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YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

HAND, BOOK,

BTJSINEBS, IlSr, LOWEIjJL.

HISTORY. OF, THE , CITY.

BY, CHARLES, COWLEY^ ESQ.
A. MEMBER OF TH^ MIDDLESEX BAB~

» ¦ • > >

LOWELL:
itiMislelJ iJS €. '§. ^mn.
1856.

THE ILLINOIS CENTRATRAiirROAD COMPANY
IS NOW PEEPARED TO SELL ABOUT
TWO MIllIONS of ACRES of FARMING LANDS, IN TRACTS of 40 ACRES AND UPWARDS,
On long credits, and at low rates of interest.
These lands were granted by the Government, to aid in the construction of this E.ailroad, and are
apiong the richest and most fertile in the c.t its. They extend with the Road, from Chicago on the
North-East to Cairo at the South, and from thence to Galena and Dunleith in the extreme North-
Western part of the State. Most of these lands lie immediately on, and within six miles of, the
Road, and none are more than fifteen miles distant from it ; hence, ready and cheap facilities are
furnished for transporting the products to any of the Eastern or r^outhern markets. The great in
crease of population by immigration, Sec, and the consequent rapid growth of flourishing towns and
villages on the line of the Koad and throughout the State, furnishes a substantial and growing
home demand for every kind of farm and garden produce.
In the northern and central parts of ihe State, prairie lands predominate, interspersed with mag
uificent groves of oak and other timber; in the southern, the timber is more abundant, and exceed-
ly valuable.
The soil is a dark I'ich mould, from one to Ave feet in depth, is gently rolling and peculiarly fitted
for grazing cat'le and sheep, or the cultivation of wheat, Indian cnru, etc The air is pure and
bracing, the climat-j more healthy, mild and equable than that of any other part of the Union;
while living streams and springs of excellent water abound.
Economyin cultivating and great productiveness are the well known characteristics of Illinois
lands Trees are not required lo be cut down, stumps grubbed, or stone picked off, as is generally i
the case in cultivating new lands in the older i^tates. The first crop of Indian corn, planted on the
newly broken sod, usually repays the cost of plowing and fencing.
Wheat sown on the newly turned sod is sure to yield very large profits. A man ^vith a plow and
two yoke of oxen will break one and a half to two acres per day. Contracts can be made for break
ing, ready for corn or wheat, at from $2 to $'-i per acre. By judicious management,, the land may
be plowed and fenced the first, and under a high state of cultivation the second '"ear.
Corn, grain, cattle, etc., will be forwarded at reasonable rates to Chicago, forthe east^n, and to
Cairo, forthe southern market. "'^
Bituminous coal is extensively mined along the Hoad, an^ supplies a cheap and desirable fuel j;
being furnished at many points at $1,50 to $4,00 per ton. Wood can be had at the same rate per
cord. Extensive quarries have been opened in the southern part of the State, near the line of this
Koad, of building stone of excellent quality, such as white and blue lime-stone, and white and red
sand-stone, which can bs had for a little more than the expense of transportation.
{)p-The government lands, in the Land States, having generally been withdrawn from market,
emigrants from the eastern States and Europe can be accommodated by this company with valuablsi
farms at the old prices and terms, which, in all probability, will double in value in twelve months. (^
When these land are restored to market, persons who think of settling on them, or in Minnesota,
should bear in mind that the lands of this company, at the prices for which they are sold » are better-
investments than I hose in other States or Territories more remote from market, at government
prices ; for the reason that the expense of transporting ihe products of the latter to market wjU al
ways be a heavy drawback on them, and after a few years' cultivation they require manuring, which (¦
is not the case^vith Illinois lands.
The same remarks hold good in relation to the lands in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska,
for although vacant lands may be found nearer the watercourses, the distance to market is far
greater, and every hundred miles the products of those lands are carried, either in wagons or in
terrupted water communications, increases the expense of transportation, which must be borne by.
the settlers, in the reduced price of their products ; and to that extent precisely are the incomes
from the farms, and of course on their investments, annually and every year reduced.
The great fertility of the lands now offered for sale, by tliis company, and their consequent yield
over those of the eastern and middle States, is much more than sufficient to pay the difference in
the,co8t of transportation, especially in view of the facilities furnished by thia Road, and others
With which it connects, the operations of which are not interrupted by the low water of summer
or the frost of winter.
The price will vary from $5 to «^25, according to location, quality, etc. Contracts for
Deeds may be made until further notice, stipulating the purchase money to be paid in five '
annual instalments. The first to become due in two years from date of contract, and the I
others annually thereafter. The last payment will become due at the end of the sixth year '
from the date of the contract, and thn lanrla arp nnf: snKiAr^f fn +!l¦w'lt^r^Tl Hll finollTT «Qi'/1 fn^ ',

 purchased  .
yearly be brought under cultivation. Twenty per cent, from the credit price will be deduct- ¦
ed for cash. The Company's construction bonds ivill be received as cash. '
Ready Framed Farm Buildings, which cart he set up in a few days; can he ohtained from i
responsible persons. \
They will be 12 feet by 20 feet, divided into one living and three bed- rooms, and will cost |
complete, set up on ground chosen anywhere along the road, ^260 in cash, exclusive of |
transportotion. Larger buildings may be contracted for at proportionate rates. The com-
pany will forward all the materials for such buildings over their road promptly.
I [SBS THIRD JPA.Ca-B OF OOVBB.,]

W;^

-«2#^^

HAND BOOK

09

BXJSIlSrESS IN LOT^^ELI.,

WITH A

HISTORY OE THE CITY.

BY CHARLES COWLEY, ESQ.,
A MEMBEB OF THE MIDDLESEX BAB,

¥

LOWELL:
PUBLISHED BY E. D. GREEN.
1856.

^\^

LOWELL BAILT COURIER STEAM PKESS.

YA LE

Ch

¦ -'*< hfM iyjl/

PREFACE.
Two OBJEOia have been sought to be compassed by this work.
The first was, to exhibit, by cards and advertisements, a sort of
daguerreotype view of the business of Lowell; — "to hold, as
'twere, the mirror" up to the trade and industry of this busy
and thrifty community. The other was, to present a concise and
general view of the history of this place, — from its occupation
as the head-quarters of the Pawtuoket Indians, two centuries
ago, to the close of the second decade of its existence as an in
corporated city.
In preparing this historic outline, my chief purpose has been,
to seize on the salient points, facts, incidents and events of our
urban history, together with such traditions and episodes as have
any local interest ; and to weave the whole together in the form
of a readable and interesting narrative The character of the
work did not admit of minute details, a display of erudition, or
a parade of rhetoric. The solemn monotony and stately dignity
of history, — the painful particularity and prudish precision of
chronologers and almanac-makers, — have been freely sacrificed for
the lively flow of story.
I acknowledge, with pleasure, my obligations to the City
Clerk, and to various individuals whose names delicacy forbids
me to mention, for their politeness in favoring me with the use
of records and documents, which have aided me much in the
composition of this work.
Far from wishing to cultivate in the breasts of my readers a
sentimental attachment to a place confessedly deficient in intel
lectual attractiveness and the charms of a refined social atmosphere,
— ^I still cherish the hope, that the perusal of these pages may

tend to awaken that due sense of local pride, that patriotic public
spirit, the absence of which, among us, has so often been the
subject of criticism, both from strangers and residents, heretofore.
Conscious that many things have been omitted which deserved
insertion,— I trust that nothing has been inserted which any will
wish to have had left out. If this sketch shall serve to inform
my readers of any facts, of which they are gratified to learn ;— if
it shall serve to amuse them during an hour of leisure, or to
charm away the visiting spirit of ennui ;— it will have accom
plished all that I have desired or attempted.

Lowdl, July Ut, 1856.

C. GOWLEY.

1

The Merrlmac River Valley.

Few regions on the globe possess more natural loveliness than
this valley. Few have won such renown as theatres of manufac
turing enterprise. Man and Nature, cooperating to a common
end, have here reared a noble monument of physical beauty and
mechanic art. Even in an agricultural point of view, — but
especially when considered in respect to the extent and variety
of its operations in manufactures, — this valley ranks among the
most interesting regions on the western continent.
The Indian name, Merrimac, says Douglas, an early writer,
signifies "a sturgeon." It was applied to the river in conse
quence of the abundance of sturgeon and other fish, taken from
its waters. The first settlers frequently called it "Sturgeon
River." The head of this river is on the northerly border of Merrimac
county, in New Hampshire. Here the Winnipissawkee, the outlet
of the lake of that name, unites with the Pemigewasset, which
rises in the White Mountains, that "milk the clouds." The
union of these two streams forms the great river of the valley.
The tributary waters of the Contoocook, Shahegan, Nashua, Con
cord, and a hundred lesser streams, are received by the Merri
mac at various points of its course. The general direction of the
river, during the first eighty miles of its career, is southerly ; but
after entering Massachusetts, it bends to the northeast. Having
described a Journey of a hundred and tenmiles, it discharges into
the Atlantic, a brief distance below Newburyport.
Its course is interrupted by numerous water-falls, which furnish
incipient agents of mechanism, that will endure till manufactures
perish, or these waters cease to flow. By means of dams and

HISrOKT OP LOWELL:

canals, these natural resources of water-power have been much
augmented and improved. The wild Merrimac, which once rol
led unchecked to the Atlantic, has been tamed to the purposes
of man, domesticated to labor, and charmed into bondage to "the
wizard of mechanism . ' ' Populous cities, great bee-hives of indus
try, have sprung up all along its banks, like the enchanted palaces
of the Araraan tales. The whole valley, from lake to sea, teems
with the sights and sounds of the spindle and the loom.
At the head of this valley stands Concord, the capital of New
Hampshire, "the Switzerland of America." Below Concord is
Hooksetl, just rising into the eminence of her sister-cities. A
little lower is Manchester, a fine miniature of her English name
sake. Where a single saw-mill stood, twenty years ago, now
stand the Stark Mills, which consume more cotton, and weave
more cloth, than any similar establishment of which the world
can boast. Fifteen miles lower is Nashua, and still lower looms
up the Queen-City of the valley, — Lowell,— the subject of this
sketch. Ten miles lower on the river, —
" Which still in varying beauty flows along,"—
is Lawrence, — fitly named after the great Merchant Prince, the
Medici of America. Ten years ago, a few sandy farms were all
that it contained. Now, it displays a double row of factories,
among which is the largest mill in the world ; and the sites of
many others yet to be. Below Lawrence are Haverhill, Brad
ford, West Newbury, Salisbury, the two Amesburys, with
Newburyport, the key of them all.
With a population of two hundred thousand souls,— all engaged
in the industry of the factory or of the farm,— what an aggregate
of productive force is here ! In adventurous enterprise, in energy
of character, in general intelligence,— not to mention civil and
religious freedom,— the people of this valley are unsurpassed by
any of the communities of Christendom. But when we consider
in what struggles they are engaged, and what difficulties beset
aheir path to competence, we shall find that the life of these indus
trious artizans, whose fabrics are sold in all the marts of the world,
is anything but paradisical ;— it is not the life of which poets have

HAND-BOOE OE ITS BUSINESS. 7

A. LAWRENCE, M. D.,

S'TSy S^ *uV? 6^^ S^i
fdiy j*'m ^(M Mr ji

^:pj

Office and Residence No. 11 John Street,
(ESTABLISHED Oct. 1st, 1839.)

DR. LAWKENOE INSEETS THE

'BEST PREMIUM TEETH,
ON
GOLD PLATE AS PURE AS GOLD COll

THOSE PEEFEEKINO
umm, m mim mmm fimm
CAN BE ACCOMMODATED.
Teeth Pilled with Chemically Pure Gold.
Extracting, Cleansing, &c., attended to.
CHAKGES ACCOKDING TO CIRCUMSTANCES.
Dentists wishing Fancy Work to exhibit at Fairs, supplied at
short notice.
1^ To avoid all mistakes in the person or locality, remember
John Steeet, No. 11, opposite Samuel Kidder's
Apothecary Store.

sung ; — it is not the fairy-life of Atlantis, Utopia and the Isles
of the Blest.
Who shall say, that, when some centuries shall have rolled by,
this valley will not fill a place in history, similar to that of the
Nile, 'the Euphrates, the Rhine, or the River'G-od Granges?
Who shall say, that, gome centuries later stUl, some travelOr,^-
moved by the curiosity which led Layard to Ninevah, and Park
to Ethiopia, — shall not brood over the ruins of these temples of
industry, when our mechanical civilization, like the martial civili
zation of the ancients, has forever passed away ?
The admiring genius of Whittier has attuned his lyre to the
praise of our Merrimac : — -I have stood

Where Hudson rolled his lordly flood ;
Looked down the Appallachian peak
On Juniata's silver streak ;
Have seen along his valley gleam
The Mohawk's softly winding stream ;
The level light of sunset shine
Through broad Potomac's hem of pine ; ,
And autumn's rainbow-tinted banner
Hang lightly o'er the Susquehanna;
Yet yheresoe'er his step might be,
Thy wandering chil4 looks back to thee."

Topography and Natural Scenery.
The city is situated at the confluence, and on both sides, of
the Merrimac and Concord rivers. Its bounds, as extended by
repeated annexations of circumjacent territory, include about six
square miles. The Pawtiicket Falls on the Merrimac, and the
Wamesit Falls on the Concord, are both embraced within its
precincts. It is twenty-five miles north-west from Boston.
The natural scenery of the place is marked by the same pic-
turesqueness which characterizes the whole valley of the Merrimac.
It has neither the grandeur of the AUegbanies, which
" Have pinnacled in clouds their snowy scalps," 
nor the limitless expanse of the western prairies, rolling in un
broken billows towards the regions of sunset. But it presents a

PFBE AND UlfADULTERATED MEDICINES,
I have spared no pains in procuring those in which the peculiar characteris
tics and active properties are unaltered ; — thus guaranteeing to the buyer or
consumer, the genuineness of every article sold by me.
I would therefore beg leave respectfully to call the attention of all interested,
to my stock of
DRUGS AND MEDICINES,
assuring them that they have been bought with the greatest care, and are
ofiered at the
Same Prices Charged for Inferior Qualities!
Having recently enlarged and improved my store, I am now-prepared, iHth
greatly increased facilities, for my business, and acoommodatiou for jny
patrons, to wait upon those who may call, and trust, by strict attention; to
business, and a courteous and gentlemanly deportment towards all, to merit
a liberal share of the public patronage.
Physicians and Dealers from tlie Country
are invited to call and examine a large and well selected stock of
DRUGS, CHEMICALS, DYE STUFFS, &c.
which will be sold as low as at any establishment in the country.
1 have also on hand
A General Assortment of Fancy Goods, Perfumery, Toilet Articles, &Ci, &c..
For Ladies' and Gentlemen's usei
Medicines carefully dispensed at all hours of the day or night.
To lovers of that delightful beverage. Soda, I would say that I sell a supe
rior article, manufactured by myself, and drawn from an improved fountain
which is iced to the very mouth of the pipe, thereby preserving a coolness
which cannot fail to be refreshing.
bv the gallon or barrel.
BDW'D BUSH,
Corner of Merrimack , and Central Streets,«finder the Methodist Episcopal
Church, Lowell, Mass.

HISTOET OE LOWELL;

beautiful combination of hill and valley, of river and water-fall,
which neither mountain nor prairie alone can give. Whittier
pronounces the scenery about the Falls at Pawtucket, as inter
esting as any landscape beneath "the sunny skies of Italy."
The whole arcana of Nature discloses few scenes more lovely than
the panorama spread out before the beholder from Christian Hill,
in Dracutt.
The great extent of this natural amphitheatre, — the well de
fined outline of the horizon, — the intersecting rivers, and the
bridges which span them, — the noble blue mountain of Wauchu-
sett in the distance, — Fort-Hill, the red man's "last abode," —
the coalition of art and nature,— the close proximity and agreeable
contrast between town and country, — the monumental chimneys,
— the mill belfries — the rows of factories — the steeples and crosses
of the churches pointing heavenward — the unnumbered gable-
spires of a populous city — the glorious dissolving view of the
White Mountains, those " Alps of America," whose crests of
eternal granite seem lost in the distant upper sky, — the azure
canopy of heaven, "that overhangs this wide spread landscape,
reflecting every lineament of beauty, — all these constitute a
scene upon which the beholder that hath "music in his -soul,"
may gaze forever without satiety.

Indian Antiquities.
When the pilgrims landed at Plymouth, in 1620, all New
England was inhabited by five great tribes, or confederacies, of
Indians. The Massachmetts occupied the territory about Massa
chusetts Bay ; the Narragansetts, that about Narragansett Bay ;
the Pohonohets peopled the south-easterly part of Massachusetts ;
the Pequots, the valley of the Connecticut ; and the Pawtuchets,
the whole valley of the Merrimac, including what now consti
tutes the State of New H^tmpshire. The aggregate population
of these five nations did not exceed twenty-five thousand souls,
^^P^oHT^P-^  ,-£Vu^V€>?>^

HAND-BOOK OE ITS BUSINESS.

E^.A.T'TESrLrcr

MOEEL MA^UEAGTOJaY,
No. 20 Middle St., Lowell, Mass.

X

W/

A .y\\
-X
Patterns for machinery, of every description, made at short notice, and in
the best possible manner.
Particular attention given to the manufacture of
GEARS of EVERY SIZE and KIND.
Executed with skill and taste unsurpassed.

WR^ Af \°r ff^ W Wn

9

Of Suitable Size for the Patent Office,
Or for representation, (however complicated or simple,) will be made, to the
entire satisfaction of parties interested in the same.
R E pTeRJEN^O E :

HISTOET OE LOWELL:

V

It had formerly been very much greater ; but the ravages of
ijjestilence and war had made awful havoc among these tribes.
Each of these confederacies comprehended numerous lesser
,, tribes. Each had a territory, with villages, customs, laws, and
an independent chief of its own. Each village contained from
two to three hundred people. The sachems of the smaller tribes
were tributary to the grand sachem. The P6nnacooks, the Aga-
wams, the Naamkeeks,' with various other Indian communities,
acknowledged the sovereignty of the Pawtuckets, who, when the
whites first came, numbered three or four thousand in all. The
two names, Pawtucket and Wamesit, are frequently confounded
together by the earlier writers, when treating of these Indian
tribes. The capital of the Pawtuckets was at the junction of the Mer
rimac iand Concord, and at Pawtucket Falls, where Lowell now
stands. Why this place was selected for their chief settlement,
may be easily perceived. These lands possessed great fertility ;
the hunting-grounds were good ; and the rivers swarmed with
the most delicious fish. Sturgeon, salmon, shad, eels, alewives,
and other varieties of fish, were here taken by the canoe-load.
Moreover, the loca,tion was eminently central. The Concord
and the upper Merrimac communicated, by canoe navigation, with
a vast region in the interior ; while the lower Merrimac afforded a
safe and easy channel to the sea-board. The wild ami picturesque
scenery of this place must also have addressed itself strongly to
the warm imaginations of these lords of the forest.
It is believed that as many as twelve thousand Indians some
times assembled hero in the spring. Such a concourse of that
peculiar people must have furnished scenes worthy of the poet's
fervent page, or the painter's luminous canvas. The display of
so many grotesque braves and beauteous Indian maidens, habited
in their gala costume, — darting wildly down the rapids in their
light canoes, — catching their silvery fish by the thousand,  en
gaged in the animated competition of the chase, — gravely delibe
rating around their council fires, — bathing in the clear stream
before sunrise,— climbing the adjacent hill-tops in the mellow light
of sunset,— presents all the elements ftr a master-piece of art.

Has permanently located at
Noi 248 Merrimack Street, Lowell, Mass.,
Where he may be consulted, free of charge, upon all long standing com
plaints, such as Piles, Humors of all kinds, Disfigured and Blotched Faces,
Pin Worms, Dizziness, Bushing of Blood to the Head, Palpitation of the
Heart, Canker, Cough and Consumptive Complaints, Female DSiculties,
originating from an impure state of the Lilood, Salt Bheum, and all other
Cutaneous Diseases.
Dr. Pollard does not profess to cure all diseases, as many have done, but
having been for more than twenty years, previous to 1841, one of the greatest
sufferers in the world from many of the above complaints, and particularly
with the Piles, he has suffered beyond description, which enables him to
treat such cases with much success.
The following Medicines, all of which Dr. Pollard is the original inventor
and sole proprietor, maybe found at the Medical depot of Drs. Pollaed &
BiCKEK. Jiber Syi-qp.
£i)e Coi-i-ecfoi-.
" 3fefDoi"i-i]oIS^I Specific.
^iiSrie^ ^'S Si-^bel fleineSij.
" 6oiigl] §ijl"i|p.
Together with a large variety of other Medicines.
The above Medicines are put up exclusively by Dr. Pollard, who is the
Original Proprietor. These Medicines have been used in his practice for the
past fifteen years, with complete success, and may be obtained by the single
nackage • or when Dr. P. is consulted a regular course may be prescribed.
AH orders for Medicine, directed to Dks. POLLAED & BICKEE'S MEDI
CAL DEPOT, No. 248 Merrimack Street, Lowell, will be promptly answered.
Medicines sent by Express to any part of the country. When Dr. Pollard is
absent patients will find Dr. Bicker competent to prescribe fo't''^™- _., .
A. W. POLLABD, Oriqintd Vegetable Physician. \i_^

The o'olden age of the Pawtucket nation was probably about
the commencement of the seventeenth century. Belknap informs
us that a war broke out, early in that century, between the Paw
tuckets and the Tarrantines,— a small but brave tribe contiguous
to them,  in which the Pawtuckets encountered tremendous los
ses • and their grand sachem was slain. The subordinate sachems
quarrelled among themselves for the succession ; and the horrors
of internal feuds were Superadded to those of the conflict with
the Tarrantines.
The Indian historian, Gookin, (who was magistrate and ruler,
under the Colonial government, over all those Indians who em
braced Christianity, and who wrote his Historical Collections of the
Indians of New England in 1674) informs us that the Indians were
almost exterminated by a great plague, in 1612 and 1613, The
victims fell by thousands ; the living feared to bury the dead ;
corpses lay on the ground, bleaching in the sun, exposed to car
rion birds and wolves. Heaps of dry bones were found, in
various parts of the country, by the white settlers, many years
afterwards ; and every former settlement now became a Golgotha.
What this pestilence was, it is impossible to decide, and useless
to conjecture. The English Puritans, with characteristic piety,
treated it as the minister of a " special Providence," to open a
way for pure and undefiled religion into the trackless wUds of
America.

Lowell under an Indian King.
As the capital of the Pawtucket monarchy, this place was the
seat of government of the great Indian King, Passaconaway, the
first great sachem of the Pawtuckets, with whom the white settlers
formed any acquaintance. Passaconaway was a self-made man.
He began life an Indian conjuror or pow-wow, and became dis
tinguished for his skill in the kindred arts of politics and necro
mancy. Pushing his way with his own strong arm, he became

HAND-BOOK OE ITS BUSINESS

BUY NONE BUT
HATES' ALLIED OIMlEiT

 AND —

immm mmw.

ETJREK:-A- 1 ETJI?.EIS:,Au 1 1
With the ancient philosopher, Pythagoras, upon the discovery
of his most distinguished problem, "Let all the people cry Eure
ka ! for lo ! we have it" — the
GREATEST HUMOR MEDICINE IN THE WORLD.
These medicines must be introduced and sold in every city, town, village,
parish and hamlet throughout the United States, Europe, and the Isles of
the Ocean.,
The Proprietors, in calling the attention of the public to these preparations,
do so with feelings of the utmost confidence of their virtues and adaptation to
the diseases for which they are recommended. They are no new articles, but
have long been successfully used in eradicating every variety of Humor with
which the human family is afflicted.
Scrofula, Salt Bheum, Erysipelas, Cancerous Humors, Scald Head,
Itch, Burns, Mercurial Sores, Fever Sores, Ulcers, Bing Worm, and Hu
morous and Eruptive Diseases of every kind can be cured, and the blood
cleansed of all impurities by the use of
Hayes' Allied Ointment and Humor Syrup,
The most effectual remedies ever ofiered to the public. These celebrated
remedies cure diseases speedily, thoroughly and permanently, without injury
to the system.
C_A.UTIO]Sr!!!
Bewaeb of an article in the market styled the "Genuine
Allied Ointment and Humor Syrup," put up by Chas. H. Kent,
as that is a base imitation of mine. Buy none but Haves',
as that alone will benefit you.
E. D. HAYES, Discoverer and Manufacturer.
Mtit 4 mm, mmmmmt,
No. 12 Central St., Wholesale and Retail Agent for Lowell, Mass.
Sold also in Lowell by all the Apothecaries, ui by Medicine Tcalers everywhere.

HISTOKT OE LOWELL;

successively a priest, a sachem, and finally grand sachem and
basheba of the Pawtuckets. He divided his time between Paw
tucket Falls and Pennacook.
The first white visitor to Lbwell, of whose visit any record re
mains, was Rev. John Eliot, of West Roxbury. He was em
ployed, under the Colonial authorities, as Agent and Missionary
among the Indians. The apostolic beauty of his life and doctrine,
the goodness of his heart, and the nature of his vocation, won him
the endearing name of " the Apostle to the Indians." He first
came here about the year 1646, and remained many days,
preaching to the natives, who heard him with willing ears. He
frequently repeated his visit during the following quarter-century,
and reports that " many received the Gospel."
When Passaconaway first saw the Apostle Eliot, he expressed
much fear of that "long-faced man with the black book under
his arm." But in 1651 Eliot visited him, labored with him,
and made him a convert to Christianity, He submitted to the
English jurisdiction in 1644 ; but frequently appeared at the
Governor's Court, in great pomp, with his two sons, to repeat the
ceremony of submission ; and never was false to his professions
of friendship. The English always regarded him as a brave, sa
gacious, whole-souled man; and admired him for his artful
address, his finesse, and his skill in Indian diplomacy.
In 1660, Passaconaway, having become very old, followed the
example of Charles the Fifth, Emperor of Germany, resigned the
government to his son, and " retired from the world." A groat
concourse of chiefs, braves, and lesser tribes of the Pawtucket
confederacy, was called; A great number of eloquent speeches
were made ; and many heroic experiences, enough to make the
fortune of a hundred novelists, were related by the assembled
orators and sages of the tribe. The " last words and dying
speech" of poor old Passaconaway drew rivers of tears from the
people over whom he had ruled so long, so ably, and so well. He
pronounced his paternal blessing on Wannalancet, his son and
successor ; and exhorted him and his people, again and again
" never to quarrel with the English."
Wannalancet reigned during many years. But of this whole

"Multiply the Means and you Multiply the Results."

This Establishment is supplied with every material necessary for the PRO uti, neat and economical execution of Letter Pkess
Peintins. Having recently added to the Establishment a
S T ,A. T I O nsr -A. E, "ST STE-A.ly/E E IST O- Z IST E ,
Of sufficient power to drive all his Presses, the Proprietor feels assured that he has the most thoroughly furnished ofiice in the city,
which enables him to compete successfully with any other establishment in the Prompt and Neat execution of all work entrusted to him,
and at as Low Prices as can be offered (iny where.

{^mo\,^fjf^^^^^i^'-^^~^^^^-^.r^^^

18

HISTORY OE LOWELL;

period, tfee records are few, the traditions unreliable, and the
history extremely obscure. If the reader is familiar with Livy,
he will remember how often that great master of history com
plains of the want of records of the early his'tory of Rome. Lowell
rests under a similar cloud. Of unquestioned facts, there are
none : and to adopt a poetic license, and fill up the gaps between
the facts, by the invention of graceful fiction, is not permitted to
the historian.

Lowell as an Indian Eeservation.

In 1652, twenty gentlemen of Woburn and Concord procured
leave, on petition to the General Court, to examine a tract of
land between the Concord and the Merrimac, including what is
now Lowell, In the same year, they came, with others, to view
the premises. They visited the Falls at Pawtucket, and saw
the wild beauty of the rapids, the cascades, and the silver spray
that flashed like diamond dust under the October sun. But they
seemed insensible to these simplie beauties of nature. They were
stern, cold, cast-iron men, — such as charged under Ireton at
Naseby, conquered victory with Cromwell at Worcester, and
^ " Swept the foe at Marston Moor."
They saw no " good " in the dancing water-fall, — none in those
grand old forests which had clothed the hills from eternity, — none
in the red children, whose song of " Hiawatha, the beloved," is
as immortal as the legends of Ossian, or " the tale of Troy di
vine." They came to find fortune, — " to spy out the good of
the land." Vainly the sun shone over them ; vainly the soft
wind blew. They found, they say, " a great howling wilderness,
where be many Indians, and where be many meadows for ye
subsistence of cattle."
^ In 1653, they again petitioned the General Court, setting
forth that this seemed to be " a very comfortable place to accom-

hand-book OE ITS BUSINESS. 19

BANGS BROTHERS,
I KITCHEN FORilURE,

fe-rS

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AGENTS FOR A. C. BAKSTOW'S
Furnaces, Ranges, Cooking, Parlor, and Office
Stoves, Farmers' Boilers from 10 to 120
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work, Copper, Iron and
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HISTOKT OV LOWELL:

modate a company of God's people upon." They say they are
in great necessity, destitute of accommodations, with no settled
place to abide in. They entreat this honorable court, in their
Christian wisdom, to grant these humble petitioners the lands
which they have viewed ; so that they may, with God's blessing,
settle there, and do good for Church and Commonwealth. (See
Allen's History of Chelmsford.) The lands were granted ; but,
on petition of the Apostle Eliot, the territory of Lowell, between
the two rivers, called the " Great Neck," Was reserved to the sole
use of the Indians. Its then most usual name was Wamesit,
The petitioners aforesaid proceeded at once totheirnew " plan
tation religious." They opened roads, broke up the ground,
established themselves in log-cabins, erected a meeting-house, and
a school'house ; and in 1655, they were incorporated as a town
by the name of Chelmsford, in honor of Chelmsford, (so called
from the river Chelmer,) in England. But before they came to
Chelmsford, the Indians converted by the Apostle Eliot, had al
ready erected permanent Vigwams at Wamesit, and lived here
with other Pawtuckets, applying theraselyes to fishing and the til
lage of the soil. Both the Chelmsford grant and the Indian
reservation were enlarged in 1656. In 1660, some lands were
exchanged, and the boundaries settled, between the Indians and
the whites.
The famous Indian Boundary Ditch was opened about the
year 1665. It begins on the bank of the Merrimac, a little above
the Falls ; it extends southerly, in a semi-circular line, so as to
include about twenty-five hundred acres ; it terminates on the
bank of the Merrimac, about a mile below the mouth of the Con
cord. Traces of it are still visible, corresponding substantially
with the precincts of the city.

Indian Institutions. .(^
On the suggestion of the Apostle Eliot, the Colonial authori
ties established the following mode of government over such of

C^^l C^^^  ^^^^ww^l

HAND-BOOK OE ITS BUSINESS.

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AGENT, AT LOWELL, MASS.

Mr'«-r^rf-<«fc<'-^rf''*-r^..r-s.y-^rf'"»-r-»_r'W-i'^ur'fcrf-x.#~«.<-^^ W W)Jj^

HISTORY OP LOWELL:

the Indians as embraced Christianity, and collected in little com
munities by themselves. A few of the most prudent of the con
verted men were nominated by their fellow- villagers, and on the
nominations being approved by an English magistrate, the nomi
nees were invested with the authority of rulers. One or more
constables were chosen in the same manner in every village. A
grand court was held here every spring in May. The English
magistrate fixed the time for holding the court, and these chiefs
sat with him on the judgment-seat. Gookin himself frequently
dispensed justice here in his capacity of judge. Differences be
tween whites and reds, were adjusted by arbitrators of both races.
The Apostle Eliot generally came with the judge, to give his
apostolic aid and counsel. Gookin quaintly observes, that
while the Indians spread their nets to fish for shad, Eliot " spread
the net of the Gospel to fish for their souls." There was also a
marshal-general over all the praying towns. His name was Pen-
nahannit, alias Captain Josias ; and his residence was at Little
ton, which the Indians called Nashobah.
It was the enacted wiU of the General Court, that the praying
Indians should have lands granted them ; that they should not
be removed from their fishing grounds, nor be displaced from any
lands which they had broken up for tillage. No white could buy
land of the Indians without leave of the Court. No one was al
lowed to sell liquor to the Indians without the permission of the
magistrates, which was only granted in eases of sickness. The
English magistrate had authority to issue decrees and impose
penalties for the purpose of promoting industry, morality, edu
cation and good order among this people. Every encouragement
was given to Indian teachers and rulers.
The Indians made cordage from wild hemp, and of this cord
age they made nets for fishing, from thirty to forty feet long.
They also made lines of it, to which they attached crooked pieces
of bone for fish hooks. In this way they furnished themselves
with the necessary implements for angling. Boiled with beans
and maize and flesh of other kinds, their fish made excellent pot
tage, which was one of the most important articles of their diet.
The wigwam of Wannalancet, son of Passaconaway, the chief

HAND-BOOK 01' ITS BUSINESS. 23
flMairMECHAfllCS'IISURANCE CO.,
Wo Insurance in Mutual Department, except in First
Class. In this Department since tlie Company
was first organized, no assessment
has ever been made.
Fire fears Policies on Dwellings and Furnitnre issned
on favorable termsi
DIRECTORS.

