not take the oath without a sacrifice of ecclesiastical liberty. A number of prosecutions were commenced against non-juring clergymen; who .were, in the meanwhile, confined in the cells of prisons. The members of the legal profession, also, were required, to take .the oath, and Judge Primm, at the opening of the ' Septem ber term of the Criminal court in St. Lo'.iis, ' iriformed the attorneys present, that, no person would be permitted to practice as attorney or counsellor-at-law in the court, without having taken and . filed the oath of loyalty prescribed by the constitution. Exception was taken to this ruling by Robert McDonald. Three of the grand jurors objected to being sworn. The court insisted on the enforcement of the rule, and those of the grand jury who had complied with its requirements were charged by the court to enforce the law by presenting all offenders against its provisions, no matter what their estate or condition. The operations of the law were very unequal. In some cases grand juries adjourned without finding indictments against a minister, teacher, corpora tion officer, trustee, deacon or elder. In other cases, individuals made complaint before justices of the peace against teachers, male and female, who had not taken the oath. Many of the clergy were cast into prisori. Major-General Pope, who was in command of the department, adopted the policy of with drawing the military force, as fast as the people gave evidence of their willingness to return to the pro tection of the courts, and to enforce, and obey the laws. In August, the number of military posts had been reduced to less than a dozen, which were kept up chiefly for the protection of government property. Martial law was no where applied to any but strictly military offenses. The total receipts into the State treasury for the fiscal year ending Semptember 30, 1865, were $2,463,909.03, and the total expenditures $1,854,661.77. The. total bonded debt of the State 13 194 AN ILLUSTRATED exclusive of bonds loaned the several railroads, was $602,000. The total amount of bonds of the State loaned to railroads, in cluding the bonds guaranteed by the State, was $23,701,000. The amount of defense warrants and union military bonds issued for the payment of the enrolled Missouri militia, for services rendered prior to the 10th of February, 1865, including the loan by the banks to Governor Gamble to purchase arms, together with interest on said bonds and loan, was $7,046,575. Of the gross amount, the sum of $3,016,657 had been paid or canceled. The Pacific railroad from St. Louis to the Kansas State line, was completed this year, (1865). The South-west Branch and Iron Mountain road became, by the operation of law, the property of the State ; and the Governor, in his message to the legislature, recommended its sale on such terms as would insure "its com pletion. Among the recommendations of the Governor which he strongly urged upon the legislature, was the creation of a Depart ment of Agriculture in connection with the State University, which measure was required by the new constitution. The grant of land to the State for an Agricultural College, amounted to '330,000 acres of land. He urged compulsory education, and that the power granted by the constitution, compelling parents to .send their children to school, be enforced. The State held in trust for the common School Fund, $678,967.96", which was invested in the stock of the State Bank of Missouri." The consti tution required that it should be sold and otherwise invested. The legislature for 1865-6 met on the lst of November, and sat until the 20th of December, when a recess was taken to the '8th of January, 1866, after which the session was continued until the 19th of March. Many important measures came up for con- isideration ; among others, questions growing out of the federal rela tions to the State, and the policy of President Johnson. The veto of the Freedmen's Bureau by the latter, called forth the warmest animadversions from the members of- both Houses who were op posed to it; and, on the 22d of February, resolutions were adopted in the House by a vote of seventy-seven to twen ty-five, and in the Senate twenty-one to five, "that in the thirty senators who voted to sustain the Freedmen's Bureau bill, vetoed by the President, and in the union majority of the House of HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 195 Representatives, who supported the same and kindred measures, we recognize the true and worthy representatives of the principles which saved the country in the late rebellion, and we tender to such representatives the hearty support and sympathy of ourselves and our constituents." Charges having been made by those who were hostile to the new State constitution adopted by the people, that grave frauds had been perpetrated at the ballot-boxes, a reso lution was offered in the Senate providing for the appointment of a committee to inquire into, and report upon the facts. This was lost by a tie vote — the president of the Senate voting in the nega tive. A resolution was introduced into the House to abrogate the test oath, as to teachers, preachers and lawyers. This was disposed of, by the House refusing by a vote of sixty-one to thirty to consider it. This test oath was the most important topic of political contention during the year. An attempt was made in the Senate to amend the constitution by the insertion of a jjroviso that, any person having served out a regular enlistment in the service of the United States should be relieved from taking the test-oath. This was defeated by a vote of fourteen to twelve. The return of a great number of turbulent spirits at the close of the war, gave rise to those disturbances which had characterized to some extent all the border states during the previous year. The civil officers being unable to break up the lawless bands that infested the country, Governor Fletcher called out thirty-four com panies of militia to aid the civil arm. Before the militia were put into the field, however, the people of Jackson county took the matter in hand and restored order. In Lafayette county, three companies and a platoon of militia, under command of Colonel Bacon Montgomery, were sent against the marauders; and, in the effort to arrest one of the most notorious of them, he resisted by firing on the militia, and was shot at and killed. On the lst of March, the Governor sent a communication to the legislature, on the subject of these disturbances, and an act was shortly after passed appropriating $20,000 to aid in the exe cution of the civil law of the State, and authorizing the Governor to incur any additional expense that might be necessary to ferret out and bring to justice, murderers, thieves, guerrillas, and other disturbers of the public tranquillity. 196 AN ILLUSTRATED On the 7th of November, 1865, the State election was held under the new constitution. The vote of Francis P. Blair, Jr., was rejected by the judges of election, on the ground that he 'had refused to take the'- test oath. Mr. Blair brought ah action in the State Supreme Court to recover damages against 'the judges for refusing to receive his vote- A majority of the court judges sustained the constitutionality of the oath, -—one dissenting. ¦ Previous to this decision, the test oath was before the United - States Supreme Court for adjudication, having been taken- up from the Supreme Cburt of the State on appeal. The United States Court decided the test oath to be unconstitutional, and ordered the judgment of the State Court to be reversed. At Cape Girardeau, in the month of June, some excitement was causedby the arrest of several sisters of charity attached as teachers to the Convent of a catholic Academy at that place, be cause they had not taken the oath ; and Father O'Regan, a Roman catholic priest of the same county, was fined for solemnizing a marriage-without having taken the oath. Governor Fletcher, on learning the decision of the court, remitted the fine. At Palmyra, fourteen ministers who had not taken the oath, were indicted for preaching. The cases were laid over until the February term of 1867, and were abandoned in consequence of the decision of the United States Supreme Court. A similar disposition was made of other cases then pending iri circuit courts. At the fall election a vigorous effort was made to carry the State for President Johnson, but without success. Early in the month of December, a movement was set on foot, whicli had for its ultimate objects universal amnesty, and uni versal enfranchisement, together with ' important reforms in the revenue system and civil service of the country! This movement which had for its leader B. Gratz Brown, was beghn at a private meeting in St. Louis, but its infiuence was soori felt throughout the State. Brown was kx>ked upon as the champion of the dis enfranchised class in their endeavor to regain the rights of citi zenship. He found in Carl Schurz a powerful ally, who rendered efficient aid to the liberal movement. The twenty-fourth General Assembly of the State met on the WILLIAM CHRISMAN. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 197 second day of January, 1867, and continued in session until the 13th of Mardi following, when it adjourned until the first Tuesday in January, 1868. On the 4tb of January, lse7' Governor Fletcher sent to the legislature his annual message. Among other things, he called attention to the fourteenth consti tutional amendment, which Congress proposed to the legislatures of the several states to act upon, and expressed the hope that the General Assembly would at once ratify it. He also recommended an amendment to the State constitution, striking out the ninth section of the second article. This section, he said, had not pre vented disloyal persons from pursuing the avocations of lawyers and school-teachers, and that " bishops, priests, and ministers teach and pray without taking the prescribed oath." The example offered by their disregard, especially by so intelligent and influen tial a class of citizens, he said, begat a general disposition to ex ercise individual discretion in obeying or enforcing laws — a disposition which leads to anarchy and impunity in crime. He made a strong appeal in favor of education, and recommended that the income from an investment of the proceeds of the sale of the State tobacco warehouse, being $132,000, be set apart for the establishment of a normal department of the State University. Among the duties which devolved on the legislature at this ses sion was the election of a United States Senator. Choice was made, on the 15th of January, 1867, of Charles D. Drake, the nominee of the radical republican members. Resolutions were passed in both houses, urging on Congress the repeal of the act appropriating money to pay for the slaves enlisted in the United States service. A proposition was also made to submit to a vote of the people an amendment to the' constitution, striking out the word " white," but failed to pass. In the Senate a bill was intro duced to amend the constitution so as to abolish the test oath, so far as it applied to ministers of the gospel, teachers and lawyers. The question as to the constitutionality of the test oath, had been adjudicated upon by the United States Supreme Court and pro nounced unconstitutional, as such an oath partook of the nature of an ex post facto law. The Senate assembled as a high court of impeachment, on the 15th of May, for the trial of Walter King, judge of the fifth judicial circuit, for alleged misdemeanors in 198 AN ILLUSTRATED the discharge of his official duties. He was convicted, by a vote of twenty- three to eight, and sentence passed, removing him from office. The matter of providing for the payment of interest on the State debt, received attention at this session. No interest had been paid by the State since January, 1861, and an act was passed set ting aside $750,000 from the treasury for that purpose, and pro viding for a tax of one mill on the dollar on the taxable property of the State for the same object. They made further appropria tions from the sum due the federal government for money ex pended for war purposes, to be likewise placed in the hands of the commissioner of the State Interest Fund: an act was approved March 12th, appropriating $ 1,500,000, for a permanent school- fund, and $500,000 for the redemption of union military bonds and other purposes. The receipts of the State from all sources, for the year ending September 30th, 1867, were $11,010,814.80, and the expenditures $10,333,432,74. The school-fund of the State amounted to $1,685,071, yielding an annual income of $103,- 000, to whicli was to be added one-fourth of the whole revenue of the State government. In addition to these liberal provisions, the several counties of the State had received a grant of one section of land in each township, to be devoted to the benefit of public schools. The returns made showed an increase in the number of schools within the year 1867. The whole number of teachers employed at that time was 6,262 — 3,558 more than were reported for 1866; and 1,500 new school-houses had been built in the course of twelve months. On the 21st of February, the legislature of Illinois incorporated the Illinois and St. Louis Bridge Company. Simultaneously with this action in Illinois, an organization was formed at St. Louis, which named the same persons for directors, who had been appointed by the act of incorporation of the Illinois company. Some disagreement as to the plan of their joint operations obT tained, but the differences were finally adjusted. There was no State election during this year, and the political parties had been comparatively quiescent. There was a meeting of democrats, however, at St. Louis on the 22d of February, to re-organize tlieir party in the State. A long series of resolutions HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 199 were adopted defining their position on questions of public policy. An election was held in November in the third congressional -dis trict, to supply the vacancy occasioned by the death of Thomas E. Noell. James R. McCormick, the democratic candidate, re ceived a majority of 190 votes over the republican candidate, James H. Chase. The twenty-fourth General Assembly held their second session, commencing on Tuesday, Januaiy 7, 1868, as per adjournment. Governor Fletcher, in his message referring to the growth and prosperity of the State, said that " the increase of educa- ..... , . 1868. tional facilities was one of the surest proofs of the State's progress. Four thousand eight hundred and forty schools were then filled with over 200,000 children ; the university newly en dowed, was being crowded with students, and was taking rank with the first colleges in the nation; 240 miles of railroad had been built without increasing the State's indebtedness; 290 miles were in process of construction, and 820 miles more had been projected. The debt of the State had been reduced about eleven million of dollars ; the population had increased to at least one million five hundred thousand, and taxable property had been augmented in value, by importations and by additions consequent on our general prosperity to $454,863,895. The credit of the State had not only been restored, but raised to a standard higher than it had ever reached since the inception of the internal im provement debt." One of the important acts passed at this session was a regis tration law, which contained some provision intended to guard the privileges of voting, even more rigidly than had been hitherto done in the State. The law made it the duty of the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint a Super intendent of Registration in each senatorial district, every year in which a general election should take place. It was a stringent law, and its provisions were regarded with great dissatisfaction by the conservative people of the State, and as the test oath had been pronounced unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States, it was argued by some that no citizen would be guilty of legal perjury who should take the oath; and then, if the name of such person was placed on the list of *' rejected voters," 21)0 AN ILLUSTRATED it was said the burden of proof would fall on the registrar, to show that he had been guilty of any disloyal act. The registrars, however, took a different view of the law, and absolutely refused in many cases, to receive the names of persons who avowed them selves ready to subscribe the required oath. This led to much bitter feeling, and in some cases to disturbances of the peace. It was claimed that the number of persons who applied for registra tion, answered all the questions of the registrars, and took the oath of loyalty, and yet were disfranchised, was not less than twenty thousand, while the whole number disfranchised in the State was placed at thirty thousand. The political campaign was opened in Missouri by a conven tion of the democratic party, in St. Louis county, which issued an address to the people of the State, arraigning the republican party for the policy on which the administration of the State, and of the country generally, had been conducted since the close of the civil war. A republican convention was held at St. Louis on the 22d of February, to name delegates to the national convention at Chicago, and announced the position held by the party on national questions. A similar convention of the democracy was called by the State Central Committee, to meet on the 28th of May, and appoint delegates to the New York convention, but no platform was adopted at this meeting, and a proposition to recommend the nomination of George H. Pendleton for the Presidency, failed to pass. The regular State convention of the republicans was held at Jefferson City on the 16th of July. The nominees for State officers were: J. W. McClurg of Camden, for Governor; E. O. Stanard of St. Louis, for Lieutenant-Governor; Francis Rodman of St. Joseph, for Secretary of State; William Q. Dallmeyer of Gasconade, for Treasurer; Daniel M. Draper of Montgomery, for Auditor. The democratic State convention assembled at St. Louis on the 5th of August, and nominated John S. Phelps for Governor; Norman J. Coleman for Lieutenant-Governor; Bernard Poepping for Secretary of State; J. A. Hockaday for Attorney-General; Charles C. Rossier for Auditor; and Robert Hundthanen for Treasurer. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 201 At the election in November, Joseph W. McClurg received a majority of 19,327, votes for Governor, — the whole vote being 144,887. The vote for Presidential Electors was 145,459, a major ity in favor of the election of Grant, of 25,883. On the question of striking out the word "white" from the provisions of the con stitution relating fo the right of suffrage, the whole number of votes cast was 129,289 — 55,236 in favor of the change, and 74,053 against it. Nine members were elected to Congress— six repub licans and three democrats. During the year 1868, the North Missouri railroad was com pleted. It embraced 347 miles of road, and with its various branches, connected St. Louis with the great agricultural region of the North and Northwest. Work on the bridge across the Missouri river at St. Charles, had made rapid progress. The railroad enterprises which had been prosecuted with vigor, had done much to develop the resources of the State. The pub lic institutions were all under efficient management. The State prison contained, at the last report, 735 convicts, and the accom modations afforded were inadequate, and a new structure was in progress. The State lunatic asylum was overcrowded. The deaf and dumb institution was reported full, and required enlargement. The public schools of the State were in a promising condition. The permanent school fund amounted to $1,689,760, from the income of which $92,793 were distributed to the counties during the year to aid in the support of schools. The State had no sys tem of normal schools, though the subject had been agitated. For two years a series of "teachers' institutes" had been organized in nearly all the counties, and much useful work in the training of teachers for their peculiar duties had been done. The State Univers ity had been put in prosperous operation, with a full corps of in structors. A normal department was added. A military depart ment had been organized, where civil engineering and military tactics might be taught under the direction of an army officer assigned to that duty under a law of the United States. The en- •dowment of the University amounted to $123,707.50, yielding an income that year of $10,677.50. which was increased by •direct appropriation to $22,065.50. On the 27th of May, in LaFayette Park, the first monument 202 AN ILLUSTRATED to the memory of a public man, ever erected in the State of Missouri, was formally dedicated. A fine statue of Thomas H. Benton was unveiled, in the presence of a vast concourse of peo ple. The day was observed as a public holiday in St. Louis, and ari address was delivered by General- Frank P. Blair, on the life and services of the illustrious senator. The statue was raised at the instance of the State government, and at the public expense. The increase of population in Missouri during the four years just passed, had been rapid. On the lst of January, 1865, the State had less - than a million inhabitants, and. at the close of 1868, the best estimates placed the number above one and a-half millions. This result was due in a great measure to the labor of the State Board of Immigration, organized under an act of the legislature of 1865. It had been the business of this Board to make known abroad the resources of the State, and in duce emigrants from Europe to make this their home. The undeveloped resources of Missouri, which called only for labor ers, were very great; coal was found in thirty-six counties; iron iri thirty -five; lead in thirty-six ;. copper in twenty- two; zinc in five; nickel and kaolin, in two; and emery, alabaster, and tin in seven, while the best of lands for farming purposes were ly ing fallow, for want of cultivation. The laboring population amounted to about 400,000, of whom 272,000 were employed in agricultural pursuits, leaving 118,000 for all other occupations. Of these, less than 60,000 were engaged in mining and manu facturing, although great natural facilities for the development of these important interests existed. The taxable property of the commonwealth, on the 31st of De cember, 1868, was reported at $474,000,000; on this property a tax of one-fourth of one per cent, was levied for the payment of the public debt. The claims of the State against the federal government; for re-imbursement for military expenses, incurred during the war, had all been settled, and the treasury had re ceived' therefrom $6,472,289.35. iiiiiiiiiigiiii : a fiinUiiKi^mii i WESLEY HALLIBURTON. CHAPTER XX. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOSEPH W. McCLURG. 1868—1870. The twenty-fifth General Assembly convened on the 6th of January, 1869. The Senate was composed of twenty-five repub licans and nine democrats; the House ninety -two republicans and thirty-five democrats, — a republican majority of sixteen in the Senate and fifty-seven in the House. The legislature met on the 12th, to examine the returns of the election for Gov- ' 1869. ernor and Lieutenant-Governor. J.W. McClurg and E. O. Stanard, it was found, had received a majority of all the votes cast for the respective offices. Upon being declared duly elected, the oath of office was administered. The Governor, in his inaugural message, strongly recommended that an amendment to the State constitution "be proposed and submitted to the people for ratification or rejection at the next fall election," although the ratification of the proposed fifteenth amendment to the constitution would dispense with the necessity of a popular vote in the State on the subject. He stated that there were one hundred thousand negroes in the State who were excluded from representation at the ballot-box. He insisted the more upon the action of the General Assembly in this matter, because of the ex tension of the elective franchise to the negroes. There was no pro vision in the State constitution, "and without one, in the absence of federal legislation, the State legislature cannot admit them." He suggested that " the amendment might be proposed in such form as to empower the legislature to admit them after the first day of January, 1871." He also called the attention of the legis lature, to the propriety and expediency of removing the political disabilities under which those citizens were then laboring, who took part on the side of secession during the war, referring to the action of Congress on the subject, restoring "wayward states to their proper places, to support and strengthen the federal fabric, 204 AN ILLUSTRATED so that it may be desirable, with those who have a right to decide, that it shall not much longer be considered in our State as con sistent with its safety, to receive back, as supports, individuals whose ability to uphold was but too well proved by their ability to pull down." Another amendment to the State constitution, that he strongly recommended was the "striking out what is commonly known as the double liability clause, whereby, as the constitution now is, the stockholders in private corporations shall be individually liable for the stock, and a further sum equal to it." Such a clause he regarded as being unjust, and injurious to the interests of the State. On the 19th of January, the House proceeded to vote for the election of a United States Senator. Carl Schurz received 89 votes, and John S. Phelps 35. The Senate took a vote on the same day for the same purpose, Mr. Schurz receiving 25 votes and John S. Phelps 9 votes. On the succeeding day, the two houses met in joint convention, and the action of each body was read by the secretary of the Senate and the chief clerk of the Assembly, when it was declared by the president of the convention that Schurz was duly elected United States Senator for the term of six years from March 4th, 1869. The General Assembly adjourned on the 4th of March, to meet the first Wednesday in January, 1870. Among some of the important acts passed that session was one to create an Insurance Department, and for the incorporation and regulation of Life Assurance Companies'; one to authorize the consolidation of Railroad Companies with connecting railroads in other states; one to provide for the reclamation and improvement of Swamp and Overflowed Lands; and one to prevent the intro duction into.the State, of Texan, Mexican and Indian cattle during certain seasons of the year. One was also passed for the suppres sion of prizefighting in the State, and providing that participators, seconds, umpires and spectators should be guilty of high misde meanor, and punished by two years imprisonment at hard labor, or a fine of $1,000, or both fine and imprisonment. This bill was subsequently modified, by making the term of imprison ment from six to twelve months, or a fine from $500 to $1,000, or both. The bill so reported passed the House on the 8th of Feb ruary, with an unanimous vote. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 205 The assessed valuation of taxable property in the State in 1869, was $508,278,860. The assessments on this amount were one- fourth of one per centum under a constitutional provision for the payment of the interest, and to form a sinking fund for the prin cipal of the State debt, and one-fourth of one per centum for reve nue ; one fourth of whicli was for a " Public School-Fund," and one and three quarters per centum of the remainder for a " Sem inary Fund." The entire debt of the State at the close of the year was $18,593,000; without including $3,000,000 of bonds of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. The State Treasurer reported that the receipts during the last fiscal year were in the aggregate $2,837,002.51, and the cash disbursements for the same period were $2,702,021.92. On the 27th of October, the foundation of the eastern pier of the Illinois and St. Louis bridge was laid, at which time twelve blocks, weighing three and a half tons each, were, by appropriate machinery, placed in their permanent position at the bottom of the river. At the close of the year, 1,035 miles of railroad were in course of construction, and a number of new lines had been projected. The charitable and penal institutions of the State were reported in a good condition. A new cell building had. been added to the State prison. The receipts from the labor of convicts, hired by contractors, were $33,489.27 in 1868, and $34,716.19 in 1869. The adjourned session, of the twenty-fifth General Assembly, met at the State capitol on the 5th of January, 1870. Governor McClurg, in his message, recommended the ratification of the 15th constitutional amendment. He was opposed to calling a State convention to revise and amend the constitution, and suggested that all needed amendments could be submitted and acted upon under the present constitution, without the expense attending a new convention. . The State debt, he stated, which was 'at one time thirty-seven millions of dollars, had been reduced more than one-half ; that at the beginning of 1869, the entire debt of the State was $18,654,000 ; that the assessed valuation of taxable property for 1868, was $470,773,119, and for 1869, $508,- 278,860; showing an increase of near eight per centum. He gave a favorable account of the management of the benevolent insti- 206 AN ILLUSTRATED tutions, closing with remarks on the importance of the manu facturing industries of the State — what had already been accom plished, and the future prospects of the State, if wisely directed. Of the laws passed, one appropriated money to the State Im migration Board; one for the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and other State institutions ; and one for the improvement of Black river. There was also one concerning the location and disposition of the congressional land grant, to endow and maintain schools of agricul ture and the mechanic arts ; one to establish a mining, metallur gical and geological bureau for the State, and to authorize a geo logical survey; one to establish a State normal school for colored teachers ; one for the re-organization and support of public schools ; and one for the reclamation of the over-flowed lands in south-east Missouri. There were also a number of acts passed amending the statute laws of the State, and incorporating towns, cities, and various institutions. The General Assembly adjourned on the 25th of March. In the legislature of 1870-71, it was determined to submit to the people at the next election, six separate amendments to the consti tution ; three of which related to the exercise of the right of voting and holding office ; another to abolish the district courts, and vest all judicial power in the Supreme and circuit courts, and sudi other tribunals as might be established by law; and another to amend the eighth article so as to read: " Dues from private cor porations shall be secured by such means as may be prescribed by law, but in no case shall any stockholder be individually liable to any amount above the amount, of stock loaned by him or her." The republican party of the State was rapidly becoming divided into two widely separate wings, known as the liberal and radical. The democrats had little or no voice in any of the public proceed ings of the State, and the few members of the legislature who represented that party, had met in caucus on the 18th of March, and adopted a resolution that it was " inexpedient to call a demo-" cratic State convention, or to nominate candidates for State officers for the ensuing November election." Meanwhile, the indications of disunion in the ranks of the republican party were growing more and more evident, and in several of the senatorial districts separate conventions were held, and rival candidates put in the H1STU111' OF MISSOURI. 207 field. The general State convention, which met on the last day. of August, was composed of delegates representing all sections of the party, but there was but little hope that they would act harmoni ously. On the third day of the convention, Schurz, as chairman of the committee on resolutions, made a report signed by him and others of the committee, introducing a series of resolutions very liberal in their character. The minority of the committee (three persons), made a report concurring in the majority report, except the third resolution; and they reported a substitute favor ing the re-enfranchising of those who participated in the rebel lion, as soon as it could be done with safety to the State. The minority report and resolutions were adopted by a vote of 349 to 342. On the announcement of this vote, great excitement and con fusion prevailed, and notice was given " to the friends of the ma jority report, as reported by the committee, that they will with draw from this convention to the senate chamber," whereupon 250 delegates left the convention, headed by Schurz. The ticket nominated by the convention was: for Governor, Joseph W. Mc Clurg; Lieutenant-Governor, A. J. Harlan; Secretary of State, J. H. Stover; Treasurer, Chauncey I. Filley; Auditor, G. A. Moser; Attorney-General, H. B. Johnson; Superintendent of Public Instruction, G. P. Beard; Judge of Supreme Court, David Wagner. The withdrawing delegates put in nomination for Governor, B. Gratz Brown ; Lieutenant-Governor, J. J. Gravelly; Secretary of State, E. F. Weigel; Treasurer, S. F. Haynes; At torney-General, A. T. Baker; Superintendent of Public Instruc tion, Ira Divoll ; Judge of the Supreme Court, David Wagner. As soon as the two platforms, and the candidates who repre sented them, were placed before the people, a most vigorous State campaign was inaugurated. The ticket headed by J. W. McClurg had the indorsement of the national representatives. At the election, which occurred' on the 8th of November, not withstanding all the opposition that was rallied against them, the liberal (Brown) party was triumphant. The official returns showed a total vote for Governor of 166,625; for Brown, 104,771 ; for McClurg, 62,854: Brown's majority, 41.917. The other can didates of the same party were chosen by large majorities. The congressmen chosen were, Erastus Wells, G. A. Finkelnburg, J. 208 AN ILLUSTRATED R. McCormick, H. E.-Haven, S. A. Burdett, Abram Comengo, J, C. Parker, J. G. Blair, Andrew King — four democrats, two lib eral republicans, and three radicals. The election effected a com plete change in the State legislature, which body was controlled by the liberals. The amendments proposed to the constitution by the last legislature were adopted by large majorities. The whole vote on the suffrage amendment was 131,984, of which 117,- 518, or a majority of 101,052 were in favor of its ratification; 129,- 522 were cast on the amendment relating to qualification for office, of which 112,795 were for its adoption, and 16,727 agamst it: or a majority of 106,068 in its favor. The federal census showed that in 1870, Missouri had advanced from the eighth to the fourth position among the states of the union since 1860. The whole number of inhabitants in 1870 was 1,719,978. St. Louis had risen to the rank of the fourth city in the country in point of population. It numbered this year 312,- 963; an increase of 100,545 in ten years', or since 1860. ! If I 1 f\ m - -j CHAPTER XXI. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR B. GRATZ BROWN. 