If I i_l) t ) /, '^ ;; Vl (O ) 'C^ kV nm ft. W Arww^ff iiDToRYorlEXA^ REVISED EDITION '¦ - aS%, .^^^Sifl... . r » 4-* -tl A--J_jf-t . - „-f-i/ ttltlMnitDtlDIIIHinitllll': O f C )(C. I'l ) ft..,..,: ;f oge IticeSOcefiR AP£ HAll) SYTHE STAJB, ^£fa^7£S TO JH^ II ||ifi®--^:Si^MlpfflW^^#|ft^||| ll 'YALHoWMII^IEI^SIITY' J908 NEW HISTORY OF TEXAS FOR SCHOOLS ALSO FOR GEITERAL READING AND FOR TEACHERS PREPARING THEMSELVES FOR EXAMINATION BY MRS. ANNA J. HARDWICKE PENNYBACKER REVISED EDITION ILLUSTRATED Co^yrisht iSqs iy Anna J. Hardwicke Pennylac/eer Co^right iSQSiy The Palestrne Publishing Co. Copyright igoo by Mrs. Anna J. Hard-wicke Pennybacker PUBLISHER NfRS. PERCY V. PENNYBACKER AUSTIN. TEXAS SupT. PERCY V. PENNYBACKER, Born Paris, Texas, Feby. 17, 1856, Died May 15, 1899. For Eleven Years Publisher of Pennybacker's Texas History. r JOURNEAY, AUSTIN, TEX, PREFACE. As has often been said, there is no other State in the Union whose history presents such varied and romantic scenes as does that of Texas. This alone -would recommend it to the general reader and the earnest student. But there is, in addition to its interest, a potent reason -why every school in the State should give Texas History a place in its course of study. No one -who learns -well the lessons therein taught can fail to become a better and -wiser citiaen. This volume attempts to picture the principal events in onr history in an easy, natural, and yet vivid style. It is -written from vi PEEFACE. the standpoint of a teacher -who believes that success in teaching history demands not only a live instructor, but also a Hve text-book. No pains have been spared to obtain, the opinion of the best author ities on every disputed point ; accuracy has never been sacrificed for the sake of an attempt at a "brilliant period;" yet, on the other hand, every effort has been made to render the subject fascinating to the child mind. It is hoped the numerous maps and illustrations will aid both the teacher and the pupU. Special attention is called to the Supplementary Work at the close of each era. The hmited space of a text-book forbids further details as to biographies, man ners, and customs, as it also excludes additional extracts from orig-- inal speeches and papers ; but those that are given -wiU be sufficient to guide the thoughtful instructor and to sho-w that history is not merely a dry recital of facts. When one remembers that Texas History is studied from the third grade in our public schools to the Agricultural and Mechanical CoUege and the State Normals, it -wiU be seen that the preparation of a text-book on the subject is beset -with diflEiculties ; the style must not be too abstract for the child nor yet too simple for the adult ; subjects that are beyond the comprehension of the young pupil must be treated of for the beneflt of the older student. To meet this diflaculty the author has tried to incorporate in foot-notes most of the matter that should not be required of the younger children. The teacher -wiU, of course, nse his o-wn discretion in omitting such topics and such foot-notes as he deems unsuited to the needs of his class. The author has tried to sho-w the causes and results of leading events, thus encouraging the scholar to dip into the philosophy of history. An earnest appeal is made to the teacher to develop more fully this feature of the -work. The pupil -who learns to thinlc over his history lesson, -who asks himself the why and the wherefore, is not merely acquiring historical knowledge — he is also developing bis powers of thought. No occasion should be lost to cultivate xue patriotism ; this means not the bhnd egotism that asserts our State to be -without blemish, but the wise love that sees all faults, and seeing, resolves to correct the same. March 3d and April 21st should never pass PREFACE. Vll without some exercise that tends to make our youth revere and honor the men who made those days immortal. In presenting this revised edition of Pennybacker's New Histobt OF Texas to the public, the author wishes to thank, in the warmest terms, the teachers of Texas for the kind reception they have given her work for the past seven years. The encouraging words and the generous assistance of her co-workers will ever be gratefully remembered. Among those who have, by numerous suggestions or friendly aid, placed the author under obligations during the re-vision of the book are : Hon. Q-uy M. Bryan, Captain W. P. Zuber, Mr. Pred. Robinson, secretary Press Association ; Superintendents J. T. Hand, K. B. Cousins, T. S. Cox, William Gay, W. A. Palmer ; Professors Jacob Bickler, H. C. Pritchett, H. P. Estill, J. C. Nagle, C. W. Hutson, E. W. Tarrant, Walter Coleman, Geo. P. Garrison, A. T. Rose, J. C. Lattimore, E. W. Dallas, O. S. Perguson, H. McD. Plecher, E. A. Flinn, J. H. Alumbaugh, C. L. Adair, Geo. P. Bro-wn, S. F. Bailey, E. A. Brennan, E. E. Barker, L. C. Colher, J. W. Coltram, D. Du Bose, M. M. Dupree, W. A. Davis, J. N. Ellis, J. M. Glenn, H. W. Glasgow, B. O. Hendrick, B. Hudson, R. L. Hovis, J. M. Horger, H. A. I-vy, G. W. Johnson, R. W. Jones, L. C. libby, J. isr. Mulhns, J. E. Murray, A. W. Orr, T. V. Orr, B. A. Pace, W. H. Russell, M. M. Smith, W. Schoch, A. J. Smith, W. E. Shook, R. W. liUery, F. J. Wood, Mrs. M. Looscan, Miss Betty Ballinger, Mise Adlina de Zavala, Miss Tapscott, Miss M. Kate Spencer, Miss Francia Cate, and Miss Allie Dean. BASLY lUF OF TEXAS. Eba I. — ^Era of Discoveries and Missions. FAQE LaSaUe 2 Xa Salle's Eetum 2 La Salle's Second -Voyage 4 Search for the Mississippi 6 Troubles 7 Murder of La Salle 8 The Colony. 9 Spanish Claims 10 Indians 10 Spanish Search for La SaUe 11 Spanish Settlements 1.8 The Crozat Orant 12 Missions 13 Eeligion of the Indians 13 Indians Introduced into Missions. . . 15 PAOS Lif e in the Missions IS San Jos6 Mission 18 Mission Concepcion 18 Alamo Mission 20 San Saba Mission 20 St. Denis - 22 Company of the Indies 24 Spain Colonizes 24 Louisiana Ceded to Spain 26 The Last Mission 26 Condition of Texas 26 Blackboard Analysis 27 Suggestions for Supplementary Work Q8 Eba n. — ^Era of Filibusters. Mexico 31 TheTTnitedlStatea 32 Tlnited States and Spain 33 Jifolan's Expedition 33 Fate of Nolan's Men 34 Louisiana Purchased by the TTnited States 36 Neutral Q-round 35 CONTENTS. Eba n. — Continued. FAOE Macm's Expedition 36 Magee and Q-utierres 36 Preparations 37 Scenes at Goliad 37 Battle of Eosalis 39 Battle of the Alazan 40 Battle of the Medina 42 Effect of the Battle 44 EepubUcans on Q-alveston Island ... 45 Lafltte, the Pirate..., 47 Lafitte on Qalreston Island 49 PASS Texas Exchanged 50 Long's First Expedition 51 Long's Second Expedition 52 Closing Eemarks 54 Blackboard .Analysis 65 Supplementary "Work 56 To Teachers 56 Topics Suggested 57 Thought Questions 57 Social life 59 Adventures of EUis P. Bean 59 Eba IIL — Era of Colonization. Austin's Colony 61 Moees Austin 61 A F^lSnd in Need 62 Eetum 63 Stephen F. Austin 63 Inducements Offered to Colonists. . . 64 The First Colonists 65 Another Misfortune 66 Suc^iess of his Mission 67 &roTrth of the Colony 67 Austin's Eule 68 Later Contracts 69 De Leon's Colony. 69 De -Witt's Colony- 70 Edwards's Colony 71 The G-rant 71. Troubles of the Colony. 71 Election of Alcalde 72 Edwards Ordered to Leave 73 The Fredonian Eebellion 74 Texas as a -Whole 77 Empresario System 77 Character of the Colonists 79 Gfovemment 79 The Indians 81 Gro-wth 81 Manners and Customs 81 Blackboard Analysis 88 Eba IV.— Era of Revolution. BcmotaCftuses of the Eevolution... 89 (1) Treatment of Americans 89 (2) Settlement of Convicts 90 (8) Texas and Custom Eoiises 91 (4) Union -with Coahuila. 91 (5) Martial Law 91 (6) Blockade 93 Texans Protest ga CONTENTS. Bra IV.— Continued. PASS Tortle Bayon Beaol-ations 96 Battle of Velasoo 96 Defense of Mexico 97 Conventions at San Felipe de Aus tin 98 Santa Anna 98 Texans Support Santa Anna 100 First Convention at San Felipe de Austin 101 Mexican Opposition to Conventions.103 Second Convention at San Felipe de Austin 104 The Constitution 106 The Memorial 107 Commissioners 108 Affairs in Mexico 108 Austin's Imprisonment 110 Santa Anna and Austin 112 Disturbances in Coahuila 114 Santa Anna's Schemes 114 Immediate Causes of Texas Eevolu tion. 116 A Gloomy Outlook. 116 Committees of Safety 118 General Cos 118 Austin's Eetum. 119 Skirmish at Gonzales 120 Effects of the Victory 121 Capture of Chiliad 122 Battle of Concepcion 123 Besnlts 125 General Consultation 125 No Declaration of Independenoe .... 126 The Texas Army 126 Milam'iPlan 128 Tha Stormins of San Antonio. 120 SCUam'a Death. 130 | PAU Surrender o< Ooa„ 130 Eesults 131 The Gfovemor and Council 131 Santa Anna's Preparations 134 Points of Attack 135 The Texas Garrison 136 Arrival of Mexicans 136 First Day of the Siege 137 Succeeding Days of the Siege 137 Travis's Speech to His Men 138 Eesuit of Travis's 'Speech 139 Mexican Council 140 The Attack 141 The Funeral Pyre 143 Alamo Monument 144' "Why Tra-vis was not Eeinf orcjed 145 Declaration of Independence 146 Govemment Ad Interim 147 Eecruits for the Army 147 Houston's Difficulties 148 General -Urrea 149 Johnson and Grant 149 Eefugio 150 Fannin 151 Battle of the CoUto 152 A Ni£ht of Agony. 152 Surrender. 153 Terms of Surrender 153 The Massacre 164 Justification of the Moasaore 155 Santa Anna's Flans 156 Houston's Eetreat 157 Santa Anna's Morements 168 Houston Changes his Plans 160 April 21 180 Battle of San Jacinto 188 Diacram of Battle Held m sn CONTENTS. Eba IV. — Continued. PAOS The Pursuit 163 Eesults 164 Santa Anna - .164 Houston's -Wound 167 Treaty between Texas and Santa Anna 167 Santa Anna's Eelease 169 PAGE Mexican Troops -Withdra-wn 171 Commissioners 172 Texas Navy. 173 Burial of Fannin's Men 174 Chronological Summary 176 Blackboard Analysis 177 Supplementary Reading. Extinct from Memorial to Mexican Congress 180 Extract from Govemor Smith's Address to the People of Texas 182 Account of the Adventures of Moses Eose, who escaped from the Alamo 183 Extract from Letter of Fannin 188 Accoimt of Goliad Massacre, by Dr. Barnard 189 From Eeport of Eusk Eelative to Battle of San Jacinto 190 Letter from Santa Anna to FUisola 191 Lamar's Vie-ws as to the Treatment Santa Anna Merited 192 Extract from Address of Hon. Ashbel Smith to the -Veteran Association 193 Judge Burnet's Oration at the Funeral of John A. -Wharton 195 Speech of Hon. Guy M. Bryan on the Child of the Alamo 197 Declaration of Independence 198 Supplementary Work and Historical Eecreations 202 Eba v.— Era of the Republic. Houston's Administration 207 Houston's Election 207 The First Congress 208 Death of Zavala. 209 Austin's Death 210 Difflculties 210 How these Difflculties were Met. .211 Debts 211 Hezioo 211 Texas Army 212 Judicial Eeforms 212 United States and Texas 213 Lamar and Burnet 213 Lamar's Administration 214 Foreign Affairs 214 Indian Troubles 216 Lamar's Policy 215 The Cherokees 216 CONTENTS. Eba V. — Continued. xm PAOE Murder Oi. Comanche Chiefs 216 Battie of Plum Creek 217 Battle of Alcantro 217 Eepublic of the Eio Grande 218 Financial Troubles 219 Mexico and Texas 220 Eemoval of Capital 221 Progress 222 Education 222 Question of Annexation 222 Houston's Second Adminisoration. .223 Houston's PoUcy 223 Mexican Invasion 223 Cause of Invasion 224 Texan Eesistance 224 SpeciaJ Session of Congress 225 Second Invasion 220 Battle at the Salado 226 Dawson Massacre 227 Mier Expedition 227 Battle of Mier 228 PASS Surrender of the Texans 220 Treatment of the Prisoners 230 Escape 230 The Fatal Lottery 231 Fate of the Eemaining Prisoners.. 232 Minute Men 232 Appeai to the Powers 233 Armistice 234 Annexation 234 EegulatOTS and Moderators 235 Snively Expedition, r 236 Condition of Texas 237 Jones's Administration 237 President's Position 237 Annexation Bill 238 Offers from Mexico 238 Texas Accepts Annexation 239 Blackboard Analysis 240 Questions 241 Flag of the EepubUc 343 Eba VL— Era of the State. Henderson's Administration 244 The Gtovemorship 244 Opening of the Administration... 244 War between United States and Mexico 246 Cause 246 Texas's Eecord tn the War 247 Battles on Texas SoU 247 Eeoults 248 Wood's Administration. 249 Legislature 249 Debt 249 Boundary Troubles 250 Bell's Administration 250 Disaster to Crops 250 The Gk)ld Fever 251 Austin again chosen the Caxdtal. .251 The Boundary Question 261 Texas Accepts 262 BeSlection of BeU 253 xnr OOITTBirTB. Era VI. — Cmtinued. PASS Deaths of Smith and Burleson 253 BnlldingB and Improvements, 263 S. W. Henderson as Governor 254 '^"jase's Administration 254 PubUc Debt 254 Eailroad Law 255 School Funds 256 PubUc Institutions 266 Negro Uprising 256 The Cart War 257 Deathof Eusk 267 Know-Nothing Party 258 Progress 258 Eunnel's Administration 258 Sailroads 258 Indians EemoVed 259 forebodings of War 260 ^Houston's Administration 260 Condition of the Country 261 Cortina 261 The Border 261 Sectional Troubles 262 State Convention 263 Texas Joins the Confederacy. ....263 Clarke's Administration 264 Preparations for War 264 Blockade 265 Lubbock's Administration 265 Sibley Expedition 265 Galveston Captured 267 Galveston Eetaken 267 Battle of Sabine Pass 268 Condition of Texas 270 Houston's Death ., 271 Hurrah's Administration 272 General Banks on. the Coast 272 Ve-n-Batties on Texas Soil ...VJZ turn Crops and Manufaotorea. 278 Hardships 273 Close of the War. 874 Last Battie of the War 274 LawlesBneas. 