JOSHUA OONVBBSE,
THOMAS NESMITH,
A, C, WHEELOOK,

JAMES H, BAND,
THOMAS E, COMINS,
LOEENZO G, HOWE,

OaAS. E. OOEUBN,
LEVI BPEAGUE,
0. P. BLANOHARD.

J. GONVBRSE, President.

E. F. gHKRJHAN, Secretary.

OFIICE, Corner of Central and Mile Streeets, Lowell.

BOOKS, BLANK BOOKS, STATIONERY
— AND —

^:^"S0&i

The subscriber oifers for sale, at the lowest prices, a full assortment of
ELAFK EOOKS,
Fine English and American Stationery,
And a general assortment of
Book-binding, in all its branches, done with neatness and despatch.
Blank Books made to order, in my own Bindery and
under my personal superintendence. Paper
Kuled to any Pattern.
City Hall Building.

HISTOEY OF LOWELL:

sachem of the tribe, stood opposite Pawtucket Falls. Wannalar.
cet, fearing to lose his influence with the tribe, had not yet become
a praying Indian himself; but faithful to his father's advice, was
always kind and true to the English. The place where the log-
court-house stood, is now covered by the Boott Canal. The high
ground on Appleton street is the hallowed spot, — as tradition
says, — where stood the log-chapel in which the Apostle Eliot and
the Indian teacher dispensed the Word of Life to the Indians.

Gookin's Account.

The historian Gookin and the Apostle Eliot came to Wamesit
together in 1674. The sachem, Wannalancet, entertained them
hospitably in his wigwam near Pawtucket Falls. A meeting was
then held for worship, in which Gookin assisted ; and Eliot
preached on the parable of the marriage of the king's son, (Matt.
22 : 1-14.) Gookin then describes the place as one of the
seven villages of praying^ Indians. Fifteen families, containing
seventy-five souls, had then embraced Christianity. The entire
population consisted of two hundred and fifty men, besides wo
men and children.
The sachem of the praying Indians was Numpow, a man of
noble spirit, and of the blood of their chief sachem, Wannalancet.
Before the visitors left, Wannalancet himself concluded to be-
copae a Christian. He left his " old canoe," as he phrased it,
and entered into " a new canoe," and engaged to pray to God in
future. Their preacher was a young Indian named Samuel, a
son of Numpow, and possessed " of good parts." He could read,
speak and write both English and Indian ; and was therefore
considered qualified to preach. Here, then, as in other villages
of praying Indians, the people assembled in their log-chapel, at
the sound of the horn and the drum, twice on Sundays, and once
on fast-days, lecture-days, and other davs of divine worship ; and
Samuel preached. What a change since these humble sermon-

-(S^(

HAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSINESS. 25

HILTON & PEABODY

'Sn^ 1^

^^ ^^ "^ '^ "(^ '^ ^

Nos. 36 and 38 Merrimack Street,
Under the ITNITABIAN" CHURCH.
SMS, SHAWlTDRis GOODS,
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AT THE LOWEST /
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ONE PRICE SYSTEM STRICTLY ADHERED TO,
H, W. HILTON. J. M. PEABODY.
Lowell, July 1st, 1856.

HISTORY OP LOWELL:

izings of Samuel ! More than twenty clergymen now preach in
his little parish ; —
"And what was Goose Creek once, is Tiber now."
Gookin complains that these Indians were never very hearty
in their piety. There were thirty Indian churches in New Eng
land ; but no church was ever organized among them.
Wannalancet, the successor of Passaconaway, removed to this
place in 1670, or about that time ; and erected a fort on the hill
which was thence called Fort Hill. In 1675, the renowned

NOKTHEEN DEPOT.

King Phillip, of Mount Hope, chief sachem of the Pokonokets,
organized his famous Indian coalition to exterminate the whites.
But the Indians of Wamesit firmly refused to join him, but re
tired with Wannalancet, their chief, for some time, to the wilds
of the interior, and rendered essential aid to the English. They
consequently suffered more from the attacks of the savages than
any other praying village. Gookin observes that they might
have been a prosperous community, deriving a comfortable sub
sistence from the business of supplying Boston with fish ; but
their idleness and improvidence, and their wars with the circum
jacent tribes, induced the gradual decline and ultimate extinc
tion of this once powerful and chivabic tribe.
5 — -~~--~^^,^,^«^^,w^^^^w^^^,^,^,w^.,g^r:^^c^ lc|_^^

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS

JOSEPH R. HAYES, ^^
MllllllI I irilHiCil!,
PURE CHEMICALS. DRUGS, MEDICIIES,
No. 12 Central Street, Lowell, Mass.

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the very best Article extant, for preventing Baldness and for the Reproduc
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Physicians' Prescriptions accurately compounded,
FAMILY MEDICINES PUT UP WITH THE GREATEST CARE.
GERMAN AND SWEDISH LEECHES SOLD AND APPLIED.
SODA WATER, with the choicest variety of Syrups, drawn at all times
Agent for all the valuable Patent flledicines of the day. f y
A share of public patronage is respectfully solicited.

HISTOEY OP LOWELL:

An Idolatress Judged.
The Apostle Eliot relates an interesting case of idolatry, which
he, with more than apostolic vigilance, ferreted out among the
Indians here. In the spring of 1653, he came to this place and
preached. Among the Indian congregation was a woman who
had a small bright image of a man suspended from her neck.
Meeting her after the service, the A.postle asked her why she
wore it, and was horror-stricken to hear her reply, that she prayed
to it ! Ho asked whether she really thought this image to be a
God ! She answered that she did ! The astonished Apostle
marvelled greatly ; and proceeded, as ho says, to explain the
magnitude of the sin of idolatry. He read aloud the second
commandment, and produced proofs of holy wJit that all idols
should be demolished, and drowned in the Red Sea,
He tlien demanded the idol, to destroy it. She refused to
surrender. He then ofifered to buy it. She declined to make
the trade. But the Apostle was not a man thus to be baulked.
He perceived that the image was suspended to her neck by a
ribbon tied with a riding knot ; and feeling it to be his duty to
nip this sin in the bud, he slipped the knot, and snatched the
idol away. The woman stormed with rage ,: he tried to pacify
her by giving her half a crown : but she, like Rachel, refused to
be comforted ; and declared that she would follow the Apostle's
heels wherever he went, as long as he carried her God in his
pockets. It now occurred to the Apostle that perhaps his zeal had car
ried him too far. He therefore called together four Christian
Indian sachems, and submitted the matter to them. They re
tired apart by themselves, talked over it, smoked over it, and
then reported that they had agreed what should be done. The
Apostle gives the report of their judgment : — First, That the
act of taking away the idol was well done. Secondly, That one
man should be appointed to demolish the idol, and three others
for witnesses that it was done. Thirdly, They adjudged the
idolatress to be a great sinner ; yet as it was her first offence

hand-book op its bttsiness.

WM. p. BRAZER,
CORNER OF MARKET STREET, LOWELL.

HAT, GAP, UMEEELLA,
— AND —

By the use of a Febnch TtpogeaPhical ConpoEmatoe, heads are mea
sured, and Hats made to fit at the shortest notice.

CHILDREN'S
OP ALL THE LATEST STTLES,
Mr. B. is the Lowell Agent for the sale of
DRAPER'S PLYMOUTH BUCK GLOVES.

niSTOKY OP LOWELL;

and she had done it ignorantly, they would spare her. The four
sachems then addressed the woman one after another, each in
turn reproving her very solemnly. The judgement of this In
dian Court was duly and promptly carried into execution.
At the same time, another image was discovered, which some
of the Indians had worshipped. This too, these four sachems,
and the apostolic Iconoclaust, dealt with in the same way. They
applied the axe manfully to the root of this tree of idolatry, and
felled it forever to the ground. These images had been distribu
ted among the Indians by the Roman Catholic missionaries of
Canada. No doubt the Apostle improved this occasion to attack
the Church of Rome with might and main, and to denounce her
as the Man of Sin, the Mother of Abominations, the Scarlet Wo
man of Babylon, the Lady with the Flaming Petticoat, — also ap
plying such other kindred epithets, as a man versed in scripture
could command.

^/

Annexation to Chelmsford.
Communities of unequal races, like Chelmsford and Wamesit,
have always dissimilar destinies to fulfil. It seems to be the
manifest destiny of the stronger to absorb the weaker. It was
thus in the present case. The English village grew with a steady
and healthy growth. The Indian village pined under a daily
diminishing population. With the instinct of progress and the
passion for territorial expansion, characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon
race, — the Chelmsford men bought and annexed piece after
piece of the Indian reservation. Wamesit grew smaller by de
grees, " and beautifiilly less." But the Chelmsford men rather
rejoiced at its decline. Disdaining the Indians as inferior beings,
they generally alluded to them as " tawnies," " savage heathen,''
" devil's imps." In their selfish blindness, they failed to recog
nize, under the red skin of the Indian, a member of the Great
Brotherhood of Man, a representative of the Divine Paternity.

^^ic^  '  "^  '-'— ~^^^^^^^^^,^,^^^^j.

HAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSINESS.
VOX FOPTJLI

UNSURPASSED IN ANY RESPECT IN .MIDDLESEX COUNTY.

S@M

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Of every kind, from the Mammoth Poster down to the finest letter-press,
PEOMPTLT EXECUTED ill the latest and mostjashionable style, at the '^^^

No, 21 CENTRAL STREET, LOWELL.

PLAIN AND DECORATIVE PRINTING.
Balls, Hotels, Shows, Concerts, Theatres, Railroads, Insurance Companies,
and for every other branch of business.
O-OXjZD X.BA.F A-ITD BROKTZB I'K.IKrTIKrO-,
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BUSINESS CARDS HANDSOMELY EXECUTED.
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Done in the best style, at satisfactory prices.

(Established in 1841,J
A f AlILY PAPIE 01 THE LARGEST SIZE, PUBIISHID WEEKLY,
CONTAINING A LAEGE VAEIETY OP
Stories, Poetry, Sketches, Anecdotes, Miscellany, General and local News.
Terms : — $2.00 per ¥ear ; $1.00 for Six Months.
We take much pleasure in saying that Vox Popitli has the largest circula
tion of any paper in the city of Lowell, and as a medium for advertisers, pre- j» .
sents a superior advantage over its cotemporaries. Pi I
inrAdvertisements inserted conspicuously on moderate terms. v_<9

HISTOET OP LOWELL:

In 1686, Jonathan Tyng and Thomas Hinehman made the
famous "Wamesit Purchase," which embraced all the Indian
lands west of' Concord river. The Indians, however, reserved
the right of hunting and fishing on these lands ; retained their
title to other lands east of the Concord ; and continued for some
years to occupy Fort Hill, which they enclosed with a trench.
But their title to this, also, was extinguished in 1726, when the
last of their " paternal acres" passed to the whites. The Indian
capital was removed to Pennacook in NeW Hampshire ; but some
families of Indians continued for some years to make this their
most usual place of abode.
It is unnecessary here to discuss the question, whether the
whites were morally justified in thus taking possession of the red
man's home. Irving has settled that question to the entire sat
isfaction of the whites, by a very conclusive argument, in his
satirical History of New York. But a man of sentiment may
yet sympathize with the poor Indian^ who, distracted with emo
tions too sad, " too deep for tears," turned his back upon the
graves of his ancestors; took a last, melancholy look on the
river, on whose waters the Great Spirit moved ; and feeling that
he was now a stranger in a stranger's land, departed forever,
and bade " Farewell to Bonny Bosby."
Subsequent to the " Wamesit Purchase" in 1686, the lands
of the Indian reservation were sold in small parcels to a variety
of purchasers. It never oocured to them, that on settling on the
Indian reservation they ceased to be citizens of Chelmsford.
One of them, Samuel Pierce>-^an ancestral relative of President
Pierce,— was, in 1725, elected to represent Chelmsford in the
General Court, but was refused a seat in that body, on the
ground that he was not a legal resident in the town for which he
was elected. All the squatters on the Indian reservation at
once refused to pay taxes to Chelmsford ; and much confusion
ensued. To remedy this mischief, in 1726, an act was passed
annexing Wamesit to Chelmsford. From 1726, therefore, to
1826, the history of Lowell is identified with that of Chelmsford.

HAND-BOOK OE ITS BUSINESS.

SAM. LAWRENCE,
SURCEOJy DEI^TIST,
Office Wo. 24 Central Street, Opp. Post Office,
LO^WELL, MASS.

De, L. tenders his grateful acknowledgements for the confidence and
fafors bestowed upon him during twelve years practice in this city, and trusts
he may merit its continuance. Teeth will be inserted on fine Gold, and fill
ing done in a thorough manner. Also, Extracting and all other operations
done with care, at reasonable prices, and WARRANTED.
Persons having bad work done by other Dentists, can have it reset at this
ofiice, in a finished manner, as all work is executed by himself.
Fancy work for Exhibitions, and other work of a difiicult nature, made for
dentists at reasonable rates.
Dr. L. was awarded the first premium at the fair of 1851, for the
BEST TEETH, PLATE WORK AND FILLING.
N. B.— To avoid all mistakes in the person and locality, you should remem
ber the Name and Number,
NO. 3 4 CENTRAL SRTEET,
Opposite the Post Office.

WILDER & DANA,
(Successors to David Dana )
JACKSON STREET, LOWELL, MASS.,
MANUPAOTUEEES OP
LOCOMOTIVE FLUES,
COPPER DYE KETTLES, SET Do.,

Brass and Composition Castings, Spinning Drums, Eo-
ving Cans, and all Kinds of Tin and Slieet Iron
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Dealers in Copper, Block Tin, and Lead Water Pipe, Furnaces, Cooking
Ranges, Copper and Brass Suction and Force Pumps.
IP L TJ 1^ B E I^ S' "W" O PJ, K: ,
IN ALL ITS BRANCHES, DONE TO ORDER, BY EXPERIENCED WORKMEN.

HISTOEY OE LOWELL;

The Last Indian.

About seventy-five years ago, there lived near Pawtucket Falls
an Indian named Simonds. He was very old, notching ninety
or a hundred on " the tally-stick of time." lie was the connect
ing link between the Indians to whom the Apostle Eliot preached
and the early founders of Lowell. He belonged to the genera
tion immediately succeeding the Puritans. His wigwam stood
on the north side of Pawtucket street, a little west of Fletcher
street. He lived entirely alone, supporting himself by covering
chair-bottoms for his white neighbors. He afterwards removed
to Long-sought-for Pond in Westford, but made a brief visit to
the Falls every spring for the purpose of fishing. All the tradi
tions agree that he was a well-behaved man. He was " never
known to get drunk." The precise time of his decease is un
known ; so meagre are the traditions of these Indians, But as
he obeyed the ten precepts of Moses, and cultivated the seven
graces of saintship, — as he received all the counsel of God, and
performed the whole duty of man, — let us hope that this last rep
resentative of the Pawtuckets of Lowell, has since been "admit
ted to that equal sky," where distinctions of race are unknown.

Revolutionary Associations.
Through this connection with Chelmsford, Lowell is associated
with some of the most glorious memories of the Heroic Age of
America, On the eve of the Kevolution in 1773, the Chelms
ford men assembled in town meeting, and discussed their rights
as British subjects. Tbey then addressed a letter of instructions
to Simeon Spaulding, their representative in the General Court
of the Colony, counselling " the cooles_t reflection," and caution
ing him against " any rasb and passionate measures."
In 1774, these remarkably cool politicians published a deelara-

HAND-BOOK OE ITS BUSINESS.

For Securing Patents for Inventions.
AGENCY FOR BUslwESsWlTWinrPAfEi^^ WASHINGTON.

No. 76 STATE STEllT, OPPOSITE RIlBf STEEET, BOSTON.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION TO INVENTORS.
The subscriber, (late Agent of the U. S. Patent Office, under the Act of
1837,) determined to present advantages, in applying for Patents, superior to
those offered inventors by others, has made arrangements whereby on appli
cations prepared and conducted by him, THIRTY DOLLARS, (instead of
twenty, as paid back by others,) will be remitted by him in case of a failure
to obtain a patent, and the vrithdrawal through him within thirty days after
the rejection.
This Agency is not only the largest in New England, but through it in
ventors have advantages for securing patents, or ascertaining the patentability
of inventions, unsurpassed by, if not immeasurably superior to, any which
can be ofiFered elsewhere. The testimonials below given prove that none is
MORE SUCCESSFUL AT THE PATENT OFFICE than the subscriber ;
and as SUCCESS IS THE BEST PROOF OF ADVANTAGES AND
ABILITY, he would add that he has abundant reason to believe, and can
prove that at no other office of the kind are the charges for professional ser
vices so nloderate. The immense practice of the subscriber during twenty
years past, has enabled him to accumulate a vast collection of specifications
and official decisions relative to patents. These, besides his extensive libra-
' ry ot legal and mechanical works, and fuU.aaEounts of patents granted in the
United States and Europe, render him able, beyond question, to offer supe
rior facilities for obtaining patents.
Caveats, Specifications, Assignments, and all Papers and Drawings neces
sary to the procural of patents in this and foreign countries prepared, and
advice rendered on legal and scientific matters, respecting inventions, or iu-
fringetaent of patents. All necessity of a journey to Washington to procure
a patent, and the usual great delay there, are here saved inventors.
Copies of the claims of any patent furnished for one dollar. Assignments
recorded at Washington. - Patents secured in Great Britain, France, and
other foreign countries, through Agents of the highest respectability.
R. H. EDDY, Solicitor of Patents.
TBSTii.a:03sriA.ijS.
"During the time I occupied the office of Commissioner of Patents, R. H.
Eddy, Esq., of Boston, did business at the Patent Ofiice, as solicitor for pro
curing Patents. There were few, it any, persons acting in that capacity who
had so i^uch business before the Patent Office ; and there were none who
conducted it with more skill, fidelity and success. I regard Mr. Eddy asjone
of the best informed and most skilful Patent Solicitors in the United States, and
have no hesitation in assuring inventors that they cannot employ a person
more competent and trustworthy, and more capable of putting their apphca-
tions in a form to secure for them an early and favorable consideration at
the Patent Office. EDMUND BURKE, Late Commissioner of 1 'atents.
rHOI^I TUB I^RBSBITT COIB^IvIISSIOlSrER..
"Augmt 17, 1855.— During the time I have held the office of Commission
er of Patents, R. H. Eddy, Esq., of Boston, has been extensively engaged
in the transaction of business with the office as a Solicitor. He is thoroughly
acquainted with the law, and the rules of practice of the office. I regard him
as one of the most capable and successful practitioners with whom I have had
official intercourse. CHAS. JVlASON, Commissioner of Patents.

36 HISTOEY OF LOWELL:
tion of principles, which was posted on the town pump and other
conspicuous places. It is set forth as the opinion of the town,
" that the present is as dark and distressing a day as this coun
try ever experienced ;" and " that the notion of the right of Par
liament to tax the people without their consent, for the purpose
of raising revenue, is unconstitutional." These rural statesmen
had very correct ideas of politics. " We have no conception,"
say they, " of taxation without representation."
In spite of all our schools, colleges, books, newspapers, and
other instruments of popular education, there are few men in the
country, comparatively, who possess the knowledge of history
ani statesmanship, exhibited in the following reflections : ' ' France
was once free ;< but in consequence of submitting to taxation with
out representation, their estates and lives are at the absolute dis
posal of the king. The Cortes of Spain had once the same rights
as our Parliament ; but having allowed the king, on a particular
occasion, to raise money without their interposition, iheyhst their
authority, and the people their freedom."
The indignity, oflTered Iff Mr. Wedderburn to Dr. Franklin,
in the House of Commons, was denounced by the people of
Chelmsford, in this declaration, made in 1774, two years prior to
the Declaration of Independence, in language as elegant and as
dignified as any recently employed in any of our metropolitan
cities, to denounce the assault of Mr. Brooks on Senator Sumner.
To relieve the sufferings occasioned by th6 passage of the Boston
Port Bill, a drove of sheep was collected in Chelmsford, and
sent to Boston gratuitously. A company of Chelmsford Militia,
under Capt. John Ford, were engaged in the battle of Bunker's
Hill. After the war had ended, when the Constitution of the State
came before them for their approval, the people of Chelmsford
approved and adopted the whole, article by article, except the
third article. To this an amendment was moved and adopted •
ninety-two yeas, to eight nays. Instead of having the Governor
profess the Christian religion, they proposed that he should pro
fess the Protestant religion. They deemed the word Christian
exceptionable, because, as their historian says, it left " a door

HAND-BOOK 0 1 ITS BUSINESf

LOWELL ISLAND HOUSE.

THE HOTEL ON LOWELL ISLAND, SALEM HAEBDE,
IS NOW OPEN FOR THE SUMHEK,
UNDEK THE JJ5ANAGEJHENT OF G. W. tARRABEE.

L

^CaSrpiEOBj^^^. ^-

FANIILIES, PARTIES, AND INDIVIDUALS WISHING SEA SHORE AMUSENIENTS
AND OCEAN AIR, WILL FIND IT A QUIET PLACE OF RESORT FOR OCCA
SIONAL VISITS AND FOR PERMANENT SUIVilVIER BOARD.

The dining-room of the house will seat 300 persons, and the sleeping
rooms are numerous and airy. There are several large parlors for dancing,
music and social gatherings. Hot and cold baths may be had, and there is
safe open sea-bathing on the beach, and good bowling-alleys are open for ex
ercise. There is fine fishing from the rocks on the shore — and near the Is
land are safe fishing grounds for cod, haddock, and hake, and fine sail boats
in attendance, well equipped for sailing and fishing.
On the Salem and Lowell Railroad, a great reduction of fare from Lowell
and back is made ; and as the morning trains on the Stony Brook and Nashua
and Upper Railroads connect at Lowell, passengers from all the towns above
Lowell can avail themselves of this reduction ; and those who arrive at Wil
mington Junction by the Boston and Maine Railroad, or at any depot on the
Salem and Tiowell Railroad, may avail themselves of a proportionate reduc
tion on the latter road. On the railroads between Salem and Boston there
are 33 trains of cars daily. . , ^
The House was established by an association of gentlemen, without any
view to speculation or profit, and to furnish a healthy, comfortable, and well-
ordered place of resort in the hot season ; and the prices, varying according
to the rooms selected, will be as low, by the day or week, as they can be af
forded and allow the concern to support itself. , , ^ , j j -i
The Steamer Argo will leave Phillips' Wharf, Salem, for the Island daily,
at 6 1-4, 9, 10 1-2, A. M., and 12 1-2, 2 1-4, 6 3-4, P. M. ; and returning,
leaves the Island at 7, 9 3-4, 11 1-4, A,' M., and 1 3-4, 6, 6 1-2, P. M.
Fare by Steamer 19 Cents EacTa. Way.
Salem. Mass., July li 1856.

HISTORY OF LOWELL:

open for the admittance of a Papist into the chair of state," The
same fear of Popery, which disturbs the dreams of so many
ancient dames in our times, brooded like a spirit of darkness
around the kitchen fires of Chelmsford
"In the brave days of old."
During Shay's Rebellion, in 1786, Chelmsford espoused the
cause of law and order. A detachment of her Militia served
under General Lincoln in the western counties; and "on the
memorable thirtieth of January," as the historian of Chelmsford
writes, " performed a march of thirty miles, without refreshment,
through deep snows, in a stormy and severely cold night ; a
march that would have done honor to the veteran soldiers of
Hannibal or Napoleon."

East Chelmsford.
During a full century, subsequent to the final retirement of
the Indians, aind the annexation of Wamesit to Chelmsford in
1726,— this place became a mere border-hamlet of that town. Its
glory as an Indian capital had departed. Its glory as a city of
the arts had not dawned. Portions of the Indian Ditch were filled
up ; only a few farm-houses, respectably occupied, remained ;
and the place assumed the name of " Chelmsford Neck" or " East
Chelmsford." Fish still swarmed in the rivers. A thousand shad were some
times taken at a single haul. Allen, who wrote his History of
Chelmsford in 1820, says that, in his time, the product of stur
geon, salmon, shad and alewives, was twenty-five hundred barrels
a year, besides a large quantity of other fish. The numerous
dams thrown across the river within a few years, have rendered
its waters almost barren of fish. But measures are now being
taken with the view to replenish these streams with the fish of the
olden time.
^ In m»l KSp.*, Ih. bUm, of Chelmrford oorremonds with

DR. H. KELSEY, LOWELL, MASS.
This article will be found a sure cure for the following complaints —
Dyspepsia or Indigestion, Jaundice, Soar Stomacli, Costive-
ness, Headache, Bilious Complaints, Worms in Cliildren,
Loss of Appetite, Palpitation of tlae Heart, Heartburn,
Eruptions on tlie Skin, Diarrhtea, Drowsiness after
Eating, Faintness, Sickness at tlie gtomacii in tlie
Morning, Wandering Pains in the Side, Back and Limbs,
Liver Complaints and General Debility,
This article has been tested by hundreds of thousands within the last nine
years, and found to be all that it is recommended. These Bitters are prepared
entirely of vegetables, and are free from aloes, and safe for man, woman or
child to take. Those who are afflicted with any of these complaints, are re
quested to give it a trial before they condemn it. Many persons hesitate to
use a medicine that has been advertised; but perhaps if you would give this
a fair trial you would find relief from it, as hosts of others have done. I can
not say by my medicine as is advertised by some, that six bottles will cleatise
and purify the blood, for I do not believe in the blood being made pure in so
short a time ; but I do say that one good dose of it will stop the sick hes^d-
ache, and in fact, one bottle will cure it. I pretend to say that no family will
be without it after trying it, or having properly tested its merits. Reader, if
you have tried other medicines without good success, despair not, but try
this. You may find relief from this yet. If you are suffering from Scrofula,
you may be cured of it by this medicine ; but remember that it takes more
than six bottles, or six months, to purify the blood of any person and cure
them of a humor. I have certificates from good, reliable persons, where the
blood has been made pure by this medicine. I will give one : —
Dr. Kelsey — Sir : — I feel it a duty I owe to you, and the public generally,
to give you the following information : I have been troubled with the Scrofula
and Salt Rheum humors for quite a number of years, and had it so bad on
my head that my hair was all coming off, and most of the time my face and
neck was a perfect scab ; but luckily for me, I was induced to give Dr. Wil
liams' Bitters a trial. I took the Bitters and they drove the humors out very
much. I then commenced using Dr. Kelsey's Pain Extractor on the out
side, to kill the humor as fast as it came out, and still kept taking the Bit
ters to drive it out ; and I can say with truth that in one year's time from the
first of my using this medicine I was entirely cured, and my health was good,
better than it had been for at least ten years before.
Yours, &c., Misa MARY J. LEAVITT.
[nrThe above certificate was also signed by Dr. J. A. Tibbetis, Dr. J. A.
Perry, Dr. G. Ttjcker and Dr. Gale.
I have others that I could give as good as this, but I deem it unnecessary.
BR. KELSEFS VEGETABLE PAIN EXTMCTOR.
This is good for Man or lieast, and is one of the best things to relieve pain
in any form — it may be used internally or externally, with perfect safety; full
directions on each bottle. I will guarantee that any family after trying one
bottle, will not be without it — it can be relied upon as being all it is recom-
med to be, and the great and increasing demand for it from year to year is suf
ficient proof of its efficacy.

HISTOET OP LOWELL:

that of any other back town. It has little of incident, and but
little to be noted in so general a sketch as the present. The peo- _
pie of Chelmsford made grants of land, and offered every induce
ment to mechanics and tradesmen, to establish themselves in their
town A bridge was constructed across the Concord River near its
mouth, in 1774. The only mode of passing this river previously,
had been by fording it. ' Another bridge across the same river,
near the present Cemetery, was constructed soon afterwards. A
lady, recently deceased, well remembered having forded Concord
river to attend merry-makings in Tewksbury, eighty years ago.
The only mode of crossing the Merrimac as yet, was by boat or
by fording it. Chelmsford was distinguished among other towns
for its saw-mills, grist-mills, mechanics' shops, and small manu
facturing establishments. Chelmsford Granite has long been in
high repute all over the Union. In 1818, twenty-five thousand
dollars worth of it was transported to Boston and other places by
the Middlesex Canal. About that time, an elegant church was
built of it in Savannah, Georgia.
Many will hear with surprise that Slavery ever existed in Low
ell. But such is the fact. While our territory was connected
with Chelmsford, in the course of the last century, negroes were
kept on what afterwards became the Moor Farm ; and they were
also kept on what is now called the Livermore Place in Belvi-
dere, — then a part of Tewksbury. It is not improbable that
they were kept at the same time on other farms in this vicinity.

Pawtucket and Middlesex Canals.
Towards the close of the last century, Lowell became the
theatre of an active business in wood and lumber. The forests
along the shores of the Merrimac, which had never before rung
with the sound of the woodman's axe, afforded an exhaustless sup
ply of materials for rafts, which already commanded a good price
in Newburyport and other towns on the sea-board. But the de-
^gft^r^fe.  .,^_^:\^^

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS. 41
READY-fflADE CLOTHING^

No. 150 MERRIMACK STREET,
WENTWORTH'S BUILDING.

DANIEL FARRINGTON,
Would invite the attention of purchasers to his large stock op
FASHIOIBLE READY-MADE CLOTHIIG,
GENT'S FURNISHING GOODS,
XT 3VE 3B ft. £3 Xj Xji .^^ S ,
AND ALL ARTICLES USUALLY KEPT IN A FIRST CLASS CLOTHING STORE.

UBiyEEiadBBIi THE! ]^a"XJI«IBE!I^,
AND GIVE THIS ESTABLISHMENT A TRIAL,
DANIEL PARRINGTON,
150 MERRIMA€K STREET, WENTWORTH'S BUILDING,
First Door East op Boston & Lowell Railroad Depot,

iL,©^[iiLiL^ mm^.

HISTOEY OP LOWELL;

scent of the river at Pawtucket Falls was so precipitous, — the
current so violent, and the channel so rocky, — that great difficul
ty was experienced in passing rafts down the rapids. A canal
round the falls for the transportation of rafts, was first suggested
for the convenience of the lumbermen, thirty years before any
one dreamed of using the waters for the purposes of manufactures.
Dudley A. Tyng, William Coombs, and others, were incorpor
ated as " The Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimac
River," in 1792. By virtue of powers given in their charter,
they at once proceeded to open a canal, one and a half milos long,
connecting Merrimac River above the falls with the Concord be
low. The level of the water in the lower end of the canal, which
is only a brief distance above the mouth of the Concord, is thirty-
two feet lower than the level of the water at the upper end. The
descent is accomplished by means of four sets of locks. The
general direction of the canal is from east to west. It occupied
less than five years in its construction, and cost fifty thousand
dollars. When the first boat passed down the canal in 1797, with the
directors and other gentlemen on board, and hundreds of men,
women and children as spectators on the banks, an incident oc
curred, of which Allen gives a very lively and graphic account.
The sides of the boat gave way ; the water burst upon the people,
and many were carried down the stream. " Infants were separated
from their mothers," — says Allen, — " children from their parents,
wives from their husbands, young ladies from their gallants ; and
men, women, timber, and broken boards and planks, were seen
promiscuously floating in the water. ' ' Nantes — rari apparent in
gurgite vasto. But no life was lost, and no serious injury incurred.
The stock of the Locks and Canals Company was divided into
five hundred shares, owned by individuals in all parts of Middle
sex and Essex Counties. But the dividends declai-ed were never
considerable ; and the stock soon fell far below par in consequence
of the successful competition of the Middlesex Canal with its
business. In the same year that the Locks and Canals Company
were incorporated, the first bridge across the Merrimac was
constructed at Pawtucket Falls. It was entirely of wood.

HAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSINESS. 43
mmm & hovb!, ^
APOTHECARIES,
(BST.A.BL,ISH:BI3 1827.)
City Hall  Lowell,
Are always supplied with
MEBIGIFES OE EVERY KINB,
and of the purest quality. Also,
SURGICAL AID DEITAL IISTRUIEITS,
and all articles appertaining to Dentistry, Also, a great variety of
ARTISTS' MATERIALS,
including Oil and Water Colors, Brushes, &c.
We are proprietors of CARLETON & HOVEY'S

which will, upon application, immediately destroy the most offensive odors,
and arrest putrefaction and decay. It Is especially recommended for the
SICK ROOM ; by its free use the comfort, both of patient and nurse, may be
essentially promoted.
CORPSES may be preserved for months without decomposition or discol
oration. Housekeepers will find it invaluable to sweeten their cellars, musty closets,
vessels, &c. Also for preventing and driving away Cockroaches, Ants and
other insects. It rnust be largely diluted to obtain its best effect.
xjxxtECT-xoxvs ./i.cconhcx'^svjr xsjicm; jbox-h-jt-e.
It is highly recommended by certificates from Dr. John C. D Alton, Dk.
John 0. Green, Dr. Biisha Htjntington, Also by De,^Samdel L.
Dana, Chemist. ., S^
DEALERS SUPPLIED ON USUAL TERMS. m-

HISTOKT OP LOWELL:

The proprietors of the Middlesex Canal were incorporated in
1793. BIr. Weston, an eminent English engineer, was employed
to survey the channel of the canal ; and Loammi Baldwin of Wo
burn superintended its construction, and was the animating soul
of that stupendous work. This canal began on the Merrimac,
about a mile above Pawtuoket Palls, extended south by east a
distance of twenty-seven miles, and terminated in Charlestown.
It was completed in 1804, and cost over six hundred thousand
dollars. In digging this canal, pine cones and charcoal were
found, twelve feet below the surface ; specimens of which are
still exhibited in the Museum at Cambridge.
As the competition of the Middlesex Canal ruinously reduced
the value of the property in the Pawtucket Canal, — so, in the re
tributive justice of years, other eorapetition extinguished the value
of the stock in the Middlesex Canal. It has long ceased to be
navigated. Portions of it have been filled up. Most of the sale
able property of the company has been disposed of ; and an ap
plication for ¦ a dissolution of their corporate existence, has for
several years been pending in the Supreme Judicial Court. But
as the law-suits, like the sins, of the fathers, are usually visited
upon the children unto the third and fourth generations, — the
end of this affair may not be expected until the present historian
and his cotemporary readers shall have gone " the way of all
flesh," and tulips and geraniums are in full blossom over their
graves.