1870— 1872. V- '- ' ¦¦' ¦ ' The, twenty-sixth- General Assembly convened on, the 4th of January, 1871, and remained in session until March '20th,' at which date an adjournment .was taken until December, :6th. .Important business remained untouched, or unfinislied,-,j,,The. busy months had seen one hundred and twenty-one acts consummated, J ¦ 1871, but nearly all of local character, and without interest. to the general reader... Governor McClurg, in. his- valedictory mesr sage on the sixth, spoke of the condition of. the State, reviewing its several interests, and found, reason for congratulation in the peaceful and prosperous condition of affairs., Taxable property had increased, according to assessments^ $49,406,527, -within two years, reaching a. total "of $557,685,387; making an average in crement of . nine. and: one-half per, cent, per annum. , TheGoyer- nor denied the expediency of calling a convention to form- a new constitution, arid weriton to say: "No larger freedom, than, now enjoyed can be ^desirable;- unless we are._ willing to^adopt the dangerous. position, that,, the general good justifies no abridgment of personal liberty". He thought that the public mind .required. rest;: as an important poll ticahcampaign had but, recently ended, and nothing could be gained; by. summoning the '• convention at that time. He referred ' to ; the condition of the State penitenti ary; the asylums; public schools ; the university agricultural-col lege; and. mining 'bureau;, and recommended the election of anew mansion for the governor, and re-apportioning the State into. conr gressional districts. . ¦ Governor Brown differed in many matters of policy from his predecessor. He recommended, in his -message, the ihimediate consideration of the proposal for a . constitutional convention; the abolition of the grand jury system, and procedure against criminals by informations; and the better regulation of railroad 14 210 AN ILLUSTRATED companies. He further indicated that the new articles adopted establishing equal citizenship, and abrogating test oaths,' made necessary a large amendment of the registration laws, conforming' them to constitutional requirements. The two houses assembled in joint convention on the 16th day of January, to elect a United States Senator for the unex pired term, left vacant by the resignation of the Charles D. Drake. The whole number of votes cast on that occasion, in the Assembly, aggregated 133. Frank P. Blair received 86; John B. Henderson, 43 ; and J. F. Benjamin, 4. The votes cast by the Senate were: for Henderson, 17; and for Blair, 13. The last named gentleman was declared duly elected to the office of senator. The measure of the session, which occupied the largest share of attention was the new registration act. Material changes iri the constitution regarding the right of suffrage, made the new enactment necessary, and it was passed after much discussion. The question of providing for a convention to frame a new con stitution was agitated, and a resolution introduced which pro posed to submit the questions as to the advisability Of a conven tion, to a vote of the people, at the regular election in 1872/ This passed the House by a large majority, but in the Senate a sub stitute was offered, providing for a commission to be appointed by the Governor to revise the constitution. This amendment was lost by one vote, and the whole subject remained to be dealt with by the adjourned session. Among other important bills whicli failed to become laws, were the general revenue bill, and an act providing for the appointment of three railroad commission ers. Tne financial condition of the State, in the language of the Governor, was " not without its embarrassments." The bonded debt amounted to $17,866,000, necessitating \. tax of one-fourth of one per cent, on the assessed valuation of property which was Set aside by law, to meet the interest and maturing principal oi that obligation. The estimated number of miles of railroad com pleted and in operation on the lst of January, 1872, was 2,750, and the capital invested in railroads, rolling stock and appurten ances, $117,548,317. Laws were enacted during this session, authorizing the sale of military arms and equipments belonging to HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 211 the State; for the erection of an executive mansion; for enlarg ing the institution for the blind; to provide for a bureau of geol ogy and mines to complete the geological survey; and to regu* late and provide for the inspection of tobacco. The adjourned session of the legislature convened on the 6th of December, and continued until the lst day of April, 1872. The Governor ', submitted a message, in which he recommended the establishment of a Board of Railroad Commissioners, and sugges ted a number of important reforms in the administration of jus tice. He favored an increase of the number of judges of the Supreme Court, the abolition of the courts of common pleas, and an increase of circuit courts to supply their place. He also rec ommended measures to reduce the costs in criminal suits, a gen eral re-organization of county courts, and also suggested that the grand jury system needed reform. A new revenue law was passed at this session, which exempted from taxation $300 of personal property, including household furniture or other effects, and pro vided " that all property personal, by the laws of this State, situ ate in any county, other than in which the owner resides, shall be assessed in the county where such owner resides." A bill dividing the State into congressional districts in accord ance with the new apportionment, not having passed before the adjournment, an extra session was called by the Governor to as semble on the 19th of June. Re-districting the State was neces sary, to provide for presidential electors. The new apportionment of Congress increased the number of these electors by four. Sev eral important enactments were passed during this session, of which the more prominent were: one to furnish and fit up the Governor's mansion; one to divide the State into judicial dis tricts ; one to prevent unjust discrimination and extortion in the rates to be charged by different railroads ; and one for the assessment and collection of taxes, and a revision of the law on that subject. There was also one to establish a Board of Guardians for the su pervision of public, charitable, reformatory, and penal institutions; and one to establish an additional asylum for the insane. The legislature was in session for only a few days in June, and the bill re-districting the State was the only important measure acted upon. 212 AN ILLUSTRATED There being no general election this year, no important politi cal movements were made by either party until near its dose, when active preparations were commenced for the national cam paign of 1872. The division of the republican party which ap peared in 1870, had continued, and an attempt made in October, to effect a consolidation, utterly failed. Subsequently, an address was issued, dwelling at length on the achievements and purposes of the " liberal movement," and calling a mass-meeting, to be held at the State Capital, on the 24th of January, 1.872. The central committee of the democratic party issued an address on the 9th of January, 1872, in which they recounted the results of what was known as the " fusion policy " of the democrats 1872, r J in the State canvass of 1870, and recommended the adop tion of a similar policy in the presidential canvass of 1872, which mainly consisted in making no nomination, but supporting the candidates of the disaffected republicans, as against the regular nominee of the main body. . By an act of the preceding legislature, two amendments of the constitution were to be submitted to a vote of the people at the election in November, 1871, both of which were ratified at that time. One of these provided for the investment of the school-fund, and the other increased the number of judges of the Supreme Court, by two. The legislature provided for the con struction of a new asylum for the insane, and to that end appro priated $200,000 for the purchase of a site, and for the erection of necessary buildings. The site chosen was near 'the city of St. Joseph, and every provision was made for the immediate estab lishment of the purposed institution. During this year there was an infraction of the public peace in Cass county, known as " the Gunn City tragedy," which originated in a feeling of exasperation among the people against officials who were charged with corruptly issuing bonds, and contracting ob ligations to certain railroads to an amount inflicting heavy bur dens upon the tax-payers. It culminated in the stoppage of a train, in which certain of the parties were traveling, and they were fired upon by an armed and masked body of men, killing a Mr. Dutro, circuit attorney Hines, and Judge Stevenson, the two latter of whom were charged with complicity in the bond trans- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 213 action. For some days, great excitement prevailed over the neighboring townships, and extended into adjoining counties. Popular feeling had been much exasperated against the men thus murdered, and was largely enlisted in suppressing evidence against the main actors in this deed of summary vengeance. Governor Brown ordered Captain Phelan's company, of Kansas City, to the vicinage, and dispatched the Adjutant-General to the scene of the crime, to report upon the facts. A commission was also organized, consisting of Colonel Phelps and Colonel Cockrell, who were authorized to visit the county for the purpose of uniting all those who were willing to sustain the executive in enforcing the laws. No further disturbances occurred, protection was offered to enable those who had fled to return, and civil order was re established. Rewards were offered, to the full extent authorized by law, for the apprehension of the persons implicated, and other steps were taken to discover and elicit evidence necessary for successful prosecution. The political campaign of this year in Missouri was unusually interesting. The " liberal republican " movement which subse quently spread over the whole Union, had its inception in a con vention held in the State capitol on the 24th of January, The assembly was one of the largest ever held in the State, and reso lutions were adopted expressing strong opinions on many subjects inclusive of " amnesty for all." The document invited all repub licans who favored the reforms set forth, to meet in a national mass-convention, to assemble at Cincinnati, on the first Wednesday of May of that year, to take such action as might be thought necessary. Delegates of the regular republican party met at Jefferson City on the 22d of February, to appoint delegates to the national convention, to be held at Philadelphia, the following June. The democratic convention to appoint delegates to the nat ional convention of the party, at Baltimore, in July, was held on the 12th of June. They adopted a series of resolutions, the last of which was to the effect, "that the delegates appointed to the convention, to be held in Baltimore in July, are instructed to vote as an unit, against the nomination of any candidate for President, and Vice-President, at the approaching election." 214 AN ILLUSTRATED On the 21st of August, the democrats and liberal republicans met in separate conventions at the State capitol. They, were in session two days, and a joint committee of conference was ap pointed, and their actions approved by both conventions. This gave to the democrats one of the two presidential electors; at large, six of the thirteen district electors, and. the. Governor, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney-General, and the four Judges of the Supreme Court; the liberal republicans carrying off the rest of the electoral ticket — the Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary Of State, and Registrar of Lands. Each convention- made the nominations allotted by the committee of conference, arid then the whole ticket was ratified in a joint meeting. Silas Woodson, of Buchanan county, was the nominee for Governor, and Charles P. Johnson, of St. Louis county, for Lieutenant-Governor. The republican convention, held at St. Louis on the 4th and 5th of ; September, nominated John B. Henderson for Governor, and J. H, Stover for Lieuten ant-Governor. The State election occurred on the same day with the Presi dential election, November 5tli. The total vote cast for electors was 273;058; of these,'. 151 J433 were in favor of the election of Greeley and Brown, and 119,196 for Grant arid Wilsom The total vote cast for Governor was 277,985, of which Silas Woodson received 156,715, and J. B. Henderson 121,271; Woodson's ma jority 35*443. The remainder Of the ticket nominated by demo crats and liberal republicans was elected^ In the thirteen con gressional districts, . nine were democrats and four republicans. The legislature consistedof nineteen democrats and. liberals, and fifteen republicans in the Senate, and eighty-two democrats arid liberals, and forty-nine republicans in the House. The demo cratic and liberal majority, on joint ballot, was thirty-seven. SAMUEL H. OWENS CHAPTER XXII. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SILAS WOODSON. 1872—1874. The first session of the tweuty-seventh General Assembly com menced on the lst day of January, 1873. Governor Brown, on retiring from office, sent to the legislature his last annual mes sage, furnishing such information relative to the several depart ments, as was required by the constitution of the State. A re vision of the constitution was strongly urged, particularly in reference to the organizations of towns and cities; to registration; to the grand jury system; and to the prohibition of special legis lation. Recommendations were made for amending the revenue law, and the Criminal code; and it was represented that changes were necessary in connection with proceedings in civil courts. The State institutions were reported as being prudently and ju diciously managed, and the State University was in a flourishing condition, with nearly 400 students. The customary formalities connected with canvassing the votes for Governor and Lieutenant- Governor, having been fulfilled, the officers elect were ' ° _ ' # 1873. duly sworn, and assumed their several responsibilities. Governor Woodson was inaugurated on the 8th. His message, which followed immediately, set forth: that, in November, 1872, the people of Missouri, for the first, time during the past decade, had elected the men of their choice as officers of government. He referred to the complaints which had been made against the men who had moulded and shaped the policies of the recent past in Missouri and to their prescriptive partisanship in the enact ment and enforcement of unequal laws; and said that unless a different policy was adopted, the same results would follow present legislation, as had been seen following the acts of their predecessors. He strongly appealed to the legislature to sink the partisan in the patriot, and to legislate for the common good. He pledged himself, that "while he was Governor, the in- 21 6 AN ILLUSTRATED terest, honor, and prosperity of the State, should alone control his official acts." He discussed the proposal for a constitutional convention at considerable length, and while admitting that the constitution contained objectionable features, he opposed a con vention as a remedy for the evil, and recommended, instead, a committee, or board of constitutional revisors, consisting of five or seven of the most distinguished citizens of the State, to he chosen by both Houses, or appointed by the Governor, who should take the whole matter into consideration, prepare amendments to the constitution, such as were demanded by the people, or might be found necessary to perfect their organic laws. The Governor devoted considerable space to the penitentiary question, and recommended the creation of a board of managers, who should have entire control of the State prison, and be responsible to the State for the management of its affairs. He thought that the board should control all the prisons and jails in the State, as well as asylums for the insane, and all benevolent institutions which were supported by the State. His message concluded by calling at tention to the subject of excessive costs in criminal cases, to edu cation, to extra sessions, and to other local matters. The tjwo Houses, on the 14th of January, proceeded to vote for a United States Senator, to fill the place of Frank P. Blair, whose term of office expired on the 4th of March, next ensuing. Each House voted separately, Lewis V. Bogy receiving in the aggre gate 111 votes, and JohnB. Henderson 43. On the 15th, the two Houses met in joint convention, where the closing formal ities were observed, and Mr. Bogy was declared elected for six years, from March 4th, 1874. The contest had occasioned a high degree of excitement, and immediately after the election, it was publicly stated that money had been improperly used to secure the election of the successful candidate. These charges were met in the General Assembly by the appointment of a committee of five, "with power to send for persons and papers, and to report at as early a. day as possible, if there had been money used to ad vance the interests of any of the senatorial aspirants." No name was mentioned in the resolution. The committes entered upon the investigation, without delay, and about the middle of Febru ary, two reports were submitted, one by a majority, signed by HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 217 four members, and a minority report signed by one member. The former set forth that there was no evidence, either directly or indirectly, criminating the Senator-elect, L. V. Bogy, and fully exonerated him. The second clause of the report asserted: that an effort had been made by G. P. Dorris, of St. Louis, to bribe two members of the General Assembly to vote for him in the democratic caucus for United States Senator; and that the same party had placed money in the hands of other persons (who were not members), to advance his interests in the election. The minority report affirmed that a considerable sum of money was used, or offered to be used, to advance the interest of some candi date, and that the testimony showed that the same was used to advance the interests of the candidates, Bogy and Dorris. In consequence of the statements contained in the minority report, Mr. Bogy publicly requested that the investigation should be re-opened, and that additional testimony be taken. That request was assented to, and the committee thereon having made a second report, re-affirming their first finding, were discharged. The report exculpating Bogy was adopted by the House, by a vote of sixty-one to twenty-two ; the resolution going on to say, that " the said investigation fully exonerates Mr. Bogy from all suspicion of having used any corrupt means to secure his election, and that our confidence in his puiityand honesty is unimpaired." During the session, which at its iucej)tion was so largely occu pied in purging itself from the stigma of corruption, one hun dred and forty-four acts were passed and signed, but most of them weremerely local, or otherwise unimportant. The more promi nent enactments were: — one to provide for the publication of the geological report; one to establish evidence of title to real estate ; one to provide for the assessment of railroad property, and the collection of taxes thereon ; one to establish the south east Missouri Normal School ; one to lease the State Penitentiary for the period of ten years; and one to more fully provide for the organization of counties into municipal townships. A large num ber of laws were passed amending the statutes, and the enactments of previous years. The legislature adjourned, March 25, 1873. An important convention assembled, at St. Louis, on the 13th of May, to consider the demands of the West and South for 218 AN ILLUSTRATED cheap transportation. The attendance was large, and the dele-*1 gates remained in session two days. Governor Woodson,< who took much interest in the subject, gave interesting statistics as to the mineral resources of the State of Missouri, comprising within its territory 14,000 square miles of surface, underlaid by 20* feet of coal in veins, thick enough to mine, or a total of 30 feet, include ing all thicknesses; and about 175 square miles of territory under laid with solid iron ore. The great national improvements which were considered by the convention, were set forth in a series of resolutions by the Merchants' Exchange of St. Louis, to be sub mitted to Congress, and signed by fourteen hundred merchants and shippers identified with the ocean and inland marine of the country. Another convention, composed of farmers, was held at Jef ferson City, on the lst of October, 1873, to consult in relation to the interests of the agricultural classes; and another convention of the various granges of north-west Missouri, Kansas, and south-.' em Nebraska, was held at St. Joseph, December 23d. The adjourned, or special session of the twenty-seventh General Assembly met on the 7th day of January, 1874, — mainly for the purpose of enacting a new revenue law, and to provide for refunding the State bonds that were soon to come due. On the day after the organization of the two Houses, Governor Woodson; sent in his annual message, in which he said in substance that the expenditures in the administration of the State ""* government were double what they should be, and. that it could be administered just as well — or even better— at one-half the cost then incurred. He recommended the reduction of one- half the number of circuit judges, and suggested that the office of county superintendent of schools should be abolished, and the duties performed by the township school boards. He referred:to the outrages that had taken place during the preceding year, and to the necessity of sheriffs 'and local officers faithfully discharging their duties. He recommended that the regulation of transpor tation by railroad should be effected by act of Congress, and pointed out that under the power delegated by the constitution to regulate commerce between the states, Congress could, most un questionably, establish a uniform, just and fair rate of transpor tation by railroads throughout the United States. This, he .said, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 219 no State legislature could do, and hence he suggested the propriety of instructing and requesting senators and the representatives in Congress to vote for and urge the passage of a law for the accom plishment of that end. He also referred to the importance of having a territorial government established over the Indian Territory, by act of Congress, stating that, as then organized, that territory had become the home of outlaws from the settled regions over the whole country; that thefts, murders, and every crime known in the long catalogue, were being constantly per petrated within its boundaries, with almost perfect impunity; and, therefore, enunciating his belief that the interests and safety of the people of Missouri, the claims of humanity, and a past re gard for the Indians themselves, demanded such a measure as that suggested. He urged upon the legislature the propriety of instructing the senators, and requesting the representatives in Congress, to support a bill for that purpose. The improvement of western rivers, the State militia, savings 'banks, the revenue law, • State University and normal and common schools, the Stateasylum, penitentiary, and reform schools, were all promi nently discussed in the annual message. The legislature ad journed on the 30th of March, 1874. The more important laws passed at the session were: one to authorize a vote of the people to be taken, to decide whether a convention should be held for the purpose of revising and amending the constitution of the State; one to audit and adjust the war debt of the State; one to regulate the practice of medicine; one to provide for a board of regents of normal achools and define their powers ; one to re-organize and provide for the support of public schools, and amend the laws relating thereto ; another to establish an in dustrial home of the orphans, and indigent children of the State; and one in relation to " the social-evil," hospital and house of industry in the city of St. Louis, and the arrest of bawds and prostitutes in that city. ' The Governor sent a special message to the legislature, on the 23d of March, in relation to a state of lawlessness in certain dis tricts in the State, which the authorities were unable to suppress. He said : " Your present session is rapidly drawing to a close,, and I am sorry to say, that up to the present time, you have not 220 AN ILLUSTRATED deemed it expedient, or necessary, to make any provision enabling the executive to enforce the criminal law, and have the outlaws . and murderers who are bringing disgrace upon the State, arrested arid brought -to trial, and pnnished." He further stated that cer tain "bands of outlaws have been for years*, and are still, among us, robbing and murdering With impunity and defying, the local officers residing in the vicinity where the. crimes are committed', that these ' desperadoes one day enter and. rob a bank, and incpld blood shoot down the cashier'; next, they visit an agricultural fair, and almost iri the midst of thousands, rob the safe. containing the, treasures of the association, shoot a young woman, and make good their exit." The Governor asked that.- power should be placed in his hands, to briiig these criminals to justice. An act immedi ately passed the Senate . providing for a secret-service force, for the arrest of outlaws, but it was defeated in the House, and no further action was- taken by thelegislature. The opposition to the democratic party in the political canvass of the year, was consolidated under the name of the "People's. Party:" The democratic State convention was held at Jefferson City,-on the 26th and '27th of August. On the first ballot for a candidate for Governor, -General F. . M. Cockrell received, the largest number of votes. On the fourth ballot Charles H. Hardin; was nominated! The other nominations, were Norman J. Colman for Lieutenaftt-Governor, Michael K. MoGrath for Secretary of State, Thomas Holliday for Auditor, J. W. Mercer for Treas urer,; J. A. Hockaday fof Attorney-General, George Deigel, Registrar of Lands, R. D. - Shannon, Superintendent of Schools, Warwick Hough, Judge Of- the Supreme Court, and William B. Naptoii, Judge of the Supreme Court; for the short term. The Reform, or People's party, which was made up chiefly of republicans, held its convention, at Jefferson City, on the 3d and 4th of September. After a platform had been put forth, embody ing the prindples and purposes of the party, the convention pro ceeded- to the nomination of State, officers. William Gentry of Pettis county, was nominated by acclamation for the office of Gov ernor, S. W. Headlee of Greene county, for Lieutenant-Governor, W. R. Leflet of Marion county, for Secretary of State, E. C. Hale of Clinton county, for Auditor, J. H. Fisse of St. Louis, for Treas- JOHN A. HOCKADAY, ATTOBKET-GKNBRAL. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 221 urer, D. S. Twichell of Jackson county, for Attorney-General, C. T. Queensbury of Audrian county, for Registrar of Lands, John Monteith of Iron county, Superintendent of Schools, Samuel Ens- worth, for Judge of the Supreme Court, and Peter E. Bland for Judge of the Supreme Court, short term. The election took place on the third of November, and resulted in the success of the democratic ticket. The total vote for Gov ernor, was 261,670, of which C. H. Hardin received 149,566, and Gentry, 112,104; Hardin's majority, 37,462. The majorities for the other candidate on the ticket, varied from 37,676 to 47,247. At the same election, thirteen members of Congress were chosen, all of whom were democrats. The legislature of 1875 consisted of twenty -eight democrats and six republicans in the Senate, and ninety-one democrats and forty republicans in the House; democratic majority in Senate, twenty-two; in the House, fifty- one. The question of callirig a convention to revise the constitu tion of the State, was also submitted to a vote of the people at this election, and received a majority of 283 out of a vote of 222,315. In accordance with this decision, the Governor ordered an election for delegates to the proposed convention to take place on the 26th of January, 1875. CHAPTER XXIII. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR CHARLES H. HARDIN. 1874—1876. The twenty -eighth General Assembly convened for the regular session, on the 6th of January, 1875, and the House was called to order by the chief clerk of the preceding Assembly, J. T. Pratt. The office of temporary speaker devolved Upon J. B. Rocke, of Carter county, and J. T. Clark was made temporary clerk. The election of permanent officers was proceeded with on the following day, when B. G. Boone became speaker, and V. M. Hobbs, chief clerk. The Senate was organized under, the presidency of Lieutenant-Governor C. P. Johnson. W. M. Prottsman was chosen secretary. The valedictory message of Governor Woodson to the legislature, set forth, that six hundred. and one bonds of the State, each for the sum of $1,000, bearing in terest at the rate of six per centum per annum, had matured in 1873, and that eight hundred and eleven bonds, each for a like amount, bearing interest at the same rate, had matured in 1874. The aggregate indebtedness accruing upon the maturity of the bonds, and the interest attaching thereto, amounting to $1,412,000, ' had been paid during his administration. The " Fund Commis sioners," whose duty it was to make provision for the liquidation of those claims, under an act providing for the issue of Funding bonds, approved on the 30th of March, 1874, found it necessary to issue four hundred bonds for the sum of one thousand dollars each; consequently, the amount of $400,000 had to be deducted from the aggregate of $1,412,000, already named, so that the actual reduction of the indebtedness of the State, amounted to $1,012,000. Consequent upon that diminution, there was a de creased drain upon the State, in the item of interest alone, to the extent of $60,720 per annum. The bonds that would mature in the two years of his successor's administration, amounted to $5,325,000, besides which, a balance of $701,000 would mature in HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 223 the year 1877, and his prevision of those several liabilities sug gested the issue and sale of a sufficient number and amount of new bonds, to cover any deficiency which might remain, after any possible overplus on revenue account had been applied to the ex tinction of such demands. The Seminary and University funds, invested in government bonds, he also recommended should be included in that operation. The message further dealt with the war debt of the State. Commissioners appointed to examine and adjust claims under that head, found 11,961 claimants, and an aggregate of claims amounting to $4,844,362.29, and, after due in quiry,, had allowed $3,209,939.69. Governor Woodson considered that the government of the United States should pay the sum thus arrived at, as justly due to the citizens of Missouri. The Centennial Exposition at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, was not omitted from the valedictory message, and he expressed a hope that the State would be properly represented on that occasion. The line of policy pursued by President Grant toward the State of Louisiana, was denounced in strong terms, as being at war with the great fundamental principles of free government, in direct antagonism of the federal constitution, and intended for the over throw of State sovereignty. He deprecated the concentration of all power in the hands of a usurping general government, and expressed a strong desire that the legislature should not fail to express, by proper action, the indignation pervading Missouri, against such procedure. He spoke in the highest terms of the educational institutions of Missouri, generally: the public schools, normal schools, and State University, had never been in a more prosperous condition, and the benevolent institutions were sim ilarly well placed; a circumstance over which friends of humanity could not fail to rejoice. They were managed effectively, and conducted economically, so that they offered the noblest monu ments of liberality and magnanimity, to which a people could aspire. The two Houses met in joint convention, on the 12th day of January, and the usual formalities as to canvassing the votes re corded for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, having been ful filled, the Governor elect, Charles H. Hardin, was duly sworn to administer the duties of his high office, in the presence of the 224 AN ILLUSTRATED legislature, by Judge Wagner, of the Supreme Court. The in augural message followed immediately upon the completion of that ceremony. The baneful effects of special legislation were insisted upon with wisdom and acumen, and a hope was expressed that legislators would limit such action within the narrowest . bounds compatible with the general welfare. Popular disfavor for the expenses attendant upon legislative action, he said, mainly arose from the fact, that the people did not see and feel any prac tical value arising from such operations, either in special enact ments, or in connection with the massive code of general laws. Defects in the laws of the State undoubtedly might be specified, but the people looked with dissatisfaction upon a continually in creasing bulk of such measures, as being a waste of money and time. Further, he stated that the people were wearied of pro longed sessions, and he trusted that the legislature then assem bled, would initiate a practical and much needed reform-, breaking through precedents, " more honored in the breach, than in the observance," by holding a short regular session, and rapidly dis patching all necessary business. On this subject he was emphatic, and his reference concluded with the words, " If yon should disappoint these expectations, the people will be dissatisfied. Prompt, efficient, and economical action will commend us to their confidence and support." Having recommended that the State should be redistricted to provide more effectively for senatorial representation, and calling attention to the necessity for legisla tion on the subject of railroads, he concluded by referring to the startling events of the 4th of January, at New Orleans. He said: " Standing as I do, on the threshhold of this high office, and be lieving, that the declaration will, meet with a hearty response from my people, I do now, in the name of the State, protest against the employment of military force, except in exact accordance with the constitution of the United States,. as construed and understood in our national history; and further declare, that the obtrusion of such forces in the legislative halls of Louisiana, was a fearful in fraction of that constitution, and in some respects, the gravest and most alarming shock that our republican institutions have ever received, involving in this one act of military authority, the destruction of the rights of the State and of the citizen; and HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 225 therefore, I commend to your calm and dispassionate judgment, the further consideration of this subject." The general laws passed during the first session of the legisla ture were numerous, but only a few were of large public interest, among which may be specified: one providing for the appropri ation of $221,250, to pay interest on the State debt, State Univer sity, Northwestern Lunatic Asylum, State Bank Stock, and School- Fund Bonds; one to establish a Board of Centennial Managers, and prescribing their duties; one to provide for enlarging the State Penitentiary; and others to provide for regulating the charges of Railroad Companies, and the appointment of Railroad Commis sioners. In addition to these measures of legislation, joint and con current resolutions were adopted,Tcondemnatory of the outrages then recent in the State of Louisiana! The session closed on the 29th of March, 1875, but in consequence of the unfinished condi tion of many bills of public importance, an extra session was called immediately by the Governor. Business having been at length completed, the legislature adjourned sine die, on the first day of April. One hundred and sixty-six acts and concurrent reso lutions were passed, but the major portion of the work of the two sessons, was not of a character requiring detailed mention. The State bonds falling due in 1875, and the two succeeding years, to whicli the retiring Governor invited attention, commanded leg islation; and a funding bill passed through both Houses, — in the Assembly, by 83 to 10, and in the Senate, by 23 to 4, author izing the issue of five million new 5-20 bonds, to be made paya ble in gold or currency. The items already mentioned in treat ing of the work of the first session, need not be recapitulated, but some few particulars concerning the State Penitentiary, will be given. That institution was in the hands of lessees, and public feeling strongly opposed the policy of continuing that system. A bill was introduced in the interest of the lessees, having for its object the extention of their powers, so that they might employ convicts outside the prison, at tlieir discretion, in any part of the State, provided that such locales of prison labor should not lie within ten miles of any city containing 25,000 inhabitants, or any larger number. Certain conditions were prescribed under which the powers conferred on the Penitentiary Lessees should be exer- 15 226 AN ILLUSTRATED cised, .and the bill passed both Houses, but the Governor refused assent, and an attempt to carry the. bill over his veto, failed. The Penitentiary debate occupied nearly all the extra; session-. A. bill appropriating. $300,000 to buihLa new. Penitentiary near St. Louis, was introduced,' and another -to erect a hospital- apd workshopsrin connection with' the1 old -institution. - Provision for the proposed hospital and workshops was .refused after, much debate, and the new Penitentiary near St.' Louis was still unsettled when the reg ular session ended. New propositions were submitted to the leg islature during the extra session, one of which involved an appro priation of $90,000 to. enlarge .the female prison, and construct a hospital and such other' buildings as the inspectors might deem necessary. Finally, a commission, consisting of the Governor and the .'Inspectors of the. Penitentiary, including the Attorney-Gen eral, the State Treasurer, and- State, Andi tor, was authorized to consider, examine, and, report upon the claims of the lessees. for works- and' improveinerits for which they sought compensation, and on the 12th of April,- a report- was made by that body, allow ing to the original lessees.