275 General Granger 276 Hamilton's Administration 276 Hamilton's Course 276 Financial Condition 276 Eeconstruction Convention 277 Throckmorton's Administration 277 The President and Congress 277 MiUtaiyEule 270 Governor Eemoved 270 Pease's Administration 280 General Hancock 280 Convention Called 280 Gov. Pease Eesigns 281 Constitution Adopted 281 Da-7is's Administrations 281 Texas Eeadmitted to the Union.. .281 DisubiUties Eemoved 282 Legislative Aots 282 Immigration and EaUroads 283 Austin again Chosen 283 Exciting Election Scenes 283 Coke's Administration 286 Fears of Interference 285 Difflculties 285 Governor's Couise 286 United States Senator 287 Constitutional Convention 287 A. and M. CoUege 288 Coke Eesigns 288 Hubbard's Adminlsbation 288 Penitentiaries ..S88 VMatisc Ploteotad Mt CONTENTS. XT Era VI. — Continued. PAGE Debt and Immigrat-on 291 Roberts's Administa aUons 291 Governor's Policy 291 Prairie View Normal 293 Sam Houston Normal 293 School Legislation 294 Quarantine System 294 New Court Established 294 Capitol Burned 295 Ireland's Administrations 295 School Laws 295 Eailroad Strike 295 State University 297 Asylums 298 Fence-cutters 298 Greer County Q uestion 299 Boss's Administrations 300 Prohibition 300 Election of Senator 301 Drought 301 Our New Capitol 302 Immigration Movement 303 Money from United States 303 New Public Institutions 305 General Prosperity 305 Hogg's Administrations 305 Separate Coach Bill 305 Sugar Bounty Eef used 306 Interest Eeduoed 306 Taxes Eeduced 307 Law and Order Policy 307 Improvement of Galveston Har bor •• 307 Kailroad Commission 307 AUen Land Law 308 PACE The Jester Amendment 308 Con federate Home 309 Division in Democratic Party 309 Coxey 's Army 309 Stock and Bond Law 310 Board of Pardon Advisers 310 United States Senator 311 Financial Troubles 312 Culberson's Administrations 314 School Tax 315 Land Leases 316 Confederate Home 317 Anti-trust and Arbitration Laws. .318 Confederate Eeunion 318 Special Session 319 Purchase of Battle-field 319 Fee BiU 320 Spanish- American War 320 Special Features 320 Sayers's Administrations 321 Brazos Floods 322 Euin of Austin Dam 323 Galveston Storm 323 President McKinley 's Visit 325 Discovery of OU 325 Confederate Keunlon 326 Drought and BoU- Weevil 326 EaUway BuUding 326 Taxable Values 326 Art in Texas 327 Library Gi-o-wth 327 New Educational Institutions 328 Lanham's Administration 329 Inauguration 329 Conclusion 329 tvl CONTENTS. Additional Chapters. PAGE )n PubUo Education , 338 Under Mexican Eule 338 Under the EepubUc 338 Under the State 338 After the CivU War 339 State Superintendents 339 Condition of School Fund 340 PubUc School System 341 State University 341 A. and M. CoUege 341 State Normals 342 Prairie View Normal 342 )u Churches and Denominational Schools 342 Cumberland Presbyterian Church 342 Presbyterians. , 343 rA»B Episcopal Church 343 Christian Church .....344 Baptist Church 344 Methodist Church 345 Eoman CathoUcs 346 On Progress and Development 346 EaUroads 346 Newspapers 347 State Institutes 347 Penitentiaries and Eeformatory . .348 Patriotism 348 Daughters of the Eepublic 348 List of Places that have been the Seat of Government 350 Constitution of State 352 Pronunciations 402 Index 404 EUA. I. ERA OF DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS. (1685-1790.) IHTTRODTJCTION. SOME two hundred years ago, had one been in Ver sailles (ver saiz'), he would have found Louis XIY. on the throne, with all France delighting to honor the " Grand Monarque." What sights were to be seen in the gay capital ! The king's magnificent palace, with its beautiful grounds, playing fountains, fragrant flowers, and singing birds, was the center of all life and pleasure. Groups of richly dressed ladies and gentlemen were on all sides, for Louis would have none other about him. But one morning there were even more gaiety and ani mation than usual, for wonderful news had come to the king and his court. " La Salle (la sal) has returned from America I " was the announcement that caused such a stir among the royal household. America was still a continent of which little was kno-wn, but much was told. People were ready to believe that there they could find the " Fountain of Perpetual Youth," that the Indians possessed uncounted treasures, that the wealth of Sindbad 2 EOBERT CAVBLIEE, SIEUB DE LA SALLE. (1688. the Sailor was naught compared to what one might ac cumulate in that land beyond the sea. It is not to be wondered, then, that the French were so eager to hear what La Salle had to say. Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, was of a good French family, and had been carefully educated, as his parents intended him for the priesthood. However, he was fond of adventure, and on hearing such wonderful stories of the new world, he abandoned the idea of be coming a priest, and went to Canada, where he engaged in fur-trading. He afterward decided to devote his en ergies to discovering a new route to China, and began by sailing down the Mississippi River, which he thought, from the account given by the Indians, emptied into the Pacific Ocean. But he soon discovered that the Gulf of Mexico, not the Pacific Ocean, was the outlet of the great river. Continuing his journey, he arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi, April 9th, 1 682, one hundred and forty years after De Soto saw the great Father of Waters. La Salle took possession of all the lands on both sides of the river in the name of his king, Louis XIV., while his heart beat fast with the pure joy of patriotism as he looked upon all the beautiful country he was winning for his beloved France. * La Salle's Return. — This was the man who had re turned to France, and was now standing before the king telling of his voyages and adventures. As in glo-wing words he pictured the grand Mississippi, with river after river paying it tribute, and at last the great stream giv- 1682.] ERA OF DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS. ing up its burden tc the Gulf ; as he told of the rich land on either side that now belonged to France, the kint>- ""anwfc^ smUed, and a murmur of applause ran through all the court. Then La Balle unfolded his plan for the fu ture, and begged his Majesty's approval. He asked that he be sent with a colony to set tle at the mouth of the Missis sippi, prophesying that the city founded there would be the largest in America. He showed that this course would not only hold all his discoveries for Prance, but would also in time give Louis an opportunity of conquering Mexico, which wa"- already occupied by the Spanish, LA SALLE AT THE MOUTH OF TOE MK9ISSIPPI. 4 LA SALLE'S SECOND VOYAGE. [1684. In spite of the plots of enemies. La Salle succeeded in obtaining from the king all he asked. This caused him to feel repaid for the toil and trouble he had undergone. Fame seemed waiting to cro-wn her son.- La Salle's Second Voyage.— On July 24, 1684, La Salle sailed once more for America. In his four ships he carried about three hundred people; among them were women, as well as priests, soldiers, and mechanics.* He also had tools, cannon, ammunition, huge supphes of pro-visions — in short, everything to make the colony a success. After a stormy voyage, during which one of his vessels was captured near Santo Domingo by the Spaniards, La Salle and his men came into the Gulf of Mexico. This was to them an unkno-wn body of water. They did not know even the latitude and longitude of their destination, the mouth of the Mississippi. La Salle had one opinion, the captain another, and the pilot stiU another. It is then not surprising' that they sailed too far south and west, passing even below Matagorda Bay. Fearing that they had made a mistake. La Salle sent out exploring parties, one of which found an inlet that the leader felt sure was one of the mouths of the great river. "La Belle," the ship King Louis had given La Salle, en tered Matagorda Bay February, 1685, but the "Aimable" (A ma'blS) was wrecked in trying to cross the bar. The ¦^Bancroft says: "One hundred men, the scum of the French to-wns, were recruited aa soldiers ; thirty were volunteers, for the most part gentlemen by birth ; there were also artisans, laborers, servants, many famiUes of colonists, a number of girls seeking husbands, four Eranciscans and three priests, one of whom was La SaUe's brother. " 1686.] ERA OF DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS. colonists soon built on Lavaca Rivei a fort, which they called Fort St. Louis; here were erected the cross and arms of France, while all the surrounding country was declared subject to the French monarch. Captain Beaujeu LA Salle's map of texas. (bo'zhuh'), a French naval officer, whom King Louis had ordered to land the colonists at the mouth of the Missis sippi, had never liked La Salle. The two men disagreed constantly ; hence each was anxious to be rid of the other. Beaujeu thought La Salle mistaken as to the location of the Mississippi, but as soon as a settlement was made at Fort St. Louis he demanded from La Salle permission to return to Prance, saying he had executed the king's commands. La SaUe granted his demand, and in March 6 SEARCH FOR THE MISSISSIPPI. (1686. Beaujeu sailed homeward, taking with him several of the colonists whose courage had already failed; he also took provisions and ammunition that were claimed by La Salle. Work on the little fort was now pushed vigorously for ward. At first many grumbled at ha-sdng to work early and late, but when they saw the great leader himself doing more than any of them, they could not well remain idle. In spite of much trouble -with the Indians, and the death of some cf their number, the colonists in Fort St. Louis were able to make themselves comfortable. The climate was delightful, and as deer, birds, fish, and buf faloes were plentiful, there was no danger of starvation. Search for the Mississippi. — La Salle found in time that he was mistaken as to the location of the Great River, but immediately decided to start on a new search for the Mississippi, which he still believed to be near. Many were the trips he made, but no great river did he find.* An ordinary man would have given up in de spair, but La Salle never gave up. He finally decided to make a longer and more perilous journey than any he had yet made, for matters were growing desperate with the colonists, who had been now more than two years away from home and yet had made no important dis coveries. Five years before, when La Salle had sailed down the Mississippi, he had instructed a brave soldier friend, De Tonti (t6n tee), the Iron-Handed, to keep a small body of men stationed near the mouth of the Ar- * The French explored Lavaca Eiver, the Colorado Eiver and its surroun* ing country, the Neohea. and the lands occupied by the Nassonite Indians. 1887.1 ERA OF DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS. 7 kansas River, so that in case of need the Frenchmen from the south might come north for aid. This time had now come, and La Salle resolved to find De Tonti, and with his assistance to carry out the plans made by the king. Before starting, January, 1687, he called the few remaining colonists around him, and told them why he must leave ; charged them to remember -why they had come to America, and how disappointed their king would be if they did not accomplish their purpose ; encouraged them, and bade them a solemn farewell. Few who heard him thought that this would be the last time they should listen to his voice, but so it was. To go five hundred miles over a country of which he knew nothing, where there were no roads, where there were many swift and swollen rivers to cross, where the Indians might at any moment rush upon him — this was the task that La Salle was undertaking. He knew De Tonti was somewhere to the north, and that was all he did know ; but, thanks to the compass and the kind North Star, which never refuses its light to the traveler, he was not without guides. Troubles. — La Salle, with his nephews, his brother, and Father Anastase (a nSs'tas), and the other men he had chosen, traveled on for several weeks, suffering many hardships. During this time some of the men had been growing dissatisfied. They thought their leader too haughty and their work too hard. Duhaut (du iio'), one of the soldiers, hated Moranget (m6r an jaO. La Salle's nephew, and was eager for a quarrel, and Moranget him self was not averse. On one occasion Moranget was sent 8 MURDER OF LA SALLE. [1687. by his uncle to a camp where Duhaut was drying meat ; a dispute arose between them, and that night, while young Moranget was asleep, he and his two companions were murdered.* When morning came, the murderers were frightened at what must be the result of their cowardly deed. They came to the conclusion that, to save them selves. La Salle must die. Hence they lost no time in forming plans for his murder. Murder of La Salle. — For two or three days La SaUe waited the return of Moranget. He grew uneasy. He feared the Indians had attacked the party, or that the latter had lost their way ; and at last, unable to bear the suspense, he took with him the good Father Anastase and started in search of Moranget's party. After going some miles, he found the cravat of one of the men; it was soiled and bloody. His heart sank; he feared that something terrible had happened. Kno-wing that the camp must be near, he fired his gun to let them know he was coming. Duhaut's men, hearing the shot, came up; but Duhaut hid himself in the long grass, and cocked his gun so as to be ready to fire. "Where is my nephew?" La Salle asked. "He is lower down the river," replied one of the men. Just then a bullet came whiz zing through the air, and La Salle fell, shuddered, and without a word, died. Father Anastase dug a shallow grave with his own hands, placed therein the body of the friend he had loved so well, and erected over the ? The fatal blows were said to have been struck by I4otot fle 0't§;, a com rade of Duhaut, 1687.] BRA OP DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS. 9 lowly mound a cross.