Events between 1800 and 1820.

With the opening of the current century dawned a new era in
the history of the United States,^-the era of Manufactures. Close
upon the age of Revolution followed the age of Mechanism. To
those sires who gave to this country her independent political ex
istence, were born sons who created a new and mighty arm of
national wealth. In this, as in other places, the first attempts in
manufactures were faint and feeble. Mr. Moses Hale started the

DAILY CITIZEN AND NEWS
44 Central Street, Lowell.
 < ¦ • * . 
This is not surpassed by any ofiice in New England, for its means of execut
ing all kinds of
JOB A¥B EAFGY PBIHTIFG.
For plain or colored posters it has the
LARGEST SIZED HAND-PRESS IN AMERICA !

It is furnished vrith all kinds of type, cuts, borders, &c., and its supply is
continually increased from the newest fonts that appear; its proprietors are
both practical printers and do their own work, so that their jobs are always in
the best style.
All kinds of printing done at short notice and fair prices, in
Gold, Silver, Bronze, Flock, Red, Green, Blue, Black or any Desired Color ;
For instance,
SERMONS, ADDRESSES, CATALOGUES, TOWN REPORTS, SHOP-BILLS, BLANKS,
TICKETS, PROGRAMIVIES, .POSTERS AND HANDBILLS, LABELS,
VISITING AND WEDDING CARDS, &C,, aC.

THE B AILY GITIZEF & FEWS
Is published at 04 a year, and has the largest subscription list of any daily
paper in Middlesex County. It is " American Kepublican" in politics.
THE WEEKLY AMERICAN CITIZEN,
Is issued at $2 a year, and is of the largest size, having more reading mat
ter THAN ANY OTHER PAPER IN NeW ENGLAND.
10=Postagefreein Middlesex County, for the weekly.
JOHN A. GOODWIN, Political and General Editor.
ENOCH EMERY, City Editor and Reporter,
BROWN & MOREY, Proprietors,

No. 44 Central Street,
LEONARD BROWBT.

'e the Post Office. ax
GEO. F. MOREY,

'>-~^Nh ^f r^sLJlS^I — VOfc'''^'^-'''^^'"fc^'^-'~»-'*^^"^^"'»--'"^J~*-'""*^"^-'''*-^^^"'fc'"VJ-^-^-"wr^j'-v|

46

HISTOKY OE LOWELL:

first carding machine in his mill on Hiver Meadow Brook, in
1801. But the growth of the place, for some years, was owing
chiefly to other than manufacturing operations. ,
Some internal improvements were made. The bridge, built
across Merrimac Eiver at Pjiwtucket Ealls in 1792, was demol
ished in 1805, and a new bridge, with stone piers and abutments,
constructed in its place. The cost of this new bridge exceeded
fourteen thousand dollars. This bridge is still standing, though
essential improvements have been made in it from time to time.
In 1812, the people of the United States and Great Britain
engaged a second time in the agreeable diversion of cutting each
other's throats. Our commerce was well nigh ruined by becom
ing the prey of British cruisers ; and the embargo imposed by
President Jefferson, annihilated what little of it remained. Until
then, most of our manufactured goods were imported from Eng
land. Domestic manufactures there were comparatively none,
except such rustic fabrics as were spun upon the spinning-wheel,
and woven upon the hand-loom, by the dames of the rural dis
tricts. No sooner was importation stopped by the war, than im
ported fabrics commanded " famine prices." Public attention
was irresistibly attracted, and a powerful impetus given, to Ameri
can manufactures. Large investments of capital were made ;
and mills started up all over the Union, but more especially in
Massachusetts. Such of them as were started here, were
driven by Concord Eiver power. No man was yet bold enough
to think of converting the lordly Merrimac into a propeller of
machinery; and the millenium of cotton-mills had not yet come.
In 1813, Captain Phineas Whiting and Colonel Josiah Fletcher
erected a wooden cotton-mill on the present site of the Middlesex
Company's mills, at an outlay of about three thousand dollars,
and carried on the business with some success. The year 1815
will long be remembered by the occurrence of the most disastrous
gale that had swept New England since the famous gale of 1635,
when the tide rose twenty feet perpendicularly in Narragansett
Bay. The gale was particularly severe in the town of Chelms
ford, then including Lowell. It " spread the ruin round," like
^a devastating fire. No less than fifty thousand cords of standing
"r&fe)™^  ^^^^^^^  ,  r=^;^r^^?P

^U^^^^^M^—-—-  '  6^^1^

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS.

DR. CUTTER'S
CHEST EXPAlIiG SOSPEiDER

' For Ladies and Gentlemen,
6®= A ISTEW AND SUPERIOR ARTICLE. =^1

g

M
Hi

& OS
o s
d3

&3

te=f
OC3

DR. S. CUTTER,
lira© AKiE) ©ii./aaB'S7@v,aKi'ir PMYsasoAKia
Office, am Central Street. Iiowell, Mass.

Is Agent por the eollowxno Fire Insurance Companies :
People's, of Worcester, with Capital of $450,000 ;
Holyoke Stock and Mutual, of Salem, Capital $400,000,
Both paying large dividends. Also the
International Life Ins. Co., of London, Capital $500,000,
Working Men's Loan and Fund Association, of Salem,
Paying large interest. For particulars call on the Agent,
GEO. W. WALKER,
48 Central Street.

B^ — ~~.~^~~^ — ^(^^^0^u>^

48

HISTORY OE LOWELL:

timber, besides several houses, were destroyed, — the trees being
torn up by the roots, and the houses removed from their founda
tions. -1
The saw-mill and grist-mill of the Messrs. Bowers, at Pawtucket
Falls, were started in 1816. About the same time, another saw
mill was started at Wamesit Falls, in Belvidere, and a grist-mill
on the other side of the Falls, by Mr. N. Tyler, and ^till another
saw-mill on Eiver Meadow Brook, by Mr. M. Hale. Mr. Ford's
saw-mill, which then stood directly at the junction of the Concord
and Merrimac rivers, has become famous as the scene where he
killed an Indian. There had been a quarrel between the parties ;
and the Indian had " an oath in heaven" to kill Mr. Ford. One
night when Mr. Ford was at work in this saw-mill, he observed
the Indian skulking about secretly in the mill. He watched his
opportunity, sprung unawares upon the Indian, and threw him
into the wheel-pit, killing him by the fall.
Mr. Moses Hale started the powder mills on Concord Eiver,
with forty pestles, in 1^18. Mr. Oliver M. Whipple and Mr.
William Tileston of Boston, engaged in the business with Mr.
Hale in 1819. In 1821, Mr. Moses Hale disposed of his inter
est in the business to Mr. David Hale, who retained his connec
tion with it till 1827, when he in turn sold out to his partners,
and became editor of the New York Journal of Commerce. Mr.
Tileston retired in 1829, and Mr. Whipple remained as sole pro
prietor. The business was enlarged from time to time, and was
in its zenith during the Mexican War. Nearly a million pounds
of powder were manufactured here during a single year of that
contest. How many Mexicans were killed by the powder here
made, can never be fully ascertained this side of Immortality !
It is sufficient for the utilitarian philosopher to know that a large
fortune was amassed by Mr. Whipple by the manufacture of this
" destructive element." A* a festival of the sons and daughters
of Vermont, in Lowell, in 1854, Mr. Whipple, among other
things, remarked, that, when he first came to Lowell, in 1818,
his whole capital was but six hundred dollars. His subsequent
success in his business operations entitles him to a high place
among those who, without the aid of inherited wealth, make their

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS. 49

AMOS SANBORN,

MANUPAOTURER OP
W W s» WJt *|| IS? ^ W?

Pi to> M ioV ^V^ '

POST OFFICE CORNER,
Corner of Central and Middle Streets, LoweD, Mass.

At my establishment] may be found AT all times a large assortment of
TEA AND TABLE SPOONS,
Tea and Dining Forks, Butter and Tea Knives,
NAPKIN RINGS, &o., &c.
A superior timekeeper, direct from the Manufactory.
Also, a LargiB Assortment of Gold ani Silver Watches.
Of my own importation, and warranted time keepers. A large assortment of
all kinds of Fashionable Jewelrt,
Plated and Britannia Ware, in large and chaste variety,
GOLD AND SILVER SPECTACLES, EYE GLASSES, &c.
UTOld Silver made over into Spoons, Medals, Badges, &c.
•*«DooB Plates made to order. Engraving of all kinds neatly exe
cuted. Fine Watches and Jewelry carefully repaired and warranted.

HISTOET or LOWELL;

own fortunes, and conquer their own position in the world. The
powder works were sold, in 1855, to Messrs. Gr. G. Newhall &
Co., of Boston, and removed to Gorham in Maine. No gun
powder is now known to be manufactured in Lowell.
The cotton mill started by Messrs. Whiting and Fletcher in
1813, was sold in 1818 to Mr. Thomas Hurd. He converted it
into a woollen mill, and run sixteen hand-looms for the manufac
ture of satinets. He also built a larger brick mill for the manu
facture of the same class of goods. Mr. Hurd's mill was destroyed
by fire, and rebuilt in 1826. Mr. Htird continued to run these
works till the great reaction of trade in 1828, when he became
bankrupt. These premises were purchased in 1830 by the Mid
dlesex Company.
Mr. Hurd was originally from Albany, in New York. He
was so much encouraged by hie own prospects, on establishing
himself here in 1818, that he prevailed upon his former fellow-
townsman, Mr. Winthrop How, to start a mill for the manufac
ture of flaiinels at Wamesit Falls in Belvidere. Mr. How con
tinued to manufacture flannels by hand-looms tiU 1827, when he
sold his mill to Harrison How. Mr. Harrison How introduced
power-looms in lieu of hand-looms, and continued the business till
1831, when he. sold to Mr. John Nesmith and others. The sub
sequent history of these mills will be traced in a future chapter.
The bridge built across the Concord near its mouth in 1774,
was demolished in 1819, and its place supplied by a superior
structure. The bridge on Bast Merrimac Street, connecting Bel
videre with the main part of the city, stands on the site of the
bridge of 1819 ; the last-named bridge having been several times
renewed. The dam across Concord Eiver at Massic Falls, where Eioh-
mond's Baiting Mills now stand, was constructed about this time,
and a Forging Mill established there, by Messrs. Fisher & Ames.
Their works were considerably extended in 1823, and continued
by them till 1836, when they sold their privilege to Mr. P. 0.
Eichmond, of whose works an account will be given hereafter.
In 1820, the village of East Chelmsford contained two hun
dred inhabitants. Had not the Boston capitalists who were at

HAND-BOOK OT ITS BUSINESS. 51
S. T. LANCASTER,

REA.3DY-M^r)E

-AND-—

FOR CASH ONLY.

Nos. 7 and 8 Appleton Block,
CENTRAL STREET,*^*
UNDER APPLETON BANK,
' Gentlemen who value a genteel and tasty garment are most
respectfully solicited to give this establishment

HISTOEY OB LOWELL:

that time concerned in the mills at Waltham, commenced opera
tions here on the " Waltham system," the future growth of the
place must have been slow ; and ages, perhaps, would have been
required to achieve what they accomplished in a single quarter-
century. Waltham is justly regarded as the parent of Lowell.
^pe half-dozen farms, owned and occupied by intelligent and

COURT HOUSE.

substantial families, embraced the chief part of the present city.
How's flannel mill was all that distinguished Belvidere from other
neighborhoods of Tewksbury. But there, in his house on the
margin of the Merrimac, lived Hon. Edward S. L. Livermore,
whose personal talents, public reputation, and fireside hospitality

HAND-BOOK 0 1? ITS BUSINESS

J. EUSSELL SPALDING'S
Take the sweetest of names and
the fairest of flowers.
Combine them, and lo, what a
treasure is ours ?
For blooming in winter, when
earth is all dreary,
We hail with delight the green |
fragrant Rose-Mary.
The Great and Popular Preparation for the Hak.

IT -^TT-IXiX.
ORNAMENT, CLEANSE, SOFTEN, EMBELLISH,
AND QIVB
RICHISS AND BRILLIAMCY TO THE HAIR.
It has stood the test of time and use, and can be relied upon as one of the
best articles in the world for the purposes it is recommended. It removes
Dandruff, relieves the Headache. To prevent the Hair from falling off, re
storing it to bald places, and forcing its growth wherever nature intended it
should grow, the Rosemary has been used with as much success, probably,
as any article ever known. It keeps the Hair in a healthy state, giving to
all Hair, natural and false, a rich glossy appearance.
PRICE 25 CENTS AND $1,00 PER BOTTLE.
MANUFACTtfRER AND PROPRIETOR,
J. RUSSELL SPALDING,
DRUGGIST AND APOTHECARY.
The facsimile of his signature is on every bottle of the genuine.
X>X!.XIVCXJP.JlX. iOX^X'O'X'j
m. 27 TREMONT STREET, opp. Mnseum, Boston, Mass.
™Sepotfor™
3?0SlGiMH MBB3:GIIS§, SBSMMIEY,
.  «^<»»'  ¦
finton's N«w Instantaneous Hair Bye,  Price $1.00.
Irencli's Hair Bemover, for tuking off Sur|)lns Hair, . . Price 50 Cents.
Sflver Plating Flnii for Coating Metals with Silver, Price 25 Cents and $1.00.
Jug P«rfumery,— 12 kinds, in Small Stone Jugs, . Price 25 Cents each.
My articles are for sale by Druggists and Merchants throughout the coun
try. Orders addressed to me will receive prompt attention.
J. RUSSELL SPALDING,
27 Tbemont Street, Boston, [opposite museum.]

gave eclat to the place. He had sat as judge in the Supreme
Court of New Hampshire, at a time when something more than
partizanship was demanded of judges ; he had represented Mas
sachusetts in Congress, when men of small calibre were very
wisely kept at home ; he had stood in the front rank of his pro
fession as a lawyer ; and, having now retired from practice, lived
here in the enjoyment of all the otium cum dignitate of Cicero.
But the focus of fashion, the centre of gravity, of the place,
was at the head of the Pawtucket Canal. There, lived Hon.
Ashael Stearns, one of the ablest lawyers of his time, afterwards
law-professor at Harvard University. There, also, lived Phineas
Whiting, James Bowers, John Ford, Elisha Ford, and others,
whose families possessed considerable local importance. But
events were at hand, which threw this order of things far into
the shade. Manufactures came on a mammoth scale ; and all
these things were totally eclipsed.

Patrick T. Jackson and Francis C. Lowell.
We have now arrived at that period in our history, when,
through the combined efforts of a few organizing minds, Lowell
became, in the elegant phrase of Hon. Edward Everett, " the
noble city of the arts." The history of the active leaders in any
community is necessarily, in some measure, the history of the
community itself. This is preeminently so with that little band
of great minds, who established the institutions that have given
character and an historical position to Lowell, — who turned the
industry of New England into channels Unexplored before, and
opened to their country new and inexhaustible resources of wealth
in the manufacture of cotton.
All who regard man as something more than a piece of mech
anism, the plaything of circumstances, a waif on the storm-tossed
sea of chance ; all who regard him as a free moral agent, gifted
with great powers and high responsibilities, will attribute much
of the success of our institutions to the energy and virtue of those

>ALSAI
For COLDS, COUGHS, INFLUENZA,
BMNCHITIS, WaOOPING-COUGH, ASTHMA,
And for all Diseases that lead to
MASTA'S INDIAN PlSSoNIC^ALSAM
Is warranted to cure, effectually and completely, the above
named diseases, if used in season. It is a remedy for diseases of
the lungs, second to no other preparation. That medicine does
not exist that will compare with it in its prompt and speedy effi
cacy in relieving colds, coughs, and diseases of the lungs in gen
eral. Such is the unanimous opinion with regard to it where it
has been thoroughly tried.
^° Those whose lungs are so diseased as to be beyond the
reach of remedial agents, will derive greater relief than from any
other medicine of the kind. Composed entirely of vegetables,
thoroughly prepared and highly concentrated, free from minerals
and poisonous acids, it can be relied on at all times, under all
circumstances, and for all ages with perfect safety. — Hundreds
in this city have been speedily cured by it, of the above named
diseases, who can testify to the same.
To dealers in medicine it will be afforded at the usual rates,
with bills and certificates, and sent by express to any section of
the country, from which orders are received.
All orders and letters addressed to the manufacturer, at Low
ell, Mass., will receive prompt attention.
Sold by the manufacturer, at his office, and by all dealers in
medicine in the city.
JOS, -A.. 3i/C-A.STJ^,

HISTOEY OF LOWELL:

by whom they were established. The names of Patrick T. Jack
son, Francis C. Lowell, Kirk Boott, Paul Moody, Ezra Worthen,
Warren Colburn, the Appletons, the Lawrences, and the whole
gallery of the founders of Lowell, will ever be gratefully remem
bered by the people of this place. Their memories
" Smell sweet and blossom in the dust."
Characters such as these form the true nobility of America.
They are the genuine aristocracy, — not the aristocracy of birth,
or of accidental position, — but the aristocracy of genius, of char
acter, and of personal achievement. From the universal bank
ruptcy consequent upon the last war with Great Britain, their
powpr of mechanical invention, their business sagacity, their exec
utive ability, raised the country to competence and to wealth.
They drew copious streams of wealth from the raw cotton of the
south, as Moses of old drew streams of pure water from the barren
rock of the desert. What is most remarkable is, that there was
nothing miserly about them, — that the same minds that possessed
capacity to amass so much wealth, also possessed the munificence
to spend it as though the notion of profit had never been enter
tained at all.
In this constellation of our city's fathers, the name of Patrick
T. Jackson is the first that arrests our attention, and the last.
He was the Nestor of that band, and stood " in glory above his
peers." Born on the 14th of August, 1780, he was the youngest
son of Hon. Jonathan Jackson of Newburyport. He came of the
true Celto-Saxon stock. His father had been a member of the
Continental Congress in 1782, Marshal of the District of Massa
chusetts under Washington, and filled other distinguished posi
tions in State and Nation. In the times that tried men's souls,
that father had won distinction for his Eoman firmness in the
Patriot cause. The grandfather of Mr. Jackson, on his mother's
side, was Patrick Tracy, an Irishman by birth, who came to this
country young, poor and friendless, and made himself by his own
talents one of the wealthiest men of Newburyport.
Mr. Jackson was educated in the public schools of his native
town, and subsequently at Dummer Academv. When fifteen

HAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSINESS

SAMUEL KIDDER, JR.

Corner of Merrimack and John Streets,
Wholesale and Retail Dealer in
DKUGS, MEDICINES AND FANCY ARTICLES, PEE-
FUMERY, GLASS WARE, PROPRIETARY MED
ICINES, TARTARIC ACID, ROCHELLESA.LTS,
PURE CREAM TARTAR, SUP. CARB. SODA,
INDELLIBLE INK, LEECHES SHA
KERS' HERBS, &e , &o.
AIsO) is sole Agent in Lowell for
Jayne's Celebrated Family Medicines, Townsend's Sarsapa-
rillla, Davis' Pain Killer, Radway's Ready Relief, Christie,s
Galvanic Articles, Weaver's Canher Syrup, Dyer's Washing
Fluid, and many other valuable preparations.
PH¥SICIiNS' PRESCRIPTIONS AND FAMILY MEDICINES
put up at all hours of the day and night, by a competent person,
with neatness, accuracy, and despatch.
All medicines warranted genuine and of the best quality ; if
they do not prove such, the money will be cheerfully refunded.
It is the aim of the proprietor of this store to use in the com
pounding and sale of inedicines, those of a

and the public have, by their liberal patronage, appreciated it.
Grateful for past favors, a continuance of the same is solicited.
The proprietor devotes his personal attention to business.
Having had many years' experience in the business, and been
established in Lowell thirteen years, customers may depend upon
receiving satisfaction for patronage bestowed upon this establish
ment.

¥

Lowell, July, 1856.

HISTOKY OF LOWELL:

years of age, he became the apprentice of Mr. William Bartlett,
a rich merchant in Newburyport, and distinguished himself by
his industry and by his proficiency in his business. Before he
attained the age of twenty, he was considered competent to go as
master of a cargo of merchandise to the Island of St. Thomas, in
the West Indies. Soon after returning from St. Thomas, he
went to Madras and Calcutta as clerk to his elder brother, Cap
tain Henry Jackson ; and acquired such proficiency in navigation
and seamanship during the voyage, that on his return, he was
allowed to take the entire charge of a ship and cargo in the same
trade. He completed three East India voyages in this capacity, and
was at the Cape of Good Hope in 1806, when that valuable colony
was taken from the Dutch by the English. In 1808, he returned
home, relinquished the sea, and engaged in commercial pursuits
at Boston. Assisted by his brother-in-law, Francis C. Lowell,
he engaged largely in the East India trade. In 1811, his affairs
having become seriously embarrassed, he called together his prin
cipal creditors, and gave them a lucid exposition of his affairs.
He showed that if they would allow him a little time, he could
meet all his liabilities, and still have a surplus left ; but that if
they pressed him to an immediate settlement, his assets would
not be sufficient to meet half their lawful claims. This exposi
tion was entirely satisfactory ; his request was acceded to ; and
at the end of that year, he found himself, as he expressed it, "on
his legs again." This event illustrates, more than any eulogy,
the character of the man.
The business of Mr. Jackson was suspended by the war of
1812. Mr. Francis C. Lowell had just then returned after a
long absence in England and Scotland. Mr. Lowell was a fellow-
townsman of Mr. Jackson. He was the son of Hon. John Lowell,
and was born in Newburyport in 1774, being six vears Mr.
Jackson's senior. He had graduated at Harvard in 1763, and
had spent the last two years abroad on account of his health. In
a published Memoir of Mr.Lowell, Hon. Edward Everett observes,
that the vast importance of manufacturing industry, as a source
of national wealth, was strongly impressed upon Mr. Lowell's

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS.

59

(WTMANS EXCHANGE,)
CORNER OF MERRIMACK AND CENTRAL STREETS, LOWELL, MASS.
ESTABLISHED IN 1846.

This Office, being constantly supplied with the newest, and
most ELEGANT stylcs of Type and Borders, is ready at all
times, to furnish, at short notice, in the best manner,
and at the lowest living pkofit, every variety

— op—

Such as Factory Labels,
Cloth Tickets,
Blanks and Cards,
Bills of Exchange,
Notes, Drafts,
Bank Checks,
Receipts, Circulars,
BiUets, (all styles,)
Deeds, Leases,

Policies of Insurance,
Bills of Lading,
Bills of Fare,

Railroad Receipts,
Bill Heads.
Sermons,Addresses,Reports, Catalogues,Savings' Bank Books
Pass Books,
Programmes, Orders of Dances,
Business Cards,
School do.
Address dOi
Invitation do.

Wedding Cards,
Presentation Cards,
Ball Tickets,
Concert Tickets,
Envelopes, Tags, Show Cards,
Labels of all kinds,
Hand Bills,
Auction Bills,
Show Bills,
Paper Signs,
Shop Bills.
Tune Bills, etc

Receipts, and various other blank notices, useful to business men, on
hand, for sale at reasonable rates, or printed to order.

history of LOWELL:

mind, while in England ; " and some branches of manufactures
were examined by him with care." He returned to the United
States with a fixed idea, that the cotton manufacture, then mo
nopolized by Great Britain, could be successfully introduced here.
Mr. Lowell had heard of power-looms, and of daily inventions
in England of labor-saving machinery. He saw and admitted
that the advantages of cheap labor, abundant capital, superior
skill, and established reputation, were all on the side of the Eng
lish. But the raw cotton could be procured cheaper here ; water-
power was more abundant than in England : and he thought that
the superior intelligence and enterprise of the American popula
tion would ensure the success of the cotton manufacture in these
States, in spite of the competition of all Europe.
Mr. Lowell unfolded these views at length to Mr. Jackson,
and proposed that an experiment in the cotton manufacture be
made here. After deliberation, they both resolved to undertake
the enterprise, and were not discouraged by difficulties which
would have thwarted less resolute men. The possibility of pro
curing books, designs, or models of machines from England,
was of course cut off by the then pending war. Yet these extra
ordinary men, — not bred as mechanics, nor experienced in ma
chinery, — undertook to reinvent, and did reinvent, all that was
valuable among the inventions of the ingenious mechanics of Eng
land. Like the youthful General of the Army of Italy, these
Napoleons of manufactures created all their own resources ; and
their victories were as glorious as his.
The first difficulty was in getting a power-loom. They exam
ined the models of power-looms in the Patent Office, but found
none of them practicable. They remembered that in England
the power-loom had been invented by a clergyman ; and they
concluded that in America it might be invented by merchants
like themselves. The invention of a power-loom was actually
perfected by their inventive genius in the autumn of 1812.
Being in want of a practical mechanic, they secured the services
of Mr. Paul Moody. Mr. Moody was born in Amesbury in 1777,
and had been for some time engaged in the manufacturing busi
ness in that town, in connection with Mr. Ezra Worthen Mr

W^Lc>^^  '^'-'-'^'^'^^>-~x*>,w^^^,.«..^^w,(5

I" - '

1.

(Formerly Merrill 1$ Straw,)
Publisher, Bookseller, Stationer,

BORDERS, BLANK BOOKS, &e.

T^T f..-yi Tir ^oo3s.s X^fbdo to ^XTdex*.
Old Books, Pamphlets, Music &Ci, Bound with Neatness and Despatch.
Nos. 23 Central and 1 Middle Streets,
OPPOSItE THE POST OFFICE, |
LOWfiLL, MASS.
OFFICE OF THE MUTUAL BENEFIT LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY.
JOSHUA MERRILL, Agent.

HISTOET OF Lowell:

Moody's aid was invaluable in the starting of the first mill at
Waltham, though he did not remove to reside there till 1814.
The original design of Messrs. Lowell and Jackson was only
to start a weaving-miU, and to buy their yarn of others. No
such establishment as a mill where raw cotton was manufactured
into finished cloth, without going through different hands, and
forming two distinct businesses, was then dreamed of. The
practice was to run spinning-mills and weaving-mills as separate
establishments. But as soon as their loom was completed, they
found it expedient to spin their own yarn, rather than to buy it
of others. In 1813, they accordingly fitted up a mill with seven
teen hundred spindles, which is still in operation at Waltham.
Their sizing machine they constructed by improving upon
Horrock's dressing-machine, patented in England. Their dress
ing machine was invented by Mr. Moody. Mr. Lowell and Mr.
Moody both had a hand in the invention of their double-speeder
for spinning. The mathematical scholarship of Mr. Lowell was
as indispensable to its Success as the mechanical ingenuity of Mr.
Moody. The peculiar invention of Mr. Moody was the filling-
throstle. The machines invented by these ingenious men were
substantially the same as those now in use, though subsequent
inventions have improved and perfected them. This fact will
appear the more remarkable, when we consider how many dis
advantages and embarrassments beset the original inventors,
which are now removed.

^/

The First Company at Waltham.
Having now, after incredible labor, completed their designs,
Messrs. Jackson and Lowell associated other gentlemen with
them, and, in 1813, obtained a charter as the Boston Manufac
turing Company, with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars.
This " speculation," as it was then calleJ, proved a splendid suc
cess ; and the business was soon extended as far as the water-

^^u^^.^Ss^tifii^^S^^y''^^'^^

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINES

PERRY DAVIS'
VEGETABLE PAIN IILLEE
And after a thokouqh trial, by innumerable living witnesses, has proved
itself to be
THE MEDICINE OF THE AGE.
Although there have been many medicinal preparations brought before the
public since the first introduction'of Perry Davis' Vegetable Pain Kil
ler, and large amounts expended in their introduction, the Pain Killer
has continued to steadily advance in the estimation of the world, as the best
Family Medicine ever introduced. As an internal and external remedy, it is
truly a source of
JO^S- TO THE ¦v^o:Rijr>.

One positive proof of its efiicacy is, that the sales have constantly increased,
and 'wholly upon its own merits, as the proprietors have not resorted to adver
tising to gain for it the rank it now holds among the great number of prepa
rations of the present time. The effect of the Pain Killer upon the patient,
when taken internally, in cases ot'colds, cough, bowel complaints, cholera, dys
entery, and other affections of the system, has been truly wonderful, and has
won for it a name among medicinal preparation's that can never be forgotten.
Its success in removing pain, as an external remedy, in case of bums, bruises,
sores, sprains, cuts, stinos of insects, and other causes of suffering, has secu
red for it such a host of testimony, as an almost infallible remedy, that it will
be handed down to posterity as one of the greatest medical discoveries of the
nineteenth century.
THE MiGICAL EFFECTS OP THE PAIM KILLER,
when taken or used according to directions, are certain. You have only to be
sure that you buy the genuine article, and adhere to the directions in its use,
and you will admit its wonderful medicinal properties.
The genuine Perry Davis' Pain Killer is now put up in panel bottles, with
the words, "Davis' Vegetable Pain Killer" blown in the glass, and with
two steel engraved labels on each bottle — one an excellent likeness of Perry
Davis, the original inventor of the medicine, the other a steel engraved Note
of Hand. None others can be relied upon as genuine.
Price of Bottles, 25 cents, 50 cents, and $1.00, respectively.
^g°For sale by most of the Medicine Dealers throughout the world.
PERRY DAVIS & SON, PROPRIETORS,
No. 74: High. Street, -

Providence, S. I.

HISTOEY OF LOWELL:

power at Waltham would permit. The first suggestions and
many of the chief plans were made by Mr. Lowell ; but Mr.
Jackson devoted the most time and labor to the management of
it. He spent much of his time at Waltham, away from his family ;
and at length became so absorbed in manufactures, that, in 1815,
he abandoned mercantile business altogether.
While cotton cloth was being sold at thirty-three cents per
yard, Mr. Lowell, fired with the presentiment of what his plans
would accomplish, predicted to a friend, that, " within fifty
years, cotton cloth would be sold for four-pence a yard." The
prediction was called "visionary" then; but it has long since
been fulfilled. Our far-sighted adventurers were frequently ad
vised, by meddlesome outsiders and gossipping Mrs, Grundys,
that they would soon overdo their new business. No sooner did
one mill send forth its cloth, than all agreed that it would be the
last. The markets would be glutted. Goods would lie by, and
rot in the warehouses. Bankruptcy, ruin, pauperism, would
ensue. But our adventurers kept right on, paying no more at
tention to the gossip of the Mrs. Grundys, than they would have
paid to the evolutions of an army of grasshoppers. True, they
saw not all the future, nor half " the wonders that would be;"
but they remained firm in the conviction that by improved ma
chinery they could compete successfully with England in all the
markets of the globe ; and experience has proved that this convic
tion was not without foundation.
In 1816, Mr. Lowell visited Washington, to impress upon
members of Congress, as Mr. Everett says, " the importance, the
prospects and the dangers of the cotton manufacture, and the
policy of shielding it from foreign competition by legislative pro
tection." Constitutional objections have often, in more recent
times, been urged against the protective system. No objection
of this kind was then heard of. The New England States were
too exclusively engaged in commerce to listen to him ; but the
Middle States favored the new plan. The States of the West
were divided ; the South, as usual, held the balance of power ;
and Mr. Lowell's appeal to the interests of the Southern planters
prevailed. The famous minimum duty on imported cotton fab-

HAND-BOOK 0* ITS BUSINESS.

Wholesale and retail dealer in
G03!fEEGTI0]SrEE.Y ANB CAKE,
No. 37 Central Street, Lowell, Mass.
¦  1 m»m t 
Meals Furnished at all Hours of the Day.
PARTIES SUPPLIED WITH ICE CREAM, JELLEY, CAKE, OYSTERS, AND ALL
ARTICLES REQUIRED FOR AN ENTERTAINMENT, AT THE SALOON
OR AT PRIVATE RESIDENCES.
Connected with the Saloon is a'
LARGE AND ELEGANT DANCING HALL,
And a Pining Boom for Private Parties.
BASS Am SIGIIl §U23?1E§, SIG-I3:et. u„
Furnished with every requisite at short notice and with punctuality.