^ and- the sub-lessees, the St. Louis Man ufacturing Company, the ..sum of $42,906.50. Another act prohibited all personsfrom carrying deadly weapons into any church or .'. place- where people should' assemble for religious worship, or into any school room, . or place where people a&sembledFfor. educational, literary or social purposes, or to any election precinct on any; day of election^ or into any court room, during;; the, sitting; of. the court; pr into any other public assemblage of person's for; other than military drill, or meetings ealled, under the militia law of the State. A bill to abolish, the Geological Bureau, and to transfer its collections and- possessions to the School of Mines, at Rolla, was vetoed by the Governor, but became a. law; over his veto. There was an attempt, to pass a bill for the; purpose of repealing an act of the preceding session which renewed the bonds, of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, but the effort proved abortive. The Railroad Commissioners, appointed under the new law, were Mortimer Mcllhany, John Walker, and John S. Marmaduke. The commission assembled on the 8th of June, made the classification required from them, and designated the maximum charges under the several heads of travel and freight. ' .::.n!..; :-i..i.;J:...i;"..i.' - ¦=!; !-!-j:!I r --¦ : ¦: ; ¦.¦:-¦ /l^L/Ztrvrrd? HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 227 The State convention appointed to revise the constitution, as sembled at the seat of government, on the 5th day of May, and organized by choosing Waldo P. Johnson to preside over their deliberations. A nCw constitution was prepared, and upon sub mission to the vote of the people, on the 30th of October, 1875, that measure was accepted by a vote of 90,600, against 14,362. The labors of the convention were widely recognized as a great boon to the community. The advantages likely to accrue to Missouri and to many other states, from the enteiprise known as the Southern Pacific Rail road, caused the assemblytof a body of 869 delegates, in St. Louis, in the latter part of November, from thirty-one states and territo ries.. Municipalities and commercial boards interested in pro moting the common object, were represented in the convention, which embraced many of the Middle states of the Union, as well as the Southern. Judge Stanley Matthews, of Cincinnati, was elected president of that influential body, and J. M. Howells, of Arkansas, secretary. Resolutions were adopted with much en thusiasm, urging the government to aid the design of building the Texas Pacific railroad, on or near the thirty-second parallel of latitude. Early in the year, a conspiracy which had long been in success ful operation, defrauding the government of a large proportion of the revenue on whisky, was discovered in St. Louis. Thirty- two distilleries and rectifying houses were seized by officers, on the 10th day of May, on behalf of the Treasury Department of the United States. Subsequent developements were rapid, show ing that systematic frauds, not only in St. Louis, and at other points in the State of Missouri, but all over the. Union, had been facilitated by officers of the government, from the lowest to the highest, until it became questionable at what altitude the ring ceased to operate. Numerous prosecutions followed the incrimi nating discoveries and disclosures, including those of John A. Joyce, Special Agent of the Revenue Service, and John McDon ald, Supervisor of Internal Revenue, who were convicted and sen tenced to the Penitentiary. CHAPTER XXIV. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI. The State of Missouri lies near the middle of the United States, in the great central valley of North America, between 36° and 41° of west longitude; having Iowa on the north; Il linois, Kentucky, and Tennessee on the east; Arkansas on the south; and the Indian Territory, Kansas, and Nebraska on the west; including an area of 67,380 squares miles, or 43,123,200 acres. The face of the country presents a great variety of moun tains, valleys, rolling prairies, alluvial and upland timber, springs, lakes and streams. One of the main features of the southern part of the State, is the Ozark highlands, which form a broad table-land in the south-west, and break into rounded knobs in the south-east. From these highlands the water descends in all directions — to the Currant and White rivers on the south ; to the Neosho on the west; to the Osage, Gasconade, and Meramec on the north; and to the Mississippi on the east. The mouth of the Ohio is 272 feet above the gulf of Mexico ; the St. Louis Di- , rectrix, 272; Granby, 1030; Marshfield, 1,462; and the top of Pilot Knob, 1490 feet above the ocean. Between the Osage and Missouri is another high, broad ridge. It commences in Cole county, widening and rising westward to the counties of Cass and Jackson. This rolling highland is drained into the Osage on the south, and into the Missouri on the north. On the north of the Missouri river, the country rises toward Iowa, and from the Missis sippi toward the west; forming a dividing ridge along the line of the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, and its northern branch. This area is intersected by the valleys of the principal rivers, varying in depth from one hundred to four hundred feet, and in width from one to forty miles. The valleys of the smaller streams, and other inequalities of surface, give the face of the coun try an agreeable undulating surface, well drained and heathful. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 229 The Mississippi washes the entire eastern boundary of the State, for a distance of five hundred and sixty miles. The Mis souri forms its western boundary for two hundred and fifty miles, as far south as Kansas City; thence, in a course south of east, it traverses the entire State — four hundred and thirty miles — to its junction with the Mississippi, twenty miles above St. Louis. These rivers are the two great natural thoroughfares of commerce in the Mississippi valley. The Missouri has several tributaries which have been more or less utilized as navigable waters. Of these the Osage, Gasconade, Platte, Chariton, White, and St- Frangois are the most important. There are a vast number of smaller streams in the State. A glance at the map will show how admirably they intersect and water every part of it. No coimtry is better supplied with bold springs of pure water. Away from the " bottoms " there is scarcely a section of land that has not one or more perennial springs. Many of these are large,' even beyond the conceptions of those who have not seen the streams which flow from them, and drive the mills and machin ery placed upon their waters. Brine springs are abundant in the central part of the State. In Cooper, Saline., Howard, and ad joining counties these springs are numerous, and discharge large quantities of excellent brine. Sulphur springs are also numer ous, and more generally diffused throughout the State. The Chouteau springs in Cooper, the Monageau springs in St. Clair, the Elk springs 'in Pike, and the Cheltenham springs in St. Louis county, have acquired considerable reputation. There are many springs in the State which contain some of the salts of iron. Several of them are somewhat celebrated as medicinal waters; sweet springs, on the Blackwater, and Norwood spring, at the University in Columbia, are most noted. Petroleum springs are observed in several of the western counties. These discharge small quantities of several varieties of rock oil. When the country emerged from the waters which last cov ered it, the marls of the bluff formation occupied nearly all the northern and western parts of the State, and a rank vegetation of grasses and other plants sprang up, forming one vast prairie. Young trees grew with the other vegetation; but the fires which overran the country, killed them out in the dryer and richer por- 230 AN ILLUSTRATED tions. They grew apace where the fires were too weak, by reason of water or a scarcity of vegetation, to destroy them. As the forests increased in size, they acquired power to withstand and check the flames; and thus they have gradually encroached upon the prairie, until more than one-half of the State is covered by magnificent forests. Nearly all that portion north-west of a line drawn from Hannibal to the south-west corner of the State, is prairie; that on the south-east of it, is timber. Large areas of the latter, skirt the streams and cover portions of the uplands ou the prairie side, and long arms of the prairie, extend along the divides, into the timbered side, while small patches of it checker the whole timbered region, even to the swamps of the south-east. The bottom prairies are level, and often sublime in their extent; while the upland prairies are rolling and grand in their seeming endless succession of undulations. Missouri possesses an abundance of the very best lumber. The varieties useful in the various arts are well distributed. Pine, walnut, Cherry, ash, maple, birch, hickory, oak, linden, cotton wood, poplar, sweet black and yellow gum, cedar, cypress, syca more, locust, coffee- tree, elm, pecan, chestnut, tulip-tree (the "white and yellow poplar" of Kentucky and Southern Missouri), beech, willow, hackberry, mulberry, tupelo, catalpa, iron-wood, horn-beam, and box-elder, are found in great abundance in the State, and many of them in all their known varieties. There are six Species of hickory, three of locust, eighteen of oak, and varieties of other trees in like proportion. All these kinds grow very large in the deep, rich soils, and warm climate; and no figures, no descriptions can give an idea of the grandeur and beauty of the forests of Missouri. They must be seen, examined and re-examined, visited ahd re-visited, before they can be fully appreciated. One must behold "the mighty monarchs of the forest" — must see the grape-vines hanging like huge cables from their lofty branches, and mingling their purple clusters with the highest foliage, the large orange flowers of the trumpet creeper, and the crimson foliage of the American ivy warming and beauti fying tlieir sombre shades; — -he must see these glories before he can fully realize their beauty and grandeur. Here, too, the utili tarian can find woods suitable for all the purposes to which they " : '"-";ii'!lfV r, .il*, :i i'!-lHi-!-i-!!-;!!i-iii:;|-|!!|-! i;;.;--,;-.-:-i rriiTiiil--;:-..-:::-;,;!!-!;!'!;- ;:;¦::¦!;: r.FSij' GEORGE C. SWALLOW, M. D. LL. D. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 231 are applied. Oak, hickory, maple, ash, mulberry, locust, linden, poplar, elm, walnut, and pine for carriages, wagons, and agricul tural implements; pine, linden, poplar, cotton-wood, walnut, cy press, cedar, birch, hickory, and oak for cabinet work; cedar, locust, oak, hickory, mulberry, and pine for fences; and Osage or ange, thorns, buckthorns, and cedars for hedges. But few portions of the temperate zone present a more desira ble climate, or one better fitted to meet all the demands of ad vanced civilization than Missouri. It has, generally speaking, a most agreeable and salubrious atmosphere. The summers are long, temperate, and dry ; the winters, short, and mild. Scarcely any climate so well combines the requisites for health and abun dant harvests. The statistics of the State show the south-western highlands to be its most salubrious portion. Missouri, however, has two defects of climate incident to her location on the border of the great prairies, between the Mississippi and the Pacific. The north-west winds sweeping down from the Rocky mountains, sometimes bring a temperature so low as to be injurious to more tender fruits and farm-crops. It sometimes happens that the lat ter part of summer and the early autumn are so destitute of rain that the drought becomes a serious injury to the growing; crops. These defects of climate sternly admonish the sparing of the trees already growing, and the planting of others to increase the rains and temper the extremes of heat and cold. The geology of Missouri presents a great variety of rocks and use ful minerals. Its mines of lead and copper, of cobalt and nickel, and of zinc, are yielding up their shining ores. Its iron mountains stand upon their molten basis ; its vast coal-beds sleep beneath the broad prairies. The drill and pick summon them forth to warm and enlighten the people, and make the commonwealth rich. The geological ages represented by the rocks of Missouri are seven in number. Tho6e of the Azoic age are the oldest sede- mentary rocks upon the face of the earth. They contain the only history we have of our planet during the earliest cycles of its preparation for man. During the first part of the Azoic age, a boundless ocean covered the earth ; but, toward its close, the old est portions of this continent rose above the waters, forming the nu-. cleus of the future America. Pilot Knob, Shepherd mountain, and 232 AN ILLUSTRATED some of the neighboring highlands, then became islands, it is be lieved, in the primeval ocean. So far as known, no living thing,' planet or animal, had as yet appeared upon the globe. The wa ters were a dreary waste ; the land, a desert. Pilot Knob, Iron mountain, Granite mountain, and the porphyries, granites and trap rocks of the adjacent country, belong to the Huronian divis ion of the Azoic age. The Silurian age represents a vast period in the history of the globe, in which occurred some of the, most interesting events of geological history. During this age, the extensive beds of sand stones, magnesian-limestones, and horn-stones of the south-east ern half of Missouri, were deposited. In these were buried the remains of the numerous sea-weeds, corals, crinoids, mollusks, and articulates, whicli had appeared upon the earth and popu lated its seas. The most remarkable animals of this age, were the large trilobites and huge cepalopods, twenty feet in length.- Near the close, the first vertebrates appeared in shape of large fishes; incased in a heavy coat of mail. Sea-weeds grew in the shallow water, and ferns upon the moist land. At the close of the Silurian age, there was a change of level, which raised nearly one-half of the State of Missouri above the waters, forming one of the large islands which then appeared along the central por tions of North America, forming the first barrier between the waters of the Pacific and the Atlantic, and indicating the shape and position of the future continent. The lead, copper, zine, and nickel mines of the State are nearly all in the Silurian rocks, as are the Ozark, Cape Girardeau, and Glencoe Marbles. The rocks of the Devonian age also contain the records of a vast period of the earth's history. The sandstones, limestones,' and shales, so abundant in some localities, were sparingly depos ited in Missouri. Fishes, then the largest and most perfect of the animals, became very abundant; polyps formed coral reefs in the shallow seas ; calamites, lepidodendrons and conifers- covered the continents with their primal forests. Reptiles and insects made their first appearance on the earth toward the close of this age. The Devonian rocks in Missouri are found in an irregular belt, extending from Marion county, in the north-east, to McDonald, in the south-west. The small area covered by these HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 233 formations, show no great changes in the level of this part of the rising continent at the close of this age. No age manifests a more obvious design to fit the earth for man, and to promote his highest civilization, than the Carbon iferous. The coal and iron laid up in its rocky store houses have in an incalculable degree advanced the intelligence, the wealth, and power of the nations. Zoophytes, crinoids, mollusks and fishes continued in great abundance in the warm seas. Ferns, lycopodiumsj equisetums and conifers grew in vast proportions, and covered the moist earth with dense and stately forests. Rep tilians and insects multiplied, rendering the land, as well as the waters, a scene of busy life. The Carboniferous age was prodigal in its gifts to the territory now included in Missouri, giving it 26,000 square miles of invaluable coal beds. At the close of this age, the entire State was elevated above the oceans, save a small portion below the present Cape Girardeau, which was still occu pied by the Gulf of Mexico. The waters of the Pacific had retired west and north as far as Manhattan and Omaha. All of the north-western part of the State, is underlaid by the rocks of this age. But few changes were made in Missouri during the Reptilian age, when so many wonderful events transpired on the retiring shores of the Pacific. Only a very small area of these rocks are found in Missouri, but on the west, they extend from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic regions. The whole race of Trilobites had disappeared. The Brachipods, Cephalopods and Cestraciont sharks had greatly declined; while the Reptilians had culminated in the flying Pterodactyl and the huge Plesiosaurus and Igna- nodons. Rizopods were abundant, and insects were multiplied. Mammals and birds, and our common forest trees and palms, first made their appearance on our globe. Near the close of this age the chalk beds of Europe were deposited, and at the end of it the area of North America was nearly doubled. The beautiful varigated sandstones, clays, shales, and iron ores ip the bluffs skirting the swamps of Southern Missouri, from Commerce to Chalk Bluffs, in Arkansas, belong to the Tertiary age. During this age, the Gulf of Mexico extended up to Cape Girardeau ; and the highlands of Scott county were islands there- 234 AN ILLUSTRATED in. Its waters were filled with huge sharksj and the adjacent re-' gions were populated with great turtles, crocodiles and zeuglodohs ; hyenas, wolves, horses, camels, deer, rhinoceroses, ihastadons, ele- , phants, and monkeys, were denizens of the country. All of these animals are now extinct, but their numerous bones preserved in the Tertiary rocks, give ample proof that they inhabited North America in this age. During this, so often called the Mamma lian age, many species of the larger mammals came Upon the earth, lived their allotted time and disappeared, leaving no record of their existence, save their remains laid up in the store-house of the rocks. The Quarternary, or Age of Man, contains the latest and most valuable of all the formations. These rocks have been formed since man came upon the earth, and are peculiarly adopted to fit' it for his abode. Of these rocks, the soil, and the surface sandsY marls, peats, clays, and gravels, are the most important. While the soil coversthe continents, sustains the vegetable kingdom, arid holds the wealth of the nations, the clays, marls, and sands of the Quarternary, furnish the inorganic materials of the soil itself. During this age many remarkable events transpired on this' part of the continent. The large rivers had cut their channels ih! the' consolidated rocks of the previous ages, to depths varying from 100 to 500 feet, and. in width, from one to ten miles. Their waters poured over the rock strata, and wore for themselves these great highways to the sea. But a change came over the northern part of the continents. Some mighty power of ice, or water, or both, swept down from the north, grinding the softer rocks to atoms, rounding the harder into pebbles, moving huge boulders hundreds of miles, and dropping them in strange places. Another change, and a fresh water lake covered a large part of the upper Missis sippi and lower Missouri valleys. The Missouri and Mississippi flowed into this lake, and the land and water were populated with many of the animals now living. The beaver built his dams as now, the squirrel ate the same inast, and the deer cropped the same herbage. But the mastodon and the elephant in diminished herds,. still held their places as lords of the soil. There came a change of level, and this lake was gradually drained, and the waters sub sided to the channels of the rivers. But the currents of the great HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 235 rivers were sluggish, and the waters spread from bluff to bluff, and deposited the strata of bottom prairies. Another change of level, and the. currents became rapid as now, and the rivers cut narrow channels, leaving the wide level bottoms to the dominion of the vegetable kingdom. It was during this age, the continents were finished, the oceans fixed in their beds, the seasons estab lished their cycles, and the zones of temperature fixed the bound aries of animal and vegetable life. When all was done, — came man, and many of the animals and plants which now populate and beautify the earth; and the Geological. Record gave place to history. , The soil of a country is the great source of national prosperity and individual wealth and happiness. No department of agri cultural science is more defective than the classification and no menclature of soils. No system has been adopted by which the many varieties of soils can be so arranged and described that all can be readily identified. This state of the case is due, doubt less, to two principal causes : first, the varieties of soils pass into each . other by such an infinite number of gradations that it is well-nigh impossible to point out any definite lines of separation; second, farmers have been so averse to scientific names, which are definite, that writers on the subject have used the indefinite terms generally employed — often too, in a sense entirely differ ent from their, common signification among farmers, thus creat ing a confusion of names. In the popular nomenclature are found some very general names, which are very definite when considered in some of their relations, as " timbered lands," and " prairie lands." These names distinctly mark the soils in the timber and those on the prairie, but do not indicate the quality of the soils any further than they are produced by those relations. To. the same class of names belong "bottom lands," and "up lands," sometimes called " bluff lands." These terms, like the Others, point out an important natural division of soils, though they have no reference to the fertility. Prairie lands are well defined by nature, and distinct from tim bered lands in respect to the vegetation they naturally produce. The latter produce trees and shrubs, and some grasses, and other herbaceous plants; and the former produce grasses and other 236 AN ILLUSTRATED hubaceous plants only. But each division contains soils of all grades of productiveness, from the very best to the poorest. These prairie lands occupy nearly one-half of the entire area of Missouri, or about thirty thousands square miles. The grasses are as diversified, and as distinctly mark the varieties of soil on the prairies, as do the trees in the timber. The resin- weed, crow foots, and wild sorghum, indicate as good soils on the prairies as do the elm, hickory, and walnut in the timber. But as the trees are more conspicuous and better known, the varieties of soils are best known by the timber they produce. These lands are still further divided so as to indicate the quality of the soil with a marked degree of certainty by their natural productions, their chemical composition, and by their physical structure. The de termination of the qualities of soils by the natural productions, is best understood by Missouri farmers, as all are well aware that the soil that produces hackberry and elm, is much better than the. soil that produces black-jack and black hickory; that the former will yield abundant crops, while the latter will produce none but a very inferior growth of the cereals. In this division are those soils marked by the growth of particular trees and shrubs from which they derive their names. Hackberry lands have the best upland soils in the State. The growth is hackberry, elm, wild cherry, honey locust, coffee tree, pig-nut hickory, chesnut, and burr-oak, black and white walnut, mulberry, and linden. The crow-foot of the prairie region, have soils very similar in quality to hackberry lands, and these two soils generally join each other where the timber and prairie lands meet. These soils abound in the western counties from Atchison to Cass, and eastward . to Saline and Howard. They also cover small areas in other parts of the State. There is an area of at least 6,500,000 acre3 of these soils, which are unsurpassed for productive energy, and durability. It has sufficient sand for the water to drain off rapidly in wet weather, and enough of clay, lime, magnesia, and humus to retain the moisture in the dry. It rests on a bed of fine silicious marls, which will render it perpet ually fertile under deep tillage. Their productive powers are everywhere manifest in the gigantic forest trees, luxurant native grasses, and the rich crops they produce. Herds of buffalo, elk, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 237 and deer, were formerly entirely concealed from the hunter by the tall prairie grasses of these soils. Hemp, tobacco, corn, and the cereals grow upon it in great luxuriance; and no soil is better adapted to fruits of all kinds. The principal growth upon elm lands, is elm, hackberry, honey locust, black walnut, cherry, blue ash, black oak, red bud, and papaw. Resin-weed lands, on the prairies, have about the same qualities as the elm lands in the forests. These soils are but little inferior to the hackberry lands, above described. The sand in them is finer, and the clay more abundant, rendering the soil less porous and more adhesive. This soil abounds, interspersed with hack berry and hickory lands, in the region above named ; in the east, in • Marion, Monroe, Boone, Cooper, St. Louis, Greene, and other counties, it covers large areas. These soils occupy an area of about 3,000,000 acres. Its heavy forests and luxuriant prairie grasses, and its chemical properties, clearly indicate its great fertility, and the marls upon which it is based fully assure its durability. Hemp, tobacco, corn, wheat, and other staple crops grow luxu riantly, ana all kinds of fruits adapted to the climate do well. Hickory lands hold the next grade to the elm lands, and are known by a growth of white and shell-bark hickory, black and laurel oaks, sugar maple, persimmon, dogwood, haws, red bud, and crab-apple. In the south-east, the tulip tree, beach and black gum, grow on soils of about the same quality. This soil is more clayey, not so deep, and has a sub-soil more impervious, and the underlying marls have less sand and lime, and more clay. There are large areas of prairie soils, of about the same quality as the hickorv lands. Some of them are called " mulatto soils." These soils cover about 6,000,000 acres in the State. Farmers deem this a very valuable soil for the staple crops of the country, for the fruit of the latitude, and especially for blue grass pastures, and meadows of timothy and clover. This soil abounds in the cen tral and eastern counties, north of the Missouri. White oak lands occupy high portions, whence the rains of centuries have washed the finer and lighter materials of the soil to so great a degree that the subsoil is even better than the sur face. There is no better land for wheat and fruits. Few soils produce a better quality of grapes and tobacco. It occupies many 238 AN ILLUSTRATED of the ridges in the region north of the Missouri, and east of the Chariton, and those south of the former river and north of the Osage; 1,500,000 acres is a fair estimate of the area of white oak lands. Post oak lands occupy ridges generally on the south side of the Osage, and produce post and black oak, hickory, sassafras, dogwood and sumach. The. -growth is about the same as, the white o,ak ridges, substituting the post for. white oak. This soil is based upon a light colored marl, with less lime and sand than is found in the marls underlying: the white-oak ridges; but it produces good crops of the staples of the country, and has for several years yielded the best tobacco of the West. Fr aits, of nearly all varieties cultivated in our latitude, excel on this soil. The area covered: by post-oak lands is very large; probably 3,000,- 000 acres. ,- Black-jack lands have few trees, save black-jack and black hick ory; sometimes a few grapes and some sumach. They occupy the high flint ridges which are usually underlaid with hornstone and sandstone, and some strata of magnesian limestone. The sub-soil is usually a lifeless sandy clay, arid the soil is full of fragments of flint or pebbles. This is the poorest soil iii the State, and is of little use save for pastures and fruits. It may be made profitable for orchards and vineyards. These lands occupy a large.portion of the flint and sandstone ridges on the south of the Osage, perhaps 3,000,000 acres. , Pine lands have a growth of pine, post, white and black oak, black hickory, dogwood, and sassafras. . They have an inferior, sandy soil, and occupy; the plateaus, hills, and ridges of southern Missouri, which are underlaid by the sandstones of the magnesian limestone series. The area of this soil is not less than 2,000,000 acres. The soil is sandy and thin, and Would- be greatly benefited by clay and humus; but plaster and Clover "are the most available means of improvement. The soil of the Magnesian Limestone lands is derived from the Magnesian limestones of tlie Silurian series, so generally de veloped in south-east Missouri. They produce black and white walnut, black gum, white and whahoo elms, sugar maple, rock chestnut and laurel oaks, blue ash, buckeye, hazel, sumach, and dogwood. These lands occupy the slopes, hill sides and narrow valleys of the southern and south-eastern part of the State, and JOHN W. HARRIS. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 239 the northern slopes of the Missouri, east of Providence. This soil is light, warm and dark, rich in lime, humus, and magnesia. It covers an area of 10,000,000 acres, which is often so broken as to be unfitted for the ordinary farm culture. This area, extending from the Missouri river to Arkansas, and from Marshfield to Cape Girardeau, is a table-land varying in elevation from 300 to 1,500 feet. It is cut by deep winding valleys in the south and north, and broken into knobs and ridges towards the east. Large, bold springs of pure, cool waters, gush from every hill-side, and fill the valleys with limpid streams. Magnificient forests abound, and wild grapes every where mingle their purple clusters with the foliage of the elm and the oak, the mulberry and the buckeye. The climate of this region is delightful. The winters are short and mild, the summers long and temperate. The skies vie with those of Italy, and its fountains and streams, valleys and moun tains, equal their favored prototypes in classic Greece. No soil can surpass this for grapes, and the mild winters and long sum mers, favored by the warm dry winds of the south-west, are most favorable for maturing their rich juices. The bottom lands are scarcely less important and valuable. They are by nature divided into " bottom prairie " and " bottom timber." The former has a light, rich, deep, dark, and productive soil, clothed with luxuriant native grasses, among which a species of sorghum is conspicuous. Before these savannas were pastured, the grasses grew to a height varying from five to ten feet. The soils of the bottom prairie are rich in all the elements of fertility. They are deep and light, and but slightly affected by excessive wet or drought. Hemp, tobacco, and all the staple crops grow on them with great luxuriance. The bottom prairie covers a large portion of the Missouri bottoms above Glasgow, and some considerable areas in St. Charles, Marion, and the south-eastern counties on the Mississippi. Some of these prairies on the Mis souri are twenty and thirty miles long, and from two to ten miles wide; such are the broad Wyaconda and the Huppan Cuty. The area of these lands is constantly decreasing by the action of the river, and the encroachments of the forests ; but there still remains about 1,000,000 acres of these rich and beautiful, natural mead ows. 240 AN ILLUSTRATED The bottom timber has several natural divisions, well rec ognized by the people of the country, and designated as " high bottom," "low bottom," " wet bottom " or " swamp," and "cy press." High bottoms have a deep, porous, and rich sandy soil, which produces a gigantic growth of elm, sugar maple, white ash, cherry, locust, linden, sweet gum, buckeye, burr, Spanish and scarlet oaks, thick shell-bark hickory, hackberry,. pecan, black walnut, plum, and mulberry. Grape vines, trumpet and Virginia creepers, poison oak, wistarea, and staff tree, climb the highest trees and mingle tlieir scarlet and purple flowers and fruits with their highest foliage. The fertility of this soil is well attested by its chemical properties, and the large trees grown upon it. This soil covers all the high and dry bottoms above the usual high waters — about 3,000,000 acres. It produces the largest crops of wheat, corn, hemp and tobacco. Low bottoms have soils similar to the last. They are but little used for cultivation, save wrhen protected from overflows by levees. Sycamore, cotton-wood, white maple, box-elder, red birch, buckeye, hackberry, willow river and frost grapes, and poison ivy, are the most common productions. There are large areas of these lands in south-east Missouri ; — in the State, 2,000,000 acres. Swamp,- or wet bottom, is a term usually applied to a variety of bottom lands so located as to be saturated with, or nearly covered by water. This excess of water renders them useless for ordinary culture. They sustain a heavy growth of pin, swamp and red oaks; holly, spice bush, black ash, red birch, box-elder, button-bush, sycamore, cotton-wood, whahoo elm, sweet gum, white and red maple, frost and river grapes. The name cypress is given to low bottoms, which are covered with standing water for a large part of the year. The decomposition of vegetable matter in these waters adds a new deposit of vegetable mold annually to their rich soil, which sus tains a very heavy growth of cypress, tupelo, sour gum, water locust, and pin-oak. The area of swamp and cypress lands will reach 1,000,000 acres. Such are the soils of Missouri, as they are recognized by the people of the State, from their natural productions. They give promise of harvests of the staples grown in the northern temperate zone, ample for the support of a num erous and prosperous people. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 241 - The magnesian limestone soils and pine lauds, cover the large mining- regions of the State, furnishing ample agricultural re sources for the support of a dense mining and manufacturing population. Nearly one half of the State is occupied by broad, rich prairies, which produce abundant crops of native grasses, which rival the cultivated species in luxuriance and nourishing properties. The young prairie grasses are scarcely inferior to the famous blue grass for pasturage, and, when cut before the seed is ripej are equal to timothy and clover for hay. These grasses are not confined to the open prairie, but grow luxuriantly on the ridges and hill-sides of the upland forests, in all southern Mis souri. Cane-brakes are abundant in the rich bottoms of the south ern counties, especially those of the south-east. The cane is ever green, and furnishes most excellent pastures during the entire year. In the winter its dense foliage affords the very best shelter, as well as food, for the Stock in these favorite grazing regions. The fruits of the numerous species of oak, hickory, walnut, pecan, beech and hazel, usually furnish a large supply of food most grateful to swine, turkeys, and other mast-eating animals. This, with the abundance of pure water, renders Missouri, particularly the southern part, a most favored grazing region. The temperate summers, and the short, dry, and mild winters, enable horses, mules, neat cattle, sheep, goats, and swine, to live and thrive upon the native pastures with little or no extra food, and small care from the herdsman. The forty thousand acres of lands in Missouri, which may be cultivated in cereals or fruits, present all desirable varieties of soil, adapted to all staples of the temperate zone. The staples most cultivated are corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buck- wheat, hemp, tobacco, cotton, castor bean, potatoes, peanuts, blue grass, timothy, clover, Hungarian grass, and red-top. The most of these staples do well and yield abundant harvests. The fruits most raised are apples, peaches, cherries, pears, plums, apricots, grapes, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, goose berries, and currants. All of these fruits do well when properly managed. Of domestic animals, those most raised are neat cat tle, (of all the most approved breeds,) horses, mules, swine, sheep and goats. 