* In that lonely spot, in that hum ble grave, was buried (March 19 or 20, 1687) the man whom Louis the Grand had delighted to honor, and whose name was to live for centuries. Many have pronounced his life a failure, because he did not accomplish what hq had planned ; but let no Texan sanction such a judgment; for had it not been for his patience and energy, his de scription of our soil and climate, Texas would not have been settled so soon, and her entire history might have been changed. In La Salle's native city, Rouen (rc5o 6n'), there stands a grand statue of this gallant son of France, and his name is spoken of with affection and with reverence. May we not hope that in Texas a stately monument will some day rise in memory of the Columbus of his age ? The Colony. — The murderers did not prosper; they soon quarreled among themselves, and both Duhaut and Liotot were killed. A few of the men, continuing their journey northward, found De Tonti, and returned to France ; as to the fate of those who remained in Texas nothing is positively known. The colonists at Fort St. Louis, -with no wise ruler, fared badly. They could not agree among themselves ; sickness greatly decreased their numbers; and through bad management food be came scarce. The Indians attacked them and killed all but five, nor is it recorded what became of all the un happy sur-vivors. On this — the first European settlement * The exact spot where La Salle was murdered and buried is not kno-wn, but the best authorities declare it to be on the Neches Eiver. 10 SPANISH CLAIMS, tlM7. in Texas — rested the claims of France to all landis be tween Mexico and Louisiana.* Spanish Claims. — Spain declared herself the lawful owner of Texas for the following reasons: (1) The dis covery of America by Columbus. (2) The conquest of Mexico (of which country Texas was considered a part) by the Spanish under Cortez. (3) The explorations of various Spanish discoverers, among whom were Narvaez, Cabaza deVaca, Coronado, De Soto, whose expedition passed near where Texarkana now stands, and Espejo (es pa' ho), who made halts at El Paso and Santa Pe. She also as serted herself mistress of the entire Gulf of Mexico. The Spanish King, Philip IL, forbade, on pain of death, any one save his own subjects sailing on the Gulf. It was in obedience to this order that one of La Salle's ships had been captured. Indians.— Being aborigines of the country, the red men certainly had just claim to possession ; but, as has ever been the case in the sad history of these unhappy and unfortunate people, instead of uniting in one grand force * The governments of Europe seemed to have come to the following under standing in regard to their American discoveries ; " (1) -When any European nation takes possession of any extent of sea-coast, that possession is understood as extending into the interior country to the sources of the rivers emptying -(rithin that coast, to all their branches and the country they cover, and to give it a right in exclusion of all other countries to the same. " (2) -WTienever one European nation maKes dlssoveries and takes possession of any portion of this continent, and another afterwards does the same at some dis tance from it, when the boundary between them is not determljied by the prin- eiple above mentioned, the middle distance becomes such. " (3) Whenever any European nation has acquired a right to any portion ef territory on this continent, that right oan never be diminished or affected by any other power, by virtue of purchase made, by grants or conquests of the natians Wittua the Umits thereof." IMS.] ERA OF DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS. 11 against the whites, they divided their strength, some few favoring the Spaniards, many more siding with the French, while others, Ishmael-like, turned their hands against every man.* Spanish Search for La Salle.— At the time of the capture of La SaUe's ship, the Spanish did not know where the French were going, yet they feared that Texas was the point of destination, f Months afterward it was learned from the Indians that strange white men had settled near the Gulf coast. After some time, De Leon (la on'), governor of Coahuila (ko ah -wes' la), with about one hundred men, was sent to find and destroy the French. He found Fort St. Louis, but it was in ruins, -with Httle to show that it had once been a town with comfortable homes. Search being made among the In dians, two of the French were discovered, and ser+ as slaves to the silver-mines of Mexico. • At the head of the Texas tribes stood the Comanehes. In addition So bows and arrows, they had long spears ; this made them more formidable in war than the warriors of any other tribe. Four times a year councils were held in various viUages, but onoe a year a grand council of the whole tribe convened. Here all im portant matters were discussed, general movements decided, and criminals tried. t The word Texas is used here only for the convenience of the pupil, since at this date there was no territory bearing that name. Historians differ as to the origin of the name. Eecent investigations of original documents tend to prove that the Tejas Indians, "not a single tribe, but a confederacy of nearly thirty tribes," had a considerable degree of civilization and a pretty well defined locality. De Leon's company, in 1690, did not flnd a single Indian between the Eio Grande and the land of the Tejas. They had observed no natural features striking enough to give a name to the country. '¦ After the expedition of 1689 there was but one people in the country it penetrated of whom the Spaniards in Mexico thought seri ously, and that was the Tejas Indians ; but one_ district there, besides Espu-itu Santo, of which they talked, and that was the country of the same Indians, which they called Texas. It was but natural that this name should be extended to the Whole region. Nuevas Filipinas, which was for some time the ofiicial designation, was not sufdciently upon the popular tongue and was displaced entirely by Texas," ^'Abbreviated from Dr. (Jeorge P. Garrison's " Texas," page 32.) 12 THE CROZAT GRANT, (leott Spanish Settlements. — On De Leon's return, he pic tured the climate and soil in such glowing colors, and de scribed the Indians as being so mild and docile, that the Spanish authorities decided to found missions in Texas. In 1690, at the request of the Indians, the mission of San Francisco de los Tejas was established in the land of the Tejas. The next year the new governor of Coahuila, Don Domingo de Teran, gladly received orders to establish in Texas eight other missions. Several attempts were made but none of them proved permanently successful ; when drought ruined their crops the Indians at once lost faith in the "God of the pale-face" and were ready to rebel; the horses and cattle of the Spaniards mysteriously dis appeared, and were afterward found in possession of the savages ; the soldiers grew harsh, and were only too ready to return wrong for wrong and injury for injury, while the red men grew to hate the bold Europeans who were fast becoming masters of the land. Finally, in 1693, the priests, at the command of the Spanish government, abandoned the missions ; late at night they buried their bells and other property they could not take with them, and sadly returned to Coahuila. For twenty years after this neither Spain nor France took any steps toward colonizing Texas. The Crozat (cro za') Grant.--In 1712, all lands drained by the Mississippi and its branches were granted by the King of France to Anthony Crozat, one of the keenest financiers of his time. He determined, by opening a, trade with Mexico, through Texas, to make a 'fortune, BRA OF DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS. 13 This placed Spain on the alert, for she saw that she must either occupy Texas herself, or see it pass into the hands of the French. To build a chain of missions from the Rio Grande to the Sabine, and thereby gain entire control of the country, was the plan adopted and almost immediately put into execution. MISSIONS. Wherever Catholic nations bore their conquering arms> two purposes were ever held in -view — to make the coun try subject to their king, and to win the natives as con verts to the Roman Church. This was plainly shown in every mission, for each was a combination of chapel and fortress, while Presidio (pp^ se' de 6), meaning a garrison for soldiers, was used synonymously -with missions. In erecting these missions, a massi-ve stone structure of great thickness was first built , this was the chapel, and refuge in time of greatest danger ; some of them were large enough to hold six or seven hundred people. The church faced upon a square, or plaza, as it was called Other necessary houses, such as granaries, homes for the priests, barracks for the soldiers, and prisons for the criminals, were built on all sides of the square. At a lit tle distance were huts for the converted Indians. Religion of the Indians. — To appreciate the task un dertaken by the Spanish priests, the moral condition of the Indians must be understood. They knew nothing of the God of ci-vilized nations, yet they believed in and worshiped one aU-seeing and over-ruling spirit, whom 14 RELIGION OF THE INDIANS. they called Manitou. Their creed taught them tfiat all things, animate and inanimate, possessed souls, and that all these souls were immortal. If an Indian had been brave in war, and faithful to his conception of duty, he trusted after death to be wafted on the wings of the wind to the Happy Hunting-grounds, where he would find waiting him his horse, his dog, and all things, as weapons, tools, skins, or blankets, that he had broken or mutilated in this world. His bows and arrows were buried -with him, that they might be ready for his use the moment he entered those blissful abodes. His ideas of right and wrong differed widely from ours. For him to show any kindness to his mother, wife, or daughter, was a sign of weakness. His poor squaw cut the wood, raised the corn, carried the loads when they journeyed, cooked his food, yielded to his every whim, and made herself a slave to him. He — the lazy fellow that he was — did nothing, and gave her as her reward hard words and still harder blows. To love one's enemy was unheard of ; to scalp him was the duty of every brave. Manitou had given them no command to be diligent, hence laziness was a race characteristic. To change such people into industrious Christian subjects of his Majesty the King of Spain, was indeed a herculean undertaking. But the priests were good men, who had voluntarily given up all the comforts of civilized life for this labor of love. Un daunted they went at their work with cheerful hearts.* * Most of the mission work in Texas was done by the Franciscan monks, who en entering the order took vows " to go barefoot, to wear coarse woollen gowna ERA OF DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS. 10 The Indians and the Missions.- When the Span iards came to found the missions, they did not at first erect the stone buildings described in a previous topic. Until the Indians were trained to do the labor, this was impossible. The priests, assisted by the soldiers, put up simple structures of wood, -with roofs of twigs, leaves, and grass. Led by curiosity, and the gentle demeanor of the holy fathers, the Indians came in crowds to watch the strange work. Soon they offered their assistance. A bright picture, a bit of red cloth, or a string of beads, was to them sufficient reward for a day's labor. The lighted candles, the incense, the altar with its handsome fixtures — all the ritual of the Church — charmed and thrilled these aimple children of the forest. As the priests taught them day by day, some of them began to comprehend what it all meant, and a few became true Christians. Theso were anxious to stay near their sacred teachers, whom they learned to love, and were delighted to obey. Many, however, understood only enough of what the priests said to be frightened at what -Would happen to them in the next world. Moved by fear, they too re mained near the fathers, ha-ving a vague idea that this might save them. In this way quite a number came completely under the control of the priests. Life in the Missions. — ^Early each morning, all Indians fastened only by strings, to wear a knotted rope suspended from the waist, to fast often, to deny themselves all social intercourse, and to claim for their own no earthly possessions." Among the most famous of these men was Father Antonio MargU (mar jel) de Jesu (ha su), who is said to have preached -with suoh wonderful eloquence as to m.ov? every listener to lead a purer, nobler life. 1(5 LIFE IN THB MISSIONS. in the mission were assembled for prayers; next they heard mass and a lecture. Each one then went to his task, some toihng in the field, others working on the massive stone chapels, which were to take the place of the wooden structures. In the afternoon they had religious services ; and at night ser-yices again. On going to their huts to sleep, they were locked in to prevent their escape. In re turn for this labor they were well fed and clothed, cared for in sickness and old age, besides being carefully in structed in religious doctrines. As the savages had ever lived as free as the birds of the air, such a life of confine ment told severely upon them. How they longed once more to mount the fiery mustang and gallop away over the boundless prairies, again to let fly the arrow in the chase, to be once more on the war-path, uttering suoh fiendish whoops as should make all the welkin ringl When one tried to escape — and many did so — soldiers were sent out to capture him ; on his return he received severe punishment. As the supply of converts came in too slowly for the work the priests wished to accomplish, the most trusty Indians were sent out to bring in others of the tribe. In this way a sufficient force was obtained to irrigate the land for miles about the mission, to till the soil until the country smiled like a garden, and to erect the great buildings which are stUl the pride of every Texan's heart.* • To each mission was given by the govemment a traot of land amounting in some oases to 625 square mUes. As the missions were -widely scattered It bec«m* necessary to keep garrisons of soldiers at the most Important points ; a large pre sidio frequently required 250 Boldlers, hence the expenae of keeping op the nil>. sionB was very great. ERA OF DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS. 17 18 MISSION CONCEPCION. [1718-1731. San Jose Mission. — On the right bank of the San An tonio River, about four miles below San Antonio, stands the most beautiful of all the missions — San Jos6 (san ho- seO de Aguayo. This mission was founded (about 1720) by the famous Father Margil, who, dying before its com pletion, was buried amid the tears and sobs of the people, in the City of Mexico. The carvings and statuary which ornament the front of San Jose are the work of a Spanish artist, Huicar (-wee-kar), who devoted many of the best years of his life to. this work. The south window of the baptistery is considered by good judges the " finest gem of architectural ornamentation existing in America to-day ; its curves and proportions are a continual delight to the eye."