400 Washington Street.

The OBly xoanufecturers of CoIeman'B Patent JEolian
A6tachmeDt for Massachusetts.
A large assortmetilof T. Gilbert & Go's PIANO FORTES, with or with
out the much admired jBdlian Attachment, which gives to the Piano the
beautiful and rich tones of an organ. The ^olian in no way interferes with
the Piano — either can be played alone, or the two united. For sale on the
same terms and prices as at the manufactory in Boston, and w^raated to give
satisfaction or the money vrill be refunded. They will be sent any distance
within 25 miles free of charge.
GBO. HElDiSttCK, 36 Central Street, Iiowell,
Only Agent for the past fifteen years for T. Gilbert & Co., Boston.
N. B.  T. Gilbert is the oldest Piano Forte maker in Boston, having been
in the business for nearly thirty years, and having every facility for doing the
work in the best manner. No better Instruments for .sweetness, richness of
tone, and durability of workmanship, can be found in this country, than are
made by T. Gilbert & Co. , , ^ t,. t. . . , .
Second hand church Organs for Sale. Good second hand Piano Fortes to let.
G. H. is also Agent for Geo. Stevens, Organ Builder, East Cambridge, Ms.

p^tl'f''^^ — ^^^.^^1

66

HISTORY OF LOWELL:

rics was proposed by Mr. Lowell, recommended by Mr. Lowndes,
advocated by Mr. Calhoun, and incorporated into law in 1816.
Li this way, American manufactures were protected from Brit
ish competition, and nursed in a vigorous life. It is to this provis
ion of law, says Mr. Everett, in the memoir before quoted, that
" New England owes that branch of industry which has made
her amends for the diminution of her foreign trade ; ,which has
kept her prosperous under the exhausting drain of her population
to the West ; which has brought a market for his agricultural pro"
duce to the farmer's door ; and which, while it has conferred
these blessings on this part of the country, has been productive
of good, and nothing but good, to every portion of it."
The whole credit of this policy is due to Mr. LoweU. But he
did not live to witness the realization of his plans. " Man pro
poses, but God disposes." He died in 1817, at the age of forty-
three ; and committed to others the completion of his vast de
signs. The Memoir of Mr. Everett contains an eloquent eulogy
of this great public benefactor, whose name will go down to pos
terity as the father of the City of Spindles. " Pyramids and
mausoleums," says the American Cicero, " may crumble to the
earth, and brass and marble mingle with the dust they cover ;
but the pure and well-doserved renown, which is thus incorpora
ted with the busy life of an intelligent people, will be remembered,
till the long lapse of ages and the vicissitudes of fortune shall
reduce all of America to oblivion and decay !"

The First Company in Lowell.
In 1820, Mr. Jackson was still connected, as agent, with the
mills at Waltham. Mr. Moody was also there, as machinist.
Hon. Nathan Appleton had a large interest in the same concern.
Their success had been great ; but their operations in Waltham
could be extended no further, from want of water-power. Of all
the establishments called into life by the war of 1812, none had

HAND-BOOK 0 J ITS BUSINESS

GENTLEMEN'S
CUSTOM READY-MADE

RICH FURNISHING GOODS;

No. 1 CANAL BLOCK,  CENTRAL STREET,
Where can be found constantly on hand every description of the
above named goods, in large quantities, of the best quality, and
LA.TEST inv-a:F0I?.T.A-TI03Sr,
got up in the most thorough manner, and guaranteed to suit the
purchaser and give him as good satisfaction as if he had them
made expressly for him. By getting up large quantities at a time,
I can afford to sell
Having paid strict attention to the business for the last ten
years, I flatter myself that I can appreciate my customers' wants
in such a manner that if they call on me once, they will be sure
to call again, and make my store their resort for the purchase of
the above named goods.

NO. 1 CANAL BLOCK, CENTRAL STREET,
J. Frank Croxford.

HISTOEY OF LOWELL:

been more profitable than theirs. They had resolved to establish
other mills elsewhere, and were in quest of a place affording a
good supply of water-power, for that purpose.
Messrs. Jackson and Appleton visited Souhegan, in New
Hampshire, and examined the water-privilege at that place. They
passed the place where Nashua now stands, and stopped to look
at an old saw-mill, that then stood there. They also examined
other privileges 5 but finally returned to Waltham, rejecting them
all. At this time, Mr. Worthen was still interested in the origi
nal establishment at Amesbury. Shortly afterwards, Mr. Moody,
while on a visit to Amesbury, mentioned to Mr. Worthen, that
the company at Waltham were in quest of a water-power. None
of these Waltham gentlemen knew anything of the water-power
at the Pawtucket Canal. Mr. Worthen had been familiar with
Pawtucket Falls from his boyhood ; and he very naturally replied
to Mr. Moody's remark, by asking, " Why don't they purchase
the land round Pawtucket Canal ? They can put up as many
mills as they please there, and never want for water."
On returning to Waltham, Mr. Moody went out of his way on
purpose to look at these falls, and Mr. Worthen accompanied
him. Arriving at Waltham, they related to Mr. Jackson a de
scription of the place, and Mr. Worthen chalked out upon the
floor a map of Merrimac River, including both the Pawtucket
Falls and Canal. Mr. Jackson listened eagerly to their story,
and was soon convinced that a large manufacturing town could
here be built up. The great idea of possessing himself of the
whole power of Merrimac River filled his mind ; but with charac
teristic sa,gacity, he kept the secret locked in his own breast
until he had secured all the stock of the Bawtucket Canal, and a
very considerable portion of the adjoining lands.
To purchase these shares of the Locks and Canals company Mr.
Thomas M. Clark, a merchant of Newburyport, was employed.
The shares were five hundred in number ; and the par value of
each was one hundred dollars. Some of them were purchased
twenty dollars below par ; and nearly all of them were secured at
I jcr something less than par. The farms of Nathan Tyler, Josiah
i^J^ Fletcher, Mrs. Joseph Warren, and the Cheever farm, were all

HANB-BOOK OS ITS BUSINESS. 69
THE HEAFaCHE KILLER!
Of Goifstown Centre, New HampsMre.
Fetch succeeding year adds to the reputation of this invaluable
Specific for the Sick and Nervous Head Ache, Tic Douloureux,
Neuralgia, and other
ITER-VOTTS -A-FFEOTIOl^TS.
It was first put on sale, in a popular form, in 1849. Its sales
have been on a steady increase ever since. All who sell it say
that their customers invariably bring back a good report concern
ing it.
The fine prominent virtues which so highly recommend this
preparation, are : —
1. — It is but slightly cathartic in its effects, unless used in
over doses.
2. — It is scientifically compounded, — not thrown together by

3. — Its color is produced by pure vegetable drugs, — not by
adding dye-stuffs.
4. — Though containing a large amount of medicine, it is sold
at half the price of most other remedies offered for sale.
5. — It is not sicref medicine, as all oi its ingredients are
made known in plain Fnglish, printed upon the label.
A Circular wrapped around the bottle gives its origin, history,
&e. It cannot fail to give satisfaction to all who use it.
PRICE FifrrCENT^^ERTBOTTLE.
A.a-3B3SrTS IKT XiOTTiT-BXiIj :
S, KIDDER, JR., CARLETON & HOVEY, C, S. EASTMAN, J. R, HAYES, '
J. T. BILLINGS, A, W. DOWS, L, W. WILLIS.
FOB SALE BY DRUGGISTS and APOTHECAJRIES BVEEYWHEEE.
Manufactured at Goffstown Centre, W. IT.,
B Y J. "V\r. F O L A. I^ D .
The following List of Medicines, prepared by Dr. Poland, are daily in
creasing in demand, and have an excellent reputation wherever known :
'•' THE HUMOR DOCTOR,  50 cents.
WHITE PINE COMPOUND, for colds, cough, &c., 37 1-2 "
PAIN EASER, (2 oz. and 4 oz. bottle,)  15 and 25 "

HISTOKT OF LOWELL:

purchased in 1821-'24, for about four hundred thousand dollars
in all. These farms contained about four hundred acres ; they
covered what is now the most densely peopled part of the city ;
and were bought at prices ranging from one to two hundred dol
lars per acre. Most of these lands have been sold at various
times by tho Locks and Canals Company, at from twelve cents to
one dollar per square foot. This far-sighted man, Mr. Jackson,
at once bade the farmers retire, and dedicated this place to the
Genius of Art. He now offered a share of his investment to his
former colleagues at Waltham ; his offer was gladly accepted ;
and, in 1822, he and his colleagues were incorporated as the Mer
rimac Manufacturing Company, with a capital of one and a half
million dollars.
Such was the beginning of manufacturing companies in Lowell.
Of course, the value of real estate here was suddenly greatly en
hanced. A single illustration of this, related in Rev. Dr. Miles'
" Lowell as it was, and as it is," must not be omitted : — Nine
undivided tenths of the Cheever farm were bought in 1821 for
eighteen hundred dollars ; and the owner of the other one-tenth
had agreed to convey the same for two hundred dollars. Before
he had conveyed it, however, he died, suddenly, insolvent ; and
the one-tenth was sold by order of court. But such had been the
increase in its value, that the Locks and Canals Company paid
upwards of three thousand dollars for seven and a half-tenths of
it ; and the remaining two and a half-tenths were sold, one year
afterwards, for upwards of five thousand dollars !
One hundred and twenty thousand dollars were spent by the
new company in widening and deepening the canal, and cutting
an additional lateral canal from the Pawtucket Canal to the Mer
rimac River. The mills were erected on the margin of the river
and completed in 1823. The first return of cloth was made in
November of that year.

HAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSINESS.

FREDERICK BARON,
Druggist d Apothecary.
COR. MERRIMACK & WORTHEN ST8., '
LOWELL. MASS.,
Keeps constantly on hand and full assortment of
ra.ESI3: HERBS,
"SELECT, POWDERS," GLASS WARE, FANCY ARTICLES, PERFUMERY, &C-
Physicians' Prescriptions CompounM with accuracy at all hours, Bay or Night,
From such preparatio^is only asthe proprietor, in his experience deems
suitable to dispense.
On hand and for sale, the following, with numerous others, not mentioned :
POWDERS,
Rochelle, Soda, Seidlitz, Lazell, Marsh and Hunn's "Select
Powders," etc.
HAIR DYES,
Bachelder's, Hutchins' , Mathews\ and Naples.
PERFUMERY AND FANCY- OILS,
Lubin's, Glenn's, ITarrison's, Rimmel's, Wright's, etc.
Oils. — Geranium Rose, Citronella Rose, Otto Rose, San
dal Wood, Sweet Briar, Spring Mowers, Jasmin, Limon
Grasse, Rhodium, Neroli, etc.
COLOGNES,
French Fnglish, German and Domestic.
BRUSHES.
Tooth, Hai, Hair, Nail, Cloth, Shaving, Camel's Hair, etc.
VANOY AND SHAVING SOAPS,
Low Sf Cleaver's Drown Windsor, Honey and Musk Scented,
Gfosnell'^^ Dahlia, Yankee, Babbitt's, Old Kesan, Castile,
\ Transparent, etc.
HAIR PREPARATIONS,
Golden LuistraU, Rosemary and Castor Oil, Delight's Spanish
Lustral, Fotter\ Balm, Kathairon, Lovett's Wahpene, Hun
garian Balm, Pomades, Bogle's Hypereon Fluid,
Rose and Bear's Oils, etc.
Together with a large assortment ol

HISTOBT or LOWELL;

Kirk Boott and his Compeers.

The first agent of the new company was Kirk Boott. This
gentleman was born in Boston in 1791, and received an academi
cal education at the famous Rugby School in England. He en
tered Harvard College, and sowed an abundance of " wild oats,"
but never graduated. His tastes being military, a commission
was purchased for him ; and he served five years as an ofl&cer in
the British Army. He fought under Wellington in the Peninsu
lar War, and commanded a detachment of troops at the siege of
San Sebastian, in 1813. His courage was perfectly bullet-proof ;
and, not dreaming what a page history had left blank for him to
fill, he labored assiduously to perfect himself in the science of
arms. But his father having died shortly after his resignation of
his commission, he, in 1817, returned to Boston. It was through
the intimacy that arose between him and Mr. Jackson, while the
latter was agent of the miUs at Waltham, that he was employed
as agent of the new company at East Chelmsford (or Lowell.)
Mr. Boott established himself here in the spring of 1822, took
charge of the mills, and infused into the whole place much of his
own determined spirit and unconquerable will. He became, hy
the general assent of all, the man of the place, and represented its
interests in the State Legislature. His portrait, which hangs in
the Mechanics' Hall, will ever be regarded as one of the most
precious mementos of the early days of our city. A chronic
disease of the spine, contracted " on the tented field," seri
ously impaired his constitution ; and, after a residence among
us of fifteen years, he died suddenly on the 11th of April, 1837,
dropping dead from his chaise in the street.
Mr. Worthen removed here at the same time with Mr. Boott,
and his services as superintendent were of inestimable value to
the place. Like Mr. Lowell, Mr. Worthen was not permitted to
see even "the beginning of the end" of his plans. He died
after a lingering illness, June 18th, 1824, and his loss was

HAND-BOOK OT ITS BUSINESS.

Billings' Toilet Oil,--for the Hair.
In compounding this elegant preparation, the proprietor has
carefully avoided the use of such articles as would in the least in
jure the hair, and has succeeded in producing a skilful combina
tion of such ingredients as have been ascertained by actual experi
ment to be salutary and invigorating to the hair. If used in
accordance with the directions accompanying each bottle, it will
arrest the falling off of hair, and often promotes a healthy growth
upon bald heads. It will entirely eradicate dandruff, and cure
all other diseases of the scalp. As a dressing for the hair it is
unsurpassed — rendering coarse, stiff hair soft and pliable, and
giving it that curly, graceful appearance so much admired. In
short, it completely combines the properties of a wash, a tonic,
and a pomatum. It is highly perfumed with the extracts of
flowers, which particularly adapts it to ladies' and gentlemen's
toilet use.

Soponaeeous Tooth Powder.
Composed of tooth soap, prepared chalk, peruvian bark and
wintergreen. This nice combination of tooth soap with the alka
line and vegetable powders constitutes the best dentifrice that
can be used. We thus make public the composition of this pow
der, considering it to be both a good and honest recommendation
for its use ; for it will at once be seen that this compound must
be superior to either the tooth soap or a simple combination of
vegetable powders used separately. It effectually cleanses and
polishes the teeth and preserves the gums in a healthy condition.
Containing nothing unpleasant to the taste, and possessing so
much of the agreeable flavor of the wintergreen, it is highly
pleasant to use, and imparts to the breath a delightful fragrance.
It will be noticed that this dentifrice is entirely free from acid
and gritty substances, and cannot injure the enamel of the
.teeth. Prepared by J. T. Billings, apothecary and chemist,
corner of Central and Jackson Streets, Lowell.

deeply appreciated by the community for whose interests he had
originated so many judicious plans.
Mr. Moody also removed here from Waltham, in 1823, and
took the charge of the large machine shop. This Shop was com
pleted in 1825, and cost one hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
He remained in this position during a period of eight years, when
his labors were terminated by death, July 7, 1831. Born and
bred a mechanic, Mr. Moody was none the less a gentleman.
Skill in mechanism was his forte ; but his general capacity was
large ; and when he died, all felt that one of the ablest citizens,
and one of the most estimable men, had fallen.
The place left vacant by Mr. Worthen, in 1824, was subse
quently filled by Mr, Warren Colburn, the distinguished author
of a series of popular school-books on Arithmetic. Mr. Colburn
was born in Dedham in 1793, and graduated at Harvard Univer
sity in 1820, at the ripe age of twenty-seven years. He was
distinguished while at college for his assiduous devotion to the
mathematics. After graduating, he engaged as a school-teacher
in Boston, and while thus employed prepared those works on
Arithmetic, which have forever intimately associated his name
with that science. Prior to Mr. Worthen's decease, Mr. Moody
had acquired some experience in charge of the mills at Waltham.
His abilities were such as amply enabled him to fill Mr. Worthen's
post ; but he wUl be chiefly remembered for his efforts, in con
nection with Rev. Dr. Edson, to build up, upon a permanent
basis, that complete system of public schools, which is the pride
of the place.
The first public religious services, since the days of the Apostle-
Eliot and the Indian preacher Samuel, were celebrated by Rev.
Dr. Edson, (then a Deacon of the Protestant Episcopal Church,)
on the first Sunday in March, 1824, in the Merrimac Company's
School House, which was opened to pupils in the same year.
The Merrimac Company had employed the clergyman above
named, on their own account. A religious society was organized
in the same year ; and public worship constantly celebrated ac-
. .^ cording to " the form of sound words."
15jJ5 The digging of the canals and the erection of the mills very

^M r\ r'^p^^^^I^j^L^s,,r''-,<*>,^'*'-''''^-r'*^^

.^....-w^--.-.-*-'-.-.->-rt-^-w..-.-'-.-'-*.'^>~'.-'-i.'^..~*-'^-.'^..'*-«.>.-^^ V ]^)x^

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BU8IN:

75

im

jf''^ muiuuuniniuiJiiiiianiiuuiinuuuuja ^ ^^
Corner of Central and Jackson Streets,
(Successor to J. C. Ayer & Co.)

(*>

A large assortment of Trusses, Supporters and Shoulder Braces always in
Store.. Physicians' Prescriptions Carefully Compounded, and all orders cor
rectly answered.

INSURANCE.
MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO.,
Of Springfield.— Guarantee Capital, $100,000.
HAMPDEN FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,
Of Springiield-CAPITAI,, $100,000.
CONWAY FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,
Capital $100,000.
CITY FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,
Of New Haven, Ct.,— Capital, $100,000.
QUINCY MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,
HAVERHILL MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE OOMPAiNY,
FARMERS' MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,
Of Georgetown.
HAMILTON MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,
Of Salem.

The ifndersigued is agent of the above, and several other reliable Compa
nies, arid is prepared to'feffect Insurance on al! kinds of insurable property at
as low rates as other sound Companies. All orders, by mail or otherwise,
promptly atliended to.
Office in JOSHUA MERRILL'S BOOKSTORE, No. 23 Central Street,
opposite the Post Office.
Lowell, July, 1856. JEREMIAH S. FOLSOM.

HISTORY OP LOWELL:

soon attracted a numerous and daily increasing community ; and
the gables of a hundred new houses suddenly arose skyward.
The facility of communication between this place and Boston,
had been much increased in 1822, by the establishment of a
regular line of stages running between the two places ; and the
Middlesex Journal, (now the Lowell Journal and Courier,)
started in 1824, became at once, to some extent, the organ of the
rising community.

Events of 1825.

During the year 1825, East Chelmsford made rapid progress.
The success of the business of the Merrimac Company had al
ready been so great, that the proprietors now concluded to ex
tend their operations. This company, as we have already seen,
owned all the water-power that the Merrimac river afforded,
together with the lands adjoining, and the original charter granted
to the Locks and Canals Company in 1792. With a view to a
reorganization, they now procured from the Legislature an amend
ment to that charter, authorizing the Proprietors of Locks and
Canals on Merrimac River to purchase, hold, sell or lease both
land and water-power in Chelmsford, Tewksbury and Dracut, to
the amount of six hundred thousand dollars.
In this way, two companies, for different purposes, were crea
ted out of one. The Merrimac Company conveyed to the Locks
and Canals Company all their water-power and all their lands ;
and then so much of it as was required for their own purposes,
was reconveyed to the Merrimac Company for the nominal sum
of one dollar. This fact gave rise to the well-known remark,
that " the Merrimac Company bought all their property for a
dollar." By this arrangement, the Merrimac Company was
placed upon the same basis as the other manufacturing companies
more recently established. The Locks and Canals Company had
other objects to pursue.

IIAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSINESS.

IT. S. AND PORBiaN
PATENT AGENCY,
39 State Street, Boston.
SAMUEL 'cooper,
LATE CHIEF EXAMINER IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
Procures Patents in this and Foreign Countries.
His long oificial connection with the Patent Office has rendered him fa
miliar with its rules and practice, and with the history of invention in this
and other countries ; and this experience, with the frequent visits which he
proposes making to the Patent Office, justifies him in saying that his Agency
will offer to Inventors all the advantages of one located in Washington, and,
in additiod, those which result from a residence in the midst of mechanical and
manufacturing industry.
Advice given upon ail matters relating to the validity, &c., of patents, the
novelty and patentability of inventions. Specifications and Drawings prepa
red. Caveats filed. Reconsiderations procured of applications that have been
rejected upon imperfectly prepared papers, cases of interference, and appli
cations for extension and re-issue prosecuted, — and in general, all business
connected with th« Patent Office, transacted with care and promptness.
British and other foreign patents procured through prompt and confidential
agents in London and Paris.
Persons residing at a distance may obtain all necessary information, and
have their business transacted, by writing to the subscriber, without the
trouble and expense of a visit to Washington.
He begs leave to refer those unacquainted with him to the following tosti-
monials : From the Hon. Charles Mason, Commissioner oj Patents :
V. S, PiiTENT Office, Fee. 26, 1855.
I tike great pleaBure in stating that during the time I have beea acting as Com-
miasioner of Patents, Samuel Cooper, Esq , of Boston, has been engaged as solicitor,
and has been in that capacity in constant correspondence and intercourse with the
Office ; he has evinced a thorough acquaintance with the Patent Law, and with the
rules and practice of the Office, a close attention to the interests of his clients, and a
marked candor and courtesy that has rendered the transaction of business with him
a pleasure. I have no hesitation m stating that I regard him as one of the very best
agents for the transaction of business with this Office with whom I am acquainted.
CHARLES MASON, Commissioner.
From the Examiners in the Patent Office:
" The undersigned. Principal and Assistant Examiners in the United States Pa
tent Office, have for several years been well acquainted with Mr. Samuel Cooper,
lately a Principal Examiner in this Office, and take pleasure in stating that he is a
gentleman of the highest moral character, of unquestioned knowledge in the busi-
siness and practice of the Office, and that his scientific attainments are such as emi-
nently'fit him for the husiness in which he is about to engage.
T. B. Peale, 1
Tiios. T. EvEaETT, I Assistant
F. SouTHGATE Smitk, /Examiners

Henky B Renwick,
L D. Gale,
J. H. Lane,

' Principal
\ Examiners.

Wm. Chadnoy Langdon.J
" I^om long acquaintance, and intimate official relations with Mr. Cooper, I fully
and heartily concur in the foregoing recommendation made by mylate colleagues.
Wm. P. N. FiTZGEKiLD, Late Principal Examiner of Patents.

7g

HISTOKT OF LOWELL:

The first agent of the Locks and Canals Company, after this
reorganization, was Mr. Boott. The stock was divided into
twelve hundred shares, the par value of which was five hundred
dollars apiece. The business of this company was, to furnish
land and water-power, and build mills and machinery for the
various manufacturing companies, successively organized during
the ensuing twenty years, after which, as we shall hereafter relate,
all the mill-powers being disposed of, another reorganization took
place. This company has never engaged in manufacturing oper
ations itself It kept in operation two machine shops, a foundry,
and a saw-mill, until 1845, when the Lowell Machine Shop
Company was incorporated to take the charge of this business.
It built the original dam across Merrimac River at Pawtucket
Falls ; constructed all the mill-canals, to supply the various com
panies with water-power ; and erected most of the mills, and the
boarding-houses attached to them, together with the machinery
which they severally contain. It employed constantly from five
to twelve hundred men, and built two hundred and fifty thousand
dollars worth of machinery per aunum. Its stock was long the
best of which Lowell could boast, being worth thrice, and even
four times its par value.
The Hamilton Company, the second manufacturing company
in this place, was incorporated during the year of which we are <
treating, with a capital of one million two hundred thousand dol- (
lars. The Central Bridge Corporation was incorporated during I
the same year. The only mode of crossing Merrimac River at j
this point until now, had been by what was called " Bradley's '

Ferry." This ferry was purchased by the Central Bridge Com- (
pany, for one thousand dollars. The bridge was so far completed
during this and the following season that tolls for foot-passers and
carriages were received early in December, 1826. The remain
ing facts in relation to this bridge, perhaps, may as well be given
here as anywhere. The tolls for foot-pasaers were abolished in
in 1843. The bridge itself was rebuilt in 1844 ; and covered in
1849. The original cost of the bridge was twenty-one thousand
dollars ; the cost of rebuilding was nine thousand j and the cost
of covering four thousand.

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS.
A. L. WAITE & CO.,
Commission Merchants
AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN
BUTTER, (JHEESE, PORK, LARD, EGGS,

AND ALL KINDS OF

mmmi mmmi
Datton Street, Opposite Mecliaiiics' Ittills,

^

LOWELL, MASS.
.  <»¦.¦.  .
All Consignments entrusted to our care will receive strict personal attention,
and meet with prompt returns.
liowell affords to Consignors a market unsurpassed by any other Eastern
market ; in attestation of which, we have only to refer to our numerous
patrons who have continued their favors through a series of years.

|^*^Liberal Cash AdvanceSc^Si
Made, when required, on Consignments in hand.
To our local Mends and the purchasing community generally, we return
thanks for the liberal patronage hitherto bestowed upon us and solicit a con
tinuance of the same, while we shall spare no efforts to keep our house at
all times supplied with the varieties and qualities of goods usually found in
such a store.
We have recently purchased of Messrs. CHAMBERLIN, GIBBS ^ Co.,
their stock of CrXi^XJVj 3HCJS.AX.f X^X.OtTXiy &C.,
and will continue the business, for the present, at the old stand of Messrs.
C. G. & Co., under the Savings Bank Building, im Middle Street, where they
will be ready to supply all orders in the above line, and also at their Commis
sion Store on Dutton Street.
a. L. WAITE. WM. 0, FISKE.
EtEir'BRE3XraBS 3
J. A. Buttriok, Cash. Appleton B'k, ^ I Wason, Pierce & Co. ')
A S. Tyler, Cash. Prescott Bank, t Lowell I Bansom Reed, C Boston
William Fiske, Esq., J I Bingham, Joy & Co., 5)
C. Ainsworth, Pres't Northfield Bank, Tt., | W.Parker, Esq. Montreal, c.B.
Lowell, August 1, 1856.

'>-~-<M~^f *^vVsJ\^g^iJ^)w-*-'*wj'-*j-«^

80

HISTORY OP LOWELL:

During the year of which we are treating, some attention was
paid to the higher nature of our people. St. Anne's Church,
the mother-church of Lowell, was consecrated by Bishop Gris-
wold ; and the Middlesex Mechanics' Association was incorpora
ted to minister, by a library of books, by lectures and other means,
to the intellectual wants of this community of artisans. The
erection of the stone house at Pawtucket Falls, a handsome pri
vate residence, now occupied by J. C. Ayer, Esq., also dates
during this year.

Lowell as a Town.

One hundred years had now elapsed, since the Indian village
of Wamesit was annexed to the town of Chelmsford ; and in the
mean time, that village had experienced a strange metamorphosis.
On^the first day of March, 1826, it was set off from Chelmsford,
incorporated as a separate town, and baptised by the name of
Lowell, in honor of Mr. Francis C. Lowell, of whose services to
American manufactures some notice has already been made.
The new-born town contained about twenty-five hundred inhabi
tants ; and there were but twelve tax-payers who paid taxes to
the amount of twenty dollars apiece.
The first board of select men consisted of Nathaniel Wright,
Samuel Batohelder, and Oliver M. Whipple, Esquires. The
chief topics of town legislation were religious worship, public
schools, the poor, the highways, and other matters of local con
cern. The first State election holden here, occurred on the third day
of April, 1826, when Hon. Levi Lincoln received ninety-five
votes for Governor, and James Loyd fifty-three votes for the
same office. The first Representative in the General Court, was
Nathaniel Wright, Esquire, who, on the eighth day of May in
the same year, received sixty -gotes, — there being twelve scat
tering.

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS. 81

G. B. MERRILL,

-AND —

iiiM« m mm

^

No. 21 Central Street, Lowell, Mass.
mm OF MIIDINGS,

i^D^iitpgiiit mm^

^?)

SEALS, ENVELOPE STAMPS, COTTON STAMPS,
Circus, Theatre, and Exhibition Posters, Callers, &c.. Designed
and Engraved with neatness and despatch.

^ch HAND-BOOK 0 F I T 3 B U S I N E S S . 83 C7^

THonyciPSonsT'S
CLOTHING STORE.

»,»? l^.'

**^^^^^^^^^^^S?SFF^^^^

.!! ¦;; i.1 K r"L
Hii . .

I would invite the attention of all, both strangers and citizens, in want of
GOOD CLOTHING, to my Establishment, where may be found one of the
most attractive stocks of well made
Fashionable Clothing
to be found in our city. Haying devoted my whole attention to the business,
for the last eight years, and a thorough acquaintance with the^ market, I am
enabled to offer my customers inducements to purchase which can be excelled
by none, either in price, substantial workmanship, or fitting of garments.
At all times of the year I am prepared to meet demands for Fashionable
Clothing of the most approved New York and Boston Fashions, and at such
prices as wUl accord with the strictest ideas of economy.
All I ask, is a visit to my store to convince yOu of the fact that my stock
is second to none, and as cheap as the cheapest.
JOSEPH P. THOMPSON,
108 Central, Corner of Hurd Street.
mAf^...^  .;:^h^^,^

HISTOKT or LOWELL;

Our first Representative in Congress, after the incorporation,
was Hon. Edward Everett. The first election for the choice of
a representative occurred on the sixth day of November, (1826.)
Mr. Everett then received twenty-two votes. At the next elec
tion, in 1828, he received two hundred and seventy-eight votes,
and Leonard M. Parker ninety-five. At the election in 1830,
Mr. Everett received two hundred votes, and his opponent, Mr.
James Russell, fifty-seven. After representing this Congressional
District for five successive terms, (ten years,) Mr. Everett re
tired from the field " with all the honors."
Our first post-master was Mr. Jonathan C. Morrill, who had
been appointed previously to the incorporation of the young
town ; and the post-office was located at the corner of Central
and William Streets. Captain William Wyman superseded Mr.
Morrill in 1829, when the post-office was removed to the site
of the present City Hall. As successive administrations came
into power at Washington, different post-masters, of different
party affiliations, were appointed. Mr. Wyman was succeeded
by Mr. Eliphalet Case, who removed the office from the City
Hall to its present location ; Mr. Case by Mr. Jacob Robbins ;
Mr. Robbins by Mr. S. S. Seavy ; Mr. Seavy by Mr. Alfred
Gilman ; Mr. Gilman by Mr T. P. Goodhue ; Mr. Goodhue by
Mr. F. A. Hildreth, the present incumbent.
During the same year that the town was incorporated, the
Baptists, the Universalists, and the Orthodox-Congregationalists,
— disrelishing " the pure milk of the word," as dispensed by the
rector of the Protestant Episcopal church, — organized separate
societies by themselves ; and their example was imitated by the
Methodists ifl the following year.
The years, 1827 and 1828, were marked by extreme depres
sion in all the commercial and manufacturing circles of the coun
try. Trade, " the calm health of nations," which had previously
been conducted in the wildest spirit of speculation, now strug
gled vainly with volcanic throes against the mighty tide of
reaction. Universal bankruptcy ensued ; all confidence expired ;
the disorganization in business was complete ; and a thick veil
of gloom obscured the sky of the future. Lowell was enveloped
^(>^^  ..^^-c^X^

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS. 85
cLOTHiiTSRiiiG store

^lii muuimiiii itmiiir iiTsn "Til udiniiiiiujiiiiiiin i iii]iuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyiii|ii I (iiiinipnnni'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiininitifli
¦  KBwa  '  ^iMi , III  '^l'"l"Pl P..l_.,_L.i"|i| M 

GILMAN & WORCESTER,
No. 156 (CITY HALL BUILDING,) lerrimack Street,

XJjE^tlJ^^IXiS X2V

Cloths, Clothing, and Furnishing Goods;
HATS, CAPS, AND UMBRELLAS;
Silli, Goffof) ^(i5 dUoolei) llriSel" fi^i'lTieiif^ ;
GLOVES, HOSIERY. AND SUSPENDERS ;
SHIRTS, COLLARS, AND BOSOMS ;
Dress, Frock, Sack, and Over Coats, Pants and Vests
And warranted to Fit.
ICTThe assortment of Cloths, Doeskins, and Vestinos at this Establish
ment will always be of the finest quality and of the latest patterns.