242 AN ILLUSTRATED Mineral coal has been one of the potential elements in the pro gress of the last century. It has been the motive power in com merce and manufactures. Missouri has an abundance of this most useful mineral to supply all the prospective demands of future generations. The State has nearly all the best bitumin ous varieties. Prior to the geological survey very little was known of the extent of the Missouri coal-beds. But the first year of that survey traced the south-eastern boundary of the coal field from the mouth of the Des Moines, through Clark, Lewis, Shelby, Monroe, Audrain, Boone, Cooper, Pettis, Henry; St. Clair, Bates, Vernon, and Barton, into the Indian Territory, and proved that every county on the north-west of this line is under laid with coal, measures giving to the State an area of some 26,- 000 square miles of coal strata, which if but one foot in thick ness, would yield 26,000,000,000 tons of workable coal ; besides, it is well known that a large part of this area contains from three to thirty feet of workable coal. The economical value of this coal is so great as to baffle the imagination, when attempting to. trace its influences in domestic life, in navigation and manufactures. Its cheering rays of light and heat, shed abroad the light of civ ilization, and its motive power propels the ships, the trains, and the machinery of the nations. Coal crystalized becomes diamond and reflects light; but ignited it surpasses the diamond, and be comes light itself, heat and power. Among minerals, iron stands pre-eminent in its influence upon the power and prosperity of a nation. Nations who possess it in large quantities, and by whom it is extensively manufactured, seem to partake of its hardy nature and sterling qualities. Mis souri possesses an inexhaustible supply of the very best ores of this mental. The specular oxide of iron is one of the most abund ant and valuable ores in the State. Iron mountain is the largest mass. It is two hundred feet high, and covers an area of five hun dred acres, and is made np almost entirely of this ore in its pur est form. The quantity above the surface of the valley is esti mated at 200,000,000 tons. Fine beds of this ore are also found at the Buford ore-bed, at the big Bogy mountain, at Russell moun tain, at the James Iron Works^ and other localities in Phelps county; and in sections two, three, ten, and eleven of townships HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 243 thirty-five, range four west, in Dent county, on the south-west Pacific railroad; also, in section thirty-one, township thirty- seven, range twelve west, in Pulaski county. Silicious specular oxide of iron exists in vast quantities in Pilot Knob, where it has been worked for many years. The specular and magnetic oxides fill largb veins in the porphyry of Shepherd mountain. It is a very pure ore, and large quanties have been mined and smelted. All these ores are well adapted to the manufacture of pig metal, and the most of them are suitable for making blooms by the Cat alan process, and steel by the Bessemer and other modes. Hem atite of good quality is very common • in large deposits in the magnesian limestone series. It is also abundant, but generally of an inferior quality, in the ferruginous sandstone and tertiary rocks. Large quantities of this ore have been discovered in Cooper, St. Clair, Greene, Henry, Franklin, Benton, Dallas, Camden, Stone, Madison, Iron, Washington, Perry, St. Francois, Reynolds, Stoddard, Scott, and Dent counties. The beds discov ered in Scott and Stoddard counties are very extensive and of good quality. The beds in the tertiary rocks of Scott county are of poor quality. The lead mines of Missouri are numerous and productive, and many of them give evidence of a long-continued yield of their rich treasures. There are more than five hundred mines already opened, which promise profitable results. These are found in four different regions of the State, which cover an area of about- 7,000 square miles. It is fair to suppose that only a small part of the veins, in this large area, have been discovered. The Mis souri lead region is certainly one of the richest and most extensive in the country. Several varieties of copper ore exist in the Mis souri mines. The mines of Shannon, Madison, and Franklin counties have been known for a long time. Some of those in Shannon and Franklin were once worked with bright prospects ot success, and some in Madison have yielded good results. Deposits of copper have been discovered in Dent, Crawford, Benton, Maries, Greene, Lawrence, Dade, Taney, Dallas, Phelps, Reynolds, and Wright counties. The zinc ores have long been known to exist in considerable quantities in the mines of the State, and several extensive veins of zinc were long since known. It 244 AN ILLUSTRATED was so little valued that many thousand tons of ores were thrown out with the rubbish, in mining for other metals. But the erec tion of zinc furnaces have given these ores a marked value, and developed an important industry in zinc mining. Cobalt exists in considerable quantities, at mine La Motte. It has been found in one other locality. Nickel is also worked at mine La Motto, in considerable quantities. Manganese, as a peroxide; has been found in ; several localities in Stel Genevieve, and other counties. Silver occurs in small quantities, in nearly all the lead mines in the State, in combination with the ores of that metal. Gold, though often reported in- large quantities in sundry, localities, has never heen worked to any considerable extent, in any part of the State: All that has been discovered was in the drift which came from the north-west. Ores said to have large quantities. of tin .have- attracted much attention, and much money and labor have ,'beeii" spent in efforts to mine and reduce them, but the results have not proved remunerative. Platinum has been . reported in small quantities in the dykes of Madison county. Marble, of various colors and qualities, has been found and worked to some considerable extent, in several localities; Much 'of it has been used as a building: stone, and some, as the Ozark, and Glencoe, and Cape Girardeau, for ornamental work. The rich Ozark marble may be seen in the stairways and mantels of the Capitol, at Washington. These marbles form the walls and orna ments of many of the best buildirigs .in St. Louis. What has been called; the, red and gray, granites of Missouri, exist in large quantities in Madison and the neighboring counties. Some of :these are most durable and beautiful building stones; but many, especially some of the coarse red varieties, disintegrate too readily for use in permanent structures. Those whose crystalline parts are too slightly cemented to be durable, cannot be safely used, as the frosts decompose some of them , very rapidly. The gray variety (Diorite) is much more desirable than the red, for paving stories.'. ' Hydraulic limestones are abundant, in many localities. Soine of these valuable deposits have' been tested, arid proyed of good quality. Beds of this useful rock have been found in Boone, Cooper, Marion, Ralls, Moniteau, Saline, Pike, and St. Louis couii- Illlllillll JOHN H. TAYLOR. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 245 ties. Clays suitable for the potter's wheel are abundant in many localities. Kaolin has been discovered in a few places in the south-eastern part of the State. Fire clay is abundant in St. Louis, Boone, Cooper, Saline, Howard, and many of the north western counties. Mineral paints abound in the coal strata, and in many of the iron beds of the State. Several of these beds have proved valuable as "fire proof" protections to wood work. Road materials, in the form of gravel and pebbles, are very abundant in the drift of the northern counties, and in the beds of nearly all the streams of the State. Limestones suitable for quick-lime ex ist in all the counties, save those in the extreme south-east. Limestones and sandstones of excellent quality, for fences, and buildings, and bridges, crop out in the bluffs of all the streams. Timber, as already shown, abounds in great quantities, and in many varieties suitable for buildings, machinery, carriages, cars, wagons, and the various kinds of cabinet-work. All parts of the State are intersected by streams, very many of which, especially those in the southern counties, furnish good water-power to drive mills and factories. But the best water-powers in the world are produced by our large springs. Some of these discharge 11,000- 000 cubic feet per diem, forming streams whose waters never freeze, nor vary in quantity by wet or dry seasons. The various natural productions of Missouri, show how vast are "its resources for the farmer, the miner, the manufacturer, and the merchant. It would be difficult to over-estimate these. If Missouri will work up her iron and coal, she may become rich and powerful. Her manufacturing and commercial resources point to a greatness surpassing the hopes of the most sanguine. The internal improvements of the State, testify to the intelligence and enterprise of its people, and every where are to be seen evi dences of its industry and progress. CHAPTER XXV. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. It is not by investigating the progress of a people in material things alone, that the faithful historian finds a field for his record ing pen; and should he confine himself to these, without giving attention to the still more important matter of the religious growth and development of the State, he would signally fail of accomplishing his allotted task. When the noble rivers of this great State first became thoroughfares for the exploration of its trackless wilds, the man of God was with the dauntless httle company who sought a path to the broad fields before unknown to the white man. There, then, were no houses of worship. " The groves were God's first temples. Ere man learned -'',-'..-. To hew the shaft, and lay the architrave, And spread the roof above them, — ere he framed The lofty vault, to gather and roll back The sound of anthems ; in the darkling wood, Amidst the cool and silence, he knelt down, And offered to the Mightiest solemn thanks And supplications." As the little settlements began to dot the forest and prairie, the itinerant missionary was wont to seek out the settlers in their new homes, and teach them in spiritual things. .-¦ Those days of danger and trial w,ere often made glad, no doubt, by the voice of prayer, or the hymn of praise. For the fifty years and more preceding the advent of the nineteenth century, the Cath olic faith was chiefly known, and its influence felt among the settlers. But as the tide of immigration poured in, other religious elements developed, and churches began to spring up everywhere in the wilderness. The earliest Protestant church organization, of which there is any record, was perfected near Jackson, Cape Girardeau county, in 1806, through the instrumentality of Rev. David Green, A "meeting-house" was built of logs, — the first building erected HISTORY OE MISSOURI. 247 by Anti-Catholics, for worship, west of the Mississippi river;,.. and for years the only structure, from the great river to the- Pacific ocean, dedicated to the. service of the living God. This church was Baptist in faith and order, and was known as the, Bethel Baptist church. It was not large, but formed an active and consecrated band, full of faith and good works. Finally it. was merged in what to-day is its representative, the Baptist, church in Jackson. FIJRST MEETING-HOUSE WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI KIVEE. The old house, this first temple in the " western wilderness," , has been torn down. The hand of time and the ruder hand of man have fully accomplished the work of demolition. But that spiritual temple, then and there commenced, will never feel the., weight of years, nor yield to the wasting force of time. In less, than seven decades, the one church has increased to fourteen hun dred, and the little band that then stood alone in this vast, region, has become nearly ninety thousand. : Instead of a single- log house in the wilderness, the denomination now has inany 248 AN ILLUSTRATED costly and elegant church edifices, and a noble band of able and" consecrated ministers. Before the territory of Louisiana was ceded to the United States, members of the Baptist church had settled in various localities. Those who had found homes in the south-eastern por tion of the State were cheered by the visit of Rev. Thomas John son, from Georgia, who preached among them, and baptized one, about the year 1799. They were without any permanent organ ization until July, 1806. At this time the Rev. Green, who had visited the scattered settlers a year before, became a permanent resident of Cape Girardeau county, and soon collected together a sufficient number of persons of like faith with himself to consti tute a Baptist church ; when organized they adopted the name of Bethel, for this was to them indeed a "house of God." Rev. David Green was a native of Virginia, but had already preached not only in his native State, but also in North and South Carolina, and Kentucky. But pressed forward by a zeal akin to that of the apostles of old, he extended his labors west of the great river, and became the pioneer Baptist preacher of Missouri. He was permitted to labor on this field only a little over three years. In December, 1809, he died. His remains were interred in a private burial ground, and its exact spot is now unknown. This last fact has deprived the- Baptists of the present generation, of the privilege of erecting to his memory a suitable monument upon the place of his sepulture. About the time Bethel church was located, other families of the same faith journeyed west of the "Father of Waters," and made for themselves homes in St.. Louis county. The most prominent among these was Rev. T. R. Musick, who for many years labored in "word and doctrine " with distinguished success. Under these labors a church was soon organized, and called Fee-Fee, afte the stream of that name that flowed near by, where the church was constituted. This church is still (1876) an active, : earnest, working body. Rev. Dr. J. H. Luther is now its pastor. He is a man of prominence among his people, and justly distinguished both as a scholar and a divine. In 1816, the first association' of Missouri Baptists was formed. It con sisted of seven churches; was organized in the meeting-house of HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 249 the Bethel church, and was known as the Bethel Association. These seven churches were located in the south-eastern portion of Missouri. At that time the country was thinly settled, and neighbor hoods were distant one from another. It was not at all un common for a minister to travel, sometimes on foot, from fifty to a hundred miles to meet his appointments for preaching. These journeyings were made at long intervals, for most of the preachers supported themselves and their families by the culti vation of the soil. Upon these long journeys they were, at times, accompanied by laymen, who would remain with the pastor for days, aiding him by singing, and prayer, and exhorta tion, in the work of evangelization. Frequently, when upon these long journeys, they had to spend the nights in the wilder ness at great distances from human habitation; but full of faith, and urged forward by deep-seated convictions, they were n°t deterred by the dangers of the way. If the rivers were too deep to be forded, they fearlessly swam them. No danger turned these men from the path of duty. They forced their way through the unbroken wilderness; and thus were opened up the great highways, which to-day are the thoroughfares upon which is borne not only the message of the gospel, but also the commerce of the Empire States of the American Republic. In the year 1817, the Rev. John M. Peck, and Rev. James E. Welch, young men of good education, and possessed of such strength of body and unyielding determination as fitted them for the work of pioneers, left their homes in the east, and moved to what was then known as the " far west." These men were in the em ploy of the Baptist Missionary Society of the east; and though their salaries were small, it enabled them, for a few years at least, to give themselves wholly to the ministry. Mr. Peck gave himself largely to the work of gathering facts concerning the climate, and the productions of the soil. He was the author of the earliest " Gazetteer " of the west, and no man of his day contributed more towards inducing men of good and sterling qualities to. make this their home. He was deeply interested in the educational questions of the day, and did all in his power. to set up that system of schools in the new states, which 250 AN ILLUSTRATED is now the pride and boast of the people. Dr. Peck established, his home at Rock Spring, Illinois, and there began the work of laying the foundation for a college. The institution, here begun, •was, after a few years, transferred to upper Alton, Illinois, and consolidated with another school which had been started. a,t that place; and thus was originated' Shurtleff College, an institution which, by its career of usefulness, has proved the. wisdom of. its founders. Elder Welch gave himself exclusively to the work of traveling preacher. He founded many churches,, and was very useful in organizing Sunday schools., He lived, to a groat age, and enjoyed the pleasure of, seeing- the denomination over whose early efforts he watched with so much care, and to the growth of which he contributed freely the best years of his life, become a grand body of earnest, cultivated, and devoted workers in all things that contribute to the elevation of the human family. Very soon after these two men located in Saint Louis, Rev. T. P. Greene, who had been brought up- in Kentucky, became a resi dent of Jackson, Cape Girardeau county. He was a man of no mean culture, and of great energy. He was by nature adapted to the work of a pioneer. For many years he aided in publishing. a secular newspaper, taught school during, the winter months, and on Sundays always preached the gospel of the Redeemer. Under his labors, churches sprang up in the new settlements almost as fast as the people came to form them, and while engaged in plant ing new churches, no man who ever labored in the State, did more to devefope the liberality and utilize the gifts of those who, through his mipistry, were brought into the churches. He died young, but left a name that those who have followed him, and have " entered into his labors," will not- willingly let perish. In the year 1817,a second association of churches was formed. This was at first called the Missouri Association, but tlie name was afterwards^ changed, and it is now the. St. Louis Association. In the year 1833, a number of the members of Baptist churches foresaw the necessity of some general organization that would enable tlie churches throughout the State to act in concert in their missionary efforts. In this effort, the names pf Elders Thomas Fristoe, Ebenezer Rodgers, and Fielding Wilhoite were justly prominent. The names of these men, who went without reward JOHN B. WORNALL. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 251 through the new portions of the State, were household words among the hardy frontiersmen. A meeting was first held at the, home of John Jackson, in Howard county, near where the town of Fayette now stands, and it was agreed to call a convention, at an early day, to form some kind of, a central organization. Ac cordingly, in August, 1834, a general meeting was held in Provi dence church, Callaway county; and there was begun the organ ization which is now known as the " General Association of Mis souri Baptists." At this meeting, Rev. J. Vardeman was chosen president, and Rev. R. S. Thomas, clerk. All the forms and rules necessary to give to such a body permanency, were adopted; and after the, greatest caution, and the most careful and thorough inquiry into the demands of the times, an association was formed. The objects were to bring about, by frequent intercourse, a more perfect unanimity of feeling among the church members, and to devise ways and supply the means for advancing their views among the people. Owing to the great distance that they must travel, many of the churches, at first, stood aloof from this body ; and because of this difficulty, the churches in the south part of the State organized an independent society, which was called the Baptist Convention of Southern Missouri, for the same purpose that called the General Association into existence ; but the two bodies grad ually coalesced into one, and now there is but the one State organization. To this one body, by the general consent of the churches, is committed the State mission work, together with denominational education, foreign missions, and the extended circulation of religious literature. With the Baptists, no part of. thdr creed is, guarded with more watchfulness than the doctrine of the independence of the churches ; and these general organizations assume no authority over the churchesin any of tlieir local affairs. The General-As sociation is merely a voluntary society, formed of ministers and laymen, who propose to labor for the welfare of men. The officers of this body are a moderator (or president), and a secretary. At each annual meeting, an executive Board, composed of represen tative men from various parts of the State, is appointed, to whom is committed the management of the mission work. 252 AN ILLUSTRATED Next to the work of State missions, the educational enterprises,' receive most attention. Though there are a number of schools and colleges in the State under the control of Baptists, the gen, eral body recognizes as the object of her benefactions, and the child of her watchfulness, William Jewell college. This insti., tution was chartered in 1849; and by the act of the legislature, bestowing upon her trustees and faculty the usual rights and privileges of colleges, there is established an inseparable and or-: ganic connection between it and the General Association of Mis souri Baptists. This is the only institution in the State where the Baptists give to their young ministers any theological train ing. Stephen's college located in Columbia, Missouri, has beeii adopted by the Baptists of Missouri as their State school for the education of young ladies. It is in a healthful part of the State, has good buildings and handsome grounds, and all its surround ings are favorable to its prosperity. Besides the two" colleges named which have some organic connections with the General Association, the Baptists of Missouri have under their control, La Grange college, La Grange, Missouri, Rev. J. F. Cook, LL. D.v president; Baptist Female college, Lexington, A. F. Fleet, A. M., president; Mount Pleasant college, Huntsville, Rev. M. J. Breaker, A, M., president; Hardin college, Mexico, A. W. Ter-| rill, A. M., president; Louisiana college, Louisiana, Rev. John T. Williams, A. M., president; together with several other schools, and colleges not enrolled. Next to these instrumentalities the "Central Baptist " is the most potent in the work of evangel ization in the State. This periodical, an eight-page weekly, was started by Rev. J. H. Luther, D. D., who was for many years its editor.- For a time he was aided in the work by Rev. Norman Fox, and afterward by Rev. Dr. Yeaman, who is now the editor-, in-chief, and the principal proprietor. It is the organ of com munication, by which the churches learn of the work and its wants. By it the Baptist brotherhood learn of each other, and the success that attends the labors of any who are in the field. Though the Baptists have had an organized existence in the State for only about seventy years, yet they have made most rapid progress. In all those elements that give to a religious organiza tion moral force, they are systematic and efficient. In point HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 253 of talent and culture, the ministry and membership rank fairly with any other people. There are in Missouri, as shown in- the annual for the year 1875, sixty-one associations, one thousand four hundred churches, eight hundred and twenty-four ministers, and eighty-nine thousand six hundred and fifty church members. Congregational Chuech. — In 1814, Rev. Samuel J. Mills of Torringford, Connecticut, and Rev. Daniel Smith, of Bennington, Vermont, both Congregational ministers, were sent out into the far west as missionaries, by the Massachusetts Congregational Home Missionary Society. On the sabbath of November 6th, 1814, they preached the first regular Protestant sermons in St. Louis; a service had now and then been held in the court-house previously, by an itinerating methodist. St. Louis, then, was a French town of only two thousand people, three-fourths of these being Catholics. Stephen Hempstead, a Congregationalist, from New London, Connecticut, was a resident in St. Louis, having settled there some time before. He made way for the coming of these Protestants ministers, and gave them welcome. He says : " These brethren, Mills and Smith, were gratefully received by the inhabitants of all ranks. They had crowded houses whenever they preached." In 1816, Rev. Salmon Giddings, Congrega tional minister from Hartland, Connecticut, was sent to St. Louis, by the Connecticut Congregational Missionary Society. He came like the others, twelve hundred miles on horseback through the wilderness, preaching along the way, and reached St. Louis, April 6th. He at once set up service, and commenced systematic mis sionary work. November 15th, 1817, Mr. Giddings organized the first Pro testant church in the city, consisting of ten members. Stephen Hempstead, whose son Edward became the first member of Congress from Missouri, and Thomas Osborne, the only two male members out of the ten, were chosen elders. A majority of these were Congregationalists, although the church was consti tuted Presbyterian. Mr. Giddings organized seventeen churches in the vicinity of St. Louis — part in Missouri and part in Illi nois. He was the successful pastor of the church, and the bishop in Christian work in all this region for twelve years, until he died, in 1828. During all this time^ until his death, he held a com- 254 AN ILLUSTRATED mission from the Connecticut Missionary Society, and was work ing under their direction, and paid, until the church became self- supporting, by them. The same is true of over fifty other mis sionaries sent at that time, and soon after, to this neigborhood. But the churches founded, although made up very largely of Con- gregationalists who had immigrated to the west, were Presbyte rian in their order. These Congregational missionaries, sent out from Connecticut, organized the first Presbyterian church in Natchez, of which Rev. Daniel Smith, of Vermont, became the pastor, and also the first Presbyterian church of New Orleans, of which Rev. Elias Cornelius, of Massachusetts, was the pastor. The Congregational- ists who came in great numbers to the west, continued for many years to pour their numbers into Presbyterian and other churches, with the unsectarian and Christian view that it would be alike helpful to the Kingdom of Christ and the glory of God. Although the American Congregational Home Missionary Society continued its missionaries in Missouri, there was no Con gregational church founded until about 1850 or 1852; so, although Congregationalism had no organized existence in Missouri up to within comparatively a recent date, it was early on the ground working for the Master, with a self denying spirit, which makes it the common benefactor of all the churches of Christ. In 1847, Rev. Truman M. Post, D. D., of Vermont, and Professor in Illi nois College, at Jacksonville, was called to the pastorate of the third Presbyterian Church, in St. Louis, then located on Sixth street, between Franklin and Washington streets. Dr. Post pre ferring to remain in his own church order, declined to become the pastor. The church being made up almost entirely of Congrega- tionalists, they invited him through a petition signed by a number of the leading members, to preach a sermon on the character of the Congregational Church polity, and the expediency of organizing a church, in St. Louis, of that order. In obedience to the request, Dr. Post preached an exhaustive discourse on January 11th, 1852. On the 14th of March following, a church was organized under the name of the " First Trinitarian Congregational Church of St. Louis." It was formed in no spirit of party or schism, but from convictions of privilege and duty. The name assumed, was a true PILGRAM CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, ST. LOUIS. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 255 description of its Faith, Order, and History; iri Faith, Trinitarian; in Order, Congregational; in History, the first i of such faith and order in the State. Dr. Post became the pastor of this church. It soon became prosperous and influential. It has had great in fluence in the City of St. Louis, and throughout the State. The next Congregational church in the State was organized at Hannibal, in 1859, Rev. J. M. Sturtevant, Jr., son of President Sturtevant of Illinois College, pastor., The next was a Welsh church in New Cambria, in 1864. After the close of the war, and during the year 1865, fifteen Congregational churches were formed in Missouri. Pilgrim Church, St. Louis, was organized December 5th, 1866. This Society, of which Rev. C. L. Goodell, D. D., is pastor, has become one of the largest and strongest in the State. In the space of ten years, it has grown from a band of forty-two, to a membership of four hundred and seventy-five. . It is regarded as the leading one among the sisterhood of churches in and around St. Louis. The church building is one of the finest in the west, having cost $134,000. It has a spire two hundred and thirty feet in height. In the tower is a Howard, clock with a diime of ten bells. The clock is among the largest in the country j Connected with the chime is a carillon which plays four tunes, — "Old Hun dred," in the morning, " America "-. at noon, " Home, Sweet Home," in the evening, and a " Pastoral " at night. This carih Ion is the first ever used in the United States. The dock strikes the famous St. Mary's Cambridge quarters. Pilgrim Ghurch is alive spiritually, and enters heartily into all evangelical and re vival work. Its usefulness has kept pace with its prosperity. Rev. E. B. Turner was chosen Superintendent of Home Mis sions in the State, and has held the office for eleven years. The General Conference of churches of Missouri was organized in 1865, which name was changed in 1868 to General Association. In 1866, sixteen churches were formed. These, and the fifteen organized in 1865, were nearly all hi northern Missouri, along 1 The attempt to form a Congregational church had been made at Arcadia, (Iron Moun tain,) by a Connecticut Colony, under a Mr. Eussell, about 1850. Dr. Post thinks a church was regularly formed, but smothered by the pressure of other organizations, and an incom ing alien population, amid which it was isolated, without sympathy or support from congre- gationalists at the east. 256 AN ILLUSTRATED the line of the Hannibal arid St. Joseph railroad. During 1866, Hannibal, Kidder, and St. Louis District Associations, were formed. In 1867, eleven churches were organized. In 1868, five, and the Kansas City Association formed. In 1869, eleven; in 1870, seven, and the churches of south-west Mis- ssouri organized the Springfield District Association. In 1871, four churches were organized ; in 1872, five; in 1873, seven; in 1874, three; in 1875,. one. Four of these churches were of colored people, four of Welsh, and one of German. The denomination now numbers 70 churches in Missouri; 41 min isters; 3,363 church members; and 3,259 scholars in the Sun day-schools: benevolence of the churches, $17,480, and parish expenses, $48,429.43. There are two. Congregational colleges in the State.: Thayer college, at Kidder, under the charge of Rev. Oliver Brown; Drury college,, at Springfield, under the presi dency of Rev. N. J. Morrison, D. D. There is also an academy in Clark City, Clark county, under the care of Rev. J. Bennett, that belongs to this denomination. A monthly newspaper, the "Christian" News," edited by Rev. Robert West, was started January, lst, 1876, in St. Louis, and has rapidly increased in cir culation and influence. It is the Congregational organ of the south-west. Cheistian Chuech. — The first preachers of the Christian church, in Missouri, were Elders Thomas McBride and Samuel Rogers. The advent of these preachers, and the admission of Missouri into the Union, as a State, were about contemporaneous events. They traveled from " settlement " to " settlement," carrying each a sleeping blanket, provisions, and the indispensable Coffee-pot, the distance from one "settlement to another frequently necessitating their camping out. Elder McBride long since died. Elder Rogers is still alive, and resides with his son, J. I. Rogers, in Danville, Kentucky, and is but little short of ninety years of age. During the decade preceding tlie year 1835, a large number of pioneer preachers came into the State, from Kentucky. Among these were the names of Joel H. Haden, T. M. Allen, M P. Wills, F. R. Palmer, Absalom Rice, James Love, Jacob and Joseph Coons, Jacob Creath, Eastham Bailinger, Allen Wright, M. Sid- enor, Henry Thomas, Luke Young, and Dr. Ferris. All of these I1!" H;i |f :iJ NijUfl ,.,!, ! I,,„.i: r>A««:0mmA ^W m -I1!11 WILLIAM W. MOSBY, M. D. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 257 were faithful men and true, and did illustrious work in tlieir day ; all of them traveled, more or less, as Evangelists, preaching in different parts of the State, and holding "protracted meetings." The greatest among them, however, was Elder T. M. Allen. He traveled more, held more successful meetings, baptized more persons, and organized more churches than any of his co-laborers. Of these pioneer preachers only three are living; Elders Creath, Rice, and Thomas. In 1829, a church was organized at Fulton, Callaway cpunty, Missouri, consisting of seven members, six of them being females. Some years before this, the Antioch church, in Calla way county; Bear Creek, in Boone county; Richland and Mount Pleasant churches, in Howard county, were in existence. About the same time, churches were constituted in the counties of Pike, Monroe, and Marion. On the south side of the Missouri, the old est churches were in Lafayette, Franklin, Pettis and Greene. These churches were generally organized between 1825 and 1830. The first church (now the Seventeenth and Olive street church) in St. Louis, was organized by Elder R. B. Fife, in his own parlor, in October or November, 1836, with about twelve members. They met for worship in school-houses. Their "first resident preacher, or " pastor," was Dr. W. H. Hopson. In June, 1843, the church met in Lyceum Hall, on the corner of Pine and Third streets. There are now three other congregations in the city, daughters of the mother church. Membership in the four churches number about one thousand. From the earliest existence of the churches in the State, in sufficient numbers to justify it, they have annually gathered, by delegates, in State meeting, or convention. The first State Sunday-school convention of the Christian church in Missouri, met in Mexico, May 23d, this Centennial year. Besides a number of popular private educational institutions, the Christian church has three State ones: Christian Univer sity, located at Canton, Missouri, chartered in 1853. Dr. James Shannon was its first president. Dr. W. H. Hopson is the present president. The University has had, throughout its career, an average of pupils in annual attendance of one hundred and fifty. For the first time, it has been this year (1876) distributed into colleges. There are four: the College of Arts, Literature and 258 AN ILLUSTRATED Science; the Female college; the Bible college, for students or the ministry; and the Commercial college. Christian college, for young ladies, located at Columbia, is the oldest. Elder J. K. Rogers has been its president for about twenty years. The . Fe male Orphan school, at Camden Point, in Platte county, is but a few years old, but is quite a success. There is only one religr, ious paper published in the State, in the interests of the church. It is called "The Christian;" published weekly, in St. Louis, and is edited by J. H. Garrison and J. H. Smart. It is ably con ducted, and well patronized. The Christian church numbers from sixty to seventy thousand members in the State. They have about five hundred Organized churches, three hundred of which are north of the Missouri river. In St. Louis county, there are fifteen organized congrega tions, and about fifteen hundred members. The chief member ship in the State is in the counties bordering on the Missouri river, and in that portion of the State which lies on and between the Missouri and upper Mississippi rivers. They are the least numerous in south-east Missouri. The oldest church in the State is at Dover, Lafayette county. It holds annual meetings in Aug-, ust, of each year. The one for the present year is its sixteenth; In numbers, wealth, general culture, social position and influ ence and in piety, the membership of the Christian church will compare favorably with that of other religious organizations. Cumbeeland Peesbyteeian Chuech. — The first Presbytery of this denomination of Christians that was organized west of the Mississippi river, included in its bounds all the territory, of Mis souri, also western Illinois and the whole of Arkansas. This Presbytery was organized in Pike county, Missouri, in the Spring of 1820, with only four ministers ; they being all who then lived, of this denomination, in the entire territory above mentioned Two of these ministers lived in Missouri, one in Arkansas, and the other in western Illinois. From this small beginning, there are now in the State of Missouri, twelve Presbyteries, three Sy nods, about two hundred and seventy-five men in the minsterial connection, and between 18,000 and 20,000 members. The church property is -aalued at over $250,000. About 10,000 per sons attend their Sunday schools. The Board of Missions is lo- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 259 cated at St. Louis. Two monthly papers, representing this order, are published at St. Louis,— the " Missionary Record," and " Our Faith." They have a number of High schools in the State, and an effort is being made by the three Synods, jointly, to secure an endowment fund for the establishment of a college, to be eligibly located. Methodist Episcopal Chueoh. — Methodism, as a distinctive form of Christian organization, was introduced into Missouri by men from the south. The treaty by which the territory was ceded to the United States was signed 20th of December, 1803, and formal possession was taken by the representatives of the United States government, in March, 1804. If, previous to that period, there was any preaching by Methodists, the fact is now unknown. There is no reliable record of any preaching by Protes tants in the territory, previous to about 1803, except by one John Clark, a Georgian by birth, who lived on the American bottom, in Blinois, below where the city of Alton now stands. As the then existing government was exclusively Catholic, no one was allowed to teach, preach, or hold religious services without the consent of both State and Church officially given. Mr.Clark's place of preach ing was in a neighborhood in St. Louis county, then and now called Cold Water, and his plan of procedure was to cross the Missis sippi river in a skiff, late in the evening, hold his meetings at night, and recross before day -light the next morning. This he did to avoid the vigilance of the officers of the government. But with all the difficulties and dangers that attended him, he per sisted, and laid the foundations of the Protestant and Methodistic faith so deep, that the changes of more than seventy years have not been sufficient to remove them ; and the good results of his labors are still to be seen in the same neighborhood. Previous to his operations in Missouri, Mr. Clark had been at different times connected with both the Methodist and Baptist churches ; and of the congregations which he gathered, some inclined to the Methodist, and some to the Baptist. So the neighborhood has continued to this day, made up partly of Methodists, partly of Baptists, all the time owning, and peaceably worshipping in the same house. • On the 15th day of September, 1806, a conference of Methodist 260 AN ILLUSTRATED preachers was commenced at Ebenezer meeting house, in Greene county, Tennessee, eight or ten miles eastwardly from the town of Greeneville. At this conference, Rev. Francis Asbury, the only general superintendent of the Methodist church then in the United States, presided. The territorial limits of that conference, then called the " Western Conference," embraced all the country from New river, in Virginia, to the Janturest settlements in what are now Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana, southward; and westward, to Kentucky, Ohio, Missouri,- and the entire val ley of the Mississippi, from the Alleghany mountains to the re motest settlements of the south and west. At the conference under notice, the minutes say eleven preachers were placed on trial. Bishop Asbury's journal says fourteen. The entire num ber of traveling preachers in the connection at that time, was five hundred and sixteen, of whom fifty-six were in the Western conference. And, at the close of the session of the conference for 1806, these fifty-six preachers were stationed, some in south-west Virginia, others in Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana: that is, they were sent to settlements afterwards embraced in these states. Among those received on trial that year, was one John Travis, who, at the close of the conference was appointed to Missouri circuit, (not Missouri conference, nor Missouri district,) in Cumberland district, Western conference. "Cumberland Dis trict" as then bounded, included all of western and middle Ten nessee, all the southern part of Kentucky, a large portion of In diana, and all the settled portions of Illinois, Missouri, and Ar kansas. The cities of Nashville and St. Louis were in the same presiding Elder's district, without either railroad or steamboat communication between them. Rev. William, afterward Bishop McKendree, was appointed to travel this district as presiding Elder, visit all parts of the work, direct and assist all the preach ers, and exercise every where a general oversight. When young Travis was appointed to the Missouri circuit, the understanding was that he was to visit the settlements in Mis souri, which then extended from what is now Pike county, on the north, to Pemiscot qpunty, on the south, and to a distance of from twenty to thirty miles west of the river. Among these people HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 261 he was to do what he could for the spreading and up-building of the gospel. Between the place at whicli he received his ap pointment, and the work to which he was assigned, there was a distance of from five to seven hundred miles, according to the route by which he may have traveled, and a large part of that distance was almost entirely without settlement. If he crossed the Ohio, he most likely did so either at Louisville, or Shawnee- town, or at old Fort Massac, as these were then the principal, if not the only regular crossing-places on the river. Then, after leaving the Ohio, there were no settlements on his route until he reached those of the American bottom, on the Mississipjn river. So that along the whole of that part of his route, his only companion was his horse. His quartermaster's and his commis sary's departments were both in his saddle-bags; his bed was mother earth, his covering, the starry heavens, and his protector was his God. If he took a more southern route, and passed through middle Tennessee and southern Kentucky, crossing the Mississippi at or near New Madrid, the case was no better — worse, indeed, as at that time a large portion of that country was thickly infested by hostile Indians. However this may have been, he reached the field of his labors, and addressed himself to his work. At that time, there were in the territory more than sixteen thousand inhabitants, very few of whom were Protestants, and of Methodists there were none. Travis secured quite a number of places for preaching, but at what particular points is not now known. He also organized a number of small churches, or con gregations, in Methodist parlance, at that time called classes. At the close of his conference year, he reported an aggregate of one hundred and six members, and two circuits, one called Missouri, the other, Meramec. This report was made to a session of the Western conference, held at Chillicothe, Ohio, commencing Sep tember 14th, 1807. At that conference, and for service until the conference of 1808, the celebrated Jesse Walker was appointed to Missouri, and Edmund Wilcox, to the Meramec circuits. These men continued their labors, and at the end of the year re ported three circuits, with an aggregate of two hundred mem bers. The additional circuit reported was called Cold Water, and the appointments of preachers to serve from 1808 to 1809 262 AN ILLUSTRATED were: for Missouri circuit, Abram Amos; for Meramec, Joseph Oglesby ; for Cold Water, John Crane. At the conference of 1809, when these men made their reports, they had formed an additional Circuit, called Cape Girardeau, with a total membership of five hundred and eighty-five. At the conference of 1810, the aggregate membership as reported was five hundred and twenty-eight, or a decrease, in the aggregate, pf-fifty- seven members. The next year there was a still farther decrease, the total being only five hun dred- and twelve. At the general or quadrennial conference held in May, 1812,, the territory of. what had been called the Western conference- was divided; one part called the Ohio conference, the other, the Tennessee conference. Missouri- fell into the Tennessee conference, and. so remined during the four years; next succeeding. Then, again at the next quadrennial conference, in 1816, there was an other division, and the Missouri Annual conference was formed, bounded by the Ohio conference on the north, by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers on the east, and by the Arkansas river oh the South As the western, boundaries were not specified, the supposition is, that the .conference, in that direction was bounded by the farthest settlement, wherever that chanced to be. ' The Ohio conference embraced only a part of Indiana, and the remainder, together with all the settled portions of Il linois, all of Missouri, and. all of Arkansas north of the Arkan sas river, were included in the Missouri conference. In 1810, there were four traveling preachers, engaged in Missouri, and a membership • of five . hundred and twenty-eight. In 1820, there were fifteen traveling preachers, and 2,079 members, occupying a territory four or five times greater than that, occupied teri years before. ..,;•. During the next decade, 1820-30, the increase was. rather dis proportionate to the iricrease in the entire population, The total number of members, including, those in Arkansas, was 5,205. These'.! "were scattered over the entire State, as. almost every part of.it had been visited by the preachers; churches had been organ ized in almost every county, and the demand for ministerial service greatly exceeded the supply. In, Missouri proper, there were only nine more preachers stationed, in 1830, than had been EDWIN J. LANGDON. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 263 stationed in 1820. Between 1830 and 1840, or at the quadrennial conference of 1836, the territory of the Missouri conference was again divided, and the Missouri conference proper included the State of Missouri. The taking off part of the former territory, and organizing the Arkansas conference in 1836, took from the membership of the Missouri conference, as it was before divided, 3,183 members, leaving 7,778. At the end of the decade, or at the conference of 1840, there were 72 traveling preachers, 177 local preachers, with a total membership of 13,992. So in this decade, the number of preachers had increased from 26 to 72, and the membership from 5,205 (including Arkansas) to 13,992, all in Missouri. The next decade, 1840 to 1850, witnessed the divi sion of the church in Missouri, by the organization of tlie Meth- dist Episcopal church south. Very few, however, at first adhered to the M. E. church. The total membership of the M. E. church south, in Missouri, in 1850, was reported at 25,272, with 133 trav eling preachers, and 183 local preachers. The M. E. church had gradually increased her membership to 5,560, including those in parts of Arkansas; or to 3,273 in the State of Missouri, with 43 traveling, and 86 local preachers. From 1850 to 1860, the prosperity of the church was greater by far, than it had ever been before, the work being enlarged in every direction. Institutions of learning were established in different parts of the State, and were in a flourishing condition ; hundreds and thousands of young persons were in schools, under the general oversight of the church, while all other church enter prises were regarded as being in a most healthful and prosperous condition. The statistics for 1860 showed that, connected with the M. E. church south, there were 653 preachers, traveling and local, with 48,757 church members; and connected with the M. E. church, 195 preachers, and 7,764 members: a total of 848 preachers, with 56,521 members. During the time of the war, church buildings were destroyed, or, in the supposed necessities of the war, appropriated to other purposes ; ministers and members were scattered, and a large pro portion of the churches were entirely disorganized. At the close of the war, the work of re-organization was commenced and vig orously carried on; and from the close of 1865 to the close of 264 AN ILLUSTRATED 1875, the success in re-organizing churches and building new houses of worship, was highly gratifying. At the close of 1875, the M. E. church reported 274 church-houses, with an estimated value of $666,775 ; 388 Sabbath schools, with 19,961 scholars, and 34,156 church members; to which number should be added about 3,000 Germans, who are members of the Methodist church in Missouri, not included in the above estimate, making the entire membership 37,156. The M. E. church south, reported for the same year, 49,588 members, 443 churches, 430 Sabbath-schools and 18,638 scholars. The "Central Christian Advocate," a weekly journal of church news, is the organ of the Methodist Episcopal church. The present editor is Benjamin St. James Fry, D. D.; W. E. Barnes, assistant. The schools and colleges under the patronage of the church are Lewis college, Glasgow, Johnson col lege, Macon City, and Carleton Institute, in South-east Missouri. The " Christian Advocate," a large and widely circulated paper, under the editorial charge of Dr. D. R. McAnally, is the medium of the Methodist Episcopal church south. Peesbyteeian Chuech. — The first trace we have of Presbyte rian preaching in Missouri, is in 1814, by Rev; S. J. Mills, and Rev. Daniel Smith. Their stay was short. In March, 1816, Rev. Gideon Blackburn came to St. Lonis and preached several times, awakening considerable interest. During the same year, Rev. Salmon Giddings, who had read the report of Mr. Mills,, was in fluenced to come to Missouri as a missionary. The memories of the name of this man will never die. He reached St. Louis in April, 1816, having made a journey of 1,200 miles in winter, on horseback. The first Presbyterian church was organized August 2d, 1816, at Bellevue settlement, about eighty miles from St. Louis, and was called Concord. It had thirty members. The next was at Bonhomme, October 6th, 1816, and the next at Buf falo, in Pike county, in May, 1817. Mr. Giddings seeing the necessity of concentrating' efforts on St. Louis, organized the First Presbyterian church on the 23d of November, 1817, which was the first Protestant church in the city. The first Presbytery was organized in 1817, by the Synod of Tennessee, with four min isters, Salmon Giddings, Timothy Flint, Thomas Donnell, and John Matthews; — and four churches: — Concord, .Bonhomme, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 265. Buffalo, and St. Louis. The first Presbyterian house of worship,. (which was the first Protestant,) was commenced in 1819, and, completed in 1826, at a cost of $8,000. In 1820, a mission was formed among the Osage Indians, near the line of Bates and Vernon counties. They then numbered about 8,000 people. In 1822, a church of twenty-two members was formed. Of this band of missionaries, one is still living, Rev. W. C. Requa. In 1831, the Presbytery was divided into three; Missouri, St. Louis, and St. Charles. These were erected with a Synod the next year, comprising eighteen ministers, and twenty-three churches. Very soon after the death of Mr, Giddings, in 1828, Rev. W. S. Potts was called to the pastorate of the First church in St. Louis. This grew rapidly under his ministry. The second church was formed in 1838, shortly after the coming of Rev. Asa Bullard, and for. a time had the services of Rev. A. T. Norton; afterwards, of Dr. Potts, who had been in charge of Marion College since his re tirement from the pastorate of the First church, in 1836. He remained with this church until his death, in 1852. The division which rent the Presbyterian church throughout the United States, in 1838, was not fully consummated here, until 1840 or 1841. Considerable bitterness was exhibited for many jears, but gradually, as the > work went forward, better feelings. prevailed, until 1860, when the number of ministers upon the rolls of both old and new school Synods, was 109, and the num ber of churches, 146. In 1866, the old school Synod was divided on questions grow ing out of the war — a part forming what was known for many years, as the old School, or Independent Synod of Missouri, who are now organically connected with what is known as the Gen eral Assembly south. The part which received the recognition of the Northern Assembly, (so-called) continued their work side by side with the body known as new school Presbyterians, until the two bodies became one, in 1870. Since this time, this Synod has steadily grown, until it now numbers over 10,000 members, in 210 churches, with 137 ministers, according to the report to the General Assembly in 1S75. In this report, the Synod is credited with having contributed over $15,000 to the different benevolent 266 AN ILLUSTRATED agencies of the church; $76,689 for the support of its ministers, and for congregational purposes ; and nearly $46,000 towards m-isr* cellaneous objects. This Synod is now composed of six Presby teries — Osage, Ozark, Palmyra, Platte, and St. Louis. It has under its care but one institution of learning at the present time; Lindenwood Female College, at St. Charles, Missouri,- of whicli Rev. J. H. Nixon, D. D., is president. The "St. Louis Evangel ist," now in the second year of its existence, is the organ of the Synod, That part of the original Synod which refused allegiance to the General Assembly prosecuted its work with uninterrupted suc cess as an independent body, until 1874, when it became a con stituent part of the Presbyterian church in the United States, popularly designated the Southern Presbyterian Church. The Synod now numbers about eighty ministers, one hundred and forty churches, and 9,000 communicants. It has flourishing and influential congregations in the principal cities and towns of the State, as well as in the rural neighborhoods. Schools, male and female, of a high order, and enjoying great prosperity, are under its auspices in Lexington, Booneville, Independence and Fulton. At Fulton, is Westminster College, the Synodical institution for young men, numbering 100 students and six professors. This institution has long been known, and maintains its, reputation for the highest ability on the part of the faculty, and thorough scholarship and exemplary conduct among the students. Fulton is also the seat of the Synod Female College,, under the presi dency of the Rev. Dr. W. W. Hill. It has 100 pupils, and is, perhaps, the leading school of the kind in the State. The " St. Louis Presbyterian," now in the eleventh year of its existence, a large and influential religious weekly newspaper, is the recog nized organ of the Synod. Peotestant Episcopal Chuech. — The first services of the Protestant Episcopal church, in the Territory of Missouri, were held by the Rev. John Ward, on the 24th day of October, A. D. 1819. On the first of November, a parish (Christ Church) was organized, and which is now in existence. A building at the cor ner of Second and Walnut streets (before and afterwards used as a court-room), was fitted up for church services. Mr. Ward, who HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 267 had been called as rector of the parish, made a visit to Lexing ton, Kentucky, and did not return to Missouri. After the resig nation and removal of Mr. Ward, there were no services of the church until about the year 1823. Some time in that year, the agent of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society visited St. Louis. He took back an encouraging account of the wishes of the people for church services, and in the same year Rev. Thomas Horrell, a native of Maryland, was sent as a missionary to the State. The greater part of this year and the next, Mr. Horrell spent in the south-eastern portion of the State, making Cape Gir ardeau his headquarters. Early in the year 1825, he began his ministrations in the city of St. Louis. The services were held in a building corner of Third and Market streets, then used as a court-room. The building had been erected by the Baptists, as a church, but never finished. The primitive bench, used by the judge, served as a reading desk and pulpit for the reverend mis sionary. When the Holy Communion was administered, a table was brought in from a private house. During the year 1825, the vestry of Christ church began preparations for the erection of a church building. It was completed in 1830, on a lot on the north-west corner of Third and Chestnut streets, where the new Merchant's Exchange stands. There are still two of the vestry of that day living, honored citizens of the city. In 1830, the Rev Mr. Davis established a female school, but removed in a year or two. In the year 1831, Rev. Mr. Corson was sent as a missionary to Booneville, Fayette, and other interior towns, but in the year 1835, there was but one organized parish in the State, one church building, and not one clergyman. In the beginning of the year 1836, a favorable change for the church occurred- The Right Rev. Jackson Kemper, recently appointed Missionary Bishop, came to St. Louis, and with him Rev. P. A. Minard and Mr. Johnson ; and at the end of that year, there were five clergymen at work. Bishop Kemper acted as" rector of Christ Church for some years. In this year, there were congregations in Booneville, Fayette, St. Charles, Hannibal, and other places in the State, but the church made slow progress; much prejudice existed against the church, and men and money were wanted for missions. Clergymen were few in those days, and the same may 268 AN ILLUSTRATED be said at this day, for the great work to be done. Previous* to the year 1840, there are very few records preserved. In that year the clergy and laity met in convention, and from that time a record has been preserved. A diocese was organized, a constitu tion and canons adopted; but it was not until the year 1844, that a bishop was chosen. In that year the Rev. Cicero S. Hawks CHEIST CHUECH— LOCUST AND 13th STEEETS. was made Bishop of Missouri, and Rector of Christ church, St. Louis. The Bishop continued rector until the year 1854; from that time forward he devoted himself to the whole diocese. It was, while Bishop Hawks was rector.of Christ church that the city was visited for the second time with that great scourge, the cholera. He distinguished himself particularly for his untiring zeal and labor in the care of the sick and dying. Rev. Whiting Griswold, rector of St. John's church, it is said, worked himself literally to death, by his devotion to, and care of the sick and neeedy. During the time Bishop Kemper had charge of Missouri, he founded a college (Kemper College), in the vicinity of St. Louis, which for a time was very successful, had. a good faculty, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 269 and a fair patronage; but that bane of so many enterprises to benefit mankind, "debt," soon overwhelmed what bid fair to be an honor, and of incalculable benefit to the Church and to the State; and the evil of this failure endures to this day. The building erected for educational purposes became the "poor house " of the county of St. Louis. Much strife and bad feeling was caused by the failure of this beneficent enterprise. Early in the episcopate of Bishop Hawks, attention was called to the mis sionary wants of the State, a beginning was made, and has con tinued with varied success to this day. In August, 1846, that good man and faithful missionary, Rev. P. A. Minard, died; he was rec tor of St. Paul's church, St. Louis. In the year 1847, the Clark mission began. It had its origin in lands given by the late George R. H. Clark, for educational purposes. It was soon merged in St. Paul's college, Palmyra, which was soon after incorporated by the legislature of Missouri. This institution flourished for some time, but early in the late war its students -were dispersed, and the buildings, and even the chapel, used for barracks for the soldiery. During those fearful times, the college property was sold for debt. It was afterwards bought back, and is now in successful operation as a church institution, under the presi dency of the Rev. Dr. J. A. Wamwright. The pestilence of the year 1849, was so prevalent, that no convention was held. In this year, Mrs. Tyler, of Louisville, Kentucky, gave to the Orphan's Home a lot on Eleventh street, in North St. Louis. This institution, for the maintenance and education of orphan children, had been commenced and carried on for some time by St. John's church, but before this time it had been made a church institution, under the patronage of the diocese, and the support of the church -.in the city of St. Louis. This was the first ven ture of the church in charitable institutions. This institution outgrew the lot given by Mrs. Tyler, and (for the time) the com modious building thereon. It now occupies a spacious lot on Grand avenue, the gift of Henry Shaw, and a building large and commodious, erected about the year 1874, with all the ap pliances for health and comfort. Very many orphaned children have had the benefit of this great charity. Mr. Shaw, about the same time, gave a spacious lot adjoining the Home, for a 270 AN ILLUSTRATED church (New Mount Calvary church). In the year 1851, the expenditures for the Home were $1,037.85. The number of orphans was twenty-five; and about this number had been cared for for several years. At this time, 1876, there are over seventy- five children cared for, and the amount expended in 1875 was $6,224.13. The institution is under the management of the ladies of the church in St. Louis. Bishop Hawks, iri his ad dresses, frequently called the attention of the clergy and laity to the great need of religious instructions for the negroes, but the problem was how to get at them, as well as to know how they were to be ministered to, and by whom. At that time, masters were jealous of those who taught, as well as what was taught them. Now a part of this problem is solved, but the great diffi culty still is how to reach them. A beginning has beeri made' in all of the large cities, and in St. Louis, one colored clergyman, a fair congregation, and a good building for their use, are secured. Although for years the progress of the Church was slow, yet there was substantial progress made. The war betweeri the states was peculiarly damaging to Missouri; her churches in some places desecrated, in others much damaged. The shepherds and his flock were dispersed, and on the return of peace, the peo ple were much impoverished. Missouri is indebted to the " Soci-' ety for the Propagation of the Gospel," for a large portion of the means to support the missionaries of the diocese, in its infancy; and to this day, under another name, continues its beneficient work not only to Missouri, but to nearly all of the states and ter ritories. During the war, Bishop Hawks felt himself under the necessity of ceasing his general recitations, on account of the dis turbed condition of the State; he early issued a pastoral address to his people, warning them of the sin of strife, and afterwards prepared and put forth a suitable service for use during the con tinuance of the war. He was also assiduous in his attentions to the sick, the wounded, and the prisoners. In the year 1865, St. Luke's Hospital, a church institution,' was established ; it is the only Protestant hospital in the city of St. Louis. This hospital is under the care of the " Sisterhood of the Good Shepherd," an association of ladies, under the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States; within HISTORY OE MISSOURI. 271 the last few years, the House of Bishops, as well as the clergy apd laity of the church, have encouraged the association of women for church work, the care of orphans, the sick, the poor, and for the education of the children of the nation. On the 19th day of April. A D. 1868, Bishop Hawks died at his residence, in the city, after a lingering illness, having held the Episcopate over twenty- three years. He was a man of very popular maimers, and had attached a great many friends to himself, all over the State, as well as in St. Louis. At the annual convention of the diocese, in May, 1868, held in Grace Church at Kirkwood, the Right Rev. Daniel S. Tuttie, Missionary Bishop of Utah, was elected Bishop of Missouri, but he declined the honor, and the convention re assembled in St. George's Church, St. Louis, in September follow ing, and elected Rev. Charles F. Robertson, of Batavia, western New York, as Bishop. Bishop Robertson was consecrated in Grace church, New York, on the 28th day October, 1868. The presiding Bishop (Smith,) was the consecrator. Soon after the adjournment of the general convention, the new Bishop came to St. Louis, and commenced his first visitation to 'his diocese. In May, 1869, the Bishop met his first convention. There were then canonically resident thirty-three clergymen, and there were five parishes in the city, and seven clergy. There are now in the city twelve parishes and missions, and twelve clergy; in the suburbs two missions with churches, and no clergymen; and in the county two handsome stone churches, one of them the gift of a munificent churchman, Mr. R. J. Lockwood. All of these churches and missions have buildings, but very few are clear of debt. The amount raised for the support of missions in the year 1868, was $2,540.82; this was done through the " Laymen's Co-operating Missionary Society," which is the efficient agent of the missionary effort in this State. Bishop Robertson has been a most efficient missionary; he has held service in many places where the church had never been heard, and the church popularized in the county when it was little known or appreciated. At his recommendation, a per manent fund has been established for the support of aged and infirm clergy. There is also an annual collection required for the _ Theological Education fund, and also the fund for the sup- 272 AN ILLUSTRATED port of the Episcopate. The Bishop of this convention (1869,) also recommended the appointment of a registrar, for the pur pose of procuring and preserving all archives and documents per taining to the church; and under that provision as many as seven copies of the journals of the diocese have been ascertained to be in existence. In this year, as an-, auxiliary to church work, a monthly newspaper was started — the " Church News ;" it is the vehicle for the Bishops appointments, and gives very interesting details of the work accomplished, as well as what is considered desirable; a fair degree of success-lias been attained. Roman Catholic Ci-iuegh.— Thehistory of the Catholic church in Missouri is co-incident in cominencement and progress with that of the State; Catholic missionaries, scattered through the West, visited the various settlements as they were founded, and in many of them built churches suitable to the time. On the eastern bank of the Mississippi, . the Catholic1 cross, was erected, and the Catholic religion was practiced,; generations before a settlement was made on its western bank. Kaskaskia, with unbroken records, dating back prior to 1700 is proof of this. The priests of the- different towns, Kaskaska, Cahokia, St. Philip, — crossed the Mississippi in canoes, preached the. gospel, and administered the sacraments. to the various "groups of 'settlers who made their homes' ih wnat is now Missouri. .' This is more easily understood when it is remembered that all the early settlers of this State were Catholics, The towns'they established, Ste. Genevieve, St. Louis, St. Charles, St. Ferdinand, are named after Catholic saints. St. Louis would have been called after Laclede, were it not for his modesty; Tlie Carly inhabitants, so wished it, but M. Laclede would not hear of it., He desired it to be called after the reigning French monarch, Louis, and his sainted predecessor, Louis IX. This he effected by causing the, name St. Louis to.be inserted in all tlie public documents. The earliest written record of the Catholic church in Missouri is found at Ste.- Genevieve. This is the oldest town in the State, having been founded probably in _ the' decade .of A. D. 1750, though some of the inhabitants assert that it was founded in A. D. 1735. The record shows that Father Watrin, a priest of the Society of Jesus, from Kaskaskia,"officiated in Ste. Genevieve on ST. PETER AND PAUL'S CHURCH, ST. LOUIS. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 273 the 29th February, A. D. 1760. St. Louis is probably the next oldest town of the State, having been founded on the 12th of Feb ruary, A. D. 1764. Father Meurin, "pretre de Notre Dame des JTaho7das," who was also a Jesuit, was the first priest who offici ated in St. Louis, his record bearing date of 1766. After him, Father Gibault, "cure de V Immaculee Conception des Kaskas- fcias," a secular priest, ministered to the settlers. In 1770, he erected a small church of unhewn logs, on ground set apart for that purpose by the original grant of laud to Pierre Laclede Li guest, now the Cathedral block. This was the first temple of God west of the Mississippi, in upper Louisiana. In 1776, Father Bernard, a Capuchin monk, was sent to take permanent charge of the village. In the same year the inhabitants began the erection of a larger church, also of logs. The documents rel ative to its erection are now in the archives of the circuit court. With the accession of Father Bernard, the church became prop erly organized, and has had a steady growth since. In 1818, Right Rev. William Louis Dubourg, Bishop of New Orleans, transferred his episcopal seat to St. Louis, and at once, by the wave of his crozier, as if it were the wand of a magician, the church quickened into life and wonderful growth. At that time there were, in what is now Missouri, only four chapels: one at Ste. Genevieve, one at St. Louis, one at Florissant, one at New Madrid; and for the whole of Upper Louisiana there were but seven priests. Bishop Dubourg had brought with him from Italy four priests of the congregation of the Mission, and several students. The priests were immediately assigned to duty in var ious parts of the State. Bishop Dubourg and Father de Andreis remained in St. Louis, where they built a large brick church, for, in the words of Father de Andreis, the old church was "falling into ruins." Father Rosatti opened a seminary for the educa tion of clergy at the Barrens, in Perry county, to which in a few years a college for lay pupils was added. This was the first col lege established west of the Mississippi. Both the seminary and college continued to flourish at the Barrens up to about fifteen years ago, when they were transferred to Cape Girardeau, where they still exist. During his administration, Bishop Dubourg in troduced into his diocese the educational orders of the Ladies of 274 AN ILLUSTRATED the Sacred Heart, the Sisters of Loretto, and the Ursulines. About 1824, he opened another college in St. Louis, which he transferred some years later to the Jesuit Fathers, whose services he obtained for his diocese, as well as for the Indian Missions. This college has since been widdy known as the St. Louis Univer sity. . New churches were also erected at Old Mines, Carondelet, Portage des Sioux, and other points, and the old missions were all re-organized and regularly visited.- Bishop Dubourg was a native of San Domingo, and had been educated, in France, but became a thorough American in princi ple. His zeal was extraordinary. ¦ To him the Catholic church is indebted for the origin of the Sisters- of Charity in America, and the foundation of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, which spread rapidly throughout. the Christian world, and now, in great part, sustains -the expense of foreign missions. He was, transferred in 1826, by the Pope, from New Orleans to the See of Montauban in France, and thence, in 1833, promoted to, the archbishopric of Besancon, where he died within a few months aged 65 years. • Father Rosatti was, in 1823, appointed by Pope Leo XII.