* The mission was val^ ued at $40,000; the records show that down to 1762 there had been baptized at San Jos6 1054 Indians. Mission Concepcion. In 1731 Concepcion, the best preserved of the missions, was founded two miles below San An^ tonio. Its twin towers, its picturesque dome, its front gateway so curiously decorated, its quaint legends, all make this mission one of peculiar interest. The front of * See William Comer's " San Antonio de Bexar," page 17. OONOBPCION MISSION". ERA OP DISCOVERIES AND- MISSIONS. 19 -m $0 SAN SABA MISSION. (1700-1744. the building was formerly frescoed in brilliant red and blue designs, making a dazzling effect ; but time and the desecrating hands of ruthless sight-seers have left few of these decorations.* Alamo Mission. — In the heart of this " City of Mis sions" rises the scarred visage of the Alamo, a name hallowed by its baptism of blood, f This mission is sup posed to have been founded in 1700 on the Rio Grande. After several changes in both name and location, it was (about 1718) removed to San Pedro Springs under the aame of San Antonio de Valero, so called from Saint Anthony of Padua and the Duke of Valero, Viceroy of Mexico. It was next moved to the Military Plaza in San Antonio, and finally on May 8, 1744, the first stone of the present Alamo was laid, and it was given the name that is now so precious to every lover of liberty and heroism. San Saba Mission. — In Menard County, on the San Saba River, in 1757, was founded the San Saba Mission, for the especial benefit of the Apache Indians. The Comanehes, who were at war with the Apaches, soon came with a force of two thousand men and butchered all the * Som."? idea of the work done by this mission may be obtained from the fol lowing extract taken from a report made to his Bishop by Father Lopez. President of the Texas Missions : " Population of Concepcion in 1762, 207 ; number of baji- tisms up to 1785, 792 ; stock owned, 600 cattle, 300 horses, 2200 sheep ; population in 1793 only 51." + It must be remembered that the building now called the Alamo Mission is the truin of the church of the mission of the Alaano or of San Antonio de Valero. Dr. Qarrison says (" Texas," page 71) the name Alamo was given, the mission from che fact that this whole group of mission buildings was occupied by a company rf Mexican troops called the Alamo of Parras Company. 1722-1754.] ERA OF DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS, 21 inhabitants v..f the mission except two or three who escaped. There were many other missions founded, some of which have entirely disappeared, while others still stand — majestic monuments to the patience of the Spanish priests.* * Below is given a list of some of the less important missions which may be of interest to the mature student. Mission of San Juan (wan) de Capistrano (ka-pe- stra'no), six miles from Sam Antonio, founded in 1731, named for Capistrano, a Franciscan friar. The outline of the original plan followed iu building aU missions ^as described in a previous topic) is clearly to be seen in the ruins of San Juan. Mission of San Francisco de la Espada, nine miles from San Antonio, on the west bank of the San Antonio Eiver, named for St. Francis, the founder of the Franciscans, called Espada, or sword, from .the shape of its chapel tower. The massive tower at the south-east corner -with i*-s cannon- and musket-holes carries one back to the days of brave knights and f aL- ladles, to the stories of feudal times and baronial struggles. Espiiltu Santo Mission, founded in 1732, near Fort St. Louis, moved to the vicinity of Goliad, said to have possessed 15,000 cattle. La Bahia, founded in 1722, at Fort St. Louis and moved to Q-oliad. Eosario, founded 1754, near San .Tuan. The following interesting extract is from Comer's " San Antonio de Bexar " ; *' Let a traveller from the East or North be set down before the gateway of San Jos6. In hia journeyings he has seen nothing like this before. The Mission must be to him an enigma. He hears that it is a century and a half since its foundations were laid by Catholic missionaries, aided by their converts, half or more than half savage Indians, all under constant peril of their Uves from the outside from the crudest of hostile tribes, that were uncompromising in their enmity. If he is practical, the traveller will wonder whence the stone came where no quarries were — from where the lime, with no Mlns — who was the architect, the superinten dent of works, the artist stone-cutter — the engineer, for he may be told that this old Mission was once fortified. An intelligent man is bound to ask these things, and if he merely remembers that the mission is on the outeide edge of his own territory and ci-vilization he -will fail to understand and realize how it was aU done ; he is even in the dark as to the spirit and design of its founders, much less comprehend ing the hard, practical fact of the presence of these great masses of masonry and beautiful sculpture in a lone, -wide, -wild prairie, as he knows the spot must have been in the days of the erection of these Missions " But suppose that the traveUer had come from, say, the City of Mexico —had a Smattering, at least, of Spanish and Mexican History, knew and understood that the iggrandizement of Spain's Empire was the object alike of Church and State — the King and the Church going hand in hand, the one establishing the other ; the King Anting, conceding, and sending his soldiers to protect, the Church sending 22 ST. DENIS. [1714. St. Denis.— Texas was ruled during this period by a governor, appointed by the Viceroy of Mexico, with the sanction of the King of Spain. Yet the French had by no means given up their claims to the country. In 1714, St. its weU-trained servants to work, to acquire, to bless. Coming through Mexico, the progression from one great reUgious foundation to another would seem natural, as he traveUed northward and eastward, and, keeping in -view Spain's necessity to flrmly establish her borders, the Texas Missions would appear at last perfectly iu place and keeping with a definite design and scheme. The puzzle would be absent, but the admiration for indefatigable workers would be none the less. The Missions would be the ornament on the fringe of the Spanish and not the Anglo-Saxon skirt. To the brothers — Franciscans — who had the acquirements, resources, devotion and energy to plan, design and build the magnificent churches of the City of Mexico, the reUgious houses, chapels, bridges and aqueducts scattered over the land, the foundation and construction of the San Antonio Missions, wonderful as the work was, does not seem to be a very difficult task." Sidney Lanier -writes : " One cannot but lean one's head on one's hand to dream out, for a moment, this old MiUtary Plaza — -most singular spot on the wide expanse of the lonesome Texan prairies — as it was a hundred and fifty years ago. The rude buUdings, the uhurch, the hospital, the soldiers' dwelUngs, the brethren's lodgings, the huts for the converted Indians, stand ranged about the large level quadrangle, so placed upon the same theory of protection which " paries " the wagon-train that -wiU camp this night on the plains. Ah, here they come, the inhabitauts of San Antonio, from the church-door ; vespers is over ; the big-thighed, bow-legged, horse-riding Apache steps forth, slowly, for he is yet in a maze — the burning candles, the shrine, the genuflexions, the chants, are aU yet whirUng in his mem ory ; the lazy soldier slouches by, leering at him, yet observing a certain care not to be seen therein, for Sefior Soleado is not whoUy free from fear of this great-thewed Seiior Apache ; the soldiers' -wives, the squaws, the catechumens, the chUdren, aU wend their ways across the plaza. Here advances Brother Juan, bare-footed, in a go-wo of serge, -with his knotted scourge a-dangle from his girdle ; he aocosta the Indian, he draws him on to talk of Manitou, his grave pale face gro-ws intense and his forehead -wrinkles as he spurs his brain on to the devising of arguments that VirUl convince this -wild soul before him of the fact of the G-od of Adam, of Peter, and of Francis. "Presently, as evening draws on, the Indians hold meetings, males in one place, females in another ; reciting prayers, singing canticles : finaUy it is bed time ; honest Brother Antonio goes around and locks the unmarried young male Indians into their sleeping apartments on one side, the maidens on the other side into theirs ; casts a glance mayhap towards Mexico, breathes a prayer, gets him to his paUet, and the Plaza of San Antonio de Valero is left in company of the stUl sentinel, the stream of San Pedro purUng on one side, that of the San AntOT'io whispering on the other, under the quiet stars, midst of the solemn prairie." ERA OP DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS. 23 Denis, a Frenchman of noble family, was sent out by the governor of Louisiana to open trade with Mexico. In spite of the danger to French claims, the governor, through St. Denis, permitted the Spanish to establish mis sions in East Texas ; he hoped by so doing to build up a rich trading business. St. Denis's career was a checkered one : in favor with the Spanish, marrying a Mexican senorita, winning the love of the Indians, imprisoned, an escaped fugitive, he finally returned to Louisiana and " Mission San Jose de Aguayo, or Second Mission, as it is famUiarly called, is dedicated to St. Joseph, the husband of the Virgin Mary, and was ' erected ' when Marquis San Miguel de Aguayo came to be Govemor of Texas ; hence the name San Jose de Aguayo. It was probably begun shortly after, during this man's gov ernorship, for it was the first to be finished, and the day of its completion was made the occasion of locating aud beginning the Concepcion, San Juan, and San Fran cisco Missions. San Jose Mission is the most beautiful of all, and its carving is surely ' a Jby forever.' The hand that chiseled the wonderful fagade at the main entrance of the Church, the doorway, window, and piUar capitals of the smaUer Chapel, that now goes by the name of the Baptistry, was one of marvelous cun ning. The f agade is rich to repletion with the most exquisite carving — figures of Virgins and Saints, -with drapery that looks like drapery, cherubs' heads, sacred hearts, ornate pedestals, and recesses -with their conch-like canopies, and cornices wonderful. The doorway, piUar and arch, is daring in its unique ornamentation — showing in its combination of form the impression of Moorish outUnes. Other- ¦wise the whole f agade is rich Renaissance — figures and hearts alone -with any thing realistic about them. AU other ornamentation is conventional, but -with nothing stiff, every curve showing a free haud. The window above the archway is a simple -wreath of such acanthus-like curves and conchoids of surpassing work- Imanship. And to think that men can be found who can ruthlessly deface these for the sake of possessing a piece of the material. Was it not that the sculptor saw the perfect statue in the stone ? Surely here the fool sees only the stone in the material that has been given a beauty not its own. If stones ever do cry out, it is when they are aUve -with this touch of genius. ' Do you know me ; does no voice within Answer my cry, and say we are akinf " But can these desecrators have any kinship with Art f It is not the Texan or the Mexican who has done these things. Kendall says, -writing of '42, ' though the Texan troops were long quartered here [San Jose], the stone carvings have not been injured.' And tblB was in -vrar-time, trhen men ai'e mote tbsoi. osnally bent 24 COMPANY OF THE INDIES. [1719. was placed in command of the French fort at Natchito ches. He laid off the San Antonio Road, traces of which still exist. Company of the Indies. — Finding that he was sinking money, Crozat (about 1719) gladly gave up his charter to the Company of the Indies. Under the management of the company, in spite of the stringent laws of Spain, a cer tain amount of trade was carried on between Louisiana and Mexico, Texas being the thoroughfare. Attempts were made at colonizing, but they were unsuccessful.