HISTOET OF LOWELL:

m

in the common cloud. Mr. Hurd, the satinet manufacturer, be
came bankrupt ; most branches of business were at a stand-still ;
but the two corporations — the Merrimac and the Hamilton — kept
on in the even tenor of their way, too strong to be crushed.
Scarcely had this cloud broke, when, in 1831, the rage for
speculation in Eastern lands spread through New England, like
a moral pestilence, and held unlimited sway during several years.
Lands were purchased at most ruinous prices, until credit was ex
hausted, and there remained no more money to buy. When, at
length, the bubble burst, thousands of these speculators were
ruined, and another brief era of bankruptcy ensued. When the
commercial history of this country shall be written, it will be
found to present a constant series of alternate periods of wild
speculation, and periods of bankruptcy. When business has been
good, credits have been extended too far ; and a general reaction
has ensued. But the elastic spirit of our people, and their recu
perative energy, have always in the end brought them safely
through the fire, with scarcely the smell of the smoke upon their
garments. In spite of all this, however, Lowell still advanced, augmenting
her population at the rate of one thousand souls, and her valua
tion-table, many thousand dollars, every year. Two new manu
facturing companies were incorporated in 1828 : the Appleton,
with a capital of six hundred thousand dollars ; and the Lowell,
with a capital of nine hundred thousand. It was in the mills of
the Appleton Company, that |Boyden's famous turbine water-
wheels were first used with success. The Lowell Company's
mills are the only mills in the world, where power-looms have
been introduced for the weaving of woollen carpets. These looms
were invented by E. B. Bigelow, Esquire, and rank among the
most wonderful triumphs of mechanical genius that the world has
yet witnessed. The business facilities of the place were much
increased during the same year, by the establishment of the
Lowell Bank, with a capital of two hundred thousand dollars.
It had been the purpose of Mr. Jackson to retire from the
active business of life, as soon as the mills of the Merrimac Com
pany had got under weigh. He therefore resigned his agentship

®2^

HAND-BOOK OB ITS BUSINESS.

87

WILLIAM E. LIVINGSTON,

DEALEK IN

LUMBER, GOAL, WOOD, LIME,
GEMEFT, PLASTER,
BRICKS, HAI, GRAIN, FLOUR, IC,
THORNDIKE STREET,
OPPOSITE BOSTON FREIGHT DEPOT,
BURIAL^ASEMc.
The Subsoriber keeps at his Store,
112 Central St., Lowell, (3d Door South of Hnrd St.,)
COFFINS OF EVER! SIZE AHD MRIETT,
And GrRAVB Clothes of all Sizes and Qualities.
Coffi'j) ?l^f6§ Ji(i"i)I§l)63 ^i\h ^iiQ^te^ ^i Shoirt police.
Orders left at his house, No. 1 Loudon Court, near Tyler St.,
promptly attended to, day or night.

FISKS'
METALLIC

BUKIAL CASES,

i^

KEPT constantly ON HAND.
S. ]N^. PROCTOR.

g-^^^S— —————— ———<2^^^^

HISTORY OB LOWELL:

of the mills at Waltham, and merely retained a directorship in
that company, and one in the Merrimac Company also. But his
active brain was not made for rest. No sooner did he attempt to
play the retired gentleman, than his health failed. Wisely de
termining to " wear out rather than rust out," he now accepted
the offices of agent and treasurer for the Appleton Company ; and
during his connection with that company, — indeed, during his
whole life, — he was universally reverenced as the founder and
guardian-genius of the place.
On the fourth of July, 1828, the citizens of Lowell honored,
with appropriate observances, the anniversary of our National
Independence. Over the concourse of his fellow-townsmen, Mr.
Boott presided, and Dr. Elisha Bartlett delivered an oration.
The oration was published, in extenso, in the Lowell Journal of
that year ; and for general ability, appropriateness, correct taste,
and freedom from the cant and froth which commonly abound in
Fourth-of-July orations, this production has seldom been surpassed.
The Fire Department of Lowell was established in 1829. In
the same year, the late Mr. William Livingston established him
self in the coal-and-wood trade, at the wharf*built for him by Mr.
Nehemiah Wright, where the same business is still carried on by
Wm. E. Livingston & Co. When Mr. Livingston commenced
this business, he was in humble circumstances, drove his own
team, and was his own clerk. Yet when he died, in March, 1855,
he left an estate worth, above all his liabilities, over two hundred
thousand dollars — the accumulation of an active and useful life.
The fourth of July, 1829, was celebrated in Lowell, by an
oration by Dr. Israel Hildreth, of Dracutt, a collation, and a dis
play of fire-works in the evening. In the same year, the Legis
lature appropriated two hundred and fifty dollars for a survey of
the Boston and Lowell Kailroad, and appointed a surveyor for
that purpose. The growth of the place had been such that the
necessity of some means of communication between Boston and
Lowell, superior to stages or wagons, had already been pressingly
felt by the community.

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS. 89

(SUCCESSOE To EPHEAIM BROWN,)
DBA.I.ElRgIN
(]RO(]liy,(]HiM,fiMSS,BRITAlIA, PLATED AND WOODEN WARE.
Cutlery, Lamps, Burning Fluid, &c.
Also, a 'large assortment of
mmm ummE & imm mim mmt
FOR MANTLE, TABLE, PIANO FORTE, AND PARLOR 6RNAMENTS.
Of Various Shapes, Sizes, Patterns and Prices, Bought directly of the
Manufacturer in Englandi
Together with numerous other articles, comprising the Largest and
Kichest Stock of Goods ever offered in. Lowell.
1^" Housekeepers, and all anticipating Housekeeping, are in
vited to call and examine this Stock of Goods before purchasing
elsewhere.
H. S. HAYNES,
45 Merrimack Street, LoweU,

The Boston and Lowell Bailroad.

It was in 1880, that Mr. Jackson, that second Horculos, un
dertook the Cyclopean work of the Boston and Lowell Kailroad
 the first establishment of the kind in the United States. The
line for a macadamized road had already been surveyed, when
this road was projected ; and it wns a part of the original plan to
have the oars drawn by horses. But just " in the nick of time,"
the intelligence of Mr. Stephenson's brilliant success in his ex
periment with locomotive steam engines on the Liverpool and
Manchester Railroad, reached the ove^open ears of Mr. Jackson,
and convinced him that a similar railroad might be established
here also. He corresponded with the best inventors and mechan
ics of England, availed himself of thoir valuable snggivstions,
and in five years the work was suooessfully completed.
As a matter of course, all the incorrigible fogies of the country
pronounced the project of a railroad with oars propellad by steam,
to be radical, wild and visionary. Mr. Jackson was again the
laughing-stock of all the ridiculing Mrs. Grundys within many
miles on either side of this " oastle-in-the-air railroad." The
stookholdors complained of the repeated and enormous assessments
which ho imposed upon them, without any prospect, as these
timid creatures thought, of any future dividends. Probably no
other man then living, could have sustained himself against an
opposition so powerful and so various. But the iron mind of
that truly great man, — true to itself as the needle to the pole,—
overcame every obstacle, and pressed right onward to the goal.
How much the actual cost of this first American railroad ex
ceeded all previous calculations, one fact will sufficiently indicate.
In 1831, a Committee of the Stockholders estimated the whole
cost at four hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; but out of tho
exhuberant liberality of their generous hearts, they advised that
six hundred thousand dollars be raised for that work ; so that
Mr. Jackson might have means " enough and to spare." But
when, in 1835, the road had been completed, tho actual cost was

®

«f.

HAND-BOOK 01? ITS BUSINESS. 91

OSES KELLEY,

DEALER IN

BEEF, PORK,

POULTRY, VEGETABLES, &c.

Merrimack Street,
L O Vr E L li .
GOOBS BELIVEBEB
TO ANY PART OF THB CITY
FI^EE OF EX:FE3SrSE.

^A

HISTOKY 01 LOWELL!

found to have been eighteen hundred thousand dollars ! or three
times the cost of the Middlesex Canal, and three times the cost
estimated in 1831 ! The old proverb;, "figures won't lie," was
thereupon pronounced a consummate falsehood by the stockhold
ers who had now been so heavily assessed.

Events between 1830 and 1836.
In 1830, our population had increased to, six thousand four
hundred and seventy-seven souls ; the principal streets of the
present city had been laid out ; and the once rural hamlet had
begun to wear a decidedly urban aspect. The Middlesex, Suf
folk, Tremont, arid Lawrence companies were incorporated, and
the Suffolk and Western canals cut, during the year above named.
The Town Hall was also built the same year.
St. Patrick's church was built in 1831 ; and the first Unitarian
church in 1832, at a cost of thirty-two thousand dollars. Fur
ther business facilities were afforded in 1831, by the establishment
of the Eailrond Bank, with a capital of six hundred thousand
dollars. Tho business operations of the place were extended in
1832 by the establishment of the Lowell Bleachery.
It was in the same year that Mr. W. B. Park, of Boston,
purchased the flannel mills in Belvidere, of Mr. John Nesmith,
who, as we have previously seen, had purchased these premises of
Mr. Harrison How. Mr. Park divided most of the lands adjoin
ing into convenient lots, and sold them at an enhanced price to a
number of individual purchasers. Without observing too rigid
an adherence to the order of chronology, we will here give the
remaining history of these mills. In 1834, Messrs. Eliphalet
Barber, Walter Farnsworth, and George Hill, of Boston, pur
chased these mills of Mr. Park, and carried on the business
until 1851, as the Belvidere Flannel Manufacturing Com
pany. They also extended their business by the purchase of the
stone mill, which had before been owned by the Whitney Mills

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS. 93
DAILY EYENING ADVERTISER,
(SstabUsbed 1835.)
CHARLES HUNT, PUBLISHER,
Office, No. 48 Central Street, - - - - Lowell, Mass.

This is the only PENNY PAPER published in Lowell, or m Middlesex
County. Its circulation is confined to no clique or party. The low price at
which it is sold, introduces it among all classes of readers. Taking this fact
into consideration, it will be seen that it furnishes to the business community
an advertising medium far superior to that of any other newspaper published
in Lowell, while as a chronicle of the news of the day, it is fully up to the
wants of an intelligent reading community,

Terms per year,
Single Copies,

$3 00.
One Cent.

LOWELL PATRIOT AND REPDBLICAN.
1 his is a large sized Weekly Newspaper, published at the same office, in
connection with the Adveriiser, and is extensively circulated throughout the
county. Published every Friday.

Terms, per year,

$1 50.

Connected with the Advertiser and Patriot Office is#ne of the oldest and best
JOB PRINTING ESTABLISHMENTS
in the State. The facilities for the rapid and cheap execution of all kinds of
Book, Plain and Ornamental Printing,
are not surpassed by any other office.
Lowell, July 8, 1856.

^p-^^Nff)  Q!z^i^^§,

94

IIISTOnv OP LOWELL:

Company. Messrs. Charles Stott and Walter Farnsworth now
bought out the company's interest, and carried on these mills on
their own account : but their business was soon impeded by fire.
The stone mill was burned in 1851, and the other mill in the year-
following. Tn 1858, under an old charter granted to W. B.
Park in 1834, tho Belvidere Woollen Manufacturing Company
was organized, — Messrs. Stott and Farnsworth conveying one-
third of their interest to the now company. A large brick mill,
— still in successful operation, — was built in the same year. The
capital of this company is fifty thousand dollars.
Education was much promoted in 1833, by the institution of
the North and South Grammar Schools. In the same year, the
Police Court was established — being the first local court perma
nently established here, since Major General Daniel Gookin
played the part of judge, assisted by the Apostle Eliot and
the Christian Indian Chiefs. The Justice of the new court was
Hon. Joseph Locke
The bounds of the city were considerably extended in 1834,
by tho annexation of Belvidere ; and the same year gave birth
to that untiring champion of Democracy, the Lowell Advertiser.
The Boott Company was incorporated in 1835, with a capital
of twelve hundred thousand dollars ; and the Boott Canal, which
supplied their mills with water-power, was opened in tho same
year. The facilities for communication with the interior country,
wore promoted by tho incorporation of the Nashua and Lowell
Kailroad Com[)any during the year just mentioned, with a capi
tal stock of six hundred thousand dollars. The Alms IIouso
was now established for tho benefit of the poor. The substantial
Hall of the MiddloH(^ Mechanics' Association was also erected
in 1S35, chiefly by contributions from tho various companies of
the town.

•' — (flsSts^

^x

II.VND-BOOK or ITS BUSINESS. 95

^ '^^^l^

A. ¥. LEONARD,
DBALER IN
CONFECTIONER! AND CAKE,
No. 130 Merrimack Street,

MEALS FURNISHED AT ALL HOURS OF THE DA¥.

Particular attention given to the manufacture of
loe Creams, Jellies, Wedding ^aud Other Cakes.
Scalloped, Sleircd or Raw — on the moft liberal ti^rms.

JAMES H. RAND,

Office over Prescott Bank,
Ooxxil;3^A>3- iSttx-oo-t, XjO'tTtrelX, IVEf^ss.

ID E S I o 3sr s

PUBLIC OR PRIMTE BUILDINGS,

MODELS FUMISHBD IB THE SAli ff REIlUlRm

b^'

r-.^.-^-^^—j^^.^...^-.^-.^'^~r-.r.--r-.^r'^.r.^.r-.~^^.^-.,r-...r-~J—^'*.'^r~'^^[^i^^ \jir^-^

nrSTORT OF LOWELL;

Gen. Jackson's Visit.
The first Presidential visit to Lowell was made by General
Jackson in June, 1833, when Vice President Van Buren and
Hon. Levi Woodbury, with other members of the Cabinet ac
companied him. On the day that the President came, all the
lady-operatives turned out to meet him. They walked in pro
cession, like troops of liveried angels clothed in white, with can
nons booming, drums beating, banners flying, handkerchiefs
waving, and nine times nine hearty cheers of welcome. The old
hero was not more moved by the bullets that whistled around him
in the battle of New Orleans, than by the exhilerating spectacle
here presented. He seemed to enter Lowell, as Scipio, after the
defeat of Hannibal, entered Kome, or as Napoleon, after the
treaty ef Campo Pormio, entered Paris. Beholding so many forms
of beauty, he turned to a friend privately, and whispered with
more emphasis than elegance, — " These are very pretty women,
by the Eternal !" The usual ceremonies of civility were observed
towards the President, — who seemed highly gratified with " what
he saw, and what he was."

Lowell as a City.
The community now began to be agitated by discussions on
the subject of procuring a city charter ; and a strong party in
favor of a city government was soon formed. The Committee of
the townsmen, appointed to consider the expediency of petition
ing for the establishment of a city government, in their report,
complain of the town system on account of " the want of execu
tive power, and the loose and irresponsible manner, in which
money for municipal purposes is granted and expended." In

HAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSINESS.

OTIS L:. ALLEN,

DEA.LEB IN

Ladies' Boots, Shoes, and Rubbers,
COMBS, Hair work, brushes, eans,
Parasols, Umbrellas, Fancy Toys, &c.
ALSO, mAnvfaoiubeb of
Trunks, Valises, and Carpet Bags.
REPAIRED AND NEW COVERED.
XX<L X^XexTX-ixuAols. Stxreet,
Opposite Kirk Street,  LOWELL.

"'fliniir^T

Importer and Dealer,
•\^I3:OIjES-A.IjE Sc E,ETA.IL,

9
3VCexrri3X3.a>ols. (Street, XiO-ccrell

M^^-

98

HISTORY OF LOWELL;

view of " the number of our inhabitants, — their dissimilar habits,
manners and pursuits, — the rapid and progressive increase of our
population, — the variety of interest, and the constant changes
which are taking place," — the committee think that " it is expe
dient to establish a city government, and that the town petition
the Legislature" for that purpose. The charter was granted,
and the first city government inaugurated in 1836.
At this time, Lowell contained seventeen thousand six hundred
and thirty-three inhabitants ; and the opinion was then expressed,
that, in ten years, it would contain thirty-two thousand, and in
twenty years, two hundred and fifty-six thousand souls ! Whether
the author of this prediction was bled after writing this visionary
prediction, is unknown ; but his condition of health may safely
be presumed to have been critical.

The First Mayor.
The canvas preceding the election of the first mayor, was dis
tinguished by extraordinary excitement. An eye-witness, — Dr.
Huntington, in his recently published address before the Middle
sex North District Medical Society, on the life, character and
writings of Dr. Bartlett, — well observes that " political parties
were nearly equally balanced, and political feeling was at fever
heat. Each party was desirous of the honor of inaugurating the
young municipality." Each party nominated its most available
candidate. The Whigs concentrated their strength on Dr. Elisha
Bartlett ; and, with his name inscribed upon their banner, they
felt strong and well-grounded assurances of victory. The unter-
rified Democracy, nothing alarmed by the action of their Whig
friends, nominated Eliphalet Case, Esquire, determined to elect
him, whether he received the requisite number of votes or not.
Mr. Case had been the first pastor of the first Universalist Church,
but had ceased to beat " the drum ecclesiastic,',' and had addicted

v) «-'--»-'^»-'-*-'^»^-'-v>-»j>^-N.*~s^^-^.^-v.A-.^^^^ V r«)y^T)

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS.

LO'VT'EIjIj

99

"fm

Steam and Gas Pipe

'NO. 8 CENTRAL STREET,
LOWELL, MASS.,
WHOLESALE AND EETAIL DEALERS IN
wjaouaHT moF pipes,
Of all sizes, for Steam, Gas, and Water.
STEAM VALVES OF ALL SIZES, STEAM WHISTLES, AND GUAGES,
FORCE PUMPS, &c..
Heaters and Steam Condensers,
And all Fixtures connected with
STEAM, GAS, AND WATER.
We would respectfully invite tlie public to call and examine our large and
splendid assortment of
Chandeliers, Brackets, Pendants, and Drop Liglife, Glass and Paper Slades, ,
of the most desirable patterns.

All of the abo re articles we oflFer at as low rates as they can be furnished by
any House in the country. We also hold ourselves in readiness at all times,
to contract for Heating with Steam or Lighting with Gas, Houses, Factories,
Stores, Churches, Public Buildings, Hospitals, &o. We also put up an ap
paratus for Heating Private Dwellings with Steam, on a perfectly safe and
economical plan, requiring less fuel and care than the common furnace, and
not liable to get out of order.
All work done by the above Company is warranted to give entire satisfaction.

HORACE R. BARKER, Agent.

himself, con amore, to the desperate game of politics. He was
the most adroit political manager that had appeai-ed in these
regions since tho days of that other ox-priest, the Indian saohem,
Passaconaway. The Whigs triumphed. Dr. Bartlett received nine hundred
and fifty-eight votes ; Mr. Case, eight hundred and sixty-eight ;
Mr. 0. M. Whipple, seventeen ; John Dummer, two. Dr. Bart
lett was inaugurated as first Mayor, and, at tho period of his term
of ofiice, was reelected to the same distinguished post. He was
highly popular as Mayor ; but on the expiration of his second
term, he positively " declined all further service in this line."
Although, — adopting the ancient maxim, to write no man's eulogy
while living, — we cannot say rtluch of the other gentlemen who
have filled the mayorship of this city ; yet, now that Dr. Bai-tlett
is dead, a brief notice of his life will not be out of place.
Dr. Bartlett was born in Smithfield, in Rhode Island, in 1804.
His parents were Quakers, and early indoctrinated him in tho
peculiar tenets of their sect. But in after life, the doctor " fell
awny" from Quakerism, and joined one of " the churches of the
world." He received an academical education, partly in his
native town, partly in Uxbridge in this State, and partly in New
York at a Friends' Institution, under the charge of the celebrated
preceptor, Jacob Willett. He thus acquired a good liberal edu
cation, without having, as the phrase is, " rubbed his back against
the walls of a college." He studied medicine under Dr. Willard
of Uxbridge, and other distinguished gentlemen among tho disci
ples of Esculapius. He also attended medical lectures in Boston
and Providence, and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine
from Brown University in 1826. His preparation for profes
sional life was finished in Paris, where ho spent one year. He
commenced practice here in 1827, and soon rose to the front rank
of his profession.
Besides filling the mayorship during two years, he represented
Lowell in the State Legislature in 1840. He held medical pro
fessorships in Pittsfiold, Dartmouth, Baltimore, Transylvania,
Louisville and Woodstock. He also held a professorship for
three years in tho college of physicians and surgeons in the city

w

HAND-BOOK 0 J ITS BUSINESS. 101

!> SPORTSffiEN'S WAREHOUSE,
No. 20 Centi-al Street, Nearly Opposite the Post Office.

JOSEPH HARDING,
MANUFAOTDEER AND DEALEB IN
RIFLES, DOUBLE&SlNGLEFOWLll GUNS,
PISTOLS OF ALL KINDS,
SPOETING APPARATUS,
— AND —
. FISHIW© TA€KI.K,
POWDER AND SHOT, PERCUSSION CAPS, CUTLERY,
Or any of the minor articles kept on sale in stores of this kind,
can be accommodated to them on terms as reasonable as at any
other place in New England.
Manufactured and Repaired as heretofore.
EVERY DESCRIPTION OF JOBBING EXECUTED WITH NEATNESS AND DESPATCH.
The public are respectfully invited to examine his stock, . and
are assured that all orders shall be satisfactorily returned.

¦<^*^^^

of New York. He was the author of a variety of professional and
miscellaneous works.and was one of the few who love to turn aside
from the thorny road of professional practice, to tread the flowery
paths of literature. His principal work is on the " Philosophy of
Medical Science." He died in 1855. A man of fine culture, —
of incorruptible integrity, — vrith a clear head and a warm heart,
— filling with distinguished credit some of the highest places of his
profession, — and never playing the part of a demagogue ; — Lowell
may cherish with peculiar pride the name and memory of her first
Mayor.

Events between 1836 and 1840.
In 1836, Mr. P. 0. Richmond, who had for two years pre
viously been engaged in manufacturing batting, near what are
known as " Stott's Mills," established himself at Massic Falls,
where he experienced distinguished success in that business.
When he began manufacturing operations in Lowell in 1834, he
was destitute of means to carry on his business, and borrowed
five hundred dollars from a friend, with which he bought and
started a few old carding machines. When he died in 1854, he
left to his heirs over one hundred and twenty-five thousand dol
lars, above, all his liabilities. When, on one occasion, an engine
company visited this city, some of our citizens made an effort to
receive them in due style, and the expenses were defrayed by
voluntary contributions. On being asked to contribute, Mr.
Richmond replied that he would contribute one dollar, provided
the applicant would " take pay in bats ;" which he did. This
incident illustrates the policy by which Mr. Richmond amassed
so much wealth.
In 1837, the Market House was built, and regular terms of
the higher courts established for Lowell.
A commodious county jail, on the modern plan of separate
cells, was erected in Lowell in 1838 : and in the same year, the

HAND-BOOK OB ITS BUSINESS. 103

PRIUS, ARANDES & COMPANY,
Nos. 1 and 3 Appleton Block,
Central Street,
Invite the attention of Merchants and Citizens of Lowell and vi-'
cinity to their large stock of

9

Liquors, Teas, Coffees,

ALL OF THEIR OWI DIRECT IMPORTATION.
And being connected with extensive Mercantile Houses in various
parts of the world, we possess every facility in our line of busi
ness. We offer to Merchants and Traders
THE BEST aOODS
TKCE X.O"^77"EST FK,ICES„

BUSINESS HOURS FROM 9 A. M. TO 5 P. M.
PRIIS, ARANDES & CO.

^^

y^

104

HISTOET OF LOWELL:

Nashua and Lowell Railroad was opened for travel and the trans
portation of freight.
In 1839, the Massachusetts Cotton Mills were incorporated,
with a capital of twelve hundred thousand dollars, since increased
by the addition of the Prescott Mills to eighteen hundred thou
sand dollars. The Whitney Mills were also incorporated during
this year. They manufactured blankets for some years in a stone
mill in Belvidere, and finally sold their works to the Belvidere
Flannel Manufacturing Company. In the same year, Messrs.
Talbot & Co. commenced the business of manufacturing dye-
stuffs and chemicals, iti Lowell and Billerica. This business was
small in its beginning, but it has gradually swelled to the amount
of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars a year.
In the same year, (1839,) the manufacturing companies pur
chased the large and elegant mansion house of Mr. Boott, and
devoted it to the use of the sick in their employ. The situation
of the Lowell Hospital, near Pawtucket Falls, is beautiful, retired
and commanding. The buildings are surrounded by trees, shrub
bery and climbing vines. As that good man, Thomas H. Perkins,
— the early patron and life-long friend of the great Webster, —
gave his private residence as an asylum for the blind, — how well
would Mr. Boott, were he now among the living, approve of
this appropriation of his house as a hospital for the sick opera
tives of these mills ! This Hospital, ever since its establishment,
has been under the medical superintendance of one of tho ablest
physicians and surgeons in the country — Dr. Gilman Kimball.
The best accommodations, the most attentive nurses, and the
highest medical skill, are here provided for the sick and homeless
operative, — at an expense but little exceeding the cost of board,
to those who have means, — and gratuitously to those who have
not.

^A.

^^j^ 

' — "~~ — ~~«^^^
HAND-BOOK OF ITS BTTSINBSS. 105

I. D. ^^ O O D,
BEALEtt IN
Imported and Domestic Cigare, and TobMMM)s,
OF THE VARIOUS BRANDS.
Cigar Cases, Holders, Pipes, Snuff, Snuff Boxes of aU kinds,
I^o. 31 Central Street, IiOweU, lilass.
^. F. LESTJRE,
No. 13 Middle Street,
OE»E>osr3r:B tub e-ost omcB,
Eesidence 159 Central Street, LOWSLXi.
Goffiis and GiaTe {Mas, of eTKy desfffiioB, # U, and hnislicd at sbrt notice.

JOSEPH jE]srK:i:tsrsoi^,
No. 70 Central Street, (WILLIAMS' BLOCK,) LoweU.
Persons wisliing his services will be well rewarded by giving him a call, as
the best of workmen only are kept at his shop.
Particular attention paid to Cutting and Dressing Ladies' and Children's
Hair. N. B.^A constant' supply of Hair Oils, Bazors, Strops, Shaving Soaps,
Perfumery, &c.
(CFB^member Jeshnson's TTatr Tonic, — a universally approved arti
cle to beanti^ and preserve the Hair. Price 20 and 37 1-2 cents.
s^:m:tjeil. stoin^e,
DKAU3R IS
LADIES', GENT'S, MISSES', AND CHILDREN'S
L BOOTS, SHOES, AT\D RUBBERS, i
Mannfactiircr of Tninks,. Valises, and Carpet Bags,
No. 92 Central Street, LoweU.

HISTOEV OP LOWELL:

Death of Mr. Jackson.

When Mr. Patrick T. Jackson had completed the Boston and
Lowell Railroad in 1835, he felt that his longest day's task was
now done, and again became disposed to retire from the active
circles of business. But a dark cloud settled down over this
venerable man. While building up works for future generations,
his property, which he had so hardly earned, passed from his
hands. "Speculation" had made him, for the third time in his
life, a poor man. But his noble mind was not to be distracted
even now. With a dignified composure which would have done
honor to Socrates, he met his reverses like a philosopher. He
at once retrenched his expenses, which had previously been enor
mous and princely ; resumed tis harness with a cheerful spirit,
and again went forth to the stern conflict of life. Under circum
stances like these,, ordinary life becomes a poem, and daily labor
a triumph of heroism.
Mr. Boott, as we have already geen, died in 1837 ; and in his
death Lowell lost one of her best and most meritorious men. As
soon as it was remembered that Mr. Boott was no longer at the
head of the Locks and Canals Company, their stock feeriously de
preciated in value. Tho death of Mr. Boott had created a vacan
cy which only one man living could fill ; and that man was Mr.
Jackson. He accepted the agentship with the princely salary of
ten thousand dollars a year. His whole life had been one long
school-term, eminently fitting him for this responsible post. How
well he filled it, will be known by the fact, that the stock of the
company, when the reorganization in 1845 occurred, commanded
sixteen hundred dollars a share, and that the same stock, after
the death of Mr. Boott, commanded less than seven hundred
dollars a share.
Before he closed his connection with the Locks and Canals
Company, Mr. Jackson accepted the post of agent and treasurer
of the Great Falls Manufacturing Company at Somfersworth — a

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS.

¦V7" -A- li li E 3Sr ' S
IMPROVED FIRE AND WATER PROOF
I'BLT A.3SriD

Materials MannfaeturcJ by tlio New England EoofiDg Company, Boston.

Your attention is respectfully called to this valuable improvement in the
method of roofing. It has been fully tested under every variety of circum
stances ; and is safely recommended, as combining advantages which can be
claimed for no other roof.
During the past two years these roofs have established for themselves, in
New England and the Canadas, a reputation second to none. They have
been much longer in use in the Middle and Western States, and testimonials
from various parts of the TJnion admit their superiority over all others.
They have been used upon dwelling nouses of the first class, warehouses,
railroad depots, freight and car houses, manufactories and bridges, and have
been pronounced by architects, builders, and others, who have a knowledge
of their merits, to be of great durability, and to be possessed of fire and water
resisting properties, to an extent beyond that of any roof now in use.
These roofs require an inclination of only one inch, to the foot. They can
be used for a promenade, and for drying purposes, and are made available in
case oifire to adjoining buildings.
The materials of which these roofs are composed are not affected by changes
of temperature.
They will not expand and contract with heat and cold, like roofs of tin and
iron. „ ...
The COST is much less than that of any fire proof roof now m use.
These roofs are not affected by the jar of machinery.
In case of injury, no roof is so easily or quickly repaired.
Orders for roofing will receive prompt attention, by addressing
ABNER KITTREDGE,
No. 22 Middle Street, Lowell.

For Mending Leaks in Boats, Eoofs of Buildings, &e.
PAINTS, OIL AND WINDOW GLASS AT RETAIL.
DOOB PLATES PAINTED.
HOUSE, SIGIV, AND FANCY PAINTING AND GLAZING.
TAR, ROSIN, AND PITCH FOR SALE.
PA-PER HA-lSraiN^GS, &C.
ABNER KITTREDGE,

No. 22 Middle Steeet, Lowell.

..-.J^-r-^^^-'-^-r-^^^-''-'--^--^  ^"'""'¦''^^^^^Svj^il-^

HISTOKY OF LOWELL;

corporation which had encountered so many reverses, that a man
of Mr. Jackson's stamp was absolutely necessary to their final
success. He put their aflfairs in such admirable condition, that
his share of their profits amounted to about twelve thousand dol
lars a year. This was in addition to the salary, of ten thousand
dollars a year, paid him by the Locks and Canals Company.
During a portion of the time he received other salaries besides.
His aggregate income was truly enormous ; — ^he was soon restored
to competence ; — but when we consider the extraordinary charac
ter of the man, and the prestige of success which attended him in
all his undertakings, we shall find that he was actually the cheap
est man that could be hired. No such salaries are now paid ; no
such men are to be found ; and, indeed, none are in demand.
This remarkable man died at Beverly in September, 1847. It
was not known in Boston even that he had been sick, until the
news of his death fell, like the tones of a "fire-bell in the night,"
upon the unwilling ears of a community, every member of which
regarded his death as a personal bereavement. Had Mont
Blanc suddenly sunk to the level of the sea, the vacuum created
among the Alps, could scarcely have been greater than that
caused among manufacturers by the death of Jackson. He had
towered above them " like a Colossus ;" and
" None but himself could be his parallel."
His abilities fitted him for the highest theatre of human action.
He could have governed the vastest empire with unsurpassed
splendor, had Providence called him to a throne. If not a " mute,
inglorious Milton," then certainly a " Cromwell, guiltless of his
country's blood," lies buried in the tomb of Jackson. To un
limited grasp of mind, he united the capacity to master the most
complicated details, together with spotless integrity, unconquera
ble self reliance, " honor enlightened by religion and guarded by
conscience," independence in all his own opinions,- ai d a catholic
liberality towards the views of his opponents. The man never
lived that more richly deserved to be sculptured in marble, or de
picted upon canvas, delineated by an orator, or eulogized by a
poet.
5^f\c>^  ^^^^^^^^^^ — ^1

Sf^f ^i^ J^^;— ¦v)*-»-«-»^^-*->"»^^^^^-v.>-<^.*-»-j-»-<^^^

HAND-BOOK OT" ITS BUSINESS. 109

'6

. A. mmmm,
MANUFAOTUEEK AND WHOLESALE DEALEB IN

WIRE CLOTHS & NETTING,

Foundry Riddles, Rocking Coal Sifters, Sand
and Coal Screens, Corn Parchers, Rat and
Mouse Traps, Steak Broilers, Meal
Sieves, Bird Nests, Squirrel Cages,
Pie Porks, Wire Skimmers, Egg
Beaters, Canary, Hemp,
Rape and Maw Seed,
Cuttle Pish Bone.
' PAINTED TO ANY DESIGN.

XȣA.I}S TO ORDBIi.

Also constantly on hand a full assortment of Ieon Wieb, for Machinery
and other purposes, of the best quality and at prices
that will defy competition.

SSSSSSS^S^S SW'S&BiSSP&'9 ^Qi^SF ®®i

10

Hon. Luther Lawrence.

The successor of Dr. Bartlett, in the mayorship, was Hon.
Luther Lawrence, a brother to Abbott, Amos, "William and
Samuel Lawrence. He was born in Groton, the home of the
Lawrence famUy, in ITTS ; and his father, S.imuel, as is well
known, participated bravely in the war of the Eerolution. He
was educated in the public schools of Groton ; and graduated at
Harvard in 1801. He studied law with Hon. Timothy Bigelow,
whose sister he afterwards married. He commenced practice in
Groton, and soon gathered around him a host of valuable clients.
He repeatedly represented his native town in the Legislature, and
was Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1S21 and 1S22.
At the earnest solicitation of his brothers, who had largely invested
in the TnilU here, he removed to Lowell in 1831.
He fiUed the mayorship to the general satisfeetion of his con
stituents, and was reelected to that office in the following year.
But he haidly lived to begin his second term. On the seven
teenth day of April, 1839, while making observations in one of
the Middlesex Mills, he made a mis-step, and fell a distance of
seventeen feet into the wheel-pit, — his head striking upon the
wheel at the bottom. His skull was so badly firactured, that
^ he died within thirty minutes.
This shocking catastrophe filled the whole community with
mourning ; and preparations were made for a grand public funeral ;
but this, the family of Mr. Lawrence modestly declined. Appro
priate resolutions were passed in the City Council, bearing testi
mony to his high-minded and honorable character, — ^his judicious
administration of the city government, — ^his lively interest in the
various public institutions with which he had been connected, —
his unselfishness and liberality, — his efibrts to promote the moral
and religious interests of the place, — his amenity of behavior,
and kindliness of feeling for all around him.