-, as coadjutor to Bishop Dubourg; and in 1826, appointed Bishop of ..St., Louis, which was separated from New Orleans and erected into a See. During his administration, he introduced into the diocese the Sisters of-Charity, -Sisters, of St. Joseph, and pf the Visitation. He founded the Sister's Hospital, and the~first "orphan asylum. In 1831 he commenced, and in 1834 completed,, the'erection of thepres- ent cathedral church — which was at the time considered, the finest church edifice in the states. Churches wCre erected at Fredericks- town, Ste. Genevievej ~ Apple Creek, Florissant, New* Madrid, Westphalia and other places.; Most of these were missionary centres, from which the priests started out to visit other towns -and .sections -of- the State. For example, the Jesuit fathers at Westphalia visited Franklin, Jefferson City, Osage, French Vil lage, and many other places. Bishop Rosatti. was a man of deep piety, varied learning, and tireless activity". He was a native of Sora, in Italy, having been born in 1897; and he died in Rome, in 1843. Bishop Kenrick, who had been appointed Coadjutor to Bishop &£-&¦ &~l^UH a /" S^Xttj^ HISTORY OF MISSOURI 325 The streets are broad, and laid out at right angles, and shaded by numerous kinds of trees. The principal streets are macadamized, and sidewalked. It is famous for the refinement and intelligener of its people, and is recognized as the seat of learning of the State. It contains the State University, Christian, and Stephens' Female Colleges, (the two latter denominational schools), and several large public schools. The newspapers are the "Missouri Statesman" and " Missouri Herald." The former is edited and published by Colonel W. F. Switzler, and with one exception, is the oldest paper in the State. The latter is conducted by Edwin W. Stephens. Both are enterprising publications. Ashland, 14 miles south-west of Columbia, is in the center of a rich farming country. Burlington, on the Missouri river, 18 miles south of Columbia, is a stirring place. Centralia, on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, 121 miles from St. Louis, 20 miles north of Columbia, at the junction of the Columbia railroad with • the main line, is on the dividing ridge between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Claysville, ou the Missouri river, 25 miles south-east of Columbia, is a small village. Hallsville, or Hickman, on the Columbia railroad, twelve miles north of Columbia, is an enterprising place. Providence, on the Missouri river, ten miles south of Columbia, is a small town, and is a good shipping point. Rocheport is situated on the Missouri river, 14 miles west of Columbia. Sturgeon is on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, seven miles west of Centralia, in the north-west corner of the county, and is a thriving village. Harrisburg is situated 16 miles north-west of Columbia, on the line of the proposed Louisiana and Missouri River railroad. The distinguishing feature of Boone county is her educational interests and advantages. The University of the State is an excellent educational institution. Christian College, for young ladies, under the patronage of the Christian denomination, is a fine school. Stephen's College for young ladies under the auspices of the Baptist denomination, was established in 1870, and named in honor of James L. Stephens, who is a generous ben efactor to its endowment. The county has a fine system of public. schools, which are presided over by efficient and well qualified teachers. The townships of the county are Bourbon, Cedar, Columbia, Perche, and liocky Fort. 326 AN . ILLUSTRATED Buchanan county, is a part of the "Platte Purchase,11 and is bounded on the north by the county of Andrew, east by DeKalb and Clinton, south by Platte,, and west by the Missouri river, which separates it from the State of Kansas. It has an area of 415 square miles. . The county is about one-half timber, and the balance prairie. Nearly all of the latter is in a high state of cultivation.. The land is gently undulating, and has a large number of springs. The soil is rich and productive, being a light sandy loam, with a subsoil of yellow clay. The land bordering on the Missouri river, is hilly. The county is well watered. Besides the Missouri, there are the Platte and the One-Hundred-and-T wo rivers; the former running through the entire length of the county. There are also ¦ in the county a number of small lakes. With the exception' of limestone for building purposes, of which large quantities are now used, there is no mineral developed. The first settlement in the territory now embraced in Buchanan county, was made by James Rubidoux,- Sen., who first visited the spot now occupied, by the city of St. Joseph, during the year 1799. He was connected with the American Fur Company. In the year 1803, he . located here per manently; and, for thirty-three years, he remained as a trader among the-Indians upon their own soil. The Platte Purchase was annexed to the State of Missouri in 1836. The next year, a treaty was formed with the Indians, by which they removed west of the Missouri, and settlers flocked to this most desirable region. The county was organized, February 10th, 1839; and, on the first day of April following,. the county court commenced its 'first , session, in the. log house of Richard Hill, who was one of the county judges. The following July-, Judge Austin A. King held circuit court in the log house of Joseph Rubidoux. The county seat having been located at Sparta, in 1843, a log court-house was built at a cost of about three hundred dollars.- Very soon the fame and name of this newly found territory reached to the ends of the land, and a tide of immigration set in, centering at St. Joseph, which increased rap idly in importance; and in 1845, received a charter, and the follow ing year the county seat was removed to that town. The town ships composing, the county are Bloomington, Centre, Crawford, Lahe, Marion, Platte, Rush, Fremont, Washington, and Wayne. St. Joseph, the county, seat of Buchanan county, is situated on the great eastern bend of the Missouri river, about 566 miles above St. Louis. The surrounding country is one of unsurpassed rich- > y^JT >%?zs^ i ¦ ¦' i ' ' ' i ¦-' ¦ .: \'-\ i j r' iii ;; ¦ ' : i : ' ;' ¦ " i : " ' " i : ; ¦! ii -I I l-":l MJ i i l : ¦¦ i '¦ ' . ¦ ; I ir Ii Ilii i li'lliii I i I i lillii'lii W'.'--\ ii!:i!|iiiiii;!i;iT!!i 'JiilJil ;i'!:i!i!'!,|!l|,|'h-M',!. iil'hiilMivi.ii'iir.-iirih'li'iii'i 1 ! I ! L | ' I ¦ 1 1 1 1 ; I . I' ! i ' : 1 1 ! II ! I ! 1 1 ¦ I ' i I ! I ¦ ! I " I ¦ ; I ¦ i I . ! ! ! - <^£l ^*^**- fa. A HISTORY OE MISSOURI. 329 of Kingston. After this time up to the date of its organization, December 26th, 1836, numerous settlers had made themselves homes in various parts of the county. About the time of its or ganization, a party of Mormon pioneers, attracted by the fertility of the soil, and the beauty and grandeur of its prairies, skirted with noble forests, selected " Far West," as a suitable location for the resting place of the " Latter Day Saints," and Joseph and Hiram Smith, with their followers, soon came flocking into the country, and in all direction, making Far West their great central point. It became the county seat, and contained probably three thousand inhabitants, when in 1837 preparations were made for the erection of a splendid temple, exceeding in magnificence any thing of modern times. The corner-stone was laid with great ¦ceremonies, in 1838, and preparations made to pursue the work, but the temple was never built. The tenets of these people were not only distasteful and absurd to the inhabitants of the surrounding country, not of their persuasion, but were very soon found to be positively dangerous. " Gentiles" had no rights which the Saints were bound to respect; for according ' to their dispensation, "the Lord had given the whole earth and its fullness, to His people," the Mormons, apd they commenced at once to fulfil their mission by taking anything and everything they desired, and could carry off, whenever and wherever they could find it. In addition to this, the coun ty offices were nearly all in the hands of the Saints, and any legal redress was out of the question. Of course such a state of things could not long continue without collisions, and plots for retaliation, and many deeds of darkness and of blood were enacted upon both sides. At this crisis, in 1839, Governor Boggs issued a proclamatian, and a brigade of State militia was ordered out under the command of Colonel A. W. Doniphin, and proceeded to the seat of the difficulties. A Mormon force of about a thousand men, under the command of G. W. Hinkle, had entrenched themselves in a mill and shop, not far from Breckenridge, where they were at tacked by a detachment of the militia, numbering about 125 men, which silenced and compelled them to surrender, after eighteen had been killed. None were killed on the side of the militia. At Far West, the Mormons under Joe Smith, surrendered upon terms dic tated by Doniphau, that they should deliver up their arms, and sur render their prominent leaders for trial, and should with their numerous wives and children immediately leave the State. The 330 AN ILLUSTRATED leaders were arraigned, and indictments found against them for treason against the State, but they were never tried, for while on their way to Columbia, under military guard, they escaped, as was, alleged, by bribing their keepers. The change to the Mormons, was attended with great suffering often with the sacrifice of nearly all their earthly possessions. Far West continued to be the county seat, however, until 1842, when it was removed to Kingston, its present location. The greater portion of Caldwell county is upland prairie, rolling enough to be finely adapted to purposes of agriculture. The pro portion of woodland and prairie is about half and half. The tim ber being distributed over the entire, county. The soil is a black sandy loam, of great richness, and riearly every acre is capable of cultivation ; the bottoms along Shoal creek being regarded as the most fertile. It is well watered by Shoal creek, which runs through the central portion of the county from east to west, but owing to the difficulty of erecting dams and hobling ponds, there has been little use made of it for water power. Blue and white limestone for building purposes is plenty, but no mineral wealth has as yet been developed. All kinds of agricultural products are grown with success, except cotton and tobacco, which are not raised to any extent. The county has good railroad facilities, the Hannibal and St. Joseph traversing the northern border, opening a market to Kansas City, west, and to St. Louis and Chicago, east. The citizens of this county have reason to congratulate themselves on their excellent educational facilities. Besides the sixty-three sub-districts, with good houses for school purposes, there is Thayer College at Kidder, and a most excellent high school at Brecken- ridge, also a graded school at Hamilton. Kingston, became the county seat in 1842, and was named in honor of Governor A. A. King. It has two weekly newspapers, a jail, and some dozen stores. The population is about six hundred. Breckenridge on the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad was laid out in 1858, and is an enterprising and a beautiful town, and re markably healthy. It has five churches, and many fine brick residences, showing taste aud culture. One of its most noticeable features is the elegant school-building, erected in 1872, at a cost of $15,000. It is eighty feet long, forty-five feet wide, two stories high, with a cut stone basement, the whole surmounted by a slate and tin roof of mansard style. This school located in the heart of HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 331 a community noted for energy, intelligence and refinement, is des tined soon to rank among the first institutions of learning in this part of the State. Hamilton, also on the H. & St. J. R. R„, is a town beautifully situated and healthy. It was incorporated in 1868, some twelve years after its first settlement. It has increased BRECKENRIDGE PUBLIC SCHOOL. in wealth and importance since the close of the war, and is now the first town in the county. Kidder on the same line of railroad, in the midst of a most delightful section of country, is the site of Thayer College, and is a flourishing town, settled largely by people from the Eastern states. , Mirabile is also a growing, town. Callaway county is in the central part of the State, south of Audrain, and north of the Missouri river, which separates it from Osage and Cole. The first grant of that portion of Missouri, now embraced in Calloway county, was made by the Spanish Gov ernment to Baptiste Douchouquette, in the year 1800, being con firmed in 1814, and was deeded by him to Pierre Chouteau, of St. Louis, in 1816. In the autumn of 1815, John Ham and Jonathan Crow located about ten miles north-east of the present county seat; and although they were hardly real settlers, inasmuch asthey 332 AN ILLUSTRATED lived by hunting and fishing, still they are recognized as the first white inhabitants of the county. The following January, Captain Patrick Ewing came to the county and built a house, believed to be the first one outside Cote sans Dessein, about half a mile north east of the present site of St.. Aubert. In the spring of 1816, James Van Bibber came from Kentucky, and located on Big Aux Vasse creek, some ten miles east from Fulton. On Boone's Lick road, Aaron Watson was the first settler, locating in 1816, and in the fol lowing year Elder Coats came. William Pratt, Robert Read, Joseph Callaway, and some others came into the country and settled at Coats' Prairie. During this year, the first survey of the county was made, and it was properly laid out by Colonel Nathan Boone and Joseph Evans. In the next three years, large accessions were made to the number of inhabitants by immigration, settlements being made at first, near the timber and along the creeks, the open prairie being regarding as fit only for pasturage. Up to this time all the "milling" had to be done at St. Charles, subjecting the in habitants to great inconvenience, but in 1818, Mr. J. T. Ferguson built a horse mill, which was the first mill west of St. Charles. In 1830, the county was organized, and was named in honor of Cap tain James Callaway, one of its earliest settlers, and a bold and intrepid pioneer, who well deserved the honor thus accorded him. Benjamin Young and Stephen Dorris were thereupon appointed justices, by Governor M'Nair, and proceeded to hold court, the first in the county, February 12, 1821, at Elizabeth, which was the county seat until 1826. In 1825, a plot of fifty acres was donated to the county by George Nichols, which having been laid out and suitably improved was named Fulton, in honor of Robert Fulton, and to this beautiful spot the county seat was removed in 1826, where it still remains. The following year a court-house was erected, of the ample dimensions of thirty-six feet square, and at n total expense of $1,300 dollars. It is a tradition that the cost of this edifice was provided for, chiefly, by the forfeiture and payment of the bonds of a thief who had stolen a horse. It was the finest and most costly building of the kind west of the Mississippi river, at that time. During the same year, a " meeting house," 20 x 36 feet, was built of logs, upon Aux Vasse creek, some few miles north east of Fulton, and a church of the Presbyterian order formed, con sisting of thirteen members. The day of " small things " has long since past for this body of Christians, and it still lives, a strong and HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 333 influential church. The first Sabbath school was inaugurated by Dauiel Nolly and Mrs. Samuel Dyer, in 1830— names which de serve to be honored and handed down to "generations following," on account of tlieir " labors of love " among those early inhabit ants. Nearly two-thirds of the surface of this county is covered with a luxuriant growth of timber, abundant for all practical pur poses. The northern portion, however, is chiefly prairie, there being ten prairies in the county, all told. It will be seen that the surface is agreeably diversified both in character and quality. It is watered by the Cedar and its tribuaries in the west, Aux Vasse in the central portion, and the Lautre in the eastern, and for a dis tance of about forty miles the southern and south-eastern border is washed by the Missouri river. Beneath its green and fertile fields are hidden inexhaustible supplies of mineral wealth — coal, limestone, potters clay, cement, marble, ochre and mineral paints, besides immense mines of excellent iron ore, large quantities of which are shipped to other states for manufacturing. Corn, oats, wheat, rye, grass and tobacco are the chief agricultural staples. Horticulture is also receiving considerable attention, and all kinds of fruits adapted to the latitude are grown with success. Along the river are vineyards of several acres each, producing a good ar ticle of wine. The facilities for transportation are good. The . Mississippi river, the Pacific, and the Chicago and Alton railroads, open direct routes to St. Louis, Chicago, and all eastern eities. The educational interests of the county have been well looked after. Besides the comfortable, well furnished school-buildings, with which nearly every sub-district in the county is provided, there are several educational institutions of high reputation within its limits. Fulton, the county seat and principal town, is a fine healthy city. It was laid out in 1825, and incorporated in 1859. It is situated on the Chicago and Alton railroad, about twenty-five miles • from Jefferson City, and in the midst of a rich agricultural region. Besides the usual county buildings, it is the seat of the State Lunatic Asylum the Synodical College, and Westminster College, — both under the management of the Presbyterian church, — and the State Deaf and Dumb Institution. Camden county is centrally situated in the southern part of the State. The face of the country is rolling, and some portions broken. It is well timbered, except in the south-eastern part. There is but little prairie land in the county. It contains some of 334 AN ILLUSTRATED the richest valleys of the Ozark range of mountains, though not as rich as the bottoms of the Missouri river; still well adapted to agri culture. On the hills, also, the soil is quite productive, and is profitably worked both for fruit culture and stock raising. The Osage river traverses nearly the entire southern section, forming a portion of the boundary. This stream has numerous tributaries. The most important are Maries, Fork of Rainey, and Pearson's creek. Some of these streams afford good water power. Lead ore has been found in the county, and in 1846, 100,000 pounds of mineral were taken out, but the mine was subsequently abandoned. The county was settled as early as 1834,, and the relations of the settlers with the Indians were friendly. In 1841, there existed a strife between some of the settlers, and many tragedies occurred ' in consequence of it. The difficulties were terminated by the death and removal from the State of the active participants. Kenderkook, the original name of the county, was organized Jan uary 29, 1841, and Oregon was made the county seat. The name of the county was changed to Camden, February 23, 1843, and the county seat to Erie. Subsequently Linn Creek became the county seat. During the civil war, Camden suffered less than some of the adjoining counties, although many homes were pillaged and burned, Many men were murdered and considerable property destroyed and carried off by the contending parties. The means of transportation are furnished by the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, and the Osage ' river. The townships of the county are Adair, Auglaize, Jackson, Jasper, Osage, Russell and Warren. Linn Creek, the county seat, is situated on Linn creek, about one mile from the Osage river, and twenty-seven miles north-west of Richland. It is an important center for business for south western Missouri, and north-west Arkansas. Stoutland; on the A. and P, R. R., 171 miles from St. Louis, is a good shipping port. It was first settled in 1869. The other villages are Decatur- ville, Glaize City, Olive City, and Osage Iron Works. Cape Girardeau county is situated in the south-eastern part of the State, and embraces an area of 875 square miles. The southern part of the county is mostly level, and includes the so-called "swamp lands," estimated at 150,000 to 175,000 acres. The up lands are rolling, and in many places hilly. It is heavily timbered, comprising in the different sections poplar, ash, sugar-maple, cherry, elm, beech, and the different kinds of walnut, hickory and oak. in, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 330 great abundance. The county is, well supplied with water, having many clear, pure springs, and is drained by White Water river and its tributaries in the central and western part; Apple creek and its tributaries in the north, and Indian, Flora, Cane and other creeks in the east. Many of these streams furnish excellent water-power. The mineral resources are large quantities of iron, easy of access. The Mississippi river furnishes the principal facility for market, and it is an excellent one, forming as it does the eastern boundary line of the county. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroad passes through the south-western part of the county. The townships of the county are Apple Creek, Byrd, Cape Girardeau, Hubble, Liberty, Randal, Shawanoe, Welch, and White Water. Cape Girardeau is one of the oldest Settled districts in the State, the first settlement being made by Louis Lorimer, a Frenchman, in 1794; other settlers arrived shortly after. When Lorimer came, there were three Indian villages on Apple creek, about twenty miles above its mouth. The Indians had settled there under the sanction of the Spanish, who treated the settlers in a friendly man ner. In 1811, one of these little towns contained eighty houses, principally hewn log cabins, covered with shingles and comfortably furnished. The claim of Lorimer was confirmed to his represen tatives by act of Congress, July 4, 1836. The district contained, in 1799, 521 inhabitants, mostly emigrants from the United States; and extended over a large area, from Apple creek ou the north, to Tywappity Bottom on the south; and west, indefinitely. But county after county was taken from it until March 5, 1849, when it was reduced to its present limits. Cape Girardeau is the chief town of the county, very beautifully situated on the west bank of the Mississippi. It is located on a commanding site overlooking the river, and is the commercial metropolis of a large section of country. It was settled in 1794, as before stated ; laid off into a town, in 1805; incorporated in 1824; and re-incorporated, in 1843. It is built upon a solid bed of marble; so abundant is this material, and so easily procured, that it is used for paving. The manufactories of the city are numerous, and the flouring mills are among the best in the West; one of them receiving a "medal of merit" at the World's Exposition at Vienna, in 1873, for the best flour made in the world. The city has a public school building which cost forty thousand dollars, and is of much architectural beauty. St. Vincent College owns over sixteen hundred acres of land in the 336 AN ILLUSTRATED city and vicinity; its whole property is valued at two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. St. Vincent's convent has also a fine prop erty and a good building. The State Normal School for south-east Missouri is located here, and has a fine edifice. Jackson, the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, ten miles north-west of Cape Girardeau, and thirteen miles north-east of Allenville. It was incorporated in 1824. The first Baptist church in Missouri was founded here in 1806. The vil lage lies on the east side of Hubble creek, on a succession of hills affording excellent building sites. Fairview Seminary is a flour ishing institution. The court-house is claimed to be the best building of the kind outside of St. Louis. This town is connected with Cape Girardeau, by an excellent macadamized road. There are a number of such roads in the county. Population about eight hundred. Pocahontas is situated between Shawanoe and Indian creeks, nine miles from Jackson and nine miles west of the Mis sissippi. It was settled in 1856. Most of the settlers are descend ants of emigrants from North Carolina. Allenville is on the St. L. and I. M. R. R., on the Whitewater river. Appleton, formerly Apple Creek, is located on the south side of Apple creek, sixteen miles north of Jacuson, and was settled in 1824. It was for many years the chief trading post for the surrounding country. Buford- ville is a small village on Whitewater river, eight miles south-west of Jackson. Shawanoetown is fourteen miles north-west of Jackson; settled in 1865. Hendricksville is situated on Hubble creek, seven miles north-east of Allenville; and was settled in 1865. The other villages and settlements are Delta, Egypt Mills, Green's Ferry, Gordonsville, Millersville, Neely's Landing, New Wells, Oak Ridge and Stroderville. Carroll county is situated on the north side of the Missouri river, in the north-western part of the State. The county was formed from Ray county, and was laid out into townships and sections as early as 1817. It was organized as now constituted, January 3d, 1833. It is distant from St. Louis, by river, 320 miles; and by railroad, 200 miles. About one-fourth of its area is in the Missouri bottom, a nearly level surface of rich alluvial soil. The remaining three-fourths is undulating prairie, with dark loamy soil, very rich and productive, with frequent belts of timber fol lowing the course of the various streams. The county is well watered by the Missouri, Grand and Wakanda rivers, and Turkey, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 337 Moss, Hurricane and Big creeks, and their tributaries, giving nearly every section of land the benefit of a water course. On some of the streams are good mill sites. Extending along the bank of the Missouri, between Wakanda river and Crooked creek, is a sugar-maple bottom, which is remarkably fertile. It is thirty miles long, and from five to eight miles in breadth. About one- fourth of the county is covered with timber; varieties, oaks, hickory, elm, walnut, maple, locust, — affording sufficient timber for all pur poses. Agriculture is the chief pursuit of the iuhabitants. The unimproved lands are growing less, year by year. The "White Rock Quarries," furnish excellent building stone, which is shipped to St. Louis and elsewhere, from which the town derives quite a revenue. St. Louis is the principal market for Carroll county. The facilities for transportation are the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad — running the entire length of the county east and west — and the Missouri river. The townships of the county are Grand River, Morris, Sugar Tree Bottom, and Wakanda. Coal is. found in nearly every portion of the county, and is mined on a limited seale in five different localities. Lead and iron are also procured, but only iri small quantities. Martin Palmer is believed to have been the first white inhabitant of the district, now embraced in Carroll. He built a cabin, and resided a few months during the winter season tending his traps. He was a man noted for his courage; "Swift of foot and strong of limb." A permanent settle ment was made about 1820, by John Standly and William Turner, who came into this wilderness with their families from North Car olina. The county was settled slowly on account of the unhealthi- ness of the climate in those early days, and it was not until January 3d, 1833, that it was organized, when William Curl, Thomas Hardwick and William Crockett were appointed justices. Carrollton, the county seat and principal town, named in honor of Charles Carroll, is about 207 miles from St. Louis, and 65 miles from Kansas City, ljfc has an elevated and pleasant situation near the center of the county on the St. L., K. C. and N. R. R. It is a place of considerable business. The public school building is a fine structure erected at a cost of over $40,000. Norborn is a pros perous town on the same line of railroad, about ten miles west of Carrollton. Being in the midst of a fine prairie, the Sugar-Tree Bottom, it is the centre of a thriving community. The other vil lages and settlements are Dewitt, Coloma, Eugene City, Hill's 338 AN ILLUSTRATED Landing, White Rock, Miles Point, Little Compton, and Miami Station. Carter county, situated in the south-eastern part of the State, is bounded on the north by Shannon and Reynolds, east by Wayne and Butler, south by. Ripley apd part of Oregon, and west by Shannon and Oregon. The county was organized March 10th, 1859, and was named in honor of Zimri Carter, one of its. citizens. The surface is very broken with fine bottom land along the water courses, and some very fertile valleys. The greater ' part of the county is covered with a heavy growth of timber, not more than about one-fortieth of it having been cleared off. Heavy pineforests cover the hills, while large trees of different kinds, such as oak,, hickory, black walnut, honey-locust, birch and maple abound in the bottoms. The soil in the bottoms and valleys is rich and fertile; but many of the hills are too steep and rugged to be susceptible of cultivation. The county is well watered by many large and small rivers and creeks, the most im portant of which is the Current river, furnishing excellent sites, for machinery. The cliffs along these swift and clear streams are very, steep, affording many a " rugged" edge " to sit upon and catch trout, salmon, and various other kinds of fish. At present the mineral resources are wholly undeveloped; traces of lead and cop per are found, and iron exists in large quantities. The leading agricultural staples, named in the order of their importance, ace corn, wheat, oats, and rye. Wheat is exported to a considerable extent, while the. surplus corn is fed to cattle and hogs, which are shipped to St. Louis on the Iron Mountain railroad.. Considerable pine lumber is rafted ; on Current river, and finds a ready sale in Arkansas. The only- commercial crops cultivated for market are tobacco and cotton: The county has four townships: Carter and Jackson, Johnson and Kelley. Van Buren, the county seat, '. is in the northern part of the county, on Current river. The nearest railroad station is Mill Spring, Wayne county. CASScounty has the.Kansas State linefor. its western boundary, lying between Jackson on the north,, and Bateson the south. It was organized, September 14, 1835. Its surface is a rolling prairie, moderately supplied with timber of varied qualities, skirting the streams and creeks. . Grand river, and Big creek, with their numer- m \W H. CLAY DANIEL. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 339 ous tributaries, furnish an abundance of stock water. The soil is principally a black loam, except on ridges, where a soil known as " mulatto " is found. The climate is remarkably healthy. About one-fourth of the county is timber-land, and in the absence of wastefulness, the natural growth will keep pace with the demand for fuel and fencing. From 1866 to 1870, the opening and im proving of farms caused a consumption of timber greater than the natural growth. Heretofore operations for coal have been confined to surface diggings, in which an excellent quality of bituminous coal is obtainedin moderate quantities. The townships of the county are Austin, Big Creek, Camp Branch, Cold Water, Dolan, Grand River, Index, Mt. Pleasant, North Dolan, Pleasant Hill, Polk and Sugar Creek. History records the names of Walker, Danaway, Burgen, Isaac Blevins, William Johnson, David Butterfield, Wyatt Atkins, and John McCarty, as its first settlers. These men were hunters and trappers, only raising a little corn and a few vegetables upon their small patches of cultivated lands. Their dress was such as would excite the wonder and surprise of the present generation; coon or wolf-skin cap, buck-skin hrinting-shirt, fawn-skin vest, and leather pantaloons. They raised a few cattle, trafficked in furs, deer skins, venison, wild honey and bees-wax. They were a bold, hardy set of men, rough and unsophisticated, but hospitable and kind. No wayfarer ever turned from their log cabin with his wants un satisfied. The Indians were unfriendly, and on this and other ac counts the country settled up slowly. February 19, 1849, the county was reduced to its present limits, and its name changed from Van Buren to Cass. The county seat was established and named in honor of Albert G. Harrison, then member of Con gress from this State. The county suffered much during the civil war, aud was a skirmishing ground for guerillas of both armies. Of the 10,000 inhabitants, less than a thousand remained. It was •estimated after the war, that at least one-third of the dwellings had been burnt, and more than half of the farms destroyed. The immigrants since the war have been from Illinois and Iowa, and are thrifty arid intelligent, and fast bringing Cass to the front rank of counties in the State. It is well supplied with railroad facilities. The Missouri Pacific, passes through the north-east corner, and the Lawrence branch through the northern part; the Missouri, Kansas aud Texas, runs east and west through the central portion. Alto gether there are about eighty miles of road completed in the county. 340 AN ILLUSTRATED Harrisonville, the county seat, on the M. & T. R. R., was first settled in 1830, by James Lucky. The town was laid off, and the first house erected in 1837, and the same year a log court-house was erected. It has not had a rapid growth, but has steadijy. im proved. Pleasant Hill is -the most important town in the county, on the M. P. R. R. It was settled in 1830, and almost destroyed during the civil war, but since then has grown rapidly. There are a number of villages in the county. Among others, Gunn City, Freeman, East Lynne, Dayton, Austin, Belton, Raymore, Stras burg and West Line. Cedar county, is situated in the south-western part of the State, the counties of Vernon and Barton separating, it from the State of Kansas. Its surface is rolling, and it is about equally divided between timber and prairie. About one-half of the land is tillable, ranking in quality from first to third rate. No section of the State is better supplied with good and clear water. The Big and Little Sac, and Cedar creek, are the principal streams, which have numer ous tributaries. The county is rich in mineral resources. Coal for smithing and forging, as well as for fuel is found in large quantities in the western part of the county, and finds a ready market. Iron ore exists in abundance. Superior building stone is found in quan tities. Agriculture is the leading occupation of the inhabitants. The townships of the county are Benton, Cedar, Jefferson, Lynn, Box, Madison and Washington. The market facilities are the Mis souri, Kansas and Texas railroad; Schell City is the nearest station, about thirty miles from the county seat. The educational interests are well attended to. The citizens believe in good school-houses and able teachers. The county was first settled in 1832. During the Kansas troubles, and during the late civil war, hostile parties met upon its soil, and in 1863 efforts were made to capture the court-house at Stockton, which had been converted into a federal fort, but the assailants were repulsed by the militia. The building was subsequently captured and. destroyed. The county has pros pered since the war. Stockton, the county seat, was incorparated in 1855. It is thirty miles east of Schell City, its nearest railroad station. It is sur rounded by steep rocky, hills and is laid out with narrow streets. Its original name was Lancaster, changed January 2d, 1847, to Fremont, and again changed by act of the legislature to Stockton, in 1856. Caplinger's Mills, formerly Sackville, lies on Sac river. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 341 seven miles north of Stockton, and twenty-three miles from Schell City; near the village is the best coal deposits in the county. Virgil City lies on the county line between Vernon and Cedar counties, about fifteen miles east of Nevada, its nearest railroad station. It is located on a large prairie, sheltered on the north-east by timber. It was laid out in 1866, and named in honor of Virgil W. Kimball. Chariton county is located in the north-west central part of the State. It was organized November 14th, 1820. The general surface of the county consists of upland prairies and timber land, which forms a broad belt on both sides of the water courses. The rich alluvial bottom lands of the Missouri river, are well known for their fertility, and similar bottoms are found on the Grand and Chariton rivers and their tributaries. In the north-western part of the county, the land is, high, with a rich productive loam. There is a sufficient quantity of timber for all necessary purposes. The county is well watered. The only mineral as yet dis covered, is bituminous coal which is found in many places cropping out on the slopes, where it is used by farmers. There is only one mine worked at present, with an aver age thickness of three feet, furnishing about seven and a lialf feet thickness of coal, within the space of about fifty feet. Clay for fire-brick and pottery is also found. The county is well supplied with means of transportation, the St. Louis, Kansas Cil,y and Northern railroad, skirting the southern and western portion, while the Missouri is its south-western boundary. The townships of the county are Bee Branch, Bowling Green, Brunswick, Buf falo Lick, Chariton, Clark, Cunningham, Keytesville, Missouri, Muscle, Fork, Prairie, Salisbury, Wayland, Yellow Creek. Char- itou is one of the earliest settled counties in the State, the first settlers being French fur traders. There was some immigration in 1812, and in 1816 the land was surveyed into sections. The land sales took place in 1818. The names of John Hutchins and Henry €lark, are among the earliest settlers; Clark's Branch and Clark's township, perpetuating the name of the latter. During the civil war, this county had its share of devastation. The court-house at Keytesville was burned, and a large part of the county records destroyed. General Sterling Price, was a prominent citizen of this .county. Keytesville, the county seat, named for James Keytes, and first 342 AN ILLUSTRATED settled in 1812, is located on Muscle fork of Chariton river, on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad. It has a pleasant situation, and the best water power in the county. It is a place of Considerable business. It was the home of Sterling Price. Salis bury on the same railroad, was laid out in 1866, by L. Salisbury, and is situated in a fine agricultural district. It is a smart busi ness place. Westville, a small village in the north-east part of the county, seventeen miles north of the county seat. Brunswick at the mouth of Grand river, also on the St. L., K. C. & N. R. R., is an old town, and has both water and railroad communication, and is a town of considerable business importance. Christian county is situated in the southern part of the State, on the south descent or slope of the Ozark mountains, and con tains 347,520 acres. It was organized from Green county, March 8th, 1860. The surface of the county is undulating, hilly, and broken in the south-eastern portion which is the principal mining district. The western, central and south-western portion are prai ries, with some superior bottom lands. These latter parts of the county form the agricultural districts, and are about equally divided between prairie and upland. The county is well watered by many streams, flowing mostly in a south-easterly direction, and lasting springs, furnishing the purest water for all domestic uses, and for stock. The most important of the water courses, are the James river, and Finley, Swan, Buffalo and Panther creeks, some of which afford excellent water power. The country along the streams, is heavily timbered with the various kinds of trees growing in southern Missouri. The mineral resources are only partially developed. Lead is found in great abundance, and the mining of it was carried on, to a considerable extent, before the war. The only present mode of transportation is furnished by the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, which has seven miles of track in the north-western part of the county. The principal home market is Springfield. Little is recorded of the early history of this county, beyond the fact, that one Wells made an opening on Finley creek, about 1822, and erected a small cabin, and the same year a Mr. Pettijohn, with a small party came into the county by way of the rivers. The Delaware Indians caused the early settlers some trouble, but were at length, permanently located in Kansas, in the year 1836, The county was organized in 1860. During the recent war, the battle HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 343 of Wilson's Creek was fought near the line of Green county. Much property was destroyed and the court-house was burned, and the records and papers of the county offices carried off and lost. There has been a great influx of population into the county since the war. In 1865 it was nearly depopulated. About three thousand returned after the war. The immigration has continued steadily since, mostly from the Northern and Western states. Ozark, the county seat, is situated on Finley creek, fifteen miles south of Springfield. It has grown rapidly in the last few years. Kenton, formerly Linden, is five miles east of Ozark, on Finley creek— was laid out in 1847. The other settlements are Billings, Bull's Mills and Minersville. Clark county was organized December 16th, 1836. It is the most north-eastern county in the State, being bounded on the north by Iowa, and on the east by Illinois, separated by the Mis sissippi from the latter State. The surface is undulating, gener ally somewhat hilly next to the creek and river bottom. The greatest part of the county is capable of being tilled, having arich, friable loam on a clay subsoil. Timber is still abundant, and mostly so along the streams and the hill lands next to the bot toms; it is well distributed for farm uses. The county is well drained by many rivers and creeks, affording an abundance of water for stock. The Des Moines river, which forms a portion of the northern boundary line of this county, offers a great amount of water-power; much is also offered by the north and south branches of the Fox river. Coal has been found in the north eastern part of the county, and mines are worked iri several places. Some veins of iron ore have also been discovered. Good sand and limestone for building purposes are found in many places of the county. It has a fine and healthy climate. The county has St. Louis and Chicago for markets. Besides the Mississippi river, there are the Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska railroad, and the Mis sissippi Valley and Western, both having thirty-eight miles of track in the county. In the Autumn of 1829, a party of Ken- tuckians settled near the Des Moines river. These persons were the first settlers. A year or two after, William Clark came into the country and built his log cabin, not far from the present sight of Athens. Others soon followed, so that there was quite a num ber of families in that portion of the territory now included in 344 AN ILLUSTRATED Clark county, in the course of the next two or three years. The nearest grist-mill for these pioneers was at Palmyra, some sixty miles distant, until 1832, when a mill was constructed on Fox creek, near Waterloo. The first store was opened by John Stake, in 1833, at St. Francisville; and the first church (Baptist) was organized May 7, 1835. The county was organized in 1818, and named in honor of Governor Clark, and was re-organized in 1836. The first court was held in 1837. The early inhabitants of Clark county were not only brave and industrious, but they were a God fearing people, and endowed richly with that " faith which works by love," and their memory is still fragrant. The townships of the county are Clay,Des Moines, Folker, Grant, Jackson, Jefferson, Lincoln, Madison, Sweet Home, Union, Vernon, Washington and Wyaconda. Kahoka, the county seat, is on the M. & N. R. R.,- and is near the 'center of the county. It was laid out in 1851 St. Fran cisville, nine miles north-east of Kahoka, on the Des Moines river, was laid out in 1833, and was one of the earliest settled towns in the county. Clark City, on the M. I. & N. R. R., is pleasantly situated, and was designed as an educational center. There is a good Academy under the control of the Presbyterians. Alex andria is. situated on the Mississippi, between the Fox and Des Moines rivers, at the junction of the two railroads. It was first settled in 1834. It is the most important town, in the county. The rich bottom lands, some 11,000 acres, have been reclaimed, and a levee erected at a cost of 45,000. It has excellent educational facilities. Alexandria College affords advantages for the higher branches of study. Athens, on the Des Moines river, was laid out in 1844. It has a, good water-power. A battle was fought here in August, 1861, in which the Confederate troops, under Colonel Greene were defeated. The other villages are Eldorado, Peaks- ville, Riverside, Waterloo, Winchester, Gregory's Landing, Cham- bersburg, and St. Mary's. Clay county is situated in the north-western part of the State, opposite to the mouth of the Kansas river, and was organized Jan uary 2d, 1822. It was carved out of Ray county, and its original limits embraced its present area, the territory now included in the counties of Clinton, De Kalb, and Gentry, and the larger portion of Worth. Its "present boundaries were fixed January. 2d, 1833, and' comprise 254,423 acres. The beauty'of the surface of this county; HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 345 and its desirable situation, attracted to it the attention of immi grants to Missouri, and, so early as 1819, it began to be rapidly populated. In 1819, Howard Everett, William, Thomas and Elisha •Campbell, Benjamin Hensley, John Owens, Charles McGee, John Wilson, Robert Pearce, and many others, came to the county. The immigrants who came into the territory for the next decade were nearly all from Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Vir ginia, and Maryland, though a few were from New York or other Eastern states. They were men generally, of energy, enterprise and capacity. The settlement of the county was not accompanied by bitter hostility with the Indians. The Indian title having been extinguished, the white population flowed in without fear or inter ruption. In 1820, the hand of an Indian was cut off in attempt ing to burst open the house of a settler named David McE I wee, and seven Indians were killed in a skirmish in the south-eastern part of the county. In consequence of the momentary alarm caused by these occurrences, four block-houses were constructed for shelter and defense; yet the Indians were pacified without fur ther difficulty, and all fear of the savages passed away forever from the people of the county. Until the acquisition, in 1836, by the State of the territory known as the "Platte Purchase," Liberty, the county seat of the county, was the most westerly town in the United States. It was visited by great numbers of friendly Indi ans, drawn thither for purposes of trade, or through curiosity, and the habits of savage and civilized life were sharply contrasted on its streets. The "Black Hawk War" occurred in 1832. During its continu ance, several companies of militia were ordered into service from this county. They were absent several weeks, but were in no ac tion. The disturbance called the " Heatherly War," occurred in 1836. In the northern part of what was then Carroll county, now in the territory of Grundy or Mercer, there lived a family named Heatherly. It belonged to a class of extremely rough, half-civi lized back- woodsmen. It chanced that a hunting party of friendly Indians had gone into that part of the State. The members of the family seizing the opportunity and hoping to be able to fasten the act upon the Indians, murdered a man named Dunbar, and another with whom they were at enmity, or whom they may have wished to rob, and then fled to the counties along the Missouri river, charging the fact on the Indians, and asserting that they 346 AN ILLUSTRATED themselves were fleeing for life. . The alarm spread. Among others, two companies of militia from Clay county were ordered to repair to the scene of the alleged difficulty. The troops on arriving there discovered the falsity of the alarm and returned home. The militia of the county- in the Black Hawk and Heatherly wars, were commanded by the late Colonel Shubael Allen. In the late civil war, there were men from this county, iu both the Union and Confed erate armies, but a much greater number of its citizens went into the Confederate army. There were a number of insignificant skir mishes in the county during the continuance of the war; but only one.action that could be dignified by the name of battle. This oc curred, September 17th, 1861, four or five miles south-east of Lib erty, on the Missouri river bottom, and is usually called the battle of Blue Mills. The federal troops engaged were about 700 in number, aud consisted of portions of an Iowa regiment and some Missouri Home Guards. The confederate troops were the same or less in number. This county takes an advanced position on the question of edu cation. As far back as 1836, Liberty was noted for excellent english and classical schools. The first teachers' institute in the State was organized in this county in the fall of 1854, under the- supervision- of Alexander W. Doniphan, who was then county superintendent of common schools; besides William Jewell College, Clay Seminary and a Catholic Institute are located in this county. Clay is one of the finest agricultural counties in the West. The surface is undulating in character, except in the vicinity of the larger streams, where there are ridges, or breaks. Not more than one-fourth of its area was originally prairie land. The soil on the bluffs along the Missouri river is a rich, light loam, mingled with some sand, and rests upon a light-colored, clayey sub-soil. On the ridges, along the smaller streams, it is a thin, but rich loam, while the residue is a deep, black, fertile loam. The prairie is mainly confined to the northern parts of the county. The- forests were originally very dense, and filled with the choicest timber, trees — oak, ash, walnut, mulberry, hickory, maple, locust, iron-wood and cherry — of. the largest growth. Though greatly thinned, they, are still very much more extensive than the demands of the population. All of the cereals and grasses, together with hemp, flax, tobacco, garden vegetables, and the fruits of this latitude, grow luxuriantly. The grape is receiving a great deal of fiHI ilii ,T"::": ¦ " "l" 1 1 1 1 ;-,. ,;:- IIJINII ' Ii; i (llliig DE WITT C. ALLEN. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 347 attention. The apple attains the utmost perfection. There are four railroads running through portions of the county: the Hanni bal and St. Joseph; St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern; Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs; and St. Louis and St. Joseph. There are indications of coal and lead in this county, but no proofs as yet that the deposits are of any considerable extent. ... ... ,,,, „ ,„„ , ril ! js .:;; ¦ ¦' ^»lPh ' ' PI : Si CLAY COUNTY COURT-HOUSE. Liberty, the county seat, is situated on the Kansas City branch of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, fifteen miles front Kan sas City and about three miles from the Missouri river and the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railway. It was founded in 1822, and received its charter as a city in 1851. The situation of Liberty is picturesque and beautiful, and its air is noted for purity, salubrity and sweetness. The court-house is unique and handsome, and 348 AN ILLUSTRATED with its symmetrical outline, massive design, and harmonious dome presents an imposing appearance. The public school-build ing is handsome and convenient, and one of the best in the State. Liberty contains (besides the buildings and educational institutions above noted) five cliurches — Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Christian and Catholic — two woolen and two grist-mills, one foun dry and machine shop, two fine banking houses and two newspa pers — "The Tribune," established in 1846, published by Robert H. Miller, and "The Advance," established in 1875, published by •George E. Patton. Missouri City is situated on the Missouri river, and is a station on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern rail road, twenty miles from Kansas City, and seven miles from Liberty^ in the south-eastern part of the county, and received its charter as a city in 1859. It is an active, prosperous town, and is the general shipping point, whether by river or rail, for the eastern portion of the county. It had been a considerable village many years before the date of its charter. Kearny is located on the K. C. branch of the H. & St. J. R. R., nine miles north from Liberty, and was incorporated as a town in 1869. It is in the midst of a rich and beautiful country and* has a considerable trade. The villages, or hamlets of the county are Arnold, Barry. Blue Eagle, Claysville, Greenville, Gosneyville, Harlem, Holt, Smithville, Pratherville and Liberty Landing. Clinton county is situated in the north-western part of the State, on the east line of the Platte Purchase. It contains 264,623 acres. About one-third is timbered, and two-thirds high rolling prairie. It is well drained and has a fertile soil. The county has no large rivers, but is well watered by numerous small streams, among which are Smith's Fork, Castile and Third Fork, running west to south-west into Platte river; Grindstone running-north, and Shoal creek east into Grand river; and Fish and Crooked rivers, running south into the Mississippi river. Timber is abun dant- for all purposes, and in many places there is a fine growth of young timber. Coal is supposed to exist, but no mines have been opened. The facilities for transportation of the products to mar ket, are unsurpassed by any county in the State, there being four railroads passing through it. Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph are the principal markets. The townships are Concord, Harden, Jackson, Lafiyette, Lathrop and Platte. The county, previous to its organization was attached to Clay, and extended to HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 349' the Iowa boundary line; and upon its original organization, Janu- uary 5th, 1833, it included the territory of Gentry and Worth counties. February 12th, 1841, it was reduced to its present limits. John P. Smith, Archibald Elliott and Stephen Jones being appointed justices by Governor Dunklin, the first court was held in April, 1833, Judge Smith presiding, and Richard R. Reese was clerk. The other county officers were Thompson Smith, sheriff; W. Huffaker, collector ; Elijah Fry, assessor ; and John Biggerstaff, treasurer. Colonel Lewis Wood commanded a. regiment of Clinton county boys, in the Black Hawk war. During the civil war the inhabitants were nearly equally divided in senti ment. Troops were furnished for both armies. Much interest is taken in the cause of education-, and some fine buildings rected for school purposes. Plattsburg, the county seat, is located on the St. Louis, Kan sas City and Northern railroad, and on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad. It is 269 miles from St. Louis. It is a place of much business importance. The village was first called Con cord, afterwards Springfield, and finally Plattsburg. Cameron, at the junction of the Hannibal and St. Joseph with the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, thirty -four miles from St. Joseph, and fifty from Kansas City, is an enterprising place of business. Lathrop is an enterprising town, on the St. L. K. C. & N. R. R., seven miles east of Plattsburg. The other villages are Hainesville, Converse, Gower, Graysonville, Bainbridge, Perrin, Tanner and Turney's Station. Cole county was organized on the 20th day of November, 1820, (the same year which marks the admission of the State into the Union) and at once entered upon its municipal life. It was taken from Cooper county, and named in honor of Stephen Cole, an old Indian fighter who had lost his life in a fight with the Indians, near the present site of New London, in the county of Ralls. He was one of the pioneers, who, with Cooper and others, led an adventurous life, raising corn with a rifle on the plow, hunting game and Indians at the same time, and diversifying their intervals by a pitched battle with the sav ages, or repelling their assaults upon their fort. Of the Indian occu pancy of the territory of Cole county, but little is known. There is no positive testimony of any permanent lodges or towns, and the inference is that it was a hunting ground for the surrounding 350 AN ILLUSTRATED tribes. The immense amount of arrow heads that are found here gives plausibility to this opinion. It was also their burial grounds for ages ; for nearly every prominent bluff on the Mis souri contains the remains of their dead; and, on some of these mounds are found trees, apparently centuries old. The Capitol is built on one of them, and in its excavation the workmen exposed a great number of bones and pieces of pottery. The first trace of the white man's entrance into the country is found in the faint history of the French trading expeditions up the Osage river. These traders would leave Ste. Genevieve, or Kaskaskia, following the course of the Missouri, in keel boats, or going by land along the old " Harmony Mission Trace," (the only road south of the Missouri) to the head-waters of the Osage. They have left, per haps, an imperishable record of their occupancy in the names given to some of the important localities; such as Bois Rule creek, (which has been corrupted into Bob Ruly) the Taverne, Glaize, Pomme de Terre, Thibault, Marias des Cygnes, and others. The next visit from the white man to the county, was the expe dition composed of twenty-eight persons, in 1804, commanded by Merewether Lewis and William Clark. They passed the limits of the county about June, but left no distinctive notice of it. This important and dangerous enterprise was organized in the year fol lowing the acquisition of Louisiana from France, and was pro moted and hastened by Thomas Jefferson, then President of the United States. The first immigration of permanent settlers to this county was in 1818, from Campbell county, East Tennessee. They settled on the Moniteau creek, west of what is now the town of Marion. They consisted of John English and four sons, James Miller and five sons, Henry McKenney and three sons, James Ful- kerson and three sons, David Yount and three sons, David Cham bers and three sons, John Mackey and two sons, John Harmon and one son, William Gouge and four sous, Martin Gouge and two sons, and Joshua Chambers and two sons; in all forty-three males, but as they were accompanied by their families, they numbered, perhaps, in all, about sixty souls. The most noted among them seemed to have been John English, who was the first representa tive from the county. In 1819, John Hensley and two sons, and John Hunter increased the numbers of the settlement. The Hen- sleys were real back-woodsmen and Indian fighters. The elder Hensley, who was the first Senator from the district, after the HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 351 organization of the county, was too much crowded by the advanc ing tide of immigration, and in 1845, emigrated west ; he died, and was buried in the Rocky Mountains, a fit tomb for so restless a spirit. John Hunter has left no distinguishing mark, save that he was the first colonel of militia in the county. About the year 1819, three more settlers located themselves on the bank of the Missouri, about nine miles west of the capital. Their names were Dr. John Brown, Andrew Rice and John Colgan. The first circuit court was held in the town of Marion, on the 5th day of January, 1821, at the house of John English. David Todd was judge; J.N Conway, clerk ; Paul Whittley, sheriff ; and Hamil ton R. Gamble, circuit attorney. Conway resigned on the next day, and afterward removed to Arkansas. Jason, Harrison was ap pointed in his place. The lawyers who attended the first session were H. R. Gamble, Peyton R. Hayden, Robert C. Ewing, John G. Heath, George Tompkins, Abiel Leonard, Dabney Carr, and John S. Brickey. The first order of the court was that John Shore pay one dollar fine for contemptuous behavior to the court, and be irn- prisoned, until the fine should be paid. Tradition is silent as to what that contemptuous behavior was, or whether the fine was ever paid. The next business was the emancipation, by Abraham Collett, of his slave, Joseph. Whether Mr. Collett lived to see the extinction of slavery, and the emancipation made general, of which he gave to this county the first example, is not known. In 1812, the first recorded marriage occurred in the country. It was sol emnized on the 28th day of June, by Judge George Pettigrew; James A. Donaway and Sallie Howard were the happy couple. The first county court was held at the house of John English, on the 2d day of April, 1821. John Vivion, James Stark and Jason Harrison were the justices. There were only two townships then in the county, Moreau and Moniteau. Of Moreau township John Hensley, Joseph Stephens and William Weir were justices of the peace ; and James Ryan, constable: of Moniteau township, George A Pettigrew, Thackier Vivion and John English were first justices of the peace ; Samuel Johnson, first collector, presented his first delinquent list of State and county taxes. That of the State was $12.91, and that of the county, $6.45. John Allen, in 1823, pre sented his delinquent list. It was for State, $6.46 ; county, $3.13. About the year 1820, William and Daniel McKenzie, of Howard county, and Bass and Lintz, of Boone county, conceived 352 AN ILLUSTRATED the idea of building up a large commercial town, at the Moniteaii rock, two miles below the mouth of the Moniteau creek. They laid out a town which they called Marion, in the expectation of its becoming the county seat, and perhaps the Capital of the State. Their first hope was realized, and Marion became the seat of jus tice. Daniel McKenzie moved down and opened a store; E. V. HoUingsworth, a hotel; Joshua Chambers built a horse mill; John L. Glazebrook, a blacksmith-shop; Cato, a freedman of John, Engr lish, established a ferry; the county built a court-house and jail. The former was afterwards sold for $450, and. was used as a barn. In 1826, the county seat was moved to Jefferson City, and Marion" was gathered to its fathers. Cole county has been twice curtailed of its limits. Once to give territory to Miller county, and once to add to Moniteau county. The county seat was finally moved from Marion to Jefferson City, in 1829, and Samuel Crow, John Scruggs and Martin D. Noland were appointed by the legislature, commissioners to arrange the proper removal. The first circuit and county courts were held in Jefferson City,, at the house of John C. Gordon, Judge Todd presiding. Robert C. Ewing was then the oldest resident lawyer, and Jason Harrison, was clerk of both courts. He held these two offices until 1836, when • at the first election, in 1835, for clerk, he was defeated by, E. L. Edwards. The commissioners appointed to locate the State capital were, after its location, instructed to lay off the town into 1,000 lots, the principal street to be not less than 100, nor more than 120 feet wide, and the alleys to be 20 feet wide. On the 19th of December, 1822, the first trustees of the City of Jefferson were appointed. They were Josiah Ramsay, Adam Hope, and John C. Gordon, who were authorized to sell 200 lots. Four squares were reserved for a State- house; one for a Governor's house; one for a hospital; and one for a seminary of learning. The first sale of lots occurred in May, 1823. At that time there were only two families living there. Those of Josiah Ramsey, and William Jones. In 1825, the State- house was nearly finished. On February 8th, of that year, the legislature appropriated $18,573 to pay James Dunnica, and Daniel Colgan, for its erection. The first session of the legis lature was held in November, 1826, in the new State-house, John Miller being then Governor. The building was a rectangular brick structure, two stories high, without any architectural beauty. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 353 The representatives occupied the lower story, the Senate the up per floor. A story is told of a representative who presented his credentials to the secretary of the Senate. " This belongs to the Lower-House," said the clerk. "Where is that?" asked the gentle man. "Down stairs." "Why, said the man, "I saw those fel lows there, but I thought it was a dram-shop." In November, 1837, this building, which occupied the site of the present Ex ecutive Mansion, was consumed by fire, and many valuable papers lost. The next session of the legislature met in the court-house. The representatives occupying the present court-room, and the Senate the second story, which was at that time unobstructed by partitions. In 1840, the legislature and the State officers took possession of the present capitol. Jefferson City was incorporated in 1839, by an act of the legislature, and T. L. Price was its first mayor. The first newspaper issued was the "Jeffersonian Republi can," printed and edited by Calvin Gunn. It made its appearance in 1828, a neatly printed sheet, and its owner made it a successful enterprise. He had the sagacity to foresee the growth of the city, and to buy at low rates the public lots that are now so valuable to his family. Gunn died in 1858. His paper was democratic. The next paper here was called the "Jefferson Enquirer," and made its first appearance in 1838. It was owned and edited by E. L. Ed wards, and John McCulioch. The latter died before his paper was a year old. Edwards, in 1840, sold the paper to William Lusk, who, dying in 1842, left the establishment in the hands of his son, James Lusk, who died in February, 1858. The "Metropolitan," under the control of H. L. Boone, and J. S. McCracken, had its day of usefulness and profit, and was suc ceeded by the "Examiner," conducted by Mr. Treadway. These pa pers were all democratic. Messrs. Hammond and Cronenbold started a whig paper,, but it was not a success. In the year 1863, a republican paper, called the "State Times," was started in the city. E. Kirby had editorial control, and made it an able and popular organ of republicanism. In 1869, the paper passed into the hands of Horace Wilcox, and two years thereafter ceased to exist. In 1865, the "Fortschritt," a German newspaper, was established. It was a popular and prosperous paper. It continued in operation till the fall of 1875, when it was discontinued. The papers now existing are the " Tribune," a democratic paper, issued by Regan and Carter, and edited by P. T. Miller; the "State Journal," owned 354 AN ILLUSTRATED and edited by N. C. Burch, a. republican sheet, started in Decem ber, 1872; and the " Volksfreund," a German democratic paper, edited by Kroeger and Wagner, (started in the spring of 1876). N. C. Burch, of the "State Journal," is entitled to the honor of starting the first regular daily paper in Jefferson City, issued for the first time, September 9, 1873, and still continued. The "Tribune" was is sued in 1864, by C. J. Corwin, who sold out to J. F. Regan, in 1866, who afterwards (in 1871)' sold an interest to John F. Howes. The lat ter dying, his share was purchased by J. E. Carter. The "Tribune," during the sessions of the legislature, had issued a daily paper, but their present permanent daily issue dates from July lst, 1874. The first house built in Jefferson City was a shanty, erected about 1819, at the spring near the foundry of Captain Lohman. The oldest house in town is the one on High street, owned by Miss Lusk, opposite Captain Eaton's. The next is the old City Hotel, nearly opposite. In 1846, when the Mexican war broke out, Cole county sent two companies, one of cavalry, commanded by Captain M. M. Parsons, and one of infantry, commanded by Captain W.C. Angney The latter served under the command of General Sterling Price, and the former under the command of Colonel . Doniphan. Captain Angney, after the war, settled in Mexico. Captain,Parsons entered the Confederate service, and served as Major General, to die at last by the bullet of a Mexican assassin. He was a fine lawyer, an eloquent speaker, an accomplished soldier, and a dutiful son. In 1849, the steamer Monroe landed just below town with a large crowd of Mormon passengers. The cholera was raging among them fearfully. The sick and well were landed, and of the num ber sixty-three died in the city. The history of Jefferson would not be complete, if mention was omitted of the Lincoln Institute, a normal colored school. This beautiful building was erected in 1867, by the contributions of two colored Missouri regiments, in creased a little by State aid. It is a matter of just pride to every lover of his country to see this class of citizens availing itself so earnestly of the opportunity of education, and preparing for the great duties and reponsibilities of life, which it must share in com mon with all. The first church erected (about 1837) in this town, was the Baptist, now in possession of the colored Baptists. The next was the Methodist, erected about 1838 ; the Episcopal in 1842. The Catholics were visited here by Father Helias, from Westphalia, Osage county, about the year 1837. The number of HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 355 communicants then was twenty-five. The first resident pastor was James Murphy, in 1846. Their first church was on High street, a very small frame building. In 1860, the new church was built and occupied. In 1861 Governor Jackson, who had occupied the city, retired to Boonesville and was succeeded iri military occupancy by General Lyon, who did not tarry long, but, pushing on to Boonesville, had a skirmish with the troops under General Price. General Lyon soon afterwards lost his life at Wilson's Creek. Colonel Boernstein succeeded him, and in the shifting scenes of war came Generals Grant, Pope, Fremont, Totten, Loan and Brown. The city was not disturbed by any conflict, save a skirmish in October, 1864, between the Confederate forces under General Price and the Union forces under General Brown, and others. Not more than fifteen or twenty lives were lost. The Jefferson City public schools were organized in the fall of 1867. The new building, a stately structure, was erected in 1871. The present Capitol was commenced in 1837, and finished in 1842; Stephen Hills, an Englishman, was the architect. The present executive mansion was started in 1872, and finished in the same year. The area of Cole county is 262,400 acres, of which, at last census, 1870, 32,942 acres were improved, with an annual product, the value of which was over $300,000. In 1870 the assessed valuation of the real and personal property of the county was $4,115,612, the actual value being fixed at $7,000,- 000. The population of Cole county is 12,000, of which Jefferson City has about a half. Cooper county is located in the central part of the State ; bounded on the north by the Missouri river, which separates it from Boone and Howard counties. It is well watered by small creeks and the La- miiie, Blackwater, Petite, and Saline rivers, some of which pene trate, or pass through every township of the county. The land contiguous to these streams is broken, and is covered with a growth of oak, ash, walnut, hickory, and elm, but nearly all of the land is susceptible of cultivation. The south-western and central parts of the county consist of undulating prairie lands, unsurpassed for agricultural purposes. Coal is found to a considerable extent, and in almost every section of the county. Lead, iron, zinc, and man ganese, are also found; also pottery and fire clay. The leading pur suit of the population is agriculture. The Missouri Pacific, the Osage Valley and Southern Kansas, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads, which pass through the county, afford excellent fa- 356 AN ILLUSTRATED cilities for transportation. The educational interests receive much attention. Cooper county contains the following townships: Blackwater, Booneville, Clark's Fork, Clear Creek, Kelly, La Mine, Lebanon, Moniteau, Palestine, Pilot Grove, and Saline. The early history of Cooper county runs not far back of 1812, when Daniel Boone, Stephen Cole, and others, caine into the territory, and lo cated not far from where Booneville now stands. The county was organized December 17, 1818, and the county seat established at Booneville, August 13, 1819. The first court was held March 1, 1819. Justice David Todd presiding, R. C. Clark beiDg clerk, and W. M. McFarland, sheriff. During the recent war two en gagements were had between the federal and confederate troops, in both of which the former were successful. The county suffered during the war, and was in military occupancy most of the time during its progress. Since which time,' it has grown rapidly in population, as well as in wealth and resources. Booneville, the county seat, lies on the Missouri river, and is the terminus of the Booneville branch of the Missouri Pacific railroad, 187 miles by rail from St. Louis, and 232 miles by river. It is also on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad. This last com pany has a fine iron bridge over the Missouri river at this place. It was laid out in 1817, became the county seat in 1819, and was incorporated in 1839. It is situated in a rich and well settled country, and of great natural advantages, with an abundance Of coal, stone, and building materials. The other villages and settle ments are Billirigsville, Harrison, New Palestine, Overton, Pilot Grove, Prairie Home, Pisgah, and