* Spain Colonizes. — The Spanish authorities finally became con-vinced that to make Texas prosperous, mis- * The story given below is recorded by some Texas historians ; while it is full of interest, yet the author cannot vouch for the accuracy of aU its details. " In 1719 the Company of the Indies sent out a thousand colonists to Louisiana. It happened that the captain of one of the ships, making -the same mistake that La SaUe made, saUed past the mouth of the Mississippi and entered Matagorda Bay. A boat was sent out for fresh water. -WhUe the saUors were thus occupied. Mon sieur de BeUsle, a French gentleman, having obtained the captain's permission, went on shore to hunt. He was accompanied by four of his brother oflloers. Some hours passed, and the hunters did not return. The ship was ready to sail. The captain grew angry at being thus detained. ' I 'U give then\ five minutes more,' he flnaUy said ; ' if they are not here then, I shall wait no longer.' The moments passed, the men were nowhere in sight. The captain kept his word, the ship sailed away. The feelings of the officers, when they retumed, may be more easUy im agined than described. There they were iu an unknown country, -with no signs that human footprints had ever trod those -wUds. They had no food, no hopes of seeing another ship enter that bay. For days they wandered about from place to place, U-ving on bugs, worms, and roots. BeUale gave the Uttle dog he had brought with him to his companions for food. But the animal managed to escape. The four men died of hunger, lea-ving BeUsle expecting to share the same fate. Just as he lay down to die, he heard a rustUng sound in the bushes, and, turning, saw his dog -with an opossum that he had caught. Ee-vived by food, he determined to leave the coast and journey inland, hoping that he might there find some traces of men. Day after day he wandered on his lonely way, living on insects and roots, tiU — oh, joy to say it— he saw footprints. FoUowing them, he found a group of Indiana seated around a fire, drying buffalo meat. They seized him, tore off his clothes divided them among themselves, and looked so flerce th°t he fully expected to be Lung ^7 ^'jrfmnruh.uijftorL 1731.] ERA OF DISCOVERIES AND MISSIOI5J-S. 25 sions alone would not suffice. Colonists were needed. In 1728, therefore, Spain decided to spend $75,000 in bringing over from the Canary Islands thirteen families of pure Spanish blood and marked religious fervor. These people, -with others from Mexico, settled about the Plaza of the Constitution, which is now known as the Main Plaza of San Antonio. Here, in 1731 and 1732, they built up the church now called San Fernando. From these colonists many of the best families in Texas are proud to trace their descent. Had Spain been able to settle in Texas more such people the future of the prov ince would have been greatly changed, but the experi ment was considered too expensive to permit repetition. IdUed. On the contrary, taking him to their -viUage, they sent hi-m to an old squaw, who used him as her servant, but gave him plenty to eat and was not cruel to him. As his strength returned, he leamed their language, and soon gained so much influence over the savages, that they began to look upon him as their chief. But they took good care that he should not escape. One day some Nassonite In dians came to -visit the tribe, and were brought to BeUsle's hut, to admire the white prisoner. On looking at him one of the Nassonites said : ' We have near us many pale faces Uke this.' BeUsle's heart beat fast -with happiness as he heard that his own people were near. Mixing soot and water he made some ink. A stick did for a pen. On his officer's commission, which he had managed to keep through aU his misfortunes, he -wrote a message, and begged one of the -visitors to take it to the white chief. The Indian, being promised a great reward, took the paper -to the French captain at Natchitoches, who was none other than St. Denis. As soon as St. Denis read the paper, he began to make signs of the deepest grief, after the manner of the red men. As the savages loved St. Denis, they were troubled to see him so distressed, and crowded around him to flnd the cause of his trouble. ' Alas 1 ' said he, ' I weep for my dear brother, who is a lonely prisoner among the Indians you have just left.' ' Is that all ? ' asked one of the warriors. ' Then let our pale chief weep not, for ten of our braves -wiU go, and in two moons bring your brother to you.' Ha-ving received horses, guns, pistols, and clothes from St. Denis, the Indians retumed to the -riUage where BeUsle was a captive. They rushed up, flred their guns, and frightened aU the Indians into running. The Nassonites, quick as a flash, seized Belisle, placed him on a horse, and gal loped away back to St. Denis. BeUsle afterward became an officer in the Louis iana army-^ He was sent out to settle a colony in Texas, but was unsuccessful." 26 CONDITION OF TEXAS, [1762-1790. Louisiana Ceded to Spain. — France, having her hands full at home, had neither soldiers nor money to send her colonies in Louisiana. She feared that they would fall into the hands of the English, who were already pressing dangerously near. Rather than see Louisiana belong to her enemies, she ceded it, in 1762, to Spain. The effects of this change upon Texas will be shown in next epoch. The Last Mission. — In 1791, the Spanish founded the Mission of our Lady of Refuge, at Refugio. This being the last mission ever established by them marks the end of the Mission Period. As in 1794, the Franciscan friars, worn out and discouraged, gave up the missions in Texas, and returned, some to Mexico, others to Spain, taking with them all records and historical papers, much of the history of this interesting period still remains a sealed book. Condition of Texas. — At the close of this epoch, it still seemed that Texas would never be a populous, culti vated region. In spite of all the money that had been spent in founding missions, and importing colonists, in 1744 Texas contained only fifteen hundred people. In 1765, there were only seven hundred and fifty Europeans in all this grand State, that now boasts of three million inhabitants. The causes of this condition of affairs were numerous. The Indians were troublesome ; the quarrels between the Spaniards and Prench were constant ; the massacre of San Saba gave a mortal blow to the mis sions ; but more than all these, Spain governed her col onies most tyrannically. The colonists saw around them rich fields, but they could not plant what they -wished. ERA OP DISCOYEEIES AND MISSIONS. 27 They had many fine opportunities for trade, but Spain said, "No, you shall buy from, and sell to, none but me." They breathed the bracing air of liberty wafted to them from the north, where young America was prepar- i ng to break her chains, but Spain said, " You have too niach freedom already ; crush this foolish ambition. It is not for you to prate of liberty." It is not then to be wondered that more than a hundred years after settle ment, this goodly land, Texas, was scarcely more than a wilderness. BLACKBOARD -ANALYSIS. 2 f I. La Sallk. n. Spanish in Texas. m. FbenohinTei#.8. rv. Texas Indians. . . 1. His Life and Character. 2. Lands in Texas. (1685.) 3. His Trials. 4. His Death. (1687.) 5. His Colony. ¦ 1. Eeasons for Claiming Texas. 2. De Leon's Expedition. 3. De Teran and Early Missions. 4. Later Missions. a. Names. b. Location. c. Purpose. d. J^fecfe. e. 'Why Failures. . 5. Colonists from Canary Islands. 1. Crozat's Grant. 2. St. Denis. 3. Troubles in France. 4. Louisiana Ceded to Spain. 1. Manner of Life. 2. BeUgion. 3. Work of Spanish Priests among them 28 SUGGESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY WORK. SUGGESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY WORK, [Note to the teacher.— The points mentioned below are merely suggestive. The ilisoretion of each instructor wiU teU him what to omit, and what to adopt. No thing is given him that has not been successfuUy tested in the school-room.] 1. Write a letter imagining yourself to be a French courtier during the reign of Louis XIV. Describe the palace, the grounds, the dress and personal appearance of the " Grand Monarque " ; the manners and customs of his court ; tell of the coming of La Salle, the impression he made upon the nobles, and his inter-\dew with the king. 2. Write a biography of La Salle (Reference-books — • Encyclopedias, Parkman's " Life of La Salle," " The Story of Tonti," a romance by Mary Hartwell Catherwood). 3, Describe the ships used in La Salle's time, showing how they differ from those of the present day. 4. Write a letter to De Tonti describing the death and burial of La Salle, you having been an eye-witness of the murder. 5. Conversation topic, each pupil to talk one minute : What is your opinion of the Texas Indian ? Has he been justly treated ? (The author cannot too heartily recom mend conversational topics, which the entire class is re quired to discuss ; during her fourteen years' experience as a teacher no other language exercise has brought forth such encouraging results.) 6. Fancying yourself to be a 17th-century priest, in ERA OF DISCOVERIES AND MISSIONS. 29 Mexico, visit one of the Texas missions av^ keep a journal of what you see there. 7. The missions as they are now. (In many parts of the State it will be possible for teacher and pupils to visit one or more of the ruined missions. Such a visit under proper guidance would be of the greatest profit and interest to the history class.) 8. Paper or talk from the teacher on the condition of France in 1762, showing clearly why she was not able to hold her colonies in America. 9. Let the class elect one of their number who, as suming that he is a historical personage, mentioned in Era I., shall relate the story of his life, concealing his name ; class will then decide who he is. 1 0. Historical tableau : Let pupils represent some scene described in Chapter I.; as "Death of La Salle/' "The Priests lea-ving the Missions," "Belisle writing to St. Denis," "Priest rewarding Indians," etc., etc. Let the class name and describe the scene thus pictured. 11. On the map outlined on the next page let each pupU locate all important places mentioned in Chapter L 80 OUTLINE MAP OF TEXAS. ER^ II. ERA OF FILIBUSTERS. (1790-1820.) TO understand the events that during this era hap pened in Texas, a knowledge of the state of affairs in Mexico and the United States is necessary. Mexico. — At this time Spain was in a most deplor able condition. Now under the heel of Napoleon, now ris ing against his tyranny, now at war with herself, now foi a time blotted out from the catalogue of nations — that she had no time to attend to her possessions in the Ne-w World is e-vident. The Mexicans, on their part, were weary of Spanish rule, and desired independence. Thej could not ask for a more favorable time. As is ever the case, many martyrs were offered on liberty's altar before definite results were reached. The first general revolution (1809-1810), which was led by the gentle scholar and priest, Hidalgo (g-dal'go), was opposed by the great mass of the priesthood. The revolution failed ; the brave Hidalgo was executed. In the course of time, Spain called a new junta, which passed certain laws, making sweeping changes in many matters that concerned the priests. This caused the holy fathers to go over to the girl*' of 31 32 THE UNITED STATES. 11820, the revolutionists. "If Mexico becomes an independent country," ttey reasoned, " we will be able to make such laws as we wish for our control." A second revolution occurred. After a few battles, the Mexican patriots were victorious. An empire was formed and General Iturbide (e-toor-be'da) * was made emperor. The people longed for still more freedom. But Iturbide granted nothing, his desire being to make himself absolute ruler. The empire was overthrown, and in 1823 a repubhc was established. The United States.— While the outlook in Mexico was dark and overshadowed by war-clouds, in the land where our "bonny blue flag" waved, there were peace and prosperity. The war of 1812 was the only event that disturbed the nation. The country grew rapidly. Settlers from every direction were pushing toward the frontier, and already some — with longing eyes — were looking toward the broad prairies of Texas. * xturbide was bom at VaUadoUd, Mexico, 1783, hi jrather being a Spaniard, his mother a Creole. After recei-ving the best eduoatio i then to be obtained in Mexican schools, he entered the royal army and in 1810 distinguished himself in the struggle against Hidalgo. His great bravery and his wonderful popiUarity -with the soldiers, who believed him a secoud Hercules, caused him to be made an of&cer of the first rank. In 1816 serious charges of cruelty were brought against him, and while his trial resulted in an acquittal, yet he retired to private Ufe, spending four years in prayer and penance. He was then caUed to the command of the royal army, but soon espoused the cause of the people in their struggle against the Spanish Mng and his tyrannical rule. During the year 1820 he won many victories Eor freedom. Soon after he was declared Emperor of Mexico -with the title of Augustine I. Had he been -wise in the exercise of his power, he might have kepr his throne, but he ruled so harshly that at the end of ten months he was forced tt give up the crown and leave the country ; he was, however, granted a pension ol $25,000 as a reward for his patriotic services in 1820. On May 11, 1824, he se* saU from Europe to Mexico, not knowing that the Mexican government had de clared him an outlaw. Though dressed in deep disguise he was recognized, ar rested, and on July 19 was shot. 1707.] ERA OF FILIBUSTERS. 33 United States and Spain. — After Louisiana became the property of Spain, a dispute arose as to whether the Americans had any right to navigate the Mississippi. This tended to bring Louisiana and Texas more promi nently before the eyes of the American people, and to make Texas a still more attractive place to daring ad venturers. The Spanish officers became less strict as to trading in Texas, and the colonists began to be more prosperous. Americans, seeing that the door into Texas was slightly ajar, were not slow to begin pushing into the forbidden ground.* Nolan's Expedition. — In 1797, Philip Nolan f obtained permission from the Spanish commander to enter Texas, for the purpose, as he pretended, of getting horses for the American cavalry. While on the trip, Nolan was keen enough to make a good map I of the country, and to open trade with the Indians. Meeting with success, he decided (October, 1800) to repeat the experiment. By this time, the ever jealous Spaniards began to fear that * How strict were the Spanish laws against aliens may be judged from the fol lowing extract from Bancroft: "AU foreigners found on Spanish territory unpro vided with passports were arrested and thrown into prison, where they often lingered for years. Especial severity was observed toward American citizens." t PhUip Nolan, an Irishman by birth, but at this time a devoted American citizen, was a gentleman and a scholar, being specially well informed in geography and astronomy. As early as 1785 he was engaged in trade (though the Spanish laws forbade such trade) between San Antonio and Natchez, Miss., but as this business did not bring him wealth rapidly enough, he decided to seek other flelds. Some authorities claim that he came into Texas expecting to discover rich gold mines near the lands of the Comanehes, but the Spanish offlcers declared that from papers iu their possession it was clear that Nolan expected to raise a revolution and make himself ruler of Texas. t This map, which is said to be the first made of Texas, was given by Nolan to Baron de Carondelet, Governor of Louisiana. 