HAND-BOOK OT ITS BUSINESS. Ill
PAGE & BECK,

DEALERS IN ALL BINDS OP

o! io> M Jo> *>=

& Mm^M

-AND-

Portabl'e and Brick Hot Air Furnaces, and Cooking
Ranges,
SHEET IRON AND JAPANNED WARE.
Also on hand a good assortment of
BRITANNIA AND GLASS WARE,
ALL KINDS OF TIN, COPPER, AND SHEET IRON WARE, MADE AND REPAIRED
AT SHORT NOTICE ; AND PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO ALL KINDS OF
lOTf m w§m m% mmim.
PUMPS FOB SALE AND SET TO ORDER.
Nos. 265 and 267 Merrimack Street,
J. -v. FACa-B. S. BBOK.

\X^

112

HISTORY OE LOWELL;

Hon. Abbott Lawrence.

Although the Lawrences have been identified with the inter
ests of Lowell ever since 1821, only two of the brothers — Luther-
and Samuel — ever personally resided here. Yet Lowell has a
strong local interest in them all. Since the tragic death of Luther,
two of his brothers — Abbott and Amos — have followed him to
the eternal world. Samuel is stiU living ; and the admirable
Diary of Amos, -recently published, renders any notice of him
here wholly 'Superfluous. Amos will go down to posterity as the
self-constituted Grand-Almoner of America. His vast acquisi
tions were only so much money put into his hands for purposes of
benificence and charity. But it is to Abbott chiefly that this
famUy owes its historical position.
Abbott Lawrence was born in 1792, and educated in the pub
lic schools of his native town of Groton. He was always studious
of standard books, and assiduous in business, — never dissipating
his time in fashionable circles for the retail of gossip, and always
prepared to take advantage of those chances which fortune now,
and then opens to every aspiring young man. He was first en"
gaged with his brothers, in Boston, in the importing business ;
and in 1821-'22 engaged with others in the establishment of
manufactures at Lowell. He rendered signal service in building
up the cotton manufacture in America on an enduring basis, and
gave his name to the rising city next below Lowell on the line of
the Merrimac.
He was not by profession a statesman. But he was a promi
nent candidate for the Whig nomination for Vice President in
1848, and narrowly escaped the position which, on the death of
Taylor, made Mr. Fillmore President of the United States. He
was offered, and declined, the Secretaryship of the Navy ; but
accepted the post of Minister to England, and honored both him
self and his country by the manner in which he discharged the
duties of that highest diplomatic office that can be held by an

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS.

DAGUERREOTYPE AMD AMBROTI
No. 88 MERRIMACK STREET,
UP ONE FLIGHT OF STAIRS,

These rooms are pleasantly located, easy of access, handsome
ly fumisbed, and well ventilated. The Sky-Light is one of the
largest, and without doubt, the best in the city. The proprietor,
one of the oldest and most successful operators in the city, at
tends pemonally to the making of each picture, and
Notbing but First Class Work
is ever allowed to be taken from the room. Citizens and stran
gers visiting the city are invited to call and examine.

FIRST DOOK NOETH OF CANAL BLOCK,
CENntAX STEEET,
Where may be found on hand the different kinds of Fresh and Salt Fish,
MACKEREL, HALIBUT, COD, HADDOCK, &c. Also Feuit and
Bebbtes, in their season, cheap for cash.
Lowell, July, 1856.

CITY BILL POSTER & DISTEIBUTOE.

J. J^. 3Sd:ETC-A.LF
Begs leave to inform the citizens of LoweU, and the public generally, that
since he has become THE Bill Poster and Distributor, it has become one of
the Institutions. He wishes to say to aU concerned that he may be found at
No. 37 CENTRAL STREET, UP STAIRS,
where he will be happy to serre his friends and the public generaUy in a
prompt and efficient manner.
Lowell, July, 1856.

IUj

HISTORY OF LOWELL:

American. In politics, he was an inflexible Henry Clay Whig.
It was to his influence — partly secret, partly open — that Daniel
Webster attributed the failure of his own repeated plans for pro
curing the Whig nomination for the Presidency. Mr. Lawrence
was the chief mover in the famous Faneuil Hall Convention which,
in 1842, nominated Mr. Clay for President, — notwithstanding
Caleb Cusbing had declared Mr. Webster to be " first, last and
forever the choice of Massachusetts" for that office. It was this
event which extorted from the sage of Marshfield the well-known
question — " Where shall igo?" Mr. Lawrence exerted a con
trolling influence over the councils of the late Whig party, T^hen
that party held undisputed sway, and directed the whole thunder
of the State ; but his advice was frequently asked, and always
freely given, to both parties, on the questions of the currency and
the tariff.
- Nor was Mr. Lawrence a soldier, — though in the hour of dan
ger he shouldered the musket, and offered for his country all he
then had to give — his life ! He was merely a merchant, a man
ufacturer, a buyer of 'other men's wares, a barterer of the fruits
of his own industry ; and his grand and brilliantly successful life
proves, — if proof were wanting, — that a calling which is supposed
to awaken the smallest and meanest feelings of human nature,
and in which avarice and fraud are often pronounced necessary to
success, may be so pursued as to develop and ripen the loftiest
instincts and the noblest impulses of which, humanity can boast.
He was one of the pillars of the old Bay State ; — less promi
nent, and less ornamental, perhaps, than some others, — but
yielding to none in massive solidity and practical usefulness. His
pplendid hospitality attracted to Boston the elite of this country
and of foreign lands. Tet, moving now at the head of the most
refined circles of society, he never betrayed snobishness towards
even the humblest of his race. The beardless beaux, the simper
ing belles, the animated clothes-horses, who move at the head of
the social system of the soi disant fashionable world at large,
found little encouragement to become his guests.
Descended from the best Puritan stock, he possessed all the
grand qualities of the Cromwellian age, softened somewhat by time.

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS

SEVEIV GOOD REASOIVS!
USOSTCLOUGH'S

OolTJLIXllDia;!:!.
If you are Sick or Complaining.
1st, Because their faithful use cures diseases of the Head, Stomach, Liver,
Lungs, Nerves, Bowels, Blood, Skin, and Mind, for less cost of money and
loss of time than any other medicine ever discovered.
2d, Because there is no mineral substance in their composition, to seize
hold of the solids of the body, and remain as a corroding and eating poison.
They are unlike any other Pills.
3d, Because they are thoroughly tested, and are known to be what they
are represented, "Just what the sick and complaining need." And their
use always does good, leaving the Stomach and Bowels healthy and regular.
4th, Because they are all powerful used in large doses, in cases of alarming
and sudden sickness, — while in small doses, they are safe to use every day in
the year, — and a wonderful remedy for Dyspepsia and Costiveness.
6th, Because they are good in almost every disease for Men, Women, and
Children — suitable for all climates, and all seasons of the year, cleansing and
purifying the system,neutralizing and carrying off all poisonous and worn out
matter, and giving life, health, and beauty to the " human form divine."
6th, Because, as a Family Medicine, they are deservedly popular, — never
interfering with the prescription or treatment of your family physician, but
just what he would give nine out often cases ; and for persons traveling they
are indispensable, especially in new countries and subject to bilious diseases.
7th, Because, for females, in cases of obstruction, suppression, irregular
or painful menstruation, or in case of debiUty and ill health, or in case of
pregnancy and its thousand pains, " A friend in need is a friend indeed."
DR. OLOUGH'S COLUMBIAN PILLS
are prepared by Wm. Renne, Piltsfield, Mass. Retail price, 25 cents per
box, and are not commissioned, but sold for cash. Sent to any part of the
country by mail or express, with directions for use in English, French, Ger
man and Spanish languages. Sold by Druggists and Merchants generally.
JOSEFXT JR. H-A-^S-ES,
NO. 13 CENTRAL STREET, - ¦ - LOWELL,
Wholesale and Retail Agent.

116

HISTORY OF LOWELL:

and liberalized by culture. He died in August, 1855 ; and as a
private individual, as a merchant, as a public man, he has left
behind him a reputation, which has rarely been equalled, and
scarce ever surpassed.

The Museum.

The population of Lowell, Until 1840, sustained a very fluc
tuating character. Few came here to live ; most of those who
came, intended only to wait until they could lay by a small sur
plus from their earnings, and then return to rural pursuits. But
a favorable change in this respect now announced itself in the
erection of numerous private residences, some of them distinguished
for architectural beauty, and many of them of most ample dimen
sions. Two noble public commons, those lungs of the city, were laid
put. The South Common covers nearly twenty acres of land ;
and the North Common is about half that extent. It is to be
regretted that our city fathers who accomplished so much, did not
accomplish one thing more; — that they did not secure wider
public streets, margined with broad spreading shade-trees, like
the elm-lined avenues of New Haven. The High School was es
tablished during the same year, making the educational system of
the city complete.
But the chief event of 1840 was the establishment of the Mu
seum. Owing to what Mr. Case, in his newspaper sketch of
Lowell, calls " a firm conviction" in the community, " that mod
em theatres, with their miserable accompaniments, are of a de
grading and immoral tendency," all the attempts heretofore made
for the establishment of a theatre or museum, had failed. The
Museum was first started in the fourth story of Wyman's Exchange,
by Mr. Moses Kimball, now of the Boston Museum. The first
collection of curiosities was procured from Greenwood's old New
England Museum in Boston. But the business did not pay.

HAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSINESS.
DR. HARMON,
EDITOR OF THE MEDICAL EXPOSITOR
29 KIRK street; - - Lowell, Mass.

Is Published Monthly, at Fifty Cents per Year.
It will be found a valuable publication to avoid medical imposition.
SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE SOLICITED AT THE EDITOR'S OFFICE.

De. H. would not have it misunderstood that he devotes particular atten
tion to the examination and treatment of all complaints to which females
are liable. Those who would avoid the too often fatal consequences of neg
lect or delay in availing themselves of proper medical advice, are respect
fully invited to a seasonable consultation with him. He trusts he will be
excused for suggesting here that every female, whatever her station in soci
ety, or her scruples in regard to the proper reservations of her sex, should
nevertheless reflect that no bodily ailment is in;itself so delicate as to form any
reasonable or justifiable excuse for neglecting to disclose the nature of her
sufferings to a competent physician. The claims of health naturally have
precedence to all other temporal considerations, and every suffering female
who will but do herself justice, may readily be convinced that her paramount
claims can, not only be appreciated, but successfully answered by that physi
cian who receives and deserves her confidence ; and at the same time, his
services may be rendered in such a manner as will neither offend her moral
feelings nor violate the laws of that native modesty for which her sex is val
ued and loved. Taking this view of the subject, he trusts that no intelligent
lady will allow herself long to suffer from any ill which, if neglected, may
not only shorten the pleasures of her own useful life, but may cause her to
entail suffering and debility on those whom she may love even bitter than
herself. It is but just to remark that Dk. Hakmon is the only practitioner in this
city professing to give special attention to the treatment of female complaints,
who is considered competent for this important and very often difficult branch
of medical practice.
His Office is at No. 29 Kirk Street, where he has excellent accommodations
for all who would consult him, without interruption.
N. B. Rooms and nursing provided for those patients who may wish for
such accommodations.

In 1845, Mr. N. F. Gates purchased the Museum of Mr. Kim-
I ball ; and the removal by him, in 1846, of the Museum into the
building formerly owned by the Fir.st Freewill Baptist Church,
provoked "strong indignation in Zion." The church was at
once fitted up for dramatic entertainments ; but so great was the
opposition to it, that in 1847 the City Council refused to license
any more exhibitions of this kind.
A petition, signed by twenty-two hundred legal voters, was
hereupon presented to the City Council, praying for a renewal of
the license. A prolix debate on, the moral tendency of the drama
now ensued in the City Council, — not unlike the debate of the
four Indian chiefs in the case of the brass image which the Apos
tle Eliot took from the idolatrous squaw. Hon. Thomas Hop-
kinson appeared in behalf of the petitioners; while Rev. Messrs.
Thurston and True argued against the drama " on Bible grounds.''
The debate ended by the granting of the license as desired. The
Museum was incorporated in 1^0, with a capital of sixty thou
sand dollars ; but it was shortly afterwards destroyed by fire.
Between 1845 and 1851, it flourished; but after 1851, it passed
through various hands, and rapidly declined. In 1853, it was
again burned. It was, however, subsequently reopened, and
carried on till the thirtieth day of January, 1855, when not a
vestige escaped the third attack of the devouring flames. During
the period..of its prosperity, it found employ for some thirty per
sons, and its salaries averaged over three hundred dollars per
week. Some of the best plays of the ablest dramatists were suc
cessfully introduced. The stock-companies were superior to those
of most country theatres ; — and such " bright particular stars," in
the Thespian firmament, as Miss Charlotte Cushman, Mrs. G. Bar
rett, Mr. and Mrg. J. W. Wallack, Mr. J. B: Booth, Mr. C. D.
Pitt, Mr. G. Vanderhoff, and Mrs. A. C. Mowatt, appeared upon its
boards, and plt^yed, week after week, to crowded houses of ap
plauding patrons.

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS.

DR. M. E. THOMPSON,
DRUaeiST & APOTHECARY,
KEEPS CONSTANTLY ON HAND A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF
^0)0)"^^^ mmmm^^ m^^mm.^^
Pressed Herbs, Pure Medicinal Extracts, Concentrated
Medicines, Thomsonian and Eclectic Preparations,
Pure Elderberry Juice and Wine;
all of the very best quality, at wholesale or retail. Agent for all the popular
Patent Medicines of the day. Proprietor of
The Liver and Humor Fills;
Dr. Thompson's Eye Salve, Dr. Thompson's Canlier
Powder and Croup Syrup.
268 Merrrimack Street, \ tild°eTIt?eet. 1

SHAIIG -AMD HAIR DRESSING SALOON
AMERICAN HOUSE BLOCK, CENTRAL STREET, LOWELL.
AU persons requiring the service of a Barber will find it to their advantage
to call at his establishment. Especial attention given to Cutting Ladies' and
Children's Hair. Always kept here, an assortment of Hair Dyes, Perfume
ries, &c. Also, Jenkinson's Celebrated Hair Tonic, to remove dandruff and,
promote the growth of the Hair.

NERRlIflACK STREET, Adjoining lerrimack House.
VERMONT TiDBOSTON^ELEGMPH OFFICE,
For all parts of the United States and Canadas.
ALSO, THROUGH TICKETS FOR ALL PARTS OF THE EAST AND WESTERN
COUNTRIES, BY THE MOST RELIABLE ROUTES.
Hacks furnished at all times of the Day or Evening.
C. K. LEWIS, Agent.
Lowell, July, 1856.

The Mayors of Lowell.
On the death of Hon. Luther Lawrence in 1839, Dr. Elisha
Huntington was elected to the Mayorship, and reelected in 1840
and 1841. To save the necessity of referring to this subject
again, we will here relate the remaining history of our municipal
administrations. Hon. Nathaniel Wright was elected Mayor in
1842, and reelected in 1843. Dr. Huntington again filled the
office during 1844 and 1845. Hon. Jefferson Bancroft was elected
Mayor in 1846, and reelected in 1847 and 1848. In 1849 and
1850, Hon. J. B. French was Mayor, and was succeeded in that
office in 1851 by Hon. J. H. B. Ayer. Dr. Huntington again
filled the office in 1852 ; Hon. Sewall G. Mack in 1853 and 1854 j
Dr. Ambrose Lawrence in 1855 ; and Dr. Huntington again in
1856, the current year.
All these gentlemen are still living in the community over
which they have in turn presided ; — and long may it be, ere the
life of another deceased mayor will have occasion to be written !
Our mayors have been solid but not brilliant men, — ^honestly,
judiciously and quietly discharging their magisterial functions,
but making little display, and employing no trumpeters to pro
claim abroad their fame. No charge of corruption, peculation, or
official misconduct, has ever been seriously alleged against any of
them. Once or twice, disturbances have occurred, and the riot
act has been read ; but, otherwise, no striking events have trans
pired in connection with our municipal administrations. The
philosophic Frenchman, who said, " Happy are the people whose
annals are barren," might here find a congenial paradise.
Until 1841, there had been no substantial bridge over Concord
Eiver, connecting Church and Andover streets. The first struc
ture was a floating-bridge for foot-passers. The next was a bridge
set upon spiles. But, in the year above named, the double-arch
stone bridge, (still standing,) was constructed. One of the

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS.

BYROM'S COUGH SIRUP!
¦FOU THTB CXJRB Or
Coughs, Colds, Hoarseness, Asthma, Tickling in the Throat, all Bronchial
Affections, and the Relief of Consumptive Patients, and to guard those per
sons predisposed to Pulmonary Affections from future and more fre
quent attacks.
Never neglect a common cold ; for you are well aware (or at
least you should be,) that frequent and unheeded colds are only
the forerunners of that fell destroyer of mankind —
doNSTjn^iPTioisr.
The public may rest assured that there is at least one medicine
afforded to them that is no humbug, and no catch-penny, but
contains all the soothing and healing properties that a remedy
intended for the relief of mankind should, and really does, pos
sess. It is put in large size bottles, and sold at the
Imo-w I*rio© of E"ifty Ceaits.
BYROM'S "OATHARTIO PILLS
AKE PURELY VEGETABLE.
They operate without nausea, or sickness of the stomach, or
griping,— they promote the healthy secretions of the stomach,
liver and intestines ; removing bilious and morbid accumulations
of matter from the bowels, and ai-e the best known remedy for the
cure oi Dyspepsia, Indigestion, Disease of the Bowels, Pamj,n
the Stomach, Side, Shoulders, S^c, Determination of Blood to
the Head, Costiveness, Headache, S^c, SfC.
The necessity of such a medicine as these Pills has long been
felt in our commjinity. Leave off your nostrums and try the
virtue of these Pills. t, • • i t, i
I^For sale by the Apothecaries generally. Prmcipal Depot,
No. 61 Market Street, Lowell, Mass.
GEORGE MOLLOY, Agent.

arches of this bridge was deformed ; and a caving-in of the whole
structure was daily apprehended, ^ntil, at length, " hope defer
red" made the hearts of the expectants sick.

Death of Harrison.
On the seventh day of April, 1841,- all the bells in the city
were draped in mourning, and tolled an hour, from twelve o'clock
till one, in observance of the death of President Harrison. On
Friday, the 14th of May, — that day having been designated by
the new President as a National Fast-day, — all business was sus
pended, and the obsequies of the diseased President appropriately
solemnized. Many buildings, both public and private, were
draped in sable. A long procession moved through the princi
pal streets, composed of citizens; without distinction of party, in
funeral garb. In the absence, through illness, of Hon. Caleb
Cushing, who had been expected to pronounce the eulogy, — Rev,
Dr. Blanchard delivered an extemporaneous oration on the
mournful topic of the day ; and the thanks of the City Council
were presented to him, by a resolution, in which the eulogy is
mentioned as a most able, interesting and eloquent performance.
A solemn torch-light procession in the evening, closed the cere
monies of this last National Fast-Day.
Independence-Day was appropriately observed, this year, under
the auspices of the City Government; and Hon. John C. Park
delivered the oration.

The Cemetery.
The Lowell Cemetery was established in 1841. For this " gar-
_ den of graves," — covering about forty-five acres, — we are indebt-

^^^ — ^3^^^^^

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS. 123

ESTABLISHMENT.

S. L. & W. G. WARD,
illil®! illSSifi.
5 & 6 SAVINGS BANK, BUILDING,
(OVER LOWELL AND RAILROAD BANKS,)

LOWELL, MASS.

HISTORY OF LOWELL:

ed to the public spirit of Oliver M. Whipple, Esquire, and a few
other citizens of this place. It is situated on tho east bank of
Concord River, one mile from the centre of the city. The topo
graphical survey was made under tho direction of Mr. George P.
Worcester. The grounds are laid out after the French style,
combining therewith somewhat of tire English mode of landscape
gardening. Long serpentine avenues, shaded by forest trees, in
tersect this sacred enclosure. In the Central part of the Cemetery,
in a group of young pines, stands a neat little Gothic chapel.
This .is in imitation of Pere la Chaise and other celebrated burial
places in Europe. The waving plumes of these young pines, are
in excellent keeping with the sacred purposes of the place. No
thing certainly could be more appropriate, than these
" Green and rolling forest tops.
And glens, and streams, that with their bordering thickets.
Strive to hide their windings."
This place was solemnly consecrated on Sunday, June 20th,
1841, when Rev. Dr. Miles offered the consecrating prayer, and
Rev. Dr. Blanchard delivered an address, which, for " its appro
priate extent of subjects, richness of thought, and felicity of ex
pression," is said to have been rarely equalled on any similar
occasion. In 1842, James 0. Patterson erected the well-known " Pat
terson Mill," at Wamesit Falls, and employed it in the manu
facture of cai-pets. Mr. Patterson becoming bankrupt in 1S47,
this mill was purchased by the Middlesex Company ; and until
1852 Mr. James Siner carried it on as a carpot mill. It soon
afterwards passed into the hands of the Lowell Power-Loom Har
ness Company, its present occupants.

President Tyler's "Visit.
On the 19th of June, 1843, John Tyler, then President of
the United States, made a public visit to Lowell, accompanied by

^^^^cJ^Q^^^^S'^'^'^'-''^-^'-^'^'^^

^^<J HAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSISSBS. 12.5
\i s. L. & w. g.Iyard; ]
' (Office, Nos. 5 and 6 SaviBgs Bank Baildiag, Lowell,)

Haring extended their arrangements to meet all orders in the line of their
profession, would respectfully announce to their patrons, and all in want of
Dental Operations, that they are now prepared to famish Aetificial Teeth,
on Gold and Silver Plate, in a style of j&nish, unsurpassed.
GUTTA PERCHA USED WHEN DESIRED.
Their sissortment of Teeth, embracing every variety of shade, form, &c., is
nniivalled. In making, and properly adapting, full or parts of sets, in an endless va
riety of cases, in their past extensive practise, including many so difficult .as
to be pronounced by others "impossible to fit," they have been eminently
Bucccssful, and fully met the expectations of their patrons.
Sjjecial attention given to every operation for the eeal'tt and pkfsebta-
Tiox of the Natural Teeth.
Teeth filled with gold and other approved material.
Persons having defeetixe Teeth, and who are at the same time suffering &om
imxtaired heaith, should not fail to consnlt an experienced Dentist.
The intimate connection between the state of the teeth and the general
health is such as to warrant calling attention to the subject, — a decided im
provement often resulting from the removal of extensively decayed teeth, and
the substitntion of those which better serve the purpose of mastication.
Their mode of exteacting Teeth, uith Instrumerds for each Tooth, in
strict zeiet^^c^ to their anatoTnieal construction, with ease and safety, and
the lea-^t possible pain to the patient, gives universal satisfaction.
CHARGES REASONABLE.
Debtistbt.— S. L. Ward, Dentist, Bank Building, Shattuck .= treet, h ,b a suit of
rooms that for neatness of f'jmish, comfort, and adaptation to profession il business,
miist bear Jhe palm. His rooms consist of a large and elegant reception or drawing-
jrx>om, a large andcommodious laborato'-y, and Jietween these two, a neat and com
fortable little operating room. By perBtVering industry and a laudable determina
tion to excel in his profession, Dr. Ward has secured an extensive and steadily in
creasing patronage. His good dental work is his best voucher.— [Lowell Courier,
May 25, 1852.
'Dz^rv-n 2 T.— The art of dentistry is reaching a high state of perfection, such that
we might say that artificial teeth are preferable to the real molars. We saw, the
other evening, an upper jaw, made and fitted to the mouth of a lady, by S. L. Ward,
dentist, which, for the nicety of fit, we have never seen equalled. The set was fas
tened to the roof of the mouth by the principle of atmospheric pressure, and so te
naciously did it cling to its place, we could not, with all the strength we could exert
with one hand, detach it. This triumph of Dr. ^. deserves an honorable mention.
The Doctor's office is in the Bank Building, Shattuck Street, and we cordially re
commend him to the attentioncf those in want of anylhingin the dental art.— [Low
ell Daily News, Peb. 14, lc5-2.

M

126

HISTORY OP IjOWELL;

Hon. Abbott Lawrence, Hon. Isaac Hill, John Tyler, Junior,
and other public personages. The boys and girls of the High
School, with their teachers, — together with the military compa
nies, and a cavalcade of the citizens, — formed hi§ escort ; and the
usual public greetings took place. Before leaving Lowell, the
President and suite visited the works of the Middlesex, Lowell,
Boott, and Merrimac manufacturing companies ; and expressed
much gratification with the novel and marvellous scenes exhibited
to them.
It was in 1843 that Mr. James C. Ayer commenced the man
ufacture of " Cherry Pectoral" in Lowell. This business, to
gether with the manufacture of " Cathartic Pills," has now
become the largest individual interest in this city. It finds em
ploy for about one hundred and fifty persons. One and a half
million bottles, or sixty million doses, of this " Pectoral," — and
two and a half million boxes, or fifteen million doses, of these
" Pills," — are here annually manufactured and sold. One hun
dred and sixty tons of paper, a vast number of boxes and bottles,
and a great quantity of the material ingredients of these medi
cines, are annually consumed at this establishment, (situated on
Jackson street,) the receipts of which considerably exceed half a
million of dollars per annum. Messrs. Ayer & Co.'s laboratory
furnishes medicine sufficient for three doses apiece, per year, for
every inhabitant of the United States.

Anecdote of Webster.
At the October Term of the Court of Common Pleas, held in
Lowell, in 1843, the famous case of the Commonwealth versus
Wyman wag tried. Several of the most distinguished lawyers of
the American Bar,— among others, the late lamented Daniel
Webster.— were retained as counsel. Au incident occurred in
the course of the trial, which well deserves a place in this history,
^^^^from Its connection with that great man,-being particularly

HAND-BOOK Oil ITS BUSINESS.

i)

AYER'S CATHARTIC PILLS.
The sciences of Chemistry and Medicine have been taxed their utmost to pro
duce this best, most perfect purgative which is known to man. Innumerable
proofs are shown tliat these Pir.LS have virtues which surpass in excellence
the ordinary medicines, and that they win unprecedently upon the esteem of
all men.^ They are safe and pleasant to take, but powerful to cure. Their
penetrating properties stimulate the vital activities of the body, and expel dis
ease. The^ purge out the foul humors which breed and grow distemper, stim
ulate sluggish or disordered organs into their natural action, and impart healthy
tone with strenglh to the whole system. Not only do they cure the everyday
compl.iints of every body, but also formidable and dangerous diseases that nave
baffled the best of human skill. While they produce powerful effects, they
are, at tlie same time, in diminished doses, the safest and best physic that can
be employed for children. Being sugar-coated, they are pleasant to take ;
and being purely vegetable, are free from any risk of harm. Cures have been
made which surpass belief, were they.not substantiated by men of such exalted
position and character aa to forbid the suspicion of untruth. Many eminent
clergymen and physicians have lent their names to certify to the public the
reliability of my remedies; while others have sent me the assurance of their
conviction that my Preparations contribute immensely to the relief of my af
flicted, suffering fellow-men.
Agents will furnish gratis my American Almanac, containing directions
for their use, and certificates of their cures of the following complaints ; —
Costiveness, Bilious Complaints, Rheumatism, Dropsy, Heartburn, Head
ache arising from a foul Stomach, Nausea, Indigestion, Morbid Inaction of
the Bowels, and Pain arising therefrom. Flatulency, Loss of Appetite, all Ul
cerous and Cutaneous Diseases which require on evacuant Medicine, Scrofu
la or King's Evil. They also, by purifying the blood tmd stimulating the sys
tem, cure many complaints which it would not be supposed they could reach,
such as Deafness, Partial Blindness, Neuralgia and Nervous Irritability, De
rangements of the Liver and Kidneys, Gout, and other kindred complaints
arising from a low state of the body or obstruction of its functions.
a"sK^s^cherry"pectoral
POR THE EAPID CUKE OF
Gonghs, Colds, Hoarseness, Influenza, Bronchitis, Wlioop-
ing Cough, Croup, Asthma, Incirient Consumption,
and for the relief of consumptive patients in advanced stages of the disease.
We need not speak to the public of its virtues. Throughout every town, and
almost every hamlet of the American States, its wonderful cures of pulmon
ary complaints have made it already known. Nay, few are the families in any
civilized coimtry on this continent witholit some personal experience of its ef
fects ; and fewer yet the communities any where which have not among them
some living trophy of its victory over the subtle and dangerous diseases of the
throat andlungs. While it is the most powerful antidote yet known to man
for the formidable and dangerous diseases of the pulmonarjf organs, it is also
the pleasantest and safest remedy that can be employed for infants and young
persons. Parents should have it in store against the insidious enemy that
steals upon them unprepared. We have abundant grounds to believe the
Chekey Pectoral saves more lives by the consumptions it prevents than
those t cures. , ,. , , , ,
AU know the dreadful fatality of lung disorders, and as they know too the
virtues of this remedy, we need not do more than assure them it is still made
the best it can be. We spare no cost, no care, no toil to produce it the most
perfect possible, and thus afford those who rely on it the best agent which our
skill canfuinish for their cure.
PREPARED BY DR. J. C. AYER,
Practical and Analytical Chemist, LoweU, Mass.,
And Sold by all Druggists everywhere.

HISTOEY OF LOWELL;

illustrative of the tenacity with which he adhered to whatever
position he might assume.
While engaged in some "by-play" with another eminent law
yer, still living, Mr. Webster wrote upon a slip of paper the fol-

THE USUariNG EMPEEOR OP CHINA.— [SEE OPPOSITE PAGE.]
CjY lowing coujjlet from Pope, and then handed the slip to his " learn-
' ed brother :" —
" Lo ! where Meotis sleeps, and softly flows,
The freezing Tanais through a waste of snows.

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS.

129

We publish, as a great curiosity, the following characteristic
letter, received by our friend, Dr. J. C. Ayer, of Lowell, Mass,,
from the " Kebel Chief," or usurping Emperor of China, in
acknowledgment for quantities of his Cherry Pectoral and
Cathartic Pills, the Dr. sent him as a present :
To Doctor Ayek in America,
The great curing Barbarian of the outside country.
Your present of sweet curing seeds (Pills) and fragrant curing
drops (Pectoral) of the Cherry smell, has been brought to Hug-
seu-Tsene — the mighty Emperor (Kwangto) of the terrible, stout
Ming Dynasty, by grace of Heaven restored after an interval of
ages, — Prince of peace (Ta-Ping-Wang) of China — the central
flowry land. He directed his powerful Mandarins to give them
to the sick according to what the Interpreters read from your
printed papers (directions.) Be profoundly happy, 0 wise
Barbarian ! for I, Yang-seu-Tsing, say it. Your curing seeds
and sweet curing drops were given to the sick in His army of
the Winged-Sword, and have made them well. Be, profoundly
happy while you live, for this is known to the Mighty Emperor
of China, who approves your skill and permits you to send more
of your curing Medicines for his fierce armies of myriads of men.
They may be given to Chiang-Lin, chief Mandarin of the Red
Button at Shanghai, who will repay you with Tea, or Silk, or
Gold. The high Mandarins of China have heard of your great knowl
edge, surpassing all other foreigners, even aspiring to equal the
divine wisdom of our own healing teachers, who make remedies
that cure instantly. We .are pleased to know you bow in trem
bling terror before our Mighty Emperor.
Written by YANG-SEU-TSING,
Minister-in-chief of the restored Imperial Ming dynasty, destined
by the heavenly wisdom to rule in China.
(Translated by the American Consulate at Hong Kong , China,
BdMay,lS55.

history OB LOWELL:

His "learned brother" aforesaid at once took exception to the
word "softly," which, he said, should read "hardly," and ob
jected to this " rendering" of the poet. Mr. Webster stoutly
affirmed that he had quoted the lines as Pope wrote them, and
therefore needed no lecture on the duty of the correct citation of
authors. A copy of Pope was procured, which settled the ques
tion adversely to Mr. Webster. He took up the book, — read the
lines deliberately, — sat down, — turned to the fly-leaf of the vol
ume, — and wrote thereon these words : —
"Spurious Edition oe Pope.— DANIEL WEBSTER."