Pleasant Green. Crawford county is situated on the south-east central part of the State, about seventy-five miles south-west of St. Louis. The surface of the county is generally rolling, and but little prai rie. It is watered by the Meramec river and its tributaries, and Crooked, Yankee, Dry, Huzzah and Shoal creeks. The soil of the lowlands is a rich black loam ; and of the uplands, a yellow clay, and well adapted to the growing of wheat. Most of the uplands were formerly prairie, but since it has been settled, and the annual fires ceased, timber has grown rapidly. Coal exists in the southern part of the county. The chief mineral deposits are iron and lead, which are found in great quantities. One iron furnace, (the Scotia) near Leasburg, has a capacity of thirty tons per day, and em ployed, in 1874, about five hundred men. The deposit is of blue HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 357 specular and red hematite, and exceedingly rich. Indications of large deposits of lead are found in the eastern part of ¦ithe county. Agriculture is the leading occupation. St. Louis is the principal market. The townships comprising the, county are Benton, Boone, Courtois, Knobview, Liberty, Meramec, Oak Hill, Osage and Union. The county was first settled in 1815. It ¦ was organized January, 23d, 1829, and included much adjacent territory. Steelville, the county seat, is pleasantly situated, in a valley, one mile south of the Meramec, and on the St. Louis, Salem and Little Rock railroad. The county seat was located here in 1835. Cuba, at the junction of the two roads, is ninety-one miles from St. Louis, and is an active, prosperous village. Bourbon, Elm Tree, Iron Ridge, Kent, Dry Creek, Osage, Knobview and Leasburg are villages and settlements in this county. Dade county is situated in the south-western part of the State. It was organized January 29th, 1841. The eastern part is mostly timbered, the western mostly prairie. The surface is various; the timbered portions hilly, while the prairies are gently rolling, inter spersed here and there with . belts of -timber along the water courses. The soil is mostly mulatto loam. White and red clay, mixed with flint rocks are found in some places near the surface. The county is well watered. The Sac river and Turn-baek creek afford water-power. Timber is scarce in the western portion of the county. Among the minerals, zinc, coal, lead, iron and copper are found — coal and zinc in abundance. . All of the north-western part of the county is underlaid with coal of an excdlent quality, while the eastern portion, is supplied with zinc- Both are being worked extensively. The leading pursuit of the inhabitants is agriculture. The townships of Dade county are Centre, Grant, Horse Creek, Marion, Morgan, North, Polk, Smith and South. The first settlements were made in 1833-4. Crisp Prairie, in the north-eastern part of the county was named for three hardy set tlers who came into the territory among the very first. Silas Hobbs, Samuel LaForce, George Davidson, Nelson McDowell are names historic, being among the early pioneers. A company of men went from Dade, during the Mexican war, commanded by Captain J. J. Clarkson. During the civil war, like other southern coun ties, it suffered greatly, being overrun by the federal and con federate armies, and the farms and villages devastated. The court-house was burned by the confederates, in 1863, but the 358 AN ILLUSTRATED records and other valuable papers were preserved. There are no lines of railroads passing through the county, such roads being the greatest need of the people. In common with other of these counties which were devastated by the war, it has recuperated fast since its close. Greenfield, the county seat, is located near the center of the county, two miles west of Turn-back river, and forty miles north west of Springfield. The Ozark Female Institute is located here. Dadeville is located in the midst of a fine farming section, and is a thrifty place, with an intelligent population. The other villages and settlements are Areola, Cedarville, Engleman's Mills, John son's Mills, King's Point, Mount Zion, Rock Prairie and Sylvania. Dallas county has a surface ranging from that of almost level prairie to precipitous hills. The valleys of the Niangua river and its tributaries are very rich and productive. The western, north western, and central portions of the county consist chiefly of gently rolling prairies, interspersed here and there by water courses, belted with timber. These prairies vary in extent from a few hundred, to many thousand acres. Water is abundant. The streams are pure and clean, and run over pebbly bottoms, most of them being fed by springs. One of them in the north-east part of the county, discharges 60,000 gallons of water per minute, furnish ing motive power for a grist and saw mill, and other machinery. The Niangua river affords motive power to an almost unlimited ex tent. The soil is rich. The agricultural products are wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, barley, oats, potatoes, sorghum, the grasses, and tobacco. Apples, pears, peaches, plums, and all the small fruits, grow in great abundance. Lead is found in many places in the county. The Rambo mines, twelve miles from Buffalo, are suc cessfully worked. Indications of coal have been discovered in dif ferent localities, and stone of good quality for building purposes, is found in large quantities. The only mode of transportation is by wagon to Lebanon on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, a dis tance of twenty-seven miles from the county seat. The town ships in the county are Benton, Grant, Greene, Jackson, Jasper, Lincoln, Miller and Washington. The settlement of this county was commenced in 1837. It was first named Niangua, and organized in 1842. Its boundaries were subsequently changed, and it received its present name in December, 1844. The. court-house was destroyed by fire during the civil war, and also the records of ¦in,; j;l,l;,;;,;!!,.ilii,i,|'i;l1,iii;i,!fi3;N,|iiiJi,l,|ii.i,,iiil^Mi^^ SAMUEL A. RICHARDSON. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 359 the county, but both edifice and records are now replaced. Much interest is taken in the cause of popular education in the county. Buffalo, the county seat, is very pleasantly located on rising ground, near a prairie. It was first settled about 1840; was incor porated in 1854, and again in 1870. Friendship Community was incorporated March 15, 1872. It is situated four miles west of Buf falo, where it owns, five hundred acres of land. It , is based upon principles of social reform, holding all property in common, for the general good, but in no way interfering with social, religious, or political affairs . of its members. Urbana is situated some fifteen miles northwest of Buffalo. Daviess county is situated in the north-western portion of the State, about thirty-five miles from the Kansas border, and about the same., distance from the Iowa State line. It was organized December 29, 1836. The surface is divided about equally between rolling prairie and timber lands, some of the upland prairies being interspersed with timber. The county is drained by the west fork of Grand river, which passes through it from north-west to south east, with a wide strip of rich bottom laud on either side, heavily timbered with, cotton-wood, oak, walnut, hickory and blackberry. This river furnishes most of the water-power of the county. Its tributaries are the Muddy, Hickory, Cypress, Big, Sampson, Grindstone and Honly creeks. The soil is mostly a black loam. The highlands have a black and reddish-brown soil, very pro ductive. No minerals, in sufficient quantities to be of value,, have been found. Good building stone is abundant. The inhabitants are mostly employed in agriculture. The townships, composing the county are Benton, Colfax, Gallatin, Grand River, Grant, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Liberty, Lincoln, Marion, Monroe, Salem, Sheridan, Union and Washington. The facilities for transportation are furnished by a branch of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, and by the" St. Louis and Omaha railroad. These roads intersect one another in the central part of the county like a letter X, furnishing fifty-five miles of railroad track. The Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad passes very near to the southern boundary, dividing Daviess from Cald well. The county was first settled in 1831, near the central part. It was taken from Ray, and named in honor of Joseph Daviess, of Kentucky. The Mormons came into the county in 1836. In 1838, on account of their exceedingly obnoxious and 360 AN ILLUSTRATED lawless habits, there was quite an excitement regarding them, which finally culminated in their expulsion by the State au thorities; not,however, until they had committed many depre dations, and had burned the town of Gallatin and many private houses. Gallatin, the county seat, was laid out in 1837; is pleasantly situated on elevated ground, one mile west of Grand river, and at the point where the two lines of railroad cross each other, 249 miles from St. . Louis. It is a place of considerable business importance, havirig some twenty stores of various ¦ kinds, two printing offices, two banks and four churches. The buildings generally are of brick, and its prospects are encouraging. The present population is not far from two thousand. The other vik, lages and setlements are Jamesport, Jameson, Winstonville, Loek- spring, New Farmington, Pattonsburg, Jackson, Alta Vista, Civil Bend, Bancroft, Coffeysburg and Victoria. De Kalb county is generally a high undulating prairie, inter spersed with creeks lined with timber, to about one-sixth of the area of the county. It contains about 10 per cent, bottom land, and a small portion is barren and unproductive. The soil, being a dark loam, is excellent for agricultural and grazing purposes. The streams of the county are small creeks, not large enough to furnish water-power to any considerable extent, but affording sufficient water for farms and stock. There is sufficient timber, if judiciously used, for fuel, fencing, and building purposes for all time to come. There are no minerals yet found in this county. The facilities for transportation are the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, on the southern border of the county, and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, in the south-eastern part. The public schools are in an excellent condition, some of the larger villages having good graded schools and school-houses. The townships of the county are Adams, Camden, Colfax, Dallas, Grand River, Grant, Polk, Sherman, and Washington. The first settlements were made. in 1833, by immigrants, who came from Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Virginia. Its boundaries were established in 1843, and the county was organized in 1845. During the civil war the inhab itants were divided in their sympathies, and there Was much bitter ness and partisan feeling manifested. After peace was declared; ¦ , law and order were restored, and the perpetrators of crimes either punished or driven from the county. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 361 Maysville, the county seat, was commenced in 1845. It lies near the center of the county, on a ridge from which can be seen the country for some miles contiguous. It has a newspaper office, and the usual number of stores and shops. It is an active and thriving place of business. Stewartsville, on the H. and St. J. railroad, fourteen miles west of Cameron, is a thriving town on Castile creek. It has a seminary of learning. Osborn is an important shipping point on the same railroad. A portion of the village lies in the county of Clinton. Boxford, Fairport, Standard,' Winslow, Union Star, McCartney's Cross Roads, Roxford, Arica, and Amity, are small villages and settlements. The western bor der of the county is about fifteen miles from the Missouri river, Andrew county and a part of Buchanan lying between, in the north-western portion of the State. Dent county is situated in the south-east central part of the State, and was organized from parts of Shannon and Crawford counties in 1851, and re-organized December 4, 1855. The surface of the county is very diversified; the Osage mountains passing east arid west through it, and forming a table land from eight hundred to one thousand feet high. The divide descends gradually towards the Missouri, and the streams flowing in that direction are deep, but not near as rapid as those flowing south, which are frequently forming falls. The Current and the Meramec rivers are the princi pal water courses, and they afford, with their numerous larger and smaller affluents, all the necessary water for stock and farm use. The former meanders along the southern border of the county, through a rough and broken land; its flow is very rapid, and affords many excellent sites for water-power, being, perhaps, not excelled by any other stream of similar size in the State. The eastern and southern tiers of townships are heavily timbered with pine; the balance of the county, with oaks, walnut, hickory, and other varieties. Only few and small prairies are found within the limits of this county. Many fertile bottom lands are situated along the rivers and creeks. The soil on the uplands is sandy, with clay, and generally productive. Iron, lead, copper and zinc make this coun ty rich in mineral wealth. Immense deposits of red hematite and blue specular iron ores of excellent quality are found most every where in the Ozark range. Some sixty deposits are known, and others are discovered every little while. Simmonds' mountain is considered only second in size to Iron mountain, covering about 362 AN ILLUSTRATED thirty acres, and about ninety feet above the surrounding plateau. This, and some other banks, are extensively worked, shipping about five hundred tons daily. The leading occupation of itsin- habitants is farming. The leading agricultural productions are wheat, oats,, corn, hay and potatoes, producing large average yields. The county is well adapted to the growth of tobacco, and large quantities of a very fair-quality are raised annually. The St. Louis and Little Rock railroad forms a junction at Cuba, with, 'the Atlantic and Pacific. This road furnishes the, means of transportation, but the leading market is, as yet, at home, only the iron ore being exported to any great extent. The townships composing the county are Current, Franklin, Huzzah, Linn, Mera mec, Norman, Osage, Sinking, Spring Creek, Texas, and Watkins. The first settlements in the county were made in 1828 and. 1829,. and among those who came a few years after was Lewis Dent, from whom the county received its name. The early settlers endured all the privations incident to their removal, in the want of mills, post- office, etc., none being nearer than one hundred miles distant. In the recent war the county was the seat of two regular engagements and many skirmishes, in which the Confederates were badly de feated. Many of the inhabitants left their homes, and for a while the county was nearly depopulated. Salem, the county seat, is located near the center of the county,. and was settled first in.1852, by F. M. Jameson. The other villages are Benton, a station on the St. Louis, Salem and Little Rock rail road, and Howes on the same road. Douglas county is in the southern part of the State, on the south side of the Ozark mountains, being separated from the State of Arkansas by Ozark county. Its surface is broken, and was en tirely covered, with timber, there being no prairie land within its. area. The county contains 810 square miles," being about forty- five miles in length, from east to west, and eighteen miles from north to south. The county is drained by several streams, first - among which is Big Beaver, which runs along the western line of the county, and possesses valuable water-power. Bryant creek runs through the center and the entire width of the county, and offers many eligible mill-sites. The north fork of White river flows through the eastern part of the county, which offers similar in- . ducements for manufacturing purposes. The bottom land on these streams and their many affluents, are extremely fertile, and the tim- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 363 ber is abundantand excellent. The county hadin 1870 a population of ,3,915, which number has since increased. Douglas county was named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas, and was organized October 19, 1857. Its territory was increased in 1864, by additions from Webster and Taney counties, and in 1872 other changes were made. Iron and lead have been found in some localities. The townships are Benton, Boone, Buchanan, Campbell, Cass, Clay, Finley, Jackson, Lincoln, Spring Creek, and Washington. There are no lines of railroads passing through the county. The Atlantic and Pacific is some thirty miles north-west. Ava is the county seat. It is thirty miles south-east of Marsh field, on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad. Vera Cruz, formerly the county seat, is situated on Bryant's Fork, ten miles south-east of Ava. Falling Springs, Little Beaver, Prior's Store, Armo, Rich- ville, and Salt Road, are small settlements. Dunklin county is the western portion of the peninsula- like section of country which runs down into the State of Arkansas, some thirty-five miles, and is from twenty-five to thirty miles in width, lying between the Mississippi and the St. Francois rivers; the county of Peiniscot being between Dunklin and the Missis sippi river. Both these counties originally belonged to the terri tory now comprising the State of Arkansas, and were not included in the State of Missouri, when she was admitted into the Union, in 1820. The inhabitants, however, were, in all respects part and parcel of the inhabitants lying north, and subsequently, on the petitions of its citizens, it was annexed to Missouri. The first settlement was made in 1829, by Jacob Taylor and others. It was organized February 14, 1845. The greater part of the county is susceptible of cultivation, soil very productive being nearly all river bottom. There is but one hill, and no rocks in the county. Almost the entire ^surface is covered with timber,- there being but two small prairies in the county. Little river runs through the south-east corner, and Varner's river through the western part. There are no other rivers or creeks, but there are a great many sloughs, some running entirely across the county; others, after running several miles, and forming large islands, flow back into the St. Francois river, from which they all start. There is no water- power suitable for machinery. The timber is as fine as any in the State, consisting of the different varieties of oak, hickory, black- walnut, poplar, cypress, mulberry, black and sweet gum, and various 364 AN ILLUSTRATED other kinds. There is enough timber to prove adequate to all demands for many years. Few minerals are.- found in the county, and no mines are in operation. Bog ore, copperas and coal are found in small quantities. The leading occupation of the inhabi tants is agriculture. The chief productions are corn and cotton. Cotton is almost the only article raised for export. Castor beans are raised to some extent. The townships are Clay, Freeborn, Four-Mile, Halcomb's, Independence, Salem, and Union. There are no facilities for the transportation of produce to market, except by wagons, over roads of the poorest description. Kennett is the county seat. Clarkton is the largest village in the county. It is in the midst of a fine farming district on West Prairie. Cotton Plant, Cotton Hill, Four-Mile, and Homersville are small settlements. Franklin county lies west of the counties of St. Louis and Jefferson, which separate it from the Mississippi river. Its entire northern boundary is washed by the Missouri. The Meramec river passes through the entire south-eastern portion, while the Bourbeuse, rising in the south-west, and flowing north-east, drains the central part of the county. Both of these streams, as well as some of their tributaries, furnish reliable water-power. A, high ridge runs through the county from north-east to south-west, from which the streams on one side flow into the Missouri, and on the other into the Meramec. Along the streams are found large areas of rich alluvial bottom; the greater part of the uplands are un dulating, and some portions quite broken. The roughest and most broken lands, where explorations have been made, have been found rich in valuable minerals. Underlying the most of the uplands are magnesian limestone, and the "Bluff" or "Loess,'' as named by Prof. Swallow in his geological report, forming a rich soil and subsoil. Timber is abundant. The rocks of Franklin county, be long to the Lower Silurian system, and are geologically below the coal, but rich in iron, lead and copper — the first two being widely and abundantly distributed, and the latter found at what is known as the Stanton mine in .the southern part of the county, where a large quantity of metal was once extracted. These mineral lands cover about 125,000 acres, and are not adapted to agriculture. Considerable mining has been done along the line of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad. Extensive banks of superior sand for glass are found at Pacific City. Franklin embraces- about ,560,000 acres. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 365 It is the largest county in the State. The first settlements were made in this county in the latter part of the last century by French adventurers engaged in hunting and trapping. Daniel Boone re sided here for a time in 1803. The county was formed from the county of St. Louis in 1818, and the seat of justice located at New Port, which was on the high bluffs, near the mouth of Boeuf river, but was removed to Union in 1830. The great agricultural and horticultural resources of Franklin, its salubrious climate, va riety and abundance of minerals, its proximity to St. Louis, with its abundant facilities for communication in every direction by river or rail, will soon make it the home of a dense population. The townships of the county are Boeuf, Boone, Boles, Calvy, Cen tral, Lyon, Meramec, Prairie, Union, St. John's and Washington. Union, the county seat, is pleasantly situated on the Bourbeuse, fifty-five miles from St. Louis, and seventy-five miles from Jeffer son City. It was first settled by G. Fodder about the year 1829, became the seat of justice in 1830, and was incorporated in 1851, which was superceded by a special charter in 1874. Washington is the principal town of the county, and is beautifully situated on the Missouri river, ten miles from Union, and fifty-four miles west of St. Louis. The town was first settled as early as 1815, and incorpor ated in 1841. The packing of pork is carried on to a large extent. It is a thriving place of business, and has all the elements of pros perity. Pacific is situated on the Meramec river, and on the At lantic and Pacific railroad, at its junction with the Missouri Pacific. The town is partially in St. Louis county. It was first settled in 1852 by W. C. Inks. Excellent facilities are afforded for manufac turing purposes. Large quantities of sand suitable for the manufac ture of glass are found here. The other villages and settlements are New Haven, on the Missouri river; Moselle, on the M. P. R. R., nine miles from Pacific, a shipping point for the Moselle Iron Works; Dundee at the mouth of Beef Slough; Catawissa, Roberts- ville, St. Clair, Berger, Boeuf Creek, Gray's Suinhiit, Grabville, Jepan, Labadie, Sullivan, South Point and Virginia Mine. Gasconade county is in the east-central part of the State. Its eastern and western boundaries are Franklin and Oage counties. It has all the varieties of surface known to Missouri — bluffs, ridges, prairie and rich bottom lands.. The Gasconade and Bour beuse run through portions of the county, and the Missouri forms the northern boundary. The Frame, Little Berger, Boeuf, and 366 AN ILLUSTRATED First, Second and Third creeks are the other steams of the county. Timber is abundant. The land bordering on, and for fifteen miles back of the river is broken. The county has a high repu tation for the culture of the grape, and it is estimated that over a thousand acres are devoted to its cultivation. Apples, peaches and other fruits receive much attention, and are a profitable article for market. A lead mine was opened on the Bourbeuse, but aban doned for want of proper machinery to exclude the water. Silicate, sulphuret of zinc and coal have also been discovered. The town ships of the county are Boeuf, Boulware, Brush Creek, Burbois, Canaan, Richland, Roark and Third Creek. The first settlers came into this section as early as 1812. The county was named from its principal river, and was taken from Franklin and organized in 1820. It was reduced to its present limits in 1869. On the banks of the Gasconade river, there were formerly a number of saltpeter caves which were profitably worked. Small quantities of this article were shipped to St. Louis. The greater portion was used in the manufacture of gun powder of which, at one time, there were a number of manufactories in the county. " Some of the caves are very large, consisting frequently of a suc cession of rooms joined to each other by arched walls of great height. The walls are uniformly of limestone and often present the most beautiful appearance. When these caves were first dis covered, it was not unusual to find in them Indian axes and ham mers, which led to the belief that they had formerly been worked for some unknown purposes by the savages. It is difficult to decide whether these tools were left here by the present race, or by another and more civilized which preceded them. It is unusual for savages to take up their residence in caves, — considering them places to which the Moniteau resorts — and they not being acquainted with any of the uses of saltpeter, and would rather avoid than collect it; the circumstance of finding these tools in the cave, would of itself, perhaps, furnish slight evidence that the country of the Gasconade was formerly settled by a race of men, who were acquainted with the uses of this mineral, or who exceeded them in civilization, or the knowledge of the arts; but there are other facts connected with these about which there can be no mistake. Near the saw-mills, and at a short distance from the road leading from them to St. Louis, are the ruins of an ancient town. It appears to have been regularly laid out, and the dimen- ttlillillllillllllllllllill | il jj i l! : III I J I ;¦ l;: 1 1. ; 1 1, : I : j . , . ¦ ¦ I JOSEPH L. McCULLOUGH. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 367 sions of the squares and " streets, and some of the houses can yet be discovered. Stone walls are found indifferent parts of the area, which are frequently covered with huge heaps of earth. Again, a stone work exists about ten miles below the mills. It is on the west side of the Gasconade,, and is about twenty-five to thirty feet square; it appears to have been originally built with an uncom- mon degree of regularity. It is situated on a high bald cliff, which commands a fine and extensive view of the country on all- sides. From this stone work is a small foot-path leading to the cave, in which was found a quantity of axes. The mouth of the cave com mands an easterly view, and also a view of the path, to the building referred to, which may have been erected to some imaginary deity." Herman, the county seat, is on . the Missouri and Pacific rail- roadi and also on the Missouri river. The town was first settled by the German Settlement Society, of Philadelphia, in the year 1837. In 1845, it was made the county seat. The population is composed mainly of Germans, many of whom are engaged in the culture of the grape, and other fruits. The other villages, and settlements are Morrison, , eleven miles from Herman; Gasconade City, at the mouth of the river of that name; and Drake, Bays Gasconade Ferry, and Canaan. Gentry county is in the north-west portion of the State, twelve miles south of the Iowa line, being separated from Iowa by Worth county. The surface is generally rolling or undulating, with the exception of the bottom lands along "the different branches of Grand river. The. great body of the land is prairie of the richest quality, and is well adapted ; for both stock-rais ing and grain-growing. There is a large belt, of oak timber extending through the county from north to , south, several miles in width, and on which, when cleared and welt farmed,, grows the best of fall wheat. About one-third of the county is; timber, and of a fine quality for building; .fencing, and- other purposes. The soil is a very black, rich, loam, . and not one, acre iri five but is adapted to cultivation. There is, but one river in the county — Grand, running in a south-easterly direction through it,! arid meandering in a way to afford large bottoms. It, is. fed: by numer ous streams, running in from east to west,, and furnishing all the necessary water for stock; Coal is found near Ellenorah. It is thought to exist in abundance beneath the soil. The climate, in general with all of north-west Missouri, is mild and healthful. 368 AN ILLUSTRATED There are no swamps, nor wet lands; the air is dry and bracing. The heat of summer is tempered by constant breezes. The occu pation of the inhabitants is principally farming. The townships of the county are Allen, Athens, Bogle, Cooper, Greene, Howard, Huggins, Jackson, Miller, Smith and Wilson. Gentry was first settled, in 1840, by some families from Clay and Ray counties, or ganized inl841, and named in honor of Colonel Richard Gentry. There has been considerable immigration to this county since the civil war, mostly Eastern people. The land is of excellent quality; the climate healthy, and mild. Albany, the county seat, formerly called Athens, is pleasantly situated a short distance from Grand river, about three hundred and twenty-five miles. from St. Louis. The other villages in the county are: Gentry ville, an active town on Grand river, eight miles south of Albany; and Havana, Island City, King City, Mount Pleasant, Philander, Bahlsville, Ellenorah and New Castle. Greene county is is situated in the south-western part of the State, and extends over the highest summits of the Ozark moun tains, which here attain an elevation of about 1600 feet above St. Louis; the county thus forms a part of the great dividing ridge be tween the lower Mississippi and the Missouri. The general sur face of the county is undulating and broken, with rich and fertile prairies in the western and south-western parts", and rolling timber- land in the south-eastern and eastern. The large, gently undu lating prairies have a dark mulatto or brownish red soil, from six inches to five feet in depth, with a darker colored subsoil with stone and gravel. About two-thirds of its surface is covered with tim ber, a part of which is hilly, and in some localities stony. The soil is excellent, and even on the stony hills is found fine pastur age ground set with blue grass. The county is well watered by many fine rivers and creeks, and there is probably no other county in the State possessing more fine springs, some of which are power ful enough to drive machinery, with water as clear as crystal. The larger streams are very rapid, and afford unrivalled water-power. Timber is abundant for all present and future practical pur poses, and some extensive pineries are also found within its limits. The county possesses two natural bridges, and many large caves, out of which flow some of the clearest and most beautiful springs in the world. The celebrated Knox or Lincoln cave lies some seven miles north-west of Springfield. It is about 1,000 yards in length, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 369 and contains many spacious apartments, caverns or niches. In its most remote depths, a beautiful stream flows, with water some ten feet deep, and of perfect clearness and purity. The county is well supplied with manufacturing establishments. About 2,000 acres of government land, of poor quality, are in this eounty. The in habitants are mostly employed in farming. The agricultural staples are wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, tobacco, hay and fruits. Large quantities of wheat are raised annually. This county claims to be one of the best fruit-growing counties in the State; its alti tude above the level of the sea, the excellent natural drainage and mild climate, make it particularly well adapted to the culture of all fruits, and many large orchards are found scattered over its surface, producing annually a large quantity of good fruit. The grape also succeeds admirably. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad have about thirty miles of track, and the Memphis, Springfield and Kansas City railroad, has more than that number graded, affording excel lent means for transportation. The • county, since the war., has received a very fair share of the immigration, and is rapidly filling up with an industrious class of citizens. It is well supplied with public schools. Springfield, the county seat, is pleasantly situated near the centre of the county, a short distance from north Springfield, on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, and about one hundred and ten miles from Jefferson City. It was settled in 1833; incorporated as a city in 1847; and is a place of much business importance, being the principal city in south-western Missouri, and having also the trade of north-western- Arkansas and south-eastern Kansas. Before the civil war, it had a population of about two thousand, but during that conflict it suffered much, being disputed ground, and occupied alternately by the contending forces, and was the scene of some brilliant military exploits. Since the war it has had a steady and healthy growth. The completion of the Atlantic and Pacific rail road, in 1870, did much for the city as well as for the county. It is the seat of Drury College. It has excellent public schools. Three miles south of the city is the National Cemetery, where fourteen hundred of the Union soldiers found their last resting place. Through the bequest of Dr. Thomas Bailey, a fine soldiers' monument has been erected on these grounds. North Springfield is situated on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, two hundred and forty-one miles from St. Louis. It is a growing place, and is the 370 AN ILLUSTRATED railroad shipping point for Springfield from which it is about a mile distant. Ebenezer is one of the early towns of the county, and was settled about 1835. Three miles north is an Indian mound, which is a place of resort for tourists. Cave Spring is a small settlement, fourteen miles from Springfield. It is named from a spring that comes from fissures in the rock near by, and is also an attractive place for tourists. Fairgrove, sixteen miles north-east from Springfield, is a small town. Ash Grove, in the north-western part of the county, is a pleasant village. Grundy county is situated in the central-northern part of the State, in the second tier of counties, south of Iowa. It is twenty two miles North and South, and twenty-one miles East and West. The upland prairies — about two-thirds of the area — are gently un dulating, and contain a rich soil of deep black mould. The prairie here is well diversified with timber. One-third of the county is up land and ridges, mostly covered with timber. The latter is found along the water courses, of- which there are a great many, and some of them affording excellent water-power. The East fork of the Grand river passes through the county in a southerly direction, and with its numerous tributaries furnishes an abundant supply of pure water. Coal has been found in several localities, and at Trenton a a shaft has been sunk and worked with some success. Wood is abundant and cheap. A considerable amount of business has been carried on in furnishing railroad ties, which are shipped to differ ent states — particulary to the Kansas roads. There are four flour ing mills, some' twenty steam saw-mills, one large woolen factory, and a few cheese factories, which comprise the manufacturing in dustries of the county ; population about 12,000. The townships of the county are Franklin, Jefferson, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Tren ton, and Washington. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific rail road enters the county on the north boundary, runs southerly, and passes into Daviess county in the south-western corner. The Quincy, Missouri and Pacific passes through Trenton. The first settlements were made in 1834. The county was organized in Jan- . uary 1841, and named in honor of Felix Grundy, of Tennessee. Since the civil war there has been considerable influx of immigra tion — a majority from Ohio, and other western states. Trenton, the county seat, (located in 1843) is situated on the east side of Crooked Fork, a tributary of Grand river, one hundred and thirty-one miles north-west by west of Jefferson City, and on