34 FATE OF NOLAN'S MEN, tWO« the Americans were seeing too much of Texas, and re solved to prevent Nolan's expedition.* He, with twenty companions, the most of whom were Americans, managed — in spite of Spanish resistance — to enter Texas, and to catch three hundred mustangs. Early one morning (March 21st) the little company awoke to find them selves surrounded by one hundred and fifty Spaniards under the command of Lieut. Musquez. Though their guards had been seized, and some of their men had de serted, the Americans gave battle. Nolan was soon killed, t His place as commanding officer was taken by EUis P. Bean. After a desperate struggle, their ammu nition being exhausted. Bean and his men surrendered, with the understanding that they were to be returned to the United States. Fate of Nolan's Men. — Instead of being sent back to their homes, for many long weary years these poor men were held as prisoners awaiting the King's decision con cerning their fate. This suspense was ended (1807) by a royal dec/ee ordering that every fifth man should be hanged and the rest sentenced to ten years' hard labor. As the hardships inflicted upon them had caused the death of all but nine, the judge decided that only one man must die. The Spanish officer in charge wrote : » For the purpose ef frightening away the f ortime-seekers from the North, the Spanish officials ordered that every American whose conduct was in the least suspicious should be arrested, and that as Nolan was a dangerous character, he should be " put out of the way " as quickly as possible. -I- Lieut. Musquez in his journal says: "Nolan's negroes asked permission to bury their master's body, which I granted after causing his ears to be cut off in order to »end them *"* Oia Govemor of Texas." WOO-J ERA OF FILIBUSTERS. 35 "Having caused the nine prisoners to assbuible in a room in order to draw lots, so that one of them might be executed, after they knelt I read the decree of his Majesty the King. The prisoners agreed to throw dice, and that the oldest of them should throw first, and that the one who threw the smallest number should be hanged. A drum, a crystal tumbler, and two dice were brought, and I ordered the prisoners to kneel before the drum and be blindfolded." Ephraim Blackburn threw first, and to him fell the fatal number; two days after ward (November 11, 1807) he was hanged.* Louisiana Purchased by the United States.— In 1800 Spain secretly returned Louisiana to France. Napoleon, being in great need of money, sold Louisiana, in 1803, to the United States. Spain objected to this ; and when the Americans claimed all land east of the Rio Q-rande as a part of Louisiana,! she grew indignant. Neutral Ground. — ^It soon seemed that war was cer tain, for Spain not only claimed Texas, but even wanted to cross the Sabine and take a part of Louisiana. At last the matter was peacefully arranged (October, 1806) by making the land between the Sabine and the Arroyo Hondo X neutral till the boundary question should be set- * -What became of the other prisoners is not positively kno-svn ; for Bean's many adventures, see close of this era. + -When, in exchange for Tuscany, Spain ceded Louisiana to France it was privately agreed that France should not sell the territory to the United States. After the deed was done Spain stood too much in fear of Napoleon to maintain a -vigorous protest. t The Arroyo Hondo, a smaU tributary of -Red River, is about seven miles west of Natchitoches between the rivers Mermento and Carcasi«n. (See map of Span ish Texas.) 31) MAGEB AND GUTIERRES, [ISIS- tied.* As in this strip of ground no law ruled, it soon became the home of criminals and desperadoes, whose sole occupation was robbery.f Magee's Expedition.— Of all the companies sent into Texas during these troubled times, none was of such magnitude, none underwent such terrible experiences, as Magee's expedition.! The leader was a talented young lieutenant in the United States army, who had been sta tioned in Louisiana, to protect Americans crossing the Neutral Ground and to crush the power of the free booters. Magee and Gutierres (gc5o te er'gs).— At this time the Royalists (those who preferred belonging to Spain) of Mexico were in power, and the Republicans were in ex ile. Many of them had taken refuge in the United States and in the Neutral Q-round. Having met with some of the most talented of these Republicans, Magee became infatuated with the idea of freeing Texas from Spanish rule. He and Gutierres, a noted Spanish exile, entered • This contract, about which a certain amount of mystery has always hung, was entered into suddenly by Generals Willdnson and Herrera. It is supposed the Spanish were so alarmed at Aaron Burr's schemes for invading Mexico that they deemed it best to make concessions in order to keep at peace -with the -United States. -h These outlaws had the highest sense of honor in regard to keeping the, secrets of their comrades. Toakum says : " Two of a gang of robbers, who had attacked a band of traders and carried off a large amount of treasure, were captured by Lieut. Magee in command of some troops from Natchitoches. The men were tied to trees and flogged to make them disclose who were their associates. As this punishment faUed to eUoit a word of betrayal, a live coal of flre was passed along their already tortured backs, but stiU no disclosures could be obtained." t Augustus W. Magee was bom in Massachusetts and graduated from West Point in 1809. He was young, bright, brave, and fuU of ambitious- plans ; he met with marked success in conquering the free-booters of the Neutral Ground. 1812.J ERA OF FILIBUSTERS. 37 into a compact to effect this purpose. They gained sup port from three classes — the Mexicans who lived in Texas, the free-booters of the Neutral Ground, and the Indians. Preparations. — Resigning his commission in the Uni ted States army (June, 1812), Magee went to New Orleans to obtain supplies and men. Nor were men hard to ob tain, for then, as now, the youth of our land were ready to enter upon any hazardous undertaking. Each volun teer was promised forty dollars per month and a league of land. Gutierres gathered his forces, and gave them the name of the " Republican Army of the North." Of the combined troops, Gutierres was selected leader,* though Magee was really the ruling spirit. Many of the bravest volunteers were young Americans, while the great majority of the officers were also Amer icans. Magee was made colonel, and Kemper was selected as major. As to the number of men in the expedition authorities differ ; it ranges from three hundred to seven hundred, f Scenes' at Goliad. — Marching further into Texas, the little army swept all before them till they came to Goliad or La Bahia. They easily took the fort, captur- * Magee himself strongly urged the placing of Gutierres in command. This was done to draw into the expedition the Mexican Republicans (those who favored Mexico freeing herself from Spain). Among these men Gutierres, who had already suflfered much for the cause of Mexican Uberty, possessed great influ ence, whUe Magee was comparatively unknown. t -When it is remembered that at this time the United States was at war -with England, and Mexico was in the midst of revolutions, it wUl not seem strange that the history of these expeditions was not more accurately compiled. Greater events engrossed pubUc attention. 38 SCENES AT GOLIAD. tl81S. mg the military chest, several pieces of artillery (OtJ of -^rhich was said to have been brought over by La Salle), and a large supply of pro-visions. In a few days they were attacked by an army of Spanish Royahsts, numbering at least 1400 men, under command of Salcedo and Herrera. Again and again the Royalists stormed the fort, but again and again they were repulsed by Magee's brave forces. The Spanish then closed in their lines for a siege, think ing famine would force Magee's troops to surrender ; the provisions stored in the fort, however, were plentiful, while the expert American scouts found little trouble in sallying forth at night to drive in cattle from the sur rounding country.* Tet within the fort there was sad ness ; for while heroic valor kept at bay the Spanish foe, there entered the walls that enemy against which even the bravest mortals are powerless— death; its awful shadow had for some time hung over the young com mander, f Early in February, 1813, he died, and Samuel * One of the most spirited engagements duriug the siege bears the prosaic name of " The Battle of the -White Cow." Salcedo's men were driving up a white cow, when she suddenly ran across the river toward the fort ; a party of Amer icans rushed out to drive her within the walls ; the opposing forces met and a flerce skirmish foUowed in which the Spanish were worsted. t Captain McKim, a Texas veteran, who was a member of Magee's expedition, left in manuscript a strange story of Magee's last days. Yoakum, the historian, ac cepts the statements of MoKim. The story runs that during a few days of truce General Salcedo invited Magee to dine -with him. At this interview, Magee agreed to surrender the fort to Saloedo, -with the understanding that aU the EepubUcan army should be sent home in perfect safety. On his return Magee had aU the troops paraded, told them what he had done, and asked aU who approved to shoulder arms. As the soldiers Ustened, expressions of amazement crept into their faces — that he, their brave, daring young leader, shoiUd ad-vise such a step I Few obeyed the order to " shoulder arms." Many, to show their displeasure, struck their guns heavily upon the ground. Magee stood a few moments in silence, then tumed. "13.1 EKA OF riLIBUaXEBS. 39 Kemper was elected colonel to succeed him. After a final, most furious charge, in which the Spanish were re pulsed with a loss of 200 men, Salcedo abandoned the siege and retreated toward San Antonio (February, 1813). Battle of Rosillo.— Colonel Kemper (March, 1813) decided to march on to San Antonio, where Salcedo was encamped.* The Americans now numbered about one thousand, while the enemy had a force of more than two thousand. On nearing San Antonio, the Americans made an attack and drove the Spaniards from the field, though, n addition to their greater number of men, the enemy had several pieces of artillery, and possessed every ad vantage as to knowledge of the surrounding country. A demand was sent to Salcedo, to surrender San An tonio. He asked until morning for consideration, but received the curt reply : " Either present yourself and staff in our camp at once, or we shall storm the town." The fort was given up.f The "victorious army entered the and -with downcast head entered his tent. Soon a messenger bearmg a flag of truce came, bringing a note from Salcedo asking why the fort wa.s not surrendered, as had been promised. No reply was sent. Salcedo then made a furious attack upon the fort. Though the Americans were confused and distressed by Magee's course, yet they raUied and drove back the Spaniards in confusion. During this time Magee remained in his tent. That night at twelve he died — some say by his own hand. Baker (see Baker's Texas History, page 227) says he learned directly from Col. HaU, a personal acquaintance of Magee, that Capt. McKim was mistaken, and that Magee died of consumption. The distinguished veteran and statesman, Hon. Guy M. Bryan, agrees with Baker. * Kemper and his men, after the four months' siege was ended, spent some days In resting, laying in suppUes and waiting for reinforcements ; in the mean time new troops arrived uuder the command of Major Eeuben Eoss. Just why this battle was so named is not now kno-wn. t -When Salcedo came to give up his sword, he offered it to Capt. Taylor, who sent him to Col. Kemper. On proffering it to the latter, he was told tp take it ¦40 BATTLE OF THE ALAZAN. [1813, town, took possession of all treasures, rewarded all sol diers,* and released all prisoners found in San Antonio. Would that this were all ! But the picture has a darker side. The soldiers of the conquered army were released, and the officers paroled. Since reaching San Antonio, Gutierres had assumed more authority than before. He announced to his force that he deemed it wise to send the Spanish officers to New Orleans, to remain until the war closed. All agreed to this — the Americans never dreaming of the infamous plot that Gutierres was se cretly cherishing. Salcedo and his officers started, un der the charge of a party of Mexicans, commanded by Delgado for the sea-coast. After going a short distance they were stopped and told to prepare for death. With fiendish delight the Mexicans then tied all securely, and cut their throats, f As the Americans considered their honor pledged for the safety of Salcedo and his companions, a number of the best men, including Kemper and Lockett, left the expedition as soon as they heard of the murder. Gutierres was deprived of his command. Battle of the Alazan. — Other Americans came in to take the place of those who left, for the fame of Texas climate and Texas soil, together with the report of vie- to General Gutierres. Salcedo's patience was exhausted, nor would his pride brook further insult. He took his sword, ran it in the ground before Gutierres and left it there. * The Indians asked as their chief reward two dollars' worth of vermilion. tThe excuse given by Gutierres for the murder was that Captain Delgado had on bended Iniees begged that he might thus avenge the murder of his father, who had met death through Salcedo. A grand excuse for butchering the entire staff of offlcers I Mrs. Holly has well termed Gutierres a Sauoho Panza iu time of war, but a person of importance in time of peace. 