Events between 1844 and 1846.
In 1844, the City School Library was institute'!, at a cost of
thirty-five hundred dollars. The volumes contained in this val
uable public library, (which has been enlarged from time to time,)
number about ten thousand. This institution is under the care
of a Librarian and a Board of Directors chosen by the City
Council. Its privileges are open to all.
In the same year, also, dates the establishment of the City
Mission, by the South Congregational (Unitarian) Society. This
is a fine imitation of the Ministry at large, founded by Rev. Dr.
Tuokerman, in Boston. Rev. Horatio Wood has filled this Min
istry ever since its establishment ; and has made it his special
" labor of love," to seek out daily and relieve the temporal and
spiritual necessities of the poor, and especially of the indigent
young. In 1845, the Stony Brook Railroad, connecting Lowell with
Groton Junction, was incorporated, with a capital of three hun
dred thousand dollars. On the first of July, 1848, this road was
opened for travel, largely increasing our facilities for communi
cation with other portions of New England, and with New York.
It was in 1845 that the second reorganization of the Locks and
Canals Company took place, when Mr. Jackson realized his vast

VISIT PUTNAM'S BOYS' CLOTHIING EMPORIUM

No. 92 American House Block, Central Street.

history op LOWELL;

plans for the disposition of the mill-powers here. All the water-
power of Merrimac River, — estimated at ten thousand horse-power,
— had now been disposed of; and a great sale was made at pub
lic auction, of all the lands yet remaining in this company's
hands. The several inanufacturing companies now became
the proprietors of all this water-power, under this company's
charter. The separate existence of this company was still pre
served, with a view to the exercise by its agent of a general su
perintendence over the use of the water-power by all the compa
nies concerned.
Mr. Jackson was succeeded in the agentship of this company
by Mr. James B. Francis, who has here won a reputation for
skill in practical hydraulicSj second to tbat of no other man in
this country.
The business of building machinery, heretofore carried on by
the Locks and Canals Company, was now organized apart by
itself, and incorporated in the year of which we are treating,
under the name of the Lowell Machine Shop, with a capital (at
the present time) of six hundred thousand dollars.

Judge Locke.
In April, 1846, exactly thirteen years from the day of his ap
pointment, Hon. Joseph Locke resigned his office as standing
Justice of the Lowell Police Court; and Hon. Nathan Crosby,
the present incumbent, was appointed in his place.
Judge Locke continued to reside among us until his death,
which occurred November 10th, 1853, at the patriarchal age of
eighty-two. He was born in 1771, and graduated at Dartmouth
College in 1797. His' class furnished the bar with several law
yers of more than ordinary calibre,' and the pulpit with four cler
gymen of distinguished usefulness, besides two physicians, and
two members of Congress. He was a gentleman of the old
school, a very accomplished lawyer,— thoroughly versed in that
great body of reason, the gathered wisdom of a thousand years.

HAND-BOOK 01 ITS BUSINESS. 133
H. H. BARNES,

DEAI,ER IK

Ready Made Clothing
— AND —
5 Canal Block, Central Street.

For all seasons, well and fashionably made.
BOOSTS' OXiOTI3:Il^TC3- ;
One of the largest assortments to be found in the city, consisting of Over
Garments, Frocks, Sacks, Pants and Veate.
BOYS' j.a.ck:ets.
Small Suits, Suit Pants, Plain and Emb'd Caps for Children, Boys' Shirts,
Collars, Bows, Hdkfs, &c., &c.

RICH FURNISHING GOODS FOR GENTS.
stocks, Ties, Scarfs, Neckerchiefs; Gloves— Kid, Silk, Linen, Lisle Thread,
&c Hosiery for all seasons ; TJndershms and Drawers— Silk,
' WooUen, Merino, Cotton, &c.; Suspenders, Silk and Linen
Pocket Hdkfs. A complete assortment of
aEHT'S LIFEF,
^^leU-tt^or^rantwUinTdr-^^^^^
latest patterns, plaia and fancy. Linen and French wove
Shirt Bosoms,
FOR FXTII^Na OIT SHIHTS.
Fine Shirts Made to Order for those who wish.
Soft Hats, Silk and Cloth Caps, UmtoreUas, &c., &e.

HI story

LOWELL;

the Common Law. This was his speciality, — his forte. He also
excelled in special pleading ; but beyond this, his range of cul
ture was very circumscribed, as is necessarily the case with the
mere lawyer.
He was very popular as a judge. The tenderness of his sensi
bilities, aud the warmth of his sympathies, made it natural for
him to temper justice wilih mercy to the unfortunate criminal, as
God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb. He was sometimes
wholly unmanned, and forced " to play the woman," when called
in his official capacity to pronounce the stern sentence of the law ;
and he frequently wet the judicial bench with compassionating
tears. Appropriate resolutions were passed, on the occasion of his
decease, by the Lowell Bar, in which his personal integrity, pro
fessional ability, amiable manners, and conventional virtues, were
recognized aud applauded.

Events of 1846 and 1847.
In 1846 our population was twenty-nine thousand one hundred
and twenty-seven. The city of Lawrence had just started ; and
to facilitate intercourse between the two places, the Lowell and
Lawrence Railroad was incorporated during this year, with a capi
tal of three hundred thousand dollars.
A planing-mill had heretofore been carried on near Middlesex
street, by Messrs. Pickering & Brown, and Call & Livingston.
Brooks & Co. established their planing-mill in the same vicinity,
during this year. The late William Livingston and Sidney
Spaulding, Esquire, are the chief architects of this part of Low
ell, which has now become the theatre of most of the saw-mills,
planing-mills, and lumber business of the city.
In the same year, (1846,) dates the establishment of the mills
of 0. M. Whipple, Esquire, near the Bleachery, which have been
leased by various parties for miscellaneous mechanical purposes,
and continue to be so occupied at the present time.

HAND-BOOK OH ITS BUSINESS.

135

CUSHING & MACK,
NOS. 123 and 135 MARKET STREET, LOWELL,

"WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALEES IN
STOVES AND HOLLOW WARE,
SBLE AGENTS, FOR LOWELL, Of
Mott's Celekated Invincible Tubular Oven Range.
MANUPACTUBEBS OP
n /!. M are ready, at all times, to contract for the Iron "Wore (Orna-
. 1 „,"nrt,<.rwiae 1 for Public and Private Buildings ; and for specimens
rf fteir UkTouldreSfo the State Library Room, Boston, and^o Store
front ot No. 164 Washington Street, Boston.

HISTORY OP LOWELL:

The new bridge over Concord River near the Cemetery was
constructed in 1847. »
In 1847, the great Northern Canal was completed, — being the
greatest work of the kind in the United States. The object of
this canal, (and of the subterranean canal under Moody street,)
was, to keep constantly a fuller supply of water than could pre
viously be obtained, in the several canals that feed the water into
the flumes of the various mills. The canal was constructed by
the combined companies, in less than eighteen months, at a cost
of five hundred thousand dollars. It was first filled with water on
Thanksgiving-Day, in the year last mentioned. James B. Fran
cis, Esquire, the Agent and Chief Engineer of the Locks and
Canals Company, was the architect of this stupendous work.
Well may he say —
" Exegi monumentum sere perennius."
A great portion of the canal was excavated through the solid
rock. Its length is nearly a mile ; its breadth a hundred feet ;
and its depth eighteen feet. Its water-section is exactly fifteen
hundred square feet. The banks are lined with a double colon
nade of trees, tastefully laid out, with green plats, and beautiful
summer promenades. Along these banks, — so attractive, so
lovely, so picturesque, — will "future sons and daughters yet
unborn," take sentimental walks by moon-light, while tales of
love find tender audience, and visions of a matrimonial Elysium
dance through their minds.
To augment still further the water-power of Merrimac River,
the lakes at the head of Winnipissawkee and Square Rivers, cov
ering about one hundred square miles, were secured,  by
which the total w^ter-power of the Merrimac has been increased
from ten thousand to fifteen thousand horse-power.

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS.

137

C. p. TALBOT & CO.,
Manufacturers and Dealers in
CHEMICALS, DYE WOODS, DRUGS,
AND
CITY Mi^RitET EEOTJSE,
Market Street, : : : : : Lowell, Mass.

We manufacture to order, at our Chemical Works and Mills,
situated at North Billerica, with a never failing water power,
enabling us at all seasons to fill our orders promptly, the follow
ing list of articles, to which we would call the attention of dealers
and manufacturers ;-^
Barwood, Brazilwood, Camwood,
Fustic,Hypeinic, Limawood,
Logwood,Peachwood,Bed Sanders,
Redwood, Sappanwqod,Quer^ Cit. Bark,
Lao Dye,
Cream Tart^,

Red Tartar,
Nut Galls,
T'lmerio,Divi Divi,
Argols, Sperm Oil Soap,
Palm Oil Soap,
AquaFortis,Aqua Ammonia,
Barwood Spirits,
Blue Vitriol,
Ext. Indigo,
Indigo Oil Vitriol,
Iron Liquor,

Muriatic Acid,
Muriate Iron,
do Tin,
Nitric Acid,
Nitrate Iron,
do. Copper,
Plumb Spirits,
Preparing Salts,
Red Liquors,
Redwood Spirits,
Scarlet Spirits-,
Tin Crystals,
Yelloi* Spirits.

We have constantly on hand, in Store, in addition to above t

Alum,
Brimstone,Bleacbring Powders,
Cochineal,Cudbear,
Copperas, Cutch,
Flayine, Glue, Gambler,

Gum ArabaC,
Indigo,
Lace Leather,
Madder, Oils,
Oil Vitriol,
Potash Bichrome,
Potalsh Pruss,
Potash,Pickers,

AND ALL ARTICLES GENERALLY USED

Picker Leather,
Reeds, Shuttles,Sal Soda,
Soda Ash,
Soda Soap,
Sumac,Sugar Lead,
Twines and Tapes,
Tin,
BY MANUFACTURERS.

With our increasing facilities and long experience, we do not
hesitate saying to dealers and manufacturers, that quality and
price shall be satisfactory.

HISTOEY OB LOWELL;

President Polk's Visit.
On the 20th day of June, 1847, President Polk, and his Sec
retary of State, Hon. James Buchanan, together with other dis
tinguished gentlemen, visited Lowell, and w.ere received by the
local authorities at the landing from the cars, near the Bleachery,
where tho usual congratulations were- exchanged. He was es
corted through the principal streets; with the usual ceremonies,
by the City Guards, the Phalanx, and the Westford Rifle Com
pany. The reception was painfully polite, but distinguished by
no enthusiasm. The mills were closed, and all business suspend
ed. The President and his companions visited the Middlesex
and Prescott Mills on the following day, and expressed much sat
isfaction with their visit.

Gen. Cass as a Lecturer.
Pkom the very initiation of the debating-club system of New
England, by that Apostle of the Lyceum, the younger Rantoul,
lyeeum lectures have been in high repute in Lowell. Successive
series have been delivered from season to season, under the pat
ronage of the Lowell Institute, the Lyceum, the Mechanics' As
sociation, theAthen^um, the Adelphi, the Mathew Institute, the
Young Men's Christian Association, the Lee Street Christian
Union, and other similar organizations.
In the winter of 1846-'47, General Cass visited Lowell, and
delivered one of the lectures of that season. All who knew the
General, knew that, if once tapped, he was the last man in the
world to run dry in a single hour. His lecture, — more remarka
ble for length than for depth,— was full three hours long. To
listen to such a discourse, — much more to deliver it, — would be
equal to one of the twelve feats of Hercules.

HAND-BOOK OB ITS BUSINES

SAMUEL N. WOOD,
COMMISSION MERCHANT,

AND WHOLESALE DEALER IN

FLOUR, GRAIN, AND FEED

NO.

OF ALL KINDS,
43 MARKET STREET,
(Nearly opposite the Market House,)
XiO'^TCTZSXjX.s.

S. N. WOOD is receiving constantly from the Suffolk County Flour Mill,
Fresh Ground Flour, Graham Meal,
Also on hand, the best brands of
ST. LOUIS, GENESEE, AND OfilO FLOUR,
And warranted to give satisfaction.
CONSTANTLY ON HAND,
CORN, MEAL, OATS, RYE, BUCKWHEAT, BARLEY,
SHORTS, FINE FEED, RICE MEAL,. OIL MEAL,
MEDLEYS, OAT MEAL, RYE FLOUR, BUCK
WHEAT FLOUR, SCREENINGS, &c.
Also on hand, a large supply of
Peruvian, Mexican, and Cliilian Guanos,—
Lloyd's and DeBurgh's Super Phosphate
of Lime,— Gould's Muriate of Lime,—
Ground Plaster, &c..
All of which will be solcf at Boston Wholesale Prices.
F^^^Having a large experience and facilities for doing a
iar^Msiness, I flatter myself that I can deliver Flour and Grain
at as low a figure as can be bought in this or any other market.

HISTOKY OF LOWELLl

The General commenced at precisely eight o'clock in the eve
ning, and continued till nine, without cessation, interruption, ac
cident or loss of breath. The audience now began to retire. The
General, seeing this, made a sudden halt. " Ladies and gentle
men," said he, "I believe you are not in the habit of hearing
lectures three hours long!" Great merriment was provoked by
this well-timed remark, and a prolonged round of applause followed.
The General hastily turned to the last few pages of his prodigious
roll of manuscript, and closed by giving only " the conclusion of
the matter."

Events between 1848 and 1852.
Wte have now arrived at a period, the events of which are still
too fresh in the recollection of the community, to require more
than a glance at each. The Salem and Lowell Railroad was in
corporated in 1848, with a capital of four hundred thousand dol
lars. It was opened for travel, August 1st, 1850. The City
Institution for Savings was also incorporated in 1848. Its de
sign was to afford means to employ small sums of money to ad
vantage, to those who desired to save a part of their earnings,
but had not yet acquired a sufficient surplus to purchase a share
in the banks, or in the public stocks. These little investments
are made without that risk of loss, to which private loans are
more or less exposed.
On the 20th of February, 1848, at the suggestion of the City
Council, all business was suspended, and the bells, draped in
black, tolled an hour, from twelve o'clock till one, on the occasion
of the death of the venerable John Quincy Adams. More than
ordinary observance was made, this year, of Independence-Day.
A thousand dollars were appropriated by the City Council, in
addition to considerable sums raised by private contribution, to
defray the expenses of a splendid display of fire-works, etc.
Among the public orations delivered on that day, was one

^^^

HAND-BOOK OE ITS BUSINESS.
DR. ROBERT WOOD,
VETERINAET SURGEON

»^

^^'o.-Sv^

No. 18 ALDER STREET, LOWELL, MiSS.,
Still continues, as for the past fourteen years, to practice euccessfvdly all
the diseases incidental to that noble, animal, '
Also, the diseases of Neat Cattle, and all other domesticated animals.
He has also a Shoeinq Shop on Dummer Street, where all kinds of
Shoeing are done by skilful and reliable workmen,— -his personal atten^ou
being given to all cases of lameness, quarter-cracks, corns, and other troubles
requiring peculiar forms of shoes.
I^^Orders may be left at the shop, at the stable of D. R. Kimball, near
tho Merrimack House, or at ray residence on Alder Stieet.
Lowell, August, 1856.

f;,

- A'"'' — ^'^
.1 w p

ym'-^^

—t^/{^jjjj.y.^ '

^P'^^^9~-~~— ™~— — ^

142

HISTORY OP LOWELL:

by Dr. Elisha Bartlett, (the first Mayor of Lowell,) who had
performed a similar service here as early as 1828.
On the 24th of April, 1849, the City Council, by resolution,
invited President Taylor to visit Lowell; but aflfairs of state
prevented a compliance with this invitation ; and on the 13th of
July, 1850, all business was suspended, — the bells were tolled,
and the cannons boomed, — because President Taylor was no more.
The large reservoir on Lynde's Hill in Belvidere, was constructed
by the Locks and Canals Company, in 1849. Gas was intro
duced- by the Lowell^ Gas Company, in 1850. In 1851, the
bounds of Lowell were considerably extended by the annexation
of Centralville.
On the 27th of-May, 1851, the City Council, by resolution,
invited Hon. Daniel Webster to visit Lowell : but public busi
ness prevented a compliance therewith : and on Monday, the 25th
day of October, 1852, the streets were draped in symbols of
mourning ; — business was arrested, and the mills stopped ; —
while the tolling of bells, and the firing of minute-guns, announced
that he who was to have been the guest of Lowell, had now be
come the guest of the Celestial Host ! The spacious new Court
House on Gorham street, was erected by the county in 1851, at
a cost of about one hundred thousand dollars. This edifice is of
brick, and fire-proof throughout. It ranks among the handsom
est structures of the kind in the United States. The House of
Reformation connected with the City Alms House, was erected in
the same year.

Kossuth's Visit.
On the 6th of May, 185% Governor Kossuth, of the late Re
public of Hungary, then on a public tour of triumph through the
United States, on the special invitation of the citizens, visited
Lowell, and was received with the warmest enthusiasm. He was
escorted by the military companies through the principal streets,
_ attended by a procession of some thousands of citizens, amid the

^^^^Ai£Tij ^^SJJ^g-^v)-*-'-*-''-*-'-*-''^'-^^

HAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSINESS. 143

mmn m apothkariis,
Corner of Central and Middlesex Streets, Lowell,
Respectfully inform the citizens of Lowell and vicinity that they continue to
keep constantly on hand a general assortment of Drugs and Medicines, and
all of the most popular Patent and Family Medicines of the day ; such as
Cordials, Syrups, Bitters, Pills, Plasters, Ointments and Liniments, some of
which have long been known for their wonderful cures. Also, all kinds of
Fancy Articles, such as Toilet Soaps, Brushes, Portmonies, Cigar CaSes, To
bacco, Cigars, &c.
Also, COOL SPARKLING SODA drawn with Syrups of the first quality,
for flavor and purity, which we offer for sale from one to one hundred gallons,
to suit the purchaser.
Also, the greatest assortment of Lubin's Perfumery in this city, besides va
rious other kinds of other qualities.
Supporters and Shoulder Braces of the most approved styles, — and can be
applied by Mrs. Staniels,— always giving entire satisfactien.
Also, Palmer's Patent Limbs, which answers nearly as well as the natural
one. Trusses of all kinds — and applied. German Leeches always on hand.
N. B. — Particular attention paid to the putting up of Physicians' Prescrip
tions.

^.f^^

5OR

^a?^®UN^

5r>^'> CO

stands unrivalled for the Restoration of the Hair to its original lustre and color,
and for giving tone to the skin, and removing all Dandruff or other diseases
of the Scalp, thereby preventing its falling off. It is no new article, but is
well known by many who have used it to their entire satisfaction — some of-
them having been nearly bald for many years. Canreferto some of the owners
of the best heads of hair in this county or state. We challenge the world for
its «js?a?. Made and Sold Wholesale and Retail by
E. A.. ST^l^IELS & CO.,
CORNER OP CENTRAL AND MIDDLESEX STREETS,
N. B. — ^All orders strictly attended to.

144

HISTORY OP LOWELL;

ringing of bells, the music of bands, the tbunder of cannon, and
the loudest transports of delirious joy. He visited several of the
mills, and the new canal. On the evening of the same day, in
St. Paul's Church, he received an address of welcome from the
Mayor, (Huntington,) and delivered a lengthy speech, character
ized by what Mr. Choate terms " the. sweetest, most melting,
most awful tones, that man may ever utter, or may ever hear, —
the eloquence of an expiring nation !"
Fifteen huildred dollars were appropriated by the City Coun
cil in 1852, in addition to considerable sums raised by private
subscription, to defray the expenses of an extraordinary celebra
tion of Independence-Day. Rev. Joseph Towne, of Lowell, (now
of Bridgeport, Connecticut,) delivered an able and eloquent ora
tion. The Governor (Boutwell) of the Commonwealth, and
other distinguished gentlemen, were present as guests.

The New Depot, and the Jail.
The new depot at the corner of Merrimac and Dutton streets,
was erected in 1852-'53, jointly by the City and the Boston and
Lowell Railroad Company. Two spacious halls were fitted up in
the upper stories of this edifice : one named Jackson Hall, in
honor of Mr. P. T. Jackson ; the other named Huntington Hall,
in honor of the Mayor, Dr. E. Huntington.
There now only remains to be noticed the new jail on. Thorn-
dike street, — constructed according to the design of James H.
Rand, Esquire. The architectural style of this edifice is semi-
Gothic, differing in many respects from any other structure of the
kind. The main body of the building is one hundred and twenty-
three feet in length ; and the width is ninety feet in front, and
fifty-four feet in the rear. The entire frontage, including the
wings, is one hundred and eighty-eight feet. It is four stories
high, with an octagon tower at each of the front corners of the
main body of the edifice. The male and female prisoners are to
be kept entirely separate, — not being within sight or hearing of

HAND-BOOK 0 E ITS BUSIN

BROOKS & ELLIOTT'S

m3imm

ipi jo); Mji J^L 24^ J^(, J? ^9i 3t _?! 3°^
IS PREPAUED TO rURNISH
Music for Balls, Private Parties,
Assemblies, Pic-Nics, &c.
Applications may be made to
WILLIAM 0, BROOKS, Leak of Lowell Cornet Band, at 27 Appleton Bloct:
E. i ELLIOTT, at V. Ganson's, 20 Merrimack Street: or
E. B. CAELETON, at Shepard's Miisic Store, 77 Merrimack Street, Lowell, Ms.
MEMBERS OF THE BAND :
T. Maass, 1st Violin ; I Wm. O. Brooks, Comet ;
E. E. Elliott, 2nd Violin; J. H. Straiten, Trombone;
W. W. Chipman, Clarinett ; | E. B. Carlton, Basso.
CARLTON AND ELLIOTT, Prompters.
ANY NUMBER OF PIECES FURNiSHtU THAT MAY BE DESIRED,

FIRE INSURANCE.

NO ASSESSMENT IN ANY CASE.
^TNA, AND HARTFORD FIRE INSURANCE GO'S.,
Hartford, Conn.
SPRINGFIELD FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE CO.,
Springfield, Mass.
WESTERN MASS. INSURANCE COMPANY,
Pittsfield, Mass.
Aggregaffe Capital, paid in $1,100,000, with a large surplus.
MTN\, Capital, #500,000 I SPRINGFIELD, Capital, f 150,000
HARTFORD, Capital, $300,000 | WESTERN MASS., Capital, $150,000

Krst Class Bwelling Houses Insured at very Low Eates, fr'om One to live Years.
CHARLESTOWN MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,
Charlestown, Mass., which insures the safer kinds of property for I or 5 years.
HARTFORD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,
Hartford, Conn. . Capital Stock, $100,000, all paid in.
AT^AMESKIOHMONDTAger^^
Office, 18 APl'LE 1 ON BLOCK , CEMRAL STREET, Lowell.
®^^.w,c-^  ^^...^..^(^^^r^^

HISTOEY OP LOWELL:

each other. One of the wings is to be devoted to female prison
ers, and the other occupied as the residence of the jailor, who will
be able to view both departments of the prison at a glance. There
are ninety cells for males, and twelve for females, two hospitals,
four rooms for temporary confinement, with kitchens, wash-rooms,
bath-rooms, and other accompaniments of a modern prison. The
cost of this handsome edifice will be about one hundred and twen
ty-five thousand dollars. (For a view of this structure see
page 82.)

¥

Manufactures in 1856.
There are now twelve great manufacturing corporations in
Lowell, which have fifty mills ; — fifty temples dedicated to the
" Divinity of Labor ;" — each huger than the Temple of Jeddo,
the Mosque of St. Sophia, or the Cathedral of Milan ; — with
more than twelve legions of priests and priestesses, preaching
daily of Art, of Industry, of Economy, and of " the Gospel ac
cording to Poor Richard's Almanac." Their aggregate capital
is about fourteen millions of dollars ; while the total value of real
and personal estates in the city, is about twenty-two millions.
The value of the farms around Lowell has certainly befen enhanced
a million dollars, by the creation of this great home market for
the produce of the soil.
There are just twice as many spindles in operation now, as in
1845. The total number of spindles in motion here at the pres
ent time, is four hundred thousand, and of looms twelve thou
sand. The annual consumption of cotton, — the product of the
South, — is thirty-six million pounds. That of wool, — the pro
duct mainly of the West, — is about five million pounds ; — the
annual consumption of fine wool being equal to the aggregate
product of half a million sheep. 'From three to six thousand
tons of wrought and cast iron, twenty-eight thousand tons of hard
coal, one hundred thousand gallons of oil, thirty-six thousand
bushels of charcoal, fifteen hundred cords of wood, f fifteen hundred

HAND-BOOK OV ITS BUSINESS. 147

ABIJAH CUTTEU,
No. 15 MIDDLE STREET, Lowell.

manufacturer op

Improved Gain Twist Target and Sporting Rifles,
SINGLE AND DOUBLE

ALSO, DEALER IN

of the most approved kinds ; Rifle, Belt, and Pocket Pistols ;
Rifle, Fowling, and Ducking Guns, of every size ; Hunting and
Dirk Knives, Spy Glasses, Pocket Compasses, Wicker and Lea
ther Covered Drinking Flasks, Powder Flasks, Shot Pouches
and Belts, Game Bags, Gun Cases, Eley's Water Proof and
Common Caps, Eley's Patent Shot Cartridges, English and
American Rifle Powder, in canisters or casks. Shot and Balls
of every size. Concave and Felt Wadding, Cleaning Rods, &c.

mm mii m^^^Di^ mmmm
WITH NEATNESS AND DESPATCH,

In all its varieties ; consisting of English and American Rods
and Reels, Walking Cane Rods, Lines of all kinds, Hooks of all
kinds and sizes. Artificial Trout, Salmon, and Bass Flies, Bait
Boxes, Squids, Jigs, Swivels, SilkwQrra Gut, Hooks to Gut,
Gimp and Wire ; Cane and Bamboo Poles, Whole and Jointed ;
Rigged Lines and Hooks for Sea Fishing, &c.
FisMng Rods made to Order, at
.A.. O TJ T "T E I?, = S,

HISTOEY 0 5 LOWELL:

barrels of flour, and aa fequal quantity of starch, besides enor
mous quantities of teasels, soap, madder, copperas, alum, sumac,
indigo, etc., are consumed in these mills every year..
The annual product of all this material, machinery and labor,
is over eighty million yards of cotton cloth, over twenty million
yards of calico, over fifteen million yards of bleached and dyed
goods, one and a half million yards of broadcloths and eassimeres,
nearly a million yards of carpets, and three thousand yards of
rugs, besides about two million dollars' worth of machinery.

El^il^i!.'.

BOSTON AND lOWELL DEPOT— (SIDE VIEW.)

More than two hundred miles of cotton goods are woven every
day ; — making sufficient for two handsome bracelets for the whole
globe every year ! Verily, " Cotton is King."
Nearly five hundred thousand yards of these cotton goods are
printed annually. The " Merrimac Prints" are the most cele
brated. They owe their fame to the genius of John D. Prince,
Esquire, who for many years had charge of the Merrimac Print

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS.

149

THE BEST FAMILY MEDICINE

IN THE WORLD.

A sure Remedy and a universal Panacea for
Rheumatism, Cuts, Wonods, Bnrns, Scalds, Lnmbago,
Sore Throat, Piles, Bowel Complaints, Cholera,
Wind Colic, Dysentery, Headache, and numerous
other <'llls and Aches."

Its popularity is owing to its own intrinsic merits. Once used, it is never
dispensed with.
Its peculiar neatness and delicacy, its prompt action and unfailing bene
ficial effects in all cases, have given it au enviable reputation, which it will
sustain long after the hundreds of quack preparations have received their
death blow.
It is prescribed for and recommended by many of the most eminent phy
sicians with the most perfect confidence, and. we are constantly receiving
new testimonials from all parts of the country, of wonderful cures effected by
the use of this sovereign remedy.
Dyer's Healing Embrocation is now put up in green glass bottles, with the
words — "Dyer's Healing Embrocation, Prov., K.. I.," blown in the glass,
and the fac-siraile of the proprietor's signature upon the outside wrapper.
A, H. FIELD, Sole Proprietor, Providence, R. I.
Sold in Lowell by all the principal Druggists, and by dealers in medicine
throughout the country.

13m

Worksi His skill in this department won for these prints an en
during renown in all the markets of the globe. Goods bearing
his brand have long commanded higher prices than any goods of
the same description, not having his brand. Hence this brand
has often been counterfeited by those who could not command
his skill. Mr. Prince is still living, at an advanced age ; and
long may he be spared those honors which gratitude bestows upon
the meritorious dead !
Besides the corporations above referred to, there are several
wadding and batting mills, a large flannel mill, several large tan
neries, sawing and planing mills, machine shops, dye-houses,
screw-bolt factories, carpet factories, belt factories, harness facto
ries, grist mills, card factories, bobbin and shuttle factories, bed
stead factories, a wire-fence factory, a bag factory, etc.

Churclies, Schools, Banks, Journals, etc.
There are twenty-four churches in Lowell, which cost in the
aggregate about three hundred thousand dollars. The Orthodox
Congregationalists have five churches ; the Calvinistic Baptists,
three; the Episcopal Methodists, three; the Roman Catholics,
three ; the Unitarians, two ; the Universalists, two ; the' Episco
palians,* one ; the Presbyterians, one ; the Free Will Baptists,
* The Protestant Episcopal Church was the first edifice dedicated to reli
gions worship here, since the erection of that modest log chapel in which
the Apostle Eliot preached to the Indians, some two centuries ago. It was
called St. Anne's, as a compliment to the wife of Mr. Kirk Boott, who. at
that time, was the man of this place. Kev. Dr. Theo. Edson, its present
Hector, was the first clergyman ever.settled in Lowell, and the only one ever
connected with this church.
The history of this church is peculiar. The land on which it stands origi
nally belonged to the Fletcher farm, which was purchased, with other lands,
bylthe Merrimac Company, in 1822. This land was then valued at two hun
dred dollars ; but in 1826, it was valued at ten thousand dollars, so rapidly
did real estate then increase in value. In 1826, the Merrimac Company erected
the church and the parsonage adjoining. The church is a very handsome
edifice, built of dark stone, with Gothic doors and arched windows, and shaded

HAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSINESS.

151 '^

CL.A.IIKE'S
Vegetable Sherry ¥ine Bitters!

THE BEST MEDICINE IN THE WORLD.

ati

O

.3 »-o
ago
Mil
o'^ "'S t£^
.2 S oi * a^
S.S 3 I s
So J5 if " 6
& Ph-sm^ .
r^ .J Q. n J^ o

M

o HBO S'Bc
Ph goo cstD

as

To all Persons,— Both Sick and Well !
If a long life of health and happiness is desired, let these Bitters be taken,
particularly in the spring and warm seasons of the year.
The mechanic, who, from his constant in door labors, becomes weakened
at the stomach, nervous, pale and sickly ; his food not relishing, nor proper
ly digesting — he should take these Bitters, and freely too. It will make
him, physically speaking, once more a man.
The mill operative will find this medicine the very thing to cleanse the
hlood and strengthen the system, and very mild and pleasant to take.
The pale and once beautiful lady has but to take this compound freely, and
she will be speedily restored to health, beauty and buoyancy.
The honest farmer — ^the clergyman and lawyer, and men of sedentary hab
its^— this is your medicine. After once using it, you never will be without it.
It will improve you 25 per cent.
THE LARGEST BOTTLE, THE LOWEST PRICE, AND THE MOST EFFECTUAL
MEDICINE IN THE WORLD,
Burr, Foster & Co., Wholesale Agents, No. 1 Cornhill, Boston.
No. 12 Central Street,  Lowell.

152

HISTOEY OF liOWELL:

one ; the Wesleyan Methodists, one ; the Second Adyentists,
one ; the Swedenborgians, one. Besides these, there is the Free
Chapel, which is under Unitarian influence. There are, also,
several smaller societies, of Spiritualists, Millerites, Wymanites,
Come-Outers, etc. The sums expended by these churches for
benevolent purposes, exceed forty thousand dollars a year.
Several events have transpired, which have shocked the relig
ious sensibilities of the community, — such as the conversion of
the Free Will Baptist Church on Merrimac street into a theatre,
and the conversion of the " Christian" Church on Lowell street,
into a dance-house. The denominational character of some of

by forest trees. It was consecrated by Bishop Griswold, on the 16th of March,
1825, and, by the permission of the Merrimac Company, occupied by the
"Merrimac Eeligious Society," — the name by which the present church was
then called.
Shortly afterwards, when the great reorganization of the companies took
place, these premises were conveyed, together with other real estate of the
Merrimac Company, to the Locks and Canals Company ; and on the third
of May, 1826, the Locks and Canals Company reconveyed the premises to
the Merrimac Company, upon the condition that the church should continue
to be used for religious worship, and the parsonage to be occupied as the
residence of a minister of the gospel. But by a subsequent deed, given in
1830, the Locks and Canals Company released the Merrimac Company from
this last named condition, and renewed their former grant unconditionally.
On the 23d of November, 1827, the Merrimac Company, for a nominal con.
sideration, leased both church and parsonage to the Merrimac Beligious So
ciety, for the term of fifteen years ; and on the termination of this lease in
18i3, the proprietors of St. Anne's church purchased the church and church-
lot of the Merrimac Company, for the sum of twelve thousand dollars. Pos
session of the parsonage — which since 1826 had been occupied ,by the socie
ty's parson — was now resumed by the Merrimac Company, who compelled
the parson to vacate his parsonage, and have ever since occupied it as the
residence of their agent. In 1845, the church was considerably enlarged by
the proprietors.
An action has recently been commenced, in the Supreme Judicial Court,
by the Rector, "Wardens and Vestry, of this church, against the Merrimac
Company, to recover the parsonage, with rent for the same during its occupa
tion by the Merrimac Company, and also to recover the twelve thousand dol
lars paid for the church in 1843, together with the interest upon the same.
The issues involved in this case are of too technical a character to be detailed
here. However interesting to lawyers, they would be "caviare to the gene
ral." Both of the litigating parties have retained able counsel ; and the de
cision of the case will be looked for with much interest by the numerous
parties concerned, and by the public.