1813;J ERA OF FILIBUSTERS. 41 tories gained by Magee's men, had drawn to San Antonio many adventurous spirits, Ross was made commander of the forces. Suddenly news came that Ehsondo, a Spanish general, was approaching with a force of 3000 men and that he was determined to destrov utterly the little band of Americans and Mexicans. Oapt. Ross, ha-ying been warned by his Mexican wife that the Mexi can troops were planning to desert, wished to retreat from San Antonio. As the other officers refused to follow his ad-vice, he left the expedition and Perry was chosen leader. Elisondo, ha-ving encamped on the Al azan (June, 1813), demanded that San Antonio be sur rendered, promising that all Americans should be sent home in safety, but stating that Oapt. Delgado and the Mexican soldiers would be tried for the murder bf Salcedo and the other Spanish officers. If the Mexi cans had expected to desert the Americans they now found it to their interest to change their plans ; in most imploring terms they begged Perry to trust them, prom ising to acquit themselves in battle like heroes. Perry sent Elisondo a positive refusal to surrender the city. The Americans now restored Gutierres to command, thinking this action would tend to keep the Mexicans more firmly bound to them. Seeing there was no time to be lost Perry resolved to steal upon the enemy un awares. In the fair dawn of the June morning, as the Spanish were at their matins. Perry and his men burst like an avalanche upon them ; the pickets were captured, the flags taken, the guns seized before the Spanish re- 42 BATTLE OF THE MEDINA. f-"^^- alized the situation. Rallying, they fought bravely, but to no avail. The Americans and 700 Mexicans, — the latter under the lion-hearted Menchaco, — who, true to their word, did fight like heroes, swept all before them Elisondo escaped with a mere handful of men, leaving 400 dead and wounded on the field, while the American.'^ had not more than 20 killed and 24 wounded. Battle of the Medina (August 18, 1813).— The Ameri cans, finding that they could trust Gutierres in nothing, deposed him, and placed Toledo* (te-ia'do) in his place. This step caused much dissatisfaction among the Mexi cans. Fortune, that had long smiled upon the Repub licans, now turned her face. General Arredondo, a distinguished officer of the Royal army, hearing of Eli- sondo's defeat, immediately set to work (July, 1813) collecting forces with which to crush the Republicans and win back Texas to the support of the Spanish King. Elisondo was ordered to gather his scattered troops and join the command of Arredondo. The com bined forces, amounting to about 4000 men, marched toward San Antonio, but halted six mUes south of the Medina, where they threw up breastworks in the form of an angle with the opening toward San Antonio ; thus : •< ; this formed a most successful trap for the *Don JosS Alvarez Toledo, descended from a distinguished Spanish family, was by birth a Cuban. Coming to Mexico, he showed his EepubUcan sympathies too plainly, and was banished. During Magee's expedition he busied himself in Loui siana coUecting and forwarding troops to assist in freeing Texas. In July, 1813, he went to San Antonio, where he received a hearty welcome from all except the Mexicans under Menchaco ; they hated him because he was a Gaohupin, that is, a puT-e-blooded Spaniard, 1813.1 ERA OF FILIBUSTERS. -iS unsuspecting enemy. Toledo being informed of the ap proach of Arredondo, advanced from San Antonio toward Laredo ; crossing the Medina he came upon the Royahst forces.* Toledo led his men to the attack (August 18, 1813). At the first charge, the Spaniards, acting accord ing to the orders of their general, pretended to be terror- stricken and fled toward the vertex of their fortification ; the .A_mericans eagerly followed, whereupon the enemy, turning, closed in their lines, thus crowding the Amer icans between the sides of the angle. Toledo, just then perceiving the snare into which he had been led, gave the order to retreat. One wing obeyed. But the other, shouting, "No ; we never retreat," rushed to their death. One of the leaders of the Mexican troops obeyed no command of Toledo's, and finally added treachery to his other crimes by going over -with his men to the enemy. The Americans fought bravely ; but what could they do against such odds ? Ensnared, separated, with ammunition exhausted, with treason in their midst, with the enemy's reserve pouring upon them a deadly fire, they were forced to flee. Then began a scene 'of terrible butchery, for the Spaniards spared none. Thirsting for blood, they drank their flU.t Of the eight hundred and fifty Ameri- •In justice to Toledo, it must be stated that lie -v^as opposed to crossing the Medina, -wishing to await on the left bank the attack of the enemy. The Americans and Mexicans, made reckless by their recent victories, demanded that they be led to battle, and, against his better judgment, Toledo yielded. t Seventy or eighty prisoners were captured near Spanish Bluff. These were taken, securely tied, and placed in groups of ten upon huge pieces of timber, beneath which a grave had been dug. The captives were then shot, their bodies f aUtng into the ya-wning pit. Delgado was one of the -victims. 44 EFFECT OF TI'E BATTLE. tlSia cans engaged in the battle, only ninety-three succeeded in escaping, among whom were Perry, Taylor, and Bullard. * Effect of the Battle.— The effect of this defeat upon the Republican cause in Texas was most disastrous. The Spanish soldiers swept the whole country, venting their -wrath not alone upon men but also upon the help less women and children, f San Antonio, Nacogdoches, and Trinidad suffered especially. Scores of the best citi zens of Texas fled to Louisiana, for they now had nothing to expect in Texas but death, and that in its most cruel form.t Ruin and desolation were to be seen on aU sides. • Toledo, though badly wounded, escaped to the United States, where he continued to assist the cause of Texas independency But at last, disappointed in aU his plans, he submitted to the Spanish King and was made ambassador to the court of Naples. He always cherished the greatest admiration for American bravery, de claring on more than one occasion, " With 2000 such heroes as the Americans who fought the battle of the Medina I could conquer aU Mexico." Colonel Navarro says : " As late as 1822, Trespalacios, Govemor of Texas, in crossing the Medina on his way to Bexar, passed over the battle-field of Aug. 18, 1813. It was strewn with human bones. He had them coUected and buried -with miUtary honors. On a large oak he placed a tablet with this inscription : ' Here lie the braves -who, imitating the immortal example of Leonidas, sacrificed their fortunes and Uves, contending against tyrants.' " + Yoakum says : " Arredondo imprisoned 500 of the wives, daughters, and other female relatives of the patriots in San Antonio ; they were compeUed daily to con vert 24 bushels of Indian corn into Mexican cakes, oaUed tortillas, for Arredondo's army. EUsondo, who had gone as far as the Trinity in pursuit of fugitives, returned driving before him on foot the -widows and orphans of those he had slain there. The property of the patriots was confiscated." The cruelty of EUsondo brought its own punishment. One of his lieutenants, becoming crazed from the horror of the bloody deeds daily committed, became con-vinced that he too was to be kUledby the General ; in a moment of -wild insanity he mortally wounded Elisondo, who was buried on the banks of the beautiful San Marcos. t Nearly as horrible as the tragedy of the Black Hole of Calcutta is this story of Arredondo's cruelty : On a stifiing August night 300 citizens of San Antonio were imprisoned -within one apartment ; so foul did the atmosphere become that 18 of the men died from suffocation before moming. The survivors were shot without the semblance of a trial. 1816.] ERA OF FILIBUSTERS. 45 The Republicans on Galveston Island.— While the outlook for the Republicans in Mexico and Texas was gloomy, yet there still remained some patriots who never gave up hope.* The scene of action now shifted to Gal veston Island.t While Morelos, the patriot priest, was in power, he had appointed, as commissioner from the Re public of Mexico to the United States, Herrera. In 1816, Herrera was still living in New Orleans, waiting for a favorable opportunity to renew the struggle for Mexican Liberty. He conceived the plan of sending out privateers into the Gulf of Mexico to ruin the Spanish trade with all American countries. Galveston Harbor was selected as the most favorable place for the headquarters. In Sep tember, 1816, Herrera sailed for Galveston Island, accom panied by Lo-ais de Aury, whom he made commander of the fleet of the Republic of Mexico and governor of Texas.J They organized a miniature Republic of Mexico and claimed the rights of a regular government. Here, too, came Mina, a brave Spanish warrior who had beeu exiled on account of his liberty-loving spirit, and Colonel • Napoleon had f aUen at Waterloo, and the ancient race of kings had been re stored to the Spanish throne, but thoughtful men saw that these kings were no longer considered even by the mass of the common people as the " Chosen of God." New thoughts, new hopes, new longings had come to the people ; never again could monarchs expect blind devotion and ignorant idolatry from their subjects. The student of the world felt clearly that for Mexico to become a republic was only a question of time. t The island was so called from Count de Galvez, -viceroy of Mexico and gov- femor of Texas and Louisiana. t Aury was specially famous for his exploits in South and Central America. With only twelve vessels, he, during the siege of New Granada, made his way through a fleet of 35 royal war-ships, and bore to places of safety hundreds of patriots who would otherwise have been muraered. 46 REPUBLICANS ON GALVESTON ISLAND. 1181T Perry, who so narrowly escaped death in the battle of th( Medina.* For a time all went well; many rich prizes were captured ; Spanish commerce on the Gulf was de stroyed and the little republic had money in abundance. Herrera was compelled for business reasons to return to New Orleans, and when he left trouble began to come upon the Galveston colony. Many of Aury's soldiers had been freebooters, and still cared more for money than for honor; these did not confine their attacks to Spanish vessels, but seized ships belonging to the Uni ted States and other nations. Some of the men and offi cers engaged in the slave trade, smuggling the negroes into the United States, though this was positively against the law; all engaged in this privateering were declared by our government to be pirates subject to the penalties of this high crime. Worse even than this was the fact that the leaders disagreed among themselves. Aury wished to confine their operations to Texas, but Mina longed for the wider field of work that the liberation of Mexico offered. Perry sided with Mina. Finally a truce having been made to all quarrels, and the buildings on Galveston Island ha-ving been burned, the entire force sailed a-way (March, 1817) to Sota la Marina (a town on the Santander River, some 60 miles from its mouth), * In 1815, Perry pubUshed in New Orleans papers the statement that a force was preparing to invade Texas, that already a thousand Americans had promised at the word of command to march to the assistance of the Mexican patriots, that History would inscribe the names of aU such men on the roll of heroes. President Madison forbade the expedition, saying the United States, as a neutral power, had no right to interfere -with Mexican affairs, but in spite of the President's command Perry -with a few meu orossed the Sabine into Texas. W17.J ERA OF FILIBUSTERS. 47 which they learned was in a defenseless condition. Here strife again arose among the three leaders and Aury abandoned the enterprise, going with his men to Florida. Perry soon saw that it would be sheer madness to follow Mina, who, -with his little band, was still resolved to free Mexico ; Perry too turned his course northward.* Thus the first settlement on Galveston Island was quite de stroyed, leaving no permanent results. Lafitte the Pirate. — Jean Lafitte, a Frenchman by "birth, was for several years a blacksmith in New Orleans. Of his early life many strange stories are told, but nothing is positively known until he is found agent for the smug gling vessels that, since the Embargo Act passed by the United States (1807), were doing a fine business on the Louisiana coast, f He gathered about him a set of daring seamen, and established himself on the island of Grand Terre (gran ter), about sixty miles from the Mississippi Delta. Here he made a fortune by smuggling goods into the United States. Not being able to disperse the smug glers the Governor of Louisiana offered $500 for Lafitte's • Perry -with only 52 men, wonderful as it may seem, managed to retrace his steps in safety as far as (jtoliad, which fort he bravely attacked, ignorant of the fact that a force of the enemy was in pursuit of him. With superior numbers in both front and rear it is no wonder that every man in the band was killed ; rather than surrender or be slain by the foe. Perry blew out his o-wn brains. Mina also met a tragic death ; after many attempts to assist the cause of Mexican Uberty he was captured by the Eoyalists and shot (November, 1817). + Toalrum. says Lafitte feU iu love -with a beautiful woman, became jealous of aU about her, chaUenged and IdUed his rival, and hence was forced to take refuge in the South. Bancroft relates that a naval ofiicer who -visited Lafitte heard from the pirate's own Ups this story of his life : " Eighteen years before he had been a merchant at Santo Domingo, and ha-vlng become rich, he wound up his affairs, sold his property, bought a ship, and freighted her -with a valuable 48 LAFITTE THE PIRATE. 11814 head. The Frenchman was not to be outdone, for he at once offered $15,000 for the Governor's head. An armed force was sent out against him, but Lafitte surrounded the men, and, after sho-wing them that they were entirely at his mercy, gave them not only their freedom but many rich gifts. His establishment was at last so nearly destroyed by ships from the United States navy, that he and his men were forced to keep very quiet. In 1814, British officers went to Barataria (ba ra'ta're a) — as the settlement on Grand Terre was called— to offer Lafitte £30,000, the rank of post captain, and the command of a frigate, if he would assist them in the war they were then waging against the United States. While Lafitte's crimes were not few, he did not commit that unpardonable sin — treachery to the country to which he had sworn allegiance. He requested several days to con- cargo, including a large amount of specie. Having set sail for Europe -with his -wife on board, he was captured, when a week at sea, by a Spanish man-of-war, and robbed of everything he possessed. The Spanish captain had the inhumanity to set him and the crew ashore on a barren sand-key, -with provisions for a few days. They were taken off by an American schooner and landed at New Orleans, where his -wife died in a few days from fever, contracted from hardship and exposure. Lafitte, in desperation, joined some daring feUows, and having purchased a schooner, declared eternal vengeance against Spain. ' Por flfteen years,' he said, ' I have carried on war against Spain. So long as I live I am at war with Spain, but no other nation. I am at peace with all the world except Spain. Although they caU me a pirate, I am not guilty of attacking any vessel of the English oi French.'" JEAN LATITTE. t-lS"- EEA OP FILIBUSTERS. 49 sider their offer. His request was granted. He at once sent the proposal of the English, together with a patriotic letter from himself, to Mr. Blanque, a State officer of Louisiana.* Lafitte on Galveston Island. — In this letter he ov- fered his ser-vices to the United States. His offer wa& accepted, and he was received once more into respectable society. In the battle of New Orleans he fought so bravely that the President of the United States granted him a full pardon for his past offenses. At the close of the war, however, the longing for the old life of daring and adventure returned. He had from Venezuela let ters of marque (official papers granting him the right) to prey upon the commerce of Spain. About this time Mina, Aury, and Perry left Galveston Island, and Lafitte selected (April, 1817) the island as his headquarters. Soon a thousand men had rallied about him, and -i thriv- * LETTER FROM LAPITTE TO MR. BLANQUE. Baeatabia, September 14, 1814, Sm:— Though proscribed by my adopted country, I -wiU never let slip any opportunity of serving her, or of proving that she has never ceased to be dear to me. Of this you -wiU here see a con-vincing proof. Yesterday there appeared heie. under a flag of truce, a boat coming from an English brig at anchor about two leagues from the pass. A British offlcer of high rank deUvered to me the follow ing papers : two directed to me, a proclamation, and the admiral's instruction to that offlcer, aU here-with inclosed. You will see from their contents the advantage I might have derived from that kind of association. I may have evaded the pay ment of duties to the custom-house, but I have never ceased to be a good citizen ; and aU the offenses I have committed, I was forced to by certain -vices iu our laws. In short, Sir, I make you the depository of the secret on which perhaps depends the tranquiUity of our country. Please to make such use of it as your judgment may direct. I naight expatiate on this proof, but I let the fact speak for itself. Be so kind as to assist me -with your judicious counsel in so weighty au affair. I have the honor to salute you. J. Lafitte. 60 TEXAS EXCHANGED. (1817. ing to-wn had sprung up. He claimed that the letters of marque gave him full power to pursue his course as a privateer, but in order to make himself doubly safe he organized a Mexican Republic, appointed all necessary officers and forced all new-comers to take the oath of al legiance to Mexico. In spite of all this he was looked upon by the world at large as a pirate, and was known far and near as the "Pirate of the Gulf." He lived in grand style, entertained all visitors royally, and was so successful in his efforts against Spain that Spanish com merce has never recovered from the injuries then re ceived. In personal appearance, Lafitte was tall, hand some, of dignified bearing and of courteous manners. His men had strict orders not to interfere with Ameri can ships, Spain being the country against which, ac cording to their commission, they claimed right to wage war. Some of the seamen, failing to obey his commands, the American government compelled Lafitte and his entire colony (1821) to leave Galveston forever.* Thus ended the second settlement on Galveston Island. Texas Exchanged. — In 181 9, the United States agreed to give up all claims to Texas, if Spain would sell to her Florida. Spain complied, and Texas was abandoned by * -When Lieutenant Kearney, who had been sent out by the United States govemment to destroy Lafitte's settlement, approached Galveston, Lafitte came out to meet him, greeted him cordially, took him as a guest to the Eed House (as Lafitte's home was caUed), and entertained him in princely fashion. Seeing, how ever, that the offlcer was resolved to do his full duty Lafitte gracefully submit ted to the inevitable and quickly made his preparations to leave. Lafitte died some years later in Yucatan. It is said that he buried immense treasures on Galveston Island. Many have sought, but no one has found them. 1810.J ERA OF FILIBUSTERS. 51 our government ; * but many Americans denied the right of Congress to sell or exchange any portion of American possessions, and sent up to Washington strong protests against the action of Congress. Some of the wisest states men of the day opposed the course of the government. Long's First Expedition.— The people of Natchez, Miss., were so displease(3 at the action of our government that they not only protested against it, but organized an expedition to invade Texas. Dr. James Long was made leader of the expedition, f Entering upon his duties with the deepest interest and the greatest zeal, Long, accom panied by his wife and child, set out (June, 1819) with 75 men for Nacogdoches: before he reached this point his force had increased to 300 men, among whom was Gutierres. As soon as they arrived at Nacogdoches the invaders held a convention and solemnly declared Texas to be a free and independent republic. Long was chosen President, a fuU staff of officers was elected, and public lands were offered for sale on reasonable terms. In order to gain a firm foothold in the country, Long established several trading places throughout the neighboring sec- * The annals of Congress state that the boundary line between Spanish posses sions and the United States territory was fixed as follows : " It was to begin at the mouth of the river Sabine, continuing north along the westem bank of that river to latitude 32° ; then by a line due north to the degree of latitude where it strikes Eed Eiver ; theu following the course of that river westward to longitude 23° west from Washington ; crossing said river, it was to run by a line due north to the Ar kansas, following the southern bank of that river to its source in latitude 42° north, an4 thence by that parallel to the Pacific. tDr. Long had already distinguished himself for skill and courage at the battle of New Orleans where he became a marked favorite "with General Jackson. Upon marrying Miss Jane Wilkinson, a niece of General WiUdnaon, Long settled at Natchez. 52 long's second expedition. [laia tion.* In September, Tiong set out for Galveston Island CO try to obtain aid from Lafitte ; he had just reached the Coushatta village when, he learned that a large Roy alist army ..ifas marching to attack his colony. Sending back word ta his wife to lose no time in escaping into Louisiana, an 1 ordering his under officers to concentrate their forces, h 3 hurried on to Galveston, Lafitte received him cordially, wished him the greatest success, but posi tively refused to aid him, saying: "A close study of Nolan's, Male's, Mina's, and Aury's expeditions has con vinced mft that no such invasion can succeed unless backed by a large, well-disciplined military force." Start ing on his homeward journey. Long was met everywhere by bad tidings ; at ali points his men had been defeated while his brother had been kiUed. He reached Nacog doches only to find it deserted, the inhabitants ha-ving fled at the news of the approach of the enemy. Long himself came near being captured. He was, however, rejoiced to find his wife and child safe, and many of his men waiting him at Point Bolivar. Long's Second Expedition. — Not discouraged by the failure of his first expedition. Long hurried to New Or leans, where he obtained new forces and new supplies. Don Felix Trespalacios, a famous Mexican exile, also * The plans for carrying out this idea were made -with the greatest care. Da-vid Long, Dr. Long's brother, was placed in charge of a trading post at the upper crossing of the Trinity and was speciaUy ordered to do aU in his power to -win and retain the good will of the Indians. Johnson was to carry out the same plan on the Brazos. Smith, -with a force of 40 men, was stationed at the Coushatta vil lage on the Trinity. Walker buUt a fort on the Brazos while Cook fortified Pecao Point on the Red River. 18S14 BRA OF FILIBUSTERS. 5a joined the expedition. The patriots, as they fondly called themselves, sailed to Point Bolivar; here Trespalacios and his men left the rest of the party, and sailed down the coast to land in Mexico, where they hoped to raise more troops. Long, leaving his family at the little fort, advanced to Goliad and captured the town. Of what follows there are many conflicting reports; we know positively only that three days after the taking of Goliad, Long was attacked by a large body of Royalists, and that after a stubborn fight he surrendered.* After months of delay Long was permitted to go to the City of Mexico, where Iturbide had just come into power, and where the cause of Hberty seemed to triumph over all difficulties. Trespalacios was also in the Mexican capital and was made governor of Texas. Long was treated as an hon ored guest. One day when calling on the Minister of Chili as he entered the palace he was shot and killed by a Mexican soldier; the mystery of his assassination has never been explained, f * Some authorities claim that after Long and his men had made a most heroic resistance, the enemy sent in a fiag of truce, saying : " We have just discovered that you too are patriots; let us then be friends." "But why are you fighting under the royal banners?" demanded Long. "That is only a device to save us from any of the King's troops who may be near," they answered. The Ameri cans, accepting the story, surrendered only to flnd themselves entrapped. -I- Some of Long's friends believed that Trespalacios, jealous of Long's popu larity, hired the soldier to murder him. Several historians discredit this story, and say that Long, on one occasion, demanded entrance into the barraclis ; the. guard refused to admit him ; Long struck the sentinel, who it once shot him. Mrs. Long spent many weary months waiting her husband's retum ; for days she, her chUdren, and a negro servant-girl were alone at Point BoUvar. After Dr. Long's murder she went to Natchez, but retumed to Texas where she lived honored and revered to the extreme age of 80 years. She took a prominent part in trelcoming the volunteers who came to aid Texas in her struggle for independence 54 CLOSING REMARKS. l^^^^- Closing Remarks. — The careful student will not deem the men who were prominent during this period mer« adventurers. The Monroe Doctrine teaches that we shall allow no European nation to rule any section of North or South America. Belief in the wisdom of this principle (though President Monroe did not announce the Monroe Doctrine till some years later) did much toward influen cing the leaders of expeditions to enter Texas. That the Spanish government was tyrannical, and the early Mexi can Republic equally so, was known to the world. The knowledge that they were striking for freedom encour aged the filibusters to believe their cause would succeed, but in 1821 the prospect in Texas was dark indeed. Long's invasion had so enraged the officers in power that scores of peaceful settlers were driven from the country and their property destroyed. Fields that once bore the richest harvests were now waste and barren. The population did not amount to 4000 ci-vUized per sons. Smugglers infested the coasts, and freebooters from Lafitte's settlement spread terror throughout East ern Texas. It is with relief that we turn from this gloomy chapter in our State's liistory. ERA OF FILIBUSTERS. 6£ BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. L Condition of Mexico. ¦ 1. Eevolutiouimder Hidalgo. (1809-1810.) 2. Second Eevolution. 3. Empire under Iturbide. 4. EepubUc estabUshed. (1823.) n. Nolan's Expedition. (1797.) TTT. Spadt vebscs United States IV. Maoeb's Expedition. ¦ 1. PhUip Nolan. 2. Eeasons for j a. Beal. Expedition. ( b. Pretended. 3. Death of Nolan. 4. Pate of his Men, 1. Louisiana Eetumed to Prance. (1800.) 2. United States Purchases Louisiana. (1803.) 3. United States Claims Texas. 4. Spain Claims a Portion of Louisiana. 5. Neutral Ground. (1806.) 6. United States Purchases Plorida and gives up Claim to Texas. (1819.) r 1. Augustus W. Magee. 2. Three Classes of Volunteers. 3. Commanders. 4. Scenes at Goliad. 5. Magee's Death. 6. Americans Capture San Antonlft (March, 1813.) 7. Massacre of Spanish Oficers. 8. BUsondo's Defeat at the Alazan. , Battle of the Medina. (Aug. 18, 1813.) 1. Offlcers on each Side. 2. Location. 3. Plan of Spanish Fortiflcatiom. 4. Mistake of Toledo and his Meih 5. Defeat