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS. 153

DEALER IN
BOOKS, BLANK BOOKS & STATIONERY,
CITY HILL BUILDING, MERRIMACK STREET,

DEPUTY SHERIFF FOR MIDDLESEX COUITY.
OFFICE, ( No. 3 CANAL BLOOE, (with E. L, Shed,)
RESIDENCE, i No. 34 FRANKLIN STREET,
DEPUTY SHERIFF & CORONER
jp-oxi jixxx>i>x:.3Es:E:,3c cojrivorar,
Oeficb, 5 No. 3 CANAL BLOCK, ) «. cV^VfV-t V
Besidei^oe, } No. 8 LAWBENCB SfREET, 5 ijU W JaitJai
I^°Orders by Express or Mail promptly attended to, and particular atten
tion given to criminal business.
ATTORMEYS AMD COUISELLORS AT LAW,
OFFICE IN MANSUR'S BUILDING, NO, 55 CENTRAL STREET, LOWELL.
Commissioner for the States of JN. H. and Vermont. Notary Public.
Xi. J". FLETaHEI?,,
ATTORMEY AND CODISELLOR AT LAW.
MUSEUM BUILDING, LOWELL, MASS.

ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR AT LAW.
Office, BTo. 75 Central Street, 'Opposite American House, lowell,

HISTOET OF LOWELL:

these churches has been changed. Thus, the Eoman Catholic
Church on Suffolk street, was formerly a^Free Will Baptist
Church ; — the Methodist Episcopal Church at the corner of Cen
tral and Merrimac streets, was originally erected and occupied by
the Universalists ; — the Congregational Church on High street,
was built by the Episcopalians '; — but the attempt to establish a
second Episcopal Church here, proved a failure. The most mag
nificent church in Lowell, and one of the most splendid edifices
in the country, is the Eoman Catholic Church of St. Patrick, on
Fenwick street. It cost about seventy thousand' dollars, and can
seat three thousand persons. The High Street Church is a showy
Gothic edifice, " with spires and turrets crowned ;" but Whittier
compares it to one of Irving's Shingle Palaces, and calls it " a
whittled representation of the many-headed beast of the Apoca
lypse." Architecturally considered, most of these churches are
more than respectable.
The schools of Lowell are, one High School, with seven teach
ers and two hundred and thirty pupils ; ten Grammar Schools,
with thirty-six teachers and over eighteen hundred pupils ; five
Intermediate Schools, with eight teachers and four hundred
pupils ; and forty-eight Primary Schools, with one teacher apiece,
and twenty-seven hundred pupils. The cost of all these school-
houses was about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The
appropriations of the City Council for schools are between fifty
and sixty thousand dollars a year. These schools are under the
management of a committee, chosen annually by the pitizens.
Much has been done for the education of the young employed in
the mills, by several Free Evening Schools, in connection with
the Ministry at Large. These Schools have two sessions a week
in winter ; and about a thousand pupils, — many of them of adult
years, — here receive gratuitous instruction.
These public schools are institutions of distinguished excellence.
The District School System, which was first adopted heie, proved
inadequate to the educational wants of the rising community.
The present system was adopted as early as 1832, chiefliy through
the efforts of Eev. Dr. Edson, Warren Colburn, and a few others,
contrary to the wishes and determined opposition of the mana-

HAND-BOOK 0 1' ITS BUSINESS.

155

SHOREY & LYMAN,
No. 4 APPLETON BLOCK, CENTRAL ST.,
MANUPACTURERS OE
PORTRAIT AND PICTORE FRAMES.
Having the best quality and styles of Moulding, we can make
neater Frames than at any other place in Lowell.
The beauty of a Frame is to have the corners well put together,
which we can do at short notice, — having a Machine to cut them
in. Also,
FUm^ITURE REPAIRED,
Sofas Reseated and made as good as new. Cabinet Job Work neatly executed.

HEIvIEIIylBEJIi

^NO. 4 APPLETON BLOCK,
CENTRAL STREET, LOWELL.

Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company, of HartfoFd.
Jas. Goodwin, President. Gtjy R. Phelps, Secretary.
IlSrCOE.I»OH,A.TEID Iig" lS4e.
During the 1.0 years of its existence, this Company has issued over 20.000
Policies, and accumulated a capital of over ^2,000,000, and pays a dividend of
^0 per cent, annually, to policyholders.^ The Dividends are declared on the
31st of January, of each year. California risks takfen on reasonable terms.
j^. a. o HE .A. ID ¦^7;7- 1 o k: ,
Agent for LoweU and vicinity.
I^°Oppice at E. B; Patch's Auction Koom, where any information
and all necessary papers may be obtained.

r> . TV B A. R T H ,
FASHIOMRLE HAIR DRESSING

%m?'

Lot WaW joV/of Jo> J'*

'ITS
Middle Street, Opposite the Post Office,
LOWELL MASS.
Champooing and Hair Dyeing done in the best style. Particular attention
paid to Children's Hair Cutting.

HISTORY OF LOWELL;

gers of the mills. So bitter was their hostility to these schools,
that no gentleman, connected with the mills could, for a long time,
be persuaded to visit one of them. But, in February, 1833, —
when Hon. Henry Clay, Governor Lincoln, and other distinguished
gentlemen, came to Lowell, and expressed a wish to visit these
schools, and be introduced to the scholars, — these corporation
gentlemen concluded to change their tactics, and accompany their
distinguished guests into those nurseries of the young, of which
they were now compelled to feel proud. Opinionated men may
call them useless, and sectarian bigots may denounce them as
Godless and Infidel ; but the good sense of the masses will sus
tain these schools, and those who seek to destroy them, will them
selves be destroyed.
There are six banks in Lowell, with an aggregate capital of
one million four hundred thousand dollars. These are the Eail-
road, the Lowell, the Appleton, the Prescott, the Wamesit, and
the Merchants'. The amount of banking capital is certainly none
too great ; but it is the general belief that there are too many
banks to divide the business. Experience has demonstrated that
the increase of banks has diminished the " discount facilities" of
the business men of the place, — each bank having a special " set
of friends" upon whom to lavish its favors ; — while it has aggra
vated all the evils of usury, speculation, " note-shaving," and
what would be called cheating, if that were not too harsh, a word
to be applied to those whom we are bound to consider, (as An
thony did the assassins of Caesar,) " all honorable men."
Of public journals, Lowell has been prolific. Over forty papers,
of various descriptions, have been started here at various times ;
but through the successful competition of the Boston press, most
of them have gone down to premature graves. The journal prob
ably most extensively known in connection wich this city, was
the Lowell Offering, a monthly periodical, published from 1840
to 1845, and devoted mainly to the literary effusions of the young
'ladies employed in the mills. The principal mover in this novel
enterprize was Miss Harriet Farley, an operative herself, and
daughter of a clergytoan of Amesbury. Many of these Offering
essays evinced very correct taste, and highly respectable talent.

HAND-BOOK 0 1' ITS BUSINESS. 157

CALVERT'S IMPROVED PATENT
AND
Cleaning Machine.

To Cotton Manufacturers.
Gentlemen :
The undersigned would respectfuUy call your attention to our Improved
Calvert Willow. We deem it unnecessary to eulogize the many merits
Upolfe^ses over all other kinds of Cotton Openers now before ^e public, ta
choose to let the Machine stand upon its own merits. Our Improved Ma-
chLes may be seen at the Merrimack and Appleton M^ufacturmg Com-
S.^owell; at C. W. Sayles, Esquire's Mill, North Wrentham, Mass. ;
Jtid at W Lenoris & Brothers, Lenoris, Tennessee. „ , . , ^
We cMlenge tL^^^^^ Public to produce a Macl^me equal to ours
for Opening aid Cleansing Cotton from leaf, dirt, and seeds, or other foreign
'"The Original Calvert WUlows have been long and favorably known to most
of the CottTManufacturers of this country, and maybe found m most of
n^JiSntlTaotf Srg Machine, are respecf U, ,„Hcite3
to examine our Improved Machine before purchasmg elsewhere.
MAMCFACTUHED BY
CALVERT & SARGENT,
GRANITEVILLE, MASS.

HISTORY OP LOWELL:

Some of them have since been' published in a volume, entitled
" Mind Among the Spindles."
There are published in Lowell, at the present time, three
daily and five weekly newspapers, with an aggregate circulation
of some ten thousand. The dailies are the Journal and Courier,
(Eepublican,)' the Advertiser, (Democratic,) and the Citizen
and News, (Native American.) The weeklies are the Journal
and Courier, (Eepublican,) the Patriot and Republican, (Dem
ocratic,) Vox Populi, (Independent,) the Christian Fra, (Cal
vinistic Baptist,) and the American Citizen, (Native American.)
Ayers' American Almanac is also published here, having a cir
culation of nearly three million copies per annum.
The Lowell Fire Department contains about four hundred and
fifty men, divided into twelve companies, with ten engines, under
the direction of a Board of Engineers, chosen by the City Coun
cil. Connected with this department are sixty-seven hydrants,
supplied with water, from the Keservoir on Lynde's Hill, by fif
teen thousand feet of water-pipe. The firemen are an orderly
and meritorious body of men. Their history is distinguished by
many feats of daring and self-sacrificing heroism, and is unsullied
by a single stain. None of those riotous demonstrations, by
which their brethren in other cities have sometimes incurred dis
grace, have ever been witnessed here.
The Military Department consists of four companies, with
forty men each, of Volunteer Militia. These are the Mechanic
Phalanx, the City Guards, the Watson Light Guard, and the
Lawrence Cadets. They have long deservedly sustained a high
reputation for discipline and all the military virtues. Happily
for the city, none of these companies have ever had occasion to
display their prowess in anything more serious than a sham-fight.
The present population of Lowell numbers about thirty-eight
thousand persons, divided into six thousand three hundred fami
lies; and the females out-number the males by more than
seven thousand. Two-thirds of our inhabitants are of Ameri
can birth ; but every quarter of the globe has its represen
tatives here. Massachusetts furnishes more than one-haK of the
native born, and Ireland more than two-thirds of the foreign born.
^r>t.Hi<^^  -^--^^

ApX[ _ fVl^ 7^^;;;^-V)'-*-r-v^^.-r'*-<">-^^

HAND-BOOK OE ITS BUSINESS.

TO COTTON MANUEACTURERS.

We beg leave to call your attention to a new Metallic Toothed Cylin
der, to be used with Cotton Cards, as a Licker-in, in connection with the
shell, feed-rolls, and screen shown in the drawing annexed. A few of the
advantages over the old Licker-in consists in its durability, its great perfec
tion in cleansing cotton from the dirt and leaf, its distributing the cotton
more evenly over the Main Cylinder, its making only one-half the amount
of flyings, and in its requiring neither stripping, grinding, or any other at
tention. These Cylinders have been in use ih some of the Lowell Mills du
ring the past eight years, and are found to improva in sharpness and condi
tion from the time of being put into use. This Licker-in can be applied to
any Cotton Card without alterations, it being put in the same bearings as
those in use.
Those Manufacturers having Licker in Cylinders made of iron, can have
them clothed with Metallic clothing, and save' the expense of new Cylinders ;
and so far as they have been in use, it is thought they will last twenty years,
if not injured by accident.
We annex a few of the many flattering recommendations we have received
from those using our Metallic Licker-in, and respectfuUy request those de
sirous of trying them, to examine them at work.
CALVERT & SARGENT, Manufacturers,
ORANITEVILLE, MASS.
Lancaster Mills, Clinton, July 30, 1,856.
Messrs. Calvert & Sargent,
Gents: — We have used "Calvert's Opener" for opening all our
cotton, for eight years, with satisfaction.
We have used your Metallic LicUer-in, for Cotton Card Machines, about
eight months, and are so well pleased with their work, and with the condition
in which they keep without grinding and other repairing, that we are substi
tuting them for out card-clothed Lickers-in as fast as the latter need repair.
Yours respectfully, FRANKLIN FORBES, Agent.
(Continued on page 161.)

160 HISTORY OF LOWELL:
Some fifteen thousand persons are employed in the mills. The
rest of the population are engaged in miscellaneous pursuits ; and
very few of " those idle vagabonds, called gentlemen," are here
to be found.
'The sanitary condition of Lowell is remarkably goodt When
we (Consider how many are employed in the mills, where the phy
sical system is more or less over-worked, — where a one-sided de
velopment is induced by the endless repetition, without variation,
of one simple mechanical process, or series of processes, — where
unwholesome particles of vegetable or metallic dust are constantly
inhaled into the lungs, — where the conditions of the atmosphere
are generally unfavorable to robustness and vigor, — this fact may
appear astonishing. But, perhaps, the unstationary character of
our population will account for it. The emigration to other parts
of the country, of those who have worked a few years in the mills,
— and the constant immigration from agricultural districts, of
new recruits to fill the places of the retiring operatives, — are the
immediate causes of this high sanitary condition of our city.
Emigration, then, which has ever been regarded as " the safety-
valve of nations," becomes with us the safety-valve of health.
The managers of the corporations have done much for the
health and well-being of their employes, — by providing comforta
ble boarding houses, — by a judicious system of boarding-house
management, — by establishing a general hospital, — by careful
attention to ventilation, — and by all means that science or in^e- O
nuity could suggest. But the condition of the operative is unen
viable at best. The statistics of deaths in Massachusetts for 1 854,
show that while seven thousatid seven hundred and thirty-five
farmers died, whose average age was over sixty-four years, — there
died during the same year seven thousand seven hundred and
eighty-one mechanics, whose average age was only forty-six years,
— showing a difference of eighteen years against the mechanic.
So that, while a farmer at twenty may expect to live forty-four
years, — an operative at twenty may only expect to live twenty-
six years.
The average work-hours are eleven hours a day. The average
wages are eighty cents a day for males, and two dollars a week

Belt Combing Machine.

The above cut represents a Worsted Combing Machine, known as the New
England Comber. This is one of the first Machines in use in this country,
for Combing Wools for Carpet Warps. Itis considered one of the best in use,
and has been found a superior machine for native wools. It yields from sixty
to eighty per cent, of tops. This JMachiue is in very general use, and may
be seen in most of the large Worsted establishments, and at our shop, in
Graniteville ; and also a complete set of Worsted Machinery can be seen in
operation. We manufacture Calvert & Sargent's Ring and Table Combing
Machines, and Worsted and Woolen Machinery generally.
CALVERT tc SARGENT,
GRANITEVILLE, (Near Lowell,— on the Stony Brook Railroad,) MASS.
(C'ontinued ftom page 159. J
The Lowell Manufacturing Company have had Messrs. Calvert & Sargent's
Metallic Lickers-in in use for about five years past, and the. working bf the
same has been entirely satisfactory. SAM'L FAY, Supt.
Lowell, April 9, 18S5.
The Sufiolk Manufacturing Company have used the above described Lick
ers-in, and find them much preferable to those covered with card clothing.

April 14, 1855.

JOHN WRIGHT, Sup't.

14ii

HISTORY OP LOWELL;

for females, clear of board. Many operatives, by rigid economy
and self-denial, contrive not only to support themselves, but also
to save some portion of these meagre earnings. Two-thirds of the
deposits in the savings banks are made by operatives. Hundreds
of hale, buxom New England girls, — leaving their rural homes
and entering the mills, — -have here earned means to help parents
in pecuniary distress, — to educate sisters, brothers or themselves,
— or to endow the homes of their future husbands. To be an
operative may render one of either sex unpresentable in fashiona
ble society ; — but it has ever been deemed an honorable means of
raising a dower. The moral police of the mills is such that no
doubt is ever raised as to the charcter of any woman, on account
of her having been an operative. Examples of long-suffering
toil, of heroic grappling with unpropitious fortune, of humble,
affectionate and sublime self-sacrifice, — unseen of men, but writ
ten forever in the Book of Life, — have occurred among this hum
ble class, — of which many volumes, as thrilling as any of Scott
or Dickens, might be written. Those " pensioners on the dead,"
whose whole consequence is derived from their fathers, will hardly
assume equality with many, now moving in the high places of the
nation, who, beginning in the lowly rank of mill-operatives, have
forced their own way upward, and conquered for themselves hon
orable positions in the world.
The capital fact in our case is, — that we have no permanent
operative population. Carlyle may reiterate, as often as he
pleases, that mill-work is holy, and that " labor is worship ;"—
but it is this fact, and this alone, that has saved us from those
evils of vice and ignorance, demoralization and misery, which
have been engendered by manufactures in some cities of Europe.
While most of our operatives are born and bred in virtuous rural
homes, and, after working a few years in the mills, return to ag
ricultural pursuits, the interests of Lowell will rest secure ; for,
as Jefferson remarks in his Notes on Virginia, " corruption of
morals, in the mass of cultivators, is a phenomenon, of which no
age nor nation furnishes an example." But let the curse of a
permanent operative population fasten itself upon us,— and all the
"woes unnumbered" of the Iliad would be realized here. Lowell

HAND-BOOK OP ITS BUSINESS.

To Woollen Manufactnrers.

^  mff yimiOw'

The undersigned would respectfully call the attention of Woollen Manufac
turers to their
g> ^ <© ® ^ «!^
BURRING CYLINDERS.
These excellent machines are manufactured under Francis A. Calvert's Pa
tent, issued January 23, 1849, and under Charles G. Sargent'-s Patent, issued
October 9, 1849, and, by license, under Milton D. Whipple's Patent, issued
October 28, 1840, and extended for seven years from the expiration thereof.
The advantages which these Cylinders possess over all of similar con
struction, are :
First, — The price at which they are offered being at least 50 per cent, less
than the original price of the Parkhurst Cylinder.
Second,— The operation is perfectly satisfactory. They are not liable to
clog up or throw large quantities of wool into the refuse box or upon the floor,
hut they uniformly receive and deliver the wool to the card even, and free
from burrs., dye-drugs, chips, or any other foreign deleterious substance.
Third, — The mode of construction being such that the Cylinder can be di
vested of all its operating parts, and invested with entire new clothing, ren
dering it equally perfect in its operation and durability as at first, at a cost of
from ten to fifteen dollars, varying according to size.
To manufacturers who are unacquainted with their operation, we would
say that one attached to the First Breaker will add at least 33 per cdnt. to the
durability of card clothing, especially on the coarser grades of wool.
Letters Patent for this Cylinder have been secured in England, where the
patentee at present resides, making and putting them in operation extensively.

MANUFACTURED BY

Oranitevillc, Iflass.

164

HISTORY OF LOWELL:

would become a foul blot upon the face of the country. Like the
blood of Duncan on the fair hands of Lady Macbeth, all the waters
of the ocean could not wash it out, nor '• all the perfumes of
Arabia" sweeten it. In the very heart of all our civilization
would be engendered what Macaulay would term " a race of
Huns fiercer than those who fought under Attila, and Vandals
more bent on destruction than those who followed Genseric."
Degraded to the level of the Indian Pariahs, their independence
would be that of serfs ; their liberty, that of prisoners ; their
leisure, that of work-house paupers ; their education, that of
plantation negroes ; their health, that of invalids ; their chastity,
that of harem women; and their wages, like the wages of sin,
would be Death.
But this is not to be. Though in a certain sense, as Whittier
says, "man and mechanism are reduced to a common level, and
answer to the same bell-call;" yet a majority of our operatives,
are not born such, and do not die such. They well understand
that, as Say observes, ' ' to have never done anything but make
the eighteenth part of a pin, is a sorry account for any human
being to give of his existence." Elevated far above the manufac
turing population of any country on the globe,— they are well
described by Mr. Case, as "a reading, thinking, honest, econom
ical and independent class."
In a mere manufacturing community, we should, of course, look
in vain for any literary " happy -family" coteries, — such as Em
erson has gathered around him at Concord, — sitting at the feet
of the American Plato, as Saul sat at the feet of Gamaliel, —
now visiting the Diogenes-hut of Thoreau,^and now drinking
a transcendental cup of tea in Hawthorne's " House with Seven
Gables." It would be equally vain to inquire for fashionable
society here, — such as crowded the parlors of the late Abbott
Lawrence in Boston. It is the boast of Lowell, that it has no
aristocracy, either of wealth or talent, or of rank or position.
It is simply a city of mechanics, who have made the world ring
with their achievements in mechanism; — nothing more.

^.^

HAND-BOOK OV ITS BUSINESS. 165
THE ABBOT
Worsted Company,
Having located themselves
IN GHAFITEVILLE, MASS.,
Are prepared to Manufacture

>

•m

lOciTS, mm,

<.V. .^c.^^,,

¦9

A-N^D

Fine Worsted Yarn

GENERALLY.

tl Manufactory and Post-office Address,
• Graniteville, Mass.

^\^

HISTORY OP LOWELL;

INDEX TO HISTORY.

Paoe.
Preface, - - - - 3
The Merrimac River Valley, - 5
Topography and Natural Scenery, 8
Indian Antiquities, - - 10
Lowell under an Indian King, - 14
LoweU as an Indian Reservation, 18
Indian Institutions, - - 20
Gookin's Account, - - 24
An Idolatress Judged, - - 28
Annexation to Chelmsford, 30
The Last Indian, - - 34
Revolutionary Associations, - 34
East Chelmsford, - - - '38
Pawtucket and Middlesex Canals, 40
Events between 1800 and 1820, - 44
Patrick T. Jackson and Francis C.
Lowell, - - - - 54
The First Company at Waltham, 62
The First Company in Lowell, - 66
Kirk Boott and his Compeers, 72
Events of 1825, - 76
Lowell as a Town, • - • 80
The Boston and Lowell Railroad, 90
Events between 1830 and] 8S6, 92

Paoe.
Gen. Jackson's "Visit,
Lowell as a City, - - - 96
The First Mayor, - - 98
Events between 1836 and 1840, - 102
Death of Mr. Jackson, - 106
Hon. Luther Lawrence, 110
Hon. Abbott Lawrence, - - 112
The Museum, - - 116
The Mayors of Lowell, 120
TherCemetery, - - 122
Death of Harrison, - 122
President Tyler's Visit, - 124
Anecdote of Webster,* - 126
Events between 1844 a:nd 1846, 130
Judge Locke. - - - 132
Events of 1846 and 1847, 134
President Polk's Visit, 138
Gen. Cass as a Lecturer, - 138
Events between 1848 and 1852, - 140
Kossuth's Visit, - - 142
The New Depot, and the Jail, 144
Manufactures in 1856, - 146
Churches, Schools, Banks, Jour
nals, etc., - - 150

•In eome copies of this work, hj an error ofthe types, this anecdote is dated in 1849, Instead of 1843.

INDEX TO HAND BOOK.

Apothecaries

Edward Bush,
J. R. Hayes, -
Carleton & Hovey, -
Samuel Kidder, Jr.-,
Frederick Barron, -
J. T. Billings,
M. E. Thompson,
E. A. Staniels,

Page. 9
2743
5771
- 73, 75
119
143

Attorneys and Counsellors
Brown & Alger, - - 153
L. J. Fletcher, - 153
Charles Cowley, - - 153
Architect
J. H. Rand, - - - 95
Barbers
Joseph Jenkinson, - 105
Edward Jenkinson, - - 109
D. W. Barth, - 153
Boot and Shoe Dealers
Otis L. Allen, .... 97
Samuel Stone- 105
Bill Poster
James A. Metcalf, - - 113
Book Sellers
B. C. hargeant, - 23, 153
Joshua Merrill, - gl

Page. 89
97

Ctockery Sealers
H. S. Haynes,
Wm. Dearden,
^ _ „ Cigar Dealer
I.D.Wood, - - . . 105
_ Coffin Makers
S. M. Proctor, ... 87
A. P. Lesure, - . - 105
Commission Merchants
A. L. Waite. & Co., - - 79
Samuel N. Wood, - - - 139
_ Coafectiouers
A. B. French, - - - 65
A. W. Leonard, - - 95
Chemicals, Dye Stuffs, &c
C. P.Talbot, - - - - 137
Depaty Sheriffs
P. V. Thomas, - 153
E. L. Shed, (Coroner), 153
Dry Goods Dealer
Hilton & Peabody. - - -
_ Designer and Engraver
G. B. Merrill, - - ^- .
Dentists
Ambrose Lawrence, - ,
Samuel Lawrence,
S. L. & W. G. Ward, -

HAND-BOOK OF ITS BUSINESS. 167
MWriillRANi)! COMPli
Insures against Hazards by Fire, on Real and Persona!
Property.
CAPITAL AND SURPLUS $130,000.
OfIice,-No. 17 Appleton Block, Central Street.

DIRECTORS;

lowem, :
Nathan Allen,
John A. Knowles,
Oliver M. Whipple,
Sidney Spalding,
Samuel Burbank,
Joshua Merrill,
Stephen Cushing,
Caleb M. Marvel,
Joshua W, Daniels, -

Abner W. Buttrick,
Moses G. Howe.
Ephraim Brown.
TEWKSBUEY:
Elijah M. Reed.
BOSTON :
Benj. B. Mussey,
Alonzo A. Miner,
Benj. E. Bates.
SALEM: S. C. Phillips.

J. W. DANIELS, Sec'y and Treas. NATHAN ALLEN, Pres't-

PXJBXiisia:EE,'s asroTB.
The publisher of this work felicitates himself on the success of alibis plans
in relation hereto. His most sanguine anticipations have been more than
realized. In the department of advertising, he has been agreeably disap
pointed. When he fixed the whole number of his pages at one hundred
and fifty, he felt that he had extended his limits to the highest point availa
ble. Many practical printers cautioned him that he was extending his plans
too far, and that the enterprise would inevitably fail. But the result has
proved that he might have piultiplied the number of his pages indefinitely. —
He might have procured two or three times the amount of advertising pa
tronage which he has procured, without any extraordinary exertion.
For these reasons, the publisher has extended his limits eighteen pages
beyond the highest number upon which he originally fixed. He would have
extended them still further, to accommodate those who had engaged space in
this work, but failed to send their advertisements to the oflBce in season,
could he have done so without undoing much that had already been comple
ted, and delaying the day of publication later than he wished.
For the very liberal patronage extended to this enterprise, by the adver
tising community, he would express his sincere thanks ; and at the same
time, he congratulates his numerous patrons in Lowell on having now re
moved the stigma heretofore attached to them — that they would not en
courage a local medium for advertising. E. D. GREEN.
Lowell, August 15, 1856.
a copt-eight oe this work has been sboueed accobdino to law.

HISTOKY 0 !¦ LOWELL;

Daguerreotype Artist
M.Bailey,* - ^-^ - - 113
Fish and Fruit
E. D. Sargent, - - - 113
Guns, Pistols, ^c
Joseph Harding, - - 101
Abijah Cutter, - 147
Hair Oils
J. Russell Spaulding, 53
Hats, Caps, &c
Wm.P.Brazer, - - 29
Hotel
Lowell Island House, 37
Insurance Companies
Traders' & Mechanics', -
Howard, -
Insurance Agents
Jeremiah S. Folsom,
A. James Richmond,
A. C. Chadwick. -
Jeweller
Amos Sanborn, Lumber, Coal, &c
Wm. E. Livingston,
Merchant Tailors, &c
Daniel Farrington, -
S. T. Lancaster,
J. Frank Croxford, -
Joseph P. Thompson,
Gilman & Worcester,
A. A. Putnam,
H. H. Barnes, Machinists
Calvert & Sargent, 157, 159, 161, 163
Picture Frames
Shorey & Lyman, - - 155
Frovision Dealer
Moses Kelley, ...
Patent Medicine Proprietors
E. D. Hayes, - . - .
H. Kelsey,
J. A. Masta,
Perry Davis, -
J. W. Poland, -
Dr. Clough,
Geo. Molloy, -

23
167 75
145155 49
87
41
51 67
83
86
131133

91 1539
566369
115
121

James C. Ayer, 127, 129
A. H. Field, - - 149
E. R. Clarke, - - - 161
Printing
Courier, - - . - 17
Vox Populi, . 31
Citizen and News, - 45
B. H. Penhallow, - - 59
Advertiser, - 93
, Piano Fortes
Geo. Hedrick, - - . 65
Fainter
Abner Kittridge, - 107
Pattern Maker
J. E. Crane, - . - n
Patent Agents
R. H.Eddy, - -' - - 35
Samuel Cooper, - 77
Physicians
A. W. Pollard, - - - 13
Dr. Harmon, - II7
Quadrille Band'
Brooks & Elliott, - - - 145
Stove Dealers
Bangs Brothers, - - - 19
Wilder & Dana, - - 33
Page & Beck, - - 111
Cushing & Mack, - - 136

Sewing Machines
" Co.,

I. M. Singer &
Suspenders and Shoulder Braces

21

Geo. W. Walker,
Steam and Gas Pipes
Horace R. Barker, - - .
Telegraph Agent
C. K. Lewis, - - -
Veterinary Surgeon
Dr. Robert Wood, -
Wire Work
H. A. Hildreth, Wines and Liquors
Prlus, Arandes & Co., -
Worsted Manufactory
The Abbot Worsted Company,

47
99
119
141109 103165

*jji* The Author lays down his pen with a profound consciousness that the
subject, of which he has now sketched the outline, is very far from being
exhausted . A great mass of materials are stUl at his command, — which he
has found it impossible to condense into the present work These materials
would fill a volume of four or five hundred duodecimo pages ; and itis among
the possibilities of the future, that he may yet prepare them for publication,
with a large number of illustrative cuts and engravings. This, however,
must be determined by events beyond his present control.

ILLINOIS ramSTR. LANDS.
NOTICE TO PURCHASERS.
The lands offered for sale by the Illinois Central Eail Road Company,
were granted by the United States to the State of Illinois, by Ihe Act of 20th September,
1850. All the conditions stipulated in that Act have been fulfilled, and the title to these
lands can no longer be affected by legislation.
By the Act of 10th February, 1851, the State of Illinois incorporated
this Company, and directed the Governor to convev to said Company, by a" Deed in fee
simple, all of said land, &o., which was done.
The said Act further required said Company to execute a Deed of Trust,
of all of said lands, Sec, to certain persons named therein by the State, to secure the per
formance of the conditions and stipulations required thereby. The Bonds issued under
this trust are being paid as fast as the money is received from the sale of the lands set apart
for that purpose. All Bonds received for lands, or purchased with the proceeds of such
lands, are ofBcially cancelled by the Trustees.
Where payment is made in full, the purchaser at once obtains his title
from the Trustees appointed by the State. If the sale is on credit, however, the title is not
given till final payment is made, but the purchaser receives a Contract, stipulating that
such title will be given on full payment and compliance with the conditions specified
therein. Each payment for lands sold on credit can be made in Construction Bonds or
Cash J and if in the latter, it is applied to the purchase of such Bonds ; and the particular
j tract 18 at once exempted from liability, and a perfect title given by the Trustees — being, in
fact, the first conveyance under the authority of the General Government.
The sales are made under the direction of the Trustees, and are authorized
by_ an Act of the State Legislature. The lands thus sold are exempted from taxation by
[(said law ofthe State till finally paid for.
The Trustees execute Deeds for all lands sold ; and the conveyance by said
^ Trustees, in the terms of the law, is "an absolute title in fee simple," ond operates " as
a release or an acquittance of the particular tract or tracts so sold from all liability or in
cumbrance on ^.ccount of said Deed of Trust, and the issue of said Bonds — so as to vest
in the purchasers a complete and indefensible title."
Thus it is seen, that the Act of Congress malting the grant, secures the
title in purchasers, whatever may be the action of the State ; and the law of the State in
corporating this Company, while amply securing the Bond holders, is alike careful to pro
tect purchasers of the lands, and to secure to them perfect and complete titles in any and
every contingency.

It is believed that the price, long credit, and low rate of interest, charged for these lands,
will enable a man with a few hundred dollars in cash and ordinary industry, to make him
self independent before all the purchase money becomes due. In the meantime, the rapid
settlement of the country will probably have increased their value four or five fold. When
required, an experienced person will accompany applicants to give information and aid in
selecting lauds.
Circulars, containing numerous instances of successful farming, signed by respectable
and well known farmers living in the neighborhood of the Railroad lands, throughout the
State, — also, the fencing, price of cattle, expense of harvesting, etc., by contract, or any
other information, will be cheerfully given on application, either personally or by letter, in
English, French, or German, addressed to
Laud Commissioner of the Illinois Central Rail Road Lands,
H Office in Illinois Central Rail Road Depot, Chicago, Illinois.

JAlES 1. BUTTS, JR., & CO.,

SUCCESSORS TO THE

|r0toell Wiixt Jfftice dt;0mpng,

MANUFACTURERS OF THE

New Patent. Wire Fence,

s?

—AND—
WOVEX HY MACHINERY AT LOWELL,
THE CHEAPEST AND BEST ARTICLE IN THE WORLD FOR ENCLOSING
FARMS. GARDENS, CEMETERIES, RAlLROADSiC.

OFFICE :
BOS TO 3sr.

YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

